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Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols — ► signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbols V signifie "FIN ". Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc.. peuvent dtre filmds d des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clichd. il est film6 d partir de Tangle sup^rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 r'" " " THE SEARCH FOR FRANKLIN. A SUGGESTION SUBMITTED TO THE BRITISH PUBLIC, Wi AUGUSTUS PETERMANN, F.R.G.S., aONOBABY AND CORRESPONDIKO HEMBEIl OF THE OEOOBAPHICAL SOCIETIES OF BERLIN AND FIUNKFORT, ILLUSTRATED BY A POLAR CHART. "Will the English nation continue to send Expedition after Expedition in search of Sir John Franklin, through the most difficult and dangerous seas, and leave the most practicable line of search untried % " LONDON: LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, AND LONGMANS. 1852. Price Two Shillings, .'MiflSi^^^&saii P9I9.8 "•^, j^ iS¥ THE SEARCH FOR FRANKLIN. A SUGGESTION SUBMITTED TO THE BRITISH PUBLIC, {.'. '-&-' ..&1. k BY AUGUSTUS PETERMANN, F.R.G.S., HONORARY AND CORUESPONDINO MEMBER OF THE OEOaRAPIIICAL aOCIBTIEB OF IlKULIN AND FRiiNKFORT. ILLUSTRATED BY A POLAR CHART. " Will the English nation continue to send Expedition after Expedition in search of Sir John Franklin, through the most difficult and 4angerous -soas, and .leave the most practicdbia.Uufc of search iiniriii*,]?''^ 'i 'i' ■ ' • • 1 J i 'i ' > ! - - ; > t ■'•••■'• • . • ,' J 1 u ; [ ■ V ' < > LONDON : LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, AND LONGMANS. 1862. A SUMMARY OF FACTS WOBTHY OF KOTICE. Highest latitudes reached hy the various Searching Expeditions, with the finest steam and sailing vessels, in Wellington Channel (Penny) 76° 26' N. Ditto to the north of Behring's Straits (Collinson) 73° 14' N. Su- Edward Parry (1827), in the sea of Petermann's proposed line of search, in boats, against a powerfijl current, reached 82° 40' N. Probable cost of the various Government and private Searching Ex- peditions, the only result of which, hitherto, has been to find the traces of a point which FrankUn passed six (!) years ago .£500,000 Cost of Sir E. Parry's aforesaid Expedition , £9,977 « A ship might have sailed to the latitude of 82° almost without touching a piece of ice." — Parry's Narrative, p. 148. A\ « « « • • ' . • * •- ? • • * < * • • * • • * • Z • • 7 « • • « « r PREFACE. /»'. The subject of the following pages was first conceived by me about the beginning of the present year, at the time when Captain Beatson started a scheme for proceeding in search of Sir John Franklin to the north-west of Behring's Straits, through the open water seen by Wrangell. Deeming my proposed route to the same open water of Wrangell preferable in more than one respect to that of Captain Beatson, and, in certain points, likewise preferable to all other routes, I lost no time in making my plan publicly known. I am not aware that any steps have hitherto been taken, which would be likely to result in its realization. But now that Captain Beatson's scheme remains for the present unexecuted, and the great Government Expe- dition has been again despatched to those difficult seas, in which the united efibrts of numerous explorers have hitherto resulted in advancing only to that point which Franklin passed six(!) years ago, I am induced to republish my papers in a collected form, in the hope that they may receive that attention which the importance of the subject seems to demand. Most of these papers were recently published by Captain Mangles, R.N., in his work "Arctic Searching Expeditions, 1850-51-52", and he has kindly allowed me the use of the type and the accompnnying chart on the present occasion. Before concluding, I think it incumbent on me to repeat that my plan is not to send out an expedition during winter, but towards the end of that season and during the spring ; and that my views are far from being based merely on " Isothermal lines" and Physical hypo- theses. The important results of one of my authorities alone, namely Sir Edward Parry (see the opposite page), are in themselves a sufficient basis for my views generally ; and I simply solicit the candid perusal of ihe facts adduced by me, from which every one will be in a position to draw his own conclusions. Augustus Peterm^nn. \bth May, 1852. 60333 I CONTENTS. T. Petkumann's Plan of SF.Aiicn. (.Iiimiary ISnu.) General opinion respecting' Knvnklin's eonrse . . • Existence of ft I'oliir Sea open ut all seasons, and tlie fonr principal sea entrances into it . . . . • • Searcli tlirough two of these openings, viz., Davis's Straits, and Behring's Straits, liitiierto ^nsncoe^sful .... The opening between Spil/bergen and Novaia Zemlia tJie best entrance into the Polar basin ..... The cuiTents and ice in that region .... Less ice there in winter than in snnimer . . . ■ The temperature in summer higher towards the North Pole than in lower latitudes ....... Compainson between the clinmte of Pear Island and Melville Island, both in the same latitude, and causes why it rains in the one while the mercury is frozen in the other . . . • In Bear Island the Spring is colder than the Winter . Barentz wintering in the north-eastern extremity of Novaia Zemlia ; open sea in winter to the north of that Island Best time for vessels to arrive in the sea between Spitzbergou and Novaia Zemlia February and March ..... Distances to various points of the Arctic Regions II. Note on the above hy the Editor of the " Athen.eum" . III. Additional Facts. (Maich 1852.) Eesults of Admiral Lutke's voyages to the Arctic Ocean in the years 1821 to 1824 . . ' . Hedenstrijm's opinion as to the best way to reach the North Pole and those regions where Franklin may be looked for The existence of a great open na\igable I'olar sea as proved by Hedenstriim, Anjou, Middendorf, Barentz, Vlaming, Ptury, etc. Parry's attempt to reach the North I'ole .... Met open water instead of ice, and experienced a prodigious amount of rain ....... Captain Beatsoii's fear as to passing Cape Taimui'a Objections raised on account of the dark season IV. FcuTiiEn Additions. (May 1852.) The author's views confii-med by Captain Pagt-s' voyages Ditto, by the opinions of Lieut.-Col. Sabine and Admiral Wrangell V. Notes on the Distribution of Animals avaii,able as Food in the Arctic Eeoions. Comparison of the animal life of the Arctic with that of the Tropical regions ....... Immense number of certain animals in the Arctic regions Cause of the great abundance of animals in some parts of the Arctic regions, and great scarcity in others Conclusion : that the regions in which Franklin is arrested abounds in animal life ...... Note in further elucidation of the physical features of the Arctic regions VI. Appendix. 1. The state of the Polar sea to the north of Novaia Zemlia during the Arctic winter months, September 1590 to March 1597 ; with notices respecting the amount of daylight . . . • 2. The means of sustenance found by Barentz, with incidents respecting the killing of animals. . . . . • 3. Additional observations respecting the ice, climate, and natural resources in the regions on the northei'n side of Spitzbergen, from 80° northwards, by Sir E. Pan-y . . . • PAor. 5 5 5 5 6 6 7 8 9 10 10 11 12 12 12 13 13 14 15 15 15 16 17 18 20 21 23 I. MB. AUOUSTT78 PETEBMANN'S PLAN OF SEABCH. (From the Parliauientary Papers.) To Admiral Sir Franoii Beaufort, X.O.B. " 5, Camikn Street North, 22rd January, 1852. " Sir, — I have the honour to make to you the following communication relative to the search after Sir John Franklin, which I am anxious humbly to submit to the special notice of the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty. " The subject of Sir John Franklin's expedition has so long filled the minds of the most eminent men, and excited the interest of the whole world, that I fear I am laying myself open to the imputation of great presumption in venturing suggestions respecting this subject. Nevertheless I have con- sidered it my duty not to withhold the results of a comprehensive and earnest, yet calm, inquiry ; and having been impressed with the necessity that no time should be lost in making those results as extensively known as possible, I inserted in the Athemeum of last Saturday (the 17th instant) the remarks of which the following is a copy. " * It is the general opinion that Franklin has passed through Wellington Channel. If so, it is beyond doubt that he must have penetrated to a con- siderable distance further, so as to have rendered it exceedingly difficult, if not impossible, to retrace his steps, should he have found it impracticable to proceed in any other direction. It may be idle to speculate on his probable direction and distance from Wellington Strait, but a line drawn from Mel- ville Island to the Herald and Plover Islands (north of Behring''s Straits), and another from Mehille Island to Spitzhergen on the American side, would, with the Siberian coasts and islands on the Asiatic side, include the space in which he must have been arrested, a space of fearful extent, when it is considered that the whole of the regions hitherto explored by the various expeditions sent in search of him arc scarcely one-third of those which remain unexplored. " ' It is a well-known fact that there exists to the north of the Siberian coast, and, at a comparatively short distance from it, a sea open at all seasons ; it is beyond doubt that a similar open sea exists on the American side to the north of Parry group ; it is very probable that these two open seas form a large navigable Arctic ocean. " * It is evident that until an entrance into this Arctic basin has been effected, that is to say, into that part of it which is comparatively open and navigable, scarcely any hope can be entertained of rescuing Franklin, or of ascertaining his fate. The determination to send another expedition to Wel- lington Channel is noble and generous, but it is perhaps questionable whether the present season will prove as favourable as the last, and whether, indeed, the expedition will succeed in passing through Wellington Channel to the north. In short, Wellington and liehring^s Straits, the two chief entrances from the American side into the Polar basin, have, owing to the proximity of the land and accumulation of ice, hitherto frustrated the most determined advances of the various expeditions in those directions. " ' There are only two other sea entrances into the Polar basin. These are between Greenland and Sjntzbergen, and between Spitzbergen and Novdia Zemlia. With respect to the former, I shall refrain from comment, as the difficulties connected with it are very great. I therefore confine myself to the latter ; and, coming at once to the point, I would suggest, that the wide opening between Spit^ergen and Novdia Zemlia most probably offers the easiest and most advantageous entrance into the 02)en navigable Polar sea, and perhaps the best route for the search after Sir John Franklin. " ' From those navigators who have attempted, during the summer months, to penetrate northward in that direction — Barontz as early as 1594 — we learn that a barrier of ice was found to otrctch acroHH the Hca between thcHu two groups of islands. And such undoubtedly is the case every year with each recurring summer. It is that immense body of Arctic ice which every spring is known to drift with a powerful current from the iSiberian coast towards the Atlantic Ocean. In the 80th parallel, and beyond it to the south, it meets with the shores of Ureenland, Spitzbenjen, and Novdia Zemtki. Between the two latter it encounters the Qmf Stream, which prevents its drifting further south in that direction, and thus renders the shores of northern Europe entirely free from that unwelcome visitor, whereas the American countries in the same latitudes are more or less encased in ice throughout the whole year. On the other hand, between Oreeiiland and Hpitzbergen, the icebearing current steadily pursues its way, passing Iceland and the southern extremity of Oreerdand, and reaching the shores of JVeto- foundland and as far as 40° north latitude ; so that while its course is arrested between the northern part of Novnia Zetnl'ia and t}pitd)ergen, — no floating ice having ever been known to reach North Cape, — on the other side of the Atlantic it travels upwards of 2,600 miles further south. " * The barrier of ice which may justly be supposed to exist between Spitzhergen and Nova'ia Zeml'ia during every summer, unquestionably pre- sents obstacles to vessels penetrating northward, but there is no reason to consider these obstacles greater than those on the opposite American side in Davis's Straits, Baffin's Bay, Lancaster Sound, and Barrow Straits ; and we have, moreover, the testimony of numerous whalers and other navigators in the (Greenland Sea, that whenever they succeeded in pushing through this barrier of ice, they found to the north of it a sea more or less open and free from ice. A vessel, then, which, by watching for an opportunity, should effect a passage through this ice, would, no doubt, find itself in the great open navigable * Polinya'' of the Russians. " * The preceding remarks are offered to the attention of the reader, not as anything new, but as well established facts, which are submitted, by way of preparation, for the consideration of that portion of my views which I believe to be entirely new, and which, without further preface, I now humbly submit to public notice. My belief is, nay, I think I am able to demonstrate, that during the Arctic winter months,')ianiely,from September to March, an entrance into the North Polar Sea through the opening under consideration, may be rnvxh more easily effected than during the summer months; and also, that the further navigation of the Siberian Sea may likewise be performed with mttch greater facility in winter than in summer. " ' And here the principles which regulate the distribution of the gaseous and fluid coverings of the earth must, in the first instance, be brought to bear upon the subject. It admits of little doubt that some, at least, of the currents of the Arctic Ocean, are revolving currents, the direction of which is during the summer months from the pole to the south, and, in the winter months, the reverse. Our actual observations of this phenomenon are, un- fortunately, very limited ; but we know just enough to confirm the argument as far as'it relates to the Siberian Sea. According to Wrangell and others, the current there during the summer runs from east to west; but in autumn, when the cold sets in, it changes, and proceeds from west to east. Now, if we take the compasses, and place one point of them on a polar chart, between Lancaster Sound and Fury and Hecla Strait (as a centre), and the other point on the Faroe Islands, and with the latter describe a circle to the north- ward, this circle will touch North Cape, the northern shores of Nova'ia Zemlui, Cape Taimura (the extreme northern point of Asia), the northern coasts of New Siberia, and Behring^s Straits. And as we know that along the first portion of this line, from the Faroe Islands to Novaia Zemlia, and also along the last portion of it from New Siberia to Behring's Straits, the current in the winter time flows in the direction from the Faroe to Behring's ^ ^ BtraitH, it is hardly possiblo that a counter current should exist in the inter- vening portion between iVovaia Zeml'ia and New Siberia. Besides, the prime movers of the great Arctic current, which flows during summer from the Siberian coasts towards the Atlantic, namely, the Siberian rivers, are frozen during the winter, and have, consequently, no influence on the currents of the Siberian Sea. Hence there is everv reason for concluding that this great Arctic current, bringing the drift ico from the Siberian shores, relaxes in its force by the end of summer, so that the gulf stream, which during spring and summer was checked and hemmed in oy the ice between Novata Zeml'ia and Spitzbergen, makes at last its way towards the Siberian coast, carrying with it whatever drift ice may have remained in that region, and actually clearing the way for an easy navigation. " ' In corroboration of this result, an important physical fact relative to the distribution of temperature may be adduced. Taking the invaluable data of Professor Dove as a basis, I have laid down on twelve Polar charts the lines of equal temperature of every month in the year ; and from a careful study of these lines, I have deduced the following remarkable con- clusion : — There exists a moveable pole of cold, which in January is found on a line drawn from Melville Island to the mouth of the River Lena, and which gradually advances towards the Atlantic Ocean, till in July it is found on a line between Fury and Hecla IStrait and Novaia Zemlia, whence, in the succeeding months of the year, it gradually recedes to its former position. It is clearly manifest that this movement of the temperature is occasioned by the direction of the currents and the presence of the Polar ice. The greatest mass of this ice is (it is scarcely necessary to say) formed where the winter cold is the greatest, namely, in the region of New Siberia, on the Asiatic side, and in that of Parry group on the American side ; and when broken up and driven away into the Atlantic, masses of ice (as is well known) in their progress reduce the temperature wherever they go. Hence, in January and February, Melville Island and Boothia Felix are the coldest stations on record on the American side, being as much as 10° to 15** colder than Igloolik and Winter Island; whereas, in July, they are from 6* to 7° warmer than those places, owing to the ice having floated down in the direction of the latter. On the Asiatic side, the difference is still more strik- ing. In January, the mean temperature along the north-eastern shores of Siberia, is from 40° to 50° lower than that of the western shores of Novaia Zeml'ia ; while in July, it is as much as 20° higher. It must be borne in mind that Wrangell and Anjou, in their memorable expeditions, selected the most favourable of the winter months for their journeys over the ice, at a season when they hoped to find the ice most solid and of the greatest thick- ness. Nevertheless, they invariably found the ' wide immeasurable ocean' before them, at a comparatively short distance from the land ; and this, too, to the north of what is actually the coldest region on the face of the earth. Now, it would be a monstrous anomaly, if at some distance to the west, where a warm current is known to prevail, and where the temperature is from 40° to 50° higher, we should not find the same * wide immeasurable ocean.' " * I could adduce a number of facts from the evidence of the Russian surveyors and others strongly corroborative of these views, but refrain from doing so in deference to your space. But I think it important to refer briefly to what the well-known Norwegian naturalist Keilhau has informed^ us of with respect to the climate of Bear (called also Cherry) Island. This island is situated between North Cape and Spitsbergen, in the same latitude as Melville Island, and is exposed to the entire influence of the surroiinding ocean. Keilhau tells us that in the year 1824, during the whole of the autumn and winter, the weather was mild, and at Christmas there was rain (this in the latitude of Melville Island, where the mercixry is frozen during five successive months). February was cold and clear, but the cold never too great for out-door work. On the 10th of that month, the sun was seen 8 again for the first time, its disc just rising above the sea. In March the cold increased, especially with north-east wind. April was the coldest month of all, with northerly and north-easterly wind, the sea steaming and freezing all round the island. In the middle of that month, the cold was so severe, and the vapours from the sea so overpowering, that it was with the greatest difficulty they could venture into the open air. In May, irregular winds. In June, the prevalent wind was north-east, which brought with it a quan- tity of drift ice. On the 1st of July a great deal of drift ice came with the north-east wind, but the weather was clear and mild. Thus, we see that dur- ing the Arctic winter, when the sun was entirely below the horizon, the weather was exceedingly mild. From November till February not one instance is adduced of the winds coming from the north-east, but otten fvtva. the south and south-west, with rain at Christmas. This warm wind would, of course, extend farther, precisely in the direction towards the Siberian Sea. But after the appearance of the sun, when the temperature of the whole Polar region would be raised, when the ice would begin to break loose, expand, and dis- perse to southerly latitudes, then it was that the north-east wind prevailed ; and as this wind came from and brought with it the approaching ice masses, it would naturally lower the temperature gradually from February till April, when it attained che minimum. In June and July the drift ice itself had reached the island ; but as the north-east wind now blew from the open sea behind the drift ice, it became mild. Nothing can be more strikingly illus- trative of the moving pole of cold. " * Lastly, I will adduce the direct and unimpeachable evidence of one who actually saw an open sea in winter to the north oi Novam Zeml'ia, namely, Willem Barentz. This able, bold, and honest seaman is the only one with his party who ever spent a winter on the northern shores of that island. Even on his first voyage, when he succeeded during the summer in tracing the coast of Novaia Zeml'ia as far north as Icy Cape (in 77 degrees of lati- tude according to his reckoning), where he was stopped by the ice, he came to this important conclusion, ' We have assuredly found that the only and most hinderance to our voyage was the ice that we found about Nova Zembla, under 73 to 76 degrees ; and not so much upon the sea betweene both the landes (viz., Spitzbergen and Novaia Zeml'ia), whereby it appearetb that not the nearenesse of the North Pole but the ice that commeth in and out from the Tartarian Sea about Nova Zembla caused us to feel the greatest cold. As soon as we made from the land, and put more into the sea, although it was much further northward, presently we felt more warmth.' On the third and last of his remarkable voyages, Barentz made the land of Novaia Zemlia on the 7th of July 1596, and reached its north-east extremity on the 1 6th of August. They were, however, shortly afterwards beset by ice, and obliged to winter on the north coast of the island. While employed in erecting their hut, on the 26th of September, the wind came from the west, which drove the loose ice that was afloat away from the land, and left the sea open near the coast ; of this, unfortunately, they could not take advantage, as the ship was considerably injured, and was besides imbedded in a closely-packed body of ice, so that she lay as if upon a firm and solid rock. On the whole, they suffered much less from the cold of the winter than they had anticipated, and so much snow fell during the winter that the Hollanders had almost every day to clear the entrance to their hut ; a proof that open water could not have been far distant. On the 8th of March, after the appearance of the sun, the great open sea to the north began to be distinctly visible to Barentz and his party.* In May they had got their two boats afloat, returning along the coasts to the south. At the commencement of this voyage in the open boats, Barentz, who had been declining in health, expired, believing, and with his last breath affirming, that, had he stood more between the two lands, he would have been able to enter the open sea. * For paniculai'8, see Appendix p. lH. \. 9 " ' I cannot but think, then, that on the consideration of all the circum- Btances, it will be the opini n of those who are most competent to decide on the question, that an entrance into the Polar Basin through the opening under consideration, as well as the navigation of that ' wide immeasurable ocean', might bo more easily effected during the Arctic winter than in the summer months. At all events, I respectfully beg to submit the point, together with the whole subject, to their serious consideration. " ' It would ill become me to offer any suggestions as to the mode in which an expedition, if decided on, should be carried out ; but I may, perhaps, be allowed to remark, that as regards the time of its departure, the remaining months of the present Arctic winter would seem preferable to the first months of the next, and this for two reasons : — First, a period from six to eight months would be gained, which under the urgent circumstances of the miss- ing expedition may be of vital importance ; secondly, vessels arriving in the Polar Sea in February or March, just before or when the sun has made its appearance, might, if only once able to enter the Polar Basin, easily traverse it to the opposite side before the power of the sun had set in motion the great ice-bearing current, and they would then have before them the whole summer in the fullest sunshine for carrying out the object of their voyage, namely, the search for Sir John Franklin. " ' But even if a vessel could not be despatched till later in the year, the chances of an entrance through the opening under consideration may, after all, turn out to be greater than through any other opening, inasmuch as the former is the widest of all, as much as nine times wider than Behring''s Straits. And as to the great masses of drift ice, we know that they do not present insurmountable obstacles in an extensive sea. The late Sir John Barrow said, ' Where ice can float, a vessel can float also.' " ' Before concluding, I will merely give the distances, roughly stated, to the various points : — From Woolwich to the 80th parallel, midway between Spitzhergen and Nomia Zeml'ki, is as far as from Woolwich to Cane Farewell, the southern extremity of Greenland, or about 2,000 geograpnical miles. From the said midway point between Spitzbergen and Novaui Zemlia to the Herald and Ploi'er Islands, north oi Behring''s Straits, is as far as from Cape Faretvell to Beechey Island, at the entrance of Wellington Channel, or about 1,000 miles. The two distances together, namely, from Woolwich to the 80th parallel, and thence to the Herald and Plover Islands, are not more than that from Woolwich to New York, U. S. " ' A screw -steamer, at the rate of five miles an hour, would, under ordinary circumstances, reach the 80th parallel between Spitzbergen and Novajia Zemlia in sevcateen days. " ' I have been under the necessity of confining my suggestions to the merest outlines, as a further developcment would have extended my letter to an unreasonable length. But I shall be most happy to submit the whole of my data and charts to any one who may desire further explanation and detail.' " To the foregoing communication I beg now to add one oliservation as to the existence and nature of the barrier of ice said to stretch across the sea between Spitzbergen and Novaia Zemlia during summer. When I had recently the honour of a personal interview with you, you adked me what were my authorities on that subject. I now beg to state that it is my con- viction that there is no really good authority decisive of the point ; that in fact the passage between Spitzbergen and Novaia Zemlia has never yet been /f /«>(?/ attempted; and that, as is humbly suggested in my printed letter, the said opening into the Polar Basin may after all turn out to be the most favourable one even during the Arctic summer months. " I beg to submit also two charts illustrative of my views, which I hope may facilitate the consideration of my letter. " I have, etc., " Augustus Fetermaun." 10 II. Note on the above, by the Editor of the " Atheneeum." (January 17, 1852.) This plan has, we believe, been submitted to Capt. Beatson, — who naturally is reluctant to give up his own plan, fostered by two years' consideration. If, however, the competent authorities, to whose opinions Mr. Petermann has made an appeal, should consider the Nova Zcmbla route a more advantageous one than that by Bchring's Straits, he has, we are informed, expressed his willingness to adopt the former ; — but at the same time ho has suggested that nevertheless he should be allowed to follow his own route if another vessel could be despatched by the Nova Zembla opening, — lest no one else should be found to follow up his proposed route. The important facts brought forward by Mr. Petermann should certainly be at once investigated. If they can be contradicted, if his conclusions can be proved to be incorrect — why, there is an end of the matter. If not, his plan deserves, as we have said, the most serious consideration ; for in that case his proposed route would seem to be the most feasible and advan- tageous of all, — a route, as we may siiy, at our very doors, the Gulf stream flowing past our shores — a route which Nature herself seems to point out to us. We have seen Mr. Peterraann's charts, which give a clear view of the physical aspects of the whole Polar regions, and of his views and proposed routes. But even if Mr. Peterraann's views should be confirmed, the Wellington Channel and Bchring's Straits Expeditions should by no means be aban- doned. It is in addition to these that another through the Nova Zembla ought to be despatched. — Who knows but that Franklin, having reached a high northerly latitude, has been arrested by a neck of land or islands abreast of Bchring's Straits or the Flats of Siberia, — where even now he may be in view of the great open " Polinya" of the Russians, without being able to enter it with his vessels : — he may even be looking forward to a vessel coming to his succour from the side proposed by Mr. Petermann. III. ADDITIONAL FACTS. Communicated in a Letter to Captain Mangles, B.N. (22»i(Z March 1852.) Sir, — In accordance with your request, I beg to submit to you some addi- tional facts bearing on my paper on the Passage into the Arctic Basin between Spitzbergen and Novata Zeml'ia, as offering probably the best route for the search after Sir John Franklin. Since the publication of my paper, I have had the opportunity of perus- ing the full accounts of Admiral Liitke's voyages to the Arctic Ocean in the four consecutive years from 1821 to 1824, for the purpose of surveying the coasts of Novaia Zeml'ia. Of all voyages which have been undertaken in the direction of my proposed route, these form as yet the most authentic and important account of that part of the Arctic Ocean, but at the same time, it will readily be seen that they are, like the other attempts, insufficient to set at rest the question as to how far the drift ice between Spitdjergen and Novaia Zemlia offers obstructions to vessels. The object, indeed, of Liitke's voyages, was the survey of the coasts of Novaia Zemlia. In the first year he traced its western coast as far as 74° 45' n. lat., when he found its most northern parts quite free from ice ; and on the 25th August, 1821, when he commenced to shape his course southwai'd and return, he did not see any ice 11 whatever to the north as far as his eye could reach. In the following year (1822), on the 11th August, he reached Ce Nassau, in lat. 70° 35' north. At this prominent cape, where the coast rounds to the east, little ice was found at first, but it soon accumulated in such a manner as to render further progress ditficult and hazardous. In the following year (1823) they reached the same cape on the 1st of August, and found the drift ice in nearly the same position. To vessels keeping close along the coast, this cape would certainly oft'er considerable obstacles in rounding it ; here the elements, particularly the currents, are in perpetual conflict ; a strong current from the south was observed by Liitke to be encountered by an easterly current, which brought the ice from the Siberian coasts, thence taking a direction towards Spitzbergeti. In his first three voyages, Liitko met with very little ice in the high sea as far as Cape Nassau ; in his fourth and last, in which one of his instruc- tions was to try what latitude he could attain in the open sea, he, unfortu- nately, encountered the ice in 754° north latitude. In this latitude he shaped his course to the west, keeping along the edge of the drift ice. When he had attained a westing of 43° 49' east longitude in 76° 5' north latitude, and still found the drift ice extending to the west, he abandoned his attempt and returned to Archangel. It must be remembered, in the first place, that he devoted only three days to the whole attempt, namely, in sailing from the coast westward along the ice. A voyage of so short a duration, and in the most unfavourable of four consecutive seasons, with a vessel unsuitable for navigation among drift ice, is quite insufficient to dscide the question. More unfavourable, however, than all this, must be regarded the time of the year in which Liitke made his voyages, namely, in the height of summer; his instructions being not to arrive at the coasts of Nova'ia Zeml'ia till late in July, when the land ice would have been driven away from the coasts, allowing the approach of his vessel near enough for surveying purposes. Now this time, namely the whole of our summer months, June, July, August, is precisely the time, as I have elsewhere endeavoured to show, when those .:oas are most encumbered with the floating ice which in the preceding months breaks loose from the Siberian coasts, and is driven away in that direc- tion. These months, therefore, are the most unfavourable, whereas those of March, April, and May, are the most favourahle for vessels proceeding in that direction ; suid there is no reasonable ground to doubt that a vessel in those months will easily eft'ect an entrance into the Arctic basin, pass Novdia Zeralia, Cape Taimura, and reach the Neio Siberian Islands, or the opposite side of the great ' Polynia'' of the Russians. Professor Erman, the well-known explorer of Siberia, has published some remarks on Lieutenant Pirn's projected expedition, which were brought home by that gentleman and presented to the Royal Geographical Society. In this pamphlet. Professor Ernian quotes some exceedingly important facts and opinion? of the late Iledciistroin, than whom no one probably has ever attained a more extensive knowledge of Siberia, and who published a work (in Russian) containing the results of his twenty years' residence and travels in that. region. He occupied three years in a journey along the Arctic shores of Siberia and the Ncv) Siberian Islands, and is, indeed, the chief ex- plorer of this group. He sI. ile PagOs, C'apitaine ilea Vnisseaux du Koi, etc., etc. Berne, 1783. 15 from the coasts of Germauy towards the end of February, in order to arrive in the Polar Regions by the end of March. They would there wait till some passage opened. . . . The mouth of March or the beginning of April would not be too early. It would be advantageous to profit by this time of year, because the clearest weather is in the months of April, May, and June. The end of June, and July and August, are foggy and rainy." Colonel Sabine's own opinion, as combined with that of Admiral Wrangell, is worthy of serious consideration. He says,* that in the Siberian Sea no difficulty at all like those in the "land-locked and ice-encumbered" regions on the American side is offered to navigation. And, according to Admiral Wrangell,t " it should be possible to reach and follow this open water [viz., the Siberian Sea] from Spitzbergen." V. NOTES ON THE DISTBIBUTION OF ANIMALS AVAILABLE AS FOOD IN THE ARCTIC BEQIONS. (Read before the Royal Geographical Society of London, February 9, 1852.) It has long been a common but erroneous supposition that animal life within the Arctic regions decreases as the Pole is approached. This opinion probably had its origin chiefly in the observation made respecting the distri- bution of mankind ; for the number of our fellow-creatures living beyond the Arctic circle is very small, and, as far as we know, ceases altogether between the seventy-fifth and seventy-seventh parallels. The Polar regions permit, indeed, a precarious existence to man ; but it is quite different as regards the animals, many of which are so thoroughly adapted to the intense cold and other features of the frigid zone, that they could not even exist in any other. Animal life is found as much in the Polar as in the tropical regions, and though the number of species is decidedly inferior, the immense multi- tudes of individuals compensate for this deficiency. Some years ago, I wrote with regard to this pointj — ' if we were to conclude from a large number of species, that there must be a large number of individuals, we should come to erroneous conclusions. The Arctic and tropical countries furnish an excellent example, at least in their Mammalian and Ornithological Faunas, that such is frequently not the case. We need only refer to the crowds of birds which hover over the islands and shores of the north, or to the incon- ceivable myriads of penguins met with by Ross on the Antarctic lands, where there was not even the smallest appearance of vegetation ; and, among the quadrupeds, to the thousands of fur animals that are annually killed in the Arctic regions. Wrangell gives a fine description of animal life in the Kolyma district of Siberia, one of the coldest regions of the globe : the poverty of vegetation is strongly contrasted with the rich abundance of animals ; countless herds of rein-deer, elks, black bears, foxes, sables, and grey squirrels, fill the upland forests ; stone foxes and wolves roam over the low grounds. Enormous flights of swans, geese, and ducks arrive in spring, and seek deserts, where they may moult and build their nests in safety. Eagles, owls, and gulls pursue their prey along the sea coast ; ptarmigans are seen in troops among the bushes, and little snipes are busy along the brooks and in the morasses. Raer, also, relates that a walrus hunter on the rocks of Nova Zembla caught in a few hours 30,000 lemmings. On the other hand, in Australia, and other regions of the tropical and temperate zones, a traveller will frequently journey for weeks together, and pass over hundreds of miles of country, without meeting with a single quadruped.' WnitigoH's Niiniilive, I'.iijjlish tniiislation, i\u\ eilitioii, p. x. + Tbiil. p. vi. } Set; " Alias ol' I'hvsioul Urognijiliy", by I'ettiniuiiii iinil Miliior, p. IHO. 16 I will, in the first place, proceed to indicate the regions to which these remarks refer ; those, namely, which comprise the Arctic fauna. On this point I have adopted narrower limits than other authors, inasmuch as I have taken the nort: em limit of woods as the southern boundary of the region under consideration. It is true that some Arctic animals are found to the south of this line, like the rein-deer, — still these are not exclusively Arctic in their character, and they are also, more or less, of migratory habits. The ice- fox, a beautiful little animal, well known to Arctic voyagers, and decidedly of Arctic character, does not extend to the south of the line assumed, which also coincides with the extreme northern limit of the reptiles, and corresponds pretty closely with the line of 50°, mean summer temperature. The region thus comprises Iceland, Spitzbergen, Noviiia Zeml'ia, the extreme northern shores of Europe and Asia, with the north-eastern extremity of the latter, including also the sea of Kamtchatka and the Aleutian Islands, but excluding the peninsula of Kamtchatka. On the American side it comprises a consider- able portion of British North America, the northern part of Labrador, and the whole of Greenland. Though several classes of the animal creation — as, for example, the rep- tiles — are entirely wanting in this region, those of the mammals, birds, and fishes, at least bear comparison, both as to number and size, with those of the tropics, — the lion, the elephant, the hippopotamus, and others, being not more notable in the latter respect than the polar bear, the musk ox, the walrus, and, above all, the whale. Besides these, there are the moose, the rein-deer, the wolf, the polar hare, the seal, and various smaller quadrupeds. The birds consist chiefly of an immense number of ar^uatic species. Of fishes, the salmon, salmon-trout, and herring are the principal, the latter especially occurring in such myriads as to surpass everything of the kind met with in tropical regions. Nearly all these animals furnish wholesome food for man. They are, with few exceptions, distributed over the entire region. The number of individuals is diflFerent in different parts. Thus, on the American side the animals increase in number from east to west, — on the shores of Davis's Straits, Baffin Bay, Lancaster Sound, Regent Inlet, fewer are met with than in Boothia Felix and the Parry Group. The abundance of animal life in Melville Island and Victoria Channel is probably not surpassed in any other part of the American side. Proceeding westward to the Mussian pos- sessions, we find considerable numbers of animals all round and within the sea of Kamtchatka, as also to the north of Behring''s Straits. The yearly produce of the Russian Fur Company in America is immense, and formerly it was much greater. Pribylow, when discovering the small islands named after him, collected within two years 2,000 skins of sea otters, 40,000 sea bears (Ursine seals), 6,000 dark ice foxes, and 1,000 poods of walrus teeth. Liitke, in his voyage round the world, mentions, that in the year 1803, 800,000 skins of the Ursine seal alone were accumulated in Unalaska, one of the depdts of the Russian Fur Company ; 700,000 of these skins were thrown into the sea, partly because they were badly prepared, and partly in order to keep up the prices. But in no other part of the Arctic region is animal life so abundant as in north-eastern Siberia, especially between the rivers KolyivM and Le7m. A description of the Kolyma district has already been given, to which the following particulars may be added. The first animals that make their appearance after the dreary winter, are large flights of swans, geese, ducks, and snipes ; these are killed *by old and young ; fish also begin to be taken in nets and baskets placed under the ice. In June, however, when the rivers open, the fish pour in in immense numbers. At the beginning of the present century, several thousand geese were some- times killed in one day at the mouth of the Kolyma; about twenty years later, when Admiral Wrangell visited those regions, the numbers had some- what decreased, and it was then called a good season when 1,000 geese, 5,000 ducks, and 200 swans were killed at that place. Rein- deer hunting 17 fonns the :sh occupation of the inhabitants. About the same time the shoals of htixringa begin to ascend the rivers, and the multitudes of these fish are often such, that in three or four days 40,000 may be taken with a single net. On the banks of the river Lidigirka the number of swans and geese, resorting there in the moulting season, is said to be much greater even than on the Kolyma. West of the Lena, and along the whole of the remainder of the Siberian shores as far as Nova ZeniMa, and including that island, animal life presents a great contrast to the preceding portion, as it is nowhere found in such abundance as in the districts already described, and in many parts it is extremely scarce. Spitzbergen completes our very general circumpolar survey. There, though plenty of animals are found, among which are very acceptable fat rein-deer, still the number generally is much inferior to that of north-eastern Siberia. It will naturally be asked, whence arises this great difference in the distribution, or rather, the relative intensity of animals within the Arctic region ? The reply is furnished by the climate, and par- ticularly by the distribution of temperature. On comparing the zoological and also the botanical features with the observations of temperature made within the Arctic regions, I find that the summer temperature is of the utmost consequence to the existence and development of both animal and vegetable life, and that, without exception, where it is the highest, animals are found most plentiful, and the reverse where the temperature is the lowest. Thus, of all the shores of the Arctic basin, those of north-eastern Siberia possess the greatest abundance of animal life, because there the temperature is com- paratively the highest in summer, although in winter the same region is the coldest on the face of the globe. Without going further into detail, I will merely add a few words as to the bearings of the foregoing observations on Sir John Franklin's Expedition. The general opinion is that the missing vessels have been arrested somewhere between Wellington Channel and Behring's Straits, and the Siberian shores. Most probably their position is nearer to the latter than to the former points. As these three regions abound in animal life, we may fairly conclude that the intervening portion partakes of the same character, and moreover, that the further Sir John Franklin may have got away from Wellington Channel, and the nearer he may have approached the north-eastern portion of Asia, the more he will have found the animals to increase in number. The direction of the isothermal lines strongly corroborates this assumption, as they are indicative of a higher summer temperature in that region than in any other within the Polar basin. And as those countries are perhaps entirely uninhabited by man, the animals there would have con- tinued in their primeval or original numbers, unthinned by the wholesale massacres in which myriads are destroyed for the sake of their skins or teeth. An interesting fact was mentioned in this Society by Lieut. Osbom, namely, that Captain Penny in September ISflO, had seen enormous numbers of whales running southwards from under the ice in Wellington Channel. We know this to be also the case in the Spitzbergen Sea every spring, and that these animals are numerous along the Siberian coasts. This not only proves the existence of one, or perhaps two, Polar Seas, more or less open through- out the year, but also that these seas abound in animal life, — to satisfy enormous numbers of whales an amount of food is required which cannot be small. And it is well known among the Tchuktchi, on the north-eastern coasts of Siberia, — where land to the north is said to exist in contiguity and probably connected with the lands discovered by Capt. Kellett, — that herds of rein-deer migrate between those lands and the continents. Taking all these facts into consideration, the conclusion seems to be a reasonable one, that Franklin, ever since he entered Wellington Channel, has found himself in that portion of the Arctic regions where animals probably exist in greater plenty than in any other. Under these circumstances alone 18 hia party'*^ could exist as well as other inhabitants of the Polar regions, but we must not forget, that in addition to the natural resources, they would iu their vessels possess more corafor' 'ble and substantial houses than any native inhabitants of the same regions. Note. — The preceding remarks were hastily put together, for the pur- pose of being read before the Royal Geographical Society. The object of the author was not to give a long list of the animals killed or seen by the various expeditions, as has frequently been done before, but rather to demonstrate the causes of the very unequal distribution of animal life in the Arctic Regions generally. When the shores and waters of Wellington Channel were found to be "teeming with animal life", it was regarded as a wonderful fact, that more animals should bo found in that part than in those to the south of it. But as the summer temperature in the region towards Melville Island is higher than in the latter, — and as the develop- ment of vegetable and animal life chiefly depends on the warmth of two or three, or even one summer month, — there is nothing wonderful or ex- traordinary about it. The mean temperature, in July, of Melville Island, and probably of the region east to Wellington Channel, is higher than that of Winter Island, Port Bowen, Igloolik, Boothia Felix, and even Qodhaab, on the west coast of Greenland, in lat. (54° (corresponding with that of Drontheim in Norway), as will be seen in the following list : — Melville Island Godhaab Boothia Felix Igloolik Port Bowen Winter Island 42° 41° 41° 39° 36°, 35° Taking the mean of the three summer months, June, July, August, the stations east of Regent Inlet and Boothia Gulf are, as in July, the coldest :— • Melville Island 37°.l Igloolik 35°.0 Port Bowen 34°.4 Winter Island 31^8 In comparing these data with the observations made on the Asiatic and European sides of the Arctic Regions, it will be seen that Winter Island is the coldest of all. This place is consequently the pole of cold of the Northern Hemisphere during the summer; and Mr. B. Seemann, the naturalist of H.M.S. Herald, informs me that it is likewise the phytological North Pole, namely, that point which possesses the smallest number of genera and species of plants, and whence the number increases in every direction. A line, therefore, drawn from Winter Island to Lancaster Sound, shows the line of lowest summer temperature ; and vessels having crossed this line, and reached Melville Island or Wellington Channel, may be said to have passed — not the mathematical — but certainly the natural or Physical North Pole. Actual experience is so far corroborative of this Physical fact, that no other part of the Arctic Regions has offered greater difficulties to naviga- tion, than the one here designated as the Physical North Pole. It has been a too common error, in matters regarding the natural fea- tures of the Arctic Regions, to take into consideration the lines of latitude only, and to disregard the lines of temperature altogether ; the equator and the poles are too frequently considered the centres of the greatest heat and the greatest cold. In no other regions are the inferences drawn from such views more mischievous than in the Arctic Regions, where the temperature corresponds less with latitude than in any other part of the globe, and where • See the tneaus of sustenance found by the first navigators who were forced to winter in the Arctic Kegious, Appendix p. 21. n (as I huvc elsewhero Hhown*) the tompcraturo chiefly depends on the cur- rents and the drift ice, the influence of which is romarkable.t The lines of temperature, in fact, become our lines of latitude in the Arctic Regions, bo far as physical geography is concerned. A too confined view has also been taken, in speaking of the Arctic Regions generally, by passing over the whole of the Asiatic half; but one of the most interesting features of those regions, is the existence of a large sea along the Asiatic continent, more or less open and free from ice during the whole of the year, and which is commonly called " Polynia" by the Russian*. Tbis sea IS of paramount importance in the economy of tl\ft Arctic Regions. The consideration of isolated facts alone can lettd'^t^ho jBorrect result ; and it is only when the various natural features are compftreo and considered in their relative bearing, that the laws which govern nature can be traced and discovered. It is in this manner only that physical geography becomes a really useful and practical science. And, though the preceaing notes are but a very general and hasty sketch of the distribution of animals in the Arctic Regions, it is for the first time that anything like a comprehensive outline has been ottered. My authorities have been the works of the various expeditions by the English, Russian, and other nations ; the zoological accounts of Richardson, Baer, Wrangell, and others, particularly the important papers on the distri- bution of mammals by Dr. Wagner. The meteorological data are derived from Dove's tables. APPENDIX. The following are extracts from Barentz's Third Voyage to effect a North- Eastern Passage — the English translation by William Phillip, published London, 1G09.J Barentz's voyages are among the most important and re- markable ever undertaken in northern latitudes ; and, while the narrative of these voyages is intensely interesting and curious, its faithfulness has not only never been called in question, but the general correctness of the various observations and facts recorded by the Hollanders have recently been fully confirmed by Admiral Liitke's surveying expeditions in the years 1821 to 1824. In a geographical point of view, Barentz's last voyage is of the highest importance. It was in this voyage that the Hollanders were obliged to winter at the north-eastern extremity of Novaia Zemliia for ten months, and this is (if I mistake not) the only instance of a party wintering in a Polar country, facing to the north, surrounded and exposed to the influence of the Polar Ocean, — and keeping a careful journal. This voyage, consequently, although dating nearly three hundred years back, constitutes our only source of information respecting the temperature, winds, ice, occurrence of animals, and other natural features, during the winter in a Polar region, surrounded by the great Polar Ocean. * See page 7. + See Dr. Sutherland's forthcoming work " Account of a Voyage in Search of Sir John Franklin comiiiHudcid by Captain Penny." ♦ This valuable work will shortly be published by the Ilakluyt Society, with a resume of all the Voyages undertaken in that region, and other matters very little known. 20 1. Bxtraot from Willem Barenti'i Third Voyag*, Showing the state of the Polar Sea to the north of Novn'ia Zemiia during the Arctic winter monthH, Soptombor lOUG to March 15U7; with QoticeH retipecting the amoutU of daylight, 25 September. — The ice begS, somewhat to open.... If we had layne in the maine sea, we would have hoyscd nayle, although it was thO late in the ycaro. 26 September. — We had a west wind and an open sea. 28 September. — It was faire weather, and the sun shon, the wind being west and very calme, the sea as then being open. 6 October. — It blew hard north-west, and the sea was very open and with- out ice, as farre as we could discover, but we lay still frozen as we did before, and our ships lay two or three foote dcepe in the ice. 10 October. — The water flowed two foote higher than ordinary, which wee gest to procoede from the first north wind, which as then had blowne.* 20 October. — It was calme sunshine weather, and then againe we saw the sea open. 26 October. — The wind was north, and north-north-west, with indifferent faire wether : then we saw open water hard by the land. (From the 4th November the sun was below the horizon.) 5 November. — The wind was north, and somewhat west, and then we saw open water upon the sea, but our ships lay still fast in the ice, and when the sunne had left vs, we saw y^ moone continually both day and night, and neuer went downe when it was in the highest degree. 8 November. — Saw open water in the sea. 3 December. — We had the like [foule] weather, at which time, as we lay in our cabans, we might hearc the ice crack in the sea, and yet it was at the least half a milet from us, which made a hugh noyse, and we were of oppinion, that as then the great hils of ice which we had scene in the sea, in summer time, brake one from the other. 24 December. — Being Christmas Even, it was faire wether, then we opened our doore againe, and saw much open water in the sea : for we had heard the sea crack and drive : although it was not day, yet wo could see so farre. 13 January, 1597. — It was faire still weather, the wind westerlie, and then we perceaved that day-light began more and more to increase, and wee went out and cast bullets at the bale of y flag staffe, which before we could not see when it turn'd about. ^22 January. — Day light began to appear.) (24 January. — First saw the edge of the sun again.) 22 February. — We made ready a slead to fetch more wood... saw much open water in the sea. 5 March. — We saw much open water in the sea, more than before, which put vs in good comfort, that in the end we should get away from thence. 6 March. — Some of us climbed out of the chimney, and perceaved that in the sea, and about the land, there was much open water. 7 March. — Saw more open water in the sea, and about the land, whereby we were in doubt that the ship in that foule weather and driuing of the sea, would be loose while we were shut up in our house, and we should have no meanes to helpe it. 8 March. — It was still foule wether with a south-west storme, and great store of snow, whereby we could see no ice in the north-cast, nor round about in the sea, whereby we were of opinion that north-cast from vs there was a great sea. Tliis proves a large extent of sea to the north. — P. + Kqiial to two Knglish miles. 91 U March. — Wc could hoc farther from vs, ami pcrceivo that the water was open iu the north-east, but not from vs towardti Tartariu, for there wo could still SCO ice in the Tartarian Sea, other viMc called the Ice Sea, ho that wo were of opinion, that there it was not very wide, for when it was cleere weather, we thought many times that wc saw the land, and showed it unto our companions, south and south-east froin our house, lil' feelings, oppressively warm during th«t)!av',tlj^.t|j«ijnonu!*i.'r;wj^hinjth? iKfxaks* Tising as high as ()6°, which put (jiir ^uk diJs^iJes'.nWiriy.^ Ou^pf cjMftijilssicOr/.'" * Sec pM^r 1 Jl ri ji I '•ur TAdic.j // t'rrv »int,f 'eiii'lt lj 1 a n n t i o n . rur ■th »t4:f thf i.ftrnl 4it ifr fo r ■^ [ to illusiiiiti ^ Till* A vr til' It II H i II , r/i. l.r„. 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'.T ntlirrly uifkiunrn 'lUntnitt/ /■'nri.ytA-.Jln ihift' h'rr.tt I ifftrkrr ■tfi4iiliiif/ ftilulf nt' TiPft I SO rilKie.MAL IJ.X K s ol' Hit* totUfst iiiiil lii»ni>Hi tnniiilKs iil'ilit' Vciir. //' iH„tl,'ri lYi/iiitfihi; fli, l*h\-iuiit i'„i.,,n,f,/,\ „l'il,f Jtt-tH- H.lflVK ifl, ,:m.Mif,,ilf,,.l< ilfllu DMillItUlHMt l.t TlMlll. HH- iM'f'l„,rnni,-in>l •■■t,v,i,nn, -f^'/ri*////. ton,,.! th.H tl„ • l>.su;hiil,..u ol .lni„i,,/ .,„,i \',if€l,thi, hl\ Ihr f.ftti.i of I.. ,(■,., /r,.n<.t i„u.li „nm i'„ ihf ,fin,H»li f/th. hnlltrniHit /,;ir,» //,,/(, nil ih.il <■! il., /,ti,.\ i-r /nlilii,/, . in\ni r-ii I n I' vi i- \v n I I li i- ini'jiii T(>m)H'iwil ni*- i .1 A.M.Mn- .ir i,Y. V..l;i,l-.k _-KV;. flClM.i.liill _ .'rt'.".. i'hi VjucU ,.;v>:. Hu.i.t I. _.':t j .\i.Mu«>iKulM.i->k_.l| 3 ri-i.iiikhn _,'L'..l Ai.iv.ii.. I ^:ji .-tit^ii.ni.L _:f.. 1 hn,.iltiaH>li« „-JH.7: U" ,. .ft It. ;l ' (iiKilumtt U. t »Vi.,l,M. .{-..'4 .Mrlull. I ."i|iiU-l».'rvS.'ji;f*tAl;L"».!l ' Y" h'r;inl:liii N..wi.iX.i!ilii. 6 M-> I K'l-lmr.lMli .Vi \UX B..*i-n iti a I'ri V„i.^U m.» Nov.im'A'irilii. If .17.1 \i5litu'ii;..lv,iiiK(t' l^l..tliuiK.'liii l>l..'V| K X |) I a n . Hie ihirif ifrfi'H fiti*'Ur /ih»w4 metf fiurinff nrri- ttinl Tht ifrffn armw ifrtwtt Ihf ft' the Drifhrf in .ffiriir fh* hliif rolmn .liimv.^ ffxt Sea i#l »-r/i/ ailirrl^ [•k-fyj fhutitrifji twitanmiif L -J CifunttieM il*-iiiiiit' in i AfrlfonUnifirat Slttt,on Tht ntv'i of the fnimifMt .■irrhc Hivrr Hns Sif''nuh.'nflwiiu(l th iM-iiefidiit lo thinr of the Mi- tie Hefiittita H-hith tirren- Urrfy ilrttitole i>f Ww* 'Y.tl.ulsk _4.'".'i|t'!niur(Jiin I "si ViiMsk _S'».;.^HM,frr 1. ^2\ 2 \isIi.iriK».lvF»-il(_;il.3 K'FiJiikhi, __':'.( I'.irl lluwi'ii _?ll.n Xoviuii/.-nirrt- '-'.V I'.o.idii.iK.'iix _:;h.7 d" .. ,/» u.:i N..K1I.I Z-iuIiii ft »W...i' K'l'lmr'hill ."iT, N<.T.iwi/fiMlLi. .1 M.i \isliiml\i.h'ni!iKtic! ! Iiiti.nlik .!'.», 1 Vakiifik IW.A