^, : (' IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) A ■ 1.0 I.I ■u 111 u „ Wuu 14.0 l^iu 1 2.0 m 1.6 ■'. «!■■ Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WeST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. USSO (716) •72-4303 ^\ qv >^^ ^\ 4s- -/« CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CiHIVI/ICIVIH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques Technical and Bibliographic Notas/Notas tachniquaa at bibliographiquas Tha Inatituta haa attamptad to obtain tha baat original copy availabia for filming. Faaturaa of thia copy which may ba bibiiographicaiiy uniqua. which may altar any of tha imagaa in tha raproduction, or which may aignificantly changa tha uauai mathod of filming, ara chackaid balow. D D D D D n □ D D D Coloured covara/ Couvartura da coulaur Covers damaged/ Couverture endommsgie Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restaur6e et/ou pelliculAe Cover title missing/ Le titre de couverture manque Coloured maps/ Cartes g^ographiquas en couleur Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material/ Reli4 avac d'autres documents Tight binding mcy causa shadows or distortion along interior margin/ La re Mure serr6e peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distortion le long de la marge intirieure Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajout6es lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela itait possible, ces pages n'ont pas dt6 fiimies. 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Pages de couleur Pages damaged/ Pages endommagies Pages restored and/oi Pages restaurias et/ou pelliculAes I — I Pages damaged/ I I Pages restored and/or laminated/ Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ Pages dicolor^es, tachet^es ou piquAes □Pages detached/ Pages d6tach6es 0Showthrough/ Transparence 8 Transparence Quality of print varies/ Qualiti in6gaie de I'impression Includes supplementary material/ Comprend du materiel suppl^mantaire Only edition available/ Seule Edition disponible Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image/ Le5 pages totaiement ou partieilement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, etc., ont dt6 filmdes d nouveau de fa^on h obtenir la meilleure image possible. 7 s 7 V h d ei b ri ri IT 10X 14X 18X 22X 26X 30X n/ 12X 16X 20X 24X 28X 32X ..««t»pa*^ Th« copy filmad h«r« has b««n reproducad thanks to tha ganarosity of: Seminary of Quebec Library / Tha imagas appaaring hara ara tha baat quality possibia considaring tha condition and lagibiiity of tha original copy and in Icaaping with tha filming contract apacificationa. L'axamplaira film* fut raproduit grAca * la ginArosit* da: S4minaire de Quebec Bibliothique Laa imagas suivantaa ont k\k raproduites avac la plus grand soin, compta tanu da la condition at da la nattat* da Taxampiaira film*, at an conformity avac laa conditiona du contrat da filmaga. Original copiaa in printad papar covars ara filmad baginning with tha front covar and anding on tha last paga with a printad or illuatratad impraa- sion, or tha bacit covar whan approprlata. All othar original copias ara filmad baginning on tha first paga with a printad or illustratad impraa- sion, and anding on tha last paga with a printad or illustratad imprassion. Las axamplairas originaux dont la couvartura an papiar aat imprimia aont fiimis an commandant par la pramiar plat at an tarminant soit par la darniira paga qui comporta una amprainta d'impraaaion ou d'illustration, soit par la sacond plat, salon la cas. Tous las autras axamplairas originaux sont filmte an commandant par la pramlAra paga qui comporta una amprainta d'impraaaion ou d'illustration at an tarminant par la darnlAra paga qui comporta una talla amprainta. Tha last racordad frama on aach microficha shall contain tha aymbol — »> (moaning "CON- TINUED"), or the aymbol Y (moaning "END"), whichavar appiiaa. Un daa symbolas suivants apparaftra sur la darniira imaga da chaqua microficha. salon la cas: la symbols — ^ signifia "A SUiVRE". la symbol* V signifia "FIN". Mapa, platas. charta. ate, may ba filmad at diffarant raduction ratioa. Thosa too larga to ba antiraly included in ona axpoaura ara filmad baginning in tha uppar laft hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, aa many framea aa required. The following diagrama illuatrata the method: Lea cartes, pianchea, tableaux, etc.. peuvent Atre fiimAs A des taux de reduction diffArents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atra raproduit %n un seul clich6, il est filmi h partir de Tangle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite. et de haut un bas, en prenant le nombre d'imagea nAcaaaaira. Las diagrammes suivants illustrent la mithode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 COJ nai^ ^»' ^ ^^^ DICTIONApP^eV^^ TRADE P&i^I)<^C^, .#d.A«^#- COMMERCIAL, MANUFACTURING, ASCffECHNICAL TERMS : WITH A DEFINITION OP THE 'i MONEYS, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES, AUTHOR OF " THE COM ALL COUNTRIES, fHE BRITISH STANDARD. \' \m% F.K.G.S., F.S.S., ! pronocts op the veobtablk kingdom," Tand undeveloped substances," klosities of food," etc., etg iSltin IBlKtion, Sitbforli anH SnUrgrti. LONDON: p ROUTLEDaE, WARNE, & llOUTLEDGE, FAR AND 56, WALKER STREET, NEW 1863. PI FBOMl xo f H DR. LYON PLAYFAIR, LL.D., C.B., F.R.S., PBOFESSOR OP CHEMISTRY IN THE UNIVERSITY OP EDINDURGU, ETC., ETC., ETC., WHO, PROM HIS LONG-CONTINUED AND SUCCE88PUL LABOURS IN THE INTEREST OP Science, girls, panttfactuws, anb Commerce, WILL READILY APPRECIATE ITS EXTENDED RANGE AND GENERAL UTILITY, THIS LITTLE WORK IS DEDICATED, BY HIS FAITHFUL AITD OBLIGED SERVANT, THE AUTHOR. PREFACE. The present is especially a practical, commercial, and industrial agei newspapers, lecturers, popular authors, all lend their efTorts towards the diffbaion of sound and useiVil knowledge among the masses; and the commercial and industrial element has become the leading feature of instruction. The reason of this is obvious, if we but glance at the amazing strides of British Commerce, the wide range of Froducts and Manufactures in which we are interested, the constant and rapid inter-oommnnioation carried on with Foreign countries, and the progress of settlement in our Colonies. The Trade and Commerce of all Nations are now daily brought before us prominently through the press ; new Products are continually introduced, new Trades are established, and the Raw Materials of Commerce now imported, c^e so numerous, and so widely different from what they were a quarter of a ' .rury ago, that it is difficult for those who are not specially engaged in a particular trade, to keep pace with the general information necessary to be acquired. We bare scientific dictionaries in abundance, purely technological, or devoted to one or other of the arts and sciences. We have popular and useful com- mercial and nr xal dictionaries, and cyclopcedias — works, entering elaborately into the discussion of tlie laws, history, and regulations of trade, the geo- graphy of countries, &c. — but we have hitherto had no popular and concise work of reference on Trades and Trade Products, which might be conveniently consulted for tlie simple explanation of some strange term, some undefined raw material, or some new manufacture. The several Tnternational Exhibition* have rendered such a handbook more tliau ever necessary. v» I'REIACE. Ai the city editor of a daily paper, and contributing largely to many clasa Joumals, I especially found the want of a work of easy reference, defining the moneys, weights, and measures of tho foreign countries with which we are engaged in trade. On the arrival of any foreign mail, extracts are made fW>m the Journals and prices-current thus received, in which such words as arrobas, piculs, raaunds, garces, contos, milreis, &c. are mentioned ; or products are named and quoted, probably under their local or native designations, of which the majority of readers know nothing, but to which they can now readily turn for a definition. Any one who glances through the various foreign tarifl^ will be especially struck with the number of articles which are perfectly unintelligible by the names in which they appear, and yet a word or two of explanation would suffice to point them out clearly and intelligibly. The attention which India has lately attracted, and the abstracts flrom letters and Eastern journals, led also to the continual recurrence of names and terms which were not understood by the ordinary reading public, and an explanation of which appeared to be exceedingly necessary. > , Commencing with a limited list of definitions for my own use as a Journalist, I was gradually led to extend it, and have been induced to include in the work many foreign names for trades and products, which it appeared desirable to define, and to render accessible to those who had not various foreign dictionaries at hand. The scope and objects of the work are specially stated on the title-page ; and I trust it will be found useful to many classes young and old. and supply a want as yet unfilled by the bulky and expensive books previously published ; for of the 22,000 words and upwards given, the greater proportion could not be found in any other work of reference. It is especially a dictionary of substances or articles manufactured, imported, bought, sold, or dealt in, at home or abroad, and of the makers or deal£ a in these. It professes to define only the ordinary and popular names— English or foreign ; and consequently an article must be sought for under its common deaigna- tion. If an animal or vegetable product, its scientific name is given, and as much general information relating thereto as the limited space at command, in order to secure a cheap and portable volume, would allow. The statistics have been brought down, in all cases, to the latest period ; and this feature alone rKKKAOB. vH will be found exceedingly valuable for the ordinaiy purposes of ready wu- Bultation, by saving much time and trouble in reftrrlng to bulky Parlia- mentary papers and numerous trade reports. I may state, without fear of oontradiotlon, that few persons have possessed such peculiar facilities for the completion of a work of this kind. From my extended connection with periodical literature, and receiving regularly, for a long period, nearly all the brokers' circulars, the principal foreign and colonial Journals, and prices-current, I have become familiarized with the products, terms, and customs of different countries. As one of the editors of the Ftirmer*a Encyclopedia, and a regular contributor to the Marh-lane Express, the Farmer'a Magazine, and the Edinburgh Journal qf/tgriculture—M a writer for many years past in the Shipping and Mercantile Oasetle, the Engineer, the Mining Journal, the CivU Engineer's Journal, the Building News, the Journal of the Society qf Jrts, the Pharmaceuiictd Journal, and other class publications, I have necessarily become acquainted with the technicalities, the subjects, and the products brought under discussion ; and there ia scarcely a trade article named which has not come under my notice, from specimens in my own private collection, or in the South Kensington Museum, at which I am engaged. The information and materials thus derived ft-om so many original sources, have been carefully weighed, compared, and tested. A work like this, however, can never be complete. With the extending range and wants of Commerce, new articles are brought in, new trades arise, new technical terms are introduced in the arts and manufactures, with which it is scarcely possible to keep pace, unless by an annual edition. Yet the ground- work has been here laid fr>r a more extensive and comprehensive work, should it be considered desirable ; and those readers into whose hands this little volume passes, will, at least, have the advantage of much useful information in a small compass, which has only been acquired by very extensive research, and years of assiduous plodding over volumes and journals and trade circulars in all languages. * . ■'' '- During the progress of the work, I have experienced the advantage of a care- fhl second revision of the proof sheets by Dr. P. A. Nuttall, an experienced lexicographer; and amongst numerous other friends to whom I am indebted for much valuable information, are Dr. Lyon Playfair, F.R.S. ; Mr. Hyde Clarke, Vlii I'KUVACK. the author of a new and comprehendivc diotionnry of the Engliih language ; Mr. P. Le Neve Foster, Secretary of tlie Society of Arts i Mr. Daniel Ilanbury ; SIcBsrs. Adam Spiclinann and Co., foreign bankers and lui-hn merchants; and Messrs. Spon, of Bucklersbury. Nor, niuxt I omit to mention my especial indebtedness to Mr. John ChrUtie, the well-Informed Kondcr in the office of Messrs. M'Corquodale and Co., who has, fVom time to time, suggcBtcd many additions, modifications, and corrections, and bestowed the most oarefiil revlHion on the work, while passing through the press, so as to contribute in every respect to Its accuracy and completeness. Notwithstanding all the attention and care, however, which have been given to the work by myself and fViends, I can scarcely expect that c dictionary of so novel a character, and embracing so wide a range of subjects, can be wholly free trom error. I shall therefore be glad to be favoured with any suggestions or corrections for adoption in future editions. . P. L. SIMMONDS. 8, Winchester Strbbt, Vusuoo, February, 185& ■■■r ! I W If I ! \i A DICTIONARY or TRADES, TOADE PRODUCTS, COMMERCIAL, MANUFACTURING, AND OTHER TECHNICAL TERMS: MONEY, WEIGHTS AND MEASURES, *c. fB" Whenever addiHonal ir\ftyrmntion or further explanation oj'n ieportlon or share of revenue accounts In the East Indies. Abaca, a name in the Philippines for what Is termed Manila hemp, wliich Is the fibre obtained (Vom Mu»a textilU, a variety of the plantain. AuAOUs, a counting machine for performing arithmetical calculations. A HAD, an Eastern term for a cultivated tract of country, or settled village Abades, the Kpanlsh name for the can- tharldes, or blistering Hies. AiiAESim, an oxide of iron formerly used In medicine. AitAiBEB, a name for ivory black, or animal charcoal. AiiAMUKUS, a buttress or support to n wall. AiiAKDONMENT, in navigation, thu leaving a ship as dangerous or unseawortliy; a rellnqaisbmcnt of vessel and car^o to I'stabiish a claim on the underwriters. Ar.vs, a Persian silver coin worth about lOd., occasionally called Abbajter; also an Eastern weight for pearls equal to m (fraliis troy. Abassi, a Persian coin. See AB0SHEb. [ Abatement, a rebate or discount allowed for prompt payment, damage, overchnrge, or other reasons. [house. 1 A B ATTora, the French name for a slaughter- I Abbajeeb. See Abas. { Abbah, coarse woollens worn by the ma- jority ot the people In Turkey. Abbs, a term In the wool-trade Ibr th« yarn Ota weaver's warp. Abda, land In the East, whleh It held rent IVee. ABEB, a woven atnflr of wool and cotton made in Aleppo. ABP.ER, an Indian Incense. Abelhoschcs, the muHk seed ofthe Hindoos, the Hibiscus Abelmoschutf used by the Arabs to flavour coffee. ABiutHooBDBEP, the ''erstan name tbr Biiongo. ABOANGa-KEOHinmo, in German commerce the amount of tare allowed on goods. Annnt, In India one cnga^'Cd in pastoral occupatl'ns, as herding cattle and tend- ing sheep. Abhul, an Indian name ft>r the common juniper berries. Abi, or Abistani, in the East, land artifi- cially watered. Abir-ubeer, a yellowish red powder, with whieli the natives in the East stain their flesh and clothes. Abkar, a maker or retailer of spirituous drinks In India. Abkary, I evcnues in the East Indies derived from various duties or licences on spirits, opium, and fVom gaming-houses, Ac. Ablbtte, a French name lor the bleak flKh (Leuciscus alburnus) ; from a solution of the bright silvery scales of this fish and the dace, artlflcial pearls are made. Abnoob, an Eastern name for ebony wood. Abobdaoe, the French term for a collislun between ships at sea. Abra, a Polish sliver coin about the value of a shillhiR; also a iSpanlsh mining term for a fissure in a moimtain, or a cavity in the rock or lode. Abrao, Abraea, names for talc, of which in India there are several kinds obtained from Bengal, Bchar, Uiiattl, &c. Abbadm, a red ochre used to diurken new mahogany. Abronzado, the Spanish name for solpburet of copper. B AOC [2] ACE ABBOTAmw, a name given by Pliny to the southernwood, a species of Artemisia, A. abrotanum; hence its specific name. Absinth, or wormwood, la the produce of Artemisia abinnthium, which is much used in medicine for Its bitter properties. Abstechmesser, a German butcher's Icnifb. ABSTEROENT& lotious and other cleansing medicines. Abucco, a Burmese weight which Is less than lialf-a-pound avoirdupois, viz., 2969 grains. Abuquelp, another name fbr the griscio, an Egyptian coin, worth 90 aspcrs, or about 7s. Abushee, a money of Persia and Arabia, worth about Is. 8d. ABC3IVA, an undefined money of account, employed In minor trading operations In Genoa. Abtssimait Tea, the dried leaves of the Catha eduHs, used by the Arabs. Acacia, the Ml.aosa tribe of trees, which furnish to commerce varlor.s gums, ex- tracts, and barl(s for tanning. ACADEMY, In popular phraseology a school; thus there are educational academies, diiDcing academies, &c. Acajou, the French name fbr mahogany. ACAJOD-Nirr, a German name for the ca« shew-nut. Acatoiba, a Spanish name for mahogany. ACCEPTANCE, In commercial transactions agreeing to the price or terms proposed ; the aclcnowledgment of a debt, equiva- lent to a promise to pay; the debtor's name written on a bill of exchange, usually with the word accepted. Accommodation-bili., b fictitious bill of exchange, drawn and accepted to raise money on. and not bona-nde given in payment of a debt Accommodation-ladder, a set of suspen- sory steps fixed at the side of a large ship when lying high out of the water, to faci- litate ascending ttom or descending to boats. AccoN, a small French flat-bottomed boat. Accordion, a small keyed wind instrument played by the hand. Accordion Notes, printed music for the accordion, which is largely imported from the continent Into London. Accoucheur, a man midwife. Accountant, a professional or ofBclal calcu- lator, sliiiled in posting and balancing the books of tradesmen or Joint-stock associa- tions. Aocountant-genkrai., a comptroller of ac- counts; superior public oiBcers of the Crown, having charge of the finances of the Navy, &a Account-book, a ruled book for entering details of receipts and expenditure. Account-book Maker, a stationer who makes account-books, such as ledgers, journals, day-books, &c Account-cubrknt, a plain statement of account, or bill of particulars rendered to a party, showing bis transactions with an- other. Account Dat, a half monthly settling day on the Stock Exchange, when differences are adjusted between stockbrokers. AccotTNT-SAtE, a Statement Of particulars Of details rendered by a merchant to his consignor, of the disposition of a parcel of goods. Accoutrements, the military dress, fittings, and equipr.ge of n soldier. Accumulator, au India-rubber spring, either simple or compound; which ac- cumulates lilting force and can be applied to many useful purposes in ships, ma- chines, work-shops, &c. Aceite, the Spanish name for oil; also for a resin which exudes from the flr-trees. Acemite, grits; a pottage made of parched half-ground wheat In Spain. Acene, an ancient Greek measure of length; the Olympic acene behig e(iual to 31 Eng- lish yards. AcERO, the Spanish name for steel. Acetabulum, an ancient Roman dry and liquid measure, the former = 000191 bushel, the latter to 0-0178 gallon. Acetates, crj-stalllsable salts, formed by the combination of any salifiable base with acetic acid; thus there are acetates of copper, of lead, of potash, &c., which bear other names In commerce, as verdigris, sugar of lead, ;ray masa foimd in tlie g> I'sum beds of Paris. ADU 14] AFR Asm, or Adi, a Bengalee diy measure equal to two mauuds, 156 to 164 lbs. ; aUo the Tamil short foot, equal to about lOj tnches. Adholt. See Adowlt. Ai>iK£, a Kurnatlc name for the betel-nut Adikol, an Indian measuring-rod. AsiLLAH, an imaginary money of Malwa, tlie half of a pice, or less than a farthing. Adinole, a fusible horu-stone, or compact feldspar. Adipose, fatin general, the fat oftliekidneys. Aorr, a horizontal shaft or sough for drain- ing or vcntiluting a mine. Adjali, an undenued oil obtained in the East Indies. ASJOURNUENT, the postponement of a meet- ing ; putting off till another time. Adjudication, a legal decision or sentence. Adjctaoe, tlie tube ttirough which a foun- tain Is played. Adjutant, Adjutant-oeneeal, officers who have cliarge of the discipline of an army. Adl, an eastern term lor a stamp or lni;u-es- sion. [stone. Adlef.-stein, the German name for ea«le- Administuatob, a person empov/ered by the Eccluslastical Court to manage the estate of a deceased individuoL Admiral, the leading or directing ship in a fleet of merchantmen; also a superior officer of the Royal Nai^r, Aemiralty Court, a supreme marine tribu- nal which holds jurisdiction over causes arising on the higli seas and coasts. * Admiraltt Droits, pieces of wreck and otlier articles without owner, found at sea, claimed by the Admiralty. Adobado, the Spanish name for pickled pork. Adobes, unbnmt bricks made of straw, earth, and dung dried in the sun. Adowly, Adholt, an Indian dry measure, wliicli varies both as a weight and mea- sure in different localities; as a weight it ranges from 4 to oj lbs. avoirdupois. Adpao, Adpowe, a weight in the Bombay presidency, the lialf of the pao seer, anil e(|ual to 1725 grains; in Bangalore and Mysore it is 1849 grains. Adrak, the ■>. eruacularname in Bengal and many parts of the East for ginger, wiiich Is sold either rough or scraped. Adbian, the Spanish name for com. Adriatic Oak, the Quercus cetris. Adruck. See Adrak. Adseeb, or AsirvvA, tlie half of a seer in lioinhay, and equal to nearly one pound avoirdupois. Adu, or Attu, an Indian name for goats and sheep. Aducae, a coarse kind of silk stuff formerly used in Spain. Auularia, a name for the moon stone; a transparent gem u^ed for ornaments. Adul Oil, a medicinal oil obtained in Tra- vancore, and shown at th? Great Exlii- bltion in 1851 ; the botanical name of the plant producing it is not yet given. Adulteration, the injuring or debasing by Ibreign and spurious admixtures. In commerce there are several kinds of adulteration: conventional, to suit the taste and demands of the public; fraudu- lent, for deceptive and gainAiI purposes; and accidental or unintentional adultera- tion, arising fi-om carelessness In the pre- paration of the staple or commodity at the place of growth or shipment Ad-valoreu, according to the value, an assessment by the Customs for duty. Advance, a sum of money paid on account of goods, or before receiving the work to be done, &o. Advance-notes, authorized drafts on the owner or agent of a vessel, executed by the master, generally fur one month's wages, given to the seamen on their sign- ing the articles of agreement Adventdbs, an enterprise or doubtftal spe- culation of any kind, commercial or finan- cial. * Adventureb, In mining phraseology, a shareiiolder In workiiu; a mine ; In com- merce a speculator, or one who under- takes a risk. Advebtiseuent, a business annoimcement in a public journal or periodical]. Advicb, due notice given In respect of any monetary or commercial transaction; notice of a bill drawn or sent. Adt, the name of the Malabar foot, equal to about 10} English inches. Adze, a sharp- edged tool for shaping tim- ber ; an axe with an arched edge, and its blade athwart the handle. Aem, a local mode of spelling the Aum. Aemgen, a liquid measure of Prussia, equal to 6} imperial gallons. Aerated Watebs, soda water, lemonade, and other waters artificially Impregnated with carbonic acid. Aeratinq Machine, a syphon and appa- ratus tor making soda water and other gaseous drinks. Aerator, a blower or contrivance for fiimi- gating wheat, and other com, to bleach it and destroy fungi and insects. Aerometer, an instrument lor ascertaining the mean bulk of Koses. Aeronaut, a traveller in the air, one who ascends in or manages a balloon. Aerophane, a kind of light gauze, or imi- tation crape. Aerugo, a name for carbonate of copper. Aetite, a name fOr eagle-stone, formerly used in medicine, Afeem, a vernacular name In some parts of India for opium. Affa, a weight on the Guinea coast of Af- rica, equal to an English ounce. Affiche, the French name for a posting bill. Affidavit, a declaration in writing made on oath belore a magistrate or some com- petent officer. Affinage, a refining of metals. Affirmation, a declaration made in courts of law by those who object to taking oaths. Affreteur, In French, one who charters or freights vessels. Afui, a Hindustanee name for opium. Aflatoon, the Arabic name for gum bdel- lium. African Hemp, one of the names of the fibre obtained fTom the leaves of the San- seviera Guineensis. ,/?<- A a I [5] AIG be public; fraudu- gainflil purpoaes; ientlonal adultera- essness in the pre* : commodity at the tnent to the valae, an ;oms for duty. iy paid on account iving the work to zed drafts on the easel, executed by fur one month's imen on their slgn- iment. se or doubtftal spe- mmerciol or flnan- g phraseology, a ! a mine; in com- r one who under- ess announcement eriodic^. I in respect of any rcial transaction; rsent [alabar foot, equal ches. il for shaping tlm- 'ched edge, and its lie. [ling the Aum. e of Prussia, equal I water, lemonade, :ially impregnated yphon and appa- water and other itrivance for fiimi- com, to bleach it iisects. at for ascertaining the air, one who balloon. ;ht gauze, or imi- inate of copper, stone, formerly 3 in some parts ot inea coast of Af- ounce. for a postinff bill. in writing made ate or some com- stals. made in courts :t to taking oaths. ! who charters or I for opium. 10 for gum bdel- le names of the laves of the San- i African Oak or Teak, a valuable wood for some purposes of shlp-bulldlng, abtalned ft-om theOldfleldia Africana. Afsunteen, a vernacular name among the Arabs tor absinth. Arc, Abaft, a nautical term, denoting to- wards or near the stem ; hence we have , aiter-piirt, afler-body, after-timbers, Ac. Aftab-gib, alarge portable sun-shade or flat parasol used in the East. I Aftermath, the second crop of grass. Agabanee, cotton embroidered with silk made in Aleppo. . „ . Agaiti, r plant cultivated for its oil in Eastern Africa, believed to be the Didy- namia gymnosperma. Agalla, a ispanish name for the nut gall. AoAiiocHUM Wood, a celebrated wood of the ancients, the lign aloes, calambak, or eagle-wood of Eastern commerce ; the best Is supnosed to be obtained from Aqui- laria Malaccensis, while the AloexyUm agallochum of Lourelro and the Lxcw- caria ngallocha, also furnish other kinds of aloe wood. It is usetl medicinally, and also tor inlaying cabinet work. lAoAPHiTE, a mineralogical term for tur- I quolse. I Agar, an Eastern name for a salt-pit; also I an orchard or plantation of palms. I Agar- Agar, a sea- weed Ibrmiug a large article of commerce in the Eastern seas, being used tor making jellies, and for stif- fening purposes. • IAgabic, a generic name for many fUngi, Including the Polyporus igniarius, grow- ing on the larch, oaR, &c.,and used for dye- ing, and in medicine as a styptic. IAgabikoon, the name in the Indian bazaars 1 for the agaric lungus. IAoastera, a liquid measure in some of the I Ionian Islands, equal to about 2 |)ints. IAgate, a slllcious stone, chiefly composed of quartz variegated with colouring mat- ter, as in the Scotcli pebble. kOAVE, a genus of plants pioducing fibre, and turnishing an intoxicating beverage, known in Mexico as pulque. iGAYADi, a small rice nursery for trans- plantations. IGENDA, a list or memorandum-book of business to be done. ^gent, one who represents a principal, or buys and sells for another. In large cities there are many special agents for particu- lar localities or separate trades, as East Indian, colonial, Australian, and American agents— news-agents, advertising-agents, passenger agents, custom-house-agents, &c.: the manager of an estate in Ire- land. Lgent de Change, tho French name for a stockbroker. ;eb, a Koman acre of land, afield. k.(iHANi, the grain harvest in India, which is reaped during the cold season of No- vember and Di'cenibcr. iGi, Aji, a name for the Guinea or red Indian dwarf bird-pepper, a species of capsicum, grown In Ptru ; also a sort of sauce made of It In America. Lgilla Wood, the name iu Slam for the aloe- wood. Agio, a term on the Continent for the pin- mlnm or percentage allowed between two sorts of money, one being of a superior mintage value to the other, or between paper and specl& Agiotador, the Spanish name for a bill- broker. Agiotage, stock-jobbing, speculation on the rise or fall of the public funds. AGioTEini, the French name for a stock- jobber. Agiraqde, a weight on the Guinea coast of Africa equal to sixty-two grains. Agistment, taking In cuttle to pasture. Aoito, the fourth part of a vis, a weight used in Pegu, and equal to 5937J grains ; it is sometimes called a giro. Aqnel, an ancient French coin worth less than Is. Agnesite, a name for carbonate of bismuth. Agound, in Bengal the flowering shoot or upper part of the sugar cane. Agrees, certain special advocates, employ- ed in pleading before the tribunals of commerce in some of the large cities of France. Agres, the French name for the rigging and tackle of a ship. AGKIAJ5, the Spanish name for cinnamon. Agricultural Agent, one who attends to the business of farmers, receiving and executing orders tor purcliascs and sales. Aguiccltural Chemist, one skilled In the chemistry of agricultural products, and who makes it a business to analyze and report upon soils, manures, the component parts of plants, &c. Agricultural Implements, various me- chanical implements and tools for tillage, &c., as ploughs, harrows, horse-hoes, thrashing-machines, &c., made tor home use and export. Agriculturist, a farmer or husbandman. Agrofila, a Spanish name for the Uermaq bczoar. Agtendeel. See Achtendeel. Aguajaque, the Spanish name for a kind of gum ammoniac. AGUAMtEL, Hydromel, a name given to the sap of the American aloe, as It flows from tho leaves, which has the flavour of honey-water. Aguanafa, orange -flower water made in Spain. Agl AuiKXTE, a name for alcohol, principally aiiiilied to brandy in Spain. Aguarras, the Spanish name for spirits of turpentine. Agdila, the Spanish term for a gold cohi —the American eagle, worth nearly £2, 2«. Agdstite, a scientific term for the emerald. Ahak, In India slaked lime. Ahan, an Eastern name for Iron. Ahar, In Bcr gal a small pit ; also a channel lor irrigation. Ahi, a name In the Pacific Islands for sandal- wood. Ahila Wood, a name for the aloe-wood. Ahku, an Eastern name for the sugar-canft Ahm. See ADM. Ah^iedi, an old Indian gold coin of Ave pagounk or German tinder of commerce : it Is also used as a styptic, and made into razor strops. Amadum, a vernacular name in some parts 01 India for the castor-oil plant, Eicinus communis. Amalaca, the Sanscrit name for the Emblic myrobalan, or truit of tbe EmbUca offici- nalis. Amaldar, an Indian revenue or tax collector. Amaloaoar, tlie Hindoo name lor a govern- ment revenue otlicer. Amalgam, a mixture of metals os of quick- silver with gold or silver, zinc, sulphur, <&c. An amalgam of tin and mercury forms the coating of glass for mirrors. Amai.oamation, the process of extracting gold and silver ftom their ores by means of quicksilver or mercury. Amax, an Indian name for the winter crop of rice; a blue cotton cloth from the Levant. Amanbluce, a kind of calico made in France. Amande. the French name for almond; amanaes casstes belni; shelled almonds, and amandes en cogues, unshelled. Amanji, Amji, compulsory service exacted from the natives In the East. AMATEint, an unprofessional actor, one who works (or amusemont. Ama-tsja, the Japanese name for the dried leaves of Hydrangea Thunbergii, figura- tively meaning the tea of heaven. Amazon Stone, a variety of feldspar of a beautiful apple-grceu colotu*. AME [ 10] AMU Ambalo, an article of merchandise in the Netherlands' Indian trade; the fruit of an uiulctlned tree, believed to cure the ear-Hciie. Ambab, a common name in many of the Indiun dialects f(>r a store or heap of any thln», tts n Krimury. Amrarai. in Indiiia croveofmnniro-trees. Ambakee, h vermicular name for the fibre ot the brown Indian hemp {Uibiscm can- nabinu.1). Amiiashta, a Sanscrit tiamo tor the three- lenvi'd sorrel (Oxalit cornkulata). Ambassauor, a delt'Katc, but in ordinary acccpiation tlie representative of his sove- ri'lun In a fonljjn country, and thence enjoyiu!;, with his staff, special immuni- ties ami privileges. Amber, n valunble fossil rosin used In the arts, in ph irmucy, and for anlcles of per- sonal decoration. AMBEitGiKs. an odoriferous suhstance ob- tained (rom the sperm whale {Physeter tnacrocepfuilus), valued as a perfume and as a stimulant aromatic In the East It is used in cookery. Ambu, nn Indian name for the tamarind. Ambooseu, an Indian name fur dried man- Koes. Ambotna-wood, a boautifUl mottled and curled wood, obiained Irom the Ptero- sperinum Indicmn, a tree of Iiid'a. Ahbra. a mode of spelling amber In some of tlie Contlnentiil states; also, tu Saxon times, fi measure of salt. AMBBEINE, a peculiar iracrant fatty sub- stance contained in ombergrls, soluble in alcoliol, to which its use as a perfume is owinir. Ambuette, a kind of French pear. Ambulance, a travelling medical carriage for transporiing invalids or wounded persons. Ambulants, uncertificated brokers in IIol- hinil. Amelcorn, a name given to corn used for stanli. Ajieleon, the French name for weak elder. Ameneka, the Singiialese name for the seeil ot the castor-oil plant (Ricinus com- miinii). American-aloe, the Agave Americana or Ateximna. from which tlie Intoxicating lliliior named pulque is made. AJiEniCiVN-DOLLAR, a silver coin in large cirtu'aiinn in various countries, of the Intrinsic value of about 4s. 2d., but in many localities at a high premium. See Dollar. American-leather, a kind of varnished or enamelled clotli, nrepared in imitation of leather tor covering ch ilrs, sofas. &c. American- POLISH, an inn alpabie powder of silica, made fl'Oin a calcedonic rock in Vermont, and used for the same purposes as emery. American-vermilion, an incorrect name given to a red pigment, which consists principally of subchromate of lead. Ahersfoort, a kind of tobacco used for cigars and snuff. Amethyst, a precious stone, a species of quartz, of a purple or violet colour. Amfitk, a name given locally to the cloth made in India fVom the reticulated buk of CeltU orienlalis. Amianthus, one of the names fbr asbeatoa. Auidine, the soluble part of starch. Amidonnier. a starch- maker in France. Amiduline, a modified starch. Aminel'B, a Krencii 3oit meter. AMINCIA8, thin siieepsklns prepared for tbe lining of hats in Spain. Amla, the Bengalee name for the frnit of tlie Emblica officinalis, used In tanning and dyeing. Amlika. one of the Sanscrit names for the , three-leaved sorrel (Oralis cwniculata). Amma, Mas, a welglit in the Sunda islands, tlie 16th part of the tael or Eastern ounce, rather more than 39 grains. Ammah, an ancient Helirew measure of length, equal to about half a yard. Ammas, a weight for gold and silver In Madras, equal to SCJ grains. Ammiolite, a mineral from Chile in rea powder, which appears to be an antimo« nite of quicksilver. Ahmomum, a dry measure of Ceylon, con- taining 8 parahs — rather more than 6i bushels. Ammonia, a volatile alkali, a compound of azote and hydrogen; several combina- tions of it enter into commerce, as liquid or caustic ammonia, spirits of hartshorn, and sulpliate of ammonia from the liquor of gas-works. Ammoniacum, a fetid gum-resin, having properties similar to asafoetida, obtained from Dorema ammoniacum. Ammonites, spiral fossil shells, collected for cablneis, &c Ammunition, a general term In commerce lor certain military stores, such as pow- der, shot, shells, &&, required for large and small arms. Amola, a liquid measure of Genoa, equal to about a quarter of a gallon. Amontillado, a dry kind of sherry of a liglit colour, niucli used to reduce the colour of other sherries when too high. Amomum, a land measure in Ceylon equal to aliout two acri'S and two roods. [Ajodan. Amoos, the Arab name lor lovage. See AM0RGI3. See Archil. [fund. Ajiortization, tlie redemption by a sinking Ampelita, tlie Spanish name fbr cannel coaL Ampelite, a generic name given to slates. Amphibious, living in or frequenting land and wat>'r. Amphigene Spar. See Lapis LAZinx Amphioen, a name In some parts of the Eistern archipelago for opium. Amphitheatre, a building of a circular form, arranged for large audiences. Amphora, an ancient Konian liquid mear sure ot about 61 gallons See Anfoba. Amphoreus, an old Greek measure for liqu ds equal to 10} gallons. Amputation, the act of cutting ofTa limb. Amra, a name In Bengal (or the fruit of the mango (Mangifera Indica). Amt, a land division in Norway. Amulet, articles of various kinds sold as imaginary charms to ward off evil firom the wearer. ANC L 11 Dcally to the cloth I reticulated b&rk ot amcB fbr asbeatoB. t of starch. itker iu France. tarch. meter. lis prepared for tbe Ine for the fruit of used In tanning and scrit names for the . rails corniculata). I the Suiida islands, !l or Eastern ounce, rains. ehrew measure of half a yard. Kold and silver in ;ralii8. from Chile in rea rs to be an autimo- nre of Ceylon, con- ither more than 6i kali, a compound of ; several combina- commerce, us liquid spirits of hartsliom, [>nia Irom the liquor Kum-resln, having asafoetida, obtained \iacum. 1 shells, collected for , term in commerce tons, such as pow- required for large irc of Genoa, equal gallon, ind of sherry of a ased to reduce the when too high, in Ceylon equal to wo roods. [Ajocan. lor lovage. See [fund, mption by a sinking lanie (or caniiel coat me given to slates, or frequenting land Lapis lazull some parts of the or opium, n g of a circular form, lieiu'es. Uoiiian nquid mear IS See Anfora. ireek measure for lions, cutting off a limb. for the ftuit of the dica). tJorway. rlous kinds sold as ward off evil from ;s le AMtTLSABAT, an Indian name fbr crystallized Bulpliur. I Amdrca, a name in Sardinia and Italy fot the cake or grounds of the olive renialnl Ing alter the oil is expressed; used ai, manure, and for cattle lood. Amurcods, lull of dregs or ices. [starch. Amylaceous, resembling or appertaining to Ahtlatb, a compound of starch with a base. Amylinb, Ahtlum, the fecula or crystal- lized starch of wheat Ana, an Indian name for the sixteenth part of any thing, as the link of a measuring chain ; the 10th of the gouta, a land mea- sure, or 7i square yarls. Anabasses, a coarse blanketing formerly made In France for bartering on the African coast. Anacosta, a sort of woollen diaper for the Spanish market, made in Holland. Analysis, a close exu-inination. Analyst, one who analyzes articles; an examiner. Anan, an Indian name for the pomegranate. Anapaima, a tree of great size which abounds in the rocky districts of British Guiana, and possesses a close-grained wood. Anastatic Printino, a mode of copying engravings and printed matter by satu- rating the print or drawing with an acid ; it is then transferred on a plate. Anastre. See Arrastre. Anatomist, one who dissects and examines animal bodies. Anatto, one of the modes of spelling the dye-stuflf Annotto. Anatan, the Malay name for a herdsman or sheplierd. Anbaher, the German name for a cultivator or planter. [of a crop. Anchara, an Indian term for the estimate Ancheta, in Spain a shipment on private adventure of goods to India. Anchois, the French mode of spelling an- chovies. Anchorage, aroadstead or suitable holding- ground whore aliips can cast anchor. An(jhorage Dues, charges payable by sliips in cert ain ports for anchoring. Anchors, wrought Iron holdfasts for ships, which ranue in weight troni a quarter of a ton to five tons, according to the size of the vessel to be held or secured by tiiem. A vessel of twenty tons burden requires an anchor of a cwt, and so on in propor- tion ; tlie largest ships liave as many as seven anchors, which bear different names as sheet, bower, stream, kedge, lui ,a^..au.i; ..u.i luu and line. Anolesite, a sulphate of lend, produced by the decomposition of Galena, which sometimes contains silver Angola, a light and fashiouiible cloth, made from the AuLora gmit's wool, wlilcli is also made into pinsli, I'lid iioni its re- pelling heat is used lor paletots, cloaks, and overcoats. See Angouawool. Angola-weed, the name ot a licnen, Ra- malina furfuracea, trom wliich Archil and Cudbear are made Angoob, the Alalay name for gripes. Angoba-wool, the ion.: white hair of the Angora goat (Capra Angorensis), which is highly prized in man iitacti ires, having a silky appearance, which fits it for laoe, shawls, braids, and other decorative pur- poses. ANK [12] ANT Ano ^stuba-bark, an aromatic bitter barli, «ib lined in Suutli America from the GO' iipea ctuparia, or offlcinalis; a fulso An- gostura bark, of duiiKurous properties, is peeled from tnd Strychnot nux vomica iu iiidiit. Anorai-babk, an undefined baric mentioned In the tariff of exports fVom Slain. AN08TEB, a small money of account in Switzerland, 240 going to the liorln of is. 8d. Anoula, a Singhalese long measure, equal to seven grains of paddy or rice, and about 2} Inches ; the carpenter's angula being equal to the space between the second and third Joint of the fon-finger; also a division of tno Indian cubit, varying in diirurcnt localities Irum f to 1 incli. Amocx, an Indlun term lor a weir or dam across a river; an embanked channel fur irrigation. Anileria, the Spanish name for an Indigo iiianutiictory. Anulvl Charcoal, principally carbonized bone, used by sUKur-redners and by iron- makers In blistering steel; when ob- tained clieap, It forms a valuable fertilizer for land. Animal Fat. The chief animal fats of com • merce are tnliow and lurd, but horse grease, bear's grease, and blubber, ore other articit'S of trade. Animal Jeli.y. See Gelatin- Animal Manures, liair, blood, bones, fish, and other substances, bought or col- lected by farmers, and used to fertilize land. Animi, a fossil African resin of great value In commerce, some of which Is believed to be obtained from the Uymenma courbarU of Soutii America. Aniseed, the fruit of Pimpinella anisiim, very generally used as a condiment In the East, and In "Europe for essential oil, lor tiavouring in medicine, Arano, a Malay name for 'iharco.i!. akanooes, large East Indian beads madeof camellans, wlilcti are mucii iu request on the coast of Africa. Abafemdb, an ancient Spanish measure of 120 square feet. Arab, a name In Northern Africa for the Thi^a articulata, a valuable wood of which the Mobnmmcdau mosques are built ; it also furnishes gum sandarac Akastbe. See Abbastbe. AnAT, a wholesome warehouse in India. Ahata, a name in some parts of Portugal for the arroba. Ajibaccio, a coarse woollen cloth made in Sardinia ftom the wool of the Kuoro sheep, an inferior breed. Arbalest, a cross-bow. Abbitbation, a mode of settling differen- ces in mercantile affairs, by reference for adjudication to one or more impartial but well-informed parties. Abbitbatob, a judge ; one chosen to decide differences between disputants. Arbol-a-brea, a resin of a greenish-gray colour, obtained <^rom the Cariariuin album in the ?hilipnlnes. <\RB00N, "ui A. able term for earnest-money. .'/hbob 0. term u.<'ed by watchmakers and ocb*i . for an ax' . or spindle. ahc><..-^ an arc'ied avenue or enclosure, i^'Uii shops or B : jls. Arcanbon, a French namfl for common dark losln or colonhonv Arch, in the mining niiiics, e, piece of ground left unworkcd nvh- a shufi. Arciieen, a ItuBslan linear measure equal to 28 Inches. Arciiebt Bows, yew. lancewood, or other bows used for archtry. Archil, a violet red pnite prcitarcd fVom various lichens, such ns Roccella tinctoria aud/uciformis. The most esteemed comes from the Unnarios and the Cape do Verde Islands; It Is extensively used for dyeing Bilks and woollen!*, but, although it im- parts a beautiful colour, it lacks perma- nence; other products are called persis and cudbear. See (JncuiiXA. Archimkdkan ScitKW, a tube wound round a cylinder like the thread of a •< .v, used to raise water; named after lU lii« ventor. \bcuitect, a deslgnerof bulldhiLM, .'n. u lo plans or superlntenda tlie erect. <)U of workfl* Architrave, In building tho principal beam which rests on a colunm; also the en- tablature or wave nouldlng In a cor- idce. [records. Archive, a record, a chamberfor preserving Archivolt, In building a curve formed by the upper sides of the vounaoin or urea stones. Arcilla, the Spanish name for clay. Arcot-bupee. See Rupee. Arctic, any thing relating to the northern regions. Audasas. Abdasses, tho coarsest sort of Per- sian silk; Ardaslnas being tlie finest kind. Ai:DAWA, the Indian name for ground pulse given to horses, or a mixture of chick- pease and barley. Ardeb, an Egyptian com measure contain- ing 7} to Of English bushels, but It varies considerably, In some parts of AlMca being only one-third of a bushel. Ardel, a quantity more than eight bushels. Ardent Spirits, alcoholic liquors. Ardep. S^e Ardeb. Ardesia, the Italian name for roofing slates. Arditb, an ancient Spanish coin. Ardoise, the French name for slate. Ardbuea, or Ardrukum, a Hindoo name for ginger. Abe, the unity of surface In French mea- sures ; a square of ten metres on a side, equivalent to 1076 English feet Area, thf - :.^n i \lci .itents. Areca SVl. Wit HVXliL NtJT. Akejoubr ii.'^pun;,"' 11! ' ,3for dried ■ " . ■ .es. Arel, a , \ '' . '1 ■ /ibble ust . lO sift com. Arena, thu bpanish name for sand ; arenilla being fine sand or lino ore. Arendi, an Imliau name for the castor-oil plant. Areometer, an instrument for measuring the density or gravity of gaseous fluids. See Hydrometer. . , , , ^ ,_, , AsoALi, the wild aboriginal sheep which inhabit the high mountains of central Asia. Aboana, the Bpanish name for a crane or machine for raising stones and heavy weights. 4 ARM f 16 J ARB ) for common wood, or othor AioANO Lamp, a>)urnororluir)|>incoinni»/i use, with u circular wick tu aiimlt a double current ol air. I Aroel, or Aroiiel, tho leaf of thu Ci/rmn- chum arghel, which U much uo'd ubruncl f'ura(iulteratln)( Aluxiimlrliin Ht'iiiiii. I Ahobnt, the French nanio lur itilvor nictnl or colnnhuret ut Mllvcr. AK< U itn iiciilulous coiicreto iult, tho .r If or Hi'dlinciic of wliio vuts anil cihRu, wl hwhen|)urlll(:(ll8dtnuinlnat<'(lurcani ^ ' . r; It is wlilto or red, acconllnj,' to f ,:. wine of which it la tho di'pDslt, uiid (U lai'K' lyuMcdlnuiedii'liiunnd thuiirts; nlxo ^ a Tartar namu for thu dried excreiacntti ol aiiiiiialg mouldod into cukes and aold ai fUeL 1 Arooudan, a l(lnd of raw cotton. ~ ARGD ^ JAQUE, a ijpauUh name fur gum am- nioi.iacum. IAkgub I'liEASANT, a raro bird {Argus uigani»u»). whoao bcautlt'ul pliinui^e \a nlKhly viilued in the Kiist; tho large wluK feuiuuic. nearly three feet loni?, marked with eye?, are used lor tiarns for the head, and the smaller ones fur pluniex. IAjuiak, tho Hindoo nanic of tho bolichos I catjan, a coiniuon pulse of India. I Akuat, an Indian rovulviug wheel for rais- I lilt; water. I Aki, an Indian name for a bunch or handful I of rice, corn, or other grain. Iarignzo, a Spanish weight the same as the adarmc, about one draehni, or UO grains; also an old coin of Ca.-'tllc. V&INDI, an Indian agent or broker. IAripo, the Singhalese name for expressed I giiigelly seed. ■AJtiscH, Akich, a measure of length In Persia, equal to 38t English Inches. Lristolocuia. See .Sekpentauy Koot. IAEA, thu Sanscrit name lor a species of basil, Ocymum sanctum, sacred to Vislinu. Vrjuna, a Sanscrit name lor tho fruit of ttie Terminalia alata, |A^KKA, a Sanscrit name forthemudar, Calo- tropis or Asckpias gigantea. iRLLT, the nanio lor cumin seed in somo parts of India. |i\bli£NAKSe, a :«ort of Spanish linen. VBLOTA, the Spanish name for tow of flax or hemp. Armadillo, the armonr plates of this animal form an article of export fVom Slam, tiie tlesh is eaten in South America. auATEUR, the French name for a ship- owner, or one who fits out a ship for a voyage. Armature, a French term for the various Iron lu'iafasts used by carpenters. Armenian Bole, a soft onrth of a red colour, found in some parts ui the Continent, una also in India, w here it forms an article of the materia mediCii, and is employed In native painting ana gilding, and for red lead. Vbuino Pbe»>, a tool used by bookbinders. Vrkorkii, a jfunsnilth, one who has the charge in a vessel of war, or armory, of the offensive and defensive weapous. ^KMOR, def^nufvt) weaponi aiihl c'othlng. An- '>/KEN. ARMOZINK, a thirk plillM Bilk. ,^ J,. I ilU blucL, used fof clerii al rubes >i.n4 funic.il pufpi'M's, Arm-I'AD, a protof !lv« pad used by tailors. Arms, a teiui applied to < 7»fn»lve iiii i dc- fciittlve weiipuiiS, arms aii'l xniiiunltlon turm coiiHldcruble nrtleles "t tonilllirre, piirilcularly In tliins of war. [Kiis'ila. Arkaout, a kind ot liMrd wheat gruwa in Ahnoito. Sea Annotto. A ROUS. S<« Armoha. Arola, a sweet Indian grafts, the • ,0 sp^-ds of which are soiuetlnies used ;ia loud by the poor natives. Aromatic Confixtion, a meiM. m for diar- rlicQU, 'Composed of chalk »iiil aruma- tICrt. .Vromatic Vingoab, acetic add flavoured with aroniatics. Akoona, a name in Bengal for MfN'EKT. Ahoosi'a, a name in ('bittaguiiK. Iiina, for the tibro obtained from the ValUatrpa cana. Ari'knt, the French acre or ' nd iik usure, which varies, but will avcru^'e aliuut liur 1'20 of an Kngllsh acre. ARPKNTiCRio, the Spanish r ,ine for a scavenger. Arqukbuse, an old-fashioned kirul of'.iearj hand gun. Arrack, a common Indian name for ardent spirits distilled from rice, palni i lico, &c. ; but in our toiiinierco it is apnlV I ehlelly to the toddy or spirit obtained fi it palms in the KaHt. Arr^voe, in the northern mining dl;^:rlcts of England a sharp point or corner. AURANZADA. See Arancada. Aurastue, the Spanish name for a crushing mill to pulverize, grind, and reduet? ores. Arrate, the Sp>inlsh pound, nearK tho same as the English. [7084 1. 'aliis. Auuatel, the Portuguese pound, cont. ling Arrfx, a Spanish wei«lit of four pouii s. Arremene, a nome In Ceylon for the vood of the Sumatra cassia, used tor furniture and house building. Arrest, incarceration, a deprivation of liberty by imprisonment, which 1 lay eltlier be for debt, contempt of court, or for misdemeanour, ers. ^ssAYEB, one who tests metals .and ores, to ascertain their purity or coiumurcial voliie. LswEMBLT-EOOM, a placc for public gather- inns, concerts, balls, m loss by a policy eflected in an Insurance otHcu. AssTA, a name in Russia tor succades or fruits stewed hi syrup. A.STA, the name of a bnst obtained in the East Indies, also called Patoo. AsTAH, a cloth measure ot eighteen inches used in Penang, AsTEBiA, a species of star sapphire, exhibit- ing six milk-white rays, radiating ftom the centre of an hexagonal prism. AsTRAOAL, in bu'ldlng, &&, a semicircular projection or small round moiddiug. Astringent, a binding medicine. Astrolabe, an astronomical instrument fbr taking the altitude of the stars at sea. AsTROMARA, a coucave representation of the heavens. AsTRONOMEic, One who studies or describes the celestial bodies. AsTRucK, the Indiau name for gum animo- niacum. AsuL, a name, in India, for the Tamarix ferax, a tree on which small galls are tbrrned. [341 bs. AsuMBBA, a liquid measure in Paraguay, of Aswattha, a common Indian name lor the pepui tree, the Ficus rcligiosa, Asvke, Alsixe, a species of clover seed im- ported into Scotland ll'om the Continent. Atabal, a Moorish kettle-drum or tabor. Atai, au Indian cattle pound. Atap, the leaves of a stemicss plant, the Nipafrutkam, which are largely used for thatching iu the East, Atari>(eter, a philosophical instrumeut used ill a fixed observatory. Atasee, See Atees, Atche, an old petty coin of Turkey worth but tvvo-thirds of a farthing. Atees, the vernacular name in India for linseed. [silk. Atelas, a Malay name for embroidered Ateliek, a French workshop, sculptor's studio, or building dock. Atlas, a large kind of paper 34 by 2G inches; rich Indian embmldered satin; also a collection of maps in one volume. Atmagupta, the Sanscrit name for cowitch, the fine hairs covering the pods ot'Muctiva pruriens, which arc used as a vermifuge, and also in cases of cholera. ATMOjmTER, an evaporometer, orinstrumeut to measure vaporous exhiilations. Arjiosi'iiERic Railway, a railway over which carriages are propelled by tlie power or' air In iron tubes; but which in practice is not lounil to answer. Atoll, a coral lagoon island or insular reef. AroHo, a minute measure of length in Italy, the thousandth pare of the braecio which is Wi, inches. Atiioi'iv, a formid.able alkali obtaiued from ihe deadly nightshade. Attachment, a suininary criminal process; also a jndiclrl impounding by a creditor of the money or personal property of his debtor in the hands (it u tliinl |i:iity, whicli is autliorizedin l.ondon, Bristol, liudsomo other places. Attak, a nominal money of 200 cash, in the island ot Loinhok, which is equal to one Java rupee or 2s. C AUR [18] AVE Attakmb, a Singhalese superficial measure of 500 baudera-bambas, and equal to 4S0O leet. Attarben*, the Arabic name for a chemist and dru^eist. Attar of Roses, the essential oil of roses, a very costly fragrant perfUme. Attendant, a follower or assistant Atterah-mauno, a weight used at Bus- sorah equal to 28 lbs. Attestation, the legal act of witnessing a deed by affixing ouu' < signature thereto. Attic, a room In the uppermost story of a house. Attifet, '.-. .'snch, a woman's head-dress. Attire, articles of clothing or dress. Attise, French, fapots of Ure-wood. Attiseur, French, a stolter. Atile, a ini!)lng term for rubbish, or stone, containing little or no ore. Attorney, a representative or deputy, one holding a power or authority to act for anotlier. The name In the West Indies for the ceneral supervisor or manager of plantations; a solicitor or law agent em- ployed to prosecute or defend a claim or suit in a court of law. Attu, an Indian name for goats and sheep. AuBAN, French, a licence or permit to deal. At'BEKGE, a small Continental inn ; u liouse tor lodging and entertaining travellers. AuBERGiSTE, an inulieeper, a landlord. Atot,. See Asitl. AuBcssoN Carpet, a carpet made in the style of the Louises of France. Auction, a public competitive sale by a licensed vender. AccnaMiER, a vender; one who manages a public sale and disposes of goods to tiie highest bidder. Audience, j»u official or legal interview. Audiencia, in Spanish, a court of law. Audit, a regular examination of books, vouchers, or accounts by one or more qualified parties. Auditor, one who inspects or examines and certifies accounts ; a judge. Aufgesinge, the money premium received with an apprentice in Germany. AUGAGE, a Versian land measure; the dis- tance one can walls in an hour, usually estimated at 4} miles. AuGELOT, Frencli, a sldmmer used by salt- boilers. Auger, a wimble or boring tool. August, a gold coin of Saxony, more fre- quently known as a pistole, worth from 16s. Id. to 16s. 4d. AuLOS, anotlier name for the ancient Greek stadium, a mea&ure of length, nearly 197 yards. AuM, a German liquid measure varying In size in difierent localitie:^, but answering to about one-seventli of the English tun. Aunage, a measuring by the elL AUNCEL, the old name for weighing by the steelyard; abolished by various statutes. AUKE, the French cloth ell; the old aune of Paris is equal to 46 and 4-fitIis English Inches : the aune usuellf, 47i inches. AuRAntia Wins, a wine made In India and Sardinia ft-om the Cliina orange, Citrus aurantiutn. AUREO, an ancient Spanish gold coin, also s weight of four scruples. Aureus, a former Greek weight of twenty draclims; also a gold coin equal to a crown sterling. Auriferous, containing or yielding gold. AuRisT, an ear-doctor, one wiio attends to the cure of disorders of tlie ears. AuRUNO, an Indian name for the place wiicre goods are manufactured. Author, a literary writer. Autochronograph, a machine for the In- stantaneous marking or printing of time. AuTOGiuPH. a person's own handwriting, an original manuscript. Autographic Press, a portable printing- machine for taking copies from a litho- graphic stone. Automaton, a self-moving machine, a name given toaiiy cleverly contrived mechanism which performs tlie actions of animals. Autophon, a barrel-organ, tlie tunes of which are produced by means of perfo- rated sheets of mill-board. Autcnite, a beautiful yellowish-green min- eral found In granite, also called uranite. AvziTE, a dark mineral, a constituent of volcanic rocks. AvA, a long measure in Cadiz, the 10th part of tlie vara— rather more tiian two inches; also a name uivcti to the intoxi- cating louK-pepiier, the Chavica oMcina. rum In the Pacific Islands. AVADAVAT, a small cage bird with prettily marked plumage, kept by the natives of India, and commonly sold in the bazaars. Aval, the signing of a draft, note or bill of exchange, a French declaration of responsi- bility or guarantee for Its payment. AvALAKKi, a Karnatlc name lox rice beaten or bruised for food. Avancage, a French coach-stand. Avanturine, a yellow or reddish-brown mineral freckled with gold 8i)ots, used foi iewellery; of which there are artificial Kinds made. Avati, an Indian name for a goldsmith's stamp. Avellana, the Spanish name for the fil- bert, the fruit of the Corylus avcUana; the edible nuts of Quevina avellana in CliUe. AvENAGB, a tithe on oats ; oats paid to a landlord instead of rent. AvENs-ROOT, the root of Geum urbanum, which possessing astringent and aromatic properties has been used in medicine, andis also said to impart a pleasant clove-iike flavour to wine and beer. Avenue, a shady walk or drive between rows of trees. Aver, a provincial name for a draught or working animal. Average, a balance struck, a fair sample : in the corn trade, the official price at which grain Is fixed; in marine insur- ance, the equitable adjustment of the proportion of loss which is sustained by insurers; a general or gross contribution made by different parties towards a loss sustained by some for the benefit of alL as in making good any damage sustained by a ship, in throwing cargo overboard in i coin, also a ht of twenty equal to a IdiiiK gold. )0 attends to ars. or the place ed. le for the In- itln«oftlme. handwriting, ible prlntlng- from a lilho- cliine, a name ed mcclinnism of animals, tiie tunes of iaus of perfo- sli-green min« ailed uranite. constituent of idiz, the ICth lore than two to the mtoxi- avica offlcincu. 1 with prettily tlie natives of n the bazaars, note or bill of iouofresponsi- lynient. for rice beaten land. ddish-brown spots, used foi are artificial a goldsmith's ne for the J11- ■ijlus avellma; la avellanu in oats paid to a eum urbanum, tand aromatic nedicine, andis sant clove-lilie drive between )r a draught or a fair sample: flicial price at marine insur- stment of the ^s sustained by iss contribution towards a loss . benefit of alL mtige sustained overboard In BAB [19] BAB a storm, Ac. It may be special or particu- lar, and customary or petty average, as expressed in the bill of lading. Average - stater, Average - taker, an ottlcer in a marine insurance ollice, who computes averages. [yniiii); trees. Averruncator, on instrument fur pruninf? AviADOR, the Spanish Uiime for one wlio advances money to work a mine, or to carry on mining' operntions. lAviART, an enclo8ureforlld, the weight ne- cessarily varytng with the contents, which range nom 1 to 2} cwt. See Bale, and Sack. , Baga, the Spanish name for a little head of flax with Its seed. Bagatelle-eoakd, a cloth-covered board pierced witli nine holes, for playing a game with a set of ivory balls. InAGATTiNO, a small copper coin of Venice, the half of a soldi, about one farthing, j Bagazo, tlie marc or refuse of grapes, sugar- canes, (fee, after they have been pressed. IBagedia, in Spain a pound of twelve I ounces. |Baggage, the wearing apparel and personal ellects of a passenger, cent ra-dlsi Inguished from merchandise; heavy travelling lug- gage— lience baggage-waggons and bag- gage-trains are for the conveyance of weiglity goods. Jaggage-wakehoose, a special department of tlie Customs at the docks, where bag- gage may be left, or is taken to be exa- mined and cleared. Jagging, a <;oar^e kind of stuff made of hemp, old ropes, Ac, lor covering bales of cotton or other mcrcliaiidise. In tlie Uni- ted States about 50,000 bales ofliidian ban- ging are required yearly to wrap the cotton crop in for shipment. See Gunny Bags. Bagnio, a batliing-liouse, a brothel. Jagi'Ipe, a musical instrument peculiar to Scotland, consisting of a leatliern bag, with three pipes, blown by the mouth and Inflated by compression of the arm. jAG}tE, a delicious fish of the American seas and rivers. Jagcales, a Spanish name for wild horses In South America. IJahamas Sponge, a coarse kind of sponge fished up about tiie Bahamas islands, ; Used for common purposes. See sponge. Kahak, a heavy eastern measure of weight, 1 varying considerably In ditlerent locall- i ties; the range being from 223 to C251bs [AVe Candy, iahjeekie, the Singhalese name for the 1 Italian species of millet. lAHU, a land-measure in Java, equal to 12 I acres, also called a I'.ouvv. Iauut (Frencli), acofler, large chest or bin, Iaies, the French name (Or berries. Iaigneur, French, a bath keeper. Iail, one who t^tands bondsman or security J for the appearance of another In a court I of law under certain penalties. Iaila, the Spanish name for sea-trout. lAaiE. the magistrate of a Scotch burgh. Iailiff, a sheriff's officer, to whom is [deputed the duty of arrest (or debt ; also a Isiiperior farm servant, the understeward lof a manor. Jailiwick, the district or boundary within Iwhich a bailiff or his deputy exercises jurisdiction. MLi.E, anold coal measure used in Rochelle, the 80th part of a muid, and equal to rather more than two bushels. lii.LEUR-DE-FoNDS,aFrcnch money lender. iiLi-OQUE, the French name for ostricli Ifeathers. iLiLiiENT, a legal term for goods delivered bi trust to be takcu care of. BAn.8, hoops to support a tilt hammer. Baiocco, a Venetian money. See Bajocco, Baik, the Indian name lor the egg plum, the fVuit of Xizyphus jt(iuba, which are highly esteemed by the natives in Jndia, not only when green an.'er, ar.d clearing up a trader's or banker's books. Balandran, aloose surtout worn by Spanish priests ; also a large coarse cloak used in France. Balanore. a small kind of sea vessel. Balanza, a Spanish tlsblng net. Balanzov, a copper pan used by sUver- miths in Spain. Balaod, the Spanish name for a kind of 8pr.it. Balas lltJBT, a lapidary's term for the rose- red varieties of spinel. Balasse, the French name for what in Ene- land is termed a padlasse. a mattress slulfed with straw, moss, or chaff. BALAiiEK, a sort of cotton. Balcony, a projectinu' walk on the first floor of a house ; a raised gallery In a room, i&c. Baldachin, Baldaquin, the fringed canopy covering a itoinan Catholic altar; a French nnme for a tent-bed. Balde. an oil measure of iiisbon, the tenth part of a pipe; also a dry or coal measure equal to 12-70 bushels. Baldes, Baldues, the Spanish term for a piece of dressed skin. Bale, a package of merchandise of variable dlnaenrtona ; the moat ezteusire articles of commerce received in bales being cot- ton and wool. Jiates of Cotton vary In weight from year to year In different lo- calities. In ma, the weight of the bales of cotton, or all descriptions imported, aver.igeil 4(>7 lbs. per package. In 18.'i3 those from Ameriea averaged 4.'t.5lbs., from the Kast Indies 3&'J, Urazil. 180. Tlic fol- lowing was tlie average weluht and mea- suro per bale of the dill'erent kinds of cotton received at Liverpool in 1850 : — Average Weight. Mobile.... ..,..„.„ rm U)S. New Orleans 4.55 Upland 8!)() Sea Island .18,1 Kast Indian »83 Kyyptian 21.5 West Indian... 212 Brazilian 182 Cubic Measure. m feet a-i „ 27 „ 35 „ 16 „ ?I " 25 „ 17 ., or Hales of Wool, the average weights of Au.strallaii ran.:e from 2 to 3 cwt.; East Indian and (ierinan from 3 to 4 cwt. ; Uusslan 3i to 4 cwt; Spanish and Por- tuguese 1 to 2 cwt. ; South AmericKU 4i to 8 cwt. ; Goat's wool 1 J to 2 cwt. ; Peru- vian .56 to 84 lbs. BAt.E, a sea term for dipping out water fVom a boat. liALEEN. See WnALEBONE. Haleinier, the Frencii name for a whaler. Haleinon, a young whale. Bale Lashings, packing cordage usually sold In lengths of 17 fathoms. Baleuang, the Malay name for sulphur. Baleston, a name on the French coasts lor the sprit of a lug-sail. Balik, a Tartar name for fish, and esnocially mullet, on tlie Mlack-Sen coasts. The red mullet is called khan-balik. Baliki, a name for the back pieces of the sturgeon wliicli are salted and smoked in Uussia for lioine use and for export. Bai.ine, a kind of coar.se canvas for packing. Bamxg Paper, an American name lor stout wrapping or packing paper for parcels. Balise, Balize, a tliniier frame raised as a landmark, a buoy, or sea beacon Bamsucis (Fieiicii), UmCaiiua Jiulica. .seeds yield a purple coiour; the roots st.ircli. Balk, a technical name in the timber trade for logs of squared timber which vary in length ft'om 20 to 90 feet, and from 8 to 30 inches In square. Balkeus, a name on the fishing coasts of Cornwall, tfcc, for those who. standing on an elevated point, signalize to the lioatmen with tlie cast-nets the direction the shoals offish are taking. Ball, ashot; around plaything; a printer's inking pad; a signal lioNted on a flag- stalf, sometimes in connection with a flag. Ballad-singer, an itinerant vocalist. BallaM, a caroo hollowed out of tiiiijer In which men wash out the pearls from the oysters in Ceylon. Ballast, shinale, water, stone, pigs of iron, or any lieavy material placed in the hold of a shin to steady It in the water. A ship wliicli leaves a port without a cargo is Mid to be "in ballast." See Kentledge. I BAL [2.3] BAN bnloA being cot* Cotton vary Jn r In (lilToront lo- l«lit. of ilio biilea itioiis imported, ickaifii. in isr,3 «ed4:Wlb'<.,froni !ll, 180. The fol- »velubt and mcii- ll'iiront kinds of lool In ISoO : — rngo Kbt. Iba. (.'ublc Mo HSU re S:i feet »i *4 27 85 J6 If !i7 ff SfS 1« 17 «1 erftge wplgbts of Z to 3 cwt.; East Din 3 to 4 cwt. ; «paiil9l> nnd Por- )Utli AnicrlcKn 4| i to 2 cwt. ; Peru- iig out water IVom E. iimo for ft whaler. cordage usually lonis. |ne for sulphur. \o Fronuh coasts . 1, nnd especially coasts. Tl)o rod Ilk. ick pieces of tho >d nnd smoked in )r expi)rt. vastor packinu. n niiinc Tor stout r (or p.ircels. frame raised as i beacon ita Jiulka. seeds roots st.u'cli. tlie tlmbiT tradH er which vnry In and Ironi 8 to 30 fishing coasts of who. standinson ;o tothe boatmen i-ectioii tho shoals thine; a printer's oNted on a flag- iption with a flag, nt vocalist, out of thti.)er in pearls from tho one, pigs of iron, aced in the bold e water. A siup thout a cargo is See Kentledge. Ballartaor, a foil or clmrgo for taking ItMlliist In a liarbour. Bali.,vst-kn<>ink, a steam engine fordredsj- iiig up sliinglu in a river, or drawing ttravel or earth on a railway, n \i.i,A8T-iiKAVER, u ballast porter or river carrier. lUi.t.ASTiNO, n term for gravel, stone, ciny, or other material applied to the covering ol'road^ gener'dly, but to the nietnllingor bottoming of railways in puriiculnr. P.Ai.i.AST-i.ioHTEu, ft i)arg(i for conveying bull ist on a river, a package of various goods, thus a ballon of paper is 14 reams, of glass 12J l>undle9. Bai.lone. in Italy a large bale. Bau.oon, a inachlno made of silk, Inflnted with coal gas tor aijrostation. Ballot, a term In Sweden for ten roams of piiper, nnd in the silk and other trailes lor asmiill bale or pack. Ballot nox, a secret voting box, in which sin ill balls or cards are drooped. Bali.otes, baskets (or holding grapes, used dnrins the vlnta'jc :n France. Balm, a hardy perennial, the Afclhsa offici- nnlh: at one time insisted v/itb e.\ira- ordiiLirv medicinal virtues, but now only emploveil as an infusion In i)ropiiriii!; aii exhlliiMtlU!; drink, or in giving (iavor to a weak factitious wine. Balm of (Jilf.ad, the common name in some parts ot N'orth America (or a spe- cies ot poplar, the Populiis bahami/era ; also an aromatic resin, or lialsam, ob- tained b) the East. See Opobalsajl Balov. See IUlloon. Balonea, a name for tiie oak of the South of liurope and Grecian Archipelago, lariie quantities of the acorn cups ot which are shipped to Kngland for tanners' use. See Yalonsa. JUlot, a small bundle or package. Balsa, a raft or tlsbing float of skins nsed prlneiiiaily on tlie "iciflc coasts of Houtli America. Balsam Ai'ple, the fVuit of tho Momordica balmininii, used meditinally. Baj.sam Fik, tho Abies balnamea, a N'orth American tree from whicii the Canadian balsam Is ol)tained. Balsams, seml-tluid, aromatic oleo-reslns. ot which several enter largely intocommerce. JUlsam Wf.ed, an American name for the Oiiaphaliuin polyrephalum, which pos- sesses some medicinal properties, and has lately been used lor the manufacture of pr'M-r. Baltic Oak, tho wood of the Qiiercits peditnculata. Imported cf.iefiy for shlp- uiiilding. Baluster, ft rail, part of a balustrade. See Banister. Balustrade, the name for balusters or rails fixed under the coping of the parapet ot a liridne or balcony, Ac. Balt, a commercial wciirht In Sumatra equal to 81 lbs. C oz. avoirdupois, divided into 10 gantontcs or 00 catties; also a dry or (jrain measure In several of the other islands of tho E istern Arclilpeiago, raii- t,'lng from 1 to 1 J bushel. BALZARiNE,allgtit mixed material ofworsted and cotton, for ladies' dresses. Bamba, a Singhalese measure, equal to tlio lenuth of the extended arms from tlio tips of the fingers, or about six feet Bamhaoello, a Spanish paint. Bamiiaoino, Italian for calico. Bamiioo, a variable dry mensuro In Eastern countries, ordinarily about five English pints. An Indian mannd of ri -o of 75 lbs. contains 21 bamboos; In ihe Moluccas, the l)aini)oo of rice, however, weii,'h8 only 1 lb. 10 oz. avoirdupois. As a measure of length the ancient Ilindoo bamboo of Akhbar wasaboutfourtienyaids; in Burmahitis rather more, namely, 14J yards. Bamdoo-chunoah. See Ciidngah. Bamboo I'andanijs, a name for the Agave In the Bengal presidency. Bamboo.?, the tali sillcious hollow grasses or canes of the linmbusa genus, wliich are very serviceable tor a variety of commercial purposes in tho East and west Indies. They are turned to almost every use, for posts and buildinys, ladders, masts, water-pipes, pitchers, drinking- cups, or cooking utensils. When spilt they are made into mats and sails; but there is seaneiy a domestic article in CbbM nnd Asia in wiiicli the bamboo is not a whole or component part from the cradle to the rolHn. Bamiek, a culinary vegetable in Egypt. Bammia, a name on the west coast ot Africa lor a species of Hibiscus; for the uses ot which see OciiRO. [muslin. Ban, the Spanish name for a kind of fine Banana, the (vvi\io\' MusasnpientKm, which when ripe Is generally of a sweeter and more luscious character than the plan- tain. It Is an article of large consiimptioa in all tropical countries, either raw^ roasted, or tried. BAN 124] BAN Bamasta, In Spain, a large basket made of twlKS or laths. Banoal, an Indian welRlit of about seven- teen drachms avoirdupois; also the 8pan- Iflh name for a thrown or twisted carpet. Bancalero, in Spain a carpet manuthc- turer. Banca-tin, a ralunhle kind of tin, equal to Knglisli refined, ol)tained In tlie Eiistern j\rchlpelapo, orlRlually troni the Island of Banca exclusively; but much Is now pro- cured In Malacca, and sent to Singapore for shipment. Bancbi, the Malay nnme for a carpenter's axe. BiVNCo, a word used In muny States on the Continent as a prefix to paper moiioy, and also for sums inscribed in the books of the bank opposite the names of tliose who have deposited money or specie there. Banco Is worth on an average 23 per 'lent. more than ordinary currency; but tlie premium necessmlly varies with the nature of the security. Band, a tie; a waist-fiirdle; an ornament; a body of musicians; a weluht used on some parts of the const of Western Africa for welfihlnj,' (fold dust, and equal to aixiiit two ounces troy. Tlio wont Is used In Rica to denote the number of twenty, or halfaschock. Bandage, a llftaturo; a llnon roll or of v an Iiulian porter, for slinging baskets or noxes on. Banohy-wallaii, an Indian porter, who carries tlic bagHaiiCof a dawk or giaiankin traveller; he is usually the bearer of two liglit boxes swung on a pole borne over the shoulder. Hanqles, anklets and bracelets made of shell, glass, gold. &c., which are often richly ornamented with precious stones, and are much used in India. See (Jilvnks. Bangra, a species of hempen cloth made in Nepaul ironi tiie fibre of a gigantic sting- ing nettle; being hard and stilt it Is not suited for conhu'c and nets. Banister, tlie haiulrall of a staircase, a cor- ruption of l>aluster. HANiHTER-nBusii, a domestic sweeping iMiisii for tlie stairs. HAN.TKKCE, a kind of perfumed oil in the East Indies. [cliiefly by negroes. Banjo, a stringed musical iiistViniieiit, used Hank-book, tiie book given out from a bank to a depositor, to contain a debtor and creditor statement of bis account. Bank t'LEiMC, an assistant otllcer employed in a baiiUini,'-house. IjAnk Hiuectob, a shareholder appointed one of a coiniiiittco of management to conduct tlie afl'.iirs of a bank. Hanker, a dealer in money; one who is entrusted witii the care of the funds of others; also the name for a vessel em- jiloyeil on the Xewtbundland banks in cod fishing. Tiiose fitted out from Nova Scotia are of troin 20 lo 50 tons ; tliosi' from tlie American ports and Mewfbuiidlaud are lariicr. Bank-fishery, the cod fishery on the Banks ot Newtiiimdlaiid. Bank-iiolrs, the time within which money is jiaid or received at a lianking-house, usually between ten and four. Bank-note, a promissory note for money to be paid on demaiid iiy n Hanklni; com- pany. In England bank notes under £5 are not allowed to be issued; but iu Scot- land £1 notes are still circulated, and in many of the West India colonies dollar BAN [25 J BAR lra« presidency , the okhro of of which Is an able, and the (C. In Italy. I military band. rtrlilKB-box, or irges of powder. \i iioniatuin, or 'plug tlio taulr ;ed Instrument I who plays In a ashing done up sen knolH each, led practice 83 iiisage. e East. iiiTied over the ter, for sUngIng nn porter, who iwk or pMliinkln le bearer of two pole borne over ets made of shell, are ciften richly i stones, and are CnANKS. Ml cloth made In I KiU'intic stintr- hd still it is not staircase, a cor- BStlc sweeping oil in the East ■lly liy ni'griies. stiiiiiic'Hi, used mt fnmi a bank a debtor and ccount. iHlcer employed older appointed auayement to k. ; one who l9 the funds of a vessel eni- d banks in cod ut from Nova )ns; tliosc from Newfoundland ry on the Banks n which money anUing-house, lur. te for money to Banliinir com- lotcs under £8 d ; but in Scot- cnlated, and In colonies dollar i)f iDtes are issued, while even smaller notes ore circulated on the Continent. The aggregate amount of bank-notes in clr- cilatiun in the United Kingdom, at one tine,ranKes from £;!2,(X)0,(K)0to £42,000,000, noro tiinn half of which are those Issued b;' the Bank of England, and this great establishment issues nine classes of notes raiging trom £«up to £1000. About 30,000 notesare printed every day at the Bank, anl 0,000,000 Issued per annum, represent- liif nearly £300,000,000 of money. The nous are never re-Issued from the Bank of England, but are cancelled as fast as they are presented for payment. Bank-porteb, a messenger employed in a ban&liig-house. Bank 1'ost, a large kind of letter-paper, raiig'.ng in weight from Hi to 10 lbs. the rcaia Bank-Post-Bill, an order or cheque given by a banker for money deposited with liiin, forndng a safe and conveident mode of transmitting money from one part of the kingdom to anotlier, or lor persons travelling on the Continent. Bank-propbietor, the holder of shares or stork in a bank. Bankrupt, a trader who is unable to meet Ills pecuniary ensingements, or to pay his creditors their claims In full. Bankruitcy-commissioneb, an otliclal ap- jiointed to In ve.>-tigate and adjudicate upon tlie ntlairs of bankrupt traders. Bankruptcy Court, the oftlcial place whore l)unkru|>ts arc examined, and their assets ciillocted and disiributed. Banks, estal)lishmcnt8 for lodging money, and lor the convenient transaction of monetary operations. They are of two classes, private and joint-stock. A pri- vate banli lias not more than six partners ; a joint-stock may have many hundreds. ThccapitalofoneisHuctuating, oftheotlier permanent. The joint-stock bank's affairs are governed by a board of directors meeting periodically; those of the private blink by its partners. The condition and prosperity ot the prUato bank are less known than those of the joint-stock bank, whose dividends arc publicly announced, anil tlie market price ot its shares, which are transierable, atlords a tair indication ottlie character it holds, and the security it oilers f>)r investment. In 1855 there were 1100 banks in the United Kinutlom, of wliich 686 were joint-stock banks. In London, tliere were In the same year fifty- nine i)rivate banks, and twenty-tliree joint- stock- banks, jiittks is also a iocrl name for a lar<;e pottery manufactory. Bank-stock, the paid-up capital of any bank, but chiefly applied to the corporate stock of the Bank of England, a market- nl)lesecurity,malntalniiigahigh premium, 'file stock of oilier joint- stock-banks is usually divided into shares. Basne, tlie French name for a tilt or awning spread over a boat. Banner, a standard or emblematic device I carried by hand. I Bannette, a French commercial term for a certain number of hidesi. Bannoce, the Scotch name for a cake of oat or other meal baked upon a girdle over the fire. Banqueboctiek, the French term for a bankrupt or insolvent trader. Banqueite In rnad-nniking a raised font- way or protecting mound of earth at the side of a sloping bank. Banquieb, the name applied on the C'ontl- nent to a merchant, banker, or one wlio deals In bills of exchange, &c. Banquois, a name in the Mauritiu.s for the Pandunui vacua or screw pine, the leaves of wliicli are nmch used for making sacks for holding collee, suuar, and grain. Bans, Bansu, an Indian name tor the bam- boo. Banse. a large square basket used in France. Bans-keora, one of the names in the Bengal presidency tor tlio Agave, which is also known as the Bamboo pandanus. Bantam, a small kind of fowl. [work. Bantam-work, gaudily varnished japanned Banya, a local name tor black ebony in Britisli Gidana. Banyan, a name for the Ficus Indica; also a Hindoo merchant or trader, a confi- dential cashier and broker lor a mercan- tile firm. Bar, in navigation, an obstruction at the entrance of a harbour or river. Honietimes in bar-liarbours vessels have to wait for the rise of the tide before they can enter or quit the port; the place in an Inn or steamer railed off by a counter, where liquors, &c. are vended to customers; hence the attendants are called bar-man and bar-maid, (tec; a bolt or protection for a door or shutter; an arbitrary com- mercial term and monetary standard of value on the West coast of Africa, forming a capricious medium ot exchange. Cer- tain goods are said to be equal to a bar in different localities; but the trade value ot the bar varies from about half a dollar, in Sierra Leone, to .'id. in OhI Calabar. Bar is also a Frencii name for tlie millier. equal to 9 tons, IC cwt., 3 qrs. 12 lbs. Barachiere, Italian, a sutler. Baradura, in Spanish the stranding of a vessel. Baral, an ancient liquid measure used In some parts ot l ranee, ranging trom 6J to llj gallons, according to tlie locality auc fluid n.easured. oars Barangay, an Indian vessel propelled by Baraque, the name for a small shop in France; contenipluousiy for a linnse. Baraboopa, a class or men in liiuia who, from their dexterity In disguising them- selves, are eni|iloyed as spas. Baraumee (Hindustani), a cloak. Bark, an Arab horse; part of a fish-hook. Barbacue, Barbecue, a paved or cemented jilatlorm, on wiiich tlie cotl'ee iteans cr berries are exposed to the sun to dry for a week or ten days, and taken in or covered over at nifiht. Barbados-tar, a siiecies of petroleum or bituminous oil, obiained In Barbados, which possesses some medicinal proper- ties, as an external and internal applica- tion. RAK 126] HAV. Barba Hispanioa, ft nnmo for the horso- Imlr-Uke tibres obtained about tho Mix- plitslppl. fVoin an ei)l|iliyto, Tillan(Mn iitneoidet, which, uiKiL-r the commercial mime of S|innlsh moss, is larnely used In America riirHtuttlng cushlonn, mattrcsHcs, Ac. SeeJilosa. IUrrer, one who shaves tho hoard and cut!^ and trims liair, from tho Latin barba, a beard or tiilt ot hair. BAunEKS' Company, one of the llvory com- panies of London, wliose common hall Is in Monkwell-strcct. The barbers and BurRpons were Incorporated by tho Rt.ituto ol'.i2 Mcnry VIII., cap. 42, whereby It was enacted that no barbir should keep a shop within London unless fVee of the company. ItAKBoNe, a sllvor coin used in Lucca, con- taining 12 soldi, and of tho value ot about 4(i. Barbotine, nn Kast Indian veBctal)le pro- duet, the chief constituents ot which are wax. gum, and bitterextrait; also a name for worm-seed. See \Vorm-.sked, Barcv, a l'ortu(,'UPse two-masted vessel. liARCAZA, a lariie Spanish barge, or ferry- boat. IlAKCEL, a 1{ind of gun used on board some French ships. Barcella, an Incense censer; a kind of wine. See Bakchilla. Bauceo, In Spain, dry buss or strips of bark for makhi); mats, ropes, Ac. Bakciient, the (ierman name forfustlnn. Barchet. a term used in Uermany lor n piece of stulT of 22 to 24 ells. The barchet Is the 45th part of the fardel. Barchilla, a corn measure of Spain, ran- giUK from 2} to 4J Kidions. It is tiie twelttli of a Cahiz. See Cahiz. Barcon, a Mediterranean luRRaRC boat. Bau-copper, copper of a liigii perceiitajje, but unrelined. Bajidaqitexa. the Spanish name for the auMUis castus seed. Barde, the Fi-cnoh name for a loner saddle for a nm!e, bardelie being a quilted or can- vas saddle for breaklnv' yoniig colts. Bardeau. the French name for a sldngle or sort of wooden tiling. Bardei.la, Itrtliiin, a pack-saddle. 15AHDEUR, a hodman, a mason's day la- bourer in France, one wlio carries a luind- barrow. r"<'>''li'f' Babdiqu, Bardella, r deep blue Sicilian Barege, a thin material used lor ladles' dresses, commonly made of cotton and wool, but the best iire chiefly of silk. Bare-pump, a suction pump lor drawing liquors from a cask. Bargain, an acknowledged acreement or verlial coiitnict, a siile or purcliiise. Bargain-men, hiiiourers who periorm piece- work in tlie collieries at an agreid or con- tract price. Barge, a flat-hottomed boat, of which there are several kiiuis; they are mostly used on navigable rivers, for transfcrriui; coal, sand, grain, rfiicc>, t-eaw, 3eiion, :9'8()86 At Lcntiorn, ns for ppiritK ; I; nt rnipriiio, liio, nnd ISIM nrile cotituina InCepiiiilonln, nnd or flsh In lostp Uie AUB- galloiiB. lerce ohtnlned roods. British -n»li lotl from [)nnte of soda imeforcopper- Ipnnlali silk. )nr», and fitted Itallwny bars e consumption al, the bneo of ned ship >vltU on topsail, ig bark In at a bark used In a plants. skiff shaped , Wood-skin. at ninok nuc- , to enter the rm In Uevon- itone. for colorinp or tfec. i also for lor the use of used to peel hing bark for trees, many of commerce for ifimifiu'turlnK y tanners and llclnal proper- ro. Unining a bed ants. ... genus Hor- any cultivated oil, for cattle- naltlng. Bar- purposes, es- bs, Boups, and puddings, after It has undergone the pro- cess of pearling. This Is done by ina- ohlncry, which removes the husk for pot, and a portion of the outside ot the ker- nel for pearl, barley, leaving the remainder imooth nnd round like shot. The average jleld of barley Is about 40 bushels to the acri', nnd the weight Ao lbs. per bushel. BAUI.f.Y-AVEl.KU, BaHLEY-AWNKR, BaRLKT- HUinviKi.RR, various names for machines for taking off the linnms, awns, or nvcis from barley, leaving the kernels clean and the sanii'le l>Prfect. It consists of iiarallel Iron plates fixed to a frame, nnd Is sonio- tlmcsused by a labourer on the barn-lloor to Separate the awns of barley from the grain. nABi.F.Y-ciiuMPj:n, a rolling machine for breaking the lieard fmm the grain. BAiM.KYCOiiN. the ancient ruih: unit of Kngllsh long measure— the third part of an Inch; three grains ot wheat iilueked from the midille ot tlie ear, laii! end to end, l)elng considered equal to an Incli. Barley .Meal, the flour ot barley, which, in the norihern parts of the kiiigdom, is used extensively In makjng bread ; in other districts, for feeding domestic cuttle and poultry. Baklf.v-mii.l, a mill for preparing barley for various domestic uses. Baklkymow, a rick or stack of barley In the straw. Barlky, Pearled. See Barley. Bari.ky .sugar, a sweeimeat consisting of sugar hoded until It becomes brittle, nnd run into lumps or sticks. It wus at one time boiled witli a ileeoctlon of barley, whence the name. See Sitiau Candy. Barley-wati- R, a mueilaginous r the Erythrinu Corallodendroii, a hnril, close, nnu even-grained wood. The red seeds are used for ornamental purposes. Barrack, a building tor lodging soldiers or workmen. Baurack-master, the resident superlntend- Inu officer ol a barrack. Barracoon, a slave warehouse or enclosed fort on the west coast of Atrlcn. Barbacouta. n broad fleshy fl.sh of the tropics {Sphyrana barracuda); the sea pike. Barrage, Bareoe, alinon interwoven with worsted flowers in Normandy. Barrage, turnpike money; a" passage toll |)aii! in France. Bahrai., tlie Spanish nnme for n large bottle capable of holding an arrobn or four gal- lons. Barras, Barros, n cloth measure of Spain and Poilugal. ranging trom 72 to 94i I'arls ells. B.irras Is also a kind ot resin or gum met witli in French commerce. Barratry, any iirciitlonal act, on the part of mariners, for detrniuling the owner or insurer of a ship, such us feloniously making away with property, or purposely injuring the cargo or vi ssel. Babbatxees, a kind of plain silk. BAR [28] BAS JtARKEL, a caNk forinliiK n moaguru of cnpa- city fur Kiiiulry dry K<)». a red dye-wuod, tiie priuliice o( Jldiihiit iiitida, Imported fVouj Angola and (laboon in Western Atrica. Barvd, an Itinerary measure In Mocha of tour fiisak or twelv« miles, IlARVTKs, a heavy spar or sulphate, the white varieties of wldch are gnamd and made Into paint. The nitrates are used for producing a ureen flaniu; nearly all the salts are virulent poisons. Barttone, Baritonk, a kind of bass viol. Has, the H'leiu^h iiann! for hose or stockings. Basalt, a t)lack nnd very hard stone used lor till! assaying of Kold ami silver. Basane, a name for taimeil shcep>skln In France, used for book-binding. Basaxite, a flinty slate of variable shades ol colour, used on the lihine for buildlitg and millstones; when grayish-black. It la called Lydian stone. Basaraco. a small iiidian coin. lUsci'i.K Bkidoe, a kind of lifting bridge. Basement, the lower part or foundation story ot a building; acellarorroomuu the ground-floor. Basks, in cliemlstry, bodies which, united with acids, form salts; they are organic and inorganic. Basiiee, a money of Persia, worth about lOd. sterling. Basil, tlie Ocymnm baxilicum, a favourite pot-berl) among French cooks, bi'liig used, from its aromatic odour and pungeiiiy, to give a further zest to highly seasoned dlsiu's, and lor flavouring soups and sa- lads; an aromatic etiiereai oil is obtained from the root. Tanned siicep's skin; also the angle at wliicii a cutting tool Is eround. liAsiLicox, Yellow, an ointment composed ol resin, wax, and olive oil. Basin, a bowl, of vaiious size and material for coDtaiiiIng fluids; a wet dock, or harhour-inclosnre for ships; the French name for (llinlty, a white cotton stuff mostly striped; a powder for cleansiujr the iiair in India, made with ground orange-peel and pea-meal. Basket, a vessel made of twigs, osiers, or rushes, and used for tlie stowage or con- veyance of m( rihaiidise, tools, Ac. In the ICast, all sort of basket-work is made ot spilt cane; baskets are also made of the date palm. In Burmah nnd Arracan, the b.isket is the common dry measure for rice, and it weighs from fifi} to £8^ lbs.. B AS [29 J BAT Kilcto, except itrloii. II inoMiirtof tviilch vurlci , a pondcroui UVoll'(lll|K)ll«. nNtliimtc It at ter being tba tra tlie bout llstrlct calliul iiiiiphur buurs lie. e for mapper, (l-W(!lKllt. (t in I'MrHiii. lie proilucu of n Angola and In Moclia of 8Ul|)liiUe, the VI ^rdinul and t!!<«it'USfilt'or nearly all tlie of bn«s viol. B or BtdckhKfB. I wtone used lor VI' r. 8lic«p-Rkln in iirlable shndes It- tor bulldittg IsU-blauk, It is In. llnR bridge, [ir toundatlon )V room on the wliicli, united are orgaolo worth about a fiivourlte s, bi'liig used, |iunt!eiu:y, to lily seasoned (iiiim and sa- ls obtained |i's skin; also itting tool in lent composed and material wet dock, or ; the French cotton stuff lor cleansing with ground ips, osiers, or iwape or con- Is, ifec. In the rk 19 made ot made ol the 1 Arracan, tlm measure for 5) to £8^ lbs., according to the Ni'aHon and (luallty of the rice. In Aiiacan, lUO bu^lii i.^, ot Vi Hfn>< uach, aro ciiiinl to 30 lUMi^al nukundii. The Teng, or l:i tre lliimieKu baHket, con- talim about 1' ii -ihoiH, Daskkt«caj{Iiia>.k, a iimail pony chaUo niadii ofliaHkct-work. I)ahkI':t-iiii.t, a protection or cover for the band on a weapon. nAXKET-MAKKit. a Weaver of basket rohiirk, wlilcli Is very larpe, much oil Is obtained; a larKc flhli will yield cit(lit barrels. IlA-soTTi, UAssorn, tho Italian name for a mess of macaroni. I'.A.iitA-(ii M. See HASsoRA-nuM. liAss, ItA.^T, a thin strand of bark or rush, UaccI by piirdeiiers lor binding orcoveriiiu plants; also a kind of matting made from the lime or linden tree in Itussia, of whlcli inllllons are used annually for baling i.ml packing pur|>08es,i&c. AlUU-slzed Itiissian bast-mat weighs about tlvo ptainds when new and quite dry. Is seven leet lung and four feet broad, and Is made witli the rougher and worst strands worked crohS- ways, and the thinner and lung strands, U'n'nthways In the mats. Bassa, a lliiuld measure of Verona, nearly cqiiiil to an Imperial gallon. lUs.SK, a salt-water flsh of North America, the Labrax Uneatus, one to tbree feet loop, havin.' stripes or black bunds running' tiu^ whole lenntli of the lish. Tho llttli^ wnitvi biisse (£. pallklus), a river fish. Is bist known by its popular name of white perch. liAssKT, a name in sumo of the niiiiint; dis- tricts (bran outcroii of cnnl or nilmral at the surface; an Inclimt upwards; in l'"ran('o a terrier. r.ASSKTTE, a Minil'. bass viol, Uassia i;i!''-ii-i> a naii.o -Ivrr. to tho Folid oil from J!(is,s''a bulyru.':''ii, soinellnn - ciillod Gal.'in butter. Anoi uer siiccie-, li. liiti/olia. turnislica th'- iAlo'Ava od of Bin- pu", aiul till- .^iica butter i.t obt.diicd liou. H.J'iirLUm Atrica. Hasmnkt, a child'.s cradle nsurtlly vitlK'Ut rockers; in l''riiiice a siiiali \)m\\\ or ij.ai. Hassinoiiu",, a French wariiihm-^an. r.Ass^lATO, thin liiycrsol bark, us' d chit lly by gani.iurs, and lor packing luiiiiLuve, itc. >S'tf,- I'.A.'^s. l'.Assooi.Aii, an Iiidini) form ot luke for pic- piiiiiip lUiU'iv woods. I'Assoox, a iiiuual wind instrument, nl)n«s oboe made of several tubes ol wood bound tot;ctlier. whence itts nanie. l'iASSoitA-&trr>i, the prorliiieo('s('vriMl-:pocies of acacia in Asia. iSVe Pii^-^oijaii Ginr. Bass-viol, a well-known btriii^red iii^trii- iMiit. Inriicr tluiii tlie ciunmcn violin, liriiigingout the lowest or deepest soiiiiil iu an liistrumentul concert. Ham-wooi), a name f Iven to the Amerlrna lime or linden tree, Tilia Amnicana. Tli« Wood li soft, easily worked and is uued lor the paiic!i ol carrinpfl boilles, seats of cbalrs and the fans of tiiniiInK nulls. In severe winters, the birmers fell n tree to teed cattle on the twlKs and budf, whicli are uliiiliuais and nutriilotis. llAST, rope, eord, and matting made from the bass or linden tree; also a naim' lor tho bark or toiub lllires of the tlax and hemp plants. .Vc Hash. liAsrAio, iiASTiKUK, iliu Italian name fur a Mudilier. Dahtakdki.i.a, In Italy a copper pan. ilAsTAKO-lNDKio, 11 name tliven In India to Tr/ilirii»iu linrlot ill. llANTAitna, a coarsc-prodnct of thenianuinc- tni'u of lo.'if or reiliied sugar. lJAMTAKD-s'ri<'<'ii. liiu last coat of stucco ^ivcii In plastering, contulnlng u little hair. lUsTK, a name In Flanders for f'hincse silk. liAMTKUNK, a kind of brouvliam or carrbiKO lot general use, a wlieel-carrlage drawn by oxen. IU.ST1NG, the act of moistening Jolnt.i roast- ing at the fire, with butter or gravy. IlASTiN'O-ijiVSi.K, a tin spoon or ludle tor basting nii'at. ItAHTO. an itiillan pnck-saddle. lUsTUUK. a kind of French flshlng-net Hat, u mime lor the tical of sliver In tha Kast, welpblng I'yil grains ; a club or >-\. nk- ing instrument; a builder's t«'rin lor a broken pieco of brick. .S'ec Sai.uno. Ratan. the Spanish name lor a ludlofir-mill. Uataude, the largest sail of a galley on the French coast. 1'. AT.vKDLLi.E, a squnre stemrd row-galley. Uatata.'J, a colonial name for the sweet potato (Ihttatait eitiilis). the cani.)to of the .Spanish colonies — which Is larpely grown In most trofiical (Miuntries lor its tubers. Hat( H, the quaniity of bread baked at one time. Haic'H, Uatze, a small base coin, formerly einrent in Switzerland, and some parts of (iermnny, woitli about three lialt- piMice. jSVi' IVvTZi.N'. r.Aii.AU. a long and narrow boat of light diauuht. liATEAL-A-VAPEiTi, tlio Frencli name for a steam-lioat. llATKL, a Spanish flslilng-boat; in Ceylon alii^htcr. liATELAciK. awiiternian'sfare; batclicr being a wall rma . in Freiieli. IlATELiajio, a I'ur.uijuese lighterman or watcniiiiii. 1' \'ir,i.KT, a small French boat. liAT-towi.iXG, ii nielliod of catching birds at i>i!,'lit by tuvclics and nets. Uatii, i\ i\ce| tacle for washing the body In, either fixed or portable, and u^uallv made otiiictal or stone. Alsoananclent llejrew III, 11 'I nil asiiri' i'(|iial to 10} ;;ailon8, Datii Buick, a scouriiif; brick of calcareous e.iitl), u>ed in cleaiiiiiff knives, and for polishing purposes, nuule at liridgewatir. llATn-c'i, a tin vessel lor holUiiiK water iu a room. [hood, lor Invalids, BAiu-cuAUt, a small hand-carriage, with a I I ; BAT C30] BAV Bath-chaps, the cheeks or face of the hog, cured and smoked. Batiiino MACHiifa, a portable shed. or room on. wheels placed upon the sea-beach fur the convenience of bathers. Bath-keeper, the owner of private hot or coldbath8,orofamarinebnthuig establish- ment. Bath Metai^ an alloy of copper and zinc, in the proportion of nearly equal quan- tities. Bath Post, a kind of letter paper. Baths, public establishments inland or on tlie coast appropriated for bathlnt?; there are warm and cold batlis, vapor, medi- cated and swiminins baths. Bath Stone, a volatile limestone used in l)ulidii)R', of a soft and absorbent charac- ter, whicli deteriorates greatly by expo- sure, and is not therefore a durable ma- terial. Bath-towels, a rouah and coarse kind of towels of cotton, with a plush or looped linen nap or surfiiee on both sides, used for drying the body. Batieu, in France a maker and vender of pack-saddles. Batisseur, a person engaged in building operations in France. Batiste, ttie Frencli name for cambric or lawn, the finest kind of linen, named after Batiste, who first made it at Cumbray. 'Batjlan, an oriental weiiiht; in Bukhara equal to 291 lbs. In Turkey, the great batman is about 157J lbs. ; the lesser only ft fourth of the greater. At Aieiipo and Smyrna the biitmau weighs but 17 lbs. ; ill Persia 6i and lOi lbs. respectively. See Mauitd. Bats. See Cricket-bat-Makeb. Bat's Dung, the excremiiitltious deposit ot bats, forming a large article of commerce in the Eastern seas, where it is collected from caves, and used as a valuable fertilizer. Batswino Burner, a particular kind of gsis- burner. B^TT, a hat-mnkpr's term for a portion of the shape or felted materials for a hnt. Batta, an Indian term for a per-centage, premium, or allowance. Battage, the operation of threshing corn in France. Battel, a cylindrical dry measure of capa- city in the Philippine islands, 13J Indies high and the same in diameter;, also a weight there ot torty pounds. Batten, in weaving, an instrument for striking the weft home; in building, &c., a piece of pine scantling not exceeding seven inches In breadtli, about two and a-half inches thick, and six or more feet in length. Battened-down, a sea term for having the hatches on deck securely closed to prevent danger fl-om siiipping seas. Batten-ends, pieces of wood less than six teet long. Batter, to injure; to bulge out ; a building term fur the face of a leaning wall; a smooth paste of eggs, flour, and milk. Battering Plumb-rule, an instrument for levelling sloping work.i a wlilch the sides are specially cut to the necessary battef or Incline, instead of belnif truly parallel to the central line over which the plum- met hangs. Batter Level. See Clinometer. Battery, a park of artillery, usually about six guns; also applied to mounted pieces of ordnance In a ship or fort; a com- bination of glass jars or plates of metal, , and other arti- cles of apparel, and a peculiar odoriferons secretion termed castoreum. The flesh of the heaver is eaten by the Indians and Canadian voyagours. BEAVEK-CLOTiis :i s|ieclcs of felted woollens made in Aineiic:\. Beaver CuTTKit, a preparer ofhoaver skins; one who unhairs them, and flts them lor use as furs. Beaverteen', a kind of fustian made of coarse twilled cotton, which is shorn after dyeing. BEi'tERiNE. an alkaloid obtained from the b;irk oftiie gre.i nheart-treo of Demi iiiri. and nsed like quinine as a feljrifu.i;e and tonic. See Giii :;nhe,vj!T. r.KCA!S.SE, a large Spanish boat; also a kind of French grapes. Bf.coavico, tiie Svlvia hnrtensis. a bird highly prized by the Italians and Maltese on account of tlie delicacy of its flesh in autumn, when it feeds on figs, berries, &c. Beceeillo, Becerro, Spanish names fbr a calfskin tanned and dressed. Beche-de-Mer, a French name for the tripang or sea-slug, a species of Holo- thurla, much esteemed as a culinary deli- cacy by the Chinese. Becher, a dry measure in Switzerland and Ge-many, about 0-06 Wiucliester bushel. Bkcherlein, a Swiss liquid measure equal to 0035 wine gallon, but of variable di- menslons in different countries. Bechet, a kind of camel. Beck, a tank in a dye-house. Becket, a sea terra for a piece of rope. Becska, a liquid measure in Poland of about 26} wine gallons. Bed, a couch for sleeping on. Bedaqosa, a name In Brazil for the seeds of the Cassia occidentalis, which are fre- quently roasted and used as a substitute lor coffee. Bedana, Bedan-nah, Indian names for quince seed, which See. Bed and Mattress maker, one who pre- pares these articles for upholsterers and private families. Bed-chamber, a sleeping room. Bed-clothes, the blankets, sheets, and quilts spread upon a bed. Bedding, the furniture and appurtenances for a sleeping couch; in mining par- lance a layer of ore placed on the' brake sieve. Bedding Plants, young plants from a nur- sery, fit to be transplanted into beds. Bed-feather Manufacturer, a cleanser and preparer of goose or poultry feathers for filling beds. Bed-hangings, the valance and curtains for a bed. Bed-lace-maker, a manufacturer of lash- ings and bindings for bed sackings. Bedlamer, a sealer's name for a year old hood seal, Steminatopns cristatus. Bedoor, a weiglit in Jialacca, used chiefly for fin, ratlier less than 2J lbs. Bed -pillar -CARVER, a workman whose business It Is to make ornamental corner- posts for bedsteads. Bedpost, the tall upright columns or cor- ner supports of a be-i frame, which carry the tester or canopy. Bed-quilt, a covering for a bed. See Coun- TERP.VNE. Bed-room, a chamber appropriated to beds; tlie rotirlng room fer rest. Bed-sacking, the canvas material stretched on the framework of a bedstead, for sup- porting the beds and bedclothes, kc Bed-sacivIng Maker, a mar ufacturer of coarse canvas for bedstead frames. Bed-screw, a screw to hold parts of a bPi1- stead toiiother; a common name lor a hand-wrench to turn the screws. Bed - satEV JIaker, a miinnfactiirer of screws and wrenches for bods. Red-spread, the American name fiir a coverlet or comiterpane. Bedstead, a frnmework of wood or metal, to 8upi)ort a bed. Bedsteads hear various names, acco'-ding to shape and size, and are largely manuf'actur?d (or home use, Irou and brass ones are .Iso shipped, BEE [33] BEL sh names fbr jed. name for the icies of Holo- i culinary dell- vltzerland and lester bushel, measure equal of variable dl- tries. :e of rope Poland of about il for the seeds which are fre- as a substitute an names for , one who pre- pholsterers and om. s, sheets, and appurtenances n minini? par- d on the brake mts from a nur- 1 into beds. lEK, a cleanser loultry feathers e and curtains • acturer of lash- ackiiif?s. for 11 year old istatus. used chiefly lbs. man whose uuenlal corner- •olumns or cor- le, which carry ed. See Coun- priatcdtobeds; iterial stretched )stead, tor sup- othes, itf . arufacturer of frames. parts of a b^d- ■on name lor ;i crews. iinnfacturcr of eils. name f>>r a wood or metal, ds bear various and size, and (or home use. io 8hippti4 JED-STEP3, an article of flimlture for a sleep- UiK room, to aid in ascending to a loity JiiD-TicKiav., A stout material of cotton or linen, for making bed-cases to hold fea- thers, flocks, chaff, w.\RM£R, a brass covered pan with a handle, to hold flre for warming the sheets of a bed in cold weather. Jeech-mast, the seed or fruit of Facus sylvaticus, a valuable native forest true ; swine lire fed on them; roasted they lorm a tolerable substitute for coflee, and befoic the use of corn they were like acorns, the food of uncivilized men ; dried and ground into meal, they make a wholesome bread. Jekch-oil, an oil obtained from beech mast or nuts hi France, by pressure; a busliul of mast will produce about a gal- lon of oil. In some parts of the Continent It is used instead of butter for culinary purposes. 5Ei:r, tlie flesh of oxen or cows, fit for food, which is either us^d fresh or cured. , Salted beef of connnerce is classed into J common, mess, and family beef; beef is I also dried or jerked, and spiced and Tsinokeit. Ieefsteak, a slice of beef. Iekksteak-pudding, beefsteaks boiled in a leasing of dough. Ieef-wood, rM Australian red-coloured I wood, obtained from Stenocarpus salig- Iniu; it is sometimes culled the swamp I oak. JEKGAH, BiGOA, a Variable Indian land Inieasure in ditt'erent districts, but which tnuiy be roughly taken at about one third |of the English acre. The Calcutta beegah lis oa.3,acre; the Malwa beegah ranges Ifrom 0-13 to 0'ii8 acre; the .Surat beegah iO'tiO, while the common ryoty beegah in |Bengal contains only IGOO square yards. IK-HIVE, a straw basket, glass case, or other enclosure set apart for bees to carry |on their industrial operations in. BE-iiiVE MASuFACTuitEit, amaUer of hives, |br tlie housing and preservation of the honey-bee. lEK, a popular ferment«I beverage made irom malt and ho|is, an article of larpe ponsiiniption lu England and Germany. * Eu, Hlack. ijee Spruce. ER-EXGiNE, an hydriistic machine for rawing beer or other lifjuors out of a cask 1 a cellar or vault. ER-EXGINE-JLUCER. a manufacturer of [lachines for drawing beer by a force- ^ump from casks. ER-sHOP, an iilehouso or small public- >ouse licensed to retail beer. eu-tap, a wooden or motal tap for draw- fiK beer from a cask. p':uTiA, an Iiulian name for the Italian liliet (Setaria Italica). ESEE, a land measure in the hill part of Cnniaon, India, of -iSOO .square yards, or as ku'jh land as can be >)0wn with a maund ,'rain. -WAX, the wax-comb after the honey removed, wliici: Is used fbr making jmdles, sealirg-wax, polishing furniture. We import quantities from India, Africa, and other parts of the world. T\vortion ofthfee-fourths copper and one fourth of tin, but for cymbals and gongs the proportions are four-litlhs copper and one-titih tiiL Belli IN, a large cider-tub used in France. Bellows-majvER, one who makes bellows or instruments for increasing the activity and heat of a flre lor domestic or manu-i facturlng purposes. D BEN [34] BER BEiLiPEPPER, a species of capsicum. Bell-rope, a fancy cord frequently attached to a bell In rooms, but now much super- sederl by cranks and pulleys. Bell-roi'e-maker, a manufacturer of bell pulls and cords. Bells, sonorous instruments of various 8izes, constructed of liollow mefnl, for calling attention in a liouse or shop, or for ringing' cnimes and striliing the hours and quarters, &c., or in cliurches and public building^i. Small bells nre cast in sand, largo bells Ir. loam. Tliere are a great variety of bells made for bcltry-towers, for cluircli-cloclvs, for ships, for bell-buoys, for houses, cijce; an oliiTurkislicoiu worth about Is. li'SOM, a broom. Ieson, a liquid measure of Augsburg, equal jto about 2J English gallons; U6 besons f make one fuder. Iesi'go, the Spanish name for the bream, In lisli ; besuguete being the red bream. Iet. a wager, a name in several jiarts of [liulia for species of Calamus which are I used for ail the ordinary p'Tposes of [cane. etaorceine, a blue sub.stance obtained Ifroin the orchilla weed, or arcliil of coni- Imurce. ETEL Leaf, the leaf of the Piper betel, an Ingredient oftlie betel masiiaitory, known as Pan in the f^ast. where It forms nearly M extensive an article of commerce as ubacco in the West. There are several ipecies of this scandent plant, which nourishes best in the Islands of the Indian jirchipelago, furnisliliig leaves fit for use lie second year, and continuing to yield liem for more than thirty. Tv.h Not, the small hard inner seeds or Iruit of Areca catechu, about the size of a nutmetr, which are largely used as a mas- ticatory throughout Eastern eouiitrli-s. In the Hdinhay market three kimla iire met with ; white from .siicvurdhiin, wliiiU are three times the value of those from other countries; red — which are lialf the value oftlie best white; and nuts in the liusk sold by the tliou.-and. The crushed nut is generally used with the leaf of the bc'el pepper and (humnn or sliell-llme. About 4,000 tons of these nuts are shipped annually iromCcj ion todiHereutiiUartirs. See I'AN. Betiele. the French name for a thick sort of nuislln made in India. Betow, a kind ot concrete or hydranlio cement, rendered more comitact by being mixed with gravel, pebbles, &c , which is used in submarine works as a founda- tion for masonry. It is also called grubb- stone mortar. Hetterave, the French name for the red tieet. Betiiline, a colourless resin or camphor extracted from birch bark. Beuna, a gold-coloured .Siainish wine. 15EUHRE, file French name tor butler. Beut, the Spanish name for a kind of sea- fish. Bevel, to shape or smooth away to an angle; a carpenter's tool to strike angles with. Bevelling, a term apjihed to any deviation liom a square or right angle. Bevel Plumh-riile, a surveyor's instru- ment for adjusting the face of the slojies in embankments. Bevel-wueel, a wheel with teeth at an anyle. Beverage, a common name for any kind of drink. Bkyciie Seed, a name in Slam for Stnjchnos mix vomica, Beylpura, a large kind of fish on the coasts of Spain. Bezan, white or striped cotton cloth Bezestan, a iiuhlic market in Turk . Bezoar. a morbid concretion found in tlio stomachs of some animals, and possessing many fanciful medicinal (iroperties. Bhaaral, a species of wild sheep found in the Nepauiesc territories; the Ocis Am~ mon. BnABiiLit, a name in the Himalayas for the silky leaves of tlic cotton grass, Eviophn- rum cannabinuir of Boyle. It is largely used torcorda;;e. and cables forsuspensioii- brldges are made of it. From tlie silky substance clothing the seeds, wicks of candles and paiier are made, and it is useil to stulf pillows. Bhai.laparasa. an Indian battle axe. BiiANO, the Indian name foran intoxicating drag obtained in the East from ilie Cun- na'ns saliva or liemi) plant. Bharra, a JNIaiayaii mea.sure of capacity of about :',h piculs, or4G0 lbs. Bhat, Bhaiit, boiled rice, which Is miii'h used by Europeans, and also forms the staple food of tlie bulk of the natives in the East. Bhair, a Surat weight of 900 lbs. Set Baiiar. BuAUT. See Bhat. r BID [36] BIL Bheestt, properly Bihishtee, an Indian water-carrier, who fills a sheepskin bucket or bag from the nearest water reservoir or river, and supplies domestic establish- ments. BHEL.V, or Bhelawan, one of the Indian names for the marking nut. [rlai;e. BiiiLY, the Indian n;ime lor a native car- JinoE Mono, or Moong I'hui.lee. an Indian name for the iirou\\i\-niit Aradiis hypogcea. Bhoku Leavj^s. See Blchd-IjEAves. BuonAU, a Bengalee name for vhe mangrove. Bhorenda, an Indian name for the castor- oil plant. BnaKRAL, a local name for the wild sheep of the Himalayas. BiiTANGEG, a nniiie for sheep's wool, ob- tained in Little TliUiet. ' BiA. a Siamese name lor the cowry shell, a money of account in minor transactions. Bi/VSSE, a French name f()r coarsr raw silk imported tlom the Levant; in Spanish, Biiisa. BiAWAK, the Malay name for the iguana. Biu, an European species of cod— the Oadus Imcus^ highly esteemed; an infant's cUitlies' preserver worn on the breast. Biui'.uiiEiL, the (ierman name for casto- reum. [Testaments. BrBLE, the book coiitainincr the Old andNew BiOA, a sea-fish of the Spanish coasts. BICAKBONATE OF SODA. See SODA, CAK- BONATK OF. BiCHEBEE, an old land measure of France. 3 acri'S, 31 perches; as a supeificial mea- sure In Lyons, It was 1547 square yards. BicnRT, BiciiOT, a grain niciisuro 6t about 2 busliels, forin.'rly used in France, .ind still employed in some parts of Switzer- land. It was of a most varinble character, ranging from ^ up to ,5.') gallons. BiciiETTi, a kind of French fishing-net. Bk"hieii.uo, an Italian glass-blower. BicriooK, In India, a dagger with more than one Ijlade. Biciiuomate of I'oTAsn. a beautiful crys- talline salt in large prisms, of a brilliant red color, used in dyeing and calico print- ing, obtained from chroinate of iron, and which is tlie source of the chrome pig- ments. Mixed with sulphuric acid, it is a powerful oxiilizing agent for bleacliing oils and fats. BiCKEKX. See BEAK-inoN. BicoNciA, a liquid measure of Venice, the f)urtli part of the amphora, and equal to 28,V gallons. BicoxGirs, an ancient lloman liquid mea- sure, equal to nejirly IJ inii)erial gallon. Bid, an offer made, a price tendered for an article at an auction. BiDAY, a local Eastern name for the Indian black-wood. BiDERY Ware, arti' les made in India of a moti.ilurgical compound, which uro greatly admired for the elegance of tlieir lonu. as well as for the gracefulness of the patterns with wliich their siirlacc is eiiu'raved. The alloy appears to consist of sixteen parts of copper, four of lead, and two oCtiii, to whicli a large proportion of spelter is addeii. It is Inlaid with silver or gold, and polished. Bidet, a small horse; a close stool. BiENTENANT, a landholder in France. Biffin, a baked and pressed apple. Bifurcated, divided Into two prongs or forks, as in a piece of limber; a river which separates Into two branches, Ac. Bioarade, a French naiue for the Seville or bitter orange. Biqaureau, a name for the white-heart cherry, derived from the French. Bigg, a cereal grass which has six rows of seeds on the spike, hence termed Hordeum hexastic/iuin, sometimes used for malting. It Is also known under the name of berc. BiGGAH, a land measure of India. See Beegah. Biggin, a small wonden can; also a metal receiver for making cofl'ee. Biguera, a name for thread lace in Italy. Bight, the slack part of a rope. BiiiAi, the Ueliconia humilis of Caraccas, believed to be the wild stock-plant of the cultivated varieties of plantain. BiiiuL, a name in the Himalayas for the bark of the Oreicia oppo.sitifolia, used for milking ropes. Bi.iou, a gem, a small jewel. Bi.iouTERiE, small articles of vertu, Jewel- lery, trinkets, toys, ^tance voided by tlie bird. About 16,(i00 cwt. are said to be imported annually into Canton. Birds op Paradise, the skins and plumage of sevcnl eleuant birds. Paradisea apoda, and otiicr species, imported Iroin islands of the Eastern seas, which realize a high price. Ill prenaring thiin for tlie market the bird Is disemljowelled, sinolsed, and deprived of its Icfs. Birds, Sixginq. Many descriptioni' of cncre birds are imported, including canaries, parrots, fG, a small sea-vessel. Birmingham Warehouse, a shop where iron hardware goods, and the various ar- ticles of Birmingham manufacture are sold. BmoTiNi!, a kind of silk from the Levant Birousa, a name for the turquoise. Bmi. a kind of turbot. Birth, Berth, a nautical term applied to the position in whieii a ship Is moored or anchored, as a pnrt birth, good birth, wide birtii, t square yards British. BiSToquET, a kind of large billiard mace used in France. orm nppllert to Ip l» niooreil or ;oo(l birth, wide slcepliiK crib or r1iI|)'8 9l(l0. ih about 19. m. In Hlcllv; the I, and equal to :loth, linen, Ac, "1- inlmnl of Snnth n trkhodactylM ise fifsh 19 listed re Imported into cet; also a shot the Onpe colony. ike or confection. e porcelain ware alia, llquoi-lce, tobacco, and sulphate of Iron, said to be used by brewers in adilteratlng beer. Bitter Oak, the Adriatic oak, Qiiercus Ce'Tis, ofwliich there are several varlet ics, wiiich hear the valonia or acorn cups used in tannine. BiTTEKS, a stomacliic drink for promoting digestion and improving the appetite, consisting of spirits in which vvorinwood, gentian, or some other bitter herb has l)een steeped. [inaanesii>.. Hitter salt, Epsom salts, the sulphate of Bitter-sweet, a common name for tlie Solanum Dulcamara, a wild hedge plant, which is a dangerous narcotic, but used medicinally with aUvantage; also a va- riety of apple. BiTTERWooD, a common name for the Xylo- pia glabra, a tree of the West Indies, all the parts of which are aromatic and int(n:-oil, or naphtha, whicli constitutes the iufiaminable princi- ple of coal. See Aspiialtusl BITUMINOU& Coal. See Coal. BiZANTiNE, an old Turkish gold coin worth £15. 3IZ0ACHA. See Biscacha. [biscuits. I VizcocBAOA, In Spunisli a eoup made of Black, n money of Rlun equal to about two French denlers or leniiles: the darkest ofciihuirs used In palntlni; • Bi.ACK .VsiT, the wood of Frariiius sarri' buci/olia. Bi.ACK-iiALL, a l)lacklng ormposltlon used for )iollg|ilng shoes. Blackband, a name forthc vein which con- tains coiil and iron-stone In masses. Bi.ACK beer, a common name tor Dantzlc .spruce. Blackrerrt, the fruit of tbo bramlilo Oliibus fruticosm) collected for pies and puddinirs, itc. Bi.ACK BiiiCii, (/jpliila lenta,) a tree of North America. »Vw Biitcn. Black-roudeiieh, a person employed in painting the edges and borders of wrltlng- naper, envelopes, ur blankecis, anil tlic blankcel ajjalu sub- divided Into 20 or 24 flucc. Blankets, sort loosely woven woollen stuflf pieces.used lOr bed-coverlUKS or wrappers. Besides those vended at iiome, five (ir six million yards are animaliy siilpped to various countries. Tlioy are chielly made at Dcwsbury, Jleukmoiidwlke, and Wake- field. Bi.ANQUETTE, a delicate sort of white wine, a large variety of pear; the French name for kelp. Br.AQiiE, a French tobacco pouch. Bi.ARE, a Swiss com worth about one penny. Blast, air introduced Into a furnace ani- llclaliy. Blast -Fdrnace, an enclosed flre-plnco where an extra degree of heat is generated by a powertui forge-bellows. Blasting, a speedy process for removinsr or detacldng heavy masses of atone, earth, ' tlll^ iii;iit(>ncHf4 nt Its xcont. Bi.ooD-JiiiOK, the Hup of II treo of Norlolk Ixl.iiid, which ni:iki'!tuii indelible iniirklnit InK, itiul U snid to t)u used un u d>o lor CIlllCOCM. itC. Blood I'cddino. See Black I'uddixo. lii.ooD-iiooT, II pnniilnr iiiutic lor tlio ili>«hy rliiZ'iiiK.'g of Siiiiiiiiinnrin i'i)inilen.^ix, wlili'hiunilsluw an alkaloid, considered to he an acrid ciiictlc, with Hllinuliiiit and narcotic powers; also (or the root of Oeinn ('sit fnnn the tannins h>|uor on the Hurliico of the leather, and pene- tratlnn ton sIlK'ht depth; a teclinleal lenn In the Iron di.strlets for a mass of metal taken out of the furnace to be hammered. Bloomkhv, the fiiniace from widch a mass of Iron Is irought, to bu subjected to the for(,'e liainmer. Bloom ItAisiss, a (Ino quality of sun-dried Krai)es. BLorriNO-BooK, Blottino-cxsk, a hook or pad with .sheets of unsUcd iiaper for drylii'.; the Ink on newly written docu- ments. Blotting Paper, unsized paper used for dryliiij Inked maimserijits. It is either white or colored, and some Is specially prepared for chemical purposes: Swedish fllterliii? pnp- r Is more free from Im- purity tbr.n anv other. Blod.se, a sort of smock-frock or outer gar- ment, worn by workmen. Blousse, the Frencn name for short wool. Blowek, a smelter of tin; a plate of tin or iron, affixed to the front of a chim- ney to Increase the draught, ami prevent Us smoking; a fan used on board Ameri- can river steam-boats, to increase the current of air, and stimulate the combus- tion of the nnthricite coal which W burnt. BLOwnxQ-MAcniNF, Makeu, a manutacturer ot foriie and other large bellows' appa- ratus. Blow-pipe, an imrwrtniit instrument. In the shape of a h >llow tube, used by chemists, and i:i;iny workers in metals, to Increase the he.it of a tlamo, and concen- trate It on a particular point. Large blow- pipes are blown by a bellows Instead of the mouth. Blow-pipe Maker, a manufacturer of blow- pipes tor cliemicalaud other purposes. Blow-tubkb, In the glass maniiiacturc, hollow iron rods, live to six feot long, with which tliu workmen gather up the fluid metal from the pots, to blow and form it Into the d"sired shape. Bi.UBBEU, the cellular membrane In which the oil or fat of the whale is encased, this name is also given to the thick fat casing of other sea-animals, befors it is DoUed to extract tlie train oil. BLiiniiEn. a kind of sfronir leather half boot worn by men and Iiovh. Bi.tTE A.sin;HT()s. a hydrosllleato of Iron, in delicate tiltres, ot an indigo blue color. Bi.DE-MACKS. a name for the North Ameri- can lurrlutf, ('liipeitelont/ata; a variety of the money cowr.y. Blue Cloth, an Indian cotton fabric ship- ped Irom Afadras. Bi.i E CoiM'Eii, ail ore of copper, of an Indigo blue colour. Bli'E (iuMWoon. ft fine lofty tree of Aus- tralia, the Kucohiptiiujhh'iilu^, which Is chli'dy used l<>r sliipbuiiding purposes. Bi.i'E-iXK. See Ink. Bli!E-,I()IIN, a miner's name for fluor-«par, an esteemed variety of Derbyshire marble, which Is worked up Into vases and other ornaments. Bl I'E I.EAI). Set r.AT.ENA. Bi.tE l-iOHT. a kind ot llrework or nlght- slynal which throws out a vivid llyht visible at a great distance, Bi.iTE I'AiNTs; ot these some of the recog- nised commercial varieties are celestial, I'russlan. common verdlter, retlners' ver- (llter. and indigo. Blite-peter, a square flag with a white centre iind lilne border, usually hoisted at the mast-head of a slilp to announce hor Intended departure lor sea. Blue I'ill, a preparation of mercury with confection of roses, liquorice root In pow- der, and other substances; a common medicine. Blue PolishinO' stone, a dark slate Im- jiortcd In small lengths for workers In sliver, metal, ifcc. to polish otTtheIr work. Blue-stone, a common name for sulphate of COPP'T^ Blup-vitkiol. the sulphate of copper, which is used medicinally and to burn otT proud flesh, for dyeing and electrotyping. Bluitar, the IMaiiiy name for brush-wood. Bluiioltz. a (ii rman name for logwood, the Nicaragua dyewood. BLUNPEitnuss, a short gun with a large bore. Blink, a Scotch name for heavy cotton cloth. Bl \TEAC, the French name for a bolter or sieve. Boa, a ftir or woollen comforter for the neck, worn by ladles. Boar, a male idg. Board, a term In carpentrv for all timber sawn into a less thickness than nine lnch(-8; when above that thickness, It Is called plank. The term Is also aiiplled to a managing committee or body of directors. [tallied at fixed rate- Boarder, a pensioner; one who Is maln- BoARDiNO-CLKnic. the servant of a custom- iKuise agent or shipping firm, whose duty it Is to communicate with vessels on their arrival In port. BoARDiNG-iioiisE, a private hotel or lodging- house where meals are supplied at agreed rates. BoARDiNG-mcE, an offensive weapon used on board ship. BoARDiNG-scHooL, an educational establish- ment where children are taught and boarded at fixed rates. BOD [43] BOI IcntluT half boot attoii fabric shlp- [)per, of nn Indigo I dark slnto Im- wlthalnrfrohore. for heavy cotton ehotplnrlodjring- mpplied at agreed UoARP OF Trapk, the Lonln CominlHslotifrs (it tlio I'rlvy t-'diimll ol 'I'Milf. UdABn-WAOKS. a iiKim-y hIIowhiico rIvpii to hired "rvtintH In lltu of tliclr cu.stoniary nicalA, In order that thi'y may provide (dikI tor tliMntclvcs. Boat, .i f innll open or dnrkcd vpsml, iisnnl'y iinipclU'd bv oiirs. Tiifri' arn niitiu^-oiis kinds of l)oiit», the roiistnictidiiiind iiiiiiii'X of wliich dltlir, according to the sorvico r('ciiiirpe cotl'ee cask is either great or small, tiie bocoya grande containing 40 arrol)as, and the bocoya pequino, 28. The sugar cask holds from 50 to 54 arrobas, and the cask for molasses, 110 gallons. BoDA, (Hindustani,) a bulTnlo. BoDEOA, a wine vault in Spain. BoDEGAQE, warehouse rent. [coasts. BoDUN, a sea-fiBli caught on the Spanish BonirK, the upiter nart of a lady's dress. Bodkin, a prmters tool lor |)ielilriu ietteni out ol n column orpiige In correcting; a (.harp-pointed steel hiHtrumentforpierclnif ho!es, used by book-binders aiidotlierN; u lar»;e-<>yed blunt-pointed threading niHtdlu used by tailors, bempstressvd, Btuyiimkers, and others. Bf)i>i.E, u Hniail coin; a Scotch penny. Honor AU a kind of .Hpanish black i.'fapes, Bonv, thickness; a printer's term for iho slz(> of the shank ol type. BoDV-coAT, a gentleiiiun'8 8wnllow-tnllp sugar, name lor wood, hoU ac. 0(1 ; lulls (1c coiistritrtiou building timb-r, ^o/.s (/(-/'/«?«/•*; dye-wood. Boisciiene, a name in St. Doniiugo for the woo(l of /li'jniiiiin lothjixsima, applied to ship-building piirjio-es. B01S.SEAL', the old Freiicn bushel or deca- litre, wlilch, by the new measures ot France, is 12J litres, equal to 703 Knglisb cul'ic inches, or rather more than u third of an imperial bushel. As a superficial measure, the boisse.iu was equal to (104 acre, but it varied in dlfierent localities, and also according to tbe grain measured. Boiling-house, i i lilantation ailoti the ciine juice in Bois, tlie Freiicb bnVer Is fire w, BOL [44] BON BoissELBE, an agrarian measure formerly used ill France, varying from 6050 square ft'et of Paris, to 9375 feet. BoissKLiER, tlie Frencli name for a turner ill wood. BoissoN, a liquid measure in the old metrical system of France, the cishth part of a French pint, the pint being nearly equal to an English quart; a common draught wine made from the marc or liusks of grapes, by throwing water upon them and pressing tlipin afresh. BoissoNS, the general Frencli term for drinkables, as wine, spirits, beer, &c, BOKA, a leathern bag or bucket for drawing water in the East. Bokhara Clovek, a name given to the Alelilotus arborea, a fodder plant wtilch grows so freely as to yield five or six cuttings of green lierbaLC in a season. It also furnishes a strong fibre. BoKKENA, tlie name for a corn-bag in some parts of India. Boi-A. a Bengalese name for the fibre of Hibiscus tiliaceus, closely allied to the Mahoe tree nfthe West Indies. BuLAS, stone or Iron balls attached to the ends of a twisted leather cord, used by the (jiiuchos and I'ntatronlans for catcliing cattle and horses by entangllni; their lens. BoLAUK, a nasal trinket worn by the native women of India. BoLAXiNHAS, small cakes shipped fV-om Portugal to the river Gambia and other parts of Western Africa. BoLCHEN, the German name for codfish. Bole, a hydrated silicate of aluniliia; a friable argillaceous earth, which forms a paste when moistened with water. The red or Armenian bole is used as a tooth-powder, and for giving a colour to sprats when pickled as anchovies, or potted as paste for a breakfast relish. Powdered bole is used as an absor- bent application sprinkled over ulcers. In time of scarcity this and otherunctuous earths have been used in some countries as a mechanical substitute for food. Boi.EAH, a small covered boat used on the (ianizes. [moulding. Boi.KCTiON, a builder's term for a fancy BoLETA, a Spanish name for cigarettes, or cut tobacco rolled in small pieces of paper. BoLEY-oiL, an undefined lOast Indian oil. Bolide, a native ore of iron. Boll, a measure for corn in Scotland, prior to the Introduction ot the Impeiial sy.stem ot weights and measures. In tlie flour measures at present in use the boll or half sack is considered equal to 140 U>s avoir- dupois, and is divided Into 10 stones or pocks. The boll of pease and beans wei(;hs 280 lb. ; of oats 204 11).^ of barley about 320 lbs.; of oatmeal 140 iiis. BoLLAKD, a large post to secure liawsers to. BoLLico, a small loaf oroake made in Spain of flour, sugnr, milk, and eggs. Bolls are the pericarp seed-vessels of flax, and cotton inclosed in the hull or shell. Boi.ooNA Stone, a ponderous spar and a {ihosphorescent variety of sulptiate of tarytes. BoLOONA Sausaoe, a polony made of bacon, veal, and pork fat BoLOGNiNi, a copper coin of Italy, from 80 to 100 going to the scudo or dollar, according to the locality. It is also called a soldi. See Bajoccho. BoL-sA, in Spanish a piece of money; also the exchange or place of bushiess for money-chiingers and dealers. Bolster, a long pillow or cushion stuffied with flocks, hair, or feathers, 'ct to customs duty, are permitted to be kept in bond. BON [45] BOO made of bacon, 3 or combustible oduct obtained lurlc acid, el strengthened In fe mortars to , a town or Ibrt. debenture, bill, for a dividend, etmeat box. lall confections. hlch a party's Involved with jxeculed deed IJdnded Warehottse. a storehouse where goods liable to customs duty may be lodged Jn bond witliout payment of the duty until tbey are removed or cleared. BoJi DE Tresok, a French Treasury bond, or government security bearing a varying rate of interest. [stopple. BoNDON, the French name for a bung or IJoNDONNiEBE, a French cooper's tool for boring. 150ND-8EKVANT, a slave, or one bound to the service of another. B0SD.SMAN, one who is bound or gives secu- rity for the faltiiful per.,rmaiice of any contract or money payments, due Irom anotlier. See Bail. BoNDfc-NUT-oii., an East Indian oil, ob- tained from tlie seed of Guilandia Bonduc. Bon'E-ash, calcined bones reduced to a powder, used for burnt hartshorn, for sugar refltiing, and for malting cupels. Bone-black, a- name for animal charcoal, the carl)onaceous substance wliich re- mains after tho calcination of bones In close vessels. Bont! Boiler and Ckcshek, one who receives and prepares hones for various purposes, for manufacturers' and agricul- turists' use. Bone-dust, ground bones used for manure. [ Bone-earth, the phosphate of lime, or resi- I due of bones which liave been calcined. I Bone - grubber, an Itinerant wlio collects bones from the gutters and ash-lieaps, jively used for manure. ^.ongkal. See Bitncal. JioN-GROs, a local name in Prussia for a money of account woriii about IJd., the 24th part of a visdollar or tlialer. ioNliAM, the name for a small pij; in Ireland. 3oNiGAn, a kind of round white fig grown in Spain. I50NITO, the name of a fish, the Tliynnw^ ' pclamis, the sun-dried flesh of wliieli Is a staple commodity lu the ^Maldives. When properly curetl it is as liard us iujrn, and is cut for export into pieces of a few ounces' wei.L'lit. 'oNNET, a lady's covcriiii,' for the head. Bonnets am mndo of ilifrcnvnt materials, according to season and I'asliion, as silli, straw, lace, crape, ifcc. Bonnet-block Maker, a turner who makes «oodt'u siiapes for straw-boiuiets to be pressi'd on. Jonnet-dox, a kind of paper or thin wooden band-box. JoNNET-ci.EAN'ER. a ptTsou who Carries on the trade of biiiacliing and renovating buuuets. Bonnet -maker, a maker of ladies' bonnets either a modiste or milliner, or a straw- bonnet maker. Bonnet PEPi'ER, a species of capsicum. BoNNET-PiusssER, One who irons and shapes straw bonnets. BoNNET-sHAPE MAKER, a manufacturer of willow squares, ur of net and other foun- dations for ladies' bonnets. Bonnet-wire .Maker, a worker In wire, who prepares sliapes and trimmings tor ladies' bonnets. Bonnier, a Dutch and Flemish land mea- sure, of very variable extent, ranging from 81 to 137J French ares. Bonnt Sis, Bueno Vista, the name in Bar- bados and otiier parts of tlie West Indies tor varieties of Lablab, a kind of pulse. BONTEN, a narrow woollen stuff. BuoACA, a name in some of the Pacific islands for swine. BooBooT, a weiglit in the Sunda Isles of 5 catties; the twentieth part of a picul, or Cjib. avoirdupois. See Bamboo. Book, a bound collection of printed leaves or sheets, or of blank or ruled paper. Bookand Card-edge Gilder axd M arbler, a workman who ornaments and finishes off the edges of books, &c. Bookbinder, one who attends to the bind- ing of books in cloth or leather, stitchiug tlie sheets, covering and letterinR.&c. Book-binder's Cloth-maker, one who pre- pares coloured stamped cottons for bind- mj. Book-binder's Materhl De.vler. a trades- man who keeps a supply of the tools, fittings, and essentials for the business of book-bindinp. Book-binder's rLOUGii-KNiFE Maker, & manufacturer of the sliaving plane or cutting tools for trhnming or plough- ing the edges of the leaves of books, paper, k-case, an article of furniture for iv liorary or sitting room, generally glazed to preserve the books fron\ dust. Book-debt, a charf,'e for goods supplied, or work .iud labor dotie, entered in tlie ledger of a tradtsiiian, or professional man. Book-edge Lock and CLASP-^L'^KER, a mechanic who preiiaies locks and tiisti-n- iiigs for private led^iers, pocket-books, r, a common Indian name for tho seeds of Cicer arietinuin. Booth, a large canvas tent, or pavilion. Boot- HOOKS, holdfasts for drawing long boots on the feet. Boot-jack, a contrivance for taking off long boots by a pressure at the heel. Boot-lace, a cord or tie of silk, leather or other material for fastening boots. Boot-lace- MAKER, a preparer of cords and laces for boots. Boot-last. See Boot-tree. BooT-PEO-MAiCER, a Workman who prepares wooden or metal pegs lor tiie shoe trade. Boot-rack, a stand to hang boots and shoes on. Boots, leather coverings or protections for tiie teet; a common name for the under porter, messenger, or shoe-black at un inn. Boot-top-maker, one who makes tops for hunting-boots and livery servants' boots. Boot-topping, the pr(jcess of scraping a Vessel's bottom to clear it from accumu- lated weed, &c., and daubing it witli tallow, or some other mixture. Boot-tree, an instrument fur stretching tlie leg of a boot. BooT-TREE-MAKER, a manufacturer of stretcher-blocks or shapes for boots. Booz.v the Arabic name for beer. BOPAU, .» small canoe in the Pacific Islands, lidliowed from the trunk of a tree. BoyuET, a kind of shovel u»ed in France. BoQuiN, a coarse sortof Spanisii bai/.e. Bora, the Hindoo name for the Uolichos Ctijan, a common pulse, also called lUir- butee; a sack used in India tor holdUt„' rice. BORACIC ACID, a scaly saline substance, found native in tiie lagoons of Tuscany and in some minerals; which is cliiefly used to combine with soda for the purpose of tonning borax, it consists of the element. Boron united witli oxyyen. B' iRAX, tlie biborate of soda. This salt is largely iinjiorted from India under the name of lineal, anil alter punticatiou tbrins the refined borax of commerce. It is chiefly used as a flux for nietal.s, and a constituent of the glazes t for taking offlong ;he heel. \ 01' silk, leather or * ning boots, parer of cords aud lEE. Kinan who prepares lor tlie shoe trade. > hang boots and s or protections for lame for tlie undi^r : shoe-black at un ho makes tops for ry servants' boots. ;ess of scrapini; a ir it from accurau- daublng it wltli ..ixture. cut fur stretching manufacturer of \\ws tor 1)0018. for beer. JthePiicitlclslands, likofairt'C. Used in France, bpaiiisii baize, le for tlie JJolichos also called Hur- ludia lor liuldiu^ Ine substance, found lof Tuscany and iii is chiefly used to or the purpose uf Jsists of the element Isoda. This salt is India under tlie alter puntlcatiou : of commerce. It _ for metals, and a Is t ir porcelain, ler coin in Ewypt; Lmt in Tunis; tliu lo, 40 mcdliil mak- name for double- Bow)rar.Au, the French name for ari accou.it. . BORDBUIE, a Linall dnlry or farm in France. BoiiDiGUE, a French trawl (or takiiia Ush. lioRE, the hollow cavity or calibre of a piece of ordnance ; the inside of the barrel of small arms; a tidal wave or «reiit rush of the sea at the eiitraiice of rivers, or In bays and harbours. I Borecole, a winter caljbage. IBoRELb, a timber measure on the JIalabar coast, the 12th part ot a covid, or IJ inch when the timber is sawed, but only } of an inch when tUo timber is uiisawn. iSee BOKREL. (BoKEU, a workman employed iu well- sinking. BoRiLLA, a rich copper ore in dust. [BouiNG, an operation for obtaining water, or lor asceriamiug the composition of a soil. , . I BoRiNG-MAcniNE, the apparatus used in seeking tor water in the soil: a cutting or ed.wil tool lor smontliini,' tlie Internal surface of cast-iron cyli uders. See Boiii^'O Tooii In iiupplemtnt IBOROS, • ^'-'ic ot boraclc acid. IBORJC^I :^ -iliOOBJOOKE. iBoROJi.', . M.,r v)t grain grown in .Spain. iORO> V ' S'anish dish made of apples, puini .. tj, ami green capsicums. lioRiiACiiA, tiio I'oriugueso name for smok- ed Indian rubbtT. ORREL, HoRfcLL, a name for the JIalabar inch ; the kole of 24 borrels answers to about 29 English inches; in Travancore the borrel is nearly IJ Eiiglish inch. i OKRO, a duty laid on sheep in .Spain. ■ ORsENHALLE, a coiiiiiieutai exciiange hall or meetii»u-placc for merchants 'OR.STEX, the German name for bristles. oscAGE, tlie lood obtained by swine and cattle in forests, such as acorns, beech- mast, pig-nuts, &c. OSH, stutf; a trade name for mixed or , adulterated butter. ! osHAH, a kind of silk handkerchief made in Turlvey. OSS, a master in the United States, who takes in work at his own house from a manufacturer, aud employs others to execute it. lOSSE, a liquid measure of Switzerland, equal to 20118 English gallons. TANY Bay Oak, a local name for several species of Casuarina growing in Kew South Wales, the wood of which is orna- iineiital, and well adapted lor inlaying aiid arquetry. It is of a liKht yellowish rown colour often marked with short td veins. TANY Bay Guji, a name for the gum oroides of the druggists, ayellowisli red 'esin yielded by Xunthorrhaea husliUii, lid arborea in Australia. ARGO, tlie spawn of the mullet cured, hich is of a diJep reddish brown ; the best iiies Irom Tunis. CHER, a rough or unskilled workman, bungler. ELHo, a small river and coasting sloop ed in the I'erslan Gulf, liquid measure containing 40 vedros, aud equal to rather more than 108J imperlat gallons. Botta, a vcrv variable liquM measure in the Italian St.ites, in some towns only im> wine gallons; in others as much as 246 gallons. BorrAJO, the Italian name for a cooper. Bo'n-E, the French name for a boot; a truss or bundle. BoTT-iiAMMER, a woodcH block with a long bent helve or handle, and having chnnneli or fiuthigs under its face used to beat flax. Bottle, an earthenware or glass vessel oi various sizes for holding liquors. Bottle-boots, stroiui leatlur cases foi holding bottles in the process of corking, &c. Bottle-glass, the commonest kind of green glass. BorrLE-r.ouRD, tlie fruit of the Lagenaria ■iiulguris. Tlieliai-d and tough rind, cleared of the pulp and seeds. Is used like ihe cal.ibasli lor ready-made bowls and vessels for holding water. Bottle-jack, a mechanical clock-work con- trivance for roasting, the machinery of which being wound up, keeps tlie sus- pended joint revolving before the Are. BoTTLE-LjUtELS, suspciisory name plates for wine or spirit bottles. Bottle-manufacturer, a gUiss-blower v,ho makes bottk'S. Bori'LE-MERCHANT, a Wholesale dealer in glass bottles. Bottle-mould-maker, one who manufac- tures Iron moulds in which bottles are blown to a regular size and sliajje. BoTTLE-itAcic. a wooden frame with open shelves to place bottles on to drain. Bottle-screw. See (."ork-screw. Bottle-stand, a liquor frame; acruet-stand; a wooden rest lor draining bottles alter they have been washed. BoTTLiNG-i'LiERS, a kind of pincers for fastening wire over the corks and uecka of bottles. BoTToMiNo. See Ballasting. B(»ttomry-ijon D, a iii(>:tKa'.;e or pledge of a ship as sienrity for the repayment ot money advanced to the master "or owner, f)r the purpose of enabling him to pro^e- cute his voyafie. If the ship be lost the lender loses the whole of his money. See Hypothecation. Borrii, an Indian name for the husk or cnafl of grain, also the 64tli part of tho coin formerly known as tlie pagoda. BouCANER, a Frineh term for Urj ing and smoking meat, tlsh, &c. I BoucAssiN, the French name for bunting. BoucAUT, the Fieneh name lor a large cask or hogshead. BoucHARDE (I'Vr.icli), a sculptor's chiseL ' BoucuEs-A-FEU, tlie French name lor I eannoa or ■irtillery ; gun ' of all kinds. BouciiiN, a French term for tlie extreme I breadth of a 8li*D. BoLCiioN, the Flench term for a stopple or I cork ; a low pubhc house. ■ BouDiNiER, the 1 rench name for a maker 1 of sausages, black puddings, &c. Bcu&A, the butt or pipe of Russia, a Bol'£UI', a dustmau or scavenger in Frauua BOU [48] BOZ ] BoroiB, a surgical ingirument ; the French name for a wnx candle. P'.iaiE AND Catheter-maker, a maiiii- cturer of surgical instriiinenta for dell- >,ate operations on the urethra. &c. JouiLLi, a French name for boiled meat, (jenerally beef. BouLAN'GER, a balcer In France, one who makes or sells bread. Boci.DKRS, a species of rounded flint stones collected on the Sussex shores, in the first instance for ballast and transport to tiie northern ports, when they are forwarded to the Potteries. RouLi, a Siamese teapot. BocLicHE, tlie French name for a large enrtlienware vessel used nt sea. BouNci\o-BET, a common . „!iie in America for the soap-wort, (Saponaria officinalis), wt)ich t)y some is considered superior us an alterative to sarsaparilla. BouxTT, a bonus or premium given by some countries on the importation or exporta- tion of certain commodities. In order tc encourage and promote special tnidrs and avocations. France grants a bounty to her fishermen. Also an advance or sum granted to recruits for the army. Bounty Emigrant, one wlio receives a pas- sage wholly or partially paid out of the colonial land funds. Bounty Land Warrants, warrants of the United States Government, erititling the holders to selections of land In various western states and territories of the Union. Bouquet, (Frencli), a nosegay or a bunch of ttnwers: an agreeable flavor or perfume. Tiie bouquet is the pleasant perfume and etheric flavor of choice whie. Bouquet- .older, a lady's ornamental metal hand-support for flowers. BouRnrsE, a copper coi,\ and money of ac- count in Tunis; the twelfth part of an as|ipr. [France. nouRi)i>f, a variety of peach grown in Boi'RDoy, a Frcncli printing term for an " out." or omission from the copy. Bourgeois, an intermediate-sized type between brevier and lontf (jrinicr. 102 lines occupying about a loot; a French citi- zen or burgess ; a landlord. BouRRELir.R, the French name for a col- lar or harness maker. Bourse, a name given in France, and some other parts of the Continent, to the money- market or Stonk-Kxehaniie, where tlie merchants and agents dc chainje meet for monetary transactions. Bouse, a term for lead ore in some of its stages of mechanical preparation. BorssoLE. a French marine compass. Boutargue, caviar or pickled fish spawn. See Botargo. BouTEU.T age, a tax on wine in France. BouTiQUiEE, a Frencli shopkei.'per ; a tradcs- nian. Boui'UE, another name for the dow, an Ara- bian coustinc vessel. Boirw, an Eastern land measnreof ,500 s(|U!ire Ulienish rods, == 175 acre, iiic BaiIU. BovELLO, a Tersian coin of twelve abusUees, about flileen shilliugs. BovEi-coAL, fossil wood, Impregnated with bitumen or petroleum and containing pyrites and alum. Bow, a bent piece of wood used for archery, made of lancewood or yew ; also a small stick furnislied with hair for playing the viol'n, ^e of various materials, wood, paper, tin, iron, mill-board, &c. Thus there are tea-chests, trunks, packing-cases, deed boxes, snuff-boxes, pill-boxes, lucifer- match boxes, &c. ; a division of a printer's letter case. Box-coAT, a thick over-c^at for driving, sometimes with heavy capes l» carry ofT the rain. Box-iron, a laundress's smoothing iron, containing a lieater in a case, ditTeving la tills respect from a fiat-iron which is itself heated. Box-keeper; an attendant at a theatre or other place of public amusement. Box- wood, a pale yellow fine-grained wood, exceedingly valuable to the turner— chiefly obtained from tlie Ruxus bakarica —of which about 7000 tons are annually brought from the Meilitarranean ports. It is used for wood engraving, mathematical and musical instruments, &c. The iiox- wood of India is the Buxus emarginata. A good deal of box-wood is grown in this country. Tlic American box-wood is the Cornusflorida. BovA, a Spanish inning termfor a rich lode. BoYAM, a native Australian name for the bulbous roots of certain orchids, es- teemed for the viscid mucilage tliey con- tain. BoYE, an Indian aromatic wood. Bover, a smack; a Flemish vessel. BoYN, a c!icese-vat B the yar^ 21} i BHACi ».'al; but yard BllACC varii Papj i'erif BnACi tool tacb it; a fort Brack ot til Brace shell tuie ladle lers' Brace the 8 Brach whic tons. T^1!ACH Brack iron Br ADO hoist bridl Brads, head. Brahm the 8 of E Brah into niucl when Braid, trimi Braid- bair. Braid- minu Brails corn( , tOtlK [Brairi grow 1 RAISE „ in Fr "'.Brake riage niaeii teeth siiip'i Impregnated with and coutaiuing used for archery, few ; also a small Ir for playlnK the or rounded firont '5 a-Achor, one to ;; the mosteffec- rnshln. hurp knifn often eupive weapon in Bin a ship. tasteniiii; whicit lat will not Hiip. ivy wooden balls, kvUng-green. ; pen. ne given by Dr. siJky fljres of tlie liliaclou8 plant, e East make their ho makes hatters' : archery bows, sry l)0W8. if the livery com- (lon. lid, large or small, ills, wood, paper. Thus there are ;king-case8, deed l!-lioxes, luclfer- ision of a printer's coat for driving, japes to carry off smoothing iron, a case, differing iat-iron which is It at a theatre or iisement. ne-grained wood, to the turner— ! Tiuxus bakarica ons are annually irranean ports. It iig, matheniatlcal t", ifcc. The box- •ixus emarginata. I Is grown In this 1 box-wood is the termfor a rich nn name for the lin orchids, es- ucilage they con- wood, ih vessel. of Italy. In the take a wine bar> 1 quantity of com miller for grlnd- BRA [49] BRA Uraack, a Russian establishment for offi- cially Inspecting and certifying the quality and denomination offlax and some other staple exports. Braack of some goods implies the second quality or refuse. JlKAAOKERS, Official inspectors selected by the Kussian and foreign merchants from amongst merchants who have left off trade, whose duty it is to examine and report upon the Quality of goods to be 8hi|iped. Bkabant eix, a measure of length used in the Prussian States about } of an English yard. The common German ell la only 21} inches. Braoa, a name for the fathom In Portu- gal; the land braca is about 2'39 yards, but the marine braca is only 1-80 English yards. BiiACCio, the Italian name for the ell, a variable cloth measure ol Austria and the Papal States ranging from 21 to S7 im- iierial inches. BRAca, an iron holdfast or tie, a carpenter's tool for drilling and boring; a rope at- tached to tlie yard of a ship for moving it ; a name In some of the mining districts for the mouth of a shaft. Bkace AMD Belt-uak£B, a manufacturer of t)ics6 ftrticl^s Bracelet, a lady's armlet of ornamented shell, metal, beads, &c. The manufac- tuie and srle of decorative oriininents for ladies forms an important Item of jewel- lers' trade. Braces, articles of male attire worn across the shoulders to suspend the trousers. Brachk, a cloth measure in Switzerland, which varies in length in differeat can- tons. TiitACHYTTPE, a varletv of calcareous spar. Bracket, a curved or angul.tr wooden or iron stay or support for shelves. Bkadoon, Bridcon, a kind or bit for horses; the snaffle and rein of a military bridle. Brads, small short nails with a very slight head. Brahmin's Beads, a name given in India to the splierical corrugated seeds of species of Eloeocarpus, which are used by the Brahmin Ttiests; they are also made Into neckluct^s. bracelets, Ac, whicli are much admired, and fetch a high price when capped with silver. I Braid, a sort of plaited, twisted, or woven I trimming used to ornament garmrnts. Buaid-comb, a lady's bacV-comb for the I hair. Braid-maker, a manufacturer of trim- minus. [ Brails, ropes attached to the fiwt or lower corner of ships' sails for liauling them up to the yards to facilitate furUiig tlicm. I Braird, a Scottish term for tlie vigorous I urowth of younc |)lants. IBraisk, a name lor small coal or charcoal ill France. JRAKE, a drag applied to the wheels of car- riages to check their velocity; also a machine fitted with wooden swords or teeth for dressing flax; tho handle of a snip's pump. Brakesman, a servnntln a Tidlway carrlat* who applies the wooden brake to the rim of the wheels by a hand lever to check the speed. Bramah-lock, a peculiar lock, constructed by the ingenious locksuiitb whose name it bears. Bramah-press, a hydrostatic press. Bran, the refuse of the exterior husk of wheat in grinding, which, besides Its nutritious properties, nas some commer- cial value in tanning, in calico-printing, for fliling dolls, cushions. &c. lin^vNCADA, tho Spanish name for a drag- net. Branch, the metal piece screwed on to the end of the hose of a fire engine, carrying the jet lit Its termination. Brand, properly an indelible mark made with a hot iron on a cask or case, but also applied to the di.stlngulshhig marks on cattle and sheep. Some kinds of goods as Scotch herrings, American flour, salt provisions, &c., bear an official brand as a test ot their good quality, alter having been supervised and examined. The govern- ment brand for naval stores is the broad arrow. Articles of foreign manufacture bearing the private brands or trade-marks of liritish manuacturers, are not allowed to be Imported here. Branding- iron, Bkander, the metal hand tool with which casks and cattle, &c., are branded. Brand-marks, distinguishing letters or characters burnt on tlie coats of domestic animals, logs of timber, &c to claim and Ideiitlf'v them. Brandt, a distillation from light-coloured wines and the skins of grapes, manufac- tured chiefly in the South of Europe; the trade in this spirit being very large. Cognac is the purest, oldest, and palest "randy. British brandy is a cheaper compound of rectified spirit.s. Brandv Faiinke, a diluted alcoholic bever- aite in India ; brandy and wa^' •. Brank, a provincial name for buckwheat Braokdi'^e, a red silver ore. Bras, thb . alay name for rice. Brasada, a Spanish land measure, equal to 72-33 English inches. Brahier, a pan for holding live coals; a stew-pan, a camr.-kcttle. Brass, an alloy of zinc and copper, in the proportion or about one part of zinc to four of copper. It is used for watcii work, kitchen utensils, &c. Brassage, a sum levied to pay the expenses (if coinage. Bra.'?se. a short ell used at Basle, equal to 2141 English inches. The Trench orasse is 0-88 English fathom. Brasses, sepulchral engravings on brass, set into churcli pavements. && Brasseur, the French name for a brewer. Brass-fimsher, a workman who perlecta and polishes articles made of brass. BRASS-FonNDEB, One wlio casts tirnss. Brassin, the name lor a brewer's coppei' In France. Brass -plate Maker, a manufacturer of door plates, &c., of brass. E BRE [50] BRE I ! i , Brass-rulb, lengths of thin metal used by printers for cuttlnj? Into sizes to sepurate ,' nrtlsoinents and newspaper columns; for pace rules and table worlc in book :inK, &C. P" )-Ki"E Cotter, a preparer of column u x\ ocher metal rules, for the use of pri'iters. BuASS Turner, a shaper and moulder of brass. Brass wire, a composition drawn into lengths of various tliicknessos. extensively used in pin-making, and ulso for bird cages and other purposes. Brattice, a wood partition In a coal mlno or under-ground work for veiitilation. BRArrisHiNQ, open carved work. Hraul, an Indian cloth. Brawn, the flesh of the hog. boned, rolled or collared, boiled, and sold fresh or pickle(' Bhater, 4 printer's wooden rubber, for spreading or diffusing Ink on the block, now superseded l)y the Inking roller. Bkaza, a long measure In Spain, of nearly six Engilsli feet, also called 'foesa. Tiie square braza is two varas, and 200 square brazas make a faneprada. Bkazier, one wlio works in brass and tin, nted knife for Iven to a kind of irtJiern parts of nixed wltliliread, eda of Ciirt- loads Jnmalca for tlie icastruin. When r tlsh, they have ort ot the negroes i persons in times wooden trencher 'oom of a ship, ^•ase Is kept, riciin coinincrclai .1 ; the produce of into coniiner'-'?. or metal tra^ for nEAD-PLATTER. ith, coutradistln- it on the wheel of rlage to cheek its of a carriiiKe or len rise or ternilna- iie vessels ; a anl)- irrlage, for break- harness. or boat's cask for I or earthenware rdinary-sized tea- la or earthenware ifast service. metal or papier- ikfi^st ware, of commencing to ima, a fV-esh water which is much The sea bream is avlng or cleansing )y burning, xtract from Icica metal armour, beam, suiiportlng ter wall. aulic motor which the float-boards I In France. snts for the lower art of the narness of a caimon. coal of the mines, _ making coke iind es and cmders sift- d in brick making, square sail of a tlnerant trader or !' get or floor-dotb) worsted. Breui;!! Ubeen, a pigment See Verditer. Brent, a provincial measure for mltk In the West of England, equal to twelve (;-brim, a particular kind of mail's Iiat like those worn by members of the Society of Friends. Bito ad-cast, seed loosely scattered by h and- fuls, instead of being closely sown or drilled. Bboad-cloth, a fine kind of woollen for men's garments, exceeding twenty-nine inches wide; all of lesd width are known 113 narrow cloths. Broad-leaf, a name in Jamaica for the Terminalia latifoUa, the wood of whicli is used for boards, scantling, shingles, and staves. It is sometimes called the almond-tree from the shape of its fruit. Broad-gauge, the wide distance between the lines of rails on a railway line; con- tradistinguished from the narrow gauge. Bboadside, a printer's term for a full printed page of any sized sheet; also the lull length or side of a sliip. BnoAD-PENNAKT, a Square piece of bunting carried at the mast-head of a conmio- dore's vessel, [weapon. l^ROAD-swoRD, a Sabre or short edged Brocade, a ricli stout silk ; a connnon name for any kind of stutf wrouglit and enriched with raised flowers, room-maker. See Brush-maker. Brooms, besoms or sweeping brushes. In the East they are made of coco-nut and date palm leaves : In America of broom- corn ; in (irent Britain of sedjue, birch, twigs, the common heath orhrnom, cfec. Broom Seed. The seeds of Cytisus scopa- lutis, have been roasted and used us a substitute for coffee. BuosEMEAL Brock, .a name In Scotland for tiie refuse obtained in making pease-meal, which is used in feeding stock. Broth, a thin meat soup. Brougham, a kind of carriage for general use, which is either single or double, foi two or four persons. ■MiOi BRU [SSJ BUG ntlonofajobber; 1 agent In Loudon 688 (It inercliai)ti<, ce, Ac. for otIierB, (ling on hl8 own fe, commission, or broker for buying ig uilvanct'8, use for old goods, &c. ;)aration flrom ti.e roduct from seii- 8, which is used in jurposes as iodine, t in photograpliy. s chlorine, but la I. Iniret of copper. ifortheconKor-eel. r In tlie proportion th 20 to 30 per cent, .antltles of tin or &c The propor- liic powder resem- princlpal uses of jr Japanning and oods, statues, uas- S worli, printing, ,nd such lllie pur- 8 bronzes, or lac- iires, &c. lame in tlie Cape 'lalartos Caffer, a pith of wliich is ) calces as food, t for breeding from. 'tiUta ; a decoction used in medicine im dora, which is 1 to make brooms; ides forms excel- In many of tlie ca it is extensively iduce of tlie plant, oris, is valued at n-ooden sticks pre- eads. SH-MAKER. ipiuR brushes. In :> of coco-nnt and meriea of broom- [1 of Sf'd.ue, birch, th or broom, &e. of Cytisus scopa- ,ed and used us a me In Scotland for laking pease-meal, stock. irrlage for general iigle or double, foi Dkoww Besb. a name occasionally given to )i musket with a brown barrel. Bkown Coal, the Ocnnaii name for r ipecles of lignite. jskown Ebont. See Wamara. DitowN IlEMP, a name in liombay for the fibre of CrotolarKtjuncea. BuowN Holland, an unbleached linen, used lor various articles of clotlilng and upholstery. Browning, a vamishlng surface given to metals as gun barrels, &c, by chloride of antimony. Brown Ochre, a peroxide o; iron. Bno^VN Paints, in oil colours we have the loUowing commercial varieties ; English, Turkey, and burnt umbers, T. D. tSienna, and bunit Hienna, Vandyke, purple, washed and Spanish browns. Brown .Spar, a crystallized lorm of carbo- nate of iron. BitowN SuGAB, common dark Muscovado sugar. Browse, a species of slag which requires re- liunilng. Bruciata, an Italian name for roasted chestnuts. Bhucine, nn alkali extracted (Vom the bark ot the Strychnos nux vomica and other spHcies. Bruiser, a concave grinding tool used In miikluK specula for telescopes. Bruising-machines, crushing machines for breaking or grinding pulse, oats, maize, ■fee, ibr cattle. Brujula, the Spanish name for the murlner's compass. Brumandundoo, a Tamil and Telugi name for a limpid oil obtained from the round corrugated seeds of the prickly pi'ppy {Argemone Mexicana). In Madura they are called Coorookoo Veray. Bruho, in Spain a term for the finest kind of bees-wax. Bkuneta, a kind of coarse black Spanish cloth. Brunswick Green, a picmcnt of various shadesof colour, according to the sulphates added. Brush, a daubing or cleansing Instrument, of which tliere are endless varieties, for clothes, the hair, sweepinsr, painting, and white-washing, Ac. ; small close under- wood or thicket, sometimes called .scrub in Australia; a sportsman's name tor the tall of a fox. Brush- APPLE, one of the native woods of New South Wales, the produce of Achras Australis. Brush-cherrt, one of the native woods of Australia, tie produce of Trochocarpa laurina, a vry handsome shrub. Buusii-MAKEi:, one who makes and sells bru.slies and brooms of various materials. Brush-wei'4, a weir formed ol stakes, ilri ven at regulai Intervals, and interwoven with twlRs, fo'' catching fish in shallow bays, eoves, ri^ ers, ULLOCKnRAY,acartorwngiron,pcr coin of Suez, the twelfth part of a medlne. BuHBO, a money of account at 'I'unis, twelve burboes makniK tlie asper, and Ufty-iwo aspcrg the piastre. Ili;uBUTEK. See HouA. [Ilrfhter. Hi'itcmo, the Italian name for a wlierry or liijRDUTT, a cotton HtUtf. Burdock, the Arctium Lappa; a decoction of the plant is used niitlUlnally us an aperient, diuretic and sudorific. BuHEAU, a chest of drawers, or escrutoire; also a public post or oRlie. BuRfiAGE, a tenure l)y which town lands are lield, in Home continental cities and in Scotland, at a yearly ground-rent. BuRGiE, a kind of small coal, suited for buridng In the furnaces of engines; atlircc- cornered flag or distinguishing pennant used by cutters, yachts, and merchant vessels. BrROHRR, a burgess or tree citizen of a Dutch town. BtJBGOUAfiTEn, the mayor or chief magis- trate of a Dutch city or Flemish town. BuKQONDT, a light French wine. BriiGUNDT I'lTCH, a resin obtained from the Norway sprucc-flr, (Ahies eraha.) BuRHET, the Hindoo name for a carpenter. BuuiN, an engraver's tool. BuRKEK, a Malay name for the snipe. Bi'RLERS, women employed in the clothing districts in picklngonf, wlti tweezers, all irregular knots, threads, hairs, dirt, &c., from tiie web of the fabric. Burlesque, a humorous travestied or puruplirased piece at a theatre. BURMOOKEE, a scented oil or attar In the East Indies. Burner, the mouth-piece for a lamp or gas- pipe. Of gas burners there are many kinds, such as lantern burners with Jets, fun, star, bats'-wiug, tlsh-tull, imltution candle, &c. Burnet, a pasture grass. Buhninq Fluid. See Camphinb. BiTRNiNO-GLASS, a Small glass lens or mirror for concentrating the sun's rays to a focus. Burnisher, a bookbinder's tool, mounted withagate,blood-stone,orsteei,torsniooth- Ing ; It is also used by watchmakers. Burnous, a cloak, or Arab wrapping for the head. BintNT Sugar, caramel used for darkening the colour ot liquors. BtiRRO, in Spani-h, a whin or windlass. Burr-oak, the Quercus macrocarpa, a use- ful and ornamental tree of North America: the wood IS touvh and ciose-gruiiicd, and more durable tbao the white oak. Bimnoo, an Indian name fbr countrv quilla or pens, and lor those brought to Iiomtwy from Muscat; tiiey are sold by thu liundred. Burrow, the mining name fbr a heap of rubbish ; a rabbit's hole or covert In u warren. BuRR-STONEB, rough hard white stones which are imported fbr millers' grinding- stones. BrntsLorHAM, a vernacular name In India tor tabasheer, the siliceous secretion found in tlio Joints of the bamboo, and used medicinally. Burthen, the weight ormcasure that a sen- uoing vessel will convey or contain. See Tonnage. Burton, u tackle composed of two or more blocks with a Imoli In the bight of one of the running parts. Burton Ale, an ale of great strength brewed at Hurton-upon-Treiit. BuRujo, a Spanlsli naiiio tor the marc or dregs of prei)are(l olives or from grapes. HU9, a common abbrevhition for omnibus, a street carriage. BuscoNES, miners who work on tribute or part proceeds; tliose wiio search or pro- spect for ores. Bush, a piece of wetal let into the tcntre of the sheave of a block to strengtlien it. Bushel, the principal measure for corn and dry commodities in England and her de- pendencies. His the eluhth of th(^ quarter, and should wcigii 80 lbs. avoirdupois of water. Bush Strup, a name in the Caiie colony fbr a saccharine liquid obtalncit from the flowers of tlie Protea mfllijloia, and which is admiidstered medicinally fbr diseases of the chest. Bush Tka, tlie leaflets of a species of Cz/f/opia, probabiv C. lati/olia, native ot tlie Cape of Oood Hope, supposed to por^sess expec- torant and restorative properties; a few bags of this drug liave been Imported into London. Bust, the Alalay name for iron, bust branl being a magnet. BusK-MAKEB, a Hjukcr of flat whalebones, steel or wooden supports for the corsets or stays of females. Buss, the Dutch name for a large decktd fishing lugger or cutter-built vessel. BussoLA, in Italy a compass. BusBOLo, a small corn measure in Florence, equal to 0'3<'S5 pint. BussoRAH UuH, an Indian gum found in irrcKular wlilte or yellow semi-trans- parent fragments, never very large. It makes a peculiar noise when chewed, and swells in water, but does not mix with It completely. Buasu a Brazilian name for a palm, tlio Mariicaria saccifera of Gaertner, wliici) is applied to many useful purpoies: the large leaves for thatch, ana the spauie for making durable cloth and ready-mauo bags. Bust, a half length statue, the representa- tion of a portion above the 8toma«li. Bustle, ahidy's druiis-pud. BUT [B7] BYL ))r cntintrv qullla itiKlit to iioinbsy -0 HulU by tliu e for A heap of or ouvert in u i white Btnncii tillers' grlndliiK- r name In India ) aucrctloii fuiitid nboo, and used anure that a aen- ur contain. See 1 of two or more 3 bltjht of one of prcnt strength 'rent. tiir the marc or r from grapes, on for uHinlbua, rk on tribute or ) svurch or pro- Into tlu' centre k to gtrenythcn ure for corn and and and her do- h of thf quarter, . avoirdupois of Cape colony fbr lined fronj the iioiu, find wlileli ily for disuitsea c\cs of Cj/clopia, e ot the Cape uf po^^sexa expcc- opertics; u few [1 Imported Into ron, busl brani at whalebones, for the corsets a large decktd lit vessel. ire In Florence, gum found in w semi-trans- 'ory large. It ;n cliewed, and lot mix with it )r a palm, the rtner, which is purpofcs: tlio I the spaUie tor ready-mail he representa- itomaicli. Bl'bdok, a small weight used In liorneo fbr gold and precious stones, tlie eighth part of a mace, and equal to 4'UU troy grains. UuTAROOKii, a name In India lor tlie dried roe ot tlsiies which forms an article of the Eastern Materia Medl'ia. The dried roe of a kind ofshadofenornious size, constitutes an article of commerce In the Eustern archipelago. See itALAciioNo and Caviar. HuTCHhR, aslauglitererot beusts and vender of liesh moat; In (Scotland he Is called a (lesher. ncTciiEna' CoMPANT, one of the livery com- panies of London, whose hall is situate In KaMtclicap. Jli-TtiiEim' i'BAT, a long wooden tray with sniuil projecting handles for carrying meat in, usually borne on the shoulder. Hitch root, an Indian name for the root of iln' Zingiber Zerumbet, which is used with otiier ingredients to keep otl the attacks ot the white ant from sugar canes, &c. liUTEA Kino, a ruby-coloured astringent gum-resin obtained In India from the Dhak-tree {Butea frondo»u) widch affords a powerful and permanent dye. ItuTLER, a family servant who Is entrusted witii tiie charge ot wines, &c. UuTLEK'ii Tray, a wooden tray for convey- ing articles to a dining-room. DuTRON, a snare-net In ISpaln for catching l)irds. ItuTSiiA, an Arabian money equal to twenty- live comma ssees. Butt, tlie end of a plank ; a L^rge cask of any kind. The l)oer-butt usually contains three barrels or 108 Imperial gallons, and the wine-butt tiie same, altliough It for- merly contained 130 of tlie old wine gal- lons ; In tiio leather trade a rounded crop or full hide. Butte, a German dry measure for coal, lime, alm, a mea- sure which is equal to 3'15 inches. Cabeca (literally a bead), a nominal money of account for sm ill purchases on some parts of the West coast of Africa, repre- sented by cowry shells. Four large or eluht small cabecas go to the ounce an imaginary coin, worth twelve thousand cowries. See Cowries. edlng tray In a me for coarse in. )rocluced by the I angusta) In the [ndfes, (fee. The Ine and strong, n length. Tlie \\ brown, never nd other articles but more as a Lirkish gold coin CAB [59 J CAC ;hecabanofrlce 1 of cocoa 83} lbs. :aban of rice will rUupois; also a turn a boat keel mules and asses 1 in Spain. , or tippling and >r tavern-keeper 1 flat-bottoraed made of rushes; offlgs. lik. -herb, of which culinary varle- tnte, sHltfid, or (^nbl)fiires nre ing cattle. Also by tailors from make into gar- of lettuce with 1 liead like the ladeoftwine to [L. la oleracea, one the brittle tlakes teemed esculent making, which e flat masses of ain heated in a hammered into he palm, a mea- iiiches. nominal money ihasps on some f Africa, repre- Four large or > the ounce an velve thousand Cabeca, Cabesse, the Portuguese name for the tinest kinds of silk received from India. Cauestrillo, a Spanish neck chain, of gold <>r silver. Cab-fake, the amount paid or demanded for the hire of a cab. Cabido, Cavido, other namps for thecovado, a measure of length in Portugal. CAiiiLLAUD,aFrench name lor fresh cod-flsh. Cabin, an apartment or sleeping' ijcrili in a sliip; a small hut or rudely constructed cottage. Cabin-bot, an attendant In the captain's cabin of a merchant ship. Cabinet, a small closet or room; a set of drawers; the French name for an ottiee. Cabinbt-brass-foundek, a workman who prepares articles for cabinet workers. Cabinet-cauvku, a wood worker in the cabinet trade. Cabinet-de-Lecteue, a French reading- room. CABiNET-FtjHNrrnBE, articles of furniture suited tor small rooms. Cabinet-inlaver, an artisan wlio veneers or variegates cabinet work with inserted materials; a workman who ornaments articles of furniture by inlaying. Cabinet-lead-linek, a workman who lines boxes, cases, and articles with lead. Cabinet-maker, a manufacturer or repairer of wooden articles of furniture and up- holstery for rooms, such as chairs, tables, couches, 0 tons, 200 fathoms ; 700 tons and upwards, 300 lathoms; a length of cable generally consists of about fifteen fathoms. When hempen cbbles are used, one-sixth more in length is re- quired. Cables are of various sizes, from one to eiyliteen inches in circumference. A rope cable is always composed of tliree Strands, every strand of tiiree ropes, and every rope of three twists; the twist Is, however, made of more or less tlireads, according as the cable Is to be thicker or Ihmner. A rope two inches in rlrcum- lerence, and 120 fathoms long, is generally lound to weigh nearly one cwt. Cable-laid, any thing twisted after the manner of a cable; tnus there are cable- pattern gold chains, Ac Cable's Lenoth, a maritime measurement, ordinarily signifying 120 fathoms, or MO yards; but the usual length of a ship's cable is only at)out seventy-flve fathoms. Cablet, a small cable. Cable-tieb, tlie space on the orlop deck or ill tiie hold of a ship, where the cables are stowed. Cable-tow, a small stream cable. Cabman, the driver of a cab. Cabo (Spanish), a cape; cordage or thread. Cabob, an oriental dish. Caboche, a French name for hob-nails. Cabochon, the French name for a precious stone, polished, but not cut Cabooleat, an agreement entered into by the Zemindars with the Indian govern- ment to farm and manage the land reve- nue. Caboose, a house on deck where the cook- ing is done: a ship's fire-hearth, or stove, fitted with boilers, ovens, (fee, for cooking meals for those on board. It is generally termed a galley. Cabot, a dry measure in general use In Jersey, 19 of wliicli are computed equal to one imperial quarter of wheat, and 11 to a quarter of barley. The potato cabot Is considered to weigh 40 Jersey pounds, 13 local pounds being equal to 14 English. Tlie cabot of apples averages 38 lbs. For other commodities, tlie cabot dilTers ac- cording to tlie specific gravity of tlie article introduced. The French name for the mullet. Cabotage (French), Cabottaggio (Ita- lian); names for the coasilng-trade. Petit cabotage is a coastinu voyage carried on in small vessels below 70 tons, between ports not far distant from each other; grand cabotage, coasting voyages to dit^tant ports of Europe. (/ABOTiF.R, a French ccxsting vessel. Cab -owner, a cab projuietor; tlie master of a cab. Cabrero, a Spanish goat-herd. Cabbing, a goat- skin. Cabriole, a French easy chair, formerly In use, named after tlie inventor. Cabiuolet, a carriage on two or four wheels. (See Cab. CABRioLET-PnAETON, a private carriage for general use. CABRiTaLA (Spanish), a tanned or dressed lamb or slieep-skin. Cabron, the French name for a kid-skin. Cabrouet, a sort of cart used in sugar plantations. Cab-stand, an appointed place where cabs wait to he hired. Caburns, small lashings for binding a ca- ble. Cacao, the seeds of the Theohroma Cacao, commonly known in their preiiared forms as Cociia aiiwcrs and is ee Keo. the olives In 'ame for as- U mines; a Whim, is a n which the [Sardinia, sr coin of 1 applied to rency, cqiii- •t 01 a rupee, i paper trade a parcel of h ol' a quire. t)le dry niea- rd cahiz of other places rial bushels, »re equal to clal districts 6i bushels. CAL [61 ] CAL 'I I' h Cahizada, a superficial measure of Spain, consistinK of six fancgadas, and equal to one acre eight perches. What is gene- rally understood liy a cahizada, is the extent of land that can be sown with a cahiz of grain. Caho-caho, a local name for a superior kind of yam In the Tcnga islands. Cahoun, Cohone, a nluine-like palm, the Attalea Cohune or Martins, native of Honduras, bearing nuts, wliich grow in clusters like a bunch of grapes; an oil is obtained Irom tlieni by expression equal to that from tlie coco-nut. Cahun, a nominal money of Arracan and Calcutta calculated in cowry shells, and equal to 6d. sterling. Caiaue, the Brazilian namcfor the American oil-palni, Elais melanococca; and of its very long leaves ropes are made. The oil is locally used iu Brazil, but not much ex- ported. Caico (Italian), a small skiff, a Jolly boat. Cailcedka. a bark, obtained troni theKliaya ^enegalemis, and which yields a bitter l)vlnciple. The bark is much used by the negroes of the Gambia (in infusion and decoction), in the treatment of the violent fevers of that country. Caiman, Cayman, a iiouth American name for the crocodile. CAUfEHS, the Turkish name for the paper currency of the Sultan, 120 piastres in Caimehs being only equal to about 117 specie. Caique, a light bark used on the Bosphoms. Caikn, an erection of stones, ol Celtic origin, for monumental or religious uses; but still applied to a heap raised for signal or memorial purposes. Cairngorm, a variety of rock-crystal used by the Scotch to ornament their accoutre- ments, and of which seals, necklaces, and other trinkets are made. Caisson, a water-tight box for facilitating the commencement of the foundations of piers, bridges, &c. Cajeput, an essential oil of a green co'our, obtained by distillation from the leavesand twigs of the Melaleuca Leucadendron, a native of the East. It is a powerful anti- spasmodic, stimulant, and sudoritic. Cajon, Caxon, the Spanish name for a chest. In the South American mining districts it is applied to a weight of 50 quintals of mineral ; but in some of the western republics of South America it is two montons or 64 quintals. Cake, a kneaded or solid mass of any kind, .18 a cake of copper, of Indian ink, of pastry or baked dough, &c. Cakk-bkEjVKEE, a crusliiiig and cutting im- |)lement for breaking u|) oil-cake for the feeding of stock, and pressing rape-cake for manure. Caice-mould, a confectioner's metal pattern for baking fancy pastry in. Cake, Oil. See Oil-cake. Care-toaster, a toasting fork. Cal, a Cornish mining name for wolfram; a kind of Iron gossan; the Spanish name for lime ; Callcheros being lime burners. Calabashks, a name In Tunis for tbe Otto- man red caps ; also tbe fruit of the Cret- centia cujete, which when young are pickled. The hard rind or covering, when the pulp has been tnken out, is made into all Kinds of domestic utensils by tlie ne- groes—cups and saucers, baskets and bowls, pepper and salt dishes, Ac, which take the place of crockery, and are not so easily broken or destroyed. Many will stand the tire lor cooking as well as an iron pot. Calabassi, a red fez or military cap made in Tunis, and lari;ely shipped to the Levant for Turkish use. Calabazate, in Spain, pumpkins preserved in sugar, or steeped in honey. Calafatabe (Italian), to caulk a ship or stop her leaks. Calaite, a name for the turquoise. CA1.AMANC0, a glossy woollen stuff, che- quered in tlie warp, either riblied or plain, lorm^rly manufactured in tlie Nether- lands, now miule in Bradford. Calamander Wood, a valuable furniture wood ol Ceylon, (Diospyrm hir.iuta.) Calambak. See Agallochum Wood. Calambolti, a kind of eagle or aloes wood, soinetimes used for inlaying and cabinet work. Calamine, carbonate of zinc, used as a drug. Calamus oil, an oil obtained from the root of the sweet flag, Acorus Calamus. Calanca (Italian), printed cotton. Calavance, a name for several kinds of pulse, including the Dolkhos Jiarbadensis and Hnensis. Calcak, a calcining furnace in a glass- works. Calcabeocs Cement, an artificial water cement for building. Calcareous Earth, a gritty soil which con- tains a larg<- percentage of lime. Calcareous Spar, a cariionate of lime. Calcavella, a high-flavoured Lisbon white wine. Calcedont. See Ciiaixedony. Calcination, tlie reduction of substances to cinders or ash. Calciner, a name given to the burning house, or place wliere minerals, &c. are pulverized by heat. Calcium, the metallic base of lime, a silver- white metal obtained by the same method as barium. Fluoride of calcium Is the Derbyshire or fluor spar. Calco, a weight in the Ionian islands, of twenty-four troy grains, twenty calclii ■making one troj* ounce. Calcquin. See Calking. Calculating Machine, an Instrument with toothed wheels, eadi turning freely on its own centre for automaton calculation. The schwan-pan of the Chinese, and the lioman abacus, are also species of count- ing macliines for facilitating calculations. CiVLCLTLATOR, One who reckons or estimates matters ot figures or detail. Caldekaio (Italian), Calderero (Spanish), a brazier or tinker. Caldron, a large iron boiler or pot. Caleche, Calash, a lady's hood; also a small hooded carriage running on low wheelB. CAL [G2] CAL '; Calrncabt, a kind of calico linportud into HayU. Calkndab, an almanac. Calender, a imtchlne for smoothing or hot-pressing fabrics between rollere, to Cive them a glossy i -.vnvy appearance. Calenderer, a smoutiier and prcaser of fa- brics ; one engager in scouring and hot- preasing ciotli. Calesin, a one-iiorse «hi i.e in Spain. Calp, preparedleath. '• for book-binding, California were made in 1848 ; and the total produce of the mines was estimated, on good authority, up to the close of J8")5, to have amounted to upwards of £80,000.000 sterling. The California gold received at the United States' mints to the close of 1854, was to the amount of £54,000 000; whilst about £6,000,000 was circulating locally in coin, or held in bul- lion, and used in manufactures, &c. The offlclally registered shipments of gold ftom California, in the five vears 1851-55, were to the value of nearly £47,000,000; but much was shipped unregiatered. Caliqa, a kind of leather half-boots worn by the Roman soldiers. Calin, an alloy of lead and tin, used by the Chinese for tea canisters and other (urtlcles. Caliper. See Callipers. Calis, the Spanish mime for alkanct root. Causaya-barx, a valuable cinchona baric obtained from Cinchona Cau.aya^ a liolivian tree, whicli is rich in the alka- loid. Calishbras, insulated deposits or beds of nitrate of soda in Peru. Calisthenic Instrdsient-maker, a manu- facturer of chest expanders, ()t. Camcscio (It.Uiiin), t.inTii-d leather. Camotib, ft tpuniih name tor the sweet ()otnto. C'AMi', thfc f.r; md on which an army pitches its teinv. C avpanino a variety of Spanish marble. CvMFEAtHY Wood, a hard red dye-wood troni the Hccmatoxylon campechianum, better known as logwood. Camp-bed, a folding iron bedstead, with tester luths, for field use. CAMP-EQDiPAfiE MAKER, a maker of portable articles, of light materials adapted tor easy tnm^port. See Camp-kurnitdee. C AMP-FOLLOWEBS, the attendants on an army. CAMP-FimNiTURE, articles of cabinet work made compact, light, and portable, so as to be easily folded and transported ; such as camp-stools, camp-bedsteads, tables, &c. Camphine, a popular name for essentinl resinous oils, such as the purified oil ordis- tlUed spirits ofturpentine. When intended for a burning fluid, it is mixed with al- cohol in various proportions. Camphine Lamp, a lamp made with proper precautions for burning camphine, having a reservoir generally of glass, placed be- tween the supporting pillar and tlie burner, to hold the spirit and the cotton wick dips into it. Camphor, a concrete acrid drug, of a highly penetrating smell, obtained from trees in- digenous to Japan, and the Eastern archi- pelago. The China or Japan cami)hor- tree is the Lauras camphora of Linnaeus, tlie Camphora ojficinarum of Xocs. The caniplior-treo ot Sumatra and Borneo, is the Dryobalanops camphora. Camphor Jdlep, a name In America for camphor water. ('AMPHoa Water, a solution of camphor used as a vehicle tor the administration of fever medicines. Camphor-wood-oil, an oil obtained in the East from Dryobalanops camphora, which is largely used at Singapore iustead of tur- pentine. Campione (Ttall'in), a jcnri)f»i. lodger, or shopkeeper's h'-oiv, "' Camp-kettle, un ij<> i pot for (.ho use of Holiiiera and I'l.ionis v-;. Cajq'o, an Itali,!!! sum , '..•ialmensure, v.'>r> - Ing in diflere/il loi fuitioB froui O'OM i';i i to 3 ' sa acra Cam Of, a kind .; ' ""', Cana, >i nasiu in some of tht , !fic islands for ti onge; a long iind sup. .ilclal >,iiea- sureu'j'id in Italy and s: me parts ofFrance, which is of very variable dimensions. The maximum is 11768 inches the builders' measure in Florence, the minimum 61"10 inches in L irceiona. See Canne. Canaball*, a kind of Spanish flsbing- boat. Canada, Canado, a liquid measure ot Spain and PortiStTiii; also occasionally used in Ceylon. !u Lisbon the canada is equal to nearly 2J M't'ts; in Brazil, a weight of .12 lbs. and '.i»3 of a wine gallon, or about four bottles. Iii Ceylon the canada pass- es for 266 F.ii«ll8h pints. The Spanlsli (lanada is mucn larger, being equal to 8 08 gallons. Canada-balsam, an oleo-resin, obtained from the American silver-flr, Abies bat- saiiiea. It is used for medicinal and manufacturing ))urp()>>es, nmt makes a fine transparent varnish for water-colour drawings, which does not become darker with time. Canada-rice, a wild species of rice, the Zi- zania aquatica, growlnu in all the shallow streams and swamps of N. West Ame- rica. It is exceedingly prolific of farina- ceous seeds, which afford a very good meal. The plant seems designed by na- ture to become the imliirenous bread-corn of the newly settled regions; for its seetis contribute essentially to the support o( the wandering tribes of Indians, and feed immense fiocks of wild fowl. Canada-sugar, dark sugar made ftom the sap of the sugar-mai)le tree, Acer saccha- rinum. Canadian Currency. The pounds, slilllin(.'8, and pence in the British North American colonies, commonly called Halifax cur- rency, are in value ten per cent below the same coins in sterling money ; hence £100 sterling is equivalent to £110 currency. The pound sterling passes under the Act Aug. 1, 1854, for £1 : 4 : 6 currency. Canadian Timber. A large trade is carried on with the ports of the river St. Lawrence for timber obtained from the Ottaw a dis- trict and other parts of Lower ( anada. In 1854 the squared timber exported lirom Quebeo amounted to 23,846,000 fett, be- sides 8,476,491 standard of deals, lai^- CAN [65] CAN wood, Btavea. mnsts, spars, railway sleepers, and other inumifncturpsof wood : ICO Liverpool veiisels wero engaged iu the trade. Canadian Yellow -root, the Hydrastis Canadensis, which luriushes a valuable bitter and a useful yellow dye. Canaiie, a name In the Fuciflc for the mullet flsh. Canakin, a small can. Canal, an artificial iiavl)?r»h!c> water channel formed for the passage of boats or vessels with carffo. Canal-boat, a flat-bottomea barge or boat ot llfflit draught adapted for navigating canals. Canal-boat WEioniNO Machine, n patent luck poiiilnK-machlno for weighing canal bouts and their cargoes. Canal-lift, an hydro-pneumatic elevator for raising boats from one level to another. Canal-lock, a stop-gate or sluice to the chamber of a canal, for passing bouts through, Irom a higher to a lower level of the cliannel, or vice versa. Canamo, tlie Spanish name for hemp. ('anan. See Can. Canapdccia (Italian), hemp-socd. C anaky, a wine made in the Canary Islands, also known as sack. Canary Hird, a well-known song bird, the Carduelis canaria, which is largely bred here, and also imported from Germany, where the rearing of these birds is exten- sively carried on. Canary :Moss, a lichen used for dyeing, the Parmelia perlata. CAN.viiY Seed, the seeds of Phalaris canari- ensis, a native grass of Britain, which are given to birds, and of whlcli as much as .OOO tons are annually sold for that purpose. Canary Stone, a beautlftil yellow species of carnellaiL rather rare, and named from the rcsembliii.ce of its colour to the plu- mage of a canary bird. Canary Wood, a name given to the wood of the Lauras Indir.a, a native of Madeira, and Laurus Canariensis, a native of the Canaries. Canaster, C'naster, a kind of American tobacco, which derives its name from a particular kind of rush basket, in wliich it was formerly Imported. Can-buoy, a large floating buoy. C.vncua, an ore found In Chile. Cand, a name in the Cornish mining dis- tricts, for fluor spar. Candaca, a dry measure used In the Mysore district of India, equal to 3J bushels. Candagon, a grain measure of liangalore. See CvNDY. Cand.vra, a ft-ame of laths for sifllng earth or sand, used In Spain. Candareen, a Chinese weight, the 100th part of a tael, and containing ten le or cash. In accounts the money value of the can- dareen ranges from ten to fourteen cop- per cash, but as a weight, whetlier for silver or any other article, the le or cash continues to be the same integral part of a caiiilnreen. The candareen may be es- timated at f>} grains, although in some quarters oi the East it weighs 6'38 grains. Candeal, a kind of Spanish wheat Candee, a measure of length in Cochin China, equal to 1912 inches English. CiNDELAEKUM, an cmanientai metal stand wltli branches lor holding lights. Canderros, an Indian resin of a pellucid wliite, which, being ausceptihlo of a good lioiish, has been turned into small orna- ments and toys. Candidate, an aspirant or suitor foi a public otflce or business post. Candied, dried with sugar. Candied-peel, preserved lemon or citron peel, used for pastry and confectionery. Candil, a weight in Si'matra of about 433i lbs. See C^vndy. Candiota, tlie name for a barrel or keg in Spain; a large earthen jar. Canditeeus, wooden frames or fagots to protect workmen. Candleberry Myrtle, a name given to the Myrica cerifera; from the berries a beautiml green wax is obtained In Ame- rica and the Cape colony, which has been found useAil for candles. Candle-box, a recei>tacle for candles usually nailed to the wall of a kitchen, -coal, a hard coal which does not soil the fingers. Being very solid it is often turned into trinkets and other ornaments in imitation o( jet. Cannelle, the French name for cinnamon. CANNEQUiN.akindof white cotton, formerly made in India, in pieces of about 8 ells, chiefly for sale on the ^yest coast of Africa. Cannon, a piece of ordnance of iron or bra=s for discharging balls, made of many sizes according to the service required ot it. Cannon-ball, Cannon-shot, a cast-iron ball to be thrown Itom cannon. Cannon-look, a contrivance to place over the touch-hole of a piece of ordnance to explode the charge. Cannon-lock-maker, a manufacturer of pulley triggers for firingpfc'cesot ordnance. Cannon-metal, a brass alloy for casting ordnance from, nontaiiilug 91 per cent of copper and 9 par«j of tin. Canoe, a rudely fo. nied boat, shaped out of the trunk of a tree by cutting or burning; also a skin or bark boat used by uncivilized natives. See Woodskin. Canoe-birch, a North American tree, the Hetula papyracea, from the bark of which the Indians manufacture their celebrated bark canoes. The wood is of a fine glossy grain, susceptible of a iiood finish, but lacks durability and strength, and there- fore is but little used in the manufitcturing arts. Canon, a large sized printing-tvpe with this specific name. (Span.) the shaft of amine. C.VNON-Bir, tliat part of the iron which is in the horse's mouth. Canosgob, Canoongo, a registrar of land revenue in India; one versed in the customs, tenure, produce, and rental of the district. Canopy, a covering over head, the decorn- tloii crowning a pulpit, chair, throne, bed, ch does not r solid it ia and other • cinnamon. on, fonnerly ^bout 8 ells, 3st coast of Iron or bra=a " many sizes red or it. a cast-iron 1. place over ordnance to ifticturer of otordnancc. for CHstiiih' L per cent of haped out of or burning ; uncivilized an tree, the irk of which celebrated a fine glossy tinisb, but and there- mufiicturinij I'pe with this !ift of amine. 1 which is ill trnr of land rsed in tlie id rental of the decora- air, throne, timbers out xed squai'e. U8tU& Cantar, an abbreviation for the cantaro. Cantara, Cantaro, « liquid measure of Spain ranRin^' trom 2} to 4 RiiUons; 100 however may be taken as cquid to 35(J Imperial gallons. The name is also some- times given to the alqueiro or pot of Portugal As a conunercial weight in the Levant the cantaro is synonymous to tlie quintal of Europe, being emploved in the sale of ponderous commodities; but it varies considerably In ditTerent localities. In Syria the ordinary CHiitaro amounts toSOSjlbs.; in Sardinia to OSJ lbs.; and in Cairo to 951bs ; while at Kome it Is but 74Jlb<>. The Maltese cantaro of 100 rottoli is 175lbs. avoirdupois; in .'er. That sold liero Is usually scented with chlorantUus, Jat-.ulnc, or otbor flowers, Cai'R-wekk, ft commercial name for a dye lichen, tlio liocKllatiiictoria, Imported from the Cape do Verd islands. Caph, an ancient Jewish liquid measure, tho cadaa of the Arabians, which was equul to nearly L'i pints. Capias, a writ or judgment for arrest on execution. <;apiciia, SeeC\vv.c\\\. C'APiDQi, a Turkish porter or door-keeper, sometimes apiilled to chamberlains and superior officers. Capiu.airk, a pleasant syrup chiefly made l\\ North America with the juice ot u spe- cies of fern, and llavoured with orange- tiowtir water. Cai>iu.aike /JJJd Winr and Spntrr coloch- iNG-iiAKEn, a cordial maker, one who pre- pares caraniel. by a khid of clock-work pump, wi '. i lorces it up to the wlek. It Is nov gi. nvj illy known as the moderator lam. , Cardamoms, the c; ; .>ii » ■-. of various not very clearly defined siJtcles of Amomuru, Elettaria and other plants; the acrid, pungent seeds of wliieh are used in medi- cine as aromatic tonics, and carminatives, and to eive an artificial strength to spuits, wine and beer. In the East they torm a universal ingredient in soups, curries, pillaus, Icetchups and sauces, «fec Card-basket, an ornament lor a table made of various materials, In wlilcli aro dei)osited visiting cards. Card-board, a very stifl paper substance, or pasteboard, for cutting cards from, lor making boxes and fur other uses. CAR [70] CAR CAnD-noAnn-rtJTTiNO-MA(!iiiNK, a nutoliUio wlilcli cuts ciird-liDanl Into h1Ii>s ot an unilurm hI/o, iiiiil HoinotimcH piiiitH iind numhcrg tliuin for rallwiiy tickula or otluT purposes. CAiiD-nox, nhoxforkeopInKplnyliiiroanlsln. CAnD-CASE. n portiiblo fancy cuso lor lioUI- U\H vi»wliocon»l)sorclearflWoolorilux. Cardiku (Kroncli), ac.ird-maker. Cakdinal-capk, a lady's article of dross, UMunlly ot'Nilk. Cauuino-comd, a cnst-steel Implement for clcanluf; wool, cotton, Ac ; cards In the curdliiR cnslno seein to lay all the fibres In one direction, aconmulathiR It into a loo^e mass calU'd a lleuce, preparatory to the process of splnnhiff. Cakdino-w.vciiive, a mechanical cnifine with toothed revoivhiR cylinders for separatliit; nrd cleaning wool, llax, cotton and other flbi69. [and verditer. rAUDiNELi-o.tho .Spanish name lorverdlKrls, Caud-maker, one who makeit cards, of which there nre two classes, pasteboard cards and metal cards or mounted wire di'nts for machinery. Caudole, a thick black oily substance ob- tained in the Kast 1 miles irom tlie pericarp of the mai'kuig nut. It Is u powerful vesl- catluKapent. Caudoon, culinary plant, the Cynara car- dunculus, resembling the artichoke, but larger; tlio blanched stems of the yount' leaves are stewed or used as an ingredient In soups and salads on the Oontincnl. CARD-RAcn, a receptacleloraddrcss, visiting, or business cards. Car-driyek, the driver of a Jaunting or other car. Cards, shaped pieces of cardboard, used for various purposes;— when painted with figures, Ac, for games and subject to a duty; when printed or engraved used for visiting or busineS'i purposes. Conversa- tion cards with sentences or mottos, Ac, form a pleasant pastime tor young per- sons. &c. ; metal dents llxed in an elastic band for teazing and separating the fibres of wool are called cards. [with baize. Card-table, ali'.du folding-top tablecovered CARD-SETTrNG-MACUiNE, a beautiful and efHcient piece of mechanism, tor inserting the ends of forked wires into holes In ti leather or otiier strap and bending them to the required incUnation. Card-trat, a small salver for a servant to deliver a card on. Card-wire Cloth, cloth in which fine iron ■wire is inserted for combing and unharllug the fibres, &c., of wool, cotton, fiax, and hemp. Cabeen, to heave a ship down on her z'.io In order to examine her bottom, for clean- ing or paying it with pltcb ; when a vessel lies over with the wind m sailing, she is soldtocarcea Careevaok, a careening ground, a place Hiiltable lor placing a ship high and dry. Caki:-takeii, i person employed at a wharf^ quay, or exposed store to idok alter goods* (!auev, the Spanish name for tortolse-Bhell. Cauda, a standard Spanish liqulil measure, <'qual in some parts of that kln'.;dom to 32J gallons, but In others only 2"i gallons: alsoa SDMiilsh wi'lght, ranging Inun 177* llis. to ,3.18^ lbs. In Candia and Milan the earg I as a grain measure Is equal to 4 l-()th bushels. A commercial weight In Ci^ntral America equal to 81 lbs. Caroadoic, a I>ut('h sld|)broker who ob- tains freight lor vessels. Cauoasos, the freiuht or lading of n ship. Cakuo, a ship's ladln,', the nu^rchaiKllae, Jcr.j taken on board for conveyance. That which cannot be stowed in the hold is termed deck cargo. Caroo-iioat, a lu:,'i.'ngc-boat or barge for the eonveyanco of heavy goods on rivers or in harbours. Cauiaca, a small and esteemed variety of maize grown In llritish (iulnna. Carica, a Venetian weight o( iOOh lbs. ; also another name lor the carga a grain or diy measure. Carico (Italian), the cargo of a ship. Cariole, a carriage for general use. Cakioll.v, a weiubt lor salt in tiio Ionian Islands rather more than 104 Ib.s. Cabippu, a name in Southern India for the refuse cuttings or knotty jjieces forming the worst kind of sandal wood. Carival, a money ol accoimt in the Dcckan, India, worth about a lialfpeuny; also n Variable grain measure in tlio same locality. Cabk, an old name for a (luantity of wooL Cakkoon, a revenue olHcer. Carl d' or, a gold coin ut Brunswick worth about 10s. 4d. Carle, a kind of hemp. Carlin, Carline, a small silver coin cur- rent in some parts of Italy and worth about 4d. CARf.iNOs, short small square pieces of tim- ber which lie fore and alt in a ship, in tii'rs from beam to beam, and which receive tlio ends of the ledges fur framing the decks. Carlock, a kind of Isinglass obtained from the air-bladder of the sturgeon in Uussl.u Carman, a carter, one who conveys goods. The I'ellowship or fraternity of carmen has the exclusive privilege of cartage withlu the city of London. Caumel, a cover for sweetmeats. Caumenia-maund, a weight for wool In Persia of 6 lbs. Carmen's Company, one of the companies of the city of London, not on the 11 very, which, having no hall of its own, transacts its business at anildhall. Carmine, a beautiful lake pigment, a fine bright crimson inclining to scarlet, formed by a combination of cochineal, alumina, and oxide of tin. In consequence of being more transnarent than other colours, it la chiefly used for miniature painting, artl- flcial-fiowcr tinting, and wutei-colou* drawing. CAR [71] CAR Caiimaliia, the IJrnzilliin nomo (or a palm, tlie Coperniiia m-i/cra; iliu leaves yield n vegetable wax, wliluli It niadu Into cuii- (lle.s; the fiult ia eaten raw or boiled; a r.irlna lii obtained from ihu trunk, and tliu wood Is very durable. Causklian, a variety of qunrtz (Voin India, Uiied lor deooratlvo ornanients of the (lertion, of wldcU the agate aud chalcedony lire varieties. (AiiNKT, In French commerce a bill book, tAitoiiA, in Tunis the sixteenth part of a piastre, and eTt from the seeds of the safllower, Caftha- mus Persicu.% and in P.ombay from Car' thamus tinctorius. Cart-house, a draucht horse of which tliero are several kinds, the principal being the Cleveland, Clydesdale, Northampton- shire, Sufl'olk Punch, and the dray liorae, or heavy black. Cart-house, a slicd to shelter carts, farm implements, &c., from exposure to the sun and rain. Cart-l,u>der, a kind of rack thrown out at the liead or tail of a cart, to enable it to carry a larger load of liglit goc is, as hay, straw, &c. Cart-load, the quantity that a cart will hold, or a horse can draw. A single horso will convey a load of two tons over the paved streets of a town. The Scotch cai- ricrs, in larts weighing seven cwt, will with one horse, convey a ton of goods twenty-one miles iu a day. The French carriers in Normandy will convey in two- wheeled carts drawn by four horses, four tons of goods a distance of ftom fourteen to twenty-two miles in a day. A cart- load of grain is five quarters, or forty bushels. See Load. Cabtoccio, a Koman liquid measure, rang- ing from a pint to a quarter of a pint, ac- cording to locality, aud the fluid measuroi' as oil, wine, r grain. Cascalho, a nauii, iii Brnzil for the sediment or deposit after the first washing of the sand, ifec, for gold. CAscAiiiLLA, an aromatic bark, ihe produce of Croton Ciiscarilhi and eleuteria of the Bahamas and otlier islands of the West Indies. Casco (Spanish), the hull of a ship. Case, a box of any kliui, the outside of a watch; a prlnter''s box with partitions for letters or type; priiUers' cases generaUy go in pairs on the top of a frame, or case rack ; a cover for the cushions of chairs and sofas. Case-brandt. brandy of a superior kind sold in case bettles. Caskd-goods, in the glass trade articles fn which coloured metid has been added to flint glass. CA.SED-S.VSH-FRAME, a leaded window, open- ing sideways. Case-haudening, the process of convertlni? the surface of iron into steel, by heating it with cliarcoal for a short time. Iron may be hardened by the fi.inic of gas, by im- mersing it in oil, or in boiling water. Metals are also hardened by exposing them wrapped in a cement or co'mposition pasto in a forge to a red heat. Casein, the curd or coagulable portion of milk; a proximate principle of vegetables. Case - MAJCER, a carpenter who makes wooden packing cases (or shipping goods. Casement, a moveable window turning and openin^ on hinges. Case-rack, a printer's fVame for placing the wooden cases of type on. Case-shot, pieces of iron, musket balls, or other projectiles enclosed in a case for fir- ing from a cannon. Caseum, tlie purified curd of cheese. Cash, the general name for coin and hank notes, sometimes applioci to cheques, bills, bonds, and other property easily converti- ble into money. The only coin of the Chinese is the cash, also called le; which is nominally divided into ten haous. These cash are made of a very base alloy of copper, are round, about the size of an English farthing, and have a square hole in the middle, by which a hundred or more are usually strung together. On one side are Chinese characters, denoting the reign under which they were cast; and on the other side, in those of the present dynastv, are either Chinese or Mantchou characters, CAS [74] CAS designating tlie place of coinage. Under precedlngdlynasties, two, five, and ten casli pieces were in use, as well as other coins of various deseriiitions; but tlie single cjisli is ttie only coin now current ttirougii- out the Empire. It is cast also in Japan, Corea, and Cochin Cliina; and is clandes- tinely imported irom the last-named place to a large amount. In Madras, 80 casli lormerly made one f.iiiam, worth about twopence. Cashaw-tkee, a West India tree, the Pro- sopis juliflora. CiVSH-BooK, the book in which a trader enters his receipts and puynKMits. Cash-box, a metal or wooden case for keep- ing money in. CASH-CKEDiT,theprivile'-'oofdrnwlngmoney from a bank, obtained by p>;rsonal or de- posited security. Cashew Nut, a nut attached to the fruit of Anacardium occider.tale, the sweetkornels of which are used as an edil^le Irnit. An oil is obtained from the Inner shell, and the bark oi the tree has been used tor tanning. Cashieu, Cash-keeper, an officer in any establishment who has tlie charge of moneys received, and dispenses pay- ments, Ac. (lAaHJiERE, a stuff made of goats' hair, also a fancy woollen fabric. Cashmeue Shawl.*, a fine and costly kind of shawl made in tlie East of goats' hair, of which tliere are three kinds, the bor- der shawl; the rizayee, or shawl of the finest texture; and the ordinary cashmere Bliawl. Some of these are valued at £100 and upwards, according to tlie delicacy of tlie workmanship, and beauty of the pat- tern. Oash-tarer, the receiver of money at a place of aujusement, or public resort, slio]), ls. Catechu, un inspi, ■ •• 1 extract from the wood, lyc., ol sevc Indian trees, chiefly the Areca palm and the Acacia catichu, used in medicine a:' ai astringent, and by dyers as a source of tannic acid. See Cutch and (iAMuir.R. Catena, an Italian measure of length, from 14 to2()yr^^,'(. Caterer, <- u .vho has to purchase, provide, or purviy for others ; the manager of a mess ; the word catos 'lignKyhig niceties or choice articles of ludd. Cat-fall, a pulley for iioisting the aue'Uvu of a ship to the cat-head. Catgut, tim name applied to strings made • from the peritoneal coveiiiigs of the intes- tines of the slieep. The greatest care is necessary to prepare these strings for tlie violin, tlie harp, and similar instruments, to secure the strength necessary for tlie great tension required for the high notes. Tlie best strings aro made in N,;,.ies, be- cause the Italian sheep, from tlieir lean- ness, afl'ord the best raw material, for It is a well-ascertained fact, that the mem- branes of lean animals are much tougher than those of animals in high condition. Cathartic Medicines, those which have purgative properties. CAT [76] CAU IS i J (i i Cathakine -WHEEL, a pyrotechnic which revolves nnd throws out radiations as it turns. Also tlie circular compartment of a Gothic window witli radiating divisions or spokes. Cat-head, a minor's name for a small cap- stan; a projecting timber or beam on each side of a ship's bow, to which a pulley is attached, to assist in heavins up the anchor, and securing it to the side. Cathedr^vl Glass, stained or painted glass for churcli windows sold eltlier in sheets or small squares. Catheter, ", surjiicnl instrument for reliev- ing obstructions in tlie bladder, made of various materials. Catjano, the Malabar name for Cajamis Jlavus, a leguminous plant, the seed of which Is much eaten by the poorer classes, and esteemed a wliolesome pulse. Catlings, a commercial name for the dried twisted intestines of animals, used for the strings of harps, fiddles, and other musical instruments. InUiiin and Persian cat- lings are sold by the lOoO strings. See Catgitt. Cat MINT, the Nepeta cataria, which has some stimulating qualities, and is a re- markable feline ajjlirodisiac. Cato, a name for baskets in some of the Pacific islands, which are very neatly and elegan.tly made trom coir and other palm flb.cs, and grasses. Cat-o'-nin'e-T/UIS, a whip for corporeal pun- ishment with nine lashes. Gatopter, CATopritoN, a mirror, a reflect- ing optical glass. Cat-ropes, tlie pulleys emploj-od in hoist- ing a ship's anchor over the bows by the cat-heads. Cat-salt, a granulated coarse salt formed IVom the bittern or leach brine, used in the manufacture of hard soup. Cat-skins, the slcins of wild or domestic cats, bought by Curriers and others. Wild cats with a long and valuable fui abound In the forests of Hungary and arj^not un- conmion in Wales and Scotland. Cat's-eye, a variety of opal' or fibrous quartz, enclosing asbestos. The linest Kiiuls are obtained in Ceylon. Cats-paw, a kind of hitch made by sailors in a rope. Catsup, Ketchitp, a seasoning or sauce for meat, made of mushrooms, tomntoes, wal- nuts, or otiior vegetabi'- substances. Cattemundoo. Callemundoo, an elastic gum'or hydro-carbon, obtained in India from 'he Jiuphorbia antiquoruni, and other species. Catties, a name given in Ceylon to bill- hooks for cutting down underwood. Cattle, a collective name for all (juadru- peds used by man for food, or tor tilling the ground; they «re divided into two principal classes, Jarge or black cattle, which comprisGs horses and tlie bovine tribe; and small cattle which, includes Bheep and gouts, &c. In America the term does not include horses. Cattle-dealer, a grazier, one v/ho buys and sells the live stock reared ou a form. Catti.e-mahket, the place of resort for graziers and dealers, where cattle are bought and sold. Cattle-medicines, strong drastic medicines used by veterinary surgeons, and owners of live stock. Cattle-penn, an enclosure for folding cattlo for the night. Cattle-run, an extent of grazing ground in the colonies. Cattle-shed, a place for housing cattle. Cattle-show, an assemblage of domestic animals, held perlcdically to compete for superior breeds and conditions. CATTLErTRAiN, a stt Of railway trucks con- veying cattlo to market. Cattle-tauck, an open car or partially closed carriage for conveying live stock on a railway. Cattle weightng-machine, aweigh-bridge on which cattlo and sheep are placed to be weighed. Catty, an Eastern weight, the hundredth part of the pliul, and equal to IJ lb. avoir- dupois; 84 caitics being about 1 cwt. Tho Chinese catty weighs 22J Hn.inish dollars, the IMalayan catty 24 dollars or rather more than 2 lbs. Tlie catty of silk in tho East is equal to about 2§ lbs. The catty is sometimes called a kin. Caudle, gruel ; a mixture of wine and other ingrtdlents as a drink. Cauf, a periorated cliest to keep flsh in un- der water. Cauk, a mining name for sulphate of barytes; a weight and measure In .Sumatra, the fifth part of the bamboo, which is 3 lbs. 10 oz. Caul, a net for the hair worn by ladles ; a cabinet maker's term for a piece of solid •\"ood, shaped and smoothed to fasten veneers on. Cauliflower, a well-known esculent or potlierb, the Brassica oleracea boirytis, a variety ot the common cabbage. CALT.KER. See Ship-caulker. Caulking, Cocking, the process of flllin? the seams between the jilanks of a ship's deck or sides with oakum, and which is afterwards covered with pitch to keep out water. CAtn-KiNG-rRON, a kind of cold chisel used by the caulker. Caui.kinq-mallet, a mall(^ used by the caulker tor driving in tin iron to force the oakum between the seams. Caunter-lode, in mining, a lode which in- clines at a considerable anyle to the other contiguous veins. f'AUSALTT, a mining name for light par- ticles of ore carried away in the process of washing. Causeway, •"■. raised footpath or artificial enilmnkment in low land. Caustic, a cor 'oiling substance. Lunar caustic is a nitrati> of silver. Caustic Bari.kt, a name lor the s«»d« of the Veratrum album, la8ters. Cekdunea ([ttillun), sour or vapid wine. C'EucaiAio (Italian), a cooper, one who hoops casks. Cereal, pertaining to edible grain; tho grasses which produce bread -corn and are the object ot a continuous culture fjf food, as wheat, rye, liarley, maize, oats, rice, and millet, are called cereals. CEKiNE, the chief constituent of wax; bees' Wax containing nearly eighty per cent, of eerine. Ceroon, the American mode of spelling serooii, abate or package niiide of skins. Ceroxyline, the resin ot palm-wax. Certificate, a testimony given in writing; a paper granting some particular privilege. A bankrupt's certlticate is the legal docu- ment issued by the Commissioner of the Bankruptcy Court, certilving that he has Burreiulered his estate, passed the exaini- iiatlons and forms required, and, beiin; released from lila pecuniary obligations, Is permitted to recoimnrnce his tradimi operations. A certliicntc of origin is a Custom -House document, testifying to particular articles beiug the growtli ol a Hritlsli colony. Ckktificated Bankrupt, one who Is freed from his liabilities, and holds a ctrtificato from the Bankruptcy c'nurt, in contr.i^ distinction to an uncertificated bankrupt, who has no right to trade. Cerulecm, a blue Uoniun pigment, a sili- cate of copper. Cerlse, a name given to white-lead paint, a preparation from thin jjlatLS of lead ex- posed to the hot vaporous exhalations of vinegar or other acid. Oekussite, a valuat)lc ore of lead. Ceuvesa, the Spanish naino for beer or ale. Cess, a rate or tax. CE.S.SIO BoNORi'M, a process in Scotland similar to assignment of the property ot a debtor lor the benefit of Ills creditors, in Hngland. Cession, a voluntary assignment or surren- der of a person's effects or estate to his creditors, to avoid iinnrisonmoiit. Cessionnaibe (French), an assignee or re ceiver. Cess-pool, a cavity or receptacle for drain- age ; the name is, howevt r, often applied to the grating wlilch covers the cavity. Cesta (Spanish and Italian), a basket or pannier, ceston being one of large diiiieu- slons. Cestaio (Italian), a basket-maker. Cetweut. Cetvert. See Tcui-.tweut. Cevadilla. See Cebadili.a. Crvadine, a name for hordeine, tho starcFi of barley, llordeuin distichon. Ceventeria, a name in Tuscany for rouge, or paint for the face. Cevlon Moss, a small and delicate fticns, believed to be the Gracelaria lichenoidex, obtained in the salt lakes, on the coasts of Ceylon; which contains a large pro- purtioii of true starch, and is used for JeUlea. cnA [80] CHA Ceti.on Stone, a Rencral namo given to many fine mincrnls and Jewels obtained In tlio Island of Ceylon ; siieclally apnlled, however, to a spocK^s of black splnelle. CiiA, a kind of tea rolled up like tobacco, which goes to the interior of Asia. Chauba, an old Arabian weight, nearly equal to one Ensiisli urain. [griiin. Chahena, Chabini (Hindustani), parciied Chaiilis, a kind of French wldte wine. CiiABOOK. an Indian name for a wlilp. CHABUTARAii, (.'HunooTiniA (Hindustani), a market-place, custom-iiouse, or police- station in India. Chacoau, a iieriod of rest for refVeslunent, accorded tln-ee times .a day to miners and otJier labourers in South America. Chaco. an unctuous earth of La I'uz, South America, widch is made into little pats, and eaten with chocolate. Chacoe, Shaco, a military cap or helmet. Chad, a name for the young of tlie sea bream. Parous centrodontus. Chadam, an Imaginury money of account In some parts of Asia, equal to one paysn. of the value of twenty-five cowries, niui worth about half a farthhig In EhkIIsIi moncv. [or cloth. Chauak, Chuduk (Hindustani), a sheet Chafe, to rub or damage the surlucc of imy thing. Chaff, the perlcnni or dry calyx of grain removed by thrashing and winnowing, which has many medicinal and economi- cal uses. It is occasionally mixed with nioitar, and employed as a substitute for hair in raakinu plaster for rooms, and sometimes used for stuffing beds. Chaff - cuTiEK, Chaif- engine, a straw- cutter or chopping machine, with knives for dividing straw into small length's, or " chair" as it is termed, lor feeding cattle. Chafff.r, a small portable furnace. Chaffeuer, one who bargains lor wares. Chaffekv, that part of a foundry where the forges are placed for hammering iron into bars. Chafing-dish, a vessel for holding charcoal or coals to give heut. Chagbeen, Shagreen, a rough tuhcrculated leather ; also tlie prepared skin of the dog- fish. Chahae (Mahrattn), an Indian superficial measure for land, ranging from 120 to 150 biggahs. Chahi, a money of Georgia and Persia, the fourth part of an abassi, and the half of an uzaltum. Chahora (Hindustani), a fine variety of transplanted rice in India. Chahotua, Chahutra (Mahratta), interest taken at four per cent, per montli. Chain, a line of connected links oi any kind ; a British lineal measure used in survey- ing or plotting, made of links of iron wire udted tosetiier. The surveyor's chain ontains -12 yards or 79ii inclies, which. Deing divided into 100 links, gives 7-92 Inches for each link. The square chain is the tentli oi an acre, or 484 square yards. The cliaiu as a land measure in Tinnevallev, and some other parts of In- dia, U equal to 3 7>lltU acres, lu Franco, nelgium, and Holland, the chain repre- sents the double decameH-c, equal to 65(U leet, nearly the same as the liritlsh. Chaina, Ciiena (HinduiJtanI), an inferior kind of grain or millet. Pamntm piJoimm. Chain-boat, a substantial boat used In har- bours, lor getting up mooring chains or anchors. Chain- BOLTS, the large bolts used to secure to the ship's side the links, or dead-e^ es, through which the standing rigging la' rove, Chain-bridgb, a suspension- bridge. Chain-^cable, a mooring or anchoring cable made of stout iron rings. Chain-cable Manufacturer, a maker of Iron cables for ships and other purposes. Chain-plates, strong thick plates of iron used in inerciiant vessels, bolted to the ship's side, instead of chains to the dead- eyes, for holding the blocks by which the rigging of the mast is secured. They take then- name fVoin the mast, and are hence called fore-chains, main-chains, ormizen- chains. I Chain-pump, an hydraulic machine for rais- ing water, employed in ships, and for draining land. Chain -SHOT, large Iron balls or bullets chained togethtr, used in sea-battles to destroy the spurs, rigging, jr; also an abbreviated mode of desit^r.dting an exchange or place where irorchants and men of business assemble. '^HANKARi, an Indian grain measure, the fourth of a Chauthla; about half a pound. Chanks, the Indian namefor the large wlilto massive shells of Turbinella pyrum, which, are much prized and extensively used in In- dia for the manufacture of bangles or shell- bracelets and anklets, &c Chanks cut In segments of circles form ornaments ftr ibe lore arms aud wrists of womeo. The chief s :j.piy of these shells is fVom Ceylon, and when the volutes turn to the rlL^lit the shell Is lield In peculiar estima- tion, and fetches a very hit.'li price. When the end is cut oil' the shell is used as a kind of Boiniiiing-horn, both In tiie Kust and the West liulles; "Shell blow," at the suMur plantation being the time fur drawing oil from lnhour, or for adjourn- ing to meals. «V('C ( '< INCH. Channels, Chainwales, strong projoctlnjj planks at the sides of a ship, over whieli the shrondsaro spread, to obtain a greater angle. ISfie Chains. CiLiNNEL-PiLOT, a Skilled ofllccr who takes charge of the navigation of ships in the Eni^'iish Olumnel. CiiANNEL-sTEAMEB, a stfiamor emp'oyed lu runidng across the cliannels urujid the British Islands. CnANTA (Malabar), a fair or mark->t Chanteur (French), a male singer; chan- teuse being a l'em:de vocalist. Chantekklle (Fnncli), the ChantareUus cibariuj, one of our bi st eatable nmsh- room.s. Chantieu (French), a timber yard or naval dockyrd. Chantilly Lace, a fine and rich French hand-made lace, which from its price can only be obtaim >1 by the wealthy. Chanvre (French), hemp. [millet. CuANWAN (Hindustani), a small sort ot Chap, the upper and lower pan of the mouth In animals, the jaw; hence pigs' cheeks smoked and dried are vended as Bath chai)s. Chapata (Hindustani), a thin unleavened cake of flour aud water, toasted or baked over a flro. Chape, tlie back inoce or catch by which a buckle is attache to the article or garment; a thin plate at the point of a scabbard. Chapeau (French), a bonnet or hat; in maritime (:> >mmerce a primage. Chai'Elier (I rench), a hatter. Chapel-master, a diri'Ctor ot music Chapel-w.uiden, the warden of a chapelry. Chaplain, un honorary or paid otliciating clergyman, having no see or incumbency ; thus tliere are chaplains to regiments, to hospitals, to ships, to masonic lodges, to Lord iMayors, and to British chapels in foreign countries. [column. Chapiter, In archlteotpre, the capital of a CuAFLET, a pair of stirrup leathers ; a little moulding. Chapalui, a pedlar or Itinerant ilealer. CiiAPPRAssER, an Indian messenger. Chapka (Hindustani), dried cakes of cow- dung used as fuel. Charactogbaph, a philosophical instru- ment, [minous fueL CHAitBON (French), coal, charcoal, bltu- Charbonnier (French), a collier; a coal- man, one who supplies or deals in fuel Charcoal, Animal, a fonii ot carbon ob- tained by burning bone or the chipplngs ot hides, leather, , over whieli btula u {,'reuter ccr who takes t' uhlpd la the r emp'oj-ed la ils uru.iid the narlct Hinder; chan- CHB [84] CHE Chattt, a potous earthen water-pot osed in India. Chatwood, small sticks collected fbr fliel. Chaupronniek (Frencb), a French copper- smlto. Cbaule, the Hindustani name for the Dolichot tinentii, a species of pulse largely cultivated; also the ceremony of tonsure. Cbauli, Chawali, a small silver coin In the Mahratta country, worth about,two annas, or threepence. Chauthia, a common grain measure In the north-west provinces of India, about equal to a seer, or 2 lbs.; five chauthias make a pansiri. [nearly 11 f^et Chaverkalc, a Telugrn measure of 7} cubits, Chawar, a Mahratta land measure, consist- ing of 120 square blggahs. Chawke, Chowkb (Hindustani), an open square or market-pUice in an eastern city. Chawl, a weight for precious metals in Mai wa, about the fourth of a grain. Also a vernacular name in India for rice. Chav, a red dye-stuff obtained In India from the root ot Hedyotis umheUata, and used by dyers for the same purposes as madder. Cheap-jack, the common name for a tra- velling hawker or a stationary vender of refuse or cheap articles. Gbeat, any thing false or deflraudlng ; also a kind of fine bread. Chebacco, a small boat In Massachusetts. Chebec, a kind of naval craft. Check, an order tor payment on demand. See Cheque. Check-book, Cheque-book, a printed book of blank forms, for writing orders or drafts on a b.anker, for money lodged to his credit by the drawer. Check-cleuk, an officer employed to exa- mine and scrutinize the work, time of labour, or the accounts of others. Checker-work, any kind of work in which crossed or angular patterns occur. Checkbuh, an Indian money equal to 1} rupee, or 39. sterling. Checks, a kind of Venetian blind used as screens or sun shades in India. They are formed of very narrow strips or laths of bamboo, four to six feet long, and are hung before the windows or doors of dwellings. Cords and fancy checks are cambric muslins with strl])i's and cords placed chequerwise, by tliick threads be- ing introduced Into the w.arp or weft. A trousers material, a cross-barred fabric, chiefly black and white worsted and cotton, but some is made all of cotton ; pieces of wood which correspond to each other in machines, &c., or which enclose other parts. Check -SHnrrs, cross-barred shirts of various colours, much used by siamen. Check-string, a cord loading to the inside of a carriage, to enable tlie occupant to signalize to the coaclmian. Check-takkk, a person employed to receive pass-ticlsets, &c., at places of transit or amusement. Cbedah, the fourth of a pice, a nominal subdivision of u petty coin in Malwa. Cbxdsar, a rich fatty cheese, of a spongy appearance, made ftom new milk, ot a very nutritious quality. Cbbesk, a commercial. product from milk, of which there are many kinds made for home use and export; we also receive large quantities from America and the Continent : those made In England taking their name flrom counties, i&c., are Che- shire, a large rich solid cheese ; Derby- shire, a small, rich, white variety ; Glou- cester, rich and mild, of two kinds, single and double; Lincolnshire, a small and soft cheese made of new milk and cream ; Korfolk, a dark yellow coloured; Suffolk, a Bklm-mllk cheese; and Cottenham, a broad-shaped and superior flavoured Stil- ton. Other prime home-made cheeses, are Cheddar, Wensleydale, cream pine, and loaf cheese. The esteemed foreign cheeses are Parmesan, Oruyere, Sa. Other kinds of cheese will be found men- tioned in their alphabetical order. Cheese-cake, a sweet custard cake made of grated cheese, flour, sugar, &c. Cheese-coloubinq. See Annotta. Cbeese-dairt, a cool room where cheese is made. Cheese-factor, Cheese-monoer, a dealer In cheese, a provision-merchant. Cheese-knife, a wooden spatula made use of In dairies to break down the curd whilst in thech^asetub. Cheese-lep, a bag in which rennet is kept for making cheese. [cheese. Cheese-maker, one employed in making Cheesb-pbess, a screw press employed in checse-ditlrles to force the whey f^om the curd in the cheese-vat. Cheese-rennet, a wild flower, the yellow bedstraw, Oalium veintm, sometimes used for curdling milk to make cheese. Cheese-scoop, Cheese-taster, an auger instniment for borlnc and tasting cheese. Cheese-taster Manufacturer, a maker of metal scoops or augers for boring cheese, in order to tost the quality. Cheese-toaster, an Instrument hung at the bars of a g.ate to toast cheese. Cheese-vat, the case in which the curd is placed to be pressed in cheese making. ('heh, the tenth part of the Chinese taeL Chei. a land measure used in rice culture in Mysore equal to 1'322 acre. Cheki, a jeweller's weiglit in Persia of 7200 grains. Chiucmak, a fabric of silk and gold thread, mixed with cotton, made in Turkey. Cheixaun (Hindustani), a way-hill for checking the time on a .journey between the different rests or stapes. [powder. OuKMic, a commercial ni'.me for bleaching Chemical-balance, a vcr.v accurate balance fur assays, and other mo: operations. CnEMicAL-coLOtii-MAMT. nuEKR, a luakcr of artificially compounded pigments. CHEMiCAL-issTEUMKNT-MAKr.n, a manufac- turer ol apparatus tor cliomlsts, and also occasionally of niathematkal and jihiloso. phical instrunients. Chemical-paper, paper prepared for chemi- cal oiierations, as flltcring paper, paper lor photographs, &c. le, of a spongy lew milk, of a act from milk, tilnds made for '6 also receive lerica and tbe BnRland taking , &c, are Che- sheese; Derby- variety; Olou- vo kinds, single I, a small and lilkand cream; cured; SaflTolk, I Cottenham, a • flavoured 8til- made checfics, te, cream pine, teemed foreign Gruyere, £c. I be found men- 1 order. rd cake made of , &e. KOTTA. 1 where cheese KOER, a dealer chant. atula made use the curd vrhllst I rennet is kept [cheese. yed in making ss employed in whey from the jrer, the yellow sometimes used 3 cheese. TER, an anger tasting cheese. [JREB, a maker era for boring 5 qunllty. imeiit hung at : cheese, lich the curd is ■ese making. Chinese taeL in rice culture ;re. II Tersla of 7200 tid Rold thread, ill Turkey, n way-1)ill for luniey between s. [powder, e for bloflcliiiig ccuratobMlaiice operations. TUKKR, a iimkcr pijjiiieiits. r.n, a maiiufac- iiiists, and also cal unci pliiioso- inrodforcliemi- [>apcr, paper lor CHE [85] CHE CHKMicAia, substances used in chemistry. CHKMICAI/-STOFPKRER, a manoiistctarer of stoppers for glass bottles. Chemise, a French name for the lining of a furnace ; a female inner garment Chemisetib, a lady's lace or net stomacher. Chemist, a scientiflc manufacturer of sub- stances used in chemistry: also a drug- seller. Sometimes the business of opera- tive and retail chemist is combined. Cbemistbt, tiie study of the various ele- mentary bodies of nature; their affinity, properties, laws and combinations and their useful applications to the arts and manufactures. Chemist's-labobatort, the place where the manipulations and analytical operations of a manufucturlngclicmist are carried on. Cbemist's-suop, a sliop where chemicals and pharmaceutical preparations are re- tailed. CHEMirTFT, a mode of printing from metal plates with ordinary presses, which is In- tended as a substitute for wood-catting. The process enables casts in relief to be taken from an engraving. Cheuke, a name given to the razor caip (Cyprtnus cultratus), the young of which are dried and consumed in the Black Sea. See Carp. Cbemmari. See Chahab. Chena, a name in India fbr millet [Pani- cum miliaceum) ; also ground covered with underwood ; a bushy thorny Jungle of low growth. Chendi, an Eastern name fbr the fermented juice of tbe date palm. Chene (French), an oak. Cbenevis, a name for hemp seed in France. Cbenica, a small dry measure of Perala, the half of a capicha. Cheniixb, a loose silk trimming. Chenna, corrupted from Chana (Hindus- tani), a kind of pulse (Cicer artetmum), commonly known as gram; when parched and mixed with lime Juice and pepper chenna forms an esteemed condiment amongtheHindoos. Chenvukotti, from Chenva, copper: the Malabar name for a coppersmith or brazier. [14 inches. Chech, a long measure in Sumatra, about Cheque, a written order for payment to bearer of a speciflcd sum of money on some bank or individual, by a depositor or person having the necessary fhnds or cre- dit Sometimes the cheque is " crossed," that is, made payable only through a banking Arm, Instead of on demand by presentation at the counter. Cheques, a weight in Turkey; that for precious metals contains 100 drachms, and Is equal to 4950 troy grains; that for opium 250 drachms, or l^lb; and the heavy chequee for wool, Ac, 800 drachms, about 6 l-6th lbs. In Smyrna 22} chcquees make I cantaro. Chequers, the armorial coat of the Earls of Warren and Surrey ; from being used on their hostels or inns it was afterwards adopted as a sign fbr public bouses; chequers are also uniformly-shaped stones In the laces of walla, CmnumixA, a Temacular Indian name fl>r the subacid fruit of the Cicca diitidia, nnl- versally used as an article of food, raw or cooked, or In pickles or preserves. Chskano, a lac varnish used in Cambodia for lackering cabinets, cases, &c. Cherassi, a gold coin of diflTerent valnea struck fbr distribution on coronations in Persia. Some have been fbr 4s., some for 12s., some for 30s. Chebikota, an esteemed fVuit of Pern and New Granada, tbe produce of Atwna Cherimolia, Chebhes (Italian), cochineal. See Keviom. Cheroot, a rough and loosely made cigar, the best kind come from Manila. Cherrat, a commercial weight of Persia, 78-85 of which are equal to lOOibs. avoir- dupois, or 88-31 to tbe English cwt Cherries, the well-known fruit of the Prunua cerasiu, of which there are now several hundred varieties. The wood of the cherry-tree is worked up into common chairs and other articles, being stained to imitate mahogany, and is also used for musical instruments. Cbbbbt-brandt, a sweetened or cordial spirit in which cherries are steeped. Gherbt-coffee, the planters' name for the fruit of the coffee as picked from the tree, before it has undergone the operations of l)ulping, drying, &c, to prepare the berry for shipment Cherrt-wike, a sweet wine made from cherries. The liqueur called maraschino made in Italy and Dalmatia is prepared from a variety of cherry. The kernel of the cherry Is also much used for com- municating its peculiar flavour to brandy and cordials. Chebt-stone, a mineral sometimes called hornstone, quarried in Derbyshire and Cornwall for making the stones of pottery mills to pulverize flints. The North American Indians formerly used cliert or hornstone for the heads of their spean and ai-rows. Chertwebt, the principal com mcasme of Russia equal nearly to 51 bushels. Chbrumah, Cheboohe:.. a Blave labourer in Malabar. Cbbbvice, a fine kind of tallow shipped to Constantinople from tbe Black Sea ports, and uHcd tOr culinary purposes. Chebvil, a common potherb with edible ii^ots, the Anthriscus cerefolium, also much used ^ a salad on the Conti- nent Cheshibe-acre. a linear measure of 28 yards, as used in some parts of the coun- try ; but in Bamsloy it is used as a super- ficial measure of 10,240 square yards. Cheshire-cheese, a large-sized rich cheese, weigiiing from 100 to 200 lbs. Chess-boabd, a board with sixtv-fonr chequers or squares of alternate light and dark colours, for playing the game of chess on. Chessel, the perforated wooden mould or vat in which cheese is pressed. Chess-men, sets of turned pieces or carved figures, with which the game of chess Is puyed. CHH [86] CHI Cbew-tablk, a small pedestal table with inlaid squares on the top for playing the game of chess on. Chbss-trees, pieces of wood bolted to the Bides of a ship to secure the clews of the mainsail. Chbsstlitb, a species of copper ore which is valuable when found in sufilcient quan- tity. Chest, a wooden box or pacltnge of no cer- tain dimensions. The cliust ot opium weighs Hliibs. the tare allowance for lea^" and dust being IJIb. A chest of teu vurics : the chest of Pelcoe contains but seven catties, of souchong and poucIiong26, and ol hyson 60. Tlie chest of sugar from Brazil Is about 1.3 cwt. ; of Indigo from Bengal about 200 lbs. The chest of olive oil contains 60 flasks, or a little over two gallons. CnESTEiiFiELD, a kind of loose coat. Chest-sxpander, an application of fixed or pliable materials for keeping back the shoulders. Chestnut, the fYnlt or nuts of the Castanea vesca. In some countries chestnuts con- stitute a considerable part of the general food of the inhabitants. From the horse chestnut excellent flour, starch and ver- micelli havebeen made : the wood Is cheap, strong, and durable, and lias a very hand- some natural colour and grain which is greatly iielglitened by varnishing. Chest of Deaweks, a set of drawers for keeping clothes or other articles in, made of mahogany, deal, or other wood. Chest-protectok, a liare skin or any cover- ing for the chest worn by persons sufi'er- ing from pulmonary complaints. Chest-upon-chest, a double set of drawers that divides in the middle for the con- venience of moving or travelling. Chetterkaran, the Malabar name for a grass cutter and a drawer of Tari, or the juice of the coco-nut palm. Cheval-glass, a lady's dressing room look- ing-glass, la which the full length figure may be seen. Chevalier Barlet, an esteemed kind of malting barley, named after the gentlk^- man who first brought it into notice. Cbeveril, leather prepared fVom kid skin. Cheville (French), the peg of a violin, tenor, &c Chevrette, an engine for raising pieces of artillery into their carriages. Chevron (French), a ralter; a Gotlilc architectural ornament, sometimes called a zig-zag. - Chew-stick, the branches and twigs of the Oottania Domingensis, which are used In the West Indies for cleaning the teeth, and also powdered as a dentifrice. Chewing-ball, a medlchial bolua for a horse. Chhakra (Hindustani), a cart. Chhala (Itengalee), a pair of sacks or pan- niers slung across the buck of a bullocic. Chbap, . Chop (lilndustani), an otliclal mark on weights and measures, to indi- cate their accuracy; an eastern Custom- bouse stamp or seal on goods that have beea examined and bare paid duty. Chian Turpentine, a reslnons Jnlce ob« talned in small quantities from the Pii- tacia Terebinthus, used medicinally, and employed In the East as a masticatory to sweeten the breath and preserve the teeth. CHL4TTA (Italian), a kind of flat-bottomed boat Chibouk, a Turkish pipe, asually with an ebony or cherry-wood stem, and an amber mouth-piece, the bowl being of baked clay. Cbica, a fermented intoxicating beverage made in South America, usually ftom maize steeped in warm water; that most prized is, however, first chewed and ilien moshed in hot water; sometimes it is made from other vegetable sat>- stances. Chick, a name for the inspissated Juice of tlie poppy, three pounds of which will make one of opium.. Chicken, Chickling, a young fbwl. Chicken-weed, a name undier which the dyeing lichen, Rocella/uciformis, has been Imported into Liverpool from Lisbon. Chickling Vetch, the Lathynu lativtts, used in Germany as fool Chick-pea, a lesur.iinous plant, the Cicer arietinum, which is a common crop in In- dia, where It Is known as gram. It Is also cultivated in the South of Europe. In some places it is roasted as a substitute for coffee. Chicory, the powdered root of Cichorium intybtts, used either alone or with coffee as an infused beverage. Chicory is largely imported from the Continent and the Channel islands, and is also exten- sively grown at home. Chicort-cutter, a machine for slicing and preparing chicory roots previous to drying, : from the PU- edtcinfllly, and masticatory to preBerre the f flat-bottomed saally with an item, and an bowl being of ating beyerai;e , uaually ft-om ter; that most chewed and er; sometimes vegetable sub- iasated Jnlce of of which will ig fowl. der which the 'ormis, has been om Lisbon. (hyrtu tativtu, ilant, the Cicer lion crop In In- gram. It is also of Europe. In as a substitute it of Cichorium or with coffee Chicory is Continent and is also exten- for slicing and )ta previous to ding. certain superior Hudson's Bay l.mericau terrl- Uector of rags, of drawers, a in? at the en- they are soihe- lame for em- r flowers on wrder composed )gon, benzoin, ents. ne for the seeds trdiana, which irtlcies of sal}- ^unawur. a imbricata, a ilenotonlyfbr e seeds in the le natives with food; thefi-uit It to support )r plain boiled CHI [87] CHI r\ I CHnxiES, a name given to the small pun- gent podsor fVult of the Capsicum annuum, whicn, when pounded and ground, form Cayenne pepper. Qnvjo, a name In the Ionian Islands for the Imneria* bushel, eight gallons. Chimes, the ends of the staves of a casl?, which come out beyond the head; the ringing of church bells. Chihnet, a tube or fUnnel to a stove, a pas- sage or aperture in the wall of a dwelling- house or building, ieailing flrom the fire- place to the top of the house, or some outer wall to carry off the smoke. In factories and- machine-shops, ing chisels, blunt chisels, beat mortice chisels, sash chisels, mortlco-lock chisels, socket chisels, Ac; cold chisels are stouter tools of steel, for cutting iron, &c. Chiselled-wobk, wood orstonesbaped with the chisel; sculptured work. Chisellino, the process of shaping a block of stone by a sculptor or stone-worker; a slang name for cheating. Chit, an abbreviation for the Hindoo term chitthi, a note or letter. Chuak, CHrrrACK, the lowest denomlna- tlon of the gross Indian weights ; the 16th part of the seer, and equal to 1 oz., 17 owts., and 12 grains troy ; a land measure of 45 square feet, the 16th of the cottah : the fifth part of the koonkee, a small grain measure weighing about 2 oz. Chitabah, a cotton and silk stuff made in Turkey. Cbite, a kind of Spanish cotton stuff. CmTTAOONG Wood, a common commercial name for several woods of Southern India, the most valuable Is the Cedrelatoona; another is the Chickrassa tabularis. Chittahoottaloo, an Indian name for a species of seed pearled rice. CBiTTERi.mGs, Chitlings, parts of the smal- ler intestines of some animals, cleansed and prepared for food. Chittbi, Chittie, ordinarily abbreviated to chit, a common Indian name for a bill, bond, draft, or oruer tor payment, note, &c CarvES, an alliaceous plant, AUtum Schce- noprasum, the leaves and young tops of which are used as a pot-herb. Chivcka, the Telugu name for an Indian coin worth about 6d. ; the quarter of a rupee. Cbloratb of Potash, a combination of chloric acid with potass. It forms an in- gredient of the composition for tipping lucifer matches, is used for bleaching fats and oils, and has lately been iiikroduced Into medicine as a tonic and valuable remedy for nervous complaints. Cbloridb of Lime, the dieinlcal name of the bleaching powder of commerce, which Is now manufactured on a verv extensive scale. It is an eflicient disinfectant in a high degree, and is therefore much used to destroy fetid odours and poisonous qualities. Chix>riu£trt, the process of ascertaining the proportion of chlorine in bleaching powder. XiBLOHiTE, a dark-green compact mineral, which is soft and easily worked. By the | moderate action of fire, it becomes very black and quite hard, and then forms the famous pipe stone of the Indiana of New Brunswick. Cblobofork, a valuable aniesthetlc agent, and therefore largely prepared^ a com- mercial product Chloboheter, an Instrument fbr determin- ing the relative decolouring value of sam- ples of bleaching powder. Choaoant, Chobadamt, an Kastem mea- sure fbr oil in Malabar, equal to 3f gallons. In Travancore, 30 choradanies maJie one candy of 8 13-64th gallons. Chobdab, in India, a retainer of some con- sequence, the bearer of a chobe, or sliver stick; a superior class of footman, being, as it were, the sliver-stick in waiting. Cho'ca, a mixture of coffee and chocolate. CaooK, Chuck, a piece of wood for stopphig or raising anv thing. Chock and B1.0CK, a nautical and mining term, signifying closely wedged, or tightly filled up. Chock-full, Choke-full, any thing quite fill], and Into which no more can be put Chocolate, pulverized and prepared cacao beans, flavoured with sugar and other ingredients. Chocolate Makes, one who grinds and ftrepares the cacao beans of commerce nto rolls or cakes, termed chocolate. Chocolate Nut, a name given to the beans or seeds of ITieobroma Cacao. See Cocoa- Choir, that part of a church or chupel allot- ted to the choristers; a band of musicians, &C., who sing In a place of worship. Choka, a Hindustani name for rice. Choke, to stifle or stop up. Choke-damp, a miner's name for carbonio acid g^s and other dangerous gases. Chokeedab, an Indian watchman, a col- lector of dues at a Custom House. Choky, Chowkee, an Indian chair or seat; the station of a guard or oflScer appointed to collect customs' dues. Chola (Hindustani), a species of gram, Cicer arietinum; aUio one who cuts sugar canes. Chollu, a name In some of the Indian dia- lects for a kind of grain, Cynosurus eorO' canus. Choluu, the Tamil name for the great millet, Sorghum vulgare. Chooa, a name in Kumaon for Amaranthus /ru7nentacetu, called in Bombay razgeera. See Choua. Cuoochock, a name fbr the candareen in Sooloo, one of the Sunda islands. Choolah, a cooking hearth or fire-place in India. [inch. Croon, a linear measure in Sumatra of ij Choopah, an Eastern measure of capacity, tile fourth of a gantong, and equal to 2| pints. Chop, a slice of meat ; a trade term In China for the entire bulk ot a certain kind of tea brought to market, or the quantity made; usually comprising 600 chests of Coneou, but sometimes reaching iflOO cliests. The East India Company offers a part of its tea in London at a time, and this is called a "break." SetCasur. CHO [89] CHU CHor-Bousi, an eating-hoiue: a plaoe of reAreahnient in towns and cities. Cbopinb, a high iiind of shoe formerly used in Europe) a former Frencli measure of capacity, the lialf of the old pint of Paris. The chopine was also halt of a Scotch pint Chofmess, a kind of shovci or spade. C'HOFPKR, an edge tool or small hatchet for domestic use. Chopfino-bloce, a large solid block of wood, used by butchers and others to chop meat, &c. upon. Choppinq-knife, a knife with a handle at each end, Ibr miudiig meat and chopping suet, &c. CHOPPiNo-uAcniNE, a rotary machine for mincini; sau^^aKe meat Chof-sticks, small pieces of wood used by the Chinese to convey iood to the mouth, in the place of the kuife and fork or spoon of other nations. Chorister, a trained public singer; the member of a vocal or ecclesiastical choir. Cboroguafher, one who lays down maps or plans descriptive of a country. Chokooraphical- APPARATUS, a machine for measuring heights, Invented by Baron Klein. Chorus, a band or company of singers. Cbotana, an uncertain and variable liquid measure in Malabar. Cboda, a vernacular name for Amaranthua oleracetu or frumentaceus, a plant used as a potherb in some parts of India. In Ohurwal, Kumaon, &c., the small grains are also largely used for food. Cboultry, an ornamental stone or other covered building in the East, an inn fbr accommodating travellers. Cboute. a black mail or tribute levied by the Bheels, a predatory race inhabiting the ghauts of peninsular India. The fourth part ot net revenue. Chow, corrupted from Chaver or Chan, the nominal weight by which pearls are valued in India, the 6th part or the grain as a weight for sliver. The chow is nomi- nally divided into 820 fractional parts. The term has also reference to the quality and value of the gem, ascertained by the size, colour, and weight See Kalungeb and Manjadt. Chow-chow, a Chinese word applied to any mixture; but in trade circles usually apphed to mixed pickles. Cbowder, a soup made with flsh ; a term sometimes used to sl^aiify trash or rubbish. Cbowder-beer, an intuslun of black spruce In water sweetened with molasses, used by the fishermen ot Newfoundland as an antiscorbutic. Chowdrt, a former receiver of the land revenues in India, now replaced by the Zemindar. Chowkee, a kind of cane chair made In India of rattans, thb Calamus rotang and arborescens. Cbowkeedar, Choeeedar, a custom-house officer, toll collector, village watchman or policeman in India Chow-patties, baked cakes of unleavened bread made in India of wheat or barley meal, used by the lower classes. Cbowbee, a borse-halr whisk or Indian fly-flapper, tlie handle of which is made ot Ivory, sandal wood or other material. Cbretien, Bon Chretien, a variety of pear. Cbristian d'or, a Danish gold coin worth about 16s. 6d. Cbbisthas-box, a gratuity formerly given to various classes of servants, by trades- men, Ac, but now growing into disuse. Cbbisthas-tbees, small growing firs or arti- ficial trees sold to decorate with bon bona, fancy ornaments, &c., on festive occasions. Cbrouascope, an instrument for exhibit- ing colours. Chrohatife, a process of photography on chemically prepared paper. Chrome, Cbromite, Chuomicm, an impor- tant mineral. Tlie green oxide fumlshea a valuable colour for oil-painting, enamel, and porcelain. Chrome iron ore forms the basis of many of the colouicd pre- parations of chrome used in dyeing, and lor the production of chromate of potash. Chrohe-tellow, the chromate or lead, a rich pigment of various shades from deep orange to the palest caimry-yellow. Chromic-acid, a chemical preparation In the form of an orange red coloured powder much used by bleachers and calico printers. Chroho-utbogbapuy, the art of printing tinted and coloured llthograi)hs. Cbroho-typooraphy, a new i rench process of letter-press printing in colours. Cbromographeh, a maker of clocks worked by electricity. Chronometer, an exact time-keeper, any instrument used for determining the lon- gitude at sea or for other purposes, where great accuracy is required. 1 he construc- tion of these tlme-kecncra for marine use has been carried to a high degree of per- fection in this country and some are made to go without re-winding about a month. Chronometer- MAKER, a maker of very accurate-going watches for scientific pur- poses. Chronometer, Pocket, an expensive kind of watch noted for its precision and superior make. Chronoscope, an instrument for the exact mensuration of time. Cbrysahmic-acid, a newly invented colour- ing matter obtained from aloes, which is also called polychromate. Chrysoberyl, a hard, creen, semi-trans- pai-ent aluminous stone obtained f^om Brazil. Chrysolite, a yellow gem stone obtained in the Levant. Chrysophrase, a highly prized species of chalcedony, ofa semi-opaque green colour, used for jewellery. Chuck, an appendage to n tumor's lathe. Chuckrum, a mono of account in Malabar, 281 going to the rupee of 2s. Chuckundojee, an Indian name for gold embroidery work. Chudder, a wrapper for a female, in India, used to envelop the upper part of the person. It is worn in loose folds and the material may be cither silk, muslin, or cambric, &c CuuKA, the Malay name for vinegar. CHU [90] CIM Cm-iM!f, a name In China fbr the spikes of flowers of Chloranlhiu ineonspicuu3, which are there used to scent tea. Chdmbaleb Oil. an Indian name for the essential oil of Jasmine. CBiTMMr, an associate or companion; popu- lar name for a chimney sweeper. Chomp, a short thick block ot wood, a bony part of the loin in mcnt Chun, Choond (Hindustani), pea-mcal; pulse coarsely gruund. Chunam, an Indian nnme for lime made fVom sea-shells or coral; a small weight for gold in Masulipatam, nearly 6 grains. Chunam-haker, a lime-burner, a cement maker. In India. CHnNDiGAR ((luzarnttee), a bracelet-maker, one wlio makes armlets cf glass or Ivory for married women. Chdndoo, a small dry metisure of Ceylon, about a quarter of a pound; the fourth partofaseor. CHDNOAn, a bamboo liquid mea^^nre used In Commercolly. India, containing about onc-slxth of nn Imperial gallon. Chung, a name In Peru for potatoes frozen and dried. Chdpah, a Malayan grain measure, the fourth part of a guntong, 30 cliupabs make one bushel of rice, equal to 69 lb. See Cotan. Ghdfasst, the Hindustani name for a peon or messenger. Chupatties, small unleavened cakes eaten by the lower classes in India. Chuppa-Khaneh, an Indian name for a printing-office. Churaf, a weight of Central Asia about 2i lbs. CHnRCH-FiTTEK, a tmdcsman who attends to the Interior flttings of places of public worship. Church-plate, the utensils for the admi- nistration of the Eucharist. Church-rate, a tax levied on parishioners for the repairs and maintenance ot the Church. Church Service, a book of common prayer, and daily lessons of the church. CHUECu-WAUDE>f, a parish officer chosen by the vicar or r.ite-pnyers to attend to the disbursements and other affairs connected with a church. Churchyard, the area round a church, in many instances set aside for the burial of tlie dead. Churka, corrupted fV-om the Bongalee cha- raki, a wheel or rotatory machine ; a rude handmill witli rollers for cleaning cotton ll-om the seed in India. Churn, an agitnting Instrument for sepa- rating the butter from milk, of which there are several kinds. Chukn-drill, a large drill several feet long, with a chisel point at each end, used in the minins districts. Chubn-staff, the revolving staff of a barrel or other churn. Chubrang, Cherang, a small earthenware lamp for burnins coconut-oil in India. Churbus, the Indian name for a crude resinous exudation obtained from the In- dian bemp plant, Cannabis Indiea. Cuuspa, a leathern pouch used by the South American Indians to carry their coca- leaves, an important masticatory. CuuTA (Hindustani), a receiver for cane Juice, as it flows f^om the mill, wben ex- preiised from the cane. Chute, a river-full or rapid over whlcb tim- ber Is floated In North America. Chute, Chutul, in s»me of the East Indian dialects a roll of tobacco or cigar. Chutney, Chutnee, a condiment or plcklo made in India, compounded of sweets and acids of which there are several local kinds, as Cashmere chutney, Madras chutney, Bengal chutney, sweet chutney, green mango cimtney, Ac. It Is much eaten in the East with curries, stews, 4cc CiACCo (Italian), a hog. [Italy. Cialdone, thin roiled wafer cakes made in CiBARious, good for food, esculent Cicerchia (Italian), chick-pease. Cider, a wholesome beverage obtained from tlie fermented Juice of apples, and of which tliere are two kinds, sweet cider and rougii cider. Cider-apples, common kinds of orchard api)les srowh for making elder, which are usually distrllmted <>ito three classes, the sweet, the bitter, a:)>' tlie sour. Cider- BRANDY, a beverage made in some of the States of North America. CiDEHKiN, a weak kind of cider. Cider-mill, Cider-pbess, tiie mash press in which tlie heavy squeezing roller tra- verses to express thejulce from the apples. CiDER-viNEOAB, vlncgar mnde in Devon- shire and America from refuse cider. CiE, tlie French abbreviation for Company synonymous with the Englibii Co. CiELiNO, another mode of spelling ceiling, the upper part of a room. CiGAiE, a classification term for prime quality wool in the Dnnubian Provinces, strosse being the second quality. C'lGAB, a quantity of tobacco rolled in a leaf for smoking; the consumption of cigars is very large. CiGAR-Box, a wooden box, usually of cedar, in which cigars are packed. Cigar-case, a pouch or fancy receptacle to hold claars for the pocket. Cigar-divan, a place of public resort for smokins. &c. Cigarettes, fine tobacco rolled in paper for smoking like cigars. Cigar-holder, a mouth-piece or tube for holding cigars ; also a cigar-case. CiGAB-MAKEB, a tobacco merchant, one who makes or employs persons to make cigars. CiGAB MAKING MACHINE, a maciitiie patented by Mr. Adorno for making cigars and cigarettes; of the latter it will make 80 to 100 per minute, and much neater than those made by hand. Cigar-tube, an amber, bone, or other month piece used for smoking cigars. CmATORE (Italian), a cloth shearer. Cimiter, anotiier mode of spelling scimitar, a short curved sword. CnioLiTB, or Kimaulia-easth, a hydrous silicate of alumina, occurring in volcanic districts, which has the pr6|Serty of clean- ing dotn, and bleaching Uneu. CIR [91] CLA by the South their coco- itory. ver for cnne , when ex- er which tlm- ica. ■ East Indian '(far. ent or picklo of sweets and several local ney, Madras ireet chutney, It Is much es, stews, Ac. [Italy, akes made in lent ISO. ige obtained apples, and of , sweet cider 8 of orchard er, which are e classes, the iir. de in some of 1. r. mash press in f? roller tra- >m the apples, le in DevoB- ise elder, for Company th Co. eliiug ceiling, fn for prime an Provinces, illty. oiled in a leaf tion of cigars lally of cedar, receptacle to lie resort fbr d in paper for e or tube for case. innt, one who I make cigars, h in e patented g cigars and III make 80 to neater than r other month s. parer. ling scimitar, a, a hydrous ig in volcanic ertyofdean- u. OnrcBONA, the barks ofvarlous South Ameri- can trees, broadly distinguished In com- merce by their colour, which yield the bitter alkaloid quinine. O1NDER8, the small refuse ploces left after the combustion of coal. See UtAO. Cinder-sifter, a perforated shovel or sieve forseparatlnu the fine dust or coal ashes from large cinders. Cinnabar, sulphide of mercury a red pig- ment, generally known as vermilion. Cinnamon, a well-known spice, the aroma- tic pungent Inner bark of the Vinnamomum verum or Zeylanicum. Cinnamon - oil. a Iranrant pnrlfled oil ob- tained from the Cinnamomum verum, and n-om Cassia bark. Cinnamon- PEELER, a labourer employed in stripping the cinnamon bark, and prepar- ing the spice for shipment Cinnamon - plantation, the sandj ground or garden in which cinnamon plants are reared in Ceylon. Cinnamonplanter, a tropical cultivator who Invests capital in the growth of cinnamon. Cinnamon-stone, a massive rounded stone found in Ceylon, named ft-om its colour. It Is oQcaslonaliy cut and polished for Jewellery purposes. CiNQUEFOiL, a common hedge-weed, the Potentilla reptam, which having astrin- gent, tonic, and febrifugal properties, is used medicinally. Cdiqce Ports, five privileged and chartered ports on the coasts of Kent and Sussex, comprising the towns of Sandwich, Dover, livthe, Romney, and Hastings. The Lord Warden of these ports still has special jurisdiction and important marine powers. Cioppa (Italian), an under-petticoat CiPBERiNO-BOOK, a Child's Dook for work- ing arithmetical questions. CiPHERiNG-SLATE, a common flramed slate for schools or for the use of children. CiPOLiNO, a variety of green marl>le with white veins ; a mixture of talcose schist with white saccharoldal marble. CxRCUiT, the space traversed by a machine, kc. In moving round ; a district visited by a Judge. Circular, a printed or lithographed hand- bill, note, or address, issued by tradesmen to customers, ibc. Circular-bolt, ■ machine employed by the KottingL .> lace manufacturers in maklner net. CmccLAR-NOTE, alettCT Of Credit granted by London bankers for the convenience of travellers, payableat different Continental or lorelgn towns, and accompanied by a letter of Indication. GiRCULAR-SAW, a vcry oseftil machine tool, a revolving disc ot steel with serrated edges or teeth, for cutting wood and metal. Circulating Libraky, a library from which books are sent out on loan to sub- scribers. Oirculatino Mediuh, cash and bank notes payable on demand. CracuLATOB, one employed In distribntlng Dilla, Circulus, an inistrument for outting off the neck of R lass. CiaccMrERENCK, the boundary line of a circle or plot ; girth of a tree, &o. Circuuferentor, a surveyor's Instrument for nieasurlnor angles. CnccuMNAVioATioN, the act of yoyagtng round the globe. Circumpolar, lying around the pole. Circumventor, a surveying instrument, having a compass-twx at the top for taking angles. Circus, a building or enclosure in which feats of horsemanship are exhibited. CiRK (French), bees-wax. Cist, any thing for holding, as a bag, basket, c.ise, or chest Cistern, a reservoir or receptacle fbr water, or other fluid. Cithaba, an old kind of harp. Cithern, an Austrian stringed instrument CiTOLE, an instrument like the dulcimer. Citric Acid, the lulce of limes neutralized with chalk, and the citrate of lime thus formed decomposed bv sulphuric acid. It is largely made for domestic use and fbr calico-printing. Citron, the fruit of the Citnu Medica, a large species of lemon, less acid than that fruit, Imported clilcfly from Madeira. CiTRONELLA, an essential oil obtained ttom the grass Andropogon Citratum, and chiefly imported from Ceylon. Another species, A. schoenanthm. or Cyvibogon schoenanthus, turnliihes the lemon-grass oil. See Lemon Grass. CiTTEi N, an ancient musical instrument resembling the lute. City Article, the portion of a newspaper specially devoted t > the consideration of matters of commerce and finance. City Editor, the employee of a dally or weekly London journal, whose special duty it is to report upon the prices 01 public securities, the sttt^e of the money market, and other mpi^.is of commerce and finance. City-porter, a tlcket-po«:c, one licensed by the Corporation of Lont on. CiVAiA (Italian), pulse, beans, pease, Sk. CiVANZO, the name in Italy lor interest Civet, a perfume analogous to musk, ob- tained from some species of Viverra. CrviL Engineer, a scientific man, one who attends to the business of englneeilng asf applied to the economic or useful pur- poses of civil Hie. Clack, In mining phraseology the valve of a pump; clack door being the aperture through wlilch it is fixed and removed ; a bell that gives warning of more corn be- ing required in a mill. Clatter, a name given to the fathom of six feet In Germany, Uussla, and Swltzerl.md; in Hamburgh it is only equal to 68 Eng- lish inches. Claie, a long bed or couch of split canes or reeds used in silk-worm establishments in France, to deposit the worms and leaves on. Clah, a large species of shell-flsh or con- chiferous mollusc, which exists only in very deep water. Clams are used on the CLA [92] CLI Korth American coasts aa bait ibr cod, which are exceedingly fond of them. Some of the gpecies are of Kigantlo size, and the ■hells are occasionally used in Catholic churchesfls receptacles tor the holy water. See Uenitier. Clamp, an iron holdftist ; a kiln or pile of bricks placed for burning. Clamping, a union of boards at right angles. Clamp-mails, nails suited for clamp work. Clamp-shoes, heavy shoes for rough work. Clapboabds, a kind of thin weather-board used for tlie outer covering of houses; rough cask staves before they are pro- perly shaped. CI.AP-MATCH, a fisherman's name for an old female seal. Cl.vp-net, a bird catcher's net. Clapper, the tongue or striker of a bell ; a mill clack. Clabence. a kind of carriage. Claret, the name given in England to the red wines of Mcdoc in France, mostly shipped from Bonkaux. Clabet-olass, a large shallow wine glass for drinking claret from. Claret-juq, a fancy glass decanter with lip nnd handle for liolutng claret. Clabicuord, Clavichord, an old small keyed musical instrument in the form of a spfnnet. Clakift, to clear or fine a liquor by a che- mical process. Clariket, a musical reed instrument larger than the oboe. Clabion (French), Clarino (Italian), a shrill kind of octave trumpet now out of use. Clakt-wateb, a spiced and highly perfumed sweet cordial or medicinal drink, made f\'om the flowers of the clary {Salvia Sclarea), which is a sthuulant aromatic bitter. Clasp, a ftistening. Clasp-^nifb, a large folding knlfb for the pocket, or one to suspend by a cord to the neck. Clasp-kmife uanxtfactubeb, a workman who makes clasp knives. Clasp-nail, a nail with a head. Classe (Italian), a fleet of ships. Clavicembalo (Italian), the harpsichord. Clavichord. See Clabichobd. Clavier, the key-board of an organ or piano. Clavicle, a finger keyed vio". Clay, aluminous or arglllacec as earth which disintegrates in water and forms a plastic ductile mixture. Clay, from its tenacity, is of great importance both in an agricul- tural and commercial point of view. Va- rious descriptions of clay are used in the manufacture of pipes for smoking, for pot- tery and porcelain, bricks, crucibles, &c. Ojited, a term applied to suears which bave been purified or bleached by water filtered through superimposed clay. CiATiNG, a process of bleacliincf sugar by water passed through a layer of clay ; also the operation of puddling. Clat-kiln, a stove for burning clay. Clav-uebcuant, a dealer in Ore and other olays. Clatmobb, • large two-handed doabl«> edged sword formerly used In England and Scotland. Clat-pipe, a pipe for smoking tobaooo moulded fnm clay. Clat-sorebmino machine, a machine for preparing clay lor the manufacture of bricks, tiles, pipes, &c Clat-stune, a wrayish mineral, a species of indurated clay, resembling calcareous marl. Clean Proof, a slip or sheet of printed mat- ter sent to an author flrom a printer. Clbabance. a document f^om a Custom- Iloufie oflicer, or other qualified person, permitting a ship to depart on her voyage. CLEARrNo, a removal, as a clearing sale; an open space in forest land. Clearing House, an establishment for the conveniL-nce of certain bankers, where drafts and accounts on each other are mu- tually exchanged without the individual presentation of each at the banks, and a balance struck and agreed upon is settled by a draft on the account of^ the clearing bankers at the Bank of England. Clearing Kut, a name given to the seed of Strychnoa potatorum ttom its property of clearing water. Cleabing-sale, a disposal of stock, «e- mainder, or rummage. Clear !Starcheb, a laundress who washes fine linens and stiffens them with starch. Cleats, pieces of wood used to strengthen, resist, or support great weights; on board ship cleats are a kind of belaying pins to fasten ropes to. Cleaver, a name in some places for a hat- chet, but principally applied to a butcher's metal axe or chopper. Cledgk, a mining term for the upper stra- tum of fuller's earth. Cleet, a wedge or belaying pin. [Ac. Clkft, a space or opening made by a wedge, Clenching, Clinching, the process of fas- tening securely, as in doubling over the point of a nail when it has passed through a plank. Clerestort, the upper part of the nave of a church, the windows In the tower. Cleric, an assistant ; a subordinate officer in a public or private office. The name wasorigiually given to learned men, henlce it Is still legally applied to clergymen ot the establisliecf Church. A clerk of the court is a judicial officer in law or county court.s ; a clerk of the peace, a law officer in counties and at Quarter-Sessions, &c. Clerk of the Works, a general superin- tendan tdurlng large building operations. Clew, the lower corner of the sail of a ship. Clew-garnets, Clkw-lines, brails or rope tackle, to hoist up the ends of ships' sails to the yards. Clevvt, a provincial name for the draught iron of a plough, &c. Clicker, in the shoe trade, a cutter out of leather for the uppers and soles of boots and shoes; in the printing profession, one who, under the overseer, has tlie charge of any particular work, making up and imposing the matter, and presenting it to the reader in a proper form for revisaL CLO [93] CLO led double In Eugland ng tobacco nachlne for ufacture of a speolea of calcareoui •rinted mat- rinter. a Custom- fled person, her voyage, ngsale; an lent for the :erg, where her are mu- ) Individual anks, and « >n Is settled he clearing fid. to the seed Its property stock, «e- 'ho washes ith starch, strengthen, ); on board 'Ing pins to 8 for a hat- a butcher's upper stra- [Ac. >y a wedge, cess of fas- g over the ed through e nave of a ver. late officer The name nen, hence rgymen ot erk of the or county law officer lions, Sue il Buperin- peratlons. lofa ship. lis or rope ibips' saila « draught iter out of 3 of boots . ssion, one lie charge g up and King It to Bvisal. CUKMT, a customer: usually applied to those who deal with bankers, brokers, and solicitors. CuNCB, a nautical term tor a half hitch, stopped to its own part. CuMCUKB-woRK, planks laid to overlap each other In the manner of slating roofk Boats built in this manner are termed clincher or clinker built Clinkkr, the accumulated cake or refUse of coal, a vitreous scoria which fbrms In grates or furnaces ; an exceedingly hard Dutch or Flemish brick, six Inches by three broad, and one thick, used (br pav- ing yards and stables. Clinkers are more thoroughly burnt than ordinary bricks. CLmK^-BuiLT. See Cuncher-wokk. Clink-stomb, a German mineral, consisting of felspar and zeolite, yielding a metallic sound under the hammer. Clinometer, a surveyor's Instrument fbr measuring the slopes of outtlngs and em- bankments, and ascertaining the dip of strata. CUNQUAST (Frenc*]), orsldew or Dutch gold leaf. Clip, the wool sheared f^om a sheep; a clasp or spring holder for letters and papers. Clip-fish, also called Baccalau, a name In Norway, and some otiier countries, for ood-flsn, salted and dried In the manner of the Kewfbundland cod. Clipper Ship, a fkst-saillng vessel, one built on flne sharp lines, and adapted more for fast sailing than for carrying large cargo. Cut-bub, a common name for the burdock (Arctium lappa), all the parts of which have some medicinal properties. Clives, a hook with a spring to prevent its unfastening. Cloak, a large loose wrapper of cloth or other material. Cloaking, a woollen dress material, of which there are plain, mixture, and fancy kinds. Cloak Pin, a brass or iron pin to hang gar- ments on. Clobbebeb, the lowest class ol' "obblcrs, who patch and botch up olA M.oes and boots, rubbing in ground cinders and paste, termed "clobber," into the crevices and breaks of the leather. Clock, a well-known horological Instru- ment for measuring time, acted on by a pendulum. Clock-case, the wooden or other framing In which the clock works or machinery Is fl !ied ; an old-fashioned tall case for enclos- ing a pendulum clock. CLOCK-CASE-MAKJ2R, a brancli trade con- nected with clock-works. Clock-chain-maker, a maker of metallic ♦'halns for clocks. Clock-dial, the face of an elevated or turret clock, on which the figures are marked, and over which the potatlug hands or Indicators travel. Clocked Stockings, hose which have a worked pattern or embroidery on the ancle. Clock-face, the enamelled dial of a house or turret clock. Clock-bakm, the uetal revolving polntcri which traverse the clock fkoe. Clock-hakbb, a constructor of docks, isd ot the machinery which keeps them ia motion. Clock-maker's Company, one of the Uveiy companies of London which has no halL Clock-makino MACiiiNEfl. wheel-cuttinff engines, and other special macblnea used to facilitate the manufacture, and cbetpen the cost of clock-work. Clock-tool-makeb, a workman who pre* pares the working tools used by dock- makers. Clock-toweb, Clock-tihiret, a more or less lofty erection for placing clock-work In, so that the dials or plates may bo visi- ble ftom a distance. Clook-windeb, one appointed to attend to a church or other elevated clock. Clock-work, the wheels and various com- plicated machinery, for the Interior of a clocK Clod-cbubreb, a heavy roller fbr pressing down and smoothing the suriace of land. Cloff, a further reduction of 2 lbs. In every S cwt, on certain goods, after the tare and trett are taken. It Is an allowance now almost obsolete. Clogoer, a workman who repairs clogs. Clog-hakeb, one who makes pattens and clogs for use In wet weather. Clogs, heavy wooden shoes worn in tan- neries and other manufhctories where the feet are exposed to wet; also lighter raised supports for the feet, worn by fe- males. Cloo-soles, thick soles of wood for clogs, of which about 2| millions are made in tne northern counties, cliietly for workmen, and they sell at about is. the dozen. Clore-hacled, a marine term applied to a vessel with her yards braced up, and sail- ing as near to the wind as possible. Close-stool, a bed-room commode fbr in- valids. Closet, a cupboard, a place for keeping articles in ; also a small private room. Closh, a provincial name lor nliic-pins. Closing an Account, balancing the items bv an adjustment of the debtor and cre- ditor sides. Cloth, a wrapper or towel of any kind; a woven, textile woollen fabric broad or narrow, of which garments are made. Cloth-cdtter, one who cuts out garments, or who serx'es customei^ with lengths of cloth. Clothes, Clothing, a genera name for ar- ticles of dress for animals; also personal attire; apparel. CLoniES-BKUSH, a stiflf hair brush, used for brushing garments of cloth. Clothes-horse, a wooden frame to hang garments or linen on, before a fire. Clothes-line, small strong cord used In gardens, Ac, for suspending wet clothes on to dry. Clothes-man, a fixed or itinerant dealer in old clothes. Clothes-pegs, wooden divided pops, used by laundresses to secure washed linen ou a line to dry. CLU [94] COA CtOTBES-riiEss, n Wkirdrob« or capboard ft>r hatiKltiK cluthoD In. Uloth-pair, a localltv set apart for the lale of garmniits, Ac A periodical fair held In some parts of th« Coutlnent for the lale of woollen goods. Cu)TiMiAi.Lfl, iiiectlng places at Bradford, Ualirax, Huddori'fiulif, Leeds, and other places where the clothlem nnd purchuiiers of woollens asseinblo periodically to trans- act buslnens. Clothier, a makor of or dealer In cloth. Cloth-papers, coarse papers glazed and un- glazcd lor pressing and finishing wooUen cloths. Cloth-pbesseb, ono engaged In preparing cloth. Cloth-shearer, a workman employed to remove the Imperfections of woollen fltbrlcs after weaving! this Is now done to some extent on the Continent by cloth- shearing machines. - Cloth water-proofeb, a workman who renders cloth Imiiervlous to water. Cloth-workers' Company, one of the twelve great livery companies of London— whose charter dates from the time of Edward IV. It Is the last in precedence. Their hall is In Mincing Lane. Cloud-berry, a name for the fmit of the Rubus Chamamorus which is acid and pleasant to the taste. The Scottish High- landers and the Laplanders esteem It as one of the most gratetUl and useful fTults. CLOUDtNO, an appearance given to ribbons and silks In the process of dyeing. Clocoh, an engineering appliance for divid- ing the fall of water into two parts, appli- cable to drains In tideways, && Clous, French for nails. Clout, an Iron plate on an axle tree; ft kind of heavy noil. Clouted-oreau, Clotted-oreau, thick cream obtained on the surface of milk by the application of slight heat Clouted-shoes, heavily nailed shoes worn by agricultural labourers, carters and workmen. Clouterib, a manufactory for nails. Clove, an English weight for wool, equal to seven pounds or the half of a stone. Clotb-baiuc, a commercial name given to the barks of two different trees, one being the Cinnamomum Culilaban growing in the Eastern archipelago, and the other the Dkypellium caryophyliatum, found in Brazil. Clove-hitch, two half bitches round a spar or rope. Clover, one of the most valuable of the artificial grasses for fodder, of which there are many varieties. Clover seed, such as American and French red clover and German white clover, are largely Im- ported. Cloves, the nnexpanded flower buds of the Caryophylltu aromatieus, which form a well-known spice. In the East tanaj models and toys are often made with ClOVfi8> CiiDB, aweapou of attack, a stout stick: a benefit society; a place of resort for dls- coHlon and refteinment The west-end club-houses of London are of a highly respectable churucter— and In mniiy of them a candldiitn muHt be prnpoxed Kcveral years hi>foro "o is a vacancy for his admission. Cludbino, uniting, . getter for Home objoctt a Boa term for a vessel driaiug down a current with an anchor out. Clue, Clew, the lower comor of the square sail of a ship; ht-nco tliu ropes liv which It Is lifted are calKd oluo-garnou, or due- lines. Clump-boots, heavy boots for rough wear, such as shooting, excavators' work, r rouKh wear, '•' work, Aa lorul iiuino In lubstaiicofrom Mtrument for kindoftobocoo ; and which \y 0*0111 being I rush or oantt , a vehicle on niiny kinds, at Ilea, (See. iKER, a mana> ns for lubrlcat- id. ' CouPANT, one jondon, whose apslde. Tadesmanwho ige-bullderSi PLATEIl. 3ACH-J0INEB. len In a coach ielicnte ft-ame- ics; incontra- i of mechanics, stouter part or and to connect mith, amnna* coaches, && on a coach, who makes a Kcs. fho carves the the body of a id ornamental id elaborately who supplies ofcarrlagea Igner of the who suppliea builders. artist who Bvices on the e for a coach. ited for car- bulldlng, or lage is placed >m the inlla« lan who sap- iworkiboltfc tea. OoACB-JOiNrtt, a workman employed In niakliitf blinds, ulaM-lruint'H, and German shutters, as wuU as svat-buxos for car- riages. Coach-lack-maker, a maker of woven worsted or silk laco for carriages. CoACH-MAKEK, a carrlauo-builder. CuACii-uouNTiNo-riiHNUiiKR, a tradesman who luppliuM pluU'd work, and other materials to carrliiKi^-bulldurii. CoAOH-orriCB, a buokliiK-utHce for passen- gers and parculi*, a place where coachiss and omnibuses i|). CoAcn-rAiNTEH, a w) ' k man who paints and vanilslicH carrlaRi'8. COACH-FLATER, a tradesman who supplies plated work, tumdiiig and other similar articles (or carrlaKfo. Coach-smith, a workman who forges and flnislies the iron work used in carriages. Coacu-sprinq-hakeb, a muuulacturer of steel carrlaj{u KprhiKS. Coach-stand, tiie place where hackney- coaches and cabs are permitted to rcmolu tor hire. CoACU-TRiMMER, a Workman who prepares and flnlalius tiio lace, linings, and other trimmings for carriage-builders. CoAcu-WHEELWRiouT, tt muker of carriage- wheels, &0. CoAKiNO, in mast-making a process of Joining or uniting timber to the Inside spar. Generally the word implies a union of two^ileces of wood, by letting in a small projection of one piece Into the hollowed end of the other. Coal, fossil foel, which enters largely into commerce for domestic, iiianuiacturing, and propelling purposes tor sttam-engines, on land and on sen. At the present time not less than 40,000,OUO tons of coal are annually raised in tiie United Kingdom. COAI/-AOENT, the manager tor a colliery proprietor. CoAL-BABGE, a flat-bottomed river-boat for transporting coal short distances to wharves, Ac. CoAL-BOX, a scuttle to hold coals In a room. COAL-CELLAB, a vault where coals are kept for convenient access for domestic use. CoAL-DROP, a stalth or contrivance for shooting or lowering coals into the hold Of a vessel. Coal-dust, the small broken or fine coal, after the larger masses have been 8C refill 6fl CoAL-DDST-HAKEB, a mannfactorer of art!* flchdfheL CoAL-ExcHAKOE, a Central market in Lon- don, situate near BlIiiiiiiSKate, where coal factors, captains, and others resort, and the wholesale coal business of the metropolis is carried on. The imports of coal hito London in 1856, by sea, railway, and canal, amounted to 4,400,000 tons. COAL-FACTOB, an intermcaiate agent be- tween the buyers and sellers of coals. CoAi, Factors^ ISociett, an association of traders who meet at tlie Coal Exchange, London, and are specially interested in the carrying and vendingof coals. Ooal-fisb, a name on the BriUBb and Irish coasts for the pollack. COAL-OAB, the common Illuminating gM made Iroiii coal. CoAL-iiAMMER, B s«rvant's Instrument for breaking lumps ol coal In a coal cellar. CoAL-HKAVKR, ft porter who loads and unloads cool wagons. COAI/-UULK, a vessel kept as a receptacle for coal, usually on some foreign station, to supply steamers. CoAL-MKTER, acorporstion ofHcer In London, charged with the Inspection and weighing of coals sent .'rom a wharf. CoAL-MKAsuRR-MAKER, ono wbo make* and vends measures for coals. CoAL-MiMKB, a workman engaged In • cot- llery. CoAL-riT, the mouth of a cool mine, or the descent to a colliery. CoAL-POUTEK, a carrier of coals. Coal-sack- MAKER, a nmnuiacturerofcoane stout bugs holding a cwt,, used tor con- veying coals. CoAL-scALKS, a Weighing machine which by law Is conipulsorlly carried by every cou wagon delivering coals. Coal-scoop, a sliovel tor taking coals u yvn a scuttle to throw on a Are. CoAL-sccTTLE, a portable metal receptacle for coals In a room. CoAL-sHED, a retailer's depository for coals. CoAL-SHooT, a metal scuttle or vase lor holding coals. CoAL-BHovEL, a Small shovel for filling a coul scuttle fVom the cellar } a larger kind are used by coal-heaversn COAI/-SHOVEL-MAKER, a manufacturer of Iron shovel)) fur uiiloadingcoals from ships, and for filling coal bags, Ac. COAL-STAiTH. a drop or machine on an elevated wharf for shipping coaL C0AI/-TAB, a product ot gos-maklng which furnisher the chief Ingredient of printers' ink in the sliupi* of lamp black; it is made into aspholte tor pavements, and mixed with red-hot clay tbrnis a charcoal that acts as a powerful disinfectant; with coal dust it forms by pressure im excellent and compact artificial fueL COiVL-TRiMMER, a labourer who arranges tlie cargo of coal on board a ship. Co.vL- VASE, a fancy coal scuttle for a parlour. CoAL-WAOON, a large cart capable of carry- ing about three or more tons ot coals. CoAL-wuAW, a lauding pier where coals are deposited. CoAL-WHiPFEB, a LondOH porter who tm* lades coals from ships at the wharves, CoAMNOs, raised borders of wood round the edges of hatches and scuttles, to pre- vent Water flowing down Oom the deck, and to receive and support the hatches, Ac COASTBB, a vessel employed In the trade along snore, and which does not sail £ar from land. CoAST-ODABD, a department Of the Customs, the men and officers of which are em- ployed on the coast to prevent the smug- gling of contraband goods, and excisable articles; smugglers and their boats, carts, &c, being liable to seizure, confiscation, and peiutuleg. coc [96 3 coc Coat, a covering of paint, varnish, or other material given to any substance; an outer garment for men. CoATEB, a short cut-away body coat Coat-link, a pair of buttons or studs Joined by a link to close a coat with button holes. Cob, in mining tho process of crushing ore witli hummers to separate the worthless parts; the hard stalk fVom which the grain of maize has been removed, when chopped, it is given as provender to live- stock in America: a hazel nut; a wicker basket; a name given in some places to the hard dollar; a kind of horse. Cobalt, a mineral, the oxides of which are used for colouring glass and porcelain blue. Cobalt Blooh. the red arsenlate of cobalt; a bcautitul mineral found with the ores of cobalt, and used in the manu&cture of smalt. CoBANti, a gold coin of Japan worth about 6s. C'OBBiNQ, a mining name for old fu.nnce bottoms, pieces of brick, &c., thrown into a smelting furnace. [of coal. Cobble, a kind of paving stone; small lump Cobbler, a jobbing shoemaker, one who undertakes repairs; a cooling drink, a mixture of slierry. suRar, ice, Ac. Cob-crushing IVIacitine, a mill for breaking the cobs of maize for cattle food. Cobecbl a stamp made of strong dry leaves in the Pacific islands, marked with patterns for bnpreasing dyes or colours on flbrous matenals. CoBEDo, another name for the covid ; a long measure of 19 inches in Mosha. Cobenoa, a name in some parts of the Pacific for a fishing net. Cob-iron, an andiron with knobs. Coble, the name of a kind of pilot and fish- in? boat used on the nortliem sea-coasts, having a low squnro stern and little or no keel on tho atler body. Cob-nut, an improved variety of the com- mon hazel nut, of which there are two or tliree liritish kinds cultivated. CoBouRQ, a thin worsted fabric, a lady's dress material composed either of wool and cotton, or of wool and silk. CoBUE, a name for the covid in China of 14-625 hiches. CoHUKS, a European name for tl)e tinost qui'.lity of Indigo made In Central America. CoB-w.uJ., a wall made of straw, lime, and earth, or unbnnit clay. Coc.^ tiie leaves of the Eri/ihroxylon Coca, largely used as a masticatory by the miners and others in the interior ot South America. Cocco, tlie Maltese name for a grain, 72 cocclil being equal to one ottavo. CoccL'Lus iNDicus, the small berry ol Aiia- mirta paniculala, and other species, im- ported Irom tlie East. From the bitter principle which they yield, these berries are said to be used to adulterate beer. CocHENiLLA WOOD, the liourt of a tree 8hlp« ped fVom St. Domingo, furnishing a hand- some furniture wood. CooHi, a grain measure of Slam of 6J lbs. Cochineal, the dried carcases of the female Coceui cacti, an Insect which feeds on several species of Opuntia. Cochineal Is a brilliant scarlet colour, and also tat* nishes the beautiful carmine pigment. In 185fi, 1375 tons of cochineal, valued at .^608,000 were imported into the United Kingdom. Cock, to Uft the hammer of the lock of a pistol or musket, &c. See Cocks. Cockade, an ornament worn in the hat, which used to be very common in many ranks of society, but this rosette is now confined to men-servants; a bunch of ribbon worn by recruitinor - sergeants, electioneering agents, and others. Cockade-maker, a workman who mal:<» cock&d6Ba CocK-BOAT, a very small boat Cocket, a warrant f^om the Custom House, on entering goods, showing that tlie duty on them has been paid. CocK-FOUNDER, a castcr in brass, one who makes matal spigots. Cockle, an edible mollusc, the Cardium edule, extensively found in the sands of the sea-shore. Cock-loft, an elevated loft over a bam, stable, &C. Cocks, Stop-cocks, metal taps or escapes for gas and fluids, some of which are turned on and off by the hand ; others, acted npon by a floating or air ball, are self-regulating. CocKSPUBS, small clay wedges used in the potteries to separate articles of pottery ware, after the process of glazing, and to prevent them adhering. Cockswain, Coxwain, the steersman of a boat. CocKUP, a large fish of the Indian seas, re- sembling thejack, which is not unlike cod In flavour. Tliey are brought to market sometimes weighing 12 lbs. See Begtl Coco, Eddoe, names in tho West Indies for the root of the Colocasia esculenta. Cocoa, the commercial name for the dried seeds ort)eans contained in the fruit pods of the Tneobroma Cacao. In commerce these seeds are sold raw or roasted, and crushed and powdered, prepared in the form of rock or flake cocoa; deprived of the husk as cocoa nibs, or sweetened and flavoured made into cakes under the name of chocolate. Cocoa Plum, a name in the Colonies for the fruit of tlie ChrysohaJunua Icaco, Cocoa-wood, tlie mottled wood or the cocoa palm, Cocos nnci/era, wiiicli is occasion- ally used for inlaying. CocoMA (Italian), a toa-kettle or boiler. Coco-nut, the well-known edible fruit of the Cocos nvci/era palm, lar^'cly grown in most tropical couiitriis for the milk, the pulp, and for oil. llany thousands of tlicse nuts ar*! imported as dunnage in shins, and sold by liawkers in the streets, ana liy tVuitorcrs. Coco-NUT Coir, flic outer liusk of tlic coco- nut, which, when inaffratuil, is woven into fibre oi various kinds. Coco-NUT FmBE, the husk of tho yarn spun and manufactured into rope, lashing, matting, &c. Sec Cuia. ww^TKn^sBm Icta feeds on Cochineal Is nd also ftar* pigment. In li, valued at 9 the United the lock of a )CKS. in the bat, mon In many )sette is nov a bunch of z - sergeants, hers. who ina):<» istom House, that the duty ■ass, one who the Cardium the sands of oyer a bam, ps or escapes )f which are and; others, ' air ball, are 13 used in the es of pottery lazing, and to eersman of a dian seas, re- let un' Ike cod lit to market See Begtl est Indies for lent a. for the dried he fruit pods :n commerce roasted, and pared in the , deprived of v'eetened and dt^rtlicname Colonics for .1 Icaco. i or the cocoa li occasion- Dv Ijoiler. Jib'.e fruit Of (ly grown in lio milk, the liouaanils oi (iiiniin^e in 11 the sU'octs, . oftIiccoco< il, is woven 10 yarn spun pe, lasliing, COF [97] COH Cooo-mn OIL. oil expressed fVom the ripened keruei of the iiui,, wliicii contains 71J per cent of oil. The commerce in this oil is very large, more than 10,000 tons being annually imported. Coco-NUT Shelis, the hard shells of the Cocos nucifera, which, when ftilly ripe, are often carved and made Into drinking cups, ladies, and other articles of use or ornament. Cocoon, the nest formed by the silk -worm, as its embryoorchry sails, whicli is a hollow envelope of light tissue-like texture, trom which the silk of cdiiiinerce is oljtalned, Inone continuous thread, of two filaments, agglutinated by a gummy liquid. £aeU cocoon yields about 300 yards of silk, and 250 average-sized cocoons will weigh about a pound. ' Cocos, Petits (French), cocoa- beans. CocuM-BUTTEB, a pale greenish-yellow solid oil, obtained from the seeds of Garcinia purpurea, and used in India to adulterate ghee or fluid butter. In England it in sometimes mixed with bear's grease '. pomatums. Cocus-wooD, a wood obtained in Cuba ana other West India islands, from Lepido- stachys Koxburghii, much used in tur- nery for making flutes and other musical instruments. Cod-fish, the Morrhua vulgarii, a very valuable and esteemed flsli of commerce, wliich is caught largely on the British coasts, and sold extensively boi h tresh and salted. Thechiefcud fishery is on the banks of Newfoundland, whence miUioiisof salt- ed flsh are annually shipped. When cod cannot bo dry-cured, they are salted in pickle, and packed in barrels, and then called pickled cod. About 3^ millions cwt of cod are shipped annually from New- foundland, by the British, French, and Americans. CoDiLLA, the coarse tow of flax and hemp. CoDiNiAC, a quince marmalade. COD-LDfE, an eighteen-thread line. Codling, a sm. a water-tight eiiclosure, *lth- in which t'le construction of hydraollc works, such as the foundations of bridges and sea-walls can be securely earned on. Coffin, n mining term in Derbyshire fbr old exposed workings; a wooden or other shell or receptacle for the dead. Coffins,* although usually made of wood or lead, have been made of glass and slate. Coffin-furniture, the bandies, metal oma» ments, &c., afHxed to a coffln for decora- tion, which are nsnally white or black,- though occasionally gilt. Coffin-maker, a carpenter who makes wooden coffins. Coffin-plate-enqraveb, a workman #ho engraves the name, age, &c., ot deceased persons on coffin plates. CoFFLE, a gang of negro slavfes. CoFFoi^, an Arabian weight, Of abofft 9 pennyweights troy. CoFFRETiER fFrencfi), a trunk-maket. Cog, the tootli of a wheel, rack, or pinion. ("oGGiNG. See Caulking. Cognac, a name for t li e I lest distilled brandy. CoGNAC-oiL. See tENAnrmc ether. Cognasse. a wild quince. C'oGNOiR (Frencli), a printer's wooden mal- let; a shooting stick. Cognovit, a document sloncd by a defen- dant to an action, in the presence of his attorney, admitting the cause of action and his liability thereon. CoGWOOD, a name for the Laurus cMor- oxylon. which from Its durability in water Is used in the West Indies for miil-fi'am- ina and cog-wheels. CoBONo, the Cbiuese name for a company. COL [98] COL Cohosh, one of the Amerlcnn names of the black anake-root (Cimicifnga racemosa, or Macrotyi serpentaria), which haa some anodyne properties. CoHCNE-PALM. See Cahoun. <.!oi (Spanish), a hammock; plural, coyes. ('OIF, the cap of a serJeant at law. CODTEUSB (French), a tire-woman; a milliner. Coiffure, a head-dress, coiffeur being a hiUrdresser. Coir^ a circle of pipes, rope, or chain; to lay a rope up in a rmg with one turn or fake above another. Coin, pieces of metal, most commonly gold, silver, or copper, stamped by authority, and in many countries made a lei;al ten- der for their respective values, when not exceeding certain specified amounts. See Legal Tender. Coinage, minted money. See Cofp£R-Coin> AGE, and the different coins. Coining-press, a powerful lever screw, for impressing devices, legends, &c. ou cur- rent coin, medals, &c. Coins, Quoins (French), wooden or metal wedges placed under the breech ot a gun to elevate it; pieces of wooden furniture Inaprinting-oflnce; the clocks of stockings. Coins are also stamped money, current or uncurrent. Com, the commercial name of the short fibre obtained from the dry husk or cover • ing of the cocoa-nut, which is now largel; used in the manufacture of cordage, matting, &c., and to stuff beds, chair bottoms. &c. From Ceylon alone more than 60,000 cwt. is shipped annually. The varieties of coir entering the market are coir yarn, coir junk and coir fibre. Matting is made here of coir. Coke, the residue left after the distillation of bituminous coal. Coke is largely used as fuel for domestic purposes, for furnaces, and tbr the generation of steam in loco- motive engines. CoKE-BURNEK, a labourer employed in attending to tho conversion ot coal into cok6> Coke-oven, a brick structure or enclosed chamber where coal is burnt to be de- i>rived of its gas and converted into coke, [t is usually 8 or 10 feet high, having a flat roof with an opening at which to Intro- duce the coal, and another by which to remove the coke. CoKER-CANVAs, a kind of sail-cloth made in C'rewkerne, Somersetshire. CoKER-NUT, a modern mode of spelling cocoa-nut, in commercial circles, in order to make a broader distinction between the numerous articles spelt much in the same manner. CoLACHON, an Italian lute. Colaga, a variable Eastern grain measure; tliat used In Caiiara is nearly equal to a bushel; in Seringapatam it Is 11 Winchester bushels ; in Bangalore it is but 11 lbs. 13 oz. 6| drachms ; it is also called a coodom and is divided into four bullahs. CoLANDEH, CuLLENDEB, a mctai or earthen- ware strainer. QoLcoxHAii, a chemical preparation fi-om oxide of iron, the brown peroxide. See ItOUOE. CoLD-CHisEL, a strong iron tool for cutting metal. CoLD-CREAM, a coollng application fbr the lips or skin made of melted white wax and almond oil flavoured with rose water. Pure glycerine is however now more generally used. COLF.-8EED. See COUA. CoLEWOKT, a kind of cabbage. CoLiJEERAH, H native name in India fbr black cumin seed. CoLis (French), a package or bale of goods. COLISSE (French), the opening of the warp through which the shuttle passes. CoLLA, ft-om the French Colle, u name for glue. CoLLANA (Italian), a necklace. Collar, a circlet for the neck. There are collars of various kinds manufactured— horse collars, which are iron frames covered with leather and padded or stuffed. Men's collars of stitched linen ; ladies' lace, muslin and other worked collars. The part of a earment which flts close round the throat Is called the collar. Collar-check, arough cross-barred woollen material for saddlery purposes, made either broad or narrow. CoLLAR-HAKER, a tradesman who makes collars of any kind. Collate, to collect and examine the sheets of book-work, e neclc. There are ds manufactured— are Iron frames nd padded or stuffed, d linen; ladles' lace, orked collars. The lich fits close round . e collar. \ 3ross-barred woollen y purposes, made V. lesman who makca examine the sheets ;fore boins sent out, r being arranged for n luncheon, jze, paste, nch), isinglass, rlzed receiver who id certain moneys, ds, societies, corpor- ; as of poors-rate, larket revenues and tes, Ac. Sometimes ed salaries; at other I a commlsrtlon or s received, cloth cap, of a partl- academicians and G9 dnd of small plum feudal tax paid for ne. buff-collar maker, iper-hanger; aslzer 3 engaged in a coal B for a vessel which bead, usually whito, trade on some parts em Africa } they are cola beads. )al seams ; the place d. [ment I, a financial Invest- 1 of gun-cottou in for cementing pur- ; used also for taking is, &c. CoLLOP, a cutlet or small slice of meat ; a term fbr four or five sheep. CoLLUH, a grain measure in Coromundel of 70 to 80 quarts. CoLLT, a shepherd's dog, much esteemed by the Scottish drovers for his saga- city. CoLMAR, a kind of pear. CoLOCYNTH, a purgative medicinal extract, prepared from the pulp and seeds of the fruit of CucumU colocynthit. CoLOONE-KARTU, a kind of colour. Cologne- WATEK, Ead de Cologne, a volatile spirituous perfume, compounded of vari- ous essences with ten times its weight of spirits of wine, frequently distilled. CoLOUBiEB, a large sized paper 23} inches by 84. CoLOHBim: (French), pigeons' dung, or the dung of fowls. CoLOMBO-Rooi-, CALUJrBA-KOOT, an es- teemed medicinal root obtained In eastern Africa from the Cocculus palmatiis of LInnJBUs, t\\o Atenispermum patmattim of others, and which is a most valuable antiseptic and toidc. CoLONATA, an Italian name for the Spanish pillar dollar. Colonel, the commanding officer of a regi- ment. Colonial Agent, a merchant orfactor, who transacts business connected with the colonies, or acts as agent for colonists. Colonial Secketaky, the secretary of State for the Colonies; a member ot the Bri- tish cabinet, to whom is deputed the management of all affairs connected with the outlying dependencies of the empire. Colonist, a native of, or resident in, a colony or dependency. Colonnade, a range of columns. Colony, a distant settlement ; the posses- sion or dependency of a nation. Colophony, a name for the ordinary rosin or resin of commerce, being the residuum remaining in the body of the still alter common turpentine has been submitted to distillation, for the manufacture of the oil of turpentine. The black colophony is the cooled brittle mass, in the state in which it leaves the still; the amber or yellow-coloured, is the same resin, mixed with about one -eighth part of water, while it is yet fluid. It is used in soap- making, as a varnish, and fbr plasters, Ac. CoLOQinNTiDA, a Continental name for colocynth. CoLOB, Colour, a dye or pigment; a flag or standard. The colours of a ship or regiment are the national ensign or some special distinguishing flag. See Ensign. Color-box, a box with cakes of water- colours. Colored-glass, stained glass for windows; Bohemian or fancy glass articles. Colored-saucer-maker, one wlio manufac- tures what are termed pink saucers, used by ladles for rouging purposes, and to give a flesh tint to silk stockings when washing them. See Pink Saucer. Color-extractor, an apparatus patented by M. iiourra, and shown at the Ureat Exhibition In 1851, for removing coloart fVom fabrics. Color- HAN. a vender of paints, &c, who la usually styled an oll-and-colour man. Color-mancfacturer, one who prepares and compounds colours. Color-sebjeant, a non-commissioned mill* tary officer, who supports the ensign- bearer of a regiment. Colporteur (French), a news-hnwker, a pedlar or itinerant vender or distributor of wares. CoLRAKE, a shovel used to stir lead ore when it is being washed. Colt, a young male horse. Colter, Coulter, the sharp iron cutting- knife of a plough, fixed over the share, to prevent, or remove, the accumulation of grass or rubbish. In fen lands it is in the form of a wheel. Coltre, Coltronb (Italian), a quilt or counterpane. Coltrice (Italian), a feather bed; a woman employed In husbandry. Colt 8-foot, a name for the TussUago Far- fara, a wild herb, the leaves of which are emollient, demulcent, and tonic. They were formerly smoked in troublesome coufihs, but are now used In decoction. CoLUMBA-ROOT. See Colombo-root. Column, a cylindrical post; a divisional body of type, running from top to bottom of the page of a newspaper, or of a book, when the lines do not run the full width of the |)nge ; a large body of troops drawn up in order. Column Rules, thin pieces of brass used In printing-offices to separate longitudinally the columns of type. CoLUNARiA, a Spanish term applied to the half and qiiarter peseta or dollar. Colza, the French name for rapeseed. Colza Oil, a valuable oil manufactured to a lar«e extent In Europe, by expression from the unctuous seeds of the common rape, ^rasiica napus aativa, and the navew, B. campestris. It is much used for lubri- cating machinery, forburnlngln thecarcel, moderator, and similar lamps; andintiie French light-houses it is preferred to any other oil in use, on account of its greater brilliancy and steadier fiamc, with less charring of the wick, as well as for its greater cheapness. Comaca, a name given by the Indians of Demerara to the silk cotton or down of the Bonibax ceiba, CoMASCO, a kind of plum in Italy. Comb, the wax-cell of bees; a sharp or toothed thin plate; an instrument tor sopr- rating the hair.itc llair-combssiromadeof various substances, bone, ivory, horn, tor- tolseshell, and latterly moulded of elastic gums. Metallic combs are used for card- ing or cleaning wool, cotton, and other fibres, ana for rubbing down the coat of horses. CoMBARUCKOO, a resIn made In some parts of India fVom lac. Co»m-BROACH, the tooth of a wool comb. CoJiB-cuTTiNo-MACHiNE, an apparatus for shaping and forming the teeth of coml>8 In ivory and other substances. COM [ 100] COM Combination, in trade, an illegal union of worknieu on strike, to prevent others tak- ing the places they have quitted. In cliemlstry combination means the union of particles of ilifTerentimatter. COMBLE (French), a heaped measure. Comb-maker, a inanufucturer or cutter of combs, with which is often combined the nialiing of bone spoons, and other articles. Comb-maker's Company, one of the livery companies of London which hns no hnll. COMBor, a name in Ceylon for the walst- clotli of the herdsmen. It is about three yards long, and is wrapped several times round tiie body, being then fastened by a broad band or strong belt. COMBKiEBE (Frencli), a large flshlng-not Comb-tray, a small wooden or other tray for a lady 8 toilet table. Combustible, any thing that will ignite, but properly applicable to those dangerous substances which consume spontaneously with the einliiston of heat imd ligiit, and which railway companies, carrierSi and vessels therefore refuse to carry. Combustion, the act of taking fire or burn- ing. CuMfcDiAN, one who plays other than tragic parts. Comestibles (French), provisions; eatables. CoMETARV, a machine or apparatus to show tlie revolutions of comets. CoMFrr, a dry sweetmeat ; seeds coated or crusted with sugar. Comfit-maker, a confectioner, a preparer of comfits or sugar plums. CoMFBEY, The root of t he common comftey, Sumphptum officinale, has boen used me- dicinally: that of the prickly comfrey, jS. asptmmum, a gigantic species, is favor- ably spoken of as a green food for cattle. Comings, the Spanish name for cumin seed. CoMiTE (French), the officer of a galley. Commander, a leader; the commodore or chief naval officer of a small squadron. * CoMMANDERiA, a supcrior kind of sweet wine made in the island of Cyprus. GoMMANDiTAiRE, a dormant or sleeping partner in a French joint-stock company, one who supplies tiie capital requisite to carry on business, but is only liable for the sum he invests. Commandite, a French partnersiiip or asso- ciation, in which some supply money, others talents, services, or special know- ledge. Commassee, a small Arabian coin, about the size of a sixpence, consisting of sevtii carats ; it contams little silver, and may be taken to be worth one penny. From 40 to 60 commassees generally pass for a dollar at Mocha. Commeatob, a messenger. Commedador Balsam, a compound tincture of benzoin used in Braeii. CoMMERCANTs(Frencli), merchants, traders, or dealers. Commerce, the business of exchanging one commodity or production for another, or of buying merchandise with the view of gaining by the transaction; mercantile business in general as carried ou between dlffereat eoantries. Commercial, pertaining to commerce or trade. Tvends goods on commission. Commercial traveller, an agent who CoMJiEiTANT (Frencli), a principal or con- stituent; one who employs. Commings, a maltster's up me for the sboot of the barley after being kiln-dried. CoMMis, a clerk or shopman in France. Commissariat, tiie provisioning department of an army or other large body. Commissary, an offlcer charged with the supply of provisions, nicdical stores, and clothlngfor troops, bodies of travellers, &c Commission, a charge given or undertaken ; a percentage allowed to agents or factors by their employers upon business trans- acted; a written warrant granting powers or privileges, and authorizing the perform- ance of special duties. Commission of Bankruptcy, a power granted by law to a conunlssioner to Inspect the effects and investigate the affairs of u bankrupt for the benefit of his creditors. Commission-broker, a produce or other broker who acts on trust for another. Commissioner, a high public offlcer of some department. Commission-merchant, CoMMissioN-AofeNT, one who executes general commissions, and attends to the supply of goods. CoMMissiONNAiKE, a French factor or mer- chant who buys and sells goods for others; one who attends to the transport of goods; a messenger. Committee, a delegated or selected body of persons appointed to act for a society or company ; and which may be either pro- visional or permanent. Commitment, a warrant of committal to prison. Commode, a piece of bed-room fhmitnre ; ft night-stool; a set of drawers. Commodore, the commander of a yacht squadron. • Common, a public unenclosed ground. Commonage, the right of (ieeding cattle oa a common. Common-council, a body of councillors elected by citizcn>« or burgesses to repre- sent and attend to municipal interests. CoMMON-HALL, the liall or meeting-place of a town council, guild, or corporate body. CoMMON-PiTCH, a building term implying that the length of the rafter is f of the span. Common-place Book, a memorandufn or jotting book. Common Pleas, one of the superior law- courts of Great Britain. Common Prayer, a book containing the forms used in the services of tiie Church of Enuland. Communion Service, a book containing the order of the llucharlst or Holy Sacrament of the Lord's Supper. Communion Table, a piece of church fhr- iiiture at the east ena of a church, within the railed altar. Comp ADORE, in India a butler or purveyor. Comi'anion, the wooden covering or hood ofthe ladder way leading to the cabin in a merchant ship; an associate, fellow tra* Teller or workman. COM t'Ol] COM commerce or jn commission. Ill agent who iucipal or con- i. e for the shoot In-dried. In France, ing department body. irged with the leal stores, and )f triivellers, &c or undertaken ; gents or factors business trans- iranting powers ingtlieperform- a power granted r to inspect the the affairs of u f liis creditors, aduce or other tor another, c officer of some MMISSIOTT-AGfiST, ■al commissioua, ' of goods. li factor or mer- goods for others; msport of goods; selected body of ; for a society or ,y be either pro- if committal to (omflimitnre; » vers. ider of a yacht ied ground, leeding cattle on r of councillora irgesses to repre- ;il)iil interests, meeting-place of corporate body. i term Implying rafter is i of ttie nemoranduin or le superior law- L containing the es of tiie Church )lc containing the Holy iSacrament e of church fhr- a church, within tier or purveyor, covering or hood g to the cabin in jciate, fellow tra« CouPANiON-LADDEB, the Steps leading from the poop to tlie main deuli, or 2rom the deck to the cabin of a ship. GoirPANioNSHip, a body of compositors working together. CoBiPANT, a joint-stock association; a part- nership In trade or any public concern ; the subdivision of a regiment, the soldiers under the command of acaptnin. COMPARATEUR, a Prussian instrument for accurately ascertaining tlie length of mea- sures alter Bessil's mode. The microme- ters are placed on a strong mahogany beam; and the slide, which carries the two measures to be compared, is so ar- ranged tliat it moves them exactly behind one another in the micrometer line, and there retains tliem. Compartment, a specific division of the intermediate spaces. Warehouses are frequently built in compartments lor pre- caution against Are. Ships are oiten built with water-tight compartments lor greater security against accidents. Compass, a well-known instrument, con- trived to Indicate the magnetic meridian, and for telling the course of a vessel, of which there are several varieties, as the mariner's compMSs, the azimuth compass, the variation compass, pe-seltcr or compositor at a piiniing-omce. Composer, a musical author; a type-setter. Composing, the practical business of pick- ing up and arranging the letter types tor printing, spacing, and justifying the lines, Ac. CoMFOSiNO-DBAUOHT, an Opiate or soothing drniiglit. Composing-frame, a printer's elevated working-frame, on whicli the cases oJ typo are rested obliquely. Composing-machine, an tngenions and com^ plicated macliine, invented for setting and arranging type, which Is worked by keys like a piano-iorte. These machines, how- ever, have always some practical detects, the spacing and making up into lines still requiring to be performed bj' liand. CoMPOsiNG-RDLE, a printer's adju^iting meav sure. Composing-stick, an iron, brass, or wooden trame, held In the hand by a compositor or type-setter, in which tie arranges the letters and words into lines for book or newspaper work. Composition, the union of several substances or parts; a musical production; In prlntr Ing the act of setting up type; the com- mercial name for an an uiigement or legal compromise with creditors, made by a debtor who Is unnblo to )iay his llabllU ties In full, a portion of the debt beins taken in lieu of the Adl demand; In French this is callt-d Concordat. Composition Candles, stearine or other hard candles which do not waste or bum too freely. Composition Cloth, a material made from long tlax, and dres«cd with a solution which renders it waterproof. It Is used for rail-r way luggage, trunk covers, Ac. Composition Metal, a kind of sheathing for vessels, which, being cheaper, is used in- stead of copper. Composition Naii.s, nails suited for fasten- ing composition metal. Composition Ornasient-maker, a manufac- turer of plaster or stucco ornaments. Compositor, a type-setter engaued in pick- ing up, arranging, and distributing letters or type in a printing-oflice. Compost, a collection of fertilizing sub-, stances for manuring land. Compot, ajar or box of preserves, or dried sweets. CojiPOTE, stewed ft-ults or fowls. Compound, a mixture ; tlie garden or fenced enclosure around houses and buildings in India, a corruption ti tiie Toriuguese campana. Compounder, a distiller or rectifier; a pre- parer of sweetened cordials. CojiPRADOR, the name in China for a col- lector or accountant. Compress, to condense or sqaeezo into a smaller compass; a linen pad. CoMi'BOMiSE, an adjustment of differences between parties by iiidiviilual or mutual concession; an arrangement with cre-> ditors. CoMPTANT (French), ready money, cash, specie. CoMiToiR (French), a counting-hoosc, shop- couuter or geuerul factoiy. Coir ti02l CON CoMPraoLLGit, CoNTBOLLER, A supGTvlsor or check otticcr; thud there are controllers of accounts, controllers of customs, &c. CONCAVE-BiiicK, a sort of brick chiefly used in iniikinK drains and water-courses. Concentrated M-lk, solidified milk pre- pared to keep without spoiling. CoNCENTBic Circles, In turnery, circles that are drawn from one cummoii centre but liiivedltlcrent radll. Concertina, a small hexagonal musical Instrument, the bellows of wlilcli are usually of an octagonal shape, and tlie reeds and keys are contained in both boards, so as to be played on by press- ing the Augers of each baud. See Melo- DEOS. Concession, an American and Canadian name lor allotments or portions of land in a township; on the Continent a prlvlieso or right granted by the government to do certain acts, such as to form compauies, construct railways, h. Copakho bark is also obtaUied from the Strychnos pseudo- quina, reputed to be the must valuable of all remedies for the iutermltteuts of lirazil. CoPAL-VAKNisH, an Important and useful varnish much used in the arts and manu- lactures. CoPANO, a money of account and weight In some parts ot the Eastern archipelago ; tlie fourth part of a mace; in Sumatra, tlie couuiig is 'i^ grains, in other ports 7 to 10 Krulns ; tenth part of a dollar. ("oPAitTNEK, one wlio is united in partner- ship with another. Cope, a priest's vestment; the archwork over a door. The word also siguiUes to barter or change awaj-. Copeck, Kopeck, a Russian copper coin, the hundredth i)art of the rouble ; 3 copecks are equal to one penny. The coined copper money Is in pieces of 10, 5, 2, 1 and half copecks. There are silver pieces current of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 50, 75 and 150 copecks. CoPEHAN, a merchant; one who barters. CoPEB, in lead mining one who contracts to get ore at an agreed siuu per dish or load, CoPET, a Cuba dye-wood obtained fiovn. C'liuta rosea. CoPFTSTUCK, a name given to the twenty kreutzer piece in Austria and Bavaria, Cop-house, a place where tools are kept. Coping, the upper course of masonry on a wall or parapet, Ac, which tonus a project- ing or covering course. Coping-stones, long plates of stone laid on a wall, and projecting a few Inches beyond the wall to carry off rain. Copper, a well-known, brownish-red metal, obtained largely in this country, in North America, the Cape Colony, Australia, and the West Indies, &c It enters into com- merce ia the form of ore, regulos, old plates, and coin; in manufactures, niu wrought in bricks and pigs, rose copper, sheets, nails, wire, rods, iEc According to the estimates of M. Lcplay, tlie secnr tary of the conmiisslon of mining statist lea in France, the ^% hole amount uf the smelt- ed copper produced in the world i^ 52,400 tons, tlie amount consumed by va- rious countries being as follows :— Great lirltaln, 10,000 tons; Fraiue, U2U0; thu German Customs Union, 54U0 ; the Aus* trlan Empire, 2tiU0: the Kusxlan Empire, 2000; Sweden and >orway, 400; other European States, CCOO; the United Stales, 5000; other States of America, 1100; tliQ Asiatic continent (India iiud Oceuuica), 8300; and Japan, li'OO. CoppERAH, Copra, ar eastern name for the dried oily pulp of the cocoa-uut, used lor expressing oil from. CopPEBAs, a popular name for the beautiful green crystals tormlng sulphate ot iron, also called green vitriol. CoppEB-BOTTOMED, a term applied to vessels slieathed with copper sheets or yellow composition metal below the water-mark. Copper-coinage, the petty British coinage tor mercantile transactions, and for tlie convenience of small traders, consisting of pennies, hultpennu-s, and farthings. In the seven years, rnuing 18.'j4, 371J tons of copi-er were coined into about .'!Di million pieces. In the six years, ending witti 18C0, 363 tons of copper coin were issued. Ill 1800, a bronze coinage was put into circulation in the place of the copper coin, 92 tons' weight being roiiied and issued. It Is not a legal tender for more than ouo shilling. CoppEB-FASTENED, a term applied to vessels or boats which have rivets and bolts of copper to secure the timber and planks, &u. Copper- Foink romi In Aiiiunca, coiisi.itiiiK uf trees or logs ul .vuod laid across side by aide. CoRDUBOY-TRousEiis, male garments made ot fustian. CoRDWAiNER, tbo Old name for a shoe- maker. CoiiDWAiNERS' Company, one of the livery companies of London, whose hall is in Cannon-street, CoBD-wooD, a name for firewood in many colonies; stacks of firewood were formerly measured by a cord. Core, the Interior of any thing; the mould on which a metal pipe Is formed; a miner's name (or the period of labour which extends to six hours. The twenty- four liours are therelore divided into four cores, commencing wltli the " forenoon core," at 6 a.m., and ending with the " last core by night," which commences at midnight * Corf, in the mining district a basket for carrying coals; a square frame of wood to load the coals on ; a sledge to carry ore from the miners to the shall bottom, to be raised to the surface. I Corf- bow, the liandlo of a coal-basket or corf; I Corf-house, a temporary building or shed erected In Scotland for curing salmon and for keeping the nets in. I CoRFT-FisH, a Scotch term for fish boiled with salt and water. Gorge, from the Portuguese Corja. The common Indian name for a score, by which many kinds of dry goods are vended in the bazaars. i COROEE, a term In Oanara, India, for 21 2 moo- dahs, or rush mat bundles of rice, the mode in which that grain is usually sold CoRiAH, a species of Indian canoe. f CoRiANDEK, an un'ieiliferous plant, the Coriandrum sativum, grown for its pun- gent fruit, used as a seasoning in India, and for the essential oil expressed from the seeds, which are a warm and agree- able aromatic I Cork, the modified liber of the Quercus tuber, largely used for stoppers of bottles and casks, and many other purposes. CoRK-GirrTER, a manufacturer of cork bark , for commercial purposes. I Co&K-cuTXER's KioFE-MAKEB, a cutler who prepares the particular cutting tools ro< ' quired In the cork tr.ide. Corker, a wedge u^od to atretnb women'4< boots and shoos. CouK-HAT, a min's hat in which parts of the body, for liglitness, are madi> of cork. > Cork jacket, a belt of corks, worn to float the perifon In water. CoRK-LEO, an artificial leg. Cork-screw, a lever for extracting the cork troin a bottle, which la cither almpla^ or complicated. Cork Sock-maker, a cutter of soles of cork for shoes, tfec. Cork-sole, a thin slice of cork bark, used tor the Inside of slippers and shoes, and sometimes between the soles of walking- boots, to keep the feet dry ; cork-soles are also now placed between the iron shoe and frog of a horse. Corn, a general commercial name for the grain or seed of plants, which Is used for lutinan food. In England the bread corn Is chiefly wheat ; In the United States the name corn applies specially to maize; in Scotland tlie name Is given to oats beforo they are ground ; In Sweden, Iceland, Ac. it denotes barley ; hence It may be lnrerre enclose small wares ; a pipe or flute ; a cavalry officer who bears the colours. Cornet-a-I'iston, a musical instrument, a kind of brass born, or trumpet with valves. Corn-exchange, a place of meeting for farmers, corn-factors, and dealers gener- ally, where business Is transacted by samples , COR [108] COB CoBtiKT, a grain meaiure In Ceylon, of 4) seen, nbout 9^ Ilia. GOKN-VACTOIU. CORN-MKRCnAMTH, Bgentt wbo buy an(l kcH Krulii uiiU iiiuul, ^c, on belialtofotlicrM. CoRN-riELD, a apace of land devoted to the cnlture of grulii. CoRN-iiARP, a wire Instriimi'nt used In Scotland for freeing grain trum the sceil* of weeds. CoRN-HusK-FiBnE, the sheaths of the ears ofmalzo. which have hccn turned to luo in America, fur BtutlliiK iniittrcHse^ Cornice, an upper moulding, or finished ornamental |>r(>Jcctlon ; a Klhlod orollior ornamental work within which window curtains are suspendi'd. CoENiCBON (Fronch), horn tips; a gherkin. COBNIMO, a name given to thit process of granulating gunpowder; salting and cur- ing moat. COHNiNO-HonsR, tlie place whore gunpowder is granulated. CORK-Lirr, an elevator or contrivance for raising corn to the upper lloors ui a gra- nary or mill. CoRN-LOFT, an elevated storehouse or depositary for corn. CoRN-M£T£R, onu who measures grain and seed. Corn-mut,, a grlndlns and crushing mill for grain, worked by wind, wiitt-r, or steiini. There are also hand-grinding mills i'ur domestic use. CoRNO (Italian), a horn. Cornopean, a musical wind Instrument. Corn-back, a coarse canvas 'ng for hold- ing grain, containing uIjd. r, J4Ulbs. CoRN-SBEixER, a machim; lor removing the grain of maize ftom tlio cob or stalk. Corn-stack, a pile or i iok ot cii n. COBN-8TORE, a placB whcre grain is housed; a retail shop for grain. COROKAN, the meal of a pulse, the Elmsine coracana, of which cakes are made in the East. GoKOUANDEt-wooD, R cabinet wood of a red hazel brown colour, obtained fi-om the JHotpyrus hirsuta; Imported chiefly In logs and planks Irom Madras. Coronal, a lady's ornament tor the head. Coroner, an officer whoso chief duty Is, that of taking inquisitions when any person dies suddenly or l)y violent means. Coroner's Inqdest, a jury of twelve per- sons, summoned by authority of a coro- ner to Investigate into tlie cause of the sudden death of a person. CoRONiLLA, a Spantsli name fbr the gold dollar o( 20 reals vellon, about 4s. ed. CoRozALE (Spanish), a grove or ridge of cohuno palms. COROZO, CoRosso, CoRDSCo - NDTS, Com- mercial names for *,lie fruit of a species of Brazilian palm, Phytelephas macrocarpa. The hardened albumen of these nuts has obtained fr: them the nan>e of vegetable Ivorv, and they are much used for small art''^'os of turn'^ry-ware. Several hun- rt, n; .1 ns of t -tse nuts are now annually tiiiported. Th a Oorozo colorada of Central America isth^ American oil palm, Eloeit fi^atiococca, s/j named from its red fruit. CORPORA)^ the lowest office: In an infantry compiiny. Corporation, a body pol.'.lc or Incorporoled nssociatlon. Corps, a body of troops, a minor division of an army. Corral, the Spanish nninn for a cattlo enclosure, also called a eraal or kraal. CoHUALoo, a name In Iklatullpatam and other parts of India for Italian millet. Cokrectinq, In printing, the rectification of errors, win ther literal or accidental, from wrong type being talu-n u|i, or verbal aiterutlons made by the Header or Author. CoiuiKOiDoR, a Spanish Juiige. CoituKsi-oNDKNT, one at a distance whocai rics on commercial intercourse with ii;i- other; the news-writer lor a perloaical Journal. CouniDOR, a covered pnsp ge tvnn one part of a bulldlim to anoti.er; :: pn' "ry or long aisle round a bullilmg, kiallng to several apartments. CoRRoi, (ouuu )i (Fren( !i/, a coating ttuff lor paying a ship s bottom. Corrosive, having t'lo power to cat away. CoBUowvE-siniLiMATi . the bicliitiride of mercury, an extremely acrid and virulent puison, but not uulVequently used uieUi- dually. CoKHUQATED-iRON. Iron wrlnkl< J or fluted, with alternate elevations and dearer slons, used for rooting iind other purposes. It is mostly galvanized, but sometimes painted. Corsage, a lady's waist-dress or bodice. CoRSAiB, a piratical vcsiicl wliieh crulitcs about, attacking and plundering mer- chant ships. Corsets, stays or supports for the waist worn by females. CoitsicAN Moss, a nutritious strong-scented ECtt-weed, the Plocaria Helminthochortos, Ibund on the coasts of the Mediterranean, recommended medicinally for removing worms. As sold in the shops this moss consists of various marine productions, with a very little Plocaria interinixed. CoRTiCAi, belonging to tlie bark. CoRT-STop, the name in Scotland ibr a vessel for holding a quart. CoRiniDUM, a mineral, composed of crystal- line alumina, in great lequest for grinding and polishing machinery, plate-glass, pebbles, &c. There are several kinos, as c". i-ior corundum, or adamantine spar, . ill 1 iTi the i-ast, ihesai phiro and 'i'V V lie'; are termc' fp.eioub con ( ,. -v .' ._. 1 y. CoR\ an .110 makes mid repairs corves or coal baskets. See Coup. Corves, the mining name for baskets of coal. Corvette, a sloop of war which does not carry more than twenty guns. Cosaques, a French fancy paper for wrap- ping sweetmeats. Cos-lettuce, an esteemed variety of lettuce with leaves of an oblong shape. Cosmetics, nostrums and preparations for improving the hair and beautitying the skin, many of which are at best of doubt- ful utility. B COT fiw] COT ncei 111 Kit infantry i;.lc crlncorporoled 1, a minor dlvlalon ol nnmn for n cattlo a cruiil or krniil. II AlnHUllpatiiin and )r ItHlInn tnlllvt. ir, tlio rectification of il or accidental, from taken up, or verlml le UeaJcr or Author, ijuilue. t H distance who cm ntercourso with mi- lter lor a perloaiciil ^r pngp (?o fK'in anoti.er; ; a hulliliiiu. I'-- ono ,.ry -Uni; mliy, a coating stuff >ttom. > iiower to eat oway. . the bichloride or •ly acrid and virulent requcntly used uieUl- m wrlnkl( J or fluted, tlonsanilileprefBlons, il other purpoaes. It zed, but goHiellmeg st-dress or bodice. vcsi-cl which crulsoB nd plundering nier- .pport» for the waist ritlou8 strong-scented ria Helminthochortos, of the Mediterniiunn, dually tor removing the shops this moss marine productioua, ocaria intermixed. the bark. le in Scotland Ibr a quart. , composed of crystal- it request for grinding ichlnery, plate-Rlass, e are several klnos, (ium, or adamantine he Kast, thesaiphiro are termc' "-eclou^ y. ;> makes mid repairs ;t8. Hee COKF. name for baskets of f war which does not enty gun 3. fancy paper for wrap- ;med variety of lettuce )lons shape. 1 and preparations for • and beautifying the ti are at best of doubt- Cosfl, a corrupted term for the Karoh or Kros.'tnh, an Indian itinerary oi roiid measure, which varies In different !• i^s, averuuliig however about U mile, li li generally distinguished Into the common coHS, and till! Htandard cosh. The standard COHS ranges from Sfi to 45 to the doKree; the coinmon cons, Irom 1 to 2i UrItlsh nilleii. The UeiiKul coss of 1000 tUthoms U 1 lirltlsh mile, 1 furlong, 3 poles, and 3^ yarils. Mi^or Rennoll estimates lOO sta- titti mllcs to bo equal to 100 coshcs. In ^ r ' titpatam the ross or bardary la a ,lle ' und S l-Oth furtouKS. <.;m..'ia,.i i.ialn measure oI the Deccan, India, ritchef less than 1 lb. ; the COtb part of the carwu r, CossAB, a kind of plain Indian muslin. JuasKTS, a name on the Continent for slices of hect-root, itoiu which spirit bos been distilled. 0<)S»'i""«' safflower; a red dye much used ainouK iiic Malays. Costal (S|.anlHh), a sack or large bag used In Mouth Aih'Tlco; those for carrying ore are made of pit? or aloe fibre. It Is also a rammer or beetle. CoaTABD, an early summer apple, which l)elng hawked about, gave to tliu venders the name of costardmongers, now changed to costermongers. Co8T-B()oK, an old system on wlilch Comlsh mines are conducted, by which the adven- turers can ascertain and determine their liability. Meetings are held of the share- holders every two months, and the accounts and llahllltles made np to that time. A shareholder can withdraw when he pleases on paylni{ his fair proportion cf the existing liabilities, when his name is written off the cost-book. CosTEANiNO, In mhiing, a search for mineral ludes, by sinking pits, and driving truns- Tersely in their supposed direction. [Coster, a piece of arable land In Scotland. [CosTEKMONOKR, ail itinerant hawker or street dealer: originally costardmonger, one who sold apples, but now applied indiscriminately to hawkers of fruit, vege- tables, fish, &C. ICOSTIEBK (Italian), a coasting pilot [CosTRBX, a kind ot bottle. [Cost-sheet, a statement of thetwo-monthly I expenses of working n mine. Costume, a term usually applied to a fancy I or character dress. [CosTt™iEB,a dealer In fancy dresses. JCostcs, a name for the putchuk root, a kind of Indian orris, obtained from Vastus Arabii-us, used In China as an incense. [Cost, the name Kiveu to a small kind of omnibus recently Introduced. !ox, a swinuMig bedstead covered with can- vas; a cottage or small house. ;oTE (B'reuclo, lue quotaiiou In a prices- current "OTGARE, reftise wool. ^othon, a landing qusir or dock. lOTiLUON, a woollen maurial, made of va- rious colours, for ladies' skirts. JOTMAN, a term for a fisliennan In Ire- laiiU ; In Scotland a cottajjer. See Cox- tab. ( 'oil ifino (ftairan). tlio quince tn«e. fori-' 'i>K (Kretich), c(itt.ii ' aiinBP, a long-wtwilled breed of sheep, »i} naiiicd ^'rom tlie cots or shc(U lii which they were (i iiinid : wliloli at oiio time were peculiar to lii< euuntlei of (II iiccster, lleretord, and Wiifi'itfi^r. Con A, u niaasure useil In the Maldives (hr selling cowrin», containing about liiOO u( these iholl.t. fier Cowht. CoTTAii, an Indian land iixMisura, the 9ntf^ part of the becK«li or blgguh; cqiui lit itenKal to 720 siiiMre I'ect. CoTTAit, CoTTKU, oiu) wlu) Inhabits H ..uttage dependent on a farm. CoTTENiiAM-cuEESE, a name in tl > (jmhIoq market ibr new cheese. COTTIEB, a weaver In Ireland wfio worka for the flax manufacturers witiiaut iH>ld- iiitr land. Cotton, tlie wool or down surrounding tlj« seeds of various species of Oossppiuin, of which the commerce is cnormow*. Tlio quantities of raw cotton consu. ^'d In tb« ctiief manufacturing countries li IHH« wivre as follows, In millions of pouno^ :— cirei^t Britain, 930; Itu.'ssia, Oermany, ''ollaiKt, and Belgium, 250; Franco, 211; " iiln, 4H; countries bordering on the Adi atic, S»; United States of North Amen a, fW; Mediterranean and other countries, 60. Total 1705 million poutids. CoTTON-BAOoiNa, a coarse wrapping mate- . rlalfbr baling cotton wool, and lor sack- •*lng. See OuNirr-BAoa CoTTOM-BBOKEB, an agcut in a seaport u)wii tor the sale of cotton. CoTTON-DTEB, One who dyes cotton. CoTTONEE, a Turkish fabric of cotton md sUk satinet CoTTON-FLOATEH8,«n India-rubbcr envelope or casing, in which bales ot cotton urt floated down Bome of the American riv. crs CoTTON-oiN, a machine for clearing cottc i wool from the seeds, husks, and other In,- purities : there are several kinds, amoiiif which are the Indian churka or Ibot- roller, the hand-gin, saw-gin, Ac Cotton, Gun. See Qun-cotton. CoTTONiER, a provincial name for the wild asparagus or Canada, the fibre of which Is believed to be of importance as a substi- tute for flax or hemp. Cotton- MA^•uFACTaRER, a maker of cotton fabrics by machinery. The declared value of our cotton manutacturcd goods hi 1800 was £29,g;)2,713 and of that consumed at home the value is estimated at £25,000,ooa CoTTON-Miiis, works where cotton wool la spun by machinery into yarn, Ac. The number of spindles at work in Great Britain was estimated at 84 millions in theendoflSCl. C01TON-MIIJ.-FUBNISHEBS, machinists who supply tiie fittings for mills. CoTTON-PBiNTEK, a machlne-prtnter, wlio stamps and dyes cotton fabrics. CoTTON-SEED OiL, a blaiid dark oil extracted from the seed which is separated from the cotton wool. CorroN-BPiNNEB, a workman at a cottoo- miili the owner of cotton worka. cou [110 J cou Cotton-tick, a material for bpd and pillow cases, &C., which is either plain or twilled, and sometimes composed partly of linen, as in union tick. CoTTOH- WASTE- DEALER, a trader who buys the refuse from cottim mills CoTTON-TARN-MEASUBE. In the cotton trade a thread is equal to 64 inches; a si(cln or rap of 80 threads, equal to 120 yards; a hanli of 7 siteins, 840 yards; a spindle of 18 hanks, 15,120 yards. CoTTON-YARN-MEucHANT, an agent or dealer In cotton yam. In 1856 we exported about 187J miiilon pounds of yarn and thread, valued at £8,652,000, and double that quantity in manufactured articles; while about 273 millloa pounds of yarn were used at home. CoTTON-TARN-TwisTEK, a preparer of yarn for spinning, &c ; the waste of cotton in spinning is about 1} oz. In the pound. CoTTREL, a hook and trammel to hang a boiler or not on for cooking purposes. CoTWAL. See Cutwal. Couch, a frame on which barley is malted ; a kind of sofa or long soft reclining seat. CoccHBR, a workman in a paper manu- factory. CoucH-GKASs, a name for various creeping roots troublesome to the farmer. Some of tliese are now employed for paper stuff, and as food for cattle in Italy. See ORAHtOKA. CoucoD, a wooden clock. CouLAGE (French), leakage. CODLEUVBE (French), snakewood. Coulisse, Cuii-is, a groove or channel, the gutter in a roof. Coulter, part of a plough. See Colter. <'0ULTHEE, a kind of Indian grain. Cocmatch, a red twill made in Russia. CouMiA-RESiN, a resin obtained In the West Indies and South America from Jcica Ouianensis. Council, a civic court. [barrister. Counsellor, an American advocate or Counter, part of the stern of a vessel ; a shopboard, a table or bench on which money is counted; an imitation money; the back leather or heel part of a boot. Countercheck, a plane for working out the groove which unites the two sashes of a window in the middle. Counter-jumper, a contemptuous name sometimes given to a linendraner's shop- man, [in transitu. Countermand, a contrary order; a stoppage Counter-pane, Counter-point, a bed-cover- ing woven with little protuberances of various patterns. A more eleis'ant species is the Marseilles quilts. Ttiese have a double cloth with a softer fabric quilted between them in the loom. Countersign, a military watchword or private puss signal. Counter-turner, a workman who mal-es button moulds, and bone, ivory, shell or other markers. Countervailino-duttks, excise duties char«enble on the receipt of goods ft"om the Isle of Man and other specified places, equal to those which would be paid from other quortera, Countesses, a kind of slate measuring 20 Inches by 10. See Slates. Countinq-house, a merchant's ofHce, a place where business is transacted. Country, a Derbysliire mining term for a rock through which the mineral vein traverses. Countrt-cloths, a name for mats, and textile fabrics, ifec, made In Africa by the natives. Some are made of grass which look cool and pretty but cannot be washed ; others are of long coloured strips of cotton cloth, blue and red, woven about the breadth of a ribbon, and then sewed together. County-court, aclvil district court, presided over by a Judge, for the summary trial of small causes, where the debt or damage sued for Is not above £50. Coup, a Scotch term for exchanging or bartering, buying and selling. Coupe, a Swiss grain measure. In Frlboarg equal to 7 gallons, In Geneva to 17; lit Lyons the coupe is but 1} gallon. In Germany this measure bears the name of kopt: Coupee, the glazed front part of a French diligence or other carriage. Couplings, the connecting link by which motion Is added from one machine to another from the same motive power; also the rod or chain which unites rail- way carriages. CouPLiNO-Box, a connection for Joining tha ends of shafts. Coupon, an order or warrant for the pay- ment of periodical dividends or public stocks, which is usually attached to foreign bonds. Coupon-sheet, a connected series of coupons given in advance, which have to be detached from time to time as the divi- dends fall due, and are paid. CouRBARiL, a kind of clear rcsln. See Anihe and Copal. Courida, a wood obtained In Dcmerara from Avicennia nitida. It is perishable when much exposed, but is usefhl as foundations for buildings. The bark is used for tanning. Courier, an express or special messenger. Course, a continued range of stones or bricks in the wall of a building. Courses, the lower square sails of a ship ; course is also the term for the track or direction a ship Is to take in prosecuting her voyage. Course op Exchange, the sum merchants pay to each other for bills to enable them to make remittances from oue country to another. Courtage, the business or remnneration of a courtier or broker in France. CouRT-GLaoE, a fasldonable directory of tho names and residences of the gentry aiid nobility in a town. CoimTiER, a French broker. On the Con- tinent as in England tlicre are many kinds, as blll-brol;cr, courtier de change; ship-broker, courtier de navlre^ share- broKer, courtier d"actions; custom-house broker, courtier de douaue; auddiirereut produce brokers. # u slate measuring sn Lies. ercTiant's office, a is transacted. I inlnlni; term for a the mineral veiit ime for mats, and made in Africa by ire made of grass, pretty but cannot re of long coloured blue and red, woven i ribbon, and then strict court, presided he summary trial of the debt or damage ;50. for exchanging or sellhif;. leasure. In Fribonrg I Geneva to 17; in but 1} gallon. In ! bears the name of It part of a French iage. Ing link by which n one machine to ne motive power; which unites rail- :tion for Joining the jrrant for the pay- ividends or public ually attached to ted series of coupons t^hich have to be time as the divi. paid. clear resin. iSfae Ined in Dcmerara It is perishable but is useful as Qgs. The bark is peclnl messenger. uiKe of stones or )uilding. ire sails of a ship ; n for the track or Jke in prosecuting lie sum merchants ills to enable them )m oue country to )r rcmnneratlon of France. )le directory of tho 01 the gentry arid cer. On the Con- there are many urller de change; le navire; share- ns; custora-liouse xue; auddiirercut COW [111] cow ConRTLAGE, the court or yard of a shop or dwelling-house. CouET-MAETiAL, a military or naval tribu- nal, taking cognizance of offences com- mitted by officers or men in the Queen's service, and having penal jurisdiction. CouKTOF Chancery, a superior equity court of law, over which the Lord Chancellor presides, to which legnl decisions, or the atlmlnistration of disputed property is reierred, or, in popular parlance, "thrown into chancery." ConPT OF Requests, a summary Judicial coi.rt for the trial of small causes. CouBT PLASTER, an ndliesive ijlastiT of black sarcenet silk, strained ami brushed over several times with a gummy preparation of isinglass, benzoin, and turpentiue. It Is used chiefly for closing wounds. Court-plume, a bunch of white ostrich feathers, worn by ladies on the head on State visits at Court. Court, a superior kind of Catechu, said to b(i made in Southern India from the areua or betel nut. Couscous, Couz-Couz, Kous-Kors. African names for the poundtd grain ot Fenicillaria spicata, a species of millet. Cous-o-BRODEUK, a French sewing macliine. CousTic, an old Prussian coin of 5 groschen, and worth rather more than 2d. CouTABALLi, a common wood of British Guiana, principally used for house frames. It is very hard and durable when not exposed to the weather, it will square 12 inches, from 30 to 40 feet long. CouTEAU, the French term tor a knife. CODTELIER, tlie French name for a cutler. COUTIL (French), canvas, ticking, drill or duck. CovA, in Italian a tortoise shell. OovADo, the Portuiiuese cubit, and measure of length for cloth, containing 3 palms, equal to 2 15 feet, or 26} inches. CovEACinNG, a mode of marinating Spanish mackerel and other fish in the West Indies, for keeping and export. The flsh are cut into junks, fried with onions and oil, and afterwards potted with viiief.'ar. spices, and some of the fried onions and oil. CovED-CEiLiXG, a roof arclied at the junction with the walls. Cover, a miner's box in which ore is removed from the rock or strata; the moveable top of any thing. Coverlet, a counterpane or quilt; the upper covering for a bed. I CovETTA, a plane used for moulding frame- work, called also a quarter-round. CoviD, an eastern cloth measure of variable length; In Calcutta and Hombay it is 18 inches; in Madras 18 3-5tlis; iiiArabialO; In Malacca 18J; and in China 14J inches. Coving, the sliii's of a fireplace; a projection in houses beyond the foundation or outer waU. \ Cow, a miner's name for a wedge placed behind a crab or gin-start to prevent It ft-om revolving; the f'einiile of the bovine tribe of animals. In Scotland this word has a variety of significations. It is applied to a rude shed erected over the luoutii oi a coal pit; to a besom made of broom ; to the fuel used for a temporary fire; to a scarecrow, and to the act of pruning or lopping. (!0WAQE. See COWHAOE. CowAX, a Scotch fishing boat ; a builder of dry walls, one who docs tlie work of a mason but has not been regularly trained to it. CowBECK, a mixture of hair and wool for h.its. Cow-BELi.s, bells hung round the neck of cattle and sheep to notify their locality to the asrlculturist, especially In moun- tainous districts, .and in low underwood. Cow liEZOAR. See Bezoar. Cow-BLAKES, dried cow-dung used as fuel, which bears different names in various counties and foreign countries. In parts of Scotland it is called cow's biickrln, cow-plats, and cow-shariu See AUGOIA CowDACH, CowDT, a Small cow or heifer; in some parts a Scotch runt without horns. CowDiE VtXK, KowRiE,or KAURi,the Damma- ra auMralis, a siilendid coniferous tree, a native of New Zealand, furnishing valu- able timber, and from the fossil deposits of which the kowrie resin of commerce Is obtained. CowDUNG, the excrement of the ox tribei Besides its value as manure, and when dried for fuel, cowdung is much used in the process of calico-printing, after tho fabric has been mordanted. Cow-FEEDER, an attendant on cows; in Scotland, a dairyman, who sells milk. CoAVHAGE, Cow-itch, a name clveu to tho small hairs on the pods of Mucuna ureru and pruriens, climbing plants of the East and West Indies. They are used in medi- cine as a vermifusre. CowHAiR, the hair taken fVom the hides of slaughtered cattle which is useful for various purposes, for making rope, for Btufling, and for mixing with mortar. The white hair is employed in blanket- making, and the brown hair by felt makers, and for shin's sheathing, &c. Cow-heel, the foot of a calf or cow boiled for jolly. Cow-hide, the skins of cattle nsed for making leather, for rope and for packing bales, (fee. CowiE, a name given to the seal in the Fritli of Tay, from Its round head resenv- bling a cow that has no horns. CowKEF.PER, a dairyman who keeps cows for milking. Cow-shed, Cow-house, a shelter for milch cows or otiicr cattle. Cowl, a revolving chimney-pot or cover to tacllitiite the escape of sniuke. In India, a ccii'.tract or lease to a zemindar or largo farmer. ('owp, a mining term for exchanging places, or fi r an over turn. See Coup. Cowries, the small white glossy shells of Cyprcea moneta and other species, which are used in several parts of Africa and India for money. In the eastern bazaars they are made use offer minute fractional payments and tiieir value rises uud falls CRA [112] CRA according totlie demand and the quantity In the market ; 6000 to 7000 being equal to a rupee or two shllliug!>. In the Interior of A.lrlca tliey bear a higher value, five strings or 200 being worth about eight- pence. Some Icinds of cowries are ground TO make the glaze on the enamel plate of clock.o, others are used fur ornamental piirposcii. Cowslip, the Primula veris, the flowers when fermented with sugar form a domes- tic wine, used for wheys. Cows-Hii>K. The milk of the cow is that ordinarily suppIicM to towns, &a ; it con- tains by analysis about 87 per cent, of water, 4} of caseine or curd, 4} of sugar of milk, r'>out 3 per cent, of butter, and the remalnuerismade up of various salts. The ftroportion of solid matter to tiiat of water s rather less than in the milk of the ewe and goat CowsooNO, CoosoNO, a kind of nankeen dyed black; an article of trade lu the Philippine and Suiida islands. Coxswain, a steersman or chief boatman; one who has the cliarge of a boat. CoTAN, a dry measure of common use in Asiatic and eastern countries, containing more or less plculs, according to tlie articles measured and tlie locality. In some parts it is reckoned 3000 lbs. In Java it is 27 piculs or 3581 lbs. avoirdupois, in Amboyna 25 piculs or 3255} lbs.; in Singapore 40 piculs of 1331 lbs. each. Coz, OozBAUGUES, a small Persian copper coin, worth rather more than a farthing. CoziNHEiRO (Spanish), a ship's cook. CuAB, a small portable crane or lifting machine, with a single or double pur- chase; a capstan used by miners for raisins; or lowering pumps in a pit; a wild sour apple; a well-known crustaceous animal (Cincer pagurus). Sea crabs are taken in large quantities forconsumntiou to towns; land crabs (Oegarcinaruricola) are also much esteemed as a delicacy In the West Indies. Ckabs'-eyes, concretions found In the storaacli of the cray fish before it casts its shell in July. They were formerly in great repute as antacids, and at Astracan large quantities of craydsh were bruised with mallets, and allowed to putrify in heaps, after which the flesh was washed, and the two concretions picked out ; but chalk answers every purpose for which these stones were used. Crab-wood, a light wood obtained in (ruiaua from the Carapa Guiaiiensts, which takes a high polish, and is used lor masts and spars, floorings, partitions, and doors of houses. There are two varieties, tlie red and the white. It may be cut from 40 to 60 feet in length, with a square of 14 or 16 inches. The bark is used for tanning, and the seeds yield a valuable oil, which is used for burning, andis highly esteemed as a hair oil, preventing it turn- ing grey, and curing scalpy eruptions. Crack, a flaw or fissure. Cracker, a kind of small dry hard water biscuit chiefly made in the United States; a firework. Crackie, a small low three-legged stooli with a hole in the middle for lifting i<| used In cottages. Cracklings, the refuse of tallow when pr^ pared by the chandler or candle maker. Cracknells, a kind of crisp sweet biscntt. Cradi^, a strong frame of timber, &a, placed under the bottom of a ship to con- duct her steadily in her ways wBen being launched: achild's cot, moving on rockers; n gold sifting machine ; a miner's name for a suspended scaffold used in shafts. Cbadle-scythe, a rake or support to a scythe for receiving the straw as it is cut. Craft, a trade; a name given to amaU vessels. CRAPrsMAN, a skilled mechanic or artificer. Craig (Scotch), a rock or clifT. Craig-flook, a species of flounder. Craig-berrinq, a Scotch name for the shad. Craigsuak, one who climbs cliffs oveiw hanging the sea in Shetland for the pur- pose of procuring sea birds, or tneir eggs, Crail-cafon, a name in the Lothlans fbr a haddock dried but not split, named from Crail, a town in Fife. Cralls, Crawls, enclosures made with stakes near the shore for confining turtle. Cram, Crame, a Scutch term for a market stall ; a pack of goods for sale. Crauboo, a name in seme parts of India fOr cloves. Cramps, bent irons for holding tMngs to- gether; metal ties or holdfasts : or secur- ing large stones in a walL Crak, a fish measure, equal to about 37i gallons: as many fresh herrings as will fill a barrel; an iron support for a pot or kettle over a fire; a name in the shoe trade for any secret method of per- forming work. Cranage, the money hire of a crane for load- ing and unloading ships, and warehousing goods. CBAinsERBiEs, the acid red ft-uit of Oxycocctu paluftris, and other species of the same genus, imported preserved in spring water from Newfoundland and the United States. They are largely used for tarts and pud- dings. Cranberries are cultivated in many parts of North America; they are sown broadcast on wet land, and on drier soils the plants are drilled in and bear fruit the third year, yielding on the ave- rage about ISO bushels to the acre, wbidi sell at 83. or 9s. the bushel. Cranr, a powerful lifting machine, moved by a winch, of great use on wharves anu docks, > tulned from coal tar. Creaze, a mining name for tin, in the waslu ing tub or buddle. Cbedit, a giving trust; goods supplied without prepayment; money lent CuEEL, a ll'sliinK or potato basket. Creeper, a kind <>f small grapnell for dmg ging in search ot any thing lost in a bar hour or river. Crkese, Crease. See Cris. Cremerie, a breakfast or refreshment liouse in French towns. Cbemon, the French name for a new shut- ting piece for a window. Cremona, a valuable violin. Crenoline, Crinoline, a horsehair and cotton labric used tor ladies' petticoats and bonnets, &c. Creosote. iSee Creasote. Crequillas, a textile cotton fabric of light and low-priced quality, made for export. Cress, the general name of a number of plants possessing pungent and aromatic qualities. The garden cress, Lepidiuin sativum, is a hardy and esteemeu salad plant. Cresset, a light shown upon a beacon, watch-tower, &c. QiEUTzr^ a German coin. See KREinzEB. Ceevet, a crucible or melting pot. Crew, ai;angor party; the complement of sailors tor a boat or ship. Crewel, worsted twisted in knots, and sold lor tapestry, and embroidery work; now called Lerlin wool. Crib, u child's bed or cot, of iron, cane, or wood; the rack or manger ot a stultle; a reel lOr winding yarn in iScotluud; a small raft, of timber in Canada. A crib ut white pine generally contains ISOO cubic feet ; of red pine, 1000 cubic leet. Cribbage-board, a uuirking board with lioles, on which players score the game ol cribbage with pegs. Cribbie, a Scotch term for as much yarn ua goes half round the reel or crib in winding > arn. CuiBBLB, a sieve. Cricket, a game played with a bat and ball, and stumps or wickets. Cricket- BAT -MAKER, a workman who numut'actures wooden bats for cricketers. Cbimpikq-iron, CiuurixG-PiN, an instru- ment lor pinching or puckering the border of a lady's cap, or Irili, G ilACUiNE, a laundress's roller or iron, whicli is heated lor crimping bor- ders. Cbimsom, one of the red colours used by tlyera Cein, the French name for horsehair. Cein«le, a nautical term lor a ring or tliiiiiblc litted or spliced into the bolt- rope ofa sail. Cris, Creese, a JMalay dagger. [fabric C'RitoTALE, tlie name of a white worsted Cristalliek (French), a glass cutter. Crocuet, a contrivance used by Frencli street porters lor tlirowing tlie load oil the spine, and causing it to rest on the limbs; a figured ornamental ucedle-work. CRO [114] CRO Cbosbet Case, a case tor keeplntt the knit- tint; needles and other requisites for crochet work. Ckoohet Lacb, hand-knitted lace, remark- able for cheapness, diirabilltv, delicacy, and elegance of design ; qualities which have caused it to take tlie place, to a con- siderable extont, of the Honiton, Valen- ciennes, and Brussels laces. Crochrt Needle, a lady's bono or metal knitting hook, for working crochet. Crock, an earthen vessel; a name in Scot- land for an old ewe past bearing. CROCKEKr-WABB, earthenware and pot- tcrv Crocus, a commercial name for a polishing powder made from oxides of iron. Croft, an Inclosiire near a dwelling-house, for pasturage or other purposes; the name for a bleach-house. Croft-land, in Scotland, land which is suc- cessively cropped. Cboqak, a bowl or earthen vessel used in Scotland for holding milk. Crony, a name In some parts of Scotland for a potato. Croobacks, panniers borne by horses, and used in some of tiie moutitainous districts of Scotland, for carrying home corn, peats, &C. Crook, a shepherd's hook : a bent-headed Instrument ; the iron chain with its appro- priate hooks by which the vessels for cooking are hung over a Are. Croom, a husbandman's fork with long prongs. Crop, a miner's term fbr the best ore ; in the leather trade, the commercial name for an entire hide ; a fixed weight in differ- ent localities tor sugar, tobacco, and other staples. Crop- HOGSHEAD, the usual recognised weight of a crop-hogshead of tobacco is fl-om 1000 to 1300 lbs. nett. CROPPiNa-ouT, In mining, an exposure of the seam or lode to the surface. Croquettes, fried forcemeat balls, made of pounded chicken meat and butter, much used in India. CBORE, In Hindoo enumeration, 100 lacs of rupees, or 10 millions, and eqiiivalent to one million pounds sterling. See Lac. Cross-buns, sweet spiced cakes sold on Good Friday, marked with a cross on them. Ckoss-course, in mining, a lode or vein whicli intersects or crosses another lode at an angle, and generally throws the lode out of its regular course. Cross-cut, in mining, a lodelevel, driven at riglit angles to the direction of the vein. Cross-cut Saw. iSee Saw. Crossed Cheque, an order for payment of money on demand, which being crossed with the name of a banker, requires to be Eald by, or through a bank, instead of elng presented at the banker's counter for payment; the object being greater security, and che more readily tracing its payment. Cross-pikcb, a wooden rail over a windlass. Cboss-sill, a block of stone under a raUvray sleeper. CBoas-aouBB, a beam of timber. Cboss-sprinoeb, in groined vaulting the rib whicli extends from one pier to another. Ckoss-stafp, a surveyor's instrument for measuring offsets. Cross-tib, a railway sleeper; a connecting band in building. [head of a vessel. Cross-trees, pieces of wood at the mast- Cbotalo, a musical instrument. Crotches, forked pieces of mahogany or other timber ; not straight logs. Croton On., a powerful purgative obtained from the seeds of Croton tiglium, Cbottles, a Scottish name f^r certain mosses and lichens used in the Highlands for dyeing woollen stuffs brown, &c. ; Parmelia mhysodes is the dark brown crottle; Sticta pulmonacea, the light- brown crottle; isidium corallinum, tlie white crottle, used in the preparation of a red or crimson dye. The isidiod form of other crustaceous lichens may be used In a similar way. Lecanora parella is another; Parmelia omphalodes is the black crottle; and P. saxatilis Is one of the crottles most frequently used In dye- ing yam. for liftinif. Crow-bar, a wrought Iron lever for prizinij Crow-bbrrt, ajiame given to the fruit of the bilberry, Vaccinium Myrtillus. Cbowdib, a general name in Scotland for porridge ; In some parts of the north It is applied to a preparation of milk-curds with the whey pressed out, and an equal proportion of butter, flavoured with salt. Crowle, an old Bngllsh wind instrument. Crown, a kind of paper 15 inches by 20; a British current silver coin worth 6s., weighing 18 dwt 4-36 grains. Of this silver piece very few have been coineil lately; the only issue from the mint In tlie last ten years was 466 crowns in 1851. The half-crown is also giving place to tlie florin, shilling, and smaller silver coins. On tli3 Continent the crown piece is known under the various names of pata- gon, couronne, scudo, and ^cu. The silver crown of Copenhagen passes.for 60 schel- lings. Crown-glass, sheet glass fbr glazing pur- poses, made in a circulat form called tables; of crown and sheet glass upwards of 15,000 tons are made annually in Great Britain by about ten companips. Cbown-lands, lands In the United Kln?- dom or the colonies reserved or held by the Crown. Crown-piece, a flve-shllllng silver coin. Cbown-saw, a circular saw. Crown-wheel, the upper wheel ia the works of a watch. Cbow-quills, feathers of the crow which are used for pens, where very flue writing is required, as in iitiiography and tracing, sed out, and an equal •, flavoured with salt, ish wind instrument, iper 15 inches by 20; silver coin worth 63., 4-36 grains. Of this ew have been coined iue from the mint in as 46(5 crowns in 1851. Iso giving place to tlie smaller silver coins. tlie crown piece is various names of pata- .0, and ^cu. The silver en passesifor 60 scheU glass for glazing pur- circular form calied id sheet glass upwards lade annually la Great n companlps. s in the United Kln?- js reserved or held by shilling silver coin, ar saw. upper wheel la tno rs of the crow which are ;ro very flue writing is hograpliv and tracing, Hudson's Bay duclss me purpose, -out house at the main head In arctic vessels, islc or other screea or for catching flsh; a ejecting into a river lor J of the dtream or pre* leata. CUA [115] CUD Croze, a cooper's tool [France. Cruchon, a stone bottle or spouted jug lu Crucible, a small clieraical meitiug-pot made of various substances. Crite, a sheep pea or small fold In Scot- land. Cruel-ribband, a kind of caddis or lint for bandaging and dressing a wound. Cruet-stand, a metal frame for holding bottles of sauces and condiments. 1!ruisb, Cruize, a sliort voyage. Ckuive, Cruvb, formerly a box resembling a hen-coop, placed in a dam or dike that runs across a river, for confining the fish that enter it; the term has now a broader application to any thing placed in a river for stopping flsh. Crumb-brush, a curved shaped brush with short handle for sweeping crumbs from a table cloth. Crumb-cloth, a linen or hoUand carpet- cover tor a living-room. Crumpet, a siightiy-baked soft thin cake requiring to be toasted at the flre before eating. Crumpet and Muffin maker, ono who malces and vends such cakes. Crupper, a leather strap from the saddle to the horse's tail Crusado, Cruz,u)A, a Portuguese gold coin ; the old crusado being worth 400 rels, and the new 480, being worth 2s. 4d. There are, however, silver crusadoes of 240, 120, and 60 rels. Cruse, an Arabian money consisting of 40 duanies and worth about Is. 8d. or 2s.; a cup or cruet. Cruset, a goldsmith's crucible. ORnsHiNQ, in mining the process of pul- verizing or grlndhig the ores wltliout nraf At* Crushinq-mill, a mill of various kinds for crushing ore, malt, or other substance. Crutches, wooden supports made to assist lame persons or cripples in walking ; knees of timber. Crwth, a Welsh musical Instrument with six strings, played upon with a bow. Cryolite, a mineral only found on the west coast of Greenland, lately Imported as a source of aluminium; which it is said can be afforded at a price as low as silver. Be- sides this metal and crystals of soda, a clay Is obtainable which will be valuable to calico printers as a substitute for a com- pound of alum and sugar of lead. ♦ Crtstal, tlie common name for quartz, or * pure crystalline siiex. I Crystallography, the science which treats t ofthe formation, shape, and peculiarities of crystalline bodies, CoARE, a quarry of stones. ■ Cdartal, a dry measui'e of Arragon— 0'213 1 Winchester bushel. *Cuartane, the twelfth part ofthe cuartera, a Spanish weight. '' Cuartas, the most valueless kind of tobacco in Cuba, fit only for filling dpiars. CuARTELLA, a Variable dry measure In Spain, ranging ftom 0077 to 0-388 bushel. As a liquid measure for wine it Is generallv equal to 1-065 gallon, and for oil 0-829 gallon; 1 cuarteliaa make aa azumbre. The Arragouese cuartella as a weight is 0016 lb. Cuartera, a Spanish com measure ; 2\ cuar- teras make one carga; 100 cunrteras of Barcelona = 24J imperial quarters. CcARTERON, an oil measure of Madrid = 033 gallon. CUARTO, a Spanish weight =« 0-0158 lb.; also a liquid and dry measure of Spain of very variable dimensions; the mlnimuni as a dry measure being 0113 busliei, the maximum, 2-52 busliels; as a liquid mea- sure the minimum Is 0085 gallon for wine, and 0-273 gallon for oil, the maximum 0-778 gallon. Cub, tlie young of a wild animal, as of a beat or a seal. Cuba, a liquid measure of Abyssinia, con- taining 62 cubic inches, and rather more than two pints. Cuba Sabica, a building wood. See Sabici'. OuBEBs, the fruit of tlie Ciibeba officinalis and canina, which is used medicinally as a diuretic, and la diseases of the genital organs. Cube-yard, a solid British measure of 27 cubic feet. CuBiCA, a kind of shalloon or bombazet. CuBic-FOOT, a solid Englisli measure. The cubic foot of water is tlie quantity that a vessel a foot square and a foot deep will hold. Cubic Nitre, another name for nitrate of soda, or American saltpetre. Cubit, a measure of length in England equal to 18 Inches; a cubit was originally the distance from the elbow to the extremity ofthe middle fln^er, which is the fourth part of a well-proportioned man's stature. The Egyptian cubit Is 22§ inches; the Turltish 26J inches ; the Burmese 19 inches. The common cubit of Persia is 25 inches; the royal Persian cubit 37i inclies. CuBSHA, an Indian drug. CuccHiAEO, a dry measuio of Turin =■ 00034 busheL CucHA, a weight In Muscat of about 6 ounces. CuciTRicB, an Italian sempstress. Cucumber, a well-known and extensively cultivated genus (Cucumis), chiefly reared for culinary purposes. C colocynthis pro- duces the colocynth of the druggists' shops; Cucumis sativus is the edible cu- cumber; large quantities of cucumbers are pickled for exportation. CuctniBER-SEED-oiL, a bland oil obtained la the East from the seeds of plants of the cucumber family, which Is used as a lamp oil, and for cooking. CUCURBIT, a chemical vessel of glass, for distillations and rectification. CucuTo, a petty Spanish coin of four mara- vedis. See Maravedo. Cud A, a liquid measure of Arabia, equal to 3 gallons. Ctn)BEAB, a red powder sometimes called persls, obtained flrom the Lecanora tarta- rea and other lichens, by steeping In ain- moniacal liquor, and which yields a rich purple colour, employed la dyeing yarn. See Archil. CuDDocH, a yearling cow or young heU'et ia ijcotlaad. r CUL [116] CUP i Cuddy, properly a cabin In the fore part of a boat, but Irenueiitly applied to an after cabin built under the poop of a ship ; a liquid measure on the Arabian coast of 2 Kallons, also called a Kudda. Cudgel, a heavy stick. CuDBEME, Chudkeue, in Scotland a stone Cue, a straight rod or stick used by billiard playei'a; the last or catch word of a speech, by which one actor knows he has to follow another in action or discourse. Cueillette, the French name iora mixed or general cargo In a ship. Cuerda, a Spanish long measure of uncer- tain dimensions, in some places represent- ed to be 7 '65 yards, iu others as much as ?,9i yards. CuGNATEUA, an oil measure of Rome, 217 gallons. CuiNAGE, the making up of tin into pigs, &c. for carriage. CuiR. In French, leather or hide. CuisAss, a piece of suldlei's' armour, a metal breast -plate which extends also to the back. Cuirassier, a soldier armed with a m«>tal breast-plate. Cuirass-maker, a manufacturer of soldiers' hreast-piatcs. CuiR DE lAiNE, double -milled cloth in France. ('r isiNiER. a cook, an attendant iu a kitchen. < 'uivRE, French for copper. Ci LAH, a dry measure of Sumatra equal to o-oeis Winchester bushel. Cllaka, Cutaka, Eastern names for the seeds of the Strychnos nux vomica. See NUX VOMICA. Culblane, a name for a variety of wild sheep tound in California. Ci'LiLABAM-BARK, an arouiatlc bark Obtained in flat pieces flrom the Cinnamomum Ctililaban, sometimes called Clove bark. CiuNART UTENSILS, vcsst'ls uscd for cooklng, or belonging to the kitchen. Cullender, a sieve or large strainer. Culler, a sampler; a selector of wood, staves, deals, &c. in Canada. CuLLET, a technical name for broken crown or flint glass, with whicii the cru- cibles are replenished, for the purpose of being re-melted; the pad on a saddle. Culling, picking out or selecting the best lace articles on. Cupel, a shallow vessel made of bone-earth lor purifying metals by exposing them to a strong heat and oxidation. Cupellation, a mode ol analysing metals by fusing them in a cupel, and oxidizing them with lead. Cupelo, a small furnace. Cuppa, an Indian name for mat begs sold by the hundred. Cupper, a surgeon, one who uses cupping instruments to let blood. Cupping-glass, a smiill glass vessel with a w'de mouth, into the neclt oi which a brass ."^•yringe Is screwed tor the purpose of ex- naustlng the air. It Is used lor drawing blood, or milk irom the breasts; to prevent the absorption of snake and other poisons from wounds, and lor many otlierpurpobes. I I i CUR [117 J CUR nan or agriculturist! ng land. :ote. isnge or substantial l«d boueatli a ruad, measure, tlie lOOtli tvhicli is about an lu some parts 1} at clotli, made from in Peru and Bolivia. itire-made woollen I. ne for tlie grain oi icillaria ipicata, or • waist-band formed in always worn by itivcs in India, and 1 towns on holiday 8 they are enibrof- ith luce and pearls, Cyminum, a plant c seeds and for the icy yield. The fruit id cnrminative, and ition of plasters in id in liqueurs. The la sativa, Icnown os led as a condiment [)Ounded as a stimu- (Iding wort, an Indian name for sulipatam ; also tor ide in Canara for the Singhalese for a knot behind by ■eariuK one or two )ve their cundies. sea percti. ser in the Italian r, skin, or parch- [terials. sol of various urn- closure or piece of juuUy with shelves nnde of bone-earth exposing them to ttion. I analysing metals ipel, and oxidizing for mat begs sold who uses cupping [lass vessel with a L'lt 01 wliich a brass ho purpose of ex- i used lor drawing jreasts: to prevent and other poisons nij otlierpurposes. CcppRA, the Hindustani name for pieces ol cloth. CuptJLK. The cup o! the acorn of the Quercus ytyilops enters largely into commerce as a tanning substance, under the name of valoiiia : the Imports are from Greece and Turl«ey. CuRAffOA, a sweet cordial or liqueur. CirRANDAio, the Italian name for a bleacher. Curator, a guardian ; In Germany a trustee, or assignee; in England the term Is usu- ally applied to a person in charge of a museum. Curb, the mouth- pieca of a bridle; the outer edge of a foot pavement or wall. CuRBA, a species of tub, basket, or earthen pot, used by the negroes, on the west coast of Africa, as a measure of capacity In the sale of palm oil, jsraln, pulse, &c., and which varies nccordiug to the locality. Thectii'ba of AJuda, contains 18 gallons, and of Onim only 7J gallons. Curb-chain, a small chain passing froni the bridle under the head of a horse ; a kind 01 gold watch-guard. CuRB-KOOF, a root with a double slope on each side. Curbs, Cornish granite or other stone, pre- pared for paving. Hat or edged, usuall3' 12 inches by 6 inches; the flag stones at the outer edge or roadside of a pavement, are those usually called curbs or kerbs. Curd, tlie common name for the ca.selue of milk, a solid" substance separated from milk by acids, whicii resembles albumen in several of its properties. It Is the basis of cheese, coutams uitrogen, and is highly nutritious. CuRD-cuTTEB, a machine with revolving knives on a spindle or axis, for cutting the curd, and separating the wliej* from the curd In cheese-making. CuRDEE, an Indian name lor safBower seed. Curd-mill, a cheese press, for forchig the v.'hey from the curd. CiJBUowER, a tailor or sempstress who goes from house to house in Scotland to mend old clothes. |ened. Curds and Whet, coagulated milk sweet- CuniNG, the process of slightly salting meat, er, CiDEK, a beverage made from apples. CyoxET, a young swan. Cylinder, a lung round case or body; a hollow vessel for steam. Cylinder-box, Cylinder-plate, parts of a steam cylinder. Cylindricai,-Ceii,ino, a vaulted celling. Cymbals, musical clappers, concave urass plates used in military bands for produ- cing a clashing sound. Cypher, a mode of secret writing CvPHON, Syphon, the name of the largest cane-Julce receiver In the boiling house of a su^'ar plantation, capable of holding from 300 to 600 gallons. Cypkess-tree, the 6'«prM.w* of botanists, a very durable and valuable wood; the tree grows to a great size. Cyprus, a thin stuff; a kind of wine. D. D the abbreviation for pence, from the Latin word denarius, a penny; as a Koman numeral D represents 600, and with a dash over it, 6000. 1)-Trap, or Valve, a trap shaped like a D. Dab, a moist lump, as of butter, &c.: a small flat flsh ahout eight or nine inches in length ; the Pkuronectes Umanda. Dabou, a small weight of Masulipatam on the coa.st of Coromandel, equal to li)l grains. Dabs, reluse foots of su2ar. Dace, a river flsh, the Cyprinm leuciscus. Daezajee, a Persian silver coui worth about 3s. Dactylus, a Greek measure of length, the sixteenth part of an English foot. Daffer, Dapper, provincial names for small crockery ware. Daga (Spanish), the stove of a bri(.k-kiln. Dagger, a short dirk or poniard. ItAGixo, tlie Malay name for meat or flesh. Daguerreotype, a process of taking sun pictures on plates of iodized silvered copper, highly polished. Daguerueotypist, an artist who takes pictures by the daguerreotype process. Dahai^ a money of account of Abyssinia, worth about 2d. Dahlia, a large showy and much esteemed garden flower, of which there are number- less varieties. Daikcuees, metal boilers, used in Hindu- stan. Daiker, from the old Swedish deker, a term applied to twelve hides; the long hundred of 120, or six score, is still used In the sale of oysters and many other articles. Dain, the IJurnian league equal to two miles and two furlongs. Dainty, a delicacy; in Scotland the term Is applied to any thing large or flne. Dairy, nart of a farm-building devoted to the making of butter and cheese. In towns the word dairy is applied to mllk- liouses, and places where milch cows are kept. Dairy^-parm, a farm chiefly devoted to meadow and pasture. Dairy-maid, a fem.de domestic employed about the business of a dairy, and in mak- ing various kinds of food from milk. Dairymen, Dairy-keepers, persons who keep milch cows for the supply of milk, or who atteud to the sale of dairy pro- duce. Dak, Dauk, a post or post-offlce; a relay of horses or bearers. f DAM [120] DAV Dalbt's CARjnNATTVE, a popular nostrum given as an opiate or soothing draught to young children. ]>ALi, 0ARI, a large and mnJoRtlo tree grow- ing in Demerara, the Virola tebi/era: the wood ia light, and spl'ts ft-eely, and is used tor staves and heH .Ings of casks, from the seeds cundlcs en aol to wax are made. Daliu, Oabihba, Ter^iacular names in India for the pomegranate, largo quanti- ties of which are imported into the north of India from Cabul and Cashmere. The rind on account of Its great astringcncy is used in medicine, in tanning, and in dyeing yellow. The roots are considered a good vermifuge. Dall, a large cuke made of sawdust, mixed with the dung of cows, used by some of the lower classes In Scotland for fuel. Daller, a money of account in Sweden, of two liinds, the sliver and tlio copper; three of the latter being equal to one of the former. See Dollar. Dalues, a name in Scotland for damask clotli. Daji, a wall or mole built across a river, to coiiflne or elevate the water for irriga- tion purposes, or forimpelling mill-wlieels, i&c. ; the mother, as applied to beasts or Inferior animals. Dam, DAirai, an Indian copper coin, the fortieth part of a rupee, and therefore worth rather more than a halfpenny. Damage, in law mischief done by collision, Ac. ; ony injury Inflicted or sustained. Dasiaged Goods, articles of merchandise or produce whichhavc been Injured in transit. The Customs make an abatement of the duties on sea-damaged goods. Damages, the amount awarded to a plaintiff b" a jury for libel, seduction, false impri- sonment, or other injury or grievance. Damau-batu, the Malay name for rosin. Damj«cus-steel, a very choice steel made directly Irom the ore, principally a red oxide of iron, used chiefly for sword- blades. Da^lask; washing damask is a flne-twilled linen fabric much used for table cloths, chiefly made at Dunfermline and in Ire- land. Brown damask is the same article unbleached. Sllkdamask Is a twilled varie- gated fabric made In the same manner as linen damask with raised flowers, birds and other ornaments worked into its texture; it was formerly used for dresses, but Is now chiefly employed for furniture and upholstery. Worsted damask is also used for the same purposes. Daiussin, a name for silk damask con- tiiininii gold or silver flowers in tlie fabric. Dammkr, a valuable resin nf two kinds, ob- tained in India, the white from the Valeria Jndica and Shm'ea robusta, and the black from Canarium commune; a name some- times given in Scotland to a miner. Dammouk, a coarse cotton cloth which passes current at a fixed value in Nubia. Damp, a mining name for noxious and ex- plosive gases, the choke-damp being carbonic acid, and the fire-damp car- buretted hydrogen. Damper, an Iron sliding plate or valve tbr shutting off Are in a chimney, or lessening the draught In the flue of a furnace; tlia Australian name for a baked cake of flour and water ; parts of the pianoforte covered with leather acted on by a pedal. Damson, a small useful black plum, a variety of the Prunua liomestica. Damson-ch£ese, a conserve of dried damsons pressed Into a cuke. Dan, a kind of small truck or sledgo used in coal mines ; a name for the grain lor wcighln',' silver, K.'>.740ior forty-four years, ending Oct. 1(», lH(i7. Dead Wool, wool taken from tlie skin of the carca»ie Instead of being shorn from the live animal. Deaf^ a plank of fir or pine timber, for car- penters' use, obove seven inches wide; dltlering from a bnttcn, which must not exceed seven Indies; a whole deal is usually 1^ inch thick, a slit deal half that thickness, Dealder, Daaldeb, another na"ip for the llaniburgli thaler, worth about i. Dealer, u trader in goods of aiiv , the specialty indicated by the prefix, i.s tea- dealer, wholesale-dealer, retail-dealer, &c. Deballer (KrciU'h), to unpack, Debarquemf-nt (French), landing. Dehabquer (French), to unlade. Debase, to lessen in value by adulteration or inlerior admixtures. Debenture, originally a writ or note drawn ujion government; but the term lias now got to be applied to railway coinjjanles', tnuiiicipal, and other boiiits or securities for money loaned; a Custom-house cer- tificate. Debit, to charge in an account; a sum duo for goods sold on credit. In French it implies a sale or niarket. Debitant (French), a reiailer. Debit-side, in book-keeping, the left-hand page ot the ledger, Debouche' (French), a market or mart. Debris, a word adopted trom the French, signifying rubhlsh, waste, or reiuse. Debt, that which one person owes to another for goods, or money had, nuunt of tiio unit wlilih tiillows It, aiid6> txramino, ddcainiitro, &c. Dkcaoe, a ineuMiiro of tlino now applied to a period ol ten voam. I)Kt;,\uRAMMK, a French welftht ropresent<'(l Xty a centilitre ot pure water. It Ia tlic MDih part of a kllogrannno, and Is divided Into 10 Krainnio.i, -• KM) d(5clRr:inirnei, — 1000 centlBranunes, — IHiiWi KnKll«h Rralns. In Holland It bcarit the naino of iooil, and In Venutlau LonibarUy tfros or ((ro88o. Dkcamthk, a French mcannre of capacity, of ten lltreH or 2201 Imperial Rallons, the tenth part o( tho hectolitre. It U the new Frencli bnahcl for grain, and velto tor liquid)). An a dry nicnsuro It l.s rathor more than the English peck, viz : I'lO peck. In Holland where tho decimal system of measures Is adopted, they Klve tho name of seliepel (bolsscau) to thoddca- litro, and In the kingdom of Venetian Lombardy they call it a mlna or nilno. DECAMALEicniTM, Oil F^ant Indian gum obtained from the Gardenia lucida of Uoxburgh. Dkoamktbe, a measure of lentrth, tho old French perch, also used In surveying. It is still called the rood or perch In Holland. The ddcambtre Is 1.9884 linglish poles It is the luuidredth part of the kllombtre, and Is divided into 10 metres — 100 ddcl- m^trcs = 1000 ccntlmfetres = 10,000 uillli- nibtres =■ lo 9:ifl380 yards. Decant, to pour off gently. Decanter, a clear glass bottle for holding wine, Ac., for the table, or at a tavern bar. Decai'ODe, another name lor the accne, an ancient measure of leugtli, nearly four yards. Decare (French), an agrarian or superflclal measure, equal to the tenth part of the hectare, and divided Into ten ares. It is never legally used, being considered super- fluous, and fully expressed by ares, hectares, and centlares. Decasteue, a French solid measure, of ten stbres — 353-1741 cubic feet. Decennial, oconrlug every ten years. Decharger (French), to unload. Dechkance (French), a furtelture. Deciatine, a Itus-ilan land measure, usually containing 117,600 Eugllah square feet. 27 acres; but in Kazan it la sreator by one half. /See Desiatin »:. Deciobajime, a nominal French weight, the tenth part of the gramme = 1-5434 grains. Decilitbe, a French measure of capiiclty for liquids, often called a verre, the tenth part of the pint or litre = -704 gill. As a dry measure the ddcilltre U equal to -176 Eng- lish pint (6.1028 cubic inches). Decimal, a tenth part, nniltlplled by ten. The decimal numeration and division of coins, weiglits, and measures, Is becoming very general now in many countries. Decime, a copper coin and money of account in France of ten centimes, and nearly equal to one penny. Decimetre, a French measure of length, the pahn •■3-0:171 liielics. Decisteke, tho Froncli name (br tho new Molwl — 3-.W1741 cubic feet. Deck, the planked flooring of a iihlp, resting on tho beams, which is called upper or lower according to Its situation; large venscis have several decks. Dec-k-heamh, cross bcaius on which the deck planks are laid. Decked-boat, a covered boat with a hold or cabin iheltered from the weather. ])ECK[.K, In papcr-inakiiig, a tidn frame of wood flttiiig on tlio shallow mould in which tho paper pulp Is placed ; also the roujjh or raw edge of^ paper. Deck-passenger, one wlio goes a short channel Journey at a cheaper tare, and has not the privilege of tho cabins. Declaration, a report of entry; an official aftlrmation or statement made before a properly authorized ollicer: in law that part of the process or pleadings in which n statement of the plalntiU's complaint against the defendant is set forth. Declinator, an instrument used in dial- ling, for taking the declination and inclina- tion of a plane. Declinometer, an Instrument for measur- ing tlie variation of the magnetic needle. Decoction, a medicinal solution or extract of vegetables, obtained by boiling. Decomposition, a wasting away or spoiling; compounding a second time. Decorator, an ornamentcr; one who adorns or paints and embellishes houses. Decorticate, to peel off the bark. Decoy, a lure ; a place fur catching wild- fowl. Dedit (French), a forfeit; a consideration. DEno (Spanish), a Anger's breadth, the forty-eighth part of a Spunisli yard or vara. Dee, Det, anamo in some parts of Scotland for a dairymaid. Deed, a written or printed legal Instrument of ogrcenient between contracting parties, executed under seal. Deed-box, a tin case for keeping deeds in a lawyer's ofHce. Deed-poll, in law a deed made by one party only. Deeds, a name In Scotland for the gravel or coarse soil, nt made before a Hccr: In litw that pleadings In which lalntlirs complaint Is set forth, ment used In dlal- Inatlon and Incllna- ument for mensur- 3 magnetic needle. 1 solution or extract I by bdillnd. iig away or spoiling; I time. mnter; one who imbelllshes houses, ft he bark. ) for catching wlld- I I n consideration, leer's breadth, tho Spanish yard or ne parts of Scotland cd legal Instrument contracting parties, keeping deeds In n deed made by one (land for the gravel Ich is taken out of judge in the Chan- nd. ^ , . 1th a plummet, shot. for taking soundings for animals of the ch have deciduous lelr flesh Is termed s enter largely into — aoth Aupust,l853, a ct, chap. 102, to pre- tho current coin of operation. It enacts 11 deface any of the illver, or copper coin, any name or words, hfOi or shall not be thereby dImlnUlioil or llKhtrned, or shall nue any nmrluiio (ir Instruiiieiit for thi* purp""*' "f heiiillii the same, every such odendcr shall. In '.upland ami Ireland, bo guilty of misdemianour, and In Scotland ofa crime or offence ; ond, liclnst coiivlcti'd thereof, shall be liable to flue or liiiprliton- ment. at the (llscrcilon of the court. The ("fcond provision Is of Hiich gennral Impor- tance that It may bo given at length : " No tender of payment In money made In any gold, silver, or copner coin, so defaced or Hfamned as aforesaid, shall be allowed to be a legal tender ; and. If any person shall tender, utter, or put off any coin so de- faced, stamped, or bent as aforeanld, ho shall, on summary conviction thereof, before twojustlces, be liable to lorfelt and pay any sum not exceeding 40rt., nrovldeil always, that It shall not be luwiul for any jierHon to proceed lor any such penalty as last aforesaid, without the consent (in England or Ireland) of her Jliijcsty's Attorney-general tor England or Ireland respectively, or (In Scotland), of tho Lord Advocate.'* A notice was 8ubse(iuently Issued flrom tho Tn-asury, "that It was not the Intentl'in of the novernment. In iiasslng the act to Impose any difficulty in regard to such coin as may become de- faced by ordinary wear and use; or In relation to persons who, In the ordinary course of business, pay coins which are deiaced. Tho Immediate object of the Government In obtaining the act, was to put a stop to a practice of stamping tho names of persons, Arms, &c., upon coins by way of advertisement or otherwise, and the Intention of the (lovernment was to reach by penalties the persons wh> In this or in any other willul or malicious way Injured th ' coin." I>KFAiTLT, a failure of payment of Instal- ments, &c., agreed upon, or In tho due execution ofa contract. DEFAtn-TER, one who makes away with puidlc moneys Intrusted to his care; a trader who falls In his payiuents, or is unable to meet hlv, engaj'cmei.ts. Defkcation, '.We ict of cleaning ir separat- inu' liquors from I'lp iees or dregs. Defect, a failure or blemish. Defence, a justification ; a le/,'al reply to a plaintiff's declaration. Defendant, the person accujed or sum- moned In a court of law, to answer the charges ofa plaintiff. Deficiency Uili-s, a kind of short loan or advance made to the (iovemmcnt by the Bank of Kngland, whenever the taxes received are Insufficient to pay the public dividends due on Government stocks. Deficit, a deficiency, sometlilng wanting. Deflvition, an explanation given ; the de- scription of a thing. DEFOKMITIES-APPARATnS MAKrTACTtTRF.R, a mechanic who prepares metal fittings for injuries or defects in limbs and parts of the body. Defrauder, a cheat; an embezzler; one who wrongs another. Degana (Spanish), a farm and farm build- ings. Df.orer. 60 geogranhlcal miles. thA SdMi part of the circumference ofa elrcio. The French degree Is now the 4n()th part ot the circle. A degree ot the meridian and of longitude, necessarily varies In measure- ment with the locality. DF-iKtTNKa (French), luncheon, a morning meaL Dk Laink, a sort of thin figured muslin, sometimes made entirely of wool, at other times ofa mixed fatirlc. Dei,ai«sement (French), an abandonment. I)Kt, ('KEnKRK, an Italian commercial term, implying a guarantee for the solvency of a purchaser. Dki.e, to strike out, or omit; In Hcotland tlie term Is used svnoiiymously with deal, to divide or Hharo out. Delf, Delft-wauk, a coarse species of pot- tery or Imitative porcelain, originally manufactured at Dellt In Holland, and covered with a white enamel or glaze, liluo Pud green clay arc those chiefly used for this ware. Delfina (Spanish), a kind of light drug- Kct. Delineation, a draught, or outline sketch. Dklivert Tap, an outlet pipe. Delve, to dig, to open the ground with a spade. Demand, a claim made fbr a debt due ; the asking or requiring of a price for goods offered for sale. Demesi^, a manor-house and lands conti- guous to It. Demi, a prefix signifying half. Demi-culveuin, a largo gun carrying a ball of from to 12 lbs. according to size. Demijohns, taken from the French dame- jeanne, large round glass bottles, which are generally encased In osier babkets or wicker work to prevent fracture; they hold about two gallons. Demise, In law, a conveyance or transfer, as of a ship, tenements, &c. ; to bequeath by will. Demple, a dibble or instrument for setting potatoes. r<-"hannel Isles. DEMP.STER, a Judge In Scotland, and tho Demurrage, a delay or detention In loading or unloading a ship, beyond the time sti- pulated ; also the payment to bo made for it. Legal holidays and .Sundays are not included In demurrage charges. The term is also applied to land carriage by wagons, railways. .'reater by one half. As an imperial measure in Russia tlie desiatine is 2400 square sacliine or saf-'enc =21,600 square arsneens = 1306t>f square yards. In some districts the domestic deijlatlne is 3200 square sachin& Desiccation, tlie process of driving oflf water by lieat or exposure. Design, a draught or plan; an invention; a pattern, drawing, or figure. Designer, an Inventor or draughtsman; one who sketches figures and patterns for enriching stuli's, itec Designer ant* Stajipek, an artist who invents pai terns for lace workers, and cuts tlieiu upon wooden blocks, by wiiicli lie sends out the pattern sligliily stamped on the material with some coloured pig- ment Desire', a kind of dress material imported into Hayti. Desk, a writ'np-fiap or inclined table with enclosures; in counting- houses and oftlces it is usually lixed ; hut in private rooms or studies it is generally moveable. Desk AND Dressing-case AlANiiFACTtmETi, a nialier and lltierof iliese portable boxes. Desmakojador, one who takes off the Miutiuous rind from olives In Spain. Despalm,vdor, the Spanish term for a careenmg place lor cleaning and paying tlieliottomsotshiiis. Despampanauor, a piuner of vines In Spain. Despatch, to transmit or forward goods, invoieus. or other advices. Despensero, a Spanish butler; a ship's siuWiud or providore. Di>sERT, a service (»f iruit and sweetmeats ill iiie close of an entertainnu'iit. Dkssert-knife-makkr, a nianuiacturor of silver iVuit-knives, and Other fancy niount- eil dessert knives. Dessert-service, the china or glass requi- sites tor the alter-dinner confections. Destrados, a coarse woollen carpet. Destral (Spanish), a small axe. Detaii.lant (French), a retailer. Detainer, a writ or legal notice lodged wltii the keeper of a debtor's prison, for continuing a person in custody after • former debt is discharged. Detective, a police ofBcer. Detenteur (t rench), a holder or possessor of funds, bills, &c. Detents, stops In clock-work machinery. Deterioration, damage done; wear and tear. Detf^ma, a native wood of Rulana, which is Uoed for masts, booms, and planking for colonial cratl ; and as it Is not infested by in- sects, it is well adapted for chests, ward- robes, (fee. It will square from 14 to 16 feet. Detonatinq-powdek, fulminating mercury, silver, or otiier compounds which explode when struck or lieated. Gun-cotton also explodes. Deviation, a departure from a ship's au- thorized course ; also applied to an Irregu- larity of the compass. Devil, a spiked mill employed In Yorkshire for reducing to fragments woollen rag* intended for the manufacture of siioddy; also a highly seasoned dish ; a printer's boy ; a flre-work. Devis, a French word for estimate. Devisee, one entitled to a bequest of real estate. Devonshire Batts, a valuable fine-grained norous sandstone obtained from quarries in the vicinity of Collumpton. Dew-retting, the exposure of flax In tlie fields to the action of the rain, dew, or snow, to effect by maceration the decom- position of tlie gum or resin which coats the fibre. Dextrine, a chemical name for what is termed British gum, the calcined starch of wheat or potatoes. It is largely used for Btifiening fabrics, and also lor the adhesive substance on postage and receipt stamps, and envelopes. About fifty or sixty tons are used weekly in the print-works ot Glasgow and JVIanchester. DiiA, a name lOr the bamboo, a long mea- sure of 7 royal cubits, the tliousandth part of the Barman league. See Dain. Dhadium, a commercial weight in some parts of the East of 61 l)S 6 ounces 8 drachms. Dhal-baat, an Hindustani name for rice and yellow pease stewed together. Dhan, a vernacular name in parts of Hindus- tan for rice. [equal to 40 grains. Dharanum, a v^eight ot Mysore in India DiiAROos, a Bengalee name for the Hibiscu-H esciilentus, the edible mucilaginous (ruits oi which are much esteemed in the tropics. DiiENROOS, a name in Bengal for the fibre ot the Hibiscus esculentm, known in the West Indies as the ocliro, and in parts ol Asia as the bayndle. DniE, Dhve, an Indian wet-nurse for a Kuropean clilld ; a lady's attendant. DiioBiE, Dhoby, an Indian washerman usually attached to a household, and paid a monthly wage according to the number of the establisbinent. Diioby's-earth, an alkaline earth used in .•iconring and washing in India. Dhdi.l, the Indian name for the pigeon pea, Vytisus Cajan ; an eastern conimerciiil term fornsimill roll or package; also beads of carnelian made at Oambay in India. f DIA [126 J DIG Dholuge, a large Indian drum. Dhonet, a native coastlnt? vessel In India, 8loop-rigfHow, Dow, an Arabian coasting vessel trading between the Persian gulf, the Ked sea, and the peninsula of Iiulia. Dhurra, a variable eastern measure of capacity; In the Bombay presidency it contains 10 seers, and Is equal to lOlbs. 11 ounces 6i drachms; occasionally it is 12 to 13 seers. In some parts of Guzerat the dhurra or dhurree la only 121bs. 8 ounces 7i drachma, and in Malwa it is but 31bs. 12 ounces. Dhukra, Dourah, a species of Ilolcm, tlie principal grain crop of Egypt after wlieat, which Is largely used there by the labour- ing classes for food, and also forms the currency of Nubia. Varieties of this grain are grown In many parts of Africa, and cargoes often reach the London market from the Levant Dhte. SeeBniE. Diachylon-plaster, a medicinal adhesive plaster used as a strapping, tlie basis of which is litharge and olive oil. DiACiTROV (Spanish), candied lemon-peel. Diagram, a rough delineation, an explana- tory sketch or drawing. DiAQRiDiuH, an old commercial name for scammony. Dial, an instrument for registering time by • the sun's rays falling upon an index or gnomon, whose shadow marks tlie pro- gress of the hours. Tliere are a variety of dials, horizontal, oblique, or vertical, and also depending on their aspect with reler- ence to the sun. DiAL-PLATE, the face of a clock or watch, on which the hours are marked, or of a dial on which the lines are drawn. DiAMANTAiRE (French), a diamond cutter. Dlambter, width ; measurement across the centre. Diamond, the smallest kind of regular print- ing-type that is cast in British foundries ; the hardest and most valuable of gems; a tup or shearling ram. Diamond-bort or powder, the crushed refuse fragments of the gem, wlilch Is used by lapidaries, seal-engravers, watch- jewellers, and others. DiAMOND-cnTTEB, a lapidary ; one who cuts, sets, and works gems. DiAHOND-PENCU. a cuttiug instrument used by glaziers and glass-cutters. DiAUOND-WEioBT. Diamonds are weighed by carats, 151J of which make an ounce troy; thIscaratlsthereforeequaltoS l-6th troy grains. Diaper, a fiabrlo made of flax; damask ot small size and simple patterns, used for napKlns, towelling, Ac, is chiefly made in Dunfermline In Scotland, and the north of Ireland. DiAPHANE, a woven silk stnflf with trans- parent and coloured figures. Diaphoretics, sweating medicines. Diary, a note-book or journal; a register or record of dally business or events. Diastase, a chemical substance extracted by water from crushed malt, which pos- sesses the remarkable property of con- verting starch Into sugar In an hour or two. Diastimeter, a philosophical instrument for measuring distances. Dibble, a small spade; a pointed garden Instrument for making holes in the ground for planting. Dibs, a sort of treacle made In Syria from prapes. Dice, to weave or form figures of waved pattern ; small cubical pieces of ivory or bono, numbered with dots on the sides, for casting in games of chance. There Is a duty of £1 on each pair of dice. Dice-box, a leather, bone or other cnee for holding dice to throw at hazard, or games of chance. Dicker, a commercial term for ten of some things, and for the long hundred of others, as ten skins make a dicker of hides ; ten bars a dicker of iron, ten dozen a dicker of gloves; and so on. SeeDAiKER. Dickey, a loose shirt front to be worn over a soiled shirt. DicoTOLi, the eighth part of a gallon in Corfu. Dictionary, a book of reference for the ortiiograpiiy and definition of words, or for terms of art, science, &c. Die, a stamp or reversed impression, used fbr striking medals, coining, laiers, persons in repared with vari- ts. peech or decision ; nary of mercantile )per I'eada. with a detached down, and some tances to prevent iraporatlon. It is cal operations to to a higher tem- ees, the better to Ing and preparing se brown biscuits, of turning up or land labour with a e for the localities in Australia auU Diorr, a Roman letter, or character, which represents a numeral as I for one; Vfor five; L for fifty, ' Com- panies of the city of London, which has no hall, but transacts its business at (Juildhall. DisnixERY, a building In which distillation aiidtlierectiflcntionofspiritsiscarriedon. DiSTiKGUiSHiNG PENNANT, the Special flag of a ?hip, or a particular pennant hoisted to call attention to M-mals. Distrain, to seize for debt, or levy upon good.s, &c., for rent or taxes. Distress, a levy or distraint for rent. Ac. Distribution, In printing, the breaking up of a form, or page, Ac. of type; and re- placing the letters in their proiier cells in the compositor's cases. District Surveyor, a local officer legally ;i,)|)ointed to superintend repairs, examine buildings, i&c. Distringas, a writ commanding the sheriff to distrain on a person for debt, or for his appearance at a certain d.iy. DiPTY-MKLDER,in Scotland, tlie last quantity of meal made of the crops of ouu year. Ditch, a trench in tiie earth made by dlg- Ditto (abbreviated tc Do., in books of ac- counts and bills), denotes the aforesaid, oi' the Slime thing. Diuretics, medicines which operate by increasing the discliargo of urine. DivKH, a man who descends under water; one employed in fishing for pearl oysters, chunk shells, sponge, or in other subma- rine operations. Dividend, the commerrinl name for the interest allowed on govenimont stocks, foreign bonds, and various other public securities, whi.:h are usually payal>lo half yearly. The dividend on consols and a few other government securities Is due on January fifth, and July fifth, and Is receivable four or five days afterward. On the Keduced 3 per cents, of Bank Stock, April filth and October tenth. On East India Stock. January sixth and July sixth; and on India Treasury bonds, April first and October first. Dividend is also the proportionate payment made to creditors out of the estate of a bankrupt, and the profits received by stock and share holders in public companies and associations at stated periods.— i'x div. is a Stock Exchange abbreviation, imply- ing that a security is dealt in without the dividend due or accruing. Dividend Warrant, an order or authority upon which shareholders or stockholders receive their half-yearly Interest. Dividers, a trade name tor compasses. Divi-divi, a commercial name for the wrinkled pods of the Casalpina coriaria, used in tanning. Diving-bell, an apparatus for carrying on submarine operations; the men who descend being supplied with air from the surface by means of pipes or tubes worked b> a force-pump. Diving - DUESS, a waterproof helmet and clothing, supplied with air for subma- rine operations. DiviT, Divot, a thin flat oblong turf used in Scotland for covering cottages, and also for fuel. [cottage. DiviT-sEAT, a turf bench at the door oi a Diwani, a name lor the para in Abyssinia, a petty money, of which five are wortli about a halfpenny. Ojung, a large superficial measure fbr land in the Eastern archipelago, equal to four balms or about 284 acres. Do. iSee Ditto. DoBRA, DoBRAON, the doubloon, a Portu- gui'se obsolete gold coin, wortli about £C, 10s. to £C 14s. DocENO (Spanish), a kind of cloth; to cut short, to curtail Dock, an artificial enclosure or basin for the reception of ships. Wet docks and basins are for loacllng and unloading cargoes, or laying uii vessels; dry docks and slips, for building or roi>airlng ships. The latter are called graving docks. Dock-charges, certain dues payable on vessels and goods entering or leavhig the docks. Dock 'Jojipany, the corporate body or association owning docks. Docket, to label; n meinorandum affixed to |iapersimi)iying their meaning; a ticket attacht'd to goods specifying their inoa- suroment ; also what is tied or fastened to a bundle, as a direction where to deliver it. To strike a docket is a term frequently used for entering a declaration of bank- ruptcy against a person. Dock-master, a resident officer who hag the superintendence of docks. Dock-rent, charges for storing and vvara- liousiuh' ijouds in a doc):. DOG [129] DOL wlons other public ■e 'isually payaWo [lend on consols and nt securities is due d July fifth, and is ve days afterward. Dcr cents, of Bnnlc Octol)ei tenth. On January sixth and idia Treasury bonds, ir first. Dividend Is te payment made to state of a bankrupt, eived by stock and blic companies and d periods.-Ji'x div. abbreviation, Imply- dealt in without the n order or authority Iders or stockholders irly Interest, e for compasses, •cial name for the 1 Ccesalpina eoriana, •atus for carrying on ns; tlie men wlio ed with air Irom the oipes or tubes worked terproof helmet and with air tor subma- at oblong turf used In \S cottages, and also r [cottage, nch at the door oi a le para in Abyssmiii, ,vhlch five are worth icial measure tbr land pelago, equal to lour cres. e doubloon, a Portu- coin, worth about tind of cloth ; to cut nclosure or basin for lips. Wet docks and xiing and unloadin« 11) vessels; dry docks ig or repairing ships. (1 graving docks, lin dues payable on iitering or leavhig tliu ) corporate body or (locks* memorandum affixed lieir meaning; aticket speciiyins their mea- nt is tied or fastened ■ctionwliere to deliver ■t it a term frequently declaration ot bank- lent officer who has s of docks. for storing and waiu- liocli. fi I)ucK-WAREiiou6£8, storesand sheds within tlie docks. DocK-TARD, a private or government yard, near a harbour or roadstead, where inival stores are kept, and ships built and re> paired. DocRA, a nominal weight in Bombay, of i 16 buddams or almonds. [Doctor, a local name for the knife In a print-machine which cleanses the surplus colour from the surface of the engruving c}-linder; a medical man holding the degree ot SLD. [Doctoring, a term applied to Injuring or adulterating, .-is doctoring seed, horses, &C.: the operation of removing with a knife the excess of colour trom the cylin- der In calico-printing. ^Document, an official or authoritative paper containing Instructions or proof for inior- matlon, and the establishment ot facts. )ocuMENT-Biix, an Indian bill of exchange drawn on London, having as collnteral security the bill of lading and policy of insurance on tiie goods ; against a part of the estimated value of these the bill is drawn. )ODD, to cut the wool from the talis of sheep. )odder-cake, an oil cake made in Lubeck from the marc of the seed of the CanitUna sativa. JouRANTE (Spanish), a weight of nine ounces; a measure ot twelve fnclios. )0E, the female of tlie fallow deer, rabbits, &c. ; the wooden ball used in the game of shhity in Scotland. )OEB, a Scotch name for an attornej', manager, or stew."!rd; synonymous witli factor. joESKiK, woollen for trowsers ; a name for deerskin prepared tbr aloves. JoFFER, part of a carding machine. )oG, an iron grab or hook with crooked teeth, used by ship-wrlglits for driving into timber, to move or hold it ; a name for the andiron wliich is used to support logs of wood on a fire hearth; a nnnie in tlie West Indies for the three-halfpenny piece, tOrmerly current there; a well- known domestic animal, in many vari- eties of which there is a considerable trade carried on; the skin and fat of the dog have also coinnierciiii uses'. )0GANiEKE, a custom-liouse officer in Italy. )oo-iiiscinT, coarse waste or brolcen bis- cuits sold for feeding dogs. )oo-CABT, a spoi'tingcarriage with abox for carrying pointers; also a light jaunting car. )oo-FisH, a species of shark, the Scyllium catiilus. On tlie North Americnii coasts the catcli of these tish is large for the oil their livers yield, and otlicr commercial pro- ; ducts. If of good size a dog-fish will yield ( a barrel of oil of 3U gallons. The dried f bodies are sold in >ova Kieotia at 2s. 6d. the hundred for feeding pigs during the winter from November till May : two fl!»h broiled or roasted are given per day to a good-sized store pig. The rough skin of Mlie dog-fish Is used for polishing wood Bund other substances. i DoGGAS, coarse iron-stone. Dogger, a two-masted Dutch fishing vessel rtseiiibiiiiK a ketch, often fitted with a well for fish. DoGGEANE, a kind of clotli known in bcot- land. DoG-KENNEL, R building for houslnghouuds, or other dogs kept for coursing, Ac ; a wooden hutch for a house dog or watch dog. DoQ-LOAF, the name fbr the small three- halfpenny loaf or roll of bread in many of the West India islands, which varies in weight trom 6J to 2i ounces, according to the official assize of bread, regulated by the price of flour. CoG-SHOBES, short pieces of timber fitted to the upper end of the bilgeways on a building-slip, which are knocked away to the ■ ■• vessel. facilitate tlie sliding or launching of a Dog-skin, gloves, &c. arc made of the skin of the dog. Dog's-meat, paunches, boiled horseflesh, oftal, &c. vended as food for dogs. Dog-stones, rough, shaped or hewn pieces of stone imported to make millstones. Dog-vane, a small vane on the mast-head to show the direction of tlie wind. Dog-watch, a short watch or spell of duty on shipboard of only two hours. Dogwood, the produce oiPiscidia erythrina, a deciduous tree indigenous to the tropics ; the bark ot the roots is used as a narcotic to stupefy flsli. The dogwood of America (Cornus florida) is used for inlaying by cabinet -makers; the bark is also an esteemed tonic, and used in the manulao> ture of ink and false quinine. DoH, a name in Java for tiie horsehair-like fliire of the Ejoo or (lomuti palm, (Arenga sacchar(fera, L.'-'^ill.). Doigt, the hundredth part of the rrencii metre. Doit, half a bodle; the old Scotch c • per halfpennyLtwelve of which m.ide a i inv sterling. Doit or duit was also ainiicli copper coin, the eighth part of a stiver, worth little more than a farthing ; it is not current now, except in the East. D01.ADOR (Spanish), ajoiner. DoLciNo, Dllcino tltaiian), a small bassoon ibniierly mucli in use. Doi.E, to mete out in small quantities. DoLET, a part, a division of liie Kussian pound, 96 doieys making 1 zoiotnik, and 96 zolotniks 1 Kussian pound : 10 Kiis- sian pounds are equal to about 9i Kng- ILsh pounds. Doll, a child's baby toy; a name for pigeons' dung in Scotland. Dollar, a coin current in the United States of America, parts of South America, China, and some of the Continental States of Europe. It is usually the largest silver coin of a country. The American dollar is divided into 100 cents, and is valued at 4». 2d. There are Sicilian, Austrian, and Spanish dollars, which are estimated ac- cording to tlieir weights and flnencss. The following figures show the relative weight and fineness of some of the prin- cipal dollar coius :— DON [130] DOR Weight OriUns. Fineness. Thousandths. United States dollar 1792-1836 421 892) United States dollar alter the voiir 1837... 417 900 The new United Stales dollar since 1853 336 — Mexicans of all dates about 416^ 4l4 899 Chilian dollars 901 Peruvian, mixed 41.'7 905 Bolivian 1927 to 1837... 410} eos do. 1840 vary in weight 416) 900 Spanish Carolus 1772- 1808 412 893 do. Ferdinand 1808- 1821 4U 412 900 Vraziliau restamped.... 893 To convert sterling money Into dollars and cents, reduce the former to pence, double the amount and call It cents, and mark off by a decimal point the two rlght- hand figures of the product for dollars and cents. See Daller and Thaler. Doll-maker, one who makes sham infants as playthings lor children. Doll's-eyes, kUvss beads which are exten- sively made in Birmingham, and also im- ported from Austria, the trade being valued at about £15,000 per annum. DOLLT, in mining parlance a perforated board, placed over a tub containing ore to be washed, and which beinu worked by a wincli-liaiidle, gives a circular motion to the ore ; a maciiine for washing clothes. Doloiute, a variety of magnesian lime- stone, admiri. biy adapted for mortar, as it absorbs less carbonic acid than the common limestone ; a white variety of dolomite was used by ancient sculptors. Dolphin, a spar or buoy, with a large rincr in it secured to an anchor, to which vessels may bind their cables. DoMBA Oil, a fragrant fixed oil obtained in India from tiie seeds of the Alexandrian laurel (Calophylluin inophyllum). It is used for burning and for medicinal pur- poses, being considered a cure for tlie itch. Dome, an arched or spherical roof raised over tiie centre of a building. DoJiEsTicATE, to tame, to mnlte familiar. Domestics, a strong bleached slieeting, or cotton manufactureof America; household servants or hired labourers. Domestic is also a carriage for general ii'^e. DosiETT, DoMMET, a mlxcd cotton and wool- len fabric for baize; also a kiud of white flainiel made in Germany. Domicile, a dwelling; a place of permanent residence. Domiciled Bill, a bill not made payable at the residence or place of busineris of the acceptor, but directed for payment by the <UA.ooN Cane, a thick kind of rattan Im- ported from China, with lonj? Intornodcs and a hard bark, less flexible than the common rattans, but strong, sprlnsry, and much valued. A variety with soft l)ark Is called Alanila dra^ton cane, and is be- lieved to be tlie stem of Calamus Draco. Dragon's Blood, a resinous astrinprent ex- tract, of a deep red colour, obtained from the fleshy fVuils of the Calamus JJraco, a plant of Sumatra and the Malay Islands. It is chiefly used as a colouring; ingredient for spirit and turpentine varnishes and paints, for staining marble, preparing gold lacker, dentifrices, &c. Drag-rope, a rape attached to a ship, canal boat, or any object for traction. Drain, to draw oft or Alter; also a sink or water channel. Drainage, the systematic process employed tor carrying off water from land. Drainage Cojipany, a joint-stock associa- tion empowered by Act of Parliament to carry out dr'iinage operations for improv- ing the estites of a landowner, and to cliarge the Linds with tlie gradual repay- ment by certain instalments. Duaining-pipe Maker, a manufacturer of draining pipes and tiles, cfec. Dkainixo-tii.es, burnt clay tiles, usually iiorseslioe-sliaped, one foot long, by two to three inches broad, about half a million tons of which are annually manufactured. DuAix-piPE. See Stone-wake. Drain-traps, contrivances for preventing the escape of foul air (rom drains, but allowing the passage of water into them. Drake, the male of the duck. Dkaji, a small quantity of an alcoholic ilrauffht. Drama, a play, whethor comic or tragic. DitAMATiST. a writer of plays. Dram-bottle Manufacturer, a tradp!KI f3j DRU ItnAY, a low heavy lu>rgage cart, a kind of brewer's vehicle on which barrels of beer are tran»|iorteU. Drayman, the iliivcr of a dray. JJBEDQE, a drag-net for taking oysters and otiier mollusca; a machine (or cleiirltit' mud In a river; a mixture of oats and barley sown together. IiKEDOER, one engaged In working a dredg- ing machine; a iiallast ligliter. l)i[EDOiNO-Box, a tin box witli perforations in th'd lid for sprinkling Hour on meat, &c. Dkedcinq-machine, an t ii«ine used to clear away sandbanks, and to take up mud or gravel from the bottoms ot rivers or iiarbours. Dkegs, the lees or sediment of limiors; the refuse in the manufacture ot tallow. DuEKCH, a medicinal draught lor horns anil cattle ; the horn scoop by which it is lorced down the throat. Dkessed, a term applied to etone or other mutcriid, shaped and smoothed ; ore pre- pared and fitted for use. DhESSEK, a piece of kitchen fUniiture, a fixed glde-lioard with shelves, &c. fur pliites and disiieti; an a>6i.'-tunt in a lius- pitiil. DuEssiNO, a starch, or gummy stiffening, glaze, or other application to linen, silks, i&c. ; manures applied to land; trimming and smoothing rough stones fur masonry ; cleaning or preparing grains, ores, &c. Disessing-case, a box fitted with appiinitus iind toilet utensils for a dressing-rooui. Dressixg-case-ixstkcment Makek, a ma- imer and vender of .>-ucli artklis. Dressing- GOWN, a loose morning robe or wrapper. DitESSiNQ-ROOM, a Small ante-room attached to a sleeping apartment. DltESSING-ROOM TABLE, U tabic for U UlCSS- iiig glass and other coir'cniences. DitEss-MAKER, a maiitua-makcr, one who makes ladies' dresses. Dkeyling, an Austrian liquid measure con- taining thirty Vienna wine ehntrs. BniEBS, a material added to oil paints. See Dryers. PuiESTACH, the dross of a turf fire, which glows wlien stirred. Drift, n hardcnc4 steel tool; a horizontal nassane in a mine; a drove of cattle. Drift-net, a fishing net about twe.ity feet deep, by 120 feet long, well corked at tlic top, but without lead at the bottom. The size of the mesh Is 2J inches or upwards; frequently a dozen or more of those nets are attaclied to each other lengthwise by a drift-rope. Drill, an agricultural implement used for dibbling or sowing grain and seeds. There are many combined mnchines, as drlli-harrows, drill-ploughs, &c. ; an In- strument for boring holes ; a stout white linen twill used for trowsers; a machine for cutting circular holes m metal; tlie act of training soldiers to their duty. Drill-bow, the moveable handle of the drill. Dhux-GRITBRER, an agricultural Implement lor cultivating land. DiULL-MANCFACTUBER, a maker of drills. DinLi--.SER.iEANT. a military non-cominlin sloned dfllccr who trains soldiers. Drii,i.-stock, the holdfast for a metal drill. Duinking-uorn, a cup made out of pressed horn. Dhutino. the fat that falls from baked and roast meat. Dripping-pan a tin dish for receiving the gravy and fat, which drops from meat in roasting before the fire. Dripstone, a filter for water. Drittlr, a silver money of Prussia, worth about Is. Driver, a coachman, one who drives beasts; the manager of a locomotive engine; a storm sail, a sailor's name for a spanker; the after sail of a ship or bark ; a piece of wood upon a weaver's spindle whlcli lm|)els the shuttle through the opening In the warp. Driving-band, the strap, belt, or gearing for uniting, turning, and canying ma- clilnery. Driving-^vheels, the large wheels of a locomotive engine. Dbog, a name given in Scotland to a buoy attached to the end of a harpoon line. Drogher, a West Indian cargo bont em- ployed in coasting, having long light inabts and lateen sails. Droguiste (French), a dealer In drugs. Droit, a division of the troy grain used l>y moneyers; a legal claim or title, duty, &c. Drop, a machine for lowering coals from railway staiths Into the holds rf colliers. Droshki, Drosky, Dicoitska, a Itussian pleasure carriage or sledge. Drosometer, au iustruintut for measuring tile fall of dew. Dross, the refuse or scale?, f^-om metals, slag, cinders, &c. ; Impure matter. Droud (Scotch^, acodflsli; a kiiid of wattled box for catching herring; s. Drove, a description of tooling by parallel perpendicular flutes on the face ot hard stones; a narrow irrigating channel; a herd of cattle, or a number of animals driven in a l)ody; the broadest pointed iron instrument used by a stone-mason In Scotland In hewing stones. Drover, one who drives cattle or sheep to market. Drug broker, a licensed broker who deals in druys. Dkuggkt, a coarse flimsy woollen fabric, printed or plain, used for CMrpeting, pack- ing, and for rough female garments in Scotl.ind. Druggist, properly one who buys or sells druKs; a wholesale dealer; but commonly applied to one who combines the retail business of chemist and druggist, and sells surgical instniments and various miscellaneous articles in common de- mand. Dbug-grindeii, one who pulverizes drugs In a mill for the chemist and druggist. Drug-mill, a mill where drugs, &c. are crushed and ground. Drugs, animal and vegetable products U8<>il in pharmacy; the raw material from which uiediciues are compounded. DUA [134] DUK I Drum, a woU-known inimical InHtrnincnt, coimlstluu olii hollow cvlliidor covered at tlic end with v<'lliiin sklii, tliere nro 8ldo druina, InrKe buss drums, and double or kettle drums. Also a circular box In whicli dried fruit Is sent hero for sale, welshing •when lull, (rom i to 1 of acwt. The lar^-o flat tubs III which flsli are packed In New Brunswick for tiio llrnzil markets tiro called drums ; eacli ilrum contains exactly 12Slbs. of pressed codilsli, that being the PortuRueso quintal. The drums are shaped to suit tin' convenience of tliu Krazdmns, wlio transport them Into the interior of South America, slung In pairs upon mules. Also the iiollow short cylinder revolving on an axis, pver which the driving bands or ropes of machinery pass, setting In motion several smull wheels. Dkumhead, tiie top of a capstiin coiitalidng holes in wlilch the capstan l)ars are fixed: the parchment or velium skin stretched on tiie top of a drum. Dkum-siakeb, a manufacturer of drums. Dhummook, in ijcotland meal and water mixed. Drummoxd-lioht, an Intense light procured by the combustion of coal gas and oxygen on lime. Drum-3tick«, a pair of short sticks with which the (Irummer beats his drum. Drt-dock, a graving dock ; one which can be laid dry In order to examine and repair the bottom of a ship. I>RYER3, litliarne, sugar of lead, white copperas, and other deslccatlves, added to oil paints to cause them to dry quickly. Dry-goods, a commercial name tor textile fabrics, cottons, woollens, laces, hard- wares, and some few other articles; in contradistinction to groceries. Dey-goods-store, an American nnme for a warehouse or shop devoted to the sale of cotton and other manufactured articles for personal use. Dry-ooose, in Scotland a handful of fine meal pressed very close together, dipt in water, and then roasted among the ashes of a kiln. Drying-oils, linseed and other oils which having been heated with oxide of lead; dry quickly on exposure to the atmosphere and retain their transparency on solidify- ing. Drylng-oils are essential for the pur- poses of the pai nter and for the manufacture of printing-mk; they also form the basisof many paints and varnishes. Oastor-oll, linseed-oii, poppy-oil and walnut-oil are among the dryin!,'-olis. Drying-stove, a stove used by laundresses ; also one employed by founders and others. Dry-rot, a decay in timber; a disease which attacks wood, and renders it brittle, by destroying the cohesion of its parts. Dry-salter, a dealer in the minerals used in pickling, salting and preserving various kinds of food. Also in gums, drugs, dye- stuffs, mineral colours, tanning sub- stances, artificial manures, &c Dry-stove, a place constructed for the plants of dry, arid climates. Ddawe, aa Arabian money, worth about n linlipnnny, 40 of which make up a cruse. >See DiWANL Dm, to reduce the end of timber; a divi- sion of the rupee in .Mangalore also called n diidu, equal to about 2}d; a weight In Mysore about i an ounce. DuiiAsit, an Indian Interpreter or com- inissionnr, employed by ships and Euro- lioaiH at the seaports. D'lmiKi.T.iE, a division of the rlxdollar In the i'iastern arcliipelago equal to about 6il. DuiinKii. DUPPKR, a leatlior bottle or skin bii^', used chieMy in India for holilliig oil, ghee, and other liquids, and capable of holding, according to size, from 20 to SOiba. weiglit. DuBRiNO, a sea term for working with an adze; a greasy composition useil, and tlio process employed, for softening lujrd 8hoe«i and otiier articles of stiff leutlier. See Oll'PING. Diiniu.E, a monetary division of the florin in Itatavia, equal to about 2id. Dl'capb, a rich silk. Ducat, a gold coin current in several European States, generally of the value of about OS. 4d. There are also silver ducati m some of the Italian Stales, worth only about a tliird of this value. DucAToov, a Dutch sliver coin of the same value us the rlxdollar, and ))asslng tor nearly 43. in Sweden and Denmark. In Holland und the Netherlands it is about Cs. Oil. [slates, 24 by 12 Inches. Duchesses, DucnEss-SLATEs, large-sized Duck, a fabric lighter and finer than canvas, made of flax, used for small sulls, sea- men's trowsers, «fcc; a water-fowl, wild and domesticated, much esteemed as fooii. Duckling, a young duck. DucTiLiMETER, an instrument for compar- ing tlie ductility of lead, tin, &c. DuDDAH, a name for the fourth part of the mauiid in Bangalore. DuDDiE, a wooden dish with two ears used in Scotland, wldch is generally of an octagonal form on the brim. DuDU, another name for the Dub, an Indian money. Duff AD AR, a subordinate offlcer In an Indian army; thus there are quarter-master d'.rfadars, pay dufTadars, <&c Pltfels, Duffields, a thick coarse kind of woollen cloth having a tliick nap or frieze. DuQONO,, a name in Australia ond the Indian ocean for the IhtUciire Dugong, which is taken for the oil obtained from the blubber. This oil is asserted to be ecjunl to cod-liver oil, and is a cure for diseases of the ear. The bone of the animal in fineness and hardness of grain, ■ specific gravity, and appearance, ap- proaches nearly to the nature of ivory. The flesh of the dugong is often eaten. DuiM. a Dutch long measure; the Nether- lands duim or centimetre is 1} square inches. In cubic measure it is the third ofa cubic foot DuK, DoH, a name in J.ava for the material, like horse-hair, covering the petioles of the EJoo or Uomutl palm, Arenga saccha- rifera, LabllL [Socotra. DcKKUM, a small species of mlllot raised in K DUN [135] DUT iuli make up a cru8& I of timber; a dlvl- [iinmilorc also culled tit 2^(1; a wuiglit ill lice. iiturproter or com- by ships unci Kuro- of tbo rlxdoUiir In h'oeqiml to about flil. atlicr bottle or skin iiilla fur lioldlii)^ oil, lids, and capable of size, froini>0to801b3. or working with an ssltlon used, am! tlio sot'tcniiiK bard slioc^ r still' loatber. See ^slon of the florin in at 2M. current in several erally of tbo valueof ire also silver ducats 1 Btatos, worth only •able. I'er coin of the same lar, and passing (or I and Denmark. In ;heiiands It is about ates, 24 by 12 Inches. SLATES, lar^e-slzed nd finer than canvas, for small snils, sen- a water-fowl, wild icb esteemed as food. ;k. rumont for compar- ad, tin, &c. le fourth part of the I with two ears used is Renerally of an J brim. r the Dub, an Indian teofflcerlnanlndinn are quarter-master irs, &c thick coarse kind of a thick nap or frieze. Australiii and the 5 Ilaliciire Dugong, le oil obtained from II Is asserted to he i, and is a cure for The bone of the 1 liardness of grain, d appeiirance, ap- he nature of Ivory, ig Is often eaten, easure ; the Nether- mbtre Is 1} square isure it is the third ava fbr the material, ring the petioles of aim, Arenga saccha- [Socotra. 8 Of millot raised in DixciMKii, a tnauKular chest, strung with wires, whn.'li are struck with a little rod lield In each hand. [Imtlis. Di:i,i.AUK, a I'lrsliii barber who ntteiuls the DuuHE, 1)\T.I.SK, an edible al>;a(/i;/ioi/o//(«;/ii(« pdliiiiita), wlilch Is Kold In the Irish markets, it Is eaten raw by the pMasiiiitry. ]>i:lsiiit, the name lor a small bundle hi some paitsot Scotland. Di'MAitKE, a pi tiy nominal money on the .Maliil)arccoUand to a salted herring. DuNDEU, the fermenting lees of cane-juice, used in the distillation ot rum. Dt'NQ, the excretory deposit of animals; a .general name for farm -yard or stable manure. The dung of must animals pos- sesses a coinmerciai value; that of dogs and of pigeons is used In tanning ; horse dung in foundries ; that of cows in calico- printing: under the names of album- gnccum, ar;.;i)ls, guano and other heads, the uses of most of these are noticed. DuNGAi.LY, a small liquid measure in the East of2J seers; UJdungalliesmakingoiio choradany, = 1 3-y-'iid quart. Dlsuakee, DiJNGAiiY, a coarse kind of un- bleached ItMlan calico. l)L'XGUiLL,awaste lienp of ashes, refUse sub- stances or manure, - shlro, »oas toxivc them a piirtlcnhircolour. DuNNOCK, n kind ol boat used at the head of the I'crslan gulf. DuNSTAnLE Straw, wlioat straw used for bonnet plaits. The middle part of the straw aliove the last Joint Is selected; it is cut Into IciiKtlis of about ten Inches, which are then spilt by a slnglu machine into slips of the rcquLslte width. Whole Dunstable signlHes that the iilalt is formed of seven entire straws, while patent Dun- S'able consists of fourteen spilt straws. DuNTER, n caiit tcnu in parts of Scotland for the porpoise. [duck. DuNTKRGoosR, a nauic givor. to the elder- l)uoi»EciMO. a volinne formed by folding the sheet Into 12 leaves, making :^4 pages. It is written lor shortness, 12mo, Dupiciio. an olasficliliuinon ol)talnPd about the roots ol Siphonia elastica, in ISrazll. DuPliiN, a double cocoon loiined by two silkworms. [in a watcli. Duplex, a double or compound movement Duplicate, a second article of the same kind; acopyortranseriiit; apawnbroker's ticket lor a pledge deposited, being a fac- simile of a similar ticket fastvued to the article Ictt in pledge. Di.ppEit, J.)UBnER, a skin bottln or leather bag tor liquids, used in the l-Iust, holding ordinarily about 80 llis. of oil. DUKMA Mats, mats made in India of the split stalks of the nul or iiar, u grass of Heiigal. Duno, the hard dollar of exchange of Spain, ol 21) reals, and wortli about 4s 2d. DuROY, a kind of figured serge, very com- monly worn l)y the lower orders in the West of Kiiglnnd some years ago. DijRRA, a kind of Kgyptian millet. See DiiuninA. DunzKE, !in Indian tailor. DussooTEE, a species of Indian calico. Dust BRUSH, a li-ht feather or hair brush for cleaning rooms and furniture. DusT-CAiiT, a scavenger's cart. Du.sT-coNTnACTau, one wlio lenses from the iiutlioritles the riKht to remove tlie waste suiistances, street sweepings, and refuse deposits In a parish or district. Du.STERs, a common linen material, white; twilled with coloured borders, or blue cheeked witli red borders, for servants' use. Dust-hole, an ash-pit; a place for rubbish. Dustman, a street-cleaner, and contractor fbr file removal of tilth, dirt, and accumu- lated refuse ot any kind. DusTOOREE, an Indian term for commission or perquisites. Du.^T-PAN, a broad, flat, tin shovel. DuTCH-CAitPET, a mixed m.aterial of cotton, ll.ix, iiiid wool, n-ted for fliior-ci>verings. Dutch-cheese, a smell round cheese made on the Continent from skim milk. DiJTCHCLiNKEHS. long narrow bricks of a brimstone colour, very hard and well- burnt, imported from Holland. They appear almost vitrified by heat. Dutch-drops, a balsam or popular nostrum, prepared with oil of turpentine, tincture of gualacum, nitric ether, succmic acid, and oil of cloves. i(r EAO [136] EAO DiTCH-ooLD-i,EAF, a nilxtiiro of copper and zinc, In the form nf thin leaves or loll, In thu proportion oCeleven parts of copp«T to two of zinc (SeeLEAFMETALandllKONZE- POWDER. [lenfinetiil. DiTCH-METAii-LEAF MAKER, a preparer of DuTCii-ovKN, a tin linnKlnK screen tor cook- inK before a kltclieii ranKO or ordinary tlrc-Kriite. Dutch-pink, a painter's yellow colour, ob- tained from the pinnt Reseda luteola. Ddtch bl'sh, a plitnt; the horsetail or shavo uTa»a, Equiselum hyemale, which Irotn ItR hnrd and rouKh exterior surface li* found useful for pollHhhiK inarhlcH, hnrd woods, Ivory, brass, and other gulwtance.'t. The riilzonicH arc nutritious, and have been used as food In times of tnmlno. DUTCH-RU8H lupoRTEK, a merchant who receives Dutch-rushes IVom the Continent for sale. DoTCH-TiLES, glazed and painted ornaincn- tal tiles; tornuTiy niiicli used to plaster up til the Jambs of chimneys. DmrroN, a variety of Indian corn or maizo grown in America. Duxr, a tax on goods or merchandise : the work done by a steam engine; the busU ness of a solilicr or marine on Kuard. Duvet (Freni i), down or fine leathers. DwAKO, a \AV\iv. Iron bar used by blacksmiths in Scotland, lor screwing nuts for bolts, and by quurrymen and otiiers for raising large stones. DwKLUNG-HousE, a tenement intended to be inhabited, ascontra-dlstinguished troiu a store or ofllce. DwT, the abbreviation for pennyweight Dyb, a colour, stain, or tiufte. Dteino, the process of colouring substances by Immersion; the art of developing and extracting the colouring particles from any substance, and of uniting nnd fixing them aflerwurds upon cloth, stuff, or any other material. Dter, one whose occupation is to dye fabrics, iindrical loops ; the curved sides of the plates being placed opposite to each other, and the wliolc forming an entire elliptic sprhig. On the apnilcation of tills instru- ment as a //n/t In tlic line of draught, tlie oval becomes lengthened in proportion to the degrees of force acting on the loops in opposite directions, and the curved sides approach more nearly towards each other, accordingly. The degree of approximation in the plates, is sliown on a scale in divi- sions corresponding to half and whole hundred -weights, by means of a cross rod securell to one plate acting on a crank attached to the opposite one, thus connnuuiciUing its effect to tlie lever index, which, moving over the divisions of the scale, marks the varying degrees of forcT) exerted each moment by tlie draught to whicli the Instrument is subjected. Alcssrs. Cottam and Hailen, of London, and Air. it. Clyburn of Uley, have invented dyna- mometers, whlcti are improvenjents on t iiose previously in use, as they also regis- ter the space tlirough which the power is exerted. DzERD, an Algerine measure of length, of wliich there an- two kinds, the dzerd-a- Torky = to 2009 English leet, and the dzerd-a-Uaby = to 1-574 lect. E. "PAGLE, the principal gold coin of the ^-^ United States, which is a legal tender for 10 dollars. "The new eagle, since 1843, weighs 258 troy grains, O-lOths fine, and contains 232 l-5th grains pure; and, esti- mating British standard KOld ll-l£ths line at dE3 : 17 : lOid. per ounce, is equal to £2:1:1 l-6th sterling. The half eagle, the most common sold coin of the States, is of proportional value; tliere are also Qoaiter eagles. Eagles' Feathers Imve a commercial value, being used for ornament in Scotch bonnets, and tiie lar;;e quills for making artists' hair pencils, &c. Eagle-stone, a description of clay iron ore. Eagle-wood, a fragrant wood said to be obtained in the VaxsI from Aloexylum agallochum, and used for incense by tlie Asiatics. It is the calambak or lignum aloes of commerce. See Aoallocuuu- WOOD. \0 me fbr a dyer, ve trade terni fbr the H)WdcrH anerr i applied to cuttings, embaiiKHieiits, *c Eaktii-worm Oil, a K'reei-. mectlcinal oil obtained from th* wiiinion siecies of Lumbricua and used as a remedy for ear-ache. EAR-T«tTiPET, aftinnel-shapedtube,made of various sizes, to assist the hearing of persons partially deaf: Easel, a paliiterV wooden frame or rest, with a movable ledge, on wiilch tlio can- vas is supported tor painting. East India Company, nn Incorporated association of merchants established about two centuries and a half ago, having now the entire political and civil government of India, under the supervision of the Board of Control. The Court of Directors, consisting of 24 members, holders of not less than £2000 st"ek each, are chosen by the proprietors. Now broken up. Kast-chaik Maker, a nianufacturer of arm- chairs or reclining couches. Eatche, Eitcu, the Scotch name for an adze. Eating-house, a dining-house or place of reireshiuent where cooked provisions are sold. Eau-de-Coloont!, an aromatized alcohol, Ufled as a periume and toilet article; so named Itom being origlnallv aud prtucl- pully made at Cologne. Hct Coloonk- WATFR. Ead-de-Javkluc, chlorine In lolutlon with water. Eau-de-Lijce. a volatile preparation consist- ing of a mixture ot alcoliol, caustic ammonia, and u small quaiillty of oil of ainlier. Eait-dr-Paru, a substitute for cau-tic ijouiiiy, which an.' largely used as food by all nations, and form considerable articles of commerce in most countries. Besides our home produce, from 100 tO 120 millions of eggs are annually imported from the Continent. Eggs are used in glove-making, tanning, ELD [139] ELH g eels. Ishlng-boat to ment used for nd for a thick last, and baked many parts of join in contra- Thus bills on cd to be paid In heir being pnli reclated value. ' lA to paper, by B discount, is to 1 to the sum in iduced to efifec- ntlon. iiblo property; ccr. a ebullition or Is common in and wines. )lca8imt gaseous rages. noss; therepre- I on coins. I of trimming; r coating, ^fliich rtain substances. lok ; n Inrtrp two- ; heavy burdens. I theuware, glass, ( warmed beer, ;ar, spirit, spices, glass, running boiling eggs by. lit of the west partofabenda, ; in some places uurth part of the for taking cgps er and wholesale there are a large ^iig a business of jy means of tra- scd of wine or r and eggs. ieJoriger>a,tL\)\M\t ntes lor its truit, le East it is called md Italian cook- n soups, like its nato, but in the after beiiig cut in sel with stands to cooking. ic pouiiiy, which ly all nations, and es of conmierce isldes our home niHIions of eggs im the Continent, making, tanning, bookbinding, and other manufacturing processes. The eggs of the ostrich, the turtle, and various species of wild-fowl are also used when obtuinable. Egg-slice, a kitchen uttnsil for removing omelets or fried eggs from a pan. EoG-spooN, a small spoon with a narrow bowl tor eating eggs with. EcG-WHiSK, a wire bunoh or brush for beat~ ing up eggs. Egohine, a kind of French hand-saw. Eguet, Eguette, a tutl ot leathers; the feathers of the little egret henn (Herodias ganetta) are much esteemed lor orna- ment. EgrioT; a species of sour cherry. [paper. EoTiTiAN, a kind of type ; also a large-sized EiDAM, a kind ot Dutcli chec se. Eider-down, the line soft feathers ob- tained from the eider-duck (Homateria mollissima). The elasticity, lightness, and resistance to wet, of this down, are pro- minent among its other advantages ; it is used lor the Inside stulHiig ot mulls, and on the Continent eider-down quilts are largely made, and preferred by the luxuri- ous to every other article lor b ds and coverlets. [drawings. EiDOGRAPH, an instrument for copying Eighteesmo, a sheet of paper folded into eighteen leaves, usually written ISino. EiK (Scotch), a liniment for t;rfcasiiig sheep. EiKiN'o, a piece of wood fitted to make good a ileflciciicv in Icnsjth. EisiER, a German liquid measure, the third of an oxhoft, which varies considerably in ditlerent localities. The Alunich eimer is only 8J gallons, wliile the Swiss eimer is often more than 25. The Prussian oiiner or rundlet is rather more than 18 English gallons. The eimer represents, however. In general, the half of tlie alini or aum. Ejectment, a forcing out ; the dispossession of house or land. Ejoo Fibre, a strong Mack horsehair-look- ing fibre, obtained from an eastern p;ilm, the Arevga sacchari/era. It is very dura- ble and tinacious, and universally em- ployed, in the countries where the trees are indigenous, for making cordage, for nets and seines, for the rigging of vessels, and for cables. EnHA, an Indian single horse native car. Elaine, the liquid principle of oils and fats, after the stearhie has been pressed out. See Oleine. Elastic-bands, belts, braces, gaiters, Ac, nuide wltli threads ot caoutchouc, either naked or covered. Elastic-oums, a common name given to those vegetable extracts, such as caout- chouc and gutta percha, which may be elongated by heat, &c. Elatchee, an Eastern name for carda- moms, a much esteemed Indian spice. Elbow-chaie, a chair with rests or arms to su(ipoii the elbows. Elce, the Italian name for the holm oak. Elder, the Sambucus nigra, a tree com- mon in Britain and the South of Europe. The wood, which is remarkable for its hardness, is often usfid for carpenters' rules, weavers' shuttles, meat 'skewers, &c. The light pith of the branches is used lor electrical purposes. From the juice ot the deep purple berries a wine and spirit are made, and various kinds of medi- cine are obtained from the Inner bark, flowers, and otlier parts of the tree. Eldeb-flower-water, a cosmetic made from the flowers of the elder-tree. Elder-wine, a wine made from elder berries, sweetened and ilavoured with Spices, which is generally drank hot, or nmlled with toast. Eldin (.Scotch), tuelofany kind. Elecampane, the aromatic bitter roots, (fee. of Corvusartia heknium, which are nuieii used in some quarters, made into a syrup, for colds and coughs; from Its pungency It was formerly In repute as a stomachic; n sweetmeat is also made from it. Eleotbic Telegraph, a motle of trans- mitting messages and intelligence by means of electricity over wires, for long and sliort distances. Great progress has beep made of late years in the extension of the electric telegraph over the principal countries of Europe, Asia, and America ; and submarine wires ara also now being largely resorted to, to connect countries for commercial purposes. ElecTric-wires, a popular name for the wires ot the magnetic telegraph on laud, or tliose of the submarine cable. Electro- iiLDER and -r>LATER, one who gilds or plates metal goods by galvanism. Electrometer, an Instrument lor deter- mining the presence ana (luantity ol electricity. Electro-plate, a precipitation of silver or gold on a surlace ol copper, or (iernian- silver metal. [silver or gold. Electkotypist, one who coats metals with Electrum, a name tor German-silver plate : a compound metal, a mixture of gold and silver. Electuary, a sweetened medicine, of con- serves and powders in a soft mass, of the consistence of tliick honey. Ele.ml a gum-resin obtained In the East from Bahamodendron zeylanicum, and in America from a species ot Idea. ELEPi.;ANT, the largest of quadrupeds, which is domesticated in tlie Eust and tniined to service. The wild aniniiils are also hunted for their tuska, which furnish the ivory of commerce, and their back teeth or grinders are also useful. Tlie feet, trunk, &c. are eaten by the hunters ; the tail is used for a lly-tiapper. Elephant Paper, a very large kind ot drawing paper, 28 inches by 23. Elevation, a i)lan; a persijcctive repre- sentation of a building. Elevator, a lilting machine in the Inrnre corn ami flour mills of America for grain. It consists of an endless band to which are fixed a series ol nietal cans revolving in a long wooden trough, which is lowered through the roptctlve hatchways into the vessel, and is connecieil at its upper end witli the building, where its belt Is driven. Also a contrivance for raising ii fierson to a height, for the purpose of clean- ng, paiuting, or taking ouservutious, &c. ^n' EMB [140] EMI ; Klkvb (French), an apprentice, a pupil. Ulinoues (French), cun-hooks to allng a bole of goods, &c. EnNGUET (French), a capstan-bar. Elixir, in pharmacy a compound tincture ; Jn popular parlance an Invigorating cor- Elk, the Cervus alces, which is hunted for its flesli. The horns and skin enter into commerce. Tlie hair is used tor stutl- Ing saddles in America, and the hoofs at one time were held In repute in pharmacy for epileptic complaints. Elks' feet still occur in some of the Continental tariffs. Elk-nut, a name for the oily nut of Hamiltonia oleifera. liLL, an English measure of lenorth equal to 45 inches, but now superseded by the Im- perial yard. The term Is however still employed In designating the width of certain goods. The ell varies In length on the Continent; the Dutch or Flomlsli ell Is 27 inches. The proportion between Dutch ells and English yards Is generally taken at 3 yards to 4 ells; but the real rate is 100 yards to 129 2 27-th ells. In Leipslc the ell is 22} inches ; In Prussia 26} nearly ; tiie French ell is 54 inches. In Trle;iie tlie woollen ell is 26 6 Imperial Indies; tliat for silk 25-22 Inches. Tlie Oerman ell is 21 5-9 Inches ; the Scottish ell rather more than 37 Inches. See Bkaccio. Jii.M, a useful forest tree, the several species of which are natives chiefly of Europe and North America. The timber of elm for constructive purposes ranks next to t!ie oak, and is much used in building; for the keels of vessels, pumps, coffins, &c. Jt does not split, and therefore beai's th. driving of nails and bolts well. Ki.NE, the Scotch ell of 37 inclns. EI.SYN, Eusos (Scotch), an awl. Elvans, a mineral stone intermediate be- tween porphyry and granite. Elvas -PLUMS, a kind of dried prune, a dessert fl-uit sold in boxes. Ei.vE, a mining name for the shaft or handle of a pick ; corruption of lielve. Elvtra, the wing-sher.tlis or outer cover- ings of the beetle tribe, many of whicli, ft-om their elei,'anco, are used to ornament articles ot dress, tans, &c In the East and in Brazil. Emancipate, to liberate or set free from penal servitude or slavery. Embale. to pack up or bind goods in a bale or packasre. Embank, to enclose with a mound; the term is applied chlefiy to banks of earti', by which water Is kept out flrom land that has been reclaimed, or that is liable to inundation. Embankments, artificial mounds of earth, raised by the sides of rivers, fens, <&c., or for levefling the line of road for a railway. Embar, a liquid measure ot Sweden, equal to 20J gallons. Embargo, a restraint or arrest ; an order from Government, preventing ships from quitting a port. This State nri>hibitlon Is usually In time of war, and may be en- fbrced on either native or foreign ships, or merclmndlsu. Embark, to ship; to proceed on boarcl n vessel or boat ; to engage or take part in any business. Embauchure, the utensils for a salt manu< factory in France. Embden Groats. See Groats. Embellishment, the act of adorning or en- riching; ornament, decoration. £mb2RS, small lighted coals or the ashes of burnine wood. Embezzlement, the fraudulent appropriation of the money or goods ofanotlier. Embossing, a kind of raised sculpture, cxr- ving, or stamped work on paper, cloth. &,c. Embo.ssino I'uess, a machine used by book- binders fbr ornamenting cloth and leatlier forcoverins books. Embouciioir (French), a boot-last or boot- tree. Embouchure, the mouth of any thina, as of a river or harlxtur; of a cannon, a '.)ottle, a wind instrument, &c. Embkocation, a punpent oil or medlclnnl spirit used as an external application to moisten or rub diseased parts of the body. Embroider, to adorn with raised figures of needle-work In fnncy pntterns, arer and vender ol oii for iubrieating machinery. Engine-turner, oii.t who practises a pccu* liar kind of complex turning. ENT [142 J EQU Engrais ^French), pasture-ground ; food on which cattle or poultry are fattened; manure. Engp "'BK, a carver or cutter of devices: tb' l.ere are wood-engravers, sieel and CO tr-plate engravers, seal and tool cut- ters, &c EsGRAVEK's-TOOL CtJTTEE, a maker of metal ((ravers, wn in writing; to lodge a manifest of goods at the cus- tom-house. Enterprise, a projected scheme ; a liazard- ous adventure. Entertainment, a nubile dinner; amuse- ment of any kind, a concert, dancing-room, &o. Entire, the name for a kind of beer, com- bining the appreciated properties of two or tliree esteemed qualities of malted beverage , a stallion, or ungelded horse. Entoib (Frencli), a grafting-knife. Entr'acte, the time between the acts of a play; an interlude. Entrebandes (French), the fag end of woollen stuffs. Entrebas (French), an unequal distance between tlie threads of a wnrp. Entbe-cote (French), a piece of beef cut between tlie ribs. Entre'e, an admission or Introduitlou; the first course of dishes. Entrelacs (Frencii), threads, twine, or string. EsTREMEis, sldf -dishes; dainties. Entreposee (Frencii), to storo or ware- house goods. Entrepot, u mart; a store-room for the deposit of goods; a bonded warehouse. Entrepreneub, a French contractor; one who executes or undertakes constructive works. Entresol (French), a suite of rooms be- tween two floors ; a low apartment, usu- ally placed above the ground-floor. Entry, the record made in a merchant's books of any business transaction; the lodgment of a ship's papers in the custom - house on arrival, when perir "islcn to land cargo Is obtained. Enumerator, a calculator, one employed to count over or reckon up figures or things. Envelope, the outer cover or enclosure case for a letter; the wrapper ou which the address is written. Envelope-machine, a cleverly constructed machine by which envelopes are cut and folded. Envelope-t^iaker, a wnolesale manufac- turer otletter enclosures. Envoy, a deputy or messenger; n diplo- matic acent. [tienslty. E. .13, EPAISSE0R (French), thickness; Eparcet, In Franco, a kind of hay. Epars (French), a flagstaff. Epaulet, a shoulder ornament or badge of rank worn by naval and military com- missioned offl(":-r. ErAVES (Frencii), g^^ods found floating at sea without owner; flotson andjetson. Epergne, an ornamental stand for a largo dish In the centre of a table. Ephah, an ancient Jewish dry measure, of about four gallons. Epicerie (French), grocery wares, spices, &c. EpiDE^nc, a murrain among cattle. Epidermis, the cuticle or scirfskin; the membranous or fibrous horny covering of some sliells. Epincoir, a pavlor's hammer in France. Eping.vre (French), a small cannon. Epinqle (French), a pin ; any small pointed Instrument. Epinglier, a maker or denier in pins. Epissoir (Frencii), a manino-spike. Epitome, an abstract, abridgment, or com- peudium. Eplaigneur, a French cloth-dresser. FlpoubSETOiR (Frencii), a soft light brush. Epeouvette, a Frencii instrument for test- ing the strength of gunpowder, Epsom- salts, a popular name for sulphate of magnesia, a well-known cooling pur- gative. It is met with as a bitter sailni> efflorescence, and is also obtained by jlieinists from magnesian limestone. Epore (French), a model; an enlarged plan of a building. Equatorlvl,- an astronomical instrument witli a telescope, for taking celestial ouser- vfitions. Equestrian Statue, a mounted figure of a horseman. Equipage, the fittings and furniture used by an army in the camp or field. Camp- equipage includes marquees, tents, &c., field equipage artillery, wagons, tumbrils, Ac. Equipage Is also often apiilied to a vehicle or carriage of state; and to the attendants or rotiuuc of a person of rank. ESC [143] ESQ :h contractor; one takes constructive snlte of rooms be- w apartment, usu- round-floor. je in a merchant's i transaction; the pers in the custom - L perip isicn to land tor, one employed kon up figures or er or enclosure ca^^e ppcr ou which the ileverly constructi'd ivelopes are cut and rnolesale manufac- rcSi lessengcr; n dlplo- [uenslty. rench), thickness; Lind of hay. itaff. ■nament or badge of and military cora- ls found floating at lotson andjetson. till stand for a largo I table, ish dry measure, of occry wares, spices, nong cattle. or scwfdkin ; the 18 horny covering of mmer in France, mall cannon. ; any small pointed dealer in pins. ariino-3i)ilve. bridgment, or com- oloth-dresser. a soft llglit brush. instrument for test- in powder. r name for sulphate known cooling puv- th as a bitter salim' also obtained by sian limestone. el; an enlarged plan nomlciil instrument iklng celestial ouser- mounted figure of a nd furniture used by ip or fleld. Canip- arqui'cs, tents, e roods six perches,) being divided into 216 escas. EscALADON (French), a small mill for wind- ing silk. EsCALiN. a Dutch and Flemish shilling; a base silver coin and money of accomit, worth about sixpence sterling, KscAND VL, a liquid measure of Marseilles i 400 escandrtur = 1 millerolle, which is about 17 Eiia'Lsh wluu golloua. EscANDOLE (French), the cabin ibr the 8eri''r.:Vk of a row-galley. Esc.iPEMENT, part of a clock or watch move- ment; a mechanical contrivance in a chronometer, for transmission at eriual intervals of the maintaining power to the regulator. Its ofl[lce is to allow a tooth of the wheel to escape or pa.S3 onward, at such intervals of time as are measured by the regulator. EscARBAtLB (Freucli), a scrlvello or ele- phant's tusk under aolbs. weight. EscARBiLLF.s (French), coal cinders. EsoAK(JATOiRE, a nursery of esculent snails {Uelix poinatia) ; snails are esteemed an edil)le dainty on the Continent. EscARPiN (French), a liglit pump or shoe with a thin solo. EscHEN, a division of the gold and silver pound weitrht in Hamburgh ; 544 eschens make one troy pound. EscHEViN, a name formerly given to the elder or warden, the principal of the ancient guilds. EscHio (Italian), the beech-tree. EscoMi»TE (French), discount; money de- ducted for inti;rest. Escort, a body of armed men sent for security or convoy, as with a gold freight from the mines to a sea-port for ship- ment. Escritoire, a writing-desk; a chest of drawers with a flap and convenience for writing. EscROPCLo, the 192nd part of the Portugueso and Spanish marc. The scruple Is used In Brazil for weighing precious stone*, consisting of 3 carats, or about 9^ English grains. EscuDo, a money of account In Bilboa; also a gold coin of Spain and Portugal. See ScuDo. EscbLENT, something that Is wholesome and eatable ; good as food for man. Escutcheon, a shield for a key-hole on a door, itc. ; the part of a merchant vessel's stern whore her name is written. EsPADE (French), a wooden bat or beetle used by rope-makers for tewing or t' iing the hemp. Espagnolette a sash-window fastening. EsPAi.EMENT (i . ch), gauge; the dItTerence between the old and new measures. Espalier, a low lattice-work for training dwarfed fruit trees on ; the first rower of a French galley. Esparto, a name given in Spain to the herbaceous stalks of the Afarfimchlea (Stipa) tenacissima, a grass which is used for mats, sandals, cordage, and lor paper pulp. Esp>' o (Spanish), spar. Esplanade, in military parlance, the void space between the glacis of a citadel and the first houses of the town, but now or- dinarily applied to any open level publio walk or drive near the sea ; a g.ass plot in a garden. EsPio'^rE. a species of rve. EsQu.i (French), a small skKi or ship's boat EsQinMAN, In France, a boatswain's mate, E.sQrts;n. FANcr-QooDS, fabrics mauo of various pnt- tems, as ribbons, silks, satins, Ac, dlner- Ing from those which are of a plain or slniplo colour. Fanct-paper Makes, a mannfiictarer of coloured or ornainciitnl |)aperH. Famct-kepositoby, a sliop where various articles for ladles' use are vended, often termed a Uerlln warehouse. Fanboa, a Spanish measure used for different purposes. As a dry mtMSure in Spain, it varies from 1} to 2} busbvR In South America, the fancga of Chile, for firain, ranges from lfi3 lbs. weight to upwards ot 200 lbs. ; in Central America the faiicga of maize weighs 400 lbs. ; In Monto Video, It is as mucli as 3} bushel'* ; but the average ■ omputatlon may be taken at fanegas to the English quarter of 8 bushels. As a land measure the fanega Is 40,000 varas of about 2} feet each. Fanegada, a Spanish land measure; as much ground as mny bo sown with a fiinega of grain; about 153 square yards, = 170 varas. Faneub (French), a hny-maker. J'ang, the bend of a rope ; a long nail. Fan'oo, a native name In some parts of the Pacific for oil. Fanqot, a quantity of wares, as raw silk, ifcc, from 1 to 2i cwts. Fank, the name, in some parts of Scotland, (or a sheep-cot or pen ; to coll a rope. Fanlight, a framed window shaped like :5 to isco, 12,094,992 were coined. Farthingale. See Farding-deal. Fa.scet, a tool for bottles. Fascia, a bandiiire or fillet. Fasco, a liquid measure of Paraguay, equal to three quarts. [style or mode. FA.S1II0N, shape or form; a custom, the Fashioner, one who fashions or shapes things; a tailor. Fas.s, a measure of capacity used In Ger- many, of a very varinble character, rantr- inj,' as a dry measure from IJ gallons In l)u.sseldorf; to Hi in Altoiia. For char- coal it is 69 gallons at Treves, in Prus.'slx As a liquid measure it is equ.illy variable and dimcult to define, and differa with the nature of the contents. In Vienna the fass of wine is about 127i gallons. In Leijisic It is 8;?J, and .«o on. One Ham- burgh last of 60 fiiss Is equivalent to, 11 Imperial quarters; 1 fass = 2 himpten. Fast, the rope by which a vessel is secured to a wharf; In nautical language attached to; as when a boat is secured by a rope; a vessel aground is said to be " bard and fast." n FEA [149] FEE grinder and prc- wdcr from grain, chandler, a dealer i certain rate nor ce, or pcrmiBsloii subject to duty; ultuhle butUlinga, rnl operations. 3e: a person em- of land, breedlnsr and the managu- al products they Bctor for taxes, -house on a farm. 1 employed about il paid as part ot axcrcments ot Izlnt; substances cattle sheds, Ac. nd largely u»ed. ir Arab females, n Spain. In .\lexandrla. citsmlth, one who i' shoes — but now )r : although they .mbltlous title of )f the minor livery which has no mrley; red whent. leasure of Mocha ,rt ofabaryd. •e representing 30 , copper coin, the y, and weighin .' io the coinage ol onemlllion pieces owing to the wnnt 1.500,000 fartlilngs i to 18t;0, 12,094,992 [NO-DEAL. f' Paraguay, equal [style or mode, a custom, the shions or shapes My used in Ger- e cliiiracter, raiij.'- •foni IJ gallons In iltona. For cliar- reves, in Pnissla. Is cquAllv variable and differs with tents. In Vienna lit 127i gallons, In 10 on. One Ham- Is equivalent to fass = 2 hlmpten. I vessel Is secured language attached cured by a rone; a to be " hard and Fa.htk.nino, a stop or liolJfnst; a bolt or bar; a screw or spring-catch lor window- sashes ; also a security tor doors. Fast-tbain, an express railway train. Fathom, an English nautical measure of six leet, employed in sounding mines, Ac. and measuring cordage, it Is also used In India, bi-iug divided into four arms or cubltsofelglitecn Indies each. .\ fathom of Are wood U six !uet wide by six feet high. Fat-lote, a mixture of pipeclay andlinseed- ull for tilling Joints. Fata :iolid clly suijstances found in the diilmal and vegetable kingdoms, which enti'T largely into commerce, and are described under tlieir several heads. Faucet, a pipe : a spout wltli a peg or spigot tor drawing liiiuor from a caali. Faccharo, a small sickle witb a long handle, used in France. Fauchet (Fruncli), a wooden hay-rake. Faulds (Scotcli), the part of a farm manured Uy folding sheep or cattle on It. I'AULX, Faux (Ftencii), a scy the or reaping- IIOOK. Kauteuil, a large elbow-chair. Faux, a Swiss land measure of 7,8fi5 Eng- lish square yards, or C5 2-3rds French acres : 6 l-6tli faux = 10 imnerial acres. Fauxbouho, Faubouhgs (French), the suburbs of atown. Favo (Spanish), a cake of yellow wax. Favouk, a bunch or knot of r'bbons worn at weddings or other festive occasions. Fawal, an Arab vender of boiled beans for breakfast, which are eaten with butter and lemon Juice. Fawn, a young deer under one year old. Fayino, In maritime phraseology, the union of two pieces so close that no iuterveiiing space occurs. Feal, a provincial name for sward or turf; hence leal-dyke, feal- manure, FEROsn, nn Indian lorvant who has tho care nl teiitx, rurnltnrc, Ac FEimADO, a com moaguro of 8p;ili\, the third |iiirt of tho Cnsilllan tniiegu, unci con- tiilnhiK nhniit lour kuHoim. Feiibaili.e (Froncli), old Iron. '■'EiiitET, nn anlmiil of tlie wenict trihe (.Mu.T()OX, a kind of ornamental hanging drapery, suspended In a curve with ends passed over; a garland of flowers. Fetlock-boot Maker, a manufacturer of protections or supports for the pastern Joints of horses. Fetter, a shackle or chain for the feet; iron links for g|)ii)i.E-8TKiNG8, the catgut cords, stretched across II violin, fastened at the end.*, and elevated In the middle by a bri ge. Fiddle-wood, a durable wood u>?d formllls framing, carrlane-wheels, &c. ; Uie pro- duce ot Cilharexylum meUtnocardium t a useful timber tree of tho West indies. FiDEos (Spanish), vrmUelli. Fii-.E, an estate In lands held from a superior. FiKL (Spanish), a clerk of the market; a wliarnuKer. Field, a portion c. T-ahle land; a large extent of compact '> , . Field-bed. a porta .,; >. folding camp-l>ed for an offlcer. Field-book, a land surveyor's plotting book. In which the angles, 7)ecially built (or letting in these kinds of flats or floors with one common staircase. Flat-bottom F.D, a vessel with an even lower surface and but small depth. Flat-iron, Flattening-iron, a laundress's or workman's smonthing-iron. Flatting, the operation of smoothing; a, mode of house-painting in which the colour ou tbe surface is left without gloss. Flatting-mill, a mill for rolling out me*al8 by cylindrical pressure. Flaccht (.Scotch), a flake of wool, a hand- ful ; when applied to land, a croft. Flauchter, a term In Scotland having various signiflcatlons In different localities; in some parts it is a man who pares turf; in Fife it is a skinner, one wiio scrapes skins; in the South of Scotland a person emploj-ed In carding wool. Flauchteb-spade, a long two-handed tool for cutting turf. Flacchts, instruments for carding wool used in Scotland. Flautist, a player on the flute. Flavine, a vegetable extract fl-om the United States, in the form of a light brown or greenish yellow powder, which contains much colouring matter and tannin, and takes tlie place of quercitron bark. It gives a flne olive yellow colour to cloth. Flaw, a crack ; a fracture or defect in metals, gems, timber, &c. Flawn, custard or nastry. See Flan. Flax, a plant ; theLinumtisitatissimum, and the textile flbre obtained from it. From the seed an oil, known ai linseed oil, is ex- pressed, which is largely u.-ed in the arts. Our foreign supplies ot Max come chiefly from Russia; we imported In 1856,84,352 tons of dressed and undressed flax and tow. [ing flax. Flax-comb, a hatchel or heckle for prepar- Flax-dresser, a cleaner of the flbre of flax. Flax-gkower, a cultivator of the flax plant. Flax is chiefly grown m Ireland; in 1856 there were 106,826 acres under culture with flax there, calculated to pro- duce 27,000 tons of fibre valued at £1,360,000, exclusive of the seed. Flax-mill, a factory where flax is spun into linen goods. Flax-seed, the boll of flax, generally termed linseed. In 1856 our imports were 1,180,179 quarters. See Flax. Flay, to strip or cut off the skin. Fleak, a twist or lock ; a hurdle or grating. Fleam, a large strong instrument, used by veterinary surgeons, for lettin-j blood from horses and other animals. Fleasocks (Scotch), tlie sliavlngs of wood. Flkcket (Scotch), a small pocket fliask; a little portable dram barrel. Fleece, as much wool as Is shorn from one slioep ; the weight varies according to the breed and the climate. Fleet, a navy: a collection of shlpsor sailing boats; an Inlet or creek; swjft, shallow. FLEBf-DTKE, an embankment for prevent- ing inundation. Fleeting-dish, a skimming bowl. Flemish-bricks, paving bricks ofa yellowish colour, harder than the ordinary bricks. Flemi.sh-hokse, in marine parlance, an additional Ibotrope at the ends of topsail- yards. Flench, Flinch, to strip off' In layers. Flench-gut, the Idubber of a whale laid oat in long slices in the hold before barrelling. Flekcing, the operation of cutting the blubber ft"om the whaio. Flesh, butcner's meat; the carcase Of ai^ aulical killed for foot}. t FLO [157] FLO oiling out me* als or carding wool here flax is spun the carcase of any Flgsbauv, Flesiiino, in iSeotland the busi- ness of a butcher. Flesber, the common designation of a biitclier In Scotland. Flesh-brush, a brush for rubbing the sur- face of the body, of which there are several kinds, made cither of horsehair, or flne wire, &c Flesh-fork, a cook's fork for trying meat, and taking it from the boiler. j^ESToiR (Frencli), a small hammer. Flet, Fleat, a mat of plaited straw for protecting a horse's back from Injury by t*'" load ; a saucer. See Flackie. Fl. ador (Spanish), tlie freighter of a ship. Fletcher, an old name for an arrow maker. Fletchers' Company, one of the minor livery companies of London, whose liall is in St Mary Axe. Flet-milk, .skimjned milk, Fi.ETTE, a French passuKe boat or wherry. Fleuk, Floor, a liounder. [for gruel. Fleubage (Frencli), oatmeal or bean meal Flfubet (French), a sort of coarse silk ; a kind of narrow ribbon ; ferret-ribbon. Flews, in Scotland a slu'ce for letting off the water trom an Irrigated meadow. Flies, artificial insects which are very dexterously made of bright feathers, Silk. &c., for the use of anglers for Hsii in rivers and lakes. Flight, a set of stairs. Flingin-tree (Scotch), the lower part of a tiail; that whlcli :$trikes the t^rain. Flinkino-comb, a dressing-table comb for the hiiir. Flint-glass, common table glass, which was originally made of flint Flint-lock, a musket- lock, with a fl i nt fl \ cd in the hammer, for striking on tlic steel pan. F'.iNTS, nodules of silica occurring in the clialky strata, wiiich are largely used for pottery. Flints for guns are now to a great extent superseded by the ^)ercus^^ioll cap, but common muskets fO' shipment are still supplied with flint locks. Shar- pened flints are seldom used now for pro- ducing Arc ; congreve matches, or lucifL-rs, having taken the place of the flint and steel with tiie tinder box. Fi.ixTY Slate, a silicious schist containing ahout 75 per cent, of silica, whicli Is used under the name of touchstone, for testing gold, by a comparison ot colours. Flisk, a large tooth comb. Fi.ncH, a side of bacon. FuTTEKN Bark, tlie bark of young oak- trees, as disiinguished from that of old oak-trees which is called timber bark and is less valuable to tanners. Tiiere is a third sort called coppice bark, wliich is the bark stripped oil oak grown as coi)pice trom steni8 or stools. Flitting (Scotcli), reniovingfrom one place 111 residence to another; a nioouiight flit- ting is synonymous to moving without paying one's debts or rent. Fi.oAT, tlie waior-gnuge ot a bteam-boller attached to tlie Viilve in a feed pipe; the buoy of a flailing iiije: a plasterers tool; a coal cart ; a raft of timber 18 feet square by 1 foot deep. Float-boabds. See Floats. Floatino - BRIDGE, a flat-botlomcd ferry steam-boat in harbours or rivers, ruiming on chains laid across the bottom, and con- structed for the conveyance of passengtrs, goods, and vehicles. Floating -light, a Ufe-buoy carried at a ship's stern, with a light or lanthorn, which can be dropped into the sea, In order to save any one falling overboard at night ; a pyrotechnic; a stationary light-ship. Floating-pier, a landing-stage which rises and falls witli the tide. f LOATS, the boards fixed on the paddle- wheels of steamers, and to undershot water wheels, by which they act. Floatsam, goods tound floating on the sea from a wreck. See Flotsam. Flock, an indeflnite numoer of sheep, kept together under one shepherd ; in A ustralia a shepiierd will manage several thousand sheep. Flock- manufacturer, a grinder of wool ; one who uulverlzes and colours it tor the use of the paper stainer wherewith to make flocl'' paper. Flock-master, an owner of sheep. Flock-paper, wall hangings in which finely pulverized and dyed wool is laid on tlie surface of paper and attached by size. Flock-baik, a range of pasture-ground for siieep. Flocks, a r.ame given to the refuse or waste of cotton and wool, which is used (brstutf- ing mattresses, seamen's bedding, and common furniture. [thickened. Flokkit (Scotch), having the nap raised or Flood-gate, a sluice in rivers, canals, or docks that may be opened or closed at will, to admit or exclude water. Flood-tide, the advancing tide increasing towards hlRh water. FLOOii, a popular name In Scotland for various kmds ot flat flsh, but most gene- rally applied to the common flounder; the broad plate on the arm of an anchor. Flookan, earth or clay of a slimy consist- ence; in mining, the shifting of the vein or lode by a cleft, &c. Floor, the timber, bricks, ry small. Floree, powder blue or IndiiM, FLORiiNCE, a gold coin worth 68. ; a l.nid of wine. Florence-leap. See Leaf-metaf, and Bbon7,e-powi>eb. Florence-oil, oUvo oil ■t)!a In flasks. Florrntink, meat bn!veU in a dish with a co\er uf p.i-ifl; a khui of wrought satin madelu Fiireisce; a lako colour extracted Irom til' -iM'eds of scarlet cloth. FL0ttE8,ac •■iTii'.eri.ifi! ct-.Jsiflcatlo'' ofiiiillgo, the best (luaiily o/'.!\o from iilod. 7 to 9. Floretonne, a Sri;*i;!,v'i wool. Flokktt^v, ref'i. •/( r tiuAS slllc. Fi-ORiN, a biitib'. ii-e. cohi worth 2;'., first mmted in JSIO, ihul smce tlat period six- looi! iMllllon ^lieces have been nut into cireuiyiioii. T no florin is a coin ctrcii- lati:t.^ In many Continental countries, ranis'big in vaiue from Is. 6d. to 23. 4d. Florist, a dealer In flowers ; one who grows or sells them. Fi'^u, fluid ghiss floating iu a puddling 1 urnace. Floss-silk, the external soft envelope of the M\k worm's cocoon; the ravelled down/ silk broken otT in the filature. It is carded and spun Into coarse yarn or thread, suited for various purposes. Flotk-boat, in Scotland a yawl or pinnace. Flotilla, a fleet of small vessels. Flotsam, the portion of a ship or cargo wrecked which remains floating upon the water. See Jetsau and Laoan-oooss. Flounce, a loose appendage or trimming to the skirt or lower part of a lady's dress. Flounder, a well-known flat flsh, the Plev- ro»ec<«yfeitM, which isobtalned on the Bil- tish coasts and large rivers. Flour, in ordinary parlance the meal of wheat finely ground and silted, and in which a large trade is carried on by land and by sea. The term flour is, however, also appli'jd to the meal of rice, potatoes, Ac. Flour is usually put up in packs or loads of 240 lbs., or sacks of 280 lbs. In 1856 we imported four million cwts. of flour cliiefly trom the United States and Canada. Flour BARREL, a light cask, in which wheat meal is Imported tVom America. The barreluf flour weighs 196 lbs. Flour-oueoge, a tin for sprinkling flour. See Dredge. Flol'r-dbesser, a cylinder for dressing flour, instead of pasi^iug it through bolting clotlis. Flour-factor, an agent for millers; one who sells flour to bakers. Flourice (Scotch), a steel for striking Are ttom flint. FlouB-SACK. a coarse bag fbr flour, holding usually 280 Iba. Flower, an old Scot-,;, i\&\v.- :'ir.in eJtjcU tool used in cleavint: t.un^. Fi-owER-BASKET, a ftin v gti.n ; If bafckft fbr holdhiK flowers In a i, om. FLO'.'KR-QAr.pEN, an ■.-.•iinnonU:; p'ot jf ground, dcMledto ti.:'. 'iilMiit; ,uid r^uiMg oftl"wers; .i. kitchen-garden, being thai (i' vuted to thp culture . pot-herbs, flrult, Flow k-POTS, e,iaC -nware or china pota for .oiding floweilng plants. FLO'iViats, the blossoms of plnnts. A large trade Is Cfurled on by florUuln ornairien tal plants ' nd cut dowers. Ir.iit^iliort flowii'M, foi ;iers(ini) decoration, ifcc, hav« already be<'H alluiiydto under the head of Artificial flowcn. In chyiii.^try, : '-flno mealy mat:.T iormed In the pi is of Bubiimatloii is called flower-, as flov.ersof sulphur, zino. biiijamlii, At. Flower-show, a floricuUurai display, or competitive show lor prizes, , one or other of whicli, according as It i:,? tilted, enters the anchorage ground .iS a holdfast; a name for the plaice flsh. Flume, a water-channel; a stream or run for gold washing. Flummery, a food of flour meal. Flunkie (Scotch), a livery servant. Fluor-spar, fluate of lime, used as a flux for the metallic ores, whence Its name. The coloured specinii ns are turned into vases and other ornaments, in Derby- shire. Fluoric acid, a corrosive liquid prepared from fluor soar, used for etching upon glass, roughing the shades of table-lamps &c Fluse, a copper coin of Morocco. Set Floose. Flush (Scotch), fhll; as afllurnt, flush of money; a flow or run of water, as in flushing a sewer; a workman's term for an even surface ; any thing on the same level. Flush-deck, an even-deck, one running the whole length of the vessel from stem to stern, without a forecastle or poop. Flute, a pipe or wind instrument, with lateral holes, made of various materials, hardwood, ivory, glass, metal, and even vulcanized India rubber; a long thin French roll eaten at breakfast; a store- ship. Fluted, grooved, furrowed, or channelled. FLUTE-M.UCER, otie wlio m ikes flutes. Fluter, one who grooves or channels metals ; a flautist ; a person who goffers or plaits. FLtrriNG-MACHiNE, a golTerlng-lron. Flutinos, hollow channels cut in the shafts of colunms; piping or fWU ornaments to a lady's cap or dress, &c. Flutter-wheel, a peculiar kiad of wlieel to a water-mill. t. FOL [ 1S9 J FOO ,»ji;; I'lr nn eJijod f, \:iU 11' baikftftir 1. ilti!r>; lUid ri'i.iii.ia rUeii, beln^ thait pot-herbs, fl'ult, ■e or china poU nts. plnnts. A large rUiiihionmiriPn vers. Ir.iitalioii jratlon, i&o.,hav« under tho head ol lyiu.atr.v, ' '' flii6 n the pi ■■' a of vcr'.asflov.ersof ceediii£S it runs to 80 words, and in ciianceryTfoceedinL's. to 1)0 words. FoLioiNG, tlie operation ot paging or mark- ing a book. Foi.leta (Spanish), a wine measure used in Italy ttie fourth of the boccale. Se^ FOGLIETT-V. Follower, a law-stationer's name for a slieet of parchment, which Is added to the first, or indenture, &e. slieet. FoNCEX (French), a long flat -bottomed barge. Fonda, the Spanish name for an inu or tavern. FoNDiQUE, a hnll for merchants, an ex- change; a customs' warehouse in Spain and Portugal. FONG, a coin current In Siam, the eighth of a tlcal, and worth about 4d. FoN'oo, a name in some parts of the Paciflo for the turtle. Font, a stone basin or vessel in a church, lor holding water for the purposes ot bap- tism. Font A B, an apron fabric of cotton and silk made In Turkey. FoNTANGE, a knot of ribbons on the top of a head-dress. Foo, the Chinese name for a department. FoocHi, or Fooji, a name iu the Pacific for tlie plantain. Food, victuals for man or beast; what la taken for nourisliment. Foo-Foo, a nogro name for dough made from plantains; the fruit being boiled and tlien pounded in a moitar. Fool, a compound of goosebenles. Foolscap, a long folio writing-paper for otflciai use, about 13 J by 16 j Inches; a foolscap millboard is 18i by Hi inches. Foot, n lineal measure in Great Britain ot 12 Inches, or the third part of a yard. As a measure of length the foot varies in different countries; an ancient measure of two gallons; a weiglit for thi, now merely nominal, of 60 lbs. ; a measure- mciit for grindstones of 8 Inches. The size of a stone is found by adding the dia- meter and thickness together, and divid- ing by 8, which gives tlie number of " foots ; " the bottom of any thing, as ofa shoe or stocklnjr; the lower end of a mast or sail ; the rest or support on which a macliine or any thing heaw stands. Foot-ball, a large ball to be'kicked about Footman, a man-servant ; an iron or bras* stand with feet, or with a hook, f\n keeping any thing warm before a flre. FOR [160] FOR Foot-bath, a pan In which to wash the feet. FooT-BOABD. a support, for the feet in a l>oat, »iig, &c., or Ht a worleman's bench. Foot-iron, Foot-plate, a step lor a carriage. Foot-huff, a receptacle to keep the fbot warm in traveiling. Foot-pan. See Foot-bath. FooT-PASsENOEB, a pedestrian. Foot-path, a beaten track, conferrinpr by long usage a rightof way tlirough lands; tlie pavement, or side walk of a street. FooT-BOPE, a rope stretched loosely alung a ship's yard, for the seamen to stand on In furling the sails. FooT-BCLE, a twelve-Inch meaanrlng Btlck. Foots, refuse or sediment, as aPthe bottom ot a sugar or oil cask, &c. FooT-scBAPEB, an iron scraper at an entrance door to remove the dirt from the feet before entering. FooT-sTAix, the stirrup of a woman's saddle. FooT-fiTEP, an inclined plane under a printing-press. FooT-STicK, a printer's tool. FooT-STOOL, a small cushion or stool to rest the toot upon. FooT-VALVE, a valve, so named, between the condenser and air-pump. FooT'WALiNO, the inside planks or lining of a vessel over the floor tnnbers and below the lower deck. FooT-WARHER, a heated stool ibr the feet ; a chafing dish. Footing, the finer detached fragments of the fenks, or refuse whale blubber, not wholly deprived of oil. Forage, provender or tbod suited tor horses and domestic cattle, as iiay, straw, beans, grass, clover, Ac. In French, forage Is a duty on wine ; the operation of bor- ing guns, muskets, &c. ; the opening in the trench of a quarry iOr the extrnction of slate. FoRAGErOAP, a loose, rough-made military cap. Forage-contkactob, one who supplies horse provender to cavalry regiir.snts, mounted police, or large bodies of horses. Fokaging-partt, persons sent out from an encampment In seurcli of cattle, food, or provender. „ FouBiDDEN Fruit, the Citrus Paradm, something like the siiadUuck, broujjUt lo this country in small quantities from the West Indies. F0R9AQE (French), applied to coin that is above weight. Force-majeure, a French commercial term for unavoidable accidents in the transport of goods, trom superior force, tlie act of God, &c. Force-pump, a syringe pump with a solid piston, and two valves or a side- pipe, throu^'h which the water is forced; the plunger pump lor supplying tlie boiler of a locomotive engine. FoRCKPS, twoi'Zurs, or metal holders of va- rious kinds; surgical instruments used in iBiiiwifery, craniotomy, and for otlicr pur- poses. fruit, their FoRCiNQ, a method of producing flowers, and vegetables, beloro ordinary season of maturity, by artificial heat; the process of fining wines, so as to render them fit for Immediate draught. Forcing-house, a hot-house. Forcing-pit, an entlosed hot-bed or fl-ame, with a glass root; v^cntaininga fermenting mass of dung for accelerating the growth of plants, (fee. Ford, the most shallow part of a stream or frith, which may be passed through on foot by wading, or crossed on horse- back. Fore, a maritime term for any thing near, or pertaining to, the bow or stem, the forward part of a slilp; as foremast, fore- foot, &c. Fore and Aft, a seaman's term for " In the direction of the ship's length ; " from head to stem. Fore-cabin, the cabin In the front part of a ship, which has Inferior accommodation for passengers. Forecastle, a short deck In the bow of a siiip, above the upper deck. In advance of the foremast; the forward part of the ship under the deck, where the sailors live in merchant vessels. Forefoot, a piece of wood at the foremost extremity of the keel of a ship. Fobeganoeb, a short niece of rope grafted on a harpoon, to which tha line is bent. Foreign-going Ships, vessels trading to ports beyond the limits of the United Kingdom, and the nearer Continental ports, which are comprised between Brest and the river Elbe. Forelock, a flat piece of iron driven through the end of a bolt to prevent its drawing. Foreman, an overseer ; a chief workman ; the president or spokesman of a jury; an inferior seaman. Foremast, the first or forward mast in a ship; that nearest tlie bow. Forensic Wig, a legal wig worn by judges and counsellors, made of horse hair, sitting in stiff rows of curls. Foreright, coarse wheaten bread. Forerunner, a piece of rag termliinting the stray line of the log line of a ship. Fore-sail, the large lower square sail ou the foremast of a ship; theflrst triangular sail before the mast of a sloop or cutter. Forest, a great wood ; ground covered with a natural growth ot trees; a chase foi hunthig. Forester, one connected with forests; a member of n secret order or benetltj society so named. Forestalling, the act of nnticlpatin<:;j buying up or preventing tlie arrival 01 grain and provisions to market; lormerlj an offence at common law. Fobestat, the rope supporting the foremast of a ship. Foret (French), a gimlet, or drill. FoRETOP, the platform erected at the heail of the toremust. FoRETOPMAST, the mast erected over the foremast, and above which is fixed tlii| foretop- gallaut-mast. FOR [161] FOd \ for any thing near, 10 bow or stem, the Ip ; as foremast, fore- ilnthefrontpaitofa lerior accommodation deck In the bow of a iper deck, In advance i e forward part of the where the sailors live eer; a chief workman;! pokesmanofajury; an I , or forward m;i8t in al I tiie bow. , . „,I gal wigwornbyjudfxesl made of horse hair,| cs of curls. wheaten bread. , Bce of rag termlnntingl he log line of a ship. I 10 lower square sail oiil ship ; theflrst trlangularl istofa sloop or cutter. I od- ground covered witlil h ot trees; a chase lot| nnected with forests; ai iucret order or benelltl !*e act of anticipating;! reventlng the arriviil oil ions to market; lormerljl i\non law. ^ .1 B supporting the foremastj I Kimlet, or drill. . form erected at the heaCI e mast erected over th(| ibove which U flJted tluj mast KoKKTOPMAN, u Seaman whose duties relate tu the loretop of a ship. FuRFABO, a mime in some parts of Egypt for the rottolo, equal to aOout 15 ounces. FoiUr'Kixuiu:, a |>enalty incurred or ptiid. i'ouuK, a »<uis. I Fork, a tJarm-workman's prong ; a table utensil fur taking up food ; a turner's tool ; a piece of steel tittiiig into tlie socket or chuck of a lathe. I FoBK-GuiNUKK, a smoother or sharpener and tliiisher of forks. iFoKK-GUA":/ Makeu, a manufacturer of nietai pieces lor carving-forks. I Fork AlANUFArruRER, a braiicli of the cut- lery trade. foiui-TAiL, a salmon four years old. ORLO, a small copper coin formerly current ill Egypt ; a subdivision of the niediiio, the half of an aspcr, and worth scarcely a haltlxmny. |FoBiA>N, a Spanish chaise or carriage with I tuur seats. |FoBU, shape; a mould in which any thing is wrought ; a mass of type, in pages or coluums, ready for prets; the arrange- ment of newspaper columns or the pa^es ut a book in an iron chase, tor machining or iirinting; a long wooden bench. Formers, pieces of wood used for shaping cartridges or wads. ^'(lEOTC-ACiD, the acid of ants, chiefly ob- tained trom the red ant; it is also made by distilling tartaric acid, sulphuric acid, and peroxide ot manganese. Form OLA, a prescription; a set of instruc- tions. FoRPET, the fourth part of a Scotch pock ; 64 iippies or forpets make one boll. FoRRiL. a kind ot parciinieiit. :'0RTAQE {French), a manorial tax on paving-stones. FoRTiN, a dry measure of Constantinople, 4 I killows ; rather less than 4 bushels. Forward, the tbre-part of a ship. foKWARDER, FoRWABDiNO AoKNT, a mer- chant who attends to the tnuismissiou of goods and produce tiom one point to an- other. FOKW ARDINO - HOUBR, FORWAItDINO - >I EB- CHANTS, a name assumed by many mer- cantile firms to ^ iierica^ who attend to the receipt and iiismlssion of merchan- dise and produce by railways and canals, ft-oin the interior to the coast, or to mar- ket-towns, and vice vet\id. Fosse d'Aisanoes (Frencli), a cesspool. FussET, a small chest. Fossii>«, petrified shells, animals, plants, &c FosTEL (Scotch), a cask. FoTHER, FoDDEB, in navigation, to draw a sail tilled with oakum under a ship's bot- tom in order to stop a leak ; a cart-load ; a large quantity; a weight for lead, ordi- narily 2184 lbs. or 8 pigs, but variable. See FODOBB. FoTiNELLio, a weight of lead often stone. FoiiiAL, a commercial term for 701 bs. of lead. Fou (Scotch), a pitchfork; a tlrlot or bushel. FouACE (French), a dough cake; a bun baked under hot cinders. FoiTANO, a coin of Slam, the half of a mace, called by the natives phuani, worth 8al French silver coin, of 100 centimes, worth OJd. or lOd., the unity of the French coinage. It weighs llv'o grammes, and contains one-tenth part ot alloy; 200 francs In silver is the exact weight of the French kil(/;,Tftmme. Fr.vncap.te, a Ibrmer grain measure of France, about Si gallons. Francatu, a russetln-apple. Fbancescone, another naino for the Leo- poldo, a prhicipal silver coin of Tuscany worth about 4s. 6d. FRiVnchipane, Franqipaxk. n kind of pa8t)y, a cuke of cream, almoiuis, spice, &c. ; a perfume. Franchise, the right ot voting at elections lor knights of the shire, , a kind of baking pear. Fbangipank, a perfume of jasmine. See Franchipane. Franoollo, a Spanish pottage made of boiled wheat and milk. Frangote, a bale of goods in Spain. Frakkfort-black, n pigment said to be prepared by burning vine branches, grape stones, and the reftise lees of the wine manufacture, Ac, used for copper-plate printing. Frankincense, a name for the gum oliba- num of commerce, an odoriferous resin obtained from several species of Boswellia ; the European frankincense Is a resinous exudation from the spruce flr, and Is used in the composition of plasters. Franking, the privilege of freeing letters from postal charge, formerly enjoyed by members of the Legislature and certain departments ot the State, but now abo- lished; a carpenter's term for window- sashes, In which the cross pieces of tlia frame Intersect each other. FEAiiKLiNiTE, an Ore of iron, zinc, and man- ganese. Frasco, the name for a flask or case-bottle in Brazil, containing about 3i pints. Frazil, Frazli, the Arabian name for n bale of variable weight, ranging from IHJ lbs. tij lbs. In Beetlefakee the frazil is 20} lbs. ; in Judda, rather more than 23 lbs. ; in Mocha, SO lbs. Fraud, a dishonourable transaction; adulte- ration, deception; a cheat, &c. FRR [ 163 ] FRI le outwmd work lUlUTS, encloalni? ■, wlilch BupporU Y on the axles of a ipport for printers ltd; the ribs or lltt or parasol ; the house or ship. , jpi.llcd to several iiBaplcturc-ftaiuo maKcr, *c in opevutlve In the ives tlio vvorBtcd or i knitted fabric. Company, one of ipanles of London nch silver coin, of il.orlOd, the unity (>. It wolKhs ttvo H one-tenth part of (liver is the exact til(-^'ramnie. grain measure of ns. iplc. name for the Lco- cr coin of Tuscany ^NF.akindofpastiy, londs, spice, Ac. ; a It votlns? at elections Hire, &c. ; In law, a Ion from ordinary ig a vessel on the bakhiK pear. ne of jasmine. -Se« \i pottage made ot ods in Spain, pigment said to be vine branches, grape ise lees of the wine sed for copper-plate e for the sum ollba- an odoriferous resin 1 species of 2}o«»/>e«i«; incense is a resinous ipruce fir, and is used (piasters. , ., „ lire of freeing letteis formerly enloyed by (islature and certain ■^State, but now abo- 's term for window- ! cross pieces of tlie other. firon, zhic, andman■ a flask or case-bottle z about 3J pints. Arabian name for ij ght, ranging trom 18J eetiefakee tlie frazd is rather more than w le "transaction; aduUo* cheat, &C. Fbaooht (Scotch), the freight of a vessel ; the fare. Feat, to flet or rub ; to unweave. liREPF.RicK P'ou, a i.'(>ld coin of Prussia, worth about 16^. Cd. Fkekuoiid, ground outside a fence. Fheeuom, llt)crty of action ; the right to en- Joy the imniunltlca and privileges of a corporation. FiiEEHOi-D, liinds or tenements hold tiv free tenure In fce-8lm|ile, for tall or (or life ; an estate lield for ever free from restric- tions. Fbeeman, one who is his own master, not a bondsman; a person enjoying the free- dom, liberty, or iirivllogcs of a city. Free-mahtin, a iRid'r Incnpablo of breed- ing; the barren twin calf whose mate Is a bull calf. Fbkemason's Apron, an ornamented apron of different material, and bearing various devices, according to the degree the wearer has attained in the craft, or the ofllfie lie holds, or lias served, in a lodge or c'Miptor. There Is also a large business done In jewels and collars for freemasons, both In craft and arch masonry, and some of the higher orders. Free PuBLic-HOuaF, one not belonging to a brewer; tlie landlord has thoreloro free liberty to brew his own beer, or purchase where he chooses. fBEE-scHOOL, a cliailty school; one open to all. Fkke-stone, a kind of oolite or sand-stone, much used in building ; having no grain It can be easily cut into blocks, uud work- ed with the chisel. Free-tradk, in a political sense, tlie liberty of trading with any country for corn, &c. ; the removal of restrictions compelling the dealing only with certain kingdoms; unrestricted action in banking opera- tions. Free Vintnek, a member of the vintners' company ; one who can sell wine without a licence. Freezing Mixtdrb, a compound of muriate of ammonia, nitrate of potash, and phosphate of soda, or other salts, used by confectioners and others, to produce cold, by the liquefaction of their solid Ingre- dients. FBEEZING-POWDER-AND-MACHf\E MaKEB, a tradesman who devotes attention to the maimfacture and sale of lefrigerators and freezing mixtures. Freight, a load ; the sum agreed on for the hire of a ship, or the carriage of goods by water. Freluche (French), a small silk tuft. French-be,w, a dwarf variety of the Pha- seolus vulgaris. Frknch-berries, berries used In dyeing. See Avignon-berries. French-chalk, indurated talc ; amagnesian mineral used to remove grease, stains, &C. French-ell, a measure of 4J feet French-horn, a musical wind instrument of copper, havinc several curves. Fbench-leaf. See Leaf-metal and Bkonze- POWDEB. Frbnch-masteb. a teacher or profes!«>r of the French language. Fkench-plum, a table pnuir, the Catherine variety of tlie I'runtis lionuHim. FiiENCH-poLLiiiER, a vanilsher and cleanei of tables, chairs, and other articles o( cabinet furniture. FitENCH-poLisH Maker, a manufacturer of spirit varnish (or articles of (urnltnrc. French-roll, a light lireaktast milk liread. FiiEQnN, a cask used in France for holding sugar or treacle. Fresco, a kind of painting upon newlv plastered walls, when the colour becom- ing Incorporated with the sort stucco, Is hence exceedhi), v durable. Fret, to fray; to unweave; In French, the hireofaship; the cargo; the sum paid fnr the transport of goods. Fret work, carved or open wood-work, in ornamental devices and patterns. Fbiaes'-bai^am, a popular specific for wounds, so named. Fbiars'-chickens, FiiiED-cHicKENS a name in Scotland for chicken broth with eggs dropped iu It, or eggs beat up and mixed with it. Frioandeau, a slice of veal larded and stewed. Fricassee, a savoury dish of cooked meat ; usually chickens, rabbits, &c., cut into sn^all pieces and fried. Frickliv, a bushel-basket. Fbienult-societt, a kind of club or associ- ation among operatives, for alTording relief to each other when out of work, or in time of sickness ; and also for extend- ing assistance to widows and orphans. Frioard (French), a pickled herring. Frigate, a fast-sailing ship of war, carrving from 3C to 60 guns. Frigatoon, a small Venetian vessel with a square stern, carrying only a main mast, mizen and bowsprit Fkijoles, a Spanish name for several varie- ties of pulse. Fbill, a ru(T or edging round the neck, sleeves, ;<;, according to the purpose for whicl. Uioy are to be used. Fringer, one who sews on or sells fringe. Fbiolet, a kind of pear. Fbipebie (French), old garments or fhrnl- ture; asecond-handclothesshop; brokers' trade; brokers' row. Frisado (Spanish), silk plush or shag. Fbisedr, a hair-dresser. Fbisket, the iron frame of a printing-press, which keeps the sheet on the tympan. Frit, in glass-making, the calcined mate- rials ; an imperfectly fused mass of silica, ktionao, a rich, luscious, muscadine white wine, made in Herauit, in ttie south ol' France. Fboni'ispikce, the illustratiou in a book which fucuH the tltle-pah'e ; in arciiltecturc, the principal face of the builuiiig. Feonti,1!t, a baudagf tor the Ibrehead, Fkusiino, lout-sugar prepared to coat plum cakes with. Frow, Fkuwer, an instrument for splitting staves ; u tool with which to cleiive lutlis. Fbowt-stuff, a builder's name for short, or brittle and soft, timber. Fiti'iT, theedlbloseedof many trees; alarye commerce is curried on in green and dried fruit, as well as in nuts, and pickled and pieserved fruit FuuiTEREB, a dealer in foreign and domestic fruit ; a business most generally combmed with tliat of greengrocer. FKUiTERiitts' COMPANT, One Of the minor livery companies of London, wlilcli lius no hall. Feuh'-essencb Manupactukek, a maker of dilferunt iS3 Una fund, is a regular Company or State, tot : other debt, e KUBSian pound. Set wner of (jovernnii'iit rUle«;onewlioha8pro-| e African name for tlie » exile, grown ou the in some places known name for Spanish nuts, me of a species of gwij iirrent In Suez at 1* h about one guinea, lent ; a common nOitne ,f procession attending Maoteb, the owner of urning coaches jm\ lets tuem out for hire, i for hearaea, horses, and 1 them out to under- 1 > imKHAL-fALL, a hcarse-cloth. Se^ Pam. KuNEKAL-i'LUMB, nn I'laliorately prepared and expenslvo set of si'rii"i or ostrich feathers, niounti'd on wires' tor tlxhig oit horses' heads, hearses, or cotlin-l Id boards, twruf by mutes. FlNKIlAI.-UVDKin AKF.a See UNDIiRTAKER. FifNoiiiLEH, a Hcotch law term lor inovcablo goods, wlilch may bo valued by weight or measure, as grain or monry ; In con- tradlstlnctlon to tliose which must bo Judged of Individually or by nutnbcr. Fi NNKL, tt hollow conical vessel, usually of tin or eurthcnware, with a pipe at the apex, for pouring iloulds Into sninll- mmithod vessels ; the Iron chimney of a uteamer, or ol a stove. KiNT. the liussian pound weight of 14 oz. 7i drachms. Km, the fine soft short hnir on the skin of some animals, which Is worn for warmth or ornament; a scaly deposit, or calcareous incrustation In steam boilers, to prevent the accumulation of which a tmller com- pound is used ; and a sallnometer or ganue nns lieen adopted tor marine boilers. See Sai.inomkikr. FiiK AND Skin DnESfKR and Dteb, a tradesman who sottens and prepares rouxU skins for the use of the furrier. Kivure, culinary utensils, and garniture; fit for occupation. I FuRNisHiNO-BHOPS, an Ironmonger's, or furniture broker's shop. I Furniture, a word of wide signification, butchlefly applied to the moveable articles of upholstery, decoration, and use In a dwelling-house, as curtains to windows and bcdb; tables, chairs, solas, and other cublnt't-work; llkewluc to the wtK)deniir metallic materials In UHe among printers lor securing the pnRes of type antl allow- ing a proper mar»iln for the bonk ; also to the masts and rigging of a shl|); tnd, among builders, to the metal work of locks, doors, windows, Ac. T!ie value of the household furniture manutactiired In the United Kingdom has been rougldy estimated at jClA ()0o,0(jO per annum. FuiiNiTURE-iiRoKKB, R dealer In second- hand goods, shop fixtures, Ac. FntM ri i!K-cr.EANKB, a dyer and renovator of>'Urtalns, Ac. FUKNITIIRE-JAPANNER ANn POUSHER, tt workman who oils, varnishes, and pre- pares for sale new cabinet artlchs, and cleans and repollshes old worn pieces of room lurnlture. FuRNiTURE-i'oMsii, R kind of spirit varnish, or oil, used lor articles of room fiirnlture. It Is often sold under the n:ime of Kroiich- poll.sli. Itees' wax Is somethm's used. Furniture-printer, a maker ot fabrics for covcrmg articles used In rooms. Furniture-warehouse, r repository where liou-eliold lUrnlture Is sold. FuuNiTURE-wooDS, hard ornamental woods, usid for cabinet work. Furrier, a dealer In skins ; amnnufacturer and vender of various articles ol fur. Furring, fixing thin scantlings on the edges of timber to make the surface even ; double planking the sides of a ship; en- crusting a boiler with a scaly deposit. Furrow, the trench made by a plough. Furrow-drain, a deep open channel made by u plough to carry olT water. Furrow-slice, the narrow slip of earth turned up by a plough. FuRsocH, another name for the augage, a I'erslan land measure of 4} miles. Furscng, Pharsak, other names for the parasang, a I'erslan land measure of about 4 Enxlish miles, but variable. FUR-TKADE, the commerce In the skins of wild animals, which Is largely carried on in several countries. The most valuable furs are chiefiy obtained In Russia and Arctic America, and we import from 3 to 4 million skins of different kinds annually, either to be used here, or to be dressed and prepared for export. The annu.il value ot the f\ir trade of the world w estimated, on good data, to be from S to (i million pounds sterling. Furze, the conmion gorse or whin (Vkr Europimis). When chopped It Is used as lood for cattle ; and In many parts of the kingdom It forms the nmin dependence for the Bi'pply of fagots for the poor man's hearth, and the baker's oven. Fuse. See Fuze. Fusee, a squib ; the conical part of a watch or clock, round which the chain or cord Is wound; a lighter or slow match, used by smokers for iKnlting tobacco. Fusee-engine, a clock-maker's machlnefor cutting and shaping tusees. Fusel-oil, the refuse from distillation ; a deleterious component of alcohol used in the manufacture ot various iruit essences. I GAL [166] GAI /usiBLK-METiUi, a compouHu Consisting of about 50 per cent, bismuth, 20 per cent, tin, and 30 per cent. lead. Fusil, a light musket ; hence probably the term fusilier, a foot soldier armed with a fusil ; the Are steel of a tinder box. FnsrLiER, an infantry soldier, armed with a light gun. Fusion, a melting; the converting of a solid Into a liquid by heat. Fust, the shaft of a column. FusTA (Spanish), a small vessel with lateen sails; a kind of woollen cloth. FusTETE (Spanish), the red sumach shrub, R/iits cotinus. FusTiAV, a coarse stout twilled cotton fabric, including many varieties, as corduroy, jean, velveteen, thickset, Ac., used by working men. Plain fustian is Called pillow; strong twilled fustian, cropped before dyeing, is known as mole- skl:a; when cropped after dyeing, beaver- teen. FusTiAW-jACKET, a worklng man's gar- ment. FusTio, a well-known hard strong yellow dye-wood. Tlie old fustic of commerce is obtained from the Madura tinctoria, a tree of South America. The wood is admirably adapted for the felloes of carriage and cart wheels. The young fustic of commerce is procured from Rhus cotinw. Our supplies of the former come from Cuba, Tamplco, Puerto Cabello, and the Spanish Main. FusTo (Italian,) a sort of light galley. FuT, the French name for a cask, a vessel for liquids; a stock lor a gun, or tool; a bookbinder's plouiih. FuTAiLLE (French), a cask of any kind for wine, water, or provisions. FUTAiNiEB (French), a fustian-weaver. FuTFAiLL, FUTFELL, a name in Scotland for the dressed skins of a slink lamb, or one prematurely dropped. FnriEB, in France, a trunk-maker. FuTKEE, an Indian name for alum. FuTTOCKS, the upright curved timbers or ribs of a ship, springing from the keel, upon which the outer frame-work, the horizontal strakes or planking, &c., is laid. ^uzE, a short metallic tube, charged with an explosive composition, and having a slow match attached, for firing a shell or blast charge. FuzEE-MAKEB, a manufacturer of parts of watch-work. See Fusee. FwEN, another name for the candareen in Oliina. See Fun. FraKE, a petty copper coin, and money of account in Denmark. Fyrtel, a mode of spelling the vlertel ; a liquid m(>asure. (J. GAB, a hook for a pot in Scotland. Gaban, a coarse cloak. Oabasage, coarse packing-cloth; a term formerly used for tlie wrappers in which Irish goods were packed. Gabardine, a coarse sraock-ftock, or blouse. Gabake, a French lighter; a flshlng-boat ; a kind of net, Gabahier (French), a boatman ; a lighter- man; to mould timber. Gabbano (Italian), a felt cloak. Gabbabt, Oabekt, a name In Scotland for a canal barife or lighter. Gabbiaio (Itilian). a cage-maker. Gabellb, a tax formerly levied upon salt and other provisions. Gabellierb (Italian), a custom-house officer. Gabilla, a finger or parcel of tobacco In Cuba, consisting of about 38 to 40 leaves. The bales are usually made up of 80 hands, eacli of four gabilias. Gabion, a basket filled with earth, used in fortification. Gable, the upright triangular end of a house. Gacheur (French), a mason's boy who mixes mortar ; one who undersells. Gad, a small iron punch, with a wooden handle, used by miners to break up ore; In Scotland a fishing-rod; a bar of metal. Gadelle, a k'.rd of currant grown in France. Gadesden-i'an, an evaporating sugar pan, named after the inventor. Gadivg, the Malay name for the elephant's tusk or ivory. Gadouard (French), a nightman; one who removes gadoue or ordure. Gai I a spar to which the head of a fore an 1 aflt sail is bent ; in Scotland, a sort ot Ga?f-topsail, a light sail set over a gaff. Gaoat, an Austrian name for black amber. Gage, a pawn or pledge; a token; the depth of water displaced by a ship ; also applied to her position in relation tc the wind with another vessel as weather-gage, lee-gage. Gage, (jauge, a measure or standard ; the name given to a variety of measurlnir instrnments, as for measuring the state of rarefaction In tl.e air-pump, variations in the barometer, &c. The gauging rod is :i measure by which the capacity or contents of a cask or vessel may be ascertained. See Guaoe. Gaqoef, a lifter used by the founder, consisting of a light T-shaped piece ot iron. Gaqne-denieb, a labourer; a wharf- porter. Gain-gear, in Scotland the moving machi- nery of a mill, as distinguished f^'om the fixtures. GaInier (French), a maker of sheaths or cases. GAI88KL, Gaissle, a grain measure of Bavaria, from 3} to il pints. GAL [167] GAL jfthe former come uerto Cubello, and light galley, ira cask, a vessel a guu, or tool; a sic of any kind for 0113. istian-weaver. ime in Scotland for jllnlclumb, or one ik-malcer. ■ for alum, curved timbers or ng from the keel, : frame-work, the planking, &c., is ube, charged with ion, and having a or firing a shell or acturer of parts of : the candareen in !oin, and money of lling the viertel ; a e for the elephant's liglitman; one who are. the head of a fore Scotland, a sort ot il set over a gaff, name for black ge ; a token ; the ced by a ship ; also 1 in relation tc the sel as weather-gage, re or standard ; the iety of measurinif iasurlng the state or pump, variations ill he gauging rod is a the capacity or or vessel may be by the founder. T-shaped piece of lourer ; a wharf- the moving machl- inguished trom the aker of sheaths or grain measure of pints. Gait, a charge made for sheep and cattle taken at a pasture to graze for the season ; sometimes termed agistnibiit ; a sheaf of grain tied up. Gaiters, leather or cloth wrapp'ngs ; spat- terdashes, for the upper pa t ot the loot and ancie. Oajah, the Malay name for the elephant. Gajum, a long measure used by cloth merchants in parts of the East Indies ; ratlier more than an ell, but variable. See Gdz. Qxi.x, a Scotch cotton fabric; a grand entertainment. CiAJACTiTE, a newly-named white mineral, found in Perthsliire. Galactometeb, an areometer or glass instrument, for testing the density of milk, consisting of a stem, enclosing scales; ot a cylinder serving to float it, and of a bulb charged with shot, serving as a ballast, so that the instrument floats upright In the milk. It is centesimally graduated. Cala-gala, the Malay name for pitch. (iAr.AGE, jGaloche, Galosh, a shepherd's clog; a shoe worn over another. Galam-buttee, a reddish white solid oil obtained in India and Africa from the liassia butyracea. Galana (Italian), the sea-tortoise. Galanoal, a commercial name for the root- stocks of tlie Alpinia Oalanga and A. racemosa, which nave the same properties as ginger, Galbanum, a yellowish brown fetid resin obtained in Persia from Oiioidia galfiaui- fera, and used medicinally. ( lALEA, a Tartar name for the barbot {Qadus jiibutus), a flsh of an exquisite flavour. Galeac, a French wliite wine. gale'aoe, Galeasse, a Venetian galley. (iAi.EAS, a heavy low-built French galley worked with both sails and oars. Galena, a native sulphuret of lead, called also lead glance. Galette, a thick flat cake made in Francs uf chestnut meal and milk. Galiot, Galuot, a light galiej', a Dutch ^lilp. (Jalipot, white pine resin ; the residue of ilie turpentine, wliich has lost its volatile oil by spontaneous evaporation; when purified it is called Burgundy pitch. Gall, a small piece of silver with characters on one side, used as a coin in Cambodia, and worth about 4d. bterllng; the bitter fluid secreted by tlie liver; ox-gall Is used for scouring cloth ; and, when refined, by artists to fix clialk and pencil drawings before tinting them. See Galls. Galleon, a large four-decked vessel for- merly used by the Spaniards in trading to South America. * Gallery, in mining, an under-ground ex- cavation, vertical or horizontal; a long narrow room in tlic wing of a building ; tlie upper places or seats in a church or theatre; a raised balcony or walk in a room; a railed projection at the stern or quarter of a phip. Galletta (Italian), a kind of grape ; a sea- biscuit. Galley, a printer's long frame with a ledge on which the compositor empties the con- tents of his stick as otten as it is filled, so tliat the composed lines, or arran-cd letters may bo made up into columns or pages ; there are newspaper, book, and job galleys; the place set apart for the fire hearth and the use of the cook in a ship: a long sharp boat; a low fiat-built decked vessel used in the Mediterranean. Gallic-acid, a peculiar acid obtained ft"om nut-galls, dlvl divi, and other vegetable substances, rich in tannin. It is used In photography and as a test to detect iron : and is wcU known as an ingredient of black dj'c and ink. Gallinha, iltorally a han ; a nominal money of account on the West coast of Africa represented by cowries. See Uabeca. Gallipoli-oil, a general name lor the best olive oil imported from Galilpoll, in Naples ; but much better oil is now made in other quarters. Gallipot, a small white eartlienware pot or jar, used by chemists, &c. Gallivat, a large rowing boat in the East Indies. Gallon, an English measure of capacity of. 4 quarts. The Imperial gallon Is 277'2738 cubic Inches, and should contain 10 lbs. avoirdupois of distilled water. Galloon, a narrow kind of lace of cotton, silk, &c., used for binding shoes, hats, and for other purposes. Gallo-tannic-acid, a name for the pure tannin of nut-galls employed for chemical purposes. Galloway, a horse under 14 Iinnds high. GALL0W8-BITT3, a Strong frame in the centre of a ship's deck to support spare spars when in port. Galls, Nut-galls, spherical concretions and excrescences formed upon the leaves and leaf stalks of several species of oak and tamarisk In the South of Europe. They are made by tlie puncture of the female gall fly. There are blue or black, green and white galls; thelast are of little value. Tliose from Aleppo are the best. In India, myrobalons and the fruit of dif ferent species of Ti-.-niinnlia, are called galls. The Imports of galls liave been in- creasing lately, and about 1300 bags of I or 2 cwt. are imported in some ye.irs. Gall-stone, a calcareous concretion found in the gall-bladder of animals; it is some- times used by painters as a yellow colour- ing matter, on account of its brightness and durability. Gallygaskins, leather protectors for the legs of sportsmen during shooting es.cur- sions, &c. OALO.SHES. See Goloshes. Galt, in Scotland, a young spayed sow. Galvanic Battery, an apparatus employed In accumulating Kalvunlsm. Galvanized Ikon, iron zincked by a peculiar process, whereby It Is rendered less liable to be acted upon by moisture. It is made In corrugated sheets, and ranges from 8oO square feet per ton, to 2170 feet or more. Ilt is either curved, step-corrugated, or corrugated with small flutes or channelSi ¥ CAN I [168 J GAR ! i; 1:1 I > i! r i Oalvanogltpht. See GLTPiioonAPHY. Galvanometer, nn instrnirifiitconBtiucted to measure minute quantities of electri- city in galvanic onerations. Gama Grass, a tail and estepmed fodder grass, the TrCpsacum dactyloides of Lin- naeus, native of the south-eastern coasts of North America. It yields from 70 to 90 tims of green hay to the acre. Gamass, a name for the bulbs of the squamash or biscnlt-root (Oamassia esculenta) of tl»e North American Indians. Gambadoes, a name given to mud boots. Gambier, an extract prepared at Singapon^ from the Uncaria Oamtir, and used as a ■ tlye and tannlnj,' substance. It is mis- named in trade circles Terra Japonica. Tlie Imports in the last few years have averaged COOO tons per annum. Gamboge, a yellow resin used as a ploment. and in medicine as a purgative ; obtaiiie(i Ml the East from species oi Uebrademhon and stalagmites; our supplies come chielv from Slum. Gambroon, a kind ot twilled linen cloth for linings. Game, a collective name for v-'^XA birds and animals which ar^ coursed or shot by sportsmen. &c. Game-keeper, a servant on a gentleman's estate who has tlie charge of the preserva- tion of the game from poachers. Gamel, a rice measure on the east coast of Airica, of 38 lbs. weight. Gammon, to deceive; in Scotland, the feet of an animal ; a piece of bacon. Gammoning, a strong lashing, by which the bowsprit of a ship i3 secured to the cut- water. [Philippine Islands. Gandang, a bale of 25 pieces of cloth in the Gander, a male goose. [any work. Gang, a body of men employed together on Gang-boaud, a plank from a boat's side, resting on the shore to step on. (iANo-CASKS, small casks for bringing off water In boats. Ganger, the foreman or manarer of a gang of platelayers and 'labourers ta a railway. Ganqub, tlie matrix or portion of a rock 'n which an ore is deposited ; also protogene granite. Gangwat, the passway or entrance into a ship by the steps on the side ; a narrow passrge among the cargo in the hold, to fai'ilitate inspection, examine leaks, &c. Ganitkds Heads, a kind of berry or seed used for ornamental purposes. Ganjah, Ganza, an Indian name for the dried leaves and flowers of the hemp plant. See Gunjah. Oannister Stone, a species of 6'aty stone used around Sheffield lor keeping the macadamized roads in repair. Gant (French), a iilove. (Jantang, Gantam, Ga-vton, a Malayan measure of capacity, containing 250 cubic inches. For grain it is divided Into 4 chupahs. In Malacca the gantang of rice weighs 6J lbs. avoirdupois; in Macassar It is 8 lbs. 5 oz. ; and In Java and Borneo It Is even more. See Cotan. Ganza, a small base coin In some parts of India bciond the Ganges, worth about l^d. ; also a name hi India for the dried leaves and flowers ot hemp, an article of export from Bombay. In 1851, 10,2.M lbs., valued at £374. were shipped thence tothe United Kingdom. See Gunjah. (iANZE-kopf, a coin current in Vienna for 20 kreutzers, and worth about 8d. Gaoler, a guardian of prisoners. Gar vm, the Malay name for salt. Garanoe, Garancine, powdered madder loot; an extract made from it. Garave, a grain measure ot Syria, equal to about 6 Imperial quarters. Garbage, waste animal substances; the entrails of animals. Gaubanzos, the Spanish name for the chick pea, the grain or vetch of the Ckfr arietinvm ; largely nsed as an ingredient in tlie fain(5us olla p'odrlda. Oarbei.led, a coainiercial term for sorted or picked. GARBELLkR, Originally a sorter of spices ; but garbeiilng Is now applied to any kind of sorting. Gabbling, a commercial term for picking or sorting, hence the worst or rel\ise of any staple is called "garbiings." Garbure, a cabbage soup with bacon, made in France. Garce, an Indian measure of capacity for grain, oil, seeds, Ac, containing 12-8 maiinds, or 400 marcals, and equal to 925Ci lbs. The garce of Masullpatan is ■ 156} bushels. Garden, a cultivated piece of land, usually near a dwelling-house, for raising fruit, flowers, or vegetables. Garden-engine, a watering machine, with a small hose attached. Garden -labels, wooden, metallic, or por- celain labels for the names of plants to be fixed In the earth. Garden-seat, a rustic chair, or cast-iron seat. Garden-tools, spades, hoes, forks, rakes, and other appliances for cultivating and keeping a garden in order. (lARDENER, one who has the charge, and attends to the management, of a garden. Gardeners' Company, one of theconipames of London which has no hall, and is not on the livery. Gargle, a wash for the throat. Gar-fish, a West, Indian name for the Belone, esteemed as food notwithstanding the green colour of the bones. The European species, B. vulgaris. Is the well- known macKerel guide of tlio fisherman. (Jargvntiglia (Italian), a necklace. Gari, an Indian term for 4uoo rupees or £400. Gaki-and, a large rope or strap lashed to a spar when hoisting it on board a vessel ; a wreath ot floweis. G.'.n.Lic a plant, the Allium sativum, hav- ing an acrimonious taste ; the small cloves or minute bulbs are used for fla- vouring food, and also for medicinal pur- poses. Ga?inei(, to store up. Garnet, a corn measure of Russia, the64lli part of a chetwert; a purchase or descri|]- tiuii ot tueklo oil the mainstay of a ship, GAS [1C9] GAT a for the dried ip, an article m' 1851, 10.254 lbs., cd thence to the NJAH. In Vienna for out 8d. lers. salt. dered madder in it. Syria, equal to ubstances; the name for the itch of the Cicfr an ingredient in term for sorted er of spices; but to any kind of in for piclting or or retUse of any ith bacon, made of capacity for containing 12'8 and equal to Masullpatan is of land, usually br raising fruit, S machine, iv-itli netallic, or por- is of plants to be ilr, or cast-iron es, forks, rake.«, cultivating and the charge, and It, of a garden, jftlie companies ball, and is not )at. name for the lotwithstandini,' 3 bones. The tris, is the well- Lho flslierman. ecklace. 4000 rupees or :rap lashed to a board a vessel ; 1 satirum, hav- te; the small re used for fla- medicinal pui- Etussia, the 64th lase or descrip- istay of a ship, for hoisting cargo in and out ; a precious stone of a beautiful red colour, like the seed of the pomegranate, whence the name. Gabniec, a measure of capacity in use in Poland fixed legally at about 7 pints, but which varies in some parts of Russia. Garnish, to embellish or beautllV; also a iScotcli law term, signifying to give notice or warn. Garnishee, in law, a person in whose hands money or property beloiisinf,' to a tliird person is attached ; who is warned by a ^garnishment or notice not to pay tlie money, but to appear and answer to the suit of tlie plaintilf creditor. Garniture, orniiinentalappendases or trlni- iiiings; the furniture or fittings to flnisli or embellish any tiling. Gakrafon, the Spanish name for a large stone jar in whicli spirits or cordials are sometimes shipped. Garret, an uppermost room in a house, sometimes termed an attic. Gaereting, small splinters of stone inserted into tiiiit walls, or the Joints ot coarse masonry. Gakret-mastee, a maker of household turniture on his own account, who seli.s Ills goods to the furniture-dealers for the best price he can obtain. Garrison, a body of troops, stationed in a fort or town, for protection or defence. Gauiuwan, tlte driver of a bullock-cart or hackery in India. Gakteh, a knee-band; a support for the stockings. Gakthe, a weir or enclosure for catching tish in a river. Gas, an aeriform, inflammable, elastic fluid, furni.shing artificial light : the manu- (;icture of coal-gas is carried on upon a largo scale in populous places lor iliu- luinating purposes. Gasaiier, a gas-burner for a private room. Gas-burneb, the beak or mouth-piece for a gas-pipe, of wliicli there are many kind.s ; as tlie common jet with a single small liole, the argaiid witli a circle ol holes, the lisli-tail, the hat's-wing. &c. Gas-blrner Manufacturer, a metal founder; one wlio casts jets and burners lor gas consumers. Gaselier, Ga^ifere, an apparatus for mak- ing aerated waters. Gas fitter, a workman who lays on pipe s and fits burners lor gas. Gas-gi.ass Maker, a manufacturer of up- riglit glass tubes and globus, i&c. lor gas- burners. Gas-holder, a largo reservoir for contain- ing gas; a gasometer. Gaskets, plaited cords, or sinjill roiics, used to secure a sail to tlie yard, or boom, when it is furled. Gaskins, packings of hemp; wide open hose. Gas-lantern Maker, a manufacturer of glazed frames for enclosing gas-burners lit street doors, or the fronts of taverns, &c. (iAS-i.iGUT, a jet of flame from ignited coal gas. Gas-mains, the large iron supply pipes, by which the jjas ia distributed from the manufactory to different localities in a town. (lAS-METER, an apparatus for measuring and registering the volume of gas, which passes from the main-pipe to tlie bnrnerB, in any given period. Tliese meters are eitlier on the wet or dry principle. Gas-meter Dial Maker, a ninnuiacturer of the dial-plates and indicators, &c. for gas- meters. Gasometer, a large receptacle suspended in water and counter-balanced ijy weiglits, for holding tlie gas made in tlie retorts when purified, for after-distrihution from the gas-works througii the mains and ser- vice pipes for illumination. Gasometer-maker, a constructor of large circular receivers made of iron plates for tiolding gas. Gas-oil Manufactltjer, a purifier of tlie essential oil obtained in the process of gas-making. Gasoscope, the name given to an apparatus for indicating the presence of bicarhnret- ted liydrogen gus in buildliiL'S, mines. &c. Gaspereacx, a name in Nortli America tor tlie alewile, a small species of sliad ex- ported in pickle to thu Southern Stales of America and the West Indies,, where they are eaten by the negroes. It is very dry when salted, but tolerably guod if eaten fresh. See Alewife. Gas-pipe Maker, a nianufactnrer of metal tubing to be fixed in buildings lor tiie conveyance of gas from room to room ; or of iron service pipes and mains, for hold- ing gas in roads and streets. Gas-regulator, a governor or apparatus for equalizing and regulating tiie flow of gas. Gass, Gassa, a money of account in Persia, tlie twentieth part of a manioodi, and worth nitiier more than id. Gassing, the process of singeing, • ■-; lace, ice, in order to remove tlie ' • y fila- ments from the cotton. It Is performed b.v iiassing the material between two rollers, and exposing it to tiie uotion of a large number of miiitite jets oi <.;as. Gassoltl, a mineral soap exported from Mo- rocco, to the value of ''>'Ut £1000 annu- ally. Gas-stove, a stove heated by gas, for cook- ing, or for other purposes. Gas-tar, the bituminous substance which distils; over in tlie mnnnfacture of coal gas; which, from itH offensive smell, is only used lor common y,ur|ioses. Gas-water, water throujdi which illumlTiii- ting gas has pass-ed from the retorts to the gasometer; sometimes used as ma- nure. Gas- WORKS, the plant and general buildings belonging to a gas-company. Gate, a doorway or entrance, of which there are various kinds. Tlie term is now chietiy applied to any light swinging wooden or metal construction, as a park- gate, wicket-gate, garden-gate, turnpike- gate, d in Bengal for paying the bottom of boats. Gaude, GcAiDA, Spanish names for weld, thi^ yellow dye obtained from Reseda Uiteoln. Gaufres, French cak?s or crumpets, made in iron moulds. Gadfrecr (t'rench), one who fiu'ures stuffs. Gauge, to measure the cliargi' of a furnace; in founding, the calibre of u gun; tlie size or dimensions of metal wire ; a work- man's tool : thus there are mortice, cut- ting, and marking gauges; in a printing- ortlce, a measuring rule ; on railways tlie width of tlie road from rail to rail, which, on the broad-trauge lines, is 7 feet; on the nitrrow-gauKe lines, 4 feet 8i Inches. Gadge-instrument AIakeb, a constructor of gauging tools for excisemen, harness- makers, and others. Gauger, an excise-offlcer; a measurer of the contetits of casks, Ac. ; an instrument used by leatlier cutti^rs. Gaugi.\0, determining the amount of liquid contained in casks, vats, (fee, by internal measurement. [staff. GA.UGrNG-RoD, an exciseman's measuring (iAUNTLET, a long glove, worn by ladies or soldiers. Gausabet, a village comi littee or pet^y court in Ceylon, to which is referred, fair decision, all disputes respooting p.iddy (rice) cultivation, water-rights, cattle- trespass, ifeC. Gauze, a tliin transparent textile fabri'». woven of thread and silk, and sometimes of thread only ; it is made either plain or figured. Ga-uze-dresser, a stiffener of gauzo. C'rAUZi'>DYER one niioco'oups gauze fabrico. Gauze -LOOM, a loom in wliicii gauze is woven. Gauze-mawjfacturer, a weave- of gauze. Uauze-uibiion, a thin kind of ribbon worn by ladles, made of gauze. Gavada, a land measure in Mysore, being the day's journey oi' 4 hardary or coss, and cQual to from 11 to 14J miles. Gavel, a small parcel of grain ; toll or cus- tom. Gatal, a name in some parts of India for tlio Agave vivipara, a cordage plant. Gaze-a-blutoir, a very thin kind of silk gauze, used by millers In France for bolt- ing cloths, which has been made as flue as 220 threads to the Inch. Gazette, an offlcial newspaper published In each ot the three capitals In the Unltud Kingdom, London, Edinburgh, and Dub- lin; in which legal and State notices are required to be published by law for gene- ral information. The title of gazette is. however, adopted by many provincial journals. Gazlich, a cotton fabric made in Turkey. Gazzies, mixed caravans in Africa, on a smaller scale than kafilahs, and compris- ing camels, mules, asses, and men a.id women. Gea, a name in some of the Pacific islands for the bread-fruit. Gear, accoutrements; appar;!tus; harness. Gear-cutter, a manufacturerof thetoothed wheels (or conducting motion In machi- nery, known as spur-gear and bevelled- gear. Geaiiing, a series of toothed wheels, either spurred or bevelled, for communicating motion to machinery. Gebok. a hamper of edible birds' nests In the East, weighing 25 catties. Gebbaude, a name in Germany for the quantity of beer brewed at onetime; In IJerlin it is a liquid measure of about 106| gallons. (iRD, a Scotch name for the pike fish. Gkelim, Gillem, a name in some parts of .Scotland for the joiner's rabbit- plane. Geira, a land measure of Portugal, about 7000 square yards. Gelatin^, an animal jelly, obtained In con- siderable quantity from ditfereiit parts of a gi-eat variety of animals ; from the skins, from the cartilage, tendons, membranes, bones, and horns. Isinglass and glue are examples. Gelatin-capsule IMakrr. a manufacturer of small hollow soluble capsules, enclosing a few drops of nauseous medicines. Qelatin-makeu, one who boils and pre- pares glue and gel itin from animal tis- sues. Gelmng. n castrated horse. Geu«o (Italian), Hk- aiulberry-tree. Gems, a name given to certain minerals which have become valuable as precious stones, from their colour, hardness and lustre, or raritf. Gen. a kind of manna obtained in Persia, Arabia, and other eastern countries, troin the camel's thorn, Hediju^rum alhagi of Linn. It is collected from the branches by tl'.e Arabs and caravans which .I'oss tlie desert, and is used as food. Genappe, a worsted yarn or cord used In the manufacture of braids, fringes, &c.: Its smoothness enabling it to be well combined witii silk. Gendarme (French), a street - official ; a military policeman ; a civic and deparl- mental guard, mounted and armed. rain ; toll or cus- larts of India for rdage plant, liin kind of silk 1 France for bolt- ten made as fine li. aper published in Is In the Unitbd bursh, and Dub- State noUees are by law for gene- tie of gazette is. many provincial lade in Turkey, in Africa, on a hs, and comprls- js, and mon a.id le Pacific islands iar;?tus; harness, irer of the toothed notion in machi- iar and bevelled- led wheels, either r communicating pie birds' nests in itties. tiermany for the 1 at one time ; In sure of about 1061 c plko fish. in some parts of rabbit- plane. f Portugal, about obtained In con- dlffereiit parts of s; from the skhij;, ons, membranes, jlass and glue are a manufacturer apsules, enclosing medicines. boils and pre- from animal lis ■ le. erry-tree. certain mitwrals nablo as precious ur, harjnoss and btained in Persia, rn countries, trom 'ysarurn alhagi of ni the branches by s which 'loss the od. 1 or cord used in nlds, fringes, &c.; ug it to be well street - official ; a civic and depart- and armed. Gen'da-sinq, an Indian name for the horn of the rninocerP3. [common. OiiN-ERAL, thecliief commander of an army; Gk.neral Post-Office, the Iiead office in London, sltuateain St. Martln's-le-Grand, for the collection and transmission of all mailable nuitter, and for the general management of the metroi)olltan, provin- cial, and foreign post-offlce arrangements ; under the superintendence of a Post- master-general, Secretary, and various subordinate officers. The post office gives employment to a larger number of per- sons than the customs' and inland re- venue departments combined. In 18.5.5, 22,000 persons were employed; and the letters carried, exclusive of newspapers and books, &c., numbered 450,000,000. Genet, a small horse. Geveva, a pure rectified grain spirit, with juniper berries added; the best is niiide in Holland, and hence it often bears the aitpellative name of Hollands. Genevkette, a wine made on the Conti- nent, of juniper berries. Gextiax Koot, the root of several species of Oentiana, obtained in the European AUis, uded medicinally for their pure bit- terness. The root contains a good deal of sugar and mucilage, which enables the Swiss to prepare from it a liquor, held in high esteem among tliat people. Geometric Pen, an ingenious instrument (or drawing curves. Gerah, an Indian cloth-measure, the eighth part of a cubit, and equal to 2i inches; an ancient Hebrew coin worth about Id, Geranium, an extensive genus of hand- some flowers, in which a large trade is carried on by nurserymen. The root of G. macidatum is considered a valuable as- tringent, and O. Robertianum is used in neidiritic disorders. Gerant, the responsible manager of a joint- stock association, or newspaper estabiish- ment, &c. ; the acting partner. Oerle, a wine measure o2 Switzerland, about 16 gallons. Gerloantico, a fine, rare, and rich flesh- coloured marble, used for statuary pur- poses in Rome. OoRMAN-cLOCK. AIaker, a manufacturer of small cheap hanging clocks largely made In Germany. Germak-millet, the Setaria Oermanica, a grass cultivated in Soutliern Europe and India, tho seed being employed as food where better grain cannot be had. QERMAN-FA.STE, a food sold tor certain kinds of cage birds, as blackbirds, thrushes, larks, ifec. made of i. ;a-meal, liemp-seed, maw-seed, lard, and honey or treacle. German-sarsaparilla, a name for the sweetish rhizomes of the Carex arenaria, which are used on the Contini'nt as a fitihstitute for American sarsaparilla. GEBMAN-SAUSAGE, a Dolony; a bladder or Cleaned gut stuffed with meat partly cooked, German-silver, an alloy of about CO per centof copper, 25 of zinc and the remainder nickel; sometimes lead is added. GEBMAN-Sri.VER CASTER, GERMAN-savl.R FoDNDER, a maker of articles of alloy .'i\ metal, passing under the commercial name of German silver. Germas-steei,, a metal made of pig or white plate iron in forges where charcoal is used for fuel. The ore from which it is obtained Is bog-Iron or the spiirrv car- bonate. Gehmak Tinder, a soft amadou, a fungal. Folyporus foinentarim. growing on old trees, which stanches light wounds, forms small surgical pads, and is used as tinder. See AmadopT. ( 1 KRR A, Jarra, a liquid measure of Minorca ; rather moi'e than 2J gallons. Gescheid, a grain measure ot Germany, thi 64tli part of the malter; and ranging from a to 3i pints. GiiARK, a name in parts of the east for the best descriptions of eagle-wood, which, after being buried for a time, when dug up, Is dark, glossy, and sinks In water. GiiARB, an Indian name for carnellan in the rough state. Ghauky, Gharie, a native Indian carriage drawn by oxen. Ghauseakrau, an Indian grass-cutter. GiiAUT, a pass through a mountain; in India a chain of hills. GnAaT-8ER.\jyG, a crimp in the eastern liorts. Ghee, liquid butter made fcom the milk of buffalof s and clarified; it is an article of very considerable & mmcrce in various parts of India, and i.s <:enerally conveyed in dubbers or large Ixt ties made of hide, holding from 10 to 40 gallons each. Ghee will keep sweet a considerable time. GnERiAH. See Gerah. Gherkin, a small cucumber used for pick- liuir. Gherlino (Italian), a hawser. Ghetchoo, an Indian name for the Apono- geton inonostachyon, the roots of which are nearly as good as potatoes, and us much liked by Uie natives. Ghet-kol, a vernacular name in Bengal for the acrid tubers of Arum orixense, useil for poultices, applications to snake-bites, and inwardly as a powerful stimulant. GniAZZERiJOLA (Italian), a cock-boat. GiiooNT, a small surefooted Indian pony, used in the mouutain rai-ges as a pack or saddle-horse. Ghuuree, Ghurrt, a division of time in In- dia; 24 minutes. Giara (Italian), a flagon. Gifelotte, a fricasee of rabbits or chickens. GiBEUNE, a French soldier's cartridge-box. GiiiiER (French), gmne; articles pursued or taken in the chase; venison. Giblets, tlie liver, gizzard, feet, &c. of geese or ducks, which arc often sold separatelv, for stews or pies. GiDr-AH, Giduah, an eastern grain mea- sure of 2 lbs. 1 oz. 14 diMclims: in some places It Is only 2 oz., two glddahs mak- ing one arsolah, or the eiglith part ot the pucca seer. GiES, strong mats made of bark or horse- hair-looking fibres, worn by native boat- men in the Pacific to keep off the wot. '«f: Gia, a 8hf>arinK-frame used Tor cropping the imp or wool from cloth ; a long light boat ; a light two-wheeled carriage for genenU use. Gig-mill, the C3'Iindcr in a cloth manu- factory on whicli toaslcs or wire teeth are fixed, to card the cloth, which is Btretclied on beams. GiGOT (French), » leg of mutton. GiLBACKER, a fish of British Guiana, the Silunts Parkerii; from the sound isinglass is made and exported to some extent. GiLBEUT, n measure for fire- wood in Frank- fort ; it consists of two or three stecken, each 8i feet square. Gilder, one wlio applies gold to substances. There are many i;inds of gliders, as boolc and card-edge pildtTS, electro-gilders, china-gilders, Frencli-gildors, water-gli- ders, screw-gilders, and gilders of glass, leather, &c. GiLDER'S-MATEKIAL DEALER, a VCUder Of gold-ienf, size, brushes and other articles for the use of tlie fjilder. GiLDKG, the process of laying thin gold over iiny siirfiice. iiLDiNQ-sizE, a pure description of size for the use of gilders. Gill, a liquid measure, the fourth part of a pint, and welgliing 6 ounces avoirdupois of water. In London the gill is usually called a quartern, but in the North of England it is a nogghi, and the hnlfiiintis termed a gill ; a pair ot wheels and a frame on which timber is carried. GiLLOSANTO, a pastel or coiourlng substance made of iirgol and rhaamus or yellow Ijerries. GiLLY, in Scotland, an errand boy or mes- senger. GiLT-jEWT.LLEB, a manufacturer of gilded ornaments to represent gold. GiLT-METAL WoKKEB, one who Overlays metals with gold; an electro-i)later. GiMBAL, GniMAL, the brass ring by which i: ship's compass is suspended in its box. GiMbiET, a carpenter's boring instrument ; to screw round, to turn any thing on its end, as an anchor round by its stoclc. GiJTBLETTE, b. kind of hard French cake in the (brm of a ring. GiMLET-MAKEK, GiMBLET-MAKER, B manu- facturer of workmen's small boring in- struments with screw |,oints. GiMMER, a name given to a female sheep ; a gimmcr lamb is one unwctued; a shearling gimmer, a ewe that has been sheared. Gimp, Gymp, silk thread or twist, usually Interlaced with a metnllic wire, used tor dress trimmings, in coach-lace making, and for fringes. Gin, a Cliinese name for the catty ; the ma- chine by wliich men, coals, or ore are raised from the pit of a mine ; a cotton-cleanlug machine; a trap for catching vermin; a British spirit of large consumption, dis- tilled fVoni grain, and flavoured with juniper l)erriea. GiNOAL, an Indian match-icck. CJiNGAS (French), cloth for mattresses. GiN'OELiE, a name in India fbr tlie Sesamum orientale, tlio small seeds of which are largely uited for making oil. It is often called tiel seed. Ginger, a pungent condiment obtained from the rlilzonies of Zinaiber officinale, grown In the East and West Indies. It is occasionally Imported green, but usu- ally comes dried, and sometimes preserved in syrup. Ginger-beer, apopular bottled drink made by fermenting ginger, cream of tartar, and sugar, with yeasc. Ginger - bleacher, one who dries and scrapes off the epidermis of ginger, and steeps inferior ginger in cream of lime, or a lye of wood asiies, to render it white fbr sale, and to prevent Insects from attack- ing it. Gingerbread, a bakn^ cake made of fiour, treacle and butter with ginger and other spice; which will keep for some time. Gingerbread- NUTS, small cakea made Oi the same materials as tiie abova. Gingham, a thin chequered co'ion for women's dresses; there are also umbrella and fancy ginghams. Ginqleman, the driver of an old-fashioned one horse covered c.ir having two wheels, called a gingle, anil confined to the city and county of Cork. It is sometimes im- properly spelled Jingle iu accordance with its pronunciation. GiNKo, a name for the maidenhalr-treo {Sa- lisburia adiantifolia), a native of Japan, the fruit of which is said to be eatable, and the tree is extensively cultivated In China for the purpose of procuring it. Ginning, the operation ol cleaning cotton wool from the seeds, by an apparatus called a gin. Ginseng, tiie root of the Panax qum uefn- lium of America, which tetclics an enor- mous price in China, from its hnuginary stimulating properties. Ginting, the Malay niunc for tiles. GiOMELLA, Giumella (Itall.ii;), a measure oftwohandfuls. G;|'Sey-cart, a kind of heavy vehicle, in which gipsey families live, and move from lilace to place. Girandole, a branched burner or chande- lier for gas; a stand for candles or flowers. Girders, beams of wood or iron for support- ing the superincumbent weight in any erection ; as in houses, bridges, &c. Girdle, a belt; a cifcular plate of malleable or cast iron, used iu Scotland for toasting cakes ' 'er a tire. Girdle a brazier. GiRDLER's Company, one of the livery com- panies of London, whose hall is in Busing- nall-street. Girdling, a mode of killing trees by cutting circles round them with a l;atchet, and so leaving them to perish by time. Girn, Gtrne. in Scotland, a noose, snare, or trap of anj- kind. GiRRi, an instrument used in Ceylon for cutting up the areca nut. (tIrth, the cireumfierence or round mea- surement of timber, inding. See Albumen. Glaike-dealer, a vender of broken eggs, albumen, &c. Glance, a rich ore of iron. Glanck-coal, uuiutlammuble coal; close- burning coal. Glabeous, viscid and transparent, like the white ol un egg. Glass, a drinking vessel of various shapes ; a transparent substance lonned by the fusion of siliceous and alkaline mattsr. The principal commercial kinds are, crown-glass, formed of silicate of potash and lime ; window • glass, of silicate of soda and lime; bottlo-glnss, of sillcato of soda, lime, alumina, and iron ; fliut-glass of silicate of potash nnd lead ; perforated glass, coloured glass, e Maker, a maimfacturer of hollow glass shapes, &>.•■ used as orna- mental cases, and proteclioiii for articles. (iLAss-siLVERER, one who coats glass witli (julcksilver, for mirrors. ainter. Glauber-salts, sulphate of soda, a compact massive white mineral, which eftloresccs rapidly, originally named after the dis- coverer, Glauber, a German chemist Glauconitr, a greeu suiid of Uhenisti Westphalia. Glaucous, having a sea-green colour. Glave, a broad-sword; a falchion. Glaze, a powder or liquid applied to the surface of pottery- ware, which vitrifies by heat. Glazer, a wooden wheel for polishing kuives, coated on the edge either with leather, having a rough surface of emery powder glued on, or with a ring of metal, consisting of an alloy of lead and tin; a calenderer, or calico smoother: a workman 'vvJio applies the vitreous in- crustation to the surface of earthenware. Glazier, a workman who sets panes of • glass In sashes or window-frames. Glaziers' Company, one of the minor livery companies of Loudon, which has 110 hall. Glaziers'-diamond Maker, a manufac- turer of the cutting-tool used by glaziers, consisting of a small diamond, mounted in a handle. Glazing, the operation of putting window panes in frames; applying a Tarnish or vitreous coathig of any kind to articles. Gle,iner, one who gathers up the loose ears of wheat in a coni-lield after it has been reaped. Glebe, the land belonging to a rectory or parsonage; a piece of earth with ore. Glengarry, a Scotcli bonnet; a man's c-ap. Gleslivet, a fine kind of Scotch highland usquebaugh, or whisky ; named ti'om the district in which it is made. Globe, a ball ; a glass shade for lamps; a receptacle for small fish in a room ; a sphere, on which is represented a map or delineation of the constellations and celestial bodies, or of the pans of the earth, showhig the divisions of land and water, &c. ; a very large model of the earth, in Leicester-S(iuare, London, made by Mr. Wyld, the geographer. Globe-maker, a constructor of terrestrial and celestial globes, of various forms and sizes. Gtoss, a lustre, or varnish ; a polished or shining surface. Glcs-saut, a book of provincialisms, or hard words and scientific names. Gloucester cheese, a kind of cheese for which the county of Gloucester bus become famous, and of which there are two varieties, known as single and double Gloucester. Tlie thin cheese is mostly made from April to November; the thick in May and June. Much of the so- called " double Gloucester " is, however, made in Wiltshire. Glove, a covering for the hand, usually of prepared skin ; but sometimes of worsted, thread, silk, or other material. m kH ii i' ?■'■+■ GLY [174] GOD Qlovk-band, a protection for the glove round the wrist. Olove-box, a loug paper-box lor holding gloves. Olove-clasp, a kind l ' hook-and-eye, or stud, tor thstenhiK gloves at the wrist; a contrivance lor buttoning gloves. Qlove-ci.eaneb, a person who removes grease and other soils Crom kid gloves, by benzole or some other chemical applica- tion. Glove-sianufactuueb, Gloveu, a maker of gloves. Gloveiis' Comi'ant, one of the minor livery companies of London, which has no hall. (iLOVE-STRETCHER.'?, Instruments for opening the fingers of gloves, that they may be drawn on the hand the easier. Glot (Scotch), oiiten straw. GLUCOSE, a potato starch used instead of gum arable tor dressing, in weaving and printing woollens, cottons, or silks. It is also advantageously employed by paper- stainers, and forstlifcniiig gauzes, glazing of paper, &c. /See Dextrine. * Gluden, a name in Baden for the florin. Glue, inspissated animal gluten, a hard and brittle substance, made from the parings of hides and horns, tlie pelts obtained from furriers, the hoofs and cars of horses, oxen, calves, sheep, &c., the raspings and trimming.« of ivory, the refuse pieces and shavings left by button-mould makers, and from other kinds of hard bone. It is extensively used as a cement for its adhesive quality. Marine glue is a solution of caoutchouc m naphtha, with some shellac addei!. Glue and size Maker, one who bolls and prepares these substances for the use of operatives. Glue-pieces, cuttings of hides of various kinds, sometimes termed scrowls, used to prepare glue from. i on those parts where the varnish has not been broken through by the gtaver. When the hollows are deep enough, the plate is placed in couuecUon with the galvanic battery, and the rcBult is another plate. In which the hollows of the engraving are produced in relief. Gnapa, a name for the fathom In the Pacific islands; the measure of tlie extended arms. Gnatoo, the name in some of the PaclHo islands, for clothing made Irom the bark of the Chinese paper mulberry. Gnomon, the hand or style of a sun-dinl. Go, a slang tenti for a dram or glass of spirits. Goad, Uode, an ell 27J inches long, by which Welch flannel, frieze, iic, were formerly measured; a pointed stick for driving cattle. Goat, a genus of animals, the Capra, fur- nishing inany articles to commerce, in theflesfiOftlieyoungkid, goats' milk, hair, (fee. The skin of the kid forms the softest and most beautiful leather for glove.s. The long wool of the Cashmere and .\ngora goats is mucli esteemed lor manuf'nctur- Ing purposes. Goat is also the name for a rough surveying instrument used in road-iiiai. ing in Ceylon. It consists of a ten- feet, v.- j attached to one permanent leg, with a leg graduated to inches, moving in a socket at the other extrem ity ; in Scotland, a cavern or snm'l inlet of tlio sea; a trench. Goat-chajse, a child's carriage, drawn by a goat in harness. GoAT-HERD, an attendant on goats. Goat-milk cheese, a cheese sometimes made from goats' milk. GoATs'-HAiR, the flne fleece or hair of several species of foreign goat, imported chiefly through Turkey. See Angora and Mohair. GoAT-siiiNS, the skins of goats, in which a large trade is carried on ; the imports into this country numbering above 300,000 a year. Gobbing, rubbish remainhig after coal has been extracted fVom the coal mine. GcTiBO, another name for the ochro. a culinary plant, the Abelinoschus escuhntut of Wight and Arnott. Gobelins, tlie superior chiss of French tapestry, which derives its name from the brothers Gobelin, the first manufacturers. Gobeege (French), the largest species of tlie cod-fish. Gobillards, planks for staves. Goblet, a tankard or drinking cup; a name for the bechar, a tiry measure of Swit- zerland, 64 of which make a sack of corn. Go-cart, a small machine or frame wltliout a bottom, running on casters or rollers, for teaching infants to walk. GocK, a name in parts of Scotland for a deep wooden dish. Oockroo, an Indian name for a drug, the Ruellia longifolia. GoDAVEZ, an Indian name for the Calamus aromaticus, or sweet cane. GoDFREY's-coRDiAL, a quack medicine; a kind of soothing syrup given to infants, composed of sassafras, caraway, corian- der, and anise seeds, infused in water, with treacle and tincture of opium ad- ded. GOL [175] GOL )lntc, In which ig are produced II In thel'ttcitlc the exteiitlfd of the Pacific from the burk irry. fii sun-dial. iini or glass of dies long, by ■zo, ill'., were luted stick for lie Capra, fur- connncrce, in oiits'niillv.hrtlr, rms the soltest ,er for gloves, eve imd Angorn )r manuf'actur- io the name lor lunent used in It consists of 01)6 pcrniaiient ted to inches, :her extremity; uu'l inlet of tlio igc, drawn by a II goats. ese sometimes ce or hair of goat, imported >'ee ANGOiuand Us, in which a lie imports into ibove 300,0()0 a ', after coal has )al mine. the ochro. a schus esculent us ;iss of French I name from the manufacturers, st species of the es. agcup; a name asure of Swit- ; a sack of corn, r frame witliout rs or rollers, for Scotland for a for a drug, the for the Calamus ;k medicine; a ven to infants, iraway, corian- rused in water, of opium ad- GoDivF.AO (French), a veal-pic; force- meat. GoDowN, H warehouse, store, or cellar for goods In the East Indies. See Oudanq. GoDRO.N, plaits on sleeve ruffles, or on ladies' caps. OuKLACK, a weight In Java, prlnclimlly used for pepper, about 2 lbs. ; In some parts 200 goelacks make a baliar. GoELBTTE (French), a schooner. GoFFERED-noucHK MANUFACTURER, a ma- ker of plaited quillings or trinnnlngs for widows' caps. GoFFEKixo, the operation of plaiting, puck- ering, or fiu.ing linen, lace, itc GooAR, whey ')oiled with a little oatmeal, and used as food in Scotland. In File it is termed whlUlns. Goggles, eyeblinds for horses. tlOGLET, a sort of pottery jar, or earllien- ware vase, lor keeping water cool. GoGUL, a kind of bitumen used in India for painting ship bottoms. GoHYAN, an Indian name for upland rice. GoLABA, a rose-water sprinkler used in India, made of silver, &c. GoLADER, GoLDEK, ail Indian store-keeper. GoLAH, tiie Hindustani name for a ware- house. GoLEEAH, the bowman of a boat plying on tlie Ganges. Gold, a precious metal, and next to platinum the heaviest known. It is however very malleable. Within the last ten years large quantities of gold have been discovered in Australia and California. Tlie imports of gold Into the United Kingdom, in the five years ending with 18.';.5, according to the Customs' returns, were as follows, but quantities are also brought in privately which are unrecorded : — 1851 18.52 185.3 1854 1855 .£11,500,000. . 15,500,000. . 21,000,000. . 19,800,000. ,. 17,300,000. 85,100,000. See California Gold. GoLD-ASLU,GAM, a yellowish white mineral ; a mixture of gold and quicksilver, found in West Mariposa, Caliiornia. Gold and Silver Beater, a worker in those metals, who hammers tliem out into very thin sheets or leaves. Gold and Silver Burnisher, a workman who polishes and brightens articles made of the precious metals. Gold and Silver Caster, one who moulds, or runs, the precious metals into different shapes and articles. Gold and Silver Chaser, a workman who embosses the precious metals. Gold and Silver Fish Dealeii, a vender of the small ornamental species of carp, Cypnnus auratus, which are kept in tanks, globes, or ponds, for their beauty and sentleness. Gold and Silver Lace-clkaner, a reviver of tarnished lace and bullion. QoLD and Silver Lace-uan, a dealer in bullion and articles made of gold and sliver wire. Gold xav Silver Mointer, one who orna- ments, frames, or sets articles in k'oIiI and sliver. [paper manufacturer. Gold and Silver I'aper-mvker, a luiicy Gold AND Silver Uefineb, one who purities the precious metals irom alloy. Gold and Silver Thread-maker, a mauu- faeturer of fine wire of those metftl'<. Gold AND' SiLVTiR WlUE-DRAWEItS' COMPANT, one of the minor livery compiiiiies of London, which has no hail. Gold-beater, a hammerer of gold into leaves or sheets. See Gold and Silveb Beater Gold-beaters' Mallet, a heavy Iron haipmer, weighing from 8 to lo lbs., used in beathig out gold into leaves. Gold-beaters' Mould, a collection of about 850 leaves of parchment, vellum, and gold- beaters' skin, eacli of double thiekness, fixed upon a metal mould; between the leaves flattened pieces of gold are placed to be hammered out to tlie full size of the leaf. Gold-ueaters' Skin, the peritoneal or serous membrane separated from the in- testinal tulie of the ox- prepared, stretched, varnished, and guaraed from putrefaction by gums, spirit, and spices. Gold-beaters' SKiN-MANCFACTiraER, a pre- parer of gut for tlie use of gold-beaters and others. The trade is limited to a very few persons. One person in London uses the gut of 10,000 oxen a week hi the pro- cess of his manufacture. Gold-chain Manufacturer, a maker of watch protectors and neck chains of gold, of different patterns. Gold-cloth MANUFACTLniEit, a weaver of cloth of gold wire. Gold-coinage, the current gold coins of the realm; these at present are sovereigns and half sovereigns. Guineas were formerly current, and a tow double sovereigns have occasionally been struck; but these are now seldom met with. The value of the gold coined at the British mint, in the liiteen years ending with 1854, was £65,634,328. [gold for the use of others. GoLD-cuTTER, a Workman who prepares Gold-digger, a seeker for gold. Gold-dust, gold ore met with in fine grains, as washed I'rom the earth and clay in tliB gold fields. Gold-fields, auriferous deposits and dig- ging"^, ill Australia, California and other localities where gold is found. Gold-fish. See Gold and Silver fish Dealer. [dentists and others. Gold-foil thin sheets of gold used by Gold-frame Maker, a manufacturer of gilt picture and looking-glass frames. Gold-lace Maker, a weaver of silver-gilt wire or lace, and articles of bullion. Gold-leap, gold beaten into a thin film, varying in thickness according to the use for which it is to be applied. It is largely employed in gilding frames, cornices, pro- jecting letters, shop fronts, etc., and is sold in books containing about twenty-live leaves. GOM [176 J GOO (ioi.b OF I'l.KAdiiitK, the Cavidina lutiea, n plant much cnlUvati'd on the (Jontlnciit for its set-dH, which proiluco a fine oil : the steins also yiclLD-sizK Makf.b, a manufacturer of a kind of varnisli lor making gold-leaf adhere. Gold-smith and Jkwellek. a worker In gold; a dealer in articles of gold and sil- ver, and ornaments and Jewellery in general. Goldsmiths' Company, the llftli In rank of tlio twelve groat livery companies of Lon- don. Tlieir first cliurter vvas granted in the first year of the reign of Edward III. The skinners' and inercliant tailors' char- ters were also granted In the same year; whose hall is in Foster Lane, near the (ieneral Post-offlce. Goi.d-swivel Makfu, a manufacturer of the swivels or ) ii.>iing links tor gold chains. Oold-thread, -'■•Tiseii u-i'd for embroidery, l:on3l.^till)ir c.» 'laaeiijl silver-gilt wiiv clos'Oy twiv.i I 11 wr.'pped over a threaU of yt Mow si ic (i> iiiiit'iinery. GoLD-TiiitEAD Ko'.T. ;» iiauie (or th another. (ioLLAU, a station of briiijarrles, or carriers (il yniin in India. GoLoF.-sHOES. an over-shoe of caoutchouc or leutlier for keeping the feet dry, gene- rally culled goloshes. GoLPATHEN, an Indian striped silk. GoLscH. a name in Wurtemlierg tor a piece ol cl'tli measuring 72 aunes or ells. GoLT-sHUT, a gold or silver ingot. GoMASTAU, a native factor or agent in the East Indies. GoMBETTA, a dry measure used in Genes, equal to 2} pints nearly. QoME. grease for can-wheels, tioMEH, in India, a liandiul; literally as many rice stalks, with ears attached, as can be grasped by the band. GoMELiN, a kindof Oernian . ' x!' hh; (starch Irom potatoes), in crystuis and in pow- der, used as weavers' glue for cotton warpg, and for dressing printed callcoeg. GoMiA, a species of Caucasian millet Go.MMEK. a very favourite and wholesome agricultural product, much used in the neighiiourhood of Darmstadt In the pre- paration of soups. It Is manufactured from black amel wheat {Triticum amy- hum), which for this purpose is deprived of its skin by millstones. (ioNDA, a nominal division of the anna, a petty Indian coin. Gondola, a Venetian galley; an American flat-bottomed boat. Goneometeb, an Instrument for measuring the angles of crystals. [blower. GoNFiA (Italian), a glass-maker or glass- OoNG, a Chinese sounding Instrumi'iit serv- ing the purpose of a bell. Go.NQONAH, a variety of matd or Paraguay tea used in Brazil, prepared from tlie leaves of Ilex gonaomth and J. Iheezmis, species of holly. (JONJK, a small weight used in India for |)reclou8 luetals, nearly two grains. Goods, a gt uerti name for nioveables, but usually restricted to merclumilise; heavy tratllc; property; wares. Goods UEPOsrrouif, a class uf warehouses esiabiislied lor storing mrniture, plati , (fee, beloni;ing to families leavhig town, or for housing mercliaiidise. Goods-shed, u cover or shelter for luggage at railway stations, docks, or lanuing wharves. GooD.s-TKAiN, a train of carriages on a rail- way, conveying only, or ciiietly, luggage and niorchandise. GooD.'j-TKucK, an uncovered railway-car- riage lor merchandise. Goodwill, hi trade, a saleul/ia custom; tlio right and title to take up a trade or Imsi- ness connection, purchased of an outgoing occupier or tenant. QooonL, a resinous sii istancc resen-hilng myrrh, met with In 1 ndla, believed to be tlic bdclliiim of couinieroe, and probably the produce ot Commiphora Madagascar- en sis. Goolound, aconserve fla\ cured witli rose s, made in the East. GooLO, a pottery vessel made in the Fecjce Islands. GooLOOCHLTJD, a nu.uo in iSclnde for a mi.K- ture of purree, a pigment, and sandal- wood, used to produce the yellow forehc ul mark of the Hindoos. GooMALA, a name in some of the Pneitic islands for the sweet potato, BuUUas edulis. GooNCH, a Hindoo name for the beautiful seeds of the Abrtis precatorius, which are used as weights by the jewellers ; also for necklaces, bracelets, and other trinkets. The roots abound In sugar, and are a per- fect substitute for liquorice. tiOOND, an Indian name for gum. GooNDOoinNO, a seed or bead used, in some parts of the East, as a weight for gold and silver, three of these make one canteroy or tanam, which is about 5876 grains, OOOSE-WIN feathers ( Ing brusl hearths. OoOSHT (il (iOOWA, th nut, Arec UouACco, i: in theirf Western cut. very i and othcl added, uf of an elec 'J'lHD (Frei "ore, a niiT to anothl piece of breadth i (lORET (F^ maker's i GOROKRET kerchief; OOK<;ONEL GoRLs. a iid UoKSE, an^ GoR.SE-BEIL crushlngi GoSLANITI used in i lioSLINO, •lOSSAMEI Gossan, al atid qua| ^atshalk QOTAH, aiil V,' il-r.; (gtlircll iiiul in pi)W- kIuc tor cotton ■Inted callcoeB. nn millet nl wlioIe- one of poor, and tour of goor yield one of good powder sugar. GooHoooNT, n sniii kind of portable hookah, less iTiHSsy and elal)orate than the one sniol.iil.when seated. GooRoocuL'NDUN, an Indian name for be- zoar. OooRTOO an Indian superficial measure, a little more than .S acres. Goose, a genus of we'' tiwted blnls; the tame goose is -well kii^ wn, and is largely reared for Its (lesh, quills, and feathers. Wild geese In the winter are often brought to market. Also, a tailor's amoothlng-lron. OoosEBEKEY, a wcU-known and esteemed fruit, the |)roduce of liibes grossularia and U. Uva-crispa, of whkh there are several varieties. (iOOSEDKRllT-FOOD, (lOOSEBEKRY-FOOL, a mess of boiled gooseberries with milk and SiUgar. Goo9>:-oPEA8E, the anpping or fat from a goose, which is considered an emollient upiillcatlon for chapped hands. Goose-neck, an Iron ring fitted at the end of a yard or boom, for various purposes. GoosE-QUiLi,, the wing-feather of a goose, used for pen-making. OoosE-wiNO, the wing of the goose with the feathers on, which is often used as a se. i;zE, a name In Bombay for the grain weight, used In weighing gold and sliver; the 100th part of the tola. GoVERNiisa, a female teacher of young per- sons, who is either resident, or makes periodical visits; In the latter case she is termed a day governess. Governess In.stitui'ion, an est.i' lishment where a register it; kept of vai iiit situa- tions, or of governesses out of place. Governor, part of a steam-engine rc;,'ulat- ing the supply of steam from the boiler to the cylimler, and Insuring the uniform velocity of the piston ; one who directs; a subscriber of a prescribed sum to a pub- lic charitable institution, who receives In return ctrtain privileges of votes or nomi- nation. Gow. a Singhalese measure for computhig distance, equal to five miles; five gows making a day's journey. GowAN, decomposed granite. GoWAK, Gow, the Hindoo name for Triti- cum astivutn. Gowi.AND'8 Lotion, the essential oil of bit- ter almonds, mixed with sugar, spirits, and corrosive sublimate. Gown, a woman's Ions outer garment; a man's official loose robe or dressing wrap- per. Gown-piece, enough material for a dress. Go^VNSMAN, a lawyer; a professor; a stu- dent. G. I'. O., abbreviation for the General Post- Offlce. Grab, a Malabar ship. Gbace. See Days of Grace. N IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) I' ^ ^^ 1.0 ■so ■^" II^H ^ Uii 122 ^ HA I.I ■UUU |i.25|||U ||,.6 < 6" ► ^-*>/^ m'^- Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 'o- ^ ^J5X «■ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 873-4503 ^ ■^f '% % ORA [178] ORA Oraddak, a kind of Scotch snuff. Obadb, a step or rank; to lay the perma^ nent way of a railway. Obadutob, Oradutino Enqinb, an Instru- ment for dividing scales. Obadient, the gradual acclivity or declivity upon a railway, which atTects the speed at which a train can travel GBADDiB, a toothed chisel used by sculptors. Oradiko. See Gbadb. aaADUATB, a scholar who has taken his degrees in a university. Ghaftino, covering a rone by weaving to- gether yarns; the process of Inserting a shoot or scion of one tree into the bark of another, to make It yield firult; knitting new feet to stockings. Ubah, an Indian long measure ; in Ouzerat, the sixteenth part of the guz, and rather more than two inches. Gbain, small seed of any kind of grass : chiefly, however, cereals. The smallest British weight in troy or avoirdupois weight; in apothecaries weight the 20th part of the scruple; in troy weight the 24th part of the penny- weight; a very small copper coin, minted here for circula- tion In Malta; the third part of a farthing. GaADT-DEALEB, a com-dealer. Gbainbb, a workman who ornaments wood- work with fancy devices ; the brush with which he works ; an Infusion of pigeons' dung in water, used fbr giving flexibility to skins In the process of tanning; a knife used by tanners and skinners for taking off the hair fi-om skins. « Grainimo, a process in tanning, which con- sists in Immersing the skin in an alkaline solution, of which sal ammoniac Is the most active constituent; a mode of painting. Gbain-leatheb, a name for dressed horse- hldes; goat, seal, and other skins, blacked on the grain-side for women's shoes, &c. Grain-kabkbt, a com market; the metro- politan market Is the Corn Exchange in Mark Lane. Obainoib (French), a granulating sieve used in gunpowder-mills. Gbains, the refuse or husks of malt from a brewery, or of any grain after distillation ; usually purchased to feed cows and pigs with ; a kind of iron harpoon, with four or more barbed points to it, used for striking small flsh. Grains of Paradise, the aromatic pungent seeds of the Malaguetta pepper {Amo- mum Orana Paradisi), obtained on the coast of Guinea; a spicy condiment, used in veterinary practice, and In the illegal preparation of malt liquors, Ac. Gbaqi-tik, crystalline thi ore: metallic tin, smelted with charcoal; the purest kind of metal, that reduced ftom the loose grains of thi stone. Grain-wbioher, a com meter; a person employed at the docks to measure cargoes of com. Oraip, a dung-fork ; a tool for lifting or digging potatoes flrom the ground. Graith (scotch), the furniture of a house: accoutrements of a horse ; apparatus of any kind ; wearing appareL Gram, a common name in India for several ':lnds of pulse, the produce of varieties otDdtkhoa and Phaseolus. Gram is distinguished by its colour; and one variety, Dolkhoa vniflonu, is known as horse gram; green gram and black gram or moong are varieties otPhoueolut radiatui and F.Mungo; P. trilobus and aureus are other varieties. Bed and white gram are Doliehoi eafjang and Sqja himiaa. Sm CaoLA and Dhoix. GBAMAauxs, garters reaching to the knees; a kind of stockings worn in Scotland Instead of boots. Gbahioita, a name in Italy for the long under-ground shoots of couch grass (7Vt- tieuw r^tu), which is exteiisK ->ly collected after the plough ana harrow, and used as fbod for horses. Colonel Maceroni, in his Memoh-s, states that upwards of £40,000 sterling worth of this root is annually sold by the peasants to the inhabitants of the city of Naples alone. It has been recommeaded as a material for paper manufactuia Gramme, the proper unity of French weight : a cube of one hundredth of a metre on a side, and e^ual to 16-4339 troy grains. The kilogramme, which is the weight of a cubic decimetre of pure water, is, how- ever, practically used as the unity of weight in France. Gbamola (Italian), an instrument for beat- ing or bruising nax. Gram-pot, a bofler in which pulse is cooked by the natives In India. Granadiixa, a climbing plant of the tropics, Passiflora guadrangutai ts : the subacid pulp of the fruit is esteemed, and the root is emetic and narcotic. Oranart, a warehouse or place where corn Is stored. Granart-kebfbr, the owner, or person in charge, of a corn-store or warehouse for grain. Orand-jubt, the flrst or principal jury to which la referred the examination of in- dictments against criminals. Grand-piano, a long piano-forte, shaped like a harpsichord. Grand-stand, the principal erection on a race-course, whence a view of the race can be obtained. Granoe, a tarm having suitable bams, stables, and other necessary buildings for stock, &c. Granger (French), a barn-keeper; the fore- man of a farm. Gbanttb, a Plutonic or igneous rock, con- sisting of quartz, mica, and felspar: being of great strength, hardness, and darabllity, it Is much used for building; The colour is chiefly light gray, but there are also white, red, and mottled granites. The best is obtained near Peniynln Cora- wall, but some comes from Aberdeen, the Channel Islands, and other quarters. The principal uses of this stone are for haing foot-ways, court-ways, railway statfona, floors of manuEictones and warehouses, kitchens, cellars, churches, engineering- works, the columns and loandatioua of boildingB, fto. i 6RA [179] GHE In India for le produce of uueolui. Oram >ur; and one ,1s known as 1 black gram or teolut radiatui and aureus are rhite gram are hispiaa. 8m ; to the knees: n in Scotland r for the long acb grass (Tru i exteiisi\ ''ly I ana barrow, irses. Colonel s, states that t worth of this he peasants to :lty of Naplesi mmended as a :ture. French weight: f a metre on a )y grains. The a weight of a ^ater, is, how- the unity of mient for beat- pulse is cooked It of the tropics. i: the subacid I, and the root is ace where corn ir, or person In warehouse for incipal jury to nination of in- [9. >forte, shaped erection on a 3w of the race luitable bams, sary buildings eeper; thefore- ious rock, con* and felspar: hardness, and id for building, gray, but there ottled granites. ?enryn in Com- 1 Aberdeen, the r quarters. The le are for laying Lilway statfona, id warehouses, s, engineering- fooadationa of ORANm Mbbohamt, s stone dealer; one who supplies builders and contractors Ibr paving. Gbaho, a money of account in Italy, the hundredth part of the ducat; there are silver pieces of 10, 20, and 00 grant. Gramotino, a minute weight of Italy, the 24th part of the grain. Okanoiated, formed Into small grains, as in sugar, grain tin, &o. aRATKs, the flrult of the vine, forming a large article of commerce in different countries, either ripe, dried as raisins, or when collected, for making wine. GuAPB-sHOT, small shot connned in a canvas cartridge to be discharged from a gun. Okape-scoab, the sweet substance of the chestnut, of the brewers' wort, and of all fermented liquors. It gives sweetness to most fhiits, and may be prepared trom starch. GaAFBtoume, a description of writing slate. GsAPHiTa, a valuable mineral used for black-lead pencils, melting-pots, and as a polish for Iron stoves; also as a lubricator tor fine machinery. It is better known as plumbago. Gkapboueter, a mathematical Instrument lor measuring angles. Gbafnel, a small boat's anchor with several claws or hooks instead ot flukes. Gbappuno-ibons, crooked irons used to seize and hold fast another vessel Grass-cloth. See China-orass Cloth. Obass-odttebs, attendants of an Indian army, essentially requisite to provide pro- vender for the large quantity of cattle usually required in transporting muni- tions, oaggage, &0. Gbas-doublb, the French name for tripe Obassbllo (Italian), a kind of very fine lime. Gkasb-oil, a name given to some essential oils obtained A'om scented grasses in India, as that fl'om the lemon grass ; the grass oU of Nemaur, from another ^Indro- pogoTt, ifeu. It Is sometimes called ginger- grass oil. Gb ASS-PLOT, a lawn of trimmed grass. Grass-tree, a name in Australia for some liliaceous plants, species of Xanthorrhcea, from which a resin is obtained, known in commerce as gum acroides. Grate, a register-stove, or cast-iron frame with fire-bars for a sitting-room, &c. for holding fhel, and making a fire in. Grate, or grid, la also a plate with iron bars for sewers, drains, &c. Grate add Feiider M*irig»i a caster of register-stoves, kitchen-ranges, fenders, and other iron articles. Gbateau, a burnisher or scraper; a tool used by gilders in France. Gkatebs, rubbing or scratching utensils of metal for domestic use, such as nutmeg- graters, arrow-root graters, raspers, &c. Oraticulation, the division of a drawing into squares. Gratino, an open lattice work of wood or iron; a cross-barred covering for the hatchways of a ship. Gratxoekbalo (Italian), a harpsichord. Grats-dioqeb, a digger of trenches for burying corpses in churchyards or ceme- teries. Gravel, small water-worn stones, used fbr covering garden-walks, roads, fbotways, Ac. Qravel-oab, a railway ballast-wagon. ORAVEL-prr, the place whence gravel is dug. Graver, a watchmaker's tool; a burin used in engraving. Gravis, Greaves, the refuse or marc left by tailow-chandlers. Orave-stomb, the head-stone to a grave; usually bearing an inscription i-ecording the name, age and date of death, &c. ot the person burled. Orave-stone Cdtier, a worker In stone, who chisels out letters, Ac upon tomb- stones, or sarcophaguses. Oravdieter, an instrument for measuring the specific gravity of bodies. <8ee Hydro- meter. GRAViNO-DOCK, a dock into which vessels are taken to have their bottoms examined, and breamed or graved. Oravt, the Juice of cooked meat Oravt akd Gruel Strainer, a small wire or hair sieve, used for culinary purposes. ORAVT-oisa, a large table dish for a Joint, with a well for gravy. Oravt-spoon, a large spoon used at table for helping gravy to guests. Orawatha, the Brazilian name for a species of Brometia, from which excellent cordage is made. Grazier, one who rears or feeds stock; a cattle-dealer. Grease, animal fat of any kind; melted tallow, vrith soda, palm oil and water, used as a lubricator for the axles of rail- way carriages. Qrease-rox, the receptacle over the axle of a railway carriage holding grease; the portable tiox in which grease is carried to replenish the above. Grease-maker, a manu&cturer of lubri- cating substances for railway carriage axles, machinery, engines, &c. Great-coat, an overall, or outercoat Great-humored, the long hundred of six score. See Hundred. [ing. Oreavb, to clean a ship's bottom by bum- Orbaves, the sediment of melted tallow made into cakes, and used for feeding dogs and cattle. Qrere, an aquatic bird (Podiceps cristria) inhabiting most of the lakes of Euro.oe. The feathers are of a rich sllver-wblto colour, variously shaded with brown. They are very durable, are worn as trim- mings for the trains of court and draw- ing-room dressei'. and are made Into muff^, cuffs, boas, &c. Green-cloth, baize, m 00 to 70 feet long. It is a flne-Kralncd liard woml, well adapted tor the planking oi vessels, house flrainos, MTharves, brld^res, and other panwses, where groat strength and durability are requin'fl. It is the best timber for resist- ing ten«tle and compressive strains, and is therefore well adapted for kelsons of ships, and beams of all kinds. The black Kroenliotirt Is considered more durable than the common greenhonrt The bark yields htt)prlne, the sulphate of whioli la used like the sulphate of quinine. Gkkkn-hohsk, a oonsorvalbry or ginzed house for rearing and protecting plants tW>m changes of temperature. Orren Paints, oll-coioum, of which the chief varieties are emerald, niinertd. f:reen copneras, mountain sap, and trunswlck greens. Orekn-room, the actors' retiring or meeting room In a theiitre. Greens, a common nnnie for small young cabbages, which have not formed the haves into ftill hearts. GRr.EN-SANO. a sDlcious stone found in the lihickdown Hills, Devon, used as a whet- stone for scythes, Ac. Grken-stone, a stone containing native copper, found in RentVewshlre; an Ig- neous rock. In which felspar is combined with hornblende or auglte: stone widls !m> made ot it In parts ot Scotland. Oreensward, a grass-plot. Oreen-tea, a commercial variety of tea Imported from Ohtnn, of which there are several kinds ; the principal being Twan- kay, an inferior description; Ilyson-skin, Ilyson, and young Hyson, imperial, and iiiinpowder. Green Tuetlb, the Chelone mhlas, im- ported as a luxury for mnking turtle soup. The imports vary, but may average 13,000 ii-vear. Green Vitriol, crystallized sulphate of iron used in making Ink, I'rusitiun l)liie, and sulphuric acid; also employed in dye- ing. Gre EUR (French), a shlp-rlgger. Greffier, a rcjiistrar, or recorder in a French court of justice. Greoariocs, herding together, or living in flocks, as domestic cattle, birds, Ace. Grsoe, a French term applied to raw silk. Grelet, a mason's hammer in France. Grelin (French), a small cablet or line for Gremadk, a hollow ball or shell of metal, filled with powder, having a burning fUse attached, tnrown by hand amongst ene- m les; in France a small shrimp used by fisbarmeD R>r bait. Grrntadirr, a tall foot-soidier wearhig • high cap; one originally employed to throw grenades. Grenadiixo, a tropical flrnit. See Giaita- DII.I.A. Grknat (French), dried lemon-peel. Gkrnetinr, a French hame fitr telatlnr. Grkvhound, a slim-made dog kept (br conn- ing, remarkable for switlness, strength, and sagacity In nnrsulng game. Griranr, a small French vessel. (1HIH1.RTTB (French), a pork-chop broiled. Gridiron, a kind orfVame for drawing up a ship on to be docked and repaired; a try- ing and grilling Iron grated (htmn for cooking chops, steaks, flsh, m which oil Is expressed. Ground-plan, the surface representation of the divisions of a building. Guound-pix)t, tlie land on which a building stands; the plan of the srouiul. Ground-rattan, a kind of cane, the stem of Rhapis Jlnbell{formU. Groumd-rknt, the rent paid by a lessee to the owner of the freehold, or for the prtvl- le^e of building on nnother man's land. Ground- RICE, pulverized rice; the grain sround into flour or meal. Groundsel, a common wild plant, the Senecio vulgaris; the stalks, containing tlie young buds, seeds, and leaves, are collected and sold to feed caKe-blrds, parti- cularly goldfinches and linnets; the tim- ber or sill of a building resting on the earth. Grounds, the dregM or feculencles deposited at tho bottom of liquids. Ground-tackle, a general name for the appliances and gear used In st^curing a vessel at anchor, comprising cables, warps, springs, anchors, Ac Ground-tier, the lowest tier of casks In a vessel's hold; tlie pit range of boxes in a theatre. Ground-work, the earth-work or founda- tion ; the commencement of any operation. GRou8E,alargeiamllyofblrd8,manyofwhlch are much esteemed, and seeking them af- fords salutary amnsement to the keen sportsman In the north; The black grouse Is the Tetras tetrix; the red grouse, or moor-cock, iat\w Lagopus Scoticus. There are several species common In North America. For the wood grouse, or cock of the wood, see Capercailzie. Grout, coarse meal ; pollard ; a thin mor- tar, a mixture of quicklime and fine sand, used for mouldings and finishing ceilings. Grove, a small shady wood; a Derbyshire name for a mine. Growan, a miner's name for rock, or for decomposed grahite. Grotne, a tea wall, or defence against the encroachments of the tide. See Groin. Gruau (French), oatmeal; water-gruel; .» crane (botl bird and machine). Gruaux, wooden vessels used in salt manu- factories in France: wheat flour coarsely ground, so as tu liee it flrom the Lusk. GUA [182] GUI Urub-axb, a hoe or field tool for digging up Ukubbbb, on agrlcnltural machine for cul- tivating; an extirpator or scarifier, tor loosening the earth. Grdbb-btonb Mobtar, a concrete cement See Bbton. Gkuel, a thlclc nutritive porridge or food prepared from outs or pearl barley, form- ing an article of diet for Invalids and con- OKintT, a West-Indian name for various species otScemtUon, a common fish in the markets. OatmrKR, an iron rod bent like a hook, used by iron founders. Orutbbb, a kind of Swiss cheese. Udaoho, a South American mounted herds- man, or cattle hunter. OUADB (Italian), a kind of fishing-net OUAUCCH, an acrid resin obtained from the wood of the lignum vitae (Ouaiacum oMci- nah, and 0. tanctum), used medlcinauy. Guana, a common name for a large species oL tree lizard, tho Iguana ttu>erculata, which is esteemed for its delicate fiesli, and the skin is often tanned. OcANAGO, a variety of the alpaca, the Auche' nia huattaca. GnANo, a valuable fortlllzer, imported from various quarters, chiefly trom Peru, con- sisting of the excrements of sea-fowl, and the decomposed carcases of marine ani- mals. In the last sixteen years we have received upwards of two million tons: the average aimual Imports of the four years ending with 1856, having been 216,000 tons. Gdabana Bread, a name In Brazil for cakes made from the seeds of the Paullinia sorbi- ns, and used like cocoa for making a bever- age; it contains a bitter principle, identi- cal with caffeine. GuABANTEB SOCIETIES, Certain Joint-stock companies, which, upon payment of an agreed premium, guarantee to the em- ployer the honesty of a person employed, or, at least undertake to make good any defitlcatlons In his ancounts. GoARANTT, QUAKANTEE, an cngagciiient to perform some act, or pay some debt In case another person primarily liable falls to do so. * GuARAPO. a common beverage of the lower orders in Venezuela, made from the juice of the sugar-cane, or with sugar and water which has undergone the aiuous fermen- tation. Guard, a watchman or sentinel ; the con- ductor of a coach or railway train; an escort or protection ; the part of tlie handle of a sword which covers the hand. * Guard-boat, a row-boat in a harbour, or imong vessels at anchorage. Guard-hoitse, the building where a guard of soldiers is kept Guardian, a protector; a warden; an offi- cer of a poor-law union or workhouse board. Guard-ship, a vessel of war stationed in a harbour or river, to superintend marine affairs, and to receive seamen. OuARNELLO (Italian), tUstlan. OtTASXAPA, in Italy, a decanter. OUAVA, a common name for tho Psidium po/n(rerumandpyr(/'erum,thetruitiBmucii esteemed, either stewed m wineornuuie into a Jelly. The aromatic leaves are used in the fSastem islands medicinally, and aa a substitute for the leaf of the betel pep- per. The wood, when old, is tough and close-grained, taking a good polish: in India It is used for gun-stocks. Guava-jelly, a favourite preserve or Jam made In the West Indies from the fruit of the guava. Gudano, Uadono, the Malay name for a storehouse. Anglicised godown. OuDDA, an Arabian measure of capacity, of 8 noosflas, and equal to I'S gallon. OuDDOK, a rustic violin, with three strings, used among the Uussian peasantry. Guerilla, an insurgent; a border invader. Guide, a conductor or director; a regula- tor. GuiDE-FOST, a finger-post or directing-post at cross roads. Guild, an old commercial association; a fyatemity or corporation possessing spe- cial privileges; a company of merchants in Scotland who are flrcemen of the royal burghs. Guilder, Gulder, a silver coin current in many of tiie States of the Zollvereiu, and worth about Is. 8d., but variable; in some places it is called a florin, Guildhall, the place ofmeetlngof the cor- poration of the city of London; the great court of Judicature for the civic part of the metroi^olis. GuiLDivE (French), rum ; a spirirdisfUled from molasses. 6uiin>RB, a French reel for winding silk. Guinea, a British gold coin first struck In tlie reign of Charles II., and worth 2l8. It Is now seldom met with. There were also 3old pieces of hall-a-guinea, two guineas, and five guineas.— (S dwt 9} gr.) Guinea-corn, a name In the West Indies for several species of Panicum, including P. pyramidale, scabrum, ana tenellum, cultivated for their seeds. Guinba-fowl, ttieNumida mekagris. a bird • wild In the West Indies, but now domes- ticated in our poultry yards. The fiesh is considered by many persons to equal that of the pheasant Guinea-grains. See Grains of Paradise. Guinea-grass, a tall strong forage grass, the Paricum maximum of Jaquln ; natu- ralized in the West Indies and Southern States of America, having been Introduced from the Western coast of Africa. Guinba-feppbb. See Ethiopian-pepper. Gu\!«XA-Pio, a small tailless quadruped, the Cavia cobaya, a native of South America, which is often domesticated, and kept as a pet Guinea -TAU, a name for the Dioscorea bulb^fera. GuiNOUETTB, a suburban tea-garden in France ; a low public-house out of town, whither the lower classes resort; a coarse linen made in Normandy. Guipure, an imitation of antique lao& which is durable, less expensive, and equally beautiftiL It is made in Limerick GUN [183] GUN by cutting out tho pnttern from cambric, the flowers and lieuvy parts being made of tlie cambric and the open parts of stitches closely resembling the antique lace. In France a guipure ince, much re- sembling the Uoniton, is made, which is very fine and white, and of a moderate price; a kind of gimp. GniTAB, a musical stringed-instrament, larger than the violin, and played with the fingers. The modem Spanish guitar has »'tx strings, three being of silk, covered with silver wire, and three of catgut. OniTAB>HAKER, a manufacturer of stringed instruments. (jujoBATZ-CLOTH, blsck and white cloth made in Transylvania. GuL, an Eastern name for the Provence red rose. GnuTANDA, an Eastern weight; also called a patika, and equal to 2 grains. Gdllies, a name sometimes given to iron rails or tram-plates. (iULLT, a worn water-channeL GuH Ababic, a general trade name for several descriptions of clear soluble gums. The best, or true white gum, is yielded by Acacia verek of Guiilemin, the red gum arable by A. Adansonii: A, vera also yields gum arable and a part of tlie Senegal gum. Our imports ofgum arable are about 3000 tons a year. Gnu-LAO. See Lac GuH-HANUFACTUBEB, One Who prepares dextrine or gum substitutes h'om calcined meal of different kind)!. GuM-REsiNS, substances which are a com- pound of gum, oil, and resin. GuHS, exudations from plants which soften in water. The true gums are very few in number. Gum is consumed in immense quantities by dyers and glaziers, and enters Into a great number of pharma- ceutical preparations. The value of the British trade fn gums, resins, balsams, and other vegetable inspissated extracts, is nearly two millions sterling a year. Gum- WOOD, a species of Encalyptus. Gun, a flre-lock a piece of orduance. See Guns. Gdn-babreIi, the tube of a gun. Gun-barbel Maker, a metal-caster and horer of the tubes for gun and pistols. Gun-barrel Pbover, one who testa the strength of gun-barrels by charges of gun- powder. Gun-boat, a small vessel formerly fitted to carry one or two »uns at the bow; but they are now very differently constructed. Gun-carriaoe, the flrame-work or move- able support for a piece of ordnance. Gun-carriaoe Maker, a manufacturer of wooden or metal supports for great f.-uns. Gun-case, the box or receptacle for a rifle or fowling-piece. Guncha, a weight used in Acheen, the tenth part of the coy an; about 290 lbs. avoir- dupois. Gun-cotton, purified cotton wool steeped for a short time in equal parts of nitric and sulphuric acids, and dried, by which it becomes explosive. For gunnery and fire- arms it has not been found so useful as predicted, but it is admirably adapted for mining and blastimr. Dissolved in ether, gun-cotton forms a good varnish fbr cover- ing wounds, or giving a thin film to any surface, and Is a powerful deoxidizer. Gunda, the sum of four cowry shells, used by the poorer natives of India as a medium of currency in smaller or fractional pay- ments and purchases. See Cowbies. Gcndacb, the Hindustani name for the rhinoceros. Giinbdck, the Indian name for brimstone. Gcn-flikt Mamufactureb, a simper of flintp for musket-locks. Gun-flints, shaped flints for fire-locks: since the introduction of percussion caps to rifles and pistols, flint-locks are now seldom used, except among a few barbar- ous tribes. GuNJAH. a name in India for the dried hemp plant (Cannabis lativa), which has flower- ed, but from which the resinous Juice has not been removed. It is chiefly sold fbr smoking with tobacco, and ii> made up in bundles about 2 feet long and 3 inches in diameter, containing 24 plants. GuNJB, a bazaar or market In India. OcNJUN, an Indian balsam. See Gubjtin. Gun-lock Makes, a manufacturer of the percussion or flint-locks for muskets, rifles, pistols, and other small arms. The polishing of these is often another branch of trade. Gun-maker, a gunsmith, a manufacturer of muskets or rifles; a founder or caster of pieces of ordnance. OuN-MAKER'a CouPANT, One of the livery companies of London, which, having no hull, transacts its business at Guildhall. GuN-METAL, an alloy of copper and tin. GuNNA-ASH, the ashes of a Cape tree, which contain fiO or 60 per cent of 8od& GuNNALA, an ludiau name for the Cassia fistula. Gunnel. See Gunwale. Gunner, a cannonier; an dfflccr on land or sea appointed to manage pieces of artillery. Gunnery, the science of constructing and using large and small flre-arms. Gunnt-baos, Gunny-cloth, Gunnies, a name for coarse strong sacking made in India, and much used for bags and bales for wrapping rice, spices, and other dry goods. In Bengal gunny cloth is made of Jute, the produce of species of Cor chorus, and is exported either In pieces or made up into bags. The gunny bags of Bombay and Madras are, however, made of dif- ferent kinds of sunn fibre, the Crotalaria juncea. Gunpowder, a well-known explosive sub- stance prepared fl-om nitre, charcoal, and sulphur: the compound consists usually of 75 parts of saltpetre, 10 of sulphur and 15 of charcoal, mixed and reduced to a fine powder, then granulated and dried; but the proportion of the ingredients varies in different countries, and accord- ing to the purpose for which it is to l>e used. Gunpowder-barrel Makek, a manufac- turer of small light casks for securely holding gunpowder and keeping it diy. GUR L184J GYV UtmrowDKk-viAaK Makkr, a manufliotanr of unKll inotol oaaos for •portaiueii, to hold (run-powder. [gunpowder. OUNPOWDBB MAMurACTTRRit, a niakoT of UUNpowDKR-TSA, n kiiid ofiiroon tea. Udm-koom, tlio inc88 room of the lieutenants lnalarR0 8tit))ot'wnr. Ocm, oxplo8tvo Instruments, of dllTerent •Ises, consisting of a barrel of strong metal fixed In a stock or mounted on carriages. Tbe smaller lud portable kinds are namvd muskets, rifles, carbines, fowllng-ptfcos, Ao, The heavy descriptions of guns, cnllod oannon, ordnance, neld-pleces, swivels, oarronades, howitzers, and mortars, hi e described under those xeveral heads. They usually take their distinguishing name iVom the weight of the bull tliut will flt tliein. Ocm-shot: "within gim-shot" Is within the distance a piece of artillury will cmrv. OVN-siUTB, an armourer; a maker of small flreturms; a repairer of guns. GuM-sTOOK, the wood In which the barrel of a gun is flxed, usually walnut. Udn-stook Makkr, a mnnufncturer of the shaped wooden stocks fbr gun-bnrrela. OuN-TACKue, the blocks and pullovd of a gun-oarrlage affixed to the side of a ship, y which It Is run lu and out of the port- hola GuN-TAOKLE PnRCUASG, a purchose or pulley made by two single blocks. QoMTANO, an Indlau dry measure rather more than 15 lbs. (QmrtBR's Chain, a surveyor's measure named after the Inventor, consisting of a ■eries of Iron Ihiks, usually 100, of 7* 92 Inches each. At every tenth link is fiuteued a small brass plate, with a fl^uro engraven upon lt,orel^ecut into diflfurcnt shapes, to show how many links it is from the end. The length of the chniu Is four poles of 5} yards each, or 60 feet OuNTER's bCALE, a large iilauc scale, chiefly used by seamen, havhig various lines relating to trigonometry and navigation engraven on it OCN-WADDiNO, circular pieces of card-board, cloth, tut, and chemically prepared sub- stances, used to keep down the charge of ball or shot, &c. In a gun. In large guns rope wads are used. GcN-WADDiNa Maker, a manufacturer of wads of different kinds for guns. GmrwALE, the upper rail of a boat or vessel GnKA-NCT, a species of large red bean, with a bitter taste, growing on the West coast of Aflrlca, much prized by the natives of the interior for its tonic properties. GiTSGK, an old term, signifying a pulf or gorse of water, for the preservation of fishes. OUKJCN, an oleo-resin; a thin balsam or wood oil, obtained in Bunimh and the Eastern archipelago, tlrom Dipterocarpus tanit, and other species. It is used modi- olnallyi and tbnas an axoellent substi* tute ror UnsMd-oU. In the coarser kinds of house and ship palntUig. Mixed with dammar or resin, it preservsa wood fVoin tlie attacks of white ants. GuRHiGS, in mining, levels or workings. Gdrnkt, a popular name for the gurnard flsli. Sevurul species of Trigla are taken on the Ilritlsh coosts. In Ireland and Scotland they are often called crooners. GuRRAH, a plain coarse Indian miulin. Gurry, a small fort in India. GuusAT, a name fbr the garce in aome parts of Madras. GnasooNDER, a name In Bengal for the Acacia Arabica, yielding the babool ' gum of commerce. The bark of the tree IB apowerthl astringent. GuKT, a gutter, or cliunnel for water. Gusset, an Insartlou or piece let Into a ikbrlo or garment GUT.UI, the Alalay name for blrd-Ume, or lor any elastic gum. GuTTA-rKRCUA, a concrete milky Juice, tbnning a gum-resin, obtained In the Eastern archipelago from honandra Oulta; of extensive use In the arts, and for vai'lous economical purposes, being easily shaped, and retaining the form given to It GuTTA-PKKonA Draixr, a Vender of gutta- percha solos, and articles made of this elastic gum. Gdtta-trap, the inspissated sap of an Artocarpus, obtaiiied In the Gust which, tVom its glutliioii J properties, is used for making bird-lhne. Gutter, a channel, or sewer. GuTTEu-spouT, a spout for carrying off water trtMix a roof. Gutties, dry cakes of cow-dung, used for fuel and other purposes In India. GuTTO (Italiiui), a cruet for oil. Gut, a rope for steadying or guiding any thing that has to be hoisted or lowered. Guz, an Indian nanioforthe yard or cloth measure, which varies^ in length in differ- ent places, from about 2 to 8 feet Gtbe, a nautical term for the shitting over of the boom of u fore-tmd-at't sail in tacking, oat, or Scandinavian "buf " sea. IlAAF-riaawo, the flsliury for coTR,anonilnnl measure ot length, tlie 48th part ot an Inch. Hau-bhoom, a long-liandlcd sweeping- broom for servants. Hack-bbcsr, a toilet brush for smoothing and dressing the hair. Haibcloth, a woven fabric of horse-lmir. llorse-hair seatlngs or coverings for lurni- ture, Sk. have a mixture of oottoa iiitor- wnven, and the wett is hair. Haib-drebskb, an artist who trims and iirrauKes the hair; aperruquier, who often combines the sale ot perAimery and toilet urticluH. Hair-dte, a preparation used for darkening or altering the colour of the hair. Almost every hatr-dresaer has a nostrum of his own; many of theae are extremely Injuri- ous, containing oxide of lead, which Is absorbed by the skin. Mair-oloves, horseliair gloves used for rub- bing the skin in buthlnK; Ac IIaib-line, a horseliair tlsliing-llne. Hair-herchant, a dealer In liulr. Hair-net, a nut tor enclosing a lady's hair. Hair-oil, scented oil lor moistening the hiiir. II air-pencils, small brushes used by artists t made of the fine hairs of the mnrten, bad- ger, polecat, &c. mounted In quills or white iron tubes. See Cauel-bair-pencil Ma- KKR. Hair-fik, a double pin or bent wire for con- iliilng a lady's hair. Hair-plubib Maker, a manufacturer of black horsehair plumes borne by nmtes, or for hurties drawing funeral carriages, or hearses, &c. Hair-powder, flour applied to the hair, worn by old men and footmen; in this country a tax is levied on the privilege of wearing hair-powder. HAiR-sEATiMa, woven liorse-hair, used for covering chairs, couches, and cushions. Hair-sievb. asleveorstroinur with a woven horsehair bottom. Hair-worker, a fancy workman in hair, who makes ornamentsfor wear ; bracelets, lockets, pictures, &c. in human liair. Hakb, a shed for drying draining tiles; a large fish, the Merlucius vulgaris, fre> quently found three tei t in length : In North America it is split and dry-cured like cod, and often passes under the name of stock-flsh, but on the British coasts it is usually sold tresh. * Hakeeu, an eastern physician. Hakkn, a wooden frame-harrow without teeth, used in parts of Belgium. Halberd, a military spear or pole-axe ; the cross-bar on a horse-shoe. Halbe-kopf, a piece of Austrian money of Halfa, a name in Algeria for the Lygeum Spartum and several species of Stipa, which are used in the manufacture of cordage, bagging, paper, &c. [and ate. Half-and-half, a mixture of beer or porter Half-boarder, a day-boarder at a school; a scholar not permanently resident Half-bred, a mongrel; a race horse not pure-blooded; a coursing dog not com- pletely trained. Half-crown, the second in value of the British current silver coins, worth 28. ed. : weighing rather more than 9 dwts. > grains (0.9-1818). Tlie number of these pieces coined at the mint in the last few years has been aa follows :— 1848 l»l,87t I I8S0 483,ItO 184» >6I,360 I ISftl ............ 1,4M none coined since. Half-fabthino, a British copper coin, the 8th part of a penny, of which a few tons have been struck within the last three or fouryears; the number of pieces issued be- tween 18A3 and 18S6 was 3,985,776: 102 taalf-farthlngs weigh a pound avoirdupois. Half-Holidat, the half of the day taken from work, and devoted to rest or amuse- ment. Half-hundred, a weight of 66 lbs. U.ALF Imperial, a kind of mill-boaid 23^ by 16^ Inches; whole Imuiriul is 32 by 22|. Ualf-odncb, the moiety of the ounce, which in avoirdupois is 2182 grains ; in troy weight 240 grains. Half-pat, a moiety of the usual pay. Half-pennt, a piece of two fartlilngs, the second in value ot the British current copper coins ; weighing 146 grains : 48 weigh a pound avoirdupois. The follow- ing numbers of these pieces have recently been issued : l»18 323.500 IHil 215,040 1858 637,056 I8&8 1,559,040 1S.M 18, 401,56n 1855 7,455,837 mw 1,942,080 I8S7 1,189,780 Hamt-pikb, a boardlng-plke used in ships. Half-pint, a measure of two gills, the fourth part of a quart, and ~ 17-3206 cubic inches. Half-pound, 6 ounces troy, or 8 ounces avoirdupois. Half-pbicb, lialf the cost ; a reduced charge for admission to a theatre, late In the evening. Half-qdarteb DAT, a period of six weeks, ft-om the last rent day. Half-round, in bulluing, a semi-ch:cular moulding. Half-botal, a kind of mill-hoard, of which there are two sizes, small 20^ by 13 inches, and large 21 by 14; large whole royal is 26} by 20| ; long royal is 34 by 21, double royal 46 by 21. Half-soybbeign, the second in value of the English current gold coins, weighing 2 dwts. 13.63724 grains, and worth 10s. The following Is a return of the number of half-sovereigns coined at the British mine since 1848:— Ho. 1848 410,595 1849 845,118 1850 179,595 1851 773,573 1852 1,377,671 Wo. 1853 8,708,796 1854 1,125,144 1855 1,12n..l62 \m} ?•«"'*»» Half-stuff, in manufactures any thtng half-formed; the name for a partially- prepared pulp for paper-makliig. Half- WAT, mid-way; equi-distant from the Hali, a weight used in Malacca, about 39 lbs. avoirdupois. HAM [187] HAN vnlue of the nrorthSs. 6aclty, formerly used in Sweden, ranging from S} to 11} gallons. Halter, a rope or strap and headstall for leading a horse ; a rope for hanging male- factors. II ALVANNEB, a miner who dresses and washes the impurities from crude ores. Halvaks, impure ores, which require to be washed and freed irom impurities. Halve, to divide or share into equal portions. Halve-net, Haave-net, In Scotland, a flxed bag-net, placed within water-mark, to prevent flsh returning with the tide. IIalta, the Malay name for ginger. Haltabds; ropes or tackles used for hoist- ing and lowering yards and sails on their respective masts. Ham, a cured or smoked leg of pork, mut- ton, Ac IIauals, porters In Constantinople, who carry Immense weights between them, suspended on poles supported on their shoulders. Haubel, a species of woollen blanket or carpet used in Algeria. Ham-cdbeb, a Salter and smoker of hams. Hahe, the collar for a draught-horse or ox ; the crooked pieces of wood or Iron which form the collar. Hausson (French), a fish-book. Hake-hanufactitbeb, a collar-maker. Hamlet, a small village. Hamma, the lesser or leeward boat of th« double canoe used in the Pacific. Hammel, a small shed with a yard. Uammbb, a workman's tool ; a well-known striking instrument, used in varioua trades; thus there are blacksmiths' hammers, glaziers', carpenters', und up- holsterers' hammers; claw, rivettinir, Bledge, smiths', wrencli, and veneer hammers ; part of a gunlock. Haumer-axe, a doiible tool, having a hammer at one side of the handle, and an axe at the other. Hammer BEAM, a tie-beam. IIammkr-cloth, an ornamental covering to the coachman's seat, principally used fur the more elegant kinds of couches. IIahmer-deessed, a term applied to build- ing stone which Iiom been hewn witli a pick or pointed hammer. Hahmeker, a blacksmith; a worker on metnU at an anvil. Hammkr-head, the solid shaped piece of Iron which is fitted to a handle for strikintr with, and which Is sent In large Quantities or strings, packed in casks, to ifferent parts. H AMMER-HAKEB,a manufiicturer of hammer- Hammerman, a name in Scotland for a smith. Hammer-bail Maker, a manufacturer of parts of the machinery for a piano-forta Hammock, a hanging bed, or a swinging cot; tliose used to sleep in on board slilp are strips of canvas sewn together, hung by cords or lines to elects In the upper- dock beams. On shore tliey are frequently made of plaited or twisted grass. Hamper, a wicker-work patmler. Ham-shop, a provision shop; an eating- house where cooked victuals are sold. Ham-sandwich, a slice of ham between bread and butter. Hamster, a small rodent animal, the Criee- tusfrumentarim, the fUr of which is us'?d for many purposes; the animal Is very plenttfid in paits of the Continent Han, a caravansary or inn in the Levant Hand, ;,lie palm ; a measure of four inches, used for ascertaining the height of horses ; a set of cards; a workman; the form of writing or penmanship; a bundle or headof tobacco-leaves tied together, with- out the stem belnff stripped. Hand-ball, a small stuffed ball for children's Bmusement Hand-babbow, a frame or tray with bandies at each end, carried between two per- sons. Hand-basket, aportable basket with handle. Uand-bell, a small portable sounding In- strument, rung by the hand, often kept on a table for summoning servants. HAND-saL, a chopper or pruning hook; a smnll printed sheet distributed by hand to persons, or delivered tVom house to house. Hand book, a manual of reference. Hand-brace, an instrument to hold a boring tool. [hand. Hand-bbeadtb, tbe palm; the size of the HAN [188] HAR or Hand^boouct, a imall leather bucket wooden patl thut U easily lifted. HAMS^OHtnot, a box for making batter, worked by the hand. HAin>-OKANK. a crank turned by the hand. HAMDOurn, Iron iliuckles or manaclca tbr the wrlit HAKD-yoRK, a prong; an agrlculturul im- ^plement. Dahdfcl, a imall quantity of any thing; aa much aa can be graxped In the nnnd. Hand OALLOotr AMD DorBLKAlAKRR, a work- man who makes those urtlclus Ity hniid. HAiTD-OALLor, an easy pnce ot a horite. IIand-osar, the contrlvuncea for working steam-engine valvoH. HAMDatAflS, a small glazed fV-ame for shel- tering and forwarding out-door iilmit!*. Hand-obenade, a grenade to be tliruwn by the hand. Hand-guide, an Instrument for Insuring to the player a good position of the hunds and arms on tne pianoforte. Hand-hammer, a workman's tool ; a small light hammer. See Hammer. H.vND-iiooK, a smith'ri toul. Handicap, a kind ut race. Handicraftsman, a mechanic or artificer; an artisan or liand-worki-r. Handiness, neatness, skill, dexterity. Hand-kase, a kind of cheese made In Ger- many from sour milk. Handkerchief, a silk, cotton, or linen cloth to wipe the face, or wear about the neck. Handle, the halt; the part of nny thing taken in the hand, by which It is usud or lifted, as of a saucepan, a kuile, a sword, tfec. Hand-lead, a small lead fastened to a line, used tor sounding, In rivers and harbours, or tor ascertaining the depth of wells, (fee. Hand-light, a portable lantern ; a blue light. Hand-line, a small flshing-llne. Hand-hallet, a wooden hammer or beater. Hand-mill, a quern; n small iron mill for grinding grain, pepper, coffee, or other articles, worked by tne hand. Uand-flane, a carpenter's smoothing or facing plan& Hand-rail, a leaning support In a ship ; a stair rail supported by balusters. Hand-bail Maker, a manufacturer of patent shaped rails for stulis, &u. mode by machinery. Hands, a sea-term for the sailors or available tbrco of a ship ; factory-workmen ; dock- lubuurers, &c. TIand-saw, the largest saw used by hand. Handsaw-file. See File. Hand-screen, an orniunental screen for keeping off the heat of the fire. Hand-screw, a jack or engine for raising heavy timbers or weights. Hand-screw Maker, a manufacturer of lifting jacks. Handsel, an earnest money paid to close a bargain. See Earnest. Handsomely. In nautical language, dexter- ously, slowly, carefully. Handspike, a long woodca bar used for turning a windlass, &c. Hand-staff, a stout walklng-gtic!^ ; the upper or holdiug part of u flalL llAMD-vioK, a small portable vice. IIamd-writimo, the cost or form of writing peculiar to a person. Handy- HiLLT, a wutc-h-tacklo In a sh'n Hamoak (French), a shod; a cart-lu «t coach-house. Hanger, a seaman'* cutlass, a short round curved sword. Hanoer-on, a miner employed at the bottom of the shaft, in tlxing the skip or bucket to the chnln. IlANGiNoa, tapestry or curtains; room pa- pers. HANorNO-ninELr, a suspended shelfln a pan- try or room to avoid ruts. Hanoino-slf.eves, large loose sleeves to a lady's dress. Hangman, a public executioner. Hang-net, a net with a large mesh. Hank, a coll ; a skein or head of thraad, silk, or cotton, &c. ; two or more threads twisted and tied together; a yam-mea- sure which, for cotton yam, consists ot 7 leas, or 480 yards ; for worsted yam the leas are longer, making the length of the hank 000 yards. Hanks, rings or hoops of wood, rope or iron round a stay in a ship, to secure a sail to, Hansard, the name of the books which contain the official printed records of the proceedings in Parliament, and named after the printer. Hansb, a trading corporation, anciently sy- nonymous with the term guild. Hansom Cab, a two-wheeled street carri- age, named after the Inventor. Haou. a name in China for the tenth part Ota dollar. Hapse. See Hasp. Uaque, a French name lur herrings prepared for bait. Haqcetier, a French drayman, the driver ot a haquet, a kind of low cart. Harbaia, a measure of capacity, used In Tripoli, Barbary, and other parts of Nor- thern Africa, = about 20J lbs. Harbour, a technical name, in the glnss trade, for a chest 6 or 7 fieet long, to hold the mixed ingredients, previous to being put in the pot for Aislon ; a safe port, or haven, for snips to lie ut anchor In. Harbour-dues, the cliarges made to ships, for using a harbour and moorings, ibc. Harbour-light, a light to guide ships on entering a harbour HARBOim-MASTKR, the officer in charge of a port, who has the superintendence of the shipping. Haiu>ary. See Coss. Hardbake, a kind of sweetmeat of baked sugar, sometimes with blanched almonds. Hardener, one who brings tools down to the proper temper. Harder, a kina of mallet about twelve Inches long, caught near the coasts of the Cape colony, which are cured In brine, and sent up the country in small casks, for the use of the farmers. Uardes (French), clothes, luggage, apparel Hard-fish, a name In Scotland for cod, ling, (fee. salted and dried. Habd-boe, a (bmale fish or spawuer. /y loe. rm or writing in n Hh''^ a cart-hj mi a ihort round at the bottom i|i or buckut to ina; room pa« ahelfin apan- i aleeves to a er, me»h. tad of thr«wd, more threads a yani-iiiea- m, conilst* <>t rated yarn the I lengCb of the vood, rope or ip, to lecure a books which records of the t, and named , anciently gy- ulld. d street carri- tor. the tcntb part Tings prepared lan, the driver art. ncity, used in r parts of Jf or- bs. , in the (riniis t long, to bold vioui to being a safe port, or chor in. mude to ships, Drinks, lice, guide ships on in charge of a endence of tlie meat of bakod iched almonds, tools down 10 about twelve the coasts of cured in brine, (i small casks, [gage, appareL tlaud for cod, }awuer. IT AR [1R9J IT AT llARDWARB, Rood* manufactured irom iiictMiN; articles of Ironmongery in par- ticular. Hakdwari-ocalrr, IIaedwarkman, a viiiiliT of hardware. 1 1 AHi> WOOD-MERCHANT, a dealer in maho> gnnv and turnerv woods. IlAiiiiWooDa, In the timber trade, birch, licfch, maple, mahogany, ebuny, && i liravy, close-grained woods, chietiy used I7 the tnmer. • 11 ARE, a rodent animal, widely distributed, which is hunted and shot for Ita flesh and for its skin. IlAKR-SKiN, the skin of the hare, vended for Its tUr, which forms a large article ol commerce. lUnicoT, French or kidney bonns; a dish unnslsttnR of mutton stewed with tunilps nnd carrots. IlAKKEM, a UelRlan rake or harrow. llAULE, the reed or brlttlu ntim of flax, separated IVom the fliament. Haklkquin, a male dancer; the principal performer in a pantomime. llARMONEON. See AiKLODKUN. llAKMONicoN, a musical Instrument, whence the sound U obtained by striking with a cork on pieces of glass loosely HUi-pundud. llARMONiNK, a inoduni wind Instrument. llARMONiPHON, a Small Instrument with a key-board, in which the sounds are pro- duced from small metal tongues, acted upon by blowing through a flexible tube. IlARMONOMETER, an instrument tbr ascer- taining the harmonic relation uf sounds. IlAUNESS, the gear and trappings for a ilriinghf-horse; furniture or equipment for It carriaue ; tbr m loom, &c. 1 1 A UN ESS BOOK-MUSMN. See M C8LIX. Haknems-cask, a cask or high tub with a lid guarded by a rim, whicii conits a small way down the cask; used on board ship lor keeping salted meats ready at hand for dully use. IlAUNKS8-cinuiiER, a dresser of leather for harness saddlery purposes. Harn'ess-hakgr, a manufhctnrer of fuml- lurc for carnages, and horse-trappings. llARNESs-PLATER, a workman who prepares or plates the metal work lor Imrness. llARNKss-poi.isHEu, a bilghtiier of the liar- nessofcarriagei<. Harness-boom, a store-place where harness Is kept. HARNKss-sMirn. a metal worker who forms the iron-work for saddlery. llARNEfs Weavers, operatives employed In I'ldslcy in weaving the more coni|>llcated pnttcnis of shawls. Harp, a musical Instrument, consisting of a tnnnKUlar frame, furnlsliid with a set of Btrhms, and pedals; n scarce or sifting Im- plement for cleansing grain, or scieciunK eiirtii or lime. IlAUP-LUTit, a mnslcal instrmnent Hari'-makkr, a mnnufucturer uf harps. Harpoon, a kind of spear with a barbed point, thrown by the liand, used in whale tishing, and for killing porpoises and other flail. It Is attached to a line, in order to recover it, and secure the prey to which it becomes fastened. Harpoonrr. the MMiniun who use* the harpoon. In n whale-boat [sMara. II ARPouN-MARER, R manufaotiireror wnaUnit Hakp-skal, iho Phoea Oroenlandtea ana J*, oeeanica, about feet In length. Bit Heals. IIakphicuoro, an old kind of musical inatru- ntent, provided with quliia In place of hammers to sound the sirlnga, now super- seded by the iilanolorte. IIaup-btuino aIaker, a manufacturer ot gut and wire strings for the harp. IIakua. a weight ot Hurat about Wi Iba., avolrdu|)ol». llARitiKK, a small hound for coursing harea. II ARROW, an agricultural Implement; a ftauie with teeth, for scarl ying or loosing the surfHce soil: of whicli there are two Unds, heavy and light. IIarhela, a name sometimes given to the oki', a Turkish weiglit, rather lesa than Slits. Harslet, the pluck of a pig; the heart, liver, and lights. Hart, the stag or male of the doer. liAHTALL, unotlier name tbr orplment In the Kastern markets. IlARTE-RRRflT, ail African antelope. Hartshorn, raspings from the horn of the deer, which are used inedlclnaily. When boiled to a Jelly It is nutritive, and a pungent volatile spirit was tbrmerly ob- tained by distillation from the horn, i>ut it Is now made tVoin carbonate of animonta and similar products of bone. Hartshorn-shavek, a preparer of hartahorn ra.spltigs. Harvest, the time of reaping grain, or gatlierlng In any crop. Harvester, an American machine for cutting clover and timothy seed, &c. Hakvest-hohe, the festival of eelebratlng the completion ot the grain harVpsf. Hash, a ragout; meat cut up into small pieces and cooked. Hahp, a fastening ; a clasp for a staple. Hassock, a footstool or cushion to kneel on; originally a rush-mat cushion, but now of more general signification. Hassock-haker, a manufacturer of foot- stools. Hastener, a metal kitchen-stand for keeping in the heat of the Are to the Joint while cooking. Haster, a Belgian grain measure, contain- ing about 860 French bushels. Hastt-puddino, boiled dough which has been leaveued with yeast. Hat-band, a cloth or crape band for the hat, worn In mourning; a gold band worn by beadles, footman, -bani>, a bookbinder's material of narrow silk or other substance, sold in pieces of a certain number of yards. Head-boaks, the cross-board of a bedstead near tlie head. HBAO-BORonoH, a constable; the ^.liitf ofHcer ot a township. IlEAD-DBESS, a Cap, leathers, or any orna- ment worn on the head by females. Headek, a cooper who closes casks; a workman who heads nails or pins ; a brick witL a short face in front. Headers, a building term for bricks or stones placed lengthways across the wall instead of in the direction of the wall. Head-fast, a rope to secure a ship's bows to the wharf or shore. Head-gasdeneb, the chief or principal gar- dener. Headinq, pieces of wood suited for closing sugar hogsheads, and other casks of mer- chandise. Head-lines, in printing, lines conspicuously displayed at the top ot a pa^e, or to a chapter, which are set in small capitals ; in navigation, ropes next the yards. Head-han, a principal workman; in the West Indies the chief nf a gang of negro labourers. [school. Head-master, the principal teacher in a Head-qcarters, the depot ot a regiment. Head-rope, that part of the bolt-rope fastened to a sail. Head-sails, the various sails of a ship which are set on or bef )re the foremast. Headsman, a putter or labourer in a colliery, who conveys the coals from the workings to the horseway. Head-stall, the part of a horse's bridle, which goes over the head. Head-stone, an upright tombstone erected at the place where the head of the corpse lies, and usually bearing an inscription. Head-swobd, a miner's term in Cornwall for water running through the adit. Head-teacbkb, the cliiet assistant in a school. Head-waiter, the superintendant or prin- cipal table servant at an Ina Headway, the progress made by a ship or boat in the water : a pai><«age in a mine driven in the direction ofthe layer of coal. Head-workman, the principal operative in an establishment. BJtAL, to tUe or cover as with a root Healds, the harness for guiding tlie warp- threads in a weaver's loom. Heap, a pile, as of stones, dung, Ac. Heap-keeper, a miner who overlooks the cleaning of coal on the surface. Hearse, a flmeral carriage for conveying a corpse to he buried. Hearse-cloth, a coffin palL II earth, a floor for a Are. Hearth-bboom, Hearth-bbcsh, a sweep- ing brush for the hearth or gnite. Heahth-euq, an ornamental rug of carpet- work laid before a flre-henrth. Heartu-ruq Maker, a curpL-t-weavcr. one who manufactures ornamental rugs for rooms. Hearth-stone, soft stone for whitening door steps or paving stones in a yard, Ac. Hearth-stone Maker, a stone worker; a manufacturer of the flat stones laid down before fire-grates or stoves in the rooms of dwelling-houses. Heart-wood, the central part of the trunk of a tree; timber within the eap-wood. Heatei^ a triangular mass of iron, which is heated in the Are, and put into a box-iron to smooth clothes. Heave, to throw ; to employ force in lifting or moving resisting substances or weiglity goods. Heaveils, a class of men employed about docks, taking Koods from barges and flats; short wc jen bars tapering at each end, used as a purchase or prising lever. Heavy, weighty; ponderous. Heavt-laden, vessels sitting deep in the water, which have a full cargo ; vehicles carryinir a large burthen. Heavy-metal, guns of large size, carrying balls of heavy welgiit Heck, a door latch ; a flshlng-net ; an ap- paratus for warping ; a cattle-rack. Heckle, a flax-dresser's comb, consisting of several rows of long metal spikes or teeth, fixed into rounder oblong blocks of wood, for cleaning and subdividing the fibre of flax; also, a flax-dnsslng machine of a similar nature, consisting of combs of iron teeth arranged on cylinders, which separates, straigntens, cleanses, and in some cases splits the fibres. Heckling, Hackling, a roiigli process of combing flax with a heckle. Hectare, the principal French land mea- sure or new arpent, consisting of a square of 100 metres on every side, equal to 2471 Englisli acres, or 2 acres, 1 rood, 36 square poles, 11^ square yards : 17 liectares are nearly 42 imperial acres. Hecto, a Greek prefix to French welglits and measures, signifying a hundred times grenter. HECTOGRiVMHE, the ROW name for tlie ounce ot the Frencli decimal pound ; a weight for Jewels and precious metals, equal to one imndred grammes, or rather more than 3i avoirdupois otmces (8.5277). Hectoutre, a French measure of capacity, the new setier, containing one hundred litres, equal to 276 bushels : 2 9-lOth hecto- litres are about one English quarter. Tlio hectolitre of wheat is equal to 11| pecks imperial measure. HEL [192] HEM Bectouktbe, a French measure of lengtli of 100 metres, containing J09 yards and 13 1-lOth inches, or 19*884 poles. HecTOSTERB, 100 stores, or French cubical metres, » 8S31-741 cubic feet. Heddle, a part of the weaver's loom. See Heai,i>8. Heddle-haker, a manufacturer of flax combs, and of weavers' utensils. Hedge, a tence of bushes or living plants; a bank or mound. Hedgehoo, a dredging-machine, employed in harbour works and rivers, for remov- ing shoals, formed by accumulated mud or silt; an animal, the Enncueut Euro- pceus, sometimes kept in bake-houses and Kitchens to eat up cockroaches. Hedgeb, a wc/kman wlio lius the charge of repairing hedges and ditches. Hedoe-scissobs, shears for trimming quick- set hedges. Hedging-oloves, strong leather gloves. Heel, the after-part of the keel; a nautical term for the lower end of any thing, as of a rafter, a tool, a mast, boom, stem-post, Ac: the hinder part of the sole of a boot or shoe. Heel-ball Maeeb, a maker of a hard wax or polishing substance, used by shoemn- kers, 10 give a shining bluuk suitace to the sole edges of new b>)ots or shoes. Heelino, in navigation, a vessel leaning over ; putting new heel-pieces to boots. IIeel-tif, an iron plate or protection for tlie heels of boots and shoes. Heex, the Chinese name for a district. Heeb, a yarn measure; a heer of 24 cuts, or 240 threads, is 600 yards. JIeebabole, an Indian name for myrrli. Heekacussee, a name for copperas or sul- phate of iron in India. Heerasaccn, a name in the Bombay tariff for dragon's blood H.E.I.C., the abbreviation for the "Hon. Eiist India Company." Heifeb, a young cow. Helaha, a tree in the Pacific islands, the seed of which is used to make necklaces. Helbeh, an agricultural seed witli a some- what bitter taste whose flour Is mixed with dourah or dhurra by the labourers of Egypt. Heliometeb, a kind of telescope, with two object Klasses. for measuring the diameter of the sun, moon, and planets. Helioscope, a telescope for viewing the sun through coloured glass without injury to the eyes. Hkliostat, a philosophical instrument for reflecting an image of the sun into tlie telescope of a theodolite at a distant sta- tion : a train of clock-work so rotates a mirror that on being once adjusted it follows the sun's motion, requiring only winding and occasional adjustment to give a constant vivid station-signal when the sun shines. Heliotrope, green quartz with blood-red spots and veins; a flower. See Blood- stoke. Heller, a former money of account at Aix-la-Chapelle, the fourth part of a busche, 6 buscbes making one mark, and 54 marks the rixdollar; a German weight about 7 grains imperial; the half of a Danish denier, and of the Austrian pen- Ing ; also, the eighth part of a kreutzer of Vienna. • Hellier, a slater or tiler. Helu, the tiller of a ship, but also applied to the collective apparatus or machinery by which a vessel is steered, comprising the rudder, wheel, tiller-ropes, &c Heluet, a horse-soldier's headpiece, a pro- tection for the head; the upper part of a retort. Helhet-haeer, a maker of defensive cover- ings for the head, worn by soldiers, fire- men, &c Helmet-shell, a common name for several species of Cassides which are used for cutting cameos from: the principal being Ccusii eornuta, C. ruja, and C. tuherosa. Helmsman, the man at the wheel who steers a ship. Help, aid; assistance; an American name for a hired servant; in Russia the name for an aid or assistant at a furnace. Helpmate, an assistant. Helve, the long handle of a tool. Helve-uamher, a large ponderous black- smith's hammer for manufacturing wrought iron. Hem, the border of a garment doubled and sewed over, to strengthen it and prevent the ravelling of the threads. Hematin, the colouring principle of log- wood. Hematite, a rich ore of iron of which there are several varieties, the red, black, pur- ple, brown, ic ENOIU.YEB, a die sinker; ti seal engraver. Herald-painter, an artist who emblazons arms and crusts on carringe>panels, hatchments, irge trade is carried on, on both shores of the Atlantic. In £lorth America the fall herrings are fbX, and fully equal In every respect to the best Scotch herrihgs ; bnt the spring herrings, being taken ih tlie verr act of spawning, are thin and poor, and of little value whether ftosh or salted. Herse. the French name for a harrow; a lattice ; a church candlestick. Hebst-pan, a fVying-pan. Hessian-boots, a kind of long boota. Hew, to cut by blows with an edged instru- ment ; to shape with an axe. Hewer, a worker in wood; a stonemason; a collier; one who cuts or shapes the rough material. Hexacbord, a musical instrument with six Htrings. [head. Hhd., the commercial abbreviation for nogx- Hiccatee, a ft'esh-water tortoise of Central America, esteemed for its Uver and feet, which are gelatinous when dressed. HirKORT, the wood of Carya alba and C. glabra. North American trees, which possesses probably tlie greatest strength and tenacity of any other pf tbe indigenous trees. It is used for making handspikes, and for a variety of purposes, but unfortu- nately it is liable to be eaten by worms, and lacks durability. The small white nuts are sometimes Imported as a table ftnit Hide, an old English land-measure of about 100 acres; but Dngdalo computes it at 9fl acres only : the skin of any large or full-grown animal, as the ox, the horse, the DulTalo, &c. Hides are Imported or brought to market dry, green, dressed, or undressed. See Peltries. Hide-rope, rope made of strands of cow- hide plaited, which is very durable, and used for wheel-ropes^ traces, jigger and purchase* ropes. Higgler, a cIiiifTer; a travelling dealer In provisions or small wares. [town. High-bailiff, the chief oiflcer of acorporate Hioh-fbessube Engine, a steam-engine in which the steam is not condensed but ad- mitted into the cylinder at a very high temperature, and tlierefore an exceedingly strong boiler is required. IliGH-noAD, a public way for vehicles, &c. High-seasoned, tiavoured with spices or other seasoning. High-water, the highest state of the tide ; the turning-point just before the ebb com- mences. IlKiii-WATER Mark, the mark made on the shore when the tide Is at its highest. Highway, a public thoroughfare or road for t raflic. Highway-bate, a road-rate for the main- tenance of the public roads In good order. liiLSAB, an esteemed native flsh of the Ganges. It Is very oily and bony; when marinaded, baked with vinegar, or pre- served in tamarind?, it is very flue. Hilt, tne upper part of a sword or otlier weapon or tool. Himt, Himten. a German com measure, varying In different localities. It raii^'cs from 5} up to nearly 10 gallons. In Han- over 9AY. ■beds; dlbbllng- Is to plant pieces lire of capacity, _ which, when liised chiefly for fen's garments; purposes. Hollands, a superior kind of gin. See Ge- neva. HoLLOW-oiRDER, an iron girder not solid. Hollow -WARE, a general trade-name given to various articles, such as cast-iron kitchen utensils, earthenware, r the sand iaunce, Ammodytet Tobianut. HouNER, a worker In born ; in olden times an outlaw, one who bad been denounced by the formality of blowing a horn. HoaxEKs' Company, one of the minor livery companies of London, incorporated in 1(!38: it has no hall. HoRN-FisH, a name fbr the gar-fish. Horn- lantern, a lantern having plates or sheets of thin pressed horn iu tne frame, instead of glass. HoKN-HAKEB, a Workman who moulds horns into drinking-cups. HoRN-ME«CHANT, a dealer In horns. HoRNO (Spanish), a furnace. IIORN-piKE, a common flsh in the Black Sea, the Esox Belone, cauglit every where. Hornpipe, an animatea dance. HORN- PLATE, a transparent sheet of horn fbr lanterns, &c. HuRN-PREssEB, one who softens and pre- pares horn for working, by heat, &c. Horns, a miner's name for the guides for tlio ropes on the drum. Horn- silver, a native chloride of silver which is often found in tlie mines of Mexico and Peru. Houn-stone, a kind of quartz resembling horn, used for formitig the grinding blocks of flint mills, in the pottery manufacture. See Chert-stone. Horn-tips, the solid pointed tops of horns, which are used fbr tinibrella-tops, knife- hafidles, and many other purposes. HOROORAPHT, the art of constructhig dials. Horologer, a watchmaker. Horometeb, au instrument fbr measuring the hount. HOROMETRT, the art of measuring time by hours and subordinate divisions. Horse, a wooden frame fbrtowelsorclothes; a stool or tressel used by many workmen; the carrying part of a machine, as in tile- making; a foot-rope from the middle ot a sliip's yard : a well-known animal, valued for its docility and usefulness to man. Horse-barqe, one towed by hordes on a canal or narrow river. Horse-bazaar, a place for the sale of horsen. iloRSE-BEAN, a species of Fata extetislvely grown in fields fbr feeding iiorsus. There are several varieties, as the Scotch horse- bean, the tick, or field-bean of different kinds, 0( surgeon. Horsb-dr] the horn littered. HORSE-DUI stables, ■ transportius; lurs, &c. 1 or vehicle tor jay; anencli)- Tinto a vessel. Jies and trains lor draught. WOR [197] II O T lioBSB-oHnTKirr, a tree, the yEsculut Mppoeastanum; the white wood is uiied f(>r the backs of brushes, and for making the ornamental articles of Tunbridse- ware. The bark is used on the Continent as a febrifnec, and of the nuts or xeeds starch and vermicelli have been mnde. IIoBSE-ciRCcs. See Circus. lIonsE-CLOTH, a blanket or wrapper for a horse. HoBSE-coLLAR Makeb, a makor of stuffed collars for draught horses. Horse-comb, a strong comb used by Brooms for combing the mane and tall of horses. Horse-dealer, a trader in horses. HoRSE-DOCTOB, a fltrrier ; a veterinary surgeon. HoKSE-DRENCB, a drastic purge for a horse ; the horn by which the medicine is admin- istered. IIOBSE-DCNO, the droppings fVom horses, in stables, &c collected for mnnure. HoBSE-FAiB, a market for the sale of horses. HORSK-FETTLEK, a Workman In mines who provides for, and attends to, tiie horses kept underground. Horse-flesh, a name for a species of Bahamas mahogany; the carcase of horses sold to the knackers. HoRSE-oif AM, a name In India for a variety of pulse, the produce r>fJJolkhos unifloruit, also called Cooltie and Uulmt in some parts. HoRSE-ouABDS, monnted soldiers; a fine British cavalry regiment. HoBSE-HAiR, the long hair of the mane and tall of the horse, which Is valuable for many trade purposes. HoBSE-HiDE, the skin of the horse, which, when tanned, makes the strong cordovan leather, and is also used for covering large board-room or office tal)1es. HoitsE-HOE, an ugricultural implcmeiil drawn by a horse, used to weed turnips or to extirpate weeds, and loosen tiie .xoil In other crops. HoRSE-jocKET, one who rides a raoe-horse. Horse-keeper, a groom or staoieuinn ; one who looks after horses. Horse-knacker, a purchaser of diseased or worn-out horses, who kills them for their commercial products. [draw. HoRSE-LOAD, the weight which a horse can Horseman, an equestrian. Horse-mill, a mill worked by a horse. Horse-poweb, the strength of a horse in draught: the dynamical unit employed to express the force of the working action of a steam-engine. Estimating that a horse will walk with a load of 200 Ib.s. at the r."ite of 2J miles an hour, this gives 44.(H)0 feet per minute as the average value of a horse's power; 1 lb. could therefore be ral.sed that height in a minnte. House-race, a running match between horses to test their speed and endurance. IIoRSE-BASiSH, the pungcut root of the (.'ochlearia Artnoracia, used as a condi- ment, on account of its puugent, acrid, and stimulant qualities. HoBSE-RADisH THEE, a commoH name for the Moringa pterygo»perma, the seeds of which ftu-nish the nntd watchmaker's oil, known as oil of ben ; the bark yields a gum like trngacanth, and the acrid leaves are used In curries and also as sinapismn. Horse- REPOSITORY, a place where horses are kept on sale and view, or put up at auction periodically. Horseruo. See Hokse-blankit. UoRSE-RUN, a contrivance In deep earth- works tor drawing up and lowering a man with a wheelbarrow. IIoRSE-snoEB, a blacksmith who puts shoes on horses' feet. HoRSE-sHOEs, semicircular plates of Iron nailed to the hoots o( liorses, to protect the frog or sole of the foot. [horites. hoRSE-STABLE, a shelter and house for HoiwE-TAiL, the Vnw liair of the tall ot the horse is of cotislderahle commercial value, being appllenble to many uses, See HoBSE-HAiit A plant used for polishing. /See Dutch-push. Horse-trainer, one who trains horses lor running races. Horse-trappings, the saddlery and harnci^s lor a horse. Horse-trouoh, a wooden cistern, kept filled with water before rond-side Inns, for wagoners' or wayfarers' horses to drink fVom. HoRSE-WHiM, a mnchlnc for raising ore from a mine-shaft, worked by a horse. Horse-whip, a light whip for a liorspmnn ; those for ladles are often very elegantly monnted. Horticui-tcbal Show, a public exhibition of fruit and vepetables. Horticulturlst, a gfirdenerf one who cul- tivates vegetables and fruit. Hose, socks, stockinjis, or coverings for the legs; leather, canvas, or other pipes for conveying water on shore or atlojit. Hoshens, Hoeshins (Scotch), stockings without feet. Hosier, one who lealsln stockings, shawls, gloves, braces, laces, and under garments, uiu for tho isu. t: buildings ot id dimengions, [govurnnieiit. Iln«8 levied by turtiilnniciit, or r customers, on ' house. le-hook or case, s, buttons, (fee, rs. jtectlon to any up In liarliour 3d at sen, made sed lor seizings, udian cnrriaxe; til trappings, on rife. ir or short gun, ;e, for throw] u;^ gunpowder and lutch vessel; a tlshing-smack, p employed on ■Ing cargo from y- horse -power," ofa hookah, or and diamonds, ins troy, coarse diaper, lltiig. iler or minor rant vender ot or tray. The in tho West imposed tbr id :S shrimps, adingcorpora- iiid exclusive reater part ot :a. It collects Ich it derives B [leather, nenting glided r-keeper In a uer, a process- aw up and de- les concerned, name for tar- ^t HUN [1991 IIYD IIULK, the old hull of a vessel, employed for various purposes; In naval harbours for a receiving-ship, to wliicli the olllcers and crew are turned over, while tlicirown vessel Is rellttlnx. Hulks are nlso used for marine pollce-atatlons, huspltaW, cu.il- depots, (tea Hull, the bodvofaship; to decorticate oats, or otiicr grains. UuLL-Dowx, a nautical term, signifying that only the masts and sal's of h vcjisuI are seen In tlio distance, tlic hull or body oi tho ship being concealed by tho con- vexity of the sea. HcLLtNO, the process of cleaning grass- seeds and cereal grains. HaLWAEE, a rersian sweetmeat or baked jelly made of fruit, namlied sugar, and uutter, much used In Western India. Hum, tho milt or soft roe of a codfish, esteemed a delicacy in Scotland. HuMALL, a class ot servants in nnmliay, employed either as a paluiuiuin-biiarei' or tor domestic purposes. HusLVN-HAiii.MANUFACTunEn, a wlg-raakor; an ornamentnl worker in lialr. HuHBALAtr, the .Maiay mime for lac. Humbles. Umbles, a name given to the en- trails of the deer, wliicii are eaten. Hu'HMAUL, an Indinn porter or palanquin- bearer. See Hu.MAT.L. HuMMELEK, an Instrument for clearing barley of the hauins or avels. See liAULEr AVELEB. HuMMiNO-Top, a hollow spliining-top; a child's toy. Hummocks, pieces of ice thrown up by pres- sure from large fragments coming In contact. lluMMUMs, a house where sweating baths can be had. Hu.MP-BACKED WHALE, a spccIcs of whale of wlilch there are two iirincipal varieties, the Megaptcra lonfjiiiiana, and ^f. A ineri- cana, which yield some of the wlialel)ono of commerce. HmiULiJf, the narcotic principle of the bop. Hundred, In numeration twice titty ; but In commerce, a variiible amount of different goods; usually 112U)9. In Helghiin, tlie hun- dred of articles sold at market is invariably 104 pieces. The hundred ofplanks ordeals in Sweden is 120, in Westewyckl24, In Chris- tiana 127, and in some otlier iiortiiern ports 132. In Riga and Elsinore the great hun- dred Is 20 gross, or 2880 pieces. It is also the name of a district or division of a county. See CIreat Hundred. Hundred-weight, the ciiief British mea- sure of weight for bulky articles, contain- ing 112 lbs. avoirdupois; tiie 20th pnrtot a ton. It Is generally written for shortness' sake, cict. See (Jwt. IIuNDU.^, a measure hi Ceylon equal to a handful. IIuNGARY-WATER, Water distilled from tlie tops of rosemary tlowera with some spirits of wine. Hunt, a chase with dogs ; the portion of country hunted with hounds. IlTjNTER, a pursuer of wild animals for sport or sustenance; also a strong heavy horso salted for the chase. IIiTNTivo-nooTg, long boots with white topi, Hu.sriNC-»ox, HuNTiNo-sEAT, a temporary residence when hunting. HoMTiso-coAT. a scarlet or green coat, or some particular costume worn by a com- pany of hunters. HuNisHAN, the whlpper-ln or manager of a pack of hounds. Hdkda, a name for myrabolams or country galls In India. HuRULK, a moveable wooden frame of split timber, or wattled osiers; an iron fence for protecting trees, enclosing land, orfold- liig cattle and sheep. lluuns, the refuse of Uax; any waste tow or oakum. HURDY-GUBDT, a dinning musical Instru- ment; a kind of rude hand grliullng street organ. HuRKiVHiT, arunningfootman In the East; a Calcutta dally paper so called. II URLEii, In Scotland, one employed In carry- iiiif stones, peats, &c. on a wheel-barrow. Hurries, timber stages, having spouts, by which coals arc shot Into vessels. HuRSE-SEiN, a name for the hard tuber- culutcd skin ofa fish, from whlchshagreeii Is made, to cover lancet-cases, pocket- books, sword-hilts, Ac. Hurtal, an Indian ..:nne for yellow arsenic, or orpiment. See II \rtall. HusBANOAGE, the agent or managing ow- ner's allowance or commission, for attend- ing to a ship's business. IlusBAND-LAND, all old .Scotch term for a division of laiil llio Hiirfaco by a xliari) timtruiiu'iit. IsoiHidt, a cultliiK-loi'tli : tlKiHO of tlio wal- rus, wild boar, lilppopotainim, and ndiiki otliur unlinals, vntur Into connncrco lor Ivorv, Inci.ink, to loan over; toslupogrndnnlly, as an lui'linud plane. InrLoHiiKK, coinnionablo or wnMo land, lakun In lor oulturo. .sVc K.nci.ohiuk. IxniAtHAlSpanlHli). an boM|iltiil ri)i'ti)iiiiilllni,'f«. iNci.itMivu, uonipi't'lu ndud In llii' numbor or Nnin. iNOuMni'sTini.E {'i.oTir, Is nuuleolilu'r of ns- bi'siii.s aitruH, or llnt^n dipped lii u solntlun of alum, or naUaunnnnlae. Ini;omk, a Htlprnd; tlio receipts or ualiiH derived rrmii labonr, biislnesH, or property t>r any kind; as iroiii tliu produeu oi' a fiirin; tliereiitol'liouMesorland: the pro- cecd!« of literary or profe88loinil busliieitg; llio prolltH of coininerco or of occupation; the Interest on l\jnded property; or Jolnt- Ktoek seeniitleii. iNcoMK-r-vx Coi.i.EOTon. a Roveriuncnt olll- o.lal, who collects tlio property and In- como tax, levied by H»o State; rceelvliiK' a prrccntaso conunl.H^lon for liU labours. Incomk-tax C"ommissionm;i{8, rc.xpon.slblo persons appointed to assrss tneouies for taxation, and to aiUudlcutc upon iippuaLs rulatlnu tliureto. Incominos, reeelpt.s; money paid on onterlnkc upon a business, li^.v IMCOMINO TKNANT,tlie persMii who p.'i"«lnt<> possession of a house, n who au.'eeeds another on a farm. Inconveutiule, not transinutablo or ch:in»tcable ; some securities or liivot- moiits aro convurtlblo hito stuck, &c. ; others are not so. Incrustation, a lur or 8cdli7ient; an nc- cumnhitlon of lime, '^c. on the inside of stoani-bollers; In bnlldiiig, work llxed with cement or cramp Irons Into notches made to rci'clve It. Inoitbatok, a maclilnc for hatching eggs by nrtlilclal licat. See llATcniNG Aiu'aua- Incumbency, the state of holdinir a bcne- tico, or being In possession of at; olllee. Incumbent, the holder of a I n.llce: n clergyman who Is resident on his benetlee, having tho spiritual charge of his district or parlsli. Incumbeked Estate, a landed property bur- dened with niurtgago charges, tor which provision lias lately lieen made in com- missions, taking over tho managenirnt of such from proprlet)r». Thiis tliero Is an Trlsh EnonmUered Estate Commission ; a West In'liau 'incumbered Esi;ato Com- ki.'isloi', tc. T '/tii,i;n . i\ fast c: ur; what cannot be bK^ftv ; out IrDi!i-\iFtCATioN, "-cuHng against loss, w.irii ge, or peualiv. See Insubance and CJ i^IANTEE. Indentation, a notch or mark cut in any tiling— running In uiid out i'<.o n row vf teeth. Iniientukr, an obligation by writing, a con* tract iiM of aiipri'iiticeslilp. Originally Mi« deed or writing wiim Mtrlrtly nn indentnrei the two copies were fae-slinliea, one buniR written or Indented over the otlii^r. Index, an alphabetical tabic of rulerence to tliu conlentH of n book ; a pointer or needle which turns on a pivot; the ex- ponent of a power : a directing post. Index-iianum, the imlnters of a clock, watch, or other re.;|gterlng niaelilne. Indkx-makku, one who makes Indexes of HUbJectH, or catalogues of cunvenlent re- ference, Ac, iNDiA-MArriN'i, grass or reed mats, made III the East Ironi Ihtpyrwt coiyibom largo (tiiantltlt'H of whiuTi are Inip' itud. Indiana (Spanish), chintz. Indian-ink, a black pignient nso'l for watc ' colour painting. See (!iiinaini , iNDIAN-MADDEll. Sfe t^llAT. Imiian-oak, u naiiiu Hinnetlines applied to the teak- wood, Tcclona i/i iiniiis, [ochio. Indian-bed, a purple earih, a varletv of iNDiAN-siior, a name for the Canna JnHka, which lurnlshes a uselul lllire. Indi AS-YELUiw, a dye of tiiiestlonablo origin, 8;iid to be procured from tliu urine oi tlio cow, after eating decayed and yellow mango leaves; other aulhorlties refer it to camels' dung. Analysis shows it to be composed cliielly ut uurrcic acid, com- bined with magnesia. Its name, in sonio parts of the Eist, Is I'urreo, iNDiA-uuBMKR .Manuk-votuueb. See Caout- CHOIO Manukaowreu. Indicator, an Index miichlno for various purposes; a water-gauge In a steain- engiiiu; a stone-biocli lor marking boun- daries of land, &c. Indictment, a written accusation or chargo In a publlccourt, made intlietlrst instance by a grand jury. Indioo, a blue dye-stnflf of commerce, ob- tained principally Irom the le.ives of various species ot Indigo/era^ largely cul- tivated in India ; but other plants ykll It in small nuaiititles. iNDioo-ni.UE, washing blue prepared in small lumps for laundresses, who use it to tint the watev for rinsliig their linen. Indioo-manuf . TURi R, a preparer of tho colouring . ai.. I by nuceratlon, itc. trom the leaves <>! I'l-^ 'udigo plant. Indioo-plat' I i'. • . ' • .tor of t' ' whicli is ■' ' •■ V rt-n in thi, .. i Indies; bi'. . mei.^ largely cultivated in the West Indies and Central America. iNDiaiMiTADLE, Undeniable, not open to cavil ; policies of Insurance which are not to b» questioned wlien once granted, are termed lndls|)utable. Indite, to commit words to writing; to direct or dictate to another. Indorsement, a writing at the back of a deed or note. Indouser, one who writes his name at tlio back of a promissory note, or bill ot ex- change, and thus mokes himself respon- sible for Its payment. See Endorse. Indbain, the Himtuatani name forcolocyntta. Indkajiiw naini'H i Wriiihtii llllhlge. bark of ( iNDItl'T, to Si'ShIoii, ( iNinrriA. ai nut, stri lNDI'^TI lAI Ideii":', il •'■ii .1 I til 1 ' t I.VI'b I'h* a Mblle irn^nstry, 'N 'UAf, Wl. 10 N( UBoiUi oe( Inei.koant, bealllvj I iNJMNfiNO iNKNCr, Ht pi'rsoii ui ' rnnsldcrei Inpvntry, f INKDHIOR, (1 best ol air Inpirmahv,' erally one ported bv I Inpi.ammabi. Inform A I,, n trary to In InK()RMATI0> enquiry an nirainst a n •"reach ol tl Informer, t charging a customs 01 a moiety o Infraction, law, or on I Infhinoeme* or right ; a the patent Infusible, ii melted. Infi'mion. a 1 big bolinu tea in tea-i Inoa IJeans, of the liorsi 'no\te, ana 'I metal; t INGKNIO (Spn boiling hoi I.NOENUITV, r in any opei iNOLK (Span side. Ingot, a sr metal, as o of an iudefl ingots oft countries i pass curre Uurmah g< ounce welf! local curre recent pro gold pass c INO C 2oa J INK i'h« a row of »rltliiK, neon* OriKlniilty '\\t ntilmloiitiiroi lluH, oiiu bviiiR I! (itlii^r. [)l rclcreiipc to II pointer iir ilvot; Itie «x- liiK post, ricloik, wotch, II!. kos luilexos ol loiivt'iilciit re- it mnts, innitr ro in)|i' I'tuil. uicdt'or wHtu ' men npi>llr« rol'ur it \n Bhowa It to rreic ucid, coin- name, In Bouiu 0. EB. iSfeeCAOUT- Ino for various li In a Btouin- niurkiiiu bouii- mtloii or cliiirso liellrst lnstiini;e comnierco, ob- tlu' le.ives of era, Irtrwelv cul- ;r plants yicM It 10 prepared in ,08, WllOUSC it to tlu'ir linen, preparer of tlio naeeratlon, Ac. igo plant. ,tor of ! ' ' .v!\ In the 'i arRelvculllvated antral Americiu lot open to cavil; cli are not to bo nted, are termed to writing; to er. it the back of a his name nt tlio te, or bill ot ex- i lilmsclf respon- se Endorse. imcforcolocyntn. Inhhajow, Indiiuaw, iNintiMiin, Iniliiin imilK-N tor the lllteiMely jijtli'r KeeiN ii| Wfiijlitia oiititli/tend'rii'ii, uiteil m u ver- iiiihiKM, Tlio liiirk lurniNlieit the coiu'hni- •>nrk of eiMinnerco, iNOiu'T, to liitrodiioe; t« ptit In octuiil I'oh- Hi'KHlon, or limtal In ollli'o. iNiiiroA, an Iniilaii name (or the clcariiii,' lint, Strychnon pntntonim. Indi'-iti iai. relii'intf to liidiHtry: thoMe Ideii'Mid >ltli tlio mitimtiietiirInK pur- Ri'ii <'j pi'>(|(i('|n^ iirtK, arc itald to lie iii- iii , ' VI ••'llleil. Ini ;. "hi '. IllirrioV, Isni'MTBlA!, Hl(r)W, K ii'l)llo ii'tplay of oliJect!« ol ulliitv, Inriewtry, aii.l Hklll. (Ni lUAt. McMDiii,, n tradct sehnol; one wii ru tiomu lit the mi'cliunli'al urti or iixniUi 0('( uiialioiiit are taiiulit. Inki.k()a.>4T, philn ; waiitliig polish oi heuiily; noi miiulMome. [olives. lNl'^NCl.NO (.Hiunmli), oil mndo o( lirecii iNP'Mcr, strletl.. chllillinoil; but In law. .v lierson under vlieaue or 21, who Ih imt ' ciiiialdered aiisweruDu-. lor ilehts lucurrtil. Tni'vntky, foot soldiers In i:ii army. iNKi.HioK, of second-rate (piidlty; not the hcMt ol liny tliliiK. iNriKMAKY, an hospital for tho sick; ((en* erally one tree to the piiliilc, and sup- ported liy cliarltahle coiiti'lliutlons. iNri.AMMAiiLK, easily Het on tire. Inkokmai^ not renniiir, or eiihtomary; con- trary to InHtriicilons. IsKouMATioN. liiteiliKeiice Klven; ajudlrhil enquiry mill prouess; an aeciHatioii lalil ni;alnsi n person In u civil court of soiik' hreaeli ol tlie liiw. Infohmkr, one wlio lays an Information charKint; a party with some hreaeli of tlie customs orcxeise laws; nnii wlio receives a moiety of tlio penalty reioven il. Infkaction, a breach or violation of ii rule, law, or ordinance. Inkuinokmknt, :i violation of an agreement, or riglit ; an inlraction of copyrlglit, or ol the patent rights of anotlier. Infunirle, incapable of fusion, or of being melted. IrfFi'sioN. a preparation obtained by pntir- Ing boiling water on a substance, as uii tea In tea-making. In«a iiEANS, a Brazilian iinmo for the pods of the horse cassia or h:isturd cassia. iNn\TE, an aperture in a mould for pouring called the teilge. iNiJKNm (Spanish), a steain-eiiginc ; asugar- bolllng house. I.NOKNaiTY, ready Invention ; dexterity, skill in any operation. INOLK (Spanish), iitroin; (Scotch), a fire- side. Ingot, a small weilge-shaped mass of metal, as oil In, coi'pi-r. tjolil or silver, f tlie i voloua metals {lass current, as silver iii China. In iurmah gold and silver ingots, of iialf an ounce weight nvoiniupols, lorm part ol tho local currency. In ^Sl'ilth Australia, t>y a recent provincial law, coined ingots of gold pass current at 71s. the ounce. iNoiiKiiiKVi roiii|ii>ni lit part <«r a com- |ioiiiii| boii>; one cff niimy sulisttMneei, ImiiiaIV, n name alven (o yan «, woola, tic., lived with fast colour*' l>elurii int«nutao» tare. iNiiiiiiMsiN',, pnri'hasing large quantitt('« of eorii or oilier mereliaiiiilHe nil N|ieculMtli)ii, with an expectation ot liicreualiitl their value. iNiiAitiTAiiLR, fit for ocrupatloii ; n dwull- im^-lioiiMe in tfooil teiinntalile rnnilltion. iNiiAiirrANr, an oci'iipier; a dweller or rmK ili'iil In a lioiiMe, or city Ac. iNiiKinTANcK, an extate enl'vid by h' >• ' - tary right; laiids Invented In perpelu. « it u person and Ids heirs. Imiiiiiiiun, a proeens in the law of .Swrt- liiiid, liitei'dletliig a party lioin dlsi>imtilK ol Ills real estate, In prejudice of the ilt-bi eiMliiied. IMIN (Irish and Welsli), an island. iNrriALs, tliu Hot or capital letteri* of a n lull'. iNrriATR, to Instruct In tho rudlmenu of an art; to aei|Uiiiiit with. iN.iEirrioM, a iiudlrati d iqiior thrown l'»lo a eavlty by a syrlnce. I.s.iEOTiKN-1-iPK, a pipe for InJiMtlm? cold water into the coiuicnKer of an eiiKhie. iN'.niiAit, an Indiim name lor bistort twr, used In liit>morrliav:e. iNJiiN'CTiDN, a legal prohililtloii or restrain' . IIS upon the InlrliiKeineiit ol a |iatent riKlit iNjiTitv, damage done to goods, fixtures, oi rights, (to. Ink, a ,Iap.ineso long measure, nearly 7.t Inches; a pigment or fluid for writing or printing with, of wiileh there are several kinds. HIack writhig-liik Is commonly made from salts of Iron, with various astringent vegetable Infusions. The best materials are snlphati! of Iron and nut- galls, suspended liy mucilage of gum arable; otiier ingredients, as logwooil, sulpliiito of copper, and sugar, are some- times added, itlue Ink is made with sul- phate ot Indigo; red Ink with Brazil wood infused In viiieuar or alcohol, alum and gum. Black printing-ink Is made of lamp-black. liiiHeed oil, rosin, brown soap, and a small qunotlty ot indlLio. fiee Inc. iNKDorrLK, a receptacle for ink of varioui forms. iNKiNr.itou.ER, a composition roller with handles, us(«l by printers lor spreading ink over type, wood-cut blocks, or engraved plates. iNKiNii-TAHt.E, a tabic of apocuiiar construc- tion, used by letter-press printers to sup- ply the roller with the leijuislte quantity oiliik during tiie process of printing. iNKi.E, a species of broad linen tape; wroneht inkle is iirincipally used in Manchester; nnwrouKht inkle, or short spinel, is bleaclied yarn. Ink-powder Maker, a manufacturer of a dry composition lor makiiiK ink with. Inkstand, a tray or stand for holding an Ink bottle, pen.s, &c. Inkstand-maker, a manufacturer of ink- holders and the wooden or other orna- mental stands in wtiich the bottles arv tixed. u INS [204] TNT Inlanb-bilis, drafts and bills of exchange, drawn and payable in tlie siime country. l^■LAND-'^lADE, interior or domestic trade; tiie home transport and 8upi>ly of Roods over tlie country, and wldcli does not pass the sea. Inlayer, a mosaic worker; acablnet-malier who ornament!! worli witli veneers or devices in various-coloured woods; a innnnfncturerot" papier-mftchd wlio inserts nacreous shell Into a prepared ground. IXLET, an entrance ; a creek or bay; inserted materials. Inmate, a lodger; an occupier ; the member of a household ; one who lives with a family. Inmeats (Scotch), those parts of the Inies- tines used for food. Inn, a tavcn orhotcl;aplaceof lodsingand entertainment; dlflering from a public or ale house, which docs not usuullypro- vide beds or food (or travellers. Innholdehs' Company, one of the livery companies of London, whose hall is in College-street, Dowgate-hlll. Innixgs, In cricket, or other games, the turn to play ; a spell at work. Inn-keeper, a tavern-keeper. Innovation, a novelty or change; a de- parture from old practices, laws, or cus- toms. Input (Scotch), the share In a contribution ; the balance in change of money. Inquest, a judicial Inquiry or examination. .S'ee CoKONEB's Inqukst. iNiiUiLiNO (Spanish), a tenant. Inquiry, a scrutiny, or iuvestig.ation ; a close examination. Inscribe, to write or engrave on any thing ; to mark with characters; to address or dedicate. Inscription, a writing or title on a tomb, or on an address ; a piece oJ' plate presented, &c. IKSEBTIONS, narrow strips of lace, embroi- dered muslin or cambric, sold for inlets in handkerchiefs, dresses, Ac. ; work in general, added or joined, to enlarge or ornament ladies' liancy-work. Insides, passengers in the interior of a ve- hicle; perliBct paper, from which tiie out- sides or faulty sheets have been removed. Insignia, badges of ofHce; decorations. Insolvent, incompetent to pay all just de- mands ; in pecuniary difficulties. Insolvent Court, asiieciully appointed law court in London and the provinces, hav- ing jurisdiction over the a (fairs of insol- vents ; and in wliicli causes are heard be- fore acommissioni'r, who adjudicates upon them, and discharges or remiinds the in- solvent, according to the tentures of the case, as brought before him by documents or evidence. Insolvent-petitioner, an Insolvent who claims to be heard and relieved from his debts. INSPAN, to yoke drauelit oxen. [tion. Inspection, a surveillance; an exannna- Inspector, a superintendant or overseer; an officer of a public company, asagas in- spector. There are also inspectors of schools, of police, &c Instalments, a debt divided into soveraJ parts, and paid at different times. Instant, the present or current month. iNSTiTOR (.Spanish), a factor or agent. Institution, an establishment, public or social; as a Mechanics' institution, a IJanklng Company, <&o. Instructor, a teacher; one who imparts knowledge or skill of any kind. Instrument, a law term for a written docu- ment or deed ; a tool used (or any purpose ; an artificial machine, as mathematical, nautical, philosophical, and electro-mag- netic instrumeuts. [stmmcnts. Instkujiental, pertaining to musical in- iNSTRUMENT-MAiuiR, a manufacturer of in- struments of any kind. Insulate, to isolate or detach ; to separate or cut off, as in electricity. Insulator, a non-conductor of electricity. iNSURANCii, an indcnmillcation for loss :rt sea, obtained by paying a percentage on ships or goods; also against fire on houses or furniture. Insueance-bboker, an intermediate agent between the uiarine Insurance-otDces and theinsurers,wlu>efl'ectspolicie8upon ships, cargo, and passengers' effect-', &c. Insurance-clerk, an assistant officer em- ployed in an insurance-ofiice. Insur.\nce-company, a joint-stock associa- tion, wliich grants policies of insurance against fire, wreck, window-breaking, &c. Insurance - OFFICE, the office or building wlicre an Insurance Company conducts its business. iNsuUi^cE- POLICY, the legal document or contract given bv an Insurance Com- pany, to a party who has paid the premium required, as a guarantee against risk. Intaglio, a name given to small gems in which the design is indented, or engraved, instead of being raised, as in cameos. Intan, the Malay name for the diamond. Integer, a whole quantity numUer, in con- tradistinction to a fractional part. Intelligence Office, a telegraph office; a servants' registry; an office where information may be obtained. In the United States there are many of these offices established for difTereut purposes; for the transmission of news; for regis- tering the addresses of individuals ; lor forwarding nows, advices, ok or n Interpreti h languages I •fee. ; one parties. Intersect, t and cross e Interstice, n Hpace betwi Intertie, hoi two posts. Intervale, a of a river; the border dies, a path or space bel Interview, < (erence. Interweave, or unite in 1 INTE.STATK, d will. Intimation, a given ; a dt Intoxicate, t Introduce, t( iNTRODUCTIOt dissertation into a cou into the pi or by letter. Intromission passing thi intenneddli Intruder, on vited; ape tory or piac slon previoi Invalid, wea weight or c( Invalidity, t formality. iNVALID'S-CHi what are te ing out inlir air. Invention, tli in the conti article invei Inventor, a maker of so Inventory, a of a ship's goods intern of fixtures, . house, shop, Invernaculo preserving \ Investioatioi inve.stigatoh to look int( afTaJrs of a c In\'estment, 1 into Boveral Imes. it month. : agent. nt, public or Institution, u wtao imparts nd. written docu- r anv purpose ; nathemaiical, I electro-n>an- [strumonts. 3 musical in- 'acturw of iii- i; to separnte rf electricity. I for loss in. sea, ita)«e on sliips on iiouses or mediate agent ice-otfices and slesupon ships, nt officer em- ce. •stock associa* s of insurance -breaking, &c, ;e or buildinp pany conducts I document or surance Com- d the preniiuni iiinst rislc. small gems in d, or engraved, 1 cameos, e diamond, uniiier, in con- 1 part. cgraph ofBce; oflice where ineti. In the [lany of these rent purposes ; ivs; for regis- lividuals; loi ic. octor or super- earth. )u or corre- use of money usiness or un- interval bc- sross beam, together, aves of paper, ited leaves or ir corrections 'een tlie prc- IXV [205] IRO 1^•TKRI,0CTJTI0N, an Intermsdiato act or de- cree before final decision. INTKRLUDE, a farce or liwht piece performed at n tlieatre between the first play and the after- piece. Inteumediate, interposed, lying between. iNTEBocEANic, lying between two seas; a c< nnnunication connecting two oceans— as a railway, road, Iodide of Potassium, a mediciua) prepara- tion for scrofulous diseases. Iodine, a valuable chemical preparation from kelp or the ashes of sea-weed. I. (). v., an acknowledgment for money or goods lent. Ii-ECAfTJANHA, a medicinal powder, pre- pared from the root of the CephaelU Jpecacuanha, containing an emetic prin- ciple. Ii'i.iK, the common Turkish word for thread or yarn. Ipsola (Spanish), a kind of wool. I RASA, a dry measure of Mysore of 10 lbs. Iridium, a rare white metal found hi com- bination with platinum and osmium : being a very hard substance, it is used for tipping or pointing metallic pens. Irish-moss, a marine plant brought frotn Ireland, and obtainea from the Chondrus crispus, which being nutritive, cmull'cnt, anddcmulcent, is used medicinally, and for various economic purposes. See Cab^ rageen. Ibisu-stew, a kind of hash conslsthig of potatoes and meat boiled together. Irlanda (Spanisli). fine Irish linen. Iron, the most common and most important of the useiui metals: of iron tiiere are at least forty kinds of ores, but the most valuable are the oxides and carbonate. It enters Into commerce in its maiiufao* tured stoti) under various forms, the principal kinds being bar and bolt iron; iron castings, hoop iron, nails, pig, tube, rivet, plate or sheet, railway, and rod iron. Iron and tin-plate Worker, a worker in malleable iron, who shapes articles ftom the thin plates of metal. lHi>N-BEDSTE.vD MAKER, a manufacturer of l)ed»teads or frames of iron. litoN-cHAiN Maker, a manufacturer of chain cables for vessels, or tor suspen- sion purposes. Iron-fastened; vessels whose planks and timbers are rivetted with iron nails and bolts instCi'd ot copper, arc said to be iron- tastened. Ikon-fknce and utiRDLK MAKER, a maiiu- taiturer ot articles so named. IiiON-FouNDER, a metal caster who runs iron into various shapes. iRox-FuUKDEHs' Pattern-maker, a manu- facturer of moulds, &c. tor metal-ionn- ilers. Iron-foundry, a place where iron castings lire made. Iron-heatbh. the piece of metal which is heated in the fire for a laundress's box- iron or Italian-iron. Iron-holder, a stand for a laundress's smoothiug-lrou. IRO [206] IVO Ironing-blanket, a coarse blanket used ns a sinootli Burfaco by laundresses when Ironing linen. iKONiNO-noAnn, a tailor's board for presslnj? cloth on wltn an iron to smooth the scams, (fee, ; a laundress's board, covered witli flannel, for ironing ladles' dresses ; a table. Ikon-liquor, a solution of acetate of iron used as a ninrdant by calico printers. It Is usually called printers' liquor. Ikon-master, a manuiactun'r of raw aiid bar Iron; the owner of siiultins worlts, or blast l"uruaccs for making irou iVom the ore. luoN-MERCiiANi', a Wholesale dealer In Iron. Ikonmonokr, a shop-keeper who vends hardware, and iron tools and utensils. luoxMONOEits" Company, tlie tenth in rank of the twelve principal livery companies of London: iheir first charter was granted in 3 Edward IV., ad., 1463. Their hall is in F'encliurch street. IRONMONOEKS' TOOLS, the tools uscd bv many trades sold by ironmouKcra ; such as hammers, axes, saws, chisels, gim- lets, &c. Ironmongert, miscellaneous articles of Iron, consisting of fenders, flre-lrons, prates, ovens, pans, kettles, pots, spades, shovels, and other articles of hardware, usually sold by ironmongers. Ikon-mould, a mark on linen made by the rust of iron. Iron-plate Worker, a manufacturer of plates of iron for boilers, bridges, iron ships, &c. Irons, tools for heating at a fire, as laun- dresses' flat and box smoothing-irons for clothes; tailors' and hatters' irons, &c.; the poker, tongs, ai-d sliovel, for a grate; shackles or manacles for the legs. Iron-scraps, the cuttings and parings of iron work which are saved, collected to- gether, and melted again in the puddling fiirnace. Iron-sjuth, a worker in iron. iRON-sPooN, a kitchen spoon used by cooks. Iron-steam-boat Builder, an engineer who constructs vessels of plates of Iron rivetted together. Iron ships and steamers are now coming very generally into use. Iron-stone, the argillaceous carbonate of iron, commonly known as clay iron-stone. Iron-wire, metal drawn Intoslenderthreads from wire iron, and used for making rope, fencing, riddles, bird-cages, flower- stands &C. Ikon-wire Weaver, a manufacturer of ar- ticles with iron wire. Iron-wood, a common name for many trees, producing hard, ponderous, close- grained woods; in America, for the Ostrya Virginica, a tree which only grows to a small size, but the white wood is com- pact, finely grained and heavy. There Is an iron-wood In Brazil, but the tree yielding it is not defined. Another iron- wood entering into commerce is the Metro- sideros vertis, brought from China. The j4r^a»ia«'(ierox!/ton,of Morocco, Is another close, hard wood which sinks in water. Ibon-wosk, any thing^ made of iron; the parts or pieces of a building or maclilne which consists of Iron. Irrigation, the practice of flooding land in arid countries. Iski.otte, another name for the zlote, a Kussian silver coin of 15 silver copecks, about (id. Isinglass, the commercial name for the pmest form of animal jelly obtained ft'om the swinniiing-bladder of various fish. It is a substance well known in oonmierce, and employed both In tbe arts and domes- tic economy, being used in confectionery and cooking, and for clarifying wine anil beer. Tho best Isinglass is obtained lu Kussia Irom the sturgeon, and is divided into leaf and book (first and second), and staple. About 300 los. of isinglass are ob- tained from louo fish. Brazilian i!cipntiflc names of plants are given in this dictionary. Italian-iron, a laundress's heater for Hut- ing and smoothing frills, &c. Italian Maple, a noble tree (Acer opalu.i), much prized in Italy as a sliade tree, for avenues and public walks. Italian Oak, tlie Quercus Esciihn, a native of the South of liuroiie ; where tlie sweet acorns aro often ground and made into bread along with wheat flour, Italian lira-OKA'rS, a plant, the LoUum Italicum, wlilcli produces u coarse kind of seed. Italian Warkhouseilvn. an oil-man : aven- der of macaroni, vernilcelli, olive oil, dried fruits, provisions, and sucli like comes- tibles. Item, a Malay name for ducks ; a memoran- dum; a new article; one of the particulars of an account iTiKiBOUKA-nALLi, a wood chiefly used In British Guiana lor cabinet work, believed to be obtained from Machuerium Schom- burgkii. Itinerant, a wanderer; a pedlar; a work- man who travels from place to place. Itinerary, a distance guide, &c. for tr;i- velleis; an account or description of a country. Itzibo. a Japanese gold coin worth about one shIUing and Rixpence. IvoKY, the commercial name for the bony matter of tho tusks of tho elephant, the teeth of tho hippopotamus and walrus, the horn of the narwiial, piements of stone for use in war or in the chase, were chiefly fbrmed of native blood -red Jasper, exceedingly flne and hard, and often times emulating the ap- pearance oftlie semi-pellucid gems. Jatai, a Brazilian name tbr the locust-tree Jlymencea oourbaril. Jatamamsi, the Indian name for spike- nard, Nardostachys Jatamansi. Jatee, the common Indian name for Jos- minwn gramdifloruvfi. Jatipaibi, an Kastern name fbr maoe. Jatiphali, a Sanscrit name for the nutmeg. Jatbopha-oil. See Physio Nut. Jattb (French), a poir'nger; a wooden bowL Jauoeir (French), a ganger. Jaulinoite, a new mineral resin obtained from the lignite of Jauling. Jaunting-car, a light car used in Ireland. Java Rupee, a Dutch silver coin, passing current in the Eastern Archipelago for about Is. 8d. Javblaoe (French), laying corn m heaps to dry. Javelin Man, a sheriff's guard at assizes. Jawatbi, a name in Hindustan for mace. Jaw-leveb, an instrument tbr opening the mouth and adnilninistering medicine tu cattle. Jaws, the inner ends of the booms or gatis ot a ship iioilowed in. Jean, a twilled cotton made both striped and white. Satin jeans are woven like satin, with a smooth glossy surface, and are used for stays, shoes^ children's trocks, <&c. JEUDABT-JUG, an old brass vessel, holdhig about 8 Scotch gills, still used as a stan- dard measure, ))eing kept in the custody of the Dean of Guild. Jeeapootra, a name in Hindustan for the nuts ot Futranjiva Roxbnrghii, wlilch are strung by the natives roiiud the necks of their children, as an anmlet to keep them in health. Jeera, an Indian name for cumin-seed. Jeers, tackles used in a ship, for hoisting tlie lower yards. Jegget, a sausage. Jelly, a homogeneous mass. The principal animal Jellies are gelatin, glue, and Isinglass ; the vegetable jellies are those in which the syrups of fruits are made hito Dreserves. Jelly-mould, a contiBctioner's shape for making jelly in. .lEHiDAK, a subaltern native officer in Jnrtia. corresponding to our ensign or lieuteimiit. Jemmies, a woollen cloth made in Scotland, also called shafts ; house-breakers' tool^. Jexmy, an owner ot slaves In Malabar. Jennet, a Spanish horse. Jenneting, an early apple. Jenny, a spinning mnclilne. jEitCATCHREE, an Indian name for nux vomica seeds. Jeriled Beef, beefhung or dried lu the sun. •Jeruaee, an Indian name for Coccuius Indicus. Jbrquer. a cuatom-house ofHcer; ?. searcher. JlCBQUINO, th house office if there ar cealed. Jersey, flne ^ Jerusalem tuberosa : value, and flbre. Jerusalem C diutn botry powerful ex Jesse, a large Jet, a varietj mitting of a up Into mar brooches, bi of water; i mould. Jetee, an Iiu tenacissima, the fibres i tainecrs ma Jetimadii, a torliquorice Jet-lustre, i Jetsam, good! in stress of remain und Lagan-gooi Jettimud, a n. Jetty, the p mole or tiral sengers on. Jet-workeb, ments from , Jewel, a prec Jewel-blocks a ship, tor t through. Je\vel-case, fl and ornamei JEWELLERS'-G( copper or si For trinkets of copper ad( Jewellers'-R( powder used Jewellees'-s^ scraps, dust in Jewellers' factories, in Scotland, tkers' tools. ilulabar. me for nus. id in the sun. for CocculM offlccr; f. JHO [209 ] JOE JlcBQUiNO, the search of a ship by a custom- house officer, called a Jerqucr, to ascertain if there ore any unentered goods con- cealed. Jerset, flne yarn of wool Jerusalem Artichoke, the Helianthm tttberosa : the tubers have a culinary value, and the stems abound in useful fibre. jEKrsALEM Oak, a name for the Chenopo- dium Botrys, a tVai,n-ant plant, said to be a powerful expectorant. Jesse, a large branched candlestick. Jet, a variety of solt bituminous coal, ad- mitting of a fine polish, which is worked up into many kindii of ornaments, such as brooches, bracelets, earrings, &c. ; a spout of water; a tube for melted metal In a mould. Jetee, an Indian name for tlie Marsdenia tenacissima, a, small climbing plant, from the fibres of which the Kajmalil moun- taineers make their bow-strings. Jetimadu, a vernacular name in Hindustan tor liquorice. [polishing grates. Jet-ldstre, a Bohemian black-lead for Jetsam, goods cast into the sea from a ship, in stress of weather, r hard v^heat. TA. asure, 12 feet :ial : in Trince ba is the 20th IJ acre. for wine, mc'^ a mould foi [tbeu. a beast or bur^ . in Lapland, ;er8 0fan Eng- JDUPEB, nn iron punch, with a steel-lllie chisel point, used for boring rocks before blasting; a name for the niaggola of the cheese-lly, Piophila cnsei. Susava, a general name in the tropics for thick brushwood, or very high grass; land covered with forest trees. JcNiFER, a name for kIm. JUNii'EB-BEUiUKS, the ilcshy galbulus of Juniperiu communis, employed in medi- cine ; but their chief consumption is for favouring the spirit called ghi. JUNIPER-GUM, a name for African incense, or ollbanuni resin, commonly attributed to tlio Juniperus Lycia; also for gum sun- (larac, the produce of Thi^a articulata. See Arab. JuNiPEu-ou,, a volatile oil, obtained from the berries of Juniperus communis. It is white or yellowish, ilxht, very liquid, of hot and acrid juniper taste, and very strong smell. It is prepared on a large scale in Holland, and often adulterated with turpentine. Junk, hard salted beef supplied to ships: old and condemned pieces of rope and cordage, cut into short lengths, and used for making mats, svvubs, and oakum Asc: a Chinese vessel, from the Malay" t^ong.'* JuNK-SEALEB, a marine store-dealer ; one who vends old rope. JcNKEBiTE, a name given by some minera- logists to spathic iron. Junket, a dish of curdled cream and milk. JuNK-BiNG, a steam-tiglit packing round the piston of a sttam engine. JuPE, a sort of peHsse or short mantle, for- merly worn by women and children ; a flannel shirt or jacket. JuPON (French), an under-petticoat. JUBEEB, a land measure in Cabul, half an English acre. JuitEstA-iiAitK, an nstring ' bark, said to be obtained from the Acacia Jurema, a native of Brazil. JuRon, a member of a jury; one of a body summoned to try a cause. Jury, a body of men sworn to decide upon facts according to the evidence produced before tliem : a grand lury consists of 24, ii spi'clalor petty jury 01 12. [a jury. JuuvMAN, a person summoned to attend on ' Jury-mast, a temporary spar rigged us u I mast. In place of one lost or carried away I by storm, at and bun-pat. A coarse kind of cloth is woven from the jutp, and affords the mate- rials of tile well-known gunny-bags of India. See Gunny-baos. Juv.vNEE, a name In India for the Ptychotis ajuwain. See Ajouan. JuviA, a South American name lor the Brazil nut {IkrthoUetia excelsa). JuwANSA, a name for the camels' thorn (Alhagi maurorum), a thorny shrub used fur making tattees or screens, to hang at windows and doors to keen out the heat and dust. It also furnislies the manna of the desert. Jyntee, a name, in India, for the jEschy' nonfne Sesban, wlilch yields an exceUeut Charcoal used lor making gunpowder. K. KABAB, an inn In Russia. Kaban, a weight of Ternate, one of the Molucca Islands. See Caban. Kabani, an attorney in the Levant. Kabbelow, codfish salted and hung for a few days; a name in narts of Scotland for a mess of cabbage and potatoes. Kabob, a Turkish dish. ICabong, a name in Malacca for the Gomuto palm, the Arenga saccharifera, cultivated there chiefly for its sap, to make jaggery or coarse sugar; but which also yields a strong flbre. See Ejoo-fibre. Kabook, a name for clay iron-stone, the decomposition of which forms a produc- tive reddish loam in Cej'lon. Kabooka, an African caravan of slaves and merchandise in the Congo, Loando, and neighbouring districts. Kachah, the Malay name for glass. iCACHEL, a Dutch tile; an eartlien vessel. KadI'Sane, an Indian name for millet, Panicum miliaceum. KADtncAT, in India, powdered rayrabolams. Kafa, a name in the Friendly islands for Biouet made from coco-nut coir. Kaffak, n Turkish shoe merchant or dealer in slippers. Kafilah, an African caravan consisting of from 1800 to 2000 camels. Kagne, a kind of vennicellL Kahawon, See Cahun. Kahoo, an East Indian name for the lettuce. Kai, a Alalayan grain measure. See Coian. Kakn (Germaii), a boat, Kail-brose. See Kale. K,\il-yabd, a common term in Scotland for a kitchen-garden. Kaimester (German), a wharfinger. Kain-raiu, the Malay name lor linen ; kain- kalambu, being gauze; kaln-layer, cinvas; kain-klpri, diaper ; kain-panas, flannel. Kajaweiis, paimiers for a camel la which women ride in Persia. Kakaralu, a common wood of Demerara, wliich Is very durable in salt water, possessing the quality of resisting the depredations of the sea-worm and bar- nacle. It may be had from 6 to 14 inches square. Kakoon, one of the Hindoo names for Fanicum Italicum. KAP [212] KEU Kalahkari, the Iklalay name tor calico. Kalande, a native goldsniith's weight in Ceylon, almust obsolete, equal to 24 of a ,/ largo red seed used for lt8 subdivisions. The kulande represents about 73} grains. KALiUty, the eighth part of a paw or seer in thu southern Alahratta country, the paw being 1 5-lOths quart. K.vLDEi, the Malay name for the ass. K.U.E, Kail, tlie generic name for colewort, a kitchen plant ; a kind uf pottage made with greens. Kaleidoscopb, a highly ingenious optical instrument, showing, by the clian>,'e of position of small pieces of coloured glass, a great variety of Dcuutil'ul designs, which have been found very useful to pattern- drawers. It was invented by Sir David Brewster of Edinburgh. Kalfatebeb (German), one who caulks s<^anH. Kaiainqee, a weight in Ceylon used for |M!iirl5, supposed, like the chow, to contain 320 fractional parts. One liallingee is equal to 20 manjadies, each containing 7f grains troy. Kalmuck, a kind of shagcy cloth or bear- skin ; a coarse cotton labric made of va- rious colours In Prussia. Kajibisg, the Slalay name for a slieep or goat KAUBon, a name in the Kurlle islands for the Fucui) saccharinus, called by the Kusslans sea-cabbiige; u favourite article of food among all classes in the Japanese empire. TCashsol (German), a waistcoat or jacket. Kammerek (German), a chamberlain or treasm'er. Kan, a liquid measure in Batavia of 91 cubic inches: 33 are equal to about lOJ gallons; 388Batavlakansmakeone leaguer or 160 Engli.^h gallons. Kanastere, a rush basket. IvANcvN. See Cangan. Kangaroo, a marsupial animal peculiar to Australia, which is hunted lor its flesh and its skin. The tail makes excellent soup, and tlic skin when tanned forms a soft and durable shoe leather. Kaninciien (Gentian), a rabbit. K.un'.na, a dry uiiU li(iuid measure of Sweden, 4 pint; 101) being equal to 57 00 gallons Kanne, tlie unit for liquid measure in tiie Netherlands, corres|)oiiding to the French litre, and eUB-TOHOR, the Malay name for liroe^ kapur-makan being line or siiell lime. Karbi, a Hindoo name for the Sorghum Karch, an Austrian weight of 493-89 lbs. avoirdupois. See Charge. Karman. See Buck-wax. Karmesses, fairs held in Belgium and Holland. Karocawn, a term applied to a species of money on some parts of the West coast of Africa, consisting of gold drawn out into a tine wire, and cut afterwards into small pieces. Karoh, another name for the coss, an Indian Itinerary measure. Karoo-vailum Gdm, an Indian name (at Madura) for the gum nf Acacia Arabica. Kaross, a skin cloak very neatly made by the Kafirs, and which are much esteemed for driving wrappers, railway and carri- age rugs, (fee. ; they are made of the wild cat, silver and red jackal, mixed jackal, antelope, and weasel. Kas, a horse-liair sieve; ^ negro drum. Kassa, a kind of fine catechu in cakes, made in India from the nuts or seeds of tlie Areca catechu. Katchdng-oil, an Eastern name forground- nut oil, expressed from the seeds oiArachis hypogaea. Katumbar, the JIalay name for coriander. Kaup (German), a purchase or bargain. KAtre'MANN, a merchant or tradesman in Germany. Kava, Kawa. Se£ Cava. Kavaroo, the Tamil name for Eleusine coracana, a species of millet. Kavel-mell, a large sledge-hammer used in Scotland for breaking stones. Kayla, the Hindoo name for the banana. Kayu-manis, the Malay name for ciniia- mo'i. Keatib, a Turkish scribe, who writes lettcr.s, petitions, contracts, <&c. Keaves, Cuves, chemical vessels employed to contain salts. Keb, a term in Scotland for a premature birth in animals; a slink lamb, &c. Kebabs, .small pieces of roasted meat, dressed with fresh parsley and celery, sold in tiie Turkish bazaars for dinner. Kebbitck, acommon name tor cheese in Scot- land. Kecicling, a sailor's name for old rotnj wound round cables to keep them Iruni chartng. Kkckling-pins, a name in Scotland for wires or needles used in knitting stock- ings. KEL [213] KER of 493-89 lbs. Belgium and the coss, an 5 for Ekusiiie t. hammer used )nes. the banana, me tor cUuiii- Kedqr, a small anchor with an Iron Rtock, used for warping, or lor riding in a harbour or river. Kkel, the lowest and principal timber of a vessel, running the whole length and sup- porting the frames and hull. A lighter or barge, a flat-bottomed vessel nsed In the Tyne for carrying coals to colliers, It contains about 8 Newcastle chaldrons •= 1S| London chaldrons or 21 tons 4 cwt ; but Is commonly taken at 21 tons 1 cwt. 3 quarters ; the keel of coke Is 11 tons. Keklaoe, dues paid fur a ship cnturliig tlie port of Hartlepool, t a boat in Assam, the roof of ! wlilch is covered with the leavcB of the Livistona Jenkituiana, a palm. Khenna, a Perflan dye for the hair, used In the baths of Constantinople. KuisMis, the Malay name tor raisins; bIsp a preserve or sweetmeat. See Ki.ssMissi Khorm.v, a Malay name for the date. Khundee. See Kunoeb. Khus-khus. See Ccscus. F.hcsrgh Survey, a private or native sur- vey of land In Iiid'a. Khway, a Burmese measure of capacity, equal to about one gallon. KiAiioocA-wooD. See Kyabooca, Kiat, a name in Kangoon for tlie ttcal, n piece of sliver money weighing 10 dwts. 10} grs. Kiuear, a small currency of Abvsslnln, consisting of .1 borjookes, or glass beads. Kibble, a bucket, usually of 't ^n, for rais- ing ore to tho surface from a r.dnc-shatT. KiBBLma-MiLi, aiiand-mlllof?t.'"l,attnched to a post, for crushing or 'grinding beans, pease, malt, CA. ir the ticnl, n lilug 10 dwta if AbTBslnin, kIass bonds. ■f-'n, tor rals- uiiiic-sliutT. 't>'''*l,nttnch(?(l Inding beans, ucle on two or bundle ul or other mer- o. arpetlntr, orl- »wn where it t the Inrgtst ared in Scot- iposed of two ;)nrate warped von at Inter- B, as tlie two vals through t at one time elow. When 16 figure will Lit the colours made entirely [tug fl3h. ror, for catch- rsonsto enter ime of pliinla ich used as a mbar regions leys are often idles of sticlcs )ench, around sirays of the ITS. e fir or pine, the seeds of ivhich nro s and tender uch esteemei* by thein it itute for as* aum. roe or hart. ! solid part of ica, imported or local con- KIN [215] KIT KiiJiERKiN, a bier cask, containing 2 flr- kins, or 18 gallons. KiLiABK, a measure of 1000 arcs, equal to 110,0040 square yards, or 24'71 hiiperial acres. Kill. Kcll, the Turkish word for lirlstlc, and for tlie coarse hair on goat skinai Kii.LAH, a miner's mime for clay slate. KiLLow, Kilo, a Turkish dry measure of very variable dimensions in ilitlercrit localities; in ('onstantinople (-(luai to the Winchester bushel, and divided Into 22 okes. In Alexandria, however, It Is about 40934 bushels; In liucharest nearly 11 bushels; and in Ibrail as much as 17^ busliels. KiLL-PAiN, an American specific or quack medicine, so called. Kiln, an oven tor roastlngordrylngraalt and grain, burning bricks, tiles, lime, i^c. ; a furnace i'or annealing glass and pottery ware. [1000 sldfs. Kilooone, a geometrical figure, having KiLoaicvMMK, the I'lenoh pound, a mea- sure of weight of 1000 grammes, equal to about 2 l-5th lbs. avoirdupois, or more exactly 2"20485 lbs. ; 100 kilogrammes, or a quintal, is equal to 1-0680 cwt, 1000 kilo- grammes, or the tonneuu, to 19C86 cwt. To convert pounds avoirdupois Into kilo- grammes, or vice vena, divide or multiply bv 2-20485. Kii^LiTRE, a French dry and grain mea- sure, tliu muid — Uii'317l cubic feet. Kilometre, a Krencli itinerary me'-gure, nearly 5 furlongs ; also called a mllle, the tenth of tlio league, containing one tliou^i- and inbtres, equal to 10030380 yards, or 4 furlongs, 213 yards, 1 foot, 11 Inches. KiLOSTERE, one thousand stores, =35,317-41 cubic feet. Kilt, a Highlander's petticoat; a loose dress extending to the knee. Kimdin, a name in Cambay for a bamboo basket. KiHMEL, a name in Java and the Eastern archipelago, for a liqueur made iVoin ani- seed. KiMMEN, Ktmmond, a name in Scotland for a milk pall, and for a large siialiow brewer's tub. IviN, another name for the catty, a Chinese weijiht. See Catty. KiNCOB, an Indian laced satin. KiNE, an ancient collective name for cows. tviKo, tlie principal piece of a set uf uliess- nien. King-fish, a common name given to several fishes; for Instance, to the Cybiiim Solan- dri, and the Polyntmus plebeius in the East Indies. KiNQ-rosT, the middle post of a roof. King-wood, one of the most beautiful of the bard-woods Imported ; which reaches us from Brazil in trimmed logs, from 2 to 7 Inches in diameter. It is' believed to bo derived from a species of Triptolomcea. It is also called violet -wood, being streaked in violet tints of dilrorent intensities, liner in the grain than rosewood, and is princi- pally used In turning and small cabinet- work, being generally hollow in the heart, and therefore too unaouuu for upholstery. Kink, a twist or bend In a rope. Kino, an astringent substance obtained fVoni various Australian and Indian trees, and containing a largo proportion of tannic arid. It occurs In shining grains of a rich ruby red colour. In Indl;i, lilno is used for dyeing cotton a nankicn colour, and Is also employed In medicine. KiNUO, bandoline, made In India of tho mucilaginous seeds of Salvia pleheia, H. Hrown, which, moistened with water, N used to plaHter back women's hair, and to keep it kIossv and in its place. KiNSii, a lever or bar for quarrying or rais- ing stones. Kintal. See Quintal and Cwt. Kip, a weiKht for tin In Alalacca, of 15 be- doors or 30 tampangs, and containing 40 lbs. 11 oz. avoirdupois. KIPA8, the Mnliiy name for a fan. KiPE, a basket for catching (tsli. Kii'i'EREU Fish, xalmon or other flsli, salted, peppered, and dried. Kit's, a name among tanners for the skins of young animals, though many kips be- long to lUll grown cattle of small breed. KiPsiAU, the Chinese name for a pipkin, also used by the Malays. Kirk, the Scotch name for their Presbyterian or National church. KiBLAcuE, a kind of Turkish llsliter, navi- gating the Danube, ranging from 30 to 100 tons. Kirlanobish, n small Turkish vessel; a tender to tho Admiral's ship. KiuN, a churn; the last handful of Rrnin cut down on the harvest-field in Scotland. KiKN-MiLK, a Scotch name for butter-milk. KiRscu, KIR8CHENWA.SSER, clierry-braudy, a spirit distilled irom cherries in Germany. KissMiss, a small kind of grape, from which tho Shiraz wine is made in Persia. When dried in the form of raisins, it constitutes a laree article of commerce in tho Indian markets. KisT (Hindustani), a stated or agret ly- inent or instalment ; a portion ot .. ix paid by tlie ryot KisTBUNDEE, an Indian contract or aeree- ment lor payments of rent, duties, debts, (fee. by instalments. KisTLEK, a trnnk-maker in Germany. KiSTNARAZ-BULLAH, a grnln-measnrc in Bangalore, of 2 pucca seers, or 4 lb. 3 oz. 5} drams. Kit, a small fiddle; a large bottle; a mllk- pail or churn; the tools, r-8CHUiKr> (Ocrman), a white-smith. KiioiN-WAAUB, KuNciEN-WAABE (Oerman), hardware. Ki.KMPNKn, a Oerman tinker or tinman. Ki.iNOKNSCMMiED, tt Oerman sword-cutlcr. Kt.IXOKN-WAARK. See Kleis-waaue. Ki.iPSPUiNOER, a T>ntcli name In the Cape colony for the Antilope oreotraga't. Ki.iPP-FiscH (Oerman), luh-flsh,drled«cod. Ki.ir-swEET, a species of bitumen ooxliig from the rocks of the Wlnterhorner in the Capo colony, used by the natives to cuio convulsions, &c. Ku)PPLER (Oerman), a lace-mnkcr. Knackek'8 Yakd, a horse-killer's yard; a niace where dead carcases are taken to be cut up for their commercial uses. Knag, the shoot of a deer's horns. Knappino-iiammer, a stone-breaker's ham- mer In Scotland. Knead, to work off a soft mass, as of donsh or clay. Kneadino-machinb, an apparatus (br work- ing douBh by means of a revolvlnj,' spiral. Kneadinc-tbough, a deep tray In whinli (lough is mixed by bakers, and bread- makers. Knecht (German), a man-servant; a work- man or journeyman. Knee, to elbow or bend In the middle; a crank; a bent piece of timber or metnl. Knee-cap, a cover or protection for the knee of a stumbllnR-horso. Knife. See ICnives. Knife-basket, a tray for holding table- Unlves. [tho knife. Knife-blade, the motal or cutting part of Knife-board, a piece of wood, plain, or cased with leather lor cleanhig and polish- ing table-knives. Knife-box, a box with partitions for keep- Ini: superior taoie or dessert-knives. Knife-cleaning jNIachine, a labour-saving machine for pollsliing knives. It consists of a series of bruslics or leather pads wlilch are made to revolve vertically. The knives are arranged in slits on the circum- ference of the case, and are subjected on epcli side to the revolving brushes. Knife-handle, the holding part of the knltiB ; that to which the blade is affl.xcd. Knife-rest, a metal or glass article lor a dinner table to rest carving-knives on. Knife-sharpener, a steel or tool for giving a catting edge to knive& Knifk-trat, a icrvant's tray for deponltlnir kidves In. Knight, a mounted horseman; one of the pieces UKcd In playing the game of choRi. Knistir-gold, a Ocnnan name for gold leaf or tinsel. Knit, to weave by the hand. KMrriNO-MACiiiNE, u machine for weaving and making knitted work, as nets, open curtains, Ac. Knitting-needlb, Knitting-pin, a metal, wooden, or bono pin fur knitting. Knives, cutflni: Instruments for table u«e, nno"iire of about ."ij toS^ bushels. KosKossoo, in Tunis, a dry preparation of seiiiola, or coarse meal. KossANo, a petty money of account In the Malay peninsula; tlio fourth part of the mace. KosT (German), board, food, or diet; hence llie compound words kostganger, a boarder; kostliaus, a boarding-house; kostschule. a boarding-school, etc. KoTAR, an eastern weight of IfiJ Ib.i. Kou, an ancient Chinese measure al)>>iit 17) gallons. [Kiissia. KoUBANKA, a kind of wheat grown in KouKAN, an ornamented silver bracelet. Kou-Kon, ft Tartar name for the St. Itna- tlus bean, the seeds of a species ot Strych- nos (S. Sancti Ignatii, tlie Ignatia amara of some authors), which enjoys a high re- futation in the Chinese Materia Mcdica. t is bitter, and bulievcd to bo a goou vermifuge, but is dangerous from the quantity of strychnine it contains. KouMis. ft lUiuor made in Tartary, from mares' and camels' milk, which has under- gone a certain degree of vinous lermenta- tlon. KouRiE, KowBiE. See C'owdie Pine. Kousso, a medicinal plant, the lirayera anthetinitUica, a native of Abyssinia ; wliicli is reported to be a very efl'ectual vermifuge. KoviGEE, an Indian agrarian measure equal to 4 acres. KoTAN. a variable weight for dry goods in the East; at Lombok it is equn. to 83 piculs, at Batavlato28, at Samarar.g, to 30, and at Singapore to 40. See Cot .n. KUC [218] KUR KoTFUL, an Indian name for wild nutmegs. Kjti'ju^ an enclodnre for cattle in the Cape colony ; also applied to the huts of the natives. Krama, a woman's wooden clog or sandal. Khaher, a Uerman shopkeeper; a merchant trader. Kbamergewicht (German), avoirdupois weight. Kramermkister, an alderman of the Gro- cer's Kulld in Germany. Krammes (German), retail wares ; commo- dities; articles of trade. Krampler, a German wool-carder. Krano, a name given by fishermen to the fleshy part ofthe whale alter the blubber has been taken off. Kr.vut (German), colewort or cabbage. Krauter-tabak (German), herb tobacco. ICRA0TER-THEE, herb tea. IvREAT, CreaTj an infusion of the root of Andrographis paniculata, which is much esteemed as a tonic and stomachic bitter In the Peninsula of India, and also used in cholera and dysentery. KREroscHNUR (German), a chalk-line or plumb-line. Kreisamtmann, the bailiflf of a circle in Germany. Kresiserweiss, a pure carbonate of lead, of remarkably bright colour, made in Ger- many. Kreosote. See Creasote. Kreuzer, Krectzer, a German coin of variable value, In some places worth about the seventh part of a penny, In others, 30 kreuzers are equal to one shilling. In Frankfort, and the southern part ot Ger- many, 4 pfennings make a kreuzer, and 3 kreuzers are equal to l penny sterling; and 35 to one shilling. In Bale, tlie kreuzer passes for 5 denlers, in the canton of Berne, for 6. The Austrian paper, marked zechn (10) kreuzers passes for 12 kreuzers. The larger kreuzer is worth X kreuzer and 1 pfenning. Kris, the Malay name for a dagger. KnoN - THALEit, a German money ; the ■ crown-piece. Kroo, Krou, a mensure of capacity on the west coast of Africa, varying from 4 to 12} imperial gallons, in different localities; for palm oil it Is 4 gallons, and weighs about 30 lbs. ; in Accra and other parts, 60 lbs. A krou of rice weighs from 25 to 30 lbs. Kroomev, labourers employed at Sierra Leone, chiefly In boats and vessels ; ori- ginally natives of the Kroo country, 150 miles to the southward and westward, whence their name. Krossah, another name for the coss, an In- dian itinerary measure of two miles. Kruse. See Cruse. Kuchen (German), a cake or tart; a kit- chen. Kuchen-meister, the steward of a kitchen in (iermuny. Kuchen-zettel, a German bill of fare. Kuchoo, a name in Bengal for the large tuberous roots of Arum Colocasia, in the West Indies known aa cocos or eddoes. KucHOOBA, a name in Hindustan for the long zedoary, the root of Curcuma Ze* rumbet. KuDA, a ."Malay name for the horse. KuDAKtTDA, the Malay name for spars. KuDDiAKUAR, a local name in India for borax. KuDEi, the Malay name for shop. KuEHiuL, a name, In Hindustan, for the aromatic and stimulant bark of Myrica sapida, a favourite native medicine. KuGEL-THEE (German), imperial tea. KcjooR, an Indian name for dates. KuLACK, CouLACK, a Chinese grain-mea- sure. In use in Java, = 7i catties, of 40 measures, each of 5 gantangs, or about 0'83 lbs. avoirdupois. It is also another name for the bamboo. KuuT, tlie Malay name for skin or leather. KULLANGEE, CuLLiNGEY, an Eastern weight of about 78 grains, but in tlie Carnatic a little more. See Cullingey. KuLMET, a dry measure of Kiga: 84 kulmets = 3i English gallons. KuHERA, the Maori name in New Zealand for the sweet potato. KuMKUUA, an aromatic drug and perAime, obtained fVom Didymocarpus aromaticus; also the Malay name for saffron. KuMLA, a name In Bengal for the sweet orange. KuMMEL (German), cumin, or caraway seed. KuJiMEL - WASSER, brandy flavoured with cumin seeds. KuMNYiAN, the n i.ne among the Malays for frankincense, or gum ollbanum. KuMOON, an Indian name for cumin seed. KuMPF, a German dry measure of 1} u> i; gallon. KuMUT, a kind of bark cloth, made In the Eastern archipelago, from the hbre of a species ot Artocarpus. KUNCHOORA, KuNKHOoRA, Indian names for the China-grass cloth. KUNDALOO, a large kind of nettle growing in the Himalayas, tvom the fibres of which the natives make rope tor tying up their cattle, and snow-sandals. KuNDE (German), a customer; a chapman. KuNDEE, Khdndeb, an Indian dry mea- sure used for salt, grain, and some other goods, equal to oil pounds avoirdupois. KuNDEL, a name in Hindustan for the fetid gum-resin sagapenum. Kungoo, a name in Bengal for the seeds of the Panicum Italicum. Kunjoo, a red powder made by steeping tur- meric-root in an alkali, used in India tor the forehead marks of the Hindoos. KuNKini, a variety of nodular limestone found in India, which is not easily cal- cined, and forms but a poor cement. KupfEr (German), copper. KuPOE, a Malayan grain measure. See COYAN. Kupoor, the Hindustani name for camphor. KUPPAS, a name in India for cotton in the seed. KuRA-KiTRA, the Malay name for a land- tortoise. KuRBAU, the Malay name for the buffalo. Kurdeh, Cubdee. Indian names for saf- flowec LAB [219] LAC KoRKEE, a coarse kind ot blanket, made by the hill people of India, from a curious downy substance, obtained from the leaves of plants. KuKSCHNER (Oerman), a ftirrier; a skinner. KcRTAS, the JIalay name for paper. KuRTAU, a Malay name for the mulberry. KnRTTNDA, the Hindustani name for the Carissacarandas, anindinn plant, the acid fVuits of which afford the well-known and favourite caranda-Jelly. KuEDNj-oiL, an oil expressed from the nut of the Pon^ami'a glabra, and used In In- dia externally as a stimulant; bv some authorities this oil is said to be tne pro- duce oiDalbergia arbotea. KusHMUT, an Indian name for the root of Costus speciosus, used to adulterate Colombo root. [seed. KusHNEEZ, the Persian name for coriander KuHUFS, an Eastern name for celery seed, sold in all the bazaars as a stimulant. KusTENFAHRER(German), a coasting vessel. KcTCHOORA, a general Indian name for the roots of the genus Vurcuma. KtJTEERA, a gum obtained in India fVom the Sterculto urens, wliicU has but a limited use, the want of adhesiveness rendering it unsuitable for the arts, while its difficult solubility renders it inferior to most of the gums for medicinal purposes. A similar gum. called kutira, is afforded by the Cochlospermum qossypium. This is the Bussora gum of Uuibourt, in his Hi:Jtoire de Drogues. KuTKARANGA, KuTKULEGA, Indian names for tlie seeds of the Cwsalpinia lionducella, which are a powerful tonic, and a valu- able febrifuge. KuTEAN, an Indian name for pitcb. Kux (Oerman), a share in amine. KWAN, KouAN, the Cochin China name for a string of about 600 "cash," the popular coin. Each kouan makes 10 heaps, or "tiens," each of 60 cash. The Spanish dollar averages about 4 kouan ; in Upper Cochin China being worth 3 to 4 kouan, and in Lower Cochin China, 5 or 6 kouan. As a weight, 590 kan or catties, of IJounce each, maKe one kouan. KwART, KwARTi, a measure of capacity in I'oland and Galicia, ranging from 1| to If pint. RWARTEEL, KWARDEEL, a Dutch liquid measure, by which whale and seal oil is vended ; ranging from 51. to 88 gallons. KwATERK, a I'olishllquid measure, tlie fourth of the kwarti. KxABoocA, an ornamental fancy wood ob- tained in the Eastern archipelago, fl-om the knotty excrescences or burrs of Plerosper- mum Indicum. It is also called anibu> na wood. It is much esteemed in China and India, where it is made into small boxes and writing-desks, and other ornamental work-s, Ktakizing, a process of preserving vegetable fibre, by forcing a solution of corrosive sublimate into the pores of the timber. Several other processes have been carried into successful practice since that of the late Mr. Kyan of New York. Kyar. See Coir. KvAT, another name In Burmah for the tical, = 252 grains troy. Ktloes, a name in Scotland for higliland cattle, which are usually of small size and black. Rypoo, an astringent extract made in Ceylon, resembling cateclui. L. r a Roman numeral denoting 50. ■'-'j La, a name in the Pacific for the sail of a canoe, or other vessel, which is usually made of leaves sewed together. LABDANtm, ascarce andexpenslvemeUicinal resin, obtained from the surface of the leaves of Cistus Creticus in Candla, &c. It is used in plasters, in perfumery, lor pas- tiles, and as an expectorant. L,^BEia, narrow slips of parchment, paper, &c. for writing names for articles, espe- cially for chemists' preparations. Laberdan, a German name for salted cod- fish. Labor, a Mexican land-measure of 177 acres ; work of any kind; a handicraft or trade. Laboratory, the workroom of an experi- mental chemist. 1-ABouRER, Laboubikg-mas, a workman, a journeyman, one who earns his living by toil and the use of his hands at some work ; not a craftsman or artisan. Laboor-savinq Machines, inventions which economize or diminish human toil. Labbador-stome, a kind of feldspar, exhi- biting a play of colours, supposed to he produced by microscopic crystals of quartz Included in the labradorite. It receives a good polish, and is valued for ornamental purposeson account of its beautiful colours. Labrador Tea, a popular name for the leaves of the Ledum latifolium, which, from their narcotic properties are used medicinally, and to render beer heady. L. a. C, an abbreviation used by the dis- pensing surgeon or chemist, implying thut he is a *' licentiate of the Apothecaries Company." Lac, in Ilmdoo numeration, 100,000; a lac of rupees is therefore £10,000; a crore is 100 lacs ; a resinous incrustation produced on the boughs of trees by the punctures of ttie Coccus lacca insect; and wiiieh forms the basis of dyes, varnishes, and sealing-wax, entering largely into com- merce. Our imports of crude lac, and lac dye, amount to about 1500 tons a year, worth about £38,000. Lao DYE, small square cakes of lac, (or dyeing red colours. LAC t220] LAH Lace, a tie or strin^r; a delicate kind of net-work, conaistiug of silk, cotton, or flax; fine threads woven into narrow strips for ladles' use, as an ornament in dress, and for trlmmlnRS. The annual value of the home manufacture has been estimated at £3,000,000. See the dlfforent kinds of lace under their separate names. Lace-bauk, the reticulated bark of the Lngetta lintearia, a West Indian tree, which splits into layers with delicatetrans- verse libres, exactly resembling beautiful lace. Lace-boot, a boot which laces at the side or in front Lace-cleaneb, a laundress; one who re- novates the colour of antique or choice lace, or brightens gold or silver lace. LACED-sTOCKniG, a bandage-support or laced protection lor weak legs, varicose veins, e-gi'nined wood obtained in Denierara from Oenipa Americana, whicti is not liable to split. The tree will Ire- guently square Irom 14 to 13 Inches. The fruit yields the pigment known as Lana dye, with which the Indians stain tlieir faces and persons. Lana is also tho Italian for wool and a Russian weiglit of 5^i^ grains. Lana-oye, a bluish-black cc ^ur used by the Indians of Guiuua for stuinlug their persons. See Cakuto. Lan.viuolo (Italian), a clothier. Lanc^vstkr-gcn, a gun with a very long range named after the inventor. The bore is slightly oval, and some of these guns in use will throw a conuldal pro- jectile, weighing 100 lbs., to an enormous distance. Lance, a long spear, or sharp-pointed offen- sive weapon. Lance-corporal, a soldier from the ranks, fulfilling the duties of a corporal, with temporary rank as such. Lancer, a horse soldier armed with a spear or lance. Lancet, a surgeon's instrument for letting blood. Lanoet-oase, a case for keeping lancets in. Lancewood, a slender tree, the Dugnetia quitareiisis, of Lindley, the Guatteria virgata ol others ; found in tolerable abun- dance in the interior of Guiana, and also imported from Cuba and Jnmaica. The wood possesses mucli toughness and elasticity, and is used for gig shafts, archery bows, billiard cues, and other purpos J. Its native name is yarri-yarri. Land, ground; soil; real estate; also to disembark. Land-agent, a bailiff or assistant to the steward ot un estate; a manager of landed property. Landau, a carriage whicli may be opened. Landaulet, a small landau. Land-chain. See Chain, and Gunteu's- Cll.UN. Landed-estate, property in land. Landed-proprietor, an owner of houses or land. Lander, a miner who attends at the moiitli of a shaft to receive the kibble or bucket with ore, er, one wiio holds property under a lease. Leash, a leather thong to hold birds or dogs by; among sportsmen three birds or ani- mals, as plieasauts, partridges, and iiares. Lkason, a pasture. Leat, au artificial water-course or channel. Leatheb, the skins of animals, which have been prepared for commercial use by tanning, tawing, or other processes. The foreign imports ot' leather are valued at about 3 million sterling per annum, wiiile the home production and the manufac- tured product? bring up the annual value ofthe leather trade to nearly 18 millions. Leather enters into loinmerce in tlie toriu of liides, alunied leather, oiled or chamois leather, rough tunned leather, curritd leather, enamelled leatlier, dyed leather, embossed o!' stamped leather, shoes and boots, saddlery and harness, &C. Leatheu, Amebican, a kind of japanned and enamelled cluth imitating leather, used as a seating material for chairs, couches, &c See amekioan-leathek. Leatuek-apkok, an apron used by diifereiit persons, as blacksmiths, freemasons, er, an ornamenter of leather. Leathkr-jafanneb. See Leatheb-ena- MELLEK. Lbatuer-uebchakt AMD CURRiEB, a Whole- Sale dealer in leatlier, sometimes com- bined with the bushiess of tanning or currying. LBATHER-piPE-AMD-BncKETALAKER, 8 manu- facturer of leather hose and pails. LEATHER-SELLER3' ('OMFANT, one Of tllO livery companies of London, whose hall is in St. Helen's Place. LBATHEU-SPLrrrEK, a mechanic, who divides the skin, splitting' it into tliin sections by a machine'Cutting knife. Leather-stainer, one who dyes leather. Lbatueb-stkap Maker, a cutter of leather into strips, for straps of different kinds. Leather-striper, a workman v;ho marks leather with coloured lines for tbe use of shoe-binders and others. Leaven, dough in a state of ferment; yeast. Lkuam, a fermented liquor, or milk-beer, similar to the koumiss made by the Arabs. Lebo, iu the Pacific slauda, leaves of the bread-ftuit tree sewed together, for the purpose of covering food in cooking to keep in the steam. Lecturer, a professor ; one who instructs or amuses a public audience by a dis- course. Ledger, the principal account-book kept by tradesmen, banks, or compunies, tor entering the debit and credit transactions of individuals; a large flat tombstone; horizontal timber used in scaffoldinR. Lee, m navigation, the side ofthe ship un- der shelter, and opposite to that from which tiie wind blows. Lee-boabd, a hoard fitted to '..he lee side of flat-bottomed boats, to prevent their drill- ing to leeward. Leech, a v/orin used ff>: drawing blood, the Uirudo medicindts; eleven or twelve millions a^year are annually imported into France, and fully as many into this country. Leech, Artificial, a n.echanicul contri- vance tbr drawing blood In place of the worm usually employed. Leech-rope, that part of the bolt-rope at tbe side ofthe sails. Leefance, an iron bar upon which the sheets of tore and aft sails traverse. Leek, a well-known pot-herb, the Allium porrutn, used in soups. Leer, an annealing furnace in a glass- house ; a long arched building, in wlii4;ii glass articles are placed to assume hard- ness and temper. Leer-boom, a Dutch name in the Cape colony tor tbe tops ot' tlie 8ii.;iM of « wagou. LEM [226] LET Lket, one portion ofmnny; a court-leet Is an asaemblago of persons to nominate (or an election to some office ; a Jurisdiction / (or a townsliip ; a petty inquest for local police. Lkkwabd, the side towardk which the wind blows. See Lee. Leeway, a deviation nrom the course laid down on the chart: a driltUiK with the current and wind to leeward. 7.EGACY-DHTT, a government tax on be- quests, or the transfer of property ; which varies In amount, according to the con- sanguinity of the receiver. Legalization, an authoritative document issued from the office of the chief secre- tary In Malta. Legal-tender, the authorized coins or pay- ment that can be lawfully ofTurcd and re- ceived In a country ; which varies. In 1816 gold coins were declared to be the only legal tender tor Great Britain in all pay- ments of more than 40s. ; silver is tliere- fore'now a merely subsidiary currency bPlow that sum, and a legal tender up to 40s., and no higher. Copper coins are only a legal tender to the extent of a shilling in any one payment Bank of England notes are a legal tender without limit, (>xcept for payments due by the bank itself, in France silver is the legal tender. Legatee, one to whom a legacy Is left. Legation, an embassy ; a deputation. Legoers, large casks. See Lbagdeb. Leggins, long gaiters reaching to the knees. Leghorn, one of the names for a Tuscan plait for bonnets and hats, obtained fk-om the straw of a variety of bearded wheat, cut when green, and bleached. Leghorn-hat Presseb, a cleaner and presser of hats made of straw plait Leghorn-plait Deai.eb, one who sells straw chip and plait for hats. LuGisTA (Italian), a lawyer. Legduinoits, pertaining to pulse; plants that produce pods, as pease, beans, <&c Lbisteb, Lister, a pronged fish spear. Lbuom, a ft-ult See Lemons and Liues. Lemonade, a cooling drink made tVom the juice of lemons, or some acidulated com- pound. Lemonads-uakeb, a manufacturer of aerated waters, wh.) makes a pleasant beverage with citric acid, or tartaric acid, and essence of lemon, Ac Lemon-grass, a name for the Andropogon citratum of Decandolle. From its fra- grant smell p.nd pleasant taste. It Is in common use In the West Indies as a substitute fbr Chinese tea, and 'a tre- Suently employed as a sudorific ii febrile iseasPA The white succulent centre or pith of the leaves Is used in India to give an agreeable flavour to curries. It Is largely cultivated in Ceylon and the Moluccas, and the otto obtained by distil- lation, and known In commerce as cltro- nella oil, is employed for perfuming soaps and grease, ana making artificial essence of verbena. » lAMON-JinoB, the expressed Juice of limef and lemons, justly esteemed as a valuable antiscorbutic remedv, and which is there- fore required to be included In all ships' stores ill regulated quantities. Leuon-kali, a drink wade from citric and tartaric acid. Lewon-peel, the rind of the lemon sold either dried or preserved and camllud. The rind of the Citrus liergamia is lorcud by violent pressure in the shape of proper moulds Into small boxes. Lemons and Limes, acid fruits, the produce of Citrus Limonuin and C. acida. The rind Is aromatic, and the pulp or Juice refrigerant and antiscorbutic. Lkndino-libbart, one which gives books out to be read. Lenitive-blectijart, an agreeable confec- tion, prescribed as a mild laxative. Leno, a kind of cotton gauze, used for window-blinds, which Is thinner and clearer than buke mu&lin, and is made bordered and figured for long curtains. Lenses, glasses for conveying light to a locus In telescopes, &c. Lentil, a pulse, the Ervum kns, the seeds of which are amylaceous and nutritious, but difficult of digestion, it is much used as food In southern countries, and the meal forms the base of a popular sub- stance vended under the name otReva- lenta Arabica. Leopard-wood, a fancy wood obtained from one of the palm tribe. Lepta, Lepton, a small Greek copper coin, and money of account, the hundredth part of the drachma. There fare pieces of one, two, five and ten lopta. See Lipta. Lesh-pdkd, a weight used in Orkney, con- taining 80 lbs. Scots Troye, =32 6306 lbs. avoirdupois. Lessee, one to whom a lease is given. Lesson, a piece of instruction. Le t, to lease ; to put to hire. Letter, a type; an epistle; the transmitted correspondence through the post is very large. See General Post-officb. Letter-box, a post-office box for receiving letters ; a box in a street-door for deposit- ing letters. Letter-carrieb, a post-offlce distributor; a postman who delivers letters. Letter-case, a box for holding letters; a compositor's case of t>pe. LETTEB-CLA3P, LETTER- CLIP, a kind Of spring-file or hold-fast, for letters or papers. LETTER-coFTCNG-HACinNB MAKER, a manu- facturer of copying machines. Lbtieb-cotter, a die-sinker; a type-cutter; a maker of projecting letters in brass, glass, porcelain, or wood. Letteb-foitnder, a founder who casta printing-type. potters, &a Letterino, marking books or pages with Letter of Advice, a letter giving notice of any transaction. Letter of Attornbt, a power or legal authority to act for another, and to pro- ceed with his affairs. The power may be special forapartlcular purpose, or general. Letter of Credit, an order or circular note fl-om a bank or mercantile firm, on some fbreign correspondent, given to • ai,'reea ibl€ LET [227] LIB traveller (who requires to be Identified) ; to Hdvance money to a specified amount, to the bearer or a third party niimoJ ; HHually in return for money deposited, or security lodueil. Lktters of Horning, a Scotch law term for a ftpecles of out lawry. Letter of Licence, a customs permit; a permission from a patentee to mnke u'noits, or to use an invention, of which he liaHtlie property or right ; an instrument grunted to a person in emburnissed circumstances by his creditors, KrantluK him time tor payment, or permission to continue Lis buMiness. Letter of Marque, a public or private licence, or extraordinary permission granted to subjects for reprisals ; a kind of privateering. LRiTEK-PAPta foolscap or post paper, for writing letters on. Letter-press, print or impression taken from type. LErrER-PRESs Printer, one who uses type in printing, contradistinguished from a cop|)er-plate or lithograplilc printer. Lettebs Pavknt, a royal grant; a patent right Letter-sorter, a subordinate employed in a local or colonial post-ofllce, or at the general post-ofllce, looking out and classi- fying letters for despatch or delivery. Letter-weigher, a poising scale or steel- yard, for weighing letters, to ascertain tiie postage they will be subject to on be- ing mailed ; a balance for calculating the rate of postage chargeable on English and foreign letters. The rate Is uniform in tiie United Kingdom at Id. for letters under half an ounce; and so on In proportion for every further half-ounce, the weight al- lowed by the poat-ofllce for a single rate, being 218i fvninx T!'.c oea-postage to the Colonies is also now pretty general at 6d. The following facts may be borne in mind : —asheetof common 4to letter paper weighs about 120 grains ; a sheet of thick 4to, 180 grains; a sheet of small foreign post, 65 grains ; the usual quantity of wax, 6 grains ; 20 dips of ink from a steel pen, when wet, 4 grtuns— reduced when dry to 1 grain ; a drop of water will add another grain. A letter exposed to a slight rain for 5 minutes, will gain in weight IS grains. Letter-wood, oue of the costliest woods which Uulana possesses, obtained from Piratinera gmanensis. It is very hard, of a beautiful brown colour, with black spots, which have been compared to hierogly- phics. The spotted part is only the heart- wood, which IS seldom more than 12 or 15 inches in circumlierence. It Is adapted for cabinet work ot small size, and for ve- neering only. liETTER-WBiTER, One who wrltes official or other letters, for persons less skilled in cor- respondence. In India, Turkey, and otiier countries, where education is less gene- ral, this is a recognised profession. Lettuoe, the Lactuca tattva, a cooling and agreeable vegetable, used as a salad plant, ot which there are two piinclpal varieties, the cosB lettuce, and the cabbage lettuce. Levee, a public assemblage, or oftlel:il gathering; In the United States an arti- ficial enil)ankment near rivers or the sea, for tlie convenience of commerce. Lkvee-dues, shipphig or landing duos paid At a levee. Level, a gallery In a cot.i mine, named In fatlioms according to its depth below the surface; a workman's tool with a plumb- line or a plummet; e. surveyor's instru- ment tor determining the height of one place with another. The spirit-level is a more accurate mode of determining tlie plane of the sensible horizon. Levelling, removing the iMcqualities of the surface for roads, railways, &c Levelling Instruments, the splrlt-Ievel, theodolite, staves, and other instruments iiHed by the surveyor. Lever, a bar for raising a weight; afootmat; a basket. Leveret, the young of the hare, during the first year of its age. Lever - WATCH, a watch with a lover balance. Levioatiok, the process of grinding or re- ducing bard bodies to an impalpable powder. Levt, a nam' in Pennsylvania for the eighth part of a dollar, altout Ad.; it is called in New York a shilling; a dis- traint; an assessment; raising recruits for military service. Lewer, a local name In Scotland for a lever; a hatter's name for a smoothing pad of silk, properly vellour from the French. Lewis, a mechanical appliance f.>r raising stone; thin wedges of iron indented into the stone forming a dove-tail. Let, a detergent wash composed of urine, soap, &c for freeing v.-ool from the animal grease; a standard of metal ; grass sward or herbage for cattle. Li, another name for the Chinese copper cash, ten of which mako a ?andareen, 100 a mas, and 1000 a tael worth about Ss. Sfe Cash. Also a Chinese Unear measure equal 0'360 mile, sonietimes called Le. LiARD, the French farthing, a copper coin: the quarter of a sou, 3 deniors, and equal to half an English farthing. Lias, a division of the hank of cambric yam spun by hand ; a hank of 30 to the pound contains 360 lias; hydraulic lime used for making cement LiBBRA-GROSSA, the Italian name for the avoirdupois pouud used in the Ionian islands and other localities; libbra-sottUe being the troy pound. LiBDAH, a brown felt-cap worn by the poorer class of Arabs. Libel, a maUcious publication reflecting on character, cles, or to ko<'p a public-house. Licensed Victualler, an innkeeper who sells wlneH and spirits. Licensed Victuallers' Societt, an asso- ciation supported bv the uubsciiptloiis of the licensed victuiillcrs of London nnd the Provinces, which supports a metro- politan daily pnper, the Morning Adver- iiter, and large Hchools tor the children of Its members, ns well as almshouses for decayed victn'ilicrs, &c. Licenser, one imthorlzed to grant licences or permits; an otilcer appointed by the Crown to read plays, and who, if they contain nothing immoral or objection- able, permits them to t>e publicly repre- sented. LicENSiNO-DAT, thc annual day on which the county muKii^t.riUcs sit to gnuit stiirit licences to putiliciinx. Licentiate, a graduate; one authorized to follow a pro^ssion; a medical man; a barrister. LiCHENiNR, a starch prepared th>u> licliens. Lichens, cryptogamou;) plants, several of which enter into coiinnerco, as the Iceland moss, liverwort and the orchella weeds. LiCHNiTB, a transparent and brilliant white marble obtained in the island of Paros; it Is sometimes found flesh-coloured. LiciTER (French), to sell a house or an estate by auction. Licorice. See LKtuosicE. LiENCELLO, tho name In Venezuela tbr a striped cotton handkerchief; LiEiTE, the French league; a measure of length. See League. LlEOTENANT, a di'puty ; as Lieuteium:- colonel; Lleutenam-wvernor; Llenie- nant-general; acommissioned officer iu the anm' or navy next to a captain. Lip, Lief, Loof, a name for the fibre by which the petioles of the date palm are bound togetlier. Al.' sorts of cordage Is made of it, and It serves for a rubber or drying towel after the bath. IiiFE-ANNUiTT, a pension receivabte during life. Life-assurance, a money payment secnved to relatives or creditors, after a person's death, by a yearly premium paid durintr life to an assurance office, varying in i)er- centage amount according to age, health, or risk of accidental death. Lite-belt, an air-infiated pr cork belt for floating in the sea. See LlFE-riiESEBViiB. Litk-boat, a boat constructed to float in a stormy sea, and many of which are kept at certain parts of the coast to proceed to the assistance of vessels In distress. Life-buot, an apparatus thrown overboard tlrom a ship to a person in tlie water, con- sisting of a pair of hollow copper cylinders with an erect pole, bearing a flag by day and a light at night; and on which a person cun rest till released by a bout. LiFB-GUARD, a heavy mounted soldier; the Queen's household cuvalry>guard. Life-lines, ropes curried along yards, booms, Ac, or any part of a vessel, for men to hold on by. Lifb-presekver, a cork or other floating buoy; an air jacket or belt, to be worn on tho person as a protection at sea; a loaded weapon ; a sword-stick. Ltrr, a hoist ■ a support or tackle running from the yard-arms to the miist-henil; an elevator tbr sending dislies, iuc up or down iVom a kitchen. LiFT-HAitiMER, a large hammer. LiFTiMO-iiRiDOE, a swiiig or draw-bridge over a' dock entrance, moat, or canal. LiFT-Puiir, a pump acting by the pressure ot tlie atmosphere on thu external body of water. LiGAN, goods cast Into the sea, fyoin a ship In stress of weather, and sunk, but having a float or buoy attached by a line, in order that they may be subsequently found and recovered. See Lagan-goods. Liqatusx, a bandage. LiGHT'DUES, passing tolls levied on ships navigating certain waters, towards tne maintenance of the lights, shown tbr their guidance or waming. Lighter, a small licensed vessel or large barfie, employed in the transhipment of goods ; a ta|)er. LiGHTEBAOB, the charges paid for conveying goods In a lighter. LiGHTEBUAN, the owncr of a lighter, or a sailor employed in one. LiOHTHOU8B-BCUJ>ER, an engineer; a maker of iron structures for transport to rocks, capes, &c. tbr erection. Lighthouse • KEEPER, the resident in a lighthouse, who attends to the lamps. LiGHTHousE-LAMP Manl'Factukbe, IX con- structor uf the reflecting plates, lantern, and other apparatus neccstsary for the brilliant light required in a lighthouse. Light Infantkt, sharp-shooters; soldiers not heavily armed. LiGHTiNG-RATE, a publlc rate for miiintaiu- ingthe lamps or gus-lights In a p^irish. LiGHTKiNQ-coNDUCTOR, a rod Or wire tivm the top of a chimney-stack, steeple, or mast-head, to carry ofl'the electric fluid. Lights, the lungs of aulmais, some of which are cooked and eaten us food. Light-ship, a vessel bearing a light at night, anchored by moorings on a bank, or in the proximity of shoals, to guide navi- gators. IdONiTE, fossil wood carbonised. It is fouud in various parts of England, and on the Continent, and supplies, in tlie dis- tricU in which It occurs, a bad subsUtute forooal. to flout in • id) are kept ) proceed to trees. 1 ovnrlManl water, cen- ter cyllnilers 1 tlHK by day )n wlucb a ^ a bout. goiaier; the lard. loiiK yards, 4 vessel, for her floatlnif to bo worn n at sea; u k. ckle running niiist-head; es, onised. It is ingland, and on lies, in tlie dis- \ bad subsiitute LIM [229] LIN LiomiM-VTT*, a very hnrdniid lieavy wood, the produce of two species of Ouaiaeum, obtained in the West Indies. It is much used In machinery, Inr rollers, presso", mills, pestles and inortnrs, slicavus lor ship-blocks, sklttlc-hiilis, and a Krcmnde lace, sometimes called "clear foundation," taking its nnnio from the French town where It is mamotion, ail apparatus fur revcrBing nt«nni on;/ln<:«. LiNVKED, tlio Hccd oftho flnx-nlnnt which Is lartfoly Imported tor sowing, and for cruBliIng Into oil lor painters' use, the reruse cake Is cinplovcd to I'ecd cattle and sheep. Our Imports Imve been Inrwely Increamnu of lato years. Sec Fi,ax-.si;k.d. LrNSKKD MF.Ai., the nuial of flux-aecd wliicli Is used for poultlceH. LiNSKED-oiL, a well-known commercial yel- low ull obtained from the seed of the flux- plant (JJinum usitatmimum). LiNstsED Tea, a nuicilti.:lnuu8 drink : an In- fusion of linseed Hweetened with liquorice root, and somi'tlmos with honey. LiNSET, Linsetwooi.hey, a material made Irom flax and wool, formerly much uncd by the middle classes for aprons and petti- coats ; now chiefly worn In union work- houses and charitable institutions. Liii- seys are made either plain blue, or plain white, or striped blue and white. Linstock, a iiunner's match. Lint, linen cloth scraped so as to raise a nap or pile, In order to make a soft and smooth surface suited for bandages for wounds. It is usually prepared by liand, but has soiii<:>tlmes been done by machine. Lintel, Lintol, a horizontal piece of timber or stone, placed over a doorway, to bear tlie superincumbent weight LiNT-MANUFACTURKB, One who gcts lint scraped fOr supplying largo quantities to hospitals and army surgeons, &c. LiPP, a delicate flsh, the Labrus, of which there are eight or nine species, much esteemed about the Crimea. Lippy, a term In Scotland for the fburth part of a peck, ol«o called a forpet, =» l37-ai34 cubic Indies. Lipsalve, glycerine or cold cream; some softening solution applied to chapped iiiis. LiPTA, a Greek copper coin, the hundredth part of the silver phoenix; which is worth eightpence halfpenny. See Lepta. LiQCTEUR-MANUFAOTURKR, a maker of cordials or sweet liquors, compoum'p.d of alcohol, water, sugar, and ditfereut aromatic ila- vourlng substances. Liqueur-stand, a metal frame for holding spirit bottles. Lkjuidation, an arrauigement or settlement of the atl'alrs of a unerchaiit or company; the clearing up or p.iyins,' op' accounts. Liquid-manure, ariiie; a solution of guano or some other fertilizer to be applied to land. Liquid-manure Cabt, a watering cart, to diffuse liquid manure over a field. Liquor, strong lirink; a name aniong workmen for dyes or solutions used; any thing flowing. Liquorice, the roots of Glydrrhiza glabra, a perennial plant common to the south of Europe, considerable quantities of which are Imported. Liquonce is much used in the Levant in making a decoction which is drunk cold in summer, and liquorice water is a favourite beverage In this country with children. See Goonch. Liquorice-juice, the inspissated Juice of the liquorice root, boiled to a consistency for rolling Into paste, and used fur con- fectionery purposes. It Is often termed Spjinlsh Juice. [pounder of liqueurs. LiQUORisTK, Liqueuriste (French), a com- Lira, a Venetian coin worth about lOd. LiSBONNiNE, another name for tlie moldore, a Portuguese coin, and worth about 27s. Lisle-cloves, fine thread gloves fur suiumor wear. Lisle-lace. See Lii.le-lacr. LisPFL'NU, I.ispoNU, a Dutch weight, also used In Norway, Sweden, and Denmark, varying from H to 18 lbs. ; In Hamburgh, the eitihth part of the centner, which is equal to 113 lbs. Libsu' (French), silk; boiled sugar; "aman- des llssdes" Is " " comfits. des llssdes" is sugared almonds, almond List, an Inventory; detailed particulars ; a narrow selvedge strip torn from the edge of cloth, used for various purposes. List-dealer, a piece-deuler, also called a fent dealer; one who vends strips of cloth. List-shoes, a kind of easy slippers made of strips of cloth woven together. LiTCHi, an elegant scarlet fruit, the produce of Euphoria (Uimocarpus) Litchi. Liter, u name for the rottolo In Abyssinia, rather more than 10 ounces. Litharge, semi-crystalline or fused prot- oxide of lead, obtained In separating sliver f)-om lead ore, which enters largely Into the composition of flint glass. Lithographer, a writer or designer on stone; a workman who takes impressions from lithographic stones. Lithographic-paper, gelatinous or sized paper, tinted witli gamboge and roiled very smooth. Lithogbaphic-press Maker, a manufac- turer of the presses for lithograi)liic work. LrrHOGRAPHio-PRiNTER, a workman who takes impressions on paper, from draw- ings, maps, plans, and writings previ- ously traced ui)on stone. LiTiioGRM'Hic-iiOLLER, au liiklng roller tor a litliugraphlc press. Lithographic-stone, a fine oolite or granu- lar limestone used In lithography : good stone should be of a nnliorm yellow- ish gray hue, free from veins and spots, cut by u steel point with dlfflculty, and In splintering it should sliow a concholdal fracture. The best stone was lung ob- tained exclusively from Germany, but it is now found in other quarters. Lithographic-stone Importer, a merchant who receives for sale the fine yellowisli gray limestones suited for the purpose of tlie lithographer. LiTHO.STROLE, a sort of mosaic pavement. LiTHOTiNT, a tint obtained by a brush used on the lithographic stone instead of a crayon. Litmus, cakes of blue dye prepared In Hol- land from the Lecanora tartarea jmd otlier lichens, and chiefly used for chemical tests. LiTMus-FAPEB, unsIzed paper stained with litmus, used as a delicate test of acidity. LiTRAMETER, an instrument for ascertaining the specific gravity of liquids. iiMcd fur con- often tvrnied ot llqueuro, ncli), n com- liout 10(1. the muldoro, li about 27!). us tor summer wclsht, also Id Denmiirk, n Ilumbiirgh, mr, which In fifur; "arnan- luUs, ahnoiid )articular8; k i'om the edge poses. also called a itrtps of cloth. ipers mude of or. '; the produce itchi. Ill Abyssinia, fused prot- larailnK sliver i largely into designer on \a impressions ous or sized :e and roll«d a manufac- lithogra|)hic orkman who , iroin draw- itlnga pruvi- ting roller tor Kteorgranu- raphy: good orin yellow- is and spots, iculty, and In a conchoidal '^as long ob- many, But it 8. t, a merchant ne yellowish >e purpose of pavement. It brush used instead of a mred in HoI- "fatmd other br chemical stained with of acidity, ascertaining LLO [m^ LOA LrrRK, a cubic declmfetre, the unit of mon- Mures of capacity In the Fruncli metrical sys. tn; about I| pint (rTflO). LiTRON, a Krciu'h dry measure, the tlxtoenth part of the old French bushel. l.iTTKR, a carrhiKc with a bed lor an Invalid or wounded perxon, conveyed by hand or by horse ; scattered straw, &i:, as a couch or bod fbr beasts; the yoiniK produced by small animals at one birth; contusion or a careless arranKemcnt liiTTORAL, belonging to or growing on the shore of the sea; extending along a coaDt LiVA, a Turkish province, under the Juris- diction ot a Mlrmiran or I'acha with two tails. Liver, an organ of the body of nnlmals, which Is eaten as tood ; as the liver ol calves, of lambs, of codfish, Ac. LiVKRT, the particular dress or uniform worn by i.:.tlo servants In a gentleman's household; the garb worn by citizens of high rank, or otHcers; the body of livery- men or superior freemen of a city. LiVEKY OoMPANT, aiiv incorporated com- pany of London liavlng the right of livery. LiVERT-LACE Makeb, a inanufaciurcr of the lace for state liveries, and for otflclal ser- vants, Ac. LiVEKY-sTABLE KEEPER, a Job-mastcr; one who lets out horses and carriages, or takes in horses at livi-ry and bait. Live-stock, animals kept for use, to be dealt In, or vended, or tor their produce; the term chiefly applies to cattle, but In- cludes poultry, and even rabbits, in some districts; while In many countries, fish, game, bees, silk-worms, s. of new hay ; 11 cwt. 64 ll)s. of straw; 600 bricks; 1000 tiles; 9 dishes, or nearly 3 cwt. of lead ore; 6iJ bundles of bulrushes; 27 feet of mortar. In the North American colonies, a load of rinter and others, obtained from the Huemataxylon Campechianum, which atTords the most durable deep red and black dye. Our imports have l)een on the Increafe of late years, and in 1836 we re- ceived about 39,()00 tons. LoiiER ("German), a tanner. LoHNARBEiTEB, a labourer in Germany. Jx)LO, llic name in some parts of tiie Pacific for coco-nut oil. T>oMBARD, on the Continent a banker or money-lender. Lombard-house, a public pawnbroking es- tablishment; a niont de pi6t6. Lombard-street, the clilef street of banks, discount-brokers, and bullion-dealers, in the City ot London ; a term lor the money- market. LoNGAN, an agreeable fhiit, the produce of Nephelium Longan, sometimes imported tvoin (ililna for the sake of the sweet sub- acid vinous pulp which covers the seed. Long-beard, a name for a kind of moss or epiphyte brought down the Mlssiissippl. dee Barba Hispanica. [ship. L"KG-B0AT, tl'.e largest boat of a mercliaut LoNQ-Bow, an archery bow for shooting. LoNG-Bow-STRiNG Makers' Compant, one of the minor incorporated companies of London, not on tlie Uvery, and which has 111) hnll. LoNG-CLOTH, a peculiar kind of fine calico or cotton fabric, which is made milled and plain. Long- DOZEN, thirteen articles to the dozen. LONO-UUNDRED, six score, or 120. Longitude, in navlKntion tlie distance of a place on liie earth's surface east or west ftom a meridional point The Royal Observatory at Greenwich has been tor many years taken as the point of depai^- ture in Englisli maps and charts. The French take theirs from Paris. Long MEASURE, the measure of length of a country. LoxG-PBiMER, a printing-type Intermetllate in size between small pica and bourgeois. Long-room, the princiiial room in the Lon- don Custom- House, where shipping busi- ness is transacted. LoNG-sHoKEMEN, a name given In London to a large body ot liverymen, of the lower class, who have the reputation of tAklng bribes to vote at civic elections. LoNO>TOM, a cradle used fbr washing out gold by miners at the gold fields. LoNO-VACATioN, in law the intervenlni; period between Trinity and Michaelmas term. [palm. LoNTAR, one of the names of the paimyra LoNTAR Sugar, sugar made from the sap of the Palmyra palm (Borastut rapMiflabet- Uformis). LooBS, tin slime or sludge containing ore. LooF, a Kussian corn-measure nearly eqoal to the chetwert. which is now generally used instead ; 48 loof are equal to Hi imperial quiirters. LoonBS, a name in Scotland for mittens fbr the hands. LooKiNQ-OLASS Manufactuheh, e maker ofiooking-Rlasspsand mirrors, &c for bed- room or parlour use. Looking-glass Mounter, a fVame maker and glider. Looking-glass Silvereb, a workman who covers tiie b.ick of t^lass with quicksilver for mirrors, er-lot, water-lot, residence-lot, gar- den-lot, builUinK-lot, a chance drawing. LoDis. Louu D' OR, a French gold coin ; the old Louis was 24 francs; the new one is only 20. LouRDiER, a kind of mattress. l^uvBE, a lantern ; an opening in the roof of a liouse for smoke to escape. LovAOE, a liqueur or cordial; a plant, the Ligusticum Scolicum, the acrid leaves of which are euten crude as a salad, or boiled as greens, and, though aro->Btic and stomachic, are very nauseous; the stem yields English opoponax, and the raots are reported to be carminative. LovE-APPiiE, another name tor the tomato, Lycopenicum esciUmtum, Miller. See To- mato. LovB-BiRD, a name for the small parroquet, Psittacui vasserinm, found in botli Conti- nents, ana esteemed as a caue bird. LOTE-RIBBOK, a thin gnuze ribbon. LowEB-CASB. in letter-press printing, an oblong case of about a yard long, and half a yard broad. It is composed of about 60 boxes of different sizes, in wliich are separately deposited the whole letters of the alphabet, as also the points, double letters, and, in some othces, the figures. The case containing tlie capital letters, small capitals, and accents, is placed on a frame directly above, and called, in contra- dli^tlnctlon to the other, the Upper-case. Low-PBEssuRB ENGINE, an engine where the steam is drawn off Into a condenser. Low-WATEB MABK, the iowest state of the tide, after the ebb is completed. Low Wines, the weak spirit remaining after the first distillation of aicoliol. LoxA, a measure for betel nuts. See Laxar. LoxA Hark, a pale Peruvian l>ark, also called crown bark, the produce of Cinchona Comlaminea. There is another kind with ' a white epidermis. Lot, a long narrow spade used in the stony lands of Munster, Ireland. Lozenge, a rhomb or oblique four-sided flguie, as a glass quarry in a casement ; a cake or sweetmeat rolled and cut fami- liarly liiio any shape. L.R.C.8., "Licentiate of the Royal College ofHurgeons." Lubber's holb, a hole in the top of a vessel next to the mast Lcbbication, the oiling of the Joints and bearings of machinery, axles, &c. in order to diminish friction. Lubricator, an oil-cup or other contrivance for supplying grease, &c. to ease tlie fric- tion of rubbing surfaces. Lucerne, a name formerly given to the skin of the lynx; an artificial fodder grass, the Medicago sativa. LucET, a lady's lace loom, made of bon< ivory, or wood. LuciFEB-Box, a box or case with phosphoric matches, LuGiFEB-MATCHES, spliuts of wood, dlpiied in a solution of phosphorus, chlorate oi potash, gum, or glue. Lucifeb-match Makes, a manufacturer ot the matches so named. LuFFEB, a ftame of laths to admit air or light; the turret on a liall or kitchen roof; the wooden window In a church steeple. Luff TACKLE, a purchase, composed of a double and single block. Lug, the projecting slip of a mould or flask, used in casting operations ; a local name for the pole or perch; in Gloucestershire, a land-measure of six yards; a square sail used In large boats. Luggage, personal baggage; any thing cumbrous carried about by a traveller, but now applied to goods of any kind or quantity transported, belonging to an individual. LuGGAGE-TBAiN, a slow Of night train on a railway; that by which goods and merchandise are transported. Luggage-van, a baggage-wagon, for con- veying heavy goods and merchandise. Lugoeb, a decked boat for flsliing; a vessel with two or three low musts and lug sail'. LuGOiE, the name for a measuring cord or chain in Bengal; in some places six fe- 1 ; in Tirlioot and Sarun, 8i to 10 feet ; in the northern and western parts, from 12 to 14 feet, LuG-HABK, a mark cut in the ear of a sheep or dog to identify it. Lugs, a clusslflcation of American tobacco : thus there are factory lugs and plunters' lugs. LuM, a name in Scotland for a coitugo chimney, LuMAcutLLA, or fine marble, a kind of lime- stone obtained In Florence. LuMBABDAB, a Cultivator of the poppy in Benuai, who has signed articles with thu government. LuMBKB, a name in North America for rougli timber; loose spars on siiipbunrd. Luuber - DEALER, a wood merchant ; a dealer in hard and soft woods. Lumberer, a backwoodsman in North America; one who fells and shapes timber. Luhber-wbabf, a timber-yard. LimPEB, one who furnishes ballast for ships. Lumps, a kind ot brick or tile; dock-yard barges. . M^ Maanaj 34lb& Maap, rathei Maas, Bava and* Ions. Germ little name whlcl acidn Maatji Frent Macad made gran I a soil Macabi ronl Macar' Macaw oil pa Macah yal CoUetre p of a vessel Joints and lea, &e. in contrivance asctlie Jric- jntotlieskln ler grass, tlif ade of bon< til phosphorii wood, dipned clilorate oi uufacturer ol admit air or kitchen roof; irch steeple, omposed of u tould or flask, a local name ouce8tei>hirf, d»; a square ^, any tliiii« ly a traveller, )f any kind itr jnglng to ail night train on ch goods and !(J. Bgoii, for con- i>rcl)andlse. jliing; a vessel nusts and lug isuring cord or l)laces six fe^ t ; ) 10 feet ; in the 8, from 12 to 14 e ear of a sheop erican tobacco 8 and planters L for a cottage , a kind of lime- I. )f the poppy ill rticles with th« h America for I on suipboard. I merchant; a >ods. man In North la and 8iiai>e» ard. ballast for ships. tile; dock-yaid MAC [285] MAC LintfP-snGAR, white or loaf sugar broken Into small pieces. Lunar Caustic, a name for nitrate of silver, used medicinally outwardly and inwardly. Lunatic A8TI.uh, a house for the Insane. Lunatic Asylum Pboprietob, tlie keeper ofa licensed bouse for the care of insane persons. Luncheon, a mid-day meal ; a refreshment taken between breakfast and dinner. Lunette, the rim of a watch glat^s ; a small opening iu the roof of a house ; an eye- glass. LuNETTiER, a spectacle-maker. [loihs. LuNT (Qerman), a matcii-cord for firing Lupine, a leguminous plant, the seeds of which are eaten in Turkey. Luppk (German), a microscope or magnify- ing glasx. LuBCM, the sudden heavy rolling ofa vessel at sea to one side. LuRCHEB, a hunting dog that lies in wait, or watches for his game. LusxitE, a sconce or chandelier. Ll. •'« Seal, a furrier's name for a dyed '^ r . lared skin of the fur seal. L » I . 'iNUFACTUREB, a lamp-mal ^r. I. «•:--<•, a shining silk; otten corruptly vYi'tien and pronounced lutestring. See Lutestring. LusTBOUs, having a shining or glossy ap- pt.arance, like silk. [yacht. LusT-scHiFF (Uerman), a pleasure-boat or Lute, a cement; a pasty or loamy and fatty matter, used to keep the joints of tubes and chemical apparatus, &c. tight It is made either witii pipe-clay and Un- aeed-oil, or chalk, flour, and water; but the material varies with the substance to be cemented; a musical instrument so named. LuTESTRiNO, often but vev7 erroneously so , spelled for lustring, a sfilning silk; ;:he < string of a lute. ' LuTESTRiNO-HAKER, 8 sllk manufacturer; a ! maker of strings for lutes or harps. Lt, a Chinese land - measure, about the third part of an English mile. Ltano, another name for the Chinese tael. Lyceum, a tlicatre; a grammar-school; a literary Institution. Ltcopodidm, a si.ecies of cryptoenmons plants: a decoction is used in 8vveo I employed for dyeing purposes, to flx the I colour of woollen cloth, and also by pyro- technists. . Ltdian-stone, a name for the blood stone;*, I and Jaspery varieties of quartz, used by Jewellers as burnishing stones, ami I also as a touchstone, to determine tiio I amount of alloy in Jewellers' gold. The best pebbles are obtained from Lydiu. See Basanite. I Lte, Let, water alkalized with wood ashes. Ltnx. the skin of this animal is of a Kreylsli wiiite, with dark spots. Being very ^olt, warm, and llKht, it is much used by tlin Chinese, Greeks, Persians, and others, for cloaks, linings, facings, &c. '^'•leii dyed and prepared, the skliiB of the lynx and lynx cat, are exported in large numbers to the United States. Lyre, a musical instrument. Lyspund, Settee, an Orkney weight. See Lbsu-pund. M. MAAFEE, a term in Bengal for land exempt from revenue duty. Maanah, an Eastern grain-measure, about 34 lbs. 8 oz. Maap, a liquid measure used in Baden, ratlier mure than a gallon. Maas, a division of the wine-measure In Bavaria, 48 making a muld of IS'08, and 60 a wine eimer, of 8 12 imperial gal- lons. In Frankfort and the South of Germany, the maas, or gescheid, is a little more than 3 pints. A Persian name for curds of milk dried In the sun, which are mixed with water, to make an acidulous beverage. Maatje, the Netherlandish name for the French decilitre. Macadamized Road, a road prepared and made durable, level, and firm, by pounded granite, &c which binds the earth int .> a solid mass: named alter tlie introduce-. Macaroni, a paste of flour. See Macca- RONL Macaroons, small sweet wine cakes. Macaw-fat, a West- Indian name for the oil palm, Elais guineenm. Macaw - palm, the Acrocomia tclerocarpa of Martius, occurring In considerable abundance in some of the West-India islands, and the eastern parts of South America. The fruit yields an oil ot a golden yellow hue, of the consistence ot butter, which has an odour like violets, and a sweetish taste. It enters into tlie composition of toilet soaps. The nuts, which are susceptible of a high polisli, uro sometimes fancifully carved by the ne- groes. The tree is also called the grou- grou palm by the negroes. Maccaroni, a delicate food-product made from wheat flour, the dough of which is dried iii the shape of pipes. It is oitcii termed Genoese paste. Werecelveimport.'i in small bor.es of from 6 to 28 lbs., from the Mediterranean, for consumption at tfl'.'le, with cheese, in soup, and for pud- dings, &c Veriiiicelll is the same sub- stance, rolled smaller than maccaroni. AIaccaroni and Vermicelli Maker, a manufacturer of the dough paste in pipen so namid. Macco, an Italian mess, which consists of beans boiled to a mash. Maccobot, Maccubau, a kind of snuS MAC [ 236 ] MAH ■i 9' •'.£, the arillus, or brandling membrane ivering the nutmeg;, used aK a spice ; an ornamented staff borne before a magis- trate, and some other functionaries. A Chinese money and welglit; the former is the tenth part of tlie tae), nearly 7iii., anu consists of 100 to 140 copper cash ; as a weight, It is about 68 grains; a fish mea- sure, a mace or maize of herrings being 600 in number. !Macellaeo, an Italian butcher; raacello being a slaaarhter-house or shambles. M.vcERATE, to wear away by steeping in water; tomnke lean; to nio-tify or fret. Macheat, aiAOHETTE, the negro name lor a cutlass. Maciieta. a kind of violin used In Brazil. Machine, an engine, a pifce of meclianlsm or contrivance for performing some work ; of which there are numberless kinds em- ployed for different purposes. AlACHINE-UAKER AND MiLL- WRIGHT, an en- K'Ineer; a constructive builder, who designs or supplies machines and en- uines to order. M ACHiNE'RULKR, a pcrson wholines or rules paper, according to patterns. AlACHiNERY, engines of all iiliids, which arft put into action to perform certain effec- tive work which supersedes manual labour; such as for spinning and wenving, wire-drawing, making lace, rope, paper- making and printing, sawing, &c. There were stated to be, a fiBw years ago, 15,000 stationary engines in the kingdom, work- ing in mines, Ac. valued at £26,000,000 ; 4000 vvind. water, and steam mills, and COOO horse, and other .^mali mills. Besides what is used at home, we export machinery and mill-work, to the value of 4i2,600,000 a- year. Wachine-strap Make:;, a manufacturer of leather and other connecting bands, Ac. for the movinir power of machinery. Machining, working off news:)apcr or book sheets at a steam press, often eoiitracted for at an agreed rate per tiiousand. Machinist, one engaged U: the manufacture of machines; an employ^ at a theatre, who attends to the working of the moveable scenery. Macho, a Spanish weight, equal to about 1.50 French pounds. Machooti, a name in Hindustan for the iinot-itrass. JlAciNAToio, an oil-mill in Italy. SIacintosh. a solution of caoutchouc In coal nnplitha, applied to linen cloths and other substances, to render them water- proof; so called from tiie name of the pa- tentee. Mack, the Burmese name for a handV- brtddfh or mensureof4 lii'.hes. SeeMxiK. Mackerei., a well-known useful fish, tiie Scomber scoinbrus, which frequents the Biitish coasts, and is either netted or caught by the hook; about 24,000,000, weighing nearly 10.500 tons, are brougiit to Billingsgate In a year. Mackerel - boat, a boat pursuing the m.ickerel flsliery. AIackle, to sell weavers' goods to the sliopkeepers. Macon, a kind of wine. Maouqdina, a silver cut money of debased quality, circulating in Guatemala. Macuto, a money of account In Sierra Leone, equivalent to about 9d. There are silver coins current, circulating for 2 and 10 macutos. Mada, an Indian weight of 1 drachm 20 grains. MADAFOLtAM, a kind of fine long cloth, shipped to the Eastern marltets. Madder, tlie root of Rubia tincioria, which enters largely Into commerce, furnishing a fine scarlet colour to dyers and calico* printers. Madeoa, a Spanish name for a skein or hank. SIadeiba, an estceircd dry light wine, pro- duced in the Portuguese island irum which it receives its name. Mad-house, an asylum for the Insane. Madhodse-keeper, the licensed registered ownerof a private lunatic asylum; asuper- iiitendant of insane persons. Madooka, an Indian name for the Bassia Irtifolia. See Mowha. Madrepore, a petrifaction, or species of coral; a v.nic^y of limestone. Madriers (French), thick boards or planks. Magazine, a warehouse or store-room; a secure place for keeping powder in, ashore or afloat; a periodical publica- tion. Magazine-DAT, the publication-day for monthlies and serials when they are sup- plied to the trade; the last day of the month. Magic Lantern, an optlci.1 machine, with a lamp and lenses for reflecting magnified pictures on tlie wall from painted glass slides. Magistrate, a public civil officer who has legal jurisdiction in certain cases. Magnanier (I'rench), tlie manager or pro- prietor of a nursery for silkworms. Magnano, an Italian locksmltli. Magnesia, one of the primitive earths, h.av- ing a metallic base. The sulphate is Epsom salts — the carbonate is compounded with carbonic acid gas. Magnesia is now gene- rally prepared artificially, and is used to purify oils ; in t'le manufacture of glass, and for medicinal purposes. Magnet, a kind of rich Iron-stone, which has the property of attracting light nieces of iron towards it ; a bar of Iron made ar- tificially magnetic hj electricity. Magnetic-needle, IS 8'- ubout 841 raiilion nrepared bariey, whfcli has been d in water ana then kiln-dried. It . fbr making malt-Uquors. Malt is .t tf \ duty of 2s. 7d. per bushel and cent. The quantity made In 1856 was n bushels IklALT-DisTiixER, One who makes a decoction or preparation from malt. Malt-dcst, small growing radicles of barley. &1AI.TEB, a German grain-measure, varying tn different localities, but usually reckoned. In the southern parts of Germany, to be equal to 3 bushels and 1} gallon. Maltese stone, a soit stone qnarrled in Malta, used for carving, and for making large Jars, Ac Malt-pactoe, a dea;:T In malt. JlAi.T-PLOOR, a perforated floor In the diambei if a malt-Riln, through which th*) heat -iscends fVom the lurnace below, and dries the barley laid upon it. Malt-orinder, a machine for crashing or cutting malted barley. srALTHA,mlneral pitch; thickened petroleum or rock oil. Malt-uquors, ale, beer, and porter, which are prepared with malt. Malt-boaster Maker, a manufacturer of machines for roasting barley on a small scale. Malt- SHOVEL, a large flat wooden shovel for taming over malt Maltster, a manufacturer of malt from barley ; there are about 9000 maltsters In the kingdom. Malt-vineoab, the ordinary kind of vine- gar made fbr domestic use in this country. Malvada, a small Spanish coin, thirteen of which make an English farthing, [wine. AfALVAGiA, the Italian name for Malmsey Malwa Qpinu, one of the leading descrip- tions of Indian opium, which is inferior in quality to the Benares and Behar kinds. Maualioa, a sort of hasty pudding or grout made ftom maize, on whii h the lower classes in the Danubian provinces almost exclusively subsist. Mamuee, a tropical fhiit, the Mammea Americana, which has a sweet and very agreeable taste, accompanied with an aro- matic p'^asant odour. KlAUHor s, a coarse muslin. Mamuotv, a road hoe, used in Ceylon. Man, a corrupted name for the Indian maimd. MANAOBB,adirector; asuperintendant; the lessee or director of a theatre. Manchester and Qlasqow Wabehousb, a sale depository for all kinds of cotton goods. Manchineel, a large tree, the Hippomane Maneinella, a native of the West Indies, the wood of which is bard and durable; very close^ellow-brown, and beautifully clouded. The sap is, however, a most deadly poison. Manoandoo, a mixture of thn buds and roots of an aroniatlc plant, used in Ceylon luthe preparation of betel Makdataire, a French agent or attorney. Mandats, a national paper-mmiey, Issued in the early part of the century, in France to replace the asslgnats which had beconit wretchedly depreciated. Mavdavalli, an Indian name for the Convolvoltu reptatu, affording a milk.v Juice, which, when dried, is equal to scammony in purgative effect. The tops and leaves are eaten in stews by tlio natives. Mandeel, a name In Turkey for black and coloured cotton handkerchiefs. Mandel, a term in Germany for 15 articles of any kind. Mandiuon, a loose garment; a sleeveless Jacket. Mandioc, a Brazilian name for the root and starch of the cassava. See Cassava. Mandola (Italian), a cithern, a musical instrument ; an almond. Mandoline, a sort of lute. Mandoke, a four-stringed lute. Mandrake, the root of Mandragora ojflci- narum, an old Ingredient in philtres, but of dangerous properties. See Mat- apple. Mandrel, a pulley in a turner's lathe. * M.vnege, a French riding scliool. Maneh, a Scripture weight equal to 2 lbs. S ounces, 10 dw's., 3 grains : when applied to money It consisted of 60 shekels, and was worth £6 I6s. 71d. [wax. Maneqdik, an artist'^s model of wood or Manoal, a kind of portable copper stove or brasier used in Turkey. Manganese, a black metallic ore, consumed to the amount of 4000 to 5000 tons per annum, being used in glass-making, for glazing black earthenware, giving colour to enamels, making chlorine for forming bleaching liquor, as a dryer for painters' colours, and preparations of it are used in medicine. Mangel Wurzel, one of the common names of a variety of the beet-root grown for feed- ing cattle; the Beta vulgaris, var. mac- rorhiza. Manger, a trough or rack for feeding horses. Mangle, a machine or rolling-press for smoothing linen by pressure. Mangle and Press Maker, a mannfactorer of machines so named. Mangle-keeper, the owner of a mangle; a smoother of linen. Mango, a tropical froit, the produce of trees of the i/a7H7t/i^o family, of which there are many cultivated varieties, although only two distinct species of tree. The fruit of the finer kinds have a rich perfumed grateful flavour; while others i>re so stringy and unpleasant as not t.^ be eatable. The fruit Is pickled and preserved, and made into a chutney. Mango-fish, a small fish eight or nine inches in length and two in depth, the Polynemut lonqifilis of Cuvler, the P. paradisius of Linnaeus, esteemed as a delicacy in India, where it is also called the Tupsee. Isinglass is made of the swim- ming-bladder. Manqo-qinger, an Indian name for the Curcuma amado, used as an article for seasoning food. MAN L239] MAN r attorney, iney, issued y, ill France had beconit ne for the ng a milky l8 equal to ;t. The tops ews by the >r biack and s. )r IS articles a sleeveless the root and \SSATA. I, a musical 'ogora offle^ philtres, but Mat-apple. 8 lathe. * )1. ual to 2 lbs. S ivhen applied shekels, and [wax. of wood or pper stove or re, consumed moo tons per -making, for iving colour for forming for painterr it are used In lumon names •ownforfeed- •M, var. mac- eding horses, ng-press for nanofactnrer a mangle; a >duce of trees lich there are Ithough only The IVuit of h perfUmed tiers pre so not t^ be id preserved, ght or nine depth, the vler, the P. eemed as a is also called oftheswim- ame for the n article for Manoosteen, a delicious eastern ftult, the produce of Oardnia Mangostana. The rind of the ftuit nirnlshes small quantities ut K»ml)oge. ItlANOBOVE, a tropical tree n-equentinc ^he borders of seas and swamps, tlie Pnizo- phera J/anjfte, the bark of which la ii.'»d for tanning. The mangrove or tree-oyster attaches of the xlcer sacchannmn, which is largely made tor home consumption by tho settlers in parts of tlie United States and British North American Provinces : usu- ally it is of a dark treacle colour, as it does not granulate readily; but it is occa- sionally refined and bleached. Maquila, a term used in Mexico for redu- cing ores for .nine-owners who do not possess hacienda or mill power, and for which a u^rtoin sum, according to agree- ment, is paid by the mine-owner to tin; proprietors ot the reduction establishment. UA.UABOU-FEATHERS, the Uluiei' toil CO- verts Of the Viconia argala and V. Marabou; the former, tlie adjutant-crane of tropical India, lurnlslies the best; the latter Inhabits Atrioa and Asia; botli birds are very large, being sometimes six feet hlglL The feathers are very light, and are much worn tbr head-dresses, the white kinds being exceedinglv valuable. MABABO0T (French), a very large coffee- pot Makacauba, a furniture-wood imported ti-om the Brazils, iu appearance between mahogany and tulip-wood. Makaicueb (French), a kitchen gardener. Mauajah, MAIIARA.TAH, a Hludoo sovereign prince. Mabant Nuts, a name under which the marking-imt has been occasionally im- ported into Liverpool. Ma&asg^o, a liqueur prepared in Italy and Dalmatia from a variety of clierry. Tlie fruit and seed are crushed together, one part to the hunpyr'jumatic flavour. Mabavedi, a Spanitih copper coin and petty money of account, the 6th ofu penny and the 272nd partofthedolUir: 34murave(lls make a real, which is the legal money of account. Marble, a description of variegated llnie- stone used for ornamental purposes by builders, sculptors, and othurs. Larue quantities are Imported In blocks or slabs, and consist of statuary, vein, and Sicilian. Some ot the commercial varieties used are Sienna, Bardillia, black, and dove, St. Ann's, Emperor's red, aiidSa>'pia!i,Hro- catelia, amber, verd antique, seriHintine, rouge royal, black, and gold. In Hpuin three-fourtlis of the mountains are com- posed of beautiful marble and ulabastur. In Catalonia alone there are 177 kinds. The green marble of Granada and the flesh-coloured, have a brilliancy to the eye, and a fineness to the touch, which rank them with the most recherche oriental substances. Mabble-cutceb, a stone-mason, a worker in marble. Marble-paper Manufacturer, a maker of veined or marbled paper tor covering boxes, books, wall-hangings, &c. Marbler. one who veins paper, paint-work, or other material in Imitation of marble. iLu{BLE8/(/r C'AiWrew, are made of clay baked and glazed, of^ubasitor, ot glass, ot marble, and of a hard stone Ibuiid near CoUurg in Saxony, which Is broken into small pieces with a hammer, and then ground in a mill and reduced to accurate smootii spheres in about a quarter of an hour. Marc, the cake or refuse alter expressing the oil or juice from fruits or seeds, as of apples, olives, grapes, &c., mostly used for manure ; the halt pound of 8 ounces in the old weights of France. Marcal, an Indlaa dry-measure containing 8 measures or puddles : 400 marcals make one garce of 9256^ lbs. Marceline, a thin silk tii-sue called Persian. Mahcella, a quilted cotton fabric. M^RCHAND, a French ^^hopkeeper or dealer. Marchetto, a current money of Venice, 124 making a ducat. MARcrrs Meadows, a name fur irrigated fields la Italy. Marco, a weight for silver In South Ame- rica of 8 ounces, or fi4 oitavos. Marcus, a large iron-headed hammer. Mare, the female of the horse. Marena, a kind of dry salt fish in Turkey. Marengo, a name for the 20 franc gold piece in Piedmont. Mare's-milk. Tlie milk of the mare Is richer in sugar than that of the cow, and is usually employed by the Kalmucks and others for the manufacture of milk beer. By distillation, ardent spirits are obtained from this koumiss, anu, when carefully MA It [241] MAR if cherry. toHether, ly added, lentatluii. iugar and ;o flavour [Dontbi tu and jietty )enny and inuravedls mousy of ated llnie- irpoBCS by 8. Larue blocks or vein, r.:'d al vurletiei :, and duve, rpian,Bro- gtjrpentlne, . In Hpiiin 8 are coni- alabuBtur. 177 ktnda. ia and the f to the eye, which rank, hu oriental 1, a worker , a maker of }t covering paint-work, of marble. )f clay baked 3, ot marble, ear Coburjt into small lihen ground rate smooth lu hour. expressing seeds, as of nostly used 8 ounces In _ containing arcala make [led Persian, ie. r or dealer, f Venice, 124 or irrigated South Ame- imraer. in Turkey, iranc gold tare is richer •ow, and is Imucks and f milk beer, are obtained en carefully made, a pint of liquor will yield half an ounceofspirlt To this milk-brandy, when only once distilled, they give t^c common Eastern name lor spirit, of arraca, and ftom the residue in the still a kind of hasty-pudding Is made, Maretecb (French), a iish-carricr or flsh- monger. Mabgin, an edge or border; the blnnk unprinted sides of a book page. Maroosa-oil, a native nnnie for tne oil expressed in India from the seeds of Melia azadirachta. Marichu, a Sanscrit n;;i^ie for pepper. Mabielle, a kind of vessel employed at Naples In the coasting or foreign trade. Mabien-gboscbb, a coin of Uamborgh worth about Id. Marfil (French, Italian), an elephant's tusks. [fagots. Marootdi (French), a small bnndle ol Mabguillier, a chirch warden In Franca Mariqou), a genus of showy plants; the well-known common marigold. Calendula officinalis, was formerly used in soups und broths, and employed as a carmina- tive, but Is now chiefly usid to adulterate saflft'on. Mabioraph, a French machine for register- ing, in a permanent manner, the helgiit of the tides, &c. Marinade (French), pickled meat fWed ; fish salted ana prepared ; or baked In vinegar with spice. ]\Iarinare (Italian), to pickle. Maruje, frequenting or appertaining to the sea. A general collective term for nhip- plng, as the mercantile marine, the Kuyut marine, &c. Marine-engine, a steam-engine for use In ships at R?a. ISlARiNE-ENGiNE BmLPER, a mcchanlcal engineer who miikes engines for steamers. Maeine-enGine Boileu-maker, a nianurac- turer who contracts (or the comtructlon of boilers made of iron plates. Marine-glot:. See Glue. Mariner, a seaman. M.VB1NES, sold iris who Serve on board ship. The Royal Marine corps has also an artillery branch. MiVEiNE-soAP, soap suited for washing in sea-water, wliich Is made chiefly with coco!i-nut oil. Marine-store, a. place whore old ships' materials are bought und sold, as canvas, junk, iron, ker, a maker of Indelible inks for linen, the basis of which is nitrate of silver, although there are various compounds and Ingredients used. Marking-nut, a name tor tlie seed of the Semicarpu* Anacardium, the pure bhuk acrldjuiceof the pulp Is universally em- ployed In the East, for marking cotton cloth, th'' colour being Improved and pre- vented from running by its being mixed with lime water. The fleshy receptacle on which the seeds rest, l> -oasted and eaten, and tastes very like roasi d apples. Marl, an earthy carbonate of lime, forming a valuable addition to many soils; a term among sailors, to wind or twist a small line or rope round another. Marle-stocks, a builder's name for a kind ot brick sometimes called firsts or cutters. See Cutters. Marli (French). Scotch gauze. Marline, a fine kind of spun-ynrn; small two-stranded stulT, used for twlstiug or winding round rope. AIauline-spike, a pointed iron pin, sas- pended to a lanyard, used by sailors and otiiers to make an opening in rope, t colour. MAS [ 242 ] MAS Makool, a niiine Cor the loiiti Ane Ubro of the Sanieviera zeylanka. MvROUCHiN cFrencli), ui' liifurlor sort of vvoad, a pliiiit used by dvcrt). AIarquee-maker, 11 niunutactUD!!' of stronic fleUl boottiM or tentH, of u loim' form, illfferliiK from the siniill lirculnr tents. SIakqi'eterie-uandfactuueb. See Buul- CUTTKll. Marquetiit, a (?onornl mime applied to In- laid work« of various muterlalM, ixa bulil, relHnvr, parquetry, mosaic. rcpared fk-om tin. MAaT-UAKER, one wKo whapca, joins, nnd preparea spars for mnats; often combined with the manutacture of oars, sculls, and ships' blocks. Masts, the erect spnra ofaihiporboot on which the ynrd» and sails are suspended, of which a vessel has one, two, thn-e, or more, accordlntf to her rlK; nnd lnri;e vessels have several tiers of masts, rlshiR one above another. For the lower-masts of ships one spar la seldom thick enough : It has, therefore, to be padded or fitted at the aidea with other pieces of timber fastened and banded together by Iron hoops. [Cicer Lens. Masdr, MuaooB, the Hindoo name for tho Mat, a floor-cloth for wiping the feet, ofyarn, or sheep's akin, Ac; a texture of fliiKSor rushes; a protection for yards and shrouds from chafing, made of strands of old rope and oakum. See Mats. Matadoue, the officer in a Spanish iiull- flght, who kills the animal when disnblcil. Matapi, the Indian name In Oulana for a cassava squeezer to presa the Juice trom the root. Matab, Mcttib, an Indian name for penso. Matara, a Turkish vater-bottle made of leather, often embroidered in gold. Match, a game or contest ; as a rowing- match, a cricket-niatch ; a luclfer ; some- thing that will reai'lly Ignite. Match-boards, a kind of plank used for flooring. Match-box, a box or case to hold matches. Match cloth, a coarse kind of clotlu Matchlock, a long musket fired by a rope- match; still used by many ot the natives of the East. Mate, alielper or companion; in the mer- cantile marine an ofBcer under the master as first-mate, second-mate, ike. ; in the Royal Navy a midshipman who has passed his examination for lieutenant ; an assistant, as a carpenter's mate, boat- awaln's mate, gunner's mate ; a name for the beverage made from the Paraguay tea. Matelassieb (French), a mattress-maker. Matelot (French), a seaman; the tender to a large vessel. Matelote (Frencli), a stew of different tishes. Matebulb, the substances or fabrics fVom which any thing is to tic made up. Uaw materials ia a trade t< rm for producta imported or sold for subsequent prepara- tion and use in manufactures. Materia Meoica, a knowledge of drugs and their uses; a dispensatory or work treat- ing of the properties and uses of pharma- ceutical preparations, animal or mineral, and medicinal planta. Mathematical - inbtrument Maker, a manufacturer and vender of the various instruments and machines used by scien- tific men, in which there is a large trade, and much skill and precision is required in their construction. The manufacturing part of the trade is divided into different hands, some making only parts, as the lensea. brass work, &c ; others mounting and finishing, while other workmen merely make tlio cases. MATHEMATICAr, INSTRUMENTS, a COllortlvn tradename (or a v.irluty of Instruments, Including comnasses, alltte-rulcs, theodu- lltea, chains, , a hand basket; 8 bushels of apples; a variable Indian weight In different localities, but divided into 40 seers. The ordinary Indian bazaar-maund is 82 2-7tli lbs. The Bengal factory-maund is 74 lbs. 10 , oz. 10 drachms. The Madrns-maund la only 25 lbs., the Bombay-maund Is 2tt lbs., while the Surat-maund is 41 lbs. ME A [244] MED t\ \iTNDKii.u a pick with two stiankR. Mai'ndy Monky, :t iminu given to c«rtalii xpuctal Hinnll Hllvur coIiib, diHtrtliutod as alms by the Hovorultoi <>n 5Iiiiiiuly Thursday, or tho day bclbre Ciooil Krlilay. IIaunkt, an Indian latid-nicaHure ol 34(10 square fbet ; tho 24tli part ot a cawney ; it Is also called a ground. Mattrititts Wkkd, a tiitinc for the Aoc«//a /uc(formis, a dye-llolicn. MAW, the stouuch of an animal : the stu- maoh of tlie calf lurnlglics runnut; thu stomach of flshos ontvr into commerco In tho EaHt, undor tho nnnio ot flshmawa llAxiMii.iAN, a gold coin of Bavaria, worth about ins. Od. AlAT-uuKE, a kind of cherry. MAY-FL1K8, tho Ephemera vulaata, whlcli are usud In some parts ol Itungury and ('arlnthia as manure, many fimnurs In some suuMons using more than thirty cart loads on their farmit. Matc), a liruzlUnn dry measure of IS fane- gas, and equal to 22) bUHliuM ; as a liquid measure the Spanish mayo is 10 cantarl. Mat-polb, a decorated pole, Ac. carried about and danced round by chimney- sweepers on tho first of Alay. Mayor, the cluof magistrate of a town. AIazaoan, a kind of bean. Mazard, a small dark black cherry. Mazarine, a deep blue. MAzr. a place made with many wimtin^rs ajid turnings. Mazer, adrlnkimtcupmade of maple-wood. Mazi, the TurkUh name for (.'iilU. Mazzacavali.o, un en^ilne used In Italy to draw water. M.C.P., the abbreviation for a "Member of the Oollei?o of Preceptoro," and for a "Member of a t'oloniai Parliament." M.CS., "Member of the Chemical Society." >LD., "Doctor of Medicine; " also, iuKoiiian numeral.s, 1500. Mead, a wine made with honey; raetheKlln. AlEAOOw, a deld under gross cultlvatiuu ; grass land mown for hay. Mbadow-sweet, a wild plant, the Spiraa Ulmaria, or, queen of the meadows, the roots of wiiicli are astrinKoiit, and the flowers yield a fragrant distilled w ..jr, which is smd to be used by wine-mei- cliants to improve tho flavour of home made ^^incs. >tEAK, a hook with a long handle. Mbal, the flour of corn or pulse, which has been ground tor food. [or maize. MEALIB.S, an African name for Iiidi.an corn Mealuan, a miller ; a dealer in meal. Mear, a boundary. JIk.vse, 500 herrings. See Mace. Measctre, a standard; an instrument for finding weight or length ; tlie size of a suit of clotlics, or shois, hat, Ac. ; applied to strata or beds, as the coal measures; an Indian term for the puddy, a dry me.ifiuro, but used also for oil and ghee; in Austria, two bushels. Measurement-goods, iiglit goods taken on freight by bulk or the cubic dimensions of the packages, in contradistinction to ponderous goods, whtoh are usuollv ciiJtrgcd by weight Mrabukkk, one who computet dlinensluni; a surveyor. • MKAHimiNu-UNK, MT'.ASURiMO'^Aric, mea- sures of length, used for dlffereut pur- poses. Meat, food; the fleMi of animals. Pre- ■erved meat is meat parboiled, prepared, or potted. Mb.vt-iii8oi;it, a portable or cnnoentrnted preparation ot meat, pounded and drlml, and mixed with meal and Itaked. Mkat-i>ish, a laru'e dish of crockery-ware or metal, lor serving tueat at table. Meat-hook, a hnok for hanging meat on. Meat-1'ie, Meat-i'udpinq, uieat covered or encased witit dougli. Meat - halesman, an agent fbr cattle breeders; one who recolven in towns car- cases from the provinces lor sale, or vends ttiem wliole, or dissected, to rotalWbut- chers. Meat-souckn, a metal screen placed behind meat ro.i3ting at the fire, to keep In the heat. Mecca Balaam, a choice oleo-'"eslii, obtalne*! fi'om the Uahamodendron (xUeadenK. Meuilvnio, a skilled workman or artisan ; a handicraftsman; one wtio plans or makes machlner.v. Mechanical Enqinebb, a practical mecha- nist; an eugiiieer who undcrstancU the construction and working '>r machinery. Mecu; eana> Mkdini wortf SIedinc para, Alexii Mkdio, AIkdhtsi 17inci Medlah «ica;i tor wt Medley Mkdlkyi all woi >)lack. Medoc, ( found I Mi:EHscii nesla, 1 plpo bf presseil In mill^ with 8( Into pi] , ungiion AIeet, an and a p MEETINVi. of worsi Meoamet mining the star JlEQ,vacoi , lir.senti SIeoass, I stems af used as boilers, t Megissier Meiden. a conslstln , Spanish Melaranc aikla.sses. J;i:lata, ai -Mklaye, J veil Mklet, tho JIelicotoo "took or t JMeliga, a I the corn j ^lELILOT, a -AIellaghoc .pepper. AlKLLAROSA the Citrus theessent i^lELLIFEROl dlineiMtoui ; TAi'K, inea- itTuTout |>ur- ed, propAred, conowitrnted id und driutl, kod. kery-ware or ble. 12 meat on. ail covered or t (br cattlu ill towus car- sale, or veiiilR to rotalWbut- plnced behliul keep 111 tlie -•eslii.obtftliHHl HlaitdfiiK. 1 or iirtliMii ; a iluus or makes (Ctlcftl inecUii- ulerstmuls the )t'maclilnory. institution »or ini'iit ol wort^- il8Ubscrlptloii!< Ujtlit U(;lKlaii 1 mesh, ot ihroe Inlted to a per- 1 tjt'liiK worked end surrouiul- colii ; Hti seieiiUllc (1 for public jreast. or carvlug ; a itlou for ti r manufacturer rs; imprinted device, art ol making coln-doaler, ress, with dies who makes a • the nood-wiU, uis, keeplnp a iiiess transfers erorpublisluT medicine, n who applies Iseased action, 'ender of ulasg tings for snr- of labels ffr tes the names ■ surgeons' and surgeon. MEL [246] MER ^liiUiCAL-HDiiBKHK, a course unbleached tlax towcailug, UMod lor tlrvluK the body alter Imlhliiu. RN Uibiikiui. MKDiCATED-HriKiTs, alccilinl llavouicil with ■oiiiu HtroiiK Ingredient, uiul permitted tu bo Imiiortod duty ttee. SiKDICtNAL-WATKns. <8er MlNRRAL-WATRIta. Medicine, a drug or tincture prescribed, or taken, lor allmontM of the lioio, a Spanish silver coin, worth about Oct. MK.DirH-HizED, a kind ot paper U2 Inches by 17 Inches, J1i;di,ab, the fruit of tho AletpilM Oerma- tika; tlin white sott wood of the true Is used tor walking-sticks. Mkdley, a mixture. Medlkvh. a technical term which includes all wuol-dycd colours, excepting blue and black. Medoc. ft French red wine; a shining pebble tound in France, Mkkrsciiaum, a hydrated silicate of mag- nesia, largely used for making ornamental pipe bowls. When found it Is usually pressed into mculdn, ililed by heat, boiled in milk, and afterwards rudely polished with soil k'lither. Ilcforo being moulded Into pipe bowls, It is suuknd in a Ihiuefied unguent. Mkkt, an appointed place for fox-hunters, and a pack of hounds, Ace. to assemble. M KKTiN(!-imusE, a dissenter's chapel or place of worrthi|). Meoametre, a French Instrument for deter- mining the longitude by measurement of the stars, Mko^vscope, an optical instrument for re- l>ri sentlng objects on a large scale, 5lEr,As.s, a name given to tho dried c.ine stems after the juice has been expressed, used as fuel in the ftirnaces of sugar boilers, and alno called trash. See Baoazo. Megissier, a French leather dresser, Meiden. a former coin of Constantinople, consisting of .'> aspers, and 30 making a Spanish dollar. See Mf.dine. Mklarancio (Italian), an orange-tree. Mklasses. See Molasses, IMklata, an apple nmrmalade made in Ital.v. -Mi.r.ATE, Mej.aze, a Turalsh woman's silk veil. Mklet, the French name for the spra». AlELicoTOON, a peach grafted on a quince stock or tree. AlELiGA, a name in Italy for millet or dhurra, the corn grown in Turkey. AIei-ilot, a sweet-scented clover. ^(ellaohoo, a common ludlan name for pepper. AIe LLAR08A, » name for the bergamot orange, the Citrus Bergamia of Kisso, whlcli yields the essential oil of bergamot. ^lELLiFERous, producing honey. Mklodkiin, a rt^ed organ; the keyit open valves.by wlilch the wind ftrom the bellow m, worked uy the Ifcct of tho performer, u allowed to act on tlie reeds. Hcraphine, harmoiinon. reed-organ, Ac. are nanietf for essentially the same Instrument, The concertina Is much on the same iirlnclpli with a dllTerent arrangement of (letaiis, Mki.oduama. a play with songs, iiuhIc, or pantomime. Mki.oe, the Indian name for one of Jio biimerlng (lies (Mytabrii ck/torei), the Tellnloflhu Illi'touH. Mki.oh, a gratefu! and delicious fruit, tho Ciinimii lUeh, of which there ar • several cultivate named. Sie Ckuciiilk. Mei-ton, a kind of broad cloth Member, one of a fillowiidp or society; the representative In I'arllameut for a borough or county. MKMBRiniE, a French frame for measuring cord-wood; a pannel aquure: tho rib or frame of a ship. Memoir, a statement; a bio.raphlcal notice. Memorandum, a rendndcr; a note to re- fresh the memory. Memorandum- iiuuK, a note-t>ook; a com- inon-placo book, MEMURI.VL, a statement of facts and petition. Mender, an Indian name for heiiiui See Henna. ralins. Mendicant, a beggar; one who solicits Mendicitv Society, a society established in London to suppress begging, and to |iut a stop to fraudulent inipoAtors preying upon the charltab''- disposed. Mendo, a wkii ;■ eel potato of Murth America. MRNiAt, a hlreiu , ; a domestic servant. Mensuration, the art of measuring. Mentooloo, an Indian name lor Trufonella t'cenum Otjecuih. See Fknuuueek. MenuisiK'', a French joiner. Mi'.ucal, an Indian grain- measure. See Mauc.' u :Mr;n( ANTii.E, relating to trade. Meucaxoe's Chart, a chart where the earth Is treated as a cylinder or long rouuil body. FIERCER, a dealer in silks and cloths, lacci and small wares. Mercerie, a French commercial Cu8ton;s classification ibravariety of goods, not in- cluding merely small haberdashery wares, as hooks and eyes, knitting-needles, buckles, necklaces of berries, wooden beads, reels, <&c. but comprising under common mercerie, a very wide range of articles, too numerous to particularize, including, for instance, such things as sabots, suulT-boxes, mariners' compasses, spectacles simft'ers, whips, &c Flue MES [ 246 1 MEW mercerle Includes more costly manufac- tured articles— those to which a greater dei^ee of finish, polish, and oruameuta- tlon have been plven. Mercers' Compant, the first In rank of the twelve great liveiy companies of London; their ori».-inal charter dates fl'om the 17th Kichard II., a d. 1.",93-4. Merchandise, trade goods or wares; the stock dealt in, received, forwarded, or kept for sale. Merchant, n wholesale dealer; one who trades abroad. The word Is, liowevor, often affixed to special home trades, as coal- merchant, wine-merchant, vinegar-mer- chant, tlmber-mirchant, &c. [vessel. Merchant Captain, the master of a trading Merchantman, a cargo vessel, a foreign trading ship. [of the country. JFerchant-service, the mercantile marine Merchant-ship, a trading vessel; onecarry- ing passengers and cargo. Merchant-tailor, one who supplies cloths, &c. for garments; a name lately assumed by many clothiers and outfitters. MERCHANT-TAYI-ORa' COMPANY, the 7th In rank of the twelve ;;reat livery companies ot London, whose first charter was giauted by Edward IIL Mercury, a white silvery fluid, also known as quicksilver, of great value In the arts and medicine. It Is tbund umler the name of cinnabar, in union with sulphur. Mi;uiDiAN, an imaginary circle passing tlirough the north and south poles of a place, and defining its position relatively with other situations. See Longitude. Merino, a flne-woulled sheep ; a ttiiu fabric nicide of fine wool. Merluche (French), stock-flsh; haddock. Merey, a small wild black cherrv,/*.rtt)iMn». Merry- ANDREW, a buffoon at a 'fair-booth; a clown In a pantomime. Mebky - QUILTS, cotton fabrics made in Assam. Meshes, the interstices or open spaces between the lines of a net. Meslin, Meteil, wheat and rye grown together for home consumption, a very common crop in. France. Mesquite, a French name for American oak ; a kind of gum. See Mez<^uite. Mess, a dish; a meal; a number of men who take their meals together; thus In vessels of war there are ward-room and gun-room messes, comprising commis- sioned and subordinate officers. The sea- men and marines' messes consist of adozen or more under the superintendence of a non-commissioned or petty officer. M':s.sAGE, an errand; a telegram or des- patch. Messenger, an oflBce-servant; the bearer of a message; a despatch-carrier in the employ of the Foreign office; a rope used lOr heaving in a cable by the capstan. Messmate, a compauiou at meals, one ot u mess. 'AIessuage, a tenement [tus. Mess-utensils, eating an J cooking appara- AlESTOLA (Italian), a ladle; a trowel. ^(ESToup, a hams in the silk trade ft>r a package. Met, Met Jangree, a species of fuller's earth found In Slnde, used for scouring the hair, and for cleansing caUco cloths preparatory to dyeing. Metage, the charge made for measuring goods in bulk fVom a vessel. Metai, a sweetmeat or conliectlon in India. Metal, a technical name for glass In a state of fusion; a mineral substance; broken stone for roads; the effective power of guns borne by a vessel of war. [minerals. Metal-broker, a dealer in metals and Metallic-currency, the coins forming tlio circulating medium of a country. I Metallic-standard. See Standard. I Metalling, an engineering name lOr stone and other material applied to give firm- ness and solidity to railways and common roads. Metallurgist, a worker in metals. Metallurgy, the process of separating metals from their ores, and converting them Into articles of commercial value. Metal-perforator, a workman who bores or makes holes in metals. Metal-flaneb, a smoother ; a polisher of metallic substances. Metal-refiner, a smelter of ores, one who separates the dross from copper, lead, and other ores. Metal-sash-maker, a constructor of frames V .'metal for holding panes of glass. Metal-tuknee, a turner and driller of metals. Metal-warehouse, a store where metals are warehoused or sold. [in produce. Metayer, a cultivator who pays rent partly Meter, a measurer out of fruit, corn, &c See also Gas-meter. Methee-«eed, aw liuiian name for Trigo- nella Fcenum Graecam seed. See Fenu- greek. Metheglin, another name for mead, a sweet drink of honey. [cation. Method, a plan or system ; order or classlfl- Methylated Spirit, spirit of wine of sj per cent, over-proof, mixed witli not less than one-ninth part of Its bulk measure of wood naphtha, or methylic alcohol, for use in manufactures, and to prevent Its consumption as a beverage. Metre, the unity of French long measures. = 39-3710 Inches. Metrograph, a controller of the speed of railway trains; this apparatus indicates et every moment and every mile the speed of the train, and the hour of arrival and departure at each station. Metronome, an Instrument for beating and dividing the time in music. Mettar, Mataro, a variable liquid measure ot Tunis ; for oil about 4J or 6 gallons ; in weight 40J lbs; as a measure for wine it Is one-half less. Metze, a variable German grain-measure, about the fourth part of a busheL Meubles (French), furniture. Meulard, in France, a large griiiustone. Meulardb (French), a grUidstone of a middle size. Mews, a range of stables ; a locality for sta- bling horses. Orlglnnlly the word meant a coop lur Ikawks ; henue, when falconry I L.. MIL [247 J MIL s of fuller's for scouring ^lico cloihii r measuring Ion In India. ass in a state Tice; brolien ive power of •. [minerals, metals and i forming the itry. NDxiRD. me ior stone to give flrm- and common 3tals. f separating cl converting ciai value, in who bores a polisher of )re?, one win) pur, lead, and :tor of frames Rlass. Id driller of where metals [in produce. rs rent partly lit, corn, &c le for Trigo' See Feno- nead, a sweet [cation, ler or classifl- (f wine of 5J with not less ulk measure ic alcohol, for } prevent its ng measures. the speed of 18 indicates at ile the speed if arrival and r beating and quid measure >r 6 gallons; iure for wine ain-measurc, shei. riiidstone. idstone of a cality for sta- word meant hen falconry was patronized and practised, there were royal mews, which are, however, now only stables, although the name remains. Mezereon-bark, the bark of Daphne Me- zereum, which is employed mudicinatly, having acrid, laxative, and poisonous qualities. It is also used as a masti- catory. Mezquitb, asoluble gum obtained from the Hobinia, a species ot acacia In Texas, and other parts of North America. Mkzzaiuolo, a farmer in Italy. Mezzanine, a small intermediate story or Itoor; the attic story of a house. Mezzo, an Italian word tor half. Mezzotint, a particular mode of engraving un copper plates by punching and scrap- ing. Mica, a transparent mineral in flakes, large- ly used in America, and, to some extent, in this country, for the openings of stoves, in order to afford a view ot the fire. It is often confoundpd with talc. IhlicHAELMAS DAT, One Of the usual quarter- days of the year, falling on the 29th Sep- tember. Michaelmas Term, among lawyers the interval between Novemlxir 2nd and 25th. Mico, MiJO, a vegetable butter or solid oil, made from Soja hispida. In Japan. MiCROMETEB, an instrument employed for measuring very small spaces ; usually at- tached to a telescope, microscope, &c Microscope, an instrument for magnifying and examining minute objects. Midden, a dunghill. SIiDDLE-MAN, One who stands In the middle, as, between buyer and seller, or landlord and tenant Middling, of mediocre quality; pansable. MiDLiNQS, a miller's name for the finest kind of bran. See Sharps. Midship, in the middle of the vessel, equi- distant from the bulwarks. Midshipman, a nou-conmiissloned naval officer In a vessel of war, or in an East Indiaman. JIidsdmmer's-dat, one of the quarter-days of the year, falling on the 24th June. Midwife, a female accouclieur. MiOLiACCio, a kind of millet pudding, eaten in Italy. Migrate, ro pass or remove from one region or climate to another ; the term is Rene- rally applied to birds and fishes, many species of which are migratory. Emi- grate implies to go out, and immigrate, to come In. SliLCH-cow, a cow yielding milk. Mild ale, mellow ale; not sliai-p or hard- flavoured. Mildew, a disease in plants; a blight or rust in wheat, &c. Mile, an itinerary or longmensiire ; in Eng- land, the statute mile is 17«iO vards; In Holiana, 1093'63; tlie nautical or geogra- phical mile is the third of tlie marine league, or 2023'66 yards; in Scotland, 1984 yards; In Spain, 1521 97 yards; in France, 213153; in Italy, 202506; in Portugal, 225074; in Kome. 1628 97. The linear measure corresponding to the British mile bears different names in various countries, and must therefore be looked for under the special title. Mileage, the rate ot fare per mile ; fees paid for travelling, when posting or proceeding by rail. Mile-post, Mile-stone, a mark for a mile. MiLHO, a Brazilian name for maize. Militart-accoltrrment Maker, an army outfitter; one who supplies belts, sashes, swords, shacoes, &c Militart-embroidery, gold and silver laoe and other ortiaments for the faclnirs, col- lars, and skirts, of soldiers' coats, Ac. Milit.vrt-mqsical- instrument Maker, a manufacturer of horns, kettle-drums, fifes, or other instruments. Militaiu-plume Maker, a maker ot feather ornaments for the hats of field and stafl^ officers, army-surgeons, Ac, Militlv, a kind of volunteer troops, not an embodied corps; citizens trained to arms for local de fence. Milk, a fluid secreted by certain glands ot mammiterous animals to nourish their young; It Is sold raw, or skimmed, and is also artillcially imitated for sea voyages. MiLK-CAU, a large tin vessel holding several gallons, in wlilch milk is brought by rail- way or other conveyance from the farms to dairies. There arealsoothersmallercans of a quart or less carried round daily lor supplying families. Milk-maid, a woman who milks cows, or carries round milk for sale. Milk-pail, a large tin bucket with a handle, used for carrying out milk for sale. Milk-pan, a shallow dairy vessel for holding milk. MiLK-PtTNcn, a luscious liqueur. JMiLK-scoRE, a bill for milk supplied. MiLK-WALK, the district served by a milk- man, often yielding a large and profitable return, and the good-will of which is fre- quently sold. Milk-wood, a common plant in the West Indies, the Brosimum spurium, which fur- nishes a useful fibre. iliLK-woRT. a wild plant with bitter pro- perties, the PoJygala vulgaris, used in pulmonary affections, and as a remedy in spitting of blood. Mill, an engine for grinding, Ac; a build- ing or factory containing machinery ; the 1000th part of a dollar; a lapidary's term for his different wheels, which are called roughlng-mill, cloth-mill, &c. ; to serrate or dent the edge of coin ; to mull or throw silk before it is dyed. Mill-band Maker, a manufacturer of bands for machine shop.^. and for driving wheels. Mill-board, a stout pasteboard. MiLL-BOAiiD-BOX MAKER, a manufacturer of stout paper or card-board boxes for the trade. Under this name are compre- hended paper-boxes, hat and bonnet boxes, pill-boxes, snufl'-boxes, match- boxes, fancy-boxes, mufl-boxes, linen drapers' -boxes, ifec See Cauton-piebee. Mill-cog, the tooth of a water-wheel. MiLL-cuoFT, a small field or enclosure near a mill. [up water to turn a mill. MiLL-DAH, a mound or crabankmeutto keep I Miller, one who grinds corn. MIL [248] MIN MiLLGROLE, a liquid measure ot Maraeille*, Tunis, &c., •= 1410 imperial gallons. Millet, a common name tor several ipecteR of small seed corn. In tlie Mediterranean the mlileta are generally called Dtiurra. Ou the Western Attlcan coast the chief millets grown are Holcu* lanatus, mollus, and spicatua. In the West Indies millet passes under the name ofOnlnoa corn, IVIitLET Beer, a drink made oi lerniented nilllet-seed, with substances addud to render it astringent, used by the Crim- Tartars, and also aullcd raurwa or bouza. Millet Rice, a grain grown in India, the Panicum colonum. MtLL-GEARiNO, tho Shaft, whcels, &c. by which the motion of the first moving power is conununicatod to any manufac- turing machine. [tory. l\riLi.-HAND, a worlcman employed in a fac- AIiLLiUTRE, the thousandth part of the litre. IVIillihetre, a nominal French lineal mea- sure, the thousandth part ot a m^cre, and equal to 0039371 inch. Milliner and Dressmaker, one who makes bonnets, head-dresses, and gowns, and other articles of female attire. Milling, a process ot rolling steel into bars; denting the edge of coin. • Mill-maker, a constructor of grinding or pulverizing machines of ditferent khids, chiefly of steel. MtLLOco, a tuberous plant growing in Ecu- ador, which lias the taste and shape oi the best potatoes. MiLSET, a sieve for straining milk. Millstone-cirit, a cuarse-gruincd quart- oze saiKl-stone. Millstone-maker, a shaper and binder of stones for grinding purposes in mills. Millstone, u stone for Krindingcorn, mine- rals, paints, drugs, &c., which forms an important branch of trade. There ore upwards of thirty makers of millstones in the United Kingdom, who produce about 1100 pairs of large millstones annually, l)c.sl(ies about as many more smaller inakera spread over the country, and others wh i are engaged in preparing burr-stones, making and dressing the millstones, Ac. The weight of the stv^nes annually made is estimated at 2,500 tons. An ordinary sized pair of millstones measures 4 feet diameter, by 10 inches thick, is composed of twenty to thirty burr stom and weliiha probably 12 to 15 cwt. or r.mi'c. Uood millstones will last 30 or 40 yeiirs, and when worn, can he fres'h cut. In America, millstones are largely obtained from the conglomerates of the coal measure, from red sandstone, and the finer stone, shales, and syenites. MiiAWRiGHT, an engineer, or one skilled in the mechanical construction and repairs of machinery. MiLUEis, the integer of account in Bidzll and Portugal, consisting of luoo reis. Tho value fluctuates according to the rate of exchange on England, but is usually cqui- vRhnt to 2s. 3tl. See Conto. Also a Por- tuguese gold money, coined In 1775, for its - AfriCiin colonies, anil worth about 33. 8d. It is written thiu, rs. 1^000. Milt, the soft roe of fish. Set Melt. Milter, a male salmon. Mina, Ehina, an Italian grain-measure of 4 start, and equal to 3145 bushels. MiNAOE, a duty on grain brought to market in France. [sweets added. MiNCE-MBAV, meat chopped up fine, with MiNCE-FiE, a small pie made of mince-meat, jMincino-maohine, a chopping-maohine. Mine, a workman's term in the iron dis- tricts, for the crude ore or iron-stone, which is variously designated raw-mine, green-mine, bumt-minu, &a ; an under- ground work for obtaining minerals, or for blowing up with gunpowder; another name for the aspcr, a nominal petty money of account ni Turkey. 120 making a piastre. The mine was also a dry-measure used in France. MiNE-cAPTAiN, the overseer of a mine. Miner, a searcher for ores; a workman underground. Mineral Charcoat., a combination of char- coal and coal, which is sometimes met with. Mineralogist, one possessing a know- ledge of minerals. Mineral Sdrvktob, an Inspector of mines ; one who understands the appearance of lodes, and tho prospects ot working for ores. Mineral-teeth Maker, a manufacturer of artificial teeth ot ground quartz, China clay, and other substances, pressed into moulds, coloured, and then burnt to harden them. Mineral teeth are largely made in the Unlied States. MiNERAL-WATiai Warkhouse, r manufac- tory or depot of mineral aerated waters. Mineral-waters, waters Impregnated with any mineral, many ot which are prescribed mediclually. Minestba, pottage or soup in Italy. MiNGEL, a German liquid measure, about 3 pints, 13 of which make a st^ckan. MiNHAEE, a term for unas»essed land in India: See Maafee. Miniature Painter, an artist who take.s likenesses on a small scale. Minim, in apothecaries' weight, a division ot the fluid drachm, which la made up of CO minims ; a measure of time in nmsic. Mining Agent and Broker, a dealer in shares ; a secretary or manacer for mines. Mining Oompant, a joint-stock association for carrying on operations in a mine. Minion, a kind of type Intermediate between brevierand nonpareil; a piece ot ordnance, the bore of which was SJ inches diameter. Minister, a high ofUcer of state; a priest; an ambassador, ^Iimum, a kind of red lead obtained by ex- posing lead or its protoxide to heat, till it is convened to a red oxide. Miniver, the white fur of the ermine, pre- pared spotted with black tails, which is a distinguishing mark of nobility. Mink, Minx, a commercial name for the fur o*' the Mustela vison, a species of weasel, which is extensively used In the manu- facture of ladles' vletorines, muffs, capes, &c From 150,000 to 2SO,U0O skiiib are im- ported annually. 1" MIS [249] MOD / MU.OOMOOLOO, an Indian name (ox I'/iOicolus i/UIKJO. MiNOT, an old French graln-measnre, chiefly used in Lower Canudn, equal to 1'073 bushel, but by some stated to be l-8th less than a bushel. MixsTBEL. a vocalist who accompanies him- self on an instrument. JUiNT, an official place for coining money. There Is a British mint in London, at Cal- cutta, and In Sydney. There is a mint at San Francisco, California, and several other mints in the American States. Al- most every civilized country coins money for local circulation. A plant, the Mm- tha viridis, wlilcli has a strong, peculiar, and pleasant odour. Tlio leaves are used as a culinary sauce and salad, and being aromatic and carminative, are prescribed medicinally, and an essential oil is ob- tained fVom them. MixT-JCXEP, an American drink ; spirit and water flavoured with mint-leaves. Mint-sauce, mint chopped up witli vin- egar and sugar, used as a flavouring for lamb. MiNUTB, the 60th part of an hour. Minute-book, a rougl; entry-book contain- ing a siietch or note of the proceedings at committeo-meetliigs, or the operations of public companies. [minute. M1NUTK-GI.ASS, a sand-glass running lor a MiNUTK-HAKD, the long hand or pointer of a watch or clock, which registers or Indi- cates the minutes and seconds, as the short hand docs the hours. MiXYAK, the Malay name for oil. [gallons. MiEA, an Italian nuasure tor oil, about 3J MiRABiLiTE, an efflorescence on the soil among salt springs In some countries, used as a substitute for soda in the manu- facture of glass. See Glaubkb Salt. .AIiRBANK, Essence of, a mixture of benzole and nitric acid ; an artificial oil of bitter almonds, used for .-iccntint,' soaps, and tor tlavourlug confections and lookery. MmnoR, a looking-glass, usually of an oval or circular form. S!isAi,TA, the name for pickled pork In Italy. ^iiSCAL, an Oriental weiglit used in Arabia, of 73 '37 troy grains. Sliscu, an Indian tooth-powder. :jIise-en-scene, getting up for the stage JliSER, an instrument for eartli-boriiig. jMiseb^ble, a name in the cliocolate manu- factories of the Italian ports, for the husk of the cocoa bean; It is Imported thence in large quantities, and partly ground up in the inferior coco:s, and partly dis- patched to Ireland, where it is said to yield a wholesome and agreeable beverage to tliu poorer cliissea SliSHK, an Eastern name for nuisk. AIisHHEE Teeta, a name in India for the gold thread roots, wlili h are sent to Assam in neat little open-work rattan baskets, containing about an ounce. See Uold Thread Hoot. J! isHMisH, the Arabic name for the apricot. iiispiCKEL, a white granulated iron ore; an (i)loy of iron with arsenic. SIissklto, Mistletoe, a parasitical plant, the Viscum aWum, wliicii grows on ttiu oalc, used at Cliristmas tor decorating rooms, and from its viscid berries bird- lime is made. Missile, a weapon for throwing. Missive, a letter sent by a messenger. MissoT - bark, an aroin.itic bark obtained in the Eastern archipelago. Mistach, a liquid measure in Crete or Can- dla ; for oil, it is equal to 3 imperial gal- lons; for wine, itvarlesfroniStofigallonx. MisTKCA, Mesteque, a local name for the cochineal insect in Mexico. Mi.sTic, a kind of sailing-vessel. [liminl. Alisi'RA, a Maltise corn-measure, of lo Mite, a division of the troy-grain, used by moneyers ; a small coin. Miter-box, a joiner's tool. ^liTHKAL, a name in Nubia for 4 dollars. MiTKE, nn angle of 45 degrees; a Junction of two boards at an angle by a diagonal fitting; a bishop's crown. Mitre Mushroom, the IlelveHa eritpa, Scopoli, a nutritious flmcus, found in woods, and esteemed a delicate article of food. Mittens, Mitts, thin ladies' gloves without fingers, of silk, net or lace; men's warm wrappers for the hands made of cloth, worsted, &c., differing from gloves in hav- ing no separate divisions lor the fingers. Mix, to mingle. Mixture, a compound ; one or more articles combined. Mizen-mast, the aftermo«t mast of a ship. M.N. I., '• Madras native infantry." MoACUiBo, a name lor tlif cotton plant in some of the Paoiflc islmids. IMocAssiNS, louiiU deer-skin sandals. MuciiA, a weight in Abyasinia, equal to a troy grain. MocHA-coFFEE, the bcst description of Arabian cotlee. Mociia-stone, a species of quartz, with tlie appearance of mosses in it. MocHE (French), a hale of raw silk. MocuiLicA, a niemorundum or agreement in Indi^i. Mock-lead, a miner's name for blende. Mock-turtle, a soup made witli calf'.s head, veal, and condiments, which, as it soliuifles upon cooling, is also sold in mat form for private use by confectioners and at cooks' slip])s. MocuDuuM, tliu Hindustani name for the head ryot in a village; a collector of government rents; he is sometimes called a mundub in Bengal. MoDEiUNDLVNf iho iice, used in at 7 pints, or le graln-mea- :C8 of metal, medium of from a mint, ice iin impres- e reign It was cion tlie word •icted to coin, y, notes being inge in some Com. r or canvas ox with a slit ving money. GEE, MONET- i-brolters and d in the roynl d, mill, and erm for the eet, the Stock OUIitS, lOU).**, !ted. It wiis e were about ilation amont; jrm cf trans- fy, carried on glish General hes, recelvlnj: rs, payable at 3 up to five ulunted fee of ST one pound, lis mode of 1 extended to s and posaes' saryarrange- ;o eflfect. In orders issued lialf millions, WO sterling, jtains money hotel, &c. ; a I door-keeper lent, who re- ssions. y flsliermen. id breed. of Paris, mch or watch , for the royal i inches, engaging ai"l . piie-drivi yrith a swivel, iock strapped iin the docks. I large fk'uit of slightly acid icleoffoodby the natives ot Africa. The leaves dried and reduced to powder constitute Lalo, a favourite article with the Africans, which theymix daily with their food, for the pur- pose of diminishing the excessive perspi- ration to which they are subject. MoNKET-JACKXT, a short spencer, or thick pea-jacket. MoNKEY-wuENCH, a Spanner with a move- able jaw. Monkshood, a wild plant, the Aconitum ydpelliu, the roots of which yield aconl- tina, an acrid, narcotic poison, the most virulent known. It is, however, used in medicine. The plant is also called wolfs- bane. MoNKs'-SEAM, a seam made by laying the selvages of sails one over the other. MoNOCHOBD, a one-siriniied instrument. MoN()ci.3 (French), a reading-glass for one MoNONGAHELA-WHisKT, a popular home- made spirit in the United States. MoNoroLiST, one who enurosses all: a person who holds exclusive possession; an opposer of free-trade. Monopoly, the exclusive possession of any thing, as of a patent rigiit, a sole licence to manufacture or sell ; a special market, (fee. Monsoon, a species of periodical strong trade-wind in the Eastern seas, blowing for a portion of the year in one direction, and tor the remainder in a contrary direction. Mont de Pie'te', a public pawnbroking office on the Continent, kept in generul by the Government. MosTEFiAsco, an Italian wine. MoNTEEO, a Spanish horse;nan's cap. MoNTEUBS, a class of French workmen who arrange artificial flowers into wreaths and trimmings, &c. Monthly, a magazine or periodical, pub- lislied every inont'.i. Monthly-nurse, a a attendant on females during childbirth, and until convalescent. MoNTiLLADO. See Amontillado. MoNTON (Spanish), a miner's name for a heap of ore; a batch under the process of amalgamation, varying in quantity in different localities, from IS to 32 quintals. Monument, a column ; a memorial of the living or dead; a tomb. Moo, a Burmese weight of two bai. rather more than half an ounce. [si)onuc. MooABADiTL, an Hindustani name tor MoocHEE, an Indian shoemaker. JIoocHERUS. a gum-resln obtained in India troin the Bombax Malabaricum, Decand. MoocHY, a saddler, bookbinder, or any worker in leather in India. Mood AH, a bundle or bale of rice i i the East. packed In straw or rush-matting, tied witli coir. MooHOOK, a weight in the Sunda islands, the tentli part of the candareen. Moojanee, an Indian name tor the Pha- seolus trihbus. [for wax. MooM, the name in Persia and Hindustan, MooNG, varieties of pulse or gram (Pha- seolui radiatus and P. Mungo), cultivated in India. Moon-raker, Moon-sail, a small uppermost sail, occasionally carried by Americau vessels in light winds, above the sky-sail. Moonsiff, an assistant native magistrate In India. MooNSHEE, a Mussulman linguist; an Inter- priiter or scribe, literally a write . Mooql, an Arab name for gum bdellium. See GooGUL and Bdellium. Moor, to secure a ship by two anchors. MoORA, MooBAB, au Eastern long ineasnre ; that used by stone-cutters being rather more than ."V) Inches, and that enij'lojeil by carpenters, 34 1-15 inches. Cotton twist IS measured by the moorah ; a hundie in India; in Bombay, a weight or measure tor paddy, ot 8(U lbs. 12 oz. 12 drs. Moorings, a ship lying with more than one anclior out ; moorings are also buoys in a harbour, securely anchored, for tlie con- venience of shins to make fast to. Moorstone, a miner's name for granite. MooRY, a brown cloth made in India. JIoosE, a large species of elk, the Cerviis alces: tliis fine animal furnishes an excel- lent hide for mocassins and snow-shoe.s, and the flesh supplies food to the Indians. Moot, a piece of hard wood, nooped with iron at each end, used in making blocks. Mooter, a maker of tree-nails or wooden bolts, for fastening the planks of a ship. MooTHAS, an Indian name for species of Cyperus, the roots or rhizomes ot which arc used there as a diaphoretic and diu- retic, [greek-seed. MooTHE, Metha, Indian names for fenn- MoozoNAT, Mouzounah, a small silver coin current in Morocco, and equivalent to 7-lOths of a penny. Mop, a country fair for hiring servants; pieces of cloth, or rope fastened toa handle, for wiping up wet, or cleaning stones, hoards, &c. Mop-and-broom-stick Maker, a shaper of wood for handles. Mop-head, Mop stick, the separate parts of a mop. MoQUETTE, a tapestry Brussels carpet of a fine qual'ty ; a species ot Wilton carpet. MoR, the Malay name for myrrh. Mora, a valuable South American wood, obtained from the Mora excelsa, a twe which, in Guiana, f^-equently reaches 100 feet in height or upwards. It is tough, close, and cross-grained, and is peculiarly adapted for sliips' thnliers and planks, for which purpose it is extensively usi-d, be- ing recognised as a flrst-class wood by Lloyds. When of the height of from 40 to 5U feet, the trunk will square from 18 to 20 inches, but wlien grown to that size it is generally faulty. The bark Is used as a tanning sulistance. Tlie seeds of the tree contain starch, and are used by the In- dians as food in times of scarcity. Morah, a footstool used in India made of rattans, Calamus rotang; a weiglit in Mysore cousisting of about 80 lbs. Morau, an Indian grain-measure equal to 34 56 cubic inches. Moray, an Indian measure of 38 seers, about 1 S-lOths busuel, also called a MuUL Wouc^T,LKMENT, ill Fraticc, a compulsory (llvu^on of land a iio;ig the sons, on the (1 Rath of the father. MoHCHAT,, an emblPTi of state in India oi Rold and silver tissu ■, spangles, feathers, dec. Mordant, a chemical base usnd In callro- prlntins; to dx the colours, such ns aiuiij ; n liquid mixture, useil in dyeing, whlcli enables the colour to combine per. < it:- nentiy with the texthi fnbric. MoitEEN, a Isind of wciarc' stulT, clii'./:v used for hangings, coverlrig tumituni, aii ; ladies' petticoats. MoBELL, a variety of clurri ; the smallest and most delicate Itl;;! of wild mushroom, the Atorchella esculenta, foaiid Ui woods. MoRFiL. f. kind of coarse wocil ii material used in Frant.'c for niiiklng sacks or bugs to contain the oil-cake ot flaxseed; ele- ph>:i.ntB' teeth. SecMABF.L. >lr"i!<:EN, a German land-meas'n e, varying .1: cliffenMt localities, !>ut u.-tuilly about .•."i»-!hlrc','j r^', iM acrf. MoHaj-Nirt,,'.!-!', MonoEN zfatvsq (derman), a nir. T.ijig lunvBpaper. IIOKILT^.:"' line l.'!;;ck grapes grown in Frrsnce-, '-.mgh enjf*,rai.d3. r4Jd. I'^foKiHQ.^t:, an Algctine coin worth about M'>!!iTA, a Spanish name lor the fustlc-tree, Madura Hnctoria. See Fustic. JlOIlUKO. (See MORTLING. ]«OB>i-DJC.-GowN, a lady's loose undress wrap- per for morning wear. MOROCOO-DRESSER, MOROCCO-LEATHKR- DHESS2R, a preparer of leather of the kind called true morocco, or in imitiition, Morocco Leather, a Ueht fancy leather tanned with sumach and dyed, used for coiicli-linlngs, chair-covers, book-binding, ladies' slioes, Ac. True morocco is made ftom goat skins, but imitation morocco is mnde from split siieep-skin. It is usually grained. Morocco-leather-cask Maker, a maker of pocket-books, writing-ca>;es, and other articles covered with morocco. Morphia, an important princij.le of opium, used as an anodyne, art8 copi or, nnu a ilttie silver. M08 ' fcs, irHaid paticrns or ■ u : urcs. T'lere arc severui klnd^ ■>( mosaic, but !»!1 of theiVi consist In ei..'!ieddlng fragments of different-coloured stones, gems, marbles, and even glass in a cement, so as to pro- duce a fancy pattern, or the effect of a picture. MoscosQr?:, a Russian money of- account, tile hait of a copeck, and the 200th part of a rouble. MosEixE, a French white wine, and one of the most add of the light wines imported. MosLiN'GS, .1 name for the thin bibulous shreds ol i -ithcr shaved off by the currier in dressing Mns. Mosque, a M.\!iomctan temple. Moss. The Kiw Oilcans long moss is the produce of TUhmdsiausnoides: it possesses considerable '.'hi&ticlty, is prei)ured as u substitute for horse-hair In upholstery purposes, and is used by naturalists lor stuffing birds. £BAEKT, a tarming implement In Flander:^, drawn by a puir of Ikuvcs, for taking up and dropping compost, earth, &c. Moui-DER, a founder; a former or shnper. Moulding, a small border or edging to a panel or to a picture-trame. Moulding-hill, a saw-mill or shaping mill lor timber. MOULDLNG-PLANE. See PLANE. Mould-makek, a maker of casts or sliapes of different kinds: thus there are nu-ulds for making i-'lass bottles, for gold-beaters, lor iron foundern, tor sugar-refiners, for casting tobacco-pipes, for making tassels and frinfies, &c. MouLr-TUKNEK, a maker of metal tlrames or shapes. MouLES (French), mussels. MouuN, a French mill. MouLiNAGE (French), the last dressing of silk before It is dyed. AIouNTAiN, a kind of wine. ]\IouNTAiN-GREEN, a Carbonate of copper; malachite. BIouNTAiN-PEPPEK, a name for the seeds of Capparis sinaica. MouNTAiN-iucE, ail Upland description of rice, grown without irrigation, on the edge of the Himalayan range, in Cochiu- China, and some parts ot Europe and tlie United States. BlouNTEBANK, a Cheat or cliarlatan. Mounter, an ornamenter; a i)icturf or glass franier ; one who stufls and sets uji bird*) and animals. MouNT-GUAUi), to do duty as sentry; to be on the watch or look-out. Mounting, the setting to a gem ; the frame to a picture ; the harness or tackle used in weaving. MocRMNG-BKOocH, a jet brooch. MoiTKNiNG-coACH, a carriitRe with black horses and trappings to attend ata liiiii'ral. MoUKNiNG-BEGLhvr, :i broati metal bordering for black columns in n newspaper. MouRNiNG-BiNG jNIakek, a uianutiicturcr of finger rings which are worn as mementoes of deceased friends. MoiKNiP, a Tartar name for koumiss or icnnented mare's milk, which is said to cure consumiition. >IousE, to wrap a hook and its standing part with yarn to prevent its slipping. MousE-TKAP, a trap baited to catch mice. Mou.ssACiiE, a name lor tlie tecula of the manioc. l^IoussELiNE (French), muslin. AIoussELiNE UE Laine, nm. collectors. .Some species of jlurex, nnd Purpura, vielded the Tyrlan purple dye of the ancients. McKiATE, a salt formed by muriatic acid, combined with a base. JIurlate of soda and chloride of sodium, are clieiiiicul names given to common salt MuKiATio-AciD, hydrochloric acid ; a com- pound of hydn s'en and chlorine. MuKLiNs, anoth< . i.amo for the Alaria escu- lenta, also called badderlocks. Murrain, a disease among cattle. MuBEAYA-wooD, a name for boxwood. MuRSiB, a liquid measure used In Batnvin, ten making a rand, which is about tlie third of a gallon. MuRUTE, a name In Ceylon Ibr the Lager- strwnua regina. the wood of which Is used for imilding ana making casks. MuRWiV. See JIillet-beer. Mdsada. a native name in parts of India for the Strychnos nu.v-vomica. Muscadel-wine, Muscadine, a rich wine of Languedoo in Fnuice. Muscardine, a fungus or rot, the liotnitis Bassiana of Montagne, which kills silk- worms in great numbers. Muscatel, a choice species of grape, dried on the vine for fine table raisins. MnscovADo, tlio ordinary dark coloured, iflned sugor of commerce: moist- sugar. raw, unrefined sugor of commerce; molst- Muscovite, Mdscovy-glass, a name for mica. MuscovT-DucK, a variety of the species 80 named. duck< MUS 255 ] MUS which hi- ivemeuts in a stupcfyh»(f i mill oihiT :)cor it) Bol )f Murex, and an purple dye muriatic acid, ;urli\te of soda are chemical lilt acid ; a coni- oriiie. he Alaria eicu' ks. little, boxwood, led In Batnvla, h 18 about the tor the Lager- >f which is used sks. parts of India ica. B, a rich wine ot, the Botrytis hich kills slm- of grape, dried aisins. dark coloured, amerce ; moist- a name for of the dack> Museum, a building appropriated to olijccts ciiiinccted with science and arc, of which there ure-aeveral mixed or special ones in the metropolis: as the Uritlsh Atuscuni, taking in the wiiole ran^o of objects ol natural history, antlnultles, literature, &e. : tho Museum of Economic Geology ; thcMuseuni of Botany and Vemitablo Pro- ducts at Kew; the iTast India (.'ouipany's Museum, at tho India House, Leadeidiali- street; and the Mouth Kensington iSlnsenni, inciudinganiinalnroducts, Paintings, Fine .\rts, and other illuslratloim. MuHU. an American name tor a porridge made of Indian meal. MiisiiitooM - KKTCHUP, a flav'iuriii,' for viands; a sauce made of mushrooms. MuHMKooMS, a u 111',? for edible funul, some of which, as the Aguricua catiipcuti'ii mnl A. oreades, the mitre mushroom, and tiie niorell, are esteemed as delicacies. McsiiRooM-sp VN, the seed of tho mush- room sold in mass liy gardeners. Musical- BOX, a small barrel-organ machine which is often made to play a large num- ber of popular tunes, iln'v are prlncf- paily manufactured on the Continent. Musical Clock, a clock which plays tunes at the liours. Musical- INSTRUMENT -covEB Maker, a maker of leather-cases for wind instru- ments, or of boxes for violins, <&e. MisiCAL- INSTRUMENT MAKER, a innnu- (aoturer of one or more kinds of musical instruments: several of tiie.se are special t radcs. WlSICAL-INSTUUJIENT Sl'IUNO-MAKElt, a maker ot catgut, or the prepared twisted Intestines of sheep, rAND. a llgiit frame for holding a i.icce of music or hook; a Canterhiirv, or other article of lurniture, lor ImldliiK mUHJolioolvs. Music-HTooi,, a ronnd-seatod screw pivot stoi>l lor a pianolurte player. Music-type, the symbols or notes of music, cast tor printing from. Mu.sK, an odorllerous substance, one of the most powei'iul, penetr.iting, and lasting of pcrtuuies, olitalncd trom tiic musk-deer, iMoschus muM'liiferwi. Our lm|ioris average 9,000 to 10,000 oz. a vear. Musket, ahanil-uunlora soldier: the barrel, lock, and stuck tiro ail made by separate hands. MusKET-iiAiiKKi,, the metal tube of a inus- k<'t, wiiieli IS soiiietimes browned or bi'on/ed, and sometiuit-s plain. Musket-lock, tho hammer or striking part of a guu; the nipple, it,a. ol a percussion lock. MusivETooN, an American weapon, a kind of bluiiiierhiiss. f,Ve .Mei.ms. Mu.sK-MEi.oN.asmallyellow fragrant nieioii. MUSK-UAT. Si-e MusyuA.sM. MusK-KO.sE, a variety ol rose, from wlilcn a very odorllerous oil Is obtained in the re- gency of Tunis. Musk-seed, tlie seed-i of Abeliiioschm inoi- chatus, of Wight and Ariiot ; the Hibiscus abelinoschus oi hnmmufi, which are stimu- lating, cordial, and stumachlc, and made into a tincture by the Arabs, agahist ser- pent biles, .See AiiELMOscHU.s. Mcsk-wood, a pretty veined dotted wood, useful for tile cabinet-maker, obtained from the Euribia argophylla. In Tasniu- iiiu. Mu.sLiN, a very thin cirttoii material, of which there aie numberless kinds; book, mull, jaconet, blshops'-lawn. saecharllla, harness, leno, nainsook, seerhard, foun- dation, cambric coal, and fancy checks, &a Iiigured muslins are wrought in the loom to Imitate the tamboured muslins. Muslin is only distinguished trom calico by its superior fineness. The India mus- lins are remarkably flue, and very rich, soft, and durable. Maciiine-made muslins are, however, deficient in some of these properties. Mu.sLiN AND Lace PKisiEii, a maiuiiactuitr ot printed muslin and lace. Muslin Blind, a thin short curtain tor the lower part of a window. Muslin Curtains, long curtains of mnsiln lor a drawing or sitilng room, for sum- mer wear. MusLiN-EMBROiDEBER, a sempstresB who overlaysorembroiders muslin with flgures or patterns. Muslinets, a kind of muslin of which there are several varieties, as single cord, and fancy satin stripes and figures. MuaooR, a common Indian name tor J?/'vunt km and hrvutn hirsutum. ! NAC [ 256 1 NAI MufQUASH, a htirrowlnn animal, the Fibtr tibfthicus, Cdinmonly calloil llio musk-rnt, native of North Atnortcu, soUKht for Its §Kin, the tur resembltnirthat or the ht-avcr. It ts chtetly useil (or hat-inaktng. Uathcr more than a million aklnx are annually Imported, which are fur the most part H«nt to the ('oiitlnont. W tJ8QUA«»i-ROOT, a tuberous-rooted plant, the Claytonia arutijlora, eaten hy the Mlcmac Indians, in the British American Lower Provinces. MrsQuiTo-cuKTAis andNettino, thin mus- lii.. hunf; round beds In the troiiics, to keep out the troublesome mosquitoes. MusaoLL, the nosi.'biuid for a horse. MusiSAUL, a uset^il male general servant em- ployed In Bombay. MrsHF.i., a common mollusc, the Mytihis edulis, eaten bv the tower classes. The shells are used to hold gold and silver pnlnt or size for artists. In several species of fiver-mussel pearls are found. MuasiJCK, a large skin or leather bag, used for Bupplying water In India. MuBSii-ouKK, an Indiaii link-bearer. Must, the juice of the i?rape, before fermen- tation has commenced. MrsTiUBA, a close sound heavy wood im- ported Iroin Brazil, and used for turning, and at »\n , ield for making the handles of phizlers and other knives. The veins are of a chestnut bmwn, running Into black. MiLSTANC, a wild horse. WcisTAKD, pulverized mu.stard-seed, made into ii paste wltli water, as a cnndinient tor meat, or used for stimulating poultices. MiiSTAHD-MANUFACTUKER, a preparer oi inu.stard meal or flour, an extfusive inii- uiifacture, the quantity made anuuiilly exceeding 2000 tons. MusTAKD-SEED, tlie fruit of various species of dtnapis, largely Imported as oil seeds fbr crushing, and varieties are cultivated at home for the meal, which is used as a pungent condiment. Mt^sTEic, a sample; a review; a drawing together. MusTEB-BoOK, a book for entering attend- ance In. Ml'k.'uiun, a Scotch liquid measure of 4 gills, mi 2.'S-a'il cubic Inches ; the (burth of the Scotch pint. Mum, an Austrian and an Itillan corn- measure consisting of So metzcn : lOO nietzen >— 21 1-flth iniperial quarters MiTTiiAK, Ml Tri'.H, an Indian name for pease, iPisumsdticuin.) MuTUKA, tlie Malay name lor poiirl. M urroN, the flesh of sheep. MiiTTON-mioTn. a thin soup of mutton. Mutton-chop, Mutton-cutlet, pieces fh)in the ribs or leg of a Hlieep. Mutton-ham, a leg of mutton salted. JIUTTON-suET, the fat from the vicinity of the kidneys of the sheep. MuTTT-PAL, a resinous exudation tron\ Alianthus Alahibuvicus. Muzzle, a gag or headstall put on docs to prevent them biting, or on calves "to prevent them sucking; the mouth of a gun. Mya, the name for a cord or rope In some of the Pacific Islands. Myam, the sixteenth part of the buncal, a wei«ht for gold and silver, used In the East Indies. See Bunc^al. Myhiacuamme, a French weight of 22 0480 lbs. MTiUAHriii', a French measure of capacity ; 10,0'JO litres, =^34'3i»i»i Imiierlal quarters. MYBiAMETitE, the new French Uagiie often thousand mfetres. 10936'330 yards = 6 miles, 1 furlong, 285 poles. Mtuubalons, a commercial name fur the dried wrinkled fruit of various species of TerminaUa, largely imixirted from India fbr the use of tamiers and dyers. Myrrh, an aromatic medicinal gum-resIn obtaiiii'd from the Balsamodendron myvrlat. Myutle, a well-known slinib, the Mijrtus conimttnLi. The fragrant and aroi'natic dried fruit and flower-buds were formerly used iis a spice, and are said to be so still In Tuscany : a kind of wine is formed of them, aiKt the flowers yield a distilled water called Eau d'Ange. Myrtle- WAX, a green solid vegetable fht obtained in the Cape colony and Nortli America from the berries of several spooios of Myrica. N. "M" an abbreviation for Nortii. one of the ■'^^ • four cardinal noiiits; and lOr Knmber, in medical prescriptions. Naautoe, a name In the Cape colony for a smiill kind of orange. JJahke, a powerful poison made in the East Indies from Aconilam ferox, ailed also Bisli and Bikh. Xahii, powdered sugar-candy. Nacuheba, the Italian naoie fbr the casta- nets; a kettle-drum. Nackkr. See Knackek Nacouak, the master of an Arab-vessel on the Acheen coast Nacre, the lustrou.s substance which lines the interior surface of shells yielding mo- ther-of-pearl. Nacreous-shells, iridescent sliells; those which have an exterior or interior layer of pearl, of which several kinds are used for manufacturing imrposes, as some species of Meleagriiia, I'tirho, Nautili, &C. fbettor bred. Nag, a roadster, lesslhanacoacii-horse, and JSahoor, a species of medium-bizcd wild sheep found In Nepaui, the Ovis A'ahoot: Naih deputy law-officer in an Indian cuui>. of Justice. NAP [257] NAT le (burth uf illaii com- ytzcn: UK) leforpuosu, eiirl. lUltuI). pieces ft'oni iltcd. vicinity of latlon tVoiu ,)ut on (lopn n ciilvcs lo muuth of h le In some of le buncol, u udcU til tlie lit of 22 04afi of cniaclty ; 1 (luartcrs. I ague often yards = (i anie for tin* U8 species of I from liidiu Irs. 1 puin-rosm imodeiuhoit tlie itt/rtus aroinatie ire formerly ,0 be so still s formed of a distilled otable fht and North 'cral species vliicli lint's iekiinn mo- ells; those erior layer lis are used as some , Nmttili, better bred, l-liorse, and sized wild ; A'ahom: Ian ludian N/iL, a stamptnii Instrument; a m«t8uro of leiiKtb, !i« wood. NAiL-BsnsH, a toilet brush for scrubbing and cleaning the flnger nails. Nailer, a workman employed in naIN making. Nail-filb, a small flio for smoothing the flnger nails. Nail-makkii, a manufacturer of nails. Nail- scissoi{a,8mall8hort scissors, with flies on the sides, for trimming the flnger nails. Naii.-tuimhgr, an Instrument for cutting anil paring the flnger nails. Nainsook, a thick sort of Jaconet mnslln, plain or striped; it was formerly made in India, N AKED-FLOOEiNO, the parallel floor-Joists or timber work for supporting the boarding of a floor. Nakholt)a (Persian), the master of an Arabian or eastern coasting vessel. Nalkk, a land-measure in Kamaon, India, of 240 square yards, or as much land as can be sown with 2 seers of seed wheat. Nai.i, a weight used In Malacca. See Hall Nalkeb, a litter used hy the lils{her class of native princes in India. Nallie, a Malayan grain - measure. See C'OYAN. Namad, a coarse woollen cloth or blanket, made in Persia. Name-plate, a metal door-plate; a visiting- card-plate of copper for taking impres- sions trom. Namiik Oil, Nemauk Oil, a fVagrant deep yellow grass oil, ohtained from the An- dropogon Iwaranchusa, in the Bast Indies. Nandiogin, a silver coin of Japan worth about 4s. 7d. Naneel, a name in Canara for the Bassia laiifolia, from the seed of which a good oil is obtained. Nankau, tlie Persian name for ajouan. See Ajouan. Nanke, Nanqtie, a small weight in use In Aladagnscar for gold and silVvV, equal to about B grains ; another weight, nearly the same in name, the Nanqui, is twice the weight of the Nanque. Nankeen, a buff-coloured cotton cloth, made in China ti-om a species of yellowish cotton grown in the Nankin district. Nap, in Scotland, a milk- vat; a small round wooden dish made of staves ; the pile of cloth ; the down of a hat. Napatain, a vernacular name in parts of India, for the physic-nut Napaulah Oil, an Indian name for croton oil. Napeolonite, a variety of felspar. Napeby, table-linen. Naphtha, a mineral oil obtained from pet- roleum, shale, and other substances, us«d for burning in lamps, and, when contuln- ingparafflnp, tor InhrlcAtlng machinery: coal napht.tiit consists priiicinally of ben- zole. IhU aromatic bituminous oil Is found oozing out of dells In tlio rocks, or the ground: it soon solldiflcs when ex- poioa to the atmosphere. See Pktro- LEim, NArHTRA-ManLLVR, a rci tlfler and preparer (It nai>htha from crude coal tar, one uf the resiiJues ni the iiiiiiiufactare of coal gas. Naphtha-lamp, n table-lamp constructed to burn naphilm In. Napkin, a small damask cloth for table use, for a tray, for breakfast, dinner, or flsli, or for tyinx up hifimts. Napkin-ring, a small ring of ivory, shell, wood, or .some other substance, to oiiciose a dinner napkin In. NAi'i.Efr'TELLow, a pigment prepared by cal- ciiiiiig antimony and lead, with alum and salt. It was employed in oll-palnting, and also for porcelain and enamel, but is now superseded by chroinate ot lead. Napole'on, a French gold coin of 20 flrancs, about 16s. There are also doable Napo- Idons. See Looia Natoota Oil, an oil made In Eastern Africa, from the Agaltl, and used like olive oil in the Indian markets. See AoAm. Narcotics, opiates ; medicines that induce sleep. Nard. See Spikenard. Nakoas, a pillau, or prepared dish of lamb, eggs, and spices, &c. in India. Nauoheel, a small liookah pipe. Nargil, a name lor the coco-nut-tree In Southern India. Naroile', a Turkish pipe, for smoking through water, by means of a long mar- pidge or tube. [coco-nut. Narikel, Narititl, Indian n.imes for the Naurow-cloths, In the woollen trade, those under 53 inches wide ; cloth beyond that width being termed broad-cloth. Narrow-qacge, a railway, where the roils are placed 4 feet Si inches apart. Narungee, a vernacular name In parts of India for the sweet orange. Narwhal, a fish, the Alonodon monoceron, the long spiral horn or tusk of which furnishes ivory, although seldom used in manutacture. Nasi, the Malay name for boiled rice. Nasturtium, a name for Indian cress, Tro- pceolum orthoceras, Garc i.ht. Natchent, Natcuine, aiiotl- ' .lame for corokan in Ceylon. See OoroK :t. National School, a fii'p->»;iool for the young, supported by in-j .bors of t'le Church of England. Native Iron, massive ore with mirrate crys- talline grains, free from carbon, found in Liberia. Natron, a native scsqni-carbonate of soda, of which two kinds are obtained in Egypt, the white and the soltanee. It is em- ployed in the manufacture of soap and glass, for bleaching and other purposes. Naturalist, a collector and dealer in ob- jects of natural history. Naturalization, a legal grant to a resi- dent alien of the riithts and urivileges of a British-born subject. 8 17 E E [258] NEP Naut, ft innrlne measure of lenKth, used In the MedlterrancB)! : 124n:iut8 — 145 ralleg. Nautcii-oiuu nn liidliiii dniiciiiL.'-uli >. Nautical, relatliiK tu Hlilpg, iiavigiition, or Heninun. Kauticauxstritment Makkii, amonufac- turer of quapliiK. Naval Htoukb, n iiatno (or cortnin articles ased ill 8til|)H, such as cordage, turpentiiH', iplritg of turpentine, rosin and tar, &c. Navb, a short block of wood, usually ehii, formlntr the middle of awheel, aiid|ilerced with a nolo, to receive the axlf or axle- tree ; the body of a church. If AVETTE, a smaller kind ofcolzn, cultivated In France for the seed, for making oil. The seed Is Ics» abundant but more valu- able than the larger kind. >AViOELLB, a kind of ship. Navioation, the art of managing a ship at sea. Navioators, seamen; also men employed upon heavy earthwoik-cuttlngs, KERCHiEF, a tie tbr the throat Necklace, an ornament or circlet for the neck worn by females, made of various materials, pearls or other gems, beads, glass, &0. Neobohanceb, a coi\)uror. Nectak, a pleasant cooling drink. Nectarine, a peach-like fruit; a variety of the apricot yiEDLE, a sewing luatnunenti made of tbe best steel wire. The needles of Kngllsh manufacture are decidedly superior to those of an V other country, and are exten- sively useil In every civlllzid part of the globe; the pointer of a magnetic com- pass. Needlk-book, slips of flannel to stick needles In, with covers in the form of a book. Needlr-box, a small fancy box for keeping papers of iir-ndies in. Nkkdle-cahk, u lady's workoasc In which needles are kept according to sizes or numbers. Nf.kdle-uaker, a manufacturer of needles. Neeule-hakkks' Company, one of the minor livery companies of Loudon, which has no hall. Nekolk-woman, a sempstress. Needle-work, einbroidory, lace, nil articles worked by the needle ; but the term Is chiefly applied to taucy or ornaincntiU work. [Arable neeleh. Nkela, nn Indian name for indigo from tho Nkem, Nim, vernacular names In India for the Margosa-treo {Melia Atadirachta). The astringent bitter bark Is used as a tonic; the leaves are used for poultices; from the ripe pericarp of the fruit a very bitter fixed oil Is expressed ; the trunk of the tree yields gum ; and the young trees when tapped furnish a saccharine sap or toddy, capable of undergoing the vinous fermentation, and which Is believed to be stomachic. [Margosa-berrics. NEE.M-OIL, an oil expressed in India from Neemooka, a vernacular name for the Cismmpelos hexandra, used medicinally in India like the Pareira brava. NEESBERitY, NisBERRY, a West Indian fruit, the Achras tapotiUa. Neft, an Arabic name for petroleum. NEaALHO, a Portuguese name for a liank or skein of cotton. Neouoee, along necklace, usually ()f coral Neoociant, a French merchant or trader. Neoociatb, to transact business; to bargain or exchange* to put securities into circu- lation. Neoro-coen, a West mdfan name ft)r tlie Turkish millet or dhurra. Negrohead-tobacco, tobacco softened with molasses or syrup, and pressed Into cakes, generally called Cavendish. Neqds, a drink of wlno and warm water, sweetenedwlth sugar, lemon, andnutmeg. Neigelu-clotb, a fabric made in India of pat or sunn hemp, Crotalariajuneea. Nelue, a grain-measure of Sumatra, of eight bamboos, the tenth part of the gnn- cha, and equal to 29i lbs., but by some authorities given atless. Nello, Nellt. a weight for gold and silver in the East; in Pondicherry, equal to 0-867 grain; in Bengal to 028 gram. Neoza, a vernacular name in India for some edible pine seeds. See Chilgoza. Nepaul-pafer, a strong unsized paper, made in Nepaul trom the pulverized bark of the Daphne papyraeea. Sheets have been made many yards square, and bricks of the pulp are idd at la. to U. 6d. fi)r j tbreeMorai Nkpe the belu Nepiii Nkiti Afrli NKHKtj Neuoi. distil less, Nkshk stare Nkst I or bo set of Net, til nbatei Work birds, work kinds, wire bobbin Net-mai NKT-Pit(j «00(lli I Netono, whethi .,den, an •"KTTINO- or patt( Nettino- to keei) materia InETTI.VO-: each en: .,by fenia JSETTLE-C conslstli which 1 stitute I peaks of NKTTLE-Ti yields a box for and is I name of ^<'or flutes Netty, a „"'"".v, a ^ Net-weioi dlse, altc the cask weight li „ package. Neve, a w, of28«gra Newel, thi a staircai •N.EWEMEEN _to the ou; New-laid -Imported |Nf.w-Okle. News-aged News-boy, I „ papers. [NEW8-EXC& for news are discu changed c, iWS-QALL Of brass, i ■t- NEW r 259] NIG >a of Eni!U»h • gui)erlor to \nd are cxten- (1 piirt ot the mBiietlc coiu- inol to stlclc tho form of a )0X for keeping lease \n which ig to tlzea or urer of needles. one of the ■'Louaon, wlilcli !"nce, all article* but tho term w or ornamentiu [Arabic neelen, .lIcBtn India for a Azadirachta). uk In U9e<^ ?* * icd for poultices; f the fruit a very ,ed; the trunk of d the young trees saccharine sap or rKolui? the vinous ll-rsbeUovedtoba ;j5rfn»s^ West Indian ttuit, , petroleum. iMno for a bank or pe, usually AfcoraL trchant or trader. UBlness; tobarga n 'jcurlUe8lntof.lrcu- kdlan name flT tlie Ibacco softened with Uressed into cakes, I and warm water, flemon.andiiutmeg. lie made in India of tre of Sumatra, of »th part of the gun- "lbs., but by some itV gold and silver bherry, equal to 867 tee li India for Va See Chilooza.. ong unsized paper, the pulverized bark ra«a. Sheets have 5b square, and bridu fat la. to li. W. »' MicrE, a square piece ol blankttt, uicd by the Indians, to wrap thu loot aud uncle before niiii'iiHHlnit are put on. Nefiikitic-stoni-:. See Jakk. Is'kii'I'nk, h lart{u braM.s pun used In tlio WeiC African tradt^ Kkkfs (Fruncli)i sinews of animals. Nkkoi.i-oil, an vNNi d In presence of air. Kkhiikisuta, un Indian puine fur wiie.it- Btarcii. Kmt, u number of buckets, tubs, ba^kolw, or boxes, placed one wltliln the other; u setof druwcrs. Net, the clear amount without any fhrtiicr aiiatenient for discount, &c. ; open niesli work of any kind; a snare tu catcli ti^li, birds, or insects; un open or tiiin laeo work fabric, of wliicli there are many kinds, as plain or lancy broad net, plait, wire ground, qullling>net or edging, bobbin-net, ifec. Net-makek, n maker of flslilng-nots. JfET-PKocKEUS, the auionnt or .muiu which Koodg produce after every cliarge l^* puid. NtrriNO, tlio process of forming nieslics, whether for fancy-work or for lisliing, gur- den, and other nets of a larger kind. Nettino-dook, a lady's book of instructions or patterns tor netting. NErriNO-Box, NErriNQ-CASE. a lady's case to keei) meshes, pins, needles, and netting materials, cotton, silk, &c. in. Netting-needle, a long needle with a slit at each end to pass tlio thread through, used by females for netting. Nettle-cloth, a new German material, consisting ot a very thick tissued cotton, which is japanned and prepared as a sub- stitute for leather, particularly for the peaks of caps, waistbelts, Ac. Nettle-tkee, tiie C'ellis auslralii, whicli yields a compact wood between oak and box for density. It takes a high polish, and is used by the French, under tlie name of JVlicocoulierand Perplgnan wood, for flutes, and for carving. Netty, a name sometimes given to the ruttv, a variable weight in Bengal. Net-weight, tlie true weight of merchan- dise, alter allowance has been made for the cask, bag, or enclosure. Tlie gross weight is the actual weight of goods and package. Neve, a weight on the coast of Coromandel of 286 grains. Newel, the upright post of the hand-rail of ft stAirpAHfi N^wemeen, an AtVican money term applied to the ounce, or 16 ackles. See Ake. New-laid Eggs, fresh laid eggs, not those I Imported f^oin France. I New-Ohleans Moss. See B arba Hispanica. I News-agent. ^S^e Newspaper Agent. I News-boy, an itinerant vender of news- I papers. |New8-excranoe, a central meeting-place for news-venders, wliere trade matters are discussed, and surplus papers ex- changed or bought and sold. UEwa-QALijEYs, long metal frames of iron or bi'uss, or with wooden sides aud metal bottom, tocmtaiii columns of type, which are lodged tlierriin by the compositor for the puriiosu ot piillinu proofs In slip*. Newspapek, n periodical Journal, pnliilshed daily, weekly, oratotlierspeeitic Intervals, and lurni-iliinu the news of tlio day. NEW.SPAPKlt-A(iKNr, NEWH-VENDEIt, OUO Who supplies newspapers to the public. NEWspAi'En-ciiAflE. See Ciiasr. News-wiuteu, a casual reporter; a contrl- I'Utor to u new8|ia|ier. New Zealand Flax, the Phorminm tinar, a plant of New Zealand, tlie leaf of which furnlsiies a strong and valuable fibre. Niio.v, u minute nurmeso measure, equal to ten lines or liairs'-lireadtlis, and loeiuly ro- presi'iited by u sinull seud, thu Seiamum orieiitctle. Niitrr, a nose ornament or Jewel worn by women In Hindustan. fscytlie. Nib, tlie point of a pen; tlie handle of u Niiio. a co.ii'tie powder used in some parts of India for wastiing silk, obtuined irom Anticharu Arnhica of Kiidl. NiCAUAiiUA-wuoD.uninferiorklndol Brazil- wood, the produce of Cuesnlpinia erhiiinta, used to dye a bright fugitive luucy red. It is aNo called peach-wood. Niche, n hollow recess In a wall for u statue to stand In, or for other purposes. Nick, an Incision or mark In tlie sliank of printing-types, which guides tlie coni- jiosltor in arranging the letters properly In his composing stick. Nickel, a durable white metal easily malle< able, resenittllng silver, usually procured from spelse, a compound of tho metal wltli arsenic, found associated with cobalt In Germany. Nickel Is used to a very large extent in the arts, being remark- able for the peculiar whiteness and sliver- like lustre which it communicates to other metals when alloyed with them. NicKNACKEUY. trllles; toys. Nicotine, a colourless limpid oil, the poison- ous principle of tobacco: a single drop of It is sultictent to kill a dog. Nidged Ashlab, hard granite hewn with a pick or pointed liaminer Instead of a clii»el. Niello, an engraved gold or silver plate, the Hues of wiiich are flllod permanently with a black enamel. Nigged. '«e Nidged Asih^ar. Night- BELL, a surgeon's or chemist's door bell le.iding to a sleeping room, to be rung at n.ight. [night Night-cab, a cab which piles for hire at NiGUT-CAP, a covering for the head to sleep in : many are open- woven of worsted or cotton ; those for females are of different materials trimmed with borders. NiGHT-CAKT, a covered dung-cart for re- moving human ordure from privies. Night-cu)thes, a bed-gown and iiicht-cap ; garments to sleep In. Night-glass, a telescope for use at night NiGBT-oowN, a cliild'sor female's long louse Karment to sleep In. Night-holse, a tavern or pnblic-house per- mitted to be opened at night Night-light, a small mortar taper, for burning In a s'eeping-room, and wbictk stands in water for safety. NIZ [260] NOS In Nightman, one who empties privies towns i always performed at niglit Night-pan, Night-stool, a bedroom close- stool or commode; abed-pan; a portable water-closet. NiGHX-PORTEB, a sefvant who sits up in attendance at an hotel at night. NiGHT-SHiBT, a plain loose coarse man's shirt for sleeping in, NiGBT-TRAiN, tt railway train running in the night. Nil (Latin), nothing; a commonly used term forcancelling, hi accounts or book-keeping; meaning to pass it over or take no notice of it. NiMBOonA, an Indian name for the lemon. Nine-pins, the wooden pins used in the game of slcittles, which are a) neA at with a heavy wooden ball. NiNZiN, a variety of ginseng obtained in Corea. See Ginseng. Nip, a short turn in a rope; h pinch with something sharp; a small cut; a vessel c.iught between icebergs; a small cup; a draught of ardent spirits. NiPAH, the leaves of the Nipa fruticans palm, which are used generally in the East for thatching ; also called atap. Nippers, a pair of pincers; instruments :br cutting up loaf sugar; tweez^rs,wire-phers; in sliips a number of yarns twisted toge- ther to secure a cable to the messeuKer. NiPPEs (French), clothes; apparel, furni- ture. Nipple-shield, a protection for the breast worn by females. NiSFiE, the half of a zermahboub or Turkish sequin. NiSHAN-BUEDAE, an Indian stand? ""-bearer. Nitrate, an oxygenated base /mbined wltli nitric acid. Nitrate of Lead, crystallized jitrlc acid and oxide of lead, which is much eni- ploved in the chrome yellow style of calico-printing. Nitrate of Potash. See Nitre and Salt- petre. Nitrate of Silver, nitrlo acid and si.vor, much used as an indelible ink for writing upon linen with a pen. Nitrate of Soda. See Cubic Nitre. Nitrite of Strontia, crystals which, when mixed with charcoal and chlorate of potash, afford the brilliant red light of the theatres. Nitratine, a nitrate of sodafound in crystals In Peru. Nitre, nitrate of potassa, a natural efflores- cence on the surface of the earth in ce veral countries, which is used as saltpetre in the manufacture of gunpowder and of nitric acid. Nitric-acid, a preparation from nitrates of , potash and soda ; which is popularly called aquafortis. See Aquafortis. Nitrometer, a measure to value nitre. NiiTLES, in Scotland, thesmall stunted horns of sheep. NivET, In French conmeroe an abatement, allowance, or commission. NivuTTE, a kind of peacti. Nizam, the governor or administrator of an Indian province. N.N.E., the nautical abbreviation for the compass point of " North-north-east a " N.N.VV. being " North-north-west." No., the commercial abbreviation for " number." NoBBLER, an American slang term for a dram of spirits. NoBLK, a former gold coin worth 6s. 8d. NocHEB (French), a pilot or steersman. Noctograph, a writing-frame for the blind. Nog, a piece of wood shaped Uke a brick ; square blocks of wood plied on each other to suppoi i the roof of a mina Noggin, a name in the north of England for tiie gill or quartern, the fourth part of a liquid pint; a little mug. Nogging, brick-work in panels carried be- tween quarters. Noils, the short pieces and knots of wool, left after combing out the " tops " by the combs, or wiien the sliver is drawn off; noils being only fit for coarse woollen yarn or for cloth manufacture. NoisEBAiE (French), a plantation of walnut- trt68 Noisettes (French), hazel-nuts. NoLis, NoLasp:MENT (French), (Veight; the chartering or liiring a vessel. Nominee, one appointed or chosen by an- other. NoN-coMMissiONED OFFICER, In the army a corporal or sergeant, one under the rank of ensisn ; in the navy a warrant officer, a paymaster's clerk, or any one under the rank of a lieutenant. Nonnetteo, a kind of French ginger-bread. Nonpareil, a small kind of printing-type ; a choice variety of apple ; a small sugar plum ; a narxow ribbon. Nonsuit, the relinquishment of a suit or action at law, by reason of the plaintiff falling to prove his case, or not wishing to proceed from doubt of success, ea-turtoi8e. Nospw ounc NosiN< NOSTH rc'ine NOTAHi place prote meiiti NOTARI attest dishoi and I paymi NOTATK sound by not Note, a action, mark, .,'0 pay, Note-bo Note- PA notes Notice, i Kotice-i or annc Nougat, ^ and hoi Noui^et ( NocsT, in a boat; rucks. Novel, a Novelist, NOVILLOS NOWEL, tl ^ used in ; NOWTAUK •=* IJ OZ, the cutcl NOVALE (1 NOYAD (F the nan which li cherry, dentalia. >OZZLE, tl NOZZOLA, , ^ in Malta N.P., "No >"TABA, th Wild bloc table, foi Nubbin, ai NUDE-FIGI Nlgga, a ^ maunds, NUOQADIN able lane sessed. Nugget, j state, as fines it tion of i Ural mot a mass 70 lbs. wl Emperor! larjiest nl in welghiT Victoria,! heen froil NUG C2611 NUT fttlon for the north-east ; i-weat." •eviatlon for g term for a ,rth 68. 8d. teersmtOL I for the bHno. , like ft brick ; on each other of England for urth part of a els carried be- knots of wool, "tops "by the • is drawn off; loarse woollen are. . . itlonofwalnut- lUtS. h), freight; the lel. chosen by an- il, in the army one under the lavy a warrant irk, or any one lant. , , ph ginger-bread, f printing-type; ; a small sugar nt of a suit or of tho plaintiff or not wishing success, &c. lot; a lasso. ! used in Arabia sea, about a pint. or the cactus, on ect breeds; the ftpld where cacti cochineal insect hine ^or raising in with buckets a wheel for dis- art. rn ; a square for sed by carpenters, ;ers to make their oarsest variety of stones. with oats, «c ead. '8 bridi-". owers; a bouquet a hose or pipe, r ornament worn a ring for the )me of the smaller es of the carapace KosFWOKTE, a name in Nubia for the half ounce. fstep. Nosing, amt ulding on the upper edge of a Nostrum, : quack medicine; a secret remedy. KoTASiAL Seal, the official seal of a notary placed on a writing to legalize it, as i:i protests and other public and legal docu- ments. KoTARY-PUBi.ic, an officer authorized to attest documents and wrltlnKS, to prt-sent dishonoured bills of exchanfje, ai.d protest and note tlieir non-acceptance or non- payment ; a French solicitor. Notation, the art of representing musii-al sounds and their various modltlcutions by notes, signs, terms, .it oil is ob- tained from many species of nut strictly so called, us the almond, walnut, &c NuT-riNK, a new species of pine, the Finus monophyllm, \x .lablting the liocky moun- tains, the seeds in the cones ot widcli are oily, agreeable, and nutrition!*, and con- stitute the principal aubsisteuce of some oi the Indian tribes. NuTUiA, the cotnmerciiil name lor the fur of the coypu {Myopotamtu coypus), which is imported from isouth America, sometimes in large quantities. Formerly, upwards of a million skins were received annually Irom the lliver Plate, but of lute years the imports have declined below 200,6()0. Tlio skin Is either dressed as a peltry, or shorn as a hatting fur. NiiT-scREW, a tumbler screw. NuTToo, a nose-stud or ornament, which is worn by Indian women, often set with brilliants, rubles, emeralds, and pearls. [removing the nuts on screws. NuT-WKENCH, an instrument for flxing or Kux Vomica, a drug, the seeds of the Slryctinos nvx votnica, used for polsoulnt; rats and adulterating beer. 0. OAK, an Important genus of forest trees, of which tlieren re a (jreat nuinys|)ecio8. As a building wood its timber Is most valu- able, and for naval architecture there is no other timber equal to it. The bark, leaves, and fruit of all the .species abound in astringent matter and in tannin. Under the heads of Cork, Quercitron, and Valonia, other products oi oak will be found noticed. Oak-bark, the bark of the oak which is largely used for tanning; the inner corti- cal ot young trees being preferred, ns containing a larger proportion of tannin. Besides our homo supplies of oak-bark, estimated at 2(K).000 to 300,000 tons per annum, 4000 to 5000 tons more are imported from tlie Continent for use iu tlie tan- neries. See FUTTEUN-BARK. Oak, Live, the Quercu^ virens, a native of the .Southern States of North America, which Isused with the red cedar for ship-building. Oak-papek, papc -hangings stained like oak. Oakum, rope-yarns picked to pieces, used for caulknig and other purposes. Oakum-merchant, a collector and dealer in oakum. Oakum-picker, a pauper employed in a workliou'^e in separating junk into oakum. Oar, a long wooden paddle with a tint blade, used for propelling boats. Oar-makeb, a manufacturer of oars and sculls fur boats. Large quantities of the largest and best kinds of oars are made in the United States. Oast, a drying-kiln or stove for hops. See Hop-oast. Oat-cake, a thin R&t cake maf'.e of oatmeal, baked on a girdle. Oatmeal, fiour mnde by grinding oats, used for making porridge, breaO, and poultices. Oats, the seed of the Avena mtiva, the hardiest of all the cereal grasses, of which there are many cultivated varieties: it is extensively used as a horse-food, and also for bread and porridge in tlie northern C'Hmtics, being hardy and containing a large amount of nutritive matter. Oat-straw, the dried stem of oat-grass. OiiAN, the principal gold coin of Jap.an, worth about £4 2s. Obelisk, a quadrangular slender stone pyra- mid, raised for monumental purposes, or for ornament; sometimes as a support for lamps in streets; a reference mark to a foot-note in printing. Obit, a particular length of slate. Obituart, a register of deaths; a detailed account of dead persons. Object-glass, in an optical Instrument, the glass at the extreme end which is placed towards the object; tlie reverse of tlie lens which is placed against the eye. Oblea (Spanish), a wafer. Oblieh, a Spanish confectioner. Obligation, a bono or indenture, an agree- ment ; a contract with a penalty attached for non-fulfilment. Oboe (Italian), the hautboy; a musical wind instrument sounded through a reed. Obole, a small weight of twelve grains; a mite. Obolo, a copper coin worth about a half- penny, circulating in the Ionian Islands. Obrada (Spanish), as much ground as two mules or oxen can plough in a dar. Observation, in navigation, a sight of the sun, moon, or stars, in order to determine by their altitude, the latitude, and the ship's position. Observatory, a look-out building for carry- ing on astronomical observations. Besides the chief one at Greenwich, observatories have been established In many of the principal British colonies. Observer, a watchman; one stationed to look out; an astronomer; a person oc- cupied in an observatory. Obverse, the face of a coin or medal: In a tool, having the smaller end towards tho stock. Oc, a Turkish arrow. Oca, a Turkish weight equal to 2 l-8th pounds. Oca, plural Ocoes, a kind of tuberous root or potato, grown in tropical America, the Caladiwn escukntuit\ sometimes called ODD [263] OFF no lor the fur of oijpui), which is irlco, BOtnetimea merly, upwards celveil annually of hi to years the ow2()0,0()0. Tlio , peltry, or shorn IV. rnament, which men, often set emeralds, and B nuts on screws. ;nt for fixing or ic seeds of the ied for polsonUit; sr. lofoat-frrasa. coin of Japan, ender stone pyra- ntal purposes, or 8 as a support for crence mark to a f slate. eaths; a detailed \\ Instrument, the Id which is placed |e reverse of the nst the eye. oner. liture, an ngrce- penalty attached Iboy; a musical " through a reed, twelve grains; a th about a half- Ionian islands, h ground as two in a day. , a sight of the der to determlno titude, and the lildingforcarry- atlous. Besides h, observatories a many of the )ne stationed to ; f. person oc- 1 or modal: In a end towards the lual to 2 l-8th f tuberous root :al America, the metimes called taniers: also a name for the acid tubers of Oxalu crenata and tuberosa, growing in the mountains of Mouth America, which, after exposure to light, sweeten and be- come a useful food. OoAL (Spanish), a cocoon spun by two silk- worms; coarse silk. OccA, OccHA. See Okb. Occasional-officer, a temporary officer employed in the Customs. Occupancy, a possession or tenancy. Occupation, a business pursuit 6r liveli- hood ; action ; settled land. Occupation Bridge, an engineer's name for a bridge carried over or under a line of railway, to connect th.; i-arts of a larin or estate severed by the ine. OcEAN-STEAMEE, a large sea-going steam- ship, carrying passengers to distant quarters. OcHAVA, a Spanish light weight of 65-47 grains, used lor the precious metals; the eighth part of the Spanish ounce; and the sixty-fourth part of the marc. OcHAViLLO, a ''ry- measure of Spain, the fourth part of the oclinvo, a Custilian measure, and equal to -12505 pint. OoHAVO, a Spanish dry-measure, the six- teenth part of the celemin and -• 0-5020 f)int. It is also called a radon In some ocalitles ; a small brass coin. OcHO, in Spain, the fourth part of a pint of wine. Ochre, an argillaceous earth of diflTerent colours, which, when finely ground. Is used as a pigment; a name given to the oxides of various metals. Bed ochre Is a form of specular iron ore; brown ochre a variety of hematite. Ochro, a name given in the West Indies to the Abelmoschus esculentus, cultivated in gardens for its mucilnge; tlie young capsules being used to thicken soups. Tlu- seeds may also be added like barley to soups, and have been roasted as a substi- tute for coffee. The bark of tho plant furnishes, like all the tribe, a strong fibre. The dried capsules would torm a valuable basis for soups on long sea- voyages. The leaves are used as poultices, OcKA, OcQOE, See Oke. OcozoL (Spanisli), llquldamber; a flagrant gum. OcTAVA, a Spanish long measure, the eightii part of the vara, and = 4-1094 inches. Octave, seven keys on a pianoforte; a small cask for wine, the eighth part of a pipe. OcTA villa, an excise of balf-a-plnt taken in Spain upon vinegar, oil, and wine retailed. Octavo, a book folded into eight leaves or sixteen pages to the sheet ; usually writ- ten 8vo. OcTHOL a grant; a small Jlscal import duty levied In the French towns on all goods entering the gates or barriers of the city. Oculist, a surgeon who attends to dis- eases of the eyes. Odd-fellow, a member of a charitable society, which affords assistauce and relief to distressed raeu-'.-ers. ODDS-AND-F.NDS, miscellaneous things; frag- ments; scraps; refuse. Odometer, a road measurer to be attached to carrlaces, for showing tho distance over which the wheels pass. Odontoqraph, an Instrument constructed to measure, draw, and design the teeth of wheels. Odoue, a scent; a perf\ime. Odre, a liquid measure used In Majorca, of about 10079 gallons, but variable, contain- ing more or (ewer cortans. Odbecillo (Spanish) a small leather or goat-skin bag. OSnanthic-acid, a solid resembling butter, found in union with ether in wines, to which it gives the bouquet or pleasant flavour. O^nantmic-ether, the name given to the essential oil, or substance to which the smell and a great part of the taste of many wines are due, and which, being volatile, is distilled over in the manufac- ture of brandy from such wines, contri- buting largely to the flavour of cognac (EuF (French), an e({g. OiuvRE, a land or superficial measure used In France, also called a journal, varying from 4 to 6J French ares ; about en Eng- lish acre. Offal, waste meat or refrse; the entrails of an animal. In the cattle trade, applied to the trimmings of the crops, the shoulders, bellies, shanks, heads, tails, and pieces of tho carcase. • Offeij, a bid or tender; a proposal : a price named. Off-hand, In driving, the right hand; the. lelt being ten - r. tlie near side. Office, a coun.-'. iiouse; tlieplaceofbusi- noKS of a meii nant, law-agent broker, or profession,-;! man; a departmental branch of gcvcrnineat admln!3tration. A situation or postoi trust; the station or nniployinent of a fu'iciionary. Tho offices of a detached dwelllng-liouso are. the ! ;u*ry, scullery, wash-house, store- rooni.,, .(nd necessary out-houses, con- ve'iiencos, and subordinate buildings. Offiok-copv, an official copy. Officer, a man it- command; !V;,^.3on appointed to perform some pubiic duty civil, naval, or military. The classes of ofHcers are various, but most of thf-m are menlkiied under their specitlc designa- tions. Official, anofllcer; relating to an office; done by virtue of an officii. Official Assignee, a public officer of the Bankruptcy Court, appointed • o mana^re the estate of a bankrupt. Official ftlANAOER, an officer appointed to wind up the affairs of a joint-stock company. Officinal, a frequent prefix to tho ordinary drugs and preparations of the chemist; implying that they are ready prepared, kept In the shop tor sale. Offinq, a good distance from the shore deep water. Offset, a contra-acconnt or set-off to a deinaiid made; the shoot or sucker ofs plant ; a surveying staff. OIL i ! I [264] OLE OOEE, or O. 0„ a species of moulding used by carpenters and cabinet-maker*, con- sisting of two parts, a coiieavo and a con- vex. The term is also applied to a pointed arcli, the sides of wliich are formed of two contrasted curves. Oru, another name for the ox-hott, a Ger- man liquid measure, varying in different localities : generally the average may be taken at thirty gallons : a mea-sure or cask in Dantzic, equal to 32-97 imperial gallons. In English it is generally written uum. iiee ADM. Ohmass. See Kanne. Ourt, a German dry-measure. See Ort. Oil, a greasy liquid ; a term applied com- mercially to two distinct and dissimilar or- ganic products, called fixed or fat Mis, and Volatile or essential oils. They are further divided into solid butlers or fats, and fluid fixed oils. The number of oils now entering into commerce is very large, those of any importance will be found noticed in their alphabetical order. Oil Ki"j Italian Waeehouse. See Italian WAKEnOUSEMAN. Oil-bag Makek, a manuractu'er either of oiled-silk bags used for holding toilet sponses, and for covering the liair in bathing; or of another kind of br.g of horse-iiair, or coco-nut fibre, used to press out the stearine f'om theolelne infatsaud oils. OiL-BEETLK, the Meloe pros'-arabeus, an insect from the joints ofthe legs of which exudes a deep yellow oil, used in rl. jumatic complaints. OiL-BBOKEB, a merchant or agent who re- ceives oil on consignment OiL-OAKE, the marc or retUse after oil is pressed from flax-seed, rape-seed, coco- nut pulp, Ac, which is nnported for feed- ing cattle, and for nii'.nure, to the extent of about 83,000 tons a-year, besides fully 98 much more made at home. Gil-cake JMaker, a preparer and compoun- der of slabs of oil-cake from tlie refuse mass from the oil-mills. Oil-can, a tin vessel for holding oil to sup- ply lamps, c. Besides the largs quantity used at home, painters' colours, to the value of nearly half a mil- lion sterling, are exported, [salad-oil. OiL-CBUET. 'X small glass bottle for holding Oil-crusher, a preparer of oil ; a mill or press for crushing oil-seeds. Oiled Leather. See Chamois-lkathek. Oiled Paper, transparent paper used for tracing purposes, by surveyors, drauifbts- rnen, and otliers. Oiled Silk, silk prepared to prevent per- spiration fl-om passing, used for lining men's.hats, ladies' bonnets, &c. Oil-lamp, a table or other lamp, In which oil is burned. Oilman, one who deals In oils, pickles, &c. ; often termed an Italian warehouseman. Oil-nut, a name for various butyraceoua nuts and seeds yielding oil, as the butter- nut, the ground-nut, coco-nut, oil-palm- nut. &C. Oil of Vitriol Manufactuber, a maker of sulphuric acid. Oil-painting, a picture painted with oil colours, and which may be washed and cleaned, «vliicb a water-oolour drawing cannot be. Oil-i'alm, the Elais Guineensis, the fVuit of which (Urnlshes the palm-oil of commerce. OiL-PBEss, a mill or machine for squeezing out oil from seeds or puin. OiL-BEt'iNEB AND iSEED-CRtsiiER, a maker of oil. Oil-shop, a place where oil is sold; .in Italian warehouse ; an oilman's shop. Oil -SKIN, waterproofed cloth; prepared leather or linen for making garments to keep out the rain. OiL-sTONE, a description of hone slate, oi which there are two varieties, b.'ack and white. Imported from Turkey. OiLY-oRAiN, a name for sesame seed, tbo Sesamum orientate. OiNQ (E'rench), cart-grease. Ointment, an olsaglnous compound usually having as its basis lard or suet, for smear- ing, or for dressing sores. OiTAVo, a Brazilian weight of one drachm: liiS oitavos = lib. Okaxka, a name for bristles In Russia. Oke, a weight used chiefly In the Levant, of 400 drams, which varies, but may bu taken to be about 2Jlbs. In Turkey tne quintal or cantaro u^sually consists of 45 okes, except forcotton, wool, and tin, when Jtis only 44 okes; in Egypt it is 36 okes. As a measure of capacity in Hungary aud Wallachia the oke is about 2^ pints. Okie, a name in parts of Northern Africa for the ounce. Okthaba, a Burmese long-measure of 70 feet. Olas, Ollas, the leaves of palms prepared in the East for writing on with a stylus. Old-cloxhesman, an itinerant who collects half-worn out garments and old attire, which, when renovated and mended, are sold to poor persons. Those too bad for fur- tl*«sr wear are sold to rag dealers tor mak- inij- into paper pulp, to the Dewsbury woollen manufacturers for making into shoddy; or to il.'i hop growers for manure. Old Tom, a kind of strong London gin. Oleaoinous, uncLuous ; having the quabty of oil Oleander, a fine shrub, the spurge lanrei {Neriuin Oleander), which has large hand- some blossoms. The leaves and bark are used In skin diseases, and the charcoal or the wood in the East lor making gun- l)0wder. Olkine, the fluid p<«'tion of fats and oils, after the stearine or solid part has been removed. OMN [265] OPE ised for liuing lamp, in which Is, pickles, (fcc. ; ireuousenmn. ua butyruceous , as the Suttor- i-nut, oil-palin- BER, a maker or minted with oil be washed and oolour drawing isis, the fruit of oil ot commerce, e for squeezing ;sHEB, a maker oil is sold; an man's shop, loth; prepared ing garmtuts to f honb slate, Oi ieties, bJockand usame seed, the tmpound usually : suet, for suiear- ; of one drachm: sin Russia. f In the Levant, ies, but may bu In Turkey tiie ly consists of 4S lol, and tin. when pt it is 36 okes. •n llunfjary and L lij pints. Northern Africa g-measure of 70 palms prepared with a stylus, mt who collects and old attire, md mended, are le too bad for fur- dealers tor mak- the Dewsbury or making into (vers for manure. London gin. ing tlie quality le spurge laorei 1 has large hand- res and bark are tho charcoal ot jr making gun- sf fats and oils, part has U>eu Olibancx, a stimulating gun.rp«in, otv talned In India from BosueUia thimi/era, used medicinally and as a perfume. See fRANKINCENSB. Olick, n name In Hhetland for the torsk or tusk fish (Hrosmus vulgaris). OuNDE (French), a thin sword blade. Olio, a mixture; a medley. Olive, a brownish green colour; the fruit of the Oka Europoea, which is pickled In salt and water, and eaten as a dessert relish with wine, and also crushed lor oil. Olive-oil, oil obtaiiud by exi^resslon from the pericarp of the fruit ot Olea Europoea. which forms an extinsive article of com- merce, and is used liirgely for food. In liniments, and in cidico-printing. The average imports of 1855 and 1856 were 33,40U tuns. [toot. Oliver, a small lift-hammer worked by the Olivet, a kind of mock pearl or wluto bugle made for the African trade and prized by the negroes of Seneynl. Olive-wood, the yellowish wood of the olive-tree which takes a good polish and, being beautllully leathered, is worked up into small ornamental fancy articles: in France and otiier parts ot the Continent, it is used as a buiUting wood. Olla, a measure of capacity for liquids In Spain, tho tburth of tfie Canada and oqual to 2171 gallons. See Olas. Olla Podrisa, a medley hash ; a mixture of stewed meat and vegetables, formhig a favourite dish in 8r.iin. Olijes, an Indian name for bars of Iron, drawn out from clay crucibles. Olluck, an Indian dry-measure, the eighth part of a puddy, and the 20tb part ot a gallon. Olunda, a name in some parts of tlie East for the Dutch pound, equal to lib. 1 oz. 8 drams avoirdupois. O.M., " old measurement." Ohander-wood, a variety of Coromandel or calumander-wood, obtained in Ceylon ttova Diospyros.Ebenaiiter, Ombre, a kind of damask. Ombrometer, an instrument for measuring the fall of rain. See Uain-gauge or Hygrometer. [of madder. Ombbos, the name for a particular quality Omelet, eggs beaten up and tried, some- times witli herbs. Omelet-pan, a cooking utensil for frying egif-cakes. Omer, a Hebrew measure which contained about 3} pints. OMNiBUf a long public four-wheeled pass- enger carriage, plying periodically for hire along certain routes in or to large towns. Omnibus-box, a large box at the opera. OMNiBus-BuiLDEit, a coach-makcr ; a con- structor of omnibuses. Omnibus-conductob. See Conductor. Omnibus-dbivek, the coachman of an omni- bus. Omnibus-passenger Register, a tell-tale of the number of passengers conveyed. Omnibus-Pbopkietob, an owner ol omni- buses. Omnium, all the securities of which a gov-rn- iueut louu is composed, couslstiug some- times of 8 per cent Consols, long annuitlef , Ac Oncia, the Maltese ounce of 14 drams, 2S'5a eralns avoirdupois. Ondeb (Freucl)), to water or wave stuffs, &c. Onfacomeli (Spanish), oxvrael; a arink made of honey and the actJ Juice cf unripe grapes. Onion, a well-known edible bulb, \.\\q Allium cepa. The onions of Spain, Portugal, and the South ot France are much supe- rior to those grown in Great Britain, being of a larger size and more mild and succulent. The onion is used either raw, coc .ed as a flavouring tor made dishes, or pickled. Onquyah, an Algerian weight eoual to ^ drams. Onstead (Scotch), the building on a farm ; probably a corruption of homestead. Onyx, a varlnty ot agate or chalcedony with alternate bands ol orown and white. Oo, in the Pacific islands the name for a bundle. [catechu. Ood-beg, a name In Bengal for tlie Areca OuKH, UcH, a vernacular name in India for tlie sugar-cane. OoLONo, a peculiar description of black tea, possessing many of tlie qualities of green tea. OoME, . name for the sea) {Phoca) in tho Pacific islands. OoMLAK. I large Esquimaux boat Oondee-oil. a name in Bombav for an oil obtained from the nut of the Calophyllum inophyllum. imiiorted from the Somali coast, and used as a stimulant externally and internally. OoNo, a name, in some parts of the Paciflc, for tortoise-shell end the scales offish. OoPACK, a black tea. OoKi>, an Indian name for a species of JJolichos. OoTRUM, the Indian name for the fibre of Dcemia externa, a promising substitute for flax. Ooze, soft mud or slime ; a tanner's name for a solution ot oak-bark, or other tanning material, in a cistern, in which tbe bide or skin is Immersed. O.P., " out of print;" in the books of the Veritas or French Lloyds, O.P. attached to a vessel's name implies that she has no docli. Opal, a beautiful iridescent gem, a species of quartz, always cut with a rounded face. Opening Knives, strong blunt nieti'.l instru- ments of various kinds, foroiHJiiii'i . ysters, and tin cases of preserved meats, vege- tablei!, sardines, &c. Opera, a musical driima, consisting of reci- tatives, airs, elioruses, &c. combined with scenery, decorations, and action ; the build- ing where tlie representation takes place ; the nmsic or words printed and sold. Opera-dancer, a baliet-girl or m>-.le dancer. Opera-glass, a lorgnette ; a short single or double telescope for a theatre. Opera-hat, a liibus ; a folding hat Oferameteb, a machine for measuring work done; as the quantity of broadolotli dressed. OPT [206] ORC i.i ; OPKiu-siNOEK, ft vocalist, who takes piirt In thomuiiicof an opera. [Kind. Opkkative, a inecliunlcnl ■workman or iiny OiMCiiATiVK t!iiEMi8T, ono wlio lias ft Irtbo- rntory, and prepares chemlctils lilmself. Operculum, a lid or cover; the horny or shelly pliito which closes the niouili o{ certain univalve shells, und was formerly esteemed In medicine. Oi'Hici.KiDE, a kind ot trumpet, n loud-toned hntss surpent-sliapcd instrument, cliieily used in military music; It forms the bass wind Instrument In a brass band. Ophthalmic HosnxAL, an hospital where at- tention Is paid to the cure of dUuases of the eyes. OriATE, a soporific ; a narcotic. Opiate confection, a mediclna given In purtflnsf, colic, Ac. Opium, the inspissated juice of the white poppy (Papaver somniferum), which is o-Ktenalvely prepared In India, for ship- ment to China : the exports from Bombav and Calcutta are about 11,50(),0(K) lbs. In 1856, the consumption of Indian opium in China was about 82,000 chests of 140 lbs. The average imports of opium into Ureat Hritnln are about 100,000 lbs. Opium-cupper, a quick-siiiliuK vessel cu- Raged in smuggling opium from India Into China, where its import Is prohibited. 0POBAI.SAM, an oleo-resin obtained from the Amyris Oileadensis, and A. OpobaUain, which has a fragrant odour, and is used medlclnnlly. It is sometimes called balm of (Hlead, andlschietiy used as a cosmetic by the Turkish ladles. Opodeldoc, a camphorated soap liniment, used as a remedy tor s|>rnlns, Opoponax, an acrid medicinal gum-resln, obtained from the juice of the roots ot Opoponax Chironiitm, in the Levimt. In mo^ of Its properties it closely resembles asafretida. Opokice, a conserve of fruits. Opossum, tlie Didelphis Vir'jiniann, the skins of which, having a mixVd black and white fnr. have been prepared ia America for ladles' use. Optical Brazier, a metal worker who fur- nishes the brass- worn and mountings for optical Instruments. Optical-case Maker, a workman who sup- plies opticians witlt the wooden or leather cases required to hold or forward optical Instruments, Optical-square, a surveyor's instru ■ent for laying out perpendicular lines. Optical-turner, a workman who shapes parts of instruments for opticians. Optician, a maker of, or dealer in, instrn- mcnts for the eyes, such as telescopes, mi- croscopes, opera-glasses, 8|)ectacles, reiul- ing-gliisses. magnitying glasses, &c. ; but who often vends philosophical and other Instruments. Optic-lens, a ground glass for a telescopo, or other optical instrument. Option, a stock-exchange term for a per- centage paid for the privilege of the " put and call; " that is, the liberty to sell or buy stock iu a time-bargain, at au agreed price. Optometer, Opsiometeu, an instrument for usceMalning tlie lengtii of siglit in trying spectacle glasses. Or, the French for gold. Or ACHE, an old- fashioned pot-herh, the Atriplex hortensif, cultivated for its In- sIpUl nutritious leaves, wliich are boiled and eaten as spinach. Orafo. Orefice (Italian), a goldsmith. Orange, a colour composed of equal parts of red and yellow ; a fruit. Oranoeade, a drink made of orange-Juice, water, ami sugar ; a sherbet, or cool sweet beverage, flavoured with orange essence. Oranqe-plower-water, See Neroli. Oran.k: MARMALADE, the crushedfrult of the Sc ; iWii orange, boiled in sugar, and vended Irt Kinail pots. uranqe-merchant, an Importer or whole- sale dealer In i^anges and lemons, who fVequently al,-<^ leals in nuts, Spanish onions, and oimv dry fruit and vegeta- bles. Oranoe-pekl. the outer skin or rind of tha ornnKo, candled or preserved. Oramje-peel Cutter, a sheer of Seville oningc-peel, for drying or candying. 0"vAnge-pek<)e, a black tea from China, so named, of which there Is also a scented kind. Orange-pippin, a kind of apple. Oranges and Lemons, the fruit of several species of Citrus, In which a large trado is carried on. The common sweet orange is the fruit of Citrus Atirantium; the Seville orange Is the acid and bitter fruit of C. liiyarai/ia; the Borgamot orange is ob- tained from C. Bergamia: the common lemon from C. Liinonum ; the sweet lemon from C. Lumia; the lime from C acida; the sweet lime from ('. Liinetta; the citron from C. Medica ; and the shaddock from C, decumana. Soma of these have already been noticed under the heads of Citron, Lemons and Limes, McUarosa, &c. The imports of oranges and lemons range ftoin 700,000 to 800,000 bushels annually. Orange-woman, a street vender ot oranges, perambulatory, or having a fixed fruit- stall. Oratorio, a vocal representation of some Scripture story. Orcanett. See .\t,kanet. Okohal. ^t'tf Orchilla, and ARCHrL. Orchard, an enclosure devoted to the cul- tivation of fruit-trees; a plantation of ap()le, plum, or cherry trees, &c. Orchestra, an enclosed place for musicians in a theatre, immediately in front of the toot lights of the stage ; a balcony or raised gallery in a bali-room ; collectively, the instrumental performers themselves. Orchids, curious ornamental plants es- teemed by cultivators. TKe roots of some form the agreeable itlct called salep. Orchilla, a name (or various dye-lichen?, varieties of linccfUa and Lecanora; A'. fuciformis ixnXtinctoria, and Lecanora tar- tarea, imported from the Canary and C^^pe de Verde Islands, Angola and Lima. Orcio (Italian), an earthen oil jar or wine vessel; some of which are made of &i\ immense size. Instrument for BiKlit in trying pot-herh, tha ited for Its In- liicli are boiled eoldsmith. of equal parts »f ornnffe-Julce, 3t, or cool sweet iran^o essence, ee Neroli. ishetl fruit of the gar, aud vended orter or whole- id lemons, who nuts, Spanish lilt aud vegeta* n or rind of tha iTOd. licer of Sevlll* candyln;;. from China, so \ also a scented iple. fruit of severnl ;h a large trado I sweet orange is ium; the Seville litter fruit of 0. bt orange Is ob- ; tlie common le sweet lemon rom G. acuia; letta; the citron liiikluclt from C. so have already lOiuls of Citron, iirosa, &c. The lous range trom jnually. der oi oranges, a lixed fruit- itatlon of some AKCHfL. Ited to the cul- plantation of migrants. Out-houses, barns, sheds, stables, and other out-lying olllces, adjoining a dwell- ing-house, or on ft farm. OirriLLA'QK, a stock of tools. OuTiLS (Frencli), tools. OuTLAWiiY, ft legal proscription of a person who Is out of the country, and has le/t debts unpaid ; a deprivation ot civil riglits and privileges, and the forfeiture of his goods and cltattels to the Crown. Outlet, a passage of any kind. Out of Print, publications tliat are sold off; not to btt obtained. [town. Out-parish, a suburban parish of a large OUT-PENSIONKB, an Invalid foldier or sailor; a pensioner belonging to Chelsea or Green- wich hospitals, who is at liberty to live where he pleases. Outport, a harbour some distance from the chief town or seat of trade; a port away from the main custom-hout-e. OuT-POST, an advanced military guard; a picket OcT-PCT, a term in the iron trade for the make of metal or aniiuid quantity made. OUTKE (French), a sewed goat's-skin; a leather sack to hold liquids. Oi,T-RiDER, a mounted liorseman In advance 01 a party. OuTBiGGEK, a projecting spar for extending sails; a spar rigged out trom the cross- trees to spread the breast back-stays; a light boat for river matches. Out-shot, a name in Scotland for pasture- land or unfilled ground ; the second quality of Russian liemp, ttie bundle ot which weighs less than the clean. OuTWDKS, tiie exterior sheets of a ream of printing or writing paper; spoiled sheets. Out-span, a colonial term in the Cape colony for unyoking ox-teams from wa- pons. Outstandino, book-debts, liabilities, ac- counts, f, the rust on iron from which various plffments and pollMhluK jjowdcra are prepared by chemists, bearing special commercial names. Oxidized silver, more properly snlphur- etteO sliver; a process of turning the sur- face dull and dark by washing It with a solution of sulphurct of sodium or potas- sium. It is much used by the French In the manufacture of bijouterie. Oxonians, a kind of men's shoes. Ox-PLotroii, a plough drawn by one or more pairs of oxen. Ox-EEiMS, narrow strips of prepared hide, about 9 feet long, extensively used in the Capo colony for lialters d > horses, for pass- ing round the horns, close to the head, of draught oxen, to keep them toguther; twisted fbr ropes and traces and various other purposi ■» OxiGEM, a ma; .lacturing name for bleach- Ing-powder. OxTflKN\TOR, a contrivance for throwing a current of air on the flame of an argand lamp. OxTiiTDBoaKN - Bix>WTiPE, an Instrument much employed by chemists, mlnerulo- glsti:, nn« others, for the reduction of irwi.atUt; res, &c., from which, by the tvjj>ib.)!nf a ot a mixture of oxygen and hyij..>ge;i gases, a very luiense heat is obtained, »(t i^ubstances the most In* trnctuble i-'Vi; ooen fused, OxriiTDBooEN MicitoscopE, a very powerful microscope for reflecting objects by ao Intense light. OxTMEi, a ur.xturoof honey and vinegar, which Is prL-BiTlbed as an expectorant and demulcent. It is frer|uontIy combined with other medical ingredients, and tlicn named from them, as oxyniel of squills, Ac. Ox-TOKE, Ox-BOW, a pii ce of curved wood put round the neck of a draught ox, as ;i kind of collar to attach the traces to. OxTRRHODiNE, a uiixture of oil of roses and vinoKar. Otster, an esteemed edible mollusc, the Ostrea edulin, largely consumed In cities. About 80U,000 bushels a year are sold in London. There are various species ot edible oysters found in ditreront' seas. OrsTER-BED, a bank in a river or harbour, Ac, where oysters are planted and fattened for sale. Oyster-dredge, a small dras-net for bring- ing up oysters from tl;e bottom ol the sea. Otsteh-knife, a strong blunt knife for open- ing oysters. Oyster-opener, an apparatus of French in- vention, something like a pair ot sugar- nippers, for opening oysters at tht hinge. Oyster-patty, a pasty with oysters bak'>d, Oyster-room, i metropolitan supper-ruom; a shell-flsit shop. Oyster-sauce, melted butter with oysters added. Oysters, Scalloped, oysters i ikcd with crumbs of bread in a scallop shell or tia Oz., abbreviation for "ounce." Ozuazoue. See Osuazoue. P. PAR, in Scotland the refuse of flax. Pace, a degree of speed, and in measure- ment the length of a stride. The military fiace Is 2i feet, the geometrical pace, 5 feet ; n Scotland, the weight of a clock. Pacha, the governor of a Turkish province. Pachana, a bitter tonic prepared In the East from the stems, roots, and leaves of Cocculus cordifoUiis, Pack, the load for an animal ; a largo hand- packed bale of goods, lash 'ri with cord, of variable size : a pack of flour or Indian- corn meal, flax, ao. weighs 280 lbs. ; of wool 240 lbs. net: formerly, in many parts of the country It was 252 lbs. ; a par- cel of bounds kept for hunting or cours- ing; a set of suits of playing cards, 52 In number. Package, Packet, a small parcel. Packall, Pagala, a kind of basket made ofthe outer rind ofthe Ita palm {Mauritia flexuosa). Packcloth, a coarse baling material; the wrapper fbr a pack of goods. Packbs, a person who makes a business ot receiving goods flrom merchants, to pack for forwarding lolaud or for snip- meut at)road. Pacicet, a small bundle of letter* or loose papers ti- d together. Packet-d.vy, the mall- .;xy; the day for posting letters, or for the departure ol a ship. Packet-ship, a regular trader; a steam- vessel that carries mails and passengers at stated periods. Pack-fong, a Clilnese name for Argentine, or German silver. See Pakfono. Pack-horse, a horse 'vhich carries bales or packs. Pack-house, a warehouse for rece;/ing goods. Pack-ice, in the Polar regions, an assem- blage of large floating pieces of Ice, as far as the eye can reach. Packing, a quantity of wood or coals piled up to support roofs in a mine or for other purposes; the stuffing round a cylinder, &c. Packing-case, a deal or other box for mov- ing and protecting goods. Packing-case Makes, a carpenter, who makes rough deal boxes. Packino-officer, an exclse-ofBcer who su- perintends or watches the packing of paper, aad otlier exclseable articles. PAT) [271] TAT nio8t in« ery powerful Jects by UD iiid vlnoRar, ectoraiit and y combined ts, and tlien jfsnulUs, Ac. ;urved wood iglit ox, as 11 ttces to. Lofrososand mollusc, tho ned 111 cities, ir are sold In 18 species ot onr suus. r or liarbour. [I uud fattened net lor bring- nn ot tlio seu. Lnlfoloropen- of riviich in- pair o! sugar- lit tlu liliige. ysters bak^^d , suppci'-voom; with oysters ■9 baked with shell or tlu. tter? or loose -the day for leparture ot a ■er« a steam- id passengers or Argentine, 'ONO. irries bales or or recei/ing IS, an assem- of Ice, 08 far or coals pUed iB or tor other a cylinder, box for mov- rpenter, who iflcer who su- tking of paper, Pack-load, the avcniKO load an anitnal can carry on its back. Tho load for an bh-s, for a camel, and a muii', have itlrendy buen Mtatcd. Tho pack load for a man ia about fio lbs., for a pony 125 lbs., for a bullock '.'10 lbs., and for an elcpliant, 1()00 lbs. I'lie loads of pack animals and of carrliiKCH, >vill however necessarily vary, acconliu',' to tho nature of the goods, the roud, or tho season. I'ACKHAN, a pedlar; one who carries a pack. Packman-rich, in Scotland, a species of Ijero or barley having six rows of grains on tiie oar Pack-saddle, the saddle for a pack-horse. PACK-snEGT, a bahng material, a luige rover (or Koods in a wn .;(>ii. Pa k-thbead, Ktroiig twine; smallcordage that has been tlirice twi«ti'(i. I'ACO, one of tlie names given to red sliver ore. PACOP.arlver flsh of Demorira (tho Myletes pacu), which is excellent lood when dried and smoked. Pad, a basket ot soles; a flsh measure, which varies in number— 60 mackerel tfuto A pad; a soft stuttliig; a bolster or saddle; to impregnate witli u mordant ; to travel on foot. Padak, groats; coarse flour. Paddings, a cloth worked out f old rags tor slutting collars and other parts of coats. Paddle, a furnace tool ; a small scull, or broad-ended oar for propelling a boat or canoe; the fly of a steamer's wlieel; to row. Pai>dle-boards, floats fixed round the circumference of i- ■steamer's paddle-wheel (or propelling her lirougli the water. Paddle-box, the upper case or cover of the paddle-wheels in a steam vessel, some- times removeable, and forming a ^Ind of available life-boat. Paddle-hole, in building, a clouch arch. Paddle-shaft, the shalt upon which the paddle-wheel is flxed and connected with the crank shaft. Paddlb- WHEEL STEAMER, a stcamcr pro- pelled by side paddle-wheels — not a screw propeller. Paddle-wheels, the dipping wheels on each Bide of a steam boat, arincil with floats for propelling her through the water. Paddle-wood, a light, elastic, and very strong wood obtained from Asputoxperma excelsaia Oulana, which is preferred to any other for cotton-gin rollers. Tho fluted projections of the trunk are used by the Indians for the construction of their paddles. Paddock, a small field or fold for a horse or deer, &c ; in Scotland, a low sledge for re- moving stones. Paddy, unhusked rice. Paddy-bird Feathers, ornamental fea- thers, smaller and finer than those of the ostricl), of a cream colour, imported In limited quantities from the East, obtained from a small species of crane which fre- quents the rice fields, whence the name. Paddy-fikld. a field under ric« culture. PADRcr M, a brass spittoon used In Madura and (itiii-r parts o( India. Padkmn, a kind of cruuU)lo. Padki.la (Italiau), a small frying-pan; a kind of oven. Padellako (Itallunj, a maker or seller of frving-|ians. Padkn. See Haddan. i'AOKsoY, a kind of »ilk. Padlock, a lock with a link to hold on to a still' ". Pad' I sort of silk ferret or ribbon. I' ''le Burmese name for the Pteio- '"•'«, a valuable forest tree ■••a. priest. i I kif.dof (ish-hampcr. 1 i.sure of some parts of India, > > icli go to the koura. Th« pait oi cleaned rice weighs about .1 lbs. Pafpleii, one who occupies a small (arm in Scotland. Paoack. a measure for ten gallons. Paoare (Spanish), a bond or agreement to pay a certain sum. Paoatore (Italian) a paymaster. Paoi;, a boy servant in livery, who attends on a lady ; one side of the leaf ot a book or writing. Paoe-cord, thin twine used by printers to tie together the pages or columns previous to printing. Paoinq-machixe, a machine for consecutive paving or impressing numerals on the sheets of blank account and other manu- script books; and also for numbering •railway and other tickets. Paglione (Italian), chopped straw. Pagnon (French), supertlne sedan cloth, named after the maker. Pagoda, tlie name of numerous gold coins formerly current in India. They mostly weighed al it 62-8.5 troy grains, contain- ing 44*39 tri V grains o( pure metal; the standard ol the star pauoda, the former Integerof account at Madras, which passed for 34 Arcot rupees, and was worth 7s. lOd. to 8s. Oovermnent, the banks, and all the houses of agency, kept their accounts at 42 fanams the star pagoda; the shops and bazaars at 44 or 45. The pagoda is used us a weight in Madras, ten making a poUam. Pail, a bucket; a wooden or tin vessel, carried by a moving handle, for holding water, milk, &c. Paila, a large metal pan in Italy. I'AiLBRUSH, a hard brush to clean the cor- ners of vessels. Paillasse (French), a straw bed; Paillas- suN being straw matting. Paille (French), straw or chaff. Paillet (French), the spring of a dnor-lock. Paillie, an Indian dry-measure for grain, Ac, equal in weight to 2057 lbs. Pain (French), bread ; a load Paina, bracelets of zinc worn by the native women of India. Paint, a popular general name fbr all colour- ing substances used as pigments ; to lay on colours. Paint-box, a child's box containing cakea of water-colours. ^, IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 lis ^ m Hi us, 2.0 ii*r:- ' • 0% Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. MSIO (716) 872-4S03 •s^ l\ iV \\ [V c^ ^ i^^ '>> v^^^ ^o PAL [372] PAL Paihteb, a workman who lays on oil- colours, and who often eomblnes the trade of a glazier. Painters are suttiWided lnt» uomerous classes, MlowinR separate branches, and Inclndd, among others, coach and chaise pirintera; hoose, sigUi and fancy painters; herald painters) ma- rine and ship painters; miniature and Sortralt painters; ornamental and stau'^ ard painters; glass pateters, in, Painter is also the name for a rope attached to the bow of a boat to raMe her fast to a ship or pier with. pAiirrBBS'-BBDSH-ifAKiBt a manu^tuier of hair brushes for oil-painting. PAiNTEBa'-coLouBs. Sh Ooj^xnovaB. Paintbb-stainzbs, one of the ttvery com- panies of Loudon, whose ball is situated ^ in Little Trinity Lane. Pahttsbs' Toou, brHsbes, pallets, paints, pots, aud other utensils and implements used in painting. Paintdiq-boom, an artist's studio, a lartre well-lighted room for working in ; a gal- lery of paintings. Padttinqs, pictures worked in oil; those in water-eolours are usually styled drawiogs. Pub, a couple or brace; two articles that are fellows, as a pair of stockingSk gloves, Ac. A pair of stairs is one flight of stairs. Paixhan Gum, a howitzer ot long bore, named after its inventor, which will carry enormous projeotiles to a great range. Pajaok, Pajoce, a Russian measure for com of about 1^ baehel English, Pajolk (Italian), straw and mshes woven together to cover fruit-trees and plants. Pakfon<3S the white copper of the Chinese, an alloy of 40*4 parts of copper, 81'6 of nickel, 25-4 of zinc, and 2 6 of iron. Pakd, the Malay name for nails. PAI.A, a name in India for the Wrightia tifietoria, from which a species of indigo is obtained; in Italy, a wooden shovel of any kind; a battledore; the blade ot an oar. Palace, a large house; the dwelling of a prince or bishop, die. Palahenta, the oars of an Italian galley. Pai,ahita (Italian), a pilchard; a kind of tunny fish. Palahood, an alimentary substance used by the Turks and Arabs, and very much esteemed. It consists of acorns wiiicii have been bnnied to destroy the bitter- ness, dried, and toasted, and reduced to powder, with sugar and aromatics added. Palandoo, an Eastern name tor onions. Palandba (Italian), a bombsblp. PaijlNdbano (Italian), a great-coat Falankbek, PALANaciN, an Indian portable conch; a titter or covered carriage borne on men's shoulders. Palasa, a local name in India for the BiUea frondota, ttova which gum is obtained. PALASS-GOOND^a name tor the Bengal kino, the produce of Butea frondota. Palatimk (French), a tippet; having royal privileges. Palat, a local name in India for a climbing plant, the Cryptoitegia grandiflora, which yields a strong flDr& Pau, a flat stake of wood stneh taito the groand^andstearedtoarailattliatopi ft ebeese scoops Pi£B Au, a llgbt-colonred plea«nt Utter ale^ brewed prtncipally at Btrton-upon- Trent. iSMBcrriBAuL pALBKFOBEa, • speoics of Indian dinitty, of elegant patterns, nsed for bed eoVMntts. They are sometimes flowered with golil, made of silk, and worked In shawl and other patterns of coloured woven cotton. Palemdab, a foreign coasting vesseL Paletot, a loose thin overcoat Palette. See Pallet. Palfbet, a lady's bOTse. T'ALiNQ, a fence made of stakes. PALDia-BOABDS, in Customs' defiaithm, th« outside parts of a tree, taken from the tour sides, to square the log, and fit It to be sawed into deals. Thsy should not ex- ceed an inch and a half in the thickest part Palissander, a name in France fat rose- wood or Jacaranda. There is considerable irregularity in the employment of this name, which is sometimes applied to striped ebony, and in other case* toviolet- wood. Palha, a trowel ; a small ahorel. Palito, a light-yellow ochre. Palkib, an Indian litter or earriagpe shaped like a palankeen. 8ee Palankeem. Paix, a covering thrown over a coffin ; a cloak; a detent or click to catch a rachet- Pallaoiuh, a metal which occars in rolled grains with platina, and partlclesimbedded in and combiner' with gold. It does not tarnish, and has therefore been used by dentists, and by mathematioal-lnstmment makers, particularly for balancea Pallamfoob, an Indian chintz counterpane. See Paleupobes. Pallab (Italian), to extract the pure metal fVom pres or minerals. Pallet, a painter's board, or porcelain slab with a thumb-hole, on which the colours are mixed and held for use ; a piece con- nected with a pendulum ; a sort of shovel; a gilding-tool ; a weight of 8 ounces. Pallet-knife, a painter's knife for scraping up paint. Palliasse. See Paillasse. Pallon (Italian), an assay of gold or silver. Palm, an ancient measure of length, taken from the dimensions of the hand ; the breadth ot the hand indicating the small palm, the length of it the longer paim. This last was the Roman palin, understood to be f4 inches. The Koman palm is now considered equal to 0783 English feet; 1 English foot is equal to 1-8M Roman palm. The former is the Englisii paim or hand, of 4 inches, now used only fbr the measurement of hofses. The palm, aa nsed in different countries, 4s an caeeed« ingly variable measure. In Rnssto, a galm is used of 2698 inches ; in others, it r 8, 10, or 11 inches. Also a leather pro* tectionfbr the band in salKrraking, on Which a thimble is fixed: an Indian uaihe tor a bar of Iron; the flake, or triangular- shaped piece of trour at elfeh and of the arms or an anchor, the wAsX fit wtdeli enttn the ground. ^SmPalko. * Pauu -Shrul Palk-c Palmki „ Marti small palm, oonnti unon econoi resemi emploj oarpetf ofdax- madeo The le brooms cottaga of short econom; chlpwb Into basi "pedes c thatch, from No: times api Palm-obb Of the palms. ] dollars, oi rALH-HOPS and ralsl -plants. In PALMO,al01 ta Malta, about a ya the fruit of Africa, 1 ^th other candles. < „ 40,000 tons l^AiJus, thos commercia betel-nut i pfan, oil, an( ^ALM-SUQAB. *^ALM-TBEE T palms, obta 'ndles, and rancy use. of wood, blj speckled, a Palmtbah-w< I ,(the Borasi laigelyused for rafters, J, 'nff purpose roots of the tnepoorerc rang and for flbreverynea coarse sugar L meg- wood h\ "ti^^'^nEaste 'lie Cocculiu , '"nneerated. PAL [273] PAN h«topt * Hit Utter ton-upon- (tt 4iintt7i leo»e*tttf. Bbawl and Bit cotton. ueL ftaltton, th* o traai the S,d lit It to onld not ex- WcMtttpart. ,ce fwrote- coMiderable a appUed to ises totlolet- Triage •Waped or a coffin « a latctarachet- Jideelmbedded « It does not ,i)cen used by oHHnBtrament !5 counterpane. tbe pttre metal Palua Cbbisti, a name for the castor-oil shrub, the Rktotu communit. Pauc-cabbagr. See Cabbaob-palk. Palmettb Botal, tbe SabcU umbraculifera, Martlus. PAUfBTTO, a common name for Reveral small palms. One species, the dwart fan palm, Chamoeropt humtiu, common in tho countries bordering on the Mediterranean, is now largely used in Algiers for many economic purposes. It funiisbes a fibre resembling horsehair, which is largely employed in France In making common oaroets, and has been prepared into a iiind of flax-ootton. Paper and pasteboard are made of it, and it is spun Into Hail-cloth. The leaves are also used for making brooms, seats of chairs, bats, thatch for cottages, Aa The leaves of another class of short palms, the Thrinax, have many economic uses. T. araentea furnishes the chip which Is woven into hats, and made into baskets and wicker-work, while other species of the genus (brnish the palmetto- thatch, which forms an article of export from Korth America. The name is some- times applied to the cabbage-palm. Palh-fibbo, fibre obtained nrom the leaves of the palmyra, carnauba, and other palms. Palm-leaf is sold in Salvador, Brazil, in bundles of 60 leaves, at 8} to 4 dollars, or about 168. Palh-bousb, a glass building fbr sheltering and raising palms and other tropical plants, in cold climates. Palho, a long-measure in Genoa, 91 Inches ; in Malta, rather more, 8} palml being about a yard ; in Yucatan, 6 inches. Palu-oil, a dark-yellow oil obtained from the fruit of tbe oil-palm of the west coast of AMca, the Elait Ouineemis. It is used with other solid oils for making soap and candles. Oar imports amount to about 40,000 tons a year. Palms, those chiefly of Interest for their commercial products, are the areca or betel-nut palm, tbe cabbage, cocoa, date, fan, oil, and wax palms. Palh-scoab. See jagoekt. Palh-tbeb Wood, the stems or trunks of palms, obtained iVom the East and West Indies, and imported to a small extent for fancy use. They fbmish a great variety of wood, black, brown, prickly brown, and speckled, and are used for cabinet and marquetry worx and for billiard cues. Palm-wine. See Toddt. I Palmyrah-wood, the trunk of a palm-tree (the Borassus flabelliformu), which is largely used in Ceylon and Southern India for rafters, joists, reepers, and othor build- ing purposes. The fruit and the fusiform roots of the young trees are used as food by the poorer classes. The leaves are used for fans and for thatching, and from tbe coarse fibre very neat baskets are made. Jaggury , coarse sugar, and toddy, are made from the sup. PaUnyrah is sometimes called nut- meg-wood by turners. Palo, an Eastern medicinal preparatlonfrom the Cocculus cordijolius, the stem of which Is inacerated, and the solution evaporated t(j li.yuttas. Palombaro (Italian), a diver. Palombcia, a sort or grape grown In Italy. Paluno, a name in Bengal tor a native variety of beet-root cultivated fbr food. Palunoeo, a name in the East for tbe fibre of tbe stems otHibiteua eannalrinut. Pahfb (French), a load of wheat or bariejr. Pahpeluousb, Pomfelmoosb, the CUru$ Fompelmos. a species of large orange grown in Slam. Pamphlet, a small unbound book ; stltclied printed sheets, generally printed In Svo. Pamphleteer, a writer of pamphlets. Paupirolada, Papibolada, a sauce made la Italy of garlic, bread, and water. Pan, a broad and shallow earthen or metal vessel; the hollow part of a gun-lock tnat holds the priming powder; the name for the famous eastern masticatory, anarcotie which takes the place of opium and tobacco in many Asiatic countries. Slices of the areca nut are wrapped in the flresli leaves of the betel- pepper vine, with a small quantity of quicklime. Tbe mastl* catory has an herbaceous and aromatic but astringent taste. All classes, male and female, chew it, and they allege that it strengthens tbe stomach, sweetens the breath, and preserves the teeth. It give* tho lips, tongue, and teeth a reddish tinge; a general name in Italy for bread or paste of any kind, whether of seeds, figs, Ac. ; a waffer ; a leaf of gold or stiver. Panabasb, copper ore. Panachb (French), a plume, a bunch of feathers; a manufacturing name in France for the two outermost bnna or radiating sticks of a fan, which are wider ana stronger for the protection of the rest Panada, boiled bread. PANADERO(Spanlsh),abreadmaker;abaker. Panaka-hats, very fine plaited hats made from the fan-shaped leaves of Carlttdovica palmata, which are generally worn in the West Indies and American Continent, and fetch a high price. In Central America where they are made, the palm is called Jlpijapa. Pancarpea, a garland of various kiodr of flowers in Itayr. Panconcello (Italian), a lath. Pancone (Italian), a plank or i/oard; a joiner's bench. Pancrb'as (French), the sweet-brtad of a calf. [Ceylon. Pandal, a platform ; a stage or erection in Pandean-pipks, a mouth reod-organ. Pamuore, a reueck, a kind >f lute. Pandowdt, a pasUy of bread and applea baked. Pane, a separate sheet or panel of glass in a window; a piece in variegated work. Panel, a square; the space or comparts ment within a margin, us the sunken compartments of wainscoting, ceilings, &c. ; a square of paper; in mining a heap of ore dressed anu ready for sale; the face of a hewn stone; a roll of parchment con- taining the names of jurors; a prisoner at the bar; a name in Sinde fbr the leaves and stalks of the Pogoslemon Patchottlivf Lepellltler, which arc used there, and ttt Europe, as a perfiime. PAN [274] PAP Fanela, a cake made of Indian-corn meal. Fambl-wobs, waluacoat oak laid out in panels. Panbb (French), to dress broiled or roasted meat with crumbs of bread. Panic, a monetary crisis ; a sudden alarm. Famuxa, s small measure cf oil in Italy. Fanjau, a name in the East for the resinons gam of the EmbrpopleriM glutenifera, used For payhig boats, tn. Fanjaboo, an Indian armlet; these are made sometimes of silver, of crystal, shell, &c <8ee Bamoles. Famhco, the name of an earthenware crock, in which butter is sometimes sent to market by farmers, and which weighs, when filled, about i cwt Famnb, worsted plush made in France. Pamnbau (French), a panel of thin wood. Famnieb, a hamper or basket; two large baskets thrown across a horse's back. Famnibbb. a woollen-draper in Italy. Fanmo (Italian), woven stuff of any kind. FAKMOCcaiA (Italian), an ear of Indian com or maize. PANNUBCOBiinc, B name given to a species of leather cloth, used for shoes and boots for those who have tender feet Panobama, a general view; a large cylin- drical painting seen from the inside, or rolled along, so as to be seen firom the out- side. Panswat, a small boat used on the Ganges, and Hooghly rivers, with an awning of matting over the stem. Pantagbafh. /See Pantogeaph. Fantalook, the name for an old buffoon, an actor in a pant,omime; a kind of trousers tight at the ancles. Pantalook Stuff, material for men s troa- sers. FAMTEOBincoN, a bazaar In London ft>r the sale of carriages, furniture, &o. ; a place where aU kinds of workmanship are sold. PANTEnB, a stretcher for carding. FAMTHBoir, a large bazaar for light wares in London. Pastiebx (French), a draw-net to catch birds. PAMTn.E, a gutter-shaped tile, about 13} incheslong, by Mwidie. Paktilb Laths, laths of U inch wide and oio inch thick, sold in bundles of twelve; one bundle being sufficient for a square of pantiling. Famtdib (French), _. a lot of silks tied for dyeing. FAmooBAFH, FXNTOOBAFH, an instmment for copying maps, ctiarts, and drawings ot all descriptions, on a reduced scale; also one fbr producing au exquisite embroidery on plain silk goods, after weaving. Pantoiorkb, an instrument for measuring dimensions. Pantokdib, ahnmorons or grotesque repre- sentation; buffoonery in dumb show. Pantohiiiibt, a writer or actor of panto- mimes; a buffbon or mimia f AMTBT, a butler's room ; a closet in a house where provisions are kept, or plate and ' knives are cleaned. ^AHTAiiA, a name In Beha^ India, fbr the •mall leaves and sboota of tlie Flacourtia eataphracta. Which resemble rhubarb ia flavour, aud are used as gentle astrin- gents. Fad Cravo, a name In Brazil for the Dkv- pettium earyophyUatum, which produces clove-bark. • Paolo, an Italian silver coin of 10 balocchi, worth about M. The ten-paoii piece of Tuscanv, is worth rather less than a dollar. There are also Qve-paoll pieces. Pack (French), a peacock. Pap, a child's food; a piece of whalebone about 18 inches long, used by fishermen in Shetland, to connect the balls of lead with the lines to which the hooks are attached. Pafaw, a tropical fruit, the produce ot Co- riea Papaya. Pafebta, an Indian name for the St Ig- natius bean. Fafeb, a material made from flexible flbies, reduced to a pulp by minute division, by the cutters of a revolving cylinder. The pulp is bleached by chloride of lime, small quantities of which often remain in the paper, and injure its quality. Writing papers are either laid or woven, as cream or blue laid, yellow and blue wove. There area great variety of papers forming articles of trade, as tissue, blotting, and tracing-papers; stout drawing-papers; gold and silver paper; coloured-papers; ice-paper; bank-note paper; China rice- paper; vrrapping-paper; printing; fools- cap; pot; demy; and other different sizes. Fapeb and Bandbox Makeb, a maker of wood and paper boxes. Papebassb (French), old dusty writings; waste paper. Papeb-bao Makeb, a maker of small bags for bakers, conlectioners, meal-men, and other retailers. Papeb-bobdbbeb. See Black-bob^ebeb. Fafeb-boz "^^ ^eb, a workman who makes card-bo9 Jght wood papered Iwxes. Fapbb- worn by some workmen at theSr I PAPEB*OAfl£^ a case for holding writing and note paper, &e. on a table. Papeb-cctteb. See Pafeb-fou>zb. Papeb-ccbbenot, the issue of bank notes and bills of exchange. Fapeb-gdtting-maohine MAinm , a manu- facturer of press ploughs for cutting the edges of paper even. There are also mill- board and card-cutting machines. See CABD-BOABD-ODTTINa-lIAOBINE. Papeb-foldeb, Fapeb'Knifb, a piece of bone, Ivoiy, wood, shell, or metal, in the shape of a knife for folding sheeta See Papeb-knife. Papeb-olosseb, a card hot-presser ; one I who gives a smooth surface to paper. Fapbb-bangeb, one who covers rooms; with paper, pasting lengths on the walls. Papeb-hanoiho Manhfactdbbb, a paper- stainer; a maker of paper-hangings, PAPEB-HANGmos, Stained or printed paper I for covering the walls of rooms. A piece ] of paper contains about 63 superfldaifeet : French room-papers, however, vary in I length and breadth, according to quality, i Papeb-holdeb, an upright inclined frame] to stretch a newspaper 6a readhig. Papb Jug booi Papbi Papej paw othe ^who Paper „mani PapeB' shapi Ingn kindt wheti ^orbai Faper-1 „byha Papee-i lamp I fig- • PAR [275] PAR rhubarbia lUe Mtrm* .rtbeIMe»- ih prodace« • lObatoccbU -paoll piece IMS than a u>U pieces. »f -whalebone flBhermenin gofleartvrltp areatuched. reduce ot Ca- )r the St Ig- flexlble fibres, te dlvUlon. by cylinder. The Bofl»nje,sinall remain In the aUV. Wrlttag rssttff^s rawing -papeiTBi oloured-papen, per; China rlce- ^intlng; fool»- 5? different "tees. KEK, a maker of dusty nrrltlngs; ker of small bam ^ meal-men, and i^nanwhom^es (d papered boxes, y Some workmen )ldlng writing and 'i«- «. 117T&- notes [hs.for cutting the there are also miu ig machines. See HAOBINE. , ill, or metol, in the toidlng sheets. Bet J hot-presser; onef irfece to paP«*L-_,. ^ Jho covers rooms ^ 'nt^hsonthewa^^ PACTDBBB, a paper- aper-hangmOT. 1 eS or printed pap«! I of rooms. A pleM uteasuperfldarfcet. PAnB-KNm, a knlfls for smoothintr or fold- ing paper, and for cutting the leaves of books. Papbb-makvr, a manufacturer of paper. Papeb-harblkb, one who veins or marbles paper for bookbinding, hanRlnRS, and other ornamental purposes ; a bookbinder who sprinkles the edk'es of books. PAPER-Hnx, the works where a paper- manufbctory la carried on. Papeb-mould Makes, a manufacturer of shapes, or machine-wire frames, (or piac- ing paper pulp in, which are of various kinds, according to the paper to be made, whether writing-paper, printing-paper, or bank-note paper, Ac Paper-bcleb, a workman who lines paper by hand. iSteeRcLEB. Papeb-shaoe, a cover or shade fbr a table- lamp glass, or a paper frame on wire for a S as-light burner, to moderate the intense ght PAPEB-STAntEB, 8 manufacturer of paper- hangings. Pafeb-stainer's Blockhtjtteb, a cutter of wood blocks tor stampingcolours on paper- hangings; he often al30 makes blocks for calico-printers. Papeb-wabehouse, the stores of a paper- maker; a retail shop for the sale of paper, often carried on combined with the trade of bookseller and stationer, Pafbr-weight, a fancy ornament tor keep- ing loose letters or papers on a table or desk trom blowing about Papeterie (Freuch), a paper-mill ; the sta- tionery trade ; a fancy case with a stock of writing-paper. Papibb (French), paper; a book ; a 'vritlng. Papier-uache', paper pulp and fancy arti- cles made thrrefrom. Papier-mftch^ is made in two ways ; one consists in pasting together on a mould different thicknesses of paper ; the other Isby pressing in moulds the paper reduced to a pulp. The former produces the best quality, the latter the inferior kinds. It is sized, covered with lamp-black, varnished, and placed in a heated oven. Papillotes, a lady's curl-papers ; these are sold ready for use of leather and other material, to roll the hair on. Pappen (German), paste-board. rAPPnr, a soft paste used by weavers in Scotland fbr dressing their warps or webs; generally, however, called batter. Pap-spoon, a spoon for feeding an infant Paptbub, a species of Cypenu, about Itf feet high ; the exterior tunic of the stems cut in bands, and pressed, formed the {)aper of ancient Egypt and Europe; the eaves which are several feet long, served for the same purpose, but were of inferior quality. Paquaob (French), packhig of fish In barrels. I Paquecr (French), a herring packer. [Par, a state of equality; the original no- minal price or full value of a security or money. In stocks and shares, "above par " means at a premium, or above the original value; "below par," at a dis- fioont Paha, a nominal Turkish money, but there are coined pieces of five paras. In Con- ■tantiuople and Alexandria, 40 paras go to the piastre of SJd. sterling, and but 83 la Cairo. In Greece ttie para passes for about the third of a iieiiny, and 100 make » (Irnchina. See Piastub. Parachotb, an apparatus shaped like an umbrella, with a suspended car, In whlcii an aeronaut descends from a balloon. Parade, military display or procession ; a drill ground. Paradis (French), a wet dock or Inner harbour; the upper gallery in a playhouse. Paradisb-bird. see Birds of Paradise. Paradise-tish, a species of Polynemut, which is esteemed excellent food in India, and the sound furnishes Isinglass. Pabadisb-qbains. See Grains ov Para- dise. Paraffike, a light transparent oil or solid fat, obtained firom bituminous coal, by distillation, which, mixed with other oils, is used for lubricating purposes in the cotton-mills. It is also obtained from peat and has been made into candles. Parage (Freuch), a roadstead near a har- bour. Pabaoraph, a short piece of news, or notice in a newspaper; a distinctive subdivision of a book, sometimes marked thus V Para-gbass, a name for the fibres of the leaves of the Attalea funifera. See Pus- 8AVA. Paraocat-tba, the leaves of the South American holly, Hex Paragueruit, largely used for making the dietetic beverage termed mate in South America. The consumption of this leaf in the various South American republics, is estimated at 40 million pounds. Parah, an Indian measure of capacity, two feet square and six and a half inches deep. The iiitemai measure of a standard parah Is a cube of 11-57-lOOths inches. The weight for various goods according to the Ceylon Custom-house practice is, for coffee, 8S to fiO lbs. ; pepper 27 to SO lbs. ; salt o2 to 65 lbs. ; paddy, 80 to 83 lbs. : husked rice 42 to 46 lbs. In Bombay eiglit parahs make a candy, by which seeds, grain, &o. are measured ; the parah contains 7 paiiies, and weighs 19 lbs. 9 oz. tid drs. The parah measure for salt U 1,607*61 cubic inches. Parallel Guides, Parallel Ruler, a matbematicai Instrument formed of two flat equal rulers, connected by moveable cross-bars, and used for drawing parallel lines. Paramatta, a kind of bombazine, the weft of which Is worsted, the warp ot cotton. P/BANQON (French), long primer type; black uiarble. Para-nut, a name for the Brazil-nut Paranzellb, a Keapolitun vessel Parai'et, a balustrade ; a breast-high wall or raling on the edges of bridges, flat root. , &0. Pabai'LUie (French), an umbrella. Pabasano, the Persian leagne, an Itlnerai^ measure, equal to 6086 English yards, ot 8| EngilBb miles. PAB [ 276 ]' PAH Pakaroi., a silk Bun-8)iade or complexion* protector, carried hy ladleB, being an umbrella on a smaller scale, and more tastefally made. PAK.VSOL-HANDLE, the stIck Or RUpport for the (tame, &o. of a parasol, which Is made of wood, bone, or Ivory. Fabasol-hakeb, a tradeoman who employs personii to make ornamental hand sun- shades for ladies. Parasols are usually sold by llnendrapers. Parasol-bino, a rinir to keep the frame- work of a pnrasol closed, made of metal, Ivory, or otlier substance. P VKBOiL, to cook partially. Pabbucklb, single ropes passed round a spar or cask to hoist or lower It by. Pabcagb (French), the time during which sheep are folded. [lot or portion. Parcel, a small paper package or bundle; a Parcel-book, a merchant's register book of the despatch of parcels. Fabcellinq, a nautical term for wrapping ropes, Ac., with pieces of tarred canvas, to protect them from friction. Pabcbls Dblivert Compant, a company in London which receives, and delivers by vans, packages and small parcels over the metropolis; receiving-houses being ap- pointed in all the principal localities. PibcHMEirr, a writing material for lawyers, made fVom the prepared skins of stieep and goats. Pabchhent and Velluh Maker, a preparer ot the skins of sheep, calves, He. tor writ- ing and other uses. Pabchment-coffee, coffee stripped ftom the pulp, and prepared in a particiilar manner in tne West Indies. PABCHBfENT-cuTTiNos, the trimmings and clippings of prepared skins, which are used for making size. Parchment-dealer, a law-stationer; a vender of parchments. Pabdbssus, a lady's over-garment of fur, &c. Pabdo, a money of account of Uoa. in the East Indies, of 4 or S tangas, and wortii about as. 6d. [gradually. Pare, to peel; to thin down; to cut olf Pareoobio, a soothing syrup far coughs. Pabement (French), free-stone; pavement on the sides of streets, curb-stones; the facings of giirments. PAHEPtEDs (French), fenders or protections for the side ot a ship. Parebe (French), the opinion of merchants on questions of trade. Parget, gypsum or plaster-stone; rough plaster, as for the interior of a chimney or roof. Pabian, a white marble; a white porcelain. Pabian-gehent, a fine or coarse cement, according to the purpose for which it is to be used. Pabian-wabehocse, a shop where fine pottery and fancy articles of biscuit-ware are sold. PABiNa-KNiFE, a bookbludcr's tool ; a knife for thinning down or paring any thing. Parish-clerk, a subordinate officer in a church, who gives out the responses to the minister, and attends to other official duties. PARisncLKRKs' CoMTANT, One Of the Lon» don incorporated companies not on the livery. Their hall isin Hliver-strcot, Wood- street Pabk, a public or private Inclosnre or plea- sure ground; a piece of woodland and meadow enclosed for keeping deer; a train of artillery. Park-keeper, a warden; one who has the care of a park. Park-phaeton, a small low carriage for general use. Parlour, a sitting or living room on tlie ground floor in a private house ; a sitting- room or meeting-room for customers m a public-hoiiso or tavern. PARLonR-BOARDER, a scholar who takes his meals with the schoolmaster's family. Paruesan-cheesb, a choice Italian cheese.*- Pab-of-Exchanoe ; when two things of different denominations are equal to each other in value, they are then said to be at par. See Exchange. Pakoib (French), a parer or scraper. Paboquet, Pabbakeet, a small parrot with a long pointed tail, of which there are many species. Parquet (French), an inlaid floor; a chim- ney frame; the bar in a court of Justice; the place close to the orchestra in a play- house. Parqdetrt. See Marquetrt. Parr, a salmon under two years old. Parral, a collar of greased rope supporting yards to the mast In a ship. Parbilla. an earthen Jar with two handles used in Italy. Parrot, a well-known talking bird, a species oiPsittacus, several of which, as the gray and the green, are favourite cage birds, and largely dealt in by bird fanciers. PABBOT-coiJi, a kind ot coal that bums very clearly. Pabslet, a well-known cultnarv herb, the Petroselinum sativum, with its varieties, P. horteme and P. crispum. Pabsling, a nautical term for wrapping or covering ropes, Ac with coarse canvas. Parsnip, Pabsnep, a culinary root, the Pastinaca tativa. Parson, a common name for a clergyman. Pabsonage-hodse, the vicarage or rtfttory- house; the residence of a clergyman. Pabt, a portion or share; a character or personage in a play. Parterre, a flower-garden; a garden bed with walks between ; the pit in a French playhouse. Particate, in Scotland, a rood of land. Parting, the operation of separating silver from gold by an acid; in paper-making, sennratlng the moistened sheets; in navi- gation, a ship breakhishor cable, and leav- ing her anchor in the gronnd. Partner, an associate; the member of a firm; one who has a joint-share, interest, or buslness-stnliQ with another in any con- cern or speculation, PARTNERsmp, a firm or joint-stock associ- ation; common pro|jerty or Interest in j matters or things. Part-owner, one who has a share in a | ship, house, or other property. PAS 1:277] PAT of the lion- not on the ireot, Wood- iore or plea; Bodland and lug deer; a •who has the carriage fi)» room on the ise; a sitting- customers in who takes hit ir'sfamlly. ^. tallan cheese. •■ wo things or ) equal to each BD said to be at gcraper. lall parrot witn rhlch there are Ifloor-.achlm- ourt of Justice; lestra In a play- years oio. rope supporting ylth two handles Ingblrd, a species hich, as the gray urite cage blras, ird fanciers, athat bums very Lfllnary herb, the with Its varieties, [ for wrapplnR or I coarse canvas. aUnary root, the for a clergyman, icarage or r^tory- a clergyman. 0; a character or len: a garden bed h°pitlnaFrench nroodoflnnd. )f separating silver • in paper-maWng, led sheets; in navl- ;horoable,andleav- 'Uie" member of a oint-share, Interest, "another many con- r Joint-stock assocl- ^erty or Interest m ^ lifts ft share In « | property. Pabtkidoe, a well-known game bird, the oommon partridge, Perdix eineretu, shot In large quantities by sportsmen, and sold In the London markets to the num- ber of about 150,000 a year. Fabteidoe-wood, a name lor the wood of' several trees coming from South America and the \^cst Indies. The West Indian Is the produce ot Heuteria coccinea. It Is used for walking-sticks, umbrella and parasol bandies, and a variety of It In cabinet-work and turning. The colours are variously • mingled, and most fVequently disposed in fine nalr-streaks of two or three shades, which in some of the curly specimens resemble tlie feathers of the bird; other varieties are called pheasant- wood. Home authorities believe partridge-wood to be the produce of Andira inermit. FARir-WAUj, a partition or separation wall between two or more buildings. PARiniB (French), n set of pearls and bril- liants; articles of ornament, dress, or attire ; in bookbinding, parings or shreds. Fasamikiixo, a namu lor narrow lace in Italy. Pasar, the Malay name for a market Pascher ((Jerman), a snmggler. Pass, a name for tlie third classification or quality of Russian hemp; a free Journey- ticket on a railway; an unpaid uamission to a place of amusement Passage, a narrow lane or corridor In a house or building; a voyage taken by water. Passaqe-uonet, the fare paid for convey- ance by sea. Pass-book, the account-book In which entries and payments are made for the information of depositors, by bankiag- institutions, saving-banks, &c Pass-check, a ticket ot admission given to some exhibition or place of amusement in exchange for money, or for re-entrance. Passement (Frencli), trimmings, lace, or tape, of gold, silver, silk, or tliread. Passementier, a dealer In lace or trimmings in France. Passenobb, a traveller by land or sea. Passenoer-aoekt, a broKer, licensed to en- gage passages in ships (or emigrants. Passenger-ship, a steamer or merchant- vessel which has accommodation for passengers ; an emigrant-ship. Pass-boldeb, one who holds a firee pass, or a paid season ticket Pass-ket, one that will open several locks. Pass-note, in the manufacturing districts, a certificate from the occupier or manager of a factory, that the bearer has legally left his last employment Passover-bread, Passoveb-cake, a thin unleavened cake, used among the Jews at the festival of the Passover, near Easter. Passport, an ofHcial licence or permission to enter or leave a country, required In most of the Continental State of Europe. Paste, flour and water mixed ivr cooking; a soft, sticky, adhesive substance, pre- pared by boiling wheaten-flour, largely nsed In many trades, especially by paper- ' hangers, bookbinders, &c. A little alum added, prevents paste Horn tumlqg sour for some time. A kind of paste, or mao> caroni, is Imported Into Malta from Italy, to a large amount In commerce, the term paste Is applied to the Inspissated Juice of liquorice, and some other vege- tables. Paste is also the technical name for a kind of glass used to manufacture Imitation precious stones. It Is composed, according to Protiessor Ansted, of pounded rock crystal, melted with alkaline salts, and coloured with metallic oxides. Paste-boako, a wooden board on which dough is roiled out for pastry ; thick stlflT paper pasted together. Paste-board Maker, a manufacturer at card-board, mill-board, and other stout paper substances. Paste-brush, a bookbinder's or paper- hanger's brush ; a cook's brush for var- nishing pastry. PASTE-CUTTEB,rAaTE-JAGGEB, kltCheU UtCH- sUs used lu making pastry. Pastel, the colouring pulp obtained fi^om tlie Jsatis Hnctoria. Pastellikke, Pasticcqsbe (Italian), a pas- try-cook. Paste-bolleb, a rolling-pin of wood or glass, tor spreading dougii. Pasticcebia, a pastry-cook's shop In Italy. Pastille, a small fragrant roll ot paste; a small pertUmed taper to burn In a room ; an nromatic lozenge or drop. Pasting-lace, a narrow kind of coach lace, employed to cover and hide rows of tacks. Past-masteb, one who has been master of a civic company, or has tilled the chair of a freemason's lodge. Past-haster's Jewel, a freemason's honor rary distinction or decoration, worn on the breast in a iod^'e, by one who has filled the master's chair. Pastoorhah, Pastosma, ox, sheep, or goats' Uesh salted, with garlic and spl- ces, and dried in the sun for winter fbod. It Is prepared in Wnllachia and Moldavia, and largely aliipped from Varna. Besides providing all Anatolia, Alep(>Q, and Damascus, 6000 cwt or more is yearly sent ti'om Kaissarlab to Oonstan- tinopi& Pastry, food made of paste, such as pies, puddings, tarts, <&c Pastbt-cook, a dealer in tarts and pastries ; a confectioner. Pastbt-cutter, a cook's or confectioner's Utensil for cutting dough. Pastrt-modld, a shape of metal or earthen- ware, for pastry. Fastitbage, grazing-ground. 'Pastubb, meadow; grazing-Iand fur bortet and cattle ; food for cattle. Pastitbma. See Pastoorhah. Pastt, a pie of dough, baked without • dish, and enclosing meat, potatoes, or the like. Pataca, a copper coin ; the Algerine name for the piastre of 24 tomins, which is valued at Is. 6d. Patache, alight vessel; a stage-coach. Patack, a former silver coin of Brazil, worth about Is. 9d. Patacoon, a Spanish doUar. PAT [278] PAV Patan, the silver crown-piece of Berne, worth about 48. 9d. ; a Spanish coin worth about >8. 6d. Patak, an Egyptian money worth nearly 6d., V belna equal to 8s. Id. Patabassb (French), a caulking-lron used on board snip. Patasou (Italian), a look-out boat ; a ship's cutter. Patates, a name in the French colonies for sweet potatoes. See Batatas. Patch, a piece sewed on to repair a hole ; a small parcel, as of land. Fatoh-ice, pieces of Ice in the sea overlap- ptngor nearly joinlntt each other, extend ing but a short dlstnnce. Patchoult. an Indian herb, the Poaoste- mon Patchouli: the dried tops, with the leaves and flowers, are Imported to distil an essential oil ft-om, which is esteemed by some as a perfume. Patohwobk, a union of pieces of different kinds or colours; patchwork quilts and table-covers were formerly in estimation, as displaying the economy and taste In arrangement of the pieces by the good housowif^ Patb (French), paste or dough; a pie or pasty. Pateka, a large medal worn by country women in Italy. Patent, a protective right granted to an Inventor, against piracy; a writ or privi- lege given by authority for the sole right to a new invention or discovery for a term of years. The word patent is often pre- flxed to articles vended, as patent sea cot ; patent grease ; patent barley, Ao. Patent-aobnt, a person who acts for in- ventors and patentees; making searches, enrolling their designs, Ac. at the patent- offlce, and securing their rights at home or abroad. Patentee, one who holds a patent right Patent-fuki, Manufacturee, a maker of compressed coal ; a composition-material fbr burning In flres. Patent-hedicine, a secret nostrum, pills, draught, or ointment, &c, these articles requiring to bear a government stamp. Patent-uboicine Vender, a dealer in gatent medicines, usually a chemist, nt there are a few wholesale houses In London who kepp stocks of the different patent medicines, and supply re- tailers. Patent-office, the government offlee where patents are enrolled, and privileges obtained upon payment of certain fees. Paternostek Row, the chief locality for the shops of wholesale booksellers and Itublishers in London ; usually spoken of nbriefaB"theRow.'' Path, a walk In a garden ; a narrow foot- way through a field. &c Patie, a name in Oambay for a large box. Patina, a basin or bowl ; a name In Ceylon fbr grass land, for the most part rock, barely covered with a superstratum of •oil. But producing long grass, and here and there a stunted and thorny bush or tree. Like the prairies of America these patloM are bamed off every yenr. Patumikr, a French pastry-cook. Faton, paste with which poultry liAttened in France. Patrou a mounted policeman; a watch* man who noes his rounds. Patron, a protector; the owner of a church living; In France, the master of a passage boat; a pattern or model. Patronage, custom; favour; support Patten, a clog of wood standing on a rinc of Iron, worn to elevate the feet from the wet; a socket for a column. Patten and Cloo Maker, a maker of theae articles for the feet. Patten-makers' Coupant, one of the minor livery companies of the city of London, which lias no hall. PATTEN-RIN9 MAKER, a maker of the Iron supports for pattens. PATrERN, a model to be copied; needle- work or lace-work marked out to be executed by the needle; a design sub- mitted for imitation; a sample. Pattern-book, a book with designs (bf selection. Pattern-oard, a set of samples or pieces. Pattern-drawer, one who designs pat- terns. Pattern-haker, Pattern-rfadeb, one who arranges textile patterns ror weaving. Pattern-houldeb, a designer and maker of models for cast-iron foundries. Pattern-setter, a workman who decides on the manner in which a lace or other pattern, which has been designed and stamped, Is to be embroidered or filled up. Patty, a little baked pasty. Pattt-fan, a small shallow tinned vessel for baking patties in. Paul, a small tent used in military ramps in India; a Tuscan coin worth about 5d, See PAOLa Pattlib, in Scotland, an unhealthy sheep; the smallest lamb in a flock. PACMEtLE, a kind ot French barley. Paunch, the first stomach of ruminants, which is sold to feed dogs. Pauper, an indigent person ; one unable to obtain his own livelihood, or who is sup- ported in the workhouse at the expeiue of the parishioners. Pave, to cover or floor with brick or stone. Pavement, afiaggingot' flat smooth, square cut stones, mostly granite, laid on a foot- way or path. Pavement-merchant, a dealer In paving materials, granite, flags, curb stones, &0. Paviuon, a large park or lawn tent; a summer-bouse; a building with a dome; a Dutch boat Pavillon (Frencn), a flag, a tent bed. Paving Board, a parochial committee or board of commissioners in whom is vested the superintendence and management of the paving, lighting, and cleansing of the streets of a district or parish. Paving-bate, a parish rate levied on the householders for maintalnhig or extend- ing the pavements. PAvmo-STONEs, hirge flat stones for pave- ments. Paviob, a workman who lays stones and brt PEA [279] PEA K>k. Itrylsftttmed lan; ft watch* lerof aohnrch erofapawag« . support dliiK on a rintr B feet from the inakor of theae ine of the minor Ity of London, ker of the Iron Dpied; needle- Led out to be a design sub- iple. th designs (bf uples or pieces. > designs pat* ;FADEB,onewho L'i weaving. ner and maker ndries. in who decides a lace or other designed and )red or filled up. V tinned vessel military camps nrorth about M, ihealtby sheep; :k. I barley. 1 of ruminants, I ; one nnable to I, or who is sup- at the expense 1 brick or stone. •^ smooth, square e, laidonafoot- lealer in paying curb stones, Ac )r lawn tent; a igwithadome;» a tent bed. lal committee or n whom is vested 1 management of I cleansing of the rlsh. ite levied on the lining or extend* , stones for pave- ) lays stones anA :dii,*c» Paviom, a building term for bricks used fbr paving, which are made nine Inches Iour, rour and a half broad, by one and three quarters thick. Paviobs' Compakt, one of the Loudon in- corporated companies, which is not on the livery, and has no halL Pavior's-kammeb, a heavy mallet, or iron- bound wooden maul, used by a pavior, for fbrcing down paving-stones leveL Paw, Pad, an Indian word slgiiiiyiifg fourth; another name in the East for the seer, «■ 1 5-16 quart. See Heer. Pawl, a shurt bar of iron which prevents the capstan or windlass trom turning back; a piece of money in Guinea. Pawn, a pledee; one who has temporarily sold himself as a slave in Aft-Ica for debt, or for money advanced. Ac ; a piece be- longing to the game uf chess; in Scotland, a narrow hanging or curtain fixed to the roof or to the Tower part of a bed. Pawn-brokeb, a shopkeeper licensed to take in goods on pledge, who advances money thereon at a fixed rate of Interest pAWM-TiOKET.a dated receipt of particulars, given by a pawn-broker, for an article re- ceived in pledge. Fat, salary or wages earned; hire; to give what is due, to dlschurge a debt. Pat-bill, a list of persons to tie paid. Pat-clbbk, one who makes pu^'meuts, or pays wages. Pat-DAT, the day fixed for payments to be made; or when wages or salary is receiv- able; on the Stock Exchange, the last day for closing and settling a stock or share account, usually the fifteenth and thirtieth dayc'ftne month. Patebee, a measure of capacity in the Southern Mahratta country, of 2 adholles and « H quarts. Patuasteb, a naval commissioned ofiicer, ranking with a lieutenant, who has charge of all cash payments of the vessel, and of the victualling stores. He keeps all the ship's accounts, and makes whatever dis- bursements are requisite. He was for- merly called a purser. There are also paymasters to regiments. Pea-boiler, a peculiar cullender or strainer to boll peas in. Pba-haum, the dry stalk or stem of pease. Peach, a choice fruit the produce of Amygdalut communis, of which there are more than 200 cultivated varieties; a colour ; a miner's nanw for chlorite. Peach-brandt, a spirit 3e in parts of the United States, especib../ in Pennsylvania and Indiana. Peach-wood, a nam<) for the Nicaragua- wood (CteM^pintaecAtnato), a concentrat- ed decoction ot wliich Is largely used as a dye-stuff. See Nicabagua-wood. Peacock, a well-kni)wn domestic fowl, the Pavo cristatus, which has a beautilul spreading tail. The ocetlated feathers are estoemed in the East, being worn by tlie Chinese mandarins in their caps, and made into (ly-flappers, fans, and other ornaments In India. [man. nAGER, a French toll-collector; atumpike- Slu-HSN, the fbmale of the pea-cock. Pea-jacket, a loose, warm short-coat» made ol rough pllot-oloth lor use at sea. Peak, the pointed bill of the palm of an anchor made to enter the ground ; the upper comer of a sprit-sail ; the leather flront of a cap; a name tbr the great Coiv- Btantlnople foot — 0-7S173 English yard; an old word for lace. Pea-mkal, ground pease, used fbr soap, and to make bread in the north. Pea-nut, an American name for the ground- nut Araehit hypogaa. Pear, a choice fruit of which there are l)etween 600 and 700 varieties grown iur table use. The fruit is sometimes pressed for making perry. Peakl, a kind of printing-type ; the seam Btitch in a knitted stocking; a well- known nacreous gem, formed by several molluscs of the mussel and oyster fkmlltes, aiidforobtainingwhich, extensive fl!«herica are carried on by divers in the Persian Gulf, Bay of Panama, and coasts of Cey* Ion. Imitation pearls are largely made for ladles' ornaments. Pearit ASH, potashes purified by solution in water, filtration, and ignition. Pearl-baklet Maker, a pn parer of husked barley tor soups. See Barlet. Pearl-bdtton, a nacreous shell button, made of different sizes and shapes, ao- cording to the use to which it is to be ap- plied. Pearl-diver, one engaged in bringing np oysters, to search them fur pearls. Pearled, having a l>order of lace; made in shape and appearance like pearls, as barley, sago, &C. Pearl-edob, a projection at the sides of ribbons, which is lormed by making sortie of the threads of the weft project Ueyoiid the rest. Pearl-edge is also the name f(E0CL, Ficin., a Dutch measure of capacity, the principal heavy weight used In most of the markets of the Eastern archipelago. At Macao the Portuguese distinguish it Into three kinds, viz :— the pecul balanca of 100 catties, — 133 lbs. 6 oz. S-ass dwts. avoirdupois: the pecul seda of from 111 to 115 catties, » 148*2 lbs. avolrd. : the pecul chapa of ISO catties, » 200 lbs. avol d. : at Singapore 16peculs and 80 catties nake • ton, and 40 pcculs a coyan. Ninety cat- ties seda « a Canton pecul, or pecul bn- lanca. By the first or p. balanca are sold , cotton, and valuable articles ; by p. seda, alum, pepper, and coarse goods; and by the p. chapa, rice. Pbdagb. a toll paid in crossing a bridge. Pedaooiebe (Italian), a collector of tolls fk'om foot passengers; a turnpike-man. Pbdai., the lever of a harp, organ, or piano- forte, moved by the foot ^pDLE, to carry about goods for retail sale. PXD^TAL, the loot or base of a column or ■tatue. Pedlar, a hawker; one who carries atioul small wares fbr sale in a box or pack. PKDOurrER,a distance- measurer, made In tli« fi)rm ofa watch, by tlie use of wiiloh tb« number of steps or paces the wearer take« when walking, may be ascertained. When affixed to a saddle, it indicates the num- ber of paces the horse makes, uid to • curricle, or other carriage, the namoer of the revolutions of the wheels. Pedoto (Italian), a pilot or helmsman. Pedbbnax, a kind of small flrdook. Pedbiza, PETmERA, a quarry in Italy; a heap of loose stones. Peel, a baker's wooden slide, with a long handle, for putting loaves in the oven, and taking them out ; a broad shovel ; a printer's tool for hanging up damp printed sheets on a line to dry ; the skin or rlud of fruit See Oranqe-peeu Peen, the sharp polut of a mason's ham- mer. PEEBOBva, an Indian name (or the Cit* lampelos glabra, the acrid roots of which are used in medicine by the natives. Peetha, a name in India for the BenincoM eerifera, a cncurbltaeeous plant Peet Sal, a name la Bengal for the Ptero- carpus marsupium. a tree t rom wiiicli a red Juice exudes, that hardens into an asttln- gent brittle gum-resin, of a dark>red colour. Peg, a wooden nail, a small marker for a cribbage-board; a pin in a hat rack. 4 large trade Is carried on in North America In the manufUcture of wooden pegs for shoes; quantities of which are shipped to this country. Peoall, a description of basket made by the Indians of Oulana. Peooeu Boots, boots with wooden pegs in the soles, Instead of stitches. Peqola (Italian), pitch ; tar. Peoote, a fricassee with a snuca PE3-TOP, a child's plaything tor spinning^ made of wood. Peione (French), a comb; a card or weaver's reed. Peik, a long plummet, or piece of lead used tor ruling paper. PPlTXEK (French), a rag-picker. Pejepalo, an Italian name for 8alte Prllioia (lUllan), a Cur coat Pkluco (iwllan), a garment mado of Bklni or furs. PnxiTORT, a name for tho root of A nthemit Pynthrum, which U uituU uh a iniiEtticatoi y to relieve toothache; It enters Into the comiiositlonof certain BnufT^ and the pow. der U used In large quantities bv the Mo« hammcduns to excite transpiration, being rubbed upon tho Hkln. Pillow, a (onK tur robe. Fblotaob, nackH or bales of Spanish wool. , PBLTRIE8, Pklts, tlui Commercial name gtveu to the skins of animals before tan- ning. Pkltbo (Italian), pewter. Pbluqueeo (Italian), a wig or peruke maker. Pemettofobo, a machine for carrying heavy burdens. PuotiCAN, dried and pounded meat, pro- garvd with fat and rulslns In a coiicen- rated or portable foiin, for the use of Arctic voyagers. Pen, a shaped quIil or metal instrument lor writing with; acooi> fbr poultry; a fbld tor cattle; a reservoir of water; a name In Scotland fur tlio dung ot fowls. ThsshSQ Lawyers, a commercial name given to walking-sticks made fh>m the stems of a small palm, the Licuaia acutiflda. Pbnoase, a receptacle tor keeping pens in. Pencil, a black lead, slate, or other Instru- ment, or brush, for writing or drawing. PraiciL-CASB, a small pocket-case boKlliig a pencil point, &c. for ready use. Pencil- CASE Maker, a manufacturer of gold, silwr, or alloyed metal casts tor olding pencils for the pocket Some of which, as Mordan's pencils, have reserve eases tor spare leads, and a spiral which ■ends down the lead to the point FENaL-RULER. See KULEB. Fend, Penock, Eastern names for oil cak& Pendant, a hanging burner for gas. Pendicler, a name In Scotland f«r an in- ferior tenant Pe^d-stane, in Scotland, a stone suited for building an arch. Pendule, Pendulum, a swinj^lng weight or time-regulator to a clock. Pen-fold, a fold of hurdles for enclosint^ cattle. Penguin, a sen-fowl exclusively found In the Antarctic seas, deriving its name trom its penguidity or excessive latness. The Bkin of the breast ot some species is used for making mutfs, and other articles of ladles' dress; a spucies of Bromelia, B. Fin- vuin, much used in the West Indies, as a tience to gardens and fields; its sharp spiny leaves keeping out cattle and hogs. Pen-holder, a handle, holdtast, or support for a steel-pen, made ol different materials. Fenino, a small money of Holland; the elghtli of a denier tiros. FENiTENTLABf, a houso of Correction for criminals. Pen-knife, a small sharp knife for shaping quills into pens. Pen-icanufacturer, a maker of steel or other metal pens; a cutter of quill-pens bjr maohineiy. Penn, originallv a pallaadocit enolosui-e for cattle In the West Indies, but now applied to a pasture-farm fur grazing and cattle- breeding iu the colonies. Pennani', a ro|)e to which a purchase is hooked; along narrow strenniur borne at the nialnmast-head by vestcis year) ; but those in ordinary circulation nave been for a long time made of copper. The iHiimies coined since 1848 have been as follows in number :— 1848 161,280 1 1859 268,424 1849 268,800 18S3.... .1,021,440 18^1 ...^. 268 8U0 1 1854.....6.827,S20 -^See CUFPEK ('blNAOE. Penny -A-LiNEB, a chance contributor to the columns of a neVvspaper, who is paid at the rate of Id. or l^d. a line for whatever portion of tlie matter Is published. Penny Ueceipt-stamp, a stamp required by law to be affixed and given on bills settled for suihs above £2. Penny-royal, an aromatic piant, the Mentha Pmegium. The distilled water is much used as a vehicle tor medicines for children, and in flatulent colics; a popular einmenagogue. Fennv-staup, a postal-stamp affixed to let- ters under half an ounce weiglit, which frees them by the post throughout the United Kingdom. Fennyweiout, a British weight, equal to 24 grains, or the 20tli part of an ounce troy. It Is so called because such was the weight of a sliver puniiy In the reign of Edward I., wlien the pennyweight was first adopted ; iericaip; and Cayenne uunper pro- duced by teveral spucles of Cuiisicum. The common long pepper of the tiliops is the produce of Chavica Roxburghii and C. offlcinarum. Pimento is sunatinioA called Jamnien pepp<'r. See Cayenne Pepper, and Orains of Paradise. Pepper, African, tlie fruit of the Xylopia aromatica, wliicli Is used as peppur in Sierra Leone, and other parts ol Africa. Pkppbr, Bird, the fruit of Capnicum bucca- tum, the seeds of which are ground to make Cayenne pepper. See Bird Pepper. Pepper-box, a cruet for holding ground pepper for table use. Pepper-brand, a disease In wheat, the Uredo caries, Peppee-corn, the seed of the pepper vine. These pass current as money in some parts or Africa. Pepper-corn-rent, a nominal rent or perpetual lease. Peppkr-curn (.Scotch), a hand-mill for grinding pepper. Pepper-dredqe, a kitchen pepper-box. Peppeb-dulsb, a pun»;('nt nutritious sea- weed, the Laurencia pinnatijida, used us a condiment, when otiier sea-weeds are eaten. Pepper-elder, a species of the pepper tribe. Piper amalago, abundant in Jamai- ca, the aromatic seeds ot wiilch aifurd n f>od substitute for tiie black pepper ut the RSt Indies. [grocers. PEPPBRERa, a name formerly given to the Pepper, Goat, a name for the Caosicum fruteseeru. Pepper-bull, a hand-mill for grinding pepper. Peppermint-cordial, Peppermint-water, an aromatic drlnJt, flavoured with peppor- mlnt Pbppkrmint-oil, a greenish essential oil, obialnud by distillation ttota tho Mentha piperita. I'KPPER-poT, a mucllaglnona soup or stew of V('K(tal>les and caw<""ep, in high re- pute in the West Indies. I'rrada, a constirve made . ' ^an. I'ERAK, the Malay name fot i..ver Pkraleda (Italian), an orchard of pear- trees, PKaAMHirLATOR, a surveying lniitruni<'nt fbi measuring dlKtances; named aUo the pedutnelvr and Burveying-w heel ; awheel carrtiiue for children, propelled by the hand from behind. Peeambulator-makbr, a maker of tne sur- veying Instruments termed peramlnila* torsi also a coach-maker who uoiutrucl« chililren's carriages. Peruknds, a building term forstonci carried through the whole thickness of a waiL Prrcalinb (French), fine cotton print i'ERd perainliniululon pet sthererorrate^ »f ik y«rr catching par- barber's shop. )0t. :onatinK copper liarge of a Kun made at home, orted from the I Dbtonatimo- brte stop to the lera the toucti rte. h plum. rab's-eye lichen, jnd on rocks In which yields a f archil. ■te, as finishing es of a sheet; uire or ream o ;c, to finish off. lutlug-press tot >f holes; tokore IB stencil plates ■es on paper ; or ce; an agreenble should leave no and the lngr»> [383] PET dlenta should be combined so harms* niouily that no particular one should be perceptible. Hence well • prepared eau- do-Colngne may be considered the perfec- tion of perfumery. [and p«i fumes. Pkrpcmxr, one woo makea or sells essences Pkroamkna (Italian), a parchment skin dresxcd for writing. Pesuola, Perooi.ehk (Italian), « kind of late grupe ) a valli'ry or balcony.. riROUM, an African inoiioy. EiiuuNMAH, a certain number of villages in India; tiie largext dIvUlon of lunu in n leminduree; a subdlvUlon of a district answering to the English I uudred. Peridot, a niiine given by ( lunch minera- logists to the chrysolite, a yellow gum, supposed to be tho topaz of the ancients; a kind of emerald. Pkrixr, a metal-founder's Iron rod. Perioohd, an ore of manganese. PKRiaoRj>*riK, an epicurean dish. Prriixa, a small pear. Perillo, the Italian name (br Ringerbrend. PKKiNB-VMRaB, a French name for turpen- tine. PiRioDtCAt, any publication that appears at stated Interviiln; a weekly, monthly, quarterly, or serial. Pkriot, a division of the troy grain, for> merly used by moneycrs ; the ll-A20th Kart of the grain, and divided Into 24 ianks. [head. Periwig, a peruke; a wig to cover a bnid Fbkiwinkle, a tpectes of mollusc the LitO' rina titorea, lurgi-iy used as food wliin boiled, being collected and sold by mea- sure. The quantity coiii'umed In London has been estimated at 76,000 baskets, weighing 1900 tons, and valued at £l5,0ua Perjury, a wlliui lalsu uutli, taken iu some Judicial proceeding. Ferma, a Russian weight of 8605 lbs. rBRMADT, a Turkish boat Fbrmankmt-wat, the finished ballasted road ot a railway. Pbrhatrutiu, an Indian name for the Malabarcat-mint, Atiisomelet Malabarica ; an infUslon of the bitter and somewhat aromatic leaves of the plant, la given In dysentery and Intermittent fever. Pbrmio (Italian), a kind of hinge for hang- ing doors and windows. Perhit, a llcehce to remove exclsenble ar- ticles; a let-pass granted by the excise- officers, customs, or cUier fiscal depart- ment. Permxt-writer, an excise-officer. Pbrnahbdoa-wood, a name tot the Ccesal- pinia eehitiata. See Brazil-wood, and Peach-wood. Pero, a kind of apple. Pehooub, a name in New Brunswick for a canoe hollowed out of a larsa pine log. Some are made large enough to carry twenty persons. Prrol (Italian), a boiler or kettle. Pbrpendicclar - urt, a contrivance on canals for passing boats flrom one level to another. Pbrpionak-wood. iSe« Nettle-tbeb. PsRQinsiTB, a privileged grant; an extra allowance or fee, beyond a salary. Prrribb, an engine (br throwing stones. Pbrron (French), a flight of sups befor* the doors of a house. I'BRRT.a drink msde of the Juice of pears, which, when bottled, makes a very goud Imitation champagne. Pbrsr (French), chhits. Pbrsian, a thin Inferior silk chiefly used (br lining garmenta. Pkrsiana (Italian), a silk with large flowers t Venettan-bllnds. PBR8IAN-1BRRIE8, the iteeds of RhamnuM in. /tetoriui, useim Pfriiiferum. Pesada, a variable Spanish weight, used In the River Plate, flrom Sfit to 401lbs. Pesantb, an Italian welfiht of halla drachm. PVSATA, an Italian measurement for fire wood, equal to8 cantarl. Pesatore (Italian), a weigher. Pesoatore, an Italian fisherman. Prscbddova (Italian), an omelet; an egg pancake. Peseta, a Spanish silver coin ; a name for the fourth part (L'tlie Mexican dollar; the fruvlnclal peseta Is howt'ver only 1-Ath of he dollar. The pcHeta varies in value according to the purity and weight of tho dollar ; It may, however, be generally reckoned at about 10^. Pesrkar, Paiskkar, in India, a tributary officer or collector; a chlefugcnt, assistant, or manoRer. Pesillo, small scales used in Italy for weighing gold or sliver coin. Pesinalo, a dry-measure of Venetian Lom- bardy. rather more than 2 gallons. Peso, a Spanish name for the dollar of ex- change; a common name for the pound weignL Peso-dcro, the hard dollar of Spain. Peson (French), a steelyard. PEflSALOO, an Indian name for the Pheutoltu Mungo, Pessart, a surgical instrument fbr support- ing the vagina. Pestle, a solid pounder for crushing things In a moriar. Pbtaquiua (Italian), a small trunk or hamper covered with hide or leatlier. Petakd, an explosive for blowing up gates, &C. Petatb, a name in Central America for dried palm leaves or grass, used (br plat* ting into hats and mats. Pk.tkr-boat, a Thames flRhltiK-bnat. Petersham, a rough woollen-cloth made chleOy ot munKO, u«ed for great coats. Pbtit-canoK (French) a kind of type, two- line English. PETrrES-AFFiciiES, a small French Journal of advertisements. I^BTrr-ORAiN, an essentlnl oil obtained fVom the flrult and leaves of Citrui Digaradia. Pbtitmiris, the name for miniver fUr in France. PETir-LATT (French), whey. Fetit-tsxtb, the French name fbr brevier type. Pbtit-toes, the feet of sucking pigs. Pettjcon, a liquid meaHure ot Barcelona of ncni'ly half apint Pbtbolfdm, a rock oil or mineral naphtha; a solution of parafHiie. iSee Naphtha. Petticoat, a woman's looao lower garment, many kinds of wlilcli ake kept ready-mndo in shops, as flnnnel, red, skeleton, JtlfT, and other petticoats. PErnr Cash-book, a book for entering small receipts and payments. Pbttt-juev, a jury of twelve, summoned and empanelled to try offenders. Pettt-officers, the subordinate or warrant officers of a vessel of war. Pettt-bicb, a name In Peru for the white seeds of Chenopodium quinoa, wiiicli make good porridge and cokes. Petun, a common French uauK fbr tobacco and simff. Petunsie, h kind of kaolin or clay-stone used In making porcelain. Pgum, II Cambodian land-measure of six feet ; 20 peums make a sen. Peverada (Italian), meat broth. Pew, an enclosed seat in a ihurcli or chapel. Pew-opener, an attendant In a church. Pewter, an alloyed metal, of which there are several kinds; the best consists of 100 parts of tin and 17 antimony. Tlmt used for plates and dishes la formed of 89 parts of tin, 7 of antimony, and 2 of copper : tin and cine and lead and tin are sometimes used to make pewter. Ley pewter tor wine measures is an alloy ot 1 part of lead to 3 of tin. Pkwterer. a workman who casts pewter in a mould, and afterwards hammers it out Pbwterees' Compant, one ot the livery companies of London, vhose hall is in Lime-street Pbtwter-pot, a publican's measure for serv- ing malt-liquors; a quart, pint, or half pint pot. Pezza, Pezzo, a land-measure of Kome 06523 acre; a nominal Italian coin passing in Malta for 80 tari or one dollar. Pfani>-leiheb, Pfand-verleiheb, a pawn- broker in Germany. Pfanne, a salt measure of Prussian Saxony =• G04-84 gallons. Pfarrer, a Gorman minister or curate. Pfebs, a name in Sinde for the Chamoerops Eitchiana, of the fibre of which twine and ropes, sandals, baskets, and niut& are made. PPBiLBR-spiEaEL (Crcrman), a pier-glass. Pfenning, a small coin in Ueriniiny, the fourth part of a kreuzer, 3 kreuzers being equal nearly to an English penny : 80 Oer« man kreuzers are, however, about oue slillllnii sterling. Pfbrd (German), a horse. Phaeton, a four-wheeled open carriage. Pharuaceutist, PharhaceuticalChbhist, an apothecary; one skilled iu the choice, preparation, and mixture of drugs and medicines. Pharmacoiheia. an official dispensatory; a book of authorized recipes and direo- tlons fbr dispensing drugs, emanating from a College of Physicians, and in Great Britain sanctioned and adopted by ar order In Council. There are different ones in use in Scotland, Ireland, and EnglanQ —a matter to be regretted— dniformity In prescriptions, &o. being liighly desirable. PiiAKSANQ. See Parasano. PUKA.SANT, a weil'known bird, the Phad" anus Volchicus, presirved as a game-bird ill Urltaiut The feathers of the gold and silver pheasants, and Argus pheasant, have commercial uses for ornament and artiticial tly-maklng. Pheasant-wood. iSee Partuidqe-wood. Phial, a small bottle chiefly used fbr medl* cine. Philadelphia Bark. Bee Qcercitron. PHiLUtEQ, the plaid petticoat ot a Celt Pu(ENix, another niuno tor the drachma, a Grebk sliver coin divided into 100 leptl, and worth about 8il. PiiONOORAPirr, the art of expressing sounds by peculiar abbreviated Characters or types. Phosphate of Lihe, a salt obtained from bones ; a combination of phosphoric acid and lime. Phosphoric Acid, an acid fbrraed by the combustion of piiosphorus, and also mad4 by heating bonus In a flirnace to white- ness, and by distilling phosphorus with nitric acid, or with sulphuric acid, or chk>> rine. It is combined with sulphur in dipping lucifer matches. Phosphorus, an elementary substance, a clicmlcal product obtained from iMues, whicii is extensively employed in tlie manufacture of lucifer matches. Photograph, a sun-picture; a daguerreo- type, or talbotype. Photographic-apparatus Maker, a manu- facturer of the appurteniftices and mate- rials for taking sun-pictures. Photographic Artist, Photographeb, one skilled in the art and manipulations of photography. Photographic Paper, a chemically pre- pared paper, brushed witii a solution of nitrate ot silver, for receiving and fixing suii-impresslons. Photography, the process of taking fiac- shnile impressions on paper, by the influence ot light upon salts of silver. Photometer, an instrument for measuring tlic intensity of ligiit Phcrra, a name for the leaves of the Chamcerops Ritehiana, which are brought from Beloochistan Into Sinde, and made into a variety of articles, baskets, fans, brushes, sieves, saudals, pouches, pla(« ters, and ropes. "Pik [2851] PIC h penny : 80 Oer« rever, about oue }pon carriage. KUTICALOHKMIST, leu ill tlio choice, re of drugs and al dlspeniatory; icipes and direoh rugs, emanating ians, and in Oreut adopted by ar are different ones nd, and KnglanS )d— dnirorinity In liglily desirable. bird, the Phati' il as a game-bird B of tlie gold and A.rgus pheasantL or ornament and (TBIDOE'WOOD, ly used for med^ Qdekcitroh. at Ota Celt. ' the drachma, a id into 100 lepti, spressing sounda 1 Characters or It obtained ttom phosphoric acid 1 formed by the IS, and also madd irnace to white- phosfihorus with iricacid, orchio> nrith sulphur ia tary substance, lied from bones, mployed in tlie Itches. re; adaguerreo- Maker, a manu- iftices and mate- res. Photographeb, U manipulations chemically pre- th a solution of iving and fixing i of talcing fhc- paper, hy the ts ot silver. t for measuring leaves of the lich are brought Inde, and made I, baskets, fans, pouches, put- FmsiciAN, a doctor of medicine who holds a diploma Irom a College ot Physicians or University ; oue who practises the art ofheaHng. rmrsic-NUT, a name for the need-capsules of Curcat jmrgans and V. muHiJidm. Tlie milky juice of the plant dyes linen black. The ou obtained by expression trom the seeds is largely used in IncHa for lamps, and has been introduced into this country for the purpose. It is oduurlexs, colour- less, and limpid, and burns well; when cold it deposits a coiisiderablc quantity of stearine. It has the same quulllie!) and Hses as the croton-oii, but in large doses is a dangerous poison. FuLLA (Italian), a carpenter's plane. PiANELLAio, an Itulluii uhoeniaker. Fl>ino-forte, a well-known and popular stringed instruciont played by keys; it is generally made in one of three forms, grand, square, or upright 'Jhero are, owever, many fanciful and trade name- given to them, as cabinet and cottu^-^, piccolo, &,c. PiANOFOBTE-FBET CcTTEK, a maker of the open, ornamental wood-work lor the front of a cabinet or upright piano. PlANOFOBTE IlAUMER A^D DAUPER-CLOTH Maker, a workman who prepares the interior parts ot the Instrument so named. Fiakovortb-ket Maker, a turner who shapes and prepares the ivory and ebony keys, with which the instrument Is played. Fianofobte-haker, a manufacturer who employs workmen to construct und finish pianos. FiAMOFOBTB- rail Maker, a woikman who makes the hammer-rails for tlie hiterior ot the instrument. Fianoforte-resteus, glass insulators, on which the legs ot a pianolorte are some- times placed. Pianoforte -siLKSR, a workman who fits the ornamented silk to the front or open part of cottage and other upright pianos. Fianofokte-stuiso Maker, a preparer of tlie wires and strings tor the interior mechanism of the pianoforte. FiANOFORTE-iUNEit, a pei'son who attends occasionally, or periodically, to tighten tlie strings, and put the instrument In tune for the player. FiASSAVA, PiACABA, the footstalks of a species of South - American palm, the Attalea funi/era, an Important article of coiniuerce in Brazil, nnd sliipiied to this couiitiy In UuiiUIes of IClbs., fur making brushes und street-sweeping machines. PiASTA (Italian), a thin plate of metal. tusTUE, the dollar of exchange in Spain, where it is also called the peso dc platu: an imaginary money estimated at eight reaux old plate, or flltecn reaux im'o nuiravedls velloii ; and as the hard dollar is worth twenty reaux vellou, the piastre is eiiuivalent at par to 3s. IJd. sterling. The piastre, or piece of eight, was formerly a silver coin worth about 4s. 6d., being In fact the old dollar. Also a coin and money of account in Turkey, of 40 paras. The Turkish moneys, however, have been 80 Qepreciated and altered, that the value of theplastre has varied considerably In 1778, It was worth about la. 8d. ; In 180L Is. 8d.; in 1818, 9d.; while in the present coinage It Is only worth about Sjd. Th« piastre of Tunis has, however, a higher value, and Is divided Into sixteen carabaa, or twenty-five aspers. 'Ihe value of thfl Turkish piastre fluctuates, being governed by tlie rate at which bills of exchange on London are sold at Constantinople. PiATTA, a flat boat used in Italy. Piazza, a square open space surrounded by buildings, or a walk roofed In ; a market Fio, PiK, a variable Turkish cloth-measure, ranging from twenty-eight Inches the long pic, to elghtein inches the short pic. Pica, a species of printing-type, larger tlmn long primer, of which there are several kinds cast, as large and small, four line, fourteen line, twenty line, double, and double small. Piga-pedrero, an Italian stone-cutter. PiCATUNE, an American coin wortii three- pence. Piccalilli, an imitation Indian pickie of various vegetables, with pungent spices. Piccolo, a small pianoforte ; a small flute. PiccoNE (Italian), a pickaxe. PiccozzA (Italian), a hatchet FiCE, asmall East Indian copper coin, the fourth of an anna, precisely an inch in diameter, weighing 100 grains troy, which Js a '"^al tender there tbr one sixty-fourth of the Company's rupee, and the double pice weighing 200 grains Ibr one thirty-second of tlie rupee. This name is also apiilted to a weight, a variable division of the seer, ranging in diflerent localities from lfi6i grains up to 276i grains. [tankard. PicHEL, the Italian name for a pewter I'lCtiELA, an Italian wine-incasure. PicHouNE, a wine-measure used in Mar- seilles, tiie 60th part of the escandel, - to 0.4C93 pint ^ PiGuimiM Beans, a name for the isolated lobes of tliu diupe of Nectandra I'Khuiy ; the sassafras nuts of commerce. Pick, I'ick-axk, an implement with two slightly curved points or prongs, used in milling, agriculture, &c. to loosen the soil, or pick out paving stones. PicKAOE, a charge or toll for breaking up ground to plant booths or stalls at a fair- FiCK£R-B£Ni>8, pieces of buffalo hide, limed, but not tanned or otherwise dres>ed, imported for the use of power- loom weavers, wt;o attach them to the shuttle. Pickets, small sticks stuck in the ground in lining or surveying. In America the term is applied to stakes or narrow boards of cypress and other wood ; out- posts or guards placed as watchmen. PiCK-HAHMEB, a pointed hammer for dress- ing granite. PiciuNOs, culllngs; pounded oyster-Bheila for gravel walks ; hard burnt bilcks. Pickle, a name for brine, a liquor used tbr salting or preserving ; also any truit or vegetable preserved In vinegar or salt. A. large trade is carried on In the sale of pickles and pre ^erveik PIE r286j PIG PiOKLK- BOTTLES, particular shaped thin glass buttles, made for boldlug pickles for sale. Pickle-dish, a small glass or porcelain dish fbr holding pickles at a dinner table. PiCKLED-FisB, herrings, cod. A;c. salted. PicELB-jAR, an earthenware vessel for pre- serving or holding pickles. ricKUC-WABEHOUBB, a Wholesale depot where pickles are manufactured and sold. FiCKUNO, preserving flesh or vegetables by brine or vinegar; a workman's name for placing any thing In a steep. PiCKLING-TOB, PlCKLING-PAN, VCSSClS for keeping salted meat in. Pick-lock, an instrument forpicklnglocks; a term in the wool trade for a superior descrlDtlon of wooL PioKTHA, PiAKTHA, another name for the visB, an Indian and Burmese weight of 140 tolas, about 3i lbs. (3-65.) Pio-Kics, a kind of sma^' sweet fancy biscuit, so named. Picon, small charcoal burnt in braziers in Italy. PicoTB, the name in Italy for a coarse stuff made of goats' hair, and for a glossy silk fdiiric. PicoTiNB, a name in some parts of the Continent for a peck, a measure used principally to ser\'e out the quantity of oats, ao. for a horse's raeaL PiCTUBE, a painting; though the word is sometimes applied to a print or engrav- ing. Large sums ot money are laid out annually on the works of living artists, or ancient masters, and the public exhibi- tions of paintings do much good. PicTCBE-BOOE, an illustrated work for children. PicTUHB-CLBANEB, & restorer of the bright- ness of colours, (fee. in oil-painthigs. PiCTDSB-DBALBB, a purchascr of pictures for re-sale. PiCTOBE-TBAHB, a setting, or ttame for a picture, made of dilferent materials, either wood, solid or veneered, leather, papier-m&ch€, gutta-percha, metal, rork paid for by (dish of crockery .cket-pSdestaL surety; ball, or f letters, ring stones. vesaeL and carries pies I, a of barley, Ac., es in Spain, rharf, or landing, erection running the shore, on a acilltv of passen- a projection or rch of a bridge Is ^.Ips for the use of leinanded of pas- anding on certain or flligree-work. of awl or gimlet )f liquor. Br for fancy-work, learl, or a porcu- 5 In a cotton-mlU. ig-glass bulweea el-gun. any hard stone, and arnopeb- jg. and forrepre- i, ic on. or skin, used for tic animal whoso iducts are noticed &c.; an earthen a common name rorged metal; an ghlngjtolicwt. for several varl- 'hlch enter largely for food and as pigeon, formerly , replaced by the d In the sea. smlsslon of Intel- attached to a car- etnmtoltshome. fbr letters, iK. PioiON-HonsB, a dove-cot, or elevated shel- ter fbr pigeons to roost and breed in. FiGBON-iUTCH, a competitive trial of skill among sportsmen, in shooting at pigeons let loose from a trap. PiQEON-PCB, a pastry made of pigeons. PiOBON-TRAP, a trap in which pigeons are confined, in order to be shot at when liberated and on the wing. , PiOKON-wooD,another name for zebra-wood, of which there are several kinds ; one from Jamaica Is the produce of Ouettarda spe- eioia; others come from the Brazils. PiooiN, a small wooden or earthen vessel, MTithout a handle. PiGioNE (Italian), house-rent PiouBNT, a paiut; any colour used by painters. PiGNONS, PiNONES, the edible seeds of the cones of various pines. Those of tlie Pinua Pinea, are consumed in Italy. In Chile, tftey are coiislilered a great deli- cacy, both by the Indians and Spaniards. They are sometimes boiled, ground down on a stone Into a kind of paste, and made into pastry. The cone of a magiiiflcenl Australian pine, containing as many as 150 edible seeds, furnishes at certain sea- sons, a rich harvest to the aborigines. Pio-NHTS, a JNorth American name tor a variety of the hickory-tree, Carya glabra. The nuts are smaller, and not quite so pleasant as those of the shell-bark variety of hickory. The hog-nut is the Carya porcina. FiG's-FACB, Pio's-CBEER. See Bath-chaps. Pig's-frt, the entrails of a pig sold fur food. PiG's-HEAD, the head of a pig, sold flresh or salted. Pig-skin, the skin of the hog prepared as leather for saddles, binding, or other pur- poses. PiG-STTE, an enclosure, with a house for pigs to fatten in. Pio-TAiL, a dark kind of tobacco twisted into a long rope or cord, which is after- wards wound Into a hard close ball. Pike, a long lance; an Iron sprig for fas- tening work to a tumini;-lathe ; a fresh- water fish, the Esox lucius ; the sea-pike is the gar-fish, E. belone; an abbreviation for a " toll-gate," or " turnpike-gate ; " a measure of length used in Egypt, Syria, Servia, and the adjoining countries; about 26} Inches ; 1 9-24ths pike are, according to Dr. Bowring, 1 yard. See Pic. Pike-bead, the spear, or arrow-pointed part of a pike. PiKE-sTAFF. the pole of a pike. Pilaster, a square column set in a wall Pilch (Scotch), a gown made of silk; a pet- ticoat open in front, worn by Infants ; an apron or protection for the thighs, worn by men digging peat; a child's flannel napkin. Pilchard, a small fish resembling the her- ring, the Clupea pUdiardiu. which Is caught in large numbers on the western coasts of England : the take of the Cor- nish fisheries being, on the average, 60,000,000 fish, or 21,000 hhds.. ot wliich the greater portion are shipped salted, to the Mediterranean ports. Pile, a pale or pointed stalie; a sharpened \oif of timber driven a considerable depth Into the gronud, in the bed of rivers, or In marshy land, to build upon; an erection or superstructure ; the snag, nap, or sur- face of velvet, plush, broad-cloth, Sk. ; a galvanic battery. PiLE-DRivBB, a workman occupied in sink- ing piles for the foundation of a super- structure; a machine used lor the pur- pose. PiLE-DRnriNO MACHINE, PiLB-XNQINS, a heavy rammer, or mass of iron, raised by a leverage, and descending repeatedly with force by.gravit}', on the head of • pile or log of wood, to be driven into the earth. Nasmyth's steam hammer, applied to the pile -engine, raises the rammar again, by the action of steam. PiLENTuu, a light vehicle; a combination of the cab and carriage. PiLEwoRT, a common field plant, the Ea- nur.rulus Ficaria, the 'eaves of which are sometimes used as a potherb. Pill, a medicine rolled Into a small globole. PuxAR, an upright column or support of wood, iron, stoUe, &c Pillar Dollar, a Spanish silver coin with two columns supporting the royal arras on the obverse, which is at a high pre- mium for the Chinese market PiLLAU, a Turkish dish of rice with fowl or mutton, raisins, almonds, chillies and cardamoms, boiled or stewed together, and served up with sweet gravy and filed onions. Pill-box Makeb, a manufacturer of small round pasteboard, or thin wooden, boxes ot different sizes, for chemists' and sur- geons' use. PiLLEZ, a kind of naked barley. PiLLicciAto (Italian), a furrier. Pillion, a soft saddle for a woman ; a pad for a horse's back; tin in slags. PiLLMAKiNG-UACUiNE, a Corrugated metal plute for roliing pills on, so as to divide them accurately. PiLLOcociA, a purgative pill, so named. Pillow, a bag filled with feathers to rect the head on In bed, oll. FiNOCCHio (Italian), the edible seeds from pine-cones; the kernel of the pine apple. PiNOLA, FiMUiA CItallan), a spiudle; the detent of a repeating watch. Pinole, an aromatic powder used in Italy for making chocolate. FiNONATA, a conserve or paste made of the kernels of pine cones. FiNSTicKEB, a person who fixes pins in paper; a machine which performs the same operation. Pint, a British liquid measure ; } of an im- perial quart, aud i of a gallon : a pint of distilled water weighs 1} pound avoir- dupois; a Scots pint contains three Eug- lish phits, and is ■> 103'4M cubic Inches. Pintle, a metal bolt on which the rudder of a ship is hung. PiNT-STOup, a tin-measure in Scotland, con- taining very nearly tliree English pints. PiocuE (French), a pickaxe or mattock. Pjuneek, a settler or colonist who pene- trates into the wilderness; a t»ack woods- man; a working soldier provided with hatchet, &c., who precedes and clears the way of obstructions for an army, repairs ttie roads, and works at lutreuch- ments, &c Pipe, a leather or canvas hose; a long tube or cylinderof metal, eartlienware, orglass for conducting water, yaw, steam, &c. Wiieu large, water and gas pipes are called mdins, and tlie smaller ones, supply pipes and ser- vlce^4; a tube for smoking; a boatswain's whistle; a cask lor liquids of variable dimensions, but considered ordinarily to hold 105 gallons. In different countiles and localities It varies considerably, ranging from US up to 156 gallons. PiPK-CASE, a smoker's pocket-case for hold- ing a short meerschaum or clay tobacco- pine. PiPE-CLAT, an adhesive and plastic unc- tuous earth, contalnim; about 361 pcr cent, of alumina with 61} silica, which Is used for moulding clay tobacco-pipes lor smokers, for making various kinds of eariliunwarc, and as a detergent for fiuooriug ciotb. From Kiugsteiiintoii, tu Devonshire, nearly 20^000 tons are ot>> talned yearly. Pipe- LATER, a workman who lays rhs mains, water, or draining pipes. Pipe • MANUFACTURER, a maker of metal tubes, clay, or glass cylinders, or of to> bacco smoking-plDOS. Pii'ER, one who plays on the bag-pipes. Pipe-staves. See staves. Pi-pi, the legumes of Ccesalpinia Paptn used as a tauning material, but inferior to Dlvi-dlvi. PiPUK, an Indian fMcassee. PiPiNo, a kind of cord trimming or fluting for ladles' dresses. PiFiNQ-iRONS, flutfng-irons. Piping Bullfincb, a bullfinch that wbia^s tunes. Pipkin, a small earthen saucepan. Pipote (Italian), a keg; a small barrel. Pii'PLv, a name for some varieties of small choice apples. PiPSissEWA, a wild plant of North America, the Chiniaphila umbellata, which heing diuretic, acrid, and narcotic, is used ia medicine. PiQUEE (French), marcella ; a cotton stuff used for waistcoats. Piquettb, sour acid wine ; a drink made in Franco by pouring water oa the husks of grapes. FiRAHKTEB, the name given to an instm- ment for ascertaining the power required to draw carriages over roads. Pirate, a sea-robber; a vessel which at* tacks others at sea for the sake of plunder. Piratino, counterleitlng; copying any thln^ without permission; steaUug the copy- right of a work. FiRL, to twist or twine, as Inrormiug horse- hair into a fishing-line. Pirn (Scotch), a quill or reed ; yam wound on a shuttle ; the bobbin of a spinning- wheel; the wheel of a fishing-rod. PiRNiE, a woollen nightcap made in Kilmar- nock, of different colours or stripes. PiRoons, a rough canoe formed out of the trunk of a tren. PiSANO, one of the Malay names for the plantain. See Pinano. Pise, blocks of clay rammed into moulds; rammed earth, used hi some countries to build the walls of cottages. PisuiRE, a luime in the Orkneys fbr the steel-yard. Pistacbio-nuts, the small almouus or nuts in the drupe of the Pittaeia vera, and its varieties, natives of Syria, which are Im- ported In small quantities from Messina, Sicily, and other ports in the Mediter- ranean, cither shel'cd or unshelled. Tho kernels are small, pale green, with & Sa- vour like sweet almonds. They are used as a dessert fruit, In confeJctloneiy, and also to make a sort of cosmctlc-i>owder for the face. In 1855, we Imported 3210 cvvts. of these nuts. Pistareen, a Spanish silver coin, worth about 8d. or 9d. The " head " pistareen Is worth about Id. more. There are also quarter and half pistareen silver pieces. The double pistareen is uurreut fbr about 10. 6d. 1 PIT [290] TLA I'lHTKRA, in Italy, a round Jug with a spout. Phtol, a well-known hand weapon ; the 8miille8t flro-arm used. Pistol-case, a box for keeping one or more pistols In. Pistole, a gold coin of the European States, varying In dItTercnt countries, and In dil- Terent coinages. The Spanish pistole U the fourth of the doubloon. The coinage of 1813 to 18-22. wciMhi'd 4 dwts, 8 grs., of which 3d wts. 186 srs. were pure gold. The previous coins of 1745, 1774, and 1782, con- tained 2 to 3 grnlns more pure gold. The doppla, or pistole of Milan, coined in 1783, weighs 4 dwts. 15 grs., of which 8 dwts. 161 grs. are pure gold. The later pistoles of Switzerland, weigh 4 dwts. 20 grs., of which 4 dwts. 8 grs. are pure gold. On the average, the pistole may be valued at 163. PisTOL-BOiTTERS, the name for a kind of car- penter's plane. Piston, the sucker, or part of a pump which fits the bore: the short cylinder or disk of a steam-engine, acted upon by the air or steam, and causing suction. FisTON-ROD, the rod by which a piston is forced down and drawn up. Pit, a well, or deep hule ; the sunken shaft of a mine: the floor, or chief audience part of a play-house; a place for sawing wood. Pita, a name for aloe-flbre, obtained from the leaves of the Agave Americana, which is made into a strong and white cordage, and also manufactured intu paper in Mexico. Pitch, the resin of pine extracted by Are and insplssatlon ; orthe residuum of boiled tar, made in England, and of which about a thousand tons a year are imported from Russia ; in mining, the limit of ground set to those who work on tribute ; an inclina- tion or elevation; the sloping side of a roof; the rising or falling of a vessel in a heavy sea; to sot in array, as to pitch a tent; to pave with pebbles. IlTCH AKD Tar Mandfactl'RER, a maker of those commodities, largely used lor smearing or coverhig ships' bottoms, pa- lings, &C. Pitch-back Wheei, a kind of wheel used in a mill, propelled by water. PiTOH-BLENDE, a Valuable ore for the porce- lain painter, producing a fine orun-.;e colour, and also a black, found In Saxouy, Bohemia, and Cornwall. Pitcher, an earthen water-Jug. piTCH-FOBK, a prong with which hay,'&c. is lifted from a cart to the rick. Pitching, a market term for unloading, and for the small charge paid to the carrier for looking after the empty packages and cloths, and returning them correctly ; fixing a tent or booth; covering a ship's bottom, a roof, or palings with pitch or tar. PrrcHiNQ-STABLEs, a kind of shaped Cornish granite, 4 or inches long, for paving. PrrcH-LADLE, an iron ladlo for lifting out pitch from a boiler. PiTCH-piPB Manupactcker, a maker of pipes used for giving tlie key-notes for ' music. PncH-FLAsiEB, aplastef of Burgundy pitch. Pitchstone, a vitreous lava which occurs in veins and beds, and sometimes iu whole mountains. Pitch-wheels, toothed wheels In machinery or clocks, wlilch work together. Pitch-wobk. work done in a coal-mine, by those working on tribute. PiT-coAL, the common bituminous coal used throughout the country. See Coal. Pith, the cellular or spongy substance of plant stalks, used for various purposes, for making light models, &c. The pith of the elder Is used for electrical purposes; that of the sago palm is converted into starch. See .Shola. Pit- MAN, a collier; one who looks after the mine-gear; the sawyer who stands In the pit. PnoN (I'tench), a screw-ring; a staple. Pit-pan, a long fiat-l)ottomed river-boat used In Central America. It is deep and wide in the middle, but shallow at tho ends, which are square. It nut nufre- quently contains 60 paddlers. Pit-saw. See Saw. Pit-saw File. See File. Pittore (Italian), a painter or limner. PiUMA, the name given to a new and mixed fabric of light texture, i sed for gentle- men's coats. Pivot-gun, a piece of ordnance turning freely on a pivot, to alter the direction. Pix, the name given to a box kept at tho British Mint, in which a small sample of the coins struck are deposited, in order to be assayed and compared with a standard preserved in the Excliequer. This opera- tion, called " the trial of the pix," is ptr- formed in the presence of certain members of the Privy Council, tho ottlcers of thu Mint, and a jury of the Goldsmiths' Com- pany, and now usually takes place on the appointment of a new Master of tho Mint, before bis predecessor receives a dis- charge. Pizza (Italian), a sort of cake. PizziCAGNOLO (Italian), a ctieese-mongcr; a pork-si)op. Placage (French), veneering; inlaying. Placard, a written or printed notice stuck up ; to advertise by posted bills. PlACAKD-BEAKER, a man Wiiliiiiig about tho streets or thoroughfares, carrying notkes on boards. PiACE, a public or private employment ; a fiubllc square in a city ; a name in Scot- and for the mansion-house on an estate ; to arrange or dispose. Place-brick, a builder's term for an in- ferior kind of brick, which, from being on the outside of a clamp or kiln, is only im- perfectly burnt. Placer, a gold field; a position or locality in an auriferous country. Plaok, a small copper coin, formerly cur- rent in Scotland, equal to tiie third puit of an English penny. Plaice, a flatfish, ihe Pleuronecles platessa, which, when of a moderate size, Is good eating, but inferior to the turbot and solo, Plaid, an outer loose turtan wrnpper, worn by the Higlilanders. erlne; InlaylnR. pointed notice stmk .f?v'Sabo«tti.o •e», carrying notices ate employment; a V ; a name in Scot- iiouse on an estate, Ir'a term for an In- Thlch, from being 1 5 or kiln. Is only mi- [position or locality coin, formerly cur- ia! to the third pait [leuronectes plate fa, iilerate size, is BO"" f the turbot and solo. Jtnan wrapper, worn l Flaw, simple, without ornament or beauty. I'LAiNBACKS, a term In the weavlnK trade for bombazettes. [tor's projection. Plain-chakt, a chart laid down on Murca- I'lAiXT, a written .stuteinent of a suit lu a Court of Uequests, Cnuiity Court, «fco. Plaintiff, a suitor; one wlio commences a law-suit. fcloth, linen, Jcc Plait, Plat, Pleat, a fold br double in Plan, a scheme; an outline drawing or desi>.'n; a ground-plan of a building; a horizontal licctlon. Planchet, In coinlii(r, a piece of metal In- tended tor a coin, with a smooth Hat sur- fkce, to be placed In the mlii for receiving the die impression. [cumferentor. PlaKcheite, a small plnnk or board; aclr- Plane, a carpenter's cutting and surface- smoothing tuoi, of wliicli there are (irent varieties, named attcr the purposes they are intended to ftiltil; us smooth-plane; beading-plane; iack-plane; trying-plane; long -plane; Jointer - plane ; moulding- plane; panel -plane; rounding - plane ; toothiiig-pliine; fork-stafT-plane ; ovolo; lamb's-tonguc, astragal and hollow- gash-planes; bead-plane; match-plane; grooving-plane ; hand-rail-plane ; table- plane; singlcand three reed-planes; slde- flilsters; sash-fllister; dovotail-box; side- round; slde-rabblt; side-snipe; squiire- rabbit ; skew • rabbit ; and numerous others. Plane-irons, cutting Irons to Insert In a plane, and which areeitlierdoubleorsinulf. Plane-maker, a manufacturer of the wood cases lor workmen's planes. Planer, in printing, a flat square-made piece of wood, used by the compositor for forcing down the type in tlie lorm, and milking the surlace perfectly even. Plane-table, a surveyor's instrument for taking angles. Planetabium, a machine for showing the motions of the planets. Plane-tree, the sycamore, Platanus occi- dentalis, a large North American tree, tlie wood of which is used for musical instru- ments, and other worlis requiring a clean light-coloured wood. Plammexek, an instrument for calculating the area of piano tlu'ures. Planinc-machine, Planinq-mill, a facing- machine lor smootliing boards, lect: of timber. See Board, Deal, and Load. Plank-iioad, a road formed upon planks iiiid tiansvei'sely, mnch used In America. Plank-sawer, a sawyer. Plant, railway engines and machinery ; utensils; the machinery, apparatus, or tixtures b>' wliicli a business or manufac- ture is carried on, as a builder's plant ; the plant of a brewery, &c ; to set in the ground; to cultivate. Plantado-pasado, the ran-drled trult of the plantain, which forms a considerable article of internal commerce in some of the districts of Mexico. Plantain, a sueenlent shrub or tree, the Alusa Paradisiaca, Inruely cultivated In the tropics fbr Its fruit, eaten boiled or Masted, or prepared into dough and meal ; bugs are nuide of tho loaves, and the stalk furnishes a large quantity of useful fibre fbr paper making or for cordage. Another species, Af. textilis, t^irnishes a valuable fibre tor rope. See Manila-hemp. i Plantation, a woodland of young trees, an estate fbr growing coflee, sugitr. Indigo or spic-js In tho tropics; Ibrinerly the term was applied to our foreign posses- sicns, now generally known us colunies. Plant-cane, a first crop of sugar-canes raised from cuttings, not a ratoon or second-shoot crop; the former yielding more juice and sugar. Pi-ANTEB, the manager or overseer of a sugar estate: the superintendant of a coffee plantaiion or an nuligo estate. Plaquet'te, a small Fench coin; a tartliing. Plaqukur (French), one who veneers or lays on plutes. Plashinq, binding and interweaving branches of trees for low fences, &c. Plasm, a mould or matrix. Plasma, a transparent chalcedony of a grass-green or leek-green colour, touud In India and China. Plaster, a cummon name in America and other quarters for gypsum, used as a manure; a composition of lime and hair; a substance fbr casting ornaments and figures; an ointment or sulve spread on skin or paper. Plasterer, a workman who covers the walls, ceilings, &o. of a house or other edltlce with plaster. Plasterers'-compant, one of the minor livery companies of London, wliicli has no hall. Plastebers'-haib Mancfactdrer, a col- lector and preparer of cow liuir, and other waste hair, tor mixing in mortar. Plaster-factory, works where gypsum Is ground and prepared, or where cements lnt; the pulsson wasB>l'l&t de- cilitre, => 0-205 English pint. Poitron (French), a kind of yellow plum. PoiVRADE, a pepper and vinegar sauce. PoiVRE (French), popper. Poix (Frencii), pitcli. PoJACK. See Pajock. Poke, a bag. See 1'ocket. Pokebot, Poke-pdllek, persons engaged in baggin'-' liops. Pokel-fli^i:>ou (German), pickled or salted meat. Poker, a long Iron bar used In mast-making to drive on tlie hoop ; a polislicd metal bar for stirring the tire in a grate. Poke-weed, the American name for the Phgtolacm decandra, See Pocan Bush. Polacca, Polacre. a lateen-rigged vessel, common to the Mediterranean. Polar-bear, the white bear, llialassaretos maritimus, the skin of which is of the greatest value to ilio Arctic tribes, and of it trousers, boots, gloves, &a. are made. In this country it is sometimes used for wrappers, and carriage or oilier rugs. Polar-hare, tiie Leptts glaciaiis, the fur of wlilch Is used for uiuking boas, muffs, linings. lng net. 1»0L [295 J TOM POLKNTA, a thick porrldKe mnde In France r/f chestnut meal boiled with milk. In Italy It is a sort of pudding made ol Indliin-com meal, PoLicK-coNSTABLE, an Ordinary policeman; one clmrffed to sec the peaeo kept, and whose duty It Is to ncrumbulute on a certain beat for a'flxecl period. FoLicE-iKsritCTOR, a supcrliitendant of po- lice. PoucE-MAOisTRATE, a Stipendiary law-offi- cer who |)reHidi'8 at a police-court, and tries and sentences (ilTeiulcrH bruuglit be- tbre him, upon oliarges preferred by the police. FOLICKMAN, POMCE-OFFICEB. Set POLICE- CONSTABLE. PoLicK-HKHOKANT. a suporlnr police-officer. Police-station, the receiving lionse where offenders are taken by the police ; the place wlicro the police assemble for orders, and to murcl) out on duty. Polict, the certiilcate issued to an insurer by a life, Are, or marine Inaurancc office: a gentleman's pleasure ground. Policy-book, a book kept at an Insurance- office for making entries of policies Kraiited. Policy-holders, the persons insured in an office. PoLiGAU, the head of a village district in India. I'oLiMiTA, a stuff of varleualed colours. PuLLSHiNO, the art of giving brighiness to any subMCance. us wood, metal, gla~s, &c. I'oi.iMHiNQ-BRUSH, a hand brush for slilnlu',' ptoves or grates, shoes and furniture. See I'LATE-BRUSII. PoLisHiNc-iicoN, a smoothing Iron; a book- liinder's tnol. PoLiSHiNOPASTE. a kliid of blacking or paste for harness and leather; a sub.stancc compounded of oil, beeswax, and spirit varnish, for giving a polish to articles of lionsehold furniture. POLISIIIK0SLATI-.S, a name for hone-slates or wliet-»tDB-TERRE (Fronch), potatoci. POMi'ELMOijHR, a nnmo for the aliuddork (Citrus Pomptlmof Vecumana). See Pami'elmouhk, and Puhplknosi. PoMPRT. a nrliitcr's InklnK-linll. PoMPiKR (French), u flnmun. one who pumm water; a maker ot tlre-cnKlnos. PoHPioN, a name tor the common gourd, Cucarbiia Pepo. PoNCKAjj (French), a deep tcartct. Poncho, a woollen ciipe, clouk, or outer garment, without ■let'VJB, which Is merely a length of cloth with a slit nnido In It, tor the head of the wcurcr to puxs tlirouk'li ; thus leaving the arms at liberty. Tlie design was taken troin an article of cloth- ing used by the natives of (South America ; fine ponchos are there made ot vIcuiiiim ■kins. Poncho Is now a trude name tor camlets, or stout worsted. VONCiRB, a large thIck-rinded lemon. Pongee, a wnsiilng aiii; muau iii China. Poniard, a dagger. Pont, Punt, a linear measure of China, the tenth part of the covid, cqunl to nearly I } Inch; pent is also the French name for a bridge, and the deck of n ship. PONTAO, akind ofConp*. w'i.a wine, madeln the Cape colony. Pontes, a workmnu'.' Uiiitrumeiit for taking hot glass out of th ■ pot. Pontoon, a ferry - ooat ; a IlRhtcr for ca- reening shlDE; a flnt-bdttomcd boat. covered and lined with tin or copper, used In forming bridges over rivers, for armies to cross. [races, the sum of £25. PoiiT, a small horse; In bettinf? on horse PONT-CHAISE, a small four-wheel carriage, to be drawn by a ponv. PooAH, a local name for a species of wild hemp, obtained trora the Boehmeriafrute.i- tens, in Nepaul, which is used for llshlng- nets and twine. Pood, a Russian ordinary commerclnl weight, of which 63 make a ton. A pood contains 40 Russian pounds, and Is ordl- narllv reckoned equal to 36 pounds avoir- dupois; but is !)6 lbs. 1 ^.11 drs. PooDiNA, PoDEENA, ludluu names for Men- tha tativa and viridis. PooDLB, a shaRKy water-spaniel; a lady's small French lap-dog. Pool-balls, Ivory balls, 9 or 12 to the set, about 2 Inches in diameter, (or playing a klndofbllliardd. Pooler, an instrument used in a tan-yard, for stirring up the vats. PooLOOC ODiALS, H name in Ceylon for the j.^ung shocts of the ?almyra palm boiled, ',. oen eate > aw, they are termed odials; Miu are al >o called kellngoos. i'ooNAC, ai'Buie for the cake left after ex- pressing t. y lb > poors rate. Poor law, a law for the support of the if, tluHc Infirm and distressed, or able b. I'l d out ot employ. Poor-law Iioard, acommlssion -vhtcl. 'i«- thu Huperlmiiideiice and rei! h\\\nn of nil matters In the kliiKd( n, rei u to the rcllel of the poor, and the < uni: t.4,ratioii of union work-house i. PooR-L,vw Ofpice, till metropolitan ofllr", where the Poor-law I'omnilHRloiiers meet. 1'oor-rate, a poundage -tax levied, on parishioners viio are householders, for the relief of the poor. I'oosE, a name lor a clinrBe of oil ; a niea* sure 111 HruHSels, about 27 gallons. Pop, the name for some varTotlen of maize In the United States, as n d. blue, white, .yellow, inid mixed pop; parched corn; a ▼ulirar name for pawning. Pop-ooRN, the grain of a small kind of malzo parched. Pope Joan Board, a fancy painted board for a card-tai)le, with marked divisions, for playing the game at cards, called Tope Jouu; Pop-gun, a child's plaything; a small wooden tube with a ramrod and pellet Poplar, a tree, the Populus, of which there are several species, and the soft wood Is used lor carvln«, for toys, and common turnery. The wooden polishing wheels of the glass- vrliider, are made out of hori- zontal slices of the stem. The bark of tho white poplar Is used by fishermen, for tlo.'its to support their nets. Tho buds of the black poplar are aromatic and bitter, and are considered diuretic and antt- gpnsmodic. Tncamahac Is obtained from tlie buds of P. baUami/era, in the United Stntea. Poplin, a stuff of silk and worsted, of which the' re nany varieties, as xvatered, fig...-' r • d' J, tissued, eentres a* r>'^'ln uiid N< eu„-||. PO ""V, ..'Vf Vi'DT. Po^f i .iL.vD, the cspsnle of the poppy. Poppy-seed, the seed of the Papaver somni' ferum. which enters Into commerce as an oil seed. Poppy-seed Oil, abland drylngoll, obtained from poppy-seed, whU h Is more exten- sively nsed In the Madras presidency, and some other parts of India, than any other, both in lamps and for food. Exposed to the rays of the sun, it becomes perfectly colourless. Popclation-betubns, the offlcial details ot a census. PoiicAL, a kind of large plum grown in iSpaiu. i I POB r»n POR smntlc ntid bitter, ■uretic and aiitt- I is olitnlned from ra, In the United ti the poppy. le Fapaver somni' "i commerce as an ylng oil, obtained ■; is more exten- ts presidency, ana la, than any other, loort. Exposed to lecomes perieotly 1 offlcial details ot plum grown 111 PoiOKLAITf. fUe INyiTEItT. J'oRORi.AiN-ri,Ar, n ttim nw\ wliitn clay ■ultcd lor pottery and e.irtheiivvnru p«r. poMca. PoROELAiw-JAmT.ii, hf(l« Of rlny which hnvo been partliilly vltrltlvd by contact with trap rocks. PoKOKLAiN-t.rr^ii Makkk, apropnror of the « rnHnu-ntiil colouivd U-tK.Ts ot>, a species of pulin so named, becnmie, when cnt horizontally, the miirkinKs of thit wood assinillutu to the <|ullls <>t the porcupine. .' ORK, the tli'sli ot the hog sold fresh or salted. [pork. rc.RK-BUTCireR, one who kills plus and sells Poh» ""op, a hIIcc Ironi the rib of a pltf. I'ORKRRs, yi.nnn pigs unrter a yrnr oiil. PoRK-BADSAOM, mluced pork, reasoned and cased In gnt. PoKPHTRT, a hard stone of a rcddlnh colour, having a buHls nf tulsiinr or clay, Ai:. with other mineral crystals dispersed throURh it. PoBPOisK, a cetaceous animal, the varieties of which, Phoccena communts, and A meri- cana, and especially tiie heltigacaCoilon of Gray, are nsethl to man tor tiicir skin and oIL The leather made from porpoi^o sklni is said to he the strongeft. known. Their skins are dressed for truces, and the Canadian mail-bags are made of them. These bags are very white, thick and soft; they stand much chaflntr, andefTcTta.illy resist the wet. The blubber yields a lar„e qnantlty of oil ot fine quality. PoRRiDOB, a thick food made by balling flour, pease, or oatmeal In water. PoRRiDOE-POT, a saucepan for making gruel or porridge. PoRRiNGEB, a kind of bowl of pottery or Kla.ss. PoRRON, a liquid measure of Catalonia, nearly half a pint. PoRSE (French), twcnty-sIx leaves of p.iper. Port, a Imrtiour, b:iy, inlet, or cove, lonn- Ing a shelter for vessels; an embrasure or opening In the side of a ship for runninK out cannon ; the lid which shuts the port- hole; the left or larboard side of a Nhip looking t>)rwHrd. An important commer- cial red wine, the produce of the vine- yards of the Upper Douro, and shipped from Oporto, in pipes of 115 tiallons, of which we import to the extent of from 8,000,1)00 to 5,000,000 Kalloiis a-year. PoRTABLiiL, handy, that may bo carried with ease; in French the word implies any thing wearnble PoRTABi.EFoRGK Makkr. a manufacturer of (orifes ttint can be easily transported. PoRTABt,E-&AS, gas made from rosin and oil, and carried about In Iron cylinders. Port admiral, the officer having charge of a naval port, and the vessels ot w»r resort- ing thither. Portage, sailors' wages iu port ; also the amoutil nf a sailor's wages for a v t^ijpj nil liiterrupllon ti> river iiaviuati' m k ciiirylng plac«< round nipids snA \\ it^r- IhIIs, or iroin one wittei i^initnii'ilcatlon to nnotiier; a rharge for carriage. PoRTAi , a small iftxtf. I'oRT-CKATOM, a iltho«raph«r's writing- pencil; a pencil case. I'onTCULLM, a sliJlng gate .> close a door* way. PouT-DUKs, certain tolls h>vie4 on shipping, entnrliiK or i|Ultilnif ii > P'>HTK-AHii:H,LR (Frern i , iineeillo-casoi n Hlirireon's needle-be, i mm- roKTP.-AM.nMKTTi;s (I'rrllcll), H 'UatCll-llOX. I'ouTK-HAi.i.K (Freiicli), a |/edl ir. |.i ii,!.i'. i'oiiTK.-i!HAi.>iB (FreiHtli), ciinl i- of a Sudan- roiiTKKAix, a street •iH)rter in I'lunce. P0KTKPKI111.LK (Frencli). Pi»kit<>i,h). a pock- et-l)o(>k; a case lor h'l'hiig hose papers, drawings, ifec. I'oKTK-i.ErritK, a letter-e so. I'oMTK-MoNNAiK. a kiinl (M itliem purse, or i.incy mone.v-holiier. In' le poekut. I'oiiTK-MoucHBrTKfl (Fri oil), a siiulTeri*- tniy. I'oiiTE PRKSHK (French), . bookbinder's «liavlng«-tnt). PoKTK.R, a weaver's term 1 1 Scotland (hr twenty iipllt'*, or threads, 1 I'lain linen work; in EiiBland It Is ton >'il a beer; a door-keeper; a carrier of l)i. lens; a fer- mented malt liquor, whicii is' stliigidshed Irom ale or beer by its darker colour, ari- sing In some degree troin u 1 incipient charring ot the malt, wliicli u ho iniparta an iigrcoable bitter taste to it. Hiirned sugar and Spanish Juice or ll(|ii n porter is ottcn tennei t>oer, In ci'.'itnulistlnctioii to ale. PoRTEU AND ALE Dealkh, a vcudt or Ship- per ot malt liquor*. ToitTKRAGE, tlie hire of porters. I'oKTEK's Lodge, a small lion.io (or 1 gate- keeper; a room at the door of .. set o» offices. Pokteub (French), a carrier; a postilion's liorite. l>OBTFiRE,an lnfiammaWecoini.o3ltlon -nlled In paper (or dlscnariiliig guut, lnst< id ot t)v a mutch. i'oiiT-HOLES, holes In the side 01 a vess I for pointing cannon out oil Ape 1'ort. Portia-nut (»ii„ a new oil obtained In 1 idla troin the Tfte.ipesia Fopulneo. Portico, a porch, hall, or Kat'nvay; a shel- tered walk; any disposition or series ot colnmns, which forms a sort ot gallery. POKTLAND-0E.MKNT MAKER, a manufacturer of cement for builders. PoBTLAND-STONE, a coarsc earthy limestone used for building purposes m London, obtained from the quarries of PurbecA and Portland. Portmanteau, a small leather case for hold- ing a cliange of linen, i&c. ; literally a cloak-bng. PoRTMANTEAiT-HAKER, a tnmk-makcr. I'oRTOR, a marble with deep yellow veins. Portrait and Miniature Painter, an ar- tist who takes pictures of persous, or ot the face from life. I POS [298] POT ToKTUAiT Gallery, acullectiou oriikencsses of persons. I'ORTULAN (French), a sliip-master's guide; a book containiiiR the situation aiui dc8crt[ition of seii-purts, &c., witli instruc- tions lor navigation. I'oRT-WARDEN, tlic ofilcer in charge of a port; a liarl>our-ma8'.er. rosADA, PosAOERiA, a Spanish inn or tavern. I'oscA (Spanish), a mixture ofvlnegar and water. Pose, a land and superflcinl measure of Switzerland, rauKlnu, In diifercnt locali- ties, from 27 to 4.'> French ares. Poseur (French), a stonemason ; a pavior. PoSNETT, a kitclieu utensil; a small skillet or pan. Posset, a pleasant drink ; milk with spice or wine. Tliere are treacle possets, tiago possets, &c. PossoN, an old liquid measure of France, wljich is defined under its more couunon iiameof PoissoN. Post, a continental road measure, generally calculated in France and Germany at two leagues, in Italy two miles ; a [liece of timber or stone set upright; In Scot- land, a stratum in a quarry; a kHu- ation or office; to register; to enter par- ticulars in account-books; lO travel expreas with relays oi horses. * Postage, an official charge for the trans- mission of letters, or other mailable matter carried by the mails by laud or by sea. Postage-book, a memorandum-book in an office of postal txpenditure. Postage-stamp, an adliesive or impressed Government stamp of variable value, lor affixing to letters and papers to pny the postal cliarge. They are now very numer- ous, and used in almost all countries for dillerent smns. I'osTAL-DiSTRiCTS, the assigned divisions of the metropolis, within which katers are delivered at certain regular intervals of tlie day. PosTAi.-kNOCKER, a door rapper. PosT-AND-jOB-MASTEn, a person who keeps post-liorses, and lots out horses and carriages on job liire. PoST-BAG, a bag for holding the mail<;. Post-bill, a post-office vvay-bitl placed in tlie mail bag, or given in charge of the guard or driver. PosT-BOT, a i^osiiiion ; a person who rides I lost -horses, and takes charge of them lack wlieu arrived at the end of tlie stasie. PosT-CAPTAni, a common unofficial title (jlvin to )i captain ot the Koyal Navy, to distinguish him from a conmiander, who Is often styled by courtesy a captain. PosT-CHAisE, a carriage travelling with post-hoi-cs or relays. Post-date, to afterdate, or date a docu- ment in advance of tlie real dale. Poster, a large printed hand-bill or pla- card; a le:;al announcement. Postern, a small gate In a military fortifi- cation ;. a back door. Post-uokn, a lioru or tin tube blown by a mail guard to clear the roud for his ve il- cle, mall carta liaviiig the precedence of the roads. fcarrlerg. Post-horse, a horse let out to travellers or Post-house, a house where relays of post- horses are kept for the convenleiice of travellers; a post-office. Postilion, the rider on one of the leading horses of a coach. Postman, a letter-carrier. Post-mark, the date and place stamp affixed to letters In a post-office. PosT-MASTEK GENERAL, the chief officer of the (leneral post-office, usually a member of the Cabinet, wlio has the superintend- ence of all matters connected with the interior and exterior postal arrangements of the kingdom, the transmission of the mails, and the appointment to vacant offices In his department. ' Post-obit, a contract made by an heir to pay a certain sum on his coming into his liroperty, after tlie death of tlio existing possessor. I'osT-OFFicE, a liead depot, or branch re- ceiviiig-liouse, for the despatch and deli- very of letters. See General-post-office. PosT-oFFicE-OLERK, a subordinate employed in a post-office. PosT-oFFicE-DiRECTORT, an old-ostablished London directory, based upon the returns 01 the post letter-carriers, of the residents in the metropolis, comprising officials, private individuals, traders, companies, streets, and a variety of otiier useful Infonnation. POST-OFFICE-ORDER. See MONEY-ORDER. Post-wood, wood sinteath of tlio existint; epot, or branch re- despatch and deli- NEKAL-POST-OFFICE. ibordlnate employed ', an old-established ;ed upon the returns ers, of the residents omprisiug otilcials, traders, companies, ity ol other useful lee MONKY-ORDEK. (I for Kate-posts aud .'UOP-WOOD. ter vessel used by ing malt liquors to vulvar name for the lire ; the lourtti of a lid mtnsure used in itinent, mm-'ing, tor in Denmark and in some parts of measure it is about (linia the pot for oil tl liquid measure In 1 computed to yield juiii to a loss of 8 per (Vlso a liind ot paper 14i inches. * spain who examines lid measures, (etubles in it ; soup ; kitchen-garden; a ' cooking. 1, )EALKB, a dealer in in large quantities ituents of burned iry soluble in water, tlie lixivium of the evaporated In iron ire prlnciiialiy used of flint glass, prus- soft soap. The im- arl ash range from iir. POT i;299 ] POU roTATOKS, a highly esteemed edible root, thetul)er8oftlu'/So/anu»jut 2^ million acres under pototo cultivation in tlie United Kingdom, and the weight of food annually raised from those must be enormous. vVe also import 3000 or 4000 tons a-ye,ir Irom the Continent. POTATO-FLouB, menl or farina prepared from tlie potato tubers. PoTATO-LiiTER, a pron;?; olso a kind of digging machine to save labour in rais- ing potatoes from the ground. roTATO-MERCHANT, a wlioiesule dealer In potatoes. POTATO-PASTT, a pasty made of potatoes and flour. P0T..T0-PASTY-PAN, a shallow tinned pan for baking pa.siies in. POTATORE (Italian), a pruner of trees; a vine dresser. Potato-roaster, a tin machine carried about by an itinerant vender, who sells hot baked potatoes in tlie streets in cold weather. Potato-salesman, an agent for potato growers, who receives quantities from the country on sale. Potato-smasher, a cook's wooden utensil for mashing potatoes tor the table. Potato-starch, the fecula prepared from the potato root, and forming a gum sub- stitute, used extensively by calico-printers ami cotton uianul'acturers. See Dex- trine. PoT-AU-FEU (French), meat, consisting of gravy soup, and bouilli, or boilid mean Potboy, Potman, a messenger wlio takes out beer from public-houses, and collects the pots and cans again. Potdak, an Indian money-changer, many of whom sit In the open markets changing cowries for rupees, and vice versa. Pote, Cantaro, or Alquiere, a liquid-mea- sure of Portugal and lirazil, of 6 cimadas, = 14 5647 English pints : the alquidre as a dry measure is = 690 gallons imperial. Pote'e, a Frencli liquid-measure, the lourtli of a pint. Potelot (French), black lend. I'OT-GUN, a small mortar used for firing salutes. Pothanger, Pot-hook, a hook for sus- pending an iron pot over a fire. Pot-hebb, any culinary vegetable suited for soups or stews, Ac. PoT-iiousE, a petty public or ale house. PoTiCHoMANiE, articles of glass ornamented inside In linitatioii of old elilna-ware, with paper or hneu flowers aud devices, and varnished. Pot-metal, a kind of stained glass ; an alloy of lead aud copper for making pots. Pot-planT, a name for the Lecpfhh ollaria. PoT-PouRBi, hotchpotch; a kind of pie; a periume made of orris powder, lemon- peel, lavender flowers, rose-petals, aud essence of musk. PotSTONE, a nmgiieslan mineral allied to ser- pentine and steatite, susceptible of a high pullsL ; it Is a course and iudistiuctiy gra- nular variety of prismatic talc, and, from Its softness and tenacity, may be readily turned. It is used for the manufacture of cooking utensils and other vessels ; for fire stones in furnaces: In a powder, tordlml- nl.shing friction In machinery, and lor re- moving oil stains in cloth. Pottage, soup; a mess of food boiled in a pot. PoTTE, a Danish liquid measure, the kruK of 4 pogles: 100 pottes = 2125 imperial uallons: 1-7010 pint = 1 potte. Potted-meats, viands preserved by par- lioiling, ifcc. In small jars covered with grease, or enclosed In hermetically sealed tin cases. Potter, a maker of earthen pots and ware. Potter's-clat, plastic clay; clny suited for the manutiicture of pots or earthenware. Potter's-wheel, a wheel used by the potter. Pottery, the generic name for all kinds of clay ware; the manufactory of a potter. Pottery-mancfactuueb, See Potter. Potting, the operation of pouring soft sugar into earthen moulds, and placing wet clay saturated on the top to refine it; pouring new made muscovado sugar Into casks to cure It, or drain off the molasses. PoTTiNGER, an earthen Jar. Pottikg-house, a place where plants are shifted into pots. Pottle, an English dry-measure, contain- ing 2 quarts or tlie lialf of a gallon. Also a small cone-stia)ied basket in which fruit is sold, and which should hold about 12 ounces of strawberries or raspberries. Pou, a linear and itfnerary measure In China; the former Is 6f feet, the latter 35702 miles. PouAH, Pao, an Indian liquid - measure nearly 2-6thsofa pint. Pouce, the French name for the Inch. Pouch, a small bag; a sliot-belt; a case with tin divisions in which a soldier carries his cartridges. See Cautbidge- CASE. Pouchong, a black tea; a superior kind of souchiiiig. PO0CH-ROLLER, a leather pocket-case for holding toilet articles, such as tooth, nail, and shaving brushes, &c., or for any other article that will roll up. Pou-DE-soiE, a stuir or farandine of silk ; padesoy. Poudrette, a French artificial manure, con- sisting ot solid excrement dried in the air, and mixed with copperas, gypsum and charcoal tor the purpose of neutralizing the odour; this prepared manure, though originally manufactured In France, is now also made in New York and other large towns, and consists of about two- tlilids night-soil, and one-third decom- posed vegetable matter, finely sifted. PouL, a copper coin of Bokhara worth rather more than a farthing ; In Ueorgian money it is the 10th part of a chahl. PouLARDE (French), a pullet PouLon, a close woollen fabric manufactured in Thibet, of various quaUtles andcoloura, used for garments. Poult, a young chicken; a pullet. TOXJ [300 3 PRA PotTLTEREB, ft dcfller In enga, poultry, ami game, who usually sellii other articles, such as sausaces, butter, rabbits, &c. Poulterers' Company, one of the minor livery companies of London, which, having no hall ot Its own, condticts its business at Guildhall. PonLTiCB, an external application for pro- moting the suppuration of tumours, or abating painful inflammation: poultices are made of bread, of llnseed-meal, mus- tard-meul, iity to act for another, balancing pole; a [in a public oven. pain lor baking breiul ped stull with wliich re covered. w term for distraining. 11-digger. ng term. niaieilal for building See I'uzzoiANA. L'lich ligiiter or snuill ned vessel, on wIium id, to form a flouiiug lie Paclrtc. a profession ; the em- liciil man or lawyer. nedical man's practice sold. [coins. one who stamps or y sliip or lugger. grass land in North iitural meadow witU- II' icco juice. Ids; suKured almonds. In), a curb- or coruer- In), a subscriber. Prassentikteller (German), a waiter or salver. Fkatique, a certificate of having performed quarantine. Prawn, a kind of large shrimp. PiiAYA, an embanked road or public walk. Pkayer-book, a book containing the forms of prayer and services of the Establislied Church, autliorized tobe used In cUurclies and cliapels, by the Htate. Prebendary, a priest holding a stipend or stall in a Cathedral church. Precentor, a church clerk; a priest who leads a choir, uext to tiie deaa in u cathedral. Precept, tlie mandate or official summons of a mayor, sheriff, k. Primichon (Spanish), a skein of flue, soft silk used for embroidering. Priming. See Prime. 1'BiMiNG-wiRE, an iron pricker for the vent- liole of a gun to pierce the cartridge. Prixce's-metal. an alloy of copper and zinc in the proportion of 72 parts of the former to 28 of the latter, or sometimes conslstln;,' of 7.1 per cent, of copper and 25 of zinc. Prince's-mixture, a dark kind of snulT so called, wlilch is scented with otto of roses. Prince's-wood, alight-veined brown-wood, the produce of Cordia Oerascanthus, ob- tained in Jamaica, and prnicipully used for turning. Princkttas, a worsted fabric, which is sometimes made with a cotton warp. Princeza-snuff, a choice ligiit-coloured snuff made at Bahia, of which many thousand pounds are annually sliipnod ; but It is seldom imported here, owiiig to the heavy duty. . Principal, the head of a school or business; capital laid out at interest; a main tini- l)er in a buiMing. [ligin cainlot Princu'ELa, tlie name in Spain (or a kind of I'uiscu'esa, a kind oi cigar so named. Pkincu'Iera (.Spanish), a small metiil saucepan in which broth Is warmed. Print, to stamp or imjiress; any thing prluted, as a newspaper, engraving, calico stained with figures, Ac; a stamp for butter; to publish. Pbint-colourer, an artist who tints or paints black engravings or prints. PRiNT-cinTER,a workman whocarvcsblocks of wood with figures, for printing calico, paper-hangings, &c., or who makes butter- prints, or other moulds. Printer, one who prints with letter-press or copper-plates, or who stains calico. Printers' - auctioneer, an agent wlio values stock for printers, and dispo.sesof the good-will of their basiiu'ss, type, Ac. Printers'-blanket Maker, a manufacturer of stout plate roller- cloths and swanskins, used by copper-plate and letter-press printers, and of the piain and twilled lappings and machine blankets used by calico-printers. Pkinters'-frames, upright wooden frames on which the letter-cases of type for com- positors are placed. Printers'-ink Maker, a manufacturer of printing-ink. See Ink. Printers'-joiner, a workman who makes the wood-work, Ac, required in printing, such as frames, cases, Ac, and cuts up the furniture used f)r making proper margin and in blocking the chases. PiiiNTERs'-PRESS MAKER, a manufacturer Of the presses used for taking Impressions from type, which differ with the speciid purposes, whether lor job-work, book- work, or newspaper-work. Hand-presses are now for the most part superseded in large establisiiments liy steam-presses, generally called printing-machines. The kinds of presses used in different trades are very various, as the standing, cutting, sewing, finishing and arming presses, used by the bookbinder; the lithographic- press ; copper-plate-press, Ac. ; and for letter-press printing there are the Colum- 'olan, Albion, Stanhope, Hoe's, Apple- g.irth's; the platen power- press, cylinder- press, Ac. Printers" Liquor, also called Iron liquor, a liquid without spirit, thrown off the retorts as vapour, and then condensed through worms, wliicli is used as a mordant by calico-printers. Printers' - rollers, composition rollers used for inking the lor'us of type, by letter-press and other printers, made of treacle, glue, and other materials ; roller- cloths, varying in width, weight, and fineness, used by calico-printers and others. Printers'-rule Cutter, a preparer of the lenRthsofbnis.s. Ac. rules, used by printers to divide coluunis of newspaper-type, or other work. Printers'-smith, a workman who makes Iron work tor printers. PitiNTERs' Wood-type Cutter, an artist who shapes and carves the large fancy letters of wood, used in job-nrinting, and which are made trom ten-line size, up to flitv-line and upwards. Pi!Inting-ink. See Ink. I'liiNTiNG-MAOiiiNE, a machino for taking impressions from tyoe, or for staining calico, worked by steam-power. PRO [303] PRO Ac; a stamp for irtist who tints or g8 or printa. an who cnrvos blocks , for prlntlnsf calico, )r who makes butter- ll8. Its with letter-press i^ho stains calico. K, an aiteut who ters, and disposes of business, type, &c. iKKU, ft muniU'acturer lotlis and swanskins, (te and letter-press J plain and twilled ne blankets used by rlsht wooden frames ases of type for coui- , a manufacturer of IK. vorkman who makes required In printing, ics, &c., and cuts up f)r making proper ing the chases. ER, a manufacturer of r taking Impressions iffer with the specinl for Job-work, book- wotk. Hand-presses t>8t part superseded In ts by steam-presses, iting-machlnes. The d in difterent trades the standing, cutting, ind arming presses, ler; the lithographic- -press, (fee; and for tlieie are the Colum- hope. Hoe's, Apple- ower-press, cylluaer- called iron liquor, a thrown off the retorts 1 condensed through lid as a mordant by composition rollers loi-Mis of type, by er printers, made of ler materials; roller- width, weight, and calico-printers and R, a preparer of the Hies, used by printers f newspaper-type, or orkman who makes Cutter, an artist rves tiie large fancy In job-printing, and om ten-line size, up arda. k. machine for taking '1)0, or for staining ;aui-power. Printino - rBESs. See PsofTEKs' • press Maker. Printing-type, letter-press type of various kinds, used by printers for books, news- paper and Job work. The weight oi metal and stock of type renulred to bo kept in a large printlng-otnce is very lieavy and expensive. Print-seller and I'ubusher, a shopkeeper who vends engravings, lithographic, and coloured prints, &c. Print-shop, u shop where engravings are kept cm sale. PRINT-WOKKS, a factory where machine or block printing is carried on; a place (or printing calicoes. Prisco, the Spanish name for a kind of peach. Prison, a Jail, a place of confinement for debtors or criminals. Prison-van, a police carriage for conveying prisoners to and from a court of Justice. Private, a soldier of the line or militia; a common soldier. Private-box, an enclosed box at an opera or pluy-house, wliich can be engaged for a party. Privateers, private ships commissioned against the enemy In time of war. Prize, a slaver or pirate vessel taken; a capture made In time of war; a scholarship medal, money premium, or other reward gained by competition ; money drawn by a lottery-ticket. Prize-master, an officer put in command or charge of a captured ship. Prize-money, a share or division of prizes captured, the proportion being regulated according to the rank of the recipient. Pbobano, a surgical Instrument, a probe for the throat. Probate, a letter of administration to a win ; an official document granted upon a proof of decease, to tlie nearest of kin, or properly authorized party. Probate-duty, a government tax on pro- perty passing by will. Probe, a surgical instrument for examin- ing wounds. Proces-verbal (French), a written declara- tion ; a statement made before a magis- trate ; the miimtes or written transactions of a society or association. Procheametek, an Instrument for register- ing the revolutions of a carriage-wheel, andtliereby determining the distance tra- velled; also, applicable for counting with certainty the rotation of machinery, liow- ever high the velocity. Proclamation, a pulilic declaration; an edict or ofUcial annuunceuient truui go- vernment. Proctor, an attorney in an Admlrnlty or Ecclesiastical court; a college ollicer. Procuration, authority or power to act (or another. In mercantile ad'airs a loreign agent or correspondent Is often autho- rized to sign (or a firm, or to pledge its credit and authority; which is called pro- curation. pRocuuATORE (Italian), an attorney. I'KOCURATOU-Fiscu^ ail official, tiie public pru^iecutor iu iscotlaad. Produce, the yield of grain or other crop per acre; in mining, tlie per-cciitige of metal In the ore; a general name lur trie staple commodities imported, forinint; large articles of consumption. Produce-broker, a dealer in foreign im- ports, as of grocery articles, dye-stutl's. i S|)ecliied, to a person therein named, or sometimes to his order, or olten to the bearer at large. Like a bill oi exchangii it can be made assignable and indor.-'- able. Prompt, a trade term for a limit of time given forpaymentol'tlieiiccount for produce pur- cliusc'd; the Umit varying with dilTcruiii; goods. Prompter, a prrson stationed near tlie actors at a theatn-, who reminds them of their parts and duties when (orgeilul. Prompt-note, a note of reminder of tiie day of payment and sum due, roved, to test their efficiency or strengJi. A will wlilch has been published or registered in the proper court is also said to be proved. PnovEbouE, Providore, a purveyor or steward; one wlio supplies provisions iu large steafners, &c. Provence-oil, an esteemed variety of olive- oil, the produce of Alx. Provence Kose, a variety of rose esteemed Jor Its beauty and fragrance, of which there are several varieties. Provender, hay, chopped straw, or other dry food for cattle. PuoviNO-PRESs, an apparatus for testing the strength of iron girders, and other cast- ings, by pressure. Provisionjj^ liolding office or place tempo- rarily. Provisional Registration, a preliminary and conditional registration, of a new pub- lic company, or joint-stock associatiou, at the proper government office. Provision-dealer, a grocer or shopkeeper; a retailer of hams, bucou, butter, cheese, and such articles. Provision-merchant, a general dealer in articles of food. PiiovisioNS, food and victuals of all kinds, live stock collected { the stores laid in for the crew and passengers of a ship. Provost, the mayor of a royal burgh in Scotland; the head of a college, chapter, or other body. Provost-marshai,, the sherlfTof an army. Proxy, a deputy; a stiunped power of attorney, or authority to vote or act tor another. Prunelet, a liquor made from sloes or wild plums. Prunella Salt. Sal Prunell. fused nitre or saltpetre, moulded into cakes or balls nnd used tor chemical purposes. Prices, I'runelloes. dried plums, which are imported, to tiie extent of about 1000 tons a-year, from France, as a table fruit, ibr pies and puddings ; also lor niediclnai uses, their properties being laxative when stewed. The largest and finest kind, the French plum or table prune, is tlie (;a]tliarlne variety of the Pruntis do- mestica, and is usually packed iu car- toons; the common kind, the Julian vaiiety, being packed in barrels. Prunello, a thin woollen or mixed stufT, formerly used for clergymen's gowns, but now chiefly employed for covcnug shoes, worn by elderly iemaics. J ' - otary; the clerk or ■ registry; a first iiniiiU'9 tor a treaty. s. Ivory, or wooden down and ineasur- witli accuracy and li the use ol the lino il. It 19 of various Bctungular, and clr- estcd ; as metals for •, tlre-arnis, pieces , cbalu-cables, Irou &c. are always Hciency or streng^n. btieii published or it court is also said IE, a purveyor or pplies provisions iu mcd variety of olive- Bty of rose esteemed iflgrance, of which ettes. ped straw, or other paratus for testlnj? rders, and otlier cast- )flace or place tempo- ltion, a preliminary ration, of a new pub- -stock associatloii, at lit office. ocer or shopkeeper; ucou, butter, cheese, a general dealer In letuals of all kinds, the stores laid In for [crsofashlp. , , of a royal burgh In )f a college, chapter, sherlffof anarmy. stiunped power of to vote or act lor 3e from sloes or wild •kdnell. fused nitre into cakes or balls . purposi'S. •led plums, which are nt of about 1000 tons as a tabic fruit, Uir also lor mediciniil its boing laxative largest and finest m oitabl'i prune, is y of the Prunus do- iliy packed in car- kind, the Julian ^ in burrels. jlien or mixed stuff, jy men's t'owns, but for covering sliovs, ICB. PUB [305] PUE PRtwiwo KNiFB, a gardener's or arboricul- turist's knite for lopping off the super- flaous branches of trees and shrubs. PanssiAiV'BLCE, a wcll-knowti fugitive colour, used in dyeing, for tinting paper, and by washerwomen. It Is obtained by mixing a solution of sulphate of iron and yellow prussiate of potash. Pbussian-blue MANiTFACTtniES, a manu- facturing chemist wlio prepares this pig- ment, whiL'h is chiefly made at New- castle, Birminghatn, Hull, and London. Prussun-doixab, a German money, worth about 8s. Bee Thaler. Prussiate or Potash, « chemical substance consisting of cyanogen united to iron and potassium, with animal reAise added to supply nitrogen. This salt Is remarkable for the beauty of Its crystals, and the brilliant colours of many or Its compounds. Pbdssio-acid, a name for hydrocyanic-acid, one of the most powerftd of poisons. PsTCHE (French), a cheval dressing-glass. P. 8., a theatrical abbreviation for the " prompter's side " of the stage ; also for "postscriptum," the postscript to a letter ; " past steward," , used by glaziers and painters, to spread putty. PuTi'T-POWDEB, a white powder, the pul- verized oxide of tin, or of tin and lend mixed, used in polishing metals, glass, <&c. PurwA, an Indian name for string and ropes made tfom the fibre of Bauhinia racemosa. PuTWAKUER, n village accountant, registrar, or colli ctor under an Indian zemindar. PuTOH, the Malay name for the quail. Puzzles, various articles of turnery ware and carving; dissecting maus, and oic- tures (or chl Idren. PczzoLANA, volcanic ashes imported from Sicily and the Mediterranean, used In mix- ing with mortar to make hydraulic eemeut. P. Y. C, an abbreviation In the tallow* trade, for " Prime Yellow Candle " tallow, imported from Russia. PvDLE, the name In Scotland for a kind of bag-net tor catching fish. Ptla. a wooden cup used fbr measuring grain in some parts of the Bengal presf- dcncy, the average weight of which In cleaned rice Is about 1} lb. Ptlek, a dry-m(iasure used in India s In Bombay only 2-800 iiis., but In most other localities, 10 to 13 lbs. PiBiTEs, flre-stone; a term applied very indiscriminately to many of the metaU lie sulphides, especially to sulphuret of Iron. PTnoGALMOACiD, an acid obtained by cautiously distilling either gallic or tannic acid. Among other uses it Is employed to stain the hair brown. Pyrougneocs-acid, the vinegar obtained from bard w uniform and permanent contractior of pure clay. Danlell's is now considered tlw best. Ptrotegiinics, a name for rockets, squibb, and various kinds of fireworks. PTEOTECHN13T, a makcr and vender of Are- works. Pvi^A, a coin current in Central Asia, the 5Uth part of a Mahmoud-Shahi rupee. FvssEE, a name lor the soft wheat of In- dia. Q. QUACK, a pretender to a knowledge of physic. QiJAGK MEDICINES iiostrums whicn have a fictitious reputation tor wonderful cures. Quadrant, a mathematical Instrument for taking astronomical observations and nieisurlng altitudes and angular dis- tances. Quadrant Compasses, a carpenter's tool. Quadrant-stand, the rest or support for a quadrant. Quadrat, a thick space or square of metal to represent a space lu priming. There are m quiulrats and n quadrats. QuADUiLU<>BAND, a small band of musicians altonding at evening parties, to piny tlie popular airs for quadrilles, and other dances. QUAiCH, a small shallow drinklng-cup with two ears, formerly used In Scotland. QuAiCK, the Indian name for a bMsket in (Hnana. Quails, birds resembling the partridge, the Coturnix vulgaris, which are sometim'-s obtained in prodigious numbers in the South of Europe, and Imported. to this countrj- : also the Ortyx Virgtviana. Quality-binding, n kind of worsted tape used In Scotland for binding the borders of carpets. QuALLY, a small elliptical Iron pan, capable ot holding about five gallons, used In Singapore for manufacturing sago over a Are. QUAN, an Imaginary coin of Cochin China, worth about 3s. 6d. It consists of 10 mas (nominal money), or 600 sapeks, a zinc coin. [tolse-shelL QuANNET, a tool for working horn and tor- Qoantar, the Egyptian term for cwt., equal to 110 lbs., but it varies for different commodities, for coffee 108 lbs. ; pepper, Ac 102; cotton 120; gums, • .. . Bed in India: in )ut in most other rm applied very ny of the metal- r to aulphuret of eld obtained bjr ler gallic or tannic iea It la employed vinegar obtained 38tructive dlatllla- l instrument for temperatures, nc- in and periniment . Danlcll'8 Is now br rockets, squibs, e works. and vender of flre- Central Asia, the d-Sliahl rupee, soft wheat of In- Indlng the borders a Iron pan, capable gallons, used In turiug sago over a n of Cochin Chlnn, ; consi.sts of 10 inns eoo sapeks, a zinc [toise-shelL rklng born and tor- ui term for cwt., varies for dlflferent 108 lbs. ; pepper, ims, &0., 160 lbs. inco for forty days , which is not per- erval to commuul- lore, but has to lie d, or else the crew uslerred to a lazar- irt-mensure used In English acres, con- are = to 320 acres. ■y in Scotland ; a g!a- irt stout arrow used OuxmRiER. See Qttarktmak. QuAKBT, originally a place where stones were squared; bnt now applied to a stone-bed or chnlk-pit whcnro build- ing materials are dug or cut; a diamond- shaped pane of g'nss, usually trained In leso; a small square siona for paving. The total number of quiirrles worked In the United Kingdom exceeds I.nOO, and ;he nnnual products are worth more than £10.0(M»,000. QuAitu\-MAN, QiTARRTtn, a Workman en- gaged In a Rtono or slide quarry. (JUART, an English measure of capnclty, the fourth part of a gallon, and weighing 2i pounds avoirdupois ot distilled water. Qi'ARTANA, a llquld-mctiKure of Uurdlnla of 12 quartucci, » 7-.'!95 pints. QuARTARO, an Italian dry-measure of 1 gallon ; for liquids about a third more. QuARTAUT, a quarter-cask; the fourth part of a hogshead. QUAUTKR, the fourth part of any thing, as a quarter of lamb; an English measure of capacity, usually uppllcd to grain, and containing 8 bushels of com, weighing about 640 pounds avoirdupois of water. A quarter of maize or Indian corn weighs 420 lbs; also the part of a vessel's side between the main chains and the stern. • QuABTERA. a Spanish corn-measure equal to about the fourth of an English quar- ter. Quarter-DAT, the day which terminates a quarter, or when rent is due. The usual quarters are 2.5th March, 24th June, 29th Seiitember. and 2.5tli December. QuAKTEU-DECK, the part of the upper deck of a vessel of war abaft the main-mast, reaching fVom the stem to the gangway, appropriated to the use of the captain and coininissioned ofTlcers. QuARTER-OALLERY, a Bort Of balcony on the stern sides or quarters of a ship. QuAKTERLT, a literary publication Issued every three months; payments made three-monthly. QuARTER-HASTER, a petty officer in a vessel of war. Quartern, a name given In London to the gill, the fourth of a pint; also the fourth partofa jieek; a 41b. loaf. QcARTERON, a name In several countries of Europe for a quarter of a pound ; also for the tale of some gooils or a quarter of a hundred with one added In ; a very vari- able liquid and dry measure. Qc AKTERS, the place occupied by troops; the assigned stations of men and officers on ship-board, when prepared for action. QcARTiER, a German wine-measure, about one-fourth less than an English quart; a Sardinian liquid-measure equal to 1 1-IOth gallon. QCARTiL, the fourth part of a real. Qlartillo, a Spanish liquid-measure, very variable; in some localities only half a pint, in others more than 7 pints; as a dry-measure about 2 pints. QuARTHjo, an Italian liquid measure,— 0-6026 pint: as a dry-measure variable: at Ferrara,6'888 pints; at Milan, only OfiOS pint. QtTARTO, a rortugupse corn-measure ranging from If to 3h gallons : a Maltese weight, the fourth or tl= to the llftli of a hnlfpunny; an Italian lung measure, =; o-as.'l) inch. Quay, a landing-place or whnrf for loading and unloading goods fVoin ships. Quay-berth, a loading or discharging berth for a ship in a public dock. Quebec-oak, a sldp-linlldlngwood, obtained from the Quercus alba. QiTEEN. one of a set ol chessmen, the princi- pal piece In the game of chess. Queen's-counsel, a counsel learned In the law, who assists the Attorney-general In cases on behalf of the Crown, and is not allowed to appear on behalf of claims adverse to State Interests. QuEEN'8-METAL, an alloy, Imitating silver, which has a fine lustre, and Is composed of 9 parts tin and 1 part each of lead, anti- mony, and bismuth. Queen-wood, a term applied, occasionally, to woods of the creen heart and cocua character, imported from the Brazils. QuENEi.LB, a kind of forcemeat-garnishing for a dish. QuENT, a German wet;. 64 making 1 Augsburg marc, equal to S .3 troy gvains: 1S8 qnent make 1 ilcht German pouudof IS l-20*h troy ounces. QUENTCHEN. See QUINTIN. Quercitron, a name for the black oak {Quercus linctoria) of the United State.>», the wood of which Is valuable for build- ing, and for cutting into staves : the bark is used for tanning, while the cellular hi- tegument Is extensively employed In dyeing wool, silk, and paper hangings, and forms an important article of export from Philadelphia. Quern, a hand-mill fbr grain. QuESADiLLA (Spanish), a sort of cheesecake or fritter. QuESERO, a cheesemonger in Spain. QuEY, the name In Scotland for a young heifer; a cow of two years old. QmcKUHE, caustlo-llme ; calcined lime- stone, which has lost its carbonic acid by exposure to a strong heat QincKSET, a name given to wblte-tbom, Ac. hedges. * QUI [310] ^UO Q(;icKin.VRR, the comn» oial nai.io for mercury : nur linports Hvenige 'H to a^ iiilllloii pountli a >«iir, clilcrly iroiii Ciill- foriila and Hpalii. Alloyud with tin-tull, qulckullvcr toriiii the rutlcuthiK aurluco of luokhiK-itlaascH, and by Its reaily solution ut' Rold ur sllvvr, and subMociuvnt dUslpa- tlon hy a modenitu heat, It I ci^oines thu Rfeat instrument In the artu uf Klldinx and ■ilvcriuK copper and hnniM. Thu Haino ftropurty makua It lu avullahli> In extract- iiK thcBo pruclouA nit'talH I'rcnn their orei*. It Is also the baam ut many very powertui medicines. QiHLATA, a Ttrazlllan weight for precious stones, ■" 4 13-bOih dwts. troy. QuiLU thu name tor a pivot or axle on a shuttle, wliich Is loaded with weft yarn ; thu hard and strong leather o( the wing In ge-jse and swaiit— Imported In inrgt; quantltieH fur making writing pens. Thu barrels of the rontliurs of turkeys, duckH, and crows are also used to a limited ex- tent. We Imported in 18.W nearly 2«J nillllons of foreign goosu and swan nuill8, but feather pens are inucli Huperseded now by the very general adoption of metallii! pens. QUILL.VI-BARK, tl)o bark of Qiiillaia sapo- naria, uxed in Soutli America to make n lather Instead of soap, when wasliing woollens and sllkH. Quilt, and Pkn Mercba.^, an Importer of quills; one who prepare!) them for use as pens by baking and stripping them. OUILI.-BITS, instruments lor boring wood. Quii.LiNG, a narrow bordering of net QUILI.-NIB8, small pens for placing In holders. QinLOT, a variable grain-measure In use In the Levant. At Hulonlca, it is nearly double that of Smyrna and Coiistantl- iiople. QuitT, an outer bed covering, of which there are many kinds, as Marseilles sum- mer quilts, white ur coloured, damask quilts, cot or crib quilts, &c. Quilting, a kind of tlgurcd material, made plain or coloured, for bed covers, toilet quilts, and vestlngs; a padding or lining, QuiNCAiLLE (French), hardware; articles ot copper, brass, and iron. Quince, the fruit of the Cydonia vulgaris, which, when stowed, forms an agreeable food, and is used to flavour apple pies. Quince-seed, the seeds of the quince, which are sold to some extent for making a gummy fixature for the hair, and fur a muclluge to be applied to cracked lips, &C. QuiNCE-TART, a postry made or flavoured with quinces. Quince-wine, a. pleasant beverage mado of tlie fermentedjuiceof the quince. Quinine, a valuable alkaloid, extracted from Cinchona bark, and used as a stimu- lant and tonic ill liitermittcnts. Thi-sul- fihate of quinine is used to a great extent n medicine, fur a meUlclnal wine, and iu other forms. QniNiTE, a kind of Spanish camlet. Qdinon (Spanish), fine printed cotton. QcQiOA. See Petty-bios. QiTiNQiTiLLRRO, a hawkur of Ironmongery, tn\ In Hpulii. Qui..»i>ermuin perui/erum, which ylilils the balHainof i'uru, a Htlinulant expecturaiit aiialuRuus to Mtonix. Quintal, a gross weight, which, In general, slvar a course. Race-horse, a tborc'iKh-brod horse, trained to run for prizes, of whlcli tlieru are some 1.600 to 2,000 kept in Great Britain. Rachi, arrack, a spirituous driuk made in Turkey. Racinaoe (French), a decoction of rind and walnut-trt e leaves for dyeing, Racios, a iSpanlsh dry-measure, the fourth of the quartlllo, and rather more than half a pint. Rack, a wooden frame for hay in a stable, or tor bottles, plates, &c. to drain In ; a toothed wheel or bar of metal; an Inclined plane on which ore Is washed ; on abbre- viation for arrack, and often applied as a prefix to punch, of which it forms a principal ingredient * Rackat, a weight for the prcctoas metals in Humatra, ab»ut 1} grain troy. Rack-ciiahe, In printlutr, tlie fi-amo In which the ciniscs are kept Racket, a stringed battledore for striking u riickct-bull : a snow-shoe. Hacket-coiht, a tennis court. [dnres. Kackkt-makek, a maker ui stringed battte- ItACKiNo, clearing wine, Ac; in mimng, washing otT the earth and Impurities ttoiu the ore. RACKi.vn-CAN, a metnl vessel containing sonr beer in which Iron wire Is steeped for wire- drawing; a vessel for clearing wine troni the lees. tAcic-RENT, the ftili yearly value of land ; a high rate of rent without any deductions. RACK-.SAW. a wide-toothed saw. Raci-oik (French), a scraper; a grater; an Instrument to strike otr the heaped com in a in(;asure. Racoon, the I'roq/on lotor, an anima' li>- habltlng cliiotly the northern partH of America. The dark skins of som>j aie very handsome and valuable. We Import about halt a million skins yearly, wtilch are sent to the Continent, beliK? used in Russia for slcdge-wr.ippers, and lining coats, and the common kinds for hat- ntuklng In Oennnny. Racoonoa, an old name for the f\ir of the coypu. See Nutria. Radeau (French'*, a raft; a float of timber. Uadeur, a salt meter In Franco. Uadiuueter, a forestatf ; an instrument for taking the altitudes of the celestial bodies. Radish, a small well-known esculent root, tlie Kaphanus mlivtu, .°nd Its varieties, which are 8ut>-acrld, succulent, and tender, when young. Raedera (.Spanish) a scraper; a cylinder for reducing lead Into sheets. Rapfes (French), the cuttlnns or clippings ot leather In glove-inaklng, u size, and worth £20.000 to £30,000. Uaiters, the ribs of the roof of a house ; tlie beams on wlilch the roofing rests. Raftsman, the manager of a raft of timber. Uaq, stone that brealis iiito Jagged pieces; a large kind of slate; a torn, worn, or waste piece of lluen or woollen cloth. Si't Rags. Raqa, a grain-measure of tho Sooloo and Sunda l.sles. In wei^-lit 5.iJ Ib-i. ItAo-BRoiiEit. See Rag-jiekchant. Rao-dealer, a marine store-dealer. Ragee, the English name In Illiinnstnii r>r a species of millet, Eleusme coracana. Rag-paih, a metropolitan market for vend- ing old clothes, and cast-off garments. Rag-gatheeer, an Itinerant collector of rags from the streets, dunghills, and sewers. Kagged-school, a free school for the educa- tion of the children of the poor. Ragging. See Steaqglino. Ragman, Rag-merchant, a wholesale pur- chaser of rags from collectors, marine- store dealers, and individuals, for re-sale to paper manufacturers, farmers, and others. Ra gout, a high-seasoned dish. Rags, the fragments and shreds of worn- out garments and drapery, woollen or linen, collected for various purposes throughout the kingdom, and amounting, with those Imported, to more than 70,000 tons a-year, worth fully a million sterling. Woollen rags are used for manure, for working up Into shoddy, or coarse cloths and druggets, and for flock- paper; linen rags for making lint, and paper; and cotton rags for paper- pulp. Rag-shop, aplace where rags, oones, kitchen grease, scrap metal, and other refuse articles are purchased in small quantities. Ragstone, a description of hone-slate, used as a whetstone; a kind of sandstone or limestone found In Kent, Rag-wheel, a wheel with a notched edge. Rahal, an Arabian name for a camel-load, about 6 cwts. Rahmel, Remel, a German term for a bundle of flax of 20 lbs. Rai, Raee, names in Hlndostan for some species of mustard-seed, aaSinapis nigra, and S. ramosa. Raie, a weight and measure for grain In Bengal of 20 chittacks, and weighing 2} lbs. Rail, a long narrow bar of Iron used for railways; a horizontal timber in a piece o panelling; a piece of wood resting on staikes or posts, forming part of a fence of wooden rails. Railroad, Railway, levelled and prepared roads, laid with Iron bars, for locomotives and carriages to travel easily, of which there are many thousand miles laid throughout the United Klnt'dom, and a large number In other countries. In the CJnlted Kingdom there are about 8,300 miles of railway; In the United States, 24,500 miles, in operation. On the Con- tinent, in India, and in the Colonies, they are also spreading. Eailway-bars, long wrought Iron bars, 16 feet by 2i to 3 Inches broad, and 5 Inches deep, laid down and fixed on a prepared road for locomotive engines, railway carriages, and waKons to travel on. Railway-blanket, Railway-bug, a travel- ler's warm wrapper. Railway-carriage, a passenper cnrriacre drawn by an engine on a railway line, which are variously fitted for the accom- modation of first, second, and third class passengers. Railway-cakbuge-spring Maker, a manu- facturer of tbe metal springs for railway carriages. Railway-chair. See Chair. Railway-chairman, the head of a railway- board. Railway-cojipanion, a pocket-case for a traveller on a railway, for holding sand- wiches or other refreshments. Railway-crossing, the place where an or- dinary road crosses a railway line. Railway-depot, the goods station of a rail- way. Railway -director, a managing member of a railway board or committee. Railway - engine, a locomotive steam- engine for drawing e railway train. Railway - grease Manufacturer. See Urease, and Orease-makee. Railway-link, a draw-link. Kailw.\y - market, the Stock-exchange; where shares are dealt in. Railway-plant, the locomotives, carriages, trucks, and general machinery, for work- ing a railway. Railway-scrip, the first or preliminary certificate issued on account of money paid for railway shares. Railway-signal, a telegraph, light, or com- bustible to give notice of the approach or departure of trains. See Fog-signal. Railway-sleeper, a cross timber lor carry- ing the iron rails. Railway-slide, a turn-table. Railw>y-spectacles, wire-ganze shades, for tl.ii eyes, to protect them fl-om dust, &c. when travelling. Railway-station, the place whence railway trains start. Railway-stock, the capital invested in a railway. Railway - superintendant, the general traffic-manager of a railway, or a special officer at a station. Railway-switch, an Instrument for mov- ing the diverging points of the rails at a station, and thus changing the route of the trains. Railway- ticket, a pass given at a railway office in return for the money fare paid in. Railway Time-table, a printed list of the hours of arrival or departure of trains, fares, &c. on a railway. Railway-track, the line of iron rails on which the train travels. Railway-train, a connected set of carriages and breaks, drawn by a locomotive engine. Railway-truck, a wagon for conveying baggage or merchandise on a railway. Railway Turn-table Manufacturer, a maker of the circular revolving platforms or sliding frames, called turntables, by which carriages, &c. are transferred from one set of rails to another, at a depot or station. Railway- WHEEL Maker, a manufacturer of the peculiar metal wheels required for carriages and engines travelling on a railway line. Railway-whistle, a mechanical contri- vance on the locomotive, by which a loud, shrill, warning sound is given, to call at- tention in tunnels, or at the approach of the train to stations. Railway-wrapper, Railway-rug, a blan* ket to cover the legs la travelling. \XR. lead of a railway- lockct-case for a for holding sand- nents. ace where an or- llway line. is station of a rail- nafflng member of nittee. )comot!ve steam- Uway train. UFACTCKBK. See Ik. Stock-exchange; In. notives, carriages, chlnery, for work- it or preliminary cconnt of money aph, light, or com- 3f the approach or e FOG-SIGNAIi. s timber for carry- tble. ire-ganze shades, t them (torn dust, ice whence railway Ital invested In a INT, the general Iway, or a special trument for mov- 8 ot the rails at a ng the route of the ven at a railway ioney fare paid in. )rlnted list of the parture of trains, of iron rails on ed set of carriages Dcomotlve engine. )n for conveying on a railway. ANUFACTURER, a olving platforms d turntables, by transferred from ^r, at a depot or I manufacturer of lels required for travelling on a chanlcal contri- by which a loud, ;lven, to call at- the approach of AT-BUG, a blan* ravelling. BAM 1313 J RAP Kainxtte (French), a compositor's knife ; a rennet apple. Baik-oauoe, an instrument for registering the tioll of rain in a given period. It has ^80 various other names, as hygrometer, ombrometer, pluviometer, &c. Its prin- ciples and construction are of the sim- plest nature, but it is made of a variety of shapes. Rain-water-cask, Eain-watektank, a receptacle for rain-water, for domestic washing purposes. Rain-water-head, a hollow receptacle of iron at the top ot a rain water pipe, receiv- ing the water from the gutter. Rain-water- PU'E, a hollow tul)e of cast or wrought Iron, made in lengtlis, for carry- ing off rain water from the eaves of a roof. Raised Pie, a solid meat pie, baked without a dish, served at suppers, d^Jemiers, &c. See Pork Pie. Raisins, dried grapes. Imported chiefly from Malaga and iSmynia, to the extent of 12.000 or 13,000 tons annually, as a dessert fruit, and for puddings. Raisik-wine, a British home-made sweet wine from raisins. RAJADn.LO (."Spanish), a coraflt of slicsd almonds crusted with sugar. Ra.teta, a kind of Spanish coarse cloth of mixed colours. Rajika, a Sanscrit name for black mustard seed. Rake, a gardening or agricultural tool with teeth and a handle ; several of these, as horse-rakes, stubble-rakes, hay-rakes, and drag-rakes, are drawn by horses ; the in- clination or slope of a mast from the per- pendicular. Rakee, a common Russian brandy. Rakitzer, a first-quality flax in some of the provinces of Russia. Ram, the male of the sheep. Raha (Spanish), a rack ; a chase for holding printing-type. Rauasbeur (French), the driver of a moun- tain sledge termed a ramasse. Rahberge, a kind of galley. Rambita, a Malay name for the sago-palm. Ramboose, a mixed drink of ale, milk, &c Rambour, a large French baking apple. Rambut. a Malay name for hair. Rahe (French), a scull or oar; a stick for pease ; a ream of paper. Rameqdtn (French), a Welsh rabbit, or toasted cheese. Ramillete (Spanish), a nosegay ; a pyramid of sweetmeats and fruits. Rammer, a heavy pavior's hammer. Ramonedr (French), a chinniey-sweeper; acontrivance for sweeping chimneys with- out tlie necessity of climbing- boys. RiHROD, an iron or wooden stick for ramming down the load or charge of a gun. Ramsawmt, an Indian silver cigar lighter. Rau's-born, the crooked horn of a ram, often mounted for a mull or snufl'-box. Ram-til, black til, ..he Guizotia oleifera of DecandoUe ; the Verbesina saliva ot Itox- burgli; grown in Bombay and Madras, which yields a large auautity of bland oil UkeoUveoli. Ramtubai, a name in Hindustan for the ociiro. Rancher (French), a ladder. Rancheria (.spanisli), a hut or cottage. Ranchebo (Spanish), the steward of a mess. Rancho, a Spanish cattle station, [or sonr. Rancid, applied to fat that has become rank Rancio, Spanish red wine turned yellow by age. Rand, a border or shred; a shoemaker's name for a thin inner sole or cover of cork, leather, &c ; a. small Dutch liquid-measure, 390 of which go to a leaguer of 160 wine gallons. Randan, a miller's name for the finest parts of the bran or outside skin of the wheat In some counties it bears other names. Randy, an Indian weight of 80 dliurras, weigiilng ordinarily 4&3 6-7ths. lbs., but variable. Ranforsee, an obsolete name for a kind of black silk made in former vears. Range, a fire-place and cooklng-stovo for a kitchen, cottage, Liqnid- ambar altingia, which affords the balsam called liquid storax. Rase (French), pitch for canlkInK seams. Rasete (Spanish), satinet. Rasette (French), areed-springlnan organ. Rash, a measure of capacity for salt used in Bombay, weighing about 40 tons; nearly 14} lasts. Rashek, a thin slice of bacon for frying, larly ofthucalf, wiiich is used (Or curd- ling milk. When required for this purpose it is prepared by salting in water for some weeks. BE^'SETTr, an Italian stuff for summer wear, of different colours, variously fig- ured and strlpod. Bent, an Income; a payment made to an- other for the use or occupation of house or lands. Kdnt-charge, a tax paid for tithes. Bent-collector, an agent who demands or receives rents for an owner of housie property. BE.NTE3, perpetual annuities in the French government funds. Bentier, a FrenchtundhoiiJer ; onewhohas an income from an estate or invested capitaL Bento, a country residence with a farm- yart" in Spain. Bknt-roll, the Income of an estate ; a Ilat of occupiers or lessees paying rent Beojak (Spanish), to blea< 'i wax. Eepassktte (French), a a y fine card fbr combing wool. Bkpeal, to annul or abolish laws, mQ-UASTEs,a teacher or instructor in I horsemanship. |Bn>iNG-8GHOOL, a place wh'ire horseman- ship and equestrian exercises are taagbt. Riding-skirt, a long skirt worn by females when riding. Riding- WHIP, a short whip : those for ladles are often made very elegant. Kiel (Spanisli), a small ingot of gold or silver, unrefined, and un wrought. RiFLAiiD (French), a Jack -plane; a car- penter's chisel. RiFi.E.agun with agroovedbore,the cylinder being mrvowed with spiral cliannels to give the ball a rotatory motion about an axis ; a whetstone for a scythe. Rigger, one who fits the standing and running rigging, the cordage, sailb, &c. of a ship. Rigging, the shrouds of a ship, with their rutlines; a general term for all the ropes of a vessel. Rigging the market is a stock- exchange term lor enhanoing, fictitiously, tlie value ofthe stock or shares in a com- pany, by tlie directors or otiicers buying them up out ofthe funds ofthe association, RiM, the edge of any tiling. Rime, the round of a ladder ; a hole or chink. Rimer, a carpenter's tool for shaping rimes. Rind, the skin of porK ; the peel or bark of fruit, (fee. The rind of oranges, of pome- granates, and some other fruits enters into commerce. Ring, the betting arena on a race-course, or at Tattersall's ; a circlet of metal ; as arti- cles ofji'wellery. finger-rings and ear-rings are large!y me .lutactured and dealt in ; the chime of a bell. [the eye. Ring-bolt, an eye-bolt with a ring through Ringer, a miners name for a crow bar. Ring-fence, the outer palings, or wall, en- closing a park or estate. Ring-stand, an upright holder for ringB made of wood, metal, &c. for a toilet- table, [a seam. Rip, a wicker fish-basket ; to tear; to undo Ripiar (Spanish), to fill up the chinks of a wall with shingle, or small stunc, and mortar. RiPiEit, a flsh-hawker or carrier. Ripper, a slater's tool. Ripping-saw, a saw with a blade tapering In width from the handle. Ripple, a kind of jomb with long wire teeth, through ',nlch the flax pliiiits pass to remove tl.e capsules containing the linseed. Rip-KAP, a foundation of loose stones. Ris, a Madras weight of 6 seer : 8 rls are equal to 2511)8. Riser, the upright piece ol wood or stone which supports or carries a stair or step. BiSHTA, UiTAH, names In India for the Sapindus emarginatui. See Soap-nut. River-craft, small vessels or boats, not sea -going ships. BiVET, an iron-joining pin ; a metal fasten- \i)e clenched at both ends. Rivrtting-hammer, a hammer for driving and clenching rivets. [rivets. Rivetting-machine, a machine for making Rix-dollar, a money of account; and also a silver coin, common In 'iinny parts of the Continent, the value of which varies from 23. 6d. to 4s. 6d. ; in Austria, two flor- ins; in Sweden, eighteen, - £1. ROC [320] ROM K. Mq an abbrevlntton for " Royal Marines." R. M. »., " Royal Mall Steamer." R N., " Royal Navy." BoAD Am> DnsT CoNTBACTOR, a fubblsh carter; a person who contracts to kenp the streets and tborought'area clean from mud, snow, &C Road-book, a traveller's guide-book of towns una distances, ed In the northern pur]is of^ Europe f r flavouring food, like the shalot. RoCHELLE Salts, the tartrate of potass and soda, used In medicine as a mild aperient. Rock, a sweetmeat; a prefix to any thing massy or solid, as rock alum, or rock salt. Rocket, a firework made to project through the air. Rocket-cask, a stout card-board or cart- rldue-paper case for holcling the explosive mnterials for a rocket. Rocket-stick, the guide and support for a rocket, RocKiMOCBAUi, a reciljdng or easy chair oa rockers. Rocking-horse, a wooden horse fixed ou rockers for children to rida on. Rock-oil, Rock-tab, petroleum or mineral naphtha. [mines. Rock-salt, native common salt as found In Rod, a long measure of KIJ linear feet, or a square measure of 272i square feet RoDAPiE (Spanish), a valance or foot hang' Ings to A bedstead, table, &c. RoDENo (Spanish), a kind of porous stone. Rod-iron, iron for making nails, and other purposes, of which about 18,000 or 20,0ui tons are made. RoD-HERCBAMT, & dealer in osiers or bircli and alder rods for basket^makiug, Ac See Osier. [honev. RoDOHEL, the Juice of rotes mixed with Roe, tlio female of the hart; the seed or spawn of fishes. RooHEN Balsam, a Persian name for the balsam of Mecca or Ollead, an odoriferoiia liquid resin, the produce of Protium Oileadense. Rohun Bark, tho bark of the Soymida febrituga, which Is said to be a good sub- stitute torcinchona. Tlie nux vomica bark is often sold for it In the East. RoKo, a kind of small cheroot smoked by the Malays and others in the East. Roll, a small loaf or twist; a lump of ftesb butter; a twist of tobacco ; a roller; any fabric rolled or folded up; & dozen skins. Roller, a clod-crusher ; a heavy presser of met?i or stone for levelling gravel walks or land, and smoothing grass lawns; an inking cylinder used by printers. UoLLER-JODtEBS, children employed in cer- tain processes of the woollen manufacture. EtoLLER-UAKER, a manufacturer of Cylinders of different kinds. RoLLETWAT, a tram-way in a mine. RoLLiNO-MACHiNS, a machine for making brass mouldings. RoLLmo-Miuu a mill with cylinders for roiling out sheets of metal. RoLLiNG-FiN, a small wooden or glass roller used by cooks to spread dough. RoLLiNQ Prairie, undulating prairie land in the North-American Statea Rolling -PRKS3, a copper-plate cylludev printing-press. Rollocks, Rowlocks, places cut in the gun- wale of a boat for tlie oars to rest in while pulling. Rollt-polt PoDDiNO, a boiled pastry with layers of Jam between the dough ; also called a blnnket-puddlng. RoMAL, an Indian silk fabric ; English cotton h;mdkerchlefs in inutatiou. [yard. RoiLUiA, the Spanish name for the steel- RoMAN-BAiANCK, auolhcr name for the gleel-yard. Roman Candle, a firework so called. Roman Cement, an hydraulic cement; ai. argillaceous carbonate of lime calcined, made froni a dark-brown stone, brought from the Isle of Sheppy, and mixed with sand. Roman-ttpe, the ordinary upright character of printing-type : that ki which this Dic- tionary is prtuted ; UOttMlM. Ingoreasycbairoa den tione fixed on I ride on. stroleuui or mineral [inlneH, non salt as found In loi linear feet, or a I square feet \ lance or foot hantf- )Ie, Ac lid of porous stone. An« nails, and oth»r Dout 18,000 or 20,oui jr in osiers or birch et-maiilug, &c. See [honey. ^ roses mixed wttlied by sailors to rocks and islets flre- quented by sea-birds for laying their eggs, and also to a resort for teals fbr breed- ing purposes. Boom, a Oshing station In the British Nor^ American Provinces; an apartment in a dwelling-house or other building. BooHAN, a local name in India for the pome- granate. BooM-FAPKB. See Pafek-banowqs. BoosA-ORASs Oil, a volatile oil, extracted in India fh>m the Andropogon Itoarunchiua. Boor, the part of a plant striking Into tbe earth ; very many bulbs and tubers are edible, and enter largely into commerce. BooT-OEorn, tumr lao«> making. RosB-FisH, a Norway haddock. BosE-LEAVEB, iiet^s Of roscs which are im- ported dried, or preserved In salt tor extracting tbe aroma, or distilling into rose-water; they are also laxative. Tbose of the French or Provence rose are gathered before becoming quite ripe, de- prived of the calyx and central attach- ments, and dried in the sun, or in a «tov«. Alter being sifted, In order to separate th« stamens and pistil, they are gently com- pressed, and kept In a dry place. From tbe cabbage-rose a fragrant distilled waterla prepared; the petals furnish eiaenWal oil or attar in small quantities. RosELLE, a name for the HibUau eunna/bimut in India, also for U. labdariffia. Its calyxes, as they ripen, become fleaby, are of a pleasantly acid taste, and are much employed tbr making tarts. Jellies, and refreshing drinks : a fibre, also known aa gayal fibre is obtained flrom the stem. KosE-HALOES, a name in the East for the liquid storax obtained in Persia from the Liquiiambar orientale of Miller. RosEUABT, a bush, the Uosinarintu QffiOi- nalit, which yields an oil used in the preparation of unguents for the tiair. Rose-noble, an audent gold coin ot 22 carats fineness, ranging from 106 to nearly 140 troy grains In we'gbt, and passing current in its time for 69. 8d. RosB-FiNK, a delicate and fugitive colour. RosE-QOARTK, massive quartz of a rose-red colour, common in Ceylon and some other localities. BosETTA-wooD, an East Indian wood, hand- somely veined, of a lively red orange colour, and of h close and hard texture. Rosette, a bunch of ribbons, or other mate- rials, sometimes wo.*n at weddingsor elec- tions ; an ornament tor a horse's head-stall. Bo8EWATEB,a liquid scent distilled flrom roses. BosE-wooD, Rbodes-wood, a name for the candle wood of the West Indies, the ^my- rU balsamirera, or gum elerai trea Rose-wood is a term as generally appUed as Iron wood, and to as great a variety of trees in different countries; sometimes from the colour, and sometimes from the smell of the wood. Tbe rose-wood, im- ported in such large quantities flrom Brazil, Is the Jacaranda BratiUana, and some other species. * RosiK, the mass left after distilling off the volatile oil ftoni turpenUne, forming a large article of commerce. Yellow rosin contains some water, while black rosin does not See Colophont. Rosm-oiL, an oil obtained from the rertn of the pine-tree, used by painters, for lubri- cating machinery, and for other purposes, and in France for making prlntlng-lnk. RosoLio, a red liqueur wine of the Adtiatia Roster, a list showing the turn or rotation of service or duty, as in the case of police- magistrates, military officers, and olhen, who relieve or succeed each other. r ROU [322] RITE Kotauyknoine:, one for obtaining direct rutaty inotluii. RoT-RTKEP,n weak nlkatlne lye used In cnllco- printing to remove the weaver's drcas- inir. Rotten-stone, a viirloty ofKOKllsh tripoll, found In IiirRO quantities In Derbyshire and Houtli Wulus, and uduU fur pulisliing, &c. BorroLO, a measure used In parts of the Moditerrnnean. In Malta, It Is 2 Maltese pounds, or 30 ounces, -»tc M2oz. avoirdu- pois. In Aleppo the ordinary rottolu U nearly filbs., but that for weighing silk varies from IJ to 1 l-7th 11). RouANNB, a marking or branding Iron. RouBB, the fourth part of a piastre, a coin current in Turkey for 10 paras, [piastre. RouBBiB, a gold coin of Turkey, equal to a RotrsLE, a Russian silver coin of 100 copecks, which is the legal standard ot sliver currency by which accounts are kept. It contains 4 zolotnlks, 21 parts. Russian welglit, of pure silver, with 61 14-2Sth parts ot alloy, and Is worth fVom about 3». Ifl. to 3s. 7d. according to the coinage. The coined gold rouble contains 27 parts of Fure Roid, in coined pieces of 10, 6, 3 and rouble each: 100 roubles of gold are enacted to be equal to 103 roubles of sliver. Roubles of platina are current in Russia. The coined pieces are of 12, 6, and 3 roubles each, equivalent to the same number of silver roubles : a platina piece of 3 roubles contains 2 zolotniks, 41 parts of pure platina. RoucHB, RncHE, a golTered quilling of net, rii)bun, blonde, or any other material. Roucoa, RoucouYEii, Spanish names for arnotto, the ISijyn orellana. RoDGE, a scarlet powder made fi-om crystals of sulphate ot Iron, and used for polishing gold or silver; a colouring substance used y females for painting their faces, con- sisting of carthamine, the colouring principle of snfllower, mixed with pow- dered talc. See Crocus. ROTJOB AND Cabmine Makeb, a preparer of those colours. RouoE RoTAL, a kind of marble. Ronoii-siioD, a horse which has r oveninr parties. Rout-seats, slight cane-top benches let out to hire for dances and evening parties. Rove, a roll of wool drawn out and slightly twisted. RoviNO-HACHiNE, a machino fbr hoisting or winding the slubbings on smaller bobbing for the creels of the spinning machine. Row-ball, a name ror some species of Polynemus in India, which are esteemed excellent tablc-flsh. Row-boat, a harbour guard boat ; a river policu boat; a coast-guard boat keeping watch along the shore. Rowel, the wheel of a spur; the flat ring In a horse's bit. RowKKS, RouoHERS, Workmen employed in certain processes of the woollen manu- facture. Rowlock, the hole or rest for an oar on the gunwale of a boat. See Rollocks. Royal, a very small mortar, or bomb gun ; a large kind of paper, 21 inches by 19; a light upper sail set above the top-gallant sail. [Royal Academy. RoTAL AcADEOTOiAN, a member of the RoTAL ACADEMT, the principal exhibition or public school of first-class palntinR. Royal Society, the oldest, most learned, and scicntldc Incorporated society of the metro- polis. Instituted for tlie promotion of philo- sopliy and science, and aistiriKuislied above all others for its high respectability and learning. Tduce. Royalty, a due claimed on mineral pro- Royal-y-vrd, the fourth yard Uom the deck on which the royal Is set. RuBA, an Eastern measure, the 20th of an ardeb. See Ardeb. Rubber, a polishing substance of various kinds, as glass and emery paper and cloth, <&c. : caoutchouc, fur erasing pencil- marks; a coarse file or wlietstone; a coarse towel. • Rubbie, a name in India for a winter crop. RuBBio, an Italian oil-measure, which weighs 47i lbs. avoirdupois; also a grain- measure, equal to about elRht bushels English : 104} rubbia are = 100 quarters iu Anuona; a land-measure. Ri.'BBisii-CARTER, a Scavenger. Rubble, in building phraseology, unhewn stone ; brickbats and small stones. Rubbles, a miller's name in some counties forthe whole of the bran or outside skin of the wlieat, before being sorted Into pollard, bran, sharps, &c. Ruby, a term applied to various minerals; but chiefly to varieties of spinelle or sapphire: a small-size printing-type, with which this Dictionary is printed. RiTBY-wooD, a name lor red sanders-wood. Ruche. See Rouche. Rudder, the nn Ing projecting piece or machine at the stern, by which a vessel i< steered. RuDDLB, red ochre. Rue, a common herb; the Ruta graveolens, which lias acrid antispasmodic proper- ties, and is used medicinally as a stimu- lant and anodyne in flatulent oholic, in | hysteria, and infantile convalsiona. HUN [323] nus sake tat oveninC p benches let out enliig PftrtiM. I out and sHBhtly no for hoUting Of n smaller bobbins nliiR machine. Bomo species or ilcli are esteemed lard boat; arlyer iiard boat hooping ur; the flat ring In jrkmen employed the woollen manu- jt for an oar on the ! KOLLOCKS. iar. or bomb gun; 21 Inches by 19; a ovo the top-Rftllnnt TRoyal Acaaeiny. a member ct the irlnclpal exhibition t-clns9 painting. St. most learned, and society of the metro- . promotion of phllo- l distill KUislied above weBpectablUtv^-d f?a?d"frMfe'c^ sire, the 20th of an ubstance of various ery paper and^cloth. ;)r ' erasing pencll- or whetstone; a la for a winter crop, oil-measure, which dunols; also a grain- about eight bu«ho^ are = 10« auartors lu sure. ilfraseology, unhewn amall stones, ime m some counties 'San or outside skin re being sorted Into t^varlous minerals; letles of sP'nelle ,?' Je printing-type, with •V is printed. orreS sanders-wood. . projecting piece or i, by which a vessel U the Rttta qraveolens, ntlspasmodlc proper- edlctnallyMas"™?: in flatulent chollc, W | He convutolouB. Ruffles, puffings or wrist sleeves of Ince, Buo, a coar«o woollen wrapper; a coverlet for a bed; nn ornamental bordored square of carpet, for the front ot a firc-plnco or hearth. [cloth. ItnooiKo, a coarse wrapping or blanket B(n.B, printers' metal rctilct, or dividing lines for tyne, alul for I'orining dhmrnms ; a workman s measure, made In size a foot, n foot and a hnlf, or 2 feet, ce and tlio Company's rupee . 100 of the former were equal to 110 ol the latter. It Is ordinarily taken to weigh oiiu tola or 180 uralns, the standard belutt ll-12ths of silver and l-12th of alloy. The K. I. Company's rupee, which was Intro- duced In 18.1.5 In place of the Sicca, Suriit, and other rupees previously current, con- tains ICJ92 grains puro silver, ami !.'> 08 grains alloy; and Is worth, reckoning silver at ."is. 2d. per ounce. Is. Ud. sterling. Its diameter Is l-2()tli of an Inch. It is ordinarily converted into sterling at the rate of 2s. The rupees of the Madras mint, previous to the coinage ot 1H.!5, and the ditfercnt sorts of the Furruckabad rupee, are received and exclianued at par, pro- vided tticy have not lost by fair wear more than the regulated limit of lightness, IJ per cent. ; It below that limit, they are only taken as bullion. Silver rupees are a modern currency, as there do not exibt any In that metal struck anterior to the est.iblishnient of the Mahommedan power In India, while a great many in gold have been preserved of far higher antiquity. BusET-OFFAL, a naiue for kip or calf curried leather. Rcsn, a common plant, species otJuncus, several of which aro largely used lor making mats, baskets, and the bottoms of chairs, while the pith Is employed for the wicks of rush-lights. Bulrushes are a dit- fercnt plant, used for polishing wood and metals, and also by coopers : 425 tons or them were imported in 1855. BusH-LiQHT, a tallow-caudle with a rush wick. Rusk, a kind of cake or small loaf which has been rasped. See Tora a.vd IJottoms. Ruskie, In Scotland, a twi;,' or straw basket for corn or meal; a bee-hive; a coarse straw hat BusoT, a watery extract prepared in the hilly districts of India from the sliced roots, stem, and brandies of the Berberis Lycium, and B. aristata, used mediein.illv, and containing an alkaloid called bor- berite. Busset, a kind of reddish-brown rough apple. BussiA C( MPANT, a trading company esta- blished by letters patent in the 1st and 2nd years of the reign of Philip and Mary. An Act of Elizabeth incorporated it as a perpetual body, under the above title ; and an Act of William III. (A. D, 1699), was passed to extend the trade to Bussia, and enacted, that every subject of the realm seeking admission into the company should pay £6 and no more. The dues received in London, on the Importation of SAO [324] 8 AC Sooda from KuMlan portt, nre llttl* more nan uoinlnol, mid are nut levied on tri- ingartlclei; nor are |)er«onB culled upon to become ft'ee of the companjr unlcaa en* gugcd In the RuaaUn trade. By (ar the greater amount of duea la paid by membera ot the Court of aaalatant*. The Oompony hare an agent at St Peteraburg, auu one at Rialnore, from whom ther receive in- formation reffarding the trade ot the two countriea. Her M^oaty'a conaul at Ht. Petersburg la the commercial agent ot the Company, and durlvea full half Ida official salary from tbla appointment The Com- pany contribute to the nioUitenanee of ohapela In the two capitals of Husalo, at Cronatadt, and several other places. KuBSiA-DUCK, 1 white linen nne canvas. KuasiA-ixATHBB, flne carried leather, which has a peculiar smeU, from being Impreg- nated with on empyreumatic oil obtained from birch bark. The tanned hides of young oxen, coloured red, white, or black, are Imported from Russia lu rolls of about 10 hidea. About iiO,OUO Iba. were imported lnl8M. Koix, • bf drwii r$d o«|d9 lainne4 oa teftn when ekposed to tha atmoaphero; the carbonio acid of tlie air mixing with the sesquioxlde of tba iron; a name lor mildew In grain. Rustic-chair, a ^eat of twisted wood, Ac. for a Kordeii or siirubbery. Rut, the track or lurrow made by a wheel RuTA-BAOA, a name for the SwrnUxh turnip, the Brauica campatrii ruta baga. RuTiLE, an oxitie uf titanium, ot variable coluur, used In painting porcelain. RuTTEE, a small iiidlaa weight of IWA troy Kruin. Ryukb, a Dutch coin worth about 25ft. RvK, the aoud of the Secale cereaU. Al- tliouKh very little used In Great Britain for food, in the north of Kurope and Flan- ders it torras a principal article of subils- tence, generally mixed with wheat, imd aomettmes with barley. The meal, mixed with wheat-flour, Is sometimea uaed hare to make bread and gingerbread. In litM we imported as much as 98,000 quarten of rye. Rtnd, a piece of Iron in the upper millstone. Ryot, a peasant In tlie Hiust; on Indian cultivator of the soli. S. S stands as an abbreviation tor *' tooth," ) and for "shilling." &U, Saha, an Algerian dry^meosure, ■■ 1-S96 bushel; In Tripoli, it is nearly 2 bushels. The oil soa is, however, but 2} pints. Habadilla. See Orbaoilla. 8ABBATH-DAT JoL KNUT, HU andent Hebrew Itinerary measure, = 05482 £ngliitli mile. UABicu, a ship-buil Jing wood of Cubu, the produce oi LytUoma Sabicu, Benih. Sable, a mucU-prized fur; that trom the Russian marten is so costly tliat It is rarely used, except by monarchy and high functionaries. The hair of the tail is used lor artists' brushes or pencils. The Ameri- can sable ha8 a t'ur, varying in colour f^'om tawuy to black : it Is often coloured to imitate Russian. SABOT, a wooden shoe ; an iron cap ; a skid ; a break. 8ABRE, a long heavy sword for cavalry use. Sabddana, a name in Hindustan for sago. Sacake, a weight used in Madagascar, of 20 grains. Sagatillos, a SponiMh name for the dried carcases of the cxhinoal coccus, which perishing on the punt, and yielding.' but little dye, are comparatively valueless. Sacca, a Tuscan curu-measure, containing 3 sttdl, each of 2 mine, or 4 quart], and equal to about 2 bushels. iiAccATO, a superficial measure of Florence, =» 66107 Freucli ares. ^ccuAuiLLA, u kind of muslin. Bacghabinb, sweet, relating to 8ui;ar. BACCBABomraB, an instrument Ibr testing tbe spedflp gravity of saccharine Mriotlona, Saobri^ Satchei^ a small bag. Saobbt, a scent-bag, or perfume cushion. Sacbime, 8ASUEN, Other names tor tho sngene, a Russian linear-measure of (tttoui 7 feet Sack, a general name fpr a large bag. serv- ing Hs a measure of capacity for grain and dry goods, which is common to ull tlie languages of Europe, and some of tbose of Asia; a dry-measure of varying capa- city, according to the article aud country. The minimum sack of France Is 2'012 Winchester bushels : the maximum, 4-256 ditto. The sack at Brassels Is as much as a-OO Wincliester busiiels. The Ameri^n sack of salt, 21S lbs. The miller's sf^ck of wlieat lu the United States, is 2 WInctteater bushels. A sack of wool in Bnglaud is 2 weys or 13 tods, s 864 lbs. ; ot flour ^om, or meal, 280 lbs., or 2 cwt, 9 qrs., nett ; but the foreign sacks of flour tin- ported, are very Urregular in size, varyUig tiom 14U to 200 lbs. Ttie old sack ot coals was equal to three bushels; it is now 2 cwt. bV weiglit ; a sack of dry goods is 3 bushels of heaped up, or 4 bushels strike moiisure. Sacks are made of very vari- able size, holding ftom 140 to 280 lbs. ol tlour ; at Liverpool 8 sacks, or 10 bairels, of flour, go to the ton. In France the sack of flour weighs about 157 kilogram- mes ; of wheat, from lOO to 120 kilogram- mes; of rye, ISUkilu^ntmmos; of barley and oats, 100 kilugrummes. Also a loo& robe or coat ; a kind of Spanish wine. Sack-and-baq IMakeb, a manufactvirer of the coarse canvas bags used fpr lioldiDC different coiwnoditiea. notphera; tiM r DiizlnK with M ( « u*me lor iited wood, Ac. de by a whaeL tw«.UNh tiuulp, iin, oTvartable irceUUn. (bt ol IWA troy about 25s. lie eertaU. A.I- II Ure«t Brilalii uropeondFUu- irUoleofMiUilM- vllh wheat, iind rbemeaUmiKed itimeiuaedbare rbread. In lilM S,000 quarten of upper mtlUtoiie. i^t; aa Indian bag. ifuine cushion, names tor thu neasvire ot (tbiOui k large bag, serv- elty for grain and mmon to till the id gome of tl^uae of varying cana- ;lcle aud country. ' France is 2012 ) maximum, 4-266 8el8 l8 as much as (, The Aroertvaii e miller's sack of e8,l»2Wincheater )1 In England is 2 8. ; ol flour, ?on), 2 cwt, 2 qrs., acks of flour ln>- ir in size, varyUig I old sack ot coals ihels ; it is now 2 of dry goods is 3 r 4 bushels strike ade of very v*ri- 140 to 280 Iba. ot .cks, or 10 bairels, 1. In France the out 167 kilogram- D to 120 kUogram- immes; of barley nes. Also a louab )f Spanish wipe. I manufacturer of a used for holdipc BAt [325] SAO HadMttt, il trombone, a musleal Initrament. bACK-OLOTB AfAKKt, a tarpaulln manutac- turer; a maker of large coarse baling or wrapping sheets. 8A0K-CO1XB0TOB, an agent for mlllc.-* who roUecta the flour sackB fVom bukc « and others. Back-holdeb, an apparatus (br holding sacks to AiCllitate tlio filling them with com or other materials; a small hand- barrow for moving bags of coals, corn, &c to or from a wagon. Sackino, a coarse kind of flaxen or hempen Aibrlc used for baitglng, and for the fVames of bedsteads, made chiefly In Dundee and Ireland. Bee ItAanmo. Sackino and I'ack-sukkt WARKnonsR, a place where these articles are sold whole- sale. HACK-MANUFAcniTitxR, a tradesman Who em- ploys women to make sacks. Sack-tree, a name glvun to the Lepuranda Maecidora, the bark of which is formed Into natural sacks in India, and used by the villagers tor carrylnx rice. Sacoleve, a kind of sallin^r vessel. Sacreo-bkan, the Netumbtum speciosum. Sacristan, a keeper of church turiilture. Sadano, HAimDANO, a measure of length In Fexn, — 0-coi yard. Saddle, a leather scat or pad fbr the back of a saddle-liorse: a Joint of meat with the ribs on each side. Saddle-back, the name for a kind of seal. SADDLB-BAoa, bags carried across a horse. Saddle-clotu, a rug put under a saddle on a horde's back. Saddler and Harness Maker, a worker in leather; one who iimkes up various articles for b' si's, as tirldlcx, saddles, traces, reins, oi:ara, harness, Ac Tliero are some tradesmen wlio devote them- selves nii>re particularly to one branch, us army, huntniK. or chaise-saddlers. Saddlers ».'omj"«n/, oiieof the livery fcom- panles ot Luutdon, whose hall is in Cheap- (Irle. 8adoije«s'-ocbrier, apreparer of leather for the itse of saddlers and harness-makers. Sahulebs' Hair-skins, seal-skins obtained frOni oM animals, the dozen skins weigh- ing from 160 to 260 pounds. See Wuite ( OAT3. Saddlcrs'-ironmonger, a smith or dealer who supplies the metal work required by Saddlers, tor saddles, harness, &c Saddlerv, a collective name for various articles of horse-gear, made of leatlier. The value of the exports annually average a quarter of a million sterlin<7. Saddle-tree, the frame- work of a saddle. Sad-iron, a tailor's flat-iron or goose, used, when heated, for smoothing cloth, and tnade of the weight of} lb. up to 10 lbs. Sadrcs, a name in Bensal for thd aromatic Oark of the Laurus Malabathrum. Safe, a cupboard for raeitt; a fire-proof chest; a receptacle tor books and valuable t>apers. Fire-proof safes are made of strong Wrought-iron, lined with hard steel plates, the interval between the two being filled with some non-conductor of beat. SArKTT-BKLT, Saitett-buot, • swimmlniT belt or buoy, Intended as a proteotioo ttom drownfnK. BArETT-Box. See Safs. SArrrr-LAMr Makkk, a manaflictarer of wire-guu/.e warning lamps, lor use la mines where there is any danger of con- tact with flre-dump. BAiTtTT-TALVE, K Vent or valve to fkcltltute the escape of stcum, and prevent liie explosion of steam-boilers. Safflower, the bastard saffron, the pro- duce ol the florets oftiio Varthiimus tino- tortus, Itirgely importcdasadyi'-stutr The seeds, yicrding an abundance of flxud oil, are also imported for crushing. SAPFKoif, a commercial name for the dried stigmata of the flowers ot the Crocus tali' VIM. These are picked out, dried on paper in a kiln, or by the sun, and sold cither compressed Into caltcs, or as hay saflron. Cake satfron, as now mi-t with, contains none of the real article, being prepared from the florets of the saffron made mto a paste with gum-water. Saffron is used as a colouring principle, and an ingredient in several culinary preparations. We im- ported 11,000 lbs. in mi. Saffkox-cake, a pastry, coloured and fla- voured with saltron. A\QA, a name in Slam for the red seeds o( Abrus precalorius, 82 ot which make a phainuuK, worth about |d. ; a gold and silver weight used In Malacca, the 12th ot the mayatn, and =' 433 grains. Saoapendm, a IVtld gum-resln obtained from the Ferula Perstca, which has a hot, nauseous, and rattier bitter taste, and an odour resembling that ui garlic and asa- tcetida. Its mi'dlcal uses are the same as those of asatoetlda, but it is considered less energetic, and is but little em- ployed. Saoatiit, a mixed woven fkbrlc of silk and cotton. Sage, a culinary herb, the Salvia officinalis, used as a seasoning in its Krcen or dry state. An oil is also obtained troin it. Saqe-cheI'ISE, a green kind ot cheese, slm> ply coloured by a decoction ot sage and other leaves being added to tlie milk. In Scotland, the seeds of lovage are added to cheese. Sagene, Sachine, a Russian measure of length, — l-lt>7 Knglisli lathom : 1 Englisll tatiK 11 '-=0'85ti Uussian sagene. Sage, \ ild, a name in the Cape colony for the Tarchonanthtu camphoratus, tlie leavt of which are chewed, smoked, and emp ycd In the Ibrm of infusion. Saggi It, seooer, a crucible or clay pot for bilking eartlienware, sliaped like a hat- box, and being piled in colunins in the oven, each sagger covers the one be- neath it, and protects the goods from the Immediate contact of smoke and flame. Saooino, a name applied to the bending of beams in the middle, Saoina, a name for broom corn in Ittly. . Sago, a granulated form of starch obtalneft from the pith of the trunk ot Sagus Icevis, and S. Rumphii, in Siugapore, tue former ■SAL [32G] SAL . ftirnishing most of the sngo soiit to Eu- rope. In India it is obtained from Phoe- nix farinif era. Our imports for liome con- sumption, in 1855, were 5420 tons. Sago is made on tlie Continent in smaller grains from potato starch. Sago-pudding, a halted pastry made with sa!!0, milk, suf^ar, and spice. Saheba, an Indian name for worm-seed, the produce of Artemisia judaica. Sahm, a measure lor cliarcoal used in Aus- tria and Hungary, = 768 bushels. Saidel. See Seidel. 8ail-ci,otu, a coarse flax or hempen fabric t)T sails, made to an immense extent iu Dundee. See Canvas. Sailing-match, a regatta; a race or contest for spued between yachts or sailing- boats. Sail-loft, the workshop of a sail-maker; a place where breadtlis of canvas are sewed into ship's-sails. Sail-jiaker, a workman who shapes and sews sails; one of a ship's crew who has the charge and repair of the sails. Sailor, a hired skilled seaman; one who assists i'l tiie naviu-atlon of a ship. Sails, shaped pieces of canvas for beats, ships, and windmills. Saix-doux (Frencli), hogs'-lard. Sainfoin, a fodder-grass, the Hedysarum onobrychis. Saique, a vessel of the Levant Sajna, Sujna, Indian names for the Mout, a postern gate, or passage under ground, from a fortifled place. Salma, a measure ot capacity used In the kingdom of the Two Sicilies, and other localities in the Mediterranean, of a vari- able character, ranging from 17 to 6/ gallons; in Malta it is nearly 7i bushels. It is likewise a Maltese land-measure, equal to four acres, 1 rood, 28^ poles nearly ; in Sicily .t is 5} acres. erican name for lorate of ammo- g the aininonia- :li muriatic acid, inf? it It haa as for medicine, ningandsoldcr- ; salt, tbe car- irrlug imported e for salted pro- name for the a elegans, wbich Jiiiretta. )aid periodically osal of goods to ire; a wicker- F Sale. ion ut the tubers merly in mucli t now less used, in ported in 185.1. >le8alo dealer, of s kinds in the jre; as butter, id sheep, hide, rid straw, potato lame for native idiuin. ulier of nitrate of crystalline bitter le willow, which I febrifuge. Be- ne, we imported, [shrimp. Bh), a prawn or ilicomia anntta, I in France as oda, of which it • cent. murshea or salt ea. e for indicating er in the marine >ing it tree from owing off when of Salix, which sier, but furnish lowder. name for a kind I is toasted and }r passage under lace. Ity used in the lilies, and other neiin, of a varl- from 17 to 6/ 3arly 7^ bushels, land-measure, rood, S8i poles ires. SAL 327 ] SAN SALUAauNDi, a mixed dish of minced meat and condiments. -Salmis, (French), jugged hare. Salhok, a choice edible flsh fireqnenting tlie Northern seas and rivers, of which as much as 4U00 tans' weight has sometimes been taken in a season, in the Irish and Scotch rivers, and the greater part sent to London tor sale. Salmon-fbt, the Salmo samulus. S-VLMON-PEL.;, a young salmon. Salhun-tkuut, a fine fresh-water fish, the Salmo trutta. Saloon, a large room used as a place of i entertainment; the state-room or main cabin of a passenger-ship or steamer; the refreshment-room in a tlieatre. Saloop. Hee Salep. Salpicon, a stuffing or larding put into beef. Sal-prunella, ^ee Pkitjella Salt. Sai^saft, a name tor the Tragopojon porri- folius: tlio nutritious and sub-urumutic roots are sweet and tender, and much esteemed as an esculent. Sal-Soda, an American commercia* name fir the carbonate of soda. Salt, chloride of soda, an efflorescence, also limnd in beds and masses. Its uses tor culinary purposes, for manure, for cattle, and for nietallurgic operations, are well known. It also enters largely into the manufacture of soda, soap, earthenware, &C. The principal commercial varieties are rock-salt, common white salt, and stoved salt. .See Salts. Salt and Cured Puovisions, beef and pork prepared in pickle, or smoke-dried, for use as food. A large trade is carried on in these articles, the estimated consumption ill the kingdom being 103,600 tons, valued at £3,500,000 sterling. The general weight of the packages may bo stated as follows : Irish bacon is usually packed in matted bales of 3 cwt. nett; American bacon in boxes weighing about the same. Ame- rican s'lioulders, hams, &c., in hogsheads of about 8 cwt. each, nett. Beef and pork, in tierces cf 318, 320, and 330 IL.. . nett, or in barrels of 200 lbs. nett. Salt-box, a wooden box for a kitchen to keep salt in for ordinary purposes. Salt-cake, a name for sulphate of soda made at alkali works, for the use of crown - glass manufacturers and sonp makers. The consumption is about 12,000 tons a year. Salt-cellab, a small vessel for holding salt at table. Salter, a dealer in salt, a dry-salter ; one who cures meat or fish with salt. Saltkrs' Company, the 9tli in rank of the 12 great livery companies of London, whose nrst charter bears date 37 Edward IlL, A.D. 1363: their liall is in St. Switliin's Lane. [salted. Salt-fish, cod or ling, which has been Salting -PAN, an earthenware vessel to stand meat in pickle. Saltino-tub. See Pickling-tub. Salt-junk, liard, dry, cured beef. Salt-makeb, a preparer of salt iu Salinas or suit yuiidsi u salt boiler. Salt-hekchant, an exporter or wholesale dealer In salt Saltpetre, the nitrate of potash, import- ed chiefly (torn India, to the extentof about 20,000 tons a year; used in medicine. In making gunpowder, pickling, and other purposes. Saltpetre-refiner, a purifier of the crude nitrate of potash. Salt-raker, a collector of salt In natural salt-ponds, or enclosures from the scu. Salts, combinations of acids with oxide bases. English salt is chloride of soda; Epsom salt, sulphate of ina»inesia; Glau- ber's salt sulphate of soda; Polychrest or ' Olaser salt sulphate of potash. Saltus, an ancient Roman land-measure, = 493 4-5th acres. Salt-wort, the Salicornia annua, a source of soda. The shoots when young are pickled and sold under the false name of uimpliire. See Salicor. Saluno, a money of account In Slam, the fourth of a bat or tical, wortli about 7id. Salup, a weight used In Sumatra of 2 lbs. avoirdupois. Salute, a certain number of guns fired as a mark of respeot or rejoicing : a royal salute is '21 guns. Salvage, an allowance made for saving a ship or goods from danger of any kind: goods saved from a fire. Salve-uaker, a manufacturer of ointments. Salver, a silver or plated tray. Samadu, an Indian name for cornndum. SAsuii, a grain-measure, used in Georgia, of 8^ bushels. Sambok, a country riding-whip of hide, com- monly used in the Cupe colony. Samestre, a variety of coraL hAMoREUx, a long Dutch boat. Samp, a preparation of Indian com, largely used iu the United States in preference to rice. Saupan, a boat used in tbe Eastern seas. Samphire, tbe aromatic, saline fleshy leaf of the Crithmum mai-itimum, aplant inhabit- ing rocky cliffs of the sea coasts, which is a ntvourite ingredient in pickles. Sampler, a wareliouseman, &c. who selects samiiles from bales, casks, or packages; a child's workpiece. Sampling, taking small quantities of wine, spirits, &c. at the docks, or of merchandise from the bulk, to exhibit at public sales or privately. Sampung-bottle, a small glass bottle for bringing away samples of wines or spirits from the vaults, &c. in the docks. Sampling-order, an order from an owner of goods in the docks, serving as nn au- thority to the dock-keepers to permit samples to be taken awny. Samshoo, a spirituous liquor extracted, by fermentation and distillatioQ, from rice, by the Chinese Sanat, an Indian calico. Sand, particles of silica mixed with other impurities. Tiio commercial u.-m Samcs. Sandal, a rough-made protection for the sole of the foot; a hide or sitin shoe with- out uppers, bandaged or fastened round the ancle. SANDAL-wooD.an odoriferous wood, the pro- dUceotseveralspeclesof /9an(alum,in India and the Pacific islands, of which there are two commercial icinds, the white, pro- bably the outer layers of the wood, and . ; the yellow, or citron, the inner wood. The odour is very strong, rose-like, and enduring. The essential oil, to which this odour is due, is extensively used for tlie adulteration of attar of rosea. Sandnl- . wood is very hard, heavy, and rjusceptible . of a fine polish, and extensively used by cabinet-makers, in ttie fabrication of various articles of ornamental furniture. Sandal-wood, is also a name amonir the Riissitins tor the red wood of tlie Rham- nus dahnncM, used for dyeing leather. Bandabac, a white Juniper resin in round or long tears, not unlike mastic, but brittle, obtained from the Hiuja articu- lata, in Barbary and Central Airica. Sano-bao, a long thin bag of sand applied to chinks in window • sashes to exclude draugiit ; a larger bag filled with sand, used in field fortifications. Sand-balls, soap mixed with sand, made into rouuu balls for toilet use. Sand-bath, a vessel filled v. ..n heated sand. Sand-box, a box for sprinkling sand; a spittoon ; a local West Indian name for the Hura crepitans tree, the seeds of which are a drastic purgative, and con- tain a very limpid oil. Bandekswood, a red dye-wood obtained Irom Pterocarpus santalinus. See Ked Sandees-wood. Bandever, SANDrvER, a corruption of f'.e French " Suint de verre," the saline scum or alkaline sulphates formed on glass- pots, known as glass-gall. It is used as a tlux in certain metallurgic operations. Sand-merchant, a wholesale dealer in sand, lor the use of glass-makers, founders, or tor builders to nnx with mortar. Sandumirsk, a kind of Russian wheat Sand-papeb, an abrading material for polishing; emery or glass paper used lor rubblUK wood or metuls. Sand-pattens, supports for the feet, used by fishermen in waikUig over soft or quick sands. Sandstone, a valuable building material of ninny districts, equal to the freestone of Scotland. Sandwich, thin layers of meat between slices of bread and butter. Sandwich-box, a portable tin box for carry- ing sandwiches for iuncti. Sandys, a mixture of realgar and red chnlk. &ANGAKEE, a coollug drink in the West In- dies; wine and water sweetened with sugar. Banq-draqon (French) ; Sanguis Draconis, the Lutin and pbaniiaceutlcal names for dragou's-bluod. Sans-feau, a variety of Freaoh peiir. Santa, a colonial name ia Jamaiea for the liqueur called shrub. Santhbb, an Indian measure for land« which varies all over the country. In some it is as much as can be ptoughed bgr two bul- locks, in others by three, and fa some by ibur. In several distrlots this last is called a double santhee; in others, six bullocks, per plougb are necessary to form a double santhee ; and in some, again, even three bnilocks constitute a double santhee. Generally, a santhee of land is deemed to contain 8 prt^as; each praja 30 weegaa or bcegas; and each weega a square of 09 cubits, or nominally 4A yards; but in reality reduced to 43 yards by the mode of applying the line; and in some dis- tricts to less. Santonine, the vermif\ige principle of the Semen contftL a medicinal substance ob- tained from the flower-heads of some of the ArtemUiaa, and a most powerful an- thelmintic. See Semencine. Sanwdck, a name for Panicumfntmenta- ceum, in the Korth-West prcvinces of India and Nepaul. SAonRARi, an ex'-jellent wood for sbip-bnlld- ing, mill timbers, and planks, obtained fl-om the Caryocartmnentosum. It greatly resembles, in its properties, the JHora, and may be had from 16 to 20 inches square, and ft-oin 20 to 40 feet long. This tree yields the delicious nut known as the Soourart. Sapa, a thick confection of grapes. SAPAN-wpOD, a dye-wood obtained In Mala- bar, and the Islands of the Eastern seas, from the Ccesalpinia sappan, C. coriaria. and pukherrima. A decoction of tlie wood is used by calico-printers for red dyes. Sapek. a Tartar money of account, equal to about 6d. sterling. See Sepeck. Sap-green, a vegetable pigment composed of the colouring matter of the berries of the Rhamntis cathariictu, and lime. Sapin, the French name for the fir or pine. Sapodilla-wood, a West Indian tkncy wood used for furniture. Sappers and Miners, a nnme applied to the men of tlie Koyal Engineer Corps. Sappadilla, a name lor the soursop fruit, Anoiia muricata. Sapphike, next to the diamond, one of the hardest of gems : it has several shades of colour and lustre, blue, vellow, green, red, and Intermediate shades. Sapsaoo, a dark-srven cheese. SAKANGonsTT, a Belulaii plaster, a composi- tion for preventing the action of damp from old walls, stables, 'ed in oil. BAiCKlt, A ( woment t< an embrol Sarinda, ar Barkino, 8l above the yellow pin SABONO, a Si in the East with a kill are iUiltati red sarong SarpLar, a package of ton In Wei( CSARSASIN, a tinent for t Sarsapabiu cies of the fh)m Soul maktni; an Sabse, Sear Sabsbapa, a Sart, a dres! worn by th ■H-DOOR, J • ve light. V ucs, sllko scarfs won shoulder ; fi-ames for Sash-pbak Sash-fasteni sashes of w opened fToii Bash-pbamks ings or tr£ of glass for S>sh-line Mi cord, for at for window Sash-maker, fi-arocsofd servatorles, or iron. Sassafras-ni Sassafras-oi tallied by e officinale. Sassafras- w Sassafras rica, wiiicli They are li and taste, much muc thickening Sassoline, a used in the Sassy-bark, Western Al A species of suspected < &c. are put Sat, Set, a f I „lng3Jlbe. a I Batiller, th« and some , _ pelago. j Satin, a gloss and glister rendering a of the warn ing, Theb SAT t»s»:j SAU jtenr. lamai amaiea for • land, which In Bome It is tar two bul- I la some by lait is called liK bullocks , [>nn a double , even three ble santhee. Is deemed to 30 weegaa or square of 9Jt trds; but in by the mode in some dis- Inclple of the inbttance ol)' Is of some of powerful an- umfirvmenta- prcTlnoes of or shlp-bnlld- nks, obtained (wi. It greatly ;he Mora, niid inches square, 'his tree yields the Saourari. Apes. lined In Mala- EiiBtern seas, », C. coriaria. )noftliewoo(l • red dyes, omit, equal to ECK. lent composed the berries of nd lime, lie flr or pine, luntiftncy wood > applied to the Corps, soursop fruit, nd, one of the veral shades of yellow, green, es. ^• ter, a composl- ction of damp lould for ice- for ribbons, li- «m, now little rem the PsrKjea sla and Arabia, [dony. ties of chalce- a, a small tlsh lught in large ^erranean, and Btjft% k cotton fabrie itom by Indhui women) to wrab around the person ; also An embroidered lohit scarf of gauze or silk. Basinda, an Indian flddle. Saskimo, shirting; the corerlng 6t wood abote the rafters; miully Of spruce and yellow piwe. Sabono, n sort of petticoat worn by ilemales in the East; a Malay waFst'doth of cotton with a kind of re^d tartan pattern. Tliero are ihiitation Battlck sarongs, and Turkey red sarongs. SakVLab, a name given to a large bale or package of wool, containing 80 tods, or a ton in Weight. 6ARBA8IN, a name in some parts of the Con- tinent for buckwheat Sabsafabilla, the rhizomes of several spe- cies of the genus Smilax, chiefly imported (Vom South America and Mexico, for maklne an extract for medicinal purposes. Sarse, Seakce, a And sieve. [seed. Sabsbapa, a sanecrit name for mnstard- Sary, a dress, or simple wrapper, of cotton, worn by the females of India. See SAttEE. 'H-DOOR, a door with panes of glasA to • ,ve light. ■i MES, silk or other waist' belts for females ; scurfs worn by military men over the shoulder ; Ions chequered window - frames for holding squares of glass. See Sash-frames. Sash-fastenings, catches or bolts for the sashes of windows, to prevent their being opened from tlie outside. Bash-fbamf.s. the wooden or metal border- ings or tranic-work, for setting squares of glass for windows. Sash-line Maker, a manufacturer of stout cord, for attaching to tite sHding-pulleys for window-sashes. Sash-maker, a constructor of window- frames of different kinds, for houses, con- servatories, and public buildings, of wood or iron. Sassafras-ndts. Bee Pichurim Beans. Sassafras-oil, a yellow volatile oil, ob- tained by etuer iVom the root of Saisqfrat officinale. Sassafuas- wood, the wood and roots of the i8«M(»/ra«<>//?cirtate,anativeof North .Ame- rica, wUiclt ure biouglit over in billets. They are highly aromHtic both in smi'll and taste. The dried leaves contain so much mucilage that they are used lor thickening soups. • Sassoline, a name for native boracic- acid, used in the manufacture of borax. Sasst-bauk, a poisonous bark obtained in Western Africa, from a leguminous tree, a species ot'Erythropfileum, which natives, suspected of wilchoratt, secret nmrder, &c, are put to the ordeal of swnilowlni;. Sat, Skt, a grain-measure of Slam, weis-'h- ing 3} lbs. and hulUIng about 3i pint^. Satiller, the halt of a sooco In Ber.coolen and some parts of the Eastern archi- pelago. Batin, a glossy silk twill, to which the soft and glistering appearance is given by rendering a great number of tlie threads of the warp visible in the process of weav- ing. The brilliaut smooth lustra it bears M giiron by roillnff on heated cylinders; a former weight of Brussels, = 11278 grains. iSAtm-DB-LAimt t- blaok oassiitaere manu- factured in Silesia, from wooL Satin->i>rb88Eii, a finisher ot satin by rolling. Satinet, a cheap and d arable American mixed fabric, which is verv hrgely worn by the labouring part of the community in the United States, taking the place of the ftasttans or velveteaiis worn in Great Britain. Th« warp of satinet Is cotton, and the fliling In is, to a large extent, tho short waste of other branches of the woollen manufiicture. This is mixed with a sufBolent portion of long wool to enable it to be spun, and after beln^j woven in a peculiar way, so as to bring the wool to the face of^ the cloth, it is then felted keavily, and tlic cotton is entirely hidden by the wool. Satinettes are also silky materials which are 4s cheap as, and mora durable than, satins; their brilliancy being produced in the process of manufacture, without dress or any artlHcial means. Satin-stone, a fibrous kind of gypsum used l>y lapidaries. Satin-tcrk, a trade term for a superior quality of satinette. Satin-wood, a beautifhl veneering wood, of which there are several varieties, that obtained in the Indies, is from tiie Chloroxylon Swietenia. Satisfaction, an entry upon the rolls of the court, to the effect that a debt owing by a defendant to a plaintiff in an action, has been paid and satistied. Satron, a small fish used by French fisher- men as bait. [the Mediterranean. Satteau, a coral flshing-boat employed In Sattranoeb, Satrinoee, a kind of fibrous striped mat or carpet made in India. Sauceboat, an earthenware or plated ves- sel with a lip for pouring out sauce. Savjce-dish, a small crockery-ware tureen, or metal vessel wuh u cover and stand, for holding sauce. Sauce- ladle, a kind of drop oval spoon, for dipping out melted butter, gravies, &c. at a dinner-table. Sauce-maker, a preparer of condiments or relishes for food ; sauces are usually vend- ed at pickle-shops or Italian warehouses. Saucepan, a small kitehen-pot or boiler, with a handle; a cooking utensil of iron or copper, sometimes tinned or ena- melled. Saucers, small, circular, shallow platters of china or crockery-ware, for standing tea- cups in. Saugt-bark, a poisonous bark, used on the West coast of Africa, by the natives. See Sassy Bark. Sa-jgamme (German), a wet nurse. Saul, one of the most useful known Indian timbers for building and engineering pur- foses, the produce of the Shorea robusta. ' yields In abundance the resin called dammar. Sal'm, a liquid-measure used in Switzerland varying In dIHerent cantons, ftom 30 to 88 gallons; a weight used In Austria, 3<)8i to 442 lbs. ; a name in Cicrmany tor 22 pieces of Cloth of 32 ells each. I SAV [330] SAY Bauiiat, anaraein Tanjore for the Panicum miliaceum. Sauhe'b, a French land-measare, aboat an uure. Saumer (German), a beast of burden. Sacmon (Frencli), a pig of lead, pewter, r a bed of oysters or mussels ; scalp is also the uame tor a small wig. Scalpel, a surgeon's long dissecting knlft^ that tapers to a point. SCAI.PER, a tool for rasping bones. iiCAUHONY. a cathartic gum -resin fVom the root o( Convolvulus Scammonia, which Is seldom to be obtainei' pure, being largely adulterated witliclialk. Scandal. Escandal, the fourth part of the ralilerolle, a wine-measure of Marseilles, and equal to 3^ gallons. Scantling, a local term in Ayrshire for the outline of a Jeed to be made; a rude sketch ; the transverse dlnieuiiions of a piece of timber. SCAPPLB, to reduce a stone to a straight surface without working it smooth. Scarf, a loose silk shoulder-belt; a light shawl ; a wrapper for the neck. Scarfing, the process of joining two pieces of timber to increase their length, by notching the ends into ench other. ScARF-SHAWL, a loug uarrow shawl worn by ladles. Scarifier, a kind of harrow; an extirpator or cultivator; an instrument used in cup- ping. Scarlet, a bright red colour, so named. Scarlet-runner, a well-known climbing species of bean, the Phateolus multijlorus, the young green pods of whicli are eaten boiled ; and the ripe seeds, when stewed, under tiie name of haricot beans. Scat, a tax paid in the Shetiands; a scot and lot duty. Scavenger, a contractor for cleansing the streets ; a street orderly. Scavenger's-cart, a street-sweeping cart; a mud or dust cart. Scene, a larwe painted view; the fixed or moveable paintings in a tlieatre. Scene-painter, a theatrical painter, who designs and paints, on canvas or wood, the scenery required for a drama. Scene-shifteh, a mechanical workman employed in a theatre, to slide off and on, the moveable, or set-scenes and wings. Scent, a common name for perfumes. Scent-bottle, a fancv portable or toilet- table bottle for liolc .g perfume. Scent-packets, small perfumed cushions sold to ladies to place among their wear- ing apparel or in drawers. Sceptre, a staff of royalty; an emblem of command. ScHABAB (German), scrapings or refuse. Schaff, a grain-moasure lOrmorly used in Germany; a name for the legal bushel of • Bavaria, = 6117 ! r.sliels; but the ordinary grain schaff of Bavaria is exceedingly vnriable; a weight used In Switzerland of 23-2 lbs. SCH.VFTMON, Shaftmon, an old Scotch term (or a measure of 6 Indies. ScHAKO (French), a full-dress military cap or hat. ScH AMEL, in the C''pe colony part of the side of a wagon. ScuAPPES, spun silk made fVom silk waste in Switzerland. Schedule, an inventory or catalogue ; the balance sheet of an insolvent; anappendix or tubular form added to an act; a table o( duties or tariff of charges. SCH [332] SCO SttbEtTEL, the Oerman dry and grain mea- sure, or bushel, varying considerably In different districts : in Pllitslal} bushel; in ,1 Saxony about 3 biisheis; at Oldenburg 0*«44 bushel; In Rostock lOlO bushel. ' For diflierent Itinds of (?raln tiic Prussian legal schefTel i» estimated to weigh as follows : wheat ft5J lbs ; rye 80J; barley 66 ; oats 45; meal 75; and pease 90}. The scheffel of salt is 54 lbs. 8c*BBPEL, the Dutch and Spanish name for their bushel or graln-nieaaure; like the soheffel, it is of very variable proportions; but the legal schepei is 0275 bushel. SOBKRBETS, an Eastern beverage consisting of water in which Jelly or syrup made ttom fruit has been dissolved, or of an intuaion in water of the fruit itself. A kind of scherbct is also made with honey ; and various in^^redlents, as vanilla, otto of roses, peppermint, vinegar, and even mastic are used to impart a flavour, while an agreeable colour is obtained by the employment ot rochineal, the juice 6( the berries o( Phytolacca decandra, and of Comus mascula; tlie latter of which is an esteemed fruit in Asia Minor. ScHERBETZiDES, Itinerant venders of scher- bet, the peculiar sound of whose little bells, struck by a machine, which, at the same time, cools their glasses by a stream of water, may be heard far and near througli the streets of an Eastern town, inviting customers to their trays, on which syrups, fruit, and sweetmeats are displayea. Schiedam, a name for Hollands gin. ScHiFFPFUND. See Ship-pound. Schilling, a small Oerman coin worth about }(1. ScHiNEK, ScHiNACK, a dry-mcasure of Hun* gaiy, nearly 3 bushels. ScHisTE, a name for slate ; also for shale ; a mineral used in manufactures. SCHMAPPS, a Oerman name lor drams of strong spirit. ScBors, a Oerman term for 60 pieces ; 3 score, or 5 dozen of any thing. ScHOLAB, a pupil or learner; a man of ietters, or one devoted to books. Scholastic, belonging to a school or school- master. fCHOOL, a place of study, for elementary teaching of ditTcrent kinds, as dayschools, boarding-schools, free-schools, ragged- schools, grammar-schools, colleges, &c.; a shoal ot flsti; a herd of sea-lions. tJCHOOL- AGENT, SCHOLASTIC-AGENT, a perSOn Who negotiates the sale or purchase of the Kood-will of schools, the engagements of ushers or teachers, Ac. School-desk, a wooden desk for scholars to sit at. School-inspectok, a visiting olBcer under the Education Board; a go vernmtilt over- seer of schools. School-master, School- misthess; persons employed in teaching in a school, ISchool-slate, a slate framed in wood, used by school-boys for ciphering or writing on. Schooner, a two-masted vessel with a fore and aft top-sail on both masts, but some- times rigKCd with small square top-sails at the fore and main. wmeasnrp, ScHOPi>,aG«rman liquid-measure, theftitirth f)art of a maas orgescheld, and someWhut ess than art English pint ScHOT, a weight of Dantzte, representing the carat or the 24th part of the mark. ScBREEF, ScBREVE, an Old liquid-rtieasure rf Belgium, nearly 1} gallon. Schrott, Scboot, a Oerman graln-<: = to O-in? pint. ScHiTLL, ScBooL, ft shoal Of lATgo assemblage offish. Schutt, a vessel of a large class eronlqyed by the Russians on the Caspian sea, uad rang- ing from 90 to 200 tons. Schwaren, a nominal Bremen money, 6 of which go to the groat. I'bere are 360 schwarens In tlie rlxdollar. Sciabecche, a kind of vessel employed Is the trade of Genoa. Sciecr. a French sawyer. Scimitar, a curved sabrr ScissEL, the clippings of /aiidUV metAls, or of slips or plates from which blanks for coins have been cut. Scissors, metal cutting-instruments, con- sisting of two united blades, with holes at tne handles tor the fingers to pass through. Scissors-case Maker, one who makes th« leather sheaths for scissors. Scobs, raspings ; refuse dross ; saw dust ScotiiE, a Scotch term for a kitchen drudge; a female servant who performs the dirtieat work; also called a scuddle. Scolazon, a manure so called. Scollop. See Scallop. Scollop-sbells, metal shapes for baking oysters in. Sconce, the hanging branch of a cAndela- bi um, or ofa wall candlestick ; thesocketin which a candle is placed. Scoop, Scoup, an Instrument for wetting the sails of boats; a kind of spoon; a wooden shovel; a large ladle i in Scotland a draught of liquor. ScooPNET, a net for sweeping the bottom of a river. Score, to mark or reckon ; to draw a lirte with a sharp instrument, as in scoring the skin of pork ; an account which, in former times, was often scored or chalked up on walls or boards, as a tavern-score, milk-score, remove Rrease tpott. Scourer, « dyer and cleaner offAbrios, Scouere for brlgbtei^ing metals, &0. Hcow, a flat-bottomed Amerioan lighter. i>CRAr-S00K, a book for keeping miscel- laneoua prints or onttings In ; ^ k,ind of album. SoRAFBB, a small triangular Iron tool, used lor scraping the ntaats and decks ot a ship; an engraver's instrument tor work- ing measotinto; a carpenter's tool for cleaning planks and casks ; a loi)g hoe for cltianslng roads of mud. Also a fitted iron contrivance at a doorway to take off mud from the boots. * SciuP-lRON, the cuttings and parings of iron work, which are saved, collected together, and melted again in the pud- dling fUmaces. Scraps, the residuum of melted fat. SoKATCHKR-up, A bookbinder's tool ScBATCH-wia, a thin rough wig. ScKEBN, a shelter of any kind, Jous articles bear this name, as a grate or sieve for separating stones or lumi>8 from earth, and parting tbe dust from coal; a tin frame to reflect heat in cooking; a frame in leaves or folds to keep out draught ; a hand fan to keep off the beat of a lire ; to Hift. ScRB^SNED-coAL, slfte4 Of large coal; that tVom which the breeze or tine dust has been separated. SoREKNiNO-HACHiNR, an apparatus fur sitting earths, stamped ores, coals, &c. having a rotary motion, constantly changmg the position of the article to be screened. Screw, a spirally grooved cylinder of metal or wood; that wiiicli works a screw press ; a smnll metal fastening; a small paper packet of tobacco ; In Scotland a small stack of hay; a blemislied horse; one which, though useful as a hack. Is un- saleable to persons who study the perfect appearance of the animal See Proprllgr, and Screws. Screw-bolt, a bolt secured by a screw. Scrrw-driver, a tool for turning screws, in shape like ' hiunt chisel. ScREW-GiLDijt, one who electrotypes or colours screws to imitate brass. ScKEW-GiLL, part of ^ spinning mill. Screw-jack MAKER,a miuter of jack-BcrewB. See Jack-screw. Screw-key, part of a lathe; a lever with a l>ole in it for turning the screw of a proas. See Pbess-pin. ScKBw-piNE, the I'anUanus spiralis, useful for its valuable fibre. Screw-press, a press worked by a screw, used by bookbinders; a little machine for pressing table-linen.andutherpurposes. Screw-propeller, the tian at the stern of a ship for propelling her through tbe water, and working on a screw. Screws, spirally grooved metal fastenings made fWMU Iron rod. The head la raised in a die by pressure, flattened And split by a small revolving circular saw. Tnreau- Ing is effected by a aaw which travenwa tbe back of the spindle, and forces the blank iron against small cutters which groove out the thread ; tb.''ee runnings down suffice for making an ordinary- sized screw; the shape of the cutters regulates the fineness of the thread. SOREW-BTOAMSB, a vessel propeUed hy • screw. ScR?w - WRENcn, a turn-screw; a a«d- wronch. ScRiBBET, a palitter's pencU. ScRiBBUNO, a preliminary {ffooess to oani- ing In the woollen manufacture. ScBiBBUNG-PAFEB, rough foolscap Or other waste-paper; outsides. ScRVBE, a writer or clerk; a r tary-public ; to mark and adjust with cooi^paases ; to score with a scribing-iron. ScRiBUiG-iRQK, an iron-pointed instrument for marking casks and logs of timber Scrip, an abbreviation of subscription, being the preliminary acknowledgment, or security, held for a certain amount {told up on a stock or share, which OSes this distinctive term when the in- stalments are fhlly paid up, and the scrip is exchanged for a receipt in f\ill : a bond, share, or other marketable security. Sc&iP-uoLDKR, t>"> holder of a sorip-certifl- ciite. Script, a schedule ; a kind ' priBtlugitype formed to imitate wrltint SCRrvELLOES, Small elephi tusks, those under the weight of 20 lbs. ScRfVENER, a writer; a conveyancer, or money-broker. Sie Money-scrivemeh. Scriveners' Cohpant, one of the uiiuor livery companies of London, which has no lialL Scroll, a roll of parchment * ScROW, a scroll ; curriers' cuttings or small clippings from skins; the ears and other retiuudancies u.sed for making glue or size. Scrub, dense underwood; stunted bushes; a name in Scotland for the Jack-plane; to 8';our or rub bard; to clean by washing with a brush. Scruple, a smaU weight used in compound- ing medicines, the third part of a drachm, and equal to 20 grains troy, and thus expressed symbolically a [votes. Scrutineer, one who examines or assesses Scud, in navigation, to drive before a ga,le with little or no sail set ScuDO, an Italian silver coin and money of account, worth about Is. ScuFE, a Scotch name for the racket or Btriuged battledore used in striking tiie bail at tennis. ScuPFLER, an agricultural implement for cutting up weeds; the horse-hoe. Scull, anhortoar. Scuiji-UAKER. ^ee Oar- MAKER. ScuLPiN, a fish of tiie bull-head family, Cottiu octodecitnspinosus, commoa on the American coasts; also called "crapaud de mer." It is a favourite tbod of the Ureenlauders. SEA t334] SEA PfnLPTOB. a carver In wood or marble. Scum, the refuse or cxtranuous matters that rise on the Bur'-measure, which con- tained neai ly 14 pints. Sea-horsk Tooth, a name given to the ^eeth of the walrus, and of the hippopo- tamus, which yield ivory. Seak, a preparr.tlon of the best mottled soap used in milling cloth. Sea-kale, an esteemed vegetable, the Crambe maritima. Se.vl, an engraved stamp for making an impression, used for private or public pur- poses. Sealed-tea. a kind of coarse tea, Imported Into Kiaclita from Cliina, so called fk'om being pressed into solid sealed packages, welglilng about 3 pounds each, so firmly compacted togetlier that nothing less than hammer and chisel will break It. The leaves of this tea are old and tough as leather; the twigs and stalks are inter- mingled, and some fatty substance is mixed with It, to make it cohere. Seal-enobaveb, a die-sinker; a lapidary who cuts arms and crests on stones. Sealing, the business of hunting and catch - ing seals, and curing their skins ; affixing a stamp to ofl9iclal documents. Sealing-wax, an adhesive resinous sub- stance, made for sealing letters and docu- ments, and covering the corks of bottles. Tbe dilef components of sealing-wax are 8heli-lac resin, and turpentine. In makinl red- wax, cinnabar is added, and for blaci wax, levigated ivory black. Seal-oil, oil obtained from the seal flsherlei, which is of two kinds, pale or cold drawn, and boiled or dark oil. The blubber \i BUffored to drain, for two or three niontlm, into wooden puns, and this furnishes tli« pale seal oil of commerce, forming 60 to 70 per cent, of the whole. The putrescent refuse, and the clippiuKH of the pelts, yield further quantities of dark oil by boillnn. About 2} millions gallons of seal-oil are shipped annually fVom Newfoundland. Seals, various species of Phoca, which are hunted for their skins, and the oil obtained from the blubber. Tiic skins are sorted by fishermen Into four qualities, you,i(t horp, young hood, old harp, beulamet (year-old hood), and old hood ; the most productive being young harp. Seals are found In Immense numl)ersofTtlie coasts of Newfoundland, Greenland, and Labrador, and we import from 600 OOO to 700, 000 skins annually. They are commercially classed into blue backs, white coats, and hair seal, small and large. Some of these are dyed and prepared as furs ; others are used for leather, and, when tanned and varnished, they are employed by coacli-niukers and harness-makers, for accoutrements, and for patent or enamelled boots and shoes. Seal-skin Maker, a tanner who prepares and varnishes seal skins for leather. Seasi, a horse-load of timber, aboutS cwt.; a trade term for 24 stone of glass, = 120 lbs.; a name sometimes applied to the quarterof grain, or 8 bushels; a Join; the Interval between planks in a vessel's deck or side. * Seaman, in a general sense all persons employed or engaged in any capacity on board a ship, although there are several clnssiflcatlons; able-bodied seamen, in the navy, are skilled and competent sailors, who know all the duties for which tiie.v are engaged. Sea-mile, the marine or geographical mile, the 60th part of a degree: it is often, how- ever, applied to the marine league, or the 20th part of a degree. See JIile. Seaming-lace, a coach-maker's lace, used to cover seams and edges. Sea-morse Teeth, a name for the canines or tusks of the liippopotamus, and which supply the most suitable ivory for the dentist. Seam-pkesser, an abstract of a drill roller, consisting of two cylinders of cast iron, which, following the plough In the fUrrows, press and roll down the newly turned-up earth. Sean, Seine, a large net for taking pilchards and herrings, varying from 200 to 800 fathoms in length, and tfom 10 to 14,^ fathoms In depth, and having cork buoy:) on one edge, and lead weights on the other. Seana, the head man of a village in India. £i£A-PiE, meat stewed in a saucepan, witl< a cover of dough. Seakcher, a Custom-house officer who ex- amines vessels and passengers' baggage} a woman searcher of female prisoners. * SEtJ [335j SEE lentlne. In maklnl (Ided, and for blaci lack. m the seal flsherles, r)ale or cold drawn, 1. The blubber li TO or three months, this nirnlshes th« rce, forming 80 to le. The putresceiii ;9 of the pelts, yield lark oil by boiUnit. ions of Beal-oU are Newfoundland, f Phoca, which are and the oil obtained lie skins uro sorted ir qualities, you,ig lid harp, bedlainer lid hood ; the ni08t K harp. Seals are berson the coasts of mid, and Labrador, 1) 000 to 700,000 skins immerclnlly classed :oat8, and linlr seat, a of these are dyed others are used tor ned ui»d varnished, coacli-nntkers and iccoutrcments, and boots and shoes, nner who prepares 118 for leather, liber, aboutScwt.; one of glass, = 120 nies applied to the ushels; a Join; the IS in a vessel's deck sense all person) In any capacity on I there are several idled seamen. In the competent sailors, ies for which they • geographical mile, se : it is often, how. Eirine league, or the See Mile. iiuker's lace, used to I. ime for the canines itainus, and which able ivory for the act of a drill roller, nders of cast iron, plough in the II down the newly for taking pilchards from 200 to 800 nd trom 10 to 141 I having cork buoys reights on the other. ' a village In India. a saucepan, wll^< a >use ofBcer who ex* ssengers' baggagm emale prUoners. ♦ Bbarch-Warrant, a legal authority for searching a house for stolen goods, or lor concealed property beluiiging to a bank- rupt, &c. Skabse, Searce, a fine wire sieve. Sea-salt, chloride of soda. HeeSxx.T. Sea-shad, a delicious North- American fish, of from 2 to 5 !Us. wliich is split ui'ii pickled. The river shad are much inferior to tliose taken In the sea. Sfe Shad. Seasiok-guai'E, the. Coccoloba uvi/era: the leaves, wood, and bark, are extremely astringent, and '"flTord an extract ttrmed Jamaica kino. i> wood gives a red dye. Sea-slito. See Tnti'Aso Seasoned, wood well dried; food flavoured with condiments or spices. Seat, a chair, couch, or bench ; a country house. Seating, horse-hair fabric, American lea- ther, or other materials, made lor covering the cushions of chairs, coiiclies, &c. Seau, the Fiench name for the elmer, ol 7337 gallons, formerly used In Antwerp. Sea-cnicorn Tooth, a name for the spiral horn or tusk of the narwhal (Alonoilon monoceros), which is often from 6 to 10 feet long, and Is a beuutKul ivory. Sea-wall, an embankment on tlic shore to keep olTthe encroachments of the tide. Sea-wand, Sea-ware, names for a nutri- tious alga, tiie Laminaria digitata. Sea-weeds, marine plants, many of which enter largely Into commerce for food, lor manure, for making glue or jelly, lor barilla and iodine, and as a source ol acetic acid. Seccuio, an Italian llquld-mensure, rnn^ing fVom H to 2i gallons in dilfcrent towns. Se'choik (French), a clotlies' horse ; a dry- ing room. Sechsling, Sechsting, a Bavarian grain- measure, the Cth of the scbatf, «> 8'784 bushels. Sechter, a German grain-measure, of 4 gescht'ids, and = to 1-C8 gallon. Seckei, a small pear. Second, a measure of time of the 60th part of a minute, and represented thus ". It Is also a petty linear measure in England, the 12th part of a line; in Switzerland, the 10th part of a line ; in Germany, the 10th part of the prime, or the 100th part of the mch. Secondaries, those quills which rise from tlie second bone of the wings. Secondaries' Court, a small-debt court in the city of London. SECOND/ ART, a judge and assistant of the she Ifl's of London. Seccnd-hand, not new or original; articles of clothing, && that have been used. SEf;OND-MATE, a junlor, or subordinate, jxeoutive officer In a merchant-ship. S icoND-RATE, a shlp of war carrying 80 to 110 guns. Seconds, a kind of household flour manu- factured from general runs of red wheat, and the floiu u-idde from sharps ground. Secrktaoe, the application of a solution of nitrate of mercury with a sponge to rabbit and hare skins, and the i\ir of other animals, to communicate the property of felting which they do not possess. Secre'tabiat (French), a secretaryship. Secketaky, a head clerk or writer ; the act- ing official and record officer of a society or administrative board; a public ftinc- tlonary so named. SEcitET-spRiNGER, OHO who puts In watcli- springs. Section, nn Interior vertical plan of abnilil- Ing; an indefinite portion uf land; a rail- way cutting; a division of po.lce. Sector, a mathematical Instrument, used in making diagrams and laying down plans. Sedan-chair, a portable scat or hand- carriage lOrono person, carried by two footmen or hearers, with poles. Sediment, feculenciesorrefusi;; a deposit of lec's or dregs. Seed-bhoker, nn Importer and dealer in oil and other seeds. Seed-cake, a sweet cake containing cara- V ly seeds. See uil-cake. Seed-Cbusiier, one who expresses oil tcom seeds ; a machine with rollers. Seed-lac, small tVapnients ot luc-re9ln,frrim which the colouring matter has been removed by boiling. Seed-oil, an Indefinite name for several kinds of oil, which enter into commerce ; especially for those made from the Jatropha, teel,nigLr, poppy, and other In- dian seeds. See (iiNGEUE, Seed-planter, the American name for the sowing-machine, which. In this country. Is nailed a drill. Seev: van, a dealer In agricultural and gar- den seeds. Seekakai, an East Indian name for a spe- cies of soap-nut, ob^'^ined from the Mimosa abstergens. Seeb, a variable Indian wtight, of which 40, however, usually go to the maund. It ranges from 8580 grains up to 3fi,6fiO grains. The seer should be a perlecl cylinder, depth 4-35 Inches, diameter 444 Indies. In Bokhara the seer is Z5l lbs ; in Trichinopoly the seer for metals is ■= oz. 8}drai;hnis. The East India Company's new seer of 80 tolas = 2057 lbs. avoirdu- pois. The pucka seer is 1-866 lb. ; 16 chit- tacks of 900 grains each, <= 5 slccas or rupees, make a Calcutta bazaar seer} . 60 slccas a Serampore seer ; 82 a Ilooghly seer; 84 a Benares and Mlrzapore seer; and 96 an Allahabad and Lucknowseer. At Nagpore, 80 rupees' weiglit is a seer. The Calcutta factory seer is equal to 73 sicca weight, 11 annas, 2 puns, 10 gundas, and 8'63 cowries. Colonel .Sykes and other Indian authorities give the Indian seer as 14,400 grains, » 2057 lbs. avoirdupois, and th *'>Ia 180 grains. Also an Indian name for the fragrant aromatic root of Hedychium spicatum. Seeruand, a kind of muslin between nain- sook and mull, particularly adapted for dresses, retaining its clearness after wash- ing. Seetoah, a sort of concave Iron trowel used to scrape and collect the juice oi m« poppy. 'mm 8EN [886 J 6ER i 8BUAB. See <' MAS. BOOAR, a fli day receptacle, in wlilol) por- ceLolu articles are placed to b« ftred or baked in tlie blicult-l(ila S« Saqokk. SupE^ SxrrEi., a ()erni«u nneanHre of capa- city : A)r llquias | to 1} pint ui differ^ui localities; uh ii dry-meMAire aoant I Piuti tor coal 4 liushrU. SmuLrrz, an aperient powder, composed of equal rarta ot bt-oartKUMta of soda and Bocliolle salta, wtilcb is taken dissolved In water ; tttrtarl«^a«i4 t)elpg «adod to mi^o It otrervosce. H^OL^ tittt French name for rye, eEioNioBAOB, u 'luty piiid for colnint; DAowey. In 1816 a selgiiluraoeof 6-4> pur oent. wag imposed o(t tU« sUver coui^kge by the ad Qeorxe III. ^»Ut, the Uermau name for tbe oocd or surveyor's chain. SBim-soAT, a liahlnfr-boat, about U tons burdtiii, used In the flsherios ou the we»t coast of England, to carry the larKO sehie or caating-net. This boat i« aooompauied by twootliurs, one a follower CNf abOUt the same size, to tm^ni In mooring the not, and a smaller boiM;, called a woj^kor. (m* general purnoaei^ St^S^ltX. Seitel. See Seidel. 9ev(aUm a sort of cloth oflW t)ife«d«> Sbub, to fasten r««e« toMtlier py toioa <>f small at¥n, Siu^AioM, a PorMiguwo griyiv-amMuiiie, nearly 11 pint SmA, to dfopose of; to vend or tmlSiJU. Sbixisb, a French saddler. Sri.tzer-wateb, a mineral w«ter: saline and sllKhtly alkaline, and hlgtUy ii^preg- nated with cnrbonlc-acld. Si9uvA«E, the edge of any thiagt a akein of n>pe yarns or spun yarn twisted togetlier, used as a neat strap. SsMAiKB, the Frenpo name for a week or seven days. Ubmafhqbe, an old - fatihioaed telegraph with arms. gSHBKGiNE, Seuem Cqntba, names for the Artemisia Sieberi, and some allied species, the leaves and dower-heads of wlifcli arc a celebrated remedy for worms. The vermlfuce properties of this cel^rated medicine reside in a volatile oil and resinous extract. See Samtohikk, S|emina9y, a school tor the young, Skuola, an Italian name for bra«; but often erroneously applied by grocers, and other venders, to eemolino. Semolino (Italian), small seed ; grains of rice; a kind of paste for soups. The com* merclal name for the fine hard parts of wheat rounded by attrition in the mill- stones, Imnorted chiefly from Italy to the extent of 949owts. in 1865. In France, the name semolino is given to the Iarg# hard grains of wheat retained in the tiolUng machine, atter the fine parts have been pi>essed through its meshes. With the semoule or gruau the fine white Partsitui bread is made. The best semt^ino is obtained fk-om the wheat of the southern parts of Europe. Sen. a Siamese and Cdmbodiau I»nd- nieasitfe of 13U feet, aud coutaiuing 20 peuius. SENDAt, a thin kind of silk. S«MioAi/-aooT, a name fbr the dIanAtc and very blttek vootofCooeulM6a4i«; oMdia Intermlttents, and in gonorrhoea. Seneka-root, the coot otPolygv^ Senear a native of the United States, which Is diaphoretic, diuretic, and expectorant It was Introduced Into medical nractice as a remedy in snake bites ; but lis elncacy In the treatment ot these accident* i« very questionable. Sknkscuai^ a high bailifT; a steward. Senna, the leaflets of several •peoiei or 6'owjiia, uied in medicine fbr tbeir purgii- tive properties. C. elongata aud 0. fxrun- folia, f\irni«h the TInnuvelly and Aiexau- drian senna, which are the best The latter constitutes the bulk of the imports into Europe. It is much adulterated with the leav(>8 of Cynanchum Arghel, Tephrosia ApoUinea, and Coriaria myrtifolia. Our imports average about 150,oooikii«, oUbougli they are often muoh larger. SBMKrr, a seaman's term for a co«rie yam or line for making rope; rope-yams plait- ed, or flat braided cordage; pwlted straw or palm leaves, 4ka., of wtUcb gr«8* iiats are made. Sentinei,, SENTftT, « 8ol41ar, w (ward; a watQhmaa. or looluout Sbntrytbox, a small wooden housa, 4«rvlQg as a shelter for a aentry w b«4 weatlwr. Hkpeck, (be current coin ef Cocbla ynlna, cast of a compound brittle mem*i^Iea tutenag. the base of which la xlne- It \» about the size of a shilling, and pierced with a squaro hole, by whlob tuey aie strung in numbers together; and as tliey are the only coin useU, they form a very bulky and Inconvenient medium: 60 sc- pecks are equal to one ma.s, an imaginary coin worth about i\i\. \ and ten mas muke aquan. Sepia, a brown colour originally obtained from tbe ink-bug of a species of cuttle- fish. Sepu Drawing, a neutral tinted picture coloured with sepia. Sepot, a bearer or messenger In Bombay; but in a general sense applied to the native soldiers serving under the Ea«t India Company. Septaua, nodules of chalky marl, the well- known basU of Itoman cement Sequestration, in Scotland, the process by which the etrccts of a bankrupt trader are realized and divided among his credi- tors, as by the process of bankruptcy In England. The Uw on the subfect Is con- tained In the statute 2 and 3 Vtc. chap. 41. .Sequin, an Italian gold coin worth about 9s. 6d.; current in Algiers, at Ss. 6|d.; a Turkish money worth from 78. 6d. to 78. 8d. Serafina, a sort of swan-skin used for W'&i A t C O A t S Sehan (French), iv hatchel to beat flax witli. Sbrancolin, a kind of red marble in France. S£RANO, the Indian name for the boatswain of a ship. Sbraphini. See Melodeon. Sebapbink Maker, a manufactuier of wusioal iostriimeats so oaqxed. SER ■[ 3.37 ] SEW he dlttNfttc «Dd i6aUi; OMMin rrhoBS. _ )lya«ti0 Smega, taMt, which It eapwstorant It >al practiM ai a It its efflooioy in »4denU U very ttewnrd. reral •necle* of for tbeir purgti- la aud 0. acMt- lly and Aleiuiti- best a'hn Utter he tinports Into terated with the •ghel, Tephrona nyrtifolia. Our .oooibt, attbougii or. or a co*ft« yam rope -yams plait- le; pUlUdaM'aw whlcb gr«M baU l»r, PIP gwatd; » «iibQu»«,«orvliiig ha b«4 waattWir. pfCocbbaiCTilna, icb la »ln«.. M >| UlDg, andpleroed r whlob tliey we ther; and as they they form a very medium : 60 8«- auM, an imaginary md ton maa niuke .iKlnally obtained species of cultlc- ral tlut«d picture mger In Bombay; ,e applied^ to the under the Ea»t Iky marl, the well- cement. ;land, the process a bankrupt trader d amonK his creui- i of bankruptcy in the subject Is con- ind 3 Vic. chap. 41. coin worth about elers, at 8s. 6^0.; tb from 78. 6d. to wan-skin used for lel to beat flax witli. d marble in France, lefortlieboatowaln manufacturer of ooaqied. BnnAkin'RR, a IMrlti^h Kincinl officer. tJERr, a UuMinn slnve; an lllndustHnlnnmc for cxrlmnKC or illacouiit. tSre ."cri*oiM who, bflni; callod to the bar are, liy tiio Queen's writ, commanded to take upon tlioni tlio dcKrce of tlio coif by a cortaln day. Tlicy rank after colonels, and before doctors and barristerN. Bkrqg, a cloth or quiltod woollen, oxton- sivcly maiuifacturc-d In l>ovonsliiro uiid other counties. SF.itaKn'L, a thin and slldlit scrgft. SKUICKOU8, silky; liiivliiK a soft, smooth Kurtuuc like silk; covered with silky hairs, as a leaf. 8kki8HTAI>ar, i revenue officer In Inrtls. Uebun, Hkkoox, a kind uI skin packaue ; a bale formed ol ;)ieee8 of wood, covered or fas- tened with hide; cochiiionl, indit'o, and viirlou.-i (IruKS are itnporti il In this form. Sometimes a matted bale of alnioiiils, or a pannier of raisins, weipliiiig aliont 87} lbs, is called a serun. An Alricuii weight of I85'55 grains. Kkrpe (l^imcli), a hill-hook. iSKBVENT. a kind of fire-work; a brn's nmslcal wlnd-lnstrnnient, somethini; like a serpent In its convolutions, chiefly used in military hands. SKUPENTAur-KooT, the root of Ariatoloehia Serpentaria, a native of Nortli America, which is a valuable tonic, stiiiiuliint, and diaphorotic, and has been used ua a f'l'iirifURe with considerable success. Skui'entin (French), the cock of a musket. SniPKNTiNK, a handsome green mRRnesian limestone, so called from Its spotted or snake-like markluKS. of which there are fine beds In Cornwall. Serpentine niurblu Is now largely used for ornamentjil pur- poses and architectural decorations, being easily cut or turned, and admitting of u high polish. iSeeLTZAnn-STONE. Skupktte, a curved knilu fur pruning; a basket. Serrated, notched; edpcd like a saw. .Serbuiuek, a Krencli locksmith. RKUVANT, a liouseliold domestic; n farm labourer; a menial. Si.KVANTs' Kegister-office, a place where •lists of vacancies are kept, and servants wait to be hired, who pay a fee to the registrar wh< ii suited with a place. Service, duty or employment public or private; being enRa^ed by another; a set of dishes and plates ; an assortment of table linen; a seaman's term for layers of spun-yarn placed round a rope to protect it from friction. Service-pipe, the junction or connecting pipe attached to walor and gas mains lending to private houses, &c. SniiviETTE (Frencii), a table napkin. Serving, the process of binding or casing a cable or large rope with canvas or spun- yarn, to prevent friction or wearing in parts which are mucli exposed. Berving-board, Servinq-mallet, an Imple- uient used by sailors uud riggers iu wiud- ing tarred yarns around largo rupen tn protect them irum friction or from undue wear. HexAtir., a plant, the Sesamiim orientalf, uni- versally cultivated in tlie East Indies tor the oil cxpres.^ed from Its seeds. We Im- ported, in IH-lff. (U2 rjudi'ters of sesame seed. In IHAe, SK2,7UO cwt. of tids seed were sidpped from Madras alone, tR'sldes 2214 cwt. (It oil. It Is there lalltd Oingely or (ilngelie, and the seed i* also known in connneree under its vernacular name of teol aiul tIL liee BiitiTcn. [Scotland. .'^KfwioNs-CLERK, a clerk of th<; law courts In SEssi'ooL, a reservoir for wtisfe water: a hollow sunk for receiving drainage, an (•■•■.WiPOOL. 8i;sTE, a grain-mensnre of Slam, rather mero than a picul; 18.1 lbs. .SicMTER, a name lor the setier. Set, a complete assortment; a measure of capacity bi Slam. See Sat. Seta, mi ancient Hindoo wei;:ltt of 225 grains. [terranean. Setee, a lateen-rigged vessel in tlie Medi- Seteuee, an ancient variable iand-nieasuru of l''ranoc, ranging from 9 to US2 French arcs. Setier, a former French grain-measure of H to 3} buslieis; but 1'8 seller of I'ails may he taken as equal to a Wlnehejiter mi.irter of 8 biisliels; a wlne.nicasure of 8 Fnnch pints, 1'040 gallons. The new setier of France Is the hectolitre. [4:^50 feet. .Setine, a land-measure of Geneva, about iSET-oFP, a counterbalance; one demand pla':ed against nnotlier. Setp, a number of in lues taken upon lease. Settee, a large long seat »lth a back; a two-masted vessel ; an Orkney weighL See Setee and LEsu-Pin^D. .Settee - bed, a bed that folds up into a couch, cliair, or sofa. Setter, a uselUl sporting dog, the Cants indtx, trained to sit or cruudito the game he finds. Setting-coat, the best kind of plasterli'.g. Settlement, a new colony or township; ilic paymenj. of a bill ; the arranging or closing mercantile transactions; balancing of cross accounts; tlie location of a pauper on the parish to which he hm a Ic^al right ; the sinking of a foundation ; the dregs or feculcnclcs deposited in liquors. Settler, a colonist; one who locates ou new land. Settling-day, the promiit-dny in the pro- duce market; the half-monthly aceount- day for shares and stocks on the Stocit- exchange. Seville -ORANGE, a bitter orniigc. 8t« Oranges and Lemons. Sevoeja, a name lortiie Stenanthium frigi- duin of Kuiith, tlie Ilelonias frtgida of Schlccht, a native of tiie cool uplands of Mexico, and one of the sources of the poisonous sabadilla seeds of commerce, tiom which veratria is prepared. See Cebadilla. Sew, to join by thread or fine fibre, and a lu'cdle; to drain a pond (or the llsli. Sewed Muslin Manltacturer, u preparer ot iicedle-work or embroidery. Z SHA [338] SHA IM HKWKR-I.AUP, a lafety-laiiiii for oxplorliiu flowers. Hewkhs, lubterraneous cmululU; arched cliiiiiiiels or WMtcr-coiirsi'H constnictvit Uiuler-Kioiind, to ciirry off the waato watnrM or flith of cItleB. Sbwers'-ratk, n piirixli-rnto levied for the kt't>|ilng of the floworg In kodiI order, UAUully charxenble to iliu landlord, un- It'gi HKrec-d to bu puid by the teimut or occnplur. SEWINO- COTTON, SEWINO - SILK. SKWINO- thrraD, linen or oilken tlii-uaus iiruiiantd Ibr the use of Aenip^trctt8e.s, In bulb or BkelnH, or wound on reds. Ukwino-machine, a labour-aavlnR machine Ibr stituliinx, ndapti'd, acuordliiK to Its construction, for guwlntr or BtitchhiK woollen, linen, leatlier, &o. Sewings, compound thrt-aiU of ullk, wound, cleaned, doubled, and thrown, with cspc- clal reference to their ul'nuatu uae as 8ewlnK-8llk. bi'.XTANT, an astronomicnl histriiinent made like u quadrant, capable of iuca:iunnij un ttiitfle of 120 Uegreeg. ShXTuN, one who lias the charge of a church, or of a Rraveyard, or cemetery, Hktn, an Indian measure of capacity in use In MalwH, = to 34137 lbs. BiiABnT,damaged or faded ; articles not new. SiuACKLES, links in a cliain cable, fitted with a movealile bolt, so that the chain can be Beparated; Iron fetters tor the legs ol' prisoners, slaves, blind; a hollow glass cover for enclosing and protecting ornaments, &c.; a tint in painting. Shaft, an engineering name fur u large nxlc of machinery, u small --le peing termed a spindle; the pole of a carriage; the handle of a weapon; an arrow; the vertical access to a coal or other mine. Bhaft-bknder, a person who bends timber by steam and pressure. Shaft-horse, the horse which supports the poles or shafts of a vehicle. Shaft-sinking, the process of boring or sinking excavations to mines. Shag, a kind of cloth witli a coarse nap ; rouuh woolly hnlr. * Shagreen, a tnberculated or grained Icothcr formerly prepared from the skin of a species of shark, and stained green; akind of hard-grained leather, made in imitation of the Above in Uussia, from the skins of horses or asses. Shao-tobacco, a very strong dark kind of tobacco, cut Into fine threads, used both for chewing and smoking, which acquires its colour from being soaki'd or liquoreil. Siiahee, a Persian copper coin worth IJd., I tic tenth part of the silver pnnabat. SuAUiD, a I'oisiau inimu lor homy. Hhakk-willt. See Wii.i.tino Maciiink. 8HAI.K, Indurated slnty clay. From bitumi- nous shale a variety of commercial pro- ducts are now obtained. Shalli, a kind of twilled cloth, made from the native goats' hair at Angola. Shaixoon, a worsted stuff, the great Btapio of Halifax, where al>out 10,000 pieces aro anmially made for shlpiuent to Turkey uiiU the Levant. SiiALLOON-MAKER. a weaver ofshallooii. Shallop, a large two-masted Hcuuoner' riggf'd boat ; a light vessel with lug sails. Shallot, a species of pungent small onion, the Allium Ascalonicum, used In cooking, for flavouring or seusonhig food. I^iiambles, a slauuhter-houso. Hhameana, a gold throne cover of velvet, and gold embroidery, r'j to Turkey w J ifHhnllo""- ,H!.l Houooiicr- Willi MB xulU. |»t HlUllU "II oil, ned In cookliiti, ; food. "over of velvet, useil by natlvo li. nboiit 18. lOil. t wrlilnB ur ».^- ,d leiulier. isnt onnectlon with 8 tlio body tt"J , capable olbol.l- ineiul. carried li , to two men ; a nftrt of a key or S plOCO of .111 at 1 Mik* cluiiuforsecurlua or but in NorlU oUve»lnasha»il>- r wood cutter; on« pattern ;n mould to the rupee wb.n S.iutl.ern Ma ■ ll torn grains, Dut l"'ot the property ,ek company; tlH^ ladeofaplougUjto m railway or other owns a sUaro In a for several sjieclcs « flsh. The 8kni of ' nalive worM wood and ivor>, PaiO^cen. The dried wliere they arc es- CY A large quan- ,»|rt from the livers of the common n»u rdance,lnsometro. sbarks. It nas " ■liy. led d to instruments thin point; also„^" Which have a sour , for the hard parts h 'require Kr*"'^'"^:! no millers Sharps a« »e biiATiK, A I'erslan name tor a running tootnntn. SiiAVK, a drawlnx knifo u-'ed by cooperH; touutoir ttun Hlk'i'n; tu cluiir the face ol liiilr with a razor. • BiiAVR-oitA8H, a name for the Dutch rusli, Hnuuetuin fiyeiuale. ,^ee I>i!Tcii-uU8ii. SiiAViNu-Box, 11 box with Mt)iip uited for makhiK a Either to shave wUb. 8iiAViNa-JU(), .sfiAViNa-i'oT, a metal vessel or Jim lor liolilliiKlidt unlcrioHli.ivi' with. Shavings, thin Hlice.s of wood, mnpiuMi oir with a knllu, phuio, or other uutllMg In- sti'uinent. BUAWL, a Kentloman'K neck Hcarf; a hidy'H loose outer wraiiper lor the perxon, inade ot woollen or some other s>>tt luid wnnu niatcrlul. Many of these, an Cushiiifie, I'idslcy, and Indian emhroldured sliuwLs, iir<- lit'ld in IiIbIi estimation. HiiAWL-uoitDEK .Makeu, a manufacturer of tlio fancy borders lor ladles' superior shawls, whicli arc usually made Hi-parutc, «tnd altcrwards attached to the middle. Shawl Mani'Facturkr, a maker of sliuwls, 01 which there are mnnlicrless varieties, and fancy natterns and materials, lian');e, clienlUe, I'aisley, Edinburgh, Caaliineie, ifcc. SiiAWi^piN, ft lady's ornament, or fancy tastenhiK for a shawl. BHAWL-WAUKHousEMAN, a Wholesale deahr In shawls. Shea Butter, a solid fat obtained In Africa trom the seed ol /Jas.iia tarkii. biiEADANA, 8iiALi>ANEH, I'crsian luimcs lor the sec!.• nal, of high linportanee to man for lla lli country devoted to the grazing oi s'l ep. In Australia the average reqairement ot pasture Is an acre , 'f'cli sheep. SiiEicp-sHEAUEB. a . i'li. abourcr who cII,jS the rteeee ol sliee| SiiEEP-SHEARS Mak.'.r, a manufacturer of the steel cllp|>ln^-illstrnment.'i used In shearlni; sheep. SiiKEP-SKiN, the skin of a sheep; leather piepareil from it. Shekp-splits, the peltM or skins of sheep, split by a cutting knite or machine Into two sectioiiD. Sheep-wash, allqui ' or smear! up substance lor the lleece or skins ol sheep, either ti> kill vermin, or to preserve tiio wool; a mixture of arsenlous acid and solt soap in water. In wliicli sheep arc dipr>ed. Sheers, a trian;;nlar erecilon of siiars, hy which masts, Ac. aru httcd into a ship. lice Shears. Sheet, a rope attached to the lower part of the sail of a boat or ship; a piece ol bed- lioon ot calico or linen ; a tiihi plate or lj, ,/:.,; Jed surface ol any kind, as a sheet (■'■ oiMijiur, iron, or glass; a broad piece of p.i|,. ■ ; an impression of prlnied paper i'oMed to lorni part ol a iKimpliIci or book. Sheet-anchur, tlie third anchor, the mo.it important and reliable lioldfast of a ship, tiie best bower being the .second anchor. Shket-cable, the strongest and bL'si cable; that attached to the sheet-anchor. Sheet-glass, a plate of glass, run or cast in a >olid frame. Sheeting, Inien or cotton cloth for bed- sheets, Calico Is now much substituted for linen slieeiing, on account ol' its clieap- ness and warmth. It Is sold bleaciied and unbleached. SUEET8, a name given by railway com- panies to wagon covers, of ohed canvas, made of ditferent qualities and sizes, irom 23 to 42 square yards. SiiEET-ziNC, zinc rolled into plates or sheets. Sheffield-ware, fine cutlery, ami plated and other metal articles, of wlucii SUel« Held is the chief seat ol uiuuutaclure. SHE t 340 ] sni SnEKKi, an nnclent Hebrew weight, equal to 9 dwts. 26 Krains; a shekel of gold = £1 16s. 6d. ; of silver, <=> 28. SJd. Sbelf, a ledge ; a board in a cupboard, or llxed against a wall, to place articles on. Shell, a rough coffin to be enclosed In another: an engraved copper roller used In print-works ; a hollow cast-iron pro- jectile filled Avlth conibustil)les; the case of a block ; the hard envelope of eggs and of certain seeds and fruits ; the crustace- ous or testaceous covering of certain nnimals, as the shell of a tortoise, an oyster, a lobster, 0 685,080 1(161 470,071 1802 l,HUb,574 1853 4,256,l:i8 ln54 .•)02,414 The Americans call the eighth ot a dollar ashillinL'- SuiM, a tool for breaking up land. fsHiNGLE, an oblong thin piece of wood, used as a roofing material in tlie same maniiet as slates. In the United States they are nuule of pitch pine. In the East and West Indies of other woods ; coarse beach gravel used as ballast for a ship. Shingle-machine, an American mfichlne for riving, shaving, and jouiting shitigluii, which is capable of uiaklug 30,000 per day. SHJ [341] SHI nceflowera sold m tUi I other shojis kali or tar- ivil officer of , bailiff of H dgeln Scot- e carriage of [ion. . ourt; a court of debts Uiidei assistant; one the service ot he custody of rturl)an piece, cfiiefusedlora iU white wnie, .iohtheavem«« rs eudin« Jo«>- ,8,tliccon4uini'- i gidloriB. &rry.8Weet- haggyponyWC'> :tlon for the jiev- irrifilit; one wht. fr of wldch onui- ■ or calico under- ptumof^ork I Cliina, equal to U bu*hel*' frganized hunt animals, wliic^« ^lous andtrouble- 1 current British t of a pound ster- it weighs 8 dwts. 'ish^'lhilling R% jontinent, «or w Ts" a; 35 kreutzei> in Holland; and 1 Ini ce The follow - u.ntcr of shUimgs tV" ..1,3C«*99 P. .3,168,000 ^^ • .ib6%\i0 '" . 3 W8 »"> M ■ ■■.■.■.■.".".•• 4 &«l.«20 WO.::::::..... ».«'•»'-'"' ^e eighth of a dollar k=SeofWood.usccl /Tinevican mnchlne Sbinole-hiix, a taw-mlU forcuttins planks or logs into shlnKlea. SuiNGLiNO-HAHHEK, a ponderous machine tor hunmierint; or shaping the blooms of Iron Into S(]unre or oblong pieces. Sbingling-mill, a forge or lartje workshop wliere iron is made malleable. SniN-PLiSTEH, a name slvcn in the United States to tiieiiotusof broken banks, which are not current money payments. Shintt, a kind of exhilarating Scotch came in which bats like goLt-cluiis are used. Ship, a three-masted vessel, with tops, yards, and square sails, to each mast. Ship and Insdeanoe Broker, a person who deals in marine insurances, etfectiiig insurances on vessels, cargo, and passen- gers' effects. PHiP-BiscriT, hard, coarse biscuit, specially prepared tor use on .sliipboard. Siiip-BiscuiT Baker, a maker of hard bis- cuit for seamen's use. Snip-BKEAKER, a person who bnj-sthe hulls of worn-out vessels, to break up for the timber and metal they contain. Snip -BROKER, a mercantile agent who transacts the business lor a ship when in port, and usually combines the business ot Insurance. [structs vessels. Ship-builder, a shipwright; onewhocon- SiiiP-CAPTAiN, the master and commander of a merchant-vessel. SniP-CARFENTER, a Workman who tits up cabins, or performs the tinishlng work in ships. See Carpenter. Siiip-CARVER, one who carves tlgure-hcads, and the work on tlie stern, or shapes, mouldings, ER9, a name in the lentlit^r trade for tanned or curried hides and kips, as well as for Engllsii and foreign otfaL Shove:., a wooden or Iron scoop with a long liandle ; a kind ot spade. Shovel Maker, a miinufacturer of iron or wooden sliov^ls and spades. Buow, an exhibition on a large or small scale; a booth at a fair. There are poultry shows, cattle shows, horticultural and floricultural shows, &c. Show-bill, 8how-boai{d, a placard or dis- play-board wiUi large letters or devices. biiow-Box Manufactokeb, a uuiker of glass ciisiis lor shops, ifcc. Show-card, a tradesman's placard or nn- tiouncement ; a patteru curd lor display- ing in a sliop. Showman, one who keeps a small cxiiibi- tlon. Snow ROOM, a shopkeeper'a or workman's di.splny room. SuuAPNELL, a kind of bombshell filled with bullets, named after the inventor. SuuEETALT, an Indian name for tlie talipot palm, CCi ypha umbracuiifera, from which a kind oi flour is obtained. Tlie seeds are a species of vegetable ivory, which are turned into marbles, beads tor necklaces, chessmen, button-moulds, &c. They may be obtained in large quantities in India. Shrimper, a flslienuan who catches shrimps on the sea sliore. Shrimp-net, a dredge-net fixed on a pole, or a sweep net dragged over the flsliing ground. Shrimps, small crustacea, the Cramjon vulgaris, cauglit in largo numbers, and sold in towns. Shrink, to warp or contract buBOFF, the native name for an Indian banker or money-changer. Shroffage, the examinution of coins, and separation of tlie good (rom tlie debased. Shroud, grave-clotlies for a corpse. Shrouds, sets of ropes reaching fi'om tlio lower mast-heads to the vessel's sides, to steady and secure the masts. bHUBE, a sledge wrapper of fur, Shubit, an Arabic name for the aromatic and carminative fruit of Anethum Soica. Shude, a name given to the liusks of rice, and other refuse of rlcennilis, largely sup- plied to oil-crushers, as an aduitcraiing ingredient for linseed cuke. Shuma, an Arnbic name for bees'-wax. bHUMAC. See Sumach. MlUPRAK. See rKLlJURREE. [npiilo. Shurifa, the Persian nmne for the ciis iini- SHUTTEits, safeguards to windows and doors, of wood or iron, closing horizontally or perpendicularly. Shuttle, in weaving, the instrument for passing the weft between the o|ieneil Warps; In foundry operations, a gate or stop to ihe sow or trough by which tlie melted metal is let out Into the mould. Bhuttle-mountinq Maker, a constructor of the frame-work or littmgs for shuttles and loojns. [ver's loom. SaurxLE-uACE, a sort of shelf iu the w uu- Shutcrkhar, an Indian name for the camel's-thorn, Alhagi Maurorum, whlcti yields the manna of the desert. SiAMOiSE (French), a coarse cotton cloth, Siberian Oil-seed, a local name In Canada for the Camehna tativa, or Uold of plea- sure. Sicca, a term formerly very generally ap- plied to the rupee as a monev and a weight. The rupee was called a sicca onlv during the year after its coinage, and subsequently a sonaut or suiiat rupee. The various siccas or sonants are now estimated by the shrolfs or native money-changers. In comparison with the legal current rupee of the East India Company's mint. See Kupee. Sickle, a short, curved, reaping-hook. Sickle-manufacturer, a maker of sickles. Side-arms, weapons carried on the left side, as a bayonet, sword, lianger, ordirk. Sideboard, a shelf or iixed table in u dining-room. Side-saddle, a woman's riding-saddle with a poiuiuel and one stirrup. Sidesman, a churcliwarden's deputy or assistant. Side-wali£, a foot-path ; a causeway. 8IDHEE, an Indian name for the large dried leaves and young capsules ot the Indian liemp-plant, without the stalks; used for making an intoxicating-drink, for smok- ing, and in the conserve or confection, termed majoon. SiDiNO, a passing place or turn out; a resting-place lor trains on a railway- line. Sidings, a name in America for long wedge-shaped boards, used for the sides or roofs of houses, SiEGE-Giw, a lieavy muii carrying a largo cliarge of powder nnd l)all, used to batter down or efl'ect a breacli in an enemy's wail, SiESTER, a Bavarian coin. See Kopf-stuck, Sieve, a strainer, riddle, or scarce, with hair, wire, or zinc bottom; a coarse bas- ket; a bolting-clotli. Sieve-bottoms, attachments for the frame of a sieve made of iiorse-liair or wire, &c, and of various kinds; cylindrical ones for paper-nmnufactories. as well as other kinds, are made in Illyria In considerable quantities for export, and at very mode- rate prices, SiEVE-M.utER, a manufacturer of screening macliines and sieves. Signal, a mark or tieacon ; a warning given by guns, blue iiglits, or rockets, fflcMitate ttie iirrnnffing and gatlicrlng of the •'hectj for binding them. SiQN-BO. RD, n trndesmnn's announcement flfflnrft to V a shop, store, or dwelling. HioNKT nn ciigrftvcu stamp; a seal. Kkjnkt-ring, a ring with a stone or metal sliield fur cutting letters, arms, or devices on. Signet, Writer to the, a law-offloer in .Scotland so named, abbrevliUed, " W. S." BiGN-PAlXTER, a painter of publicans' hang- ing si^'iis, or of fixed signs for shop- keepers. SiGK-POST, the post on which a sign Is sus- pended. Sikat, the Malay name for a harrow. >*iKTnA, a-S;mscrit name for bces'-wax. 8it,BADANi, a lurniture wood of'Demerarn. SiLUEUGKOscHEN. a I'n'Rsiau coiuof 12 pfcii- ninus; about 197 = £1. [cotton. SiLKsiA. a linen made in Germany; a IJiitish StLHOUETTE, a profile likeness or picture represented in black, the sliadows and prominent teaturea being tuuclied in witli gum. Bilk, the Pbre envelopln" the silk-worm coodon, which, wlien simply reeled, is termed raw -silk, and alter being worked In the mills, tlirown silk. Our imports ot raw silk in 1856, amounted to 7,.'f83,672 lbs. : Of thrown or spun silk, 85.'J.015 11)8.; ol •waste knubs and husks. 17,994 cwts. Oi Bilk manufactures of Europe we received 803,013 lbs.; and of Indian silk 697,752 pieces. The Imports of raw silk were derived from tlie following (luarters:— . China, SC,56l bales; B iigal, 13.820 bales; Persia, 1,8.58 bales; Briitla, 143 bales; Italian, 2.784; total, 7.'i.l0fl. Su-K AND Velvet Manufacturer, a weaver and maker of these articles. SiLK-BUVKR, a clerk employed to purchase slikat public sales. Silk. Conditioning. iSee Conditioning Silk. Silk-cotton, a name given lo the silky down or fibre obtained from the Bombiix, Calotropis, (Jryptostegiu, and other plants, which Is useful for stiitTtng pillows, paper- making, ifcc. See Kapok. Silk-dresser, a Btitleuer and smoother or silk. Silk-dter. See Dteb. Silk- EMBOSSER, one who ornaments silk by passing the plain stuff between rollers, the surfaces of whlcli contain the desired pattern raised on one cylinder, and depressed or sunk on the other. Silk - gauze Manufacturer, a gauze- weaver. See Gauze. SiLK-GOWN, the distinguishing robe of n Queen's Counsel ; a dress worn by females. SILK-GRAS.S, a name for the fine fibres of the Agave vivipera, and of A. mccorfolia, SiMt - handkerchief, a pocket or neck korcbicf ot silk, white, or coloured. Silk-hat, a light hat with a silk plush cover; not a felted or beaver hat. Silk-hose, Stockings made uf silk. SitK-MANTiFAcnmE, an Imnort^nt Indus* irial occupation, which gives employment, in its several brancht j, to about a million persons. Tlie declared value of the ex- ports of British manufactured silks in 185(1, was close upon £3,000,000. In 1860, there were 272 silk factories in Engl.Aud, with 1.888,008 spindles, 0002 power-looms, anj steiim and water power employed equal to 3 571 horse power. In these factories 12,613 male operatives, and 29,190 female operatives were engaged. Ninety-seven of the factories were situated in Cheshire, cbiefly in Macclesfield and Congletoii. There were only five silk factor', i in Scotland, employing 841 persons, ai.d no silk factory in Ireland or Wales. Silk-mercer, a dealer In articles made of silk, usually combined with the general llnendrapcry business. Silk - merchant and Manupactltfieb, a maker and wholesale dealer in silk gooils. Silk-mill, the building or factory in whic'.i raw silk, as imported. Is prepared for the weaver, -the stocking-maker, or the sempstress, by spinning or twisting, and other processes. They are sometimes subdivided into silk-throwing nulls, and sllk-s> Inning mills, the former being lor the liianufacture from .i?oo(' and perfect raw silk, and the latter from waste and inferior silk. Silk-plush, a material used for articles of ladies' dress; also very extensively for covering the stuff bodies of nun's hats. SiLK-PRi. 8400 1 lb. " Poids de Maic ' (16 oz. of 676 deniers)........., 9216 100 „ 24 „ 2SJ or 32jor o-s-.T} 10000 20 24 27i 025 or 437i 480 480 ym 71)00 76S0 T!ie pound troy Is to the pound avoirdu- pois as 14 to 17, nearly. The pound avoir- dupois is to tlie pound *^ Poids deMtirc" as 10 to 11, nearly. The pound " Poids do Marc " Is to the pound troy as 4 to 3. The English sillc reel is 8i8 bouts of 44 inches, "• 1000 yards. Tl.o French, 400 ells, or 475 metres, of 89'371 I iclies, = 620 yards. The custom of the tn.do Is to reckon .32 deniers to a dram. Tills has probably been adopted from ease of subdivision, but when ci-.rried out creates much error. The standa d of silk measure is about 400 yards; thut length of a single filament from China cocoons will weigh 2 deniers, and from French or Italian 2}. A 10-de- nler silk will thus be the combined thread of four or five cocoons. SiLK-wiSDKB, a silk-thrower ; a small reel, or machine for winding olT silk. SiLK-woKM, tlie caterpillar of tlie silk-moth, the liombyx mori. SiLK-woKM Hot, a disease affecting silit- worms. See Mcscardim!. Sat, C'lLL, tike lower beam of a window or door frame. Sillabub, a mixture of new milk, vine, sugar, and spices. Silo, a pit, or subterran20U9 store for keeping grain. Silt, the accumulated alluvium washed down by rivers, and forming dejiosits. SiL\'ER, one of the precious metals. The British silver coinage consists of crowns, Imlf-croAvus, florins (flrst coined In 1840), shillings, ixpences, fourpences, three- pences, twopences, and pence. From a pound of standard silver, are coined either 13 l-6th crowns, 26 2-6ths half-crowns, 66 iihlilings, or 132 sixpences. Silver is not a legal tender In Great Britain and her coIr)« nies, for more than ■lOs. at any one time. The relation of gold to silver. In the leyal coinage of the United States. Is as 1 to 16 088; In (ireat liritnln. as 1 to 14-288: and in France, as 1 to lfl-4f»9. Thus it will be seen, that one ounce of pure gold wIlPi in the United States, be e<|ual to that |>r(i- duced from the coina.L'e ot 15'088 ounces ot pure silver; in Great Britain it will he equal to that derived Irom only H-S^S ounces of silver; and in Fiiuicc to ],'S'4ai> ounces. Silver is the h^^M tender In France, and most largely circulated l!i China and the East. In March, 18->;i, an act came Into operation in the United Slates, for reducing the quantity of silver in the sliver coins, retnining the same denomination, on the iirinclple followeil In iijsuing the silver coins of England. Prior to that period, the coined silver always disui'peared from circulat' I'l, but not since. The mint value of sii'-jr, IS OS. Cil. tlie ounce. The price of silver liars, standard, was In London, 693d., lit January, 1&">0; reached 62}d. in Januarv, 1856, and stands at 62d. in January, IKSi The silver coined at the Biiti.sli Mint since 1840, has been as follows :— 1840 £210,414 1841 9(!,175 1842 ]y2.8.->2 1843 23'.>,5SO 1844 Cl(>,fl;i2 1845 647 (mS 1840 5.'50..->48 1847 125,7;in 1848 35,442 1M9 ..£119,592 iKjo i2y,oy« 18.-.I 87.868 18.VJ Wi.r,i)7 ]K.-i3 701.,''.45 1.8.-.4 140.4, 1,081. 920 9.279 798 l&57-(;0 6.132,180 39,343,733 Tile value of the imports of silver coin and bullion Into tfie United Kingdum, in tlio five years ending with 1855, was as follows:— 1851 18.i2 1863 .....5,000,000 6,000,000 .....7,600.00(1 Total..... 18.54 J),500,000 1855 6,000,000 .^£30,600,000 SIM ■[ 346 ] SIR Tlie 8il' vv bullion received at the Bank of EnuUir. ), in the thn-e ycnrs ending with 1855, nvifiged nearly 20,000,000 ounces per annum; :iut it was nil sent out again, .ind )M not i;o into clrcuhitloii as coin in £ng- 'luid. bu.vER-BAi.i.i, a wood ohtninc 'i in Den« rnra from s^sp^\•^eso{ Nectar Ira. There ij\' two varieties, Uie yellow and tUo jrown. The wood beiii? light floats. It contain'' a bitter prl'.ioiplo, which pr-i'-cts It iron tlie attacks ot vorms; hctv >* it Is miic'i used I'or the oiiv •ideplnnki!i; :if thecolmiy craft; also I'oi booms and iii;vst9. It will square u >and from 10 to U Inches i'rnn -Hi to 50 feet long. 8irvFH-EURNi8HET{. a polisher ot kirlghiener oturtlcl(v< of silver. Bi I. \'F.R- CASTER, a mouldtT or meltvr c si I ver. SiLVKR-cHASER, iin (inhosser of Silver. Sn-VKK-Ftsp (Set Uold and Silvkr Fish Dkalkr. h'i)-VEi!-UA TTLE MAKER, a manufnctiirci' of lii!' lianUli's lor dessert knives, Ac. fELVEc-KviFE MAKER, u manufacturer of knivfs tor paring fruit. SiLVEi;- r>ACE, wire coated with silver, anil wo^■e!l Into lace. StLVER-LEAF, thin foil of silv«r. SILVER- PAPER, tine tissue paper for wrapphiK articles, &c. SiLVER-PiERCER, a workcr In silver. SHiVER-PLATE-CHKST MAKER. See PLATE- CASE Maker. Silver-plater, an elcctrotyper. Mlver-polisuer, a burnisher of silver ware, HonKA "INPT^A, vo:!-. 0. Ur names in s i.ilu tor '..o r-- . •; Nijfi' h , the ftuit of wMich U to isiuered v- inifuu'O. The M''')ommedansarehiiho iu'bit of smoking til iried leaves In cases "f lieudRche and CMiarrh. Sindoc, a vernacular namo in India for iJuiMahan bark. SixT>i vMu, a Sanscrit nam: for the Vitex 'rifolia. ciNECURE, an office virhout duties; money p; id for worit nov performed by the re- ciplent, i u', 'r^nh by a deputy. Sinew, utciid . Sinews are used by mnny natioia as ii.'jad tor sowing together skin j.'jmients. and, whoa dried, some are eaten. See Dendenq. Sinoara-nuts, r name forthe fruit ofTrajia naians and T. bispinosa, which abounds ill fecula. It forms the principal food of the iniiabltants of Cashmere, and yields n larpje revenue to the Government. la China the kernel Is roasted or boiled, like the potato. SiNOLEs, ft name In the silk trade (a collec- tive term), expressing a reeled thread of raw silk, twisted, in order to give it strength and firmness. Sixqle-stick, a stout cudgel of ash for fen- cing or fighting with. fiiusii. S ingle-tree, a cross piece for fastening liur- SiNGLO, a fine kind of green tea, witli large I ! at leaves, nut much rolled; another iiuuio for twankay. Sink, a drain or otone basin used in sculle- ries, (fee. These sliaped stones are sold by ihi.; superficial toot measurement, and are made citiier of Yorkshire tooled or Pur- beck stone. Sinker, a lead weight for a net or flshlut;- line ; a trade In Staffordshire. SiNKtNOFUND, an appropriation for gra- dually paying off the debt of a Company or State. Sinnet, spun-yarn: platted straw for hats. SiPHOiD, a French constructed vase or apparatus for receiving and giving out gaseous waters. [liquids. Siphon, a bent pipe or tube for drawing oil Sikcar, a general division of a province lu India; a Hindoo writer or accountant. SiijDAR, the Hindustani name Ibraclileftnin or head man ; aprlncipal patankln lieaior. SiKi-oiL, a name in the Kastcrn arciilpo hi^'o for tlie essential oil obtained from lemon grass. SiRiTCH, an Arab name for the sweet oil obtained by expression from the seeds of the Sesa7num orientale, wlilch Is mud! used as an article of diet, for friction of tiie body, and for lamps. The oil-cake, mixed with honey and preserved citron, is esteemed an oriental luxury. Wiicii well prepared this oil is quite equal to the best olive oil. See Ginoelik. Sirloin, the best part of a loin of beef. SiuRus, a name iu India for country-made Blue. 1847 1849 1850 1851 la'ia , 1853 , 1804.. .... 'SKE C 347 ] SKI iweot-cnke. Tft Leono. ard tluur and saltpetre. I \T names In , the nrult of nlfuu'e. The sitot'sinokhiit lieiulf.che and in India for for the Vitex utlea ; money ed by the re- V. used by mnny vlnt? to'-ellier irled, gome are fruit of 2Va;)a rhlch abounds iicipal food of re, and yields vernmeut. In or boiled, like rade (acoUcc- ■eled tliread of ler to ({ive it of nsli for fen- fnus8. • fastening liur- ,eu, Willi large ; aiiutliernuuie used In scuUe- nes are sold by iinent, and are tooled or Pur- net or fl8liin«- ire. ntlon for pra- f 11 Company or straw for hats, noted vase or nd givint? out [liquids, for drawing off fa province iu accountant, c lor a chieftain aJnnkin bearer, astern arcliipe- obtained Iroin ■ the sweet oil m the seeds of which Is much for friction of The oil-cake, served citron, is xury. Wlien ite equal to the IE. oin of beef, couutry-made SiRsisnr.E. -See Surcixoi.e. SmuBA, a tree of great size, found in tlio interior of British Oulana, and much used In the colony for ship-bullding. Siuiip. See Stritp. SiHEK, a Mnl y name fbr tortolsesholl. 8i«soo, ft large Indian tree, the Dalbergia Sissoo, the wood of which is hard, strong, tenacious, and' compact, and of great durability. Sister-block, a solid piece of wood, with two holes, one above the other, with or without sheaves, to puss a pulley through. SiTio, a Spanish sunerflcial measure uscil in Itlexico, whose side shall he a league ol 6.000 varas, each of 3 gcoir.etrlcMl feet. The sltio or league of land is 4.428 English acres. Five sitlos make a hacienda, or ordinary sized plantation. SrrriNO, the time given to an artist who takes likenesses; a scat in a pew at church. Sixpence, an Encllsh current silver coin, the half ofa shilling, weighing 1 dwt. and 19-63 gntlns. I he foiiowiUL' gives the vumagu ill bixpeiicus unicu 184r : — 1847 530,180 1849 'Mr>MO 1850 4y8,UU0 1851 2,l.'^8,107 iHr>2 yi)4,5fc« 1853 3,8;)7,»30 1854.. 840,1JG 18.55 1,129,084 18..0 2,779.920 18.)7 2.2;!;i,440 IS.W I,9;)2,4t0 18.")9 4,(iS8 040 1600 1.100,880 Total 2y,02«,143 Size, a liquid glue, made by boiling down ui water the clippings of pMitlinient. glove-leather, fish-skin, and other kinds of skin and membrane. It is u.sed in paper-makinir. by bookbinders, paper- hangers, whitewashers, and painters in distemper. SiZRL. See .SCIS.SEI. SizE-MANiTFACTiiKER. a boilcr down of skins, &c., and maker of size. [roll. Size-roll, a piece of parchment added to a SiZERS, machines used in Ceylon made of perforated sheet zinc or wire gau2,c, Cor separating the coffee Into three sizes, the round or pea berry, and a larger and smaller ben-y. Sizing, pieces of skin and hide used for making glue. Sjambock, the Dutch name in the Capo colony for a riding-whip made of hide. Skaalpcnd, the name for the commercial pound in Sweden. Skate, an edible flat fish, the Raia BatU. which attains a large size, some indivi- duals weighing upwards of 200 lbs. The females are generally called niiiids; a wooden or gutta-percha shoe or sandal, with a curved! ton runner to slide or travel on the ice. Skate-liver Oil, a fish oil often sold for the same purposes as cod-liver oil. Skate-maker, a manufacturer of Iron sliding ehoes. Skeet, a long scoop. Skein, a small hank of thread or silk, &c; a quantity of cotton-yarn after It has been taken off the reel. The skein contains 80 threads of 54 Inches: 17 skeins make a hank : 18 hanks a spindle. Skein-silk Dver, a oyer of raw silk In ono of the forms ot singles, tram, or orgau- zine. Skelp, a name for the rolled metal or welding of wrought iron, from which a gun-barrel Is made. Sketch, an outline or first drafl; a plan of operations. &c. Sketch-book, a book for taking drawings from nature. Skew-back, a bedding stone. Skew-bridge, a brldwe placed obliquely to the road, ifcc ; not running at riiilit angles. Skkwer, a metal or wooden pin for keeping meat tosjether; metal skewers tor kitchen use are sold In sets, of sorted sizes. Skid, a chain with a shoe to drag a wheel : a log laid crosswise to supjjort other logs in making atence, M*» short cord fbr skipping over, often aoM luoiuitcU with hanales. Skippcnd. See SnipporNa Skiuret, a pltnt, the Stum Sisarum, tho sweet Hucculunt roots of which, bcliiR nutritious and sub-aroinatlc, aro em- ployed In cookery, in the same way as Seorzonera. Skikt, tho tlap3 and lower part of a man's • coat below the waist ; the loose flowing hrendtlis of a woman's Urcs:; attached to the body. Skiktino - BOARDS, nnrrow lining- boards round the walls of a room near the floor. Skittle-ball, u flat ball of hard wood for throwing at skittles, or nine-pins. Bkittle-okound, a yard or enclosed shed, where the game ol skittles or niiie-phi;i is played. Skittle - MAKER, a turner who sha|)cs wooden skittles. Skittles, shaped blocks of wood, used as nine-plns, to be aimed at with a skiitle- ball. Skive, the iron lap used by diamond- polishers In flnlshing the facets ot the pein. Skiver, an inferior kind of leather used for hat-lmings, pocket - books, work-boxes, toys, and other cheap purpo:jCs. it is made of sheep's-skins, split in two by a machine, wjien in the state of pelt, tanned by immersion in sumach, and atterwards dyed. SkoWj .Scow, a flat-bottomed lighter, used In North America. Skull, to propel a boat by an oar at the stenu See Scull. Skull-cap, a tight-flttlngcap; aTurklsh fez. SKin.L-FiSH, the technical name among whalers for an old flsh ; a whale which is more than two years old, previous to which they are named stunts and short- heads. Bkukk-cabbage, a wild North American plant, the Symplocarpua foetidus, the acrid seeds ana rhizomes ol which are antispasmodic and ex'^ectorant, and ad- ministered medicinally as palliatives in paroxysms of asthma. Skute, a small boat. See Scow. bKY-LiGHT, a window in the roof of a hou=e, or an apartment ; or in the deck of a ship, giving lit!l)t to the cabin. Sky-rocket. See Rocket. Skt-sail, a light upper sail of a ship, set above the royal. Skt-scraper, a name given to the sky-sail when it is of a trian«ular shape. Slab, a flat piece of stone; a plane or table of slate, or marble ; the outer plank of a log of timber; a small mass of metal ran into a mould ; about thirty slabs of foreiijn tin go to the ton. Slack, a kind of small broken coal, used for smiths' purposes, sometimes mixed with better coal for fUel in engine fire-grates ; the loose part of a fixed rope. Slag, a molten vitreous product of metals or minerals, after fusion in blast-furnaces; the scoria left after smelting metal, which Is now applied to various uaefUl purposes. . The slag of iron-works is usually called cin- der. Silica, alumina, chloride of calcium, and alum are obtained from slag, and It Is cast into table - tops, and architect- ural ornaments, which tuko a beautllul fiollsh. It may also be used for rooting, ike rough fjlass, and in thin slabs like 7)utch tiles, instead of plaster. It wmh ftrmorly only used for road-making, or fofiough walls. SLAKVe Slates. Slate-axe, a mattock for shaping slates for roofing, and making holes in thein to fasten them to the roof. Slate Billlaru-table, a billiard -table with a slate- bed. Slate-book, two or more slabs of framed slate bound together for \ •riling on. Slate-fhame, the narrow wood border f<^v a writing-slate or alate-book. Slate-merchant, an importer or wholesale dealer in slates. Slate-pencil, a thin, narrow slip of soft slate, for writing on a slab. About 500 tons V f these are made annually. Slate-quarry, a place in which slate is ob- tained. There are important slate qua rrics in the North ot England and North Wales, in France, Delgium, and the Khine dis- tricts, (fee. In Morth Wales twenty quar- ries are now worked, and the production of slates in tlie kingdom is about 360,ouo tons. Slater, a workman skilled in shaping and working slates, and in roofing buildings with slate or slate laying. Slates, small shaiied plates or large slabs of slate, chiefly used lor roofing. For coni- mercial purposes slates are classed into the following principal varieties:— Doubles, measuring 13 inches by 7, and smaller, 11 by 7; ladies, 16 by 10, 16 by 8, 14 by 8, or 12 by 8; countesses, 20 hy 10; viscountesses, 18 by 10; marchionesses,22 by 12; duches- ses, 24 by 12; princesses, 24 inches long, various breadths. A thousand s'ates number 1200, and CO slates are also allowed over for breaKage. There are also ras-'S and queens, measurmg36hy24; imperials and patent slates 80 by 24; West morel ands, and some utiier kinds. Slate si. of first split ni poBsibh Icngtlis sawn t sawn fl slabs ar SLATK-W( sawn or SLAUOHTr an abati vSlavk, a I still tol( cially In Brazils. Slave-ma sold. Slaver, a take on l StAVE-TRi of m ,rro( Slag, .i we Sledge, a « over ice t Si,edge-ha Sleepers, l niatack, 1 inches bri horlzontfl the chain Sleepino-] one who | imy actlv< Sleetoh, tl tile bottor Sleeve, the the arm. •Sleigh, a wheels. Sleigh-bel horse dra> Slendangs. the Dutch of which kinds, Im: slendangs, Slice, a th spatula foi ijLicER, a nn lar saw of Slide, a pla rafts to go StroE-REST, Slide-rule, Instrumen other kind f^UM, to Shu Sling, a coii 2s 2d. ; a 1 ing stones kind. * Slings, rope yard to th( sed round lower it Slink-lamb, horn prem is used for poses. Slinks, the lambs, cal^ our, a nam y called cln- of calcium, ag, and U Is arcUitect- a l^enutitul for roottiiR, n Blaba like er. It WHS ■luaKliifc'i or I powder, reluw- Iroin tl \X*C{\ !»S li Ir, tho Bluats : mountain- many varie- Itinjj reiulily erate Uegrtie ot its varle- lOBCS, as for eg, pencils, t\ and pcrtict omental and pieces, table- tablets, brttli- of billiard - scliools, and argely used: i:ute und solil uitries. -St-e ping slates for I ill iliein to ird table with lbs of framed ting on. )od border for r or wholesale w slip of soft About 500 laliy. eh slate Is ob- slatequnrries North Wales, lie Kliino dis- twenty quiir- he production about 360,000 n shapinB «nd flng buiUtlugj rlarge slabs of iig. For coni- ;la88edlntotlie ies :— Doubles, isniuiler.llby , 14 by 8, or 13 viscountesses, by 12; duches- !4 inches lonp. ousand siutes .re nlso allowed re also raas and imperials ami estinorelands, SLI [349] SLU Slatk slab, a sheet or plnte of slate. Those of first quality are sawn all round, and split as near the thickness required as possible. Sorted sliibs are of promiscuous lengths and breadths. Some slabs are sawn to order. Ended slabs are those sawn at the ends only. 8econd-quul'' slabs are unphmed. Slate-works, a yard, &c where slate is sawn or shaped. Slacohter-bous^ a place for killing cattle ; an abattoir. Slave, a bondsman; a drudgo. Slavery Is still tolerated in several countries, eripe- clally In the United States, Spuln, and the Brazils. Slave-market, a place where slaves are sold. Slavek, a clipper-built vessel, Inteidod to take on board and run a cargo of slaves. Slave-trade, the illegal purchase and sale of ni'-Toes for slaves. Slag, .i weaver's reed. Sledge, a carriage on iron runners to travel over Ice and snow. .'iLEDGE-UAMHER. See HAMMER. Sleepers, beams of wood, as of larch, hack- matack, hemlock, r securing a yard to tho mast ; tackle witli hooks pas- sed round a cask or package, to hoist or lower It Slink-lamb, one that has been dropped or born prematurely. The soft skin of such is used for glove-linings and military pur- poses. Slinks, the skins of prematurely born lambs, calves, &c. Bur, a narrow dock or place for luiuling up a ship, or building a ship on; a lensli for holding a dog ; a woman's muslin or satin undcr-skirt or petticoat; a printer's galley- proof of a column of type; a quantity of yarn; the rubbings of Kriiulstones. * Slipcoat, new-made cheese; a small nn tons. Home of tlifse are limited to a certnln distance trom the sliore, four to twelve leagues 8ea-wnrd, and cannot proceed boj-ond vlthout special licence, or pernil88ion ob- tained from the Cnstoinii. * Bmall-dkbts (^oukt. a Court of requests; a county court, or sherltrn court. Small-tooth Comh, a comb of ivory or bone with small ;eotli on each side. SmALLWAKE - DEALER, SMALLWARE - MER- cii.vNT, a 8ho|i-kceper who keeps siuull wares; a mercliiint who supplies them. 8MALI.WAUK.S, II trade name In haberdashery for knlltlnK and reel cotton, ribbon, wire, wcbbhitf, tape, fringes, braid, biittoni), laces, bindlnjja, Ac. SMALT.S, a vitreous substance obtained l)v melting together zaftres. a reirulus of cobalt, potash and siliceous matter, and grinding the produce to a flue powder, commercially known as powder-blue. It Is employed to give a blue timze to wrltiiig- piuier, linen, and starch, and, not belni; nfrccted by Arc, Is mucli employed in ]>aintiiig earthenware. Some is made in this country, but the bulk used, about CO tons a-year, comes from Holland. Smart-money, the money paid to a recruit on enlLstlnu for the army, wliich he wishes to return to be ('rt'C of his barsain. Unless this is returned within 24 hours, he is mulcted In a heavy sum for his release. 8MEAR, asttiln or daub. 8MECTITE (Frencli), a kind of fidler's earth. fcMELLiNO - BOTTLE, a small fiincy sliss- bottle carried by n lady, containing pun- gent salts to sniff at. Smellino-bottle-cap AfAKER, a manufac- turer of the silver or other metal tops lor ulass smelling-bottles. Smelling-salts. See Ammonia and Pres- tox-salts. Smelt, a small delicate river- fish, the Osmerus eperlanus, abundant in the Thames and JUlcdway, from Aujjust to May. SaiELTER, one engaged in running ores Into metal. Smelting, th" operation by which crude ores are reduced to the metallic state. Fmelting-house, a place (or Bmeiting ores. SMiDDUM-TAirji, in miniuB, the sludtxe or slimy portion deposited in wasliiuL' ore. Smidd'y, a sniitii's shop; a blacksmith's forne. Smith, n forger of metals by heat and blows; one who stri I's metal with a hammer. There are wliii-sinitiis, black-smiths aiul general smiths. Smith and Iron-fodnder, a worker in metals ; one who lias a foundry. Smith, General, one who worlis in all kinds of metals. Smith's hammer. See Hajimer. S.MiTHY, the workshop of a blacksmith, or worker in mctuls. S.MOCK, n farm lubourcr's blouse; a woman s shil't or nndcr-t(arm>Mit. Smock-mili, a wiiid-mlli with a revolvinif top; the frame and salh of whicli can bo moved round to the wiml. .Smoke, the vapour of tiurning vccctableK or minerals; to cure and dry aninuil sub. stances by smoke. Smoke-iilack, a substiuico prepared by the eomhuxtion of y tailors and laundresses. S.moothing-plank. See Plane. SMiTOGLER, a contrabandist; onewhobrines In foreiun goods without paying the Cun- toins' duties; a vessel eii^^aged in smug- gling- SMUGGi.rNO, secreting or hiding dutiable goods ; bringing tliem from the Continent In boats, or concealing tlieiu about the person. S.uuT, a mildew or blight In corn, caused by a species of Uredo, which destroys the In- terior of the grain; four millions of the small powdery spores may be contained in a grain of wheat. Snaffle, a bridle with a slender or simple mouth bit. Snag, the name given in North America to a prejectmg stump ot u tree la a river. Snag-boat, a steam-boat fitted wltii an ap- paratus for removing snags, or obstruc- tions to navigation In rivers. Snails, species ot JMix. Tlie great vine snail. Helix pomatia Is esteeiiu'd as a table luxury on the Continent, and in other localities : on the shores of the Mediter- ranean they are boiled in the shell and eaten with rice. In some countries as in Switzerland and parts of France, snails torin a con.siderablo article of eommerce. They are fed by thousinuls in places called e.tcargaioires, which are made on purpose (or them. They are used, boiled in milk, for diseases ol the lungs. Snare-hoss, a n,imo tor the common eliib moss, Lycopodiuin cluvatum, the iiifi;\ni- inable spores of whicli are used in Gei- maiiy for artificial liulitning on the stage, and are sold in the shops. They are also used (or rolling up pills; for iiowderins intants, andin cases of Plica Poloulca, and scorbutic afl'ections. Snake-root. See Seneka-root. S.nake STONE, a kind ot hone slate, orwhet- stone obtained in Scotland, and also known as Ayr stone; a name given to the lobslls termed ammonites. Ss »KE-W Cecropt Llmiieii Snap, h hnieelei Snapdra raisins ( Snapper, (iir 8ev( comnioi seas, rei colours, much es Snatch-bi sllihle bl ojienlng rop»x Snkeze-W( powdere( lug. •"NIK, a Cat snigo, an f S.NiPE, a wl which Is and well- Snook, a cf the rivers poinns urit Snow, a tvi supplemei Still. SN()w-pr,otj( snow from Snow-shoes long, liv G feet and a t'-.ivellini.M Seotia, ifec sinew, sti battleilorc, Snow-swi;ki contrivanc wavs and i S.N'iFP, pon tlirough th onuff-box, contain sm ofdiflerent mflch^, Ac Snuffers, pi wick of a c the Introdi SNinTERS'-M _ snntlera. Snuffers-ti papier-ma; onuff-make and leaves ^ usually fia' Soap, a det« hig made o caustic po - larcJ by llio oiiu llOllit'!*. mis under a this clollis oot becouieii iibon l8<'m- tlie maim- blacking fur ie turned by See Jack. ivorn. coffop- icre smokhiK two old, tbat to be heated, scs. iiewhobrlnizs f\ng tbe Cm- iged in smug- ding dutiable Uie Continent em about the cm. caused by estroysibeln- nilllona of tia; r be contained ider or simple joitu America a tree "' " ted with nn a|>- gs, or obstvuo- The greiit vine enii-d as a table ;, iiud 111 other of the liledlter- I the shell and countries as In France, snails le of commerci'. in places calleil liiile on purpose boiled in uiilk, le common chit) nin, tlie inflnni- re used in Ger- .ng on the stage, ; They at'o als" ' for powderins tea I'olouica, and •BOOT. 10 slate, or -whet- Hand, and also ame given to the 8n \KE-wo<>D, A name applied both to the Cecropmpeltata, and tiio P'.umeria rubra, LIniiaaus. Hnap, u catch, or Bmnll fastening to a lipicolet, ncclilace, purse, nrbool< locli. Snap-dragon, nn amusement; a dish with raisins covered with spirits set on tire. 8NAPPF.R, A iicnerai name in the West Indies liir several si'ccles o( Afesonrion, a tisli common to the East and West Tiidiini seas. remar1lrd, the Seolopax guUinngo, which Is much esteemed us a dollclous and well-flavoured dish. iSnook, a common fish, both of the sea and the rivers ol the West Indies, tlie Centra pomus undecimalii. * Snow, a two-masted vessel with a small supplementary mast for carrying a try- sail. Snow-pi.oiiqh, a machine for clearing away snow from railway tracks. Snow-shoes, pieces of wood 2 or more feet long, l)v6or8 inches wide, iionnd to the feet and ancles, iiy decr-skin ttiouKs, for favelllnuoversnow. Othirkindain Nova Kcotia, &c are made of strings of hide or smew, strung iu u frame liiiu u racliet or buttleilore. SNow-swEEi-ns'o ENono:. a plouuh or other contrivance for removiii)? snow from rail- ways and common roads. Snufp, powdered tobacco, to be taken throusn tlie nose. Snuff-box, a small box for the pocket to contain snuff, made in endless variety, and ofdillerent material, wood, metal, papler- mftch^, Ac Snuffers, pincers or scissors for cuttlns; the wick of a candle, now little used, owing to the introduction of prepared wicks. Snuffers'-makek, a manufacturer of metal snutlers. Bnl'ffers-trat, a small stand of metal or papier- mftclid, for snulfers. Bnuff-m AKEB, one who pulverizes the stalks and leaves of tobacco lor snutf, wliich is usually flavoured. Soap, a detergent substance, soft soap be- Intt made of fish oil, tallow, ansuiii.'s, brnco> h'ts, and otiier orii.'iinents. SOAP-Boii.ER, a maker of soap. H<>AP-i>isH, a small porcelain or other vessel, for holillni.' Soap lor toilet use. SoAi' i.iNiMENT. a nii'dlclMiii cxteriial appll- catltiii, used an a stimulating luiiricuni for locwl pains. [ot soap. HdAP MANl'FiCTL'liFU. M soiiphoijer; a inak' f 8<>Ap-Nirr, a name lor the seed of liio .\fiiiiom iib^ttergnm. SoAi'-HToNE. or .SiEATiTF, a hyartuient ol ijuchiiepequcz in Uuatimalu. SocQUE (French), a wooden sandal. SODA-ASU, the alkali obtained from common salt, manufactured to the extent of from 100 000 to 120,000 tons a year. It is used instead of ba. I'.la for soap-making, as a substitute for iioi itiid pearl aslies in glass- making, and lor uw.>..hU\^ and cleansing cotton. i^oDA, Carbona'i e ;f, the dissolved soda ash, crystallized, < >v::lch 25,000 to 30. ooo tons 11 year are made, and used medicinally, or fir domestic [lurposcs. Soda-wateb, an Incorrect name generally applied to a comniou effervescing hever- iigc. Tlie etl'ervescent oualiiy is not due to soda, but is produced by carbonic acid gas, which is forced into the water by an apparatus. The gas is produced by pour- iim suliihuric acid upon marble dust, or upon the super-caibonate of soda. The quantity of this cooling beverage made is very large, and witii lemonade has beeu estimated to amount in value to £l,2o0,000 a year. SOM [ 352 ] SOU BuDA-WATKR-BOTI'LK, U BtrollL' OVlll-slliipOil ffliiM bottlu, tliii cork of which U a<'ciiri d ly twine uiiU wire to cunlliie the nijrutiid water BoDA'WATER MANCFAOTruKR. A maker mill bottler of goilii-walfr, wh'> oCluii ul>o inakeH KiiKor-bcor, loinoimUe, anil other aBruted bcveraijea. [Amrnra. ffoF, a plain cloth inatlc from crontH' hair at Sofa, a long Htutfvd couch or reclinliiR Rent. tSoi'T-sO/Vi*. a (lark potash 8oa|) that In nearly ll<|uld. iiee HoAi". KoHAOA, a Thibctlan nnmo for tInciU or un- retlned borax. [11»J InclitM. 80K, Book, a lon(j-inea»iiro I .Slam, nearly HoL, the twentieth part of a U'jrhi or ol tliu old llvre tournoU of France: In Krabunt, 12 dunlers make 1 soL S^)LA, the Aluchynoviene asvera, tlm light sponge wood otltciiKal. See Siioi.A. S01.AII, the name for the hall ol a tteor; a Krain-uieasure lit Masullpatani, •» 1 1-lUili pint. SoLAMiRE (French), n sieve cloth. Soi.ARK, a Spanish laiid-iiiuaHuro of 25 eHtadalca. about 881 Kquarc yards. SoLDun, a metallic cement used by plumbcr^t and tinmen, consisting of an alloy which has ati afllnlty for both metals to be united, and melts at a less lieut. SoLDKitiNa-inoN, a copper tool for heating and melting solder. [for metals. SoLDKK-MANUFACTURER, amakcrof cemciics tioLDiEit, one employi^d In an army, or who lights in defence of his own country; a supernumerary or auxiliary engaged by a foreign state. Soldo, nn Italian money of account, about equal to the EuKllsh shilling, and divided into 12 denarl or pence. There are silver pieces, of 6, 8, and 10 soldi. 60LE, a support or rest for a drainiitg-tile; I lie bottom part of a shoe or boot made ot leather or gutta percha ; an esteemed flat fish, the SoUa vulgaris, of Cuvier, caught otf the British coasts In larL'e numbers : one hundred millions, or 12,000 tons in weight of this fish are Raid to be sold annually in IJIllinKSj,'aic. * SOLE-LKATBEU, tlilck ox-lildo or shoe butts, suitable tor soles of shoes and bouts. .Solicitor, an attorney at law. NoMUAKE, a small coin. boMDiFiEO-MiLK, coiicontratcd or preserved inilk for U8e at sea. SoLLAGAT, a grain-measarc in BuUary, East Indies, = 8 lbs. 10 oz. BoLLAB, the entrance to a mine; a loft. BoLLER, a name In Stettin for 80 pieces of whetstones. SoLOGRAPii, a nnmo whicli has been given to some pictures on paiier taken by the talbo- tvpe or calotype process. BOLOTA, a former TiirUish coin of 2 a-6ths osiics, and wtnth lUI. or Is. Bdlotnick, a Russian weight, the third part (if a loth. SeeZoLOTNic. Soi-TANEE, an Egyptian variety of natron or subcarbonate of soda. Solvent, able to pay all debts contracted. Soma, an Italian inea>uro fur liquids raiit'- Ing from 145 to 30 gallons ; but as a dr.\ - measure from -'2 to C bushels. SoMiiitKRo (Spanls;i), a liat. SoMiMAuic (French), manor duet on cattle. SoMMKi.iKK, a French butler. N(>MMit:K, an uiiimal carrying a paok'lohd; II liorse-lmir mattress. SiiMi'AYK, 80MPI, a weight of no grains used f'lr the precious metals in Madagiiscnr. Son, the French name for bran ; the hu»ks (if ground corn. SuNAiJ. a iiaiiio in nen.'nl for the pods oi tiie C'Uhartocat-pui fUtula. See Vahhi\. FISTULA. [Slllltll. SdNAR, a worker in gold, an Indian gold- Su.NAX (French), a tawed shee|).gklii. ■MoNp, a local Indian name tor uiiiseeiL SoNo-FAi, a money of account of HIam, the half III a Aiaiig, and worth abnut IJd. SiisNErrK (French), a small bell. Su.NoMETKK, an Instrument for testing the efllcacy of treatment in deafness, conslat- ing of a small bell fixed on a table. SoNsoNATE KAI.8AM, a name given to two species of balsam of Peru, a black and a white, obtained In St. Salvador from A/yro] sent to Vi able abmi combined The to/isi substitute tlon resei tlon of the consideral Souchkteui ill Franco; ^, timber tha HOUKFLEE, a egtis, croai 80UFFLONS, ( „ perfect silk oouoii, an ac „ or an ontra Sound, the 11 these are e IresJi or sai a narrow st at anchor; water with OOUNDINQ-BO •uiUie the 8 tance; a bi „ a nnwlcal h OODNDINO-LIN liluininet iq water. 80UNDINO-R01 inches unci / „ water In as BOnXDINOS, tl ^, bottom can houp, rich or niaterials. SoupiEiiE (Fr( Soup-iiirciiutj ported by preparing ai; BOUP-LADLE, a „ long handle f)0Lp.pLATE, a bOUP-POT, SOI J. paring the st DOUp-TlCKET, _ soup at a pul pOUP-TtTKEEN. ^OVR, sharp, at OOUUBASSIB, a Soun-cRouT. bouit-sop, the ta atroplciiltre duce of auot niosa. SouscaivAjjx hill ( sou [ 353] SPA Dii cattlo. piiok-lohd ; (rriiln« uaed mill'""""' ; the hudkt the pndu (it See Cahsia- iKtIaii Buld- if Hiiiin, tbe r the fourtli Is. 3a. _ . ala,lorbo;led 1 but not pul- ular name In I betel mit. Imoiiy, with ttlieeyt-lUlH. cted by ohlm- nmnure. See 'flgtulu pods. me for cassia- lemonade or obtained flrnm i-ash (Sorbus Ino or Spanish liir or cur ; n Uorsc jf I wo plants, acetosetla, the ndretrlgeraiit. uu Infusion in IX acetosa, pos- id 19 also usi d md 111 cooUns It In order. printluB-type. aid; lien^e Sotacomitrcy ihiilero, an im- tan, an under tillon, &c liL- 20th part (1 centimes, and _i- Knulish. 1" divided into 12 of franco used nhcr, obtained iiuocar tomen- 16 ut tUe C'tirtf- Ofar nueiferum orhiitpronim, from Sonfli Anitrlcii, uro filililu. Tno in-o Is the J'fiia luherculata ut Aublot. Ute Saou- BAKI. H()i!iiKRTTF., nFronoh wnltlnir-nialfl. iiouc.vK, nil liidliiii banker ur iiKrchnnt ; a inniiey-leinUr. BorciiKT, a khid of froo-otone ; n French iifiino for the pendulous ninclliiKhuiui tuljers of the Ci/perit.i e.iciilentin, which orociiltlvnti'd hi the Sonth ol Kunipe, niul eaten llki!Mul8,bi'lm;nutrltlvo,rt'.ttor.itl VI', nnd stliiiiilam. 'I'lioy are nlno cm ployed 111 the j)r('i)aratl<)ii u{ oriienf. Tlu-y nru gi'iit to Cairo mill Aie.xandrl i In loiislder- nble abundance, and Hold In the \rv£iut r^*, CDUihined with rice. In the (iirin of cakes. Tlio toasted roots havo been us4rt 2,24»),7n2 1841)., 18.5(1 18,-)l 18."i2 1853 l,7:.."),.'!i)« ,.. I,4n2,n.iu ... 4,0i;).(W4 ... 8,(i.'i,'i.4;i.'> ...i(i..v.i7,«ya Total la^i a.'son.flu 18.V> 8,44H, I8J IMII 4.8011. n«) 18.-.7 4,4W.74» I8.)S 8(«2.'U IM.V.I l.&47,<;i« iH(a> :!,M5,u.<8 58,ii.sa.7iia Tho value of tlie gold colni d at the Hritlsh niint from tho year 1m.v> to 18<;i). was i;2ii,U7-',t Coinage, makes a total of goM coined in tlio twenty-one years of ,€1)2,007,210. Hee Gold and Half SovKiiRKiy. Sow, a large trouuh in a foundry for hold- ing melted metal; a she pig; an Ingot or mass ol metal. SowANS, a porridge or gruel made In Scot- land Ironi oatmeal. SowAK, nn Indian trooper; a lior8e-s(ddier, belonging to tlie irreuuiar liorse cavalry, SowiNo-MACUiNE, u drill ; a seed-planter. Sox, a Scotch mode of Sjielling socks. SuY, a sauce or tlavourlng originally made in the East ; and said to bo produced Iroin a species of DoUchos bean, S<^a hifvida, SovA See Sherbet. [msws. KozDLLiE, an Indian name for small llsli- iSPA, a mineral spring. SPACi:, area; room; a small piece of cast metal to divide letters or words in print- ing. Space-lines, printers' leads for justifying, or tilling up lines or words, made trom 4 to 12 in pica. Space-uule, a thin piece of metal, type- hei«ht, of different lengths, used by com- positors for making n delicate line in algebraic and other lorniula;. Spadh, a di^'ging-tool of Iron with a wooden Inmdle ; a deer three years old. Spadk and Shovel-maker, a manufacturer of tiie implements so named. Spadesman, a name lor an agricultural labourer in Tasmania. Span, a yoke of oxen ; a measure of inches ; a cord to confine a rope ; to shackle tl.'i legs of a horse to prevent its wandering j to attach draught cuttle to a wagou. 2a SPE [354] SPH Spandrel, a triangular space between the square liead over aa arch and the curve of the arch. Spanoi.e, a small shining piece of metal to attach to theatrical or other dresses; to glitter. Spangle and Tinsel JIaker, a manufac- turer of small bright metal scales to sew on to garments. Spaniel, a valuable species of dog, of which there are many varieties. Spanish Black, a powder obtained by burning cork in close vessels. Spanish Chestnut-wood. See Chestnut. Spanish-flies. See Canthahides. Spanish-leather Makfh, a mauufaT!turcr of Cordovan-leather. Spanish-liqdorice, the Inspissated juice of tlie Glycirrhiza-root. See Liquorice. Spanish Mahogant. See Mahoganv. Spanker, the galt'-sail on tiie mizen-mast Spanner, a tool lor turning a nut or bolt- head. Sparables, small iron shoe-brads. Spar-deck, the upper deck of a ship, on which loose or spare spars are aocureil. Spare-rib, a joint of pork with the I'al and other flesh taken off the rib. Sparger, a copper cylinder, used by brewers for dasliing or sprinkling. SPARROWBILIJ9. See Sparables. Spars, a general marine term for all masts, yards, booms, L Rperonare, a vessel employed in Genoa so Spetc'ies, a name for glue pieces; the oft'al of skill and hides. Spiierometer, an instrument Invented tiv Mr. Ross for measuring the curvature ot lenses. RPI [ 355 ] SPO they can the Bar. 19, and be hese mat- ibarrUter. it coins or ney. , uiven of a itities, ma- r building. Ion. „ with small erson wbo 5 of ipatliiT g a pair of one of the , It has no ■ the eyc8, to f'fir the first ect; a money 'fit- ,nc who enters funds, shanis, iig goods upon shed metal; a exaniUilug n>- for testmc the ,r machines. of time given teaching tha ivheat grown in ITriticum speluu. W the red aiul irded. It forms horses, and tlie is much sougUt if hats. skirts; an oW- '; a fore-and-alt in a ship. ^ m- body wh ch tuer from tln'^ lead- matter of ^ macrocephaim idlos with about tdded to prevent [transparent can- I pharmaccntlMl llard, spermaceti. Ison who purifies (e^^uve and cryv fpiecesitheoftal Innt invented ^' the curvature ot Bpu % the common name for pleasant or pn i(;ent aromatic vegetable substances, used for flavouring food and condiments, such as nutmegs and mace, ciimamon, pimento. gin«er, andpcoper; a tecliiiiiNil name among sugar-retiuers lor bullocks'- blood. Spice-box, a kitclien-box with several divisions for holding diflVrent spices. Spice-bush, a name iu North America for the Laurus Renzoin. Spice-nut, a tiinuirbread-nut. Spiceries, a collective term under which nmny of the stinnilant and aroumtic con- diments are Rrouped. Spigot, a peg to stop the vent-hole in a cask or a faucet. Spike, a large nnll; to destroy the utility of a cannon, by plu'jRinu' tlie vent-liole with n nail ; an ear of maize. Spikenard, the JVufdostachi/s Jatamaiisi, a dwarf herbaceous plant, witli a loni; hairy tap-root, a native of the Himalayas, fiossesslng stinnilant and bittcrproperties, laving a strong and fraKrant odour, and It is used as a periunic by Eastern nations, and also against hysteria and epilepsy. The blackish coloured roots are brought down in large quantities from the moun- tains in the north of India. Spile-hole, the air-hole or vent of a cask. Spill-case, a box for holding thin strips of wood, used as matcnes or lighters. BPILLET - FISHING, SPILLIAIID - FISHING, a name on the west coast of Ireland for a system of fisiiing by a number of hooks set on snoods, all on one line. In Kortli America it is called bultow-flshinu. Spillikins, pegs of wood, bone, or ivory, for marking tiie score of cribbage or ollit-r games. Spills, small pieces of wood used for light- ing pipes, or making matciies. Spin, to twist or twirl tincads. Spinach, the Spinacia oleracea, the leaves of which are a common nutritious pot- herb. In New Zealand, the leaves of the Tetragonia expansa are used instead of spinach. Spinal, a kind of unwrought inkle. Spindle, any long pin or bar ui.on which something revolves; a watch fuzec; tile pivot of a capstan; the small shaft of a pinion. In factories the bright iron- pins ou which threads are lorined and wound. In England there were at work, hi 1855, 2,471.108 spindles; in France, 1,386.783. Spindle is also a yarn-measure ; in eotton-.varn a spindle of 18 hanks is 15,120 yards; in linen yarn u spindle of 24 hcers, is 14.400 yards. ^ Spindle-tuke, a lurne and ornamental sliruh, of which one species, the Euouy- mus EurapiPus, and Its several varieties, is a native of Britain. It obtains its ptipu- lar name from the hard and tine-graiiied wood being preferred for spindles and for skewers. Spinet, an old keyed-Instrument, a kind of harpsichord. Spinning-jenny, a niachlno for spinning cotton. 6PIN^I^-G-MACUI^'£s, vai-ious machiuca uud contritrances for spinning wool, silk, cord- age, &C. Spiracles, the blow-boles, or breathlng- liolesof a whale. Spike, a steeple; a pinnacle. Spirit, any Inflammable liquor. [spirits. Spirit- BOTTLE, a glass bottle for holding Spirit-dealer, one who has a licence to vend spirituous liquors ; a tavern-keeper Spirit-enqise Maker, a manufacturer of thi! tavern, or bar, engines for drawing spirits for retail sale. Spirit-jar, an earttienware Jar of various sizes, fo'- sending out spirits. Spikit-lamp, a lamp for burning spirits to lie.itany tiuiig, as metals; ortoranaliblaze or small cooking-stove. Spirit lamps pro- duce little flame, but inten.se heat. Spikit-level, an instrument tor leveliinsr, used also by carpenters and builders, in which asniall horizontal tube, with spirits, fixed on the summit, sliows the true level. .Spikit-i-icence, a hcence granted by the niMkiistrates in quarter-sessions, to retail spirits. Spirit-merchant, a vender of spirits. Si'iitiT, JMethvlated. Hee Methylated Spirit. Spirit of Salt, a name for muriatic-acid. Spirit of Turpentine, tlie oil of turpentine. Spirit of Wine. See Alcohol. Spiuit-store, a slioj) wliero spirits are kept for sale, wiiolesale and retail. Spirit- VARNISH, a resin dissolved in spirit Spirometer, an instrument for determin- ing tlie capacity of the human luncs bearing a close resemblance to a gas- holder. Spit, a long metal spike or bar for sticking vlimds on to roast Si'iTTooN, a box of metal or otlier material fur a smoker to spit in. Splash-board, tlie leatlier or wooden pro- tection in front of a gig. Splicing, a sailor's term for uniting the ends of ropes by opening and interlacing the strands. [ Splint, a thin piece of wood to support n broken bone or fractured limb; thin wootl for niiitclies. [.-tplints. Splint- CUTTER, a shnper and maker of Splinter-bar, a cross-pioco supporting tlio springs of a carriage. [parts. Split, to burst asunder; to separate in Split-lift, a piece of in-sole leather used in shoe-making. Split-pease, husked peas, split for making pease-soup or pease-puddings. Splits, a term, in the leatlier trade, fbr divided skins whicli have been separated Into two sections by the cutting machine; tiiere being tanned siilits and salted splits. Splitter, a name In Tasmania for a wood- cutter. • Spoke-river, a wheelwright, or shaper of spokes or rounds lor ladders. Spokes, bars of wood radiating from the nave of a wheel to the felly, at equal dis- tances ironi one another; tin? rounds of a ladder; a contrivance for skidding tlio wheels of a vehicle. Spoke-siuve, a i)l;me for working ouwood» which la Uoilow or curvua. 'H> SPR [356 J SQU Spongb, a niarino product, of wliioli thcro are many varieties. Lar^o qutiiititiL's of both coarse and fine s|)un!!;« conie into conimerce for toilet and surgical use, lor common washing purposes, for mekiuK Into cloth, liafs, and for otlier use.:; the soft fermenting doUb'ii of which bread Is miKle. * Sponoe-bao, an oil-skin case fur a toilet spoiiu'e. Sponge-cakk, a lluht sweet cake made with milk and ocks. SpoNOK-MinicHANT, an Importer of sponpes either Irom the IJiihiiman or the Mediter- ranean, the two chief seats of tho sponge fisheries. SPONOK-TFNTS, a curgicf.l appliance for a wound, though the practice is now nearly obsolete. S|)0!iKe tents were prepared liy dipping spon;;e in melted wax, and pnss- Ing It till the wax is liardened. A tent ot tills kind introduced into a wound or cavity ■Mdnrges as tlio wax softens. Sponoing-house, the lock-up house of a sheriff's olticer, where (iehtors are lodged before they are conveyed to prison. BPONqio-piline, a substitute tor tlie ordi- nary poultice, made of small pieces of Bponge and wool or cloth felted toijether, ou an impermeable back, and held hy a coating of India-rubtier varnisli ou one side. It is used when softened in liot •water for the saiuo purpose as u bi'ead or meal poultice. Spool, a shuttle; a weaver's bobbin of cane or wood to wind yaru on. tSHOoiy-STAND, a resi or support for bobbins. hi-ooN, asmall doniOstic utensil lor taking up food, or for culinary use. Bportsman, a Imnter; one who follows game with a gun, or pursues the sports of the field. tjpotrr, a tube or shoot ; a curved moutli or nozzle, as to a tea-pot, watering-pot, Ac. ; a slang term for pledging goods at a pawn- broker's. Spowts, boxes or shoots down which coals are run from wagons into ships. Sprat, a diminutive fisli, tho Clupea spratlus. used as food, and caught as the cold weather approaches ia large quantitios. Spkat-oridiron, a gridiro!) made siiecially for l)roiliug sprats. Spreader, an attachment; the branch pipe of a tire-engine for scattering tlie water over a large surface. ^PKiG, a thill nail wiUiuiit a head; an em- broidered branch of a flower. Spring, an elastic body or band ; in marine Janguagc a check on 'lie cable for dlseoii- iiectiug it; to crack or split a niast or spar ; " to spviag a leak " is to let in water suddenly. Spring-balanci!, ati clastic spring counter- bnlancing a valve or lever. Spring-bed. an elastic or air mattress. tjPRiNG-Bi.iND Maickr, a niiilier of window Idiiids worliingon springs. Spring-bracks, elastic suspenders for men's trousers. ttPRiNO-cARUiAGE, a vehicle suspended on tpriutfs lor travelling easy. Spkinoe, a gin, noose, or snare to catch liinls. Spuingicr and Linkr, a workman who puts ill watch springs. Spkino-forgeus, workmen in tho cutlerv trade, who form the spring or piece (if steel at the back of clasp and folding pocket-knives. .Si'i;in(;-maker, a nianufacturer of sterl compound springs tor carriages, or of metal springs lor easy chairs. Spring-seat, a chair or couch wltli a spring in it. Spring-tidks, the highest course of tides, occurring every new and liill moon. Sprit, a small boom or gaff used with a fore and alt sail in some boats. [yard. Sprit-sail, a sail exteiuied on a spn't-.siUl SPROUTS, Brl'sskls', a kind of small cab- bngo leaves growing from the stiilk. Si'KUcK, a naniu for several species of tho fir tribe, Abies communis, and A. nitira being tlie principal species, and suiiply- iiig much of the deal timber of cuiii- merce. A fermented li(iuormadeoftreaele or molnsses, and a decoction of tho leave.s iiiKl branches of tho upruce-fir. It is sometimes called black-beer. Hee Mu.m. * SruD, an agricultural tool for digging up weeds. Spunk. SceAMADOtr. Spun-yarx, a coril formed by twisting to- gether two or threeTope-yarns ; old junk, or rope tsvisted iiito yarns, used lor vari- ous purposes on sliipboard. Spur. See .spurs. Spurgk, a ni-iiio for several species of Eitp/iorbia, used medicinally, but possess- ing' purgative and poisonous properties. Spuriou.s, adulterated ; not genuine. Spuu-m,vker, a manufiicturer of spurs. Spurred-rye. See Krgot. Tot a spur. Spur-uowel, tlie revolving pricking wheel Spurs, spiked irons for the bottoms of tlu! boots of seamen, who stand on the carcase to strip the blubber from a whale; prick- ing instruments with rowels fastened on tho heels of a liorseman's boot. Spur-wheel, a cog-wheel. Spy-glass, a small telescope. Squab, a soft cuslilun ; a sofa; a name ap- plied to a young, unfledged bird, as a squab jiigeon. Squab-pie, a Cornish pic containing a mix- ture of tlsh, flesh, and vegetables. Squadron, a detacliment from a fleet; part of an army; two or more troops of ca- valry. Square, an inner court; an open space or market area; a mechanic's measure for gauging and squaring his work; a workman's tool for measuring angles; also 100 feet superfleial of boarding; a term commonly applied to a jiaiie ot ulass; a rectangle surrounded by houses. Square - rigged, in seamaiisliip, vessels which have tiio yards and sails across tlie masts, instead of lore and aft, or In the direction of the length of tlie vessel. Square-sail, a large tour-sided sail ex- tended on a lower yard. Squash, a name lor tlie Cucurbita Melopejw. See GoL'iUJd. tSQUAT ' local out r Squat; Hies ) wlio llceiic i^Qiin, 1 lion t Sqi'id.i , -N'ewfi i^QI ILL, Stelnli n plan JMeditt being ( o J'li-gat; SQ'IKREi ^ciurui squirre '•Tcufi; I''roiii fl be kiiie, 'cturns skins. skins w( _ '» this c •''QtHHT, a 1 Squirtin-o liu/n (,(j, l-.lateriia 'vliieli is „ K"Ut, dro Suigunda, ^vood. ■?taiiber, a •^TAIilirxG-P , bniders. •'ilABLAT, a „ SWISS her ^TAIILE, a eitlier puh Stable-boi ^,f!i'ooni; al STable-pixI Pi'cpares I other fittil '""TACK, a pil ^vood, ha\| "L'.>s. or aJ *\ Pi'e off stack of wL STACIC-rAEDl stacks. r ^T'*i>E, a l.nt ,, Itinerary nl Madio (iti,i 'cngtli in t\ ,. 22y,irds. r ^STAfp, a erui c'lsign Of oJ "'• bludjre„J nTAFf'-i)l,-pj{.[l " general ol '^^AG, H mall tt'nii for al iiient for I ^vhose ohfol P't'Miinm, \ scribing or f "y^GE, aland '" « theairol STA [357] STA cutch 10 puts cutlery [)iece (if )t StlH'l I, or of iiBprliig of lWe«, on. illi !i f"f" [viinl. sni-il-sivll UiiU cub- iilk. les of the A. nigra a supi'iv- • of CillU- ioftreiu'lo the leaves •llr. It irt See Mum. * illgglna "P ;wi8tln« to- ed lor vun- spccles of hut possess- Lropurtles. nine, purs. Tot A spur. ckln« wheel loiiis ot the iccarciii^e luilc; prleK- wsteiied ou n nnme ap- hird, as u lining a mix- a fleet; part troops of ca- open space iiie's measure liis work; a ring nnnles"' hoarding; « , a pane ol d hy houses, •ship, v.'sseis nils across tu aft, or lu the e vessel. Ided sail cx- ,0 Squat, ft liilncral of thi ore and spar ; to locate or settle down on waste land with- out rlRht. Squattee, a name In the Australian colo- nies for sliccpiltirmers and cattle hrecdors, who occupy largo ransics of land, under licence from Kovcrnnient. at a small rental. Sqi'ib, a iiolsy firework or cracker; an elec- tion placard or lampoon. Sqi'ID, t he .SV/)(« niediii, n-'cA as a bait by the Newfouiulluiul ilshennen. Sqi 11,1., a name (or the rrglnea Scilla of Htelnliell, the.S(v7/a iitnriliiiitt of l.hmiuus; a plant inhabiting the sea-coast of the IMediterranean, tlie acrid bnlbs of which being diuretic, expectorant, emetic, and imrtfatlve, arc used medicinally. Sqiikukl, a sniiiil rodent, a apecios of iiciurus. The lur ot several varii^tlcs of Kqnirrellsnnicli usedforlinings, fbriiiipots, for cull's, and otherartictesoi ladies' dress. From fifteen to twenty tiillllons arc said to be killed in Uussia annu.iUy. In the trade returns t hey are a< micti mes called ( ^alahar- sklns. Ill 18,")(!, about 2.L'a(),0()0 sfinirrel- fiklns were Imported, and cliiiily used up in this country. Squiiit, a syrlngp. SQUiiniNO-ct'cuMBKB. a name for the L'cba- liiim ugreUe of Kichard, the Alomordica llkiterium ot'Linmcns; thcdrasiic juice, of which is used medicinally in cases of t-'out, dropsy, apoplexy, constii)atlon, fti\ SuiQUNDA, a local Indian name for sand.d- wood. [priiUcr. Stahbek, a marling -spike; a sallmaker's .STAiiHixG-PKESS, a press useil by book- binders. .SrABLAT, a winter cow-house, In which Swiss herdsmen live with their cattle. Stable, a liouso or shelter lor horse.-?, either public or private. Stable-boy, Stable-man, an ostl. or fiioom ; a person •\vho attends on horses. STable-fixtuke Makicb, a per.son who prepares and fits racks, mangers, and other fittings (or stables. Stack, a pile of any thing, as a stack of wood, hay, e'^rn, &c. ; a eolumn of cliir,i- ney.s. or an elevated chimney to a lactor\ , !> pile of muikets rested together. A stack of wood Is 408 cubic feet. Staciv-yard, an enclosure 'or ricks or stacks. Staue, a landing or shipping place: an itnierary measure. See Stadio. Stade-dues, tolls levied on ships [Elbe, in the •biia Melojiwo- Stadio (Italian), a furlong; a measure of length In the Ionian Islands, consisting of 2!i yards. Staff, a crutch or support; a flag polo ; .an ensljjn of ofHce; a policeman's liand-ulub orbludtieon; the round of a lailder. Staff-dfficer, a military ofllcer assisting a general or commander of an army. Stag, a male red deer; a stoek-extliansc term for applicants for letters of allot- ment for shares in a new company, whose object Is to sell Immediately at a premium, without any intention of sub- serlbhif,' or holding shares. Stage, alandihg-fiuay or pier; a pinttorm in a theatre ; a scaflold erectiou for build- ing; a public carriage; an asHlmica portionof a journey or limit travelled bjr horses. [stage. Stage-box, a box In a theatre close to the Sta(;e-cakkiaoe, Stage-coach, a pnblio conveyance plying for hire. Stack-door, the back or side door; the actors' and workmen's eulranco to a theatre. [carrlaue. stagkk, a horsT running In a stage Stac-morn CirrTKR, a worker up of deer horn 'or knite hiindles, Ac. .Sta, for covering flights of stairs. Stah'.cask, a series of stone or wooden ste, » for .iscendhii? hulldlmrs. Stair-head, the top of a (light of stairs. Staik-uods, iron rods, coated with brass, fixed In eyes, to secure and keep a stair-carpet smooth in the bend of each St- p. Staitiimev, men ensagort in weighing and sliippiiig coals at a stallli. Staiths, lines of rails projecting over a river: a drop from which vessels are loaded with coals, Ac. S';a.J(), an Italian dry-measure : in eome dls- tricis one busia.l or less, In others 2 or 2}. ¥<" - iidils the stajo varies from 2i to 6J gall. 100 stajiofcorn = 28two-(ini>s ini|ieiial quarters; bur, estimated, coin- moiil.k, at 342 staji to 100 imperial quarters. In some parts 100 staji — 502 loiperlal nusliels. Stalk, to shoot J<'L>r. Stall, a crib or portion of a stable; a stand or booth in a marUet ; a small open or p.utlally closed shop in a street, as a frui;- stall, a book-stall, a cohblrr's-stall; a select and reserved front seat in Uie nit of a toeatru or other plac. oi public amuse- inoiit. .-^tall-fed, cattle that have been stabled and lattcncd in stalls; not permitted to roam at lar^'o. ST.tLLi0N, an entire or ungelded horse; one kept for serving mares. Stamp, a die or mark; an Instrument for sealing or making iimiresslons; anotflclal tax or mark, as a ,..jstage-stami>, a re- ceipt-stamp, a po«t-ofHce letter-stamp. See Postage -STAMP and Keceipt- stamp. Stamp-collector, a receiver of stamp duties. Stamp-cltter, an engraver of dies on wood, stone, or metal. Stamp-duty, a Uovermnent tax on news- papers, deeds, bills, receipts, and postage stamps. ound, consisting of 20 sldlllngs, copralns 614-546 grains pure siUvr, and 1:45-454 grainq standard silver. The fineness of gold lis estimated by carats, uold of the liiyhe-t degree of fineness, or pure, being said to be 24car.it8 line, 22 being the purity of our prssentgoid coins. The sovereign, or 20 shilling piece, contains i\3mi grains line gold, and 123"274crnins standiird U'lM. The pound troy of standard grid, is coined Into de sovereigns, and 88-]20ths ot a sovc- xeigii, or iutu i>40 : U: OU. The mint, or standard price of gold, tlierefore, is said to be £46 : 14 : 6d, per pound troy, or £3: 17: lOJd. an ounce. The alloy hi coins is reckoned of no value ; it is allowed in order to save the trouble and expense that would be incurred, In refining the metals to their highest degree of purity; and because, when its quantity is small,"it renders the coins harder, and less liable to be worn or rubt)ed. AVere the quanti'y of alloy considerable, it would lessen tlie splendour and ductility of the metals, aiiil would add too nuicn" to the bulk of the coins A/'Culloch's Principles of Com- merce. There are several standards lor gold now used, us 22, 18, 15, 12, and 9 carats. Standard-bearer, an otHcer who carries a banner or colours in a procession. Standard-mark, a legnl a-'^ay mark for gold of 22 ( iruts fine, and tor silvo!" of 11 oz. 2 dwts. Articles of all standards, capa- ble of bearing a stiinip, are marlied also with tlie initial.s of the maker's name, the arms or mark of the Assny Otiice, and a letter lor the date of the j-ear. Different kinds of ictteis are used by the Goldsmiths' Company ; ibe one now em- ployed is the old black letter. The al- phabet was begun in 185(5, C being the letter for the present year. 18')8. It runs on to 20 letters, J being omitted; a fresh alpiiabet is then again commenced. The standard mark for England is a lion pas- sant: for Edinburgh, a thistle: for Glas- gow, a lion rampant: for Ireland, a harp crowned. Gold of 18 carats fine, a crown and the figures 18. silver ot the new stan- dard, which is 11 oz. 10 dwts. fine, bears tlie figure of Jintannia. See H-UJ,- MARK. Standing, a stall plncfd in a market, or on tlie foot pavement in a street; a work- in;\irs loom in a lower fiat or storj'. Standing-kiggixg, tlie stationary or fixed rojies and chains, itc. ot a ship, attached to the hull; used as staj's and hold-last.-*, to keep the masts, bowsprits, &c. firm and secure. Stanh'ope, a sporting phaeton. Stanhope-pre.s.s, a printiii'.'-pross, named after the inventor, Eiiri Stanhope. Si'ANNARY, a tin-mine or tin-works. Jstannary-court. u court oi law and equity, held in Cornwall, of which the Prince of Wales is Lord-Warden, and a Judge the Vice- Warden, held to adjudicate I'pon, and settle, disputes between parties connecteil wit'i mines. Stasn ate of Soda, a salt obtained from tin, larg(*ly used by calico-printers. Stapklstader, a privileg*4 weight for metals, ineertain towns in .-^ireden, which is 4-5tlis of the common standani, or vic- tuali weiglit ; lOO lbs stapelstader =■ 74-93 lbs. avoirdupois; 100 lbs. .ivoirdupois, = i:i3-46 stapelstader victnali; 112 lbs. avi'irdu! ois, = 1411-47 lbs. stapelstiider vic- tnali; rj ski))pnud stapelstader viciuull are aijuut equal to the Eu«lish ten. Staple, in tlie Jsewcastle I'oul district a siiinli "'t; an Iron loop driven into a wall or do . ''••■ . for lioldiiiij a iMwiiock. • Staple 'leult 1 trict 01 Stapler Star, s: Stak-ani of Cliii carmin prepara capsule tial oil, with w( Star-app its varie Starboar looking Starch, ) obtained and seed chiefly i rice. In maize. 'br Htifl'i. bleachers tlon is s , annum. > Starcher, one who i Starch-ma from root is carried especially some of th OTARELLO, -Milan 2 g? Starie, the «TAKo. See, Startin, a „ Styria, neJ State -barg] State-bed, rated bed. State-carrJ age for oti\ part ill puif Statl.ment,] dered; detf . hiniislied.l State-roomI Stathel (sJ stack of grl Station, a I place on al tlut.v'; a gf trict under! thequartel Station -cleI *'T.iTIONER, J „ or ill smallf ->TATION^:IiS•■[ compiiiiiesl Statloners'l ■''TATIONERS'i t'TATIONEIir, „ 'he articled Btaiion-masI railway stJ Ol'ATION-POI.J J'lg instruul statistics, tS commerce,] "t a couutl Wivatc cou STA [359] STE , Is said troy, or alloy In allowed expcnso lint; tlio • purity ; small, it !S8 llalilo quanti y >s8en tlie itals, anil Ik of ttio of Com- tlards lor 12, and 9 10 carries ion. rk for gold of 11 oz. rds, caii:i- B markfd B inakfi's he Asfiiy )fthe3'ear. sed by tlio j now em- '. Tlie al- being tlio ,8. It runs 3d ; a fresh need. Tlio a liou pas- >: tor Glas- aiid, a luup le, a crown e new stan- , tine, bears See. Haul- arket, or on 't ; a work- • story. iry or fixed ip, altaclied il hold-tat'ts, &(!. Arm and ross, named ),ie. orks. and equity, i(. i'rinceof „ .ludge the iU'iiion,anil ics connectu*. ned from tin, weight for redi'U, wUicli ..lard, or vie- luelstader = avoirdupois, lUi; 11^ ll»^- pelstiidervic- aiier viciu;ill all ton. M\\ district ft on into a wall idlock. * I Stavle Articles, the chief coniinodlties dealt in ; tlie principal produce of a dis- trict or country. Stapler. See Wool-staplek. [See Stajo. Stak, Stauo, an Italian grain -measure. Btak-anise, the llliciuni amsatum, a native of Cliina and Japan, the aromatic and carminative fruit of which Is used in the preparation of liqueurs. The star-shaped capsules and seeds abound in an rsscn- tial oil, easily procured by distillation with water. Sep Aniskkd. Star-apple, the ChrxjsophijUum cainito, and its varieties, a luscious iVopici'l Iruit. STARBOAun, the right-hand aide of a vessel, looking forvvmtl. Starch, a fecula ; an amyl.aceous matter obtained Ironi various substances, roots, and seeds, and the trunks ot trees. It is chiefly made fioin potatoes, wheat, and rice. In Ameiica It is obtained from maize. It is largely used by laundresses for Mtifrening linen, by calico-printers, bleachers, and others, and the consump- tion is said to exceed 20,(W0 tons per annum. See .\rrow-root, and Dextrine. Starcher, a laundress; a clear starcher; line who stilTens fabrics. Starch-manufacturkr, apreparer of starch Iroin roots or grains. The manutaciure is carried on in ir.ist of the large towns, especially In those which ar.^ the seats of some of the principal textile manulactures. Starello, an Italiiir grain-measure ; in IMihin 2 gallons, in liome 4 gallons. Starie, the French name for Uemurrage. IStako. See Stajo. Ktartin, a measure of capacity used in .Styria, nearly 2(iuarters. Rtate-rarge, a royal or co'-porate barpe. bXATE-itED, an elaborately carved or ueco- rated bed. State-carriage, a highly decorated carri- age for officials going in state, or taking part in public processions. Statement, a declaration ; an account ren- dered ; detain or explanatory particulars furnished. [senger steamer. State-room, the principal cabin of a pas- Stathel (Scotch), a support or prop for a stack of grain to raise it above the ground. Station, a depot; a starting or stopjiing place on a railway; an assigned post of duty; a garrison for troops; the sea dis- trict under the jurisilietion of an adiiiiral; the quarters for police. Station-clerk, a railway clerk. Stationer, a dealer in pens, ink, paper, &c. or in small periodicals. Station r: Its'- COMPANY, one of the livery companies of Lontton whose hall is in Stationers' court, Ladgate hill, [hinders. .'^TATIONERS'-RULE, a mcisuie used by book- STATioNiiRT, writing materials and booKs; ilie articles dealt in by a statiomr. Btation-master, an otWcer in cliarge of a railway station. Station-pointer, Station-stafi. survey- ing instruments for taking nnsles. Statistics, tacts and tigures relating to the commerce, progress, or social cindition ot a country; [larliameniao' returns or urivatv computations. Statuart, a car^-er or sculptor In stone; a maker of sta' aes ; a collection of statues- Statuaky-makbi.e, crystalline, granular, white nmrbic used for monuments, busts, furnit'ire, &c. [>toiie ormetaL Statue, ai' ltr>:ige or carving of a flfeuru in Statuette, a small statue. Statute, an annual public gathering or fair, lor hiring farm servants, in some parts of the country ; a legislative enactment. Statute-labour, a definite amount 01 labour required lor tlie uublic service in makliiit roads, streets, bridges, &c. in certain colonies; which has to be performed per- Bonallv or by. suostitute, but may be com- i-utetlhy a money payment. Statute oV Limitations, an assigned period within which an action must be brought, which varies; for ilebts it is six years. Staves, shaped lengths of wood ior making casks, chlitly of widte or reU oak; but also made ot ash and otiier wood. They ai<^ sold by the siandaril niilie, i- thou- sand, of lii'oo, or ten standard hundreds of 120 pieces. Staves vary ii; lengtii, accord- ing to ilie pur|:ose they are intended for, from 31 inches long to 72 inelie.s, and in breadth from 3 to 7 inches; in thickness from I to 3 Inches. Prepared staves are reckoned In some parts oi the Conti- nent by the schock. Thus a long thousand ot staves usually consists ot 20 -chock, each of 00 pipe staves; for hogslnad anil barrel staves the long thousand consists resi.ec- tively of 30 and 40 schock, and for [lip'., hogsliead, and barrel headings, of 40, (50, and 80 schock. The hnports of staves in 18.'>3 were 67,747 loads or tons. Stavesacre, tlie acrid, eimtic, purgative seeds of Delphinium Staphisugria, which are used against woi'ms aim itch. The seeds are also employed in the Levant lor Intoxicating ilsh. Stay and Corset Maker n in.aker of stiff- (Mied waist-siipports lor .eiiiali .s. Stay-busk, a .stiff piece of wihhI, steel, or whalebone for the front support of a woin;.:>'s stays. Stay-lace, a s'ilk or thread cord for fastci- mg a lady's stays. Stays, larije ropt-s le.iding forward, used to support and secure the masts of ships; corsets for feiniUes. * Stay-sail, a ship's sail which is hoisted by rings upon a stay or rope. STLAn, the frame of a bed ; a place or loca- lity, OS a homestead, a farin->teading. S'lEAK, a fleshy slice ot mi at lor broiling, fiyin;.', or stewing. Steak-bicater, a roller lor beating beef- ■ steaks beioiu cooking, to makH them ten- ner. Steak-broiler, a gridiron which catches tlie giavy from tiie steak. Steak-tongs, small tongs for turning chops or sieaks when broiling on a gridiron. Steal, to thieve; to leiiiove clandestinely; to defraud. Steam, water converted into an elastic field by the application of hent. and largely applied as a motive power m propelling vrssels uiid carriugvs, aiiU dnviutj machinery. STK [360] STB Steau-boat Bliu>er, a constructor o£ Teasels to be driven by steam, either pHdUlc-wheels or propellers. Steam-boiler, ttie metal vessel In which steam is Kcncrntcd. Steam-carkiage Maker, n manufacturer of vehicles to be propelknl by steam-power. Steam-chest, a box attuched to the cylinder in which steam Is admitted by the regu- lator. STEAJt-CTLiNnEB, the vessel in which the moveable disk or piston moves. Steam -dhedoer, a machine worked by Btcam, with buckets on a revolving frame, to keep the beds of rivers and harbours clean. Steam-engine-boiler Maker, a constnu - tor of steam - boilers lor locomotive, marine, or stationary engines. Steamer, a spare top fitting on a saucepan, with holes at the bottom, for cooking pota- toes by steam ; a steamboat. Steam-gauge, a contrivance to show the exact amount of pressure of the steam. Steam-hammer, a heavy hammer worked by steam-power. STEAJt-INDICATOB. See STEAM-nATTGE". JsTEAM-MiLLS, machinery worlied by sleam for dilfVrent purposes. Steam -PACKET, a steam -vessel running periodically between certain ports. Steam-pan, a vessel heated by Kteiim, Steam-pipe, in locomotive engines the pipes which collect and convey the steam to the steam-chest; pipes for heating buildings. Steam-puess, a printing-press worked by steam. S fEAM-PROPELLER. See STEAMER and Pko- PELLEB. 8TEAM-PUMP, a pump worked by stenm. Steam-tug. a small steam-boat employed to tow vessels, barges, dredgers, &c. Steam-whistle, an attachment to loco- motive-engines; an escape of steam through a pipe which produces a shrill warning whistle, that can be heard several miles. Stearin, Steafic-acid, the solid consti- tuent of fiUty substances. Steatite, a soft, unctuous, magnosian mineral, used by the Chinese tor niiiking figures, and suitable tor statuary and decorative purposes. See Soapstoxe. Steekkan, Stechkanne, .'■ Dutch liquid- me.Tsure, the 12tli part ; a barrel, and averaging about 4 gallons : 68tochkannes make a tun ot train-oil. Steel, a compound oi iron and carbon. The principal varieties manuiiicturcd are bar or blistered steel, to which shcar-stcel belongs, cast-steel, Damascus, and (Jer- man-steel; an instrument for sluirtcning aknife; apiece of metal tor strikinu alight with a flint. See Wooiz and Qeruan- STEEL, &C. Steel-busk Maker, one who makes metal busks or bones for women's stiiys. Steel-convebter and -refinei:, one who carbonises bar-iron in a converting fur- nace, prepares it into blister-steel, and afterwards refines it. SiEGL-MANCFACTCBER, R nmkcr Of sliear or cast steel | a hammerer and roller of stcd into the sizes required for files, edge-tools^ table-knives and forks, coacli-sprlngs, ;iNG, a term in well-digging, iinplyins< enclosing or walling in half a brick tliick. Steep, a dye; a cleansing wash; a rennet- bug; to dip or soak. Steeple-chase, a kind of race, in which the horseman proceeds, regardless of ob- structions, over rivers, hedges, or ditches. Steer, a young bullock; a castrated bull; in Scotland, to plougii land. Steerage, that part of the between-decks of a vessel which is just forward of tho cabin; tho accommodation afforded to second-class passengers in a passenger- ship. STEEniNG-WHEEL MAKER, a manufacturer of the tiller-wheels with handles, used to work the rudders of large ships. Steersman, the pilot of a boat; a helmsman. Stein (German), a stone; a weiglit of 20 11)8. to 22 lbs., by which flax is weighed in Siixony; this weight varies with the goods weiglied. Steinueiiger, a kind of wine. Steinbock, a species of Caj)© antelope, tho A ntelopa tragulus. Stencil, a piece oI metal, oil-cloth, or lea- ther, in which patterns have been cut out, to be placed on some surface, and brushed over witli ink or colour, when tlie pattern, letters, or device is left. Stencil - CLTTER, a person who pierces patterns, letters, or ornaments, on thin metal plates, or on oil-cloth, &c. for tho useorastenciller. Stenciller, one who works with a stencil. Stencilling, a kind of ))ainting on walls with a stencil, to imitato the figures of paper-liangings. Stencil-plate. Sec Stencil. Stenographer, a reporter; a shorthand- writer, b.'ENOGRAPHY, abbreviated writing; the art o( taking down tlie words of a speaker in short-liand characters. Stknt-master, an assessor or valuer of pro- perty, for taxation in Scotland. Step, a stair, or the round of a ladder; a pace ; the liole or socket which supports a boat's mast. fiTKPPks, Stepping- „ in a mir Stere, fii employe Ac. Jti Is the sfl ^ of capaci Stereosco ill wliicli of 1111 oh angles, ri «s one St in bold scenes an tlie eve. Mtereotipi tlie letter weight of „ kept In pr Stereotvpe metal jiiat A mould ii „ and into tl Stkheotype „ in making Stekicotvi'k- the place o i'lg. 'J'hesc on blocks o Sterlet, the of sturgcoi which yiel, Its flesh is caviar. Sterling, ace term wiiiclJ (.'cnuine n\\ United Kin, P't-HN. tlie afi a vcssf). f>TEI!N-FAST, n a vessel, wli stern-post, t that o'l whii ^TER.V-SHEKT! abiiftthoroi i'TEUMTATOK , tile nose, wl f^TETCH. ii liirn the ridge o made bv a p „ora]2-feeti Stethometer '"X tlio con in cases of ^^istsofndiii wiiich is ae f'dcsofthe. to extend ar f'TETHCSCOPE, ahillo^v till perforated tl nn ear-piic. fhapcd eavit „ hig tlio actii f'TETIIOSCOPE „ Wooden sou stevedore, a I ^_!owageofa , »Thw, meat h P* d STE [361] STI r of Bted Ijje-tools rlnsa, &•«• liroffoiBa ring steul 8. r of metal used for : of plates takes Im- platcB. a mill lor ool. ^liich steel some time, ign, havlni? reis?htbeiiin arm, srowa is removeil ipport. . i«, implying brick tliick. i; aremiet- •e, in which •dless of ob- <, or ditches, rated bull; ill itween-decks rward of tbo aB'orded to a passeuger- nanufacturer idles, used to ps. a helmsman, weight of ^0 I is weighed ies with tlie antelope, the ■cloth, or lea- ; been cut out. and biuslied iilhe pattern, who piercM icnls. on thin h, &c. for the with a stencil. itim; on wnll3 the figures of ' a shorthand- wrltins; the •dsofaspealier r valuer of pro- .and. of a ladder; a hich supports a Btevp'ks, vast, untilled, or barren plains. Bteppixo- STONES, stoiies laid in a brook or in a miry road. Stere, tlie unit of French solid-measnre employed for measurliiL' fire-wood, stone, &c. It is equii tallast, to steady the ship. St. Ignatius' Beans, the seeds of the Ignatia ainnra; also ibr Fcnlh'a seeds, in lirazil. See Koi-Kiju. Stile, a kind of stepping-gate in a field; a set of steps to pass over a fence. Stiletto, an instrument for u iiking eyelet- lioies in needle-work; a slender dagger or kni:e. Still, a metal apparatus with a boiler, a liead, and a condenser or worm-pipe, through wliicli the va;iour ascends, iu the distillation of liquids. Still-hanger, an engineer or worker, who fixes the stills for making mm in the West Indies. . Still-hoi;se, a bulHii-g where distillation is carried on. Stilliard, an incorrect mode of spelling steel-yard. Still - koom, an apartment for keeping iifiueurs, preserves, &c. ; a room where a still is worked, for making spirits or es- sences. Still-yard. See Steelyard. Stilton, a solid, rich, buttery, and white cheese, made in Leicestershire. It is the dearest of English cheeses, and is seldom used till it is two years old. Stilt.s, props or poles for walking on. Stimpart, in Ayrshire, the fourth part of a peck. Stimulants, medicines or strong drinks which increase the action of tiie puloo^ and excite the energies of the system. ' m ?* ST.0 t 362] STO r Stinger, In Snotlnml, a thatclier: oiio who repairs thatched rooH. Stink-pot. an oiTeTislvo |irniectlle, coiitaln- iii« stinkhii; combustibles. Stink-trap, a klml of patent aink, to pro- vent tho oxhabitloM ot noxious vapours fVotn tho sewcH. Btint, a miner's name for ft plveu qu unity of work to be performed; a term in tliu nortli for cattle and tthccp taiien in to graze. Stipend, nn aprreed nllownnco or sahuy. Stipendiary Magistraie, a resident paid miiKlstrate, Rtu'ple, to engrave by means ot dots. Stipui-atr, to baritain ; to covenant. Stirabout, a hasty pudding. Stirk, Sturk, a young ox or h.'Ifer. Stirrup-ibon, an Iron hoop or rest for a horseman's foot. Stirhup-leatiieb, tho strap or 8uspei\dlng support for a stirrnn-ii on. Stitch, to fasten wltli a needle and thread ; to form land into ridges. See Stetcii. Stive, a name given to tlie floating dust in flour-mills, during the operai on of grind- ing, [peimy. Stiver, a small Dutch money, equal to a Stock, the cross-piece of an anclior, at right angles with the shank, which is oitlK r of Iron, or wood firmly bound together with Iron lioops; a computation for grain in Hamburgh, IJ last, about lOJ quarters; a log or trunk of atree; a kindorstllT neck- band; material for soup; cnpitai; farndng ammals; articles of trade. * Stockade, a fortiHoation or fence of pointed stakes, in JSew Zealand culled a iiali; a cattle |irn. Stock and Hit, a holder of bits for boring wood, used iiy cirpenters; a centre-bit. Stocic and SHAitE IMtoKEii, a dealer in tiio public funds and joint->tock companies' shares, wlio is required in London to hold a licence from the corporation. Stock-exchange, a body of stock-brokers who meet and transact business in their hall in Capel court, under certain recog- nized forms and regulations. Stock-exchange Committee, a body el cted from among the stock-brokers, to manage the general affairs of the st.oek-< xchau-e, and decide upon matters brought beiorc them Stock-fish, cod flsh, wldch Is caught on the coasts 01 Si)airiand Norway; and, after washing in tlic sea, is snnply sun-dried lOid not salted. See ilAKE. ST()rKiNG-Fii.vME, u machine for weaving stockings. Stockino-maker, a weaver or manufacturer of stockings. Stockings, hose ; coTcrings fir the feet and legs, of cotton, silk, or worsted. Stocking-trimmkr, a decorator or orna menter of stockings; one who removes loose threads or imiierfections. Stock-in-Trade, tlie go>'ils kept on sale 1)\- a shop-keeper; the ttttings and appliances of a workman. Stock-jobber, an outsider or intermediate agent hetwern tho buyer and seller of public securities, who makes a margiaul prico at which shares, Ac. nro to be noiiglit or sold in the Stock-exchange. Stock-list, a lit , nul)ilslied daily or periodi- cally, enumerating the le.tdlng stoclts dealt In; tiio prices current; tho actual transactions, &c. Stock-maker, a manufacturer of stiff neck- bauds worn by men. Stockman, alierdsman; a keeper of cattle. Stock - market, tlic stock-exchange; a place for the sale of cattle. Stocks, public funds or securities; tlio red and grey bricks which are used lor the exterior of walls and (ronts of build- ings; tlio frame upon which a vessel is built: men's St llfbunds or ties for the neck. See IMari.e-stock.s. Stock-shave, a bioek-maker's tool. Si'ocK-sTATioN, a district (or real lag and lierding cattle. Stock-taking, a periodical examination and Inventory of t,oods, or stock, in asliop or warehouse. Stop, a liquld-measnro used In Germany and Russia, avcragim; 2J pints. Stoke-hole, tiio laoutii of tiio grate of a furnace. Stoker, one wiio pokes or kindles a fire; a miiii wlio attends to a fire-grate or furnace and supplies it with fuel : tlie term is c'.iefly applied to men so employed on locomotive and marine steam-engines. Stomacher, a lady's ornament of net or lace for tiic breast. SroMAOH-PUMP, an apparatus for emptying tiio stomach, or injecilng liquids, &c. Stomach-waumer, a metal vessel for hold- in;; hot water to place on the stomach. Stone, a commercial weight varvlng witli tlio article weigiied, but legally 14 Ib.i, 'llie stone of iiutcher's meat or flsh Is u-iualiy reckoned at 8 Uis. ; of cheese 16 lbs.; of iienip .32 ItJS. ; of glass S lbs. In Hamburgh a stone of flax is 20 lbs,; of feathers 10 lbs. Tiie Prussian stone of 22 Ihs. is equal to 22^ lbs. avoirdupois, i stone making 1 trade centner, of 110 ll)i = 11,3 lbs. avolrduiiois, nearly. Stone-breakeb, a labourer employed in preparing metal for road-making. Stone-cutteb, an operative empioj'erealv- ini; stones to mend roads. [stone. SroxE-MASON, one who works or builds in SioNE-MEnciiANT. an imnorter of graiiliu from tlie Channel islands, Scotland, ifec; a dealer in paving or buiidiiiir stones. Stone-planing Machine, a machine forfic- iiig or sinootiiliig marble and other stone. SToNE-QaAUKY, a place where stones aro dug or cut. Stone:^. Large qu.nntities of different kiniij of stone are Imported. For instance, m law, tiiere were brought in 103,8.59 solid feet of rough marble; 12,018 cwts. of sawn or manufactured marble ; C7(')5 tons o( stone in lumps; 620 tons of hewn stone ami slate; 12 tons of limestone; 125 tons o( fliiit; 47 tons of felspar and stones foi potters' us tonsof lltl shaped or of mlU-stf stones. T worked up mated at 4: BrONE-SLAB, Stone squai who shapes Stonk-ware, Hpproncliln lain, used i posed of cl: by heat, am glass coarin Into the fur Stone-whabi for car^'oes Stone-yard, where panp Stook, a nam Stool, a low penter's ben which throv Stoop, an ok „ of 4 J pints. Stop, a Swedi Stop-cock, a See Ball-co Stope, part of Stopello, a g and Messina Stoppage, an ( of work; sc deduction m to repay adv Stopper, the c a bottle; a p Stopping-knif Stopple, a cor Stop-watch, whlcli can b< elapsing. Storage, a ch Stobax-tbee, of the MotUt tho balsamic expectorant. Store, a gener to lay up, to Store-keeper, stores; the shop-keeper i iniscelianooui commodities. Storeman, tlio shopman, oiu Store-master, that Is, a 8he( Store-pigs, sw or slaughter. Store-room, S deposit-place securing or st Stores (FrencI supplies laid 1 STORE-SHIP, a fleet or exped stationary trn Storey, the ele or Other build floor to floor. STO [ 363 ] STR nro to be ;clmnge. f' or period!- Ung stuck!) the actu.il 3f stiff need- ier of cattle itcluinge; a luitlcs ; tlio [ivo used lor nt8 of biillU- \\ a vessfl It) , for tlie neck. I tnol. reuilng and examination ock, 111 a slioi) in Germany Its. lio grate of a .Indies a fire; nre-grate ot fuel : tlie term I employed on lu-enniiu-s. lent of net or i for emptying niiiils, &c. l-essil for Hold- le stoinnch. ; varylns with lewally 14 lbs. eat or fish Is of cheese 16 liiss 5 11)9. lu IX is 20 lbs.; iisslan stonu oi avoirilupnis, 5 iier, of 110 Ihi I'lV. ^ , employed in lakins:. employed \n a iig marblu miu oo'.s, smooths, II'.; pin-poses. .mer for I'renK- [slime. ks or liuilds ill rtpr of Kniiiitii Scothxiid, "fee ; in it stones, iiaehine for fie- nd oilier stone. ere stones are dilTerentkiniu or instance, m In 103,aJS) soliil Scwts. of sawn ; G705 tons c hewn stone and le ; 125 tons o( and stones fo( potters' use; 1.5 tons of pebhlc stone; ."il tons of llihoB.-'apliic stone; 12,000 tons of shaped or rough scawled stono; 117 tons of mill-stones, and aWfl tui-* of burr Btoncs. The whido iiuantltv of stone worked up vearlv In tho kingdom Is esti- mated at 42,(H)0.(k)0toiis. BroNF.-sr.AB, a ulato 'of .stone. Stone sQUAiiiat, a worker in stone; one who shapes stones. 8T0NK-WAUE, a |)erfoct kind of i)ottpry. appronchliiK very nearly to a true porce- lain, used foround sail of co:uso material, hoisted In gales of wind. Stot. a provincial imine for a steer or younff liullock. [pint to J of a pint. Stotz, a .Swiss llqnld-mcnsiire, holding i a Stove, a cast-iron fire-place, heated by coal or una, for wanning and ventilating shops, warehouses, offices, tfec. Stove - iiitcsn, a housemaid's polishlng- briish, for hlackening or shining a LTnto. Stove-maker, i loundcr and caster of stoves and m ige». for grates and fire- places. STOVE-roLisii. hinck-iead. STOWA(iR, room lor packing or placing u'oods in a ship's hold or waieliniise. Sti)wce, a miners name In Ueriiy>hlro for a sin di windlass. [sliip's hold, Stowkr, one who puts awav the caryo in ii Stijacke. a refuse of silk. &>'> stiia.'-se. .Stuaggi.ing, a mode of dressing the surfaces of grindstones, also called nig«ing. .Stuaioiitex. to level or smooth ; to pliinc, SruAiT-JACKET, a waistcoat or tmndagcd liarment for conflniint a lunatic, to pre- vent his injunng hinisel! or others. .Stkake. a narrow board or plank ; the tyro of a wlu'ol. Strand, thesen-sliore; a division or twist of a rope; an aggregation of yarns from l!i to 2.5 twisted together, three strands belli,' spun into a rope, and three ropes making a calde; to drive or force a ship on shore Strap, a narrow leather band or long strip of any thing, used us a f isteiiiii'-'. Stuassk (l-'reiicli), the waste orrefu'e of silk in worklni; it up into slook. .he front or entrance door of a dwellina-li'iuse or sliop. Street-door Key, a private latch-key, or liir«e entrance door-luy. Street-keeper, a suvet-wnnl ; a hradle li:ivinK tiie clmrge of a private street or tiiorouirhfare. [or. Stkeet-oudeiily, a parochial street-sweep- Stuekt-sweei'IXG Machink, n cart fitted witli revolving brooms, or a rotatory Itvush and scraper, for cleausmji public thorou'-'lifiires. [Hie streets. STREKT-WARD. an officer havluK tlie caro of ,»t;!Emma, a land-measure inOreece, aooiit tiie fourth part t : an acre. [tend. Stretch, to draw out or lonnthen ; to e.\ - bXKETCHEK, a thlu piece of wood plaeeil acro.>s tlie bottom of a boat, for the oar.s- mnn or rower to rest his feet aL'ainst; an insirument for easing boots or gloves; a closing l)ed-frame. Stretchers, a building term for briclportiMg a stuiMnu'-siiil boom, STUDDiNf 1-8 AILS, n:irrovv extra saiU m-i out- Bide tile regular H(|Uiire Hails in tine Meaiher, on boouiH run out for the purpose. Studknt, a scholar; fi young artist ; one who stnclli'S. Studio, an artist's workshop. bTL'uy, a painter's preliminary sketch for a tinlshed work; u druuglii copy lor fm provement. STi'tKiNO, minced Mcasoiilnif; savoui\> li. gredients put Into meat or poultry. bfUFKi.NU-BoX, the -'ii.'ico In a cy.Hiiler ( part of a steam-e.ifiiiie, wiiicirims to bi closed with tow, yarn, or some other sub- stance, to keej) In the steam. BTUFP-MANUi'ACTLUiiB, u maker of thin woollen cloth. STirFF-siiovKr,, an im|>lcment used by the paper-makers. Stum, grape juice, or wine that has not fermented : this Is frei^nently mix d with vapid wines to renew terinentation. Stump, a stub or root block ; tlie root of a tree left in the ground; an artist's soft pencil or rubber; a thin jiost used at cricket, three of which sui lort the wicket bales. [sail" Stun-sail, an abbreviation of " studdlii>,'- !5TUNT8, a name ibr young whales of two years old, which, having been weaned, are lean, anil scarcely yield more than 2'. SucciNic-Acin, an oil obtained troni umbci* resin by distillation. Succory, a general name In tlio United States for chicory. Succotash, an Anioiie.in dish made of ureon Iiidfiii corn, or maize and beans boiled togetla:-. Ri ccui.i L, lull of juice. SucKEii, .1 iiiston; a piece of leather in the box of a DUmp; the oil-shoot of a pi. int. Si (JKi.vo-BoTii.E, an infant's feeding- oottlo lor lioidint; milk, with a sponge or Iiidiaa- rubber cork. St cKiNG-i'iQ, a young pig. Sucking-pump, a pump whore the water is rai>cd into tlte barrel by atinospberie pressure. Suds, water impregnated with soap, for washing or scouring. SuEDO, the twentieth part of the Catalan liiira, a coin which is wortii about 2s 4d. sterling. SuELDo, a money of account in Spain, about 3s, 8il. SuEuiE (French), a drying-room fortobncco. SuEKTE, a Spanlsli lonK-niea»uieof lUOestu- ilaies. See Estadal- Suet, the hard-solid lat near tlie kidneys of oxen and sheep. SuETCHOi'PER, a minchig knife for cutting up suet. Suet-pudding, Suf.t-dumplinq, hnrd-boilod l>laln imddings, mixed wiili suet. SuFFED-TiL, a name in Iiidlaiorthe white- .>-ee( led variety ot Sesamu in orientale, tiiO black seeded being called kala-til. Sufferance, a permission granted by the Customs, for Uie sliipmcut of certuiu (joodd. ss % ^P ^ w > ^^J^^"^-^^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGE r (MT-3) 1.0 £ 1^ Uii 122 ^ ua 12.0 I.I iiy& 1.25 i^ i^ Photographic Sdences Corporation ^ %' y. ^ w ^ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14S80 (716)872-4503 SUG [366] SUL BuPFEBANCB-WHARP, a Wharf licensed by the Customa, and \Vhere Custom- housu officers attend. Sl'fridera (Spanish), a smith's tool for punclilng holes on an anvil. SruAR, the saccharine constituent of vece- tul)le and animal products. The sucnrs of commerce are obtained ciiiefly from the juice ot the suu'ar-cane, tlie beet-root, the .sap of tlie sugar-maple, and from SDUie of tlie piilms. The following fli;ures show the quantity In cwts. of raw cane 8U);ar consumtd in this country witliln the last four years :— 1833 7,307,980 1 1830 7.39e.fi97 1854. 8,100,423 1 1850. 7,240,026 Besides the raw aapar, there are about 300,000 cwts. of refined sugar used. SuQAK-APPLE Tree, a name for tlie sweet sop, Anona squamosa. Suqar-baker, a refiner of sugar. SuoAK-BASiN, a glass, silver, or other vessel for holding loaf or moist sugar, for table- use. SuGAR-BEAN, the Phaseolus saccharatus, a sweet and nutritious pulse, cultivated in the West Indies; the scimitar-podded kidney-bean, P. lunatus, a native of East- ern India. Sugar-beet. See Beet-root-Btjoab. Sugar-box, a kind of long case ii which Havana and some otlier sugars are im- ported. Sugar- CANDT, crystallized or clarified sugar, tiee Canuv-slgar. Sugar-cane, the Arundo sacchari/era, and its varieties, larj,'ely grown in many tropical countries for the sugar obtained from its sap. SuQAR-CANiSTEB, a large tin canister for holding chopped loaf-sugar. Sugar-chopper, a small lialchet for break- ing up loaf-sugar. Sugar-dredger. See Dredoing-box. Sugar-kettle, an iron pot used for boiling down tlie sap of the sugar-muple In North America. Sugar-loaf, a conical mass of white sugar, which lias been shaped in a pot, and refined and baked. Sugar-machinery, the rolling mills nece.s- sary for squeezing out the sap of tlie sugar-cane. Sugar-maple, the Acer saccharinum, from which a large quantity of sugar is made for home use, in New Brunswick, Canada, ^ew England, and some of the other North American States. A single tree will vieldfi or 6lbs. of sugar. A. nigrum, the blick sugar-maple, is found in Ohio and the States further south. Si'GAR-MiLL, a crusliiiiK-niill for squeezing the juice from the sugar-cane, between sets of three or more rollers, placed either horizontally or vertically, and worked liy dllTerent power, but usually now by steam. BoGAR-MaL Maker, a founder and mill- wright, who coiLstructsthe crushing-mills used on sucar-estates; also a maker of 1! cast-iron mills used by grocers for mixing Bu^ars. SuGAit-uouLDS, small conical-shaped pots, made ot common red pottery-ware, or of sheet-iron, for moulding sugar in the pro- cess of refining. SuGAR-NiPPEES, tools fof Cutting loaf-sugar into lumps. Sugar of Lead, the acetate of lead, a com- pound of acetic acid and oxide of lead. Acetate of lead is mucti used in calico- printing. Sue VR-PANS, largo, circular-shaped cast-iron or copper boilers, used for bciiingdown sugar. Sugar -PLANTER, a tropical agriculturist ciig. Maker, a iikouidd to pour i pliers to take est Indies and ies, the spoiled and waslilnga, ime for gum for scammony, ties. lid of things; a 1 assortment of I law-process or . in the govem- s for a batch of cwt., or one )f followers; a tng into each a court of law. )acity used iu the bread-ftnlt. tor the Polyne- Ich Isinglass is 'orthearomutlc ri Culilaban of _^ARK, liceled carriage tor metal scoria tlio union of able base. The class of salts, ed under their nable body, of nistry and the iitly in deposi- Is also ohtalneil Itlsusedexten- of gunpowder, We import au- )f Bulphur witli BcLPHDHiOACiD, ouo of the most important chemical nnents used in the arts and manu- factures, made by conductintt the burning fumes of sulphur through a leaden vessel, exposed to the action of an oxide, water, and steam. It is used in the manufacture of soda-ash, in bleaching woollens, straw, &c., and for a variety of chemicul produc- tions, to the extent of 300,000 tons per annum. It Is also called oil of vitriol. Sulphur-impressions, casts and medallions composed of wax and sulphur, chiefly made by Italians. Besides those made here, some are imported. Sultana, a kind of raisin without stone. SuLTANiN, a former Tuiklsh money of 120 aspers: also a gold coin worth 10s.; a name for the Venetian gold chequin. Sumach, Shumac. the dried and cliopped leaves and shoots of the Rhus coriaria, a shrub growing In Southern Europe. Wlien ground to powder in a mill, sumach is largely used for dyeing and tanning. The colouring matter is yellow. Our imports, average aljoui 18,000 tons per uimum. SuMBUL. an Eastern name tor the root of the Nardostachys Jatamansi, a dwarf herbaceous, perennial plant. It has a strong and fragrant musky odour, and is much esteemed by all Eastern nations. Sumgat, a Canara name for boiled course lice. Simmer-house, a small alcove, or garden shelter. Summons, a writ commanding a person to appear before a justice. Sump, a mine pit ; the bottom of the engine- shaft below tiie lowest workinijs; a pond of water for salt works. SuMPMEN, tlie pitmen's assistants in a mine ; men who attend to the machinery in the engine-shaft. SuMPTEii, a beast that carries provisions, clothinir, (fee. SuNAPANO, the Malay name for a musket. Sux-BUKNER, a kind of large gas-hurner for lishtlng and ventilating public buil- dings. SuNCHAL, a medicinal salt imported from Bombay. See Black-s.vlt. SuNDAT-scHOOL, a tree school in connection with some place of worship lor instruct- ing the young in monU and religious duties. BoNDAT-scHOOL Teacoeb, a pcison who attends gratuitously at a Sunday-school to instruct. Sun-dial, an instrument to show the time of the day by the sun's shadow. Sun-fish, a genus of cartilaginous fish, the Orthagoriscus, some of which grow to nn immense size, individuals occasionally welching from 300 to 500 lbs. It is vory fat, and yields a large quantity of oil, but the flesh Is ill-tasted. BuN-FiowEB, a name for species of Heli- anthus, a large garden flower. The seeds form a good food foi poultry, and a useful oil is obtained from them; the leaves and stalks furnish a strong fibre, and the refuse or luarc from the seeds, after the oil has been extracted, yields a good cake for cattle. Sunn, an Indian name fhr the Crotalaria juncea, a fibrous plant which has a clofe resemblance to the Spanish broom. The fibre is exported from Madras under the name of Madras hemp, and from Bombay under that of brown iiemp. Superannuate, to pension off fi'oni old age or inc'ipacity. Supercargo, a merchant's aKcnt on board sliip; the Bupuriiitondant of the cargo. Superficies, the outside surface; leugthand breadth without tnickness. Superfine, ot superior quality; excellent in maimfacture or texture. • Sin>ERiNTENDANT, an overlooker; a director or overseer of otliers, as n superintendant of police, of builtllni-'s, harbours, railwiiY works, machinery, &c SuPEiuoR, a cliiel ; the head of a cnnTent. Supernumerary, rw extra hand; a name for the persons casually employed to nil the stage, &c. at a theatre. SuPER-PHospiiATE, any substance with an excess ot phosphoric acid, as the super- plit>sphr>te of iron, of l!me, JG-BB1 „ li'g brld( SWINQLK, _ the end ( SWINQLB-T traces oi „ land the SWDIQ-PLOl SwinqTba „ table use, SWIPLE, th( to the pa ^ of leather Switch, as whip. SWITCHEL, I Switches, .i tionofas, SwitchmanJ charge of Swivel, a c „ a link of li SWIVEL-BEII ^, opens in tl SWIVEL-GUN moving on ^, pointed In SsWlVE|i.Hoo; „ an iron str Sword, a cut SWOBD-BEAR ;lon, who c I^rd mayo SWOBD-BELT. port or carr SWORD-BLADl sword. SWORD-OD-n^B makas swor TA A L '**'] TAB their fiklna 1UI8' • down ro Imported |8 arc coin- wlth gooae- tforrcckon- fontliers on ladles' dass idofwoollcn ess niul coit- of tlic wild 1 featliers on, rlca, and tlni lie extent ot • bringing old ' beps leaving irturs. tlon promoted lacco; a term ,f debuslnRtlie ug it In ba«8 ; if tUo metal is lor employing es. a bath for pro- In low vessel*, I calms; ammi lie accumulated TKEET-SWEEP- EUU. et used in sen- tracts gold, &c )f ft calf. , United States uiainus, tho rlil- ^tlc, stimulant, lo other tonics, scent aromatic r-nowder. . 'leforsuccades; ir, and confec- miide of milk skimmed oil; Ir salads ; Lucca lurpo8e8, such as making musical Instru- nents. Tunbridge-ware, cheese and elder presses, mangles, and some parts of machinery; but is chiefly employed by coopers. Stcb, an Indian groom or horst^keeper. SrcEE-siLVBB, a species of Chinese currency in the form of ingots, called "shoes.^' which are of various weights, but mostly of 10 taels each. The purest quality has 97 to 99 per cent of pure sliver. Stderolite, a description of Bohemian earthenware resembling the pottery called Wedeewood-ware. Stowam. an Indian name fo; teak-wood. Stllabcb. See .Sillabuk Syllabus, an abstract, compendium, or pro- gramme, containing the heads ot a lecttve. Sympiesoueter, a very simple and beauti- ful instrument, which indicates with great precision the changes in the pres-^ sure of the atmosphere. Stnaooodb, a Hebrew chapel, a place of worship attended by Jews. Syndic, a German magistrate or municipal ofltcer; the French name for an assignee. Synopsis, an abridgment. Stpbok, a bent tube ; a large receiving vessel for holding cane-Julce from tho mill in a sugar-boiling house In the West indies. our and time bestowed on it, is usually charged double the ordinary composition of letter-press. Tablon (Spanish), a plank. Tabob, a small shallow drum used to accom- pany the pipe in rustic dances. Taboubet, a stool, or seat witliout arms or back; an embroidery frame. Taoahabaca, a fragrant resin obtained ' flrom several species ul Idea. Taoapow, in the Paciflc, mats made from the n-onds or leaves of the coco-nut palm, used for covering floors. Taceta (Spanish), a copper basin or bowl. Tacbe, Teachb, the name of a largo suKar boiler in the West Indies, varying in size from 70 to ISO gallons. Taohoueteb, a measurer of minute vari- ations of speed. Tack, a small nail with i large head: u shelf for cheese; the weather clew uf u course; to put a ship about, so as to bi iii^' the wind on the opposite side; to t'astiMi together loosely by ionii stitdies. Tackeda, a name in Illiulustnn for tlio visa, a weight of 3] lbs. ; 5 sirus. Tackle, a purchase formod by a rope rove through one or more blocks; :v vonerai collective name lor all fittings, liarness, and appurtenances required for workinir, as flshlng-tackle, running rigging, &c. ; in Scotland, an arrow. Tack-lifteb, a tool for taking up tarks from carpets on a floor. Tacks, small short iron nails tinned, for holding down carpets .ind other purposes. Tacksman, a tenant of the higher class in Scotland ; one who holds a lease. Takl, a Chinese weight of i i ."ith oz. or 679*84 grains ; a Cliinesc money = (is. tSd. Tafeta. See Taffetv. Tafeu, an artificial fertilizer, mode in New York by a Manure Conipany : it Is compo- sed of three-fourths nigiit-soil chemically disinfected, dried, and screened, and ouJ- fourth Peruvian guauo. Taffety, a thin glossy silk fabric, of a wavy lustre, imparted by pressure and heat, with the application of an acidulous liquor, which produces the etlect called " wa- tering.''^ Taffoo, a Chinese name for dried cakes of nlght>soil and clay, extensively used tbr manure. Taffeail, the carved-work or rail round a ship's stern. Tafia, a kind of rum. Tapilete, the iSpanish name for morocco leather; marroqulm, Portuguese; mar- rocchlno, Italian ; safflan, German. Tafurca (Spanish), a kind of flat-bottomed boat Tao, a piece of brass or otiier metal fixed to the end of a boot or stay lace, or string, to give rigidity, and facilitate threading ; the end or catch-word of an actor's speech. See Teg. Taggers, a very thin kind of tin-plates used for coffln-plate inscriptions and top.< of umbrellas. They measure 14 inches by 10, and are packed in boxes of 450 sheets. Tahona (Spanish), a horse-mill; a bake- house. TAHxnjA (Spanish), a piece of ground of about 40 square yards. Tahdn, the Malay term fbr year. Tal jSeeTAEL. Tail, the hinder feathers ot a bird; the obverse of a coin ; the skirt of a coat; a horse's tail as a standard. See TAoa Tail-block, a block strapped with an eye- splice, having a long end left, by which to fitsten the block tensporarily to tu«riggiBfi. Taii^b< cartv TAa-cc „ walkli TAaiNQ winno Taillaj Taillb- „ gravei Taillet Taiueui maker iAILOR,! _ in clot} Tailors make ft ready-ii Tail-wec strings See 'hi Tail-pin, Tail-raci ^ water-n Tails, ti fordifl-er are moui of the 81 termed,) of the en used for tails are Horses' t horse hal Tails-coma had ore. J aim, a cu ^ inches. ,1^AIN, athir lAiNo, aBi tabling 7( ,,, miles one iAKnB,aki of India, 1 orthesoh i ALANTO, a _, Ionian Jsl£ lALAXAN, a _ -Manila, e(] Talbottpe, iALc, a beat in India, y parent eias and magni Jime: com ftislble^anc The dhini shades, an »8eit,whe -,dereditma lALE, a nu money and Taleo V (Spa simd loiian lALENT, an a: talent of all worth .£341 worth le f _,«5464: «: Talero agli 4s. 4(1. Tajlesfob. nr 'ragrant sti; TAL nade from ■nut palm, or bowl. a largo », varying Inute vnrl- ;e head; a clew of a as to biiiii! ,; to lilSli'U nil for tlio 18. IV roiw rove . :i ;;eia'riil (,'8, lianicss, or woikliiu:. jliig, &^- '> '" ,g up tnrks I tinned, for ler purposes. i;Uer class In sase. l-5tl» oz. or u,y a Us. «Jd. inmlo in No w ' : it l9 conipo- oil cheniiciilly ned, and ouc- tjrlcofawavy nro and hfat. iilulous liquor, called "wu- dried cakes of lively used tor )r rail round a ke for morocco tuguese; nwr- "lerman. , flat-boltonica Lr metal fixed r stay lace, or I and facilitate Itch-word ot an J of tin-plates Dtlons and tops gire 1-t Inches by Is of 450 sheets, -mill; a bake- of ground of year. lot a bird; the llrt of a coat; a SgeTAoa _A with an eye- left, by which to ytbtueriggiBfr [571 J TAM Tail-board, the hinder tide or flap of a cart which lets down on hinges. Tail-coat, a dress or body-coat; not a walking or track coat TAaiNos, the chaff or lighter parts of winnowed grain. [ware. Taillamderib (French), edge-tools; hurd- Taillb-doucier, a French copperplate en- graver or printer. Taillbttb (French), a kind of slate. TAiLLEDSB,a French mantua-makcr or dress- maker ; a sempstress. Tailor, a cutter out and maker of garments in cloth, two miles one turlong, nearly. Takitb, a kind of spindle used by the natives of India, which is turned upon the thiyh or the sole of the foot. Talanto, a local name In Corfu and tlio Ionian Islands for 100 lbs. avoirdupois. Talaxan, a solid-measure for firewood in Manila, equal to 72 cubic feet. Talbotype, a photogr.ipli taken on paper. Talc, a beautlfhi and useful mineral found in India, which readily splits into trans- parent elastic flakes. It consists of silica and magnesia and a small proportion of lime : combined with alkalme salt it is fhslble, and forms a greenish-yellow glass. The Chinese make splendid lanterns, shades, and ornaments of It; they also use it, when calcined, in medicine. Pow- dered It makes a silver sand for writing. Tale, a immber reckoned ; a Chinese money and weight of lo mace. See Taeu Taleo V (Spanish), a bag containing a thou- sand follars. Talent, an ancient Scripture weight, equal to 118 lbs. 10 oz. 1 dwt. 10-3 grains. The talent of silver, containing fiOmnnchs, was worth JE341 : 10 : 4}d. The talent of gold, worth 16 talents of silver, was equal to «5484:8:8Jd. Talkro, a silver coin of Venice, worth about 4s. 4.1. Talesfub, an Indian name for the highly fragrant stimuiutltig leaves at Rhododen- dron aromatieum, used as a medicinal snuff In India. Tale, Talesman, a person called upon tu servo on a Jury, In the absence of a sum- moned Juryman. Tali, a name in the Eastern archipelago, lor the treble fanam, formerly coined at Madraa the 24th part of the Si>anisli dollar. Talisman, an amulet; a magical stone, figure, or cliarm, worn to ward off evil. Talispathree, Talisputrie, names In tlui Indian prices-current iur the Flacourtia eataphracta, the leaves, shoots, and bark of which, are all found In the Indian Materia medica. The leaves resemble rhutiarb In flavour, and are used as gentle astringents. Tallarola (Spanish), sheet Iron. Talleh, an Arabic name for the Abyssinian myrrh, produced by the Acacia Sassa. Talliaob, an excise or tax levied. Tallow, the most important animal fat oi conunerce, obtaincu chiefly from oxen and sheep. Our home production Is esti- mated at 120,000 tons a -year, besidi-* which, we import largo quantities trout abroad. Our foreign imports, in 1856. ex- ceeded 60,000 tons. In former years It was larger. [lallow. Tallow-candle, a mould or dip made u( 'I'allow-chandler, a dealer In caiullec. Tallow-chandi.krs" Company, one nt tlio livery comiianles of London, wiiosc hull is In Dowuate-hill. Tallow-melter, a maker ofcandles, a puri- fier of grease and suet. wood, a hard handsome furni- ture-wood : when powdered it Is used by the Zulu* of Africa aa an emetic. Tambour, an embroidered muslin or lace, tlie tambouring being performed by a small hook Instead of a needle ; a species of fancy-work In threads, sometimes of Kold and silver; a round course of stone ; a large French military drum. TAMBOuniNE, a musical Instrument gome- tliinv like the heud of a drum, with metal clappers placed round it to Increase the noise. Tahboub-wobb; raised flowers, figures, dec. worked on muslins, silks, woollens, u> 800 to lono gallons. Tamk-makeb, a manufacturer of iron cis- terns for ships, or ot slate, or well-secured plank cisterns on shore. Tannah, an Indian police-station. Tanner, one who converts skins Into lea- ther. Tannebs'-babk, oak and other barks con- taining tannin, used for forming a steep for the conversion of skins into leather. The foreign barks Imported for the use uf t:t> ners and dyers, averaged in the three years ending with 1856,10,500 tons a-year. The spent bark is sold to lead manufac- turers, to be used In the process of making white lead. Tannebs'-waste, the hair, fleshings, and other refuse from a tan-yard, sold for mixing with mortar, making glue, Ac Tannin, an astringent vegetable principle met with in several barks and other parts of plants, but especially concentrated in nut-galls. Tann iNG- SUBSTANCES, oak and larch bark, va- lonia, sumach, divl-divi, gambler, cutch, and other astringent matters contaluhig tnnnin. Tan-pit, a pit in which tanning subsMnces, are Infused to steep skins for making leather. Tanst, a garden-flower; also the Tattace- turn vulgare, a roadside plant, which has a very strong and fragrant odour, and aromatic, bitter, and tonic properties, which cause It to be admUilstered in dyspepsia, lntermittents,and gout; as an Hntnelmlntlcltls also used In cases of worms. The leaves are employed as a seasoning ingredient iu puddings and cakes. Tap, a subordinate bar attached to an inu or tavern, where beer and tobacco arc served ; a spile or pipe for drawing liquor from a cask: a square-headed screw; to new sole or heel boots and shoes. * Tape, a narrow band of cotton, made either red, white, or biack ; the former is chiefly used for tying up ofllce-papers. White and black tapes are used tor dress and bindhig purposes. Tape-line, a workman's measure of about 50 feet: a surveying line; a yard-measure rolled in a small case. T.u'E-mandi'actu&er. a weaver of tapei Taper, a small wax candle, or roil of wax for office use. Taper-stand, a holder for tapers. TAR [373] TAR Tapestbt, woren or omanented figured cloth of wonted or silk fbr covering walls, making bed-hanginfn, Ac Taprstbt-oarpbts, the name generally Kiven to a very elegant and cheap two-ply or Ingrain carpet, tlie warp or weft being lirinted before weaving, bo as to produce the figure In the cloth. TvPBTE (Spanish), a small floor-carpet; worked or floured stuff. Tapla, the garlic pear (Cratona tapia), a natlTp of Ceylon. The Juice of the astrin- gent bark Is used as a tonic and a febriluKe. Tapioca, a starch prepared ft-^m the cassava root iJanipha Manthot). The luice of the root deposits a white fecula, which, afbvr being well washed and dried, constitutes what Is called " monssache.'* When the moussache is dried on hot plates, the grains partly burst, and the fecnia agglomerates in Irregular, semi-opaque, gum - like masses, and is then called tapioca. Tapis (French), a tnble-cover t a carpet Tapissisr, an upholsterer; a tapestry or carpet-maltcr in France. Tapnbt, h frail or basket made of rushes, fto. in which flK^ are iniported. Tappal, an Indian post-offlce. Tappet, a lever connected with the cylinder valve of an engine. Tap-roou, a sitting-room common to the fl-equenters of a tap-house, tbr drinking and smoking in. Tapskan, In Scotland, a servant who has the principal charge. TAQnA-KiTT, a name for the fVult of the Phytelephas macrocarpa, which furnishes vegetable Ivory. TAQmoBAFo (Spanish), a short-hand writer. Tar, a thick, viscid oleo-resln, obtained by combustion from pine-trees, and used for coating the planks and cordage of shipping, making pitch, smearing vessels, &C. Coal tar is also made in this country at gas-works, to the extent of 300,000 or 400,000 tons a-year. We import about 16,000 lasts or tons of tar a-year from abroad ; a seaman; also a name In Call- cut, on the Malabar cout, for the vis, a petty silver money, the 16th part of the fanam, and worth rather more than the third of a penny, the fanam being valued f "1 T, X. a name in Bengal for the Corypha Talliera, or talipot-palm, much employed (Or making leaf-hats and leaf -umbrellas. Taracea (Spanish), marquetry, or inlaid work. Tar-asok, a kind of Chinese beer, made irom barley or wheat, a prepared hop belnir added to the wort in brewing. Tar. Barbados. See Barbados-tab. Our imports, in 183S, were 122 cwts. T.VR-BARREI,, a cask that has hold tar. Tarbquches, a name tor the red Fes-caps worn in Turkey. Tar-bbush, a long-handled strong brush fbr spreading tar on wood. Tare, an allowance by the Customs, and merchants, lor the weight of a bag, cask, or other pbckage, in which goods •re imported, or for the papers, string. wrappers, and bandages, &o. that incioae merchandise. Tares, a name for t^ie common vetch, Vicia tativa, a generally cultivated fodder plant; the seed Is also used for feeding poultnr. Of this seed tlie nvcrago annual imports ft-om abroad. In the three years ending with IIUO, were about 20,U0J quarters. Taroet, a butt In archery; a mark to aim at in rifle shooting. Tari, the sap or Juice of the Phoenix splves- tris, which Is drunk in India, th>8h from tlie tree, or fermented fur distillation. It also furnishes date-sugar, llnch tree, on an average, yields 180 pints oi Juice. A nominal Italian coin, worth in Malta only l{d., but In Naples abont 8il., the flfth of the ducat; 2 carlins, or 20 grains. Tabifp, a table of Customs duties charge- able on goods Imported or exported; a l)Oflk of rates or sale prices of goods. Tarin, 'a money of account In Sicily, the thirtieth part of the gold once, and worth about 4d. i a Spanish silver real of 6} cuartos. Tarja, an ancient Spanish copper coin. I'AR-KETrLE, a pot for heating tar In. TiVRLATAN, a kind of book-muslln principally made In Scotland. See Muslin. Tarnish, to stain, to lose colour, as the brilliancy of silver and other metals becomes dull. The tarnish of silver Is occasioned by sulphureous vapours. Tarnishing, a process of giving gold or silver a pale or dim cast, without oitlier polish or burnish. [Arum. Tauo. the tuberous roots of a species of Tarpaulin, breadtiis of canvas sewn tu- getlier, oiled and coated with tar, used to cover tlie hatchways of vessels, barKoa, wagons, red with tarred or painted cloth. Tarpaulin-ma.vcfactueeb, one who oils or tars canvas for covers. Tarragon, a common garden herb, the Ab- tinthia Dracunculus, which has warm, aro- matic qualities, and is employed as a pickle, and to flavour vinegar. Tabraja (Spanish), an instrument for cut- ting ornamental mouldings. Tarrass, a volcanic product used witli quick-lime, to make a coarse k ind of wate r cement, for lining cisterns and other reser- voirs of water, being highly aurabl'.'. It is also called trass and terrass. Tarrie, Tbbbib, a dry-measure of Alglors; the 16th part of a cafllso, equal to 3-493 gallons. Tarro (Spanish), a glazod earthenware pan. Tabt, a pie or pastry of fruit or preserves ; a sour or shan> flavour. Tabtan, a Highland plaid, of which each clan has a particular pattern. The mate- rial Is either silk, cotton, or worsted, or a mixture of two of these. Fancy plaids are, however, made for the general public, for tartans, hose, caps, &&; a small Spa- nish coasting sloop ; a long covered car- riage. TAU t 374 1 TEA Taktar, Ckkam op, pure Mtnrtrnto of pot- iwli; piintlcil nrKind liniK t!l*. ; icc; n hoiixc irlts. TNKISS, llill- ilo for boys. 1111). B kid, Hlici'p. iincholnB Icit KI(IVU!«, lllil> rpoHcs; wl.:i'- ilour. -•d by govern- iiK a low rnti' lEH, n rorcivcr cliiiiip's of a I'tfiilly ox.i II - iixliiK-""'""' •■• mills imil iiri- rul lilslorv. r Hpiioliitc'l ^1' ade 111 a »nii- by tlie client, r uiiwarruniiil isUot-meJisiirp. ipooii, oqiiMl i» Jllllly OlU'ii lint :>r theronstlni; Arum macro- ^c r.nv sIlU, oh- Niinkini.'. the ilor 111 quiiliiy Caiitoii silk. )r vaso, witu a Rnsslan drv- or 6 bualicm, iftislon of herbs leclally applied i leaves ot the Black teals the irreen-tea. Our B, 86,169,517 lbs. were taken for ;rick-tea. ;ho Catna edulis, itUoporiflc, and ed by the Arabs )duce watchful- l for a tea-table; hool children or pier-mftch^ tray mental box for apot ^, . , cake or kind of d for tea. for holding ton r'9 shelf caulsttr soatomenk [378] TEJ Tx\-0ANI8TKR Makkk, a manufnctiiror of piilntod oi jii|iiiniii.'U metal caiilHicrs tor Hrocers' Rlions, ikc, Tkaciik, the last copper or receptacle for liolMiiR sugar In a HUtiur-hou.se. 'ri'.ACiiER, an UMhi-r; a monitor; a achool- muHtor or Instructor. Tka-ciieht, a small square wooden case, in which tea Is Impurtc.il trom China, holding iihout f cwt, the t.all-chest, i cwt, 'le.^-ciTP, a small china or earthenware howl, with a hanille, standing In a saucer, lor drinking tea from. Tka-dkaler, a retailer of tea, who most generally SPllscotlc(*and groceries. There are about 120,000 licensod tea dealers in the kingdom. Tea-cakukn, a puhllc-house garden whore relreshments are served. Teak, a hard, heavy, and durable timber obtained from the 'fectona grandis, used for ship, waKon, carriage and other hulid- lii); purposes. Our imports, in IS.'iS, were 'J3,8:>0 loads, about two-thirds from the East IiidloH iind one-third from Hlcrra l.eono. African teak does not however belong to the same family ; it Is the Old- fieldia A/ricana. Ti \-KETTLE, a metal holler for water, with a pouring spout, made of iron, copper, or tin. Teal, a small well-known species of wild duck, the Querguedula crecca, common over Europe In tlie winter, and in request tor the table. 'i'EAM, a set of oxen or horses working to- uethcr. In Australlaand tlio Cane, owing to the bad nature of the roads, nwmy "pans of oxen are yoked to the wagons. '1 EAM-DRiVER, Teahsteb, a wagoucr; one who drives a team. 'i'EA-MEETma, a religions or missionary niuethig provided with tea^ a school ga- therinK, dec. Tka, Pabaqdat. See Pakagcat Tea. TiiA-PLANT. See Tea. Tea-pot, a vessel, usually of metal, with a handle and siiout, for muking and pouring out tea. Tea-pot HAKor.!.' -maker, a manufacturer of horn and otiier handles of non-conduct- ing materials to fit to metal tea-pots. Tea-poy, an ornamental pedestal table, with htting top, enclosing caddies for liolding tea. Tear, a rent or slit In a garment Iea-saucer, an earthenware stand for a teacup. Tease, to comb or clean wool; to card or raise a nap on woollen cloth. Te.vsel, Teazle, the Dipsacus fuUonum, a plant cultivated to aconslUerable extent in the woollen cloth manufacturing dis- tricts, for its use In raiding the nap upon those stuffs, which it does by means of the rigid hooked awns or cliatt of the heads. Upwards of twenty millions of these teasel heads are also imported annually from France. Teasel-fbaus, a set of iron bars or a frame to fix teasel lieads in for carding woollen cloth. Xba-sbbtige, TEA-THiM08^tbe Whole appur- tenances or Dtenslls required for a tea- table; sometimes apiiliud only to the tea- pot, mlllL Jug, aud sugar basin, when of silver. [tea. iKA-spooir, a small metal spoon Tot stirring Tka-tablr, a imail round or other table tor serving tea on. 'i'EA-TASTER, a pcrson who tests tho quali- ties ot teas in the Chinese ports, or tu the I^ondon brokers' ofhecs. Tea-tuinus. See Tea-bebvicb. TcA-TUAY Maker, a manulacturer of tea- boards, for holding cups and saucers, &c. Tka-uen Maker, a mauulacturer of orna- mental metal vases, containing a heater, for keeping water boiling on a tea-table. Tkaze-uole, the opening in the furnace of u glass-work, througli which coals aro put in. Teazkr, the stoker or fireman In a glass- work wtio attends the luriiace and leer or arched building. [or manufacture. Technicai., relating to any particular art TK<;iiNULO(nsT, a writer or lecturer on tiie useful arts and maimfacturcs. Tecum-kiiire, the produce of a palm leaf resembling green wool, imported into Liverpool Tyom liraziL ^eeTuctJM. Tkuoe. See Imoatb. Teea, a Uornean weight, the 6th part of the mace; about 6^ grains. Te£L-be£D, Til, Indian names for the seed of the Sesamum orientate, the S. Indicwn of Linnoius. See Oingelie and Uesaue. Teenage, fence-wood. TEEao-FLOWER.% ICeebo-flowers, the large flowers of Butea f random^ which yielaa beautiful dye. Teeth, the incisors of animals, many of which enter into commerce lor economic purposes. The tusks of the elephant are misnamed teeth, but the grinders or teeth proper are also used for knife handles and other purposes. The canines of the walrus or sea-morse, and the teeth of the hippopotamus are in demand by the dentist for artitlciai teeth; while the teeth of many carnivorous animals are u.sed In the East for necklaces and other ornaments. Tlie term teeth Is also applied to the tinea of a prong or pitch-fork, the spikes of a barrow, the divided points or dents of a comb, the sharp wires of a carding instrument, the projecting nobs on the edge of a machine or horological wheel, &c. Tee-totaller, a person who refl-ains ttom spirituous and malt liquors. Teetotdh, a child's small toy re top of bone or ivory, spun with the fl''oer8. Teffe, Taffee, a Turk'jh silk weight of 4'32 lbs. ; a variable weight in the Levant, fur silk, consisting ri 800 drachmas, each 49 3-5th8 grains troy, and tor opium 260 drachmas. Teg, a young sheep. Teintdbiee (French), a dyer. Tejahano. (Spanish), shingles for roofinr. Tejbui., a native name for the warin, spicy pepper-like capsules and seeds ot Xan- thoxylum hostile, employed in .Northern India for intoxicating flan, and chewed iw a remedy in toothache. T&to (Spanish), a cake of metal. TEM [37«1 TEN TU'FAT. the leaves ol the Cinnamomum Tamala or C. italabalrum, the " t'olla MalAbathrl " of Indian thope. Their odour reeembles that of clovei; the flavour ii aromatic and hot Tklakal. Setbixvoo. TKLxaRAiI, a recently coined word for a deapatoh or mcsiago recel v<'d by U'lofrrnph. Tkucobafh, elHctrical wtn^ on land, or In the bed or the soa, or . ne other contri- vance or apparatua, for algnalliing be- tween distant points. TiUEOiArB-CABLK, a Submarine cable of atranda of wlri rincln'H, titrii. of *i, tr mnrc(>. contalnliiK )0Ut, Win- »y mcdlcftt voundt, for fits hou»c» on leaBu, or It who cnl- M. r of ore, In e worktngM I carp tribe, n carrylni? ve on a rail- mtract; an sp(l compro- isldiTt'iliUic iTAT 'IT-NTER. re used by na mttterini, or Btring. le, and aro ee Dendeno. ;; land thut , re«cmbllng ted from To- 9. It Is also atTenerlffp. lineal rained ire, equal ti> y termed by coco-nut. tnlinn millet, ili um. by a racXet osed bulldlns of tennis is Ive kind of gut, for play- ood cut 80 as the heel of a p or socket r«»s or steel e Saw. B voice. )sure tor flelQ kinds made, c Some aro s, the smaller hlefly known ito a wound; , grown near a Btomachlo, 'ads of 62 gal- Tkntbr, a itretcblng-machlne; a drying- room. • Tr.NTBB-nooK, a sharp hooked nail. Trntrrimo, a technical tcmi for stretcblnR woven goods to dry, alter being stlffiiii'i) or dyed. Tmrr • MAKKB, a mannfacturer of canvas tents, suited for dllTercnt purpost'S. Tbntcbe. paper-hangings or tapestry (br a walL Teora, a name In Bengal for the Lathyrui galivta ! thu expressed oil of the seeds U a |)ou ' rthi and dnngerous narcotic. Tkpej1ix>te, a name given, In Central Ame- rica, to the flowers of a species of Chamtt' dorta, when still enclosed In the spathes, wlflch are highly esteemed as a culinary vegetable. fERgo, TiRCio (Portuguese and Rpanlsh), one-third; the vara is divided Into three. Tercbna, a wholesale tobacco warehouse In Spain. Terciado (Spanish), a cutlass; a kind of ribbon. • Terim (French), a mule canary. Terminate, to put nn end to an engage- ment, lease, or occupancr, Termiko, a weight In Tnnit and other African towns, also called a mlHcal or metlcal, variable in weight, but about flO{ Kralns. Teruinus, the station at the beginning or end of a railway. Terne-flates, thin sheet-Iron coated with an amalgam of tin and lead. Terrace, a raised platform or walk; an open gallery or tiat roof. Terra-cotta. a species of vitreous stone- ware, the Terr* cuiYe of tlie French ; tine clay, hardened by lii-at. Terra-cotta Manufacturer, a maker of earthi'nware, Tkrkaile (Freach), earthenware. Tkrra-japomca, an old trade misnomer. Htm retained, linr gambler, an inspissated vegetable Julct, obtained flom the Un- earia Oambir ofRoxburBli. The Imports of Terra Japonito, in ISoO, were C847 tons. See Oambier. Tebrasseur, a French plasterer. Terre-noix (Frenih), the Kround-nut. Terrier, a small dcg for ferreting out ver- min; a wimble or auger; a register of lands, rents, Ac Terkt-vklvet, a kind of silk plush or ribbed velvet Tertian, a liquid-measure for wine, equal to 70 gallons. Te8cahb,Te8kere, aTu-kish Custom-house certificate; n receipt or release for duties paid. Tesselated Pavement, a mosaic or che- quered work ; a marble flooring in black and white squares. Test, a standard or trial ; a chemical exa- mination ; a cupel lor assaying or refining metals. Testament, the new book of the Scripture law; the latter half of the Bible; a written will. Testator, TESTATRnc, the person who makes a will. Tkbteb, one who examines or makes a trial; a tn«ter ; the fruni<*-work over a four-post bed ; when the iKiilnteHd Is only partially covered It Is called n halt-tester. Testif (French), camels' hair. 'iKMiiMoNiAL, a letter of reconimendftllon ; oertlficate of character; honoi «ry preiieiiL Te»t 101 -10th Inches. Thannadar, tlie chief officer of police in an Indian town, h'-!ut. Thahran. a small Burmese violin. Thas, another name for the bamboo-mea- sure. See Bamboo. Thatch, dried Brass, straw, pnlm-leaves, or other vegetable materials, used lor cover- ing bams or houses. Thatcher, one who lays straw, &c, on the roof of a house, and binds and secures It tliere. Tbealee, an ancient grain - measure of Bellary, East I nd.os, = 2 lbs. 14 oz., some- times called a thlmmapoo. Theatre, a plaj--house ; a lecture-holl. THEATRicAL-onNAMENT Makkk, a maker Of tinsel ornamentb, mock Jewels, Ac, for play-actors. Tbeave, the name In Scotland for a ewe of 3 years old. Theet, in Burmah the eighth part of a hand's-breadth ; 12 theets are equal to l span. THEODOLrrB, a most important surveyirir instrument for measuring horizontal nnsles. or the angulor distances between objects projected on the piano of the horizon. T IT [nrs] THR TuERMOORAPHT. tho art of copying ensrav- mi;8 or any printed characters from paper on metnl plates. Thermometer, an Instrnment for mensur- Utf! the degrees of heat. There are three different kinds In use:—!. Fahrenheit's, vfhich is chiefly used in Great Rrltain, Holland, and North America, the freez- ing point on which is at 3'Jo. and the boil- ing point 212": 2. Reaumur's, now gene- rnlly used In Spain, and In some other Con- tinental States, the tVeezing point, or zero, of which is O", and tlie boiling point SO". 3. The Centigrade tliermomcter, which Is now almost universally used throughout France, and in the northern and middle kinedoms of Europe : the zero or freezing point is 0", and boiling point lOO". As there arc 180 degrees between the fi-eezing and boiling points of water, 18 degrees of Fahrenheit correspond to 10 ot the Centigrade, or 8 ot Reaumur's : 1" Fah- renheit's — 6-9ths Centigrade, ==4-9th8 Reaumur's; 1"» Reaumur's = IJ Centi- grade, = 2i Fahrenheit's; l" Centigrade = 4-5th8 Reaumur's, = 1 4-6th3 Fahren- heit's. Thermoscope, a very sensitive kind of ther- mometer. Thermosiphon. an instrument employed for horticultural and other useful processes. Thetsee, a varnish obtained from Alelanor- rhcea itsitata, in Arracan, and used for lacquering. Thibahde (French), cloth made of cow- hair. Thibet-cloth, a camlet or fabric made of coarse goats'-hair. Thick-set, a stout twilled cotton cloth ; a fustian cord or velveteen. iSee Fustian. Thieves'-vinegar, a khid of aromatic vine- gar for a sick-room, consisting ot the dried tops of rosemary, sage - leaves, lavender - flowers, and bruised cloves, steeped in acetic acid and boiling water. Jt derives its name and popularity from a story, that four tliieves who plundered the dead bodies during the plague with perfect security, attributed the cause of the impunity to the use of this disinfec- tant. Tiiirx, the shaft of a wagon. Tmimble, an iron ring with a concave rim lor a rope or s^f ap used on shipboard ; a metal cap or protection for the linger of a tailor or sempstress. Thimble -maker, a shaper of iron ring thimbles; bIso one who makes finger- caps to be used by those who sew with a needle. THniMAPOO, an Indian grain-measure. See Thealee. Thied-rate, a ship of war carrying ftom 70 to 80 guns. Thistle. Fuller's. See Teasel. Tholes, Thowls, the pins in the gunwale of a boat between which an oar rests when pulling, Instead of on the rowlocks. Thollam, a name in Bellary for the East India Company's old rupee, weighing 1761 troy grains. Tiioif, the French name for the tonny-flsh. Thono, a strap of leather. Thonnine (French), a pickled tunny-fish. Tuoim-APPLE, a wild plant, the Datura Stra- monium, which has qualities like those u( hco.uane and belladonna. The seeds prn. duce maniacal delirium, but are used medi- cinally to allay pain In tic-doulouriux, mania, epilepsy, Ac. Thounback, the Raia clavatet. a fish of the skate family, which Is in the best con li- tlon for the table about November. Thoroughfare, a passage; a much (Vc- quented way; a street TiiowL. See Tho' es. Thrash, Thresh, to beat com with a flail; to free it ftom the straw or chaff by a machine. Thrashinq-machinb, an apparatus for beat- ing out grain by horse or steam power. Thrave, Threave, in Scotland 24 sheaves of corn ; two shocks, or stooks as there styled. Thread, fine line or yam, in skeins or reeled, for sewing; tne spiral part of a screw; a yam-measure, containing in cotton-yarn 64 inches ; in linen yarn 9i) inches; in worsted yam 35 inches. On the Continent 85} E/miand Inches make one thread ; to string beads, &c. ; to pass cotton or silk thro, .gh a needle's eye. Threadbare, articfes of cloth that have become shabby or worn-out. Thread-lace, lace made of llnen-threml ; not silk or blonde-lace. Thread-paper, thin strips of paper fir wrapping skeins of thread in. Three-deckee, a vessel of war whicli carries puns on three decks. Threepenny-piece, a British silver coin, thefourth part of a shilling. Thefollowiin; numbers have been Issued sftice 1847 :— 1847-48 8,976 1855 387,8.^S 1849 131,208 1850 954,888 1851 ,,..483,653 1852-53 40.666 1854 1,471,734 1856.. 1.018,L'48 1857 l,7fi2.72S 1858 1.445,it'8 1859, 3 684,32S 186a 3,410,(188 Thrift, the Artneria vilgaris, a bortle'- plant or edging In gardens, the flowers of which are useful as diuretics. Throne, a seat of honoir. Throstle, a spindle for wool. Throuoh-ticket, a po-' monger's paid ticket for the wliole journey Intended to be tra- velled. THROUon-TRAiN, OHGthat proceeds over tlie wliole line of raL'way between ceitain main termini. Tkrown-sinoles, a name in the silk-trnde for silk wound, cleaned, and thrown, fit to be used in the weaving of ribbons and common silks. Throwster, a maker of organzine; one who twists silkies of silk Into a contrary direction to tkat in whicli they had pre- viously been vound. THBim, coarse rope-yarn; the ends of weavers' threads; to Insert yam, &c. into a piece of canvas, as in making a rope* mat. Thrush Lichen, the Peltidea aphthoia, a lichen, foand growing on moist alpine vocks, whicb bas purgative and anthelm'n- TIC •[ 379 ] TIL nny.flsli. ituraStra- kc those cf 1 seeds pru- uspdmpcli- [oulourtux, , fish of the best coil li- :jber. much fVc- withaflail; ■ chaff by a tus for beat- iin power, a 24 sheaves oks as there in sUehis or ral part of a :ontaining in linen yarn iX) 5 inches. On inches maliu , Ac; to pass die's eye. th that have ilncn-thrend ; of paper fir (f war wViScii ih silver coin, 'fhefollowini; shice 1847 :— .. 387,»'« 1.018.'-'4S l,7r,2.72H 1.44,V.»28 3 fl84.82S 3,410,(188 iris, a borik"- the flowers oi :s. »r 3 pnW t'cUet nded to be tra- oceedsovertlie itween. cevtniu 1 the Bllk-trnde d thrown, fit to of ribbons and rganzlne; one into a contrary I they had pru- the ends of It yam, &c into aalilng a rope- -ea aphtho$a, a In moist alpine landanthelm'n- tlo properties. When boiled in milk it I.h given by the Swedes as a cure for aphthaj. Thkust-scrrw, a lever tor pressing curd. Thsan, an Itinerary measure of Cliina, = 28 633 miles. [H inch. Tiistw, TsuN, aChlnpse long-measure nearly THmiB-BLUE, a name for small knobs of indigo used by washerwomen to give a slight tinge of blue to linen. TrtcMB-STALii, a cover or protection for the tlmmb used by workmen. Tnnoo. the Chinese " chlh," cubit, or foot. and the generic name for the measum of length in (Cochin-China, which varies according to circumstances. Those more commonly employed are :— Metre. Eng. Inchea. 1 Thxt used for m«n9iirin)7 ships for the service of p„rtg 0-405 cs 1.V9J5255 2 Thnt used for wood at Turon 0425 «= 10-732675 3 That nientloiied liy Te- herd in his valuable Ar..,- mitic dictionary 0-4S-26 = 19-18391316 4 Tliat used by the king for measuring sUks and other cloths in his trans- HCtlons with foroiifnors. O-.Wi =23-38ai74 5 That used by natives in the Turon market 0-61 = 2401C31 6 That used according to Morrison Oftl968 = 25-57a'i5I28 Thwarts, the cross idaiiks of a boat on which tile rowers sit. Thyme, dwarf shrubs, the Thymm vulgaris, and T. Serpyllum, of agreeable, strong, and penetrating odour, yielding a volatile oil, and much used in Kuropeasan ingre- dient In culinary seasoning. TixKA, a dindem ; a high head-dress. TiATANG. See COYAN. TiBiK (8i)anish), African gold-dust. TiBisiKi, a native name in Berbice for the fibre of the Ita palm (Mauritia flexuosa) used by the Indians for making ham- mocks, cordage, &c. TicAL, a Chinese weight and money of ac- count ; as a weight about 4J oz. or tlie 16th of the catty ; as a money reckoned at the third of a pound sterling:. It is also called a lyang : another name In Burmali for the kyat, a weight which consists of 2.52 firains. In Slam the tical coin and weigiit is 236 troy grains. Its value in this currency is about 2s. 6d. sterling. Tick, a fabric made of flax; a bed-case for holding flocks or feathers, &c.; a credit score; trust Tick-bean, a small horse-bean. Ticket, a marked slip of paper or card-board ; a pawnbroker's duplicate; the acknow- ledgment of goods pledged ; an admission card which has been issued for giving the right of entry to a place of public amuse- ment, to travel on a railway, or in a steam boat, &c. ; to docket or label with a price. Ticket-DAT, the day before the settling or pay-day on the Stock-exchange, when the names of bona-tide purchasers arc rendered In by one stockbroker to another. TicKETiNO, a periodical sale of ore in the English mining districts. , Ticket of Leave, a licence or permit given to a convict or prisoner of the Crown i.) be at large and to labour fur himself. Ticket-porter, a licensed porter of tiio city of London, who wtars a sliver badgf. Ticket, Seaman's, a reuister ticket given i>> seamen from the General Keglsier an. I Record ofl^lce of Seamen. Ticket-writer, one who writes or paint ■» sliowy placards and legible tickets 'or goods In shop windows, r' water, and enabling ves.svls to enter tidal harbours at the proper times. Tide-table, an almanac which records the time ot hlglt water, &c for each day. Tide-waiter, an officer of the Customs, whose duty It Is to remain on board ships, lighters, &a until the cargo is discharged Tidies, crochet covers ; cases for furniture. Tie, a fastening; tlie knot ot a cravat; an equal number of votes, &c on two o|ipos- ing sides. [principal ral'tpr.<. Tie-beam, a connecting beam for a pair of Tier, a row or rank; arangeofany thinj;, as of casks; the coils or fakes of a cable, &c. Tierce, a cask contaniing about '2 gallons, or the third part of a pipe. The tierce is used for oil, and more especially for the packing of salted provisions (or ships' stores. The tierce for salt jirovlslons to contain 336 lbs. should be 21} inches head, 24}inclies bilge, and 33.} inches length; to contain 304 lbs; 10} Inches head, 22} Inches bilge, 31} Inches length. Tiffany, a species of gauze or thin silk. Tiffin, a luncheon or midday meal in India* TiFTEK, a Persian and Turkisii word fur goats' hair. Tiger, a boy In livery; a page. TiGERs'-sKiNS, the skins of this benst of prey, are used for hearth and carriage ruiis, but the annual imports are small. TiGER-wooD, a valuable wood for cabinet making, the heart of the ItlkiribourabKllL obtained In Guiana. TiGo-GiN, a sliver coin of Japan of 40 mas, worth about 13 shillings. Tights, close-flttjng pantaloons. TiKOOR, TiKUL, a name in India for the Garcinia pedunailata, a lofty tree. The fleshy part of the fruit and arillus which are large, firm, very sharp and acid, are used In curries and tor acidulating water: cut and sliced It retains Its qualities, and is recommended as a succedaneum for limes and lemons during long voyages. TiKOR, a vernacular name in India for the long and straight pale yellow tubers of the Curcuma leucorrhiza, which yield aa abundance of fine nutritious fecula. I TiKUL. See Tikoob. TiLBintY, an open carriage on two wheeU. I Tile-obe, a native oxide of copper. TIM [380] TIN Tiij», earthenware squares or plates, A;c., forroofliiK, paving, draining, Ac. Tliere are encaustic and Inlaid, as well as com- mon tiles. TiLE-TBA, a kind of flat cake tea, of mucli Bolldtty, m»de in China, and tnken to Klnchta, wliere it is sold to the Armenians andTartars, who distrihnte it to the Cauca- sian provinces and Eastern Siberia. The Kalmucks, Kirgheses, and Hurats con- sume the greater part of It. It is prepared In a different manner fl-om common tea, being stewed with milk, buttc^r, salt, and herbs, constituting rather an article of food than a dietetic beverace. Till, a counter-drawer o;- desk receptacle for money received, [138. 4it. TnxA, a gold coin of Bokhara, worth TiLLAO (French), the deck of a ship. Tillage, husbandry; agriculture; land under cultivation. fiLLRR, a bar of wood or iron placed in the rudder to move it for steering the vessel. TiLL'';*- Timotht-qrass, a pasture grass, ihePhleum prateme. Quantities of this small grass seed are Imported from North America. Tliere are several varieties of Timothy, wliich are extensively cultivated as spring grass for fodder, and are considered very valuable herbage. Timpani (Italian), kettle-dnims. Timwhisket, a heavy lumbering low- wheeled carriage. Tik, a scarce but very useful metal, so named ; a shape for baking bread or cukes. See TIN-ORP3. • Tinaja (Spanish), Immense earthen jars made in Spain, for holding wine, oil, or grain; a liquid-measure in the Philip- pines, which, lor coco-nut oil, weighs from '8 to 21 lbs. Tin-box. Tin-case, a stronglron box tinned and japanned, lor holding papers, dress articles, t8, kettles, &C. TiN-KETTLB, a boiler of iron tinned, with u spout. riN-UQDos, a solution used by dyers, pre- pared by digesting tin fl lings lu hydro- chloric and nitric acids, to each pound of which about two ounces of common salt are added TwMEN AMD Bbaziebs, workoTs In metal, and solder. Tm-Hua, a pannican; a metal drinking vessel. TiNNiKG, the process of coating Iron with tin. TiN-uRES, the native peroxide or tin-stone, and the double sulphuret of tin and copiier. The latter, sometimes called bell-metal ore, is extremely scarce. Tln-pail, a metal bucket for holding water; asloppalL Tin-pan, a Ibot pan of metal; a shallow vessel for domestic use. TiNPLATE-LACQUEKER, ajapanucr. Tin-plates, sheets of iron of different di- mensions and strength, scaled, cold-rolled, Immersed iu an acidulous ley, and, atter undergoing other preparations, coated with molten tin. They are used for lining pack- liig-caser>, making domestic utensils, and, In America, are extensively employed for roofing churches and dwelling-liouses. TiNPiATE-woRKEB, a roller of iron plates, who passes them through various pro- cesses, and then dips them Into molten tin. TiKPLATE-woRKERs' COMPANY ; also known as the Wire-workers' Company, one of the minor livery companies of London, which, having no hall, transacts its business at UuildhalL Tis-PLA'iTEK, a trencher or plate of tin. TiNSE, a Polish coin. See Ttmpse. Tinsel, a kind of shining metallic plute or cloth, either of gold or silver. Tinsel Lace-makeb, a maker of Imitation Kold or silver lace. TiN-sMELTEK, oiie wlio roasts tin ore and lirepares the pure metal. Tin-smith, a worker In tin. IiN-sTuNE, an ore of tin occurring In veins, usually blended with the oxides of iron 'md manganese. See Tin-orks. Tint, a shade; a hue of colour. Tin -tack, a very small iron nail coated with lin. 'i'iNTi:nEG, a vernacular name in India for the tamarind. 'TiNTo, a red Madeira wine, wanting the liiuh arouiaof tiie white sorts; and, when ukl, resembling tawny port. lui-WAUE, iron uiticles couied wltb tin. Tip, the point or top of any tiling, as a horn tip, a shoe tip. * TiPiiJE, a vermicular Indian name for long pepner. Tippet, in Scotland, one length of twisted tiair or gut In a flshing-iine ; a liandf\ii of straw bound together at one end, used in thatching. TippiNGS, tops for glass ornaments, Ac Tipree, a small dry-measure of India, — 1) pint English ; also a weight in Bombay, the half of the seer, and weighing 2450 grains. Tipstaff, a constable; an officer of a law court having a wand or staff of office. Tirailleur, a French sharp-shooter; a rifleman. Tire, a Singhalese name for curd; milk coagulated by the addition of a small quantity of sour milk, or of a little tire of the day preceding ; the Iron hoop or band which binds all the felloes of a wheel closely together. Tiretaine, the French name for linsey- woolsey, [theatre. TiBE-wouAN, . a milliner ; a dresser in a TiBiNO-BooH, the dressing-room in a theatre. Tisi, a vernacular Indian name for linseed. TiHSANTiEB, a silk Weaver. TissEBAND, a French weaver. Tissue, a texture or fabric; cloth inter- woven with gold. Tissue-paper, a very thin unsized paper for wrapping and packing fine articles. Tithe, the tenth part of landed produce, levied by a rector. Tithe-collector, a receiver of tithes. Tithe-comhissioner, a government officer; one of a board authorized to arrange pro- positions tor commuting or compounding for tithes. Title, a general head ; a name or prefix to a work, mbeki, th( Lobelia, wl steeped In smoked, w _ hemp, In a 1 Tombelier, a iOMBEREAU, I iOMB-STONE, grave. ToM-coD, a sr ^intheNortl Tome, a volur ,l0MIENT0 (Sr iOMiN, a Span the sixth pa Pttlns; fors TOM r 383 ] TON rater ktllle oildy. joii or ladle, Ing whtsky- ch-bowl to A r the ton, a ntonsbeliiK lulculate 208 sat, aud 210 idy or sweet- r, and butter. I rope, Birap, ie joint. r tbe Cytisus ndlau graln- u ht-clothea; a able. jr tor a dress- I for a toilft- aing slops in a cover for the , cartlieiiwuie isiug-rodin. iii«.tal)le; nii tUo pursoiuU quilting; silk. n welt. ._(• fiitlioni; a iifetre;^, ami ■=• ot a P'rcli : ciicli lugal or di [iirian wine of seldom uiei coins wliiuli lalled in about ulu ordinarily price, or not tokens were to tlie eslab- . States' mint. Australia are 'urrency. Ow. Issued by the )fflce in 1852. edited coins, incU more in n, and have de is a crown (la "Govern- de;" on the ound" in the n, "Weight . They an* [their nominal at Mauritius ,lso lui quires e^vca^tlc «oal h districts (br n piece of leather, bearing a ttlstinctlve mark for each hewer, one of Which he sends up the shaft with every corf or box of coal. ToiA, an Indian weight equal to 180 grains troy. ToLAM, an Indian weight used In Malabar of 4U seers, — 23 lbs. 3 oz. ToLDKKO, a retailer of salt in Spain. ToLK, a weight 1 1 Manila, for silk 4594 grains, (or gold, 4176} grains; the French name for sheet-iron. ToLKDO - BLADE, a flno sword made In Toledo, ToLt, a charge made on foot-passengers, vehicles, or goods passing over a bridge or turnplke-roud ; a miller's proportion or allowance for grinding corn ; the slow ringing of a church-bell. Toll-bar, a turnpike-gate or side-bar on a road, where a toll-collector Is stationed to receive toll lor foot-passengers or vehi- cles. ToLMEN, a large stone with lioks drilled through It. 'loLOOM, an agrarian measure In Asia Minor, being a hide of land, about IGUO square yards. ToLU, Balsam of, a thick tenacious balsam obtained from the Jlyronpermuni tolui- /erum. In South America. It has a pleasant odour, and a sweet and agreeable taste, and is much employed in European phar- macy, and for making pulmonic lozenges by confectioners. ToLVA (Spanish), a hopper into which corn is put to be ground. Tomahawk, an Indian hatchet, an offensive weapon. ToMAN, a conventional money of Persia of a very variable character, although nomi- nally divided Into 100 mahmoodies. The gold toman is wortli 9*. Id. ToMAND, an Arabian dry-measure contain- ing 40 kiUas, used for rice, ot which IGSlhs. go to the tomand. Tomato, a well-known vegetable, the Lvco- persicum esmlentum, the fruit of whicli is used for ketchups and seasonings. Tomato Sauck, a ketchup or condiment, made from the love-apple or tomato. Tomb, a vault or sarcophagus, in which (lead bodies are laid. Tombac, red brass; the white tombac is an alloy of copper and zinc, containing not more than 20 per cent, of the latter. Tombak, the Malay name for a spt'ar. T'^MBEKi, the narcotic leaf of a species of Lobelia, which, in Eastern countries, is steeped In water for a few hours, and smoked, with a preparation of Indian hemp, In a narghile or water pipe. ToHBELiER, a French carman. 1 OMBEREAU, a dung-cart in France. Tomb-stone, a shaped stone laid over a grave. ToM-coD, a small variety of the cod found in the North American seas. Tome, a volume. ToMiENTo (Spanish), coarse tow. ToMiN, a Spanish weight for gold and silver, the sixth part otthe ochava; for gold8-875 grains ; for silver, 0245 grains. ToMJOBN, the name for a kind of sedau chair in Ceylon, open In front, and on each side, carried by a single pole on men's shoulders. ToMME, a Danish name for the Inch. ToMOLO, TimoLO, an Italian and .Slcillnn grain-measure. In Maples 5 2-.^ths tomoli s 1 quarter. In Palermo, 80 tomoli 6 quarters old measure. ToMPioN, a bung or plug for the mouth of a cannon. ToMPONo, a weight of Sumatra, ranging from 70 to 80 lbs., according to the nature of the goods woighed. Tom-tom, a native Indian drum, of which there are several kinds, generally made of jack-wood, and coverecl with deer-skin, from which the liair has hecn removed. The skin is laid on lu a wet state, and dried in the sun. Ton, the principal ponderous commercial weight, whldi varies considurably in different localities, for woiyht or measure- ment goods. In Great Hrltani, the leijal ton by weight is usually 20 cwt., or I'Jto lbs., but In long weiglit it is 24110 lbs. Atdii of flour. In commerce. Is 8 sacks or in bar- rels; aton ofpotatoes, 10 bushels. InConi- wull, the miner's ton is 21 cwt., or23.vj Ih-. In Philadelphia, by agreeinent, the ton of coal is only 2000 lbs. Tlif rrmcli Ifj^al ton for heavy weights contains lUK) kilo- grammes; In Germany, Hii,'\iii, itc. It Is 20001bs. The ton of freight or merchandise, varies with the article and the locality from whence shipped, dillcri nt rules bem^ laid down by ditlereiit t'luiinbers of com- merce. The Kusslan meajiuremi'iit ton for goods, is 6 clietwerts. or about 28 bushels, equal in En».'lisli weikiht to about 17icwt. In timber, the ton is 4iirerttor rough timber, and SO feet lor hewn limber. In the measurement of a ship, the ton is reckoned at 40 cubic feet. • ToNALCHiLE (Frencli), (iuinea-pepper. ToNDEUU, a Frencii sheep-shearer. ToNDixo (Spanish), a moulding on the as- tragal of a colimin. ToNELADA, a Portuguese liqiiiil-incasure. e(iual to 227i Enulish wine-j;alioiis. .md containing 62 hlmudes; (Spanish), a tun; tonViage dues. ToNELERiA (Spanish), the trade of a cooper; a quantity ot wi ter-ca.'^ks for sni|is. ToNtiA, a silver coin of Bokhara, worth about 7id. ToNGKANG, a kind of boat or junk used in tlio seas of the Eastern archipelago. ToNGO, a name for the mangrove in the Pacitic Tongs, dividing Instruments to lay hold of any thing, as fire-tongs, sugar-tongs, tout,* for holding hot met:'.l. hoea. DoREADOR, a Spanish buIl-fightcr. CoROA, a yoke put on tlie necks of swine in Sjiain to keep them from brealUng through feuces. ToBiA, an Eastern name for the Sinapis glauca, extensively cultivated in India lor the oil obtained fl-om the seed. ToRHENTiN (Spanish), a small mast on tho bowsprit Tornatura, nn Italian land-measure, of 3 acres 1 rood 35 perches. TuKON (Frcncli), tlie strand of a rope. TuRONJA, n Spanish name tor tlie citron. ToRQUB (Frcncli), a ring of brass wire; a bandage or crown for the head. ToRQUEiTE (Frcncli), Ash wrapped up In straw ; tobacco leaves rolled and pouudi-d In a particular manner. Torrefy, to roast ores or drugs; to dry by ah re. Torkontes, a kind of white grapes grown ill .S]>aiii. ToRRoo, a palm growing In Berblce to the htiglit of eo or 70 feet. Its wnody outsido is used for inlaid work, billiard-eucs, walking-sticks, rd or genuine. Tourons. a kind of French confectionery. TouRTE (French), a tart. [France. Tourteau, a small crusty loaf made in TouRTiERB (French), a baking pan for tarts. Tous-i,ES-Mois, a name given to the starch obtained trom the tubers of some species of South American Canna, C. glauca, and C. edulis; the latter, a native of Peru, is boUeved to l\irnlsli the chief quantity of this fccula sold In the shops. TouTER, one who canvasses for custom; a runner employed by minor hotel-keepers, ship-agents, and others, to secure patron- age from strangers arriving in a port; a pressing shopkeeper who stands at his door Inviting customers to purchase his wares. TouzEE, TowzEE, a government rent-roll in India. Tow, the waste fibres or refuse after carding flax and hemp which is made into ba<;8, glieetlng, and yarn, and used for various other purposes; some kinds are called • codllla: we importiKl, in 1856, about j] 1.000 tons; to draw a vessel along by meauaofarope. TowAR, in Aberdeen, a rope-maker. TowBOAT, a row-boat employed In cnlui weather to draw a ship along: a steam- tug. TowEi., a cloth to dry the hands and fnco after washing; a cleaning cloth used by servants. TowEi^Gounns, the fruit of a tralllng-plant, the Lu,ffa Egyptiaca, common througlioiit tlie tropics, used for sponges, dryinif rut)bers, gun-wadding, the manufaciuro of baskets, hats, lie. TowEi,-HORSE, a wooden frame or stand for a dressing-room, to ham; towels on. Towelling, a coarse fabric mado of flax, diaper, huckaback, YO, a fragrant, undefined plant of British Quiana, ot which an Inlustun and syrup of the leaves and stems havo Leon strongly recommeudcd In chronic coughs. Tots, playthings, marbles. trlUus, and omall articles of various klndfi, largely Imported from the (Jontlnont. The value of those imported In 1855 exceeded £52.000. T-PiPE, a pine shaped llko the letter T. Tbace, n chain or Imriii'ss strap by which horses draw; to outline or copy; to mark out or draw ; to follow by the spoor or trail. Traces, hide or rope harness hands. TiMCiNG-rAPEn, a kind of tliln oiled paper tor taking Impressions. Tracing - paper may bo made by dipping a sheet Into i\ thick solution of Kun) arable, and prenslng between two dry sheets, thus rendering all three transparent. TttACiNG-PAi'EK Maker, a manufacturer of thin transparent paper for copying pur- poses. TuACK-WAT, a tram-road ; a foot-path. TuACT, a brief treatise; a sinall ruiigious hand-bill or pamphUt. Tkade, the commerce of a country ; com- mercial or mechanical employment ; traf- fic ; a body of persons engaged In some particular employment ; a Dorby.«hire mining term tor refuse or rubbish Iroui a mine. Tkade-aixowaxce, TiiADE-pnicE, a whole- sale discount, allowed to dealers or re- tailers on articles to be sold again. TuADE-HAtL, Hieetlng-hall, or sale-room in a town, for manutacturers or traders. TuADEB, a merchant; a shopkeeper. Tkade-sale, a special aneiion or sule of articles suited to a particular class of dealers, as of books, prints, &c. TjiADK.s.MAN, in Kn;jhmil, a common name for a shopkeeper, but in Scotland a handi- craftsman; all who keep shops being, according to the constitution of borouKhs, called merchants. [apprentice. Tradesman's- ASSISTANT, a shopman; an Tkades-union, a combination of workmen, to maintain their rights and privileges, us to wages, hours of labour, customs, Ac. Trabing-I'ost, a fort or station of the Hud- son's IJay Company, lor bartering with the Indians. Tbaedou (Spanish), a carrier. TKAFFic-RETunN, a periodical statement of the receipts for goods and passengers on a railway line. Traffic-taker, a computer of the returns of traffic on a particular Hue of road. Traficante (Spanish), a merchant or trader. Tragacanth, a partially soluble gum ob- tained from the Astragalus Tragacantha, and less valuable than the true gums. TiJAGEDY, a melancholy drama. Tkagilla (Spanish), a kind of harrow without teeth, for levelling the ground. Trail, a railway bar shaped like a T. Tr/UN, something drawn along ; a connec- tion of carriages and wagons, &c. drawn by a locomotive forming a railway-train ; ft iine of artillery carriages and equip- ments; a flic of carts; a line of Run> powder to tire a ndne ; a body of servants or retinue ; in tlie Orkneys a rope used for drawing; In Scotland, the shafts of a cart or carriage; the hanging part or finish of a lady's court dress ; to exercise ; to edu- cate: to drill, to spread out frult-troes or cllmi)ers in a particular niani>er. Train-band, a local or city militia. Train-uearer, a page ; a supporter of ths long state robes of a lady, or public- olllcer. Trainer, a person who cxcrclsos and pre- pares race-horses for a trial of speed; a wire or wooden frame for fustoniii" flowers or shrubs to. Train-oil, oil obtained from the blubber of the whale by boiling. 1 rain-tackle, the pulleys used for running uuns In and out of ports, &c. TRAiTEim, a French eating-house keeper. 'I'uAiToiRK (French), a cooper's tool. Tram, in the north, u local namefor asmall coal wanon, whence the word tramway; a doubled kind of silk, In widch two or more tidcknesses havu been twisted to- gether, used for tlio weft or crosn threads of gros - de ■• Naples velvet.", flowered silks, and the best varieties of silk goods. Trama (Spanish), the weft or woof; a kind of weaving silk. Tbamador. a Spanish weaver. Tramail (French), a drag-net. Trameur, a French weaver. Trammel, a joiner's instrument to draw ovals ; an iron liook to hang a kettle on. Tkammel-nkt, a draught-net for catcldng pollen, or fresh-water herring. TiiAMON (Spanish), the she-test wool, that which remains on the comb during the process of combing. Tramp, afoot traveller; a vagrant: also a workman who wanders from town to town in seorch of employment ; an Instru- ment for trimming hedges: a nlute of Iron worn by ditchers in Scotland, below the centre of tlie foot, lor worklmr on their spades ; to cleanse clothes by troaa- ing on them in water. Tram-plate, a flat pi.rjo of Iron laid as a ralL Tram-boad, short lines of Iron rails laid down, usually to facilitate traction by horses. Tram-wat, a kind of laid granite lines, in streets or roads, to facilitate the passage of loaded carts. Trance, Transe, a passage. Tranchet (French), a shoemaker's heel kniie. Tbangrum, a name In Sweden for the ma''> "'I.'i ckoiiod at 12-7M icily, 13i gniliis; ouiiei-. ,f luiy hlnil5 tl>o nillan name for i» wild niilmal" for dress lor a boWUt, (ueclcs of Artocar- Aitta or «lutliu.u« Tlu! llbru ft till) ng-llaes, cordnge, her thonff. IntUeWestlndcs and sialic of tiie 5 juice lin" V*'" raw; the loppUWi' [Jlfng on n sutfur- ary-presse(*»ialU.ol eaforfutl. I lentlu'r-cuttcr. . ..l.^.irai THE [889] TRI sii sUeep-sliearer. B given to the cftlca- eavth, when groun. c cement; a kind ot lAKBASS. ^wheaf "of the best ig fitted so as to sUdo ^V^an agent wh„ ^'In'^orders tor mer tacturers, or to seji yn. A town traveller he circuit of a cly or t make country jour- 1 5 Clematis Vitalba, a ■es of which are used I rheumatism. I vvva. a manufacturer I 'xesofdittereutkhul»| ION, a pocket or port- a craneworklng on «| cftflolding, for "ItluK 5^Stc^si!f^q [;);rK:;^^nflnlngun., S-D.etforfl8hii* 1!)ler-niftclid, are largely niudu at Kirinlnt'liiiiii. Tkkacle, tlie uncrytitHlllzable wubstancea KtMienited out of suitiir by the applica- tion of heat In the process of retinlng. See MOLABSF.S. TKKAn.E-MAKER, a refiner Of inolnsRPS. TltKACi.E - P08HKT, hollud milk cnnlled by a mixture of treacle, considered a useful drink fur colds. TitEADi.E, the part of a loom, turnlnK-lathc, or Krindlng-wheel, worked by the toot. Tkkai>-mii.l, a wheel with steps propelled hy tiie feet of persons In a caol, by which motion Is given to niacliiiiery. Tbkahl'iiek. (in officer who has the chame of money belonging to a society or state. Treasury, a Htato ortlce or department for managing public flimnccs, under the snpernitendence of n board, termed Lords of the Treasury : a Turkish sum of money, made up of lijoo purse;), and equal to iJ/iOOO sterling. Tkeasiihy-bonp, a species of exchequer-bill. Tkeasuky-wakkant. an offlclal decree or notice, issued by the Lords of the Trea- sury for the information of the public. TiiEciioMETK.R, a French machine for reckon- iinr distances, specially adapted fur ve- hicles. 'HtKENAii., Trunnel, a wooden pin or plui.'. employed where metal bolts would b(> Injurious, as In ship-building, for securing planks to the timbers. TiiKFoiL, a name for species of TrifoUum, or clover, many of which are lilglily Im- iiortant as food tor cattle, either fresh or In the state of hay. Tkeilms, a kind of coarse quilted linen, Imported Into France. Trekking, a colonial term in the Cape colony, for departing or leaving to settle In another locality. Thek-tow, a Dutch name, in Houthern Africa, lor st!i|)s of hide twi.sted Into rope traces, for oxen to draw wagons bj. Trellis, a cross-barred frame of wood; lattice- work. Trench, a ditch, drain, or pit Trencher, a wooden platter for bread, 1 oarat of diamonds; 94 grs. Id'vi. : aodwts. lo/. ; lUoz. ill,.; ijSlbs. iqr. ; .,;" ll>s. ! c« ',. '! he miineyers have a jioci.ll.ir •iil)divl8lot>, of the troy grain, dividing ti-.u grain .mo !^0 mites, tlio inlio into 24 doits, tlio doit Into iiO |)erlot«, tho periot Into ^,4 blanks. Truck, i)artcr or exciiaiige dpallne; paying wages ill good* at overcliarg* d prices; a hand burrow; a two-whecli'd carriage; tiie low solid wiieel of a gun-carriage; n cirrular capor block of wood at tlio head of a tlag-staff, or on the highest in lat v' t siiip; It low-sldi'd railway veiiiclf Trucki.k, a small wheel or cat ' Tru«:ki.i;-iied, a low slldimf Or. < ''Ic ■ or castors, TRt!CKLE-ciiEEflF:, asm.til ,1 ijkS(,Uit(;heesiind, orior speaking tlirougli. Trumietek, un otllcer of a cavalry regi- ment; a soldier in an Infantry repinuuit, who blows a trumpet. Trumpet-fish, a name given to the Centris- ctis acolopax. a flsli found in the Mediter- ranean, tlio lieshofwliicli is reckoned good. Trumpet-makek, a maniitacturer of tlio shrill brass wind Jnstruinents, or of speaking trumpets. 1'RUMPET-SHELL, a speclcs Of liuccinum, used as a sounding Instrument iu tlifi East and in the I'aciflc. Trundle, to roll any tliliiff along. Trunk, tho main stock of a tree; a chest tor clothes. Trunk-fish, tiie name given to several species of Ostracion, natives of tlie Indian and American seas, some of wiiich are considered excellent fisli lor the table. Trunk-line, the main lino ol a railway, separate Ironi tho l)raiich lines or feeders. Trunk-maker, a manufacturer of chesti*, packing-boxes, leather portmanteaus, Ac. Trunnions, the arms or side supports of a cannuii, by which it rests upon the car- riage. TausE, an oH Prussian co.uof 8 coustlcs, • orth abv I Rusi, the M.iiuy name for copperas. Truss, a small hand-packed bundle of dry goods, not bound witli iron hoops or cordage, in size a yard square or less, and in welgiit not exceeding 3 cwt,, the outer covering being frequently of canvas, li' press-packed, it Is denominated a bale : a truss of hay is 50 lbs. of old, and CO of new ; a truss of'straw is 36 lbs. ; a triangular trame of wood ; an abdominal support Ir cases of hernia; to bind or secure; to prepare poultry tor cookiug. * TV9 [391] TUM Bl'ftTtld >.raln«J (tliiinoiiilH; 34 oz. 111. ; !2Slt)M. iioiieyer* Jinvo liu troy gmUu iilti'H. tiio mito ttu '20 i>erluts, piiUns; paying irK' il |irlco»; ii ■tliil ctirrlago; [iin-curriiiKc; n oil i\t till) liend Hll08t 111 l»t I'' l velilcU' 'Mt igo. .0 \'i'. moves niim, a, funKi"* iilli trci'9, eB < - iwtliorin. liulnu I jtl- mUitlng 111 Is n ^oinniuii \i\- v\o lllitllUtl. of beef; a pier struinent used I" II war; atuliclor uenkintftlirouKlu a ciivrtlry roKl- ifaiitry roKioiKnt, en to tnc Centrii- III In tlio MeUUcr- |8 rockoued Kot"*- lUiicturer of the truuienta, or ot es ot' liuccinum, btrument iu llw af nlons. ^ ^ f a tree; a chert given to sevevnl lives of the Indian jnie of which are li lor the table. line ol ft railway, eh lines or I'eedei s. acturer of chests*, portniantonuo, &i'. slilo supports of a esta upon the car- er. ', of 3 coustlcs, "or copperas. ckedLuudluof dry ith Iron hoops or 1 square or less, ami ig 3 cwt., the ouli-r ntly of canvas, n lonilnatcdabftle: a fold, and GO of new; G lbs. ; a trlftnjjuhiir )domlnal support li' bind or secure; W oUug. * Titcsa-MAKKR, a maker ofiupport bandage* lor rupture or hofiiln. Tiii'ST, a turnpike road •■■ llitrlct nmtinjli I by coininlNHloiiers; pnijX'rty or eKat« iiianagud for tim li«'neflt of oiIi#'' Tui:sTEE, "110 appoii '<'d to act u . ntlier, IIS In the case ot ,ui atfcnt lur inl'anti*' property, or one tieiiiitcil to net lor the ucncral bciiellt oi'crt'illtori, itc. Titi'STWouTiiv, fiiitlilul; lioiK'st worthy of Ik'IiiK confided In. [or tat. TiiYiNO-DowN, rciliiing, or boiling blubber 'I UVINO-PLANI.. See 1'I.ANK. TiivsAii., a storm stay-sail; n fore and aft sad set with a boom and gair, upon a try- sail ninst, abaft the lower nialn-inast. TuYssii., TuYsLK, a native bark used In J)einerara lor tannlnif, and also as an nnoilc and tlsh poison by the Indians. 'i'ltvsTKit, 111 Scotland, a convener; one who Hinninons ii inoetlii|.{. 'I'sALAYN, a HurineHe measure of capacity, oqiilvaleiit to an KiikHsIi iiliit. T.s\.MBA, a Tartar name for the meal of barley. T.-AUWoT, a nnrmoso measure of capacity, equal to an Knglish gallon. That-lib, Tseh-li, a species of China silk oiitalned in Maiikin and the Northern I l)taln from thi> Antfiicarytiin vnujiire, of Martlus. Kroin the nnexnaiidc.i i<«ves tlicy inainifaLliire cordage, hot* ^ir:,j«s, (IsliitigMiets, tmt.^, fans, beaiit.i' iii> tliut liaminockN, ami otlier artlclen. where tltieiiess, coinbin«U with strength, Is r»qulred. TucinvAHt, ail Indian name In Guiana for porous water ve»S''N <>r gouK'ts, TuDEi, (Spanish), a iiu lal pipe. TuoEsi.u, A kliiU Ol wide cloak worn • Spain. TuE-iRONt, bin -ksmit 1,18' tongs. TiiEBO, dry wix^d cut ivt fUel In Spain. TuF, a fat Inaiii. nii unecuous iiiarL Tufa, a porous v . iety of liniestoiiedepoglted by calcareou> springs, .'10 or 40 quarries of which are wc^ived In Prussia. Tufh pos- sesses the vain ible property of hardening on exposure to the air. iiie Travehtimb and Tarkass. Tuf), a tow-boat a four-wheeled timber- frame : a hoop t Iron to hold u tackle; to draw along. Tuque (French), tl. poop of a frigate or sioon. [in India. TuiisEEi.DAR, a chief native revenue-otllcer Tuii.KS (French), til' s. TuiLiER, a French tii<"-in,iker. Tui.AM, Tula, a weit-'i in Hindustan of 4 drachms ; 3 madas. Tulip, a beautiful lilln cous flower. Tui.U'-TiiEE, the LifK endron tulipirera, a North American foi ^t tree. Tiiebark is very bitter, and str. ugly fragrant, and Is used for Itsstiinulaiu. tonic, and uromatlo qualities, in fevers, j-^ues, and rheuma- tism, with the best i> -ults. The wood Is smooth and flue - gi .ined, very easily wrought, and not liar>ie to split. It Is used In carving and 'tnamcntal work, and to make ilie puiicis of coach and chaise bodies. TuLK, tiie I'erslan name >r talc Tulle, a plain AW. lace b. indc or net. Tui.uR, the Malay name tt .r an egg. TuH, a species of inustic k^sIii obtained in Africa Irom the Pistac i Atalaiitica; a weigiit In Mysore ol 32 lbs. ; 2 liasas. Tumbler, a kind of latch in a lock, which, by means of a spring, detains tlic shot- bolt in its place, until a key lifts It, and leaves the bolt at liberty ; a drinklng- glass witliout a foot; an acrobat; a jug- gler; a posture-master ; a siMscles of pigeon. [holding hay. Tumbrel, a dung-cart ; a wicker crib M Titmt(;h, an Arab name for bumacb. h-^^ TUB t 392] TUB Tun. alartre cask, of an nndeflned and ▼art- able measurement, but In wine<-mea8uro assumed to contain 852 gallons, 2 butts cf 126 gallons, or 4 hlida. of 63 gallons; a Finnish dry-measure of 4 English bushels; a grain -measure of Sweden containing 2 spnnn : 18 tuns = 10 quarters. Some reckon 17fljt"ns or barrels = 100 quarters. The tun ofwhale oil (252 galls), accordinc to Scoresby, weighs 17 cwt. 29 lbs. 12 oz. 14 (Irs. TuNBRiDGE-WARE, Inlaid or mosaic work In wood, whlcl) obtains its name from the Slace of niauuracture,Tunbrid(.'e Wells, in Lent. They consist of fancy nrtieies, work-boxes, caddies, desks, reels, Ac TuNEB, one who tunes a piano-forte. Tung, a long-mensuie of Sumatra corre- sponding to the English foot. TuNO-oiL, a valuable oil expressed in China from the seeds of Eloeococca oletfera, which is n)uch used for painting boats, furni- ture, &c Tun-hoof, another name for ale-hoof, the Jfepeta Glechoma of licntham, the Qle- choina hederacea of Linnteus. A tea is pre- pared from the leaves, in great repute among the poor. See Ale-hoof. Tunic, a shct frock coat; a young boy's d rcss Tuning'-fotik, Tcning-hammbb, steel instru- ments used in tuning. TuNNA, a name In Bengal for the toon tree. The bark is powerfully astringent, but not bitter. The natives use it In conjunction with the powdered nut of the Quilandina bonducella, an intense bitter. See Toona. Tunnel, a subterraneous passage for a rail- road or canal ; a chimncy-shiift. TuNNBLAND, a land-mcasure of Sweden, 6900 square yards. Tunnel-shaft, a pit or shaft sunk to give air to worlimen or light to a tunnel, or to facilitate the raising of eartli and stones to the surface. Tunny, a flsli caught in large quantities In the Mediterranean, the Thynniu vulgaris. The Arm flesh is considered delicious. It is dressed In a variety of ways, plain- boiled, or fried, made into a ragout or soup, into pies, or pickled and eaten cold like pickled salmon. Tup, a name in Scotland and the north of England for a ram or male sheep: after weaning he is called a tup hog. TnpoNQ, tlie Malay name for flour. Tupoz, a name In Manila for the intermedi- ate layers of the stem of the wild plantain, Musa textilis, ot whicii are made weh cloths and gauzes fDur yards long, of different degrees of fineness. TtiPSEE, TupsEV, a name in India for the mango-fish. See Mango-fish. TUUANIRA-WOOD. See TOWItANEERO. Turban, a linen or shawl wrapper worn round the bend by males in Eastern coun- tries; a lady's old-fashioned head-dress. Turbine, a horizontal water-wheel used on tlie Continent, tlie water entering in the centre and filling all the buckets at once. TuBBOT, the Pleuronectes maximus, one of the be^t and largest of our fiat tishes : 500 or flOO tons of tnrbot are imported yearly into London. In Scotland this name is often given to the halibut. TcRBOT-KETTLB, a fIsh boilef, of A suitable sliape to hold a turbot flat TuuEEN, an earthenware or metal deep vessel for holding soup at a dinner table. TUREEN-LADLE. See SoUP-LADLE. Turf, a racecourse; the green surface or sward of grass lands; a name given to peat when cut and dried for fuel. Several chemical and economical products are now obtained from turf. TuRF-cuTTEB, a digger of turf. Turf- house, a shed of turf. Turf-spadb, an implement for cnttinc tnrf. TuKKnr, a large domesticated fowl, the Ateleagris gallipavo, whicli is bred In larue numbers, in the home counties and Ireland, lor the London markets, about lao.OOO being annually sold in the metro- |)olis. TuKKEY-CARPETS. floor-covcrings made en- tirely of wool, the loops t)eing laruer than those of Brussels carpeting, and always cut: the cutting of the yarn gives it the appearance of velvet. Turkey - feathers, the feathers of the domestic turkey. Besides their use for bedding, these are now made Into very elegant muffs, tippets, and otiier dress articles for ladles. Turkey-red, a valuable dye prepared from ni.idder. Turkish-millet. See Dhurra. Turkish- watches, watches made In pleci's or seta for the Turkish market, with several cases and Turkish figures en- graved thereon. Tijuk's-cap, a species of Illy, a garden flower. Turks-head, a name for the large globular Metocactus communis, a plaiit which is often imported in largo quantities from the Leeward islands lor cultivation in this country. Turmeric, a name for the tubers of the Curcuma longa, which are bitter and aromatic, and largely used in the East as an ingredient in curries. Turmeric is im- ported Into this couJitry as a dye-stuif, and used to colour butter. The colourini; matter of tlie dried root is bright yellow. White paper, dyed by an alcoholic tur- meric, is a very sensitive test tor alkalies. Turn, the twist of a rope round a cleat of belaying pin; a rota or spell of duty; u pit sunk in some part of a drift. Turn-bench, a simple and portable latho used by clock and watch makers. Turn-cock, the servant of a Water-corn* pany, who regulates the fire-plugs, and turns on the water from the mains to tho suptily pipes at stated intervals. Turner, one wiio shapes articles in a lathe, a worker on ivory, hard woods, pottery- ware, (fee. Turner's-cerate, an excellent applicatioo | for ulcerous wounds. TuRNEKs'-coflPANY, ouo of the minor iivery companies of London, which, having no hall of its own, transacts its business at GuildhalL TUB t 398 1 TWI6 (orted ye«rly this name « of » suitable metal deep (llnnei' table. °n surface or Hine given to fuel, i.evenil products are r. Drcattlnotnrf. rtted fowl, the ch la bred in tie counties and markets, about i 111 the metro- >rlng9 made en- 'eing lartier than in«rand always •am gives it ine feathers of the les their use for made Into very ftud other drcss ye prepared from ,^8 made m Plecj.« Bh market, w i »» rklsh flBures en- f my, a garden the large globular a nli\'-.t which IS Te quantities from cultivation In this tbe tubers of the irare bitter and .sed hi the East as ,. Turmeric is in'- trv as a dye-stuff, •li The colouring ■is bright yellow. Ml alcoholic tur- L-e test tor alkalies, e round a cleat or !,r spell of duty; a lVStaW« »"'»»" r«':>ra'waWcom, fthe tlre-plu««; «";1 |m the mains to tho i"a^?Sslnalatbe, Ird woods, pottery. :cellent application ofthe minor livery L which, having no aas Its business a^ h TcBiKRT-WABB, wooden articles made by a turner; wooden bowls, butter prints, blocks, &c ; goods sliaped with a lathe. TcRttNG-BRiDGE, a swing-bridge. TuRNtNG-LATHii, a luthu used by amateurs or vorking turners. The common lathe of the turner in wood is called a pole- latht. TDRNn-cuTTEB, a revolving machine with knivts tor slicing roots for cattle and sheev TcKNUs, important succulent roots, form- ing afleUl or garden crop culture. TuKxiP-TOPS, tlie young green leaves and stenia of field-turnips, sold as a potherb in sprng. TuRNKor, an assistant gaoler. TiiRN-ow. a railway siding; a short loop- line ofrailwny; a strike of workmen, or muster of them; the net quantity of pro- duce yiilded ; an equipage. TuuN-ovm, a small pastry puff; an appren- tice to my trade who is himdocl over from ont master to anotlier tu complete Ills time. TcRNPiKE-iAN, a toll collector at a turn- pike gate. Turnpike- ID AD, a public road governed by a board orconunlssion, having tlie power to levy toli on the traffic for its proper maintenante and repairs. Turn-plate. See Turn-table. Turn-rest I'i^ugh, a swing plough. TUBN-SCEEW, i blunt chisel-slmped tool for inseninu or itmoving screws irom wood or metal work Turn-screw Majufactuber, a tool maker. TuKN-sPiT, a clo(k-work machine for cook- ing, also the prson who attends to the same. Turn-stile, a re>olving frame In a foot- path to pass paAcngers. but to keep out animals; a checliarc'gister. Turn-table, an iro\ revolving platform for removing carriages from one line of rails to another. Tukn-up-bedstead, » bedstead that shuts up in the middle, or\)acks away. Turpentine, a resiinis substance which hows from incisions nade In the stem of trees of the pine ^ecies. Tliere arc several varieties— ai common, Venice, French, Strasbourg, Cspatliian, and other turpentines. The imiorts of common turpentine are from \50,0C0 to 350,000 cwts. annually, chietlyfrom the United States. Turpentine and Tar Di^iller, a refiner of tliese substances for \m use ot those wlio employ them in tlio .rts and maim- factures. Turpentine, Oil op, the spilt or essence of turpentine obtained ft'om tie crude article by dlstlllotion. About one-()unh part of oil la obtained from the tUnentino, the colophony being left behind 4 the retort. TuRPENTiNE-TREE, a name to the bircli gum-tree (bursera gummifer^. ITuRPiN, a name for tl>e land-torkige. jTuRQuoisE, a valued blue gemfor oma- mentnl purpof>es. It is very C^umon In I'ersla, iRUEL, a cooper's tool TcHRET, a small slender tower. Turret-clock, a larue clock fixed In n small tower or in the steeple tower it a church. The face Is Bometlmes lllumi- nnted. TuRSKiL, Tuskar, the flauchter-spade, an Instrument u$ed in Scotland for cuttin^i peats. Turtle, a name fbr the marine tortoise. See (JREEN Turtle. TuuTLE-siiELL, a common name for the shield plate or armour of all tortoises. See TORTOISE-SHELL. Turtle-soup, the most expensive and es- teemed soup made; the fiesli of the edii)l(3 or green turtle added to an ordinary soup stock. Tuiu.KJABiN, an Indian name for the manna of tlie desert, obtained irom the camera tliorn. TusBiE, the rosary or string of beads used bv the Hindoos, Tuscan-hat, a Leghorn hat; a bonnet of straw-pint. Tusoan-plait. See LEonoRV. Tusk, a long fmg or tooth. The tusks of the elephant form an Important article of commerce. TussAC- GRASS, a large hardy coarse grass, the Fextwn ftaheVnta, native of the Falk- land islands, which has been introduced and CHltivaleeautiful blue picment, I formerly very xpensive, and obtained from the varloated blue mineral called lazulite, but nc^ artificially compounded, I and greatly re«Uccd in price. I Umbaree, a vonacular name in India fori the fibre of t|0 Hibiscus cannabimts, also! for Inferior h«"P. | Umber, a masive mineral pigment, used I by palntersas a brown colour, and tol make varn»h dry quickly. It Is usedf cither in itsnatural state, or burnt. Umbles, Hu^les, the entrails of a deer. Umbrella, /Portable folding shade, or pro-l tection a^'ist heat and rain ; a screcnl of linen, silk, or paper, on a fVame ofl cane, w^e, or whalebone ribs or stret-| chers. >ee Kittysols, and Parasol. Umbbelii-case, a narrow oilskin bag orl cottoniase for covering an umbrella whenl fuldeniua closed. UNG ["3951 TTNll 7 andnunbcr- 7BT pennlffl avc no same siecliU cer sold altw)- qimrt EnfUsh. asUN. SieToi. ayard,towhlch IGQ. 3' CoTitPAW, one anles of londoa, r a dozen. , rfime or lanel oi rXicht^e blank to bo iiipressed 18 pros, or half a 'Pmctanc letters, i for priitinR. casts irinting or svlth fu'iiaccs, &c., lids anl matrices, •aboutoncpartof >ad. u»!d in casting metas are sonic- .l-pnich, or matrix re'er^rcastln« t of two parts, tbo mivr of steel :ther« uo vhlch the tused foTCurdled mllfe. * nitiful animal dyo, ?p certain molluscs. deficient In a caslc, | g full. amo for flax, itlt'ul blue piement, isve, and obtalne, blue mineral ca led Iflclally compounded, i L"rCe h' India ftr sciM cannabmus, aisoi ineral piP"ient, use.l rown colour, and to quickly. It 18 used state, or burnt. B entrails ot a deer, folding shade, or prfv ■t and rain; a screen Japer, on a fVame "t alebone ribs or stvet-l II q and PARASoii. ^tow oilskin bag or ring an umbrella when Umbrella-furniture Maker, a manufac- turer of alpaca, cotton, &c for covering umbrellas. Umbrella-gingham, a kind of fine material for coverinu the frame of umbrellas. Umbrella-hook Maker, a manufticturer of the handle-ends for umbrellas, cou^istiug of horn, bone, ivory, &c. Umbhella-makeb, a luunufacturcr of um- brellas. Umbrella-stand, a ffame or support for resting or draining unibrcUus. Umbrella-stand Maker, a maker of wooden, wire, or catit-irou stands for umbrellas. Umbrella - STICK, the centre support for carrying and extending the flrame of an umbrella. Umbrella-tree, a name in India for a species of screw-pine, the Pandanus odo- ratissiimis. , ^ Umli, ananie m Hindustan for tlie tamarind. UjipiRE, a third person chosen to decide a disputed questiuu when two arbitrators cannot agree. U.MKiTL UsicuKKEE, vernacular names for iiie myrolwlan of the Emblica officinalii, used tor taiuiiug leather, and as a remedy 111 diarrhoea. Unbend, to cast off the tie of a rope ; to relax. UsciA, an ounce troy, or In liquids the twentieth part of a pint. It is thus abbre- viated ill prescriptions 5. Uncir (Spanish), to yoke oxen or mules for labour. Uncock, to let down the hammer of a gun or pistol. Uncooked, raw; not dressed by lieat. Unctuous, tiat, oily; having a resemblance to grease. Under- COAT, a coat worn beneath a paletot or (jreat-coat. Underfoot, a kind of granite paving. Under-gkound, below the surface of the earth. [troin. Underleaf, an apple for making cider Underlet, to sub-let. UNDER-SECRETARY, au assistant secretary. Under-shekiff, a sherilTs deputj;. Undershot-wheel, the wheel of a water- mill, where the water is received Into the buckets on a low level. Undertaker, a contractor or manager of fiiiierah ; ii coflln-makcr. Underwriter, one who takes a risk or share In marine insurance, writing his name on the policy of insurance as answer- able for a certain amount in case of loss, upon receipt of an agreed rate of premium. [Underwriters' association, a union of merchants interested in marine assurance or underwriting, of which there are many at ditferent ports, as at Glasgow, Lubeck, Liverpool, &c. Qnduck, to remove a vessel flrom a wet duck or basin. nfashionable, garments, fUrniturc, &c. not in the present mode. ^nflavouued Gin, pure, distilled gin ; not sweetened or doctored. Jkqbroot, au Arabic name for gum sarcocoila. Unglee, a cloth- measure in the Nizam territor/ : 3 ungiees » 1 gerali of 2 l-iotli inches. Unooor, a Persian name for the kind of urape grown for wine-making Iti that country, the vitis vin\fera. Ungoozeh, a Persian name for asafoctlda. Uniiair, to scrape the skins of pigs; to remove the hair from seal-skins, sheep- skins, calf-8klns, or horse-hides, <%;c., t>y steeping in lime and water. [hinges. Unhang, to taKo a door or cnti' nil its Unhook, to disconnect a liouk and eye. Unibie, a coin lormerly current in the domiiiioit of the Grand .Mogul, •= to one French crown and 3 iivres, Unidura (Spanish), tlie act of yoking oxen or mules lor labour. Uniform, an oHlcial or state dress or equip- ment forcourt, naval, military, yeomanry, and otiier officers; a livery for pcllce, gaolers, &c. ; articles made of the same shape or pattern. Uniform Sword, an officer's sword of the regulation pattern prescribed tor the army or navy. Union, a fabric made of flax and cotton ; a confederation of States ; a w :l(hou.se or poor-law district of sevc'ial tox.nships; a joint or connection; the upper iuucr corner of an ensign. Union-jack, the national flag of the Royal navy of England; a small square contain- ing only the union of the three crosses without the fly of the ensi«n. Union-joint, a band or T cross-piece; a T Joint tor uniting iron and other mutiU pipes. Union-tick. See Cotton-ticks. University, a corporation or community; an assemblage ot colleges, with an examin- ing body, where the arts and sciences are taught, and educational degrees granted. Unlade, to remove tlie cargo; to take meruhandise or stores out of a vessel. ttnlay, to untwist the strands of'a rope. UNLICEN.SED, acting without a recognised authority or legal penult. Unmoor, to heave up one anchor, so that a vessel may ride at single anchor ; to cast ott' from moorinus. Unofficial, In a private capacity, not emanutirig from an olllce. or state bureau. Unpack, to take goods from their wrappings or cases; to unbale. Unpaid, sent or received without the car- riage, freight, or postage being paid ; an honorary officer, one who gives his ser- vices or opinions gratuitously. Unquoted, goods not in tlio sale lists, or firices current; shares or stocks not dealt n or recognized in tlie otticlul lists of the Stock Excliange. Unread, a proof not examined by tlie Ueador or Corrector ol a printing-otflci' Unbeeve, to remove ropes or pulleys fl-om a block or tackle. Unrig, to take down the standing and run- ning rigging, or ropes of a slup, leaving the bare masts, with only the stays, Rms; to separate, or tear cloths or sails asunder. VAC [396] TAG Umsbal, to open ; to take off or remova the f>eal which closes a letter or package. Unseawortht. a ship not safe, or properly found luid fitted for navigation, or for carryini? cargo. [any thing. UNSHIP, to take out of its place, to remove Untamol, a name in Hindustan for the Indian ipecnciianha, the dried roots of Tylophara asthmatica. Untie, to loosen a bandage ; to unbind. UNUNTAMtii., a name In India for the roots of Heinidtsmut Indicus, which have long been employed on the ^Madras coast as a substitute (or sarsapariila. Uper, tlic Beluian half-pint measure, equal to 605 EnglisI) pint. Upholder, an old name for nn upholsterer. ♦ Upholders' Company, one of the minor livery companies of London, which hus no hall. Upholsterer, one who supplies the furni- ture and fittings fordwellinff-houses. Upholstery, the t)cds, curtidns, furniture, tablets, cliairs, and generalhousehold arti- cles sold by nn upiiolstcror. Uppee-lfather, tlie vamps and quarters of boots Mild shoes. Upper Nubse, a head nurse having the care of children in a private family. Upper Servant, a supp'lor female do- mestic in a privHte family. Upright, a timber supporting a rafter; nn iron stancliion or pillar. Urado, a peculiar kind of rock-salt met witli in Colombia. I'RCHiLLA (Spanisli), orchiUa-weed ; archil. Urinal, an erection in a street for public convenience ; also a portable water-proof case for travellers and others. Urjoon, a name in Hindustan for the Terminalia alata, the fruit ami bark of which are used medicinalij'. Ukkan, the Arab name for the Lawsonia intrinis, an important dye-»tuff. «S«« Henna. Uulings' Lace, a quilling bobbin net, figur- ed ; a gassed lace, a sliowy , low-priced sub- stitute for pillow or thread lace. Urn. a metal liot water receiver tor the tea- table, formerly more extensively used; a vaso bending outwards at the topi • measure of Sj gallons : a ballot-box. Urn-powdkr, a bronzing powder for re- novating the Tarnish or coating on metal urns. Urn-rug, a table mat or stand made of various materials, for resting an urn on. Uroos, Utarasha, Indian names for the Adhatoda Vasica, Nees. All parts of the plant are bitterish, and slightly aromatic, and supposed to be antispasmodic; the wood is soft, and much esteemed for mak- ing charcoal for guiipowdfr. U.SAGE. custom; the ordinary course of business. Usance, the customary period or space of time allowed for the payment of foreign bills of exchange ; days of grace. Userekee. See Umritl Usher, an under- teacher; an attendant upon strangers or guests ; the doorkeeper of a court of Justice. Usine, a glass-house ; an Iron-work. Usquebaugh, a kind of wiiisky. UsTORUK, a vernacular name in India for stornx. UsuLsoos, an Arabic name for llquoricc- root. Usury, the taking an excessive or exorbi- tant rate of Interest fOr money loaned. Usury laws, or those fixing a legal rate of interest, are n«w abolished in most trading countries, leaving fioating caoiial to find its proper market value. Uswukunida, a vernacular name for the saul or sal tree, the Shorea robtuta, Rox- burgh, which yields the dammar resin. Utchliic, a small sliver mo"ey of Turkey, of the value of 6d. or 6d. English. Ute, an Eastern name tOr the essential oil Or attar of ro^es. Utrecht-velvet, a kind of velvet, used for decorations, furniture, upholstery, ainl carriage linings. Utrero (Spanish), a bnll or heifer between two and three years old. UvATE, a conserve made of grapes. Uvero, a retailer of grapes in Spain. UzALTUN, the half of an abassi iu Georgian money. V. VAAG, Wage, n German name for a ba- lance or weight. Vaam, Vaem, Vadem, Datch and Belgian names for the fatliom: in Holland 6J78 feet, in Beleiuni. as In Eneland, 2 yards. Vaarsild (Danisli), spring herrings. Vaatje, the Dutch name for a barrel. Vaca, a name in some of the Pacific islands for a vessel or canoe. Vach, the Sanscrit name for the sweet flag, Acorns CalaniM. Vacoa. a name for a species of screw pIno, the Pandanus utilis, which abounds in the JMauritius and Bourbon, where, from the ti'Ugh lopgltudinai fibres of the leav s, sacks for colonial produce are made. The leaves are cut every second year, and eacli plant yields enough for two larf;c bags. [in the colonies. Vacuum-pan, a pan used for making sui/ar Vacuum-pump, a pump attached to a nui- line steam-engine. Vadari, a vernacular name in India for the jujube-tree, Zizyphus Jnjuba, which nf- fords a large and very pleasant fruit, called ber and ben-ee. See Jujubk. Vade-mecum, a book of ready general refer- ence; a manual of instruction, or recipes. Vagabond, Vagrant, an idler; a man with a bad character. Vaggle, a name in the Shetlnnds for a place where meat is hung to be smoked. VAM [397] VAR me for liquorlce- Vail. a crntulty or fee given to domestios; a perquisite, customary or stipulated, ouch as bones, and grease, and broken ment to a cook; left-off garments to a nersonal servant Vainebo (Spanish), a scabbard-maker. Vainoa, Vengay, an Indian name for the dark-red astringent, brittle, gum-resin or kino, obtnliiod fl-om the Juice of the Pterocarpus Marsupium. Vakeel, a native attorney in India; an ambassador or agent. Vakia, an Eastern weight used chiefly In Arabia for spices, &c., consisting of lU cofTolas and nearly IJ oz. English: in Bas- sorii the heavy vakia is 4833 pounds, and the liglit weight for spices, &e., 1166 pound. Val, Wall, a variable Indian weljrht for ftold and silver; In Bombay = 4'475 grs. ; n Ahmedabad, 6-045 grs.: in Anjur, 56 grs.; In Delhi, fl-63gr8.; in Poonah, 3D9 grs. ; and in Surat, 6'859 grs. Valance, drapery orlianglngs for a window, l)cdstead, &c. Valbrick (Danish), maple. Valknciennes-lace, a rich lace which has a six-sided mesh formed of two threads partly twisted and plaited, tlie pattern nelng worked in tlie net. Valendar - CLAY, tt kind of potters'-clny exported, in a raw state, from the Duchy ot Nassau. Valentine, an ornamented billet-doux, or printed love-letter wltti verses and de- vices, sent out extensively on the 14th February, St. Valentine's day. Valerian, the common name for a genus of plants which have stimulant and aromatic qualities. The true valerian (Valeriana of- Jicinalis), is ii remarkable feline stimulant. All the spncics have some medicinal pro- perties. V. celtica is largely employed as a substitute for spikenard (Nardoitachys Jatamami) by Eastern nations. Valet, a man-servant; a personal atten- dant on a gentleman when dressing. Vai.isaloo Oil, an oil expressed in India from the seeds of the Guizotia oleifera. Valise, a small leather portmanteau or carpet-bag. Valle-cypre, a name formerly given to a silk mourning crape, also known as Bologna-crape. Vallum, an Indian mensure of capacity in the Carnatic, =3| quarts. Valosea, Valonia, a commercial name for the large cnpsules or acorn cups of the Quercus cegilops, which are Imported in considerable quantities for the use ot tan- ners, being much more portable and con- centratiU in tanning properties thnn bark. In 1863. tliere were imi/orted 29,720 tons of valonca. Valve, a close lid nfflxed to a tube or hollow piston, or the opening in a vessrl, by means of a hinge or other moveable joint. There are various kindH, as the clack-valve, steam-valve, satety-valve, , but ;i Ohili 108 varas make 100 imperial yards, and 6000 varas make one Mexican league: the Mexican vara is 3 geometrical teet. In Tenerlffe the vara is 34^ English inches; in Alicant 292 inches; in Bu»- nos Ayres and Mexico 0-92741 yard; In Valparaiso and Lima, 0-92687 yard; in Brazil, 1 18878. The standard vara of Burgos Is 0-91319 yard, and the miners' vara of Galllcia 1-19715 yard. The solid viira of Spain is 20-501 cubic feet. In Chili and Peru the vara is about 33 English inches. See Sitio. Varagoo, the Tamil name for the millet seed, Fanicum miliacium. Varahun, a name in the .Madras presidency tor the connncrclal pa«oiia, the lOtti of the pollam and the 8th of the seer, weii^hing 54 CS grains; and for the native pagoda which is 62} grains. Varana, a vernacular name in India for the garlic pear Cratwva tapia. See Tapia. Vauciiilla, a Spanish grain-measure, the titird part of a tunega. Vareage (.Spanish), retail trade. Vabeo (Spanish), measurement. Vari, a weight used for the pncloUB mctola, iu Madagascar >= 80 grains. VEE [398] VEL Varico8e-8tockin«s, elastic or bnndHRed stocklnus for giving; pressure and support to swilled veins in the legs. Vahiegated, mottled ; stained with differ- ent colours. Varina's-uoll, a kind of tobacco Rcncrallv nluitcil round a tiiick stick, very mucii like C'naster. VAitNiSH, atliin resinous coating for wood, piilier, metal, &c. Impervious to air ami moisture. Turpentine and all tlie principal resins are used to form different vnr- iiisliL's, of wlilcli there are immcrous varieties; these may, however, be broadly classified into two kinds, spirit and oil varnishes. Vaunish-maker, a manufacturer of spirit and oil varnishes, who dissolves the com- mercial resins in rectified alcohol or fixed and volatile oils. Varsar, a Sanscrit name for tho aromatic sueUs of Cleome penUtphylla. SeeCwxMi.x. Vase, a large cup witii handles; a kind of nrn. Vassa, an Indian weight for pearls and the pnciuus metals, used at Suiut, = 01423 Vassal, a dependant or retainer. Vasseau. V.vrssEAU, Frencli names for the Flemish vat. Vat, a larne wooden or metal cistern or tub; the legal llquid-mt^asure or Belgium and Holland, containing 100 kanncu or litres corresponding to tho French hecto- litre, = 2201 imperial gallons. Tlie old Dutch grain vat averaged 0'76215 Wlnciiestcr bushel. Tiie shipping vat weighs 2204-74 lbs. The old London coal vat contained 9 bushels. The solid meii- Buremont vat of Amsterdam contains 40 cubic feet ; the wine vat 241'57 gallons, and the vat for olive oil 225'45 gallons. Vaudkikrat, a water telescope invented in Norway, for discovering objects below water. Vault, an arched roof; an undersronnd apartment, generally used as a store for wine, and other articles not injured l>y damp; a tomb or crypt; a repository for the dead. Veal, the flesh of tlie c.ilf. Vkal-cutlet, a steak from the thick part of the log of a calf. Veai^pie, a pastry of veal. Veal-skins, an Irisii trade-name for hides of the calf, which are dearer tlian otiier leatlier. See Calf-skins. Veal-tea, a thick gelatinous soup or broth made of the Heshj' part of the fillet or kiiuckle of veal, and given t'> sick persons. Veata, a .Singhalese long-measure equal to an English loot. Vedettk, Vidette, a mounted sentinel; an out-post ; one sent out t(^ reconnoitre. Vedro, the principal Uus.si;in measure fi)r liquids =2 7051 imperial gallons, an. I con- taining 100 charkeys. Tills measure was definitively determ'-ied at 750 cubical Knglish inches (or i.s contents : 100 vedro iire cfjuai to 270'51 Imporiai gallons, and 100 imperial gallons = 30'97 vedro. Veer, to let out, as slacking a cable or liawscr; to.change, to nhtft budduul>. Veerkee, a dry-measure of Oldenburg = l'643(l bushel, and corresponding to the werp, a measure used in the kingdom of Hanover. Veete, the smallest Singhalese long, measure, equal to a grain of rice. Vega (Spani.sh), an open plain. Vegetarle, a common name for all plants and roots raised for food. Vegetable- IVORY, a name given to the osseous albumen in the nut of a dwarf South American palm, the Phytelepba.t niacrocarpa. These nuts (called corosso-) are much used by turners, for many ornamental purposes, in imitation ot ele- phant jvory. See Corozo. Vegetaule-ornament-cutter, a person who cuts out with a shape, vegetables lor supper tables, d^jcflners. r garnishes for dishes. Vegetable-mabroW, a variety of gourd, tho Cucurbita ovi/era, nsed as a pot-heib in Its intermediate or half grown state. Vegetable-soups, soups made witli green pease, turnips, and carrots cut small, cab- bages, <&c. ; peaso-sou)); julienne; soup maigrc, and otiier thin pottages. Vegetable-wak, a kind of wax obtained from the candleberry myrtle and other sources. See Candleberry Myrtle and Wax-palm. [district. Veguer, in Arragon, the magistrate of a Vehicle, a carruige of any kind; the means of carrying out any operation, Vehrte. ft dry-measure used la Stralsund = 0-27640 Winciiester bushel. Veil, a lady's bonnet-fall; a thin gauze or lace screen for tho face. Vein, a stratum of ore or mineral; to stripe or mottle, to marble, &c. [clotli. Velarte, a kind of fine Spanish broad- Velenge, a Ceylon wood uneO for making betel trays, &c. Velebia, a tallow-chandler's shop In Spain. Velete (Spanish), a light thin veil. Velfalla, a kind of Spanish linen. Vellanoa, Yelanga, vernacular Indian names for the wood-apple, Feronia Ele- phantum, from wiiicii a large quantity of good gum is obtained. Tlie young leaves are used by native practitioners as a gentle stomachic stimulant hi tiie bowel- complaints of children. Vellon, a money in wiiich accounts are kept in many parts of Spain. Tl»e Spanish term strictly means copper coin. Vells. a provincial name for the maws or storhachs of young calves used for rennet. Veixum, a fine kind of parcliment made from the skins of very young calves; a name for crystallized jaggery or palm sugar in Ceylon. Vellum-binder, a bookbinder who covers books with vellum, and makes account- Vellum-post, asmootlikindof paper [book-*. Velocimetek, an apparatus (or meusuriiiji the rate of speed of machinery. Velocipede, a propelUng machine, a light seat or road carriage, worked through tlio agency of a lever, connecting rod, anil crank, by the pressure of the feet ou pedals attached to the wheels. Velon (Spanish), an oil-lamp. YEN t 399 ] VER of OldenbuTB «=■ isponitlng to tlie 1 the kingdom of llnglialese long- n of rice. '!"'"• ,. , . line for all plants no given to tlip I nut of a (Iwmf the PhyielephcLt i (called coro880-) iruprs, for many II imitation of ele- zo. iTTEU, a person shape, vegetables iiers, worked through the connecting rod, an>l ssure of the teet ou lie wheels. oil-lamp. Velocrb, a kind of velvet or plush for furniture, carpet!*, &c. numufactured in Prussia, partly ot linen and partly ol'doublc cotton warjis with mohair yarn welt. VELOUns-D'UTKECHT, a woollcn velvet for tapestry and furiiituro coverings made in the Netherlands. Veloute (French), velvet l.ice. Veloutiek (French), a veivet-mnkcr. Velte, a small cask used in Frunce fi>r brandy, measuring about 6 quarts (16 10 gallons). In Germany and Holland tins measure is called a viurtcl. Velveret. See Fustian. Velvet, a soft dress material woven wliolly from silk, or of silk and cotton mixed, having a loqse pile or short shag of threads on the surface. Velvet-bkush. a brush used by ladies to remove dust, &c. from garments mnde of velvet. [velvet. Velvet-deesseb, a cleaner and dyer of Velveteen, a kind of fustian. See Fustian. Velvet-masui-acturer, a weaver of velvet. Velvet-moss, a name for the Oyrophora murina, a lichen used in dyeinn, obtained in the Dovrefeldt mountains ot Norway. Velvet-I'Ile, a kind of carpet with a long soft na]). Velvet-weaver, a maker of velvets. Vend, a sale; the whole quantity of coal sent from a colliery in the year. Vendor, one who disposes of any thing: a usual condition in a public sale <>f landed property, is, that the vendor shall be entitled to bid oidy onee for an estate. Vendue-masteb, a licensed auctioneer in the Colonies. Veneer-cutteb, one who saws furniture wood into thin lengths, by steam-jiower machinery. Veneers, tfiln sections or sheets of choice ftncy woods, lor overlaying furniture. By the aid of beautifully adapted circular saws, worked by machinery, veneers are often cut of the thickness of one-fortieth ot an inch, a little thicker than a sheet of writing-paper. See Scale-boards. Venetian-blind, laths of wood strung to- gether serving for a window-blind, and which can bo raised or lowered by a string. Venetian-doob, a door lighted by panes of glass on each side. Venetian-red, a scarlet ore when pure, but the colours usually sold under this name are prepared Ivom sulphate of iron. Venetian red Is sold either hi lumps or in powuer. Venetian-window, a window with three separate lights. Vengay-gum. See Vainga. Venice-soap, a mottlod soap made with olive-oil and soda, with a little sulphate of iron in solution, or sulphate of zinc. Venice-turpentine, an oleo-resin obtained from a variety of the larch, Lurix Euro- pcea; it is used hi tlic manulacture of sealing-wax. Venison, the tiosh of the Cervus dania. See Fallow-deer. Venison-disu, a metal dish to keep venison Uut at table. Venison-pasty, flesh of tlie fallow-deer made into a pastry baked, licc. Venison-i'late, a hot plate for eating veni- son on. VE^ I'OLLAU, a kind of Indian handkcr- Clli. I. Ventier (French), u wholesale dealer in stamlim,' wood ; a woodmonger. Ventilator, a wlndsall or canvas funnel or machine for conveying air into a ship, mine, or building; a pane of perfo- rated ulate-glass, or revolving sheet t/f metal in a window or door; an apparatus in the chimney of a room to carry oif heat, (fee. Ventouse, a cupping-glass, Ventoy, a fan. Vest-peg, a sjillo or peg to stop a vent- , hole. [steam. VENT-PIPE, zn alr-plpe; nn escape pipe for Ven'ih, a Scotch name for chimneys, a* kitchen and room vents ; air-holes in foun- dry mouldfi. Venture, a risk or stake ; a speculation. Venturina (S|)anish). a precious stone, of a yellowish-brown colour. Venue, the county, district, or locality in which an action is to be tried. \Eii\J3'-iiAiR,t\\e Adiantumcapilluj-Veneris, given as an expectorant, and formlnsf the basis of the celebrated syrup of capi;- lalre. See Caimllaire. Verandah, an oi»eii portico attached to a house; trellis-work round a colonnade or covered walk facing the lower windows, opening to a lawn or garden. Verandah-builder, a maker of wire or wood lattice-work. Vebbal-agkeeme.ot, a contract or agree- ment made by word of month. Verbena, an otto, one of tlie finest per- lumes, obtained by distillation from tlie citron-scented leaves of Aloysia cilrxO' dora. Owing to its high price li is success- fully imitated for ordinary purposes, by mixing the otto of lemon grass with recti tied spirits, and this passes as oil of verbena. Verciioke, a Russian linear-measure, the sixth of an archlne, ■= 1} English inches. Verd-antique, a species ot green mottled serpentine m.irble, much valued for itu beautiful markings. Verde, Verdea, a white Tunisian wine. Vekdee, a white Florentine wine. Verdeilha, a variety of white grapo pro- ducing a Madeira w ine. Verderer, a forest ottlcer. Verdict, the judgment or award of a jury. Verdigris, tlie acetate of copper, obtained by exposing tliin plates of copper, for some time, to the action of the cake or marc of the wine-presses in the South d France. Besides the Trench verdigris, there are green distilled, common, and crystallized verdigris. Vebditer, a name for varieties of a blue pig- ment; a hydrated percarboiiate of copper, it is generally prepared by decomiiosing the solution v>l nitrate of copper by tlie addition of chalk. There are reflneu blue, and green verdltcrs. Verdulero, a green-grocer in Spain. VER [400] VIC Vkhge, tlio splMdIe of a wntch balnnco; a rod, wand, or miice; n Jiirisdlctlon ; a measure of length In France or Belu'lnm, the mean of wliich. In tlie former country, is 6-70045 yards, and In the latter fi-fi0404 yards. It Is also a snpbrtlclal measure, the monn hnlntj 0000)20 aero In HclRlum; 000054 hi Tlollnnd; and 0'0 , "d into flat rods for ty\ an acting chair- 1 r?or officer of the! r admiral, ranUlnd oithearmy. There three grades, who fl.whlte, or blue flag. ^T, a court In a I •alty powers. I ii's bench to fasten a ,on who prosiilps nt Te. supporting anM 1 or nvesidont; tliej , board of offlcfrs. ,wor judge of chan- uient of a university., ,,„,y commander^of| isistant or deputy- cturer of iron vices. , 'seworUisalthevicc VicE-PBUiDiMT, a deputy-chainnan. ViCEBOT, a governor or officer administer- ing the powers of a Kingdom or State. VicESsu, an ancUnt Roman welglit of 20 ili8., equal to 14'087 pounds avoirdupnlii, ViCE-WABDEN, the actlnu or depute officer of a warden, as of the Lord-VVardea of the Stannaries court. ViCHY-WATKK, a mineral water, ViciskT-DucK, a West Indian water fowl, smaller than the European duck, and very excellent eating. Victimize, to rub or cheat; to impose upon a person. ViCTORiNB, a small tippet or short tie of f\ir for a lady's n'ick. Victual, a general name for food, provi- sions. Victualler, in Scotland a corn factor; In England a publican or innkeeper. There are abont 70,000 victuallers in England : in 18M there were 165,144 licensed re- tailers of ^^eei, either classed as victuallers, or merely licensed to sell beer to be drunk or not drunk on their premises. ViCTUALUMO, laying in stores; taking in provisions. VicTUALLCia-BiLL, a Certified account of a ship's stores or provisions. VicTUALLiNQ-NOTE, an Order given to a sea- man in the Uoyal navy by the paymaster, when he joins a ship, which is handed to the ship's steward as his authority tor victualling the man. VicTUALLiKo-BOCiETY, a UDloH or associa- tion of operatives, &e. to supply thim- solves with meat and bread, &c. at the lowest prices. ViCTUALLiNO-TABD, a government storeyard for supplying provisions to vessels of war. Vicuna, a species of the alpaca tribe t'unilsh- ing a long reddish wool used for fabrics and for felting to cover hats. ViDANGE (French), ullage. ViDETTE. See Vedette. ViDiMARAH, a vernacular Indian name for the Cordia Mpxa. The wood is soft, and one of tlie best for affording fire by friction. The bark is deemed a niild tonic. The dried fruiU of this and of 0. latifolia have long been used as a medicine in India under the name of Sebistaiis or lobestens. They are slightly laxative, and are nmch esteemed as a pectoraL The seeds are deemed an infallible remedy in ringworm. The pulp Is equally as aperient as that of the Cassia fistula. Vidonia, a Spanish wine Imported '.a pipes of 100 gallons. iVe Tknekiffe. ViDRECOME (French), a tumbler or large drinking glass. ViDuiERO (Spanish), a glazier. ViERDEVAT. an oil" grain-measure of Amster- d.im, equal to 1^ gallon. ViBBDiNG, an Austrian weight, the quarteron or fourth of the Vienna pound, equal to O'SOseoO lb. VtEBENDUL, a Dutch word for quarteron or fourth, an old weiglitot Amsterdam equal to 0-259270 lb. 1 ViERFASs, ViKRMASs. a dry-mcasure of Ger- many, ranging from 1455 gallon to 1711 gallon. ViERKAim, the Dutch term for (iquarc, thM the vierkante elle Is tlie square rll of Amstdrdam. The unit of suiiertlctal mea- sure, answering to the centiare or mbtre carree of France. ViERKAMTK-BUNDER, the gouare bnndcr or bounier, a Belgian supernclal measure ttt 0-0247 acre. ViEHLiNO, an Amsterdam weight of B-foa grains; a liquid-measure of Bremen, = 21876 wine gallon; a dry -measure used in Germany and Switzerland, vary- ing from 014669 Winchester bushel to 1-04028 ditto It Is also a superficial mea- sure equal to 03236 acre in Hanover, and varying In dimensions in Zurich accord- ing as it Is applied to woodland, tillage, or vineyard. ViEBMAss, a dry-measure of Brunswick equal to 0-22112 Winchester bushel. Set ViERFASS. ViERN8EL,.a dry-measure of Germany ot^h to 6 gallons. ViBBTEL, a German word for fourth, applied to liquid and dry m'ea8ures,ot very variable capacity in different towns and States ; also a solid and superficial measure. For beer and spirits it is ordinarily about 2 English gallons, though occasionally much more. The Hessian viertel, as a grain-measure, is equal to fi5-100th parts of an English quarter. In Vienna the corn metzen of 4 viertcis or Sachtels is equal to 1-69 Impeilal bushel. The last of 371 vlertelsln Belgium is equal to lOJ lmi)erial quarters. Asa liquid-measure the Cologne viertel = 1-171 gallon; in Vienna it is ,3192 gallons. ViEKTELEiN, a grnln-measure used In Wur- temberg, = 0-3()47 pint This name is ulso sometimes applied to the 8wl< a inaunil or varies In dlf- Inopoly, It Is 5-515 lbs.; "> h more, on a passport, rns presidency sighs 3148 lbs. ir towu use. r the colocynth lis are said to rtlo^e of food In a surgeon or 1 over the shoul- [card. •d; an address- an made. In the t the Palmyrah- n Indian long- Inches : a super- snuare Inches. 1 leather; vellum. of an egg. iud of long rod glass. % combination of ) of zinc. For the 5-VlTElOL, GRKKS- lilan name tor the on muricatui. k, lei for keeping in Orkney and the muttou hung and ilted. late of iron, occa- !ent. [for ships, 'gent or victualler German wooUeu pe colony to tw easure, ranging In 0-30956 yard to [open basket leavings; ashallovr solid measure ot le quantity. ^^^J arrlage or convey- tor myrrh. „,,„. i in plank of wWt* | Vui,TiQEUK8,llKhthorRcmen,Frenchlnfantry. VoLOHE, uclifinIeulux|ii'i'ii!iii)nrorit ixiriiuii or part ; a roll or book ; a body of kux. VoLUNTEEU, one who Kprves In any cnp.i- cityasa soldier, and of his own accord, and at hU own ciiarKe. VoMrr-NDT. See Nux-vomica. VoKOiNO, aBlga coin, => 1^ xroxRchcn or 4) whtttens, and about uine-tentlis of u penny iii value. VuRLiNO, a Hanoverian superflclal mea- sure, = "3234 acre, [wood. VoKTANQUi, the Spanish name (or Hiipnn- VuTE, a sutTraKo ; a ili'clnlon given by divi- sion, by word of month, or by ballot. VoTiNQ-i'APEU, u balloting-paper; a proxy. VouAH. a measure In length hi 81iiu), == 210iy3yard!«. VoLX'iiEB, an Instrument or document pro- duced to substantiiite a statement ot ac- count or ili8t)ur8enient8, or of goods and otUvT coniniodiiles received. V(>U!. and a [ number of little holes at the knots. WAR [40S] WAS frown i-wftlU eHlone. ItrHDU- I New rokerit, 111 Loii- s milt; 8|)«CtVlt f tret* fit. The kind, 1« UTS and t \» al»o ftir B""- iimt» Hre I oil ob- ) walnut, n Europe ■ with the d In vine- le or Bca- |j,«, gOUKht lUe olU)''- r Its teetli. e Ivory tor the brown of wlilch IH nuently not foro. answer rchltieture. reive inches i long. It l» iftlie colony, ■iilture. n to certain \ ns money, f tlie North- \s iiaed are a tercenaria. a )iiitliiK-»ticlJ- a lecturers Ic In Uritisli he Sesamum larclied and Their use as (I muler Cjin- is plant, wlien 111 cold water, used as a do- 1 llic «;<"■■" n the Ciiinesc. and said to be laved bamboo, 'count of the S difficult ,8 must conse- 1 those particu- le length an'l ,btrtined. TliP ard bark, antl .desofaboutftii Inches, and n| le knots. Wankkld, an Inferior liind of paddy u«c<| by the pooror claNset In Cudditpah and other part* of Iiidla. WxNNK, 11 solid inoasuro for hay used In >VurtciiiborK, being a cube ol 8 feet, or, according to loinu auiliorilles, 4^^187 cubic feet. Wantt, a leather (firdlo. VVapkntakk, a hundrod or district; tho term Is derived Itoin weapon taking, are- view or Inspection uf uriiis in olden times. Wakakana, a large tlmljcr-trce of lirlilxli Oulana, tho wild orange, tlio wood of which la much used lu tho colony for oars and staves. VVaramdruh (French), an overseer or in- spector ofhcrrtiig-saltlng; a hcrrlng-curor. Wakd, a division or section of a lock; an apartment In a penitentiary, hospital, workhouse, &o, ; a division or a city or town. Wakd-bkadle, a parish or district ofllcor; the suiiimiincr of a ward-meeting, Ac, Wakd-ci.ekk, an offlcer of a city ward. Warden, a custodian or guardian; a head officer In some companies, colleges, &c. ; a kind of pear. Wakdian-cases, glass encloant :><: fbr keep- ing lerns, -inque8T, a meeting of the citizens of a ward at a court-leet, or to inspect weights and measures, examine into nui- sances, collect alms for the poor, &c. Wakd-mote, a ward-meeting or assemblage ofcitlzensof a ward for public business. Wardrobe, u collection of wcarlng-apparel; a detaehed piece of furniture for keeping the same in. Ward-room, tlic room in a ship of war, in which tlio commissioned oftlcers, dowu to the assl.stant-surgeon, live and mess. Wark, any saluabiu merchandise, as hard- ware, tUiwure, earthenware, smailwarcs, Warge, a grain-dealer In India. Warehouse, a store-room or wharfinger's prc.iilses; a shop; a place for depositing goods vt'hich Mave not paid customs-duty. Wari'.housk.mau, the owner or keeper of a liock-warehouseor wharf-store; a person who keeps a wholesale shop or store for Manchestev or woollen goods. '.Var-horse, ,1 charger ; a trooper's horse. Warialee, an Indian name fur fennel-seed. War-insurance, an extra premium paid for tlie risk on marine insurance lu timo of war. Warmer, a vessel to heat beer, Aa Warming-pan, a brass or copper covered pan liolding IieateU coals to warm tlie sheets of a bed. Warp, a small rope or short hempen cable loraslilp; a tow-line; the threads which run longitudinally from end to end of a fabric, and are crossed by the weft or woof; a name among the Yarmouth fishermen for 4 herrings; to flood land so as to leave a de|)osic of rich slime or soil ; to tow or draw a sliip b.y a rope made fast to buoys, piers, &c * Wakpbr, a woman who forms the woollen yarn or thread htto warps or webs fur tho looms. [turning yam. WAiiriNO-nooit, a ropo-makcr's liook ft.r WAHi-'s-U'iNdTii, a short cable (llstance. Wakracuori, a native name lor the wood of the white cedar, obtained in Domeraiik fl-om the Idea altisiima. It Is light, easily worked, and vurv aromatic, and Is usell for oars and padules, and for boards lor tho Inside work of honscs. Warrant, an authority or commission of any kind from a miiKiKtratc, or superior executive olhcer or body; a commlssiou from the Admiralty to petty ortlcvrs of a vesxtl of war. A do:k warrant Is a cus- tom-house lleencu ( r authority. Waruan r OK Attorney, a special power of attorney to do some partleular act for an- other, as to receive (ilvidends, cxeeuto transfers of stocks, tic, which ditlors from a general power of attorney. Warrant-officer, an executive officer In a ship of war, ranking next to a :«nljordln- ato cununlssloiied - olllcei'; tho gunner, boatswain, and carpenter, aro wurrant- otUcors. Warrantt, a guarantee given (M tho cha- racter or soundness ol merciiandlso or goods sold, or of a horse. Warren, a piece of wasto ground where rabt)lts are bred. Warri-w.uiri, a kind of Iiullan fan made by the natives ofOulana. ot me leaves of the acuyuru palm, \.\w A roatryum aeuUa- turn of Meyer. Wakby, tt name In India for tho sedimen- tary deposit IVom cariiellan in grinding the stone, whicli is used fur polisliing tho beads. Wash, ten strikes of oysters; the wet refuse of cookery, or of ilistiUeries, Ac. ; a cosmetic or lotlo'i; fermented wort; a mixture of duiider or waste saccharine Juices, used for distilling. Wash-ball, aballof soap; a sand-ball for washing thi hands with. Wash-uoards, pieces of board placed above tlie gunwale of a boat; skirting boards. Washed, covered with a thin coat of metal: linen cleansed by soap and water, and friction. Washer, a circular ring of stamped Iron or leather used in connection wltli a bolt or screw. Washerwoman, a laundress. Washuand-b.vsin, an earthenware basin for a toilet stand; they are also made of gutta-percha or metal, fur office, kitchen, or ship use. Washib,v, a strong, hard, durable, and elas- tic wood of (iuiima, much esteemed by the Indians for bows. WASHiNQ-MAcniNE, an agitating machine with revolving balls, or beaters, to sava manual labour in cican.siiig linen. Washing-tub, a long deep wooden tray or round hooped tut), for waslilii;; clothes in. Wash-leather, split sheep-.sklns prepared with oil in imitation of chamois, and used for houseliold purposes, fordusting, clean- ing glass, plate, polishing brasses, Ac; alumed or buff leather for regiinciiial belts. hi WAT [406 J WAT WA8H8TAND, a piece of bedroom-furniture for holding ewer and \>ii«Ui and otticr requisites tor washing the person. Some- times it has a marble top. Waste, the refuse of cotton or silk ; moor- land or untilled ground, Waste- BASKET, a small office or library basket, for holding loose waste papers. WA.STE-nooK, a tradesman's book for mnk- niL' rough entries in. Waste-papek, spoiled paper; old office writings, newspapers, iSc. bought by ■waste-paper dealers, to sell again to shop- keepers, lor wrapping-paper, or to paper- ninkers to work up into fresh paper. Waste-pipe, a discharge-pipe for surplus or used water, olt-tnakcr. WAT [407] WAT branch of the n who makes ler-maker, an one kept to lotlce oftres- ofthewatch- of the watch- ploya a piercer R, a manufac- mch connectea , heiir it give; of the moving V means of the to the last one. m who puts the , and employs a id other worliers •h of the watch looks the whole, a branch of the l^'branch of the '8 trade. n of the watch ntotwobranchis, convex glass; a ,l\ow sphere, used Lvatch, in order to otect the hands, not segments pi ir edges abruptly lattened; anhour- n or chain worn ched to a watch a branch of the • a person wlio Uers or Indicators ch, and employs a Person who attends ,g, setting, making a branch of the 1 nanufucturer of the nt kinds, made U) 1 ufacturer, flnishej. 1 cleaner of watches, ges and tits together, epnrate pa''t« °* * e been cast or pre-l ■juardian or pollce-l ■A large spring rattlel jr to call tor asslst-l n a division of thel ■which includes otherl Ter, edge-maker, audi Watch-movement Makeu, a division of the watch trade, comprising many brandies, as pillar maltcr, stop stud maker, frame mounter, screw-maker, cock and potenco maker, verge-maker, pinlon-makcr, ba- lance-wheel maker, wheel-cutter, tusee- maker, and otiier small brandies. Watch-oil Makek, a person who prepares and vends the limpid oils required for oiling tlie movements of a watcli. Watch-paixet Jeweller. See Watch- JEWELLEB. Watch-pallet Maker, a maker of the verge of watches, the pallets of which alternately stop the teeth of the swing or balance wheels. Watch-paper, an old-fashioned fancy orna- ment, or thiu tissue lining, tor the case of a watch. Watch-pendant Maker, a person who makes the handle and ring outside of a watch to liold or suspend it : both case and pendant are sent to Goldsmiths' Ball to be marked. Watch-pillab Maker, a branch of the ■watch-movement trade. Watgh-pinion Makeb, a branch of the movement-maker's trade. Watch-pocket, a small pocket fastened to ttie bead curtains of a bed to place a watch in at niglit. [movement-niaker's trade. Watch-screw maker, a brancli of the Watch-secket-speinger, and Sprinq- LiNEB, a division of tlie watch-making trade, which is further subdivided into other branches, comprising the spring- maker, button-maker, &c. Watch-spring, the fine steel main-spring, which, being fastened at one end to the barrel, and at the other end to an arbor or axle, unwinds off the fusee, turning it, and keeping the watch going, while tlic action accords by its varying size with the varied energy of the spring. By tlie force thus produced otlier wheels are put in motion, from whicli the time is exactly measured by the hands on the dial. Watch-spring Makeb, a manufacturer of maiii-springs for watches, who employs a wire-drawer, hammerer, polislier, tein- perer, &c. Watch-stand, a mantel-piece or toilet rest or support for a watch. WATCH-STOP-STtJD MAKER, a branch of the business of the watcli-movement maker. Watch-wheel Cutter, a branch of the watch-movement maker's trade. Watch-wobk, the steel, brass, and other maciilnery and parts of a watch. Water, the lustre of a diamond ; a common well-known fluid. As an article of trade, water is vended from house to house in many towns, where the iiihabltawts have noteasy access to it : it is supplied by Itine- rant water carts, at so much per bucket. In cities there are water companies, with certain vested rights, that convey tlie water through streets by large pipes called mains, and supply the cisterns, &c of the householders at an annual rent charge. Water is often supplied to ships' boats In casks or breakers, or by hose, and taken ou board fur use on the voyage. Water -bailiff, an officer having cliarpe Of the police of a flsh-market, harbour, or river. Water BOTTLE, a glass toilet-bottle; a bot- tle fur holding water at table. Water-butt, a puncheon or largo cask without a head, used tor collecting rain water. Water-can, a tin vessel for holding water for a dressing-room. Water-caebiee, a bearer or vender of water. Wateb-cart, a cart with water for sale, or for watering the roads and streets. Water-casks, breakers or other casks used for lioldinK water for ships' use. Wateb-cemi:nt, Jiydraullc cement. See Heton, and Cement. Water-clock, a contrivance for measuring time by tlie flow of water; the clepsydra of the ancients. Water-closet Maker, a manufacturer of house privies, supplied with water for cleansing them. Water-cock, a tap for drawing water; a street plug to supply water from the mains in case of tire. Water, Cologne. See Cologne-water. Water-colour-drawing, a painting exe- cuted and finished with colours worked up with water. Water-colours, cakes of pigment fo? drawing, that can be rubbed down with water. Wateb-compant, a Joint-stock company, which collects water for distribution tlirough a town. Water-cooler JIakeb, a potter who makes porous jugs, ll 10 llOI'Nlllll nil OIIRIM III lIlK |)|.iAi(, Watick-jiu«, vkdnoIii Om' hold* WATKU-I.KVIMNrt, It |»«n>iUt«»(l loitt or wntiT ohntniol In tlio (liipo uuloiiy, Idr brliiKlHK Wittor (\VATiat-i,o) wliU-li liav« mi iniicli witlur In llio lioltl itx lo 1)0 iiiiiniiniiiioitlilo. Wa'Vkhman, It boitiiiiiiii or lorryinuiii iiii iklti>M(liiiit on oiili-Mt.itnilii wliu iiii|i|i|ii<(i wnli>r lo llu> liorNOH. ♦ WATKit-MAitK, It loitor, dovloo, or ln>i>rpn*loii, wroiitflit In |m|)or ilurliiK lliu prouoHM or niitiiullioturo, liy inoitiiN of wiro or Iii'iimn |)liiit>!« Hi'wn on tliu hittiil-inoiilil, or llio itiindy-roHorit ol Hin imiior-iimi'liitio; tlio tlltl>-IOVt>l on It nIIOI'O, llUlllMllMK tint OXtlMIt oi'tlio rlHO aiut tUII of tlio llilo; lliu lloitl- llno or sInkliiK dtiptli of tt ulilp. Watku-mkadows, low, Hut piistiiro Rrountl, caiiiiblo of lioliiu lrrl«atoil from nonio it(0>>tiilnK rlV(M1'ANY, one of tlio llvory oompaiilos of L.oniioii, \vl)080 hall In at St. Mary-at-lilll. Watku-mki-kk, an Instrnmuiit for rofiUtcr- liiff the supply "'" wator. Watkk>mux, It llotir-urlndlnfr or other mill, tho maclilnory (if wliloli is sot In motion by tlio action of wator upon a wlii>ol. WATKii-nrK Makku, a cantor or mouldor of pipes lor supplyliiti water. WATKu-niviiKK, tui o'lrtUonwaro jug for ci'.rrving water. WATKU-ri.nu. iN'ci' Wateroock. Watkupkook-cu>tii .Makkk, a person who prcnarosclotti to stand tlio wet; an IiuIIaii- rnliWr cloth maker. Wa TKRrRooKiNO, reiidcrluR doth, linen, or leather, Ao., Iinpervious tu wator, WATKu-rLUiiFiKis, It filter. Watkkratk, a ta\ levied for tho supply of water to householders. WATKu-uKTriNO, sfoeplnff flax !n water to soften the stem, and tit tho llbre for bout- tniir. Waters, Mfskrat, nbout ."^'.Ono gallons of these are annually Imported IVoin abroad. Watkr-tablk, a projection or liorlzontMl set-ulTon a wall, so placed as to throw off the water from the buildlnsf. Water-tank, a fixed cistern on shore, or a metal receiver on board ship for nold* iUK water. Set Tank. WA'rKU-TAt*, II oiM'k lolnt nut wnl»r, WAtKH-TitiiNn, II diml oliliirii lliiml wllli liiitd lo hold water, WATKit-WAVH, llmllmlinriiiifKiililpi'oiiiKiot- Inu till) RliteN to lllii dnek. WAi'ikti-wiiicxi., It whmd wllli biinkntN (lir Impellliiu It tiilll by waldt-pownr, Tlit prliiulpal varlnMoM urn iiiidm'Nhnf, ovnr- Nhol, binnitt., and horlHoiitnl, tiirbhio*, jiUiI.ICUS' ('oMI'ANr, WW of till) livery iiiitipaiili'S of London, whoso hull In In tlreMham-slreet. Wax-iioi,i., a eliild's doll with A wax lUoo and arms, or with a wax body. Waxici>-kni>, thread eovered wllh shivi- niakei's' wax for sewing leather toirothor. Wax-fioiikk Makick, a moiildurof wax tii hnltatloii of real perNons. WAX-ri.dWicR MAKKit, a iiioilellerofllowflrN, iViilt, tr. Tl»« lM'»l\ol, (Wnr- itnl, ttirlitiio*! wlimtlN. or iHiiitplttK >r to R town ; ir<«». . , 1 lor mn'olMof In Ronuttltnin irillnof twl«H! iirt thoUinloli. illk. ni> It'll by •«'«• lintiort nliout irtinl aiirtrtor*, itlnxit rroin tU" »-WAX, cii, u (liinlor ill ot inndo of or ho (ixtrnctn tUo mliiUFilfil tUt'tii- jl»«i;tinHl ItK orl- ir, "III' of ^1'" ya, who«o hull In rItU ft wax flujo boiiy. iVtl Willi «li""- (Mitlu'r togotlior. )iililor ol' wux In InllcroflloworH, iruil to Imltttt* ipliiu out colouri lnii ihr«»a with pollBhluK tablet pnr of wax. (Iior or liloncner ulloB, or ailTorcnt [wax. IK ntftl worker In ,|f.-WAX. of South Ameri- n andicola, from vlilcb llows spon- wnxy fcubstanco, f rcHln, nnil om-- 1th IhiU formed by tiloBUOt, tills wax of flRurcs dressed to tlio public, voice; In Inland coachniftn's docu- of coo(l«, with tno ,t which bo Is In- c8 on which a ship iiry. )ffeu8lvo or deftn- Wkah, n dnin to Mhiit up and rnUn wntori an •'iK'liiNiiro ol twiuN to vnti-M f1«li t to turn It vtMNiti riiiiiiil by llm Nturti, tnik- Inu IikIiik lliii rtivttritii iiiovtiiiiiiHt, Aff'e wV,m. Wkaiiiwo-ai'I'ahri.. KnrnitmtM for tlia |Kir- Moit I nrtUHim ol iitilrx, Wkakm., Ilm AfuMMit viilf/nriJi, a rllrr^t-lll(»1 ntiliniili n drMtroynr ol vcrinlii. (Mix-r MiMclnN or UiIn liinilly urn ilimcrllxMl undi^r KiiMiNK, Mink, Haiii.k, iVr;. WKA'iiiKU-noAiii), n lii'iiid to kimp off Ihn WKt or (Milil; niillt'd liiiiirdi« Inpiiliiu over oiMi iinollmr III till) rIiIii ol n lioim", Ai.v. WKATIIICtt-OOIIK, It VniKt lillldd 10 Nhow thii dlri'i'lloii ol Ihii wIikI. Wi''>A'riiKi(-kh. .See Wkiiikii. Wkddino-cakk, ft rich plum -cake, orna- mented and troHted with Hiignr, to decorate a weddltiK breakfast table, aiol served to guests and Hubgcquent vi^iltors Lottie new- niurrlcd couple. WKDDiNQ-CAKK-onNAMKNTS, sUvered orna- ments to decoriitc a weddlUK-ciike. Weddino-oakds, the name and address cards of a iiew-marri-jd couple, usunllv printed In silver, or tied wltli 8llver-cord. sent to I'rleiids to announce the event, and statins when ttiey receive return calls. WuiuiNO-nBSSs, superior garments for nltlmr snx, to )tn worn In nhur ch *t Urn iiiiirrtiiKn f.frftii'iity, Wvutumi tAViit'.n, iiiionii; n lever; u ineehiiiil'ai yiivti-r i>r uhiI fish alive; the cavity In a building, in which a flight of winding stairs is flxcd. WEia,-B0\T. a flshing-boiit with a well to keep flsh in, to bring them alive to mar- ket. 'Well-bobek, one who digs or bores for water; aconstructor of weils. Wellingtons, men's long boots so named. WELri-ROOU, an apartment or building con- taining a mineral spring or spa, where the waters are drunk by invalids. Well-sinking, the operation of boring for water. Well - STAIRCASE, a winding staircase. which occupies but little room in a building. Welsh-flannel, the finest kind of .flannel, made from the fleeces of the flocks of the Welsh mountains, chiefly manufac- tured by hand. It is held in high repute for under-vestments and o'.her purposes, but is dearer than tiiat made by machi- nery in Lancashire and Yorkshire. Welsh-mutton, a clioice and delicate meat, obtained from a small breed of slieep in Wales. Welsh-onion, a name for the Allium fist u- losum, a native of Siberia. Welsh - RABBIT, toasted cheese seasoned with mustard, KU- maceti, and W^halebone. Whale-blubbee, the thick fat of whales. See ItLUDBER. Whale-boat, a long Larrow boat, used by whalers, to pursue and harpoon tlie whale. Whalebone, the commercial name for the baleen plates In the mouth of the whale, of which there are about 800. They are chiefly obtained from the Greenland and Southern whales, Balama mystkettu, and australis. It is softened by boiling, and is dyed biaik. The principal use of whale- bone Is for the ribs or stretchers for um- brellas, for canes, whips, and as a substi- tute for bristles in common brushes. In tlie form of shavings, it is sometimes braided Into hats and boimets. See Fin- ner-whale. Whalebone-cutter, a workman who slices or draws whalebone Into assorted lengths, for difi'erent purposes. Whale-fins, a commercial misnomer for whalebone ; the imports in 1855 were 281 tons. Whale-fisheet, the pursuit of the whale in vessels specially stored and fitted for the purpose. This flsliery Is now chiefly carried on by the Americans who had, in 1856, 655 vessels, registering 204,209 tons employed in the South Seas and tlie North Paciflc. Tliere are some few British ships still prosecuting the Greenland flsheiy. The American vessels in the North Pacific have averaped 1000 barrels of oil to each ship for .-loine years past. Whale-line, a long coil of small rope fas- tened to a harpoon, carried in a whale- boat, to secure the whale when struck. Whaler, a ship employed in the whale fishery; a seaman engaged In the fishery. Whale-shot, a name among the Dutch and some English whalers for head matter or spermaceti from the whale. Whanghee, a kind of Chinese cane. See Wanqhee. Wharf, a landing-place or mole by the water side, in a harbour or river, for l.inding or shipping goods. Wharfage, tlie charga paid on goods to a wharfinger. Wharfinger, the owner or occupier of a | wliarf ; an ofl;icer or clerk appointed to attend at a wiinrf. Wharncliffe-knife, a pocket knife with one large and two small blades. [sand. Wharp, a name for Trent sand. See Trent- i What-not, a fancy side-board or stand for | ornaments and knick-knacks in a draw- ing-room. Wheal, a Cornish name for a mine. Wheat, a name for species of Triticum, one I of the most Important of the food (.'rains, and tliat most gonoraliy cultivated in | Europe; tiie flour being tlie most nutri- tious and palatable of all the cereal urasses. The quantity raised in this country Is very I large, amounting to about 19,00n,000 quar- 1 ters, and wealsoimport 7,ooo,(KiO or 8 000,000 1 quarters a year. See Flour. Wheel, a revolvini? disk or frame In ma- cliinery, or on wliich a veliicle Is sup- ported and moved. Tliere arc many kli. i^l WHI [411] Win iEit of wbalea. of wheels, as drivlnc-wlieels, leading and trailing- wheels, carriage-wheels, cart- wheels, wheelbarrow-wheels, \m\ei\xs. Whitliwo, a name at Berwick tur the salmon-trout. WniTSTER, a woman who bJeaches linen. Whiti'en, a Swedish coin sometimes calledl an ore or schilling: a subdivision of tliol rixdollar; In llign, Itcvel, >tc. 64whlttciig| are equal to 1 rixdollar. The black whit-l ten is onlyhalf the value of the whltten, or| white sclilliing. Whokleu, a potter's wooden wheel by I which a rotatory motion is given to platesl and other flat vessels, I Wiiortlebkbuy, Whiiut, a name for thol fruit of species of Vaccinium, the blue,! black, or red berries of which are acid, and I eatable. Some are known under the nanicl of bilberries and cow-berries. (SeeCxAiv. BEKUr. Wick, a cotton or rush thread for a candU | or lamp, which supplies the flame. Wicker, a small grown twig or osier; a I basket-rod. Wickek-basket, a basket formed of osiers. I They are sometimes made lined with tin, for knives and plates. See Knue-basket, and Plate-basket. WicKKR-woRK, a texture of osiers; baskets. Wickkt, a small gate ; a row of stumps to be bowled at, at cricket. Widdelilam, a vcruucular name In India { for peppermint. Wide-awake, a low-crowned felt-hat. WiDE-aA0OE, the broadest gauge used on a radway, as in the (Ireat Western, the rails In which are set 7 feet apart. Widgeon, a wild duck or water-fowl, the Afareca Penelope. WiDow's-WEEDs, the mourning attire fbr a female who has lost her husband. WiESSE, a Dutch term for the cubic elle of fire-wood. Wio, an artificial covering of hair for the head. There are various kinds of wigs made, as horse-hair wigs for Judges and barristers; mohair wigs for coachmen; gentlemen's and ladles' wigs of human hair; play-actors' wigs, Ac.; u fisherman's term tor an old seal. Wig-block, a shaped piece of wood for fitting a wig on. Wig-box, a box for holding a wig. Wig-maker, a peruke-maker, a person who makes wigs of human or other hair. Wigte, the Dutch name for the French gramme, which is equal to nearly 15* grains, viz. lfi-4339. Wild-fowl, a trade-name for wild ducks and other birds obtained in winter, in decoys, or by shooting. Will, a testamentary document giving in- structions as to the disposal of a person's property and ofTects after death. Will-office, a prerogative-court; a regis- try for wills. Willow, a species of Salix. See Osier. WiLLOwiNG, WiLLTiNo, the process of open- ing the locks of wool by a devil or ma- chine of many rollers wltn teeth. Willow-rods, thin twigs grown In marshy lands, used tor making hampers, panniers, skips, *c. See Basket-rods and Osier. WiLLYiNG-MACHiNE,- a revolving cylinder, armed with teeth to open matted wool, and free it from dust. In some districts it is culled the shake-willy and the twilly. WIN L413] WIN T name in India jce of wood for WiLTON-CABPKTS, a iiaiiie for Brussels car- pf'tlns with the yarn cut. WiMHLE, a brace-bit, a carpenter's boring instrument turneil by a handlei, WiMPLK, ahood or veil; tlie winding of a river. WiNCET, another name for lingcy-wooiHcy. Winch, a purcliaso to a revolving-wtieel; tiiecranlc or handle by wiilcli motion is ffiven to the axles of lifting niacliines. WiNCHEHTKK-BL'BHKL, tlie original Britlsli standard-measure of capacity, given by King ICdgar, and livpt in tlie town-ball, Winchester; an old EnKlish grain stan- dard-measure, used until 1826, wlien tlie imperial bushel was introduced. The Winchester bushel Is 18i Indies wide, and 8 Inches deep, and contains 2Ifi()'42 cubic Inches; while the Imperial standard bushel contains 2218-1007 cubic Inches. Winder, a reel for winding silk or cotton on. WiNU-KiiLLS, fruits which have dropped from trees; property recovered unexpectedly. VViNDOAGE, an anemometer. Winding-engine, an engine lor drawing up buckets, &c. from a well or shaft. Winding-machine, a twisting or warping machine. Winding-sheet, a linen wrapper for a dead body formerlj- used. Winding-up Act, an official act or judicial course of proceeding, for ascertainlni; the liabilities, and distributing the assets, of an insolvent company. Windlass, a circular axis or revolving ma- chine, moved by crank handles, by which anchors and other heavy weiglits are raised on board a merchant-vessel. W'NDLASS-MANUFACTUKEB, a maker of ma- chines for raising weiglits. WiND-MiLL, an engine or mill Impelled by the wind for grinding corn. Window, an opening in a wall, Ac, for admitting air or light; a lattice-work frame. There are many kinds of win- dows, as for cabins, green - liouses, churches, and houses. v\'iNDOw-BLiND, a callco or brown holland roller-blind; a perforated zinc or woven wire short blind. See Venetian-bi.ind. Window-blind Maker, a manufacturer of Venetian-blinds or of wire-blinds for shop- windows or private dwelling-liouses. WiNDow-ciEANEE, a frame for placing out- side of a window, to sit or stand on when cleaning the window-panes; a person who contracts for cleaning windows. ViNDOw - cimTAiN, a long tapestry or hanging for a window ; a short, muslin or jrauze blind. ViNDow-FASTENiNG, a bolt or catch to secure the sashes of a window. WiNDow-FRAME, the wood-work or iron frame or partition for enclosing the panes of glass. Window-glass Maker, a manufacturer of sheet and plate-glass, &c., for windows. See Glass, ansoit-80AP, a scented soap, well-known in all countries for its excellence both as a washing and shaving soap. It is niado either brown or white. Wine, the Juice of grapes, largely manu- factured on the Continent for home use and export; the juice of various frui* pre- pared with sugar. Wine-bag, a skin vessel for holding or carrying wine. Wine-bin, a partition in a cellar for keeping bottled wine. WiNE-BiscuiT, a sweet, fancy blscait served witii wine. Wine - bottle, a black or white glasa- bottle for holding wine. WiNE-CELLAB, a vauit or cool place for keeping wine in. WiNE-cooLER, a wrapper for a wine-bottle, to be wetted, to promote evaporation : a stand or utensil for wine-bottles, holding Ice, malt-^ ale of se Quality. 1 Xadres (PI Xanthic-aI coniblnaf sulphurei of pure pi Xapoipa, cI Xato (Spal Xebec, a sf vessel inj XeraphimT ■BombayJ VABBA,! J- a smn" Yabbola» to J lb. TAB [417] YAC Wbai'pino-pai'kb, coomo pAcklnir p«ppr. WiiAMSE. a nnino lor tlio Lnhrui tinea, or old wlAi, u tiMh with Bott flesh, and not iiiucli esteemed ah food. Wkeatii, a garland of artificial leaves and flower*, worn on tlio heiid by ladles. Wreck, the hull or remains of a stranded !*hlp, or a vessel abiiiidoncd on the occiin. Wrecker, one who robs the wrecks of ships or collects the goods cast on the shore by the sea. W'BECK-MASTEn, a person who takes chartfo of the salvHKo from a wreck, for the In- terest oCtho owners. Wkknoii, an Instrument for screwing or V table tot ladles ■ iniscrowini;. ' ■ WHKNCH-HAMMEn. SeeUAMUETL Wrest, a turning Instrument, le or screw; the H AVkestler. an athlete; one who contests with another In a trial of strenuth. Wkioht; a maker: a workman; thus there are cartwrlRhta, ploughwrlRhts, shipwrliihts, MThcelwrlRhts, (Sec In Scot- liind, ajolnur or carpenter. Wkinoino - MACHINE MAKER, a manufac- turer of machines for squeezing or twist- ing wet linen. Wristband, the narrow band at the end of a shirt sleeve. Wkist-link, a link, or connected buttons for a shirt sleeve, to hold tho sides of the wristband to;:ether. Writ, an ottlcial notice or precept from a law-court; a legal Instrument served on a debtor, as the first step to an action. Wkitek, nn author or clerk; a civil olHcer In the East India Company's service; a Scotch attorney : a sign-painter orletterer. Wkitino, an Inscription ; a book ; a deed or conveyance. Wkitino-book, a copy-book. WuiTiNO-CASii, a portable case holding w lithig materials. >V BiTiNO-DF.SK, A Sloping school-dMk ; \ lock-up (;aso with stationorv, and tha «i)- nllances tor cnrrespondlnti. WuiTiNO-iNK MAKUt, K nmiinflirturer ol fluid Inks for writing with. Hre Ink. WitiTiNo-MASTKR, a good iienman ; a teacher ; (me who gives Instruction In writing. WuiTiNO-PAPEit, hrlet-paper; foolscap, post, and note papers, for writing on. Writing - tabi.k. a table of convenient height for writing at ; a table for a llbrKry or study. Wrouoiit-iron, malleable Iron; metal which has been heiitrn ; not cast Iron. [net." W.H., abbreviation for "Writer to the HIg- WuBoiKA (UusHlan). calico. WunBU (Russian), sea-otter skins. WcKAREA, the keenerofan establishment for cleaning cotton In India. WiNDEiiSAiJ! (German), Olaubor's salts. WrpoBOTKi (liusslan), slink liinib-sklns. WuRD, an Arab name for tho hundred- l"aved rose, cultivated (or preparing dis- tilled water, and forobtalning the essential oil from. WuRHUS, a brick-red jiowdcr somewhat re- sembling dragon's-olood, collected from thesecd-ve:'. alaia) ; the prickly-yam (/>. aculeata) ; and tho buib-bearliig, or (irenada - yam (/>. bulbifera). There are also other varie- ties, known under the names of Creole, Portuguese. Barbados and Guinea yam. If sun-dried and packed in ashes yams will keep for about a month or six Yan, a Chinese measure of length, equal to 36'45833 yards. Yaohbt, a tennonted liquor or mllkbeer, similar to kouinls, made by the Turks. Yapak, Yonk, Turkish names for sheep's wooL Yapon, YO0POV. the S*uth Sea tea, the Ikx Cassme of Oaroliuik, and the Southern States ot America, Yard, a long piece of timber, suspended across a ship's mast, to spread the square sails on; an enclosure with walls at tho hack or around a house, >tec. as a court- yard, or prison-yard; a British standard measure of 3 feet, or 36 Inches. As a linear measure, the yard varies considerably In different parts of the kingdom; at Hert- ford the land-yard is 8 fei^t ; at Saltasii, lOJ feet; at Falmoutli and BrldgendlS feet; and at Dowiipatrlck, 21 feet. The Dutch cloth yard measure is equal to 37 17-20ths Kliynland inches. Tlie Hungarian yard, u>ed In measuring cloth, is four-fllths of the Austrian yard, and about 34 Englisn Inches. Yard-arm, the end or point of a ship's yard, the portion projecting on each side of the mast. Yabd-lavd, a superflclal English measure, Qfvarlablo extent, in some places Id acre^, in othorM ruiining to 40 aerti; but the mean may be taken at :iO acres. Yaui>-uax, a manager or overlooker In a builder's yard. Yakd-measuuk, a shopkocncr's rod or stlrk of 3 feet, witli subdivisions; a tape 'M Inches long, Yakus, longspnrsoftiinbcr, tapcriiigslightly at tlie end, suspended u|)oii tlie masts of vessels for exteiidiiiu the sails, awl which are specially named according to their position anu the mast on wlilin thoy are hung. Ill a large siiip there will bo about twenty yards, some of very formidable dimensions. The main-yard of a liner or flrst-rate will be about 100 leet In length and 2 feet In dIametiT. Yard-stick, a draper's measuring wand of three feet. Yard-widk, carpeting, fabrics, ifcc. 3 feet lit width, Yahb (Scotch), aweir for catching flah. See Weir. Yahi-vari, a local name In Guiana for the yellow lance wood (DuguHiu quitarenais), a slender tree. Tho wood Is to be had from 15 to 20 feet in lengtli, and from 4 to 6 Indies In diameter. It is very close, tougli, and elastic, and is in great repute lor gig-shafts. Yarn, a ropeinaker's term for a collection of tlbrcs spun together; simple spun thread; wool, cotton, flax, or lieinp spun or twisted Into lengths, H Do. mixed ..>...».«.. asr...... 142.7(U Silk 2«8 294,172 104,800 12,613.y:il Yarv->iea8URE, The various manufacturers have different measures. The quality of yarn Is expressed In England by counts or numbers, denoting the number of hanks 111 a pound, sii,'nilying coarseness or fine- ness; reckoning the length of the hank of cotton yarn at 840 yards, or 7 leas or lays, of 120 yards each. These " counts " rango technically, fVom 2 to 400 hanks in a lb. The hank of worsted yarn is soinetlines counted In the same way, but more gene- rally at 600 yards, or 7 leas of 80 yards I each. Linen yarn is estimated In England by the number of leas or cuts, each of 3 1 yards, contained In a pound weight; but! m Scotland, by the number of pounds In I a spindle, or 48 leas ; thus, No. 48 In Enu- land, Is called 1 lb. yarn In Scotland. The I following are the principal subdivisions o(| each manufacture :— cotton-vaun measure. Inches, .'i4 = 1 thread 4.120= 80 „ = Ilea, or rap, 30240 =5fi0 „ =7„ =1 hiinlc, or840y(Jft| A spiudle of 18 liouka U 15,120 yards. In.'lii'n. .1,') = ^160. YEL [419] YKU :i; but the 4. lookor In a rod or «tl<"k ; u lupu ao 'riiiBsUKlilly llio iimiil* "I :*, awl wlilcli inti to tlielr ulrili thoy are win 1)0 ttbo"' y furmld.kblu I of a llnor or loet In louBtii irlng woiul of 9, Ac. 3 feet In jhlngflsh. See [lulana for the la quUareima), I In to be ba>l , and from 4 to Ig very close. In great repute for a collection • simple 8i>un , or hemp spun e Twist. Owiii« iiinuliiK, the ex- 'rire. Thea"ai"- of that exported Value. .£8,0tl.V(tVl .. 2,74.5,<1.W .. 142.7tU .. 204,1 "'J 3..., 140.., 2t)S.. m i2,oia.«-.ii lis manufacturer^ . The quality of land by counts or lumber of hanks oarsenesa or flni'- tfthofthehank.ot . or 7 leas or lays, 3" counts" raiipi flO hanks In a lb. iu-n is sometimt'S V, but more gent- . 7 leas of 80 yards mated In Euglaiul or cuts, each ot a )0und weight; but! mber of pounds in lus, Ko. 48 hi Enu- i in Scotland. The I pal subdivisions oil tEASURB. ' = l'httnk,or840yia| Is 16,120 yards. LI.VEM-YAK.V MiCA.SUUlC. lliellKa tXI 3 I threnil. |(W(X(^= I'JI) „ =, 1 loB.nrrnp. '.IWIHKI =1 1V(K) „ „ 10 „ ^■. 1 Hllp. [,11... lil(KH)0O=. 24000 „ «2(M) „ — 20 ,. ^Ibmi- .\ hour n( i oiit«, i)r 240 tliri'»iU, (100 ynnli. A •plii'lliMifiniiir H^loOyiinlH. A buiiiliuul 4 l-litli ii|iiiKllu« UO.UUO yiii'cU. W0l!.>*TKD VARK-ME.VSIIIK, Iiiclioii. .H.% ai 1 thrcid. •j!r-t.'(l ri'i'l 10 Inrlius In circuit. A liunk of wurntud yarn in 30 tlireaUn. In the foreign linon-yarn measure s.'il Krmlanil iiictms = 1 tliruiul :i420 „ „ = 40 „ = 1 k'O. MO Ilunibiirgh inuliug = 1 tlin ml. 7200 „ „ = !)') „ = 1 lea. Y-vRnAcooM, an Indian head-dress, ni.'ido oC wicker-work and narrotleatiiers, worn by the natives ofUulaiia. Yauuawaua, an al)orighial nunio for the i)liick butt, a tree ofNi'W .Sonth Walfs, one of the largest ot the Eucalypti, pro- ducing excellent durable timber lor liouse ciirpentry, or any imrpose wliero strengili and durability are tlie chierryqulsites. Yaruui, a local native ii;imo In Deiiienira for tlie paddle-wood. ,See I'addi.e-wood. Y.VMAS, a dyed and printed Swiss f'lbric. YA.sTtMADii(iK44 u Vt'fMUCular Indian name (or lif|iiii'k'o. Yat.vguan. a sort of curved knife; a Turkish (liiKiier or scimitar. Y'ATiti^i Dhony, a Ceylon coasting-vessel, wUh ,111 lUtriK'ger. Yaw, ii se, »>.cin for a temporary deviation lit>in titfe straight line or coursio of a boat or slHii. Tvw vkkidani, nn undeserlbed tree ot Biitisii Uuiaim, furiiisliing a very liglit but even-grained wood. Yawl, a ship of war's boat, less th:in the pinnace, but nearly of the same Ibi iii, and used for similar purposes; U is generally rowed with 6 oars. Ykar-book, an annual; a book of law cases; a turf rejiistei'. Yf.aui.ixg, a young beast one year eld, or in the second year of its age. Y'EAitsiNos, a naiiic in Scollaiul tor the maws or stomachs of young calves, used ii8 rennet for curdling milk. Y'kast, the fioth of fermenting wort, a siili- stance used fur leavening bread. The aggresiato quantity produced at the va- rious breweries In the United Kingdom, at 11 lbs- per barrel, Is estimated at 73,0(10 tons in weiglit, worth £3(10,000 in value. (Jerman yeast is now imported to a con- siderable extent in a dried form from the (.'ontinent ; the quantity imported In 18dti, was 3,610 tons. Ykguas (Spainsh), mares. Yku£, tbe yellow part of an egg. *St,e Yolk. V i:i.i.<)w. n painter's cojdur, of which norno of llie eldet Varieties are, sprucu-ochre. Ox- fcprd-stoiie, common clirome, und UBS l' eliiiinie. Vi;i.i,<)W-A'.t»ENic, nn oxide of i.rHpiilc. iKi,i,()w.iiAsiLio(>N, n w.il-known and ex- ei'ileiit ointment ho called. YKLLow-iiKRitiKs, the dried unripe berries of t\\v/i/i(iiiiiiii.i ii(fectoiiii!i, liniporled hi lurve qii.nitlties from the South of Kurope and fiio Levant, lor the um- of dyers. They are also known as I'ersian berries, and .Vvlgnon berries. Yi:i,i.(iw-(AMti.i;, n dnsorijitlon of Russian tallow, olitained ironi iliu lat of oxen, of whiih ihei'o ari! two kinds, the l)est being known under the mark of 1". Y. C, prime yellow eanille. Yi:r.LO\v-Fi,Ao, n (lag hoisted nt the mast- head of a ship, denoting slekneHS, or that she is under (luaianthie reuulatlons. ■i I'.i.Lowixo, a maimlneturing term for cleaning pins, a process elleeted by boil- ing tlieni (or half an hour In sour beer, wine lees, or soluiion of tartar. Alter this they are waslied and whitened, or llrinrd. Yi:i.i.ow-Metal, n composition metnl of t»vo-tlilrds copper and one-tliird zinc, lor slieatliliig the bottoms of ve-scis witii : 8.0110 to 10,000 tons u-year aiu made at Itinnlnghani. Yi'.LLdw - ocHiiE, nn argillncpous earth, coloui-ed by un admixture of Iron, which, when (Inely ground. Is used as a pigment. It may be rendered red or reddish brown, by calcliwitlon In ;i reverberatory oven, which peroxidlzcs the Iron. Yei.i.ow-wood. a name (or the Xanthorylum cidva JJerciili.% a West Indian tree, and (or the ('Moro.iiilon Sitietenia, a lolty timber tree of the Kast Imlies. • Vkn. a weight in Annani = l;! 77.^2 lbs. Yi.osiAN, a small land-owner or freeholder; ii gentleman farmer; a man emploved In u vessel of war, under a warrant otHcer, to take charge o( a store-room. Y'koman of the Uuaud, a beel-eater; one of the Hrltlsli sovereign's state body- guard, below the gentleinan-at-arms. YnoMANKT, a volunteer corps of infantry or cavalry. In the English sbiies, meeting periodically for practice in arms ; a kind of militia body, occasionally dratted Into the ' ' (,'ular army. ""i i:UAL, a torest or wild grove of the Ilex J'arayuai/ensi.i, the holly troni the leaves nt which' the Paraguay tea is obtained. Y KUCi'M, a name in the .southerii parts of Indiii, lor the Culotropin yigantea, and the V. Ihinnltonii, the .Muaar i)l,int of North- ern India, furnishing a useful fibre, and having medicinal properties. Y'lacGACi!, a Ku.ssian cloak, made of borsa lililes. Y'KiiGAS, n kind of coarse woollen wrapper, made tor horse cloths. Ykuos, a Spanish name for the Ervum Lent. Ykhva-mate. See Paraouat Tea. Ye.so (Spanish), gypsum. Yetiu, a Mysore weight of 7i lbs. Yeuk-siii, a Chinese dry-measure, ^ OOUloa Wiuclicater bushel. ''. ZAM [420 J ZAY Yew, a well-known tree. The wood of the Europoar. species, Taxtu baccata, and its varieties, is occasionally used for the coii- struction of bows, handles to furniture and cabinet woric. Tin. a Chinese weight of 2-666 lbs. ; also an itinerary measure of 40| yards. Y- LEVEL, an instrument tor measuring dis- tance and altitude. Yore, a bow or curved wooden collar for draught oxen, a piece of timber with straps and hooks, curried on tiie shoulders to suspend water-buckets or milk-puils; a cross-piece fixed at tlie top of a boat's rudder, with lines to steer by. • Yolk, Yelk, a natural oily secretion or greasy substance in wool, intended to nourish the growth and give pliability to the fibre; the yellow part of an e«g. * YooDZANA, a Burmese measure ot distance, » 13 fUrlones 5 yards. YoRKSHisE-OBiT, a stouc used for polishing marble, and copper-plates tor engravers. ToKKSHiKB - PDDDiNQ, a batter-pudding baked under meat. YoBKSHiHE-PUDDiNG PAN, a tin dish for bak- ing batter puddings In. YoiroooNA, a Singhalese measure of length ct four gows, and equal to eighteen thousand feet. YowB, an undefined Burmese weight, two small yowcs make one large yowe, and four large yowes, one be. Ypadu, a native name for the leaves of the Erythroxylon Coca, an herb much valued in Peru. See Coca. Ypres-lace, the finest and most expensive kind of Valenciennes lace. Yu, a Chinese dry-meusure, 24*65 gallons; also an Itinerary mensiire. See Yin. YncA, a name in the Spanisli American States for the cassava. Also lor the edi- ble roots of the Yucca gloriosa. YuFTS, a kind of Kussia leather, which, when well prepared, is of cood red colour, soft and pinguid on the surface, and plea- sant to the touch, with an agreeable, pecu- liar odour. YnoADA (Spanish), the extent of ground wliicli a pair of oxen can plough in a day ; a Spanish superiicial-mi-asure, which, in Valencia, is only 6 1506 acres, but in Madrid is 85-0724 acres. Since 1801, the legal yugnda, as a land- measure in Spain, has been fixed at 79'3550:icres. YuouERO, a Spanish plouiilunim. YuREN, a liquid-measure used by the Tyro- lese, =.9-78 gallons. YusDROM, the ancient Arab pound, equal to 56j9'14 grains; a name for the chequec, a Turkish weight of Constantiuople, — 7016 pound. YusERA, the borizontal stone In an oil- mill. YvooR (Dutch), ivory. YzEH (Outch)t iron. Z. ZABRA, a small Biscayan vessel. Zacues, a small Persian silver coin, the lialf of a mamoudi, and worth about 4d. or fid. Zaffres, a regnlus of cobalt imported for resmeltlng to form smalt : 625 cwts. were imported in 1856. Zafran, the Hindoo name for the Crocus salivus, whence our name saflfron. Zah, a dry-measure of TunlSj another name for the mudde. See Saw. Zahina, a kind of tares grown in Spitin. Zahler (German), a pay-clerk; a teller or numerator. [a wlieel. Zahn (German), a tooth or tine ; tiie cog of Zaihet, a Turkish name for an estate. Zain (German), an ingot or bar; a pig of mi'tal. Zainkr, a master smith In Ocrmany. Zak (Dutch), tht) sack, a dry-measure of variable capacity. The legal zak in Hol- . land, Is 2'8378 Winchester bushels. In Leyden, the zak is 188 bushel. In Dor- drecht, it ranges from 258 to 3 44 bushels. In Amsterdam, the zak (old measure) is 2-30 bushels ; 2-907813 zaks =■ one imperial quarter. Zala. a synonyme of borax. Zamarrilla, a short loose coat made of aheep-sklns, worn in Spain. Zambarone, a name in Sicily for the fibre of the II gave, generally called aloe, which is used for making cordage and mats. In Bp«in it is termed pita. Zambra, a kind of Moorish boat Zamtite, a hydrouscarbonate of nickel fyom Spain, of a dull emerald green colour. Zame-wood, a name for tlie Rhus Cotinus and for the Chloroxylon Swietenia. Zapa (Spanisli), a spade; the skin of the dog-flsli or Buagreeu ; a kind of carving on silver. Zapatero, a Snanlsh shoemaker; in Por- tugal, sapateiro. Zapato, a shoe; a kind of coloured half- boots worn in Spain. Zapfenledeb (German), shagreen. Zapfmass, Schenkmass, German terms an- jilied to tlie alehouse or retail measure for wine and beer. Zappada, a superficial - measure of the Ionian islands, the third of the misura, and = 9956 acre. Zaque, a bottle or wine-bag made of leather in Spnin. Zara (Spanish), Indian corn or maize. Zaranda, a screen or frame for sifting earth or grain, used in Spain. ZARCir.os (Spanish), ear-rings. Zardakham, a Turkish dress apron of em- broidered silk. Zarf, a saucer for Oriental coffee-cups. Zatou, a dry-measure used in Madagascar, of 100 voulps, and weighing about 50 lt)s. Zavah, another name tor the seer, an East- ern grain-measure of 2^ pints. See Seer. Zax, a tool for cutting slates. Zayat, a Turkish caravanserai. Zazabj Z-CBAN cylln( Biarii „ zigza, Zebec, •errar Zebebb, with ( Zebra, anhna marke stripe'- Ac. In 1 horse ( casiont Zebras, which ( as sash Zebra- w obtalne the Omi See Utj ZnBtr, H 81 the Boa „ bull bell Zechin, t passing lor 146 a Z EDO ART, several s Theyeilc Zingiber and bitte used ; tht palmate i 2erumbe, doaria, i which re Zee-koe, } Dutch CO hippopot/ Zeeba, an " zeera s seeds, ai seed. Zehentir, Zeichen-bi Zeioh:::^.!! drawing. Zeichner Zehnling, tenth Of grains. Zeine, a 80 maize, eL Zeitdno, ; „ newspapj Zelt (Gerr Zemindar, i reverme i Zemindari zemindar Zemzemeei used In E ZENrrH-SE< mentfora „ of the star Zentner (G weight; „ avolrdupo Zenzerlo, « medini or ZEN [421] ZIN eaves of the much valued ist expensive 4-65 gallons; iee Yin. ill American 3 lor the eul- uiier, which, od red colour, iice. and plca- ;reeable,pecu- int of ground )ugh In a day ; ure, which, in iicres, but In iince 1801, the isure In Spain, es. d by the Tyro- ()ouna, equal to the chequee, a stantiuople, =- one In an oil- boat te of nickel from reen colour. he Rhus Cotintts wietenia. the skin of the kind of carving maker; in Por- f coloured half- [lagreen. srnian terms an- r retail measure measure of the I of the mlBura, g made of leather rn or maize. i3 for »lfHng earth ess apron of eni- , coffee-cups, d in Madagascar, Ing about 80 lbs. Lhe seer, an Eust- plnts. See SEER, tes. ^erai. ZA2AHAN (Spanish), a kind of flowered silk. Z-CRANK, the peculiarly-shaped crank of a cylinder, in a newly-Invented engine for marine propulsion, so named from its zigzag form. Zebeo, a latecn-rlgged vessel in the Medi- terranean. Zebkeb, a refreshing Arab beverage made with dried erapes. Zebra, the Equns zebra, a South African animal, nearly allied to the ass. Its hide marked with black and white transverse stripe", is sometimes used for hearth rugs. Ac. in this country. This animal, the wild liorse of the Cape colonists, has been oc- casionally tamed,' but is little used. Zebras, a name given to Paisley shawl*, which are very generally worn In Turkey, as sashes or other parts of dress. Zebra-wood, a beautiful furniture-wood obtained in Demerara trom a large tree, the OmpMlobium 2. ing. fto-inch board ot :oin of Hanover, of twelve kreut- of the degree of je from malt ami TO DICTIONARY OF TRADE PRODUCTS.' ;( I U ■ i x \. / ^HR, a Tu the procii ., nbbrevi AtLONES, a Ilia, lor the i merce. Abet, a basti San Domliif Abreast, a ni or hi the sar Absinthe, Fr< tic liqueur d with Artenii pine species Acajou, in £ applied to t nensis. Aconite, a pi a properties o in Dictionar Aj'jVari, a na sima, an im used for bou terinf;. ADEGO>f, a I Ardisia, use Adjoue, a pas dates. Adjustment, tained by th Admiraltt, a and civil lor of the Koyal buildlJigs wl ed In WlUte! DRIFT, a sea a boat broke tenings. DUL-oiL, a n from Sarcoa DVANCE, a c< consignmen ing handed t DVENTURE, g foreign mar who has ill same to the DVOCATE, a 1 FFdO-TAM, a yam, Diosco QA. a Turkia military oftl cersof tiiea the second c SUPPLEMENT. k / ifiHR, n Turkish tax of ten per cent on the produce of cultivation. ., abbreviation for able-bodied senmcn. ALL0NE9, a name on the coast of Califor- nia, lor the mother-of-pearl elieUs of com- merce. Abet, a bastard mahogany shipped from San Domingo. Abreast, a nautical term for alongside of, or in the same line with. Absikthe, French bitters, a popular aroma- tic liqueur drank in many countries, made ■with Artemisia mutellina and spicata, Al- pine species of wormwood. Acajou, in French Guiana this name is applied to the wood of the Cedrela Quia- nensis. Aconite, a plant cultivated forthemedicinal properties of its roots. See Monkshood in Dictionary. A j'jYAKi, a native name for the Idea aJtis- sima, an immense lorest-tree of Guiana, used for household fui-niture and carpen- tering. IAdegon, a Dominica wood, a species of Ardisia, useful for buiidlni? purposes. Iadjoce, a paste, or concrete luass, made of I dates. I Adjustment, the settlement of a loss sus- tained by the Insured party. I Admiraltt, a toliective name for the naval and civil lords who superintend the allairs of the KoyalNavy ; also for the offices and buiidiJigs where the business is condi"'t- ed in Whitehall. Vdrift, a sea term for loose or unfastened; a boat brokei away from moorings or fas- tenings. Vdul-oil, a medicinal oil obtained in India from SarcosUgma Kleinii. JAovANCE, a certain portion of the value of a consignmenl made by a consignee on be- ing handed tie invoice or the bill of lading. Adventure, goods consigned to a colonial or foreign market to the carp fa consignee, who has iiBtructions to dispose of tlie same to the best advantage. Vdvocate, a lawyer In Malta. Vffoo-tam, acommon namafor the prickly yam, Dioscorea oculeeLta. VGA, a Turkisii honorary title borne by all military offl«ers of the fifth -'ass, and offi- cers of the a4minist) ation auu court below the second class. AoA'R-agab. Tills fucus is now generally referred to the Sphcerococeus ipinaius in\i\ gracilaria of Agardt. Agayacath. See Axatacat In Dictlonarv. AGEiNO,incalico-printing,a process by whii'ii a mordant, after being applied to a cotton fabric, Is placed in circumstances favour- able to its being completely Incorporated with and fixed in the fibre. Agnus-castus Seed, the fruit of the chaste tree, Vitex agnus castus, which contaliin a considerable quantity of essential oil that possesses powerful stimulating properties. Agkimony, the Agrimonia eupatoria, a Hri- tish plant, which lias long been used to make an herb tea, and is said to have some nicdlclnal properties : a volatile oil may be obtained from the plant, and it has been used for dyeing wool and dressing leather. Agkocnd, applied to a vessel touching the bottom. Aivo, a Burmese wood, the produce of some species of Dtpterocarpus. AiVA, a conserve of quinces. Aji, a name in parts of .South America for tiie f^ult of Capsicum annuum, reduced to coarse powder and largely used as a seasoning ingrec'lent. Ajinjo (Spanish), the drink absinthe. AKEE, a name for the Cupania {Blighii) sapicta, a true native of Guinea, whicli has been trans' »nted to South America and the West Indies. The reddisli- yellowisli fruit, about the size of a hen's egg, is highly esteemed in Africa, having an aril with a grateful subacid flavour. Akurkitrra. See Akabakaba in Dic- tionary, ALBivRTiTE, a highly bituminoaa mineral found in New Brunswick, which has proved valu«t)le for making iilnminating gas, and also for the manufacture of various liquid hydro-carbons and illn- nilnating and lubricating oils, which are distilled from it. Albuminized Paper, paper prepared for printing photographs on ; an imitation of parchment, prepared by steeping paper in sulphuric acid. Alfa, a name .n Algeria for the Machroehlea tenacissima, the stalks of which are used for various purposes, especially for paner- niHkiiig. See Espajitu and Halfa in Dic- tionary. ANN [426] AWA Ml AUAKOO, a naiTj In India for the Meme- cylon tinctorh'.m, tin- flowers and leaves of which are useU for dyolng. ALKEKENOI BERRIKa. .SVfi WlNTRll-CHERRV. Allowance, a deduction In the payment of duties, and on the sale of poods inndo from the respective we!-;ht under the names of tare and ilraft; tare belnu an allowance for the pacuage, and draft irom the gross weight. Almacigo, a Spanish iinme for the Carana resin from Bursera (/ummifera. IledKCS are made with the tri o by the Spanish re- sidents in Central America. This Carana resin Is, however, ascribed by some to /cj'ca Carana. Almoud, a (Train tne;\snrc of Morocco, a little more than half an Imperial bushel. ALO, a name In Senegal for the powdered leaves and bark of the Ailansonia digitata, used by the natives with their food, to di- minish, It is said, excessive perspiration. It Is sometimes called Lalo. Alojt, perched in the rigging or masts of a ship; above the deck. Altilic, a Turkish sliver coin of 6 piastres. ..Vlum boot, the root o( Ileucheria Ameri- cana; esteemed a powertul astringent in the United States. Amandiek, a name in Dominica for the Cerasus occidentalis, a large tree furnish- ing useful wood for building and fun..turo. Amatongulu, an apocynaceous plant of Katal, the Arduijia grandiflora, allied to the periwinkles tiie fruit makes a delicious preserve. Amblam, a native rest-lionse In Cej'lon. Ambrette, a French name for musk seed. Amendoim oil, the Portuguese name for ground-nut oil. Amolee, an Abyssinian coin worth 2}d. Anacahuite-wood. a Mexican wood lately introduced into commerce, as a reputed remedy for consumption ; the produce of Cordia bouseri. Anascote (Spanish), serge. Anatolia Kesin, an undescribed resin used for making knife and fork handles in Tur- kGV. ANDiiiOBA OIL, a name in Brazil for the fixed oil obtained from the fruit of the Carapa Qnianensis, Anduese, the French name for the Celtis Madagascar ensis, the bark of which is used for tanning. Angeltca-wood, the French name for the wood of Lecythis ollaria. Anoelin wood, a valuable timber obtained In Dominica from Andira inermis. Angelique, a 8hinl)uildlng wood of Guiana, the produce ot uicorenia Paraensis. Angellt, Angili, one of the shipbuilding woods recognised by Lloyd's, obtained in India from the Artocarpus hirszUa. Angola Seeds, a name given to the small red seeds marked with a black spot at the end, of the wild llnuorlce plant {Abnispre- catorius) used as beads, and for rosaries. Anil (Spanish), indigo. Aniline, a product obtained from coal-tar, the base of many beautiful dyes. ANNEX (French), a rider: uu addition to a building or enclosure. Annihilator. See Fire Annihilaior in Dictionary. Antidote Oacoon, a name In the Weft In- dies for the seed of the Feuillcea cordi/olia, from which an oil Is obtained. Antique, a name for several kinds of print- ing type. Antoop, an oak funcns used In tanning, which is an article of commerce in Turkey, selling for about liil. per pound, Apple-bdtter, apples boiled down either In cider or with water for several hours, whlcli forms a standing dish in most American houses. Apple-galls, a commercial name for the Dead Sea apples, tSolanum Sodoimum. ArroiNTER, a superior ofBcer in the water side department of the customs. Approximate, a near approach to, as an ap- proximate estimate. Ars, a common name lor the wood of the white poplar {P pulm alba), extensively used for toys, a.u common turnery pur prises. AQnADiENTE, literally strong water, a klni! of spirit shipped from Nicaragua. Aquarium, a glass case or vessel of difTereiu shapes for keeping fresh-water or marine plants and animals in. Area Curb, large stones used for bcddlnj the Iron railings of an area in. AuGiVN Tree, the Argania sideroxylon. from the seed of which an oil Is exthwt ed. Arinto, a Lisbon white wine. Ak5i, the extremity of a yard; the lowp' part of an anchor, crossing the shank an terminating In the flukes. Arming, a lump of tallow fixed to the low end of a lead in sounding, to bring U| specimens of the ground. Arnee MusLin, a very light transparenl Indian muslin, taking its name from tl:| place where It is made. Arrar. See Arau in Lictionary. Arsenic Hloom, another nauie for ar^^i lous acid. Artap. See Atap In Dictionary. Artificial Fue',, a kind of compress small coal. Aspic, a name for the oil of spike obtain from LavenduJa spica, AssAi, a thick cream-like substance ofj purple colour, made fi'om tlie small fruit Eutei'pe edidis, much esteemed In Brn/J and sold in the streets by itinerant ve dors. Assets, goods and stock in trade belong! to and liable for the debts of any piu-si or public company. The rail and persoi property of a party deceased. Athol Brose, strong whiiky. In whi honey has uccn intimately dissolved careful trituration, used is a mornl dram in some parts of Scotland. Atle, a name in Ecypt foi the pal!-nij formed on the Tamarix orientalis. Atsiab, a name for pickled fish in Japan. Aubergine, a French name for the fruit| the egg plant. Solatium meUngena, Thi is also a purple fruited varfety. Aw A. the name for maize or Indian corn Japan. I I BAR [427 ] BEL ANNIHILATOU 111 i in tho "Wc^t Tii- uillcea cordi/olia, lU kinds of prlnt- iBod In tanning, merce In Turkiy, nnnnd, , I cildownrltherini .•eralhoiirs,whl<'!il 11 most Amerlcaiil !lal nmne f"r tliel i.nj Sodomeum. leer In tho watei| ustoms. roacU to, as an npl r the wood of tlHl alba), exlpnslvelvl raon turnery purl rons wnter, a klnill Ilcarasua. I rvcssilofdiflrereii'l ;h-wuter or niariiitl 8 used for bcddinj area in. , I uinia sideroxylonl \ an oil Is extru';t j wine. , , IV yard ; the lowpj ising tho shank aii| IV fixed to the Inwf ndiug, to bring ul lid. littht trnnsparciii li-i name iVoin tl| ictionary. ler name for &t' ictionary. ind of compressl ill of spike obtainj like substance ofl ointlie small fruitl esteemed In Brnzl ts bj itinerant vel k in trade belonpij debts of any pftrsl riic real and person! eceastd. , .1 whliky, in whi| nifttely dissolved used IS a mornifl f Scotand. , pt foi the gall-nil rix oventalis. \ kledflshln Japan.l name for the fruitl m meUngena. ruf id variety. , ize or Indian corn I B 15 ACK-B0XK3, the boxei on the top of tho -'-' compositor's upiier case of typos, usu- ally appropriated to small capitals. Hadet, a fermented liquor made from rice in Java. Rahurra, anamelnRenealformyrobalana. Hail, the handle of a pail ; of a crane ladle In a foundry, racelets, &c. Bermuda Grass, the Cynodon Dactylon, known as Doob grass In India. Berthage, a charge made on a vessel for a position In dock or hari)our. Bertood, a name for apricots in Mocha, also called Mish-nlish. Beth-root, tlie root of Trillium latifolium, or cemuum, sold by herbalists, wliicli is tliought to be tonic, astringent, and expec- torant. Bet, an honorary title borne In Turkey by all sonsof pachas and mostjauperlnroftlL-ern. Beyche, a name for Nux vomica sted in iSiani. Bez, acloth ofnative cotton-twist of vnrlnus lengths, made in Turkey. Shartan bez is made from English cotton- twist, and is nine yards long. Bhadlee, a name in India for Panicum pilosum. B tiELEE, a name for coarse sugar in Benares. Bhimsing (Malay), camphor. BiKH, nn Indian poison, the produce of .4co- nitumferox. See Nabee in Dictionary. Bilberry. See Wuoktlebeert in Diction- ary. Bilged; a vessel Is bilged when her bottom is broken in. BtLGE-WATER, water accumulated In the bottom or hold of a ship, and wliich usually soon becomes oflfenslve. BiLiONG, a small Malay adze or chopner. Billeting- MAN, a workman employed in bar or hooi) rolling works. Billy, a. slubbing frame in a woollen-facto- ry, generally containing 60 spindles, where thecardings arejoined, to make a continu- ous yarn, drawn out slightly twisted, and wound on bobbins. Billy-piecer, a ciiild employed In a wool- iei'-factory. Bingah wood, a light yellow wood obtained in Burmah irom the Nauclea cordi/olia. BiRABA, a name for the custard-upple in Brazil. BiRCH-oiL. an essential oil prepared ami used in Kussia, and which Is said to Impart the peculiar odour to Russia leather. It is locally called dloiet. Biscuit-fireman, BrscOTT-PLACEMAN, work- men enipkiyod in the potteries. BiSH. See Nabee in Dictionary. BiTTBB-ooiTBD, tho (Tuit of tlic colocyntli. Bitter-root, a name given by herbalists to tho rootof dogsbane (Apocynum androsa- mifolium), said to be tonic and cathartic. BiT-TONOS, an implement, of which tliero are flat and crook kinds. Black, a painter's colour, of which the chief varieties are Ivory-black, bluc-bluck, and lamp-black. Black Abb, an impure carbonate of soda, which, when refined, is called wlilte ash. Blackberry. The bark of the rootiss>ld by herbalists, and said to be astringent and tonic. Black Birch, theiJ^wia^ewfa, aNorthAme- rican tree, which turnlsiies a useful tur- niture wood. Black Cheurt, a lofty tree of Western Ca- nada, the Cerasus sorotina, the timber of which is extensively u.sed in cabinet work. Black Oak, the Quercua tinctoria of Nortli America. Black Halts, a name In Canndi\ for the or- dinary potash in u crude and impure state. Black Snake-root, another name for cn- hosh. Bladder-NTT, the Staphylea pinnata, the oily seeds of this plant are eaten l)y chil- dren ; they are also strung into rosaries l)y Roman Catholics. The fiower-buils, wlien gathered young, are pickled and eaten like capers. Blade-sotth, a sword-cutler. Blimbeng, the edlWe fiesliv irnlt of the cu- cumber tree, Aven-hoa Bilimbi of India. Block, in the United States, a mass of build- in(;8 enclosed between four streets. Block-printing, taking impressions firom engraved blocks of wood. Blue, a painter's colour, of which some of the varieties are celestial, Prussian, indigo, common and refined verditer. Blue Heech, a small tree, tho Carpinus I Americana, with an exceedingly hard whitish wood. Blue Kish, tlie Temnodon saltator,ti f\sh alll- 1 cd to the mackerel, common on the shores { of Now England, where it is pickled. Blue-flats, a kind of iron-stone. Blue (iuM, a local name in Australia for the | Kucalyptus globulus. Blue Shark, tiie Carcharius glaucus. Blue-stone, a name in tlie colony of Vic- toria for basalt. BLtmoiNo, (probably a cormption of plun-l ging), preparingclay to the consistency of [ cream, for making earthenware. ' I Boats'-davit, a temporary outrigger with I nn open sheave hi the end, for use in boats, | to weigh anchors or kedges. I Bock-beer, a favourite Bavarian doublel strong malt beverage, of the best lagc description. Bog-be,vn. a popular name for the Menyan-i thes trifoUata, sold by herbalists for itsi intense bitter and cathartic properties" Some people smoke the leaves. [ BoKOLA Bead. See Collier Bead In Dic-| tlonary. Bolt, the apparatus used for separating the bran from the flour. Bonduc-nuts. (Sfe Kutkaeanqa 111 Dlctioi^ ary. Boneblan cutting b BoNE-MOUl sliaper of Bone-set, i /oliatum. States, b diapliorct BoNKA, a ti used to a( Book-cove: used for covers to I It is made 38 inches i BoOKFOLDE) tiue to a b( Boon (Arabi BoOTMAN, a to tho leg ( BouDER, an seonery. HoKDER-BEL UORING-TOOI drill for fln BOBHACHA, I sheet, and other than Boss, a stud o on harness, BoTKU, aver might serv' maple, tlie Curdia foui l>ul()ore fon Ileal with t , Dr. Grifllth BouGEs, a uai Africa. HOULANATCH, BOULGOOH, W moved, use Bourdon, a a In Africa fr a native o( i Bowed Cott< , (or Upland Boxwood, th is Bursaria J? i: ace-bit, a BiiACK, a nan Mcniel and be.st qualitl See Braak Brand, for he are used in respectivelj I?RAin/A woo noxylon Br Bkadvin, a s URAZILIAN CI obtained fro occaslonall' With other" Brazilian ni nutmeg, chata. Brazilian S. , Nectandra l^REA (Sp.) p Brkaksman, who has cl train. Pi BRE [ 429 ] BUL lur UoNE'itLANics, sliapcd plocca of bono cutting Ixitton iiiuulds, &c., from. UoNE-MouLD-TURNEii, a woiker on bone, a simper of buttons, &e. BoNK-SET, a iinme for tho Etipatorium per- foliatum, sold by herbalists In tliu United .States, being csteeuied as a tunic and diaphoretic. liuNKA, a trade name for roasted beet root used to adulterate cotTee. BooK-covKJiS, embossed printed cotton, used tor makinK what is termed cloth covers to books Instead of leather hlndhi};. It is made In lengths of 34 yards, by i8 or !i6 Inches wide. IJooKFOLDF.p a Journeywoman or appren- tice to a b(,'.'.Dfnder. Boon (Arabic), coffee berries. liooTOAN, a workman who affixes the sole to tho leg or uppers ot a bout. BuuDEH, an edgiug; a piece of theatrical ac'onery. Hdkder-bfxts, a kind of hide for curriers. lioRiKO-TooL, a particular kind of small drill for finishing bores. BoRHACHA, a name in Brazil for bottle, sheet, and otiier crude Indian-rubber; other than the selected shoo form. Boss, a stud or knob,a protuberant ornament on harness, t^c, BoTKU, a very beautiful Indian wood, which might serve as a substitute for bird's-eye maple, tlie produce of a new species of Cordia found in the Godavery and Jub- l)ulpore forests It Is believed to be iden- tical with tiie Hemigyinma Macleodii of Dr. Griffiths. BouGEs, a uame for cowry shells In 'Western Africa. BoiiLANATCH, ft Turkish sweetmeat. BouLGooH, wheat with the outer husk re- moved, used in Turkey. BoiTBDON, a wine of a greyish colour, made In Africa from the sap ot Raphia vinifera, a native ot Guinea. Bowed Cotton, another name in Liverpool lor Upland Cotton. Boxwood, the wood so named in Tasmania, is Bursaria spinosa. BuACE-BiT, a wimble. BiiACK, a name given to inferior timber from filcmel and other Prussian ports. The best qualities are called "crown timber," See Braak in Dictionary. Brand, forherrings. The letters M., F., or S. are used In Scotland for casks containing respectively mixed, fUll or spent tlsli. Brautia wood, a new dye wood, the JHela- noxylon Brauna, recently imported. Bkauvin, a spirit di-stilledln Sweden. BitAZiLiAN clove BARK, au aromatic bark obtained from Dicypellium caryophyllatum. occasionally imported and used lor mixhig with other spices. BuAZiuAN NUTMEG, a kind of false or wild nutmeg, produced by Cryptocarpa mos- chata. BiiAziLiAN Sassafras, the aromatic bark of Nectandra cymbarum, Nees. Brea (8p.) pitch. Breaksman, the guard or other person who has charge of the break on a Goods train. BKK.AK-VAN, an empty van attached to tlio end of a railway trnln. Breast-fast, a securlni; rope for a vessel. Bheast-ropks, support ropes secured In the chains of a ship for the leadsman to lean aealnst. BuETAGNE.<». a kind of linen goods, made In lenutlis of or 7 yards by 1 v iird wide. Briiie, a present oriiaynient lorsunie Illegal purpose; as to an ottlcl.il to neglect hia duty or to connive at fraud. Brilliants, figured shirtings, made in ienutlis ot al)out 10 yards. Brimstone Matches, slips of wood tipped with brimstone, furinerly used but now superseded by lucllVrs; narrow strips of linen or cotton about eight Inches long, dipped in melted sulphur and some aro- mutics made in 8trasbouri( and otiier places, and used in sulpliurlng wines. BuiTANNiAS, a kind of nno linen exported in pieces to South America. Broad-beam, a tool used by curriers for graining and creasing leather. Buoad-bean, a common name for field niid garden varieties ot Faba vulgaris; [niass. Broad-glass, inferior or spread window Broker, a lurniluie salesman, one who deals in second-liand houselioid goods; a person holding an appraiser's license, wlio levies on household goods for rent or taxes. Brom, a fermented liquor made from gluti- nous rice in Java. BnoxA, a name for maize In Oalicia. Broom palm, a name for TIcrinax argentta. See Palmetto in Dictionary. Brown, a painter's colour, theclilelvarleties of which are umber, Turkey, burnt Sienna, Vandyke, purple brown, waslied brown, and Spanish brown. i^^BTONY Boot, the acrid root of black bry- ony, Tamus communis, by some consi- dered a good substitute for sarsapariila. Tiie young shoots . "o eaten as asparagus In Italy. Buck, a name given in the trade to cab- drivers who have been d;;prlved of their licences. BucKER, a man who pulverizes ore. BtTCKUORN, a name In tlie West of Kntland for any fish salted and dried in the sun. BuDGERow, an Indian river-boat. Budget-trimmer, a workman in the coach and harness trade. Buffalo robe, the shaggy dressed skin of the male bison of Xortli America. Buffelhorn, a name in the Cape colony for tlio hard and close wood of RurcheUia capensis, very generally used by the colo- nists for agricultural implements. Bugle-weed, the Li/copus virginicus, also known as sweet bugle, which is sold by herbalists in tlie United States, and said to be astringent. BuQLOss, Echium vidgare; the root is laxa- tive and slightly nstriiigent. Bu. -^ a name in Bengal for the Mimusopx elengi. the aromatic flowers of wliicli yield a fragrant water by distillation, and tho seeds contain a great quantity of oil, which is used liy painters. [tlonary. Buku-leaves. See Buchu lf.aves Iu D!c- BuLEE, aname for kuteera gum. 1 CAL [430] CAN ISiiLLRK, n imino In Iiiillix lur Latilab vul- '/ari-1. the poils of wliloli aro eiitoii In Iinlla. Ui;i,i.° -MuUTii, u trndu iiiunotbr uHpccioNof lieluiet sliuU {Cassi3 rit/a), from wliieli those ciiiiii'og nru cut timt liiivu ii pule iiul- iiioii colour on an oraii^'o ground. lUiMBAKEE, a retailor or huckster of flsh hi BiUhi'^Sijatu iiiurkot who pays (Id. lor ItlH standing'. Bi;N-ciio\v'it. a iiunio for the wild Yak o( the llliiialnyaM; chowr-Kai, Uamn tliu tiiniu yak. /bVe Vak hi Diciloiiary. hvuK. a berth or Hlueplii;; phicc built up in a ship or hulldiutf. IJcNTyii, a Moorish gold coin of 40 oklieatu, and Will 111 S-i. 5d. HinDKN, a load ; tlio tonnaptn of a ship. IJuicDOCK, the Arctium liardana; the seeds and roots are sold by herbalists. lli'KK, a coiirso woollen cloth of a dark co- lour iiiado 111 Finluud. . IJuKOHUi, boiled wheat eaton in I'lTsla. Hu'iuiLAUY. See HuI'sk-oukakino In i>ii: tlonary. BiJur.AP, a coarse linen fabric. lUiiB, a Knarled oxcrL'scence or knot ol .i tree, which furnislu^s ornamental wood. lirui:i;i>, h numu for thi; onow b-aeep oi Thibei. Hlutaii, the saltod and spiced flesh of tla suleah 11 ih (I'ulynemm ISelr), a phiUinii relish Well known at the bieakhist labk'.t (it Helical, IJirn'ANA, a name in India for peux.' J'isum sativum. lUirroN-sHAHii- lAKEn, u trade nt UirmliiK ham. llUTToN-soLDEUKU, 0, trade r.? iilrmliu ham. HVEW, tlie Dilkniu scabrr,. a tree of I'eKi liu'nlshinK large ui>U good ihubur lor housu buildiiii;. c ("li!- iiw or knot oi ,t | amiiiitiil wood, uiiow b-aucp nil ,|(!C(1 llesli of tlul AV/.'). 11 I)lil ;railc at Ulrailn«- i(\e r.- iiirmliu- r., a tree of 1'cnr.l good limber lurl lor a kind of soff KoiLvSiii-iA beinj; kind of Balsam ol for t'lC sc'ds oi iM black cumin, niiide with t!^e oil r biirk ot the bircliJ t' beer In Bavaria. 'KVA In Dictionary J 1(! In Newfouudlanj ,ruco beer. iMANCO in Dictlon-I jUces of boiled bote! ihiro for croam th id I wheel or cyllndei| cy. ,^ , sn nutmeg the prol Cawara\n Ouiana.l ipareil from apricotj i\ Asia, ntation of cambric ; ,UNNA ill Dlctlonarj] sed tor a dray, fDrinl d-truck; alaoasmaf lie dollar In the Eastj name in Canada, fu ij "2nd of Februarjj uiSee (Iuirila. CAt:.sEWAYERS, a term in Scotland for road- makers, Cavauoo, Cavakagoo, names in parts of Iiwiia for tlie small edible grain of /i'/t;«j«/i<; corocana. Cavooxah, In Turkey salted meat. Cawass, Cavass, a messenger in the em- ploy of diplomatic agents or ollli'ials In Turkey. [Brazil. Caxh,v a name for Inferior white rum In Cazah, the .-lUbdivision ot a liva or province In Turkey. Ckbaua (Spanish), barley. Ci'.DAR-woon Oif , an aromatic essential oil, obtained by di^iiUation from tlio wood of Cedrehi odoruta. C'EDitoN SEEDS, the cotylcdons of Himaruha Cedron, which are intensely bitter and used as a febrifuge: 30,000 ot' them were shipiied from Ciiirif|ui, Central America, In ia")3, valued at a dollar a hundred. Centaury, a wild IJritisli plant, the Enj- C/trwa Centauriitm, which is very bitter and Is sold by herbalists. CiiAcoLi, a llglit Biscayan wine of two kinds, red and white. CHAiBiN, a name in Burmah for the white wood of Se/necarpus anacanlium, used In cabinet-work. CiiALTicic, a name for native rice In Rus- sia. Chami'oo, a name in Travancore for the (.'a- ladiuin ni/iit/)/uti/oliitm, an esculent riiot, which contains much nutritious feculii. Chananqah, a kind of starch or tapioca nuide from a palm ia Travancore. Clio [432] COA t'HANU, a C'liliicae linear niLMiNiiie o( UJ In- ches; a Slaniurto money of in dollurs. ('Ii/VNKOUL, a kind of Indian barrow. CiuoLHoouuA, the seeds oftho (Junocanlia odorata, extensively used In India fur tliu trciitment of cutaneous diNeascH. CiiABA-KEKLANOoo, an ediblo root, the Plec- tranthua rugonus, crown In Travancore. CiiAuqui, ft name for Jerked or sun-drleU beeflnClillland I'cru. CiiASK, a hollow portion or cutting in thu briek-work of a wall. i'UATAiGNK (French), chestnutx. CUATEK, a name la India lor Jute cloth or Kunny baKKhif;. CiiAiTMoNTiL, a largo esteemed kind of pcnr. CuAWAT, a lonK narrow waist-cloth worn by the coast Dyaks of Itorneo. Cheenke, refliicd Koor or suKur hi nonarcs. Ckeenek-kelanooo, a name In Travaiicoro for the sweet potato (liatatas edulis). Cheekunoee, the seed)) of the frul t of //»('Aa- nania laU/otia, which possess a resinous property. (JuEESEMONGER, a vondor of cheese. (,'iiEMiN (Kreiieh), a road. CiiENAi, betel leaf prepared over a Are, and rolled Into balls fur keeping. CiiEaooNJiE-oiL, a pole struw-coloured oil ol)tained in India fl-om the seeds of /iuchanania latifoUa. CiiERKY-TREE Hauk, tho bark of I'runus Virginiana, sold by herbalists as a tonic ntid febritUKe. CuEnRY-TBEK, BLACK, tho Ceruius aerotina of Nova Scotia. The wood Is hard, hand- some, and durable, resembling mahogany ; the bark has medicinal properties. ( HERvia (French), the roots of the skirret. (11 ETWEBT. See TcuETWKRT ill Dictionary. C'nEVAL (French), a horse. l-'iiETBATAH. See Chiretta in Dictionary. CnicK£K Mother-of-pearl, a small and flue kind of Manila pearl oyster-shell. Chilooramhe, a wei^'lit In Sardinia of 2-2 lbs. avoirdupois. <; KiLOQBAMMEln Di-.t. t'liiLLOEa, coloured cotton goods used in tho African trade, made in lengths of 18 yards by 20 inches wide. HiNANTA, a name In the Philippines for ten catties' weight of silk. C'HiNCHiN, the diuretic root of Polygala the- xoide.i, used in r'.'ll. Chin-chun, tho native name of rosewood in .Slam. The gralh is not so close as South American wood generally. CiiiNGLE. small coal. C'liiNois (French), a small preserved orange. «S'ee COMQUAT. Chirk, a name for chert-stone or horn-stone, used for making the grlnding-stones of pottery-mills. CiioLETA, a kind of coarse linen or canvas. Choliah, Choolia, a native coasting- vessel on the Coromaiidel coast. CiioMORO, the Podocarpiis atpressina, one ot the best timber trees of Java. CiioN, a designation In China (or a string of copper cash, which count 1000 : it is abu Lvilled tseen. Choopa, CiiopA, the edible fruit ofPierardia Oiilcia in Malacca and Sumatra; also the U uit ot Gustavia speciosa. ('ii()itAi>ANT. Ji>rnis e.iculintua. CuL'i'A, the 2(J0th part of a cuvan ; about hali| a pound welglit. CiiuiiNEK, a person employed In converting milk into butter. Ciii:,ssuM, a kind of silk piece-goods cxportj ed troiii India. CiiiiT, CiiurTEE, a length of gunny-clotli.| ^WCnATEE. CiivMic, a diumlcal mixture used In callcu| prinllim'. CiiYMisr, an old mode of spelling chemist c;nioui,E, tho Allium fiUulosuni. CiDEUisT, a maker of elder. CHiAUETTE-PAi'nii, a thin paper for rollinsl cut tol)acco in lor smoking, which is muUef largely In Spain and France. Cii'iPA, Cvi'U'A, a name In (Julaiia for the| meal from Alanihot utilusima. CiRCAR. a large area ot land and villages Inl Indl.i. Circassian Rean, a name for the red seed oil Adeiiitiithcra iiavonina, used as welghtJ and for decoration. I CisMATAN, tho extremely bitter aromntlcJ and somewhat mui. ilaglnous seeds of Cast sia absus, brooitht to Cairo from the Intel rlor of Alrlca, beiiik; regarded as tho bi'i>| of remedies for Egyptian ophthalmia. Citrate of Iron, a salt, formed by a unloJ of citric .icid with imn, used medli;inallv| Cliveks Cleavers, common names Ibrtlil Oaliuin aparine, sold by herbalists as 1 diuretic and sudorific. The root dyes reil| Closer, a square Diiuis brick. Closii-uook, a whaler's Implement, foj lifting blubber to be skinned. Clotuing-wool, short wool from one t| three inches in length. Clove-nutmegs, the (rnitof Agalhophplluii aroinaticum; also called Madagascar imtl megs. aeeRAVENSARA-Nurslii DictlonarJ Clove-stalks, the dried stems bearing till flower-biuh, which are used on tho coii| tinent as a cheap spice. C. M., abbreviation for Certificated Mastel In schools under the govornmont supeif vision of the Departiuont of Science aii| Art. Co., an abbreviation for Company, as Sir monds and Co. CoAL-nrrEB. See Hoastman In Dictlon.nrJ CoAL-iiousE, a shod or cellar for keeplii coal In for domestic use, , Coal-manteu, in Scotland a wholesale deii| er in coals. Coasting Trade, maritime trade carried i between any two iioine-ports belonglii to the same country; not foreign or col| nial trade Coast-waiter, a custom-house officer. coo [ 433 } cou III Dictionary. Company, as SinJ la a wholesale dea CoHBLKita Wax, a shooinakor'* cninpimltloii (it'rusli) and wax, tor Htlir«nlnu Itlit tlirimd. CocHOHN, a Hniali bruM mortar, usually about m Inclitts bore, but lomctimuri rathfr iinulltir. Cock-bill, a nautical torm applied to an anchor, |ii< jcctiiiK, or ImnulnK pcr|iuiu|i- culur, by thi' ittoppcr from the uat-hcud. <'()C'KE1UL, a yipiniK cock. t 'o<;o8-UE-Al Ell. tliti double or Hca coco-nut of the Meyciielli'S, Lodoicea Heehellarum. CoDALiK, a natlvi- hIiovcI or gpadc, made and used in tliu KliaNi hlllM, Iniliu. Codicil, a Mupplcniunt or tulditlon to a will. ('ui> UOE, the liaril spawn of the cod, cured and shipped irum the llsheriui^. (.'uDWooL, a nnuiu In the hat trade, for wool obtained troni lambs that die hi the birtli. Colas, a commurclal name In India, fur the llgor cowry shell (Cypraiu tigri»). See also KoLA-SKKi> In l)lctionary. CoLCHicuM KooT, the conns of Colchicum autumnale, a poisonous plant used niuUl- clnalty. CoLLAREs, a Lisbon red wine. CoLLis, a packaKe. » iiLoaNE AIakk, a Prussian wolyht ibr gold and silver •=■ aoosj troy grains. CuLTERAU, a name for syrup or inolusscs. In India. CoMH-BBUSii, a small brush to clean combs with. Commander, an officer In the Koyal N,ivy, ranking next to a captain. Commodore, an oiDcer with the rank of a captain in the Royal Navy, usually em- ployed as the senior officer on the division of a foreign station. Ho carries a broad pendant at the mast-head of his ship. Common Carrier, one who transports mer- cliandise and goods eutirely at bis own ri.sk of loss. Common State, a term in the United States fur Mie grade of flour made of spring wheat, with nothing but the bran bulteu out. CoMPOUNDCfG, mixing; a composition or ar« rangement made with creditors; recei- ving a portion of a debt, aim givhig an ac- quittance lor the whole. Comquat, a curious small nutmeg-shaped orange, the VUrus olince/or/nis of Ciilua; imported Into this cr>uiitry preserved. CONCKNTHADO. See MEtAUO. CoNDEK, a measure of length in Cochin Clilna, equal to I9'12 inches. Condor, a j:oldcoin of Chill and New Gran- ada, tlic former being worth 8 dollars, the latter 8^ dollars. CoNQUiN, the irult of a species oiDiospyros: a Jam is made of it In Natal. Conversation Cards, printed amusement cards, with questions and answers, j)oetry, &c. CooLiT-LAWANo, a iiame for clove-bark in tlie Hastern A rchipelago. See Culilaban- BARK 111 Dictionary. CoosDi-NCTS, tlie fruit of Crtrapa Guineensis. Coonti, a name in Florida tor the Zainia iiitegrifolia, the fecula of which tonus an excellent arrowroot. CuoPER, a name in London for a mixture of stout and poiter. CooTRAii, the drainli.tis fVnm goor, used lor swcvtineals by the poorer clasvps In India, and coii.-,umcd mixed witli parched rice hiid other grain. CoPANO, a small silver coin, the tenth of m dollar; fhrmerly current In the Htrulis settlements. ('oi'K, the outer part nr enao of n large loam mould, used In casting metals. Copper, a common name lor any largo clr« eular metal boiler. Copra, dried cocoa-nnt-pnlp. CogwiToPALM, the Jiibtra $itectnhUU otCMW, which produces minute eoc ..•ig. Cork, the loose Internal pa, . ; a mould used In casting, to form a lio, '.or recess, and intercept the flow of the metal. COUE-MAKER.S, women ernployud In the hardware districts, making the Internal pi' its of moulds. Co- ii.iANo, akindofltalinistiek-llniiorlce. CouN-AVERAriE, tlio mean price of grain deduced from the sal returned to the Inspector at the several public markets, CoRN-sTAiiriii, an Vinerlcan preparation fniir Indian corn or maize, largely used as ail irticle of ' c In puddi - 1%, cuaiurds, and for young children. COROMANDEL UOOSEIIERRIE? >« CAXAU> BOLA.S. CoHodKo Oil, an oil made U\ ^idta from the seeds {j( Aiyemone Alexicamt. CoRTAN, a Uqi' 'nnasure used In Fi 'e aiidHpain, vi -ii.;, In capacity, but av..a- gliig about 7 Milts CoRVAL, a bas. et for carrying pilchards to tlie cellars to be cured, and which holds about 360 flsh. CosKTTK, a French name for 'Irled sllcei« of the white sugar iieet, iiseit for sugar mak- ing, and also when roasted as a substitute for chicory. CosiiER-RUM, a name given to the peculiarly strong, tine r:'.in, used at Jewish lustlvala, the jiassover, HAK, a name for the Riitea/rondosa, which furnishes a dye and resin, &c. Dhall. See Dholl. Dhauri, a name In India for the red flowers of Orislea tomentosa, used in dyeing. Dhow, a stralglit cleaver-like nativ; knife. IJ foot long, set In a handle of 10 to 12 inches, used by the KhasI tribes on the N.E. frontier of Bengal. Dhuncha, the fibre of iSesbania acvleata. Dhuruee, a weight In India of 50 lbs. DiOBYHKuniNG.asalted and smoked herring of Nova Scotia, named from the locality where It is prepared. I>iMARCHiA, a Greek government officer. • Dio«ET, a name in liussia for birch oil. Dispi.ENiSH SALE, E Scotcli term for a sale of furniture, fixtures, &c. Diss, a name In Algeria for Arundo festu- eoides, used as a paper material. Diwooi., a gum produced In the East Indies from the u£gle mirmelof, DoBARAH, a .superior kind of clayed date sugar made in Bengnl. Dockage. See Dock chaiiges. Df)CK-RooT, the roots of the yellow dork (Kumex crispus) and of the water dock (R. aouaticus), sold by herbalists, and as- serteil to be serviceable in skin diseases. Doffer. a boy who assists athrostle-sphuier, or a girl who assists a doubler. Doo-coLLAR, a metal or leather circlet for the neck of dogs. DoGom, a local name for the Sorghum saccharatum. Dogwood. Tlie dogwood of Tasmania is Bedfordia salicifolia. Dollar Fish, a sea fish of the American waters, with white flesh and of u fine flavour. DoLOO, Ddllooah, a kind of date sugar made in Bengal. Dolphin, In Canada a mooring stage. Domestic, a general term in the United States for all goods and produce of home growth or manufacture. Doneh-Grease, a name In Sierra Leone for shea butter. DoNSKOi, a common kind of Kussian wool. DoNim, a land measure in Kiuprili, in tlx; province of Monaster, about forty paces square. DooB grass, a common pasture grass in Indlii, the Cynodon dactylon; It is also called Bermuda grass. Doocoo, an excellent fruit of Java, the Lansium domestkum. DoooHAN, DuNGiiAX, nnnics In the Philip- pines for the Myristica spuria. DooKAN, a shop or stall. Dorsel, Dossek. a pannier or basket, to be carried on the shoulder. Double, an oblong basket used at Billings- gate, tapering to the bottom, and which will hold from three to four dozen flsh. Doubler, a woman employed in twisting yaru. DouLouM, a Turkish land measure of one hundred and twenty square feet. Dove's Foot, another name for Crane's bill. DowxoA, a coarse kind of Indian sugar. Down-tree, the Ochroma Lagopus of the West Indies, the seed-pods of which pro- duce a kind of silk cotton used for stuning pillows, &c. Draa, the chief measure of length In Mo- rocco, and equal to twenty-one and a half inches. Dkaoge, a miner's name for second class ore. Draft, twenty pounds' weight of eels; the quantity of grain or mercliandUe weighed at one time ; an allowance made from the gross weight. metic, | laru'i'ly oxpurted from Bologna, in Italy. Feltisd Cloth, a woollen fatnlc made bj'l nuaiis of pressure and warm moisture,! witli milling, which dispenses with thol splmiiiig and weaving processes. It is| GAG [437 1 GAL adapted for paddinRS, carpets, and drug- frets, horse-clotlis, table-covers, the cover- ng of boilers, ships' bottoms, ifec. Fencino-master, one wlio teaches the art of attack and defence with sword or foil. Fknt-dealer. in Scotland, a retailer of remnants of cloth. Fez, a Turkish red woollen skull-cap. f lARS, the avorage prices In Scotland of the several kinds of grain, the growtli of his county In the precedliii; crnp, as asccr- tnlncd by the sheriff with the help ol a jury. Fiat, an order directing a certain process nt law. In bankruptcy eases a flat Is issued, on the petitioning creditor makini? afll- davlt as to the correctness of his debt. FiFTH-UATE, a vessel of war, carrying from tl\}rty to fifty guns. Fio-DUST, a name among mealmen for fine ground oatmeal, sold for feeding cage birds. FiGCERA, aklnd ofwlne. [Turkey. FiL/H, an embroidered slipper, worn in FILE-BI.ANK FoKGER, a Workman who pre- pares the crude metal for the file-cutter. FiUGREE-woKKER, a Workman In delicate threads of gold or silver wire, &o. FiLiK, a native name for Angora gonts' wool. FiLS, a Moorish copper coin, worth Rbout the eleventh part of a penny. Finisher, a workman at a paper mill. FiBEUEARTiT, a kind of cooking range or stove for ships. Firestone, a local name In Surrey for tho soft calcareous sandstone, so generally vended in tne metropolis under the name of hearthstone. Fisu-SUIGGER, a Dutch fishing-bont. FiTR, a measure In Kastern Africa, the short span from tlie extended end of the forefinger to the thumb. Fixing, in shipbrokers' parlance. In refor- eiice to a ship, hnding It a frelglU; and. In reference to a (reltiht, finding it a ship. Flag Dues, a chan.e on ships, in some harbours, for hoisting flaps. Flaqging-iross, a tool used by coopers for opening the staves, &c. Flags, a technical name for a variety of quills. [salad-ol!. Flask, a straw-covered bottle for holding Flatter, a manufacturing tool. Flax-waste, the tow or refuse collected in the preparation of fiax, which Is used for paper-making, and for packing for ma- cliinery. Fleidschnucken, a small breed of sheep In (iermany. [with. Fleuret, an instrument to practise fencing Flimsy, a name among reporters tor mani- fold copies of articles of news written on tissue paper. FLtTTERGOLD, the German name for orsl- dew. Floativo-elevatoti, an elevator placed on board a ve-^sel, so that It may m moved from place to place, as occasion may re- qnlre. See Klevator. Floose, a petty mmu'y currency In Morocco, the eleventh part of a penny. Flounder. The species of tills fish, obtain- ed In North America, are I'leuronecki plana, P. pusilla. and P. Uinunda. Flushing, a kiixl of Yorkshire woollen cloth made in lengths of 48 to 63 yard.s. Flutina, a nuisleal Instrument of the con- certina description. Folder, a woman emploj'ed In doubling tho slieets for the book binder. Footing, the base or support of a wall. Forepeak, the place allotted to the crew In merchant ships. FoL'NDATioN-MUSLiN, an Open worked mus- lin, used for stillening dresses and bonnets. FoiJRPENNY, an abbreviated term lor ale sold at fourpence per quart. Fox- GLOVE, the Digitalis purpurea: tho powdered leaves are used nieiliemally. Fox-sHARK, the Carchariu.H ritlpe.i. FoY, a charge made by Newcastle ship- brokers, of from one to one and a half guinea, which originated in the broker having to find accommodation for man niul horse, when shipmasters went from Shieldstoclearoutwards, before travelling by steam came Into use. The pay of a foyboat's crew, &c. FoY-BOAT, a boat employed to assist In mooring and unmooring ships in the Northern ports of England. Frangolla (Spanish), coarse ground corn. Freight, goods and other commodities, carried by water from one port to another. Frejoles. See Fkijole.s in Dictionary. FRET-cuTTEit, a workmait who cuts out open patterns in wood with a fine saw. Frett, a glass composition, composed of silica, lime, soda, borax, and lead, used as a glaze by potters. Frios, a name In Chili for silver ore not easily amalu'amatcd. FuANG, asmall Siamese money, the half of a saiung, equ.il to about 4d. : in Cambodia it Is worth 3id. Full fish, a trade term applied to the second class of herrings when the roes and milt are largely developed. After spawning they are termed "spent fish." FuLWA, a solid oil or vegetable butter ob- tained in India from liassla butyracea. Finds, a term applied to possession of means; cash in hand. imed cosmetic, logna. In Italy. fat)ric made by ■warm moisture, I penses with tliol jrocesses. It »8l G GABAR. a kind of lighter or Polish built river craft, towed by steamers to Dantzic. Gaonepain (French), any tool, &c., by which u living is earned. Gaiac, a name In French Guiana for the wood of the Dipteryx odorata. Gal, a miner's name for wolfram. Galba, a very durabie Indian wood, the produce of Calophyllum Calaba. GOG [438] GUI Oat.f a grant of Innd of 20 yards in length, In ,' ji'petultj' forqunrrylng purposes, miule by the Crown In tlie Forest of Dean to f /ae miners, or those who have worked a y lar n'- d a day under cround. [root. Ga:qac, a name in Sweden for galungal (i.LiAssE, a kind of sliip lil(e a pallot. Galimeta Wood, the wof;d of Bumelia sali- cifoHa, a South American tree. Oaman. Gemknes, a liind of madder powder. Gamoosah (Arabic), a buffalo. Gamozze, a kind of Italian cheese. Gang, a walk for cattle; a personal load, as iTiuch ns cun be curried at once. Oangman, in Scotland a pedestrinn. See Ganger in Dictionary. [Thibet. Garhoon. a civil ruler or commissioner In Gannet-stone, Ganistoit, a kind of granite obtained In Lundy Island. Oarvie, a name in SotiatuI for the sprat. Gatekeeper, an attendant on railway rond gates, of wiiom tiiere are upwards of 2000 in the kingdom; one who looks after dock, park, or other gates. Gaucho, a mounted herdsman in Patagonia and Buenos Ayres. Gawn-tree, a stool or frame for bottling, or standing casks on In Scotland. Gkelbeck, a Dutch name (slgni lying yellow mouth) In the Cape colony for a large fish, the OtoUthm cequidens, Cuv. and Val., which is dried for export. German Text, a name for an ornamental printing-type. German Yeast, dried and compressed yeast from spirit, largely hnported from Hol- land. Geropiga, an adulterant for wine, which used to be sliippcd in large quantities from Lisbon and Oporto. Gewerbkstetier, a trade tax In Germany. Ghazilieh, a Turkish mixed fabric, Imlf cotton and half silk, made in pieces about eight yards long. GiiEMMi (Turkish), a ship. Ohibka, a name for soft wheat at Taganrosr. Ghdrkaf, a liquid measure of Tripoli, the sixth part of ajar, nearly half a gallon. Gibus, a xpring or folding crush dress hat. GiixiNG-THREAD, a Strong linen thread yarn, made in Ireland for fishing nets. GiLT-EDQED, writing paper or books bur- nished with gold leaf; a technical term in the United States lor first-class business paper or bills of exchange. OiNGERGRASS OiT„ MI! essential oil obtained (torn the Andiorjffon Martini, or, accord- ing to some Huliioritics, from Anatherum nardris. Giro (German), endorsing. There are Giro banks at Frankfort, Hamburg, &c., wliich transact this species of business. A supe- rior white-wine of Sardinia. Glands (Frencli), acorns. Gi.euconometer, an instrument used in France to test the strength of the juice of the grape wlien first pressed. Glost-firemen, Glost-placer, workmen engaged in the potteries. Gnapee, a name for buiachong. GoDAVL See Dhaubi. GoGo, a name iu the £ai>t for the Entada Furaoetha. GoiNGANADOU, a tree of Cayenne, which furnishes a wax having all the useful pro- perties of bees' wax. GoKoKF, a collective name for bread-stuffs and several kinds of pulse eaten in Japan, meaning the five fruits of the field, as rice, barley, wheat, soy beans and dried beans. GoMBO, the French name for tlie Hibiscvx cnnnabinus, which yields a strong fibre. hibiscus gossy pi nus is called "Gombodes l)Oi»." GooMi, a Russian name for millet. GONAKiE, an African name for lie Acacia Adansonia, wliich furnishes a ,40od build- ing wood in Senegal and elsewiiere. GooMPANT, a name in Madras (or the wood of Odina Wodier, used for railway sleepers. GooNsooRA, a species of Hibiscus, culti- vated for Its fibre in India. Grabs, indigo broken very small, which is only bought by consumers, and not held by dealers. Grainer, an Instrument for raisin:; the grain on morocco leather; tlie workman who grains leatiier; an instrument used iu powder mills. r«ANNONE (Italian), Indian corn. Graza, a name iu Chile, &,i., for tallow and fat. GREr-GOODS, a name in the cotton mann- facturinu districts for unbleached and un- dyed cottons. Grey printers. See Printers. GiiEY TWILLS, cotton goods used for finishing whiio, or printing on, and made of various leii'gtlis. (iRiONOLiNO, an Italian wine. Grigkon. a French name for the BuciJa angustifoUa, or buceras, one of the most durable ship-building woods. Grigri, a name in Trinidad tor the wood of Astrocaryum aculeatum. Gripe, the fore part ot a ship. Grippe-sou (French), any dealer with tlie poor who drives iiard unjust bargains. (jROONDAGE, a name for harbour dues. Guound-annuals, a term in Scotland for ground-rents. Gru-gru, a name both for the Astrocarynm vulgare and the Acrocomia ickrocarpa, woods of Trinidad. Gruyere, a continental cheese fiavourod with the Melilotus ojicinalis ground and powdered. Guaco, the Mikania Ouaco, considered In America an antidote to snake bites. GuALLAGA, a name in Sun Domingo for the Zamia media plant, from the root of which starcli is obtained and exported, tlio shl|iments in 185(5 having been 494 barrels. GuANDEE, a Spanish name for the Ccyanus Jndicus, Lin. Guarantee, a contract entered into, and stipulating that anoi r party engages to see it completed. Guards, protections to a book; the open floorlnif fore and aft of tlie paddles of a steam-boat Guaza, the tops of the Cannabinus Indicus, wliich have narcotic properties. Guinea-pepper, a common name for cap- sicums of different kinds. UuiMGATO, a kind of Italian cheese. HAS [439] HIG GniBiLA, R powder made with the flowers of the Pyrethrwn carneum and roseuin, very obnoxious to insectis, and sold, when powdered, under tlie nmne of Persian or Caucasian insect powder. GuLA, a dry measure and the standard of value among tlie Nilias, natives of an Island in the Indian archipelago. It is six Dutch pounds weiKht. GutDEN, another name for the Austrian florin, worth about 2-i. ; in Holland, Is 8d. GOLLT-HOLE, a grating or opening in a scwor. GuN-FiNiSHEH, a workman who puts the parts of a gun together and flts it tor sale. Gunning-punt, a low flat-bottomed boat, used for shooting wild-lbwl flom. Gun-polisher, one who polishes and hardens tlie metal work connected witli firearms. GuN-STOCKER, a workman who Axes tho stocks to the barrels o( musketa, rifles. Ac GuRANCUX, a recovered dye-stutf from spent madder. GLHjuN-TREE,tlie Dipterocarpus turbinalus, from which the fragrant wood-oil is ol)- taljied by cutting holcE in them aird applying Are. GuRPATTA, native refined date sugar In Bengal. GwALLA, a cow-keeper or herd In the Himalayas. Gut, the intestines of animals, which, when cleaned and spun, are made Into bowing and musical strings, and also used aa canes for sausages, poloiiius, &c H HAARKTCKEE, a name for the fruit of Ter- minalia C'hebula, used as galls. Haddock-boat, a boat employed in Scot- land in catching Flndon haddocks. IIaie, a woollen or cotton cloth worn by Arabs over the tunic, but under the burnoose. Haircloth-manufacturer, a weaver of mixed horse-hair fiii)rics, the welt being hnir, and the warp cotton, Ac. Hake. The flsh passing on the coasts of Js'ova Scotia and America under this name, is the Phycis Americanus. Hakoda, a commander ot a native boat in the I'^ast. Halifax CuR'tENcr. iSee Canadian Cur- rency in Dictionary. Hambleton-hookers, a choice large kind of mussel, taken out of the sea and f;it- tjned In the Wyre, Lancasiiire, within teach of the tide. Han, the Cyperus longus, used for making ropes, baskets, &c., in Guernsey. IIanchinol, tlieleaves ot Heimia salici/olia, used in Mexico In venereal aff'ections. Handler, a workman In a pottery. Handle-setters, men or boys employed at aflnisliing mill In the woollen districts. IIandwhip-mounter, a workman who llxes the monntiiigs to whips. 11 ANOARD, a warehouse in Quebec. Hanqenan, a lar^e and interior kind of tripang, or edible sea slug. Hap, a money of account in Slam, equal to about £480. Hard Plank, a local name in Gloucester- shire for a kind of oolite stone, also called Forest marble rock. Hardwood, a name in North America, ap- plied generally to other woods tliiin pine and cedar; a trade term In England for oak, ash, elm, beech, biich, &c. IT VRINA (Spanish), flour. Harper, Harpist, a player on the harp. llARPLiNGs, twisted gut strings for harps. Hasheesh (Arabic), hemp, hay; also an in- toxicating drug made of hemp, which is sold In the form of sweetmeats, paste, and tobacco. Haui.ieb, an operative in a rope-walk. Hactle, an animal broad, made In Mexico of the dried eggs of species of Corixa, (•eoflTrey, a water insect. Hawse, the broad parts ofthe bows of a ship. Hawse-pipes, tlie cylindrical holes in tho bows of a ship tliioueh which tlie cable runs out. Hawsefs a rope cable used for towing. Header, a person who guts codflsli, and removes the head. Head-matter, spermaceti In its nataral crude state, as taken Irom the cavltv In the large head of the spersn whale, Physeter catodon. Hearthstone, a soft calcareous sandstone, oht:':ied at the Godstone quarries In Sui.ey, used for glass furnaces, backs of fireplaces and stoves, and for cleaning hearths. Hellebore root, the rhizomes of species of Veratrum possessing narcotic and poison- ous properties wliicli are used medicinally. They contain tlie alkaloid Viratria. The rhizomes of V. album have bceo employed externally as an errhlne and for de- stroying vermin ; and Internally as a purgative and anodyne In gout, Ac Those of V. viride are used in tho United States for the same purpose. Heller, a p« tty money of account at Franklbrt, tho twelfth of a penny. Helper, a second-rate workman in a ship- building yard. Henbane, tlie Jlyoscyamus niger. cultivated lor the medlcinui properties of its leaves. He-oak, a variety of beef wood ol Tasmania, tlie Casuarina stricta. Hepatic aloes, a variety of the Socotrlne aloes. Herd's grass, a name In the New England .■states of America for Timothy grass, Phleum pratense. Hereditaments, the stationary and Immo- vable tilings Inherited, unless otherwise devised. Hhatl.vcoov, Rhatlacoom, a Turkish con- fecth'ii, file basis of whicli Is starch. High Steward, an official of a borough. 'M' . m 1^1 IND [ 440 TTC ■i."* JlifiM wiNia, a proof kind of spirit in cU- til) Uon, contradlstiiitiUlshed l^oin Lew Wil\i:il. HiLAiir Teru, one of'tlie law tt-rms, whic)." coniinenues on ttio lith JaiJiary, af;'.i tern iiinteson tlip 3lst. HiNAf, the bark oi Efn'i-rrput I/ntau, used fcr il vciriK in New ZvMUiiid. Hoo-Fi.tixi5, tlie clip o' wool from n sheep that liiiM i ot bocu vi'jvi/iisly shorn. IloMR, a tt -i! applied t(. a tiling when close in lt>< pi. at". HoN'YsucKLE-wooD, tho BoHiiia atistvalis orXasni'inia. lIoNLET, a -v jollen fabrl« '*md« chlsiiy of slioddy. Hoofs, the commonest side plates < t to tolseshcll, largely used in Uni'. i. Hookah i.!iKi.i.8, cocoa-nut Rlieiii*, usoxt fcr comiooi) hubble bubble pipes, exiiorted fVoin India to the Arabian and I'ersliui tii\iff. Jloi-i'ER, a box with a bottom In the form ot 'in Inverted truncated pyramid, w;tli a tiap-door for ciosing the openiiu", used tor weighing grain and similar arUolcs in the United States. When full the trap is opened, and tho contents allowed to run out. A kind of cake made of rice lioiir in Ceylon. IIOPFKR-BOTTOMED, haviiig a bottom like a hopper. Hoppo, a Chinese official who measures ships. HoRNiNa. See Letters of Horning in Dictionary. Horse-grease, the melted fat obtained by boiling the carcases ot horses. It is some- ♦ ;i.!<)« Imported tti:i<\ South America under I'-'fi riiiine o» mart':!, prf.-ase. £lu!i)vi;-LOAn inTiivkf '• Uie maximum load which a horse ca^' '■- ' ? is about 200 lbs ; (I n?; '.( WW " ',., anl. .1 » . ,s 200 lbs. Hov.i.CH-aic<.',L-, an iik •. ' rluin. Host, tlio landlord .;; .'i.i Inn. Hostage, a poundHgc cJiar^e on the freight of furciirn vessels, formerly levied at tlio port of Hull. HoTTENTor-FFSH, a smnll flsh of South Africa, the Sar{/u.i Cfiffiuis, which Is not onlyasupcHorNib'.f* .i h, but Is also salted anddrlifi '.vn f ..port House ft.ag, f'uc distinguishing flag of n PHrtlcnlarowiii'i'or firm, generally carrieii i.-.x t!:i' ' in iii!i«t of the sliio. I'ovELi. K iiOATS, Imats employed at Mnr- iTHte in i-iUding imssengers from steamers. Hi\:kaback, a hempen canvas, used fur coarse towels and table-cloths. HuPE. a Prussian land measure of 30 morgcn, or 81,620 square yards. Hukka, a Persian weight of 480 drachms. Hull, a local nauio for a shop in Sheffield. lluoN PINE, a beautiful furniture wood of Tasmania, the Dacrydium Franklinii, HunEEK, a name in India for Paspalum sci'obiculatum. Hurrah, Huritukee, a name in Bengal for myrolialans, tho fruit of Termlnalia Chebtila. HuRsiNOHOR, a name in India for tho flowers of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis used for dyeing yedow or orantto. Hyraceum, a secretion ot the Cape badger, at one time considered to have medicinal properties. IFE, a name In India for the Sansitvera cylindrica, a plant useful tor its lii)re. Ignatius beaks, tlie horny seeds of Jgnatia amara, wh-cli are poisonous; tlie seeds of Feuillea cordi/olia are also so called in Brazil. lUAUES, a Turkish name for mouthpieces for pipes. Immortelle (French), a name for everlast- ing flowers, tl»e Onaphalium orientate; the wood of tlie Erythina glauca. Impkrials, a superior kind of French plums. luPBOVER, ayoungper.<cr*"'>rined by horses or mncliiiiery. Jaffna moss, n dye lichen, Alectorm sarmentosa, collected in Ceylon lor tinc- torial purposes. Jamb, in nautical language to squeeze tight. Nee Jambs. Jampez, a Turkish silk stulT. Janool, an ICast Indian wood, the Lager- .itroemia macrocai-pa. Japanese; ckuau, the CryfitomeriaJaponka. Japan Wax, u .aoiUl white veu-etable tat. obtained by builhig the seeds of Rhus succedanea. Jar, a liquid measure in Tripoli of six ghurrafs and equal to 2J gallons. Jarcia (Spanish), cordaye. Jakool, the Lagerstroeinia Reginas, a magnificent Indian tree with red wood, which, thouc^h sott, is durable uiiilcr water, and therclore in universal use fur boat-buildluK'. Jarbah, a very durable Western Australian wood, like maliogany, the produce of Eitcalypttu rostrata. Jah, Jo, names In Imiia for barley. Javelin, a spear or lance, to be thrown or cast from the hand. Jenequen, a name In Jfexicofor the Apave, from the fibres of which cordage, sucks, hammocks, &c.. are made. Jereeb, a tract of land In Persia, measur- ing about 200 feet square. Jeroa, a fabric made in great quantity in Central America, of native wool, and much used by the working people for clothing. Jeropiqa. See Oeroptoa. JeitUNNKE, uncrystalltzable syrup or mo- lasses. Jettaoe, a corporation due on foreign Tts- sels. JiiAoiiEERDAR.JAfiiRDAR, In Indiathc bolder ol lands (granted tor seivlccM. Jigger, a tool nsrd by coopers for stripping the outside ot i-tavi's. JiQuiLiTE, the native name for the Indlfo plant 111 Central America. JiTO, a Brazilian plant, supposed to bo (iuareapurgani, a powerlul and danger- ous i)Urj,'ative. JoNK. a land-measure In Java of 2000 square square Kbenish rods, about seven acres. JuNNA, a name lor i^rain In (iuntuor, and other parts of India. Jordan Almonds, tlie best kind ol swert almond, of a long shape, lni|>orted from Malaga. Journal, a French supcrflclal or land-mea- sure of 381.") square yards. JowAR, JoWAiiitKE. iSw JoAR lu Dictionary. JcNKHA. a name in the Sontlial district of Hi'iiual lor the Sorghum vutgare. See JOAR. Juniper, a name In Nova Scotia for the liaimatacorTamarac (Lat-ix Americana). Jurat, an offlcer of a boiducli. JuitiBALLi liABK, a DciiuTara product, sup- posed to belong to some cedrelaceous plant; it is described as being a notent bitter and a.^^trliipeiit, and superior to Peruvian bark in fevers of a typhoid and malignant nature. Jurumu. an excellent variety of squash, cultivntcd In lirazil. Jlte wkaveb, an o|ieriitlve in a power-loom factory who weaves jute. K KABELJADW. a name in the Cape colony. for the Sciwna hololepidota, Cuv. and Val., one of the staple fishes in the Cape- town ..■sarket, which is dried and salted llk3 cod, and exported to the Mauritius. Kabyle, a clan or community. Kafib-coen, a name in tlie colony of Natal, for the edible grain of the Sorghum vul- gare. Kafiz, aPersinn welpht of 64 lbs. Kag-boat, a rutcli boat. Kahroba, the Hindustani name for amber. Kaimakan, a Turkish lieutenant-governor. Kaimes, Turkish paper-money. Kajano, a mat made of the unexpnnded leaves of the Nipali palm, sewn together and dried in the sun. See Caiman in Dictionary. Kalaf, a medicated water prepared from the sweet-scented male catkins of Salix ^gyptiaca, which has a celebrity In the East for its cardiac and sudorific quali- ties. Kalengt. See Kallingee In Dictionary. Kamala, a pubescent down covering the cniisules ot the Rottlera titictoria, used for dyeing orange, and niediciiiiill y. Kamma, a name lor bircli oil in lUissia. Kanan, a Siamese dry measure equal to 1} pint. Kanari, the Java almond, the Canariuiii commune, a tree, the nuts of which yield an oil in the Banda Isles, which is used for burning and for food. Kangaroo grass, a favourite pasture grass ot Australia, tlie Anthhtiria australi.i. Karasl-mi, a name Vor nickled fish in Japan. Kabkun, a native ofncer in ciiarge of « range of forest in the Bombay Presidency. Keena nuts, the fruit of Calophyllum Culaba. Keeskeesan, a superior kind of Ilolothuria caught in the Eastern seas, and dried for food in China. Keitekil, a Turkish name for the meer- scliaum clay obtained in Anatolia, of which the well-known pipe bowls ar» made. KOL [ 442 ] KYA Kei applr, tho fruit ot a Smith AtVicnii Dioipyros, wliicli ninkes an exculleiit sub- stitute tor curriuit Jolly. Kbmpt-wool, wool which haj short whito hairs at the root of the staple, tliiit nevur takes the dyi>, and dlsflKurca all guuUs Into which they are Introduced. Kena, another niiine fur hunnn. Kerkan, a Persian sllvor coin, wortli llii, Ket-tukner, a workman engaged In maklixg the barrels of keys for locks. Kharwar, a I'orsi.m weight of CflO lbs. Khaur, a dark coarse kind of date sugar made in Bengal. [Cucumis sativtis. KtiTAR, a name in Ef^ypt fur the cucumber, KiATiB, a Turklsli secretary. KiBi, the name for millet In Japan. KiLNMAN, a workman in a pottery. Kilo, a Turki^ih dry moiisure of one bushel. See KiLLow In Dictionary. KimmEridgI'; clay, a dark brown and bluish gray clay or shale, found in Dorsetshire, used for making gas. Kino, another name for the mow, a Chinese liuid'nieasurc of flO(X) square covlds, equal to one-third of an English acre. KiNGwooD, this fancy wood Is by some re- ferred to the Spartium arbor. King's yellow, a pigment, the basis of which is orplment or yellow sulphuret of arsenic. Kintal, a Turkish weight of 125 lbs. Kip, the name In India tor young cows and oxen: all hides under 25 lbs. weight are termed kips. KiRiATHA, a Malabar name for the ^ndro- graphis paniculata, a valuable febrifuge plant. Kirritochee, a name for the fruit ofTer- ininalia angustifoUa, imported for dyeing. KisH, an Irish name for a crate or hainpi-r. ICisLOZ. a dry measure in Moldavia, equal to li Imperial quarters. KiTTOOL FIBIU5, a stout dark strona fibre, obtained from the lenvcs of the Car iota urens palm, imported from Ceylon n r brush fhakhig. Klip viSH, a fish of the South African seas ; the Blennim versicolor, I'nppe. Knoppern, a curious knid of gall formed on some spt'Cles of oak in Hungary and other parts of Europe. KnoTteus, women employed in a woollen factory. See lluRLEUsh'i Dictionary. KoDROO. a name in India for the grain of Paspalumfrumentaceum. KoHeul, Kohl, a suipliuret of antimony or of lead, used In parts of Africa and Pales- tine, bage. KoRR, a Persian weight of 7100 lbs. Kos-ouM, a gum obtained from ^/'tocarpuj integrifolia. Koss, a measure of length In India which varies in dilferent provinces, generally about 2 miles. See Coss in Dictionary. KoTi, a name for tiie Loxa in Malacca and Peimng. See Laxar in Dictlo.iary. KoTWAL, the chief officer of police in a cltj or town in India. See Cutwal in Diction- ary. Kranjano, a coarse package of matting, in wliich suaar is exported from Java. Krdin or Krune oil, a kind ol crude elastic gum Imported from Borneo. KuBABAH, a weight of Central Africa ol n lb. Kug, a Siamese long measure of nine and! tliree-(|uarter Inches. | Kuldar, a nai le for the rupee in Oerwhall and Kumaon, Asia. I KunTAN, a name in tho 7vitstern archl-l pelagoforthe Chelonia Caretta, considered! to yield the best tortoise-shell. f KcMBOo, the Tamil name for spiked millet, Peidcilaria spicata. KuNGNEE. See Kungoo In Dictionary. Kunro-bark, the bark of lihizophora mac-l ronata, used for tanruiii; in Scinde, KuRABiMA. See Kouarima. Kurbee, a name in India for the cut stalks and straw of the Sorghums, used asfodden tor cattle. KuiiPAH, a kind of indigo made in Madras from the wet leaf. 1 Kurrajong, a native Austr.-Ulan name foi several fibrous plants. In New Soutff Wales, biown Kurrajong is tlie Cammert sonia platuphylla; '-'leen Kurrajong, tha Hibiscus mterophyllus. See Currijonc BARK. Kurrinq-oil, Poongum-oiu See KurcnjJ oil in Dictionary. Kutkky, a name in India for hellebore. KuTLUKim, a dye-wood from Cashmere, KwAi, a Burmese measure of capacity od two D6Ck3« Kyang, the wild horse of Thibet. LEL [443 ] LOO )t for the cab- sure of nine and I upee In Gerwhal ) made in Madras oiu See KunuNM LABtmNCM WOOD, n llcrht olive fircon bfnu- tllully KrnliR'd wood, the pre' o of some Bpeelos of Cuti.iut. Lackmus ((icniiHii), litmus. Lackyma CiiKiSTi, 11 highly perfumed, lus- cious rod Naples wine, produced at the foot of Mount Vesuvius. Ladv-dat, one of the rccosnised quurtcr- days of the year, falling; on the 23th of Murch. Lagrimas, the richest and finest of the sweet wines of Malaga; the droppings from the grape. Laiton (Frencli), brass. Lakh. See Lac In Dictionary. Lakino-day, anilnlngtermforaday of rest. l.A-KAo, a Chinese ktreendye, obtained from Rhamnus catharticus. Lalano, a rank and worthless grass, the Andropogon caricosuin, which iufeatg places In llic Eastern Islands. Lalo. See Alo. Lamat, a Burmese measure of capacity, about half a pint. Lammas, a Scotch term, a quarter-day fall- ing on August 1. L.VNDiNG-sTAOE, a floating pier or projection for the convenience of landing from boats, &c., which rises and falls with the tide. Land-locked, a term applied to water apparently shut in or surrounded by land. Landloiid, an owner of house property, ottlces, warehouses, &c.; the lessee or tenant of an hotel or tavern. Langsat, Lanseh, delicious fVuita of tlio Indian arclilpelago,the produce of a species of Lansium: they have a watery pulp, with a cooling pleasant taste. Lapacho, a useful indestructible shipbuild- ing wood of Parapruay. Last, of mackerel, 10,000; of herrings, 13,200, or 100 long hundred; of coal in Hamburg, about 2 tons; of grain, 11 quarters; the Dantzlc last is 18 mestounen or about 3 tons. Latrine, a kind of pri\'y. Laveadio, a Lisbon red wine. Laystali,, a shed In which cattle are lodged on the way to market. [6'U yards. Le, a Cnluese superficial measure, about Lease, a legal document granted by a lessor to a tenant hiring lands, tenements, &c., for a term of years. Leaving-shop, an unlicensed pawn shop, where goods are taken in on pledge. Lectern, ii reading-stand used In churches to rest the books on during service. Leech, a deep tub with a spigot In the bottom, used in Oanadii in making potash, and capable of holding six or eight bushels of wood ashes. Leer-pan, a shallow Iron tray, in which vessels are placed to be annealed in tlie furniice. Legacy, property bequeathed by wilL Lklah, a long brass swivel gun carrying half-pound shot, used by the Malaya of liorneo in their war boats. Leno, a sort of cotton gauze, used for window-blinds, thinner and clearer tliaii buko muslin. Lekena, a species of liiynnia, a kind of potato growing in Ht. Douilngo, which I* stated to bo extremely nutritive. Lessor, one who lets lands or tenements to another. Lexias, nilsins which have been dipped in a ley before being dried. LtBAN, the Arabic name for olibanum. Lien, a legal detention of property belong- ing to another, until some claim or demand is settled. Ligature, a fluctuating money of Cochin China, the half of a dollar, or about 2'<. LiGN-ALOES. See Aoallochum Wood In Dictionary. LiME-scuEEN, a klna of harp or scarce used by builders for screening hme. Limitation, Statcite op. Tlie right to re- cover debts extends to only six years. Line, a name for heckled (lax. LiNE-souTEit, a young man in a flax factory who separates the heckled (lax, according toitsflbre,into various degrees of tlnencHt-. Linen weaver, an operative in a power- loom linen factory. Link buttons, a pair of buttons connected by a link. Lint, a term in the United Stutes applied to picked cotton wool. Lisbon, a Portuguese white or red wine. LisruND, a welKlit In Sweden of twenty lbs. LiSTADAs, coloured cotton or linen goods striped or checked. List-sewer, a woman employed in a woollen finishing mill. LtVE-OAR, an important shipbuilding wood, obtained from the Qiiercus virens, in the southern states of America. Liverwort, the common name for the Pet- tidea. canina lichen. Loach, a grass mat for sleeping on. LoATAN, a Spanish land-n)easure in the Philippines, tlie tenth part of a balitan. See Bautan and Quinion. Lobestens, the fruit of Cordia myxa, used medicinally : the seeds are deemed an In- fallible remedy in ringworm. See \U)U MAR,ui, in Dictionary. Lo-KAO. See La-kao. LOKEi, the Polish ell of 2 feet =- 22-63 Eng- lish inches. LoNA, a name in Chile, peclc8 of plum, the Aubertiana variety of the Prunus domes- tica. Mahal, a territorial subdivision In India. Mahlip, a small nromatic seed, used by I'urklsh bakers to uprinnle over bread. Mauos, the StercuUii Caribcea; rope made from the bak. Is that eeneruily used by All small settlers in the West Indies. Mai-denq, a hunt and heavy red wood of Slam, susceptible of a fine polish, and well- adapted for furniture. Mai-taklou, an extremely heavy timber trc'- ot Siam, considered there incorrup- tible, and bearing a sacred character from being much used in the construction of their temples. It is believed to be the Nauclea orientalU of Lourelro. Mai-tikien, a valuable timber of Slam, ob- tiiined from the MetrosiJerosvera; awoou used in ship-building, as when submerged it is iiperlor to teak. Main-m'kino, the principal movement of a watch. Maizkna, a prepared Indian com starch for food. Malacca canes, the stems of Calamus tcipionum, which are nuch prized for walking-sticks. Malapoo, the dried flowers otCedrela toona, lued in India tor dyeing yellow. Malat applu, the fruit of Eugenia Malac- censis of tlie Kastorn archipeingo. .Malcoozar, a person who pays land revenue to the sovernnient in In(ila. Malicorii'm, iin old name for the woody rind of the pomegranate fruit used medi- cinally. Malkiatibi, a Turkish treasurT Malmudiui, a Turkish recelver-freneral. .Malt-commijjos. ISee Comjiinqs in Dic- tionary. Malt-viveqar, a vlnosar innde trom malt. Malt-whisky, a distilled spirit innde from malted barley InstOiid oi from potatoes, :\f ALVASiA, a white wine of .Sardinia. JIanawa-uesin, a rosin obtained from Avi- c^nhia tomentosa in New Zealand. Manciple, a steward; a purveyor to a school, itc\ Mandarin orange, a small China orange the Citru.i nobilis. Mandobi, MuNDuiii. a Portuguese name for the ground nut In Brazil. Mandrel, the spindle on which the pulley 1 of a lathe is fasteni'd. The cylinders oil which metal tubes au! formed ; those used for various purposes between the lathe | heads are so called. Manoaba, a name for the Avocado pear in | Brazil ; also for the elastic gum of llan- comia speciosa. Mangkudl^ the root of Morinda umbellata, \ which alrords a red dye. Mangote, a package of tobacco, about 64 lbs. Manheim-gold, aname fororsldew, from Its | being formerly made in that German city. Manx (Spanish), the ground nut, Arachi.i hypogcea. Manilla-nut, another name for the ground I nut, Araihis hypogoea. Manisan (Malay), a thick syrup ohtaiiipcll by boiling the auccharine sap of the ^ipa | fruticans. \ Manteiga, a general name for animal fath :| Brazil, as Manteiga Tartaruga; oil madi from the eggs of the turtle. Manz ANiLLA, a wine drank in the Philippine; I Maoosa, the fibre of a species of Urlka use J In Ceylou. ME I [ 445 ] MOC a short log of wlien the Falh luntcruct eucli 11 Cliiiia oraiixe ;uRuese name for irinda umbellata, ne for the grouml ilAI'l.t-SYU(JP. ."See MAPLK-UONbT iU UlC- lluiiary. Makca^itk, n name fur blHniuth. Mabcahmin (Kruiich), a vomi« wild boar. Mardaku.uj, a iiaiiiu in i^Kypt fur Orit/tmuin marjorana. Mauee (French), fresh sea-flsh. Marena. a Rpueli.'H of Kii8hIuii madder. Mabk. Tile mark for guld und silver in Austria it nine ounces troy. 'I'liu inurU bancii III llambiirKisof tlie valueufls. Oil ; the niHri( current, al>out iH. 'M\. MAKMorrKs OIL, a fixed oli olitained from the kernel of I'tuutu briganliaca, wliicli Is u»(e(i instead of olive oraltnuiid oil. Marql'KK. a Hinnll money in iiussia wortli about tliree lariliinKx. Maktinmas, a, Scottish quarter-day tulilnK on Novcmlier lltii. Maktl'banh, a kind of enrtlieii jui exported troni Mu-cat. »MAuyi-ANi>, a mild kind of tobncco. Masautee, one of a party of duwk-bearers in indiii. UlASQuiNoNfiE, an American lake fluh. Mat, a Uurmese weight of 62^ grains troy; u l)Uiidle ot lavender wel^'liiiig alxmt 1 cwt. Math, a forage crop; ulteriuuth, being tliu second crop of grass. ^lATiiKK, a niime in Bengal for Trigonella fienuingrcecum. .>lA1 Iatinoalo jam, a preserve made from tlic Xatal plum. Hee Amatunoulu. MATURixr, tlie time wlicn bills of exchange or promissory notes lall due, or are legmiy pnyable. Maw-seki>, a name under which French poppy seuu is sold by meatmen tor cage- birds. Maw-skins, the stomachs of sucking calves salted and dried for rennet in chee:>e niMkini;. Maximum, the greatest quantity or higliest price paid or obtained tor an article, iin, May-atple, u wild fruit in Canada about tiie size of an egi; plum, wiiich mala for «m,ar In ■ ciiide stiiti', contaliiiiiK lioth succharinu tind molas.te« : it Isaiso called CuiicenlraitO. Mei.kiioit, IX hard, clone, dnral)le wood obtained from HiUtroxylun iiumie, lii ttto Capo colony. Mkli-oco, the tubers of Vllucut tuheroiut lit I'eru. wIiIl'Ii arc exciilent and palatablu, Melon wood, a yclluw Alexlciiu wood, which resembles 8itndors wuod, used for furniture. M KN II AUEN.a North American sen nsh,yl/(Ma A/eiifiudi'n, Mitchell, allied to tlie alewilfe and Khud, widcli is pickled, and also mucit used for mnnure, and for maklug oU. MKiu.tKH, Nubian brt-r Mkrkar (Arabic), a ship. Mkh«;hiato, a Krain crop of Malta. .MI.S.4APPI.R, tlio fruit of Karttenia quii^ (/nenervia. .MK.-istNoiiii-AT-AnMs, Bit ollii'er appointed niider tile iurlsillctlon of the Court of Kesston in Scoiland, to siTve siininiunses and pertorin otliir Incidental duties rela- tive thereto ; as also tlie apprehension and deteniioii ot liiKitives, ibc. Metkii., wheat and rye sown, cut, and ground tiigetlier. Metkal, a name for the durat, a nominal money In Morocco, representing teii okheatsor ounces, and worth aliout 2s. 2d. .Mettwcrst, a kind ot pork suusage made in Oermaiiy. Mkzouha, another name for the metkal. MiDsii, an oily pulp made from beans In Japan, with which loud is dressed instead of butter. MiGLiAJo, an oil-measuro of Vcnetia con- taining 40 miri of 25 lbs., and equal to 142 Imperial gallons. MiLK-suoAR, sugar made from goats' milk, and generally sold in long candied sticks. MIU.E, a thou!*aiid of any thing; auotber name for the Freneli kilometre. Mii.LiER, a weight often quintals. .Mii.LiNa, the process of lullinu cloth with soap and water either in the lulling stocks, or In the improved milling machine, where It is squeezed between rollers. MiLLiN(}-TouL. an indenting tool. Millstone-builder, r constructor of grind- ing or crusliing stones lor niiiis. MiNUuuBi, a nnmc In lirazll for the eronnd nnt, Araclushypogcea. [Brazil. MiNO/ •', g'uel made of green plantains in MiN'DtLMi, the smallest quantity or lowest price of n: ' thing. MiB s.ie:.!.Ei, ,'audied plums. MiUiNCM a name in Central Afttca for two la h'u trines of beads; a medium of currciicy. MiiMAtiuAMME, a weight for silk in Sai-dinia. Miuo, a mca.xure and weight ot Venetia, equal to 25 lbs. Engllsli. Mitio, a substance used in Japan as butter, olttalMcd by boiling tlie soy bean (Hoja fiLipida), and nilxintt it with' rice, salt, &c. Moat, a burr or seed adiicring to wool. MoATiNO MACHINE, ail apparatus used in the woollen districts to remove the moats or burrs (i.e., the seeds or parts of grasses, which adhere to the fleece). MuciiEii-Ntx, the nut oi Carya totneatota. NAR [44«] NEV MoDKRAToR Lamp. Ike Carckl Lamp In Dlutioimry. Mora .ionna, a imnie Tor mnlze or Indian corn in OinUiior. M0NE8IA BAiiK. II iiR'dlclnHl hnrk Imported troin Hriizll, tlio pruducQ ul Chryiophyllum Buranheim. Monica, 11 Hunerlor white wine of Sardinia, MoNKKV-PKPi'KK, the HcedA of llie iiodn of Jiabzdia AhhiopiM. tinrl In troplciil A(rl< :i at n condlnuMit, and to ilnvoiir tlta niuUl- clniil nnd ctiittomiiry niuivo Houpg. MoNKKY I'oT, the imlt ciipnulu ol' species of LecythU. See S pucaia In Plctlonary. MoNTAUiA, n kliu; iif canueused un the river Amazon, about rilteen feet Ions. MoNTONR, A-mlniiiK term in Mexico &c., for a quiiiitlty of ore, 2i'.''0 ibJ. WOONJ. .SVO 8IKKI. MooiiAKNEK (Arabic), a corruption for American lon^ cloth. MttoKOAN (Arabic), red cond. MooTciiiK WOOD, a llKlit soft East Indian wood the produce of Krythrina Indica. much used for toys, swurd-slieaths, unu otiier light work. AI. O. I>., a trade abbreviation forinotlier-of- pcarl shells. MollETON BAY CHESTNUT, the frult Of thO Casta nos per mum Auatrale, which are roasted and eaten by tiie aborigines, but are not at all better than acorns. MoKGALLR, an African hemp, the flbro of Sanseviera Ouineeniis. MoKTADEi.i.A, Bologna sausaRps prepared Willi chopped pork seiisoiu'd wiili wine, garlic, and spice:^, wliicli are equally good raw or cooked. MosTARDA, a preserve made In Italy of fruit boiled In the lees of wine. Mountain swkrt. a name in Canada for the VeanoUius American us y the leaves of wbicii furnish New Jersey tea. Mountain tea, the dried leaves of Qauh t/ieria procumbent. Mozo (itpanith), a niWibin labourer. .MiiDiH, a deputy Kovurnor In hoiuo of tho TitiKlsii proviiicus. MiiKT, a widto Hill hurcttod wine, mndo In LaiiKUcdoc, wiiicli never riirinuiiti, und u lined to mix with otliiT wines. .MiiEviN, aTurkiHli uiider-secntiiry. MuKKA, an Kiistern iiuine tor Indian corn. Mc«MoKA.I'>NNA. Mij'LK, ainacliliie for HplmiiiiK wool, whirli contains ft-oin :i(K) to liXNi i«piiidk>4 per piiii . AIui.E-i'iK.OKB, a young person employed at tlie spinning-Jenny. Mi;i.E-TWigT, yarn made by tin* mule or splnninii-jenny, of wlilcii there aru best, Hi'conds, and common Hicinids. Mri.L, a powdiT forincd liy pounding the very small roots and huitks or bark of large madder. Mullein, the Verbascum thapait, which li U!SVe Nata, uiiil Kut- KAHANOA 111 Dictionary, NiKPA Haiik, an Iiulian febrifiiKO obtained troiii tiaiiuulera Iiidica. HmMi-HV.i.D, iiUo cnlluti llain-tlt; the imall black HUL'd of Ouiiotla ulei/era, from wlilcli nn oil IH cxiin'MNcd. NioiiT-Huir,, liumuii ordure, collocted and used iiH manure'. SiuM, the ilrU'y tliu Arab!* for ■tuftliiK muttrcKseH and |illlow8, NiMi'iiooL, a aneclcs of khaur or raw date sugar, made lit llungal. Niiu, n Malay nnnin tor tlir Hnrchnrliie Jiiicitor iiii|iol)tiiliii>d fruin thu yipafruti' fiinn, H tlwart palm. NuN-Hiu'ii, a Hinall vailctv of fancy bliirnlt. NiiHlMoN, a JajiancKc |iiifiiiii|iilii, a i>n|)crlor kind ut hand-llltur dilturlng fruiu tlio caiiKo. NiiKMANDT Pii'fiN*, appli'n which have been dried in the kiiiimiiiI prrHtcd In Normandy or .\iiicri(;a, and arc ^torcil lor tvlntcr uiii!, when they may bu Htuwcd or uiiud In plus, .Sec I'll'I'lN. N'4, pluces of line uicd for tying nets to huail ropuR. NiiKTiiiNn, thu dllTrrenco of latituilo mado liv a ship when Hailiiiu northwanU, Ni.'iio, a wi'iijiit for cotton, In noiiio parts of India, of H oiaiinds, each m IIh. NiTKfliNO, ohstructini; an o|ipo, the pound weight In the Hanse towns, in Bremen, equal to I'lO lb. avoir- dupois; in Lubeck, 1071b. PiAi, a Siamese money, the fourth part of a fuang, and worth about one penny, PiCHAi, a long measure in (Jreece, for wool- lens. = 26 81 liii'hes ; for silks, 251o inches. PiCHOLiNE (French), a small olive. I'lcOTEE, a variety of carnation, Dianthus caryophyllus. PiCRA, an otficinal mixture of aloes and can- ella, employed as a cafhartlc. [wine. I'lECE, a French term for 220 to 235 litres of PiECER, a factory operative who attends on frames and spmdles. I'iKK-DUEs. See Pierage in Dictionary. PiGNATELLi, a kind of Italian stick liquorice. PiGNON d'Inde (French), a name for the need ot Jatropha Curcas; that of Croton tiglium is called petit pignon. PiLiNO, placing staves, lathwood, deals, &c., in bulk. PiNATHA, a kind of jack wood, or probably a Laurus, obtained in Burmah. It is a light wood with a yellow hue, which darkens on exposnre. It iv used by the BnrmeM (or musical Instruinenta, and by English bruslimakers for the backs of brushes^ Puidaiba, a name in Brazil for the highly aromatic fruit of Xylopia lericea, with the flavour of pepper, for whlob li may be advantageously rtubMituteU. PiNDER, an offloer of a borough. PiNK-BOAT, a Dutch vessel. Pintado, a name for the wild Guinea fowi Pippin, a dried pressed apple. PiQuiA ou^ a concrete brownish oil obtained in Brazil fVom the pulp of the fVult of Caryocar Brcuitierui*. PiBACOBOu, a large fish (the Voutris gigat) common in tlie interior waters of Mouth America, from Guiana to Brazil, the flesh of which is much esteemed, and can bo dried like the tunny. PiRAH, a paste made of fbrtnha or mandioc flour in Brazil. PiTAU, a New Zealand canoe, longer than the tita, constructed and coloured in the same manner. It has in addition a fl^uro head, and tall stern post, both elaborately carved, PiTATA BARK, tho bark of Cinchona pitaya. Pitch pine, the Pinua resinosa (Alton) of North America; the name is also given to P. rig Ida. Plain-tile, a kind of tile 10} inohea long by 6i inches wide. Plain-tile laths, strips of wood if inch wide and i inch thick, and trom 3 to 5 feet in length. Plankage, a landing charge made in some ports, for the use of planks in loading or unloading cargo. Plantain-walk, in the tropic* a piece of ground set apart for the cultivation of species otMusa, the plantain and banana. Plvslit, a fresh-water flsh largely exported wlien dried from Siam. Plaster-mill, a mill for crushing gypsum ill the North Amsrican colonies for manure, Ac Plastron, the under shield of the tortoise, Plateu-hats, men's hats, the bodies of which are made in Cheshire and Lanca- shire, and tlie flnlshlng done in London. Plate-roller, a workman who rolls Iron Into plates. I'latillas, a linen fabric, so to 35 yards long, by 27 to 21 inches wide. Plating, putting a watering of silk on a substratum or foundation of cotton. Platsong, a sea flsh, which, dried and salted, (brnis an article of trade from Slam. Plover. The golden plover, Uharadrius pluviali$, Is much esteemed as a bird lor the table. Plover eggs, a name under which the eggs ofthe lapwing (Fam7/e«crM' heads. Portland aerow-root, a starch formerly made from Arum maculatum iu th<) island of Portland, whence the name. Portreeve, an officer of a borough. Post, a stratum in a quany which Inter- rupts the regular strata. It is generally of smaU extent in one of its dimensions. Pot, to ireserve viands, &c., seasoned In cases ; to enclose or cover in pots of earth ; to pvit new made sugar into casks, so as to draii: off the molasses. Potato beek, a beverace made in Bavaria. Potato cake, boiled potatoes kneaded with flour and a little salt, rolled thhi, cut into squavesand haked aulckly. Potato ciieLoE, iiriithed potatoes slightly salted, mixed with cheese curd. Poultry carver, a small kind of knife for dissecting and serving poultry at table. Prairie-hen, the Tetrao cupedo. Linn. Pram, a kind of river vessel in Kussia about 60 or 80 feet long and 85 broad, in which timber is floated down to the ports. Prayer beads, a name for the seeds of Abrus precatorius, used for rosaries. Predial, an agricultural labourer or planta- tion servant In the colonies. Presser, a workman in a pottery. Press-setter, an operative in a woollen factory. Peessuee indicator, a register gauge In a gas work. Prime mess, the second quality of pickled pork, in which tlie barrels contain the ham!^ and shoulders as well as the sides. Mess (Jork contains only the sides; Prime, the lowest quality, contains the whole hog cut up IndUcriminateiy. Princes Feather, a carden flower, the Amar'antus hypochondria'cus. Prince's Wood, a turnery wood, the Cordia gerastanthus, imported from Jamaica. Pri.nters, a name among maimfacturers for grey cot'ton goods used for printing pur- poses, made in several widths. Prioraxo, a wine drank in Manila. Procello, a tool like a kind of iron forceps used by glassblowers. Profile, an outline or contour ; a side face or half face. Proviso, a conditional clause In any legal document, on the observance of which the validity thereof depends. PncHiRiM, a South American name for the Sassafras seed. PnDDLER, one who prepares or tempers clay; a workman engaged in puddling or rolling iron into bars. [sledge. PuLKHA, a Laplander's travelling sled or Pulverize, to reduce to line powder, by beating or grinding, &c. Pumice, the marc after apples have been pressed for cider. * PtiPER Nickel, a name for rye-bread in Germany. Pun, in Slam, prepared lime coloured pink with turmeric, used with the betel-nut PuNGA-puNQA, a native bread or food made from the pollen of the raupo, Typha an- gust{folia. Punkah, a wooden frame covered with clotli and hung from the celling, in India : being pulled backwards and forwards It agitates the air. [blov> era. Punto, a solid iron rod used by glass- Plrqueira-oil, a name in Portugal for oil obtained from the seed of the carrapateno (Jatropha curcas.) It la also known in commerce as seed oil. PURRE, a liquor made by steeping the gross or refuse matter of pressed apples. Purslane, a salad plant and potherb, the Portulaca oleracea. Putch-leaf, a name in the Straits settle- ments for patehouly. POTLOO, a projecting log let into a wall to support scaffolding in building operations. Pyee, a Burmese measure of capacity ot 2 quarts. Pymoc, a Burmese banker who is alao a worker in silver and an assayer ot metala. RED [ 451 ] RIB Q QnAMASH, the North American name for an edible bulb, the Camassia escu- lenta, ncnrly allied to the European squill. Qdanduno, the edible fruit (called In Au- Btralia native peach) of tlie Santalum acuminatum, Dec. The kernel of the fruit is edible and oily. QoAKTER, the fourth part of a cwt. avoirdu- pois, or 28 lbs. ; to billet soldiers, Ac. QuARTERiMO, In buildiu)f, a series of upright posts. ■ QuAiiTER SESSIONS, a court of Justice l.eld in boroUKhs before the Recorder, for the trial of offenders. QuATAOE, a charge for using a berth along- side a quay; wharfage. QnEENs, a kind of cigar. QuENTCHEN, a division of the Prussian pound = to about a drachm. Quickset, a contrivance used in floorcloth manufacture, consisting of a screw and nnt, provided with a large hook at the top, ami a small polnteil hook at the bottom. QuiLTisa, a cotton fabric resembling diaper, used for waistcoat pieces. QuiNA, a name in Brazil for the Solatium pseudoquina, a powerful bitter and febri- fuge. QuiNioN, a Spanish land meaf>nre In the Philippines, of 7S50 square yards. Quinquina, asi'eciesotthegenus Exostema. remarkable for possessing properties simi- lar to those of the true cinchona, but with- out any trace of quinine. QuiNQUiNO, a native name for the b:ils ...■ of Peru plant. QuiNST-BEuiiY, a name for the conmon black currant, Rihes nigrum. QuiNTO, a silver coin of Chile, the fifth of a dollar. Quito Oranges, a name In Pent for the edible berries of Solanum Quitoense, r; a side face or name for the E )le8 have been r rye-bread In e Straits settle- "Daab, a kind of jaggery, or dark, coarse ■*•*' Indian sugar. Uabannes, matting made in Madagascar of coarse grass, or of the fibre ot tlie Sagas Raffia, imported into Mauritius for cover- ing floors or wrapping goods, edi;,, monlding-beds, &c Bisk, the amount Insured. BiTAH, an Indian medicinal oD, obtained ft-om the soap nut. EivEK-DUTT, Kivek-watch, ducB payable by sliipplng in certain rivers. BivER-piLOT, a pilot licensed by the Trinity House, to navigate vessels from London lirldge to Oravesend, a"d vice versa. RiVET-MANUPAGTCBEB, a maker of metal fastenings. R.N.R., an abbreviation for Royal Naval xteserve. Roach-alum, Roche alom. Bock alum, the finest or purified alum, prepared by a pro- cess called reaching. Roadster, a horse suited for travelling. Ruble, a ship-buiidln;; wood obtained from the Catalpu longusima (Sims), also called San Domingo ouk, of which a consider- able quantity is shipped thence to Genoa : some is very handsome. Rock Elm, a large tree of Western Canada, the Ulmus racemosa, the wood of which is exceedingly durable. Rocou (French), annotto, Bixa orellana. Rogue's yarn, yarn of a different twist and colour from the rest, inserttd in cordage, used in the Royal Navy, to Identify it if stolen. RoHUU'BABK, a medicinal bark obtained in India from Soymidafebrifuga. Roll. The pacliage of Bahia tobacco called a roll, weighs 16 arrobaa "f ?2 lbs. RoLLEY, a small low four-wiieeied vehicle, on wWeli coal corves are transported in mi'.ies. Rollkyway-han, a workmao employee* In coa' mines. Rolling, the lateral oscillating of a vespel. RoLi.iNG-TACKLK, lopes up.d blocks used to secure tl>e heavy lower vards of a ship in a heavy itea. Rondolette, an Inferior description of or- ganzine, or tram silk, made in Sardinia. RoND-viscH (Dutch), cured cod-fish not flattened or dried, as coutradlstlng'.iished from klip-viscJi. Rope-yarn, a thread or twist of hemp or other fibre, of strands of which a rope is made. liosART-VEA, a name for the small orna- mental seeds of Abrus precaioriut, whloti Hie strung for rosaries by Roman catholics. Rqse-appls, the edible fruit oi a myrtac«ou8 plant, Jamboi vulgaris. Rosewood. Llndiey states that the flra* urant rosewood or Bols de Pallsandre of the cabinet-makers, has been ascertained to belong to two or three species of Bra- zilian Triptolonieas. RossoLi, an Italian liqueur, taking its name from "ros soils" (sun-dew), used in Its manufacture. Rostrum, a p^atform fyom which a speaker addresses an audience; a pair of surgical scissors for dilating wounds. ROTL the Indian name for bread. RoiTM, a blue dye-stuff of Assam, obtained from a species of liuellia. Round, a rundle, tlie step of a ladder; a round of bee^ is a cut off the thigh through and across the bone. Rou-Ron, a Mexican furniture wood re- sembling rosewood. RousouMAT, a source of revenue In Turkey trom letting or farming out certaih rights, taxes, rents, &c. R0US8A-GRASS, the Andropogon Martini of Roxburgh, -vvhicli furnlsnes by distillation the |!lnger grass and Namar oils of the perfumer. Royalty, a due paid to the Crown for work- ing minerals, or to patentees for permis- sion to work their invention. RuAY, seeds used as welghto In Bnrmah, the small ruay being that of Abrus pre- catorius, and the large ruay the seed of Adenanthera pavonina. Rubber, u slice of cocoa-nut husk used ou wooden floors, steps, &o. UUBSEN-GAKE, an oll-cake made on the continent from the seeds of Brassica prcBcox. [of duty. RuoK-soix (German), a drawback or return Rug Weaver, a carpet weaver ; a maker of worsted and.mixed rugs. Rl«sei,-cord3, a kind of Yorkshire woollen gooas. Rustic, a variety of ornamental printing- type, in imitation of stems and branches of trees, RuTiiE, the Prussian perch of twelve fteet. Rye grass, the Loliutn perenne, one of he most valuable glasses to the farmer, as it forms an important constituent of all iiastures. 1{YHAN, the V^gyuthtn name for the garden basil, Ocytnum UtnHcum. BAW C453 ] SEA husk used ou kshlre wooUea C ADDAF (Arabic), mother of penrl. *^ Saddle TREE maker, n niannfacturcr of the metal Irume works for saddles. Sah, a Burmese measure of capaolty, about one gallon. Sahtiam, a yellow dyed leather made from »:oat skins in Ruumeiia Saigh (Arabic), a jeweller. i^AiK, a Burmese dry mciisure of one pint. SSajee-matie, Sujjee-muth'J, names in In- dia for alkali or crude soda. Saki, akiiid of beer madel'rom rice in japan, usually drank hot. Salampores, dyed long -cloths, generally blue, made in pieces ot about 18 yards. Salat, a Burmese measure ofcapacity,about one pint. Salep-misree, a name in India for the small dried tubers of terrestrial orchids, which are hard and have a horny appear- ance. They contain ba.saorine and amyla- ceous matter, and form a highly nutritious diet for Invalids. Sal-sa, an abbreviation tor sarsnparllla. i^ALTERN. a sulina, or salt pond. S VMES..ME, a name in central Aftica for coral beads. Sana, a kind of Peruvian tobacco. Sandal-oii., an oil obtained froiii the seeds of the Santalum album. Sand-eel, a small rtelicato fish, the Ammo- dytes tobianus, much used as bait by fishernfen, so is anotiier species, the sand launce, A. lancea. Sandjak. a Turkish district. Sapallo (Spanish), the Cucurbitamelopepo, Liim. Sapdcaia-nuts, the edible seeds of some species ofLecythis, probably L. Zabucctjo, grandiflora and ollaria. in the Indian laniju ige, sapucai is a fowl. S AttAF(Arabic),a banker ; a money changer. 8ardeli.es (German), ancliovies. Sasa, an Indian name for the oil of cucum- ber seed. Sasjeen, alongmoasure of Russia=2J yards. See Sagine In Dictionary. Sassafras. This name is applied in French Uulana to the wood of Licaria Guianensis, waich Is ot an excellent quality for naval constructions. te'ASSAFRAS-nARK, SH aromntlc bark obtained irom the wood of Atherosperma r,.oschata in Tasmania. It is used tor making a tea infusion in the colony. Sassafras, Swamp. See Beaver-wood. .Satink, u good cauinet wood of French Gui- ana, the produce of Feroiia Ouianensis. Satin-jeav, a cotton fabric with a smooth Kicssy surface, used for stays, shoes, &c. Satin -sTiTCUEB, a sewer of mublius in Belfast Saule bark, the French name for willow bark, used medicinally, and for making sallcine. Sawmay, a nnmeinlndlaforPrtnfcammifta- ceum. See Saumay in Dictionary. Saw aET, a piece of metal with straight notches on the e('ge, by which the teeth of saws are set outwards on e.icli side. Saxolink-oil, an oiiobtained from Boghead mi?ieial. Saya, an outer petticoat worn by the native or n'ostiza girls in the I'hilippinis. Sayavbk (French), the Oldenlandia umbel- lata. Sc AFi, a boat employed in the sponge fish jry in the Ottoman archipelago. Scale-beam maki<.r, a maimfacturer of balances or weighing machines. SciiAPZiGER, Schabzetoer, a kind of Swiss cheese, flavoured with the flowers of the ^te.Ulot^is. SciiESK-BEER, Bavarian not or small beer intended (or immedia* , ise, in c.ntra- distinction to lauer or dtore beer; the one being drunk in summer, and the other in winter. SCHOK-BOAT, a Dutch boat Scone, a triangular shaiie(' blsoult. Scouring Brick. Set Bath Brick in Dictionary. Scrap-dealer, a piece-broker; one who ventis old iron, &c. Scraper, a glazier's tool; a strip of steel with or without a handle, used to sinuoth wo'od work ; a tool frequently made of ^ three square file, used by muchlnists to produce plain surfaces. Screenings, a name in the United States (or the interior wheat tliat is removed by the screens and fans, and is usually sold at one-third the price of best wheat. It is used for feeding poultiy or grindUig iiito horse-feed. SrRiBBLER-FiLLER, a Workman in a woollen factory. Scribblinq-machine, a series of cylinders clothed with cards or wire bi'ushes, work- ing upon each other, tlie etTeot of which is still further to disentangle the wool, laid draw out the fibres. ScEOLiS, ornaments in decorative architec- ture; a bookbinder's gilding tool in thut form. ScRUBBiNG-aEUSH, a hard brush for clean- intf floors. ScuLPEL, an enirraver's tool, like a narrow chisel, with either round or square under sides. HciiTf'H, a t'^'^'hnical name for the refuse ot taiipits, I'^-'.er shells, and other cheap substances, used to adulterate bone dust. Sea-biscuit. »S:;eSHiP-Bi8C0iTln Dictionary. Seam, the joinnig by sewing of two pieces of cloth ; a vein or stratum of metal, coal, "orm-gut, a strong animal fibre for fio!iiiig lines, made from silk cocoons macerated In vinegar. Silver -BEATER, a workman who foliates silver. Silver-fish, a name In Cape Town for the Denlex aigyrozona, which Ibrms an article of export. Silver-grain, a carpenter's term for the medullary rays of wood; the straiglit lines wlilch radiate from the central pith tlirongh the wood to the bark. Silver-wattle, an Australian tree, the Acacia dealbata ; the flowers are used by perfumers. SiMAROUBA bark, thc hitter bark of the quassia, Simarouha officinalis. SiMBULEE-oiL. a yellow, clear, transparent oil, obtained in India from tlieseeds of tlie Bergera Kcenigii, Simpler, a collector of wild herbs, used medicinally and sold by herbalists, but not deemed of sufficient importance to cultivate. SiM.siM, a name for sesame seed, in Mozam- bique, about 3;;o,ooo lbs, are annually ship- ped from tliencf. SiNAMAY, a name in the Philippines forplna cloth, either made alone iroin pine apple leaf fibre, or mixed with Chinese silk. SiNDooR. a name lor vermilion in ItengaL SiKiii, SiRi, a Malay name, lor the dried prepared leal of the betel pepper, Chacica betel, used in the East as a masticatory with the betel nut. SiRi BOX, a box for Iioldlng betel leaf, Ckavica betel. Sirki, h name fur an Indian grass, thc Saciharum mootija. the outer cuticle of whlitli is larnely used lor rope-making. SiSAL-HEMP, aname given in North America to fibre obtained from tlie leaves oi Agave Sisalana. SixPKXNY, a strong ale sold at sixpence per quart. Size, the length of shoes, the fit or specific iiumber of gloves; extent of superficies or thickness, as the size of a tree or ship; an instrument fur ascertaining the size of pearls. SizE-sncK, a shoemaker's measure for the tbdt. Skip, an open basket in which cotton yarn is I lacked. Skull-cap, the Scutellaria lalerifolia, the entire jilant of whicli is used medicinally in North America. Skunk, the Mephitis Americana, the skin of which Is now laigely imported from North America for fur. Slaughterer, a butcher. Sleave, the knotted or entangled part of silk or thread; in weaviiii.', to separate threads, or to divide a collection oi threads. Sledding, thc act of transportiny on a sled, or carriage moved on runners, over snow or ice, and much adopted in North Ameri- ca tor conveying lienvv burdens In winter. Sleeve -BDTTos.s. SLr.E\T:-LiNK.s, fastenings of various materi;ilB for wii^t hands, Ac. Slendong, an article of dress worn in the eastern islands. See Slendaxgs in Diction- a ry. Slew.'^rd, a man employed In a silk throw- ing mill. 8ley, a weaver's reed. Sling, a drink composed cf equal parts of spirit and water sweetened. SOL [456] SQU &jri>, aietiKnarrowpleoe; a twig, separated fyom the main stock, for planting: In America, applied to a pew or seat in cliurclis, and to an opening between wharves or in a dock; a clay cretim or cement for attaching pieces to crockery ware. (Bloat. See Slat in Dlctlonnry. Slop-sellrr, a vender of cliaup ready-made clothiiiK tor senmcn. fiLUBUKR, a wool spinner. Small aums, on ship bonrd, wonponB of offence and dcfeiico, muskets, pistols, &c., contntdistlngulshed Iroin great guns. Small beer, weak beer. Bhall eoAL, Smalls, the coal which passes throuuh the screens about the size of a small hiizel nut. Small craft, vessels 'iclow the size of ships and brigs, intended (or foreign trade. Smitt, flne clay or ochre made up into balls, for marking .ilieep. Smoke-sail, a snuill bhII lioisted before the funnel of a vessel's gnlli'y, to prevent tlie smolie lifing blown aft by the wind. Smooth-bark hickory, the Carj/a glabra of North America. Smut mill, a muchSie for cleaning grain from sumt. Snead, the hnnfile of a scj'the, generally made of ash wood. Sneeze woo>. n siipindacpons tree of Souih Africa, theP(ero.r!,'.on utile, yielding a kind of satin wood uf great beauty, uselulness, and durability. Bnook: the (South African snook is the 'Iliyrsites atun, wiiicli is nmch prized lociilly, and siilted ami dried for export. Snowds, Skowding, tlilii curds ninde of hemp, generally al)out six feet long, sus- pended to the deep sea (ishing-lines at various distances, to which flsh hooks are attnciied. fioAP-FRAME MAKER, a manufacturer of the sliapes in wiiicii soan is run or cast. HoAP-RTUFF, melted fiit. kitclieii grease. &c. SuBRE.s,tliPsocond quality of ^jpanisll indigo, ni.ide in Central America. Socket ciiiskl, a stroi?tf chisel used by carpenters for morti»in», SocoTRiNE ALOES, a kind of aloes brought from Socotni. in the Indian ocean. Soda Merchant, a wliolesale dealer In al- kali ai\(l crystallized soda ash. Soda waste, a compound of lime and sul- phurct of calcimn, obtained as a bye- product in tlie processof making curbonate of soda from coinmon salt. SoDA-WATi=;it-ESGiNE MAKER, a manufactti- rer of tlie apparatus used tor making aerated w.iter. SODOM-APiM.K, the fruit of Solanvm Soilom- eum iinpuried from tiie Horih of Africa as i:all8. SOFA-BED, a bed within a frame In the seat ot a sola, wliieli can be used at niglit. >*OKTMAN. a workiuaii employed in a steam flour mill. RoLAZzi. a fine kind of liquorice juice from Italy in sticks. Sole, a plate ot iron attached to that part of the plough nliich runs on the ground; iu :jcotiaud a potato basket. SoLE-sKm Dealer, a vender of the dried fish skins used by brewers, and lor clari- fying coffee. SoN'CHT, anotlicr name for caper tea. SooK, a street or market appropriated to a particular trade In Turkish towns. SooNTOOL, the fruit of tlie Bandoricum Jndicum of tlie Malay isles, wlilch is of a pleasantacid, and made into8yrups,Jellies, and preserves. SonKEL, Indian. See Indian Sorreu SuuBAiiDAR. a viceroy or governor of a pro- vinoe in India. SouBAT, in Jersey, a small bundle of neatly cut straw, about 3 or 4 pounds In weight. SouM, in Scotland, tiie quantity of pasture required for one cow. or five sheep ; tlie swimming bladder of the cod dried forfood. SowANS, flummery; paste used by weavers, for stiffening their yarn. SowLE Hread. an esculent substance, pre- pared in South Wales from seaweed. SowMER fScotch), a sumpter horse, one that carries a sowme or load. Spade-tree maker, a workman who forms tlie handles of spades. Spairgr. sparge (.Scotch), to plaster. Spalding. Spklding, in Scotland, a small tisli, split and dried In the sun. Spale, a lath, a sliaving of wood. Spanish Stripes, a woollen fabric made In Kngland, for the Eastern islands' markets. Spenv-fisii, a trade term for the third clasn of cured herrings, when the fish have spawned. They are also called Shotteii flsh. Spice-wood, the Benzoin odoriferum of North America. Spigelia-root, an anthelmlnthlc. See Tink- root in Dictionary. I5PIRI.1NO, a name lor the smelt. Si'LASHKK. Sfe Splash-board in Dictionary. Splash-fluke, a name in Scotland for tlie plaice {Pleuronectex plateasa). Si'MT, a weaver's term for one thread in )il»iii work. Split-ring, a ring which opens to hold keys, or to strini; a puard on. Splitter, in the Newfoundland cod-fishery, one who opens and (.'Uts tlie fisli ; a work- man who splits sheep skins. See Splits in Dictionary. Splitting-mill, a mill for cutting staves, sli{nf.'le8, &c. Split- wood, deal ends under 20 inches, ship- ped from Norway. Sponge, iu (junnery, an Instrument for cleaning cannon after a discharge. Spook, a name in Africa for a track or clue to game or cattle. Spiuno-back, the cover of a book which Is not attached to the back, but yields in opening. Spuing knife-cutler, a trade carried oi. ill Sheflield. Spruce, in the United States this name is applied to Pinus nkjra, alba, nnil rubra, wliicli are used in f;imilips to tjive flavour to beer, either in tlie lorm ot decoction or extract. Square-man, Sqcare-wright, names In iiarts of Scotland for carpenters and joiners. 8TR 457 ] s w r: an who forms one thread in ) to hold keys, de carried ou SQtrABB-iaui, a laud measaro of (MO£jigll«>i acreR. Squatter, In the United State*, one who aeitles on new land without right or title. S'i'A»T-aou)KB (Dutch), alleuteuont or gov- error. STAH7MAN, a workman employed In silk- thnwing. Stagno, a structure or posts and boards for support, as Tor building. ."■^AMPrxo Mrix, ait enslne conslstinp; of I estliis moved by water or steam power for cmshlng oro. Stance (Scotch). See BufLDiNa-axANCE. Staple, tlie tlireiid or pile of wool, cotton, or flax. See Staple Articles In Diction- ary. Stak, a adlated mark, an asterisk, thus *, used In printing as a reference to a nolo In the mirgin, &c., or to flil h blank. Star-fish, species of Aiteria, which, when obtained ti quantity, are used as manure for land. Stats, In eeamanship, the operation of going aboit,, or changing the course of a ship with a ihiftlng of tlie sails. Steam jacket,Steau casino, a space filled with steam sirroundlug any vessel, pipe, Ac, to prcserV) heat Steel-teap, a knd of gin or spring-trap, for securing Intmders on private grounds. Stkinplachs (Qeuian), the tluest auAlity of flux. STEiNKOHLrar, (Qeman), pit-coal. Stereometeb, an Initrument (or determin- ing the specific griVlty of bodies. Stebn chaser, a camon placed in the after part or stern of a shp, STiLtiON, a stand for ^sks. Stinoo, old strong beei Stinkwood, a useful onamental wood of South Africa, whicli livs, however, a most unpleasant odour fur a nng time. Stock, the part of a tool for boring wood with a crank, whose endrests against the breast of the workman the wood In which the barrel of a uusket or other firearm rests; a fund, caiital; the do- mestic anlmiils belonging to a farm; a supply or store of any artclea of trade. Bee Stocks and STOCE-iN-'kiADE In Dic- tionary. Stocker, a man engaged in miking etock- loclis. StopWG, in mining, fllUng In wkh rubbish a space from which tUe ore has been worked gut. Store-candles, dips. Stout, strong porter. Stover, a woman employed In in Iron foundry; In the United States fodier for cattle. Stow, to arrange, to lay up ; to pack targo. Stkainer, a cullender or sieve; a tool fur laying down carpets. See CAtiiT Strainer. Stramonium, a medicinal plant (the Datura) of poisonous properties, used lor smokiig in cliips, or In cigars, &c. Striker, a helper or interior ship-wrlghfc the man whose bushiess it is to strike of. the superfluous quantity from the top of a measure; aseamau's name foraharpooii. Strinq board, a board with Its face next the well-liolein a wooden stalrcAM, which receives the end of the steps. String pikck, a piece of timber In bridges, SiHii'i'iNGs, tlie last milk drawn from a cow at a milking. Stuomhing, a small kind of herring taken In the northern seas of Europe. Strut, In building, a support beam on which masonry rests. Stuhtail, Stumitail, nam^s In North i^.merlca for flour made out of damaged wheat and good wheat ground together. Stitiver, a Dutch money worth one penny. SuuscRiBKR, one who enters his name for ou'i or more copies of a book, periodical, or serial ; > ' as a member, &c. SoccEDANECM, u substitute. Sucklebs, calves sold with their mothers. SUDBURa, an ludiau name for Rota ceuti- folia. SUGEG, a name in India for Impure carbon- ate of soda, SuMAO, of North America, the Rhua iyphina ; the bark is used for dyciuK and taimhig. SUMMERHEAD, a Chliiose Umbrella. SuMPiTAN, a tube usually 8 or 10 feet Ioiik, throuKb which the Dyaks of Borueo throw poisoned arrows. SuNOHooRA, iu India a preparation of potash and cutcli. SouGOMANoi, a name In central Africa for pigeon egg beads. Superfine, a term formerly used in the United States to designate the best grade ot flour, but now nearly obsolete iu this sense. Supporne, a thick sort of porridge, made from Indian corn meal, forming the nation- al dish in Canada and America, as oatmeal porridge did In Scotland. Suppository, a pill or bolus introduced into the rectum. Surrender, In bankruptcy, to appear at n fixed day In the bankruptcy court, to undergo an examination respecting assets and liabilities. SuRiNGEE, tlie flower buds of Calysaccion longi/olium, collected in India for dyeing silk yellow. Surmullet, the Mullus harhatus. SuRVETiNO CHAIN, a measuring chain 66 feet long, with iron rings and links. Swallo, an Eastern name for trlpang or Oeche-de-mer. Swamp-oak, the Quercus prunus, var, disco- lor of Canada. Swandown, a kind of twilled fustian, like moleskin. Sways, pieces of wood about four feet long andonelnchthick, employed (or thatching houses and premises, being cliietiy used with tar line for bitidiiig toKetlier the eaves and different parts of the roof. Swedish ti;rnip, tlie Brassica campestris, var. Suecica. Sweet pern. Sweet gale, names In Canada for the Coinptonia aspknifolia, the leaves of which are used to inalie a diet drink. Sweet pea, a garden flower, the Latliynu odoratua. Sweet-sop, a tropical fi"ult, the Anona . squamosa, allied to the custard apple. TAP C458 ] TIIR SwRBT WiM.iAM, a garden flower, the 0' ..(. thus barbatus. 8wEET-wo()i>, a timber obtnlnod In J i udi.i from Oreodaphne exaUaUt. 8wiN(i-TBKE, the ilrauKlit bar of a plough. SwiNO-wHiCKL, the wlicel of a timepiece which drives the pendulum; the crown wheel. SwoKD-BEAM, a name lor species of Jintada, owing to the larKo pod ; aUo for the Cena- valia gladiator. BwoRD-FisH, the Xiphias gladiut, a flsh which U uflton Iri'xli in nnuiv local.tlet, and pickled and Hhlpped from MaKsichu- BCttit. Syndicat, an additional impost of i per cent, on the Customs' duties pay. 'e In Holland. 'WM I i TABAHn (Arabic), a cook. Tabla, a name In Peru for cinchona bnrk peeled from the trunk of the tree, which is of a higher value tliun that from the branches. Tablino, letting one timber into another in Hhiplmildinv; a broad hem made on the skirts of sails. Tabulate, to reduce to tables or synopses. Taohar, the ton lii Bussorali =» 2,800 lbs. T/ WKRK, the acre of Uavaria, of -lo.ooo {«'i, a Siamese dry measure. = 15 quarts. T.VNGHADi, a name for Cassia aurtcutata, the bark of which is used in tanning in India. Tannic acid, the principle of astrlngency In ▼egetab e substances which converts raw hides ii.t'> leather. See Tannin in Dic- tionary. Tap, a term applied by machinists, to the tool by which female screws are cut; It has a square or oblong head for fixing in the wrenc;), but tlie body may be of any number of sides fijm 3 to 8. Tapiz, a kind of scarf or shawl of silk and cotton wrapped tightly round the loins, and worn by the native females in the Philippines. Tabantello, salted tunny fish. Takhoosh, a red woollen scull cap, with a blue silk tassel, worn !iy the Elgyptians, Turks and Arabs. Tautoq. a North American flsh, MeLahrua taiUoga, valued for food; also tailed black fl-h. Tawai-bark, the bark of Weinnannia race- mosa. Used for tannln« in Nev Zealand. TcHERisH, a shoemaker's paHt% made ft"om a buil'-ins root, used In Turtey : it is ex- ported from the port of Sitnsoon to the value of £2,000 to £3,000 n-year. T. t'LOTHs, domestics; a guy stout cotton fabric made in lengths or 24 yards, of various widtlis. Tea-oil, an oil obtained 'rom the seeds of the Camellia rasanqua ') China. Teasing, comblug tlic w»ol with a teaser or devil, still tiirtiiar to open and clean It after willylng. Tecka Palankeen, a Jlred palankeen. Tfesoo, u yellow dye rbtalned in India flrom the fli: vers o{ Butet frondosa. Teff, an African coju plant, the Poa Abys- sinica. Telinoa Potato, tie root of AmorphophaU lus carnpanulatu, esteemed a very wliole- some food in Tnvancore. See Chana. Tenders, proposils sent in for performing a SI rvice ailve'tised for. Tenter, Tentkier, in manufacturing dis- tricts, one wlohas the charge or direction of a maciiineiis an englne-teiiter,drawlng- frame '"iite, bobbing and fly tenter, &c. Tepoy, .. naiie ni the Sooloo islands and some parti^oi the Eastern archipelago for mother-ofpearl shell. Terrapin, < name for the land tortoise in the Sout'crn States of America. Tkurine (frencli), an earthen pan. Tersado, a swordlike hedge knife used in Brazil, Tewai, ' larger kind of New Zealand canoe than ne kopapa, and pointed at each end. They A a name in Burraah for the Shorea rohvta. TuiTjEE, a beautiful red dye-wood ttom IJuniah. Tur-jSEE. the varnish tree of Burmah, Me- latorrhaa Ksitatissima. T»EN, a name in Koiiigsberg for spent /errings, contradistinguished to crown or ull brand, wliich are tiie best quality. I liLOs, a name for spent herrings in the I'russian ports. | f HRAVE. a term in Derbyshire for twenty- four sheaves. Thkead-manufactdrfr, a maker of flnel line or yarn for sewing. Tip, a from a ' I'lTA, a X( the te' loured Tobe, a 12 feet. ToCfsSM, the F/ei. TOCUYO, Americi Token L,i . ToKoo, a lOd. TOLLA, a coasts the mar Toll Ce: Custom TOLOSA Tasimi Tom Coi Aineric Tom Cof handkf traile, of 15 hi ToM!ir S Ton, a n Engllsl TOOMA, I. in Iiidi Tootiah, TOPANA, tubers Tor [ 459 ] TUN picked Tit Ima 'he ors TiiRKK-nALFPF.KNrpiKtE, null vorroln struck III 18flO, to tlio iiuiulHT of I5!l.89«. for ilr- ctilHtloii In Ct^vluii, wlicro it it ,irLHoiitg tlio liullaii ninia. TiiitoK, an Instruiucnt for fti)litting wood Into sliliiKtei. Throsti.k-hpinner, an oporntlvo In thocnrd- rootn lit II cuttoii fiii'tory. TiiiioWKK, 11 workman In a pottery. TiiaiJSTiNOH. a name in tlio checHe districts for tlio white wlioy extruuteil alter tlio riiril has boon siiltoil. Tiius-ouM, golldlfli'd turpentine, from tho tree, from which " ovaporatetl. TmiYA, an ornnniental woo CaUilrU (imidriVith'is, '"■ T. 11. W. M.. u nnntkal .m Trii' ty HiKh Water Mark TiANi.iK, the name fo'- a l'hiiip|iiiii:s, TicKi.KiLs, an Instrument used liy pliiii to extract buniis from casks, TiGKR, a pneuiuatlc box ur pun used in sugar- rcflniiig. TiKoit, a kind of arrowroot made In India troni the tuipcrs o( Curciinin teiicorrhiza. Tu-KU, a man whose occupation is to cover buildings with tiles; a doorkeeper or attendant at a lodge of fi'eeniasons. TiLL-oiL, an Indian name tor Uliigelle oil. TiLLOT, a bale or bundle. TiMBEii YAi: ', a place where timber or planks are otored or piled for seasonint.', or for sale. TiMitKRS, the nprlRht pieces of a ship's frame. Tin, the Arabic name tor a ilg. TiNDAL, a thousand bushels of sprats. Tip, a bookbinder's tool; rubbish thrown from a quarry. TiTA, a New Zealand canoe, not so larye as tlie tewai, but having topsides, and co- loured with red ochre. TOBE, ft cloih measure in Eastern Africa of 12 feet. Tocussii, an .\hys8lnlan corn plant or nii. let, the EleudiH' focusso. Tocui'o, a cotton fabric used in Spanish America. Token Lad, a boy employed In a coal mine. Toicoo, a money of Ashantee, worth about lOd. TOLLA, a kind of cod cauKht on the Pacific coasts of Soiitli America, and salted for the markets oi the interior. Toll Cestnku, a weiglit of the Oei-mnn Customs L'nlon, — 110} lbs, S(e for the edlblo tubers of Bunium/efuMceum. Topiuw. militia nrtillerynien In Turkey. Toi'i), a land ineasuru lii I'cru of fioo vuras, or al»iiit l| acre ToiiMENTiL, the Poientdia Tormentillu, the root of which li used In miMlicine ns a poiverfiil astrliiRent and tonic. In the Orkneys it Is employed lor tanning, and In Lapland for dyeing red. ToitoN.iiL, a Spanlsli name for the Citrus dfcuBiana, Linn. TowN-iUAVELLEn. See Tbavelleii In Dic- tionary. Trade Centneil See Centner In Dic- tionary. Trade .Mauk, a dlstlnenlshlng mark used by a nianiiiaetnrer on his l'" law. TiSANSFEiiKiNfJ, movlTi'.' grain from one ves- sel to another by means of an elevator, and at the same time weighing It. The eliarge throngliont the United States is .50 cents |)er 100 luHlieis ; tlie boat receiving paving one halt tlie expense, and the one delivering tlie other moiety. TiiANsi'i.ANT, to remove anil plant shrubs, trees, Ac, in nnotlier place. TitAP, a slang term (or a vehicle. TiiAi"()NQ-Fnr, a name in Jamaica for a spe- cies of ancliovy. TuEiiAi.A, u saccharine in>icot product, lormed by the Lar>nus subvugosus, used as food in Turkey. Trknciiin >, a shoemaker's name for cutting up skins lor the uppers and leg parts of shoes or hoots. TllESADO. . TuBE-MAKEK, a uianulactureroi Hollow rods or piiies. TuMAN, Toman, a Persian money worth 9s. 2Jd. TuMiiEKY. SeeToMBEKi in Dietlonnry. Tumika-oil, a concrete fixed oil obtained from the seeds of the wild maiigosteen, tJmliryopteris gtutinifera. TtjNE, a ur caulluug and yarnlshing vessels is obtaiued. w ^75kVr< IMAGE EVALUATION TES"" TARGET (MT-3) ^/^ 1.0 I.I |io "^^ RM^I ■^ Kii 12.2 w U^ warn ^ li£ 12.0 • 1.25 ,|,. 4 |,.6 < 6" ... Photographic Sciences Corporation s h \ 4: o ^"^'V^ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WERSTER.N.Y. 14580 (716)872-4503 s^ VEL I 460 ] VIN TcK>UQiroB, a name for the motber liquor of the roach alum. TtiPPAL (Hinduatani), a packet of letters ; the post. 'f CBF BOAT, a boat employed for conreying peat sods in Ireland. TuRKXT STONK, another name for the oil- stone used for honM, &c. Turkish Bath, a bath wliere the person is subjected to several degrees of tempera- ture, and the body well rubbed. T(ja>'.)OLE, a dye obtained from Croeophora tinetoria, a native of the South of Sarope' a stiff paste, in squares of a blue colour, tlio concentrated dye of lichens, tbloken* ed with challc, &c. TuBPorroLB, a light purified parafHne apirit TuKWAR, a tanning barit obtained In India from Caiiia aurieulata. TwiNB-spiNNER, a workman in a flax mill Tyfe-pcncb outteb, a mechanic who makM dies for casting printing-type. Ttre, the iron rim fixed ou the outer clrotun- fereuceofa wheel. u TToOTJB-oiL, an oil distilled in Sllhet, from ^ the fragrant wood of Aquilaria agal- locha. Unbound, wanting a durable cover ; a book in sheets, or merely in a piiper cover. Uncct, applied to new books, the folded sheets of which have not been separated for reading. Undebway, in nautical parlance a vessel loosed from her anchor or moorings, and making progress. Unbuploted, disengaged, having no occu- pation. UiiFiiasHED, not completed, imperfect, as an untiiilsiied house, eivgravlut;, &o. Unfurnished, a house oi apartment empty, not supplied with furniture. Unglazed, destitute of glass. Unguent, an ointment. ijNicoEN-RooT, tlie Toot Of Helontcu dioica, used in North America hs an anthelmintic. Union-cloths, woollen fabrics with cotton warps. Unlocated lands, in the United States new or wild liiDdii that have not been surveyed or ai>|>roprlated. Unpolished, wood or cabinet furniture in the rough state, not varnished. VALENCTA8, ralsins prepared by dipping the bunches of gra|)es into a hot lye made of wood ashes, oil, and lime, and tlien dried In the sun. They are usod for pastry, whilst the Muscatels, dried on the vine, are eaten uncooked lor dessert. Vali, a Turkish governor-ueneral Vaunch, a tube for drawing liquors from a cask by the bunir-hole. Value, the bond fide worth of any thing. Valuer, an appraiser; one wlio rates or estimates the wortli of any thing. Vehicle, the simpler articles in which apothecaries mix up mure powerful drut^s, ibc. Veinrr, ft sewer of muslin in the neighbour- hood of Belfast Vellomardoo, an Indian wood, the Termi- nalia alala. Velvet cork, the best kind of cork bark, wliici) is of a reddish colour, nut less tiiun 1| inch in thickness, aupple and not woody or porous. Unpubushbd, a manuscript or book that has not been printed, or else only issued for private circulation. Unrated, in custom house definition, gums, seeds, and other articles not specially de- fined or classed. Unravel, to disentangle, to unfold. Unruled, blank paper not lined or ruled. Unslacked. not saturated with water, as unsluckedlime. Unstamped papers, not Impressed wttb the ofltcial stamp or die. Unterbefe, Bavarian yeast. Upholder, au undertaker, one who provides funerals. Upper-case, the top one of a pair of com- positor's cases, generally containing the ciipitais, small capitals, and figures. Upset-price, the lowesifixed price at which an article is to be aold at auction ; a start • in g price. Urban, belonging to a city. URBintEE, a name for chenna (Oieer arit' tinum.) UvA Ursl the le&vea of Aretostaphplos Cva uni, which are used in many places medi- cinally; in Russia, and by the ludiaas of North America, for tanning. Velvet-wire drawer, a manufacturer of the metal wire used in velvet making. Venatica, one of the Bliipbnlidiiig woods recognised at Lloyds. See Vinatico. Venda (Spanisli), a store or sale room. Veneering, overlaying an inferior wood with thin leaves of a choice or ornamental kind. Venetian chalk, a white compact talc or steatite, used for markini; on cloth, &e. Vest-hole, an air hole. See Vents. Veroi, a house or family tax in Turkey. Vernaccia. a white wine of Sardinia. Vestry clerk, an officer chosen by a try, wlio keeps the books acd { accounts. Vesuvian, a kind of tfgw light. ViDANGX, a manure tank in Flanders. ViDOMiA, » superior wine resembling deira. ViEDRo, a Polish liquid meaiure, •a 8} fing- lisli gallons. ViNAGRiLLA, « name in Chile for cakes of | M»- WEA [461] WHI poanded and dried herbs, ipecleftof OraMft wblch are tnliued in water to make an aoM drink. VniATioOi a ooarse mahosanjr oMaineA In Madeira from Pertea InoUea. Ynr-DK-FiMB^ the Jnloe of eldeivberrlea boiled with cream of tartar and filtrated, which is used on the Continent Iqr wine maltera to glr»» rose tint to white wlnOi ViNB- BLACK. See Blacks In Dictionary. Vwo SAifTOi a fall bodied Italian wine. ViMSAioai the prodaee of the fin* for tba season; the wine produead by the crop of grapes. ViouT-woon, a tamety wood of Quiana, the produce of ilndtoc«a. VLooK, a Polish land measure, eqml to 41*48 acres. Vodka, a Bussian name for brandy. VoDOvioK, a decked boat in Rassiai Voo, a Norwegian weight of 40 Ibsi VoLAiLLKS-ET-OiBxns (French), pnottrr and game. [seed. VoMuumB (Fimcli), tin Jtfnatia mmara w ipressed with the me who provides nna {deer arie- WAoabe tarred. Wabpaob, a charge per ton made on sbip- W;>ing in some harbours. [yarn& ABPiNQ-HiLL, a machine for making warp Warbek, a name in India for the grain of Panicutn mUiactum. WASHDiCKaTuiv, a gold-digger's term for any earthy deposit containing gold in W paying quantity. ASB-Tua, a cask cut in two; a tub tor waste, in which dothes are washed. Wask, a weight in Persia of 7 lbs. Wasteuam, a workman in a coal mine. Watanah, a name in India for pease. Watch, the portion of a ship's crew on duty. Waterman, a person who plies for hire .n\ rivers, lakes, and canals, contradlstia- guished from soamen who are engaged an the high seas. Water •PRiviLEOB, in America, the right to use water for mills, &c. Water-twist, a kind of cotton'-twiat, of which there are common, sesonds, and bfiSt SGCOIldS Wattle, a name in Australl i fbr various species of Acacia: the black wattle of Tasmania is il.mo«iMtma, the silver wattle A. dealbata. Wax-ekd, a thread pointed with a bristle, and covered with shoemakor's wax, used in sewing shoes; a short piece left from a wax candle. Wat, in nautical parlance, progress. Watwiseb, an instrument applied to a car- riage-wheel to register the number of re- volutions made and distance traversed. Weather, in navigation to pass to wind- ward : the side of the ship on which tlie wind blows Is the weather side. Web, a piece or roll of linen, ieo. Webbing, a strong web put under chair and sofa liettoms, 4cc., and across saddle tree*. WiBMBT, a name in Zanzibar and parts of Eastarn Aitioa, for the Ekutiiieem-atana, Wbrncsk, another name for the marmot Arclomyi tmpetra, a few bnndnd skins of which are annually Importad for fnnrltra' nse. Weiohxr, a grain meter In America. In some of the States ho is sworn by the authorities, and is a legal oflloar ; In others he la chosen by buyer and seller, and this is now almost the universal onstom. Wbiob-lock, an apparatus oasd on the American canals for detarminina the weight of a boat and cargo. In order to determine the amount of toll to be charged. Weiss-beer, a pale or white beer, the champagne o' the north, tha patriotic beverage of Prussia proper. There is also a white bitter beer of Erlangen. Welder, one who forges or beats bot Iron. Wetkoitth pivb, another name for the white pine. ftiaRaiy. Whale bbabd& See WHAUBom la Dle- WaAJtPBB. See Wakpek. Wheeler, a worker on sewed maslin. Wueeluan, a person employed in calico printing; Whekl-bace, the place in which a water wheel ie fixed. Wheel-rope, a rope which connects the rudder with the tiller of a ship : chahis are now generally used for the purpose. WnrrE ash, the Praxiniu Americana. Wnrrs beech, the Fagtu tylvestrit, which furnishes a useful timber In Canada. WnrrE birch, the Betula alba, which furnishes a tough wood, used in tnraery, and for furniture In Canada WnrrE cap, a name in London for the St George's agaric, which is called In France, "iMulede neige." White cra>AB, the Thuya oeeidtntahe, one of the most durable of Canadian woods. Whttb currant, a variety of the Bibes rubra or common red currant Whttb elm, tha Ulmus Ammieana, a majestic North American tree : the wood is much U8ed by wheelwritthta White fish, a snudl fish, the Clupea Jlen- Aoden, caught in ImmaDse quaiatulaa, and used for manuring land in soom parts ol North America. TAR [462] YEL Wbtti odu, an Australian tree the Eucalyptus resinifera, Wbitk heart chehht, an esteemed variety {cord\/'orinu) of the Prunu* avium. Whits uaplb, the Acer danycarpum of Canada. White oak, the Querctu alba, a good 8hlp- bulldhig wood of North America, of great strength and durability. WurrB PBPPBB. See Peppeb. WnrrB pimb, the JPinus Slrobui. the prince of the Aincriciin forests, used in Immense quantities for building purposes. . White poppt, the opium poppy, Papaver tomniferum. WnrrB THORN, the Cratcegui punctata, the hard wood of which la used in Canada for engraving on, dec. WnrrB willow, the Salix alba. Whtte wood, a name for the tulip-tree, Liriodendron tulip(fera ; In some localities of Canada called, erroneously, the yellow poplar. WHITE zi HITS ziNO, the protoxide of zinc. Widow's oaf manufacturer, a maker of muslin caps with crimped or goffered flronts for widows. WiLDBORBs, black Yorkshire woollen goods made In lengths of 28 yards. Wild land, in America forest land not settled or cultivated. WiLLOW-sQUABB uanofacturer, a maker of chip for ladies' bonnets. WiLLTEB, one who works at a wlUylng machine. Windward, the side of a vessel directly exposed to the wind. Winter cherrt, a name for the berries of Phyialis AUcekengi, which are eaten as a dessert fVutt In Arabia, and even lu Uer- many and Spain. Winteb crrRON, a sort of cc WiNTBB OREEN, the GatUf^ iroeumbens. The leaves have bee u as a tea substitute, and an oil .tilled from them which is used lu pv.li..Dery. WrrBT, a large species oi ^'iUow. WiTNBSs, a person sabpcsned to attend and Wilve evidence In a court of law. OLVB-BOON, a South African shrab, the Uyenanehtgloboia, whose polaouousseeds are used to Uestruy hyenas. WoNiwoL, a name for the medicinal root of Partira medico, lu Ceylon; a yellow dye- stuir obtained in India from the dried leaves and roots of Menitpermum /met- tratutn. Wood apple, a name for the Feronia elephantum: the tree yields a soluble gum. WooDHEiL, a coarse heavy stufT made of Iceland wool, used to line the ports of ships of war. Wood naphtha, a spirit used for methylating alcohol, to be employed In the arts and manufactures. See Mbthtlated sputrr. WooDSHOCK, a name for the flsher or pekan of North America, the Muttela Canadensii of LinniBus. Wool drier, a workman who dries wool after washing, first In an extractor or centrifugal machine, and next by expos- ing It to the beat of steam. WooL-DTBR, one who prepares wool for working up into fabrics. Wool-printer, an operative who prints eatterns on felted cloth and woollen fa- rlcs, by block printing. WooL-scoDRBR, oue who washes wool with a lye and hot water, to remove the grease and dirt: also an operative who scours cloth with fullers' earth, to remove the oil and Kize, or the soap after fhlllng. WOBKINa DRAWING, WORKING PLAN, a drawing on a large scale for the guidance and information of workmen and contrac- tors. Wristlet, an elastic band worn by ladles ruund the wrist, to confine the upper part of a glove. Wrought Nails, hammered nails made from rods of iron. See Cut Nails. WncKOONAR, a name for the fibre ol Crotolariajuncea, in Travancore. Wtnn, a kind of timber truck or carriage. XARQUB. £>«CHABQUL X X, a mark for double strong ale. Zbbbo, a galley ; a small three-masted vessel used in the Mediterranean. Xtloorapht, wood engraving. "Vallab-oil, a name for the mohwva oil ■*- obtained from Basna Mifolia. Yan-soun, the name in Egypt for anise. Yafon, the lUx Catsine, growing in the Southern States of America, used as a tea and a medicine. Yard-clerk, one who has the overlooking of the yard of a brewery, builder, Ac. Yarrow, the Achillea mul^lium, reputed to be tonic and vulnerary. It is sometimes added to beer to render it more intoxicat- ing, and is used by smokers In place of to- ttacca Yellow birch, the Belula excelsa, a loftj North.Amerlcan tree. Yellow oak, the Querctu eastanea. Ybllow pine, the Pinui mitii, which yields a fine-grained, durable, and moderately resinous wood, much used for ship and house building: the wood of the Pinua rennosa of North America is also called Yellow Pine. Yellow poplab. Bee Whitb Wood. Yellow banders, a wood of Jamaica, the produce of Bucida capitata. Ybllow wood, a South African tree, a spe- ZEY [463 J ZUR olM of yeyr.Podoearput eUmgatus. The yellow wood of New South Wales It Oxleya xanthoxyla. Tkiunbh, a name In Barmah for the Ome- lina aroona, a large tree with white light wood, useful for planking and furniture. Yerba-uatb, the name in South America for the Paraguay tea. [miles. YojTAN, an eastern Itinerary measure of five YoEB, an Anstrlan land measure, •> li Eng- lish acre; also an Hungarian laud mea- sure, ■- 1-06 acre. ToLK, a local name in the Forent of Dean for masses of rotten stone intervening in the grey stone. TooasBR (Arabic), blacli coral York Sbiluno. a name in Western Canada for the English sixpence. YoT, a Siamese land measure, equal to 9} statute miles. ares wool for yAccATEixA, a commercial name for the '^ black female cochineal Insect of Mexico, which has died naturally after the depo- sition of her eggs. Zaohun, a fbt oil pressed from the seeds of Balanitei ^gypliaca. Zakxoitm-oil, an oil obtained In Palestine tVom the Ekeagnta anguttifclia. ZArriK, Turkish police. Zedjrib, a Turkish tax on taverns. Zbhneb, an Austrian money of ten krent- zers. Zembkel (Arabic), a basket Zephyr tarn, a name for dyed yam or worsted, usually oalled in England, Berlbi wool. Zbysocm, a name under which the dry dower-heads of Santolina Jragrarttittima are sold in the nhops of Cairo, as a substi- tute for cliumomilo. ZiNZETD, a name In Persia for the fruit of Elceagntu orientalU. which Is used as an artfcle of dessert, being almost as large ua a Jujube. Zlot, a name for the Polish florin of 6d. Zoi, a weight used in parts of the Eastern archipelago, of 12 gulas. See Qdla. ZoRiL, a variety of the American skunk. ZucKBR-wuRZEL, the German name for the skirret root Zdhpdn, a district officer In the SutleJ valley, subordinate to a garkoon. ZuprsEiDB (German), unravelled silk. ZuRLO, ScRLO, a Syrian weight of 138} lbs. ZuRRCT, a name among some of the Arab tribes for durra. Sorghum vulgare. excelsa, a loft3 : iv , THE BMP. " I- V'COBQUODAIK AND CO., PBIMTBS8, LOXDON— WORKS, NBWTOir. can tree, a spe-