w 
 
 A^ 
 
 
 ."» ^ k<v ^ o» 
 
 V] 
 
 %■ 
 
 
 /. 
 
 el 
 
 
 '/ 
 
 
 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 1^ 
 
 1^ 
 
 m 
 
 IIIIIM 
 
 
 
 Mi 
 
 1^ 
 
 IS 
 
 u. 
 
 1^ 
 
 IIP-^ 
 
 
 
 
 li.U>. 
 
 
 1.8 
 
 1.25 
 
 U 11.6 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 
 // 
 
 
 
 :/ 
 
 
 a. 
 
 #^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 <v 
 
 k 
 
 <^ 
 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 ^1> 
 
 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
V^ #? ^ >/ 
 
 
 ^^ €'cr z^- 
 
 C/.A 
 
 
 CIHM/ICMH 
 
 Microfiche 
 
 Series. 
 
 CIHM/ICMH 
 Collection de 
 microfiches. 
 
 Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions /Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques 
 
Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques 
 
 The Institute has attempted to obtain the best 
 original copy available for filming. Features of this 
 copy which may be bibliographically unique, 
 which may alter any of the images in the 
 reproduction, or which rr.ay significantly change 
 the usual method of filming, are checked below. 
 
 □ Coloured covers/ 
 Couverture de couleur 
 
 I I Covers damaged/ 
 
 D 
 
 n 
 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 Couverture endommagee 
 
 Covers restored and/or laminated/ 
 Couverture restaurde et/ou pellicul^e 
 
 j I Cover title missing/ 
 
 Le titre de couverture manque 
 
 I I Coloured maps/ 
 
 Cartes geographiques en couleur 
 
 Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ 
 Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) 
 
 I I Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ 
 
 Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur 
 
 Bound with other material/ 
 Relid avec d'autres documents 
 
 Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion 
 along interior margin/ 
 
 Lareliure serree peut causer de I'ombre ou de la 
 distortion le long de la marge in jrieure 
 
 Blank leaves added during restoration may 
 appear within the text. Whenever possible, these 
 have been omitted from filming/ 
 II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajoutdes 
 lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, 
 mais, lorsque cela dtait possible, ces pages n'ont 
 pas 6t6 filmdes. 
 
 Additional comments:/ 
 Commentaires suppl^mentaires; 
 
 L'Institut a microfilmd le meilleur exemplaire 
 qu'il lui a 6t6 possible de se procurer. Les details 
 de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-dtre uniques du 
 point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier 
 une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une 
 modification dans la mdthode normale de filmage 
 sont indiquds ci-dessous. 
 
 I I Coloured pages/ 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 Pages de couleur 
 
 Pages damaged/ 
 Pages endommagdes 
 
 □ Pages restored and/or laminated/ 
 Pages restaur^es et/ou pellicul^es 
 
 r I Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ 
 
 Pages d^color^es, tachet^es ou piqu§es 
 
 Pages detached/ 
 Pages d6tach6es 
 
 Showthrough/ 
 Transparence 
 
 Quality of prir 
 
 Quality indgale de I'impression 
 
 Includes supplementary materii 
 Comprend du materiel suppl^mentaire 
 
 I j Pages detached/ 
 
 r I Showthrough/ 
 
 I I Quality of print varies/ 
 
 I I Includes supplementary material/ 
 
 Only edition available/ 
 Seule Edition disponible 
 
 Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata 
 slips, tissues, etc., havR been refilmed to 
 ensure the best possible image/ 
 Les pages totalement ou partiellement 
 obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, 
 etc., ont 6x6 fiimdes 6 nouveau de fapon d 
 obtenir la meilleure image possible. 
 
 This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ 
 
 Ce document est filmd au taux de reduction indiqud ci-dessous. 
 
 10X 
 
 
 
 
 14X 
 
 
 
 
 18X 
 
 
 
 
 22X 
 
 
 
 
 26X 
 
 
 
 
 30X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 y 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12X 
 
 16X 
 
 20X 
 
 24X 
 
 28X 
 
 32X 
 
laire 
 3 details 
 lues du 
 It modifier 
 iger une 
 8 filmage 
 
 i/ 
 udes 
 
 The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks 
 to the generosity of: 
 
 Harold Campbell Vaughan Memorial Library 
 
 Acadia University 
 
 The images appearing here are the best quality 
 possible considering the condition and legibility 
 of the original copy and in keeping with the 
 filming contract specifications. 
 
 Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed 
 beginning with the front cover and ending on 
 the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- 
 sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All 
 other original copies are filmed beginning on the 
 first page with a printed or illustrated impres- 
 sion, and ending on the last page with a printed 
 or illustrated impression. 
 
 aire 
 
 The last recorded frame on each microfiche 
 shall contain the symbol —♦►(meaning "CON- 
 TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), 
 whichever applies. 
 
 Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at 
 different reduction ratios. Those too large to be 
 entirely included in one exposure are filmed 
 beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to 
 right and top to bottom, as many frames as 
 required. The following diagrams illustrate the 
 method: 
 
 L'exemplaire filmd fut reproduit grdce d la 
 g6ndrositd de: 
 
 Harold Campbell Vaughan Memorial Library 
 
 Acadia University 
 
 Les images suivantes ont 6t6 reproduites avec le 
 plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et 
 de la nettetd de l'exemplaire f<lm6, et en 
 conformity avec les conditions du contrat de 
 filmage. 
 
 Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en 
 papier est imprim^e sont film6s er: commengant 
 par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la 
 dernidre page qui comporte une empreinte 
 d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second 
 plat, selon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires 
 originaux sont filmds en commenpant par la 
 premidre page qui comporte une empreinte 
 d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par 
 la dernidre page qui corrporte une telle 
 empreinte. 
 
 Un des symboles suivartts apparaitra sur la 
 dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le 
 cas: le symbole ^♦- signifie "A SUIVRE", le 
 symbole V signifie "FIN". 
 
 Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent #^re 
 filmds d des taux de reduction diffdrents. 
 Lorsque le document est trop grand pour §tre 
 reproduit en un seul clichd, il est fUm6 d partir 
 de Tangle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, 
 et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre 
 d'images n6cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants 
 illustrent la m6thode. 
 
 by errata 
 ied to 
 
 ent 
 
 une peiure, 
 
 Faqon d 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 32X 
 
/ 
 
 /- 
 
 THE 
 
 LouiSBOURG Expedition 
 
 OF 
 
 ' 745 
 
 E""^RETT PEPPERRELL WHEELER. 
 

 THE LOUISBOURG EXPEDITION 
 
 OF I74v 
 
 ADDRESS 
 
 UKi.l\i:K!.D Ll'ON Till-: KIXi'.S r.VSTIOX n]- 
 
 LOriSBOURG, 
 
 BEFORI-; THK SOCIETY OF COLONIAL WARS 
 amj their GLESrS. 
 
 ON THK ONK IK \I)KI I) AM) KIlTlinK A \ M\ KK^A K V iiF Till' SI KKIAnEU 
 
 (1- Tin-: i-OKTiti^--, JINK 17, 1745. •^■^" •■^' 
 
 •[•[IK rN\i;[i.i.\"(; of thi". l<)L'[si;i»ik<; moxl'M[.nt. 
 
 Everett Pepperrell Wheeler. 
 
 ;J1p(yf| ^- 
 
 I'lIILADKLl'llIA : 
 
 I 111 illili'KI'AL RkcISTKR PuillI-illNi; (' 
 
 iSyS. 
 
I'REF-ATORV XOTK. 
 
 In its preparaf on I read all the original documents, whether 
 pnnted or manuscnpt. to which I could obtain access. Tlie 
 hbranans of the Xcw York State Library, of the Astor and 
 Lenox Libraries, and of the Libraries of the New York Historical 
 Socety, and of the Massachusetts Historical Society, were bo" 
 courteous uKi helpful, and I tender them my since' thanks 
 endeavored to sift and weigh the evidence, as I would pre ^ . a 
 case for argument. My conclusions differ, in some re pects 
 rom those of some historians. As to this, I can only say ^ 
 I liuve taken nothing at second hand. 
 
 V -,. , . Everett P. Wheei.ek. 
 
 Xcw \ork, July I. 1895. 
 
"^ 
 
 ADDRESS. 
 
 Mr. Governor, Gentle nwn of the Society of Colonial Wars and 
 Guests : 
 
 Heaven smiles on our undertaking. The northwest; wind 
 has driven away the clouds and fogs of the past week. Under 
 the blue Cape Breton sky we commemorate acliievements that, 
 in their ultimate result, gave to the two great North American 
 Commonwealths their goodly heritage. 
 
 The Roman historian tells us that the leaders of his 
 time used to say that when they looked on the statues of their 
 ancestors, their souls were stirred with a passion of \irtue. It 
 was not the marble, nor the features that in themselves had 
 force. But the memory of their noble deeds kindled a flame in 
 the breasts of their descendants which could not be quenched 
 until their actions had equaled the renown and worth of their 
 fathers. 
 
 In like manner we dedicate this monument in a spirit of 
 gratitude to God and noble emulation for the heroism of man. 
 No narrow sp'rit of local self-gratulation has brought us hither. 
 vVe are glac' to recognize that British sailors and colonial soldiers 
 shared in tl:e difficulties and dangers of the siege whose suc- 
 cessful issue we celebrate to-day. And we are swift to acknowl- 
 edge the courage and endurance of the garrison, who, cut off 
 from succor and short of provisions, offered brave resistance for 
 seven weeks to the British fleet and the regiments of Massa- 
 chusetts, New Hamphire and Connecticut. 
 
 In the Parliament of Quebec questions have been put to 
 the government, indicating that the member who asked them 
 thought tlMt this monument was erected in the spirit of triumph 
 over a fallen foe. To him I reply that we have not thus learned 
 the lessons of history. This column points upward to the stars, 
 
 a n**? 
 
and away tViMii tlic petty jealousies tliat man the earth. It will 
 tell, we trii-^t, til mail)- LjencratiDns, the story of the ei»uraL;e, 
 hernli: tortitiule, ami iiianl_\- ener;^y nf these whu fiuiL^ht brhiiul 
 the ramparts as well a> of those who fous^ht in the Irciiches. 
 Soiiit.' hi-'loi-ians, it is triie, ha\e underratetl the hraxer}' of the 
 (leienders of the eit\', and even asserted th.it they surrciulend 
 before a iM-each was m.uk- in their walls, and when they mi^ht 
 well ha\e held out f 'r months. The best answer to this is eou- 
 tained in an ori_L;iual document which t^dves the most authentic 
 account of the sicj^e : Governor Shirley's letter to the Duke of 
 Newcastle. This was certified by I'epi)errell himself and by 
 Waldo, Moore, Lothrop and Clridlej'. It i^ix'cs the fi>llowinLj 
 L^r.iphic descriptiou of the condition of the fortress when l)u 
 Chaml)on surreiideretl ; 
 
 ■'And iiDW , llic ' inui'l lliUtLry hciiT^'iii our |iii«-cs^iiin, the Islniul H.illLiy I e^itecnu'd 
 liy ilic Fioiuh Uic I'all.Tliuiii <if I.ouisiiiniri,') .-i> iiuK-li iimioyoil rnim dio I,ii,'luliiiuse 
 li:illcry, ihal tlicv inuiil not eiitcriaiii linpc nl' kcc]iiii^ it iruii'!i hm^i'i ; \hv cnciiiy's 
 nmtlica.st InilkTy lioiiii; daniaiicd, and so nuicli cxpnscd to tlic lire from our a<lvaiux'd 
 iMttciy, that they could not -taiid to their ijuns : tlio cireuUir l)attery ruined, and all 
 its l;uiis but tlirc; <li-inounteii, ulicrohv the H.uliour was iH-anued ol" all its iirinei[ial 
 hatleric^ ; the west gate ol" the eity heiiiL; detiioli.-hed, and a breach made in the 
 adjoining wail ; the west llaid< of the King'- I'.astion almost ruined; and most of 
 their otlier guns, wliicii had been m<iunted during the time of the siege lieing 
 -ilenced ; all the houses and other Imilding^ within the cit} (some of which were 
 i[uite demolished) so dainageil, that Imt one among ihein was left unhurt ; the enemy 
 extremely hariassed by tluir long conliiiemenl uithin tlieir casemates, and other 
 covered holds, and their slock of ammunition being almost exhausted, Mr. 1 >u 
 Chambon sent out a llag of truce."' 
 
 And now let me ask vou to consider with me for .i few 
 
 ■'■■ 'I'hi- letter is in .Series 7 of the <.'ollection of iiamphlets of the New York 
 Ilistfirical Society, tn the New \'ork Slate Library and the l.enox Library it i.s 
 bound in a sep.-.rate volume. See also, for descri|itions of the breaches effected in 
 the walls, ( ien. Roger Wolcott's Journal of the .Siege of Louis! )oiu g ; Collections 
 Comi. Hist. Soc. \'ol. I, ]i. 133, and Pepperreirs le'ter^ of 'May 28 and June iS ; 
 Collections >L)ss. Hist. Soc. N'ol. I, pp. 35, 47; New \'ork l^cekly J\isf- h'oy, July 
 I, 1745, and 'J7l<: iitiUuiiiiUt' s Maga'iiii. 1745. 
 
 Wolcott ([ip. 137,138) gives L)u Chambon's answer to the lirst summons to 
 -urrenilcr. It is as follows : 
 
 •• l.eRoy de l-'rance, le none, nous ayant ctiiilie la defense de la dile isle, nous ne 
 pouvons (|u' apires la plus vigoureuse atlaque, ecouler une semblable proposition, el 
 nous n'avons de reponse a faire a cetle demande que par la bouche de nos canons.'' 
 
 Wolcott adds that this was read to the army in Kng!i>h, and they answered 
 " lluzzah, huzzah, luizzah.'" 
 
moments what Ihc 1 .ouisbour;^ expedition meant to the world 
 
 "*" '743 
 
 luirope was tin n i'ni;aL;ed in a selfish and iL,nioble war — \n 
 
 which the l.lood of the citizen was shed in a cau-e that had little 
 
 m.-re t^ cc-mni'iid it than ihc (luarrel of pickpocket- over their 
 
 anticipated booty. The domains of Anstria were the spoil that 
 
 was fou;4ht for. and the only ruler on the continent who came 
 
 out of it with honor was M.iria Theresa. The troops of En-land 
 
 chained little credit in tin conflict. Thc\- cut their way through 
 
 at I )ettingen, but were driven back by Marshal Saxeat Fontenoy. 
 
 So feeble was the flame of loyalty to the reignin- Hanoverian 
 
 prince, that an in\ading arnn- of 6000 Highlanders marched to 
 
 within 12- miles of London. Had their leaders not faltered. 
 
 they would probably have placed Charles Stuart on the throne 
 
 of iiis fathers. Such at any rate is Lord ^Lahon's conclusion. 
 
 The King sent his treasure on board ship, and was ready to return 
 
 to h'\< favorite Hanover. The Duke of Newcastle seriously con- 
 
 .sidered whether ii were not wiser to gi\e in his adhesion to the 
 
 Stuarts. Cambridge dons planned a pleasure drix'e to see the 
 
 Scots pass by. 
 
 To such an indifferent, time-serving people, the news 
 of the capture of Louisbourg came like tidings of a miracle. 
 Xm wonder they rang their bells and tired their cannon, and 
 lighted up Chcapside anil the Strand. Doubtless many a 
 London burgher said to his wife that if Warren had commanded 
 the Channel tieet or Pcpperrell the troops on land, the French 
 st|uadron would have been destroyed, and the Chevalier would 
 never have crossed the Tweed. 
 
 Ves. Dryden might scoff at the religious ardor of the New 
 England people, and exclaim : 
 
 •• I'rulh i.-, our land willi .•);uiil> is so "uii u"cr. 
 And every age produces such a store, 
 That now there's need of two New England- m -ic." 
 
 But the>- had within their breasts such a sense of the reality 
 of eternal things that the\- cared little for the hardships of the 
 present. " They endured, as .seeing Him who is invisible." 
 The\- might be zealots, but they were neither cowurds nor 
 marauders. 
 
The men who stood in tlie trenches ;it Louisbourt^ or 
 (Ir;i;4i;ecl their cannon across its ir.orasses were the best men of 
 their colonics. They came hither inspired by no L^reed for con- 
 t|uest. Their expedition was really a defensive one. Their 
 commerce had been assailed, their frontier settlements ra\a<,'ed 
 by hostile Indians, their wi\es and children mas.sacred or carried 
 into captivity. Louisbouri; was the harbor where the French 
 privateers found refii^^e, and whence maraudin^f expeditions 
 sailietl forth.* Its massive walls were twenty-five \'cars in 
 buildinj;. Time has dealt hardly with these, but their ruins still 
 bear witness to what was called at the time, the Dunkirk of 
 America. The harbor which the\- covered you behold before 
 \'ou, landlocked and secure from the storms of this rockbound 
 coast. The Island Battery and the Grand Battery barred all 
 hostile entrance. And the citv had maijazines from which all 
 Canada mii^dit be supplied. 
 
 The immediate occasion of the Louisbourg expedition was 
 an appeal for aid from Nova Scotia. In the archives of that 
 province you will find a letter from Governor Mascarene (him- 
 self a descendant of the banished llui^uenots) to Governor 
 Shirley, of Massachusetts. It was written at Aimapolis Royall, 
 December, 1744. In this your G<n'crnor tells the story of the 
 outbreak of war, " thoui;h no orders yet from home to oroclaim 
 it." The fort at Annapolis was ruinous ; but inmiediately 
 soldiers and civilians, English and French, set to work to repair 
 it. The hostile Indians swarmed up to the glacis and set fire to 
 the town. They were for a time dislodged by Artillery ; but 
 soon Duvivier, sent by the Governor of Louisijourg, appeared 
 with a force of French and Indians, and summoned the fort to 
 surrender. Reinforcements from Massachusetts opportunely 
 arrived. The brave Mascarenc refused to capitulate. But he 
 felt that he could not hold the fort much longer without further 
 
 * Grahame (Histon- of North America, \'ol. 3, p. 265) says : " So many mer- 
 chant vessels were captured and carried into [.(luisliourg in the course of this sumnier 
 (1744) that it was expected that in the following year no branch of maritime trade 
 would be pursued by the New England merchants, exce]it under the protection of 
 convoy." See also Prince's Sermon in the Old South on the Day of Thanksgiving 
 for the Surrender, pp. 19-23. Letter, James Alexander to Cadwallader Colden, 
 March 10, 1745, MS. N. Y. Hist. Soc. 
 
It 
 
 iisbouri,' or 
 '>t men of 
 ti for coii- 
 'le. Thcir 
 
 < >r carried 
 i"-' French 
 xpeditions 
 
 \'cars in 
 
 i-iiins still 
 
 nil kirk of 
 
 '•Iti before 
 
 i"ockboiMid 
 
 liarretl all 
 
 which all 
 
 dition was 
 es of that 
 '■one (him- 
 Governor 
 is Royall, 
 ■>ry of the 
 ' proclaim 
 mediately 
 
 to repair 
 'Ct fire to 
 lory; but 
 ai)peared 
 le fort to 
 )ortunely 
 
 Hut he 
 t further 
 
 many mer- 
 liis sunimer 
 time trade 
 itectijii of 
 anksgiving 
 -r Colden. 
 
 aid, and wrote to Go\ernor Shirle\' for succor. In ihr ■'i)rin|4 it 
 came. 
 
 The honor of sm^ge.stin;^^ the I.ouisbourL,^ expedition ha.s 
 bi:en claimetl b\' several. l'robal)ly the thouj^ht occurred to 
 more than one. The New I-Jii^land peojjle were ripe for the 
 attempt. Their state of mind at the time is well describei.1 by 
 Belknap, tlu' historian of New Hampshire:* 
 
 " 'I'licie are certain hitriil sparks in human nature uliitli, I'V a lulli.sion of causes. 
 are sometimes l)rouglil to light, and, wlien "nee excited, their operations are not easily 
 controlled. In uiutertakint^ anything hazardous, there is a necessity for extr.iordinary 
 vigor of mind and a degree of conlidence and fortitude which shall raise us above 
 the dread of danger and <li«|iose us to run a risk ".vliicli t!ie cold maxims of prudence 
 would forbid. The people of New England have at various times shown ^uch an 
 enthusiastic ardor, wliicli has been excited by the example of tl'.eir ancestors and their 
 own exposed situation. It was never more apparent, and perha[is never more neces- 
 sary, than on occasion of this expedition. Nor ought it to be forgotten that several 
 circumstances, which did not depend on human foresight, greatly favored this 
 undertaking." ■ 
 
 The General Court of INIas.sachusetts decided, on January 
 29, by a majority of one vote, to undertake the expedition. Im- 
 mediately preparations were matle with the utmost speed. Those 
 wh') had opposed the plan, because of its dany;er, vied with its 
 supporters in activity to promote its success. So unremittinj^ 
 was this activity, so ardent was the zeal o{ the colonists, that 
 more men volunteered than could be accepted, and on ]\Iarch 24 
 the- General L;;i\e his siyjnal for sailing.! 
 
 It is iu)t siir[)risin;4" that the enterprise should have aroused 
 the enthusiasm of men like the colonists of that tlay. They 
 were the most resolute and fearless of a resolute and fearless race. 
 Religious zeal had led some to this country. Love of ailventure 
 had influenced others. They were inured to hardship by con- 
 stant strui^gle with natiu-e. The}- had built their own houses 
 and their own ships, had cleared forests and plous^hed fields. 
 
 The e.xi<rcncy of their situation had made them read}- for 
 any emergency. There were few factories in America, and the 
 necessaries of life were largely supplied by the industry of the 
 hamlets. The embroidered waistcoats and purple coats of the 
 
 * Vol. II, p. 160. 
 
 t "Memoirs, rrincipal 'transactions l.ate War' (IJo-ton, 175S) p. j8. Dr. 
 Chauncey's "Thanksgiving l)ay Sermon," ji. 14. 
 
ntry, as you sec ihc-in in the i)i>i-lraits of Cdple)- and Siii}-I)cit, 
 
 caiiU' h'di 
 
 11 liniiir. as I'liT'laiul still w 
 
 IS called 
 
 Hut the "aniiciits 
 
 tl 
 
 ic :-ail<)rs ami taniici": 
 
 wliM hattL-rcd down tin. 
 
 wal 
 
 l^ouishouru, Nwrc woven .irount 
 
 tl 
 
 u-ii' firesides 
 
 in ih 
 
 e loll''' winter 
 
 cveiiin;^'s. The modern subdivision of labor increases its produc- 
 ti\-eness, but diminishes the dexteritj- i^f the indi\-idiial in any 
 line l)ut his own. 
 
 \nd then we niu.-.t remember tliat the people iA' t lu' thiiteiii 
 
 |)eople. 'J"he_\- dwelt 
 iloii'j; the Atlantic coast. 
 
 CfMonies were .i commercial and seatarim 
 
 in a n.irr 
 
 rh 
 
 I iW 
 
 ^trii 
 
 aiul cxtendnu 
 
 The American c 
 
 rew o 
 
 f 
 
 •oy s aml)itioii was to ^o to sea. i lie .vmencan ere 
 the new American steamer, the S/. Lciiis, a few da^^s a^o struck 
 foj- hi^lier wa^es. But in those da_\'s the captain often owned 
 the ship, and e'ery sailor expeclt.'d to become a ca])taiii. I'ep- 
 perrelTs f.itlier coinmaiKled a shi[) before he owned one. I'lie 
 mariner hoped for ai!\ancement, not from fiL^htiiiL; hi-- owner, but 
 h'om successful trade, or the capture of ;i Spanish galleon, laden 
 with the sil\-er of i'otosi or of .^^e\•ico. Not onl}' \ew ^'oIi; and 
 ])ostoii, but Salem and Marblehead, Portsmouth and Kitter_\', 
 Were thri\iiit;- commercial towns. Indeed, in I'epperrell's da\-, 
 Portsmouth and ixittery had as lar^e a commerce as New \'ork. 
 Pepperrell himse'll i v\ iied a hiindi'cd x'essels, and carried the 
 cross ot St. GeorL^e to e\-er)- port on tin.' Atlantic and Metliter- 
 ranean where colonial ships had entr.mce. 
 
 Pwa) other characteristics of that .America remains to be 
 noticed — religious zeal and martial spirit, (jrahame well de- 
 scribes the fer\-or of the former. '■' 
 
 " 'I'Ik i-anic-l rxpoi Irtliiiii lli.il in-Tvadcii Xk'w l'.ni;l.Ti<l w.t-. al (incc >iistain(.'il and 
 regulated l)y reliL;;'iiu> >eiuiiiKMU. I'a^t^ ami jirayors impi il the (iiviiv- lilcssiiii; on 
 tli'j ciucrinise ; and ili'.' pooiilc and llicir riileis, liaving cxiiau.slud all llii.' resouivcs 
 of human endeavor, and girded the chiiiee.st of them for battle, now souijht to pre- 
 pare llieir minds for either loitiUK>'.^;- diiijient addre>.s to die ijreat souri'e of hojie and 
 eonsolation, and awaited the re--ull with an\iou~. and -uhmis-ivi- awe, or with >tern eom- 
 posine and eontideiiee."' 
 
 Candiir compels me to iidmit that this zeal was often disfio- 
 
 ■ History of North Ameriea, Vol. Ill, p. 275. In General Woleolt'.s Journal 
 of the ,Siet;e, after sununint; up the part taken hy .Shirley, Pepperrell aii<l Warren, he 
 adds; (|i. 157). " lliii why do 1 sjieak of men; it is (lod has done il. and the 
 ]>raise lielon^s to him alone. ( iod heaiini,' the prayers of hi- peo|ile. |i\ inan\' sii,rnal 
 instaiue- of nierey, has led lis on .rom step to step to victory. " 
 
9 
 
 1(1 Sniyhert, 
 
 c walls of" 
 li'n_L;; winter 
 it-^ l)n)(Iiic- 
 iial in ;in_\' 
 
 Ik: tJiirtccn 
 riicy dwelt 
 
 iitic coast, 
 m crew of 
 a.i;(> struck 
 ;cn owiuhI 
 ain. Pcp- 
 
 'nc, The 
 'Uiier, Init 
 -'Oil, laden 
 ^'<»rl; and 
 i Kittery, 
 'cll's da)-, 
 ew \'()rk, 
 iri-ied the 
 
 Medilei-- 
 
 ns to be 
 well de- 
 
 istainod and 
 hlessin^r an 
 1-' resoiiii'us 
 
 ^llt lO ]llf- 
 
 I' lii'iic and 
 I sicrii cdin- 
 
 :n disfi<r. 
 
 :'■> Jiainial 
 iVancii, he 
 il. and tlic 
 iiiiy .sii,Mial 
 
 ured l.y bi^nitr\- and intolerance. These were the n.atural olT- 
 sprini^ ot" so-called roliL,nous wars. A man whose house had 
 been burned o\H'r his head, and himself and children dri\en out 
 into the snow to hee/.e c -tar\-e, natui'a!l\- concei\ed rancor tor 
 the faith under who- lominal hiddiiiL;" his foes were actini;-. 
 When we read the story of Till\- and the Thirty Years' War, we 
 wonder th.il lo\e and charity remained at all anion;^ men. It i- 
 hartl for us to realize the intensity of religious aMin.iosit)- in tho--e 
 da>-s. In our time l)i;4otr)' still lingers, but onl\- as Bun_\-an 
 describes it in the Pilgrims' Progress — with ])aNieti hand and 
 toothless iaw% grinning at the jiilgrims ,is they pass ])y. In 1745 
 it was a passion, in Canad.i and Xew haiglaiid alike. The Chap- 
 lain of one of the regiments took a hatchet to cut down the 
 Popish images, as he calls them. And ( iioson in his interesting 
 journal of the expedition, does not deign to speak of the French 
 places of worship as churches, but styles them " Mass-houses," 
 ami evidently took a keen delight in making l)on-fires of them. 
 
 F,'.|ually strong was the martial artloi- of the time. Peace 
 was tr.msient, war freipient. ( )f this the literature and doeimients 
 of those d.iys al'ford countless illustrations. Let me di-aw _\-our 
 attention to one. In a memoir prepared in 1773 bv the head 
 of a noble French famil)-, the Chevrdier de Repehtign\-, he sax's :* 
 " In i(i.>2, inv <^rcat-,i.jrcal-i;i-andfatluM- went to Canada, « iUi the cliarj:;e ot' airnni- 
 panyiiiy families of iiis province, in ordL-i- to e^tatili>h ihat l- )lony, in \\liic:li hv liiniself 
 settled. Since that cijoch we iiave fuini.shed to the corps of Hoops wiiich -erved there 
 fifiy oiiicer.s of the -aine name, of which nioie than one half ha> ]ieri-hed in tiie war; 
 my father auirmenled the number of them in 177;, ; my grandfather \\a- the etl.-t of 
 twent\ -three lirother-. all in tlie .--ervice. ( ine >on alone remain- of lliat numerou> 
 family 
 
 .Such cases were not uncommon either in Canatla or the 
 Rritis'i cojonie.-. With all their commeicial spirit the colonists 
 were a militar)- peo[)le. The\- were warlike and hardy, thotigh 
 not fimiliar with the mo\emi'nls of disciplined armies t Some 
 
 * l\ S. \, kepenti^'iiy, 5 Wall., I. .S. Rep. JJN. 1 laniel WehMcr. in hi- oration 
 Ik fore the Historical Society, was one of the inst to draw attention to ihc law reports 
 as containing materials for history. 
 
 r In tiic iNew Knj.jland ///.«/er/o?.' AV-v.fAv-, Vol. .WII, p. ^^'^. 1'. K. iUnune 
 thus (lescrihos the Maine companies : " In the previous jnciian wars, these men had 
 l)een imued to danger of every kind, and their children did not lack the spirit and 
 fortitude of their fathers. They couM liv e on the poore-t f.ne. fighting had luen 
 the emplovmenl of a good portion of their live-, and they tlierelore readily embarked 
 on thi- hazardous expedition. " 
 
lO 
 
 relics of those days (if conflict still remain to tell the story of 
 anxious nights and watchful daws, l^lock-houscs that the colo- 
 nists built for defense may still be seen in the neJL^hborhood 
 of Vork and Kittery. The custom that prevailed in New Eng- 
 Luul, that the father should sit at the head of the pew, originated 
 in the days when e\"er\- man took his firelock to church, and was 
 ready to turn out at a moment's notice to repel the attack of the 
 savages/' 
 
 Thus ha\e I tried to sketch the characteristics of the Ameri- 
 cans of 1745. In times of peril such characteristics alwa) s find 
 embodiment in a leader. It is common and easy to say that 
 great men are but the expression of their time and lead it only 
 in the sense that the spray leads the billow. That is but half the 
 truth. When God gives to mankind the inestimable gift of a 
 great man, he does, it is true, represent the spirit of his age. But 
 he leads it, as the moon docs the tides. 1 lappy the people who 
 appreciate such a man and are filled by his spirit, as the bay of 
 l-'undy in every creek and inlet is filled by the advancing flood. 
 It was fortunate for the colonies that in the emergency of 1745 
 there was a leader u hom they trusted, and who was wise enough 
 to discard the visionary schemes of others; brave enough to face 
 the \eterans of France, intrenched behind the walls which the 
 skill and experience of Vauban had planned, and self-sacrificing 
 enough to lea\'e home and business, and all that maile life 
 pleasant and sweet, to endure the hardship and i)eril of this 
 expedition which Parkman calls " a mad scheme " — but which 
 P'jp,perre'l and his followers dared to undertake. 
 
 * I he ballads of tlie tiiiiL- -iln'W that tlioe cliaracteiistics were appreciateil. 
 Dawson's IIisti>ri(al Maga/ino, \'ol, Il.jiagi.' 5, ■|Uiilcs a ballad about ( iovL'inor 
 Law, of (Unnccticul : 
 
 " I. ike Saiaceiis, Saints soldiers make, 
 And [irove their laith by lighting.'" 
 
 Aiid some rude rhymes given in Caulkin's IIi>iiiry (if \(irwieli, |i, 220, after 
 deseriliing to the tune of \'aidxee iJoodle the prowess of ('olonel Lothnip, one of the 
 l.oui^liourg cifficers, and saying that he was " iiold as Alexander," eonclude : 
 
 " Colonel Lolioji, staiuuh and line. 
 Was never known to baulk it ; 
 And when he was engaged in trade 
 He always tilled his poekel." 
 
 I 
 
1 1 
 
 ic story of 
 it the colo- 
 L,diborhood 
 New Eng- 
 , originated 
 :h, and was 
 tack of the 
 
 tlie Ameri- 
 xl\va\ > find 
 say that 
 :ad it only 
 )ut half the 
 le gift of a 
 s age. But 
 leople who 
 he bay of 
 cing flood, 
 cy of 1745 
 ise enough 
 ugh to face 
 
 which the 
 "-sacrificing 
 
 nKKJe life 
 M-il of this 
 •but which 
 
 • appreciated. 
 )nut (iovenior 
 
 , p. 220, after 
 )p, one ot" the 
 
 L-hule : 
 
 I could not do justice to the occasion or the subject if I 
 failed to speak for a moment of his remarkable career. He was 
 a notable instance of the versatility and adaptiveness which the 
 life of those days compelled. He was a successful merchant, 
 lie was a gallant soldier, accustomed from early youth to draw 
 the sword in defense of his home and country. He had been in 
 actual service against the Indians before he was twenty-one. It 
 might have been said of him, as it was of Wolfe, that he, 
 
 " Where'er he fought. 
 I'ut so much of his heart into his act, 
 That his example had a magnet's force. 
 And all were swift to follow, whom all loved.' ' 
 
 He was for twenty-nine years chief justice of the Court of 
 Common Pleas for Maine. He was an. active and conspicuous 
 member of His Majesty's Council for the colony of Massa- 
 chusetts. It is but just to him to add that his religion was not 
 disfigured by bigotry or intolerance. It was an evident power 
 in his life, but it always respected the rehgion of others. 
 
 And now let me return to the story of the expedition itself 
 I will not dwell upon its details. Representatives of societies 
 from various States have spoken of what each colony did to pro- 
 mote its success. Massachusetts (which then included Maine) 
 certainly did the most. She was the richest and most populous. 
 But New Hampshire and Connecticut did much, and New York, 
 New Jersey, Rhode Island and Pennsylvania came forward to 
 aid, though no troops of theirs were in the trenches. .\ Rhode 
 Island sloop of war rendered essential service. 
 
 When wc remember how difficult communication between 
 the colonies was at the time of which we are speaking, we shall 
 wonder that they acted so much in concert — not that they did 
 nf) more. The mails were infrequent — roads were poor. Often- 
 times the travelers in a stage coach were obliged to get out and 
 lift the wheels out of mud in which they sunk to the hubs. No 
 one had even dreamed of railroad or electric telegraph. The 
 wonderful power of steam was unknown. It will help us to 
 realize the obstacles which beset any concerted action on the 
 part of the colonies when we remember that even in the old 
 mother country roads were so bad, and the transmission of in- 
 tellitrcnce so slow, that the Chevalier had been in Scotland nearly 
 
12 
 
 three weeks before the news readied Edinbiir_L,^h. The tidings of 
 the surrender of I.ouisbourL; did not reach Bi)>ton until July 3, 
 sixteen days after the event, and were first known in New 
 York a week later. 
 
 Such were the difficulties that our fathers liad to face. Vet 
 withal they liad encoura;j^ement. Providence had fuored tlieir 
 cause. The harvest of 1 744 had been abundant, the winter was 
 mild, the frontiers of New l'.n_L,dand had been unmolested, unex- 
 pected supplies arrived from Great Britain. The Cirand l^attery 
 was not well fortified on the land s-'de. The cit\' had deprived 
 itself of provisions to furnish the l-~,ast India Heet and squadron 
 for its recent \oya;4e to France, and the Jli^i/itiift, which brought 
 su]iplies, was captured by Warren.* The weather during the 
 siege was generally fine. The colonial troops captured in the 
 Grand Battery, and fished up at the careening basin the lieavy 
 cannon which they needed. 
 
 l^ut all thi^se would have a\ailed nothing had it not been for 
 the courage, the perseverance, the aptitude of the men who took 
 advantage of these favoring circumstances, and brought their 
 fleet of 100 vessels, with the little army of 4030 men, safely to 
 Canseau. There to their great delight, on April 23, appeared 
 Warren's squadron. -' Thence they sailed to Louisbourg; on 
 April 30, the troops landed, and after se\en weeks of toil and 
 peril, diversified, as \vc learn, when the soUliers were off duty, by 
 games and sports, the fortress was theirs. 
 
 Their hartlihooil and daring are described in the words of 
 
 •' MciiKiiv.s, ]'riin.iii;il 'l'r;iii'.;nli(>ii> I. ale War (llnslon, 17581. pp. _;i, 52. 
 
 t Ihis lluL't was (if (jssL-iuial .service ; noi only in l)loL■i^a(lillg the port, and thus 
 cutlintj oil sup])lie.s (o ilie jrarrison, l>ul in furnisiiinL; -iipplies to the liesiej^ers. May 
 2(1, Warren writes 1.. I'l^pperreil : 
 
 " It is very Iucl<y that we can spare you some powder. I am told you had not 
 a yr.iin left.'' Ai^ain on June 0, (leii. Ro^er W'oicoti wriio- in liis Journal : " \Ve 
 found our animuTiition so I'ai -peiii thai the orders were ijiveii to ilie batteries to cea.se 
 tirinj,'.'' ( )n the 8th tliu}- i,'ot a sujiply I'loiu tiie >''ip-. 1 ( ■oimecticiit Iliil. Soc. 
 Ci.iileetions, X'ol. 1, jip, 1^2, 13^. 
 
 The lleet was sometime-., however, ahiio^t cut oil irom the shore liy tlie I'ojjs. 
 Warren writes lo repperreil. May 29 (Mass. Hist. ^oc. < 'oUeciion>, ], p. ^7). 
 
 •' I have been now three days in a foi;, that ! could not r.ee the lenijth Lif my 
 ship nor one of my si|uadron. When that is tlie ease I look upon myself lo lie as far 
 from vou as if I were at l!o>lon," 
 
 M 
 
1 
 
 e tidincrs of 
 ntil July 3, 
 n ill Xew 
 
 face. \'ct 
 oied their 
 
 kvinter was 
 sted, unex- 
 nd Battery 
 d deprived 
 
 1 squadron 
 ;li brought 
 iuring tlie 
 red in the 
 the heavy 
 
 ot been for 
 w ho took 
 light their 
 I, safely to 
 , appeared 
 30urg; on 
 f toil and 
 T dut\-, by 
 
 - words of 
 
 ort, and tliiis 
 -ie,c;eis. May 
 
 you had nut 
 inal : " We 
 ones to cease 
 t Ili^t. .Soc. 
 
 liy llie fugs. 
 
 • o7). 
 
 eni;lh of my 
 t to be as far 
 
 one i>r the gallant French garrison as repeated by Gibson in the 
 journal before mentioned: ' 
 
 " Thi^ gentleman, 1 -ny.tolil nie that lie had not had his clothes ol'f liis hack, eiilicr 
 \j\ niuht iT day. fnini the lir-t tionnnenceni'-iUnf the siege. He aiMed. inoreox er, that 
 in all tlie liistcjiies he liad ever read, he never met with .m instaiice o( so hold and 
 presunipiuous an attemiH ; that 'twas almost imiTacticaMe. as anyone tonld think, for 
 onlv three or foin- tlinusand law. undisciplined men to lay siege to »uch a stn^iig, well- 
 fouilied city, such garrisons, batteries, etc. For should anyone have asked me, 
 -aid he. what number of men woidd ha\e been sufficient to have carried on that very 
 enterprise, he should have answered not less than thirty thousand. To this 1-e sui)- 
 jr.iiu-d that he never heard of or ever saw such courage and intrepidity in such a 
 handful of men, who regardecl neitiier shot nor Ix-mbs. lUit what was -till more 
 surjirising than all the rest, he -aid. was this, namely, to see batterie- raised in a 
 night's time, and more [.articuiarly llie I'ascine battery, which was not live-ami twenty 
 r^'ds from the city wall ; arul to -ee guns that were forty-two pounders dragged by 
 the Knglidi from their grand b.utery, notwithstanding it was two miles .listant, at 
 lea-t, ;nid the road, too, very rough." 
 
 The tidings of the surrender were received throughout the 
 colonies with the ulin<ist enthusiasm. The contemporary 
 accounts are too graphic not to be quoted : 
 
 " Now the clnu-1 and the niggard became generous, and even the [.oor forgot their 
 poverty, and in the evening the whole town (Boston) appeared. a> it were, i ; a bla/e. 
 almost every liouse being lincly illuminated. 
 
 •'At night the whole city (Xew York) was splendidly illuminaied, and the great- 
 est demonstration of joy appeared in every man's countenance upon hearing the good 
 newv.l" 
 
 ■ (libson's "Journal of tlu- Siege," p. 27. 
 
 I'arkman (" Half a Century of Conipiest." vol. H. p. 115) gives the name of 
 the I'lench oHicer who coimnanded the lirst French sortie as Moqiain. (iibson says 
 that his informant was this commander. 
 
 sir Adams Archiliald, m his very interesting pajwr on the •• First .^icge and 
 Capture of I.ouisbourg " ("Royal Society of t.an.ada," 1SS7, vol. \, p. .v5 ), gives 
 the name a.s Mor[ien. v 
 
 t Xew \'ork IVcek/y Po;f Bow July 15, 1745. 
 
 Tn the same paper, a week later, the local poet thus gave expression to the 
 general jubilation ; 
 
 OV THE T.\K1NG Of CAl'K HRETON. 
 
 When glorious .\nne Britannia's sceptre sway'd 
 And Lewis strove all Europe to invade, 
 Creal Marlborough then, in Blenheim's hostile fields. 
 With Britain's sons, o'erthrew the tiallic siiield-. 
 
 I he Western world and I'epp'rell now may claim 
 .\s etpial honour and as la-ting faip.e ; 
 And Warren'- merit will in story last. 
 Till I'litme ages have forgot the past. 
 
Id 
 
 There is a lesson in the recollection that the leader of the 
 p-allant band was the richest man in North .-\nicrica. He recoGT- 
 nized the responsibility of his position and knew that wealth is 
 a power which its possessor should use for the public good and 
 not debase to his own selnsh enjoyment. Horace, in one of his 
 inimitable satires, which Pope has admirably reproduced in the 
 dress of Marlborough's day, expresses the conviction that the 
 rich man will leave to others the toils and dai'gers of war. He 
 cries : " Let him take castles who has ne'er a groat." The 
 councillor and merchant of 1745 was of a diiferent mini'. Let 
 his example stand for our tinij and for all time, and rciiiind our 
 millionaires and landed proprietors of their duty and responsi- 
 bility to their country and their fellow men. 
 
 And now, let us pause for a moment and ask what was the 
 result of this expedition. Do its consequences merit a monu- 
 ment ? At first sight, apparently not. The capture of Louis- 
 bourg is one of those historical e\ents which was fruitful of 
 great results, but which, for the most part, are slow in germi- 
 nation. Immediately it secu. -d the codfishery to the colonists 
 for three years ; it cut the Frencn fishermen off from the Banks 
 for a like period ; it destroyed the French Atlantic trade for 
 1745 ; it gave the English a prize which enabled them to buy 
 back ^^'\dras at the treat)- of Aix la Chapelle.* India was more 
 valuable in the eyes of the Duke of Newcastle than all the 
 Atlantic colonies. 
 
 But the remote consequences of this expedition far trans- 
 cend in importance these immediate ones. It was a school of 
 arms for the colonial troops. Gridley, who planned the parallels 
 and tre'hches at Loui.sbourg, laid out also the fortifications of 
 l^unker Hill. Pomroy, who was major in one of the Massachu- 
 setts regiments, and whose skill as ;> gunsmith stood him in 
 good stead when he repaired the spiked cannon in the Grand 
 Battery, rode, in 1775, from Northampton at the riews of impend- 
 ing hostilities, strode across the neck at Bunker Hill, and was 
 greeted by Putnam with words which express the temper of 
 
 * Bourinot, "Cape Broton and its Memorials of tlie Fiencli Regime."' Puhli- 
 liiliuns Rijyal Society of ( aiiada, iSi)i, Vo'. I.\, \^. 226. This contains a most interest- 
 ing accouiu of tl'e exjieditiMn. See also " Memoirs, Principal Transactions Late 
 War." pp. ,?5, 52. 
 
 
 i 
 
cadcr of the 
 He rccog- 
 at wealth is 
 ic good and 
 1 one of liis 
 Liced in the 
 >n that the 
 f war. He 
 oat," The 
 niiiu! Let 
 remind our 
 d responsi- 
 
 hat was the 
 it a monu- 
 i of Louis- 
 fruitful of 
 V in gernii- 
 e colonists 
 the Banks 
 : trade for 
 cm to buy 
 1 was more 
 i;in all the 
 
 I far trans- 
 . school of 
 le parallels 
 cations of 
 Massachu- 
 od him in 
 the Grand 
 3f imj)end- 
 I, and was 
 cmper of 
 
 iiiie." I'ubli- 
 iiost interest- 
 actions Late 
 
 many a man in 1745, as well as thirty years after; "By God. 
 Pomroy, you here ! A cannon shot would wakeri \'ou out of 
 your grave ! " 
 
 Its success showed the colonies their power and the neces- 
 sity for their union. It showed them, too. that in the councils of 
 Great Britain their affairs were of minor importance. This was a 
 dreadful shock to the loyal love of the old home which then was 
 general in the colonics. On the other hand, the capture of Louis- 
 hourg pointed out to William Pitt the possibility of the conciuest 
 of the whole of Canada, and paved the way for that. 
 
 In the next war Canada was conquered, and the English 
 colonists freed from the fear of attack from their neighbor on the 
 north. The expenses of this war and the consequent demands 
 of the British exchequer, leil the ministr\' to tax the colonies. 
 America resisted, and the result was the American Revolution. 
 By an extraordinary turn in the wheel of time, the French 
 assisted the old English colonies to become an independent 
 nation, while the old French colonies remained the property 
 of Great Britain. 
 
 This Revolution marks an epoch in the history — not only 
 of America, but of Europe. It was a natural evolution from the 
 principles of Magna Charta, the Habeas Corpus Act and the Bill 
 of Rights. The Constitution of the United States translated 
 the.-^e into a new form of government. The influence of this is 
 to be seen to-day in the Constitution of Great Britain, of 
 the Dominion of Canada, and of the republic of France. 
 These great gi)vernments differ in many respects. Your 
 own Dominion, with all its distinctness of administration, is 
 a part of the British empire. But it is not too much to say 
 that the distinctive principles of freedom, regulated by the 
 so\-ereignty of law, which are embodied in the United States Con- 
 stitution, are more dominant in Britain, in Canada and in I'rance 
 than if the thirteen colonies had remained subject to the British 
 cvown. 
 
 It is now one hundred and fifty years since the surrender 
 of Louisbourg. It is one hundred and twelve years since the 
 treaty of Paris recognized the independence of the L'nited States 
 and confirmed to Great Britain the possession of Canada. Surely 
 the rancor of the old wars ought bv this time to be burned com- 
 
10 
 
 |i!i:t(.';_\- . lit. Surcl\- \vc can now a;4rcL' that flic tlc\clopnicnt of 
 these ci ■untries iluriivj, all that tiiui: ha-^ beiii promoted l)\- the 
 lesiili lit" those iilcl wars. Ami de.spite, perhaps partly in conse- 
 i|iKiice of the nuii^nitiule and costliness of the tle-ets and armies 
 of to-da\-, uc ma_\' be-lieve that the ties of Christian faith, the 
 links of mutual trade, th.e bands of friendship, the swift steamer, 
 and the swifter electric current luive bound us so closely together 
 that luii^lish and iMcnch and American armies shall never more 
 meet on the battlefield. We \ie in the jx'aceful contests of art 
 aiKl -science, and will settle the inevitable disputes by arbitration. 
 There are social problems before us, as difficult c>f solution as any 
 that have vexed the past. The \er\- complication of the inter- 
 lacing nerves of our mo(.lern civilization, which offers so many 
 obstacles to war and binds nations o\cr to keip the peace, is 
 producint; disorders and dangers within each State that require 
 nicer suri^erj- than that of the sword or the bayonet. 
 
 It is then with faces to the future that we dedicate tins 
 monument to the memory of all the Ijiave men who fouL;ht and 
 fell at Lt)uisbour!4, whether under the Cross of St. GeorL;e or the 
 IJlies of France. The morninjr sun will illumine its summit. The 
 sunset ray will Ljild its massive and simple outline. The storms 
 and foL^s of Cape Breton will yalher round it, h^ sunshine and 
 stonn alike, let it tell to all mankijid that peace has her \ictories, 
 no less renowned than war, that the courage and resolution of the 
 fathers live in dv^. heaits of their children, that we an; prepared 
 to face the conllict, the difficulties and the perils of the cominij 
 century in firm reliance upon the orotecting care of the same 
 Cod wlv) was with our fathers and will be with all who arc loyal 
 to Ilim to the end of time. 
 
 
 It 
 
clopnicnt of 
 otcil by the 
 ;ly in conse- 
 
 aiicl armies 
 aJT faith, the 
 
 itt steamer, 
 ely to<^re tiler 
 
 never more 
 tests of art 
 
 arbitration. 
 utionas any 
 f tlie inter- 
 s so many 
 le peace, is 
 hat require 
 
 nlieate tins 
 fout^dit and 
 3rge or the 
 mmit. The 
 
 he .storms 
 ishine and 
 r \ictories, 
 ition of the 
 : prepared 
 le cominef 
 
 the same 
 ) are loyal 
 
 AIIMADIX. 
 
 Napier's remark upon the third sie;_,a' of B.idajos is appli- 
 cable to that of Loui.sbourg Tli-; " has so often been adduced 
 in evidence, that not skill, but fortune, plumed his ambitious 
 wini^ : a proceeding, indeed, most consonant to the nature of 
 man, for it is hartl to avow inferiority by attributing an action so 
 stupendous to superior genius alone." "^ 
 
 The .-.uccess of the LMigli.sh in the assault of Hadajos justi- 
 fies the c(j::!;ision that Pepperrell and Warren would have 
 succeedetl in the as.sault they platnied on June 15. The garrison 
 was not sufticient to man the entire fortifications, and, it troops 
 enough were posted to defend the breac'i, there were places in 
 the walls that wouitl be left undefended and could be taken by 
 escalade. This is preci.sel>- what happened at Hadajos, in spite 
 of a defense so .skillful and brave that it immortalized IMiilippon, 
 the <n)verno/.t In the case of Loui.sbourg, Pepperrell had the 
 advantage of the ileet Our own experience in the Civil War 
 shows that Warren's ships could have run the gauntlet of the 
 island batterv and landed an attacking party on llie harljor front, 
 which was not fortifietl as strongly as the shore front, in which 
 tile breach had been effecteti. 
 
 In ll.e preparations for the expedition nothing was left to 
 chance. Pepperrell and Shirley had accurate information from 
 returned prisoners of the small number of the garrison, the 
 exposure of the Grand Battery to capture by a land attack, and 
 the size of its cannon. These the\' expected to take, and took 
 ammunition for them. They had no large vessels of war, but 
 they had several small ones, which were able to cope with and 
 drive oti the frigate Rcuoiniihc. They planned to increase their 
 fleet b\- capturing and arming Fre.ich \essels bound for Louis- 
 bourg. Fheir sailors were daring aiu: hardy men, ma-v- .ri-hem 
 old pri\ateersmen. 
 
 In their council of war held April 1 8, I745,befor ' .arren's 
 ;irri\'al, the\- decided to e<iuip and arm the St. Jean, a vessel just 
 
 * Napier's " I'cniii-uiar War," Ihicia X\'1, Cliaii \ II. 
 t Napier'- '• rt-niiisiiiar War." I'iodK W i. riiap. \ 1. 
 
IS 
 
 r;i|itur(Hl. ' AiidtluT vessel was captured iiuiiu-di.itcly .iflcT. 
 With these;' ' ''tinns to their tleet, the conclusion is at least prob- 
 able tiiat thej 'Id h.i\e captured the l'igilaiih\ ami kept up 
 the blockatle. 
 
 riu'se remarks are iii't meant to detract from the merit of 
 the Hritisli tleet. Hut they do show th.it the leaders of the 
 expedition counted th.e cost, lUid planned for e\'ery emerLjency. 
 
 It is a ciUMous illustration of the habits of the time that the 
 first supijlies of u hich the .irmy ran short were " rum and 
 molasses;" the fi\ orite be\erai4e. and a staple fooil of tile ])eriod. 
 The carpjo of these captureil in the .SV. Jiaii was appraised, the 
 \alue awarded for i)ri/e moiiex' and the car^d itself taken for the 
 use of the ami)-. 
 
 I cannot forbear drawing;' attention to another curious 
 fact in the histor\- i>f the exijedition. I have been told by a 
 •general who served in the Wilderness campaiL^m, that after the 
 first bloody repulse at Cold Harbor an order was t^i\en to 
 renew the attack, but tin.' soldiers, with one silent consent, 
 would not obey, and (ieneral Grant withdrew the order. A 
 similar occurrence is related in the records of the Louisbour^ 
 councils of war. It was decided to make an assault on May 9, 
 before a l^reach was effected. The same da_\' the council of war 
 rescinded the order, owin;^ to " a j4reat dissatisfaction in man>- of 
 the officers and soldiers at tlie desit^ned attack of the town by 
 storm this ni'dit."t 
 
 
 •^-k 
 
 
 
 .t^*. 
 
 ' -y^ 
 
 MS. records, Sit;t;e of l,(iiii-,luiiiri,r ; M,i--.uiuisett>! Ilistoiicil Sociclv. 
 Ms. ri'idiiN. < ',i\iiuiK 111' \V:ii- : M.i.s--;ic Iiu-cUs 1 lisldiir^il Siniciv. 
 
 ,^3 
 
Ii.it fly aft IT. 
 t Ic.ist piol)- 
 
 IIKI 
 
 •l)t lip 
 
 the nicrit of 
 J'iers of the 
 jiicrLffncy. 
 r'nic tliat the 
 
 " I'lmi and 
 
 'lie period. 
 I'l-iiscd, the 
 
 '^LMi for the 
 
 ''■I' curious 
 t«-Id by a 
 Mt after the 
 ■^ ;-,n\eii to 
 lit consent, 
 • order. A 
 <Hnsboiir<r 
 ■ "11 A[ay 9, 
 iiicil of war 
 ill mail)- of 
 he town h\- 
 
 Iv.