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Les diagrammes suivants iilustrent la mithoda. }y errata ed to mt ine peiure, Bfon A 1 2 3 32)( 1 2 3 4 5 6 HERE AND THERE THROUGH THE HISTORY OF ITALY. A LECTURE BY A. A. NOBILE, B. A., Teacher of French and Italian. ■ FOLLOWED BY MANZONI AND EATTAZZI, AN ADDRESS BY THE SAME. %\o\^: TORONTO : J. S. Williams, Printer. 1884. 1 ii m : m li' M « Entered according to Act of Parliament in the office of the Minister of Agriculture, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and eighty-four, by A. Alexander Nobile. 11' I ■■ 'i'i TO llal.lwlii. Riolit Rev. M. S, D.D., Bishop of Huron, (E.G.) Uallentino, Mrs ('., PriiieiDal Soniervilio Collefre, St. Clair iMicl)., U.S. JVatty, W. H., .M.R, Toronto. Ren'lelari, Eqiico, Esq., Vice-Consul of Italy, Toronto. Bt'i-rynian, Miss Cosie, Toronto. iM.'thiUK', Rev. C. J. S. l-5<'thune, R. A., Esq., Toronto. Riii'irar, L\ R. \V., Esc]., Toronto. Blake, Hon. E., Q.C, M.R, Toronto. Rlake, Hon. S. C, Q.C., Toronto. Body, Rev. C. W. E., Provost Trinity CoUego, Toronto. Boddy, Ven. Samuel J., Arch Deacon, Toronto. Bowes, Rol)ert H., Esq., Toronto, Boyd, Hon. J. A., Chancellor, Toronto. Burke, Rev. J. W., Belleville. Cameron, Mrs. Alexander, Toronto. Cameron, John, Esq., Toronto. ^ ■Campbell, Hon. Sir A.. Minister, Ott.nva. Carty, Miss Martha, Toronto. Casey, Hon. G. \V., M.R, Finoal. Cassels, Hamilton. Esq.. Toronto. Cassels, Walter, Esq., Toi-onto. Caven, Rev. W., Principal Knox College, Toronto, Cavlev, Rev. Jolin J)., Toronto. Clark, Miss Elizal)eth, Hamilton. Cluik, Rev. W., Prof. Trinity CoUooe, Toionto. Clarke, Colonel E., Speaker Ontario Assembly, Toronto, Cochran, Robert, Esq., Toronto. Digby, James, M.D., Brantfoid. Dixon, Rev. A., Guelph. Dunfield, John, M.D., Petrol ia. Ellis, W. H., M.D., Prof. University. Falconbridge, VV. G., Esq. Fava, Barone, Minister of Italy, Washingttjn. Fleming, Ch. E., Esq., Toronto. Forster, Charles E.. Esq., Washington. Forster, W. A., Esq., Toronto. Fulton, John, M.D., Prof. University. Gait, Hon. T Geikie, W. B., M.D., Prof. University. Giannelli, Cav. A. M., Consul-General of Italy, Montreal. Gooderham, A., Escj., Toronto. Gooderham, Kenry, Esq., Toronto. Gooderham, R. T. Esq., Toronto. Graham, Moon, Esq., j^ostal Department, Ottawa. Grant, George M., Very Rev., Kingston. Gregg, Rev. W., Prof. Knox College, Toronto. Grier, Miss Rose, Principal Bishop Strachan's School. Gzowski, Colonel C S., Toronto. Hagarty, Hon. John H., QC, Chief Justice, Toronto. Hardagh, Hon. J. A., Judge, Barrie. Haviland, Hon,T., Heath Governor,Prin,e Edward Island. Hilliary. Aliss Nora, Toronto. Howland, Oliver A., Esq., Toronto. Howland, W. H., Esq., Toronto, Howland, Sir W. P., Toronto. Hutton, Maurice, Prof University, Toronto. Johnson, Rev. H. 15., D.D., Toronto. Jones, Rev. W., Prof. Ti-inity College, Toronto. Jones, Hon. T. J., Judge, Brantford. Kerr, Rev. J., Durham. Kirkland, Thomas, Prof., Toronto. Kirkpatrick, Rev. J. W., Kingston, Kirkpatrick, Hon. G. A., Speaker of the House, Ottawa. Langton, Thomas, Esq., Toronto. Langtry, Rev. John, Prof. University. I'iiS'ii'!.' i,5 'i ^^^ Lee, \V. S., Esq , Toronto. Lush, L. A., Q.O , Toronto. Lywtur, J., L.L.D,, Kingston. Mel^aren, Rev. W., Prof. Knox College, Torcrkto. McMurrich, W. Barclay, Esq , Toronto. Macdonaltl, Siv John A., Premier, Ottawa. Macilonald. Giant, Es(] . Toronto. MaGv. W. H., D.D., Toronto. Workman, Jo.seph, M. D., Toronto. Workman, J. C, Prof., Cobourg. \ Wood. Hon. S. C, Toronto. Wright, Robert R., M.A., Prof., Toronto. In thanking yon publicly for the patronage bestowed (jn my Mis('Ki-i..\NK()Us Poems, I ho^e you will kindly patronize this my lecture and encourage my efforts. I remain. '^ Yours obediently, A. A. NOBILE. iir: III t: HERE AND THERE THROUGH THE HISTORY OF ITALY. Yet, Italy ! through every other land Thy wrongs should wring, and shall, from side to side ; Mother of arts ! as once of arms ; thy hand Was then our guardian, and is still our guide, Parent of our religion, whom the wide Nations have knelt to for the keys of heaven I Europe, repentant of her parricide, Shall yet redeem thee, and, all backward driven Roll the barbarian tide, and sue to be forgiven. Byron Child's Harold, Canto IV, Stanza ^7. WAS there ever a human being who, lifting up his eyes io the skies of Italy, could deny that there is the purest serene which God's smile has brightened ? These, ladies and gentlemen, are the words of one of our greatest contemporary writers, the late F. D. Guerrazzi, and for my part I do not believe they were presumptuous words. No, all those who have travelled through this country agree in saying that it is a paradise on earth. Lying between the blue waves of the Mediterranean and the Adriatic, backed by the sovereign Alps with their dark forests and ice-covered peaks, Italj'^ is certainly majestic and great, but her predominant aspect is that 3', ;i, .it li;' ill ,1' /. !5''.''' of serene boauty. With a sky of the swoetest aznre^ with the mildoHt atmosphere, with a fertile soil, with a mantle of verdure, always fresh, covered with vine- yards and olives, myrtles and aloes, all the Italian terri- tory presents a rich and varied beauty. This scenery of Italy has been sung by the poets of every nation. Let me say in passing that I do not claim this sweet climate, and this blue heaven as an Italian virtue, but only as a gift given by the Almighty, for which we Italians ought to be grateful. It is this evening my intention and my duty to speak of something more worthy of our pride, I mean our history. I will divide this my discourse into three parts. The first, beginning with the birth of Rome, will end with the establishment of Christianity, when Italy, under the name of Rome, was the world. The second, beginning at the fall of the Roman empire will end with th<^ treaties of 1815. This is the epoch in which the Italian, like the Israelitish people, were the slaves of domestic or foreign tyrants. The third part will describe the struggle of Italy to obtain her independence. Allow me your kind attention, and excuse my bad pronunciation. Very little I will tell you about the first epoch, with which you are all familiar. Every educated man could not have done less than read and study the history of the Roman republic and empire. The cul- ture of Egypt and Greece was inherited by Rome. The Roman eagles conquered the world, and everywhere brought civilization. Travel if you like over all the old world, from the high mountains of Scotland to the burn- in^r satirls of Africa, from Spain to the Euphrates, you will sue the reinairiH of the Roman power. Thinking of, or going to Rome, the mind of every civilized man cannot but think of the famous names of Cammillus and Cincinnatus, of the Scipios and Caesars. Yes, ladies and gentlemen, when Britain, Gaul, G(!rmany, and Spain were yet sleeping in darkness and ignorance, the Roman Capi- tol resounded with the shouts of the triumphant legions, the forum resounded with the noble wordsof the tribunes and the Gracchi, and the senate, silent and attentive, listened to the orations of Cicero and Cato. The same Rome that had destroyed her rival Carthage, that had outlived the conquests of the great Alexander, that in culture and learning had surpassed ancient Egypt, arrived at the acme of her greatness, swaying her sceptre over a popula- tion of 120,000,000, by degrees lost her strength. Her conquered provinces not only rebelled themselves, but in their turn became conquerors, and with the dissappear- ance of the Roman empire begins the second period. Christianity first found an asylum in Rome. There in the first days of the church thousands of persons, convert- ed from heathenism to the religion of the cross, gave their lives in its defence. There took place a terrible struggle between heathenism and Christianity, when at last the latter seated herself on the throne of the Caisars, acquir- ing a dominion larger than theirs. But if the establish- ment of Chnstiauity in Rome gave her an unlimited moral power over the world, it destroyed also the re- mains of the Roman empire. The north came into the possession of thousands of barbarians, called Goths, 6 S' *• 111 Visigoths, Longobards, Gauls ; while tho south was more especially the pre}"- of Moors and Spaniards. In the middle of Italy sprang up thousands of little duchies and republics. It is not my intention to relate to you to-night the deeds of this epoch ; it is a very sad history. I will only say that in the midst of her intestine discords, in her feebleness and decay, lying under the iron hoof of France, Germany, or Spain, Italy remained always the seat of beauty, the land of poetry and song, the cradle of every beautiful form and divine melody. If the sons of the Romans bathed themselves in their brethren's blood, if they were ruled by ecclesiastical or civil tyrants, no one could take from her hands the sceptre of genius. In this beautiful peninsula the juris- consult expounded those principles which form the basis of the jurisprudence of all European nations. Navigators like Columbus and Amerigus added a new world to the boun- daries of the old one, and the learned discovered the trea- sures of antiquity. There sang Dante, Tasso, Ariosto and Petrarch, there Raphael, Michael Angelo, Giotto,' Leonardo, da Vinci painted with celestial colors, there Llacchiavelli and Vico speculated, and there Galileo studied beneath the open sky. To speak to you to-night of the phalanx of Italian celebrities of this second epoch would require volumes, and besides it would be impossible. From these I have selected three, of whom I shall speak a few words. I mean Dante, the father of Italian poetry, Macchiavelli, the prince of politicians, and the great Galileo. ill I J P \NTE was born at Florence in the year 1265, sixty- th.ce years before the birth of Chaucer, the morning star of English poetry. Boccaccio has left us his portraiture. " He was," said he, " of middle height, with oblong face, aquiline nose, large eyes, dark complexion, hair and beard dark and busny, his demeanor was thoughtful and sad, his bearing grave, and his manners cultivated." At the age of eighteen years he had already shown such a genius for poetry as to have gained the friendship of the most illustrious men. Though young, he was honored with one of the highest offices of the city, called priore. He was chosen to serve on no less than fourteen embassies, and sent to different places, and it is said that nothing of importance was done in Florence without con- sulting him. Having exiled from Florence the Guelphs, or partisans of the Pope, when Charles of Valois made himself master of the said city, in his turn he was banished with the other Ghibelins. Exile was not his only punishment, but he was fined 8,000 lire, and in case this sum should not be paid in a fixed time, his property was to be confiscated, and his house burned. The 10th of May, of the same year, this sentence was confirmed, with the addition that if he himself had the misfortune to fall into the hands of the government, he should perish at the stake. For nineteen long years Dante longed for his be- loved Florence without daring to approach its gates. Oh ! how hard and painful this privation seemed to the poor exile ! How much he suffered ! How often he was tortured by hunger, and tasted. — K^ 'r' ■ ; 8 Come sa di sale Lo pane altrui, e quant' h dura cosa Lo scendere e '1 salir per 1' altrui scale. '" Dante wrote much, but nothing surpassed his poem, " The Divine Comedy; or, the Visicn of Hell, Purgator}- and Paradise." Certainly among the great beauties with which this fiction is filled, in our days we are sometimes shocked at some strange sentiments, at some superstitious* ideas, at some atrocious bigotry, which we find in it. This is not the fault of the poet, but of the century in which he wrote. Without fear of being contradicted, I will add something more, — that for his epoch Dante was an advanced liberal. In this civilized century we should think it ridiculous to see innocent children regarded as infidels, and condemned to hell, only because they have not received the rite of baptism, while the perse- cutors of progress — as cruel or more cruel than Nero — were in celestial glory. Notwithstanding, his poem is sublime ; and all that he describes, horrible or ludicrous, beautiful or ugly, all seems real and true, so well does he present it to us. Dante was not only the creator of his allegory, but he created also the Italian language, which, at his epoch, existed only in a state of rudeness and im- perfection. He was the first to give it strength and beauty. • Thou wilt prove how bitter is the bread of charity, and how weary h is to wait in the ante-chambers of the great. 9 Dante loved, "vith a pure love, Beatrice Portanare, a. woman already married, and who died very young. Dante could never take her from his heart, and her image^ her memory, gave him new life. He chose her as the polar star of his destiny. With her he ascended to Paradise. I will not speak of his book " The Monarchy," a work considered by somebody as a complete Utopia, and in which he tries to prove that, according to God's will, a universal monarchy was necessary to universal peace, — and that this monarchy, by justice and divine will, was the Roman one ; declaring Rome to be the city destined by God to be the universal apostolic throne. In his exile Dante repaired to Verone, where he work- ed at his Poem, and where he was not happy. Petrarch narrates how he had a dislike to one of the courtiers who, on account of his wit and buffooneries, was the favorite. The prince Can della Scala one day asked Dante how it happened that such a fool could make himself welcome, while he, so learned and wise, could not succeed. He quickly answered, " Your highness would not be so much astonished if you would consider that friendship is pro- duced by similarity of ideas and feelings." From Verona, Dante went to Ravenna. In the year 1320 he was sent as ambassailor to Venice, but he failed in obtaining even an audience, which worried him very much. A few days after his return from this embassy, he died in his fifty-sixth year, and in the nineteenth year of exile. a I isM;, rs- « ; 10 Three years before his death he couM have returnerl to Florence, but he riglitly scorned every offer of pardon which would offend his pride and dignity. I will (juote a passage from one of his letters, " I hear," he writes " from your letters and those of my nephews and other friends that T could take advantage of the decree pro- •claimed in favor of the return of the exiles, that is, that paying a certain siun and submitting m3'^self to the cere- mony of bein^ presented, I would also be absolved and return. This proposition implies two things that seem ridiculous and ill advised to those who have spoken to me of it, in regard to which you, more wise and discreet have said nothing. Would this then be the glorious re- turn of Dante Alighieri after very nearly fifteen years of sufferings and of exile ? My innocence known to every- body deserves it? For this I shall have studied and sweated, etc." As generally happens, Florence having heard of the death of Dante repented of her cruelty, and sent to Ravenna embassy upon embassy to claim his remains Forty years afterwards Florence returned to the family the confiscated properties, and two centuries later the greatest fame and honors were granted to him who had lived with suffering and died in exile. To-day in that Italy forming one kingdom from Alps to Sicily, the memory of the Ghibelin poet is venerated more than ever, and I shall never forget the feast on oc- ' ■casion of the centenary of his birth. All the Italian cities had sent a deputation to Florence which was filled with joy and fraternal gaiety. 11 Macchiavklli was a great politician and a profound thinker. The history of* Florence written by him is one of his best books. Although dedicated to a pope, he did not hide or spare the papal folly and usurpations. He fihows how Theodosius, King of the Goth>^, by shifting his court to Ravenna, gave to the bishop of Rome the occasion to strengthen his temporal power by means of alliances with the foreigners, generating jealousies and animosity between the popes and the emperors, and origi- nating all those wars and dissensions which agitated Italy for centuries, — " So that all the wars," he says, " that here- after the foreigners had with Italy were specially caused by the popes," and many of the barbarian hordes which poured into Italy were in great part due to the intrigues and excitement of the popes, and this course of action then taken, and since pursued, has kept and still keeps Italy feeble and divided. The book " The Prince " has procured for Macchiavelli the reputation of a great in- triguer. For my part I agree completely with Lord Bacon, when he says that we owe a great deal of grati- tude to Macchiavelli for having exposed what men do, instead of telling us what they ought to do. Macchiavelli praises the scheme of the Borgia de- stroy and master the counts and princes, who were leagu- ed with him, and with whom just t^ien he had signed a treaty of friendship and peace, adopting the Jesuitical maxim that "the end justifies the mean.s." "Generally," he says, " virtue ought to be preferred to vice, but in special cases vice itself might become a virtue when as- serted in a ffood cause." It \2 In the year 18.52, when Napoleon III betrayed the re- public, then we heard the same mode of argument era- ployed by his defenders. " Yes," they say, " it would have been right and honest if he had not commi*^ted this infaTay ; but for his own sake and for sake of the country intrusted to him, he acted well in becoming a criminal and a perjurer. Macchiavelli could not avoid persecutions, and being suspected of having taken a part in a conspiracy, he was tortured ; but while his body was suffering — not a moan not a single word escaped his lips. He ended his days poor and neglected. Galileo was born at Pisa on the 15th of February, 15C4. He was not a poet nor a statesman, but a thinker and a learned man. He began his career at Padua, where, if he did not invent, he perfected the compass, the tele- scope, and the microscope. He discovered the satellites of Jupiter, and gave them the name of" Medicean stars." Ferdinand, Grand Duke of Tuscan}'', offered him a chair in the University of Pisa, with leave to sojourn in Flor- ence, and with no obligation of lecturing. In his first visit to Rome he made a new discovery, which appeared very extraordinary, — namely, the dark spots of the sun. In the year 1620 Galileo finished his great work, " Dia- logues on the Ptoloraaic and Copernican System." In the year 1624 Galileo returned to Rome to compliment tho new Pope, Urban VIII, on the occasion of his eleva- tion to the Papal Throne. His sojourn in the above mentioned city was not prolonged beyond two months, and in this lapse of time he had six long and satisfactory ,!■■!' 13 audiences with the Pope, receiving, at his departure, many presents and the promise of a pension for his son. In 1G32 the aforesaid book was published, accompanied by a dedication to Ferdinand Medici. In this work he explains and proves, with the clearest demonstrations, the movement of the earth. The clergy and Pope Urban VIII who had already adopted the system of Ptolomy, and who fancied they ought to stand or fall with it, could not bear the independent mind of Galileo ; and after much hesita- tion not to offend the Grand Duke, Galileo's protector, the book was finally condemned, and the writer summon- ed to the Roman court. He arrived in Rome on the six- teenth February, 1C33, and Cardinal Barberini, one of his friends- and aduiirers, advised him to remain continually in the house of Niccolini, Tuscany's ambassador, refusing all visits, even those of his dearest friends. When the time came to be examined, he was lodged in the apart- ment of the treasury of the Inquisition, and if for a while we ponder on the habits of this infamous tribunal, we must confess that he was treated with unusual leniency. His proud spirit, nevertheless, was bent by the threats of dreadful anathemas. On the 20th June, four months after his arrival in Rome, he was again brought to the holy office, and the following day, dressed as a penitent, with only his shirt on, he was accompanied to the convent of Minerva, where the prelates and cardinals were as- sembled to pronounce his sentence ; and after having kneeled, he recanted the principles he had taught, say- ing in a subdued voice, " and yet it moves." Four days after this recantation he was releart.ed from prison and n\i\: 14 '/ < rl returned to his villa in Arcetri. Taken ill, he asked per- mission to go to Florence to consult sorxie renowned doctors, but his petition was refused. A few years after the in- quisitor Fariano wrote to him that Uus Jt*ope would allow him to go to Florence, provided he would never go in the streets, nor receive his friends, and this order was carried out so severely that even in Passion Week he had to ask for a special permission tc go to Ma«ss. A few years afterwards he became blind, and in the year 16*2, he died at the age of 78 years, in the arms of Yiviani his loved pupil. Galileo was broad shouldered, well proportioned, and of little more than the ordinary height ; his complexion was beautiful and ruddy, his eyes lively, and his hair reddish. He was very fond of society, and his gentle and kind manners had made him welcome amongst all those who were acquainted with him. Having died a prisoner of the Inquisition, the Pope contested his right tc make a will, and for this same reason he was buried in a dark corner of Santa Croce, although a large amount of money had been collected to raise him a monument. Here,, ladies and reutlemcn, before entering into the third part of m^ lecf^re, I shall make OLdy two bhort observations. The first is that, from what I have already said, you will have observed that these three geniuses of Italy had to suffer from the real enemies of all progress. Unhappily they were not alone, but they had a thousand companions martyrs to science and progressive ideas. The second observation is that, although they died 15 poor, to-day in the Church of Santa Croce, in Florence, anyone can see the splendid monuments erected to their memories. Late justice, you will say; yes, late, but better late than never, and then this observation ought to encourage us to do all we can for the moral and social progress of humanity. I have now arrived at my third period. The three kingdoms of England, Ireland and Scotland had formed only one government. The iron hand of Richelieu had joined into one France the different kingdoms of Brittany . Picarily, Provence, etc. The French conqueror emulous o-f Alexaiider and C'sesar, after having sacrificed thousands of victims, after having disturbed the peace of all the poweis for the second time was defeated at Waterloo. The nations which had formed the Holy Alliance had in con- ference signed the treaty of 1815. Those diplomatists^ t^iose gentlemen, without con'julting the will of the people had inter-changed millions of subjects. Au.stria had taken two of the richest Italian Provinces, Lombardy and Venice. The wife of the fallen Caesar was destined to rule the little duchy of Parma. In this way Italy was divided into nine different principalities. Besides the insignificant but happy republic of San Marino there were in Italy eight petty tyrants joined together to- oppose the people and to take away from them what they could. A great desire to see their country free» united and powerful began to work amongst the Italians. All the well educated and clever men were of thisopinion> but the means of arriving at this union and independence- were completely different. The greatest part expected 16 everything from their own governments. The Italian poets 1'"'^+. on exciting the people to hatred of the forei , and to unite their force against their op- pressors. Niccolini, Pellico, Berchet, Giusti, Gioberti and Cavour, Mazzini and Garibaldi, although of ditiereut opinions, had dedicated their lives to the deliverence of their country. This is the epoch over which I like to linger, because it reminds me of the accomplishment of our hopes. The eight little despots were entirely masters of the situation, when a man with the watchword "God and the people," put himself at the head of a persistent move- ment. Let the political or religious adversaries of Mazzini say what they like, it is my tirm opinion that if we have now a United Italy, the greatest honour is due to Joseph Mazzini. This man at the age of two-and-twenty years was arrested under suspicion of being one of the Car- •bonari, by order of Charles Albert, who himself had been a chief of this society, and after having remained for six months in the fortress of Savona, without trial, was con- demned to perpetual exile, being granted as a special grace, the favour of a three hours' interview with his mother before leaving the country. He went to Mar- seilles, where, perceiving the defects of Carhonarismo^ namely, that it was not tit to educate and organize for the very simple reason that it had neither unity, nor principles, nor creed, nor faith, nor watchword, he found a new patriotic secret society, called " Young Italy," and in •order to propagate and strengthen it, he began the publi- cation of a new weekly paper, the organ of his party, and 17 bearing the samp name. In the columna of this nowa- papor he nhowed so great talents and such profound knowledge of the necessities of his country, that irre- sistibly he attracted to his ideas the best of the youth, who recojrnized soon in him their chief. Several revolutionary movements, attempted by the followers of Mazzini, took place, but being unassisted, of course they were always repulsed. Everywhere the leaders were sentenced to death, and imprisonment in fortresses. Those who were put to death ascended the scaffold courageously, and died with the words of " Italia Una " on their lips. The cause of Italian independence, like the cause of the first Christians, acquired strength. For every new martyr, a hundred courageous proselytes presented themselves- In the year 1848 a great movement took place all over Europe. People asked for reforms. The French throne fell, and instead of it the Republic was proclaimed. Who fought the famous " five days " of the Milanese revolu- tion? Did not the men belonging to the societyof Young Italy ? Without arms they exposed their lives, they fought, and they expelled from the walls of the city a powerful army. From north to south Italians asked for reforms. The king of Piedmont gave a constitution, and was imitated by the Grand Duke of Tuscany and tlie kin^< of the Two Sicilies. All joined with the Pope in decla? ing war against Austria, the common foe. The en- thusiasm was general. I was then at college in Pisa, and I cannot forget the joy with which a companion of mine, B f^.; ^ If t I t ■ m lill 1« who was rlepartincr with the hnttnlion of the Rtndents, camo to bill niu goo.M\i 25 ; wonders— Custoza and Lissa, At the end of the war, after the' defeat at Sadowa, Italy obtained Venice and the Quadri- latero. We have seen that the possession of Rome was the aim of the Italians, and how France would not allow Italy to occupy that city, and how Italy, either from fear of war or through gratitude, was obedient to the former. But it was written in the eternal pages of destiny that France indirectly should surrender Rome, in spite of the famous jamais (never) of Rouher. When least expectf J, discord, for a very trifle, kindled a flame between Prussia and France. By both of these governments Italy was urged to form an iiiance, but she- preferred to be neutral and to mind her own affairs. The French troops destined for the Pope's protection were re- called from Rome. Alas ! what will be the fate of the Infallable left alone in the midst of a wicked excommu- nicated nation ? Ladies and gentlemen, the glorious de- fenders, the papal zouaves, together with the affection and love of his subjects, will be enough to defend him. Yes, if this love and this aff''iCtion had truly existed, Rome perhaps might have been defended ; unhappily for him, and happily for us, this great love for the murderer of Monti and Tognetti existed only in the brain of a few of his flatterers and supporters. The Italian army took possession of the holy citv with very little bloodshed, and since this epoch the Pope is a poor prisoner on straw in his beautiful Vatican, in the hand of ttie sacrilegious Italian, as safe and well as he was before. Here, ladiea and gentlemen, ends the struggle between independence !'■ i 11: m\-' ■' • li ij- ■ 2G and slavery, and finally Italy has proclaimed her ricli^'^ to sit at the councils of the nations. To-day she has ivil and religious freedom, and is no more as Dante said, — " Non donna di provincie, ma bordello " To-day, Italy is a land of life and energy, and knows well how to progress. I am happy to speak before a people who have usually shown great .sympathy for our country. What will be the destiny of this nation ? It is in the hands of God; and none can tear otf the veil which hides it. We have reason to believe it will be great. The king, Victor Emmanuel, is beloved ;''* and a liberal constitution gives the means of diminishing the very large public debt and of improving the education of the people. With economy, Italy will succeed in abolish- ing many rather heavy taxes. Being peninsular, for her defence she only needs a strong fleet and naval fortresses. An army of 200,000 in the north will be enough to defend her in case of war. * It is not without reason that at the beginnitig of my lecture I quoted a stanza of the immortal Byron. Cer- tainly when he wrote — Europe repentant of her parricide, Shall yet redeem thee. He only intended to express a wish ; this wish at the same time has proved a prophecy. England, Erance, * Since the time of my lecture the faithful king, Victor Emmanuel, has gone to receive the recompense clue lo his virtues. His son Humbert the First is also loved, and successor to the throne, is also the successor ot liU /((ther's love for Italy, • 27 Prussia have all given their moral or material support to Italian independence. Yes, Italy now is redeemed, the noble wish of Byron has been satisfied. Let me also to- night express from the depth of my heart a wish which I hope will be shared by all present. May Italy, so long the seat of religious persecu- tions, which once desolated the earth, under a free govern- ment create a new people whose glory shall be the gospel stripped of all superstitions, a people whose liberty shall give birth to equality and tolerance of every form of worship. Let us wish that my countrymen will try especially to educate themselves, so that everyone may vote* and know how to vote. Then the sons of Italy again raising their heads, and with the tri-color floating over them, march proudly onward in the consciousness of their own and their ancestor's glory, shouting aloud like them Civis Italicus sum. * This wish has also been in part fulfilled. Although not as extensive as I would have it, a new electoral law has given a vote to many more thous- and persons. This law I hope will be extended as soon, as the people will ihave improved in education and learning. MANZOiNI AND R/ITTAZZI. AN ADDRESS DFTJVERED BY STOyOT? A. A. NOBILE, ON THE laTH OF JULY, 1873. Ladies and Gentlemen, The inexorable scythe of time, at little distance from one another, has cut down two illustrious lives. Two men whose renown will last as long as the world, left the earth and took their flight toward the sublime regions, appointed for those who have made themselves useful to their fatherland. 'Alexander Manzoni and Urbano Rattazzi are no more. The cultivated, learned and great poet, with the lawyer and -'oqnent orator, have departed, leaving every true Italian si ' and doleful for their loss. Having the honour to present myself to you, it has been suggested to me to say a few words about those men of genius, — both dear to our Italy, but in a different way. I accepted the charge, but how do I feel now the burden of this under- taking. Where shall I find in my meagre knowledge 30 >n language sufficient to set forth the virtues and merits of our contemporaries ? With what courage sliall I, new to the platform of the lecturer, dare to narrate to you their actions ? I tremble at this responsibility, especially on account of the shortness of the time assigned to me ; but it is a sweet comfort to know that you all, ladies and gentlemen, assembled here, will show yourselves indul- gent ; and giving me credit for my good intentions, will hear what I have to say with that gentleness and kind- ness which always formed and now forms a part of your character. Alexander Manzoni was born in Milano. His life offers to the biographer very few romantic incidents- While young he was attracted toward the ideas of Voltaire* but his sympathy for them did not last long, and soon he became an ardent and sincere follower of the Catholic faith. It is the opinion of many that to be liberal entails the consequence of being an anti-catholic — Alexander Manzoni was a proof to the contrary. Who would deny to the illustrious writer the qualification of an Italian liberal citizen ? In reading his works, in going over his pages do we not find everywhere clear and manifest hatred of foreign invasion, pain at the chains with which Italy wa- fettered, and hope to see his country one, great and religious ? If religion inspired Manzoni with the hymns of the Passion, Pentecost and Christmas, his lively love of the fatherland inspired him also with the ode to Theodore Koemer and with the chorus of Carmaomola ! Who amongst us has not read at some time the Betrothed? How do we not tremble with rage in considering the 81 arrogance of Rodrigiis and the Innomlnato, backed by the hravi, in that unlmppy epoch of civil di.s.sensions ? Who of you does not feel sad and moved at the mis- fortunes suffiM-ed by the two lovers Lucia and Memo ? Aie not the two characters of Father Christopher and Cardinal Borromeo a beautiful lesson and a silent re- proach to the Italian clerg^y ? What sensible man would dare to speak evil, or to curse a religion whose ministers were like the above-named, full of zeal, chanty, love to- wards their neighbors, and self-denial ? Yes, ladies and gentlemen, it was Manzi.ni's belief, and it is also mine that one can be a good citizen, remaining at the same time a good catholic. Manzoni knew how to be one, and when ho saw that the Italian priest, forgetting his father- land, made liimself an obstinate supporter of slavery and ridiculous dogmas so far from the true ideal of Catho- licism, he forsook the church, and scorning the excom- munications of the Vatican, followed bis king to Rome. He remained a good catholic at heart and in his actions, but left the iniquitous and false who, with their deeds^ made hateful to the people a religion founded on charity^ love and forgiveness. . Some will be astonished that Ma z.)ni, even after the famous five days of Milano, could remain in that city without being molested by the tyranny of the victorious oppressors. Gentlemen, Manzoni who by his writings has contiibuted t , the freedom of Italy, was never a conspira- tor, and kept himself aloof from the militant politic, and neither Giulay nor Radctsky could have dared to molest a man eminently honest and patriotic. Virtue is respect- I 82 1 •ed even by its enemies. What can I aay of the works of this great writer ? Besides those already mentioned 1 will cite the Adelchi, the- Carmagnola of which, by-and- by, I rttmll recite the chorus. Nor shall I forget the ode •of the 5th of May, in praise of him who had reached, if not surpassed, the renown of Ctosar and Alexander, I mean the great Napoleon — dead at St. Helena. Was it true glory ? Sublime question, which the future will answer, when, as B«;rchet said, Sopra il lutto espiato dai lutti, II perdouo e 1' obblio correr^.* When the progress shall have abolished war, scourge of the world, ruin of the nations, and shall have joined the people in one tie of brotherly friendship. Utopia, some- body will answer, Utopia, let io be, but a sweet and con- soling Utopia. In his last words Manzoni summed up the motivQ of all his life. " Pray," he said, " for the king and his family, so good to us." Manzoni, at the age of eighty 3'ears, thou didst die, — it was necessary to pay thy tributes to :^.^,ture, as a mortal thou couldst not avoid it,— but doubt thou not. Neither "The 5th of May" nor the other sublime works of thy ooble mind shall die. They will live eternally to remind thy countrymen of thy revered name. Inasmuch as the death of Manzoni had been a little misfortune to Italy, on the 7th of June, at a distance only *The poet means to say tliat a genernl peace could only be possible aftir ■the shedding of ntuch blood sbouJd have washed away the crimes pro