IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 1.1 1.25 iso "^" iini^H ■^ lii |2.2 tut IIIIM 1^ =y= <> v^ <^ /^ >^^ Photographic Sdences Corpordtioii 3 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 iV iV ^ ^^ <> ■^ CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which mav be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. D D D D Coloured covers/ Couverture de couleur I I Covers damaged/ Couverture endommagde Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restaurde et/ou pelliculde Cover title missing/ Le titre de couverture manque Coloured maps/ Cartes g^ographiques en couleur Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur D Bound with other material/ Reli6 avec d'autres documents Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin/ Lareliure serr^e peut causer de rombr<^ ou de la distortion le long de la marge int6rieure Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omif d from filming/ II se peut que Cwrtaines pages blanches ajout^es lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela 6tait possible, ces pages n'ont pas dt6 filmdes. Additional comments:/ Commentaires suppldmentaires; L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a 6t6 possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-dtre uniques du point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la mdthode normale de filmage sont indiquds ci-dessous. I I Coloured pages/ D D D D Pages de couleur Pages damaged/ Pages endommagdes Pages restored and/or laminated/ Pages restaur6es et/ou pellicul6es Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ Pages ddcolor^es, tachet^es ou piqu6es Pages detached/ Pages ddtach^es Showthrough/ Transparence I I Quality of print varies/ Quality indgale de I'impressior Includes supplementary material/ Comprend du materiel suppldmentaire Only edition available/ Seule Edition disponible Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image/ Les pages totalement ou partiellement nbscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, etc., ont 6t6 fiimdes i nouveau de fapon d obtenir la meilleure image possible. This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est filmd au taux de reduction indiqu6 ci-dessous. 10X 14X 18X 22X n. y 12X 16X 20X 26X 30X 24X 28X 32X The copy filmed here he* been reproduced thenks to the generosity of: Library Division Provincial Archives of British Columbia L'exempleire filmi fut reproduit grAce A la gAnArositA de: Library Division Provincial Archives of British Columbia The images appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. Les images suivi>ntes ont At* reproduites avac le plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition at de la nettetA de I'exemplaire filmA, et en conformitA avec les conditions du contrat de filmage. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en papier est imprimAe sont filmAs en commen9ant par le premier plat et en terminant ^oit par la derniAre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second plat, salon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont filmAs en commenpant par la premiAre p^ige qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la derniAre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol —^' (meaning "CON- TINUED "), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la derniAre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols —^ signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbols V signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre filmAs A des taux de rAduction diff Aronts. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul clichA, il est filmA A partir de Tangle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images nAcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 • J THE A.MKIUCAX ARCTIC SAVA(iE. liV l-KKDKHliK S( IIWATKA. KIRTIX(} the riui of tlit'^'fciit Arctic ( )cc;m with its iii'cii iil)()iit ('([U;ll to tllMt, of tilt' United Stiitcs, iii'(> to bo found st'vci'iil sav- jiji'c coiMiiiiiiiitics (iif- fci'inii' ill racial, ti'ihai and otlior otlino.u'i'apliic clcnicnts ; and to d<'s('i'il)(' those wliich are conlincd to l\n-. American continent, or tlie .\ineri- caii Arctic savaji'e. is tla^ ol)ject of tliis ai'ticle. Wliiic Lai)land and Siberia ^ivti a iiunil)er of ditt'erent tril)es liaviny" no conunon lanoua polar jtai'ts of these rivers, the Eskimo extends a hun- dred miles beyond the Arctic ciirle into the temperate zone. In fact lu) savayo race in the world, or within historic times, has s])rea Atlantic to the I'aciiic ( )cean. and facinj:' both thos(! {Treat bodies of water, is in- sicean. the Ami'rican side of IJ.Tiny's Sea and the I'aciiic ()cean to alioiit tiic mouth of the Copper IJiver of .\laska-- from the St. Lawrence to St. Elias. Politically the Eskimo mo. umlei' foin* Hays of ci\ili/ed ])owers, those of (ireen- land owiny Danish alleyi;ince, the Brit- ish cross of St. (ieoi'u'e beiny over all to Alaska, when? our own stars and stripes occasionally yi'eet, their siylit, while a very few that have found a foothold on tin; nearest Asian shores are under lh(^ yreat White (V.ai-. Y<'t with this vast longitudinal stretch of countrv encom- passed, 1 doul)t if all the Eskimo of Ami'rica would outnund)er many f>f our western Indian tribes which (ind their homes within much narrower limits of territory. Why human beinys have beim found living in this lone land of desolation has {riven I'ise to no little theoriziuii' and speculation, the bulk of which seems to be that they are cruelly forced to abide her*! by tlu^ supposed {i'reatt'r sti'en{>'th of the sava<;'es to the south of them, .My own ideas are with the "• respectable minority " which believes that tlu'y are found in these reiiions for the same reasons that we lind the reinde<>r. the musk-ox, and th(> walrus; that is, it suits their ])eciiliar temperament and disposition better than any other cli- mate or condition possibly could, and they are no more forced into the fi'i{'i(l zone by other sav.iyes than the ani- mals named are held there l)y the ante- lope, buH'aio. or caribou of lower lati- tudes. When they are taken from their HyperI)orean home they ai" as restless to returi: as the castaways in their own land iu'e to {■••t liack to civilizjition. and singular enou{ih, despite all their desolate surroundings, they are the most ha|);)y and contented race. sava{i'e or civiliztM. in the four corners of theeai-th : althou{ili it is the coldest corner. The tale told by Captain Hall of the deep lonjiinii' of the sick and sinkin{r Eskimo. Kudla{''o. to see his land of ice and snow before he I.1J TUh: AMFJUCAN ARCTIC SAVACK THE GEOiiitA TirrAi, DrsTinnrrioN op the Eskimo peoi'le. (This limp, at Uif ln-st. can only ulaiiii tn Iw aiiin'cixiinati'ly tnif. owin^^ to tlic iioiiiaili'.- cliai'ai'tcr of many of till' trilii's, the migration of tli<^ animals on wlilcli tlii'V snlisist. ami otht'i' causes. Were all llie |ilace's M'.Mi'kecl u here (lid KsUliMo ruins liavc lieen I'omiil. it wonM cover nearly all the ni'cat Arctic Archi|)elaKi> anil exiiMiil the other coasi -line limits cnnsiilei-alily. Their sea-coast. nhiiliiiK character is well sliovn in folliiwinK their haliilal. although a very lew trilies live inland aial seldom visit the sea. It slmnld lie luited also that .some lew hybrid types nf the lOskimo race are found on tlie Asiatic coast of Ik'rinjr's Sea. — The Ai'thoh. i (lied, iiiid liis joy (in IxMiio; cMi'i'icd to tlic deck of till* Ai'''tic'-l)()iiii(l sliip wlicn (lie fii'st icobcry was sifj'lited. is its ])iitlit'ti(; as any cvci- told of tlie rctni'ii of Airtic i'('fii,o('i>s to tlieir land of ilowt'i's jiiid foi- (>sts: and cleai'ly shows that ])atfiotisin and Jovo of home is (•ii'c'nnisci'ii)od hy no pai'iillt'ls of latitude nor intlneiiced by cliinatic oonditioiis. Whei'ever the In- diiins and Eskimo litivo come in contiict in iiii ii<>'ofrossivo wtiy, the iiofth'rn nomads liave steadily pushed back their copper-colored neio'lil)oi's. iind the only ])laces where they — tln^ Eskimo — have ])enetratod far inland to reside, is aloiiy the Yukon and Konslcotpiim Kivers of Alaska. Here they liave ell)o\ved out the Indian for some hundreds of miles, iiiid Iind a luxuriant livino'on tlu? swarm- ino> lisheries of these streams. It lias been nrg-ed by some scientists, with no siiuill deo-reeof ino'enious I'eason- in;^' thtit th(> pi'ehistoric cavemen of Eu- rope were tln^ ])rosi'enitors of the present widely dispersed Eskimo race. At that time much of Europe wtis oversjiread by ;i liuoe sheet of ice (the orlaciiil eixtcli of j;eol() Eu- I'opean cavemen; one eno:ra\ino- on a reindeer horn of the prehistoric mam- moth excitiny ti deep interest as showino- that thiit hno(' animal w;is cont(mi])or- aiieous with man before history wtis be- oun. excejjt by such friijiinenttiry links as this very enyravino- recorded. While the Eskimo undoubtedly are a short-stiitui'ed and snuill race of ])eoj)le, a two years" i-esidence with them on the Atlantic side and ti summer's ('xjiorience amono- them on the Paci lie coast has con- vinced me that they are not of sudi a Ijyfj'my {frowtii as ])opular belief ])ictures them: and this has been spoken of befoi-e by some who have had extended I'ontact with them. One tribe I saw, in fact, r:* TUI-: AMFAilCAX MU'TIC S.WWdK. 455 lie as mo ur<'. in- t'ii" ivc Cu- ii lin- ing- M)!'- iiks >1> (^ ii tlic ■ou- ■h il ures fore tact tact, II r< scciiicd ti) iiK- to avcraji'c well with, if not sui'pMss, tilt' t'aiicasiaii race, at li'ast in wt'ijilit. They wci't^ located in and ai'ound llic inoulli of I>ack"s (ircat Fisli River, livinji' «>ir se.ls that there abound, and I'roni wliicli diet they <;'et their tril)al iiainc — tlio Xotscliillidv, or seal-eaters. Tliose of the west coast of (treenland, from thi'ir accessil)iiity totraveh-rs, liave been described the most, undbeinn' l)eh)\v even tiic averaj^e liei^'lit of tlie Eskimo as a whoh' race, our jreneral notions have been (h-rived too nuich from this source. The I'^skimo of Ahtska, or such as I saw of tliem, are lai'irer fraiiu'd tluiii tiioseof Ilud.son's ]3ay. Hudson's Strait or (Ireeu- land. and yet I do r.ot think they will compare in this particular with the inter- mediate Netschilluk. Altboujjh the Eskimo ai-e smaller than the white races. I think tiu-y will com])aro very favoriibly with them in bodily strength, which means, of coui-se. for c(iual weig'hts they are more muscu- lar. When retui'iiiuff from my sledand in the p'ood muscular coiulition result- in'hed but 20 ur 2") ])ounds over half as nnudi. This was evidenced by our respect- ive handlings of the loaded sledye in "ti^ht pinches." and yivinj'' full al- lowance to him for {i'reater experi- ence in such maltei's, and anqdy acknowledji'intT' that many assumed feats of strenji'th havo more of dex- terity ami ])ractico in them than that which they art; claimed (o prove. AVlu'U we started i,\\ our northern trip Toolooah's sledj^e had a weijiht of over I5.IMM) ])ounds on it, hauled by nineteen line doys, and Avhen he was at its head, with a tiyht {i'ri]) in the seal-thonjif lash- injrs. ho would r<'adily sway the head of the vehicle back wai'ds and forwards as it went over snow whei-e occasional i)ro- jectinji^ stones made it dan^'erous for the sho(;-runn«'rs unless ([uickly and })ron\pt ly avoided by {jood {juidance. I nuist say that ho Avas about the averajjio in strength of his own race. Their constant out-door life, winter and summei-. doing the hardest work in the healthiest of climates, is ))robalily stillicient to accoui.t for their great muscular deveio|)ment. Their universal clolhing is made from the skin of the reindeer, wliicii animal is fortunately abundant in their land, as a usual tiling, for its peculiar fur is un- doubtedly the warmest in the world for the same amount of weight. Tliei'(> are often many variations in the trimmings mad(i of other furs, as that of the polar l)ear, musk ox. Arctic fox, wolverine, or even tiH> downy bi'easts of the eider- duck, dovekie, or auk, and in some in- stances they rejUact? the r(>indeer fur largely; but among the bands of central Eskimo, wliere the most of my northern travels Averi^ cast, the i-eindeer was the only fur used to warm them as cover- ing day or night, for it was equally used as bedding or clothing, while the tleshof the animal gave them their most delicious meat. Their ]»alales ai-e not very exacting, however, and I doubt if ■/• * -?<-•-=■• ifH--tf :^:-'' KSKIMi) HKAI). one-third the reindeer that are now slain would be killed wert> meat the only ob- ject in view, and nottlie clothing, with- out which tbeii' country would b(> almost nninha])itable. and with which they can spend the winter far moi-e comfortably than can the savages of so-called temper- ate regions withth<'irdelicientai)i)liances. It is about e((ualiy diilicult for the Eskimo hunter to secure a walrus or a reindeer, and as the former will give about a ton of meat, and the latter only about one-tenth as much, it is clear why the walrus would be selected if only the meat ami its palatability were concerned. ir,3ti74 4.*)i; Tin-: AMJmiCAX ARCTIC SAVA(jlh\ Tilt' wiili'us t'oniis tln^ ))i'iii<'i))iil food (if till' MsUiiiio riirc wlici'cvt'i' it is fomid, imd it is so yciicfiiily disli'ihiiti'd over tli(! Ai'(!- tic ])iirt of llio North Aiin'ricnu coiitiiiciit tliat it. im(loiil)t»'dly iiiaki'S up tli<> l)iili< of sustcuitiH'o for llic whole race, with lilt' vari- ous seals fol- lowing,'' closely liKlNllKKU COAT (pK KSKIMO WdMAN. behind, and liotli these kind of meats am- ply sui)i)lemented liy salmon, cod, whale, musk-oxen, reindeer and polar hear, with an occasional tribe lu're and thei-e ])i'e- ])()nderalin<>' in some of these latter foods over the walrus and seal. The walrus will not live whei'e it is so cokl that all tin' water channels are frozen ovei- in the winter, as \\o cannot cut ii breatli- in suit of reindeer clothes when in the house, while tln^ reindeei- hunters S(>ldom had a teniperatnrt; even a little above that of the atmos- phere outside, and often remained double clothed as if in the open. Their homes were cold and cheerless in the e.\tr(Mne. but they had ])owei's of resisting it that seemed phenomenal and far beyond human endurance as w(^ have found it limited in our own zone. I have known one of tln'se cold-weaiher cava- liei's to tiike a reindeer hide that had been soaking in the water, and that was frozen as stiff as a ])lat(i of l)oiler- iron, and ])ut it as>ainst his l)ar(> body, holding it there, not only niitil it w.as thawed out, but nntil it was ])erfectly dry. The skin was to be used as a drum-head for singing and dancing ex- ercises, and had to be dry and hairless to answer that purpose, the .soaking rid- ding it of the hair, while ther(Mvereai)j)ar- eiitly no other means of di-ying it tlian the heroic method adopted. From the large number of reindeer killed by th(>se Eskimo they are abundantly supplied with skins for bedding and clothing, and in the making up of these necessaries they have displayed so much tact and talent with the limited means at hand that they are the best dressed natives in the North. From one of their fancy dis- TlIK A.VhIi'K'AX AliC'llC SAVAdl-:. ir.r ])lfiys on I'crliiiii j^'iirmciils— the Ixinl tops — tliry ;;t't tlK'ii- tlistiiictivi' trilntl iiiiiiii', till' Kiiin('])('toos, As 1 liiivr iilrcady liiiitcd. the wiiilfi- liotiscs of tlicsc ccntriil KsUiiiio iiri' huilt of snow, and I tliink from a two ycai's life in tlicni that they arc licaltliicf and more t'oinfoi'tal)lt' tlian any of wood, whicli nuist 1m' prcnliarly constructed and ycnci-ally void of ])ropcv ventilation to witlistand sucli a riji'oi'ous winter. In some of tin; portions of territory cov- ered by tliis wiiUdy distributed race tindter is found, as alonj; tht^ Yukon and l\ousi stone lamp, is slowly converted into ice. antl then the snow-h(»use becomes chilly and uncomfortable, and is al)andoned for a new one tliat it takes the Eskimo builder but two or three hours to make. The teni])orary /f//oo.s are l)Ut mere kennels, where one can hardly turn around without scraping the snow otV wers of lal and •e have I have r cava- at had ul that boiler- body, it was MM'fectly d as a ■intr «'X- bi'.irless in('i'iriiiiu'iit oiii's ot'- tt'ii lii\v(! two, three. <>!• four siiow-liouses f;i'oui)»Ml ai'ouiiil Jind eiiiiityiiij: into :i siiifjle one, which mi^i'lit he ciiiled the liiill. Tile liiiil in'ojxM-. how - evei". of every snow-liouse is iisiiiilly a low i)assa<;e-way of ii\ o to twenty feet in h'njitli. tlirouyli -wliieli a ])ei'son lias to ei'awl on liis liands and knees, and wliicli is eliielly useful in exchulin):;' the intensely cold winds outside, and as a I'efuiie for tlir that used the shore ice of the sea until July 24th. when it hroke up. In the early ]»ai't of Sep- temher. the first snows aji'ain allowed us to resume .sle(l;i-in<.''. McC'lintock reported that the sea-ice near this ])oint broke; up with hiin as late as Auffusfc Idth, and the natives told in(> that occasionally it hap- jM-ned that the ice did not hi'eak iij) at all, so that sledgrinj; could have been here the whole year. Tin; no- our )ut their le rein- The.se ESKIMO SI.KIHiK AND TEAM. FliKDhlx'lCK III. OF t; /.UMAX v. I.M» lien I WHS 1ST'.), wf the laml , used tilt' J4th. '.vliou ,1't of St-p- fillowpd us ■k v'.'piu'lcil t broUo up til. ami tlu' [illy it luip- I'fiik wv "* havo boon yoar. Tho t'niiuiu- rvs. Those ■*•'■ ■■ li'iiiiii'd animals ai'o cunliiii'il wliully to tlir ,\r<'ti(' royioiis of flio cjistorri ('((iiti- iifiit, llio wild varii'ty ainiic bcin;:' iiisi(loi'iil)lodivi'rsity tiiroii^'li out all Kskiino land in oven mu-Ii siiiipl*> iimltors as a doji'toain and slcdyc would iippoar to 1)0, III tlio tar nortliwcst tlio iiit'tliod oiiiployod is to liiivo tlu' doys in (»ii(!ortwo linos liann'sscd to a doiihlc^ lra«M' on oitlior side, or to a sinylc trace Itctwoon tho two lines. In (ireenlaiid they radiate! outwards like a Ian. ouch dojf liaviny liis own trace ineetinj^at the sledji^o. while amoiiy tho central Kski- inn. where most of my travels were cast, the same yoneral arriin<;oinont is luaintainod. hut tho traces lu-e (d' uneiiual lenyth, the loiijicst one helonyiny to an unusually welltrainod and intolliyfiit sun: Nor "William, whoso Sedan aroused the earth. "Was hero, coii((uoror like the kin;; whose worth And woe subdiu'd the world beside his bier. Serene he walked with death through yoar and yoar Slow-measured; hearing tortures deeps in dearth Of hope— tho faithful, steadfast, lofty soul: Ah. chant no dir^e for him. but joyful ]tean ! While Baltic laves its borders. Rhine doth roll. No truer life will seek the em])yrean Than his whose fame nor realm nor a^^e can span — The manliest Emperor, the imperial man! Etbia Deem Proctor. Jf^^^