LETTEES FEOM AEEOAD, WITirf HINTS TO EMIGRANTS rROCEEDlNG TO THE /eW DOMOION OF CANADA, f BY THE EEV. A. STYLEMAN HEEBINa ' ■ "J . ^ INCUMBENT OP ST. PAUL's, CLEEKENWELL, LONDON, (lately EETUKNED from CANADA.) FIRST ISSUE MAY, 1871.* Trice 2d. JBy post 2\A. LONDON : S. W. PABTRIDGE & CO., 9, PATEENOSTER EOW. ^k' ■i LETTERS FEOM ABEOAD, WITH HINTS TO EMIGRANTS PROCEEDING TO THE KEW DOMINION OF CANADA. BT THE EEV. A. STYLEMAN HEEEING, INCUMBENT OP ST. PAUL'S, CLERKENWELL, LONDON, (lately RETmNED FROM CANADA,) FIRST ISSUE MAY, 1871. LONDON : S. W, PAETEIDGE & CO., 9, PATEENOSTEE EOW. INTRODUCTION. My Lokds, Ladies, and Gentlemen, The object of this little book is to elicite help to assist the poor and unemployed to join their rela- tives and friends, whom benevolent people helped out, and whose letters now record what the Lord hath done for them. If the perusal of these simple " annals of the poor " should stir the hearts of any to help their poorer brethren, the object of this work will be crowned with success. I can answer for the genuineness of all herein contained, and praying God to bless this most efficient and permanent labour of love. I remain. Yours sincerely, A. Styleman HEKRINa. London, May 31^^, 1871. LETTERS FEOM EMIGEANTS. The following letter is from the wife of a carpenter, who went with the party of 170, per steamship Peruvian, whom the Eev. Mr. Herring, through the Clerkenwell Emigration Club, assisted to proceed with him to Canada, in August, 1870. It gives a good description of a voyage across the Atlantic, &c. They are now doing remarkably well, she keeping school and he at his trade : — 29th August, 1870, Westminster, London, Canada, West. We arrived in Liverpool at 4 o'clock on Thursday morning, very tired ; all was confusion with the luggage. The women and children were taken in vans to the har- bour, and there we waited until we received our beds, cans, plates, knives and forks. The men walked. We saw the ship alongside, a splendid 400 feet long— and eight life boats round her— 116 in the crew, 700 on board, cost £75,000 to build her, and burns fifty tons of coal a day. We had a kind Christian Captain, and Mr. Herring LETTERS FROM EMIGRANTS. was very kind, About six in the morninp: a steam tug took us to the vessel ; a good breakfast was soon ready for us — hot rolls and butter — which we veiy much en- joyed. It was a beautiful morning. We started at 4 o'clock on Thursday afternoon. I did not like the look of my sleeping place when I got in ; I could not sleep at all ; it was like a small box, and some sleep above you ; dreadful hot, could scarcely breathe. I did not retire until past 12 p.m.; was very tired, not having been in bed the previous night. John slept the other end of the ship. 5th August — Eose up 5 a.m. ; the morning very beauti- ful ; nothing particular occurred ; that day started from Londonderry ; after that sea-sickness began. 6th — Weather rather ough, the ship rocking very much ; sickness very bad ; such a scene you never did see. John is running about the deck with, medicine, his great coat on he looks like a quack, but the doctor is beginning to feel bad himself; 9 p.m. prayer and hymn. John very sick. 7 th, Sunday — Baby and I have not been sick yet ; lovely morning ; service in the first cabin, a lovely place, seats covered with red velvet. The captain read the prayers, Mr. Herring the sermon ; the text was, ** Noah, make for thyself an ark." We should have had a service on deck in the afternoon by one of the emigrants, but the weather came on stormy. We had service in the cabin again in the evening, afterwards some beautiful hymns on deck; one of them was, " Shall we meet beyond the LETIERS FROM EMIGRANTS. 7 river ?" My thouglits went back to the old friends at home, and I felt very sad. 8th — John obliged to give up the doctor's place, so ill himself : the sea is getting very rough, obliged to take Id the sails ; towards evening it became worse ; it was very cold, snowed quite fast, and the waves swept every- thing away that was loose on deck into the sea. The ship, when the sea is calm, stands twenty feet out of water; but it was so rough her sides went under, and those on deck were soaked with water. 9th — Much worse ; no one could stand on deck ; down below we had to hold by a rope to keep from injuring ourselves ; several w^ere hurt ; baby and I were dashed from side to side ; I was screaming, " my baby." You can imagine the scene, the sailors were very kind; I often thought of you, dear boy ; they all seemed so happy, so well cared for ; they had hot fowls and beauti- ful pies of all kinds for their dinner ; they often gave me some, and they often came on deck and sang with us. We had generally fresh beef, potatoes and soup for dinner ; Friday soup and fish, because there were many Irish Catholics on board ; we had as much as we liked to eat. Did not sleep Tuesday ; the noise was awful ; boxes rolling about, tin pots and cans in all directions, and we felt as if we should be thrown out of bed every moment. While trying to wash ourselves the water was thrown out of our bowls, and we had to do without ; it became calm about 12 p.m. and we felt very thankful. 10th — We went on deck again ; the afternoon was calm 8 LETTERS FROM EMIGRANTS. and beautiful, so we sang some nice hymns. A gentle- man played the concertina, such a nice gentleman. Some Canadian gentlemen, who, after a number of years, had been to England to see their friends and were return- ing, thoy gave some nice lectures, very instructive. In the evening we sang some more hymns, and an emigrant preached a good sermon ; prayers and went to bed. 11th — Saw land; it was Newfoundland, bitterly cold, but a magnificent sight. I shall never forget it ; a tremen- dous icoberg, only 100 yards from us, the tcp covered with snow , the sun shining on it, it looked so grand, it f.lls one with admiration and wonder at the mighty works of Grod. If some parts of earth and sea are so lovely what must heaven be ; it makes one long to be there, where we shall not have to part with those we love, but shall meet never to part again. Passing up the river it became very foggy, so that the vessel had to stop ; they fired fog signals, and a vessel answered, and then they let off sky rockets ; that was about 9 o'clock at night ; it was one of the Montreal Steam Ship Company's own vessels. It started two days before us, but was detained fifty-four hours by the fog ; our captain stayed on deck all night ; he has crossed the Atlantic 230 times, so he knows his way well ; we had praise and prayer and then went to bed. 12th — When we awoke, rather foggy, but cleared up about 10 a.m. ; the sun shone brightly; saw some small whales darting about the water, and around the water seemed to steam ; everyone seemed to be enjoying them- > » LETTEES FROM EMIGRANTS. 9 selves, A young emigrant preaclied a sermon in the morning upon "tlie Brazen Serpent." and we had the concertina, and some hymns; there were some good singers on board, Christians ; the singing sounded so nice upon the water ; we saw land both sides of us. We had a birth on board — a son ; it was one of the emigrants confined the first night ; it was christened on our last Sunday on board, the captain and a saloon lady were sponsors. Was it not an honour ? We had an accident on board — a poor woman fell down the hold and cut herself very much. I had my hand scalded ; a person dropped her teapot of boiling water on it. It was blistered very much, and I had to go to the doctor with it. 13th, Sunday — Was a lovely day, the scenery wag magnificent. Fishing- smacks all round ; sea gulls flying in all directions. We had service morning and evening the last evening we were to spend on board. I canno^ tell you how I enjoyed it ; the sea so calm, and the moon and stars shone brightly; we stayed on deck until 12 p.m. singing hymns and watching the lovely sky. We were told that at 3 a.m. we should be in harbour — Quebec. 14th — Arose about 4 a.m. ; all was confusion and ex- citement. We were to be ofi* the ship by 8 a.m. ; I really felt sorry to leave the vessel. Once more we were to set our feet on strange soil, and I felt very lonely. We passed from the ship into sheds, and there our luggage wrs examined. After that we went for a walk round the country ; it is called Point Levi. One side of Quebec is a jQ LETTERS FROM EMIGRANTS. beautiful place, plenty of farms, and most of the people are French Canadians. About 4 o'clock we started m the railway cars; wretched riding. We were in them three days and two nights. We did not have our clothes off durinj? that time, and the noise and shaking of the cars made baby and me feel quite ill. Baby was sick and cross the whole of the time. We changed trains at Toronto, and It the emigrants' shed a nice dinner was ready for us, which we needed, for we had scarcely anything to eat after we left the ship, which was then two days and two nights. After we had our dinner we started for New London, and arrived there at 10 p.m. All the shops were closed ; no lamps like Londcu. It was very dark ; there was only the waiting-room at the station to sleep m. I was so tired and dear baby so ill, that John walked about to find us a bed. At last he got us one, for which I felt very thankful. On the following morning we looked about fur a house ; they are very scarce. We found one after a great deal of trouble ; a nice house, four shillmgs per week. John got work the first time he looked for it. I like the country very much ; it is beautiful. The people, ^ far as we can judge, do very well ; most of them have a pig and ome cows. You have to buy your own stoves. We had not ei^ough money, so a person very kindly lent us one. The English people here are very kind. Provisions are cheap ; I will tell you something about them next time 1 write. Do please write to me soon. I long to hear how you all are, it seems years instead of weeks since I saw you. It is when I think of LETTERS FROM EMIGRANTS. H home I feel sad, otherwise I feel very happy. I often look at your portraits, but it makes me long for the reality. It is very hot here; I never felt such heat in England, nor did I ever see such lightning. We have storms nearly every night, they are awfully grand. Baby grows a beautiful boy, and so saucy, be can say '' Dada quite plain. Give my love to all the dear childi-en, also to dear Elizabeth ; tell her I will write to her soon. John desires to be remembered to all. And now I must conclude with kindest love to yourself, and, begging you to remember me to aU who may inquire after me, I remain. Your humble servant, Mary Lucy H . The writer of this letter was an engineer in London and in a very sorrowful condition, having a wife and seven children. From a later letter, he has now a good house and excellent wages, and intends -oing into the backwoods this spring. VmdLsej, October 20, 1870. Dear Sir,— I have just received your letter, and was very glad to hear from you. I hope you are quite well. You want to know the price of provisions : beef is 6d. per pound, mutton 5d. per pound ; if you buy a quarter, it is 6 cents per pound. Elour is one dollar and a half per 100 lbs. ; potatoes, 25 cents per bushel; sugar, 11 cents, pan butter, 22 cents per pound; bacon and pork, 14 cents per pound. Ml provisions, just now, are very dear. Wheat is one dollar per bushel. 12 LETTERS FROM EMIGRANTS, Now about wages, a labouring man gets Ij dollars a day, and some more ; bricklayers, 2 dollars, and 2^ dollars per day ; carpenters If dollars. Men do not look at the boss as they do in the old country, as if they were afraid of them. There is plenty of work. If a man will work at anything, he can always get plenty to do in the summer, the winter I cannot say much about at present, but there are the shanties in winter, and a man can get from 18 to 20 dollars per month, and board and lodging in a shanty The great advantage in this country is, there is no rent to pay, and firing is cheap. Canada is the place for a poor man, but he must be sober. The whisky-drinking in this country is a great trial to Englishmen. Two of the emigrants, that came to Lindsey, were picked up and taken to the doctor's, drunk and almost dead. The schools, and churches and chapels, are very good ; nothing to pay for the children— all free. You saw me in my shanty ; I am now living in my house, that I began to build when you was at Lindsey ; it is 24 feet by 17 feel* I built it myself, and it will cost me 100 dollars before it is finish' d. Land is dear at Lindsey, as Linc^sey is growing so fast. I am to pay 100 dollars for my lot, and then it is mine for life, and the children's at my death, j have got a cow (so we make our butter), and three pigs; also some fowls, to lay eggs. You can get geese at 40 cents, and chickens at 10 cents each. There is one thing in this country, the people make promises, but do not keep them. Mr. Best promised to give me a winter's work — it was a short one — I left the week after you left, LETTERS FROM EMIGRANTS. 13 but got wort'. I am row working an engine. There is one thing I forgot when I saw you : I shall have to be examined at Toronto, by the Consul, before I can get a certificate , will vou be so kind as to send me n few lines, stating the time I worked your engine, its power, and that it was a condensing one. If you can do anything for me, by sending to the Toronto consul, it will go a great way. Please to say I am a teetotaller if you do. I hope, if it please God, you will reach home safe, and find all well there. I shall write to you, and let you know all I can about Canada, and it will be the truth. I beg to remain, dear Sir, Yours truly, F. S. This young man was trained for a minister, but his h'^" th, and an early marriage, prevented his following that profession. His mother, brother, and sister-in-law are very anxio s to join him. He went out per Peruvian in August, 1870. Waterloo, Province of O^iebec, January Kch, 1871. To the Eev. S. Herring, Dear Sir, — I am happy to say that I am doing well, and have good prospects, if I stay where I now am. Next summer, I shall either go into business for myself, or manage one for another person. I have the choice of either. I preach every fortnight, in a Baptist meeting-house, 14 LETTERS FROM EMIQRANTf. about four miles from Waterloo. The people to whom I preach, are very fond of me, and continually making me presents. I ask a special interest in your prayers. I shall feel obliged if you can forward me Mr. and Mrs. Hewlett's address. I am anxious to write to them. If I may trespass on your time, I shall feel it a great favour to receive a letter now and then from you. 1 will always answer them ; and if I can, at any time, send any information, I shall be most glad to do so. Be sure, Sir, I will ever remember you at the Throne of Grace ; I will pray that you may have wisdom from above, to guide you in all things ; and oh ! that you may have a heart, full of love to your blessed Saviour, and a longing desire to lead sinners to the Cross of Christ. Keep there, keep there, and Heaven's sweetest blessings shall ever be thine. My wife joins me in sending you our best Christian love. I would add, that my brother has paid me a visit from Toronto. We spent a few days happily together. He is doing well. I remain, Yours most affectionately, James J. H. A late London City Missionary, with seven children, is the writer of the next. He was fast sinking into poverty, but is now an assistant minister and engineer in the Oil districts : — LETTERS FROM EMIGRANTS. 15 London, October, 1871. Dear Sir, — I am sorry you have not had time to call upon me. On the Thursday following the meeting at City Hall, I walked home with Mr. Carnavon, of the Advertiser ^ and Mr. Mathewson, of the Free Press Fapersy when I complained of the brief notice of the meeting. They answered that the public were not so interested in emigration matters as I supposed, and that they having had to pay their own fares entirely, and pushed their own ways up, considered it wrong that public money should be appropriated to the conveyance of emigrants from Quebec to the West ; then, again, many emigrants had proved themselves lazy, while the citizens were taxed for their assistance. Last summer several came West to London, having heard good reports, and the desire of the agents to for- ward them West, so that Alderman Hughes had to write requesting Mr. Donaldson to send no more. Some were offering themselves as mechanics at 15 dollars per week. Masters reply, I can get a man for so much less than you ask for such and such work. Good mechanics get 1| dollars per day. Rough carpenters ,, Ij ,, ,, Labourers »; 1 >j >> Houses cannot be got fit to live in under 5 and 6 dollars per month, but then it is to yourself, with good garden. Mine has two large and two small rooms, cellar, water, and wood house, standing upon ground 200 feet by 45 feet, 5 dollars per month. 16 LETTERS FROM EMIGRANTS. Cord wood, 5 dollars per cord— 128 cubic feet as close as roughi wood can be packed. Beef and mutton 10 and 12 1 cents per lb. Flour . Tea . • Sugar Bread . Apples and potatoes Fowls Pucka • Geese . Eggs Milk, pure . Butter Soap . Matches . • Candles . . Lamp oil 4 75 11 5 40 25 30 50 25 5 24 25 2 n O ii >) it >) 21b. loaf , per busbel eacb »» >> »> a if >> per dozen quart lb. 31bs. bar ,, small box each per pint >) j> >> Clothing somewhat higher than in the old country. Toronto is dearer for provisions, but cheaper for cloth- ing and furniture. This is the fall of the year ; things are dearer. Eggs «re being sent to England on account of the war, hence they are dear. Single men board for 2| dollars per week ; with separate room, 3 dollars per week. If residing within city limits, 2 dollars per year road- tax has to be paid. Outside the limits two days' work instead. Landlords of LETTERS FEOM EMIGRANTS. 17 liout:es pay the school tax ; schools are all free, and good education. I have had opportunities of visiting Normal Schools, and conversing with Drs. Sangston and Hodgins At Toronto they have an excellent museum, public examination every six months. Congregations of every denomination are supported by seat rents and by offertories made at eveiy Sabbath service. An industrious man may obtain a wooden house and lot of ground by paying a sum down and instalments. One-tifth of an acre may be purchased for 1 20 dollars ; timber fit to erect a house for 12 to 16 dollars per 1,000 square feet ; door and window frames ready made. The house I live in cost 300 dollars ; stove 16 dollars, with furniture to it ; chairs 3 dollars per half-dozen. I have had up hill work, but have looked over the top of the hill, and can see men who, after a little time, are comfortably off, and 1 am on the way to the same. I have worked in a foundry, at gardening, carpentering, and horseshoeing ; now I am driving a steam-engine at a mill. The place is teeming with little masters, this is one reason for men being in and out of work so much. I must admit that my having been from manual labour so long in England is one reason of not being a^le to compete with others ; still, out of the five months, i have not lost more than five days' work, we require some centre for information of the surrounding country, of which we are ignorant, nor have we time to visit for ourselves. I have joined the Congregational Church here, have IS LETTERS FROM EMIGRANTS. occupied the pulpit five Sabbath services, visit a Mission station on alternate Sabbaths, and have now received an invisitation to a pastorate at Colpays Bay, which I con- template accepting. I will write requesting my father to call upon you when at home. I return the comnliment of the carte -de-visite, with thanks. May you have a pleasant passage home is the prayer of yours, very sincerely. Charles C . Against our advice this man went to Fort Sumner, in New Mexico. We give this as a specimen of places to be avoided, and never advise emigrants to proceed to any place except where we hear there is good prospects of work, &c. : — I at times feel very dull, but I have no trouble for food, clothes, or employ ; but, sir, it is few who can be trusted to have more to do with ; they miss home at first, then they fly to whiskey (that curse of this country as well at Canada), though it is 25 cents, a drink, they will have it. Nothing but whiskey is drank here ; then all follows that is bad, this and gambling to a great extent ; then, they think no more, when under its influence, of shooting a man than in my killing a sheep ; but you know we need not get in with them, or have ought to do with them, they set no value on money, one and all spend all. If, as some tell me, conductors on railroads, and others, have had some 100 dollars, some 160 dollars, a month ; LETTERS FROM EMIGRANTS. 19 one blacksmith told me lie had earned 250 dollars in California, yet all goes. He said he had not saved a fenny J they think of no rainy day or old age, all they think of is to-day. No friendship here, no kindness or sympathy ; if you die, you are buried in an open field ; no church or chapel within 100 miles ; Sunday nearly the same as another day. I am so sorry I neglected bring- ing some books, publications here there is none, no chance of seeing any, and I cannr *■ bear my child to grow up without some knowledge. If you would get me some and send in a box to Kit Carson, then they would come by stage, and the rest by mail ; or you would perhaps be directed another way. It may seem of little to you ; but, oh, the delight to us. Then, perhaps, you might favour us with your portrait ; I may never see you again ; but do not, I beg of you, let this be an hindrance ; and I will send you and my brother some very handsome wolves' skins, they are most numerous here, and I have promised to send a buffalo skin, they are beautiful. I will, when I find the right way, send them ; and now, sir, pardon all imperfections, and my freedom. I write in earnest, a stranger in a strange land. We often sing some of the hymns we sang on board, and can remember faces and circumstances, but where are the majority now never to see them again. There is a man and his wife, and brother and wife, living in Sevenoaks parish by the name of Draper, who wants to get out, would you, when he applies, direct him. Now, sir, my address is J. K — , at Mr. H .y Fort Sumner, New Mexico. It may 20 LETTERS FROM EMIGRANTS. soem a long way, but parcels are sent as far. Wishing you and your good lady, and all I know, a happy New Year. — I am, dear kind Sir, ever yours sincerely thankful, Joseph K . The following is a valuable letter from one who for twenty years has resided in Canada, and, as a school- master, thorouglly understands what he is writing about : — Requisites for an Emigrant. — The persons most likely to do well are thorough good farm-hands and mechanics. But the great essentials are ability and wil- lingness to work, and a disposition to turn their hands to anything that offers at first. I have known even lads, who had to be taught everything, getting immediate em- ployment at 6 dollars and even 8 dollars per month during the busy season. Eate of Wages. — A thorough good farm-hand can get at least 14 dollars per month. Many farmers would willingly pay 16 dollars per month for a first-class hand. A farm labourer, this summer, just out from England, was hired in this neighbourhood at 16 dollars per month. He is now engaged by the year for 240 dollars, with a house found. Ordinary labourers are paid about 1 dollar per day, and find themselves. On Government works 1 dollar 35 cents, is being paid, and the same on the rail- ways in course of construction. Owing to the number of public works in progress there will be for some time a great demand for labourers, and wages will be high. Price of Land. — This varies very much. In the newer LETTERS FROM EMIGRANTS. 21 settlements, by proper inquiries, farms might be obtained , with some improvements and buildings, at 20 dollars to 25 dollars per acre. A farm in this neighbourhood, and an excellent one, is offered for about 23 dollars per acre, with a clearing of 170 acres ; while for another, close by, about 32 dollars 75 cents, is asked. Both are considered cheap, especially the latter. In older town- ships a much higher value is put upon farm property. The Price of Provisions:— per 41b. loaf per lb. Dols. perl 00 lbs. 3 ii >> >» per doz. per lb. Flour . Oatmeal Indian Cornmeal Bread . Butter . Cheese . Eggs . Beef . . Mutton , Pork . Potatoes Apples (very low) Men's common heavy Boots . . Women's ,, ,, ,» • Common Woollen Cloth, single width per yard, about Pilot Cloth, double width, about Cts. Dols. Cts. to 3 75 2 25 2 14 17 15 18 6 6 8 per bush. 35 25 >j 2 50 >* )> >> 2 1 1 2 75 25 a a )> }> > J )) )) ♦ » Common Calico, or ** Factory Cotton "08 Prints 12 )y I 2 )} 3 2 2 25 20 8 8 45 50 25 25 50 15 15 22 LETTERS FROM EMIGRANTS. Dols. Cts. Dol8. Cts. Flannel 30 „ 50 Lumber (boards) . per 1000 feet 8 ,, 22 „ (for building) „ 12 Wood, in the country, about 2 dollars per cord of 128 cubic feet ; in town much higher — from 4 dollars 50 cents, to 5 and 6 dollars. Sunday-schools. — In many rural districts they are without any. Such instances are becoming fewer, owing, no doubt, to the influence of the Provincial Sabbath- school Association in promoting the organisation of County and Township Associations in connection with it, and the missionary exertion encouraged by these Societies. The qualifications of teachers in the country are often inferior. Wherever one exists a salutary influence is visible in the neighbourhood. Thoy are generally well supported by the community, who contribute liberally for the purchase of books, papers, prizes, &c. In man^ of the towns the schools of the different denominations meet in the after- noon, and form a Union School. Many of the country schools are only open during half the year through the summer. Chttrches. — They aie as numerous as school-houses. It is impossible to go many miles through the country without coming across a meeting-house of some deno- mination. All are on an equal footing, supported solely on the voluntary principle. The Church of England, during the last twelve years, has increased the number of its adherents to a remarkable extent^ especially in the LETTERS FROM EMIGRANTS. 23 Huron diocese, whicli reaches from the Grand River to the shores of Lake Huron, and comprises the whole western part of this Province. All other denominations, particularly the Methodists and Presbyterians, are ex- tending their influence largely. The Methodists are, probably, the most energetic and aggressive, establishing missions in the newest settlements to which access is difficult, even on horseback or on foot, where they will, in many such places have one, and frequently two, regular services every Sunday. Without them the back townships would have been deplorably destitute of the public ordinances of religion. Datl or Common Schools. — Nearly every part of the country is provided with means of education. Their expenses are defrayed by a Government and County Grant, apportioned to the average attendance for each half year. What else is required the three school trustees, elected by the people of each section, raise by making an assessraBnt on the land. They are mostly free to all. Some impose a monthly rate on each scholar, twenty- five cents, being the highest allowed by law. This, however, is rapidly becoming obsolete. The system of instruction is such that a good fundamental English education can be acquired by all. In most schools, I may say, some branch of mathematics is taught, and their number is decidedly on the increase. In many of the towns the prin- cipal is frequently of collegiate standing, and even holding University degrees. In some of the schools the day's work is opened or closed by prayer; frequently both. 24 LETTERS FROM EMIGRANTS. The Scriptures are allowed to be read without comment ; in some cases they are read daily ; in others at stated periods — perhaps once a week. These religious exercises are optional; generally left to the discretion of the teacher. One hour a week is allowed by law to be devoted to non-sectarian religious instruction, and mi- nisters of all denominations are invited to visit the schools for that purpose — a privilege which is very rarely made use of. Grammar Schools. — One, at least, is established in each county, at the county-town. In most of the well- settled counties three or four generally exist in different localities. Government aids each school by a grant of £100, provided about fifteen scholars study the classics. Girls are likewise admitted to these, though very few study the dead languages, taking French instead, which enables the trustees to place them in their report to Government on the same footing as classical students. A trifling scale of fees is generallj, charged to each pupil. For about 20 dollars a year a boy may acquire a standing that will fit him fo** the University, and many enter with honours. Prospects of Emigrants. — From twenty years* observation 1 can safely affirm that it is a man's own fault if he does not do well. Most of the poor and destitute have themselves to blame, owing to their idleness, improvidence, or dissipation in former times. If the rate of wages were not much higher than at home they can get constant employment. If a mechanic, LETTERS FROM EMIGRANTS. 2^ lie can soon possess Ms own homestead, and be ucder no fear of a landlord's bailiff. If a common labourer, he can soon acquire land. Many a farm-hand gets 1 dollar 50 cents, to 2 dollars per day, and board during harvest. I have known hands employed for two months during the harvest at 25 dollars and board per month. I know one young man who refused that, saying he could do better by working by the job. Let an emigrant take the first offer of employment, even if the remuneration is not high. If he is a good hand he will soon get a better offer. In the meantime he clears expenses and establishes a character for industry. If he gets no offer of employment let him push out to the country, and not hang about the towns. Many able farmers would be glad to hire a married man for the whole year. Very poor Farmers. — It is obvious from my previous remarks that poverty is not an insuperable barrier to success in this country. Some of our staunchest farmers landed without a shilling in their pockets. In a few years a man may become a tenant, and in a few more his own landlord. Farmers with £500.— Such an one I would strongly advise for the first year to deposit his money in some bank ^ where he will get at least 4 per cent., and hire with some respectable farmer, that he may become initiated into the ways of the country, the mode of farming adapted to our climate and soil, and exigencies, and also acquire a correct idea of the real value of land. A person just out is often terribly deceived. A person with some means 26 LETTERS FEOM EMIGRANTS. this summer bought a very indifferent farm of 150 acres for 6,750 dollars. Had he gone a few miles west he would have got one, far superior in every respect, of 280 acres for 6,500 dollars ! There could be no difficulty to hinder a man with this amount of capital of doing well. One half of that amount would almost buy 100 acres of improved land. The rest he could lay out in stock and implements, leaving a little for unforeseen contingencies. Many farms can be got by paying an annual instalment, amounting to little more than a rent- charge. In conclusion, I might say that many of the well- to-do of the industrial classes at home would confer great advantages upon their children by emigrating, even if they did not derive much benefit personally themselves, the openings for young people are so much greater here. A boy bound as an apprentice can earn his board and clothes the first year at any trade or occupation. I omittod to state that ordinary female servants will get from 1 dollar to 1 dollar 50 cents, per week. G-ratitude is here touchingly expressed as to the bless- ings of emigration. The writer and the parties referred to are well-known to the Rev. Mr. Herring, and all anxious to emigrate to Toronto : — Hackney Road, November 26th. Reverend Sir, — To you, sir, I owe many thanks. If anything can excite the gratitude of a parent, it is surely LETTERS FROM EMIGRANTS. 2^ the act that helps a child from want and suffeiing to a condition of prosperity. Last April my son Albert was assisted, by your kind- ness, to emigrate to Canada. Since then I have received several letters, each one eloquent of his improved condi- tion. His first letter speaks of his utter astonishment on his arrival at Quebec, at the altered condition of affairs. " Unlike at home," he says, '* masters actually begged for workmen ; within twenty minutes I had ten offers of employment. Mr. Stafford, the agent, all but implored me to stay at Quebec, and 'twas not until I said that my purpose was to reach Toronto, and there 1 would go, if I had to walk, that a pass was given me. There was at the agent's office a continued scramble among the bosses for men." Another letter speaks of Toronto as a beautiful city. '' Everyone seems busy and contented. I have laid out over seven pounds for clothes, and now I am not so well clad as my shopmatc ., who are more like gentlemen than working men, " You ask concerning my diet. I live like a real Ameri- can. I guess you'd be surprised to see the big meat dinners I eat every day. My health is good. I enjoy myself; have had many holidays— Queen's birthday, Orangeman's day. Dominion day, and, lately, two splendid days at Niagara." O, sir, I thank you ; for I think of last winter, when my poor lad, pale, hungry, and ill- clad walked the streets of London, seeking work, but finding none. I think, too, of mv friand and shonmate, assisted by you to Canada. 28 LETTERS FROM EMIGRANTS. He had five young children. I occupied rooms in his house ; often have his little things come to my rooms, and begged for crusts I could not give. 'Tis not so now. *' My earnings," he writes, ''are, at least, two pounds fifteen. I have every comfort.'* I have received no letter, either from my son or friends, but what have contained earnest persuasions that I . should make every effort to share the advantages they enjoy. After much anxious reflection, I have determined upon the effort. Humbly and earnestly I asked to be admitted a memlber of your club. Six years ago I was left a widower, with six children ; I will not oppress your ears with recounting my sufferings since then. God has been my help and my rock. In all my trials, in all the bitter travail of my soul, the grace of Christ has been sufficient. The religion taught me in childhood is the staff of riper years, 'Tis no cant, no hypocrisy, for I am above it. Experience has taught me the value of the *' Faith in Christ," and it would ill accord with any sense of truth and manliness to subject the religion I love to vile and unreal uses. 1 have three children whom I desire to take with me, all strong and healthy. My eldest daughter is stout and robust, and of thorough domestic habits. Resting assured that I shall receive a kind consideration at your hands, I remain, Reverend Sir, your humble servant, A.W. We will leave this letter to speak for itself :-^ LETTERS FROM EMIGRANTS. 29 Corner of Victoria and Bank Street, Centre Town, Ottawa, January 23rd, 1871. Eev. Styleman Herring. Dear Sir, — I write to thank you for the kind present that you sent us for the new year ; of the three, I chose the Band of Hope, and I placed it upon my bedroom wall, where I can always see it. I read the text for every day after my prayers (for I do not forget all I have learned in my Sunday-school), and I then begin my day's work. Dear sir, I am still in Dr. Henry's service, and I should be very happy if I could only be satisfied. I am always wishing that I was once more in England, or once more in Sunday-school among my Sunday scholars. I wish I was more satisfied. I try to be patient, but I do not succeed very well. Dr. Henry has moved into his new house some time now, and we have got quite settled, and all right. The winter is very cold, although I have not felt it very much. I rather like it, for I am able to vrrap up warm and comfortable ; and the sun shines so bright, the ice sparkles and glitters, and, oh ! the country looks most beautiful. Our house is on the bank of the Eiver Ottawa, upon the high rock where the Parliament build- ing is situated, so that we have a very good test of the weather. I still keep to my Church, and am a Band of Hope member, but all by myself, because I have not heard of a society in Ottawa. Dear sir, if you find time to send me a few lines, please give me a few things to do, and a little advice, for I do so 30 LETTERS FROM EMIGRANTS. miss my Sunday-scliool, and I will try, with the help of Jesus Christ, to be a better girl. Please to remember me to dear Mrs. Herring, and Mrs. Hewett, and all my kind friends. Dear sir, I read with joy of your safe return home, and the happy meeting in Allen Street ; and I wished so much I was with you all, but I remembered that when you bid me good-bye at mother's door, your last words were, '* Be satisfied.'* Wishing you good-bye, I echo the same words. Remaining affectionately, Annie P. Rev. Styleman Herring. Arnprior, Ontario, Aprni9th, 1871. Sir, — This is from a carpenter that was induced to emigrate with his family last year by attending meetings held by you in Clerkenwell. I left London on the 7th April, and was at work on the 26th of May at my trade, have been so ever since, with the exception of six weeks in the winter, three weeks one time and three weeks another. Of course, in common with others, we have had to rough it in going about the countrj'- to work, equally of course. I had to take rather low wages at first, dols. 1 25 (5s. 2d.) per day, am now getting dols. 1 75 (7s. 3d.), You w perhaps think six weeks a long time to be out work, an indeed it would be in London, where it would take me all the summer to pay the debts I should have contracted in the time. But herd I have lived well, ** hke a fighting cock," am out of debt, have 40 dollars worth more pro- LETTERS FROM EMIGRANTS. 31 perty than "when I landed, and 30 dollars that I intend sending home next week to pay my brother's passage out to me. Yours truly, To the Eev. Styleman Herring. James C. St. Thomas, Ontario, Canada, January 16th, 1871. Bear Sir, — I have a mother and four sisters, and three brothers^ who are in the old country, and I would wish to have them along with me in Canada, but I am not fit to pay their passage to this country. So, dear sir, I would be very thankful to you if you would take them out free, or assist their passage from Liverpool to St. Thomas. You have already assisted three of us out to this country — that is, my father, and brother, and myself, which we are veiy thankful to you for, for, thank God, we have been very fortunate since we came to this country. Your humble servant, George Fagan. The Canadian mail has just brought this letter. Ifc comes from a man who once was in a fair position in society, but, through depression in trade, lost everything. This society helped them liberally : — Nipessing Eoad, Ashdown, Ontario, February 18th, 1871. Dear Sir, — May I be allowed to thank you for help- ing me to what I now hold — a good and comfortable loghouse, where no landlord or rate-collector once a week or on quarter-day to trouble me, and also 200 acres of 32 LETTERS FEOM EMIGRANTS. land (rather rough land) to be made into a farm, "which in five years will be my own freehold property, held by letters patent from her most gracious Majesty the Queen. I have also wrote to England for all my friends to come out here as soon as possible, for I have settled eight miles from any house at present, and propose to form a new place to be called by a new name ; it is on a river, close to a bridge on the Nipissing Eoad, where I am confident, health permitting, you will hear of something good from me in less than five years. Mrs. E. joins me in sending our kind respects to you, hoping this may find you in the best of health and happiness, which is the constant wish of yours, ever respectfully and truly, John and Mary E . St. Catherines, Province of Ontario, Feb. 28, 1871. To William Dixon, Esq. Dear Sir, — When you bid me good-bye, when I left old England last April, I said I would write to you to say how me and my chums got on in the new land over sea, and I now take an opportunity to thank you for all kindness shown, and to say I like things very well, both country and people, though strange at first. Mr. Donald- son was very kind at Toronto, and I got a job for two months, and then moved here, where 1 never lost a day, save on holidays. A tailor who knows his business gets from 7s. to 8s. English money. Bricklayers and carpenters are in great demand, and farmers want farm hands very- bad ; and girls who knew any house work could get places LETTERS FROM EMIGRANTS. 33 at once. The country is very fine and cheap, and the cold is not bad at all. Good mutton is threepence and beef fourpence, when I get a quarter. I buy by quarters, what would East- end folk think of that, and use it twice a day ? There are good schools and nothing to pay. Th.e blacks here are very thick, and they want to send their children to white schools, but they won't have them on any account, they having a black school for themselves Rents are more here than some places, because it is growing very fast. I pay 6 dollars a month for four rooms, back kitchen and snug bit of garden. My wife keeps a tidy lot of hens. Nothing would make me go back to old pinching times, and if I were a lord I would send out some thousands, to where the honest man need not want a meal, and can make his family comfortable. There are a lot of Dockyard men down the lake, three mils off, and they are busy all the winter at Gs., English money, a day, and they are doing well. In the autumn I got some lovely grapes for threepence a pound, and apples fine enough for a king for 4s. a barrel. This place is twelve miles from the wonder of the world— the great Falls of Niagara— and on Dominion day I took the wife and children to see them, and had a grand outing of it. So no more at present. From yours very truly, John S. Jones. P.S.— There are manufactories of all kinds here, and fine demand for workmen. They make tools, engines of all kinds, and machines. All trades have plenty of work and the pay is good. 34 LETTERS FROM REV. MR. HERRING. The following three letters were addressed, and mostly inserted in somo 500 newspapers in England, Ireland, and Scotland, vide the Times, Standard, &c., and, judging from some thirty to fifty letters daily received, and all conscientiously answered, were acceptable to intending emigrants and the public generally : — IMMIGRANTS IN CANADA. • Sir, — I have just set foot again on the shores of old England after a visit to Canada, undertaken for the sole object of personally ascertaining the present position of emigrants assisted thither during the past two years. The great majority are doing comparatively well — some very well. Some have undoubtedly signally failed, but it is through their own misconduct or unforeseen circum- stances. About 48,000 have settled in the dominion since April, 1869. The honourable Mr. Dunkin, Minister for Agriculture and Emigration, states, **they behaved reasonably well." I held meetings in (1) Ottawa; (2) Toronto; (2) London, Hamilton, &c,, and invited the men to speak for themselves. Nearly all (after alluding to the necessary inconvenience, &c., of travel) spoke favourably of their present position, and encouragingly for their future prospects. I visited many immigrants at their homes in the towns, villages, on farms, and in the LETTERS FROM REV. MR. HEBRINO. 35 forests; and found work good, the free school system highly appreciated, the churches well filled, and sym- pathy shown towards the newly-ariived immigrants. Canada was never so prosperous as at the present time. All must work and ''paddle their own canoe," as self- reliance is a main feature of Canadian life. Food and the necessaries of life are cheap, house rent reasonable- A family can live for less per week than in England, as for meat (though not so prime as ours) most partake of twice and often thrice a day. The free grants of land (200 acres for married settlers and 100 for all over eighteen) are highly esteemed; 150,000 acres being located from April to October this season. These were principally taken up by sons of Canadian farmers, settlers of one year's standing, &c. I accompanied the Premier of Ontario (the Honourable Sandfield Macdonald) through the Moskoka district, and found 60 to 70 per cent, profitable land, and the settlers contented with their location. The province of Maintoba, (Eed Eiver settle- ment) is attracting much public attention, and is most highly reported of, for its fertility and remunerative labour. 20,000 are going there this season from Ontario. The cost from Toronto is about £5. My emigrant friends did not complain much of the snows and frosts, the nutritious food and suitable clothing defending them from any ill eff'ects.. Investments in undeniable good securities bear six, eight, and not umfrequently ten per cent. John Bell, Esq., Q.C., barrister and solicitor, 126, Adelaide Street, Toronto, .a gentleman of the highest 38 LETTERS FROM UEV. MR. HERRING. position, can be communicated with on this subject. I am, sir, from p'?rsonal obsorvation — having travelled 6,000 miles in all parts of Canada, and visited all classes — I say I am perfectly satisfied that emigration has proved a blessing to thousands, that its results amply com- pensate for the money, &c., expended, that it is the most effective means of permanently benefiting the needy, sober, and industrious, and that England and Canada are alike advantaged by emigration. My funds, I need hardly say, are, after assisting 1,916 of the worthy poor to emigrate, row exhausted. I purpose (God sparing me) to pursue the same plan next season that has hitherto been so successful, and as £1,000 will be needed (about £6 for each case) I pray the friends of the poor will forward subscriptions and donations to help on this great work and labour of love. Hoping on some future occasion to speak of the wages, house-rent, price of provisions, &c., and expressing publicly my deep gratitude to the Do- minion and Ontario Governments, and many valued friends throughout Canada, for their sympathy, assist- ance, and proverbial hospitality. I remain, sir, yours very obediently, A. Styleman Herring, Incumbent of St. Paul's, Clerkenwell November, 1870. 45, Colebrook Row, Islington, N. Sir, — The favourable reception of former letters con- strains me to again ask youi' kind indulgence. LETTERS FROM REV. MR. HERRING. 37 The dollar is fixed in Canada at 48. 2d., and passes for 58. curr(r;ncy ; that is, 1^ dollar (equalling our 6s. 3d.) will purchase 7s. 6d. worth of articles. All the subjoined items are in English money. As housekeeping is a third cheaper (and almost half in the country), the wages, though apparently somewhat equal to ours, are in reality, more valuable. The voyage of 11 days from London to Quebec, costs 7 6s., steam-boat, £6 68., half-price under 8, babies £l Is. (sailing vessel £4) ; 12s. 6d. rail to Liverpool; ship's kit 10s. The Canadian Government has hitherto granted free passages frori Quebec to wherever the immigrants go to. Labourers get generally 4s. 2d. per day; farm ditto, 60s. per jaonth, with board and lodging ; rough carpenters, 5a. 3d. ; joiners and painters, 6s. 3d. ; men accustomed to drainage works, 7s. 6d. ; tailors, engineers, plasterers, bricklayers, and first-class shoemakers, 8s. to 10s. Trades Unions do not exist to any extent. Each is paid accord- ing to his individual worth. A ** Boss " is the foreman, often the master. Young girls, ** helps," obtain 16s. 8d. per month ; housemaids, 25s. ; cooks, 33s. and upwards, with excellent board and very kind treatment. Provisions are cheaper in the country than in towns. Mutton ranges from 3d. to od. per lb. ; beef, 4d. to 6d. ; pork, 4d. to 7d. ; sheep's head with et ceteras, 2id. ; bacon, 7d. ; flour, 6s. per 100 lbs., 4 lb. loaf, od. ; potatoes. Is. 3d. per bushel; apples (abundant). Is. 3d. ; butter lOd. ; cheese, 7d. ; pure milk, 2§d. per quart ; tea 3s. 2d. 38 LETTERS FROM REV. MR. HERRING. sugar 5|d. ; fowls, Is. i^ch, ducks, Is. 8d. ; Turkeys, 3s. Land is more or less valuable according to locality. The free grants of 200 acres, and 100 to all over 18 are being fast taken up. Fair farms can be bought for £o to £6 per acre. I was offered two in the county of Norfolk; the one for £1,550 with 230 acres — the other with 280 acres for £1,350, this let for £75 per annum. Just out of towns they run about £15, In towns, £83 and upwards per acre. Mr. Hutton (an authority) states .£269 may be realized by farming in two years, on an outlay of £680. House rent is 16s. per month, with garden, in towns. In villages and in the country most possess their own dwellings. A shanty costs about £20. Most log-huts, barns, &c., are fixed up by ** Bee " parties. The system of Free Schools is highly prized ; Grammar scholars pay 4s. 2d. per quarter. The Universities are good and very reasonable. In 1868, Ontario had 4,882 free schools, with 435,000 scholars, costing £406,000 per annum. Clothes are dearer than in the old country, but are more suitable and wear better. Board and lodging (meat twice per day), cost 12s. 6d. per week. The cold is severe b.ut not destructive ; the annual mortality is 1 per cent. The extremes of cold and heat range in Toronto, from 9 below zero (January) mean for month 28*^ to 94** (August), mean 68° ; annual mean 44*. The weather is favourable between 8 and 9 months. LETTERS EROM REV. MR. HERRINGi 39 The houses of the upper and middle classes (a very social and hospitable set), are very snug and cosy. On New Year's Day all friends visit each other; the ladies staying "at home" and " receiving." The instances of prosperity I met with were numerous, probably three-fourths of the upper and middle classes have risen from very small beginnings. The humbler classes generally have money in the banks. There are no workhouses or stone yards. All grog-shops are closed from 7 p.m. on Saturday night till 7 a.m. on Monday (all Sunday), and with marked good results. The Canadians— a manly and independent body— are enthusiastically loyal, and our beloved Queen has no subiects more deeply attached to her and the country Of course there are drawbacks (and what country has not?) but they are counterbalanced by the pros- perity which awaits the sober, industrious and perse- vering. , . I am, sir, from personal observation, most thoroughly satisfied as to the benefits of emigration. Canada is, indeed, a good place for a poor man. I should dearly like to see Emigration Clubs (with weekly payments, &c.) and Societies established in most parishes, for I am convinced that no other mode is so efficient and permanent to relieve the able-bodied poor as emigration to our Colonies. I am afraid the Dominion Government are too apathetic in this matter. Thanking you, sir, for your kindness and advocacy, and earnestly inviting subscriptions to aid 200 poor but 40 LETTEBS FROM REV. MR. HERRING. deserving members of my parochial Emigration Club to emigrate, I remain, Sir, Yours respectfully, A. Styleman Herring, Incumbent of St. Paul's, Clerkenwell. December, 1870, 45, Colebrooke Eow, Islington Green, N. EMIGEATION TO CANADA.'' Sir, — The season for emigration is opening, and the Fruits of Emigration Clubs, with weekly payments, are apparent. This system is greatly increasing, specific Clubs, '* Canada," " Church of England," '' Canterbury," "Auckland," &c., have commenced. All Clubs ought, like the German, to begin at once for the next season. This is the most certain and wholesome way of promoting emigration. Canada being the nearest and cheapest colony to get at, and from the good reports of settlers located there during the past two years, claims greater attention. The Government takes every care of the newly arrived ; granting free passes from Quebec to destination, also lodging and feeding by the way. Canada was never so prosperous as at the present time. There is abundance of work, the spring having commenced early. Officially, 21,000 labourers, 400 shoemakers, also carpenters, brick- layers, stonemasons, harness-makers, and artizans gene- LETTERS FROM REV. MR. HERRING. 41 rally are wanted. Some 1,388 miles of railway are being made. Trust ought only to be put in Grovernment agents, for sharpers are on the look out for the unwary. Persons either with large or small capital will find remunerative ways of employing it. Good and encouraging reports are continually being received from the 1,916 emigrants assisted out during the past two years, by our Clerkenwell Emigration Club and Society. All declare Canada is a good place for sober, industrious, and, above rll, piously inclined people. Hope of success characterises all their letters. The free grants of 200 acres to married, and 100 to unmarried men over 18, continue, but with greater attractions; as the Ontario Government have voted 30,000 dollars to help emigrants on arrival, and 20,000 dollars to clear a little land and erect a log shanty ; also a bonus of 1| millions of dollars towards a railway through the Muskoka (free grant) district. Books on the subject sent to ill applicants, by W. Dixon, Esq., Government Emigration Commissioner, 11, Adam Street Ae phi, London. Let intending emigrants go early. Many are blessing the day when, with a brave heart and trusting in God they ventured to cross the Atlantic to form a home beyond, where work and food are plentiful. Free schools abound. Grog and all other shops are shut on Sundaj'^s. Churches are good. Free grants of land are open to all, and where kindliness of feeling and hospitality are shewn to all deserving it. 42 HINTS TO EMIGRANTS. Would that I had more funds to assist 200 authen- ticated cases of necessitous persons anxious to emigrate. Yours very respectfully, A. Styleman Herring, Lately returned from Canada. Incumbent St. Paul's, Clerkenwell, April, 1871. 45, Colebrook Eow, Islington, London. HINTS TO EMIGEANTS. My Dear Friends, — Sincerely hoping your under- taking has been made the subject of prayer, I will pro- ceed to make a few general remarks intended for your especial benefit. I have engaged in this work purely for love, and without the slightest fee or reward, and in the hopes of benefitting my fellow creatures, especially those in distress. Let everything be prepared a day before starting, hurrying at last is very trying. Let the boxes be middle-sized, stoutly made and well corded, with fuU directions. Those wanted on voyage, which ought not to exceed 15 inches in height, must be so marked, and able to lock. Be early at the railway station, and take things calmly and resignedly. Hope, glorious hope, ought to cheer and invigorate the hearts of all. Go by Liverpool — it's cheapest in the long run. The HINTS TO EMIGRANTS. 43 expenses are — first, journey to railway station ; rail to Liverpool from London, 12s. 6d. ; bedding, 8s. 6d. to lOs. ; carting, 4s. ; and stay in Liverpool, 5s. per night. Steam, ocean passage, £6 6d. ; intermediate, £9 9s. ; half-price under eight ; babies, £1 Is. Sailing vessels, £4 ; half-price under eight; babies, 10s. Messrs. Allans, James Street, Liverpool, are the owners of the steam- ship ; Messrs. Mountgomerie, 17, Gracechurch- street, are the London agents. The Commercial Temperance Hotel, 17, Union Street Boad, Hall Street, Liverpool, carried on most respectably by Mr. V. Pease, charges Is. per meal, and bed for each person. Dress in your oldest clothes for the voyage, with a good thick overcoat or shawl. Take no 2s. pieces ; the Canadians deduct 4d. from each. A dollar note is worth 4s. 2d. of ours, and 5s. in Canada; £1 equals 4 dollars 85 cents. ; a bank-note for 25 cents, equals Is. Be sure to fix on a place to proceed to at once. Prefer going to where you have friends or relatives. Two families or friends ought to stick together ; this is a wonderful comfort. Woollen clothes (shirts, drawers petticoats, dresses, &c.) are the best. Corderoys and smockf rocks are never seen. Linen, crockery, and clothes generally are dearer than with us. Take your beds and pillows as luggage, little ornaments, or things you value carry with you. Luggage allowed 10 cubic feet, but if not greatly in excess of this will go free Ships' kit required (you can take or buy it)— a bed, 6 feet long by 20 inches, made of coarse sacking, costing 9d., 44 HINTS TO EMIGRAIN^TS. stuffed with straw, &c. ; a blanket or rug, one gallon water can (for families), knife, fork, spoon, tin basin for soup, tin plate, and wash-basin, marine soap lib. Mr. Pease can supply them. Don't throw them away at Quebec ; they will be very useful in the cars, when the journey is two days and nights to Toronto, 500 miles. Take a good supply of books for voyage, a very useful one is Rev. C. H. Spurgeon's "John Plowman's Talk," price Is., at Messrs. Alabaster's, 18, Paternoster Row, London. Be careful whom you get acquainted with on dock, or among the crew, and let the females be especially guarded, very much and often irreparable, mischief is the consequences of hasty friendships or lax conduct. Obey the commands of the captain and oflQcers. Consult the doctor, and let mothers get an order from him for tlie iced milk kept on board for infants. Always carry your tea or coffee pot with tea,. &c., handy. Hot water always to be had. Pickles, apples, or lemons are good in cases of sea-sickness, which fight manfully against. Gene- rally a minister of the Gospel is on board; attend to the Divine services and meetings. On arrival at Point Ijevi, opposite Quebec — if you are going to settle in the Dominion — apply to L. StajGFord, Esq., the Emigration Commissioner, for a free railway pass, which, if ac- cepted, you must proceed to where the agent sends you. Should there be no work there (a thing very unlikely) the agent will give you another free pass. Trust entirely to the Government agent. Beware of interested and unprincipled persons, who prowl about the piers and HINTS TO EMIGRANTS. 45 stations seeking to beguile the unware. Let me impress most affectionately as a temperance man and your fiiend, the absolute necessity of abstaining from whiskey, &c., it- is the ruin and degradation of thousands of promising people. Avoid the grog shops at Point Levi, where generally you wait several hours. Accept at first to be hired out for reasonable wages. Don't stick to your particular trade, but work yourself into it again in time. Beware of grumbling, murmur- ing, or saying ill-natured or ill-judged things about your adopted country. The bosses, or masters, soon find them out and avoid the discontented. Its hard and rough work at first, but there is alway a silver lining to every cloud. You will find the Canadians kind, hospitable, and generous towards the newly arrived, if they conduct themselves pro- perly. Join yourselves at once to some church community ; all grog and other shops are shut from Saturday night at 7 p.m. to Monday at 7 a.m., this is a great blessing. Each person has to paddle his own canoe, sink or swim, according to your own deserts. Depend, with God's assistance, entirely upon self — self-reliance and inde- pendence is a great feature in Canadian life. The stove cost 15 dollars, which may be hired, or better still pay a deposit, and the rest by weekly instalments. Be careful about the change, some low shopkeepers are unscrupulous towards the newly-arrived. The first winter will not be 80 much felt as the second. Don't be surprised at seeing 46 HINTS TO EMiailANTSl. children and grown up people without shoos or stocking, in summer, when its really hot. Protestants (Ei.glish, Scotch, or Irish) ought to settle west of Kingston, in Ontario, Canada West. Don't flock to the towns, country villages are more suitable, and immigrants make faster progress there. Never forget the old folks in the old country. It only costs 3d. for a letter, or Id. for a newspaper ; write frequently. ** As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country." Make great efforts to repay any money lent to assist you out. The ingratitude of some thus assisted, has seriously injured those wanting to emigrate. Avoid interfering in politics, and mi^^.d your own busi- ness, and let politicians mind theirs. Thomas Hughes, Esq., M.P., says, "There are more people in the Dominion,in proportion to population, than in any other country in the world, who are worth 1,000 dollars (£200). Books in Canada — ** Guide book to the Canadian Dominion," Dr. Philpot, 4s., Messrs. Stanford, Charing-cross ; ** Canada, for the Farmer and Labourer," Is. 6d., Messrs. Houlston, 65, Pateix^oster Row, London; *' The N'ew Dominion" (free) W. Dixon, Esq., 11, Adam Street, Adelphi, London, who, as the Canadian Commissioner, will give all information and advice. Also "Emigration for Poor Polks," by Rev. A. S. Herring, l^d. by post, Messrs. Partridge, 9, Paternoster Row, London. HINTS TO EMIGRANTS. 47 Don't take up land at first. The free grants, three- quarters being fairly good land, require £20 to .£50 to settle upon. Good schools abound — The St. George's (English; ; the St. Andrew's (Scotch) ; the St. Patrick's (Irish) Societies land a helping hand to the distress. I feel you will never regret the day God put it into your heart to emigrate — as years roll on — as every stroke of the axe brings you nearer independence — you will look back with deep gratitude to God, and your fellow man for the many mercies received. I wish you all pros- perity, and may God bless you in your basket and store, and may the Lord Jesus Christ be now and for ever you dear Saviour, and ever living and loving Lord and Master is the sincere prayer of your affectionate friend, A. Styleman HEimiNa. " Love God with all your soul and strength, "With all your heart and mind ; And love your neighbour as yourself, Be faithful, just, and kind." MONTREAL OC EAN STEAM-SH iP COMPANt ALLAN LINE. Under Contract with the Government of Canada for the Conveyance of the CANADIAN AND UNITED STATES MAILS, Munning in Connection with the Grand Trunk and othei^ Railways, and forwarding Fassengers, on easy Tenn^\ to all stations in Canada and the Wcbtem IStatea. i S.S. Scandinavian", ♦ S.S. Prussian, S.S. Austrian, „ Nestorian, „ Peruvian, „ Moravian, „ Hibernian, ^, Nova Scotian, „ North American, „ Germany, ,, Damascus, „ Ottawa, „ Saint David, „ European, „ Saint Andrew, „ Norway, „ Sweden, ,, Saint Patrick, SAIL FROM Liverpool to Quebec every Tuesday and Thursday, Calling at Londonderry f Ireland J on the following day^ to take on board Passengers and Mails ; And from GLASGOW to QUEBEC every TUESDAY, Calling at Dublin to embark Passengers. STEERAGE PASSAGE, SIX GUINEAS, To either Quebec, Boston, or New York, includin};^ a plentiful supply of Cooked Provisions ; Baggage taken Irom the Ocean Steam- ships to the Railway Cars free of expenses. . For Freight or Passage apply— In Glasgow, to J. and A. Allan ; in London, to Montgomerie & Greexhorne, 17, Gracechurch Street; in Londonderry, to Allan Brothers k Co., Foyle Street; in Dublin, to A. I). Pollen, 19, Eden Quay ; in Quebec, to Allans, Kae, &; Co. ; in Montreal, to H. & j^. Allan ; or in Liverpool, to ALLAN BROTHERS & CO., fll Alexandra Buildings, James St., Liverpool ; AND 85, Foyle St., Londonderj y. During the Winter months— from the btginning of Isovcmber until the lirsi Week in April — the Steamers go to Portland instead of Quebec, thv same Railway facilities being in operation there. J The Olerkenwell and Central Emigration Club and Society for London and the Provinces. PATRONS. '■■ The Most Hon. the Maequis of Northampton The Very Rev. Dr. Hellmuth, Dean of Huron, London, Canada West. PRESIDENT. Eev. Egbert Maguire, M.A., Yicar of Olerkenwell. VICE-PRESIDENTS. * W. T. M. ToRRENS, Esq., M.P. for Fin^bury. A. LusK, Esq., Alderman, MP. for Finsbury. W. RiviNGTON, Esq., Upper Heath, Hampstead. Q-. Hanbury", Esq., Mark Lane and Maidenhead. Lieut. -Col. CoLViLL, Governor of the House of Cor- rection. TREASURERS. Eev. A. S. Herring, 45, Colebrooke Eow, Islingtda Green, B. DoBREE, Esq. , 6, Tokenhouse Yard, Director of Lon- don and Westminster Bank, Bankers — London and Westminster. The object is to help those who help themselves, by supplementing their payments to enable poor people to emigrate. The Club is now full of members wanting to emigrate. Secondly, to organize Emigration Clubs throughout ^reat Britain, and Immigration Clubs in our Colonies, and in every way to promote. emigration. ♦ Any Donations in money, cheques, post-office orders, &c., or women's, men's, or children's clothes most thank- fully received bj'", or communications addressed to, Eev. A. Styleman Herring, 45, Colebrooke Eow, Islington Groen, London. ^