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1
2
3
1
Sotcce
•^d^ 711^71
Representative ,„ the Co,n,nons House of Parlia.nent of Canada
and FVe^dent of IheBoa.d of Trade, for the Cty of Han.lton
"1 which same capact.es he served the City of Toronto,
the Metropolis. at the Union of the Canada's.
THE Pi^^T. ATT0N8
N.DUSlMiy: OF C/xNADA,
WrtK THB
MOTHER OOUNTaV WW) THE UJ^ITED STAT*'^
BBIKU A HrR«Cn BV
ISA*- ■ I M. RAN AN, Esq., M.P.
' V»ML
K Off in*
■i -tMf.'iw
^.. .M^INTIMEN r^
THEREIN,
ifB'"!! Tilt
p r o K i: t^, ii 5
i.oNr-
■ • 'M1-,M1TT<>S Sl'BCfATOa."
1» Al»Di^!> . :•; . IVKKS0
'Vl'Eli CANADA,
H-B UKOEMBBa, 1863.
SO* «a«f i-r
',■■■- ...JXH.:,--
l-MBjriTS.
HOTB*
II
I1" ,"■■
-t.l J.
»-.V«tAJ*i. >-■,-«■
J'
or
PRINTKD hT -om LOVM; I, ST. NICHOLAa STSEgT.
r\
fSCt<^€$
Wl
^
THE RELATIONS
OF THK
INDUSTRY OF CANADA,
WITH THK
MOTHER COUNTRY AND THE UNITED STATES,
BEING A BFBKOH BY
ISAAC BUCHANAN, Esq., M.P.,
AS DBLIVBRBD AT THE LATE DEMONSTRATION TO THK PARLIAMENTARY OPPOHITION AT
TOBOUTO.-TOQBTUBK WITH A SKBIES OF ARTICLES IN DEFENCE OF TRa
NATIONAL SENTIMENTS CONTAINED THEREIN,
WHICH ORiaiNALLY APPEARED IN THE COLUMNS OF THE "HAMILTON SPBOTATOH "
FROM THE PEN OP MR. BUCHANAN, TO WHICH IS ADDiJD A SPEECH DELIVERED "
BY HIM AT THE DINNER GIVEN TO THE
PIONEERS OF UPPER CANADA,
AT LONDON, CANADA WEST, IOTH DECEMBER, 1863.
KOW FIRST PUBLISHED IN A COMPLETE AND COLLECTED FORM, WITH COPIOUS NOTE.
AND ANNOTATIONS, -BESIDES AN EXTENDED INTRODUCTORY
EXPLANATION, AND AN APPENDIX CONTAINING
VARIOUS VALUABLE DOCUMENTS.
EDITED BY
HENRY J. MORGAN,
""'"'"'""'''''''^SK^CRirnr^^Zll^'' -«-0«'CAL SOCIETY, AND AUTHOR OF
SKETCHES OF CELEBRATED CANADIANS," kto.
PRINTED BY JOHN LOVELL, ST. NICHOLAS STREET
1864.
"
®o iU '^tUm of tbt fattbrnmitt0 $»vts tt (dtAtt
S ttliicBtr tfitsr pagrs,
iccRntt S xel tftxt t^t yrobince i« nt t|rt toinnina or t|ri loting,
%U thAt we leiliAU htxtJuiitt %mt to liaU you
^s ifjt ^ononteli tnstntmrnts of
#av f oliiieat «nA inituieitvial KiatVAti0«.
IM Kr. Buchanan's Littbb to trb Editor ov thk 0to6«, absurino bix pubuoXiT
(OV WHAT HB ALBBADT, NO DOUBT, WBLL KNBW,)THAT Kr. BnORANAN AND ALL HM
VBIBND8, AS IN THB PAST, SO IN THB FUTURB, WOULD BB VOUND OPPONBNT8 TO THR
SRATR OF ANNBXATION, AND NOT ITi FRIBNDS, AS THAT JOURNAL BA8BLT INBINT7ATBD,
RB STATES THAT HB IS OF NO PARTT, THOUOR RBLUCTANTLT OOMFBLLRD TO Bl Hf
OPPOSITION TO THB PRBSBNT MiNISTRT IN OONSBQUBNCB OF TRBIR ACTS, EZBOUTITB
AS Wr LL AS LBOIBL ATI VB ; BUT THAT HB 18 OF A CLASS FAR MORB NUMIIROUS TBAN THB
" TRICK AND THIN " ADRBRBNT8 OF BITHBR OF THB PRBSBNT aoMitant FARTIBS. ThOBR
ALX.UDBD TO BY Mtt. BUCHANAN WILL COMPOBB A NBW PARTY— THB PARTY OF OBDm,
WHICH WILL PROBABLY BB CALLBD THK " CONSTITUTIONAL PARTY "—ITS FLATFOBIC
BBINO BROAD BNOUOH TO HOLD ALL WHO VALUE AND RBSPBCT THB TIMB-HONORXD
COSflTITUTION, WHETHER THEY BB ORIGINALLY REFORMERS OR CONSBRVATIVBS IH
WAi. ^. The NBW PARTY OF ORDER WILL COMPRISE THREE ELEMENTS :—
tU»i, Canstrbstibt f ibtniU, or olb gtlamttn, <d|)0 (abt tittn Ungt^t bg (xptruna, Rn& iirt triiUai
SfiB to abopt »&t too»l» " «on«tb»tib«," st Itatt in it* sbJKtibt »in»t.
3»«tonblB, fibtral Conitrbstibtn, or olh *orit», or tfreir bt»ctnb»nt«, to^o \i»iit aUo btta tmttt ki
tVtxitnct, snb att noto lailling toabopt t(jt toorb " f ibtral," at l(a»l in it« abitttibi Mn»t.
Strirbls, Conttrbatibn), anb Coniierbatibc gibtrali, to|ra I,abt nntoitttnglB bten mingUb np totlt t|«
iaunbiars party, tompoitb o( Cltar Arit* anb gongt*.
And that in your discussions on the orbat question of the Rboiprooitt LAXii',
KOW ABOUT TO AGITATE BOTH CANADA AND THE UNITED StATBS, THESE PAGES MAT BB
Of 00MB BBBVIOE, IB THE FOND HOPE OF
Your obbdikkt humblb sbkvant.
THB SDITOB.
MOHTBSAL, 18th Fxbbuart, 18M.
1
iu. .
O Statesman, gfuard ub, guard the eye, the soul
Of Furope, keep our noble England whole,
And save the onn true seed of fl-eedom sown
Betwixt a people and their ancient throne,—
That scber freedom out of which there springs
Our loynl passion for our temperate kings;
For, saving that, ye help to save mankind
Till public wrong be crumbled into dust,
And drill the raw world for the march ol"
Till crowds at length be sane, and crowni
1
w
SPEECH OF l^W BUCHANAN, ESQ., M.P.,
DELIVERED AT THE
* DEMONSTRATION TO THE OPPOSITION,
AT TORONTO, DECEMBER, 1863.
rfPEECH OF ISAAC BUCHANAN, ESQ., M.P.,
AT THE DEMONSTRATION GIVEN, AT TORONTO, IN HONOUR OF THE CANA-
DIAN PARLIAMENTARY OPPOSITION, 17th DECiiMBER, 1868, (AS REPORTED
IN THE "HAMILTON" SPECTATOR.)
Mr. Buchanan's name was also on the programme to reply to
this toast,* although its subject more immediately belonged to
Mr. Walter Shanly, M.P., as a professional engineer, the speaker
who had preceded him, — to whose able speech on our Past and
the subject of our Future Public Improvements, the reader is
referred, as the very best recent explanation on this all-important
Provincial consideration.
At that late hour, said Mr. Buchanan, he must not occupy their
attention long. The most appropriate thing he could say in reply
to the toast was that the internal improvements of the country
would not be encouraged by the present Government. [Cheers
and laughter.] If a person did a good thing he was sure to be
criticised, and the Ministry would take care not to do anything so
unselfish, even if it were not, as it is, the fact that all their vitality
is required to sustain their own corrupt existence. [Renewed
laughter.] It appeared to him that nothing practical any more
than patriotic could come from the present men. Unable to com-
pare views on practical measures, they make our politics questions
of the constitution. [Hear, hear.] With regard to the canals he
proposed that the tolls should be capitalized, and the amount laid
out in enlarging the locks on these same canals. That was Or
thing on which they would all agree, even Mr. Gait. [Cheers.]
He wished to take this opportunity of making an explanation with
regard to the report of a speech of his at London.f It was said he
* "The iuterna! Ituprovemeuts of the Province."
t Dinner given to the Pioneers of Western Canada, at London, C. W., ia
November 1863.
10
SPEECH AT TOKONTO.
had claimed credit to iiimself for originating the idea of llie St
Wnce Canal, not giving his old and mnchiepected friend tf;
Prince -^L MM "T.T' '^^'"^ *^» ^^ ""'"^ "f ^^
iromce that Mr. Memtt had asked for more than he conld
ge. from the Legislature. Mr. Merritt lost his ^r motion 1
into a Shane tt^t l-ad succeeded m putting the views of ParUamen
Z [Heather.] ""'' "' ^"° " '" ^^- «™" *» P-
OCR INCAPABLE GOVERNMENT.
wLT it 1 m7 ?'".'"'" " ™' ''"' ^' J«»' wanted to Jow
luesti 1 oTr! '° '": ^ P'^P'"- F- i^'ance, there wasX
IITZJ ?'Tr'"'"'™ ""y Pop""**™- Now, he didn'. qua^I
™'l be a^ainTI- ' •'" ^' ""■^ P™» '» ^ower Canada
>st^:riT:Lre^.«:iei^^^^^^^^
» Hep* an^d :'ir]h,;\:dt ^^^1^^^^^^^^^^
SPEECH AT TORONTO.
11
Population will not fill the belly ; so that, admittmg that it would be
an improvement in our machinery of Legislation, and supposing it
attained, his [Mr. Buchanan's] practical question to the Grits is
one which they have not practical talent enough to answer, viz.,
what practical measures they would carry by this new instru-
mentality to subserve the great question of the people's employment.
[Great cheering.] Mr. Sandfield McDonald's views on Represent-
ation by Population are antipodal to those of Mr. Brown, so they
must be a happy family. When the Brown-Dorion Government
was formed, he was sent for into a committee room by the leaders
to see what the old Reformers would do. He said " give us a
more honest and patriotic policy than we have had, and we will
cordially support you." They couldn't produce any policy whatever,
and he told them plainly it was because they were mere fault-finders,
and had nothing practical in their composition. [Much laughter.]
He and his friends agreed to give them an adjournment of twenty-
four hours, or a week, if they wanted it, but it was no go. Out of
notning, nothing comes. [Roars of laughter.] And as with the
Brown-Dorion Administration, so with the Macdonald-Sicotte Cabi-
net ; he was well disposed towards them, masmuch as through Mr.
Sicotte and his Lower Canada colleagues there was some pledge
that what he [Mr. Buchanan] considered the first question in Ca-
nadian politics, our provincial industry, would be conserved by a
policy of importing the smallest possible quantity of foreign labour
and the greatest possible quantity of labourers. He therefore was
anxious to support the Government, and as a matter of fair play
to them voted against the motion of want of confidence.* Well,
they went to the country ; and what was his surprise when they
came back to the House, to find they had changed their patriotic
policy so soon as they had used it to carry the election. [Laugh-
ter.] They had a reversible cloak ; they stole with one side and
• Motioa 1.. amendmeat to the motion of Hon. L. V. Sicotte, " Tiiat Mr.
Speaker do now leave the C'.-air for the House to go again into CJommittee of
Supply," moved by the Honorable John A. Macdonald in the Legislative Assem-
bly, on May Ist, 1863, " that Mr. Speaker do not now leave the Chair, but that
H be resolved, that the Administration, as at present constituted, does not
desprvfl the confidence of this HousoJ' Vote lAkcn on the 7th May ■ veas 64 ■
nays, 59.
12
SPEECH AT TORONTO.
tke House ; althouah thir™. I """""^ **»■ ''■"«<>l™g
i"t their ^vi„riri e JT'X™' "™"^ "-'atutional?
waahef oSip ?»; C^L /:r: T^'S'' *^y ';™°8'" «P ^ fresh
were not entitled Tr^t: ^^[aetT nfc "^ '5"^
had V olated EesDon«M» r„ L^"eer3.j He conceived they
tercolonial iJS He tTT""' ^'l '" *' ™"° »f "■" I'^
that great road tt»t . '"^ '''"'""" '"'' ™ '''>'■ »r "gainst
«d iytl the dlTf r r"~^ '° *^ "^S™-' ' *»t he
^eha,f„,ca„adt^t:?rrenr;:i!::^^^^^^^^^^^^
and the Lower pTvin'.^ '°''°"''"'''"' 1»°P''' '» EngW
was aishono: le"^" 'rpXseT It ™ f' "^ "'"'"'^ «-'
ponsible Government to r-" .™ "''" * "»'"''»■' "f Kes-
^tive the .pprrnt^r sTc^ ^frr,:^^^^^^
sible stretches of nrerocrntJvp tI.of .u o/ by such irrespon-
yet the ™»ac„,rrait '4r;f'r r'r''\™"r"^
appeared to him tl,ere was a tltJ'J'. ""'^ "
among the low radical state Lnj^n -tod rhtef™?'""
Responsible Government in T, -ff "°"""'' *» "nterfere with our
ever gone bo^Z ZT J^ Tariff matters, and no Ministry had
present men [cwj '""""» »' -""tenancing them L U,e
A PRACTICAL POLFCY WANTED FOK CANADA.
He felt the Government were invading all our great interests.
SPEECH AT TOKONTO.
13
For instance, his firm had had two ships coming from China and
one from Brazil, and he did not know what the duty would be on the
tea or the coffee in them. At the time of the last change, he had
had two vessels at sea, and the difference m the duties, sprung sud-
denly upon thera by the Government, was upwards of $60,000 !
[Sensation.] The whole thing was a troubled dream. All our
great interests were in nightmare, the Government sitting on the
chest of our prosperity. [Laughter.] He had already alluded to
the proposed invasion by Mr. Holton of our manufacturing interest,
which was fast becoming entitled to the name of a great interest,
so much so, indeed, that at this moment the manufacturing political
influence in Montreal and other large places is more than the com-
mercial. [Hear, hear.] And one Minister, at least, Mr. Howland,
(for whom he had a great respect) was aware of the fact that one
result of our patriotic legislation since 1858 when Parliament sat in
Toronto, was the existence in Canada of over a thousand tanneries.
[Hear, hear.] The manufacture of paper, of wool, of wooden ware
and agricultural implements has equally increased. [Hear, hear.]
By manufacturing the articles mentioned w.e save the necessity of
sending out of the Province at least two millions of dollars in cash
per annum, and a fews years hence the money required to be sent
abroad for these great articles of necessity, not to talk of the innu-
merable other articles now being manufactured in the Province, would
have been double that amount. [Hear, hear.] By manufacturing
these articles we not only cause an immensely increased employment
for our own population that are not fit for other sorts of labour, but
vfQ retain in the Province the money for the use of the farming and
other interests, thus not only increasing our supply of capital in the
Province, but reducing the rate of interest at which it can be bor-
rowed. [Cheers.] Free-traders will say, you pay more for the articles
you manufacture than if you imported them. Now I deny that this is
the case. Every article, I believe without exception, that we now
manufacture is furnished to the people at a lower price than it was
sold for before 1858. But even supposing that we did pay a higher
price by the amount of the customs duty, this would not be injur-
ing the people. It would only be making them pay the tax indirectly,
iustead of directly. It is obvious that the great fact of our being in
I
14
SPEECH AT TORONTO.
debt compels us to collect the money either in one way or the other.
Ihe only policy for northern countries in America is to limit their
purchaaes of foreign labour to the greatest extent, for neither the
^orthern States nor Canada can produce e.-ports to pay for even
the very smallest imports, which the natural " g(^a-headitiveness " of
our people makes possible. Even with the greatest contraction of im-
ports, therefore, these would be miserable countries, except for the
money which comes adventitiously into the country in the pockets
ofimmigrants and for investment. [Hear, hear.] To the extent,
however, that our imports are over our exports we pay for the
balance with the Province's life blood, for although there may not
be an open removal of the specie on which all bank circulation and
monetary confidence is built, there is the loss of its equivalent. But
for being reqmred to pay for profligate importations the money got
through immigration and otherwise, would be an increase of the coun-
t^s life blood-an extension of the basis on which the pyramid
of our Provincial prosperity reposes. [Hear, hear.] True political
• reform, (such as we had before the Globe came to Canada) is, in a
progressive state of sociely such as we have in America, the truest
conservatism. We must be economical not only in applyin- the
people's money for their own benefit, but in securing for our°own
people all the employment we can, in making the articles we re-
quire, seeing that when the manufacturers live in a foreign country
they are not consuming the productions of the Canadian farms. No
^ country can be great without having rotation of crops, and no coun-
try can have this without having a manufacturing population to eat
the produce which was not exportable. [Cheers.] And soglarin-ly
untrue is the industriously circulated notion that such policy wculd
be injurious to the agricultural class, that my whole object in insist-
mg on limiting the Province imports of manufacturers, and raisin-
up factories alongside our farms, is to benefit the Canadian farmer"
and through him all other classes, knowing full well, as I do, that it is
the only solid and permanent foundation for the prosperity of the coun-
<r^.Iwa3longagowarned,bywitn933ingthesaa fate ofLower Canada
whose soil has been exhausted by over-cropping with wheat. Lower
Canada blindly followed the interasted or ignorant advice of the
British Politirt.xl Rf^rtnn nial-;! .^^A „«„£_._ J U ifi
iji.^t,, tiiiu v-oimncu lici-auii 10 growing whwA
8PEKCH AT TORONTO.
15
for exporty little dreaming how large a percentage each year it took
to represent the deterioration of the soil under such treatment of it^
And what I wish for Upper Canada is a system of rotation of crops,
to render which possible it is essential for us to have an oppidanic
or manufacturing population to eat the vegetables and other perish-
able or bulky productions of the Canadian farmer. I may here also
mention, that which has long been evident to me, that if production
and agricultural improvement are to get justice in Canada, we must
originate a system of large, reliable, non-issuino institutions,
■which we might call agricultural banks, from which our farmers
could get an advance to the extent of one-third, or so, of the value
of their real estate — which advance they might pay up at any time,
but would not be bound to pay up till the end of a certain period ^
say thirty years — the borrower making an annual payment to cover
interest of money, a sinking fund to provide for payment of the
principle in thirty years, and a life insurance premium to secure his
property being free from debt in case of his death before the loan
is paid off. Such is the Provincial policy which for thirty years I
have seen to be the best for Canada, md the views which I have
iiow expressed are those which I expect to coutiuue to hold to the
end. (Loud cheers.) I have tha3 shown that the course of the
Ministry directly injures the Credit, Trade and Manufacturing and
Mechanical interests of Canada, and indirectly through these, the
great agricultural interests.
MR. brown's fatal CONNECTION WITH THE MINISTRY.
The present Government, like Mr. Brown and the Premier, its
kead, are united, not by any common principle but common aban-
donment of principle. They have polluted our Provincid pros-
perity at its source, and there roust therefore necessarily be an im-
pure stream. Though having respectable names among them, their
character as a Ministry could not be lower. [Hear, hear.] They
immitate to the life, the well-known trick of the turf in England^
The Jockey *Z'jt)« Ids weiyh and appears, till found out, the win.
ner. &o the Grits have let slip every principle for which they con-
tended. Ihey thereiore have attained a bhort but not honourable
triumph. [Cheers.] Hateful and hating one another, deceiving
16
Sl'EECH AT TORONTO.
and being deceived is the nature of their cat and dog Hfe. [Laugh-
ter.] He [Mr. Buchanan] had tried hard to think of any descrip-
tion that could be given of the respective positions towards each
other of Mr. George Brown and Mr- Sandfield Macdonald. Their
positions seem not unlike those of the great rival simulators of nature
of old whom we read oif. Zeuxis of Heraclea, the great artist
painted himself with a tray before him, on which were grapes ; and
so V ell did he simulate grapes that the birds flew at the picture to
eat the fruit. His rival, Parrhasius, of Ephesus, to his chagrin
suggested that Zeuxis could not have painted the man [himself]
very truly, otherwise he would have frightened away the birds.
Still Zeuxis, confident, [Mr. Brown to the hfe, if he supposed him-
self rivalled] called upon his rival no longer to delay to draw aside
the curtain and show his picture ; but the picture of Parrhasius
[Sandfield] was the curtain itself, which Zeuxis had mistaken for
real drapery. Zeuxis lost the day, for he had only deceived the
birds, while Parrhasius had deceived Zeuxis. [Laughter and ap-
plause.] A newspaper had just been placed in his [Mr. Buchanan's]
hand which stated that he had in Parliament called Mr. Brown
a lineal descendant of his Satanic Majesty ; the person handing it
requested that he would explain about this dreadful imputation.
[Laughter.] He had never said any such thing. The report arose
from a mis-apprehension by a reporter in the gallery of Parliament.
He [Mr. B.] was merely showing th?t a politician being popular
did not make it iilain that he was good. He did not adduce the
most memorable uf all instances where the crowd cried " away with
him, away with him ; crucify him, crucify him." All he said was
that it had always struck him that Mr. Brown must be a lineal de-
scendant of that personage, regarding whom it is related that to him
the people all adhered, from the least even to the greatest, and yet
he was a deceiver, [sorcerer] the strength of his character consist-
ing of nothing innate, of no strength of his own, but of the weak-
ness of the character of his dupes.
" Indeed the pleasure seemed as great
Of being cheated as to cheat ;
As lookers on feel moit delight,
That least perceive the j-iggler's slight;
And still the Ufj they understand,
The more thej admire his slight of hand."
i
SPEKOfl AT TOBOima
m
f iau^tei and cheers.] The reporter aUuded to evideatly nuatook
the word adhered, and thought that he [Mr. B.] aaid feared^ he
irhom all men feared having been a liar from the beginning. FUreat
laughter.]
!
BNGWaS ¥BBB TRADJB 3UBYEBSIVB OP BHPffiE.
jUft waaanxiousto i*se plain laaguage, as every one else in C^a-
Oa seemed afraid to do ao, regarding the British Qovernn^^^nt'*
po»ti(?n, toward* her colop^es. England herself has succumbed to
^ fac^n^ holdijBg tl|ie doctrine of Robespierre—
Hf
" Perissent lea Colonies,
Platot qu'un prinoipQ."
Perish the Colonies rather than our theory. [Hear, hear.] The
adoption by England for herself of this transcendental principle haa
aH but lost the Colonies, and her madly attemptmg to make it the
principle of the British Empire would entirely alienate the Colonies.
Though pretending to unusual intemgence,the Manchester Schools'
(Kke our Clear Grits), are, as a class, as void of knowledge of tho
^rk as of patriotic principle. [Cheers.] They do not know that
Jyee Trade is the contrary pnneiple to that of Empire, [Mr. Buch-
anan repeated this again and again,] or that if you take every dirty
child off the street and treat him like your own child, your owa
child will very soon come to see that he is only treated like the diriy
child, and very soon be unable to feel differently from i^ii dirty
child. Your own child will soon experience that it is a levelling
down, not a leveUing up. [Cheers.] To take a practical exam-
pie, vital to ourselves of the result of the Free Trade measure of
1846, to which the Manchester School, through inflaming the minds
of the people of England, drove Sir Robert Peel— [Hear, hear T
Take the Niagara River, which is the boundary line between the
Umted States and Canada. The lot of 200 acres at the end of the
Suspension Bridge on the American side had the advantages of both
the American and British Markets, while the lot of 200 acres on
the north aide in Canada had only the British Markets ; the Amer-
lAATI ffl.rmai« in o 'Brni./I ^^L X-VXir i 11^/.
. , .„ „ _...^«^ „^,, ^ Biiixuiig per Dusnei (^n-om fciie American's
Iftwng aa immense home demand frt«a iMt manu&ctttriitg ji6jii|t
18
SFEECII AT TOBONTO.
lation,) for his wheat more than the Canada farmer could get. Aa
left by the free trade meaaurcs of England, it was the interest of
Canada to be annexed to the United States. So mnch for the
Legislation of the great Sir Robert Pec'. [Hear, hear.]
AGRICULTURE OUR ONE-GREAT INTEREST.
But it is well for Canada that she can aflford to throw thooriea
to the winds, having a certain and unfailing barometer of uer
great interests. In her faimers, Canada has a great class, the
prosperity of which secures the prosperity of all other classes ; so
that the trtie economical policy of Canada ia to promote the pro8-
pericy of the Canadian farmer. And how is this to be doro is the
simply political question of the Canadian patriot. [Cheers.] Yet
— to the bhame of British statesmen be it said — a question so
momentous to Canada was known to have no consideration in
England, \s\en she, in 1846, diametrically altered her policy and
repealed all the old distinctions bet\veen Canadian and American
produce in her markets. The direct and immediate eflFect of this
precipitate introduction of free imports (for it is not Free Trade)
into the mother country was most disastrous to Canada, and was
more likely to prove subversive of her loyalty than any thing that
could have been anticipated ; for it left the Canadian farmer (on
ihe North Bank of the St. Lawrence) only the English market
for his produce in which he has to compete (after paying all freights
and expenses across the Atlantic,) with wheat of countries where
labour and money are not worth one-third what those are in Canada,
while it gave to the American farmer (on the South Bank of the
St. Lawrence) this English market of which to avail himself, when
ever it suited him, in addition to the American market.
THE RECIPROCITY TREATY.
Happily the British Government saw in time the error committed
in bringing about a state of things it ,vould have been impossibl*
to retain, upon British prmciples, the Canadas — British principle*
always involving the idea that the object of Britain in acquiring
8PFKCH AT TORONTO.
19
or vctaining territory, is to bloss not to blight it. And Lord
Elgin bribed the Americans by sharing with them our Fishery
and Navigation rights, to give us the Reciprocity Treaty, i^hich,
while it exists, removes the Canadian farmer's cause of complaint.
[Hear, hear.] Now, therefore the preservation of this Reci-
procity with the United States is shewn to bo not only the inte-
rest of the farmers, and through them of all others in Canada, but
the British Government, as without it Canadians are left in a posi-
tion to be much benefittea by Canada being annexed to the United
States. I speak plainly, viewing him the most loyal man who speaks
most plainly at such a crisis. [Applause.]
AN AMERICAN ZOLLVERBIN THE INTEREST OP THE EMPIRE.
And this Reciprocity Treaty can only eventually be secured and
rendered permanent, by the British Government adopting a Policy
which would look without jealousy on the decentralization of the
manufacturing power of the Empire — a principle which would
aggrandise the British Empire, and be an incalculable benefit to
the working classes in England, Ireland, and Scotland. To preserve
the Empire, Britain has to yield the selfish principle of centralizing^
which has ruined Ireland and India, so far as such countries could
be ruined, and cost us the old American colonies. (Hear, hear.)
The principle of decentralizinf^ the manufactures of the Empire is
a principle which would secure for the Empire an enormous addi-
tional trade and influence. Through the instrumentality of some
one or other of her dependencies (which might be called England
in America — England in Australia — England in India, &c., &c.,)
she could secure free trade for all her mechanics who chose to go
to these favored localities, with countries that could never agree
to free trade direct with England, without giving a death blow to
their comparatively comfortable population. For mstance, Eng-
land could never get free tiade with the United States in manufac-
tured goods, but no doubt the United States would be prepared to
extend the Reciprocity Treaty with Canada, thus throwing down
all interior Custom Houses between Canada and the United States,
which done, the Englishman, by coming to Canada, and manufac-
^ aPEfSOH AT TORoirro.
tnring his goods at our endless water powers will be able to save
the 26 per cent, charged on the same goods going direct from Eng-
land to the UnHed States, and hundreds of mill-owners now in,
uneasy circumstances in England, would, under such an arrange-
ment^ immediately transfer to Canada their machineiy and hand*
to the infinite benefit of the population thus removed, and t<>
the aggrandizement of the empire. (Cheers.) And thi» ia the
mam thing wanted by the Canadian farmer, permanmUy, as givimt;
him a market on the spot for his roots and spring crops, thu»'
rendermg rotation of crops possible, whUe it w.uld give him alao-
that which 18 so valuable to him in the present Cuntil he gets hi*
rotation of crops estabUshed), the superim market for his white
wheat furnished in the United States by the Reciprocity Treaty.
(Hear, hear). To the United States, and more especially to the
Western States, as making the St. Lawrence the great highway of
America, free trade and navigation with Canada would give great
development, would give, in a word, all the commercial advantages
of annexation. (Hear, hear.) The natural policy of Canada ia
seen clearly therefore to be the establishment of an American ZoU-
Terem such as exists among the Gorman States. Under this the
Umted States and Canada would neither of them levy any customs
taxes on their frontiers, but only at the seaports from Labrador to
Mexico-the same duties being levied, and each cour.cry getting its
share in the proportion of its population. Let it be therefore
resolved, chat for our commercial system, the principle should be
adopted by Canada of an American ZoUverein, or in other words,
free trade with America, but not with Europe. Why should Eng-
land be jealous or oppose this ? Is not Canada just England in
Amenca ? If Canadians get an advantage, they wish no monoply
rJ\ ^^^^'•y ^^d ^'^""tryman is welcome to come and share it.
(Much cheermg). Ar.d this wul be a very fair coi^promise be-
tween the views of the two .' vvc of friend. .: the Canadian farmer,
one of which holds tuat our farmer is to be most benefitted by
general free trade and dh-ect taxation, and the other by keeping
our money m the country through the restriction of importatic ■
«nd mdirect taxation. The Reciprocity Treaty is a tomporaiy
'*M.rf?,:^,|.^^V^*, W t)e only a temporary 009. As ou/home
1 ~,iii.J- Jlli .liiWl; W)i\\ Jf
. ■.>ji"j' iv.miH
8PBECH AT TORONTO.
•SI
market increaaes through the enlargement of ouv cities and t-wna,
■we flhall bo more independent of tho market of the United Statee!
But he (Mr. Buchanan) believed that aa a necessary constquence
•of the free trade legislation of England, Canada wUI require Eng-
land to assent to the establishment of two things, on the subj-ot of
•which time did not permit him now further to enlarge. Ist, An
American Zollverein. 2nd, Canada to be made neutral territory
m time of any war betwoer England and tho United States.
Those who can estimate the terrible difficulties, if not impoaei-
bJhties of euch arrangements, will begin to form some idea of ti crime
committed by the statesmen of England in taking so serious a step
m the dark as the adoption of the principle of Free Trade, or in
other words of the contrary principle to that of Empire ! [Hear,
hear.] To return to the more immediate consideration of the Pro-
vincial Ministry.
THE aniTS — WHO AND WHAT ARE THEY ?
His opinion was that it would be far better to have Mr. Brown
openly and honestly in office, than, aa at present, behind the scenes of
Mr. Sandfield McDonald's Ministry, especially (as has been shewn by
•the illustration of Parrhasius) there is nothing else behind. [Laugh-
ter.] At the same time he would not be understood as admitting that
Mr. Brown has any fitness whatever for the Government. On the
contrary it was his opinion that there is not a man in the country with
much less fitness, or whose rumble is in much greater proportion to
his "gumption." [Much laughter.] For instance no man with any
judgment could have gone agiinst Kobert Baldwin for a member
of our Upper House. Mr. Brown's chief, if not only claim to
office, 18 that Iiis having place and power is the only condition on
which he will agree not to enflame the people and make them dan-
gerous, even if he himself is not seditious. [Hear, hear.] Gritism
IS a sort of bastard child of Malcolm Cameron— [Laughter]— which
even he afterwards got ashamed of and repudiated. [Great laugh-
ter.] It is in a word, a conspiracy of the most uneducated, with
some honourable exceptions, of the community, not only to share,
^ut to monopoiiae ail offices of trust and employment, both proviu-
22
SPEFX'HJAT TORONTO.
cial and local. [Loud and long continued cheering.] Patronage
IS its life, and patronage will be its death. AH its" members are
not bad, but every man of curious or unsettled views political or
religious is of its party. [Cheers.] It is a conspiracy of small and
bad men, not an embodiment of large and good principles. [Cheers.]
And never was there fmore necessity than at this present time in
Canada for the good of all parties to be shoulder to %houlder, and
hack to hack;'' their common conviction having at length come to
be that they individually are as little justified in refusing, on ac-
count of slight political differences, to join in defence of their com-
mon country against these Grit leaders, [with whom the great bulk
of their followers have no interests in common] as one would be to
refuse to turnout with the whole people of a neighbourhood against
a pack of hungry wolves threatening their farm vards. [Loud
cheers.] He [Mr. Buchanan] denied that they were the liberal
party of Upper Canada. If they were so, we might say with
Madame Roland—" Liberty, what crimes are committed in thv
name." ^
" But France got drunk ivith blood to vomit crime,
And fatal have her Saturnalia been ;
To Freedom's cause, in every age and clime.
"men bad men conspire, good men must combine." [Loud and
contuyued cheering.]
1
lage
I are
I or
and
rs.]
le in
and
e to
ac-
om-
.ulk
} to
inst
oud
sral
dth
hy
ft
A PLEA AGAINST ANNEXATION."
A Letter addressed to the Editor of the Toronto Globe,.
by Mr. Buchanan, January 6th, 1864.
na
I
A PLEA AGAINST ANNEXATION.
(To the Editor of the Globe.)
Sir,— My speech in Toronto, on which yo« make remarks m
to-day's Globe, was intended as a plea against annexation ; and I
think on reflection you will see that you were not justified in de-
scribing it as " a plea for annexation." If a person warns another
of a precipice towards which his steps are bent, this is held to
be an evidence of his desire to save him, not the contrary ; so I
have since 1846, the English Free Trade era, raised my warning
voice in regard to what I then saw, and still see, must be the fat^
results, in dismembering the Empire, of the adoption by England
of a policy of free imports in the face of her not being able to se-
cure for herself or her colonies free exports. It is the grossest fraud
and delusion to name England's principle Free Trade, while it is
only free imports, a one-sided system which even, if tolerable in
an old and rich country, would never be so in a new and poor coun-
try like Canada. I cannot allow myself to believe that you hold
essentially different opinions from me ; and if so, I would be delight-
ed to alter mine if you could only show me good reasons for such
alteration.
^ My convictions since 1^46 have been that England, by her adop-
tion of her principle of Free Trade, adopted a principle which ren-
ders the principle of Empire comparatively useless, if not altogether
impracticable ; that in doing so she did not in the least take into
consideration the position and interests of her outlying dominions,
especially Canada ; and to be more particular, that by her Free
Trade measures England has left it to the interest of the farmers of
Canada to be annexed to the United States, unless we get Recipro-
city with that country. Now I desire to ask you the simple ques-
tion, whether or not you think different from me as to this position
<)i the Canadian farmer ? And if, as a matter of fact, we do not
26
A I'LKA AUAINST ANNKXATION.
Ztl . ' "■ ""*'"" "" ""^^ P'^"*-^)' b« -^'« to unite in
wt ' r ' ^"'''''' ^'^"'^^^ *^ ^"S'*^"-! i" the best possible
S^u;; th' ^"""'."^ T P'P"''''"" ^*^'"^' '^'^^P'^ i">red by not
giving up the connection ? i ^ j j
t.«Inl'^«,rFT',"'-'':f'™"' ™PP»™S*at I would expect it
poS8ii.lo that E„g|„,„l w,n g,vo up Freo Trade in time to suit our
fus7aTti„ / r^' °" '"■'■ "™ P''"P''' '' "'"" *° "11 fl^' ^-^te''
■ he fir t 1 ^' \°" ""! W-'ation of Euglish Free Trade should be
l"2; r '" "«""-al ground, arise, fro,„ your insisting on
You iL ,r ''■' 7™'" "'"'« f""'"'*"'' of apart of England.
l2 ""»'<<■■■»»■<»' to be aa to what England might part
wrft to a„„tlK.r p ,„,,,, „„tead of as to what she can extend tolr
tha r" , ",", f" '■'"■ «™"'"' ('1'"' "'''"l' I '">!<• ""' true)
elfn ;" ;T V°" "' =''""« '"•-^''-^^ '1- whole liberty in
1 ogard to her tariff of a country, as I propose. '^
" .1 '.7'"V°r """"''"'^ "fy™ '" ™» ^"oh arguments as " No
no Jr. Buchanan, the loyalty of reformers is not in their pocket^
- P ^t ,;" *",""'1^ '; "•"■''" ^»" "'1""= oortainly 13, as boU
u„ r , ^. ""'•■"'"y 1"'"™'-" Po'' -"y part, I belong to
boa, the ,,art,es) not seeing any party that holds views sufficiently
C^ad,an or patnotie : and to the extent I may appear to su^p rt
worse . But .as to those many farmere and others who are of the
fte oTr'';ft;'%' •™'^"."'"/''»' '^ 'l-^ ^^ -t monopoli^etl
the loya y „( the Provmco u, 1812, 1887 and 1S62 (at the TreM
musTfe 'tha T ° "7'- ""^"'"'K"- '- «" those classes
must led that Canada is deeply injured by not havin" access to the
marker of the United States ; and I cannotseewhy hi^ 1X1"^
courage te say so, should be called having his loydty in hisplTet '
Yours respectfully,
Hamilton, Jan. G, 18^4. ^'''' Buchanan.
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS,
EXPLANATORY OF
MR. BUCHANAN'S POLITICAL OPINIONS.
INTEODUGTORY REMARKS,
IXPLANATORY OP MR. BUCHANAN'S POLITICAL OPINIONS.
The Editor feels that no apology is necessary for the republication
•f the articles contained in this pamphlet, as from their recognized
Talue, the work was undertaken at the urgent solicitation of so many;
persons interested in the trading poUty of Canada. TheEditoi;
havin^been the author of the « Sketchei of Celebrated Canadians,"
in which appears a lengthened and accurate statement of the'career
and of the vast services rendered the country by Mr. Buclwnan,
no doubt pointed him out as a person who would be most likely to
be weU acquainted with the subject, and with which Mr. Buchanan's
name has been so long and so prommently identified. Their repro-
duction is the more necessary from the fact that these article*
possess a pubUc interest which must commend them to the atten-
tion of i J who take an interest in the welfare of Canada; and
further, that a wrong impression may not be allowed to go abroad
of the nature of Mr. Buchanan's scheme, both as an instrument of
philanthropy in favour of the working classes of the mother country
and of British America ; and lasUyj'in order that a wider circiUft-
80
INTBODUCTORY REMARKS.
tion may be given to his refutation of the slanders sought to be
fastened upon a political party on his account by the Editor of the
loronto Globe and others of that "ilk." Mr. Buchanan's often
expressed view is that he is the greatest Canadian patriot who prac-
twfl T r* ? t ^'"-^""^ ^"^ '''^'^'^ of the masses in
this country. This also he holds to be the best evidence of a man's
having more than lip-loyalty to the British Government, as it leaves
he Canadian notbng to envy in the United States. He pomts out
tihat al our leaders of provincial poUtics, (equally with the
lat on of England) are wDfully blind to this, as shown by th^r
not makmg the question of the greatest and best paid employment
m their n fact, not makmg it a question at all, anything patr otic-
^y selfish seemmg now to be laughed to scorn. At the time of
J\^! ^tf """"'"'• '*'*''^- '^ ^^' P^«««^* ^^J a^e throwing
up those noble countries called the British Colonies with the samf
n^halance as thej departed from the patriotic maxims called
British principles. To the countries and the principles aUuded
"• The race oC small men described by Chambaud, ' Jeune homme qui se dia
t ngue par un ton ddcisif, par des manieres libres et dtourdies ' Br^Ush lin
copies banished by them from their own country have taken refugelnAmerr
als i^alou^ of T "^'"'^ 'Concessions to foreign pow ra, to our
n,als jealous of our growth, and anxious i. impede our onward prowess
Encourasentent to dcnesticjndustry is a concession to our fdloZu"l iff. 1"
'He ha mou^t.. h IJ"' '''^''' °' '"'^"'^^ ^« characterises thus:-
rmlh! 7"°*«^f'«.»^°bby and has determined to spur and whip him <m
rough shod, over all facts, obstacles and impediments that lie in his way^. '
Isaac Bdohanan.
INTRODUCTOKY REMARKS.
31
to there is the same moral certainty of a glorious resurrection, but
whether this shall occur before or after these have been driven to
repudiate the name of British, and to take refuge under the
American flag depends on how long the national delusion shall con-
tinue that holds up such men as Peel, Gladstone and Earl Grey.
In the meantime the condition of the colonial proprietors is being
made more and more desperate. Gladstone's administration of
Peel's principles, and especially his celebrated dispatch to Canada,
in which (banishing from his memory all our American experience)
he boldly asserted that the Colonial tie was secured by the tradi-
tionary prejudices of the Colonists ! reminds us of the treatment
received by a distinguished French traveller who was shipwrecked
on the coast of Barbary ; to dry up his tears the Barbarians threw
dust in his eyes ! But to describe the effects of the principles of
political economy as administered to the Colonies by Earl Grey, it
is impossible to find language. The eloquent language of Sheridan,
instead of overstating, far understates the case ; for so pestiferout
to British interests is the breath of our late!*geometrical legislation
that it at once succeeds in blasting all agricultural pursuits at home
and in the colonies, and at the same time invigorates the national
industry of our opponents and enemies, reanimating even their
accui sed slave trade.
" It looks as if some fabled monster had made his passage through
the country, whose pestiferous breath had blasted more than its
voracious appetite could devour. * * « #
Am I asked why these people arose in such concert ? Because they
were people in human shape ; because patience under the detested
tyranny of man is rebellion to the sovereignty of God ; because
allegiance to that power that gives us the forms of men commands
to maintain the rights of men. » » * #
Never was this unextinguishable truth destroyed from the heart
that man is not the property of man, that human power is a trust
for human ber.efit ; and that when it is abused, revenge becomes
justice if not the bounden duty of the injured. These, my Lords,
were the causes why these people rose."
81
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.
JeiL^!: zi ::i:„:r ' ""?: "^ ^^ » ^ ™-
fcture it ,ill be told IT t' J '"' '" "^'^ ' '«'» '"^ *»
opposition in «,« T „2i ? government, a cmstilutimal
A f tkof • T '^^"^ Russell assumed the reins in 1 fti«
■ ottrcrtL^rrntXr't-''-^'"^^^"'''^"-^^^^
tbings, (by ,0 outraging fhe oonsl "T' f "' *'' ^'»"' "^
one ride their late mo3t°tril„r . '^ *" '" ™'''''y *»
not broken the ferlrf thIT/ !", . °'^°" "' ""^ ''""^«''> ■"«
brokenit,«,tr What" ff "'■''"' " '" ^^if-^M'"' ie has
we had beef t^d om^^Zr:^^:'/"^'' ''- ^^ -id if
^ing entirety ,e. ^ thelr^L^r^i ^f:^^ Lf 7°?"''
THE MONARCHY T«i^°f ^™™*I' ^^^^^'^^ TO
Tai p^r • ^ . umerwise we
lak« Rehgioa for mstance-lookine to onA,.if
VT^ nt-'v ««1 1 I
mTRODUCTORV REMARKS. 88
the Zl!! -7 ^^ , ""«""""« ™'- 'hoi-Shto ; hue, looking to
tte vital oon»>dcrat,„„ ,/,<.( rt« dkcUim i, f„ our children „f «t
onoo get quit of our false shame. So is h Jtt ,IT \^ ■
Patriotic or Social Ec. o.,, which'l' L:' ol^th^ g oC::
mpLE'T'"™'. 'T ^^'P'^oymen/ op 'our mra
f71i^:::?;!.t:rrx:-:r:-t.
iro^^t^'J. ''°''™^ 0^ ENGROSSING THE Sen
tZ^ ^ZTZrr^^'' MrE^ORN^NTL
FIRST Oir<«TTOv ™ JS^ r ''° '"• '"* °» "dmititlobe THE
rmoi yuJiSTIOi-f IN THE POLITICS OF EVPRv rnr/T
~»e feeling of dee°p res^onlluX I h." i™l Z 7'^'.*^
^ Uk. ™™„g ty .h, industrial" ^^.S^fth'u^^
trially, of the United StoisT " " "" """' **'"'""= f»"™' '"<»>»
84
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.
And as I, in explanations in respect to the oosition of my groat
question on the other side .f the Atlantic, have preferred to quote
the language of that admirable English writer, Ser/oant Bvles
rather than to give them in my own-so I shall prefer making this'
important explanation ^ to the preser. industrial position and
prospecta of the Umted States, ^n the words of a very clever recent
American work ^^ A Eutory of the Whig Party ^ by R. MoKins-
liGY WKMSBY I
" * President Jack.on,' says the work alluded to, ' commenced
Ins administration when the country was under the f.ll Tide of
experiment in the principles of Madison, Munroe, and Adam. Ou
foreign and domestic policy wa. that established under thes Pr"
adents. The country was at the height of its prosperity as Jackson
entered the presidential chair, and his ter!n of adL^nistrat ^
seemed just long enough to work an entire revolution of the mea^
ures of bs predecessors. The consequences of his acts were pre-
jhcted; and if t ey fell as a legacy to his successor, it may "rs^aS,
in the figure of the poet, that thoy were visitations to ' plague the
inventor ' The grounds on which all his changes' of^polcy
were made were theoretical. There waa at the time no occasion
for complamt that the country was not prosperous and happy Z
the prosperity of that day has not been exceeded. This the PresT
dent acknowledged. The country had at previous periods pals d
^rough revuHons .amcs, and all sorts of monetaiy distresses.
The causes of such reverses and calanuties had been examined
mto carefully, and a course of policy adopted, as was thought, that
would avert the future recurrence of such convulsions in L busi-
ness of the country. But the muniments provided against these
revulsions by the safest statesmen, considering their ex'perience L
wel as ability, that our country has produced, were all swept away
by the administration of Jackson; and the insecurity for which our
uusmess and monetary systems were noted in early times, has con-
tinued to the present day. The fact is, we are a country without
ANY POLICY AT ALL EITHER FOREIGN OR DOMESTIC ; WE ARE AT THE
.iERCY OF THE WORLD, AND ARE ONLY KEPT FROM BANKRUPTCY BY
• Published by Crosby, Nichols & Co., BostWi.
i
INTBODUCTORV 1IKMAKK8. U
*K UNCOMMON HON OF GOOD roRTIINE • Wilk „.. i j
.by«, of .lostitution and ,„.vcrtT B.t iTf^ ' '"'"' '" *•"
Ac millio„» Of mon and . oT2. P ''"'"' """^ '°" ''»<'».
foro8,ght, »,,„,„ g»d naturod deity ha, hrL il „ 1™ '"?
treasures „f t„<, ,„„,„„, „„ J W,™ ™„ ° "' '°'' "'=''
K«I0N8, B„I NOT ,„„«, The T is at Lnd h""" "" '™™''
Will depend ™„re on our pAII 1^ "Cn Thr^l''
fore a,,d when nothing but atteition to tho,rpri*lll*^^^^^^
from the wretchedness of wo.e than colonial se£ '"' ■"
*nd sung for years Bat ,u„' """^ ^''"''' <"« fcesin recited
can well! oon^id^ed h^U' "S.Sroir °"^ '""'
HAN^AOTUaES, AND OOMMEaOE AEE SO ^ZZnZrT""''^'
OF CUBRENCV, I,.AT THE LATIB» CANNOT weTl IT. '"'™'"'
»HE OTHEBS AND VIEWED SEPARATELY TuTcuRKENr™"" """'
PEBLY SPEAKING AN INTEREW • ,t ,. ^KRENCY Is NOT PRO-
is less dependent on iuhan ™ 'the , ! '^7™™'- 1"™!*%
t^.. wiLut this^rurof cTr^itr ctd? °'f'™"
OP HIS .ARM TO THE BOUNDS OP HIS coX" rZ",™"™™
TBATCODNTRYASAa-EATPin.r,^ ,7 °"''™^' •*"■> WOK DPON
AND RKOULATED ON sZ Zo^ZZ'Zr'' '''''' "'''''''''''
CONTROLLED, he would at on^ K "" """" ^""'^ '^
Btatesmaa,! and Snd „„ d^ZllfnTt " •'""'"^ ''"°"°'^" ^^
«.l.t.'-I..„ Bwa^.r,;--"'"'"'' " »"•' '■ "" • P.tri»fe or SocUl Ecoo,^
36
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.
,11
iW r
III
would be all that is requisite for a solution of the great questions
that have so much agitated parties for years, if a person could only
break through the mists that theorists and politicians have thrown
over these subjects.
' '■ ' As with the family, the nation that consumes or imports more
than t produces is on the road to bankruptcy. A fortunate con-
currence of circumstances may for a while keep its tottering head
from beating the earth ; but, in the end, such a country must fall.
These continually recurring monetary revulsions are but the too
palpable effects of its crippled and debilitated faculties, showmg
that it is only with the utmost difficulty and pain that it can stagger
along. This is the country, the improvident country, that has ever
imported more than it has exported. The amount of the excess of
imports over the exports is familiar to a'l who take the trouble to
inspect the reports of the departments. A glance at the figures
will show what reason would have required us to expect. Palsion
and party frenzy may blind a man to obvious facts, or render him
indifferent to things dimly seen through the mists of prejudice ; but
every sensible and unbiassed mind will at once confess that a system
which constantly exhausts, and never replenishes, our national
resources, must be ruinous. Without going back further than to the
administration of Munro, we see that the excess of our imports over
exports— taking no notice of foreign goods exported included in
the account— was, during his second term, upwards of $16,000,000.
During J. Quincy Adams' terra, upwards of $17,500,000 ; during
General Jackson's first term, about $35,000,000; and, during the
second term, upwards of $129,000,000. There has been scarcely
a year since, that the imports have not greatly exceeded our
exports, and the aggregate of the excess of our imports from
Jacksoi'a to Buchanan's administration, must amount to several
hundred millions of dollars. The excess of our importations during
the last term of President Polk was upwards of $114,000,000, and
the excess from lb41 to 1857 is in round numbers upwards of
11260,000,000 !*
• " An ingpection of the tf,bl«9 anouftllj presented by the Secretarj of th«
Treasury will show the foil -winjr aatoniaiiing fnots : The .,p«cie imported
luring ten jreara, from 1847, immediAteiy Hfter the tariff of 1S4S, to iss?
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.
&f
_ The only substantial check ever attempted for these nndue
importations were the tariff enactments of 1828, and 1842, and
although they both produced marked effects, their continuance was
too bnef to mar the symmetry of our studied system of folly and
stupidity Modem secretaries have struggled to obscure the
returns of our custom-houses, and to break the effect of their pro-
phetic balances. The exportation of gold has been charged in the
accounts of our exports, to render our foreign trade apparently
including those two years (fiscal years) was, .o. ^osa qo
Hxport of specie and bullion during same period, ." .' ala'.oL 2 1 7
Bxcess of exports over i.nports
The total amount of imports of goods and specie'during'the
period was,
$258,853,22 8
same
$54,220,577
2,482,141,329
2,169,067,524
$313,073,805
Exp.,t,,.peciei„c,„d,d;.::;:;::;;;;;::::::::::::;;::;::::;,%«»'^^^^^^^^^^^
Leaving a balance of indebtedness;
Or thus :
Imports, exclusive of specie from 1847 to 1857
Exports, exclusive of specie " " " .,
Balance of trade against this country,
waTt'nJ tv *''V'°'' '? ' ''""^ '''' '° *^'^ 'couniryVin consequence of it.
want of pohcy, of upwards of tkree hundred millions of dollars ? What a corn-
men ary on our national system I We have cast the specie exports since the
trltpT^nTK !^"'""^°'=^'^ *''^'' P^°ducts, to show into whose pockets their
rat or • 7"'- '''' "^'^^ °'^' °°' ^« '^'^ ^''^t this is all wrong ;
^at our commercal system should have been such as to have saved the pro-
tl \T "" . "'"''' *"'' ''''''''^ °' P-^y'"^' *° ^'^^^ -«-ved by foreign
trade a balance of one or two hundred millions annually.
EXPORTS FBOM THB UNITED STATES TO POREIQN PORTS.
Domestic Pro-
tlucc.
$ 98,455,330
101,718,042
150,574,844
130,203,709
131,7lO,Of:l
134,900,233
173,620,138
154,931,147
189,869,162
215,157,504
192,761,135
2o(),45o,05i
278,906,713
241,351,033
Foreign rro-
duce.
$ 7,584,781
7,865,206
6,166,754
7,986,806
8,641,091
9,475,493
10,295,121
li,037,043
13,096,213
21,061,137
26,lli8,3C8
14,781,372
14,917,047
20,660,241
Specie and
Bullion.
$ 8,606,495
3,905,268
1,907,024
15,841,616
5,404,648
7,522,994
29,472,752
42,674,135
27,486,875
41,422,423
56,247,343
45,745,486
69,136,922
62,633,147
Total Exports.
$114,646,606
113,488,516
158,648,622
154,032,131
145,755,820
151,898,720
218,388,011
209,642,325
230,452,250
278,241,064
275,166 846
326,964|908
362,960,682
?24,644,421
S8
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.
more equal ; and, in the imports of specie, the money brought
by immigrants 3 alluded to as an item of importance, sipposod to
oe large, but not to be stated ! THE FACT IS OrTR Posil
TION IS A RUINOUS ONE, AND EVERY clNDIDMfN
To^ToI^.tV'''' ^"™^ ''^^'J^ BE CHANGES
EESOFRrp^ wr^T**^"^®' "^^ ^'^"^^ ACCIDENTAL
Fm^T^l^nr^i^ ^^'^ ^'^™ us MUCH LONGER
±liOM THE GULF OF KUIN.*
"J Since General Jackson's administration, our country has gone
back to Its earlier condition. Before the last war with Englind,
Massachusetts asked but for Free Trade, as restrictions upon import
tations, It was thought, would diminish the business of her mer-
chants and skippers. For a while, under the tariffs of 1816 and
1824, she mvested largely in manufactures ; bat the inconstancyf
ColZnil •' T'', ""f' '^" ''"'•' ^'''' ''^"^ ^° ^"g^'^^d. '^^^ h" colonies.
Gold tTA^ ."' ' 'r'' "^''''^ •" consequence of the continued arrival of
J/'-^^'lu''^ '''"'" '° ^''°*'^''' '°<'' '^ * f«°"«« of permaneacy_a feelin„ of
cu Wat Z.." M r '''' '' °"^ '^"^^"* °"«' '^^•^"-^ " ^-Id be diffi-
Ir now a? "''\ '''"'^ P'°P'' ^''' '=°'°°'°'^ ««°^« ^"1 •-« remain ^o;^.
i«r now-a-d js."— Isaac Buchanan.
IMPORl, nJTOj;H^njnTBD_STATES_PR01l FORBIGN PORTS.
Year
endiiif
Juno «
Dutiable.
$ 95,106,724
96,924,058
104,773,002
132,282,325
125,479,774
155,427,936
191,118,345
183,252,508
236,595,113
271,276,560
221,378,184
257,684,236
294,160,836J
202,2y3,876{
Free Goods.
$ 18,077,598
20,990,007
17,651,347
16,356,379
15,726,425
18,081,590
19,652,995
24,187,890
27,182,152
26,327,637
36,430,624
52,748,074
54.266.507
61,044,779
Spcio and
Bullion.
Total Import*.
$ 4,070,242
3,777,732
24,121,289
6,360,224
6,651,240
4,628,793
5,45.3,592
5,505,044
4,201,382
6,968,184
3,659,812
4,207,632
1 2,46 r 799
19,274,496
$117,254,564
I 121,691,797
I 146,545,638
154,998,928
47,857,439
178,138,318
216,224,932
212,945,442
267,978,647
304,562,381
261,468,520
314,639,942
3(30 QQo I A 1
282,6 13,' 150
INTRODUCTORY RSaiARKS.
upon the Teln b'I ™.» mterest of that stats U again ,eea
But where, if theend ZTl """°'"""'' ^*'""' *» «»»"*•
" < wi, ' ""' ""mmerce land ns »
ing ba w: :;i:: it """"""^^ *« ^^^ «■- --'-"^ accn..
TtlS Tuli ^ro r — r *' •'"'"'• ^™"y J»°-"'an i, kind
e.pXu:„rhrhr;t:;ef'''"^^^°^^-"'='''*»-"''
«pon the oLrr, '^S ^STnf'^vV;^"*'"
Democratic CWL ""^^ ^ P'°"^^'^^S ^^^^^^^ti^n to see a
fan« «;Aen tariff bills wil I ?J r ^''^ '' not far du-
»-.nted ,b.. th, „„„„ .°d *„*,,' 1"' " """ '"""■»8 " «» ^ «.ke« for
49
INTBODUCTORY REMARKS.
It has ever been a great fault of the people of this country to be
governed more by party spirit ihm by ideas of state policy.Every
countryman should think of his national family, as well as of h^
domestic circle. The substantial and permanent interests of the
to the doctrine of Protection, we may mention the significant and highly en-
couragmg act tl>at, during the political campaigns of 1858, many leading
Democrats in d.fferent parts of the country, emphatically announced thomselve!
in favour of Protection. Lending Democrats in Massachusetts, Pennsylvania
and other States, did so. Mr. Hallet was decided upon the question ; and from'
the Boston Post, the leading organ of the administration, in New England we
extract the following, by the Post copied from the Pcnnsylvanian, a leading
Democratic paper : ' "="■"'"»
'' ' Hknrv Cr,AT ON TH. Tar,kf._To these old line Whigs who sincerely regard
the opinions of Henry Clay, the following on the subject of a tarilT are com-
mended at this time. In 1844, when Henry Clay was the Whig nominee for
President he delivered a speech before a meeting of his political friends in
f«'ir^ w^ • ""^''^ '^^''^ ""^ ^"^ •" '^' ^^"y ^^SU of July 25th.
1844, a Whig campaign paper, published at Harrisburg, by J. Kpabb, Esq. In
this speech Mr. Clay makes use of the following emphatic language :
" 'Let the amount which is requisite for an economical administration of the
government, when we are not engaged in war, be raised exclusively on foreign
miports ; and in adjusting a tariff for that purpose, let such discriminations be
made as will foster and encourage our own domestic industry. All parties ought
to be satisfied with a tariff for revenue and discriminations for protection '
of th« r^ "^ 7' " ''''' "' '"'^ the Democracy from the earliest stage.
of the tariff issue, and so say the, now, in every public meeting that passes
resolutions concerning the tariff. They have been honest and consisten tn
their course, while the Black Republicans have been dishonest in every act
with reference to this in ,,ortant issue. Will the friends of Henry Clay ioin
with that party which is opposing every principle which he laid down in hig
Raleigh speech 7 Can they strike hands over an issue which their great leader
would not accept were he present ? Henry Clay said, ' all parties ought to be
satisfied with a tenff for revenue and discriminations for protection.' The Black
Republicans are not satisfied with this and hence are opposed to the principle.
of Henry Clay. Yet this faction asks the support of old-line Whigs' Such
an appeal is an insult to the intelligence of the sincere admirers of Henrv Clav
• ' The rate at which this country is going to ruin is now pretty plainly appa-
rent to every intelligent man, and is made conspicuous by our annual trade
returns. It seems that we import of cotton fabrics about one-half the amount
we manufacture, which consume, of the raw material, upwards of 650.000
bales per annum, worth upwards of $30,000,000. The value of the article.
rZtV'""^ "'"' l*r. """''""• " nearly $60,000,000; of which some 6 or
8,000,000-a coarser fabric-is exported. A country like this, with sole com-
mand of raw material, with abundance of manufacturin«r skill .n^ »„.„rrr=--
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.
41
country are not so varied as to be beyond the comprehension of
Zl^TT ''[''^''^'y information and judgment, if he would
thl fr,- u? *^' "^'^ '^ speculating theorists, and look at
them m the light of common sense.
BECOMF'^'?p''„^Tr. ''^'''^^' ^^ T«^ NATION WOULD
BECOME RICH IT MUST SELL MORE THAN IT BUYS
mu'rilroTcottr;?- '""•*' '^ "-"f-turing, imports four times as
uiucn value ot cotton fabrics as it exports !
a coZZlZ' "pin- T *' •' """'^^ ^^^ ""'^'^ P'-P" -«1 '^ establishes
^'^iZt^lllZ^ ^ «-V"i-y to us. aud that
their course for the fuCC,l„:„.f ''V'''°"' °' ''' ""''' *"'' ^^^'"«'*
ousies and all J^ll \ continue. We must cease our sectional jeal-
Norton 1:".:: r^^^^^^^^ ''^'''^ '-^^-^^ «^ *^« --^r,. ^The
union what God 1^1 l^p ""'"°° *" °^''"*"''''- ^^ «='^" ^^^ «°d dis-
ener„r^in,^?nd . ^""^^'^ ^«»'»blished ; but we must feel grateful to the
wlhTh material Tr"' .""" "'° "'" ''^^^^ ^ ^'"''P- «"" '^ -PP>7 us
tje G . ,,, , ,, counll^or^-rtX^Tm^^^Lr in:^^^^^^
haveTh^Jire lo^l^^ ^" «^ ^'^ ^^-"^^«-- Ma'nufactu:::^.^
nave ineir place, commerce its centre, and agriculture itq fi^IH Th«. <a *i.
«o..„ta .„ .ecunng . good, s.fe, ..d pe,„.„„, „„^,, ,„, ti. produce jo
Columbia river, which will shortTvT ''^^/r's^'PP' ••'^"' «"d by the
waters of the Missies p^ tZ^LlZTl 'j '^'T' "'^' '''' ''"''
country, it is easy to see'that n'oamtt can rofi't It'^h^"" I""" '' ''"
for the whole countrv No r,ST .. ^f *' " °°* *° ambition
Hie, „.„d ..d .r,pp,. cH. ...;,- ,71 ,^-^::: ,zjiv:z:i "■
M
42
IWTKODUCTORY REJffABKS
BE BASED. UNLESS THE Por T^t^.^'^^*^^'*^ M^ST
ATTAIN THIS END IT TOLT rTa J.'^'^*^™^'' ^H^LL
The truth of this ZL wfflK u AN ERgo^g^^pg
realize thia policy Mh aim If '°'"'""'^<'««''' V "^-T »»e. To
United Stat's. "^iLt Tnot a'l? """'".°"' "^ '^S *«
S :.) oleon, altho„rencounter T'^'"" "> I>»''««f !»»
"' THE. IS cArPE0PL7rr'?^''''^-
LONG THAT THE ONLY RFTr^^rV^'^''^ ^^^<^KE
MAKKET EOH BItESK^\r^K^
a3 aU..i .hi^/r^ir^r^rr Trrfr --r
would feed an ErK^lishmnn wifK v.- i V ■^'^*^ Yankee, who
it well with dutfe^A Stt^p^pp^^^^^^^^^ ^^" ^' '^^^^'^ ^ butter
interest. oaThic'h^L ^■**T'' *"■ '™*' ""'^^^^ »"»"•
Commerce as one tl.in7- ™^ '''^''"'''»' ^" >•''»"■'»«<'• •
«: J«:i;r;":;r2:rct;:r'-'-' ""' ""*'^- ^
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.
4a
CANADA MUSTMANUFACTURE.-THE DECENTRALIZATION OP THE MANU"
l^T^Zf^™^ ^^^'^"^ NOW BECOME AN URGENT POLITICAL NECES-
SITY. UNLESS THE AGRICULTURE OF THE COLONIES IS TO BE LEFT WITH
?RT^?™ ^ REMUNERATION, THAN IP THESE WERE SEPARATE COUN-
TS Tm^K^tr/f '''''"'' MANUFACTURING SYSTEM, AND UNLESS BRI.
COUNTRY. ^"^ CONTINUE TO BE SACRIFICED TO BRITAIN THE
iqoJ"t* ^®^* 'P^^''^ '"^ *^^ ^^"^'^ «^^«^*^3 <>n the 14th August,
1«38 Lord Lyndhurst thus described the coming into existence
oi the German ZoUverein :-' Now the petitioners desired him to call
the attention of their Lordships to the circumstances connected with
this extraordinary decrease (in England) of trade; and the first
pomtto which he would direct theirnotice, was the new Prussian com-
mercial system. Everybody acquainted with that proceeding knew,
and their Lordships knew well, the great difficulties which P. ussia
Had to encounter in bringing the different states of Germany to
accede to that agreement. Not only did it occasion a decrease of
the exports of this country, but manufaciuring estabUshments had
started up m central Germany ; and in consequence of the cheap-
ness of labour, the advantage of water power, and the assistance of
machinery exported frc^m this country, they were now enabled not
only to supply their own wants, but to contend with us, and to con-
tend successfully, even with reference to our great staple commo-
dity m the foreign markets. In the United States of America,
^hichwas always considered our own especial market, the cottons of
Germany and the hardware of Germany could now be purchased
at a lower price than similar articles the manufacture of this coun-
try. And in reply. Viscount Melbourne (the then premier)
said;— 'The noble Lord had pointed the attention of the govern-
ment to various subjects which he conceived to be, and which un-
questionably were, of the very greatest importance ; and in the first
place, he had directed their attention to the commercial union on
the contment of Europe, instituted under the influence and guidance
ot Prussia, A which united in one common band of fiscal regula-
tions so many of the states of Germany. That state of things micht
be hostile, or it might not, to the interests of England ; but if it
were nosiiie, we ooulUnot complain, for it was contrary to no treaty
44
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.
whatever; it was a right which those states had a right to enter
into if they thought proper; and which no skill, ability, nor diplo-
matic address, could have induced them not to adopt if they thought
it best and most conducive to their own interests.' "
" Canadians thus see in its proper light the attempt of the manu-
facturers of Sheffield, and other places in England, through the Co-
lonial Office, to coerce Canada, and make us legislate for the inter-
ests of England, not for the interests of Canada, a thing which (as
Lord Melbourne has so well shewn) England dared not attempt
with an independent country.
" And the North British Review, a high Free Trade authority,
relates that since 1837 the consumption of raw cotton has increased
more than twice as fast in the contmental states that have adhered
to the protective system as in Great Britain, ar.d at a more rapid
rate than in the United States, which has been foolish enough to
tamper with her tariff after it was put, in 1842, on the most patriotic
footing."*
• The Reviewer goes on to sp" ■ ' We have now many rivals, where thirty
years ago we had none ; we formerly supplied nations, which now partially or
entirely manufacture for themselves ; we formerly had the monopoly of many
markets, where we are now met and undersold by young competitors. To sev-
eral quarters wa now send only tliat portion of their whole demand which our
rivals are at present unable to supply. A far larger proportion of our production
now than formerly is exported to distant and unproducing countries. A far
larger proportion mw than formerly exported to our own colonies, and our
remote possessions. More, relatively, is sent to Africa and America, and less to
Europe. Countries which we formerly supplied with the finished article, now
take from us only the half-finished article or the raw material. Austria meets
us in Italy; Switzerland and Germany meet us in America; the United States
meet us in Brazil and China. We formerly sent yarn to Russia : we now send
cotton-wool. We formerly sent plain and printed calicoes to Germany : we now
Bond mainly the yarn for making them. All these countries produce mor«
cheaply than we do — but as yet they are not producing enough : we therefore sup'
plement them. Partly by our old restrictive system, partly by the natural effect
•of an increasing population, they have been driven from the plough to the loom
— or have been driven to add the loom to the plough ; and henceforth our manu-
facturing production can increase only, not by underselling or successfully com-
peting with our rivals, but by the demand of the world increasing faster than our
rivals can supply it. This is more or less the case with all our principal manufao-
tnres ; it is pre-eminently the case with oar chief manufacture the cotton."
mxaODUCTOKY REMARKS.
4&
" Statisticians in England have always either misconceived or
misrepresented the success of American manufacturing. The fol-
lowing figures, however, will speak for themselves :—
The cotton manufacturers in the United States consumed,
Bales. Value.
In 1858—450,000 120,020,000
In 1869—700,000 38,500,000
Increase— 250,000 118,480,000
" The value in 1859, being nearly double what it was in 1858.
W© know that the demand has been so great at home, that the
Americans have not had any great inducement to look abroad, but
still we know that Canada alone buys from them (shewing thattiese
manufactures are cheaper than the same goods in England) about
ei^ht millions of dollars worth per annum ; and from the latest
weekly report of the New York Dry Goods Trade, I extract the
following: ' The ExpoH Trade is active, d.\\<\ still on the increase.
We are competing encouragingly with the English in low cotton
gooda among the Chinese and in India.' Now, until through the
adoption of an American Zollverein we get for Canada a greatly
extended market for her manufactures, we migiit have the allevia-
tion of being able to pay them away for our tea and other articles
«f import, if Parliament would only now evince so decided a deter-
mination to sustain Canadian manufactures aa to enable parties to
go into them with confidence. To encourage Parliamr ■ in this, I
shall here give a statement of the exports of manufactures by the
United States to foreign countries.— The amount, $30,372,180 is
truly astonishing when we reflect on the unpatriotic character, in
regard to American industry, of the governing party in the U. S.
and on the perpetual attempts by English statesmen to induce them
to adopt a suicidal policy in this respect.
I r.
46
INTRODUCTOEY REHARK8.
Statement exhibiting the Value of Manu/nctured Articles of Dometlic Product
exported from the United States to Foreign Countries, 30th June, 1858.
From the Annual Report of the Secretary of the Treasury.
I I
< I
AltTIOLHS.
Wax
ReBned sugar
Chocolate
Spirits from grain
Spirits from molasses ....
Spirits from oth. materials
Molasses
Vinegar
Beer, ale, porter, cider.. .
Linseed oil and spirits of
I turpentine
Lard oil
Household furniture
Coaches and other car'gs.
Hats
Saddlery
Tallow candles and soap
and other candles
Snuff and tobacco
Leather boots and shoes .
Cordage
Gunpowder
Salt
Lead
Iron — pig, bar, nails
castings
all manufiiit's of..
Copper and bras-, manu-
factures of
Medicinal drugs
Cotton piece-goods —
printed or colored.
uncolored
twist, yarn, thread
other manufac. of.
1858.
$85,920
200,724
2,304
476,722
1,267,691
249,432
115,893
24,336
59,632
1,137,507
60,958
932,499
777,921
126,525
55,280
934,303
2,410,224
1,269,494
212,840
365,173
162,650
48,119
405,931
464,415
4,059,528
1,985,223
681,278
2,069,194
1,782,025|
1,800,285
Articlks.
Hemp and flax —
cloth and thread.,
bags and all man-
ufactures of. ... .
Wearing apparel
Earthen and stoue ware. .
Combs and buttons
Brushes and brooms
Billiard tables & appa'tus.
Umbrellas, parasols, and
sunshades
Manufac. of India rubber.
Leather and morocco (not
sold per pound)
Fire engines k apparatus,
Printing presses and tjpes
Musical instruments
Books and maps
Paper and stationery ....
Paints and rarnish
Manufactures of glass. . .
Manufactures of tin
Manufactures of pewter
lead
Manufactures of marble
and stone
Manufactures of gold and
silver, and gold leaf. . .
Quicksilver
Artifi'al flowers & jewelry
Trunks and valises
Bricks and lime. ........
Oil cake
Articles not enumerated.
Total
1858.
1,32 6
87,766
210,696
36,783
46,349
49,153
8,791
6,339
313,379
13,099
7,220
106,489
99,776
209,774
229,991
131,217
214,608
24,186
27,327
138,590
26,386
129,184
28,901
59,441
103,821
1,435,861
2,601,788
$30,372,180
" And to turn now to the actual annual production of manufac-
tures in the United Sta* it may not be generally known that this
amounts to more than v! ^imes the whole amount of foreign ma-
nufactures which the Americans import, a circumstance in which
lies the real advantage of the United States both in money (although
the United States have nothing deserving the name of Banks,
while Canada has the best Banks in the world) j and in employment,
INTUODUCTORY REMAKKS. 47
^^ omcia, ropcro of tho last Census published in 1855 :_
p«ra«ou,eo.paX':ts:t': 7;:: ;?ei'r""" °'*""-
facture, capital inv^fprl in i ! ^ business or manu-
and val'ue f 1~ ^ f P«> -tato, quantity, kind
kind of motive Zer 1,^ ' . ^^^^^^<^^^red products, the
ber of hands eiyed .ST^' "'""' '' '''''''''* '^' --^■
of that census on I'Tf;:^^^^^^^^^^ T"' '" ^'"^^^^ *^^ ^-^^^
aggregate product nf ^'I"''^^''^^^<>^^ were made, embracing the
^ciaf m^^^^^^^^ -chanic artsfand
lries,brewerresaldt^^^^^^^^^^
or trading business wherTn! , ^^°^°''«a«t^J«> commercial
factured,\urheh;er^^^^^^^^^^ '^^ -s produced or manu-
and mer handTseormannfr.f '^^"^'"'^'"^^^"g« ^^ ^^«cles
^ results ofternltN^^^
BB published, were as follow :- ^*'^ ^*^*''' ^ ^^^
Individuals and establiabments . . ^"^-York. UaUed States.
Capital invested, ' " ^^'^^^ 121,855
Raw materials used, ... .* * 99,904,405 $ 627,209,193
Hands employed— Males 134,655,674 664,655,038
Females! '.'.;. ';;■.; '■* "J'^" ^l^''*^^
Annual wages 61,612 225,512 '
Annual product, value of," ! ot2'^^i'°°" 229,736,37t
Per cent, profit 237,597,249 1,013,336,463
63.86 43 43
Cotton Manufactures.
Establishments
Capital invested, ... ®^ 1,094
Raw materials used-fillVs" cotton '^H'll^ $H500,93l
Tons of coal, ■.'.*.'.■;;;.'■ 7'"^ . «^l'-*0
Raw materials, value of, «, J'Z^ 12 1,099
__________^^^^^^— — —.■••. $1,985,973 $34,835,056
Wild,' Ir'^heZue't'l'l'"'"'^' '''' '""''"^ '"""^'•' ^ -'"- ^^^^se
andr'unsofln s ;aw'^^^^^^^^^^ °^ ^P'" J'-, '"oms, presse;, mini
the kind and quantity of roMr;r3dTjr;t^r^^^^^^^^^
vessels, faoais usea for fishing,'' &c. " ' •"="", auips.
^1
i
t
4B UNTUUPMCYOBY BI&MAUKy.
Cotton Manu/acturtt. New York. United SMti.
•ande employed— Males, 2,032 33,160
Females, 3,688 60,136
Arerago onthly wages— Mule, 18 32 ....
Female, 9 38 ....
Annual product, valun of, |3,691,989 $01,869,184
■
Woolltn Manuj'adurei.
Eatablishments, 1 249 1,669^
Capllal invested, $ 4,169,370 $28,1 < 8,660
Raw materials used— Pounds of wool 12,538,786 70,862,829
Tons of coal, 46,370
Raw materials, value of, $3,838,292 $26,756,991
Hands employed— Males 4,262 22,678
Females, 2,412 16,674
Annual product, 7,030,604 value 43,207,666
Annual product of all the three departments — value in U. S.. $1118,413,202
" From the above it will be seen that the value of the annual pro-
auction of manufactures in the United States is the enormous sum
of eleven hundred and eighteen millions, four hundred and thirteen
thousand, two hundred and two dollars !
" But many of my readers may be more astonished to be told
that even in the oomparatively commercial state of New York (with
which and Canada there is a better comparison) the manufactures
are as much in annual value as all the foreign imports of the whole
CJaited States. From the following uible it will be seen that at the
last census, the value of raw materials used in the single State of New
York annually, was, five years ago, one hundred and seventy-eight
millions of dollars : showing that the value of labour and profit to the
manufacturer (including interest on capital invested) was one hun-
dred and forty millions of dollars.
INVRODUCTORY REMARKS. 40
•t* r-t ^^ ^^ ,ii^ ^m p,^
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50
INTEODUCTORY REMARKS.
Mb h
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ass
INTBODUCTOBY EEMABKS.
51
I
8
§
ft
i
r2
3
CI
So'
i
I
^
►«
" ^«OTECTED MANUFACTDBES ABE SICKLY "
hears or reads constantly without contradirfrnn k V'" * ™*"
Sale, the tmnslator of the Wn k !' i""* *P* *" ^"^^^•
« aaid:to have beco j'aMah^ra'n'' ""''''^ ^^™« ^^ ^*'
'' ' But this proposition is so far from bfeinir fr„^ +k * v .
All great manufactures had thfiir ni.;,,;^ • i,L
^rstom. Take ou. „™, .ke gre^^Zd Z" i * f C^A^
our own manafaotures took their riw i„ . . » ^ / ^' ^"
auta, ,0 high a. to amount to pLhwl TT.H « ''"^''''
owing to the fearful hostUitios Zm^'IT *^'
quarter of a century before WIS, weTtovM f fZ^ef T'^"
monopoly of the manufaoturin, U.du.ttTd' tht worW "^/l'''
rtnngent protection has not only creat»rt m.^.!? ^ \ ^ *'
them where they would uot natuX^e TS: rd r^ V^^ T"^'
natural disadvantages. Other nJ^l! ', f '" °' ^»'
wen as we. The United stl """^ ""* '"»'<'" «
J*., other natio:,Va:*ait:urh:e™t"th" T -"""'•
n.» materials.- It has been ustly lerv d tlat cl''"'; "'"'"
IS emoDLABLY POOK IN THE EAwi,!™.! ' "" *""''"'
THE BASIS OF MB oL7tL "^^ "'''-™ <'™»«ro™
™o.s«r. WehavenocoTJ T/'"^ "*H„.AOTOBiKa
best »ouforthelrurctr^Ltrc!"rt f-"'"
-oe thf peaoe,"!;*-;^:; ^ » Z ^^ tlT^'^L"''
•Wet and jealou. protection. *^ ""o, but unler
m.aaie classes, or than these again from the repubUcans,
62
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.
\\
¥
propagandists, socialists and ultra reformers. Yet on the subject
of protection (with the exception of here and there a speculative
enthusiast, and a few wine-growers in the South) they are all
agreed. Protection to French industry, from the time of Colbert
downwards, has been, and will be the policy of whatever party is
uppermost m France ; and in this policy, and this alone, will the
dominant party receive the support of all other parties. The
French partisans of free trade being mostly speculative and literary
men, we might have supposed that the French newspaper press,
rich as it is in literary talent of the first order, or that at least a
considerable portion of it, would be favourable to their views. But
it is not so. Nay, the very newspaper which has been for many
years the advocate of progress and liberal news, the Oonstitu-
tionnel, is and always has been, the most determined champion of
protection. In fact, among all classes, and in all parts of the
country, in the metropolis and in the provinces, the doctrines of
protection prevail and flourish. The stupendous natural boundaries
of the country, the very Alps and Pyrenees themselves, do not
repose on their everlasting foundations more securely than the arti-
ficial barriers that protect and foster the native industry of France.
(Look at the overwhelming majority of all parties in the recent
debate of the National Assembly.)
" ' After France comes Germany. Let any one, before the late
Struggles, have visited the countries embraced by the Zollverein.
To say that protection has there produced manufacturing prosperity,
would be to beg the question. But one thing is certain, that ex-
actly coincident in time and place with the most stringent protec-
tive laws, has arisen a manufacturing industry and production of
wealth, without an approach to a parallel in all the former history
of Germany. On every side are seen rising mills, factories, work-
shops, aud warehouses, teeming with an industrious and busy popu-
lation ; and so far from agriculture being neglected, it
NEVER MADE MORE RAPID PROGRESS, to say nothing of the mining,
metallurgical industry, which has also received the most astonish-
ing impetus. Yet with us— the richest country in the worid— the
Zollverein, in proportion to the vast extent, multitudinous population
and increasing wealth, haa little trade. But as she has protected.
53
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS ^g
protected German industrrT.',, ^^'' }^'^''^'^' "i* produet of
mmghamitaelf,and3of 1™" '^ *°^« "^ ""^ '»'» Bir-
ma TO BMT THE* J. mT.OTBr„rrr°"'°™ ^'^ ■""'»'
«KOCND. The Birmingham peoll,.™'"' "" ™™ <»™
German tarift take carfoftharr. ?.■■?'" *" ""'^'«-
»o»s of thoae theorierwhichh. T ' ."' '"'P"""^ *« ^aJlow-
Princea, ministers, SolXs and r1 '"' ""* '' "^ ^l"--
tte protection which hm !,"^f °?''*' >■■» "S^ed to maintain
" 'Look at Russia E ° .f "^ ^'^'^"^ ""■'' '^S^eity.
that infant bufcot L ft^Ltl 'T'T ^"^J'*°» '»"Tof
tie testimony of thatt , ' ™n'«»Plate its resoito. Take
whi-ch, but for prot trofw™ r ' u'" '"™''»<'""-<'» of Kussia,
what doe, he ZTnA tie R """'"' '"""' '"''' o^'"™"". And
ootlon goods, and to take the^"'"''"l "■" '" '"' °" ""Vomers for
portatiol of 'com fmm t e B rcrC T- '"l; f" '°""^'^'' '-
ing to him THESE pkoteotedvI™ / ^'"" '^'''"''™ ' Accord-
COWOKMITV WITH ODH BECErv^r "'''' ™'™ '"<>'"■'>' '"
IflBEATEN A EIVALEV WITH Zr/p ^"■"'""'HINO AS TO
-07 .^™oh of human Tdustrra:; JtT W thT "'^ ^'"'
beginnaig to flourish and exnand i„ , '-^ ^ '™o means,
from west to east and fL ! ^ . """P™' ^"o"' "retching
continuity a,.u"d ruiprC llT '*™' " ^"°" "**»
»«ol nearly to Consirtinit' „k'™'' ''^'<^"* fi*" Arch-
mate, and soils in the worid 1 r^"*/™'' "^ '^^ ^"'^^ o«-
will soon become by ts new ionKM "'"' """oentrated as they
are cherished and nlturled ft ^T''. ^'*'"" •"<^^ "orders
have just seen in E„r„d ,? ■ P^Z-otions of all lands. We
K»Jn iron, Sw'rrrtof^'r^'^^'''"'""^'-
bayonets, and lances of an "verXLn: rf '""° *' ^^O''
table cutlery and tools that Z TT ° "''"""'•^ P"""- b"' «*«
out .t n;.J:.-i ''.™' ^O" might suppose to have hB.n .,,™.j
^ ' ■"■"=■""" """ """a-"" = "Wfe 'he gold and siheVpi:;^
54
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS
!•
the diamonds, the jewellery, the exnuisite silka, the gold aad silver
tissues and brocade, dispute the prize with Paris and Lyons.
Storch, the Political Economist, once persuaded the Russian
government to give the free trade system a trial. It was tried.
IT DISMALLY FAILED, AND WAS ABANDONED. ALL
ARE NOW AGREED THAT PROTECTION IS THE TRUE
POLICY OF RUSSIA ; AND ALL FIND, THAT IN RUSSIA,
AS EVERY WHERE ELSE, IT IS THE SURE ROAD TOv
PROSPERITY AND POWER.
" ' Take now a small state, Belgium. In proportion to her area,
her manufacturing industry is perhaps greater than that of an^Y
other country, not excepting the United Kingdom itself. But in
Belgium, not only has the protective system long flourished, but
the protecting duties are now higher than ever. Belgium is
the very paradise of protection. NAY, THERE IS EVEN A
BOUNTY ON EXPORTATION.* Superficial observers call it
an absurd tax on the many for the benefit of a few. But those
who know the facts of the case, and will be at the pains to trace its
effects, and assert the liberty of independent judgment, find it the
cheapest mode in a season of great danger and difficulty, of sup-
porting the apparent surplus of an immense population. Many
who superciliously and arrogantly censured the king and govern-
ment of Belgium, for this flagrant breach of their dry and barren
rules, would have found greater difficulty in preserving that little
and defenceless kingdom, not only in peace, but PROSPERITY,
AMIDST THE STORMS OF SURROUNDING REVOLU-
TION. Here again, as elsewhere, protected manufacturing indus-
try has overflown on the soil. Land, by nature a mere sand, has
actually become the most fertile in Europe, and supports a larger
population than any other.
" ' Cross the Atlantic, and look at the past and present poficy of
the United States. For some years after the last war, low import
duties were tried. The effects were ruinous; they were abandoned
• " Will not the dullest perceive that by means of a Bounty on her exporta'
tion of cotton goods for a few years, Canada could manage to buy her Teas in
China with her cotton manufactures. She would be buying these Teas much-
cheaper practically, even if not in apparent Money price." — Isaac Buchanan.
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 55
whi^h InT ' ''''' manufactmes. Branches of mdustry
though lately somewhat moderated, are at thi» hour levied on .ll'
ZZZTr '"' '"' -"--'P-PO- of proteotllt™ ^'
spot, tt, cotton from our Manchester manufacturera A 1„. i- <
" 'Who is the man of all the American citizens, by age exnerience
hestquaMed to occupy the presidential chair ? Impartial judges
eateof 'rftecT ', . '\ '' "^'' '""» «'^' •■» ^^ a'staunehad^
dertrucC T: ^^ t""^'"' ^'"' T^^o to ^ » flattering illusion,
^«;^ttsrf^:^~-ir^*
wnat IS the consequence of this noHov ' Or fi,„f
be charged with the Jd sophism "S ^.. ' "^' "^'r'*
What is co-incident wifh Z- '^- ' '''^'' ^'''P^''' ^^'^•
-3 cu-mciaent with this misdirected indusfrv ? \ro i«
>4ies never were so prosperous as at this hour.
Here are instances of nations adopting the protective system.
• ApproDriatelv pnliod <i tu- aiv - «
erica."
56
INTRODUCTORY RKMARKS.
1 1
In every case manufactures have been created, not sickly and
stunted, but healthy and flourishing ; in almost every case industry
has been forced into an artificial channel, but the result has been
solid and prodigious prosperity. Need we wonder, that in every
one of these states in Europe and America, protection continues
the universal creed of the people, and the settled immovable policy
of the government.
" ' I mistake. One of these states, and the one that has flourished
most under the protective system, has suddenly altered its opinion,
and altered its policy. SO IT ONCE CHANGED ITS MIXED
AND FREE GOVERNMENT FOR A REPUBLIC. AND AS
IT SOON REVERTED TO ITS ANCIENT CONSTITUTION,
SO WILL IT ERE LONG REVERT TO ITS ANCIENT COM-
MERCIAL POLICY. THAT POLICY WILL THEN BE
TREBLY JUSTIFIED, AS WELL BY THE RUIN AT-
TENDING ITS DESERTION, AS BY THE PROSPERITY
FOLLOWING ITS ORIGINAL ADOPTION, AND ITS
FINAL RESUMPTION.
" ' But the maxim that protected manufactures are sickly and
stunted, must not escape so easily. There are other tests of its
truth.
" ' Where are the great and flourishing manufactures that have
never enjoyed protection ? — that were not produced and cradled by
it?
" • Let the great Exhibition of 1851 reply to the interrogatory.
Stand in the centre of the magnificent transept, and look around.
Then go and explore the naves, the sides, the galleries. The mar-
vels of mdustry created and nurtured by protection shine every-
where, above, below, around, and on all sides. But what has
unprotected industry to show ? If unregulated exchanges be (as
you say) not only the most congenial and invigorating, but the
natural atmosphere of manufacturing industry, surely you can
point out some specimens of its rise and luxuriant growth, under
such obvious and favourable circumstances. We will be content
with a specimen. Ex pede Herculem. You may search and ran-
sack as long as you please. No trophy of a grkat manufacture,
not indebted to protection for its very existence, is to be found
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 67
toerfToTp™.*;?" manufactures are any.
Sed ONP, °tT' ™^^ ^»^ SICKLY AND
™oJ f , ? ^^ "* *" "'" °»«°n» i» Europe that
m^t feely adrnxt foreign commodities. They are Irei Z
JCJ> '"' K^'T^'- '""""'*' *' ■"" P"*""'? ^™« Trade with the
nohest manufaotunng nation on earth. With the single exception
Z . H f '''"'' " ''"' "■"'*''■■ "^"» f« everything
Turkev T ' :' ""• ""'"''''^ '"" ^«™- I-ook a!
.,11 7',-,, , ™"°°" ""■ '•"'' •""• »o>nniercial system is what is
No pit 7ti' 'T.'"?"'"'°"'- '^^ ^™ Minor is a desert
„„-"l!t*'"''-''''T "''^ *^""'"'* ""^ """ advanced so rapidly as the
ne,ghb„„n„g cUstricts of the United States is, that CaTad. h^ no
ma,>ufaot„res, hut the United States have. Canada has none
because our manufacture, smother all infant ones. The UnS
States have manufactures, because they have protecting dufcs
T.11 recently we gave Canada, as an equivalent, proteotil in 2
markets, as we were protected in hers We h^vHr .
Already Canada offe,; us our choice A r!t ! '"''»" ".«ay.
-exation and a dismemberint nhe tjp e" "ThT^rr
everywhere that protected manufactures are healthy and^br:
unprotected manufactures sickly, stunted, and prec Jous '
A nation that manufactures for itself prospers.
^ Nor are the reasons difficult to discover
itJf °?"°" ?^' "">»"•''«"'>«»&■• itself, as well as grows food for
.tself, pr«iuces two values and two markets instead of'onr-
limited hf, I "■ """>"!«'"""« "» agricultural industry are any longer
hmited by the accidental capacity of foreign market, Manuffc
tures create a market for food ; food for mrnufacture7 Bo h mav
incre^e at home by each other's help to an unlimi Joint ™'
One great cause of our alternations of manufa^tu.^ ->^
58
INTROOUCTOItY ni<»IABIka
and diatroas, and tljo absence of steady progress, is tlie want of a
duo balance between the domestio production of food and raw pro-
duce, and tlio production of other things. A balance to bo restored
by encouraging and stimulating the employment of p*oplo on the
land, in England, Scotland, Ireland, and Uio Colonies. Wh»t fields
we have ! But we are spell-bound."
" don't tax tub nation for tub bknkfit of a producing clash,
take carb op tub oonsumkr, and lbt tub producer takb oark
of ium8blf."
" ' We read of a man to whom, tliouyh a sorcerer, the Jews of old
all adhered from the least oven to the greatest,* and this seems a
similar case of delusion. ' DonH tax' the nation for the benefit of
a producing class. Take care of the consumer, and let the pro-
ducer take care of hlmse(f;—say the English Economists. To
this the patriotic writer wo have cpioted replies : ' " The maxima of
our ancient and successful policy were very different. Our fathers
said,—' Whatever you do, be sure to take care to develop the
PRODUCING FORCES OF YOUR OWN COUNTRY. The gain of doin« this
will be 80 immense, that it will present you with an ample fund, not
only sufficient to pay the tax you complain ♦*; but after having
paid it still supcr-abovuuling, and leaving in your hand, for your
own spending, a siu-plus ten times aa great as that tax. Nay, the
very tax itself will, in most cases, soon disappear. For the deve-
lopment of your own producing power will not only, at first and at
once, bring plenty of riches ; but in the end will bring a steady
cheapness too.' "
" ' So reasoned Cromwell, Lord Chatham, Sir Robert Walpple,
Edmund Burke, Peter the Great, Colbert, Napoleon. So at this
day reason Franco, Belgium, Russia, Germany, America.
" ' Fathers ;ind children however, both cordially agree in Uiis.
The more a nation produces, . the richer it is ; and the less it pro-
duces, tlie poorer it is.
" ' Indeed this seems a self-evident proposition. Without produc-
' This is what, in 1846, 1 used to say of Sir Robert Peel."— Isaac Buchanan.
INTJBOOUCTOttV «RMABK»,
fi»
tiw ctf value you cau neither consume nor buy. Ex nthUo rUmfit.
Every .ncrease of domestic productiou is an addition of «o muci
rm!^i3th""""'"^^''""^^^^^ P^^'^"^^'^"^- «*-«- of
a coZ!!^ '^rlt''!' ^7T' '''"™° '^"' '^'' *"^""* ^^ P^o^"«tion in
aLTl'^K '" ""'T';« ''"*"*^'^- ^'^^ the fathers a^ert thai
(the lar^d, the men, and tiio actual property remaining the same,)
a country wdl produce infinitely more, or infinitelylaa, acTori-
l^ZXT^'-^^ ''''^'''' ^ ^^-^^^^ ^-'-'-^ -
nan' 7^^^""^?" '''^' "'^ ^^" "" ^^"^^"^ '"^ke our hats at homo. We
can buy them from Fra..ce 5 per ceni. cheaper. We shall Uml
to Zd 7T. '"" ' "" ^'»"'^^'«"^ ^ 'h« •'^ p- -"*• P^d
the domestxc hat-manufa^turor. But the fathers, with i>atemal
hoerse of speech say, if this be a specimen of your heads, they do
not deserve any hats at all. Do you not see, that to escape what you
caU -. tax,you are gomg to destroy an amount of a^muaJ national
produc^on (which is the same thing as an annual natl^al S
of twenty t,mes the amount of your projected saving. Make the
hats at home, and the country produces moro by Ihe aggregate
value of the hats. You are going to make the country thrtw away
custo'„r''r • /r '"• ""^^ ^" «^'"^'' '' '^ ^-«' *- take offa
customs duty of 5 per cent., but you are going to lay on a confi^
camg property tax of 100 per cent.. aIi ^ n'e w tax is no^
Tho luT^ f ,^'"'^' "' *^° '''' y''' "^^^ ^ff' ^"t «»"«h worse.
Xho old tax was at least a benefit to some of your own people.
Iho new one IS a present to tho foreigner.
J ' f ?'' ^{ *^ '^'^'^''"' ' ^' '^^' ^"" ^^ *h« foreign manufactu-
rer what ^m buy hats.' ' Yes,' say the fathers ; ' but your situation
n that respect is just what it was before. Before the change, you
sold to the English hat manufacturers, now you sell to the French:-.
How does that compensate for the loss of your hat manufacturers ?
c?nTor:.r::;:^r ^'^ ' ''' '-''-'' ^-^^^^^ *^ ^'^ -^-^ ^^ '^p-
" ' This question we have already examined in detail, and we fear,
at too great length. We have aJreadv submitted t. ,h. .o.-iu .J
CO
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.
unprejudiced reader, our reasons for thinking the fathers clearly
right, and the children clearly wrong.
" ' Produce within your own dominions, what you formerly imported
from abroad, and your land, labour, and capital produce what they
otherwise would not have produced. They still produce the articles
to purchase the new domestic product, just as much as they did
before. But over and above this, they now produce the whole value
of the new domestic product. Tried by the rule, that the more a
nation produces the richer it is, you are now the richer. You have
now developed a new producing power of the country, which other-
wise, instead of being developed would have been stifled and smoth-
ered by foreign imports, perhaps a little cheaper. By a sacrifice
It may be of one percent., you have gained the other ninety-nine—
To pay your tax of one pound, you are presented with a new and
additional net income of a hundred pounds. And what you have
done other nations oay also do. The producing power of all the
earth may thus be effectually developed, and yet, as we have seen
ample scope everywhere left for foreign trade and international
exchanges. So far from the amount of production, in a country be-
ing an unvarying quantity, (the land, labour, and property remain-
ing the same), we have elsewhere seen what immense masres of
capital, land, and labour in Great Britain and Ireland are now actu-
ally idle,— capable not so much of immediately augmenting the
national wealth by a miserable gain of one or two per cent, on the
price of commodities, as of augmenting the produce of the land,
labour, and capital of the United Kingdom by tens and scores of
milhons annually. If it should cost you two or three millions a year,
in the price of commodities, to develop these, your own producing
forces, they will present you with a new hundred millions to pay it.
You surely ought not to complain of being taxed by those, who
give you nrst money to pay the Ux, and then fifty times as much
for yourself.
"'But the children are not yet silent. They say,—' It is the
producers that gain, while the consumers lose.'
" 'Again the fathers rejoin, ' You are wrong in marshalling the
nation into two hostile camps of producers and consumers. Not
only is every producer a consumer, but there is not a single consu-
IXteoducTOBY BBMAHKfl. ^J
professional m» i, ultSw^id b! r..^'^ "'^ '""""'• ^"^
holder U^elf, .„d the public V2l C^"S " '" "^^ "'
hvmg man who i, „„i ej^r a producer .; i' ? • /? "*"' '
,ducer. Whatever therefore furCtW . °"f *""'"^ ^ * P"^
■oulj benefit, them, but 2111? 1' ""*"" »/P"<i«««". not
.ve,7 consumer derives t Se ,^d Vn^r"!"" V"^ """='
ever ruins or injures producer Vui^ ^ ''™"'' "'"'■
" ' But supposl, sece^X Z' ir^Z,^'i""°' °'"^'°'" '°°-
right, and thit coLmers L nl^ """""« "■^■"S.?"" "ore
and independent claTsas"?;^;:"' were reaUy t,„ distinct
rate, members of the LmeZlM^^ ^^ »ffll,.tan,
discussing theeffecl of Sr, T t '=°"'"'»»"7. and we are now
homoTalthourat : I^:i7/T? <?"" "" """ "■^""^ >'
abroad, co^uLrs Crer^';^:; ,::';1^V Th^^T
at large still gains 99 F^yuucers gain 100. The nation
ab:Mrc^r;„^rrf;:r:rin";r'-'»'"'?-'^--
Fr cent, to gain 1 The n.K„ ! ■ , ^ ^' ^"^ ^"^"^ W*
consumers «fd p^ducet to Tdt T. ''' ^"'''"™« ''™»
a.iB,-you take'a tal of" •:';;»:■ fft""™; "" T" """'^ "«
ortyta. of 100 percent. onTnrer ^iL:" "'""' "" "^^ " ^^"^
.ou aIr4;rLr,:rlr.i;fdr'^''"^™^^^
OP a hundred times m greL)Zll^K°^^' " '^ °=^ *«?
tuitoua and unfoundod^L^l! °° nr, ''''• ^"'"8*
forces, and concentrat, T." ■ !. ^''°'°P y"'"'' "w" industrial
soil, aLd peol r^Tat™ t°."^'' '" "'"«'• ^°°' -=«"ate,
and ve^yl'n cheque; f "'"'"'"' ""^'P'-^-^^W
ic^iist'ttaiis ;:!i:ttr '"^ * '"' -■^^^^^-'--'po..
but that which develoDs irt^ ^•^"''^ '"'^'"'' " »=*™tS3,
w """i^^'cps the producmg power of the countrv
^2
rtmHobtnCTOHY REMARKS.
I- i
« (
OUR FATHERS, THEREFORE, WERE RIGHT AND
WE ARE WRONG. THEY KNEW HOW TO GROW BICH
NATIONALLY, AS WELL AS INDIVIDUALLY WH
HAVE SEEN HOW THEIR THEORY HAS EVERYWHERE
BEEN JUSTIFIED BY EXPERIENCE.
" ' FOREIGN COMMODl flES ARE ALWAYS '»AID FOtl
BY BRITISH COMMODITIES ; THEREFORE THE PUR-
CHASE OF FOREIGN COMMODITIES ENCOURAGES
BRITISH INDUSTRY AS MUCH AS THE PURCHASE OP
BRITISH COMMODITIES.' " • '
To this other doi,Tna of the Engliah Political Economists, the same
admirable English writer replies : —
«' ' Let us assume the premises to be true, yet the conclusion
does not follow. Supposing every foreign commodity to be paid
for in British commodities, it may still bo for the interest of THE
NATION to buy British commodities in preference to foreign. In
oilier words, 'homo trade is more advantageous than foreign trade.' "
On this text, hear the apostle of Free Trade himself, Adam
Smith :
The capital which is employed in purchasing in one part of to
country m order to sell in another the produce of the industiy of
tfiat country, generally replaces by such operation two distinct
c&pitals that had both been employed in the agriculture or manufkc-
ture of tte*t country, and thereby enables them to continue that
employment * * * When *.fA are the
produce of domestic industry, it necessarily replaces by every such
operation two distinct capitals, which had both been employed in
Supporting productive labour, and thereby enables them to continue
ttiat support. The capital which sends Scotch manufactures to Lon-
don, and bnngs back English manufactures and com to Edinburgh,
heceManly replaces, by every such operation, two British capitals,
irhi^had both been employed in the agriculture or manufactures
of rn^ut Britmn. The capital employed in purchasing fordign
goods for home consumption, when this purchase is made with the
prodttc© of domestic industry, replaces too by eVer^ such operation
• See McOulIoch'8 PrincipUi of PoHtical Economy, p. 163.
:. '••\
mioDUOToBr umiAiKi). If
Portaijl, .„d bnag, bwk P„rt„g„«c good, to Great UriL ,1^
pl«« bj, ovcry ,„„h operation o.ly „n« BrUM cpitol. C Jth"
«. Portogues, on,. Though the return, therefore of the fore^
n;[tr::x7r„s:;,rrrHiir.r5
A capital, however, employed in the home trade, will Bometimee
make twelve operation8,or be sent out and return twelve tLTrr
ENCOURAGEMENT AND SUPPORT TO THE mmr^T^
OF THE COUNTRY THAN THE OTHEb™ '™"^™^
c»Zt°' iri!!'!" ^"'■"' ""'" '^*° «V«ion-' replace
cap tal . It „ an exproMion not to be passed over in haste but
« de«,r™g tobe attentively eonsidered and analysed
Hemean,, that the whole value of a commodity i, L„ii„ It. „r^
duchon, and yctr,^ ,„.. i„ the shape of the newrdl C
in It, production there i, an expenditure not of tK ^?
but of the enure valued and ZZZXo^I^^lr'''^'
only maintain, landlord,, tenant,, tl C™t it^o ";"" bnl
ftmuhe, an effective demand and market Z\Z ^f'
Hemoan,«tott«;«r»<„n Z>^1 other production,.
r-^-^ig»commiie,:;":;rL!ris:;:t^';
J Siy, "mifttiitd ns Hi* s -Be noaitinn i. r^ f'^enn j Bee.
«,nHu.>. A . ""*"" °* ce 'coHjtnerce gont wrfv»«^««^i-. .._
64
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.
That 18 to say, you might hive had th. entire gtoss value at both md»
to spend, and thereby also to create and sustain markets; but you
are content to have the value and the market at one end only.
« These observations of Adam Smith derive additional' weight
from the quarter from which they come. They are the admissions
of the e.-astmg school of Political Economists, on a point of vital
jmportance, so vital that it affects the entire Vheory of Free Trade.
" At the risk therefore of being charged with prolixity and repe-
tition, I venture to invite the candid and serious attention of the
reader to a further consideration of it.
" The entire price or gross value of every home-made article
constitutes net gain, net revenue,* net income to British subjects.
Not a portion of a value, but the whole value, is resolvable into net
gam, income, or revenue mainta::iing British famiUes and creating
or sustaining British markets. Purchase British articles with Bri-
tish articles, and you ceate two such aggregate values, and two
such markets for British industry.
" Whereas, on the contrary, the entire value of every foreign
article imported is net gain, or income to the foreigner, and creates
and s'ustains foreign markets. Change your policy— purchase
foreign articles with British articles, and you now create only one
value for your own benefit mstead of creating two, and only one
market for British industry instead of two. You lose by the
change of policy, the power of spendmg the entire value on one
Bide, which you might have had, as well as on the other, and you
Say concurs in thia view. See Traiti d!Economie PolUique, Liv. i-., chap.
T., TOl. n, p. 69, 4tb Edition. He analyses the price of a watch, and 8how3
how the whole of it is distributed as net income or revenue among those who
ha-^e contributed to its production. He then observes :-' C'est de cette ma-
^^.ere que la raleur entiere des produits se distribue dans la soci^t^. Je dis
Uur vaUur loute enliire.' He then gives another illustration, by tracing th.
distribution of the value of cloth, and adds, 'On ne pent c.acevoir auchn.
P0RTI05 de la valeur de ce drap, qui n'ait servi d payer un KKVENU.-Sa valeur
toute entiere y a 6t6 employee.' And subjoins in a note, ' M6me la portion de
cet e valeur qu, a servi au r^tablissement du capital du fabricant.' II a na6
m6 ie.-8 par supposition. II les a fait r^parer par ua m^canicien : le prix d(.
cette reparation fait partie du revenu du m^canicien.'
65
INTKODUCTOBr EEMABKS
'Z:r"" '-' "*'* '■'^-'■^ '0 '"0 m o:.e„t of that e^ea-
an article fo. ^100, ^^^1:^; X« g^«'»^ - P-uce
^tead of producing it, she gams £1 • 7„t f' . { '"'"'*'S it
mth her OTO manufactures she Lt; . ^^^'' *" P^^' f""- ''
of wealth which she might hay. had T ^? ««iange) £100
at home ; that is to .y „„ L bl ^f ^^''''^ «■« '>>»«
might have had in adu. Jjn bytodt^'""'' t '°°'' ^^» ""«>' *«
"Let us examine .U^^^TIZT^"^'^"' '"""''■
entire price or gross value of .J i, " P°3*»n, that the
tntes net .atio,^ liloTrtZ^' ^made commodi^ consti-
such revenue as a man maTsTenni' T ?° 1° ^"''^ '"''J^'='».
tain his family upon, and vot tf„ r ^ ''''^'™™' '"'» ■""in-
attention Of th'e rLdert 'AZ^Z^SIVITZ- /"'
mqmry. He will observe that the „ < ' I"^' "^ *«
prehends the spendable re" fTT, "' ~°~ ' «»"-
whatever source derived mTLt Z f" <'»«™™ty, f,om
and a very smaU ps^t of the tt ''^^ "^ '^'' "" ''»' a part
of the labourer are Ms neUnctrTh ": T"™' ^^^ '''^-
f^^in^rest of the mortgl^^r 'a. Jerome''' '''"''''' '"'
ao.. 't X':? aist:;- b^-^^ '^^ ^-^^ - ^»
portion, say 6s., goes as rif I If ^^ ""* °<'* ^e™. A
him net inc'ome S re Zl ed'^ff " !^f°< -^ i» ^
^g bis family. Next aL^foTt .Z "tr™ " ■"'^-
the net income of the Endish InL ^°^® ^^S^s are'
and tithes. The first cnlt^^^^^^^^^^^ -^ 1<>3. go for rates
the second to the net income of tt I "I u^^''"^' °^ *^« P^^'*
2s. 6d. go for in^plementTof h Uafd /^^^^^^^^ f ^^^-^- Then
is also, as we shaU presentlv see 't t,''^'^' '^^^^^ ^s. 6d.
some person or other TTet /' r'^"'^^' ^*^ ^^* i««ome f
i« the net profit oflhe SmeTatd '7,1 1 ''•' ^^ ^" ^PP-
but that half of it, viz .13 3^' ^^ '^'^^. ^^ ^^^ ^^^o^^e to him,
has lent him mn.L ^i^.u^^' ^'^l^ "^^^rest to a fidend ^h^
-- -.• -"^'^"^^-^^•^•i.^s, however, still net income-
ee
INTBODUOTORT HBMARKfl.
BO* indeed of the fanner, but of hia creditor. Trace home with
•tubbom attention, every penny of the price, and you will find l&at
every penny at last assumes the shape of net income. The whole
50s. therefore, it is manifest, is an addition to the net spendabte
mcome of the country. The whole 60s. answers two purposes ;
first, it maintains the ultimate recipients and their families ; and,
secondly, by means of their expenditure it creates a home-marfcet
to the extent of the entire gross value or price of the quarter of
heat.
" But is the sum of 2s. 6d., which we have just supposed to be
pent for agricultural implements, also resolvable into net income
or revenue ?
" It is ! and though we shall be still more guilty of repetition,
let us patiently inquire how.
" Suppose the 2s. 6d. spent for a spade. It may be that the
money is laid out with the retail iron-monger in the next market
town. Six-pence, we will suppose, is the iron-monger's profit. A
second six-pence is the cost of a wooden handle. That second six-
pence is expended in this way. One fourth of it, or three half-
pence, goes as rent to the owner of the copse from which the rough
wood comes, three-pence go as wages to the labourers who out or
fashion the wood, and the remaining three half-pence go as profit
to the dealer in wooden spade-h^^ 'les. One shilling out of the
28. 6d., tho entire price of the spade, is thus traced back, and
found to be net incomt.
" The remamder of the price of the spade, viz. : Is. 6d., goes
for the iron part of it, and has been paid by the retail dealer in
spades to the wholesale dealer in the iron part of spades. Part of
this Is. 6d. is his profit, part goes to the manufacturer. The
manufacturer's portion, when analyzed, ic o,gain resolved into hia
profit — his payments for implements or machinery, (elao resolvable
into net income,) — ^his rent — and the cost price of the iron. The
cost of the iron is, lastly, paid to the iron-master, and by him dis-
tributed to himself as profit, to his workmen as wages, to his land
lord as rent. The whole price and value of the spade is thus n«t
gain or income to some person or other, available lik« all the rest
of the price of a quarter of English wheat, first, to the maiutena&oo
DTTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 07
Of British families next through their expenditure to the creation
Xr ' ' ^"""' ''"' '"'P' ^^^^«' ^'^dings, and fur-
distribution of its price, and you wiU find that the whole srosa
value denotes the creation of so much wealth in theirontwMch
t IS entirely produced, enabling that nation to spend* and e">y an
eqmvalent to that whole gross value, without being the pooS
^he consumption, and conferring on that nation thf fur thrr/vfu-
tage of a home-mai ket, equivalent to that expenditure.
to VovJoTT 'T ''"'^ ^ " ^^™^^' ''^*«l^gible and famihar
to Political Economists: The whole gros. price of any article I
^timately resolvable into rent, profit, or wagL. Rent, profi Id
wages are national net income, and create markc- whe'rfthe; "e
vZ^.lV"^^''' ! ''''^''' ^^'^ ^'^ ^''^""'^^ ^^^^ the exchanged
value at home, or to use Adam Smith's expression, had replafed
two domestic cap tals, should alter its policy, and kolt^t
forth import one of those values from abroad, giving for it the Xr
rtlL'^ tlat^ll.^^';^' n^"^ '^''''' th^^orJgn n"n :lt
to take,) that alteration of poUcy worid entail on the countrv
adopting It, a loss of national net inc.me equivalent to h entS
value of the commodity formerly produced at home, and now p"
du ed abroad, and the sacrifice of a market to the same Zo^^
Let us illustrate this by an example.
_ « Suppose stockings to the value of £500,000 a-year are made
«.. _«.d ..c„..e„ ,.pr.,«d 'el H - t^ . -.- rTT':''"""" " "»
68
DJTKODUCTOKY REMARKS.
income of a million. Suppose now, that for some real or supposed
advantage m price or in quality, the Leicester people, instead of
exchangmg their stockings for gloves from Dover, exchange them
for gloves from the other side of the straits, say from Calais, thus
depriving the Dover people of their Leicester market. What is
the consequence ? It is this, that Dover loses what Calais gets :
that England loses and France gams half a million a-year by the
new locality of the glove manufacture-by its transference from
England to France. Englishmen have half a million a-year less
to spend; Frenchman have half a million a-year more to spend.
EngUsh markets— of which Dover used to be one— fall off to the
extent of half a million a-year; French markets, of which Calais
IS one— are augmented by half a milUon a-year.
" The English glove manufacture, with its half milHon of national
net mcome, is gone from England, where it used to maintain
Enghsk-nen and English markets, to France, where it now main-
tains Frenchmen and French markets.
" Nor does the mischief end here. On the Dover glove-makers
wore dependent bakers, mUlers, grocers, butchers, tailors, shoe
makers, with their servants and famihes. The migration of the
glove trade from Dover to Calais ruins all. They are destroyed
like a hive of bees.
" To make it still clearer. Suppose instead of the glove trade
being transferred from Englishmen to Frenchmen, the Dover
tradesmen and workmen crossed the straits along with their manu-
facture to Calais, and there carried it on; still, as before, England
would lose half a mUlion a-year, and France gain it. Indeed this
latter supposition, thoagh setting the. loss in the clearest light,
would of the two supposed cases, probably be the most advantrge-
ous for England, for if the trade migrated without the people, a
nest of paupers would be left behind.
« It is said that the Dover people if left in England could turn
then- hands and their capital to some new employment.* Alas !
* Mr. McCulloch has here fallen into a transparenT^ror. He says in his
^^ Principles of Political Economy" (p. 151), that the displaced artificers would
be employed in the production of the articles that must be sent as equivalents
to the foreigner. But that is not so. It is the Leicester stocking-makers who
are employed in producing the equivalents-but *hey were employed before
They USP.fl tn rlpnl wi'th nnno- «-,~ *i j_-i -_•.. r- . .
» — ■- — " "^'•^•J .tvtr luc} ucai «iiu Calais,
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 69
i-ifUiMJ^iJNl FOR THE PEOPLE IS THST twt? in7T3v
™^^;™ICH IS so SUPEEMELY DIFFICULT Is TO
BE OFTEN PRONOUNCED IMPOSSIBLE IT IS THE
PROBLEM REMAINING FOR THE TRUE POTTTTPa?
S^NolL^ETB^RTL^Af^^^
TANT TO MAN^n i^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ IMPOR-
ITaU SYSTEM''' "''^'^ ™ DISCOVERY OF THE
"Now mider a system of free-trade, if the Leicester people can
buy their gloves 1 per cent, or a minute fraction per cent cheap!^
tZ Z1:^'Lto'' ''- ?^ '' '°<^ ^^^'^' ^^-~
tmderihfF ^'f^^^-^'^'^ ^^' the nation hands over its glove
rade to the French, and will lose half a million a-year, minus five
trlHr^' ^*''*r ^'''^''' -year of national net income)
instead fbf'" T'f ^'°'" '^"^^ ^^^^ P^«^-^^ - F--«
instead of bemg produced as formerly in England. The Fnglish
nation also loses a home market equivalent to its loss of naSnal
net meo.e. mat England loses by the migration fhrgLT
manufacture, France gains. All this may happen even under a
system of reciprocity, without any disturbance of'the currency
.^1 ;%'' P'^P^^g^^^ "0 new market by sending their
Zt 1 ! '' ""' ^n^Provement in the condition of the Lei-
ces r people to compensate for the ruin of the Dover people
Reciprocity itself therefore in the particular ex Lnge 13
NO COMPENSATION TO THE ENGLISH PEOPLE AT LARGE '
What then would be the compensation for the invasion of the
Engbsh market by foreign goods ?
bv '/?r° '^T '^ "^ ''''''^'^^^S invasion of the foreign market
by Enghsh goods. When the French invade our markets andX
, nave seen,) is no compensation at all Thev mn«f . I
ihe Frenchman must not onlv provide for the LpI-—
., r »--i- lui mc i<eiv;ustur people, a
7a
INTRODUCIOEY B£MARKS.
new foreign market equivalent to their former home market at
Dover, but he^ or some one else, must also find for the Dover
^ people a second new foreign market, as a substitute for their lost
home-market at Leicester. There must be not only Reciprocity,
but complete reciprocation.
" Nothing short of a new double foreign market,— a foreign,
market, for both the domestic industries that used to interchange
their products will suffice. This is admitted by Mr. Ricardo.
And it is the truth, as a little consideration will evince.
" Mr. Ricardo, in combating Adam Smith's position, that a capi-
tal employed in the home trade, gives twice as much encourage
ment to the industry and productive labour of the country, as a
capital employed in the foreign trade— the trade of Portugal for
example — makes these observations :
" ' This argument appears to be fallacious ; for, though two capi-
tals, one Portuguese and one English, be employed, as Dr. Smith
supposes, still a capital will be employed in the foreign trade,
DOUBLE of what would be emphyed in the home trade. Suppose
that^ Scotland employs always a capital of a thousand pounds, in
making linen, which she exchanges for the produce of a sunilar
capital employed in making silks in England. Two thousand
pounds, and a proportional quantity of labour, wiU be employed in
the two countries. Suppose, now, that England discovers that she
can import more linen from Germany for the silks which she before
exported to Scotland ; and that Scotland discovers that she can
obtain more silks from France, in return for her Hnen, than she
before obtained from England— will not England and Scotland
immediately cease trading with each other, and will not the home-
trade of consumption be changed for a foreign trade of consump-
tion ? But, although two additional capitals will enter into this
trade— the capital of Germany and that of France— will not the
same amount of Scotch and English capital continue to be em-
ployed, and will it not give motion to the same amount of mdustry
as when it was engaged in the home-trade ? ' ''—Principles of
Political Economy^ chap. 26.
" It will be observed that Mr. Ricardo admits, or more properly
speaking assumes, that if Scotch industry loses its English market.
DTTBOBlKiTORY BiaiABKS.
71
beoause England buys from abroad, the Island uf Gre(U BriteUn is
not eompensated by the foreign trade unless a rouBLB foreign
BMJ ot can be found ; unless Scotland can find a foreign market
for her linen, as well as England a foreign market for her silk.
" The case may be illustrated by a diagram. The original state
of things, when Scotland sent linen to England, and England sent
in return silk to Scotland, will be thus represented :
( Scotland,
j Linen, ^61,000.
j Silk, £1,000.
( England.
" Great Britain has to spend as rent, profits, and wages £2,000.
" Now suppose England, instead of purchasing with its silk, linen,
from Scotland, purchases (but still with its silk) linen from Ger-
many ; then the state of things will be thus represented :
{ Scotland.
j Silk, £1,000. Linen, £1,000.
( England. Germany.
" Scotland will have lost its market for linen, and thereby its
power of production and consumption to the extent of £1,000.
Great Britain will have lost this £1,000. Germany will have
gfdned the £1,000 which Great Britain will have lost.
" The opening of the German market to English silk is no compen-
sation to Great Britain, for the loss of its Scotch linen manufacture.
" Great Britain has now to spend as rents, profits and wages, but
£1,000, in the place of £2,000.
" The only adequate compensation to Great Britain fcr the loss of
the Scotch trade is a double foreign market. Another market over
and above the foreign market for English silk musi be found for
Scotch linen. Then indeed the state of things would be thua
represented :
( Scotland, France,
j Linen, £1,000. Silk, £1,000.
Silk, £1,000.
England.
Linen, £1,000.
Germany.
Tfi
INTRODUCTOEY REMARKS.
exch?nl'! 7 •'''' *^'* P''^''* Reciprocity Itself, at one end of the
exchange only, 13 no compensation to the nation for dealing abroad
Tchl : '' T!; ?r '''^'' '' ^^«^p-^*^ ^' ^oth en'ds of t;
exchange, and a double foreign market must be found
marlTt v ""'f'' ""^'^ ^'^ ""' "^°^* *^ *^ke away one home
cqutat^^^^^ '''' '"^^ '"^^^^ °^"- ^- --* fi'd a double
^^.J^'Mr.Ric^^^^^^
forZ''* *^i' ;«. to assume (what is contrary to experience) that the
even bnd the szw^^e foreign market.
_ " Mr Ricardo's illustration involves another fallacy. Why should
France buy Scotch Imen, when, according to the supposition, Ger-
man linen is cheaper ? ^Vhy should Gemiany buy Enghsh si^^
whenaccordmg to the supposition, French silk is cheaper ? '
When two domestic producers mutually exchange their products
.ach makes a market for the otheo. But if one, mstead of bjlg as'
hereto ore at home, now buys abroad, and finds in return a foreC
market tW ' •' '^""^ *'^ ""^ ''''^' ^ ^^f--- domerc
m ket that one is compensated. But what has become of the other ?
t^l t- r 1 " ^°"^--^^^«t- To be compensated by foreign
trade tlHsotheralsomustfindanewandco^xtensiveforei/^^^^
So that If you lay out ten milhons a-year abroad which you used
to lay out at home, youare not compensated by a foreign market to
fenstf . . T *• " """'"^ "^^"- ' y°^ "-*' - -d- to com-
mrkeUo I T"? ""''*' '"' ^" *'^ ^^^^regate a new foreign
market to the extent of twenty/ millions a year.
" To illustrate this by the former example. You lay out half a
S^s^tr^^'r ^'^'^^ "'^^' ^^^ ^^^^ *^ ^^^-^ with'Dover,tu
Calai takes your Leicester stockings in payment. Leicester, which
^^A to send Its stockings to Dover, is now compensated for the loss
mu t tT'' ?r^" *'f ' ^''' "'* ''"^P^"^^*^ ^^^«- Dover too
must find another new foreign trade to the extent of half a million
a^ear more before Dover is compensated. But the nation is not
compensated by the foreign trade, unless both Leicester and Dover
INTRODUCTOKY REMARKS.
73
are compensated. When therefore the nation lays out half a million
a-year in foreign gloves, which half million it used to lay out in
English gloves, the nation is not compensated by a new foreign mar-
ket of half a million a year. To be compensated by the foreign
market, the nation must find a new foreign market of a million a year.
" THE RESULT IS, WHENEVER YOU IMPORT INSTEAD
OF PRODUCING, YOU ARE LOSER BY THE CHANGE
TILL YOUR ADDITIONAL EXPORTS DOUBLE THE
VALUE OF THE NEW IMPORT. This loss will, as we have
seen, be less by the per centage by which the foreign article ia
cheaper than the domestic one.
" What therefore we set out with venturing to submit, seems to
be correct, viz. : that even if the premises contained in the axiom at
the head of those observations be true, the consequence does not
follow.
"The truth is this:—
^ " The gross value of every product of industry is national net
mcome. When one product is exchanged for another, if you have
produced at both ends of the exchange, you have created two such
national net incomes. If you now change your policy, and produce
at one end only, and leave the foreigner to produce at the other end,
though he should fairly exchange with you, you create hut one
national net income, and sacrifice the other.
_ "But if these things are done in the green tree, what shall be done
in the dry ? So far from being able to find a new double foreign
market, we cannot even find a new sixXGle one, commensurate to the
enormous increase of our imports. If such may be the consequences
where there is Reciprocity, what will be the consequences of free
trade, at once one-ended and one-sided /—oHhe exportation of the
precious metals to pay balances ; of the consequent appreciation of
the currency, augmentation of the pressure of taxation, and dimi-
nution of mdustry ? The public at present entertain very inadequate
conceptions of the devastating consequences.
AUTHORITIES QUOTED.
"Foremost among the authorities, from Avhom I quote, are the
wnteroftheforegoins:,— John Barnard Bv1fi« S»r-eirt nf t „j
H
INTHODUCrOliy BE3IABK8.
now, I believe, a Judge in England, and H. C. Carey, an American
Economist, whose writings have raised for him a monument, Aere
permnim. Of these works I trust there wiU soon be got up cheap
Canadian Editions for the million, through the exertions of the
AsKciation for the Promotim of Canadian Indmtry. Social
Economy must not hereafter be considered party politics, and I there-
fore venture to say that if these works now alluded to, were read
aloud in Mechanics' Institutes and Debating Clubs, every member
subsequently expressmg his opmion, it would be the most improving
possible of exercises. This would bring out, too, how great unanimity
there is among unsophisticated minds on this vital subject, which
may otherwise be expressed as the subject of the Employment of our
own people.*
" Bather than use my own words I shall now give those of the gre at
American Economist, Carey, to whom I have alluded :
"'We are told, however, that India, Ireland, Brazil, the United
States, and other countries, are deficient in capital, in default of
which it is absurd to attempt to convert their corn and their wool
into cloth, or their coal and ore into iron. It is, however, manu-
factures that cause the growth of capital— facilitating, as they do,
the development of the powers of the man, and thus enabluig him
to continue with his fellow-men for economizing the power resulting
from the consumption of capital in the form of food. * *
" ' We are, ourselves (say the inhabitants of the purely agricultural
country) unemployed for more than half our time, and as regards
our children, they are almost wholly so. Though unfit for the labours
of the field, they yet could well perform the lighter work of tending
the operations of a mill. Again, the minds of our people are unde-
veloped. Let us have them taught, and in a brief time — obtaining
machinists of our own— it may be, that we shall be enabled to teach
those among whom we now must seek for knowledge. We waste.
• " In this category I should not omit Horace Greely, whose opinions I have
always quoted, as considering them most patriotic. I ought also to include
the names of Jonathan Duncan, of London, and E. Peshine Smith, of Albany,
N. Y., whose admirable works have the popular advantage of shortness, while
at the same time free from the charge—' Brevis esse laboro, c'iscarus Flo.'—
' I cut my candle short— I put it out.' "— Isaac Bdchanak.
INTRODUCTORY RXUARKI.
75
daily, the powers of earth and air, for want of little machines that
would enable us to use them ; we waste the faculties of our people,
becaiuse there is no demand for them ; we waste their time and our
own, for want of combination ; we waste the major part of the pro-
dace Of our land in feeding horses and men who carry the rest to
iflarket— exhausting the soil* because the market for its products
is So distant. Let us, then, once for all, combine for the purpose
of putting a stop to all this waste. With every step we make in that
direction, we shall oflfer now inducements for carpenters and masons,
printers and teachers, to come among us — eating the food that now
we are forced to carry to the distant market ; with each, the faculties
of our people will become more and more developed — enabhng ua
more and more to perfect the various processes by means of which
to obtain command over steam and other natural forces. With each,
there will be an increase of commerce among ourselves, attended by
a diminution of our dependence on the trader, and an increase of
power to command his services in case of need. The more numerous
the differences among us, ihe more rapid will be the motion of the
sooietary machine, the greater will be the economy of labour, the
smaller will be the value of commodities, and the greater that of
man.
" ' Such were the objects sought to be obtained by Colbert, to whom
France was indebted for the system since so steadily carried out ;
and to which she owes it, that she has ' covered herself with ma-
chinery and mills'— that ' her collieries, her furnaces, and her work-
shops of every description, have grown to an enormous extent, and
• " The argument against Free Trade, or a system of exporting the raw mate-
rials of a country, which is to be found in the exhaustion of her soil, has not
b«en paid sufficient attention to, even #ith Lower Canada before ub as a
lamentable example. A large drawback from the price Canadian wheat pro-
duces in Europe should be put down to this account. We are accustomed to
take too little account of what is due to the earth. An idea, however, of what
is dae to a successful agriculture, may be got from the fact that the manure
aione of the land in England is of more money value than its whole exports of
manufactures I McQueen, in his Statistics, page 12, says that in 1850, tho
value of the manure at its market price in England was one hundred and three
millions, three hundred and sixty-nine thousand, one hundred and thirty-nine
pounds, sterling,"— Isaac Buchanan.
76
raTBODUCTOBV EEKAIiKS.
OH' Of all proportion to what oxistetl ,.;„u
value of hor land has so ill T * ^ ^''™ «nce'-that tho
the labourer to ooltndTnlT'f/T'""'^^^^^ «■» P""" »f
no-^-a^athatirrfrrpot*''---"'""^
BritamthowoAshopo t wo M °Lt fT" ""' """''' ™''-^ "f
we aro taught that mantIL ' ! ' f ' "''"■''™'^'''' "f^hich,
all old communities being r^e^^""''' «■" "o^o^' -il^'
•iminution in the deman'd foHabou T theT"""''.^* "'^^
of Bmil and the United Stales it"L ^» «>o l-"™e-. .nd planters
»nd leav. „, to our poor ones I IhT^T T^ ^'"" «"■ »il»,
aanufaoturo more eheal ftan ' " f "'""'P "* "'• « »''»
«« /- aU, build muff mZc'es It ^ "' ""' *^-f-'
expend your labours in earrvinT"!,' T ?"" ^"^ "f" y<""- Ik,
exhaust your land ■ co„t,W fl? ^^ '"'' «'■•«' = oo-'i^e to
70-e Js ,. and youX ^rth" " Strf °' ^''"'' »»"«
when you will be forced to cultivate fb„ '"""' '■""ever, wUl arrive
be troubled with over-polatn w ' - ' """ *'" ^"^ ""
-«...that...,r;:rf4r^^^^^
*-'^e b:f;;t;X::[S;:X^^^^ -^-d up„n the idea of
systeni ha. thus far been carried ouj ? '• ^ ^'f "^ '''■''''' *«
a^amst the facts evervwhZr Tm- ^'"''"'"''""'""""■otstand
>»enees with the p^S.TM* "'"',' *^' ™° »'«?» '=om-
powerofaasociationTd ciw ^^^^ """ """ «™''«' »' "-e
into activity • that to U '=™'"™'™ "-at the richer ones are brought
enaploy^e^tendtl 171' ""' """ '» *™ "
THE WHOl/touS OFZNTTOw?«rnf°™^'
HAUSTIOK OF THP t a att; 1.. TOWARDS THE EX-
WARDS DIM?KKm?TsiALV.''fJn^^™-™-
IN THAT OF ALL THP miiS J.tJ'™' ^™ INCKEASE
HIS USE-AND TOW A nn«^2™'^^ REQUIRED FOR
TITREAKD^Xw-ZrUnYTT™"^^^-
^x^yjyy majm. Under that system it is that
INTBODUCTOBY BEMABKS.
7T
Ir-^land waates, weekly,moxe ban would, if applied once for all, give
her machmory enabling her to make a domestic market for aU her
food and aU her labour; that Portugal and Turkey waste, daUy
more muscular and inteUectual power than would, if applied onceM
alt, give them machinery for all the cloth ^hey now consume ; that
Jamaica has been exhausted ; and that India has seen her people
condemned to remain idle, when they would desire to be employed
—to relmquish her rich soils, and retire to po.r ones— to abandon
cities m which once Uved hundreds of thousands of poor, but indus-
trious and happy, men— forgetting aU the advantages of commerce *
and becoming dependent altogether on the chances of trade. '
« ' Following in the lead of France, the people of northern Europe
generaUy, have protected themselves against tlxis system— the result
bemg seen in the facts, that the price of raw materials and finished
commodities are there iteadily approximatmg— that gold flows rapidly
in— that the circulation of society becomes from day to day more
rapid— and that the proportion borne by fixed to floating capital is a
constantly increasing one— all of these phenomena being evidence
of advancing civilization, consequf ^ upon the determination once
for all, to make the investments required for bringing the consumer
to the side of the producer, and thus relieving the farmer from
THE WASTING TAX OF TRANSPORTATION.
" ' Guided or srovemed by England, Ireland, Turkey, Portugal, and
the United States have refused to make the eflbrt, once for all, to
reheve themselves from that oppressive and daily recurrmg tax—the
result being seen in the facts, that the prices of raw materials
and finished products steadily recede from each other-that gold
flows regularly abroad— that circulation becomes more languid—
and that the proportion borne by floating capital to that which is
fixed, is a constantly increasing one— all of these phenomena being
evidences of declining civilization.' ''—Principles of Social Science
by H. C. Carey, vol. iii., chap. 39, §7. '
* * * * » «
" Half a century since, there yet existed competition for the pur-
• " It should be observed that this writer always uses the term commerce as
meaning internal, as opposed to foreign trade.»=IsAAc Buchakas.
78
INTBODUCTOEr B£MAEES.
chase of Irish labour. Political centralization had long existed •
but it remained for that or the trader to annihilate all competiti(m
for the porohase of human energies at home, and to terminate all
Irish competition, for the purchase of those abroad. The conse-
quences are seen in the fact, that the 8,000,000 of Irish peypte
do not make a market for the chief products of India and Carolina
to lo great an extent as is now made by a single million in Mass*-
chusetts.
" Half a century smce, Mexico suffere dunder the oppression of
political centralization, yet she still was prosperous. Since then
having become politically mdependent— she has fallen under the
trader's power. The consequences are that producing little, she
has little to sell ; and lier markets are, to the rest of the world
ahnost wholly worthless. So it is with 1 urkey, Portugal, Jamaica,'
and every other Free Trade coimtry— their power of production
being very small, that they scarcely appear in the woT-Id as com-
petitors for the purchase of the labour of other nations.
" How stationary, even where not declimng, is the condition of the
people of all those countries, and how useless they are to the rest
of the world, is shown in the fact, that of the addition made to the
supply of cotton, in the last twenty jears nearly the whole is con-
sumed in those countries, which seek to produce competition for
the purchase of labour at homo, as preparatory for increase of com-
petition for its purchase abrr ,a.
" Competition, by A, for the purchase of the labour of B, tends to
the production of competition by B, for that of C, and, through him
to the end of the alphabet-^r it does not. If it does, then are all
. those communities whose policy tends in that direction, movmg to-
wards freedom for themselves and the worid ; while those whose
tendencies are opposite, must bo moving towards the estabhshment
of slavery both at home and abroad. Such is the fact ; and yet,
strangely enough, while the first embrace many of the depotisms of
Europe, the last aie found in the two especial traders of the worid
Great Britam and the United States— self-styled friends of freedom*
and patrcns of the revolutionists of the world. * *
« Totally forgetful of the extermination of the population of the
Scottish Highlands, of the anmhUation of the Irish nation, of the
INTBODUCTOBY RElttABKS.
T9
entire disappearance of the millions of blacks that should now be
found in the British Islands, and of the conversion of milliofns of
small proprietors in India into mere labourers, the British people
regard themselves as the special protectors of those of Greece and
Italy — although maintaining colonies for the single object of pre-
venting that combination of action without which freedom can
neither be obtained nor maintained.
" Cheap raw materials are however, as we are assured, indispen-
sable to the prosperity of the British people. If so, there can be no
harmony of interests — cheap raw materials being, and that inva-
riably, the accompaniment of barbarism, slavery, and valueless land.
That it is not so, is obvious from the facts, that the advocates of
the system regard the cheapening of English labour as being essen-
tial to the maintenance of manufacturing prosperity ; and that emi-
nent Englishmen now present us with pictures of vice, crime, and
degradation, not to be exceeded in the world.
" Cheap labour and cheap raw materials mean, simply, barbarism —
they being a natural result of the absence of that competition for
the purchase of both, which results from small production. Produc-
tion declines in England ; and hence it is, that one of the most
philanthropic of travellers, afto:* a careful survey of England, ia
impelled to tell his readers, that, while " much is, in that country,
being done, and of the noblest sort, for the lower classes — much
which has called forth humane syirpathy, patient labour, and gen-
uine sacrifice — ^you cannot avoid the reflection, that it has been
begun too late.
" ' It is not,' as he continues, ' merely, that you pass through filthy
streets, meeting with wretched and abandoned men and women, and
seeing old rookeries of murder and crime. Such things are to be
met with, in some degree, even in the new streets of our newest
cities in America.
" ' It is the amount, the mass of these evils, whic'u astounds. To go
through school after school, refuge and refuge, and see, in every
nev; place, not merely ragged and dirty, and criminal children, but
children absolutely homeless, and cast out, with all the marks on
face and body of being the wild animals of the street ; to hear that
80
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.
those in the private institutions are but a small part of this refuse
population in the city, and that, still beyond them, is the class of
;oandlmg8 and orphans, cared for by the government; to walk on
and on by the day, through lanes crowded with filthy, blear-eyed,
tattered multituu^s ; to watch the almost agonizing, and, in other
circumstances, amusingly ingenious contrivances, without number
to earn only bread; to go in, day after day, through scenes of
poverty, drunkoaness and degradation, through streets where the
nuisance and sources of poison of ages have collected ; and to know
that, not merely is this misery heaped up among these crowded two
milUons and a quarter of London, but that it is relativel- worse, in
some of the other great cities, and is sprinkled like a curse over
the country ;-itis all fhis which makes one feel that, in England
«iey have waited too long for the cure. The Englishman is sure'
when he begms to move against his social evils. We have great
confidence in his reforms ; but he is very slow. The evils of Lon-
don, alone, seem to me gigantic ; against which the operations of
ragged schools, model lodging houses, bath houses, and the Hke—
useful as these are— appear like the sand-dykes against the tide.
" There are thousands and thousands of poor children, who never
enter the schools ; and the great majority of them must grow up
and make their living among old haunts of wickedness. The lodg-
ing-houses can affect but a small number of the hundreds of thou-
sands of labouring people. New Acts of Parliament to improve pes-
tilential streets, may purify certain quai-ters ; but the great propor-
tion of the old districts are badly built, and the labourers must live
near their business, even if the street be undrained, and the house
cover a typhus breeding cess-pool."*
" ' That the facts are so, is proved by all the contemporaneous liter-
ature of England. Heading the works of Dickens, Thackeray, or
Kingsley, we are ever presented w.'th pictures of an incessant strug-
gle for the means of sustaining life, as existing throughout th^t
portion of English society, which needs to sell its labour. Turning
thence, to public documents, we find abundant confirmation r .. the
• Brace : Walks among the Poor of Great Britain.
INTEODUCTORV REMARKS.
81
th-^t
-sad truth, that as power has been obtained for commanding the
services of nature, the condition of the people has no improved.' •
"'A hundred thousand men, employed in producing coal and iron
give command over the services of a willing slave, that does the
work of 600,000,000-requiiing, in return, neither food, clothing
nor shelter ; and yet, the strife for life becomes more intense, with
increase of wealth and power. Why is it so ? Because English
policy IS based upon the idea, that domestic interests are to be pro-
moted by the adoption of measures tending to the cheapening of
tte land and labour of other people, and leading inevitably, towards
the enslavement of man in all the countries subject to it. Frrtu-
nately, however, there is throughout the world a harmony of ,.ier-
ests so perfect, that no nation can commit injultice, with, ct being
required to bear a part, at least, of the burdens thereby im|.o,«.ed
upon the communities affected by it. Whatever tends to deterioraU
the condition of man anywhere tends to do so .■ 'ert/wfiere- -the
land and the men of Europe profiting, by all that is wisely done in
America, and those of America suffering, by all that is' unwisely
done in Europe, Asia, or Africa.'
'In the physical world, action ?ind reaction are equal and opposite..
m
The scenes througb which the reader has accompanied iis are, it is be-
lieved, truthful representations of what may be termed the poor man's world
That world, for him, is for the mo i part stagnant, foul, and dreary The
comfort of a real home is too often denier! him. Himself, his wife, an I his lit-
tie ones, are exposed to the poisonous influences of bad air and bad water or
to the miasma of imperfectly drained rural districts. The nnrtality amongst
his class is heavy. Thousands are annuu.ly per. fitted to pensh, who mi^ht
be preserved from disease and death, at a less cost than that of the most
economical war we could indulge in. Th^- children o' ibis class are growing
uy); not only enfeebled in body, but mglected in mind. Nearly a million re
eeive no educHtion at all, ornone that is of nny pr^f ioal value; whilst of
those who are professedly taught, few carry away from school a wholesome
»nd permanent impression. Moreover, there are mili ns in this country be-
longiug to the same class, who, raor^ or less, 1 .: ...y n.giect even the ouf
•ward ordinonces of religion. In short, as hnu horn well sa .1, there are two
•ations in the same K,ngdora-c',e o;,,^ poor, ignorant, and suffering • the
other, comfortable, moderately well instructed, fairly enjoying life yet ,|,o
aeedy and distressed far out-number those wh ,- , wenlthy o. at e.vse The
nch and educated are i- .-nificant in point of numbers, comparPd with the
poor and ignorant."— /n^u^rj/ o/an Engluh Lan<lowner, chap. vi.
i
fNTRODtJCroaV KKMAUK.S.
So, too, if it in the social one — tho community that devotes its poten-
tial energies to the stoppage of motion elsewhere, bein^ arrested in
its own. So was it with Athens and Rome, and so, too, during
many centuries, with France. So is it, now, with Great Britain —
whose people become poorer, with every increase of power to com-
mand the aid of steam, electricity, and other wonderful forces placed
at the command of man. Where, however, is it to end ? * In the
same misery,' says tho Uev. Mr. Kingaley, speaking in the person of
a poor tailor, ' as 15,000 out of 20,000 of our clasfi are enduring now.
We shall become the slaves, often the bodily pi-isoners, of Jews,
middlemen, and sweaters, who draw their livelihood out of our star-
vation. Wc shall, as he continues, ' have to face, as the rest have,
eutT df creasing prieea of lalmir, ever increasing profits made out of
that labour by the ctmtractors who will employ us — arbitrary fines,
inflicted at the caprice of hirelings — the competition of women, and
children, nnd .starving Irish — our hours of work will increase one
third, our actual pay decrease to less than one-half; and in all this wo
»!iall have no hope, no chance of improvement in wages, but ever
more penury, f^lavery, misery, as we are pressed on by those wha
are sacked by fifties — almost by hxmdreds — yearly, out of the
hoi^oiirable trade in which we were brought up, into the infernal sys-
tem of contract- work, which is dovourmgour trade and many others,
body and soul. Oi'' wives will be foicod to sit up night and day to
help us~our cliilo ♦» ist labour from the cradle, without chance of
going to t^chool, ^'' of breathing the fresh air of heaven — our
lx>ys, as they grow Uj . -uust turn begi^ars orpaufjors — our daughters,
aa thousands do, must eke out their miserable earnings by prostitu-
tion. And, AFTER ALL, A WHOLE FAMILY WILL NOT GAIN WHAT
ONE OP Uli HAS liKKN DOING, AS YET, SINGLE-HANDED.* "*
" ' This is slavery, and that slavery too, a conseqi'^ncE OP loNg-
CONtlNUED EFPOUT FOR THE ENSLAVEMENT OP OTIIEUS, tO be ac-
companied by the means of monopolies of the command of great
powers given by the Creator, for tho use of nil mankind. Had the
people of Ireland, India, Portugal, Turkey, and Jamaica, been
•ncouraged to avail themselves of the command of steam — hac?
Alton tiocko.
rNTRODUCTOUV REMARKS. gg
they bocn urged to develop the powo« of earth, by brinmn, to
Ugh. the,r vanoua ores-had there been thus prodieed, thSou^
those oou,,tr,es, a competitioo for the pnrcLe of the 2tia
™rg,es of »a„ and land-all would uow'be different. P^te^
much, they would have much to sell— becoming K„... ™™™S
to the people of England f,.m year t year 2t , 7 "'
^uoe IHtlo, and can b„y but ik, thariUtlo, to eSl^f Z
and the competition for the nurelin«n nf uu^ j- • • . . * '
it should inerLe, E„gland,''h":S ri^t^tornTlot"
produces </„,,, to be given in exchange for tho,,e sr„'o° ,,-? r
whole consumption of cotton, su-ar tea coffi.e J,l °°, ' '""^
-odities, being supplied by' pi OTTs DKB VF?.''";;^';;:;
STANDING BETWEEN THE PlfOPi v ^n^.X ^°^
TO PRODUCE, AND THo"eVKLT o'jfsS
The larger the profits, the more wretched must be the condition !f
*. agncultural communltie,, of the eartb-tho share of tie tlf
always growmg most rapidly as the people on whom I te Ij
upon whom he act.,, tend most toward slavery and barbarism ■
Oarers PrinoijM of Hodal Snm„, elmp 4,5 """o™""- -
"The same author shows the effect upon Ireland of the same free
^* system w,th England now recommended for adoption in
" ' Nothing but employment-nothing but the power to maintain
commerce-was needed ; but commerce could nJTevLt „Xr t^"
•ystem, which had. i„ a brio, period, caused the nnihi atio„ of he
t n manuf^tare of India, notwithstanding the advan "v^J:
the cot onon hospot,freofromaU costsof catTiage. AsinJanS
and a, m Ind,a-tho land having been fp-adually exhtu M bv tt'
«portat,„„ of its products in their rudest statesi he ^^try had
been drmned of a capital ; as a necessary cousciuenco of Stht
labour, even of men, found no demand, while WOMPW A'm
"SIC? '■"• "»™ "' "» ,-z,
u
INTKODUCTORY REMARKS.
ihe wretched people to fly in thouaauds and tens of thousands across
the Channel — thus following the capital and the soil that had been
transferred to Birmingham and Manchester — the streets nnd cellars
of these towns, and of London, Liverpool, and Glasgow, were filled
with men, women, and children, unable to sell their labour, and perish-
ing for want of food. Throughout the country men were offering to
perform the farm labour for food alone ; and a cry arose among the
people of England, that the labourers were likely to be swamped by
these starving Irishmen ; to provide against which it was needed that
Irish landlords should be compelled to support their own poor, as
they were forthwith required by Act of Parliament to do — although
for abouthalfa century previously, Eii^land had rung with denuncia-
tions of poor laws, as bein:"; entirely in contravention of all sound,
economical principles. The system, however — looking as it did to
the destruction of the power of Association, and to the consequent
waste of labour — was itself in opposition to all such principles ; and
therefore was it, that the action of the legislature was required to
be directly opposed to all that had been taught in the schools. The
practice, under a sound system, may be consistent ; but under an
unsound one, it cannot be.
" ' With the passage of the Irish poor law, there arose, of course, an
increased desire to rid the country of people who, unable to sell their
labour, could pay no rent ; and from that time to the present, Ireland
has presented the most shocking scenes, consequent upon the destruc-
tion of houses and the expulsion of their inhabitants — scenes far more
worthy of the most uncivilized portions of Africa, than of an integral
portion of the British Empire.
" ' Thus far, Irish agriculture had been protected in the English
market, as some small compensation for the sacrifice of the uomestic
one ; but now, even that boon, trivial as it was, was withdrawn. —
Like the people of Jamaica, those of Ireland had become poor, and
their trade had ceased to be of value, although buc seventy years
before they had been thf hest customers of England. The system
having exhausted all the countries in which commerce had been sacri-
ficed to trale — [alia, Portu^^al, Tii 'key, the West Indies, and Ire-
land herself — it had become necessary to make an effort to obcain
markets in those which had to a greater or less extent placed the
INTROUUCTOBY REMARKS. 85
eonsamer by th. aide of the producer, to wit : this country, Prance
PTSrA?;^T"^' ""* ^'^^' »»<> THE MODE OF ACCOM
ThI F^«M^pJ*'wiof^^''''H^»'^™EXHAUSTED.
IMPOVERiqHT„Z«Lr^^^^^'^«™^ INVITED TO
TO PW^T^ wn In i^ ^^^^ ^^ SENDING ITS PRODUCTS
^ITaI 1 ™ ^^ CONSUMED ; and the com laws were
Trk t of T'T r "r- "'"' ""' "■"' "' """^ «''=Pri'«^d "f the
a. chapTo, ^r'' •' *""' *"■""• "^ «• *^- «"»^' ™'-
" Thackeraj adds his testimony as follows •
- Throughout the west andsouth of Ireland the traveller is haunted
by the face of the ;,.^r,/^ starvation. It is not the exception-it m
the cond^t^on of the people. In this fairest and richest of countries,
tTl'T.TK ™^ ?^ *'"''^'^^ ^ ^'^^'''''' '^^''' ^^« thousands of
them, at this mmute, stretched in the sunshine of their cabin doors,
with ^. u^ork, scarcely any food, no hope seemingly. Strong
Many f them have torn up the unripe potatoes from their little
gardens, and to exist now must look to winter, when they shall
have to suffer starvation and cold too.'
"And the following will explain how India has fared under the
Enghsh ii^conomists whom Canada must eschew •
" ' Th« misgovemment of the English was carried to a point such
as seemed hardly compatible with the existence of society. They
forced the natives to buy dear and seU cheap. They insulted with
unpumty the tnbunals, the poUce, and the fiscal authorities of the
country. Enormous fortunes were thus rapidly accumulated at
Cdcutta, while 30,000,000 of human beings were reduced to the
extremity of wretchedness. They had been accustomed toUve under
^anny but never under tyranny like this. They found the little
finger of the Company thicker than Su.-.jah Dowlah's loin. Under
their old masters they had at least one resource ; when the enl
became insupportable, the people rose and pulled down the govern-
86
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.
ment. But the English government was not to be shaken off. That
government, oppressive as the most oppressive form of barbarian
despotism, was strong with all the strength of civilization. It resem-
tted the government of evil genii, rather than the government of
human tyrants.' — Macaulay,
" < To the Right Honourable the Lords of His Majesty's Privy Conn-
cil for Trade, &c.,
" * The humble Petition of the undersigned Manufacturers and
Dealers in Cotton and Silk Piece Goods, the fabrics of Bengal :
"' Sheweth— That of late years your Petitioners have found their
business nearly superseded by the introduction of the fabrics of Great
Britain into Bengal, the importation of which augments every year,
to the great prejudice of the native manufacturers ;
"'That the fabrics of Great Britain 'are consumed in Eongal,
without any duties being levied thereon to protect the native'
fabrics ;
" ' That the fabrics of Bengal are charged with the following duties
■when they are used in Great Britain :
" ' On manufactured cottons, 10 per cent.
" 'On manufactured silks, 24 per cent.
" ' Your Petitioners most humbly implore your Lordships' con-
sideration of these circumstances, and they feel confident that no
disposition exists in England to shut the door against the industry of
any part of tho inhabitants of this great empire.
" ' They therefore pray to be admitted to the privilege of British
subjects, and humbly entreat your Lordships to allow the cotton and
silk fabrics of Bengal to be used in Great Britain i free of duty ,' or
at the same rate as may be charged on British fabrics consumed m
Bengal.
" ^ Your Lordships must be aware of the immense advantages the
British manufacturers derive from their skill in constructing and
using machinery, which enables them to undersell the unscientific
manufacturers of Bengal in their own country ; and, although your
Petitioners are i ot sanguine in expecting to derive any great advan-
tage from having their prayer granted, their minds would feel
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.
87
gratified by such a manifestation of your Lordships' good-^
towards them ,; and such m instance of justice to the natives of
India would not fail to endear the British government to them.
Ihey therefore confidently trust that your Lordship's righteous
consideration will be extended to them a« British subjects, without
exception, of sect, country, or colour.
" ' And your Petitioners, as in duty bound, will ever pray.
[Signed by 117 natives of liigh respectability.]
Calcutta, September 1, 1831."
'THE MORE IMMEDIATE CALL FOR WATCflFULNESS AND EXERTION ON
ME PART OF THE FRIENDS OF CANADA.
(C i
Even at the present day, and even at the present moment,
the friends of Canadian industry require to be on the alert. It is
only a ^hort time ago since we saw in the English newspapers the
loUowmg :
"♦A deputation from Sheffield and Birmingham has lately had
an mterview with the Duke of Newcastle at the Colonial-office
upon the^ subject of the Canadian tariflF. The deputation con-
eisted of Mr. Atkinson (Mayor), Mr. R. Jackson (Master Cutler)
Mr. Jobson Smith (President of the Chamber of Commerce) ^r
W A Matthews, and Mr. C. E. Smith (Hon. Secretary of the
Chamber of Commerce), from Sheffield; and Mr. Henry Van
Wart (Vice-Presid.nt of the Chamber of Commerce), and Mr
Frederick Elkington, from Birmingham. The deputatio was
fieMTp'"^ ^^ ^'' '^' ^' ^'''^"'^' ^•^•' ^^^'- ^'''^' ^^-
"And the result has been an attempt of the boldest description
by tne Colomal Minister to influence the Legislation of Canada.
It IS self-evident, therefore, that as Canadians we must at once
come forward boldly, and show that we are aware of our true posi-
tion. *
« Let us make it clear that we know that it is by over purchasing
abroad, or SENDING MONEY OUT OF THE COUNTRY, tb-^
°" INTBODUCTOBT BEUARK9.
we have been ruined. No true friend to Canada's connection with
England could go for a continuance of the present pecuniary misery
m the colony, caused by our over-importing from Sheffield, Birming-
ham, Manchester, ; >< ids, and Glasgow. The following figures tell
more plainly than an) words can the present absurd position of the
Trade of Canada :
Exports. Imports.
1856 132,047,017 143,584,387
1857 27,00o,624 39,430,598
1858 23,472,609 29,078,527
1859 24,766,9«1 33,555,181
" ' The Free Traders in England play a most unprincipled part.
They know that it was her originally having protective, or patriotic
principles on the subject of her native labour, that made England
great. They know that no country was ever made great by any
other principles, and yet they would deprive Canada of them, to
serve their personal ends. Selfishness, personal and class selfish-
ness, is indeed their only impelling motive, for we must not dignify
it by the name of principle. Such men as Cobden and Bright care
less for the labouring man of Canada, or even of England, than the
planter of the South cares for his slave. The youth of Canada
at present have the choice of the description of labour which best
suits them, only by expatriating themselves. A farmer in Canada,
for instance, has five sons, and one, or two, or more of them are
not fitted for agriculture ; he cannot find manufacturing employ-
ment for them in Canada, and must send them to the United States
to get this privilege ! But all the world knows that no country
hitherto has ever been made great by legislating for the world's
industry instead of attending to her own affairs ; and even if Eng-
land were to succeed in this novel attempt, it would be no reason
for any other country running the same fearful hazard.
" l^r- List, (the great Economist), in Der Internationale Handel,
yery simply explains that the rise of Russian greatness took its
date from her repudiation of Political Economy. ' Soon after the
war of 1815 (says List) there arose a teacher of the Free Trade
theory, a certain Storch, who taught in Russia what Say did in
mTRODUCTOKY REMAKK8.
8&
France, and Dr. Smith in England, viz., that Balance of Trade is a
mere phantom, a chimera engendered in the disordered brain of the
teachers of the mercantile system. Government gave the Free
?rade system a fair trial, u i' ^he Oiancellor of the Empire, Count
Kesselrode, declared in an Otticial Circular of 1821, ' That Russia
finds herself compelled by circumstances to adopt an independent
system in commerce, as the raw productions of the country find but
to indifferent market abroad, the native manufacturers are becoming
rained, all the readi/ cash is going abroad, and the most solid mer-
cantile houses arr ibout to break. In a few weeks afterwards the
now protective Tariff was issued, and the beneficial consequences
Boon manifested themselves. CAPITAL, TALENT, AND
MECHANICAL INDUSTRY SOuN FOUND THEIR WAY
INTO RUSSIA FROM ALL PARTS OF THE CIVILIZED
WORLD, AND MORE ESPECIALLY FROM ENGLAND
AND GERMANY. Nothing more was heard there of commercial
crises, caused by overtrading ; the nation has grown prosperous, and
the manufactures are flourishing."
" No words of mine could so well convey to the Canadian farmer
my view of his and his family's true interest than the f >going
words of Dr. List. And I cannot possibly do more for Canada, than
to place before her the same author's description of the sade ffects
on the United States, of taking the advice of English statesmen,
who are just English manufacturers or their tools : —
" ' There are many,' says Dr. List (Der internationale Handel)
* who impute the commercial crises of the United States to their
paper and banking systems ; but there can be no doubt that the
evil originated in the ' Compromise Bill ' (1832), in consequence of
which America's imports soon exceeded her exports, and the
United States became debtors to England for several h mdred
millions of dollars, which they were unable to cancel b; aeir ex-
ports. The proof that these crises must chiefly be ascribed to
the excess of imports lies in the fact, that they invariably occurred
in times of great influx of foreign manufactures in consequence
of a reduced tariff; and that on the contrary, they never took place
either in time of war, when few imports could take place, or when,
\j the high import duties, the exports had been brought mto just
.0.%*
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Corporation
23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, NY. 14580
(716) 872-4503
m
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.
proportion with the imports. * * It was in 1789 that the firet
American tariff was framed, imposing a crifliiig duty on the most
important articles of imports. Trifling af the rate of the duty w*b,
rte eflects on the prosperity of the country became so manifest, that
Washington, in his messa^ (1701) already congratulated the nation
on the flourishing stats of manufactures and agriculture. En-
couraged by the success of the first attempt, the Congress raised,
in 1804, the Import Duties to 15 per cent., and in 1»15 the manu^
factures of the United States already employed (according to the
Report of the Commercial Committee to the Congress) 100,000
hands, and an annual amount of the produce mounted to sixty
miUions of dollars, while the value of land and the prices of all
sorts of goods, as also of wages, rose to an extraordinary degree.
After the peace of Ghent the Congress doubled the rate of duty for
ttie first year ; but pressed by the arguments of the disciples of
Free Trade, it lowered the tariff in 1816, after which the calamities
of the period of 1786 to 1791 soon mada their re-appearance, 'viz.,
ruin of the manufacturers, valuelessness of productions, and a faU in
the value of landed property. After the country had thus again,
durmg the second war, enjoyed the blessings of peace, it once more
experienced aU the previous evils after the conclusion of peace,
Trhen a great influx of manufactures again took place, and these
evils of peace were even greater than those caused by the devaata-
tions of war. It was only in 1824 that the Congress saw the ex-
pediency of, and resolved upon, raising the tariff; but that resolu-
tion was ;frustrated by Mr. Huskisson's threat of retaliatory mea-
sures. The ruinous state of the industrial classes of the United
btetes at last compelled the Congress to raise the tariff in 1828
which was, however modified in 1832 (by the Compromise Bill)
owing to the exertions of Mr Poulett Thompson,* the successor of
auskisson, in which he was aided by the planters of the South, who
all clamoured for a cheap tariff The consequence of that Compro-
raifle UiU was the importation into the United States of such enor-
^olr^^'J^^I^^^^^ '''''^'''^' ^"^'^ Sydenham, and Governor-
Oeneml of British North America . the time of the Union of Upper and LdWfer
lit
III!
I
INTRODUCTORT RKMARKS.
91
mouB quantities of English manufactures a« totally to destroy the
Balance of Trade between the two countries, and to bring about the
commercial cnsis in 1835, from which the United States has not
yet quite recovered, despite the revision of the tariif in 1840 All
tins iJainly shows the necessity of not allowing the imports of a
«Tr S T^T"^ ^^::^^'^^ '' ^° «^^^' «f k««F"g continually in
sight the 2?a^nefi of Trade.'" ^
" ^KnTI ^'''''^ ""^ ^'''^'''' •"""* ™^ ^^«OUR POWER OF KNGLAKD
AND OF THE WORLD-HER HARD MONEY SYSTEM BEING THE 1>e™
irrr"'' ™' ^^'^^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^^»^«^ industry-deIr ™T
^rr .HZ ''^'''^' ^^^ ^^ ^^« CONVERTIBLE TERMS-SO THAT EVERT
HVnP pf^'wo"''^''' ^^^^^^^^'^^ -"H THE LATE SPEAKER IN
HYDE PARK, WHO SAID-' IF POLITICAL ECONOMY IS AGAINST VS
THEN WE ARE AGAINST POLITICAL ECONOMY."
'F(Bnus hoc fecit et nummus percususs.'—VWny.
Usury did this and coined money.'
a ISI; If ^*'' *^^ ?i!T! .''^ *^'"^ exchange, which exchange it is almost
l?f.^ • '•''' ^^""^ ''^''""' '""'* °^«''«' «°d indeed all persons who
need their services, and to pay wages to hired servants, slaves and let
tiers; for which purpose we affirm there must be a coin having Tvalue
pTato. "" "^" ^*'*'' ^""^ "^ '^^"^ '' '^' '^«* of the worir-
' Wealth, we have said, is the product of human labour, which pro-
cures for man all the material good which he wishes to enjoy? t is^the
vJrTw^pU T.f "^^ Pt^fl.-J'^y-ents, which proceed' Lm hem
wS. .1 ^""l ^^""^ ■ ^^' ^""«*^«" should never be lost sight of;
Acco dJl <!n' r ^''■^' '* "7?'-,P':««*'.»te it««lf to theorists. For Shom ?
tZ.U^ the answer which is given to this question, man belongs
pV^rndTdTstonr '' '"^° ''-^'"'^^^ '- ^- '^-^ ^^^^
" Deeply impressed with the conviction that the hard money sys-
tem of England is the great arse of labour in the Brit h Empire
and throughout her colonies ej^pecially, I have (as friends and foes
will bear me witness) in season and out of season, for the last thirty
years, held up my testimony against it. It were much pleasanter,
of course, for any man to sail with the current, for the public must
necessarily, tUl prepared to alter its opinions, view the man a fool
who holds, or at all events who publishes, contrary ones, seeing that
1U8 doing so IS net commg very far short of paying this same plain.
It not pleasant, compliment to the public.
92
mTRODUC.ORY REMARKS.
When Harvey (as Jonathan Duncan has remarked) announced
the circulation of the blood, and Jenner the principles of vaccma-
tion, both were denounctd as ignorant quacks. The fate of Galileo
IS well known. Winsor had to beg his bread by the light of the
gas he discovered. Fulton on the Hudson, and Bell on the Clyde
were deemed drivellers when they proposed to propel vessel . throu-h
Wie water, not by sails but by steam. Step' enson was suspecte.rof
Deing a lunatic when he was projecting his locomotive ; and the
i^arteriy Revim declared that he who expected that the speed on
a railroad would exceed ten miles an hour, waa only fit for Bedlam,
touch examples of error should check raah and precipitate judgments.
I'aper money has, no doubt, had its abuses, but so had the steam
enguie before the safety valve was invented ; and I will attempt to
ahow that THE INVENTION OF A PAPER MONEY WAS
VkZ^^'^ ^ ^'^^^ ^^ ^^^M SPOKEN TO WRITTEN
LANGUAGE, FROM MANUSCRIPT TO PRINT."
" The same eloquent historical writer farther remarks :
'The legislation of Sir Robert Peel and Mr. Loyd tend to realise
m Jingland the same injustice and ruin which occasioned thedown-
laJ ot Rome. In a recent memorable trial, it appears that usury
IS now so extortionate, that attorneys (certainly not of a reputeble
Class) take 60 per cent, on loans, and require the interest to be
paid monthly, so that in eighteen months the accumulated interest
equals the principal, while the debt remains undiminished.
• Ihe science of society affirms that since it is the privilege of
industry to heap up wealth as its reward, so it ought to be the.
pumshment of idleness to break down riches till they wholly
disappear. '
' Such would inevitably be the case if the perception of mterest
were abolished. If we except some of the harder metals, perish-
abloness is an inherent quaUty in commodities, and it is .miversaUr
true m the vegetable kingdom ; but when a government makes a
contract for perishable commodities, and gives for them a moneyed
equivalent, when it takes the form of a funded debt, becomes, or
may become, impekishablb. 'Thus the English are stiU paying
ffitereston the gunpowder exploded in the wars of MarlboroughT
though the principal sara representing its original cost, has beea
INTRODUCrOBY EEMARK8. 93
discharged over and over again. Thus usury confers immortality
on debt, and every child born after the contraction of the debt is
reared in the cradle of fiscal bondage. Thus moneyed classes are
perpetuated hy usury, as landed classes are perpetuated by primoge-
niture. These two laws are the parents of political privileges, and
privilege necessarily demands exclusion as the condition of its own
existence. The two forms op wealth, landed and moneyed
TINITB GIT BEHALF OF PRIVILEGE, AND THEIR ALLIANCE PDTS DOWN
/ND keeps down all THE REST OP THE COMMUNITY, who have
neither acres nor gold. The legislation of Peel and Loyd has
nveted the fetters of this form of servitude.
' Sir Robert Peel was a defender, nay, an admirer of usury. The
following passages are extracted from the speech he delivered
in the debate on Commercial Distress, 30th x>iov8mber, 1847 :_
* Some hen. gentlemen, from whom I could have hoped better
thmgs, says commerce cannot be conducted if we are to pay 10
poT cent, for interest ; and Government is blamed because people
are compelled to pay 10 per cent. Why, what right has any man
to pay for money more than money is worth ? If money is worth
10 per cent, it wiU be asked, what law can prohibit such a rate of
interest ? '
' The faUacy on which this justification of usury rests consists in
money bemg compared to commodities, to which it bears no resem-
blance whatever. That coals or 'iron, cotton or indigo, ought to sell
for what they would fetch in an open market,i8 quite reasonable,
because the legislature imposes no arbitrary Umit to their production ;
their quantity is permitted to increase or diminish under the law of
supply and demand, being wholly and exclusively ruled by the mar-
kets of consumption. Totally different is the case with metallic
money. A law of nature, over which Parliament has no control,
restricts the quantity of the raw material, gold, the yield of the
mines never keeping pace with the increase of population, or the
expansion of trade. Moreover, whenever gold is exported as a pro-
fitable mercantile speculation, or is hoarded at iiome, through panic,
the Act of 1844 compels the Bank of England to contract its issue
•f notes. The rule is, no gold, no paper ; no paper, no money ; no
94
INTRODUCTOBr REMARKS.
money, no discounts, except on terms of extortion. This is the reason
why interest rises ; this is why the tradmg world are compelled to
pay 10 per cent., and a commission of 20 to 30 per cent. ; and it is
clear that they are forced to pay it, under penalty of bankruptcy,
not for the fair and legitimate use of money, but on account of ite
artihcial scarcity-a scarcity created by Act of Parliament for the
beneHt ot usurers. If money were like everything else in the market
as Sir Robert Peel most falsely assumed, money would increase with
the demand for it ; but in violation of all sound principles, and of all
honour and honesty, the Bank of England is commanded by the
egislature to withhold money when it is most needed, and thus made
the reluctant instrument of strangling trade. If the real workmg of
this most iniquitous system were understood, these fraudulent and
suicidal statutes would be instantly repealed by the indignant voice
ot plundered industry.
'When bullion is coined into money, it ceases to be simply a
commodity, but has superinduced upon it a monetary character It
no longpv resembles . dier articles of commerce. This is hapmlv
illustrated by Mr. James Taylor :—
' Under Peel's law, gold does not resemble other articles of com.-
raerce m the j-rinciple which determines its exchangable value, any
more than the trump suit iu the game of whist resembles the other
three suits. It is well known that while the latter exchange on equal
terms one with the other, the trump suit is endowed with supreme
power, which makes its lowest number often possess a controlling
power greater than the highest numberof the other three suits So
under Peel's BiU, gold is endowed with a like controlUng power oyer
Ae ralue of all Her commodities in this country.
' We must dwell a moment longer on this important branch of
the subject. Suppose that in 1819, when the bill for returning to
cash payments was enacted, ParUament had decreed that a single
gasometer should supply aU London with gas ; and at that time
^ed the number of cubic feet of gas to be manufactured, ordering
tiiat that quantity should never be increased in any future time •
what would be the consequence in 1856 ? Clearly that aU the
streets built since 1818 would be left without gas ; or if theu
weived » supply, thea tho ^oonscHitteiiw would be that many of
m
INTKODUCTOBY- REMARKS.
96
the streeta constructed prior to 1819 would be doomed to darkness
According to Sir Bobc. . Peel, the directors of the gasometer would
be justified in saying ' gas ought to sell for what it is worth ' for
il usury on money, Umited by Act of ParUament is defensible, so
also would the usury on gas, Umited by Act of ParUaraent. The
aame reasonmg applies to every monopoly. « • *
'How, then are debts due to foreigners to be liquidated ^' In
gold or silver, coined or uncoined, at the marked price* of those
metals In these distinctions there is nothing new, but simply a
revival of what is old. The use of what may be called a double cur-
rency was well known to the people of antiquity. If wm som
observed timt the predom metals, did not increase proportionately
with all other commodities; and the wisdom of ancient legislators
perceived that production must be arrested if no other distributive
mstruments than gold and silver were employed. One of the ear-
liest plans adopted to surmount the difficulty was the creation of a
national currency in each indepmdent state tW internal trade;-.
and its distinctive characteristic was the total absence of intrinsic
ralue which effectually prevented its exportnaoi.. This mvention
greatly economized the use of the precious metals, aUowing them to be
wholly employed in discharging the balances of foreign trade. Thus
Uie cities of Byzantium and ClazomeniB provided iron money for
their own citizens, which circulated at homo for the nominal value
impressed npm it hj public authority. The monetary laws of
value, which would pass current in all the states of Greece ~
Xenophon observes that ♦ mosc of the states of Greece have monev
Th,9 ,8 the Alpha and Omega of Currency Reforme™ j we say that tha
tlt\ JT ""T^ ''°"'*^ ""' ^'' P*y"«°* ^' * P^'^« fi-^'^ by'«- as at
pr sent. We show that the violation of the law of supply and demand, «s regard.
ir!^\^iri *.° ""^r^^^K^ *° '^' f^-^^'gner, over the home manufacturer, to the
farmer of the .^vantage of the law of supply and demand for his wheat and other
producuons ; for wLlIe the foreigner can take gold at a low fi«d price, he will
fl^rer buy any other article of export, unless at as cheap or eren cheaper rate. If
^M T.r ""^ **''' '^' '"'' P"'' ^'' ^'' P'"'^"^^' '^' f^^^ig"" takes hi.
«»ld, and the ruin to the farmer is much more serioua than could ariar from
accepting of a email prico."~Is4Ac BcoHA»Ai».
96
INTBODUCTOBY" REMABKS.
f i!
Lycurgus were founded on the same principle ; but that great
legislator deprived his money of all value as merchandise, by de-
stroying the malleability of the iron of which it was composed.
Seneca states that the Spartans also used leather money, having a
stamp to show by what authority it was issued. Plato recommended
a double currency in every state. , ' Coin,' wrote that illustriouB
philosopher, ' is for the purpose of daily exchange, which exchange
it is almost a matter of course that artisans must make, and indeed
all persons who need their services, and to pay wages to hired ser-
vants, slaves, and settlers ; for which purpose we affirm there must
be a coin having a value among the members of a state, but
no value to the rest of the world.' For the purpose of visiting
other STATES, Plato proposed a common Greek coin of intrinsic
which is not current except in their own territory ; HENCE MER-
CHANTS ARE OBLIGED TO BARTER THEIR WARES
FOR OTHER WARES.'* These examples abundantly prove the
early adoption of a double currency in the sense in which we have
explained the term. * « ♦ «
' Personal slavery is the sternest and most absolute form in which
man himself belongs to wealth. Cuba is a rich island, but its
riches belong to the white man alone, the slaves being the most
Taluable part of their property. Cotton enriches the planters of the
Southern States of the American Union, and the negroes bought
and sold at public auction are included in the balance sheet of
their wealth.— The serfs of Russia create riches in which they
never participate. In some countries the nominally free labourer,
receiving wages, is only one remove from this degradation. THUS
THE IRISH PEASANT RAISES BREAD AND MEAT, BUT
RARELY TASTES EITHER. The cultivator of the vine in the
Gironde, on the banks of the Rhine and the Douro, never quaffs
the juice of the high flavoured and fully ripened grape. OUR
WEAVERS & SPINNERS, WHOSE INDUSTRY CLOTHES
THE DISTANT CHINESE, ARE SCANTILY SUPPLIED
WITH RAIMENT ; and in the general interchange of commodi-
II
This is the demand which I have always shewn the Canadian farmer loses
the moment his production U not lower than gold, while he depends on the Euro-
pean market."— Isaac Bdchanan.
)
I
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.
w
ties between different nations, only the select few of the we'>Jthy
classes enjoy the luxuries produced by a scattered and diversified
labour. ****#»
" * This unequal distribution is defended by Mr. Ricardo, who did
not blush to maintain that the productive classes should be limited
* to the necessaries and conveniences required for the support of the
labourer and his family ; or that quantity which is necessaiy to en-
able the labourers, one with another, to subsist and perpetuate their
race, without either mcrease or diminution.' "
"These selfish dogmaa are founded upon narrow views of THE
SCIENCE OF SOCIETY, TO WHICH THE SCIENCE OF
POLITICAL ECONOMY OUGHT TO BE SUBORDINATE.
* * * * * »
« Moreover, man is gifted with inventive faculties, which enable
him to mould and fashion all raw material according to his necessi-
ties ; and the triumphs of science are measured by the extent of his
conquests over the external world.
" The argument deducible from this statement affirms that aJl
things needfol to the happiness of man have been abundantly be-
stowed on him by the benevolence of the Deity, and that the sole
condition of human enjoyment is labour. Such, in its purity and
simphcity, IS the relation established between the Creator and the
creature, so far as the su^tentation of physical existence is in-
volved. But God has also endowed man with reason, to distinguish
between good and evil-with liberty of choice to determine his
conduct under the mfluence of motives-and with Uberty of action
to execute the determinations on which he may resolve All thi
constitutes him a responsible being, the subject of reward md
pun^hment, and establishes his moral relations to the Deitv IF
THEN MAN ABUSE HIS REASON OR LIBERTY HE
BECOMES THE AUTHOR OF HIS OWN STORING *
Under these views the science of society is made to rest on a reli-
gious ba8is,which recognises God as the sole Proprietor of His Earth,
Th,s is ju3t what England does, in submitting to the cruel and unna
tnotic doctrines of her present heartless system, called Free Ce but Zh
as only a ayatem of Free Imports. "-Isaac BdohInas ' '^
I?><1
98
IKTRODUCTOBY BI.:MARK8.
»<! of all that it co„tai„B ; ,hil„ it declare, man to be the account-
able trustee, answerable for ite usufraet. In this sense it funda-
mentally opimee that utilitarian school of POLITICAL VOn
NOMY, WlilCII, CALCULATING THE PRODD^E ANn
FOROmiNOTHE PRODUCER, takesirmr'limv
brother , keeper ?• This school has affirmed that a country is over
populated when m.llions of acre, susceptive of culture are abandoned
?™ tS^'n r™^^^^™^ "^« J"^™ GUILTY OP THE
m™ ZnZT!'^''^''™^^' ™EN MILLIONS OP
THENPOKsJlnl^^?!"''"'"''' ^"'^ DESTITUTE OP
THE NECtSSARIRS OP LIPE; AND THAT MONPV IS
REDUNDANT.WHEN MILLIONS OP POCKETS ARE PEN
JNllijbiOB. * * * m ^
" Tho science of Bocicty denies these dogmaa. Maintaining as a
fondamental prmciplc, that all the materials of food, clothing, and
lodging, exist in profusion, it contends that if every mouth is a con-
Burner, every hand is a producer. It insists that human desires
and appetites are tho permanent incentives to labour, and that as
these are insatiable, the motives to production can never bo sus-
pended (;r even enfeebled, unless through some VICIOUS INTFR
FERENCE OF LEGISLATION, miJTATINrAGAINST
THE LAWS OF NATURE.* It holds that ,rot2l^,
consumption having free liberty and full scope, would act and re-
act reciprocally and constantly on each other, bo that supply and
demand would never fail. Nothing could be either deficient or in
excess ; scarcity and gluts would be unknown. It rejects the fal-
lacies of OVER-PRODUCTION AN OVER-POPULATION
TERMS WHICH, RIGIDLY ANALYZED, IMPLY A CON-
TRADICTION, for a superabundance of people relatively to food
and clothing, and, at the same time, a superfluity of food and
clothing relatively to people ! are propositions mutuary subver-
sive of each other. In real life it is unfortunately true that HUN-
GER INVADES THE DWELLING OF THE POOR WHILE
GRANARIES ARE FILLED WITH CORN ; AND THAT
t " I hare shown, elsewhere, that the object of Currency Reformers is pracil -
eally the r/eanr.g. atcay of bad Legislation, though this of course requires to be
done by Legislation."— Isaac Buchanan.
I
1
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 99
STOCKED WITHKAlKTORmEHOV^T ^
to ooMumo, however e«i«ta in j "^''^i'ETION.* The dcdr.
b« emptied.- "^ '' * '^" '^ran"™' «"<» "«> warehou«, wouM
«. l"Z '^C^^X'u' "' *" ""-^ " -""T with
« England h«, w^slo'^^'^'^'^;'-/'" - -lonialindLt^,
«««* length ezplaine'd that oZ^/C\n t^V^l'"'''-^ "*
tion 18 bawd upon and in DronnrtiT . ' """ *« "-""la-
P«rty, instead of nponiTBrr.. "°"'' "" ""■■ '"•■''» P«-
«kat cannot be sent „„f of he eo^r^^; '"^^.'^ °f a thing
money being tha mere handmaid TT '""""'«'' "» a word, of
•»"0tnre can never be Itl/r'™ "'r'^- ™'"»P«-
|gdenb.aisof„nr.W^J"tS';^. i^"' ^ '" """^ (*«
m FACT THIS ABSUKDims ENnV """"^ "»»"•
AND HER COLONIES AND A I r Pr " WLAND,
INFLUENCE, THAT THE EXTEN^' ' '''^ ^AN
HON IS REGULATED BY wf;L, ^^ULA-
FOREIGN COMMODITY IN ™^ f "^ "I'D, A
OP BY THE EXTEOT of THP i?™™y, ,^STEAD
PKODUCTIONS OR^DUSTRY ^T™^'« ^^^IVE
t See former part of Poaucript.
■p
100
INTUOUUOTOKT UkALAKKH.
rate can bo slwwu itn notuftl independence of tJie yoUow m«Ui.*
Tl»o Knglwb aydtom, of Urns holding nothing to bo u proper repi-o-
Bcntativo of mom^, except that whioh ia capable of buing exported,
or wlvich in other worde will bring back gold, ia seen to bo mo»-
BtrouB when wo rofloct that th- internal tranaadiont qf a country
arc cahvlati'd to be at leant twrntt/ timi'ti the amount of it» exports,
or at leant ten timet th.. amount of it» exports and imports put
toi/ether. It in becauHe Er.gland persists in doing tlic same injury
to her own people, that for bo long ". time she has been believed to
be ignorant of the (Ifstress in which she involves all foreign couutries
that follow her cxan^)le or a<ivice. But the que*ition is now being
BuggoRted, may it not bo the case that the government of England
is only after all a claas-government, and that THE MONEYED
CLASS WHO RULE ENGLAND CARE NO MORE FOR
TIIEWORKllHI CLASSES OF ENGLAND, THAN THEY
BO FOR FORWIGNERl-., OR AS WE HAVE SEEN, THEY
DO FOR COLONISTS^the pound of flesh being their only prin-
ciple. Certain it is that we, as colonists, I'.ave no tie to England
but the Queen. The statesmen of England we regard as men who
having already attempted, will again attempt, the degradation of
the colonists. Aa a class, they are neither feared nor respected in
the colonies, and at the present moment there are few, very few
individuals among them, th.i- wo believe to be truly liberal men,
or whoso liberality goes farther than is necessary te secure tlic
• " Tho effect of Pool's Monoy Law is a complete violation of bia principle of
buying cboap, and sollinft doar, for tho Rritish producora arc forced to buy gold
dear and aoll it cheap. Thoy buy at a trndt price (by htuh meaning pricea on
the local level of wagea as explained in pagt one of Postscript). Thoy soil at
a cash price. Foreigners on tho contrary should soil to us at trade or nomi-
nally high prices, and pa/ment should bo made to thorn for their products at
the same rates, or (as people express the appreciation of gold) in depredated
gold. This would cause foriaign exchanges to be apparently unfavourable to
Canada ; they would be only noniimvlly so, for foreigners always exchange
according to tho intrinsic value of gold and silver as the common measure of
value, therefore they would have no advantage over the homo producers,
whereas at present they receive more gold than the latter, whenever prices are
above the baiter level, or raw mat^ " tl price, (equ,\l to that at which the law
has fixed gold." '— Isaa. Bcchanan.
IlflKOOUtTXrttY KKtaA-ltKi, Wl
JJrtjnlftf vote n TWifain the ocmntry, white Htt HKTIR-BLY FOl
02fr8 on UVRRbOOKS BRITAIN THE EMPtRE
♦'
" An<! H is not oniy i-« i^^dd colonial labonr, :)ut as regards the
alour of theiaothef oour.tiy that Britigh 9t«te«aen have adopted
the MOflt disloyal principles, for they do nc^ prc'^nd to o^o more
allegiance to the imiTrSH LAHOtTREll (WHO SHOtTLD BE
THEIR POLITICAL MASTER) TIUN THEY DO 'TO THE
FOREIGN LABOURER. On H:e throne of patriotiflm they have
mt up PoKtjcal Economy ! Porhftps howevei we should be nearer
the truth ,f « hold that iu England there never was, »*niong her
legislators, any more than the pretenoe of devotion to the interesta of
the British people. The 8ucce«» of the Americpn Revolutioii
8hewo<l them, that no government could exist that had not the hearts
Of the people, and thof '-.equent twublee in Franco made this still
moio clear. But they took the same Une, a* we have seen the nu>it
mwortky poUtioians in Cmacta take,— to prove themselves a - >• -
they cried out against an imaginary corruption. But as in vao one
caaeao m the other, it was all more empty word^. The public men
in England, mstead of honestly associating the Govemmont with
the people ni their interests, humbugged (to use an unmistakable
word ) both the Crown and the people That truly popular interests
should prevail was no doubt the interest of the Crown, but this would
not suit the British statesmen aa representatives of the men of
money They knew that WELL PAID LABOUR is a convertible
term for CHEAP MONEY. They therefor, introduced a contri-
vance which blinded both the Crown and tho people. At Cam-
bridge they had loanied that " tUngn which are equal to the ,mne
thmg, are equal to one another^ and they taught this lesaon both
to the Crown and the people. Their object of course was to prevent
;ny actual oneness of interests between theCrown and the people •
80 they had to use considerable sleightrof-hand ; and ih^ juggle
succeeded admirably : *^
" Indcfd the pleasure seemed as great
Of being cheatea as to cheat,
Aa lookers on leel most delight,
That least perceive the juggler's sleight ;
And still the less they understand,
The more they admire his sleight-of-hand I"
102
<(
UfTKODUCTOBY KEMAEK8.
« the r wple'a mlerMt p!^»- , /°'''"=»' ^^^o^y (said ftey)
theinteresr„fr?™™^!dtt^. r''''^""^'""'P™»'.
being both identr.l w^^!^ , 5 *' I^^P'^ «™ /^-owi identical, w
made dear „emtlZT f"', -T™™"' ''™ '" '»'""". ''<'i"8
ISooaomiate knewTStl ^^ """"-ated. The Politio^
^aedu^fron, .a,.. Without TaSoS^^SSonf^
to Ze^M^f rr"^ r°"'^' ^^ "^■■^ """'<'"°'y absorb money
rntoXatlr ^^' -'«P-P«rfy--ed,itia'cIet
"^luig s worth, J-ne2m»om5e^z!^Moftheover.i«isii#inf c.v. j z
.d pape. money, and the tapoasibLy oul7uXttt Z
m consequence, is weD iUustrated by mT X ' d r» T
very clever won, K. Currency in I ^^\uZ ^'^^ '" ""
.f r ^V' '•T ^^'^ *^"'''^) * ^"^ ■'"o™ fact, that by the pressun.
of the atmosphere, water „•« rise in a vacuum (the barrel ofapum^
for mstance) to about 33 feet. Now, suppose that thfwater Z
c»to,n vacuum had Wways been prevented by the inter^n „f
a plug, from „s,ng higher than ten feet, it would follow th In
• " Their .ct».l f..r „„ ,|,.i „„,y „„„„ ^^^ ^^Ti^^^JTi^ „ ,.,„,„
Isaac Bdohanan.
for
INTRODUCTOBr REMARKS. IQS
this plug was raised one. two nr far, <• 4. u- i.
immediateljrushupandfiu2!Lv f ^g»^«r, the T.ater would
plug neve/been el't^^^^^ 7™ ''''^^' ^^^ *»»«
what wa« the .«z«- S ^r dttTr ^7^^^' ^^ ^^^ ^^^
h^ye concluded thatT ^0"^^^^^^^^ 'i ?^' "**^^' *^^^ "^^g^*
was necessary to in erposla W ™' '''^ '^•^^*''"^' ^^ ^^^^ it
ing and deling Te^Z.^^^Zl ^T ' ^^^^^
removal of the plu. was mt n,« <■ , °"'™"' ""»' ""e
™ oaly that wUc°h Zmte^ 7^ '?>° ™' °' *' ™'^'' ^"'
the cuu>, of the rt of !2/; '"^™°'' "' *« •""»'=J « "ot
cease whenever a price whir „ n f "' '"* "■' "^^ '^
weight of taxation isobwS n f"™ »« equiiibrom with the
prices ™nghiXrta^;S:; ^°""'*'™ -» '"f'^Hy prevent
within tt yfars^A™/2rrT °f ""-'^'"8 *» withdrawal,
it leaves thi t,.deL ftc tdtatt 7^ ""T ^'"^»' " *»'
BE WITH INSIJFFICIENT EMpfnilr^t™®' ^^'^ ™
TENT THE CIRCULaS HAsS^T'„^'^ ™^ ^X-
AND MOST CRUELLY BPPNtAn^^^ ARTIFICIALLY
" Even H,» tT ^^'^ MADE INSUFFICIENT
ad^Uted th. orueitltrBShTatr""" "-''»°"=^'
»ists, that they wolTv °rl^'f 7' ."*" *' ''''"l^ "' ^con^
The iaexhaJbloIrish ru„nr.^ f'l T* " ^"^^'""^ "^ "t"--
labour, whether n fto S aff ? ""T" ""^ """^ "^ ^-S'"''
»t,««.l .. ., ..., ""W, the factory, the armv. or ih. „.
■'"" " "'° """"• '"^ '•""'e. *e hod, or the de'si.' W^ bS
104
nrrRODucTORY remarks.
that, for fifty years at leaet, labovr, taUngiUi quality into aceounL
Aa* been checker in this country than in any paH of Europe ; and
this cheapness of labour has contributed vastly to the improvement
and powers of the country-to the success of aU mercantile pursuits
and to the enjoyment of those who have money to spend. Tkit
same chmpm,, h,, placed the labouring classes most effectually
under the hand of money and the heel of power.' (See Times of
5th July, 1851.)
And I feel that I cannot better close this paper, than by repro-
ducing p^t of the truthful reply made some years a«o, to the
J^ndon Ucommist, by a very talented member of the Canadian
.Parhament,— John W. Gamble, Esq. :—
ftvl'ilw//*'"'^ ^"'t^®'* *^ ^^^\^^ *** ^^^e'-s and «iillers in Canada
aX« » ! f°«^at>on, adopt thatplanfrom an opinion of its necessity,
noints m^;^";^ ^"'^n- ^°"*i"g«?* "Po« o^r colonial conditio^
tITmHj Pr°*^,y«n on Canadian timber in the British market.*
fullvlni?! ^''"^'^'>-*^'^/*'r8*^ '^ *^^ annexation cause, success-
fully shows the superiority of the United States as a market for that
tTSh ;' ^ndering valueless the only commercial advantage remainrng
to us as a colony, and leaving the argument of necessity, as stated bv a
producer must be brought still nearer-placed side by s de-and that
lllZtX"T''f'^?'^ "".^ *" «^^ '^' f«™^r in inducing the me-
tZl ? n ^" P'^'? ^''**^' '^•"'' '' * ^'S^ protective tariflF on all those
ri,7c,w/ V^^T''""*^'i''lf subordinate minister of the Crown,
tttifn ir/v.'''^' ,'^'r^ f ^"?'"°'^' ^^'"i*^' «« »^»« deliberate oon^
viction that he only relief, the only refuge for the depressed agricul-
tural and milling interests of Canada, is to he sought and found-S?
a--" Sr?tt:- -^'^^i'^ " protected oofporations of^Ne^X^"
r.Ii/®P'^' ^\^ "'""^y ^i"^^ ''"* ^y ^'^^ i^oo«omi«« as the only source of
S^nada^srloV'T-'^i/''' '^'^ agricultural and milling interests of
tion« of N.!^ I r"? '\ t' "?"'¥' '^""^^^ ^y ^^« protected corpora-
tions of New England. Wherein, then, do we differ ? Protection i^ a
system, is equally the beneficial cause of ihe remedy, wLther ha Te^^^^^^^
be attained by annexation, or by the more subtle mode, of the free'ngresi
• This Timber protection also has gone, in the terms of Mr. Cobden's treatr
between Manchester and Louis Napoleon.
INTnoftUCTORY AEMaRKS.
IDS
I;
'ZVIUv^Hi^^^ -^ '"^ °'**^^ P'«^«*'*«' ^'^^^^ ^' ^ the Eco.
SX'«^/ ^"^^y^'P'^^'^y- * * * Thediffwcii<»i.
Sp ivl' -^^^ and common sense says, and the facts and reasoning of
vZ£Z7T "%' '"^'^jou'^hes tie policy of the Union, and your
protected corporations will soon famish you idth a market of vouj own
for your agricultural products at home. ^ '
their hf/^r^^' '^''/r *"'*^' ''i,*^ *^« Union in raw produce mkee
tLn wfweZdT' ^"*'.*r J" ^"Sland's interest, neglects to add,
for^he rZf Jj*-r^^'^^P'^*''« into our own bosomf in exchange
/vI^L-^t;^ ^'^r'^' •*"«* of Manchester and Leeds. No.no Kpr
" a^inrifi!- * »~*5^^ ^'^ °« Jo°g«^ to be gulled with such words i^
shSSw Sr*" ".u'^ T^'Sral parts of thelmpire." They have th^
^wnrSj^T,*^"'."^'*""'''' ^^^'^^^t consult their interests, or
PRP?FR aS?S m!? ,?!?: tb«°»««lves. ANNEXATION IS FAR
DUCTS "t?„^ ^^' I^.^^ " ^^^^ TRADE IN RAW PRoI
mitUetW?Jr'"P?"''^>P'°*'"*^«°tohome industry: and I sub-
Free Trlder?^ ^ protection is not virtually conceded by this
In Mr. Senior's "Mercantile Theory of Wealth » we have thefol-
lowmg evidence of the Political EconomiBts, being aware that pro-
taction to native industry is popular, and would be the rule under
universal suff-age:-" If the unhappy prejudices that now exist
on this subject should continue, and if the extmsion of repre»en-
tative government should increase the power of public opimon
over the poUcy of nations, I fear that commerce may not long be
enabled to retam even that degree of freedom that she now enjoys.
—1 nave perfect reliance on the knowledge and good intention*
of our present Ministors-but very little on the knowledge pes.
sessed by the country at large. And if Ministers are unsupported
by the country at large-if each class, in turn, is to be permitted
a complete or a partial monopoly, and bribed by this sacrifice of
the general and permanent interest [Query ?_the interest of the
^uitonte and tax-eaters, whom Sir James Graham calls ' the
drones of the hive,' I. B.] of the pubHc to its own partial and im-
mediate advantage, to allow others to clamour for the power to ex-
ercise a similar oppression-if Mmisters are not aided by the pnb-
hc voice in their struggles again.t individual rapacity-we rfiall
tread backwards, with greater rapidity, the few steps which we
" ■ ~ ■■ " "■■""V oai"v;u. m a repre. ieutati'. e government, wher©
li
106
INTHODUCTOEV EEMAKK8.
f ain,d by fte »»me7e ta^M ^sll'^j''™"'^ «» "» good U
do enl— where in «l,«rf 7,- ?^^^ "" P«w« »rbitrarilv h,
these suyoo^Trmtfo^roflrr^"'''*"'-'' •■'<' "'»«
«t«od,-there appear !rZf'. 1.. v "' *" ""■'? '"''■"'de..
«ext oa„^ fte s^teSTiS*-' "" ■'»'"»-' J'-^o-^. might
™at?; o^it'rrr^r *7ir "^"' "-» '"°"' *--
Eco.omis.a_Sir E. PeelWet h uff 18,9" °' *"" ^'""'°«'
iarm, m iaauencinir tt. ™ n • i 1''19— none orerdid the
brightest on.a.roVfteChuth'TVf!'."'- '""""'"' «"
belongj did on the mhZ,T "'' ^ ''"° *« honour to
also w^i this ^trrr l?;;:^;jtrf r^''^'^^"
influence fro^tuZZtTZT ^"""™' °^ '» '"«» »
danger the cau.e of Itdtil on T- ''""' ^' »""
^. and the substantia, LC:-;;!-^^:^;:^!
n^'^Znf^rLfztzL'r'r '''' ^^^' ^^^o)
Kttle hearty dependence on tL u . ''=»'«""»to have as
»f PoUtical Ecofomv ffi° he wo,k,ng classes as had the father,
fact being concer/thaJ^L K r^ T'' *"" ""^ foUowing-the
membe,, to Te de " r ^ "'^ '"'""""'^ "f ^^jot *»
ings, is^i *4tr;l:tfT;''" '^T '''""^' "' '^^ "-^
« -d as an excu et; tIoL nd'the' E „ "'V! ^'T' *"
if ;* ;« i. , "^ J-uitJrs ana tue iiconomists to makp a /?*•«/
I I'^hrt^r *''""'*» f"- fe^pular^S^: "
aieiy subjected to the action of a legislative body elected
lOTRODirCTOBlf REMARKS.
107
on
ty universal suffrage, haa been more than sufficiently proved ;
and therefore some modification, now or hereafter, of the French
electoral law will be indispensable. But whether any such modi-
wdit a'libr;.^ *'^ ''''''' *'^* ^^^ *^-*-« *^« --*^' -y
JJ ?'''"^' """ i*''' *^' ^°"^^S ^'^"^ *^« P«« «f Ebenezer ElUott,
the Corn Law Rhymer, dated 17th October, 1849 :-* It is re-
^rkable that Free Trade has been carried by the middle Classes,
not onlj without the assistance of the Working Classes, but in spite
of their opposition.' Thia is worse than the early Whigs, who were
outdone by the Tories as Free Traders ; indeed Mr. Fox, the late
i.ord Grey, Burke, and Sheridan, were decidedly opposed
to the delusive thpories of Free Trade. This is admitted bthe
Mzniurgh Bevieu, of January, 1846 : ' We must in candour ad-
mit and lament that those maxims of policy taught by Dr. Adam
tomith, which bmd nations together by the reciprocal benefite of
commerce, [there is no reciprocity-!. B.] produced less effect on
the minds of the Whig leaders than on that of Mr. Pitt.' "
^''^SlPO^rn''^ ^""^ OMNIPOTENCE OP PARLIAMENT OVEK THE
A^Tthe nXrS''"''^ """"'^ ^^" '^ UNIVERSAL SUFFRAGE.
EXERCrsPn wfrf ^^'^'' '"^^^^ ™^^ -rXHA^^^ CAN ONLY BE
EXERCISED WITH IMPUNITY BY PRINCIPALS.
'•My own effort in politics (adds Mr. Buchanan, at the Free Trade
era m England), now brought to a termination quite satisfactory to
me has always been an humble one, or one at all events very simple,
fnTvV^jf w^.^r"^'" P^'^'"^^^'- party objects orambition.
I HAVE, IN A WORD, HAD IT AS MY OBJECT TO ASSIST
IN REMOVING A POPULAR DELUSION, WHICH ONF
WOULD THINK A SINGLE LOOK AT PROTECTIONIST
^mm^^rl^?^ BISPEL-VIZ., THE VERY GENERAL
NOTION THAT A PERSON WHO ADVOCATES PRO-
TECTION TO NATIVE INDUSTRY MUST NECESSARILY
Pnr^Trnl^^S^ '^^^^' ™^ ^^^^Y OF AN ENLARGED
l?^^^3^ FRANCHISE, OR THE ADVOCATE OF
MONOPOLY m SOME OTHER SHAPE. I saw this to be a
cnrta
a"
«v vbjee. m our circumstances. In 1846 I .aw that Sir Robert
]1>8
INTBODUCTOBY RKMABK8.
iTenceT "f "■" """^f^--^ of Prfament over the orani-
principals'^ Z™";!"™? "' "".' "■»»« ^« *» «' of
of ParliMiont in r. ', ^"'' ' '^''*™ "^ «■« onmipotenoo
becoming a c^t'T^f ^ ''"'.™"' '■"*'°'""»'« '««'"»«»»
FBAGP-r of """'"t'on. precipitate UNIVERSAL SUF-
trade^*or»''P™'^''y°f'''oooa»tO'fromthe foreign
I^htin ITT' *' '"' °""'y Fn2ent,ee„rityT
•mTmeay m the executive, m those days of revolution ' s!,.„i. .
tage m the constitution of Parliame^nt mu^^™ t; cle^lv be
11.0 irreato,V.f n lu ' ""« " "onstitutional question (and
1 saw that there was no longer any guarantee to this country™;
UfcdtlT^ 1 . ™ ""''^' ^'^■'"'S'' -0 voice n«y have been
riX-^lu asscn of the constituencies did not make the proceeding-
right, but only included them in its guilt. The permanently im
portant pomt was not whether the new policy of mTZZZ
ITJ:1, "■" "•'""."' '"' '"'■"^ " - '--diatc im'oS e
for great danger to the puUic peace must Bow from any reduTfcn
leg. ation was not the act of tlic whole people, nor even of the
S^IT"":;^™"''""™™'- T'-'l^-'yofournla
F»t.on was and .s the greater, from the public mind in this country
Iot1sEST*'k T"l';^'^*^^"^^ ^^^ ™'5 FOREIGN
ftee traders while the.r system is one only of free imports. What
tten were the working classes to do as a first step ? I answerod-
Let them refuse their confidence to every man who rcfu«,s his con-
Sdence to them, let them refuse to listen to the details of any man
INTKODUUTOKV KEHARK8.
109
lek 't^J^tf '^"'t '™°'' " ""^ "'°™ "f Soi.» with them for
thetf political enfranchisemeat-in a word, for the prmcMe of
Prnvor^I Suffrage; which I firmly beUc™ (i„ Ae LZo o
govemmen byparty.or, in ofter word,, by constitutional principle)
d^viI"^™,Tl"°T"f?"^'"^*"°- >^ P-PO'ed this
day m Great Bntaan, Ireland, and the Colonies, as sure to load to
our foreign trade bemg made reciprocal instead „f ontTd / «!
f'^,^Smeru,houaimmto provide food/or apoHionofourpil
hemg M.en to provide them v,tth cmple„,^nt by takngiXh
good, m ret^,; „UU a jm protection to MgL taZ BriM
I hS altT^ -^7^"^' " «'"*'*'""• ^"'l/ natimaltazation.
1 had always seen that the only moans of attaining this gr^at end
was a COMPLETE ALTEKATION OP THE CUEMNCY
<J«t monetery system must be set free from its present dishonest
rtre: luht^ V :°'^'^"^^*'^='''^»^ »»' P™- - "^
value Thus and thus alone, T stiU firmly believre, can the property
this country meet the interest of the national debt, and th„^
a^^e can wo protect British industry, vindicating the rigteof fitd
Wrty and labour against that usurpation of the mon—r
wbch has existed since 1819, and rescuing thU country from Z
prboilt p" ft r ' "' '"' »'"™^ effect of I"
prmciples of Peel's legislation of 1819 and 1846." °
CONCLUSION.
Having at such great length laid before his readers the general
oeen t^e apostle, the Editor would now, h closing make a ^hZ
summary. Before the rebelHon of 1837 Mr. Bul^ h^ ten
engaged on the side of the people in many patriotic struggles such
as tiiat of the Clergy Reserves in Upper Canada. And tfat he hlj
some mfluence on the settlement of these is obvious, if only from
the single weU-known fact, that his a^uring Lord Sydenham that
no true Scotchman could be lovul tn «. .Tn^n^«,«^i ii^.x _. .,
110
INIHODUCTORY REMARKS.
I. ii
make them dissenters by act of parliament, prevented His Excel-
en y any longer considering it possible to' settle the quest L
otherwise than it ha. been settled. Subsequent to the rebellion"
Mr. Buchanan's mission has been threefold: First, to shew in h^
own person that Responsible Government for Canada would be
insisted upon by others than men esteemed Rebels. Secondly, to
shew that patriotic or homely, or what is caUed Protectionist
Legislation, would be uisisted upon by others than those who were
old obsolete Tories. Indeed, through Mr. Buchanan's labour (of
which there is abundant evidence in the foregoing pages alone) it
as now generally understood that Democratic fe^tionls'^
Cromwell s time, when the foundation of England's navy and colo-
nic system wa. laid, is the best, if not the only guiantee for
patnotic legislation. Thirdly, to shew that Protectionism is not a
mere favouritism to particular classes in the community a« its
enemies pretend ; it is simply - protection to the currency of a
country, and^that which should be in full volmne, is the interest of
every man and every class, except annuitants and money-mongers
whose interest It is te have money, which is their article, scarce and
dear. Garibaldi has not mere faith in the ultimate success of his
mission than Mr. Buchanan has in the public in all countries,
before long, bemg brought to see that the question of the people's
abour and the question of money, are practically only one ques-
tion, the solution of the one being the solution of the other In the
meantime, the greatest use which tariffs perform is, that they keen
the money which is required at home from being sent abroad : and
whatever he may think, the man who gives his influence to a system
which leads to t;..e export of money, is no patriot, or even philan-
thropist ; for the amount of money, instead of native produce,
exported fi-om any country, is just a measure of the amount of
employment lost to the working-classes of that country. Under our
present currency laws there is the additional evil that the law haa
made all credit and confidence to depend upon the presence in the
country of gold It is thus clear, in Mr. Buchanan's view, that
the great object of Customs is to protect the currency ; a thin«
made of vital consequence to the working^^lasses and tiie holder
of fixed property, by the existence amongst us of an ignorant,
hard money law. ^ *
INTBODUCTORY REMARKS. ^J
thatthelyhrpliLllZr ; *'"'^'"'''" He thinks
ctiog Province against Province »!,7f " ''™8 •>? ""
fo« suppose, thaf .he «:;r;c:cr:f '^^ '"^-^
■n proportion to Lower Canad. „Iu , "' °""* "<"«»
» poUlical parties BntTZ'Zl^ T^t ""^ "'"« »"»•««»■'
Mr. Bro™ wonW be able to ir """" '^''™«''" ''«™ *..
it " quite evide^ Z^t^iT''" " ^''"*'- ""^''^^ "' elector,
tho greatest indusWalltt "»« ™™.<>ut in his true colors, tha
Moves that tte t"a,rb7 -"i"^* ^'"'"^- *'''- ^"*™
Upper Can^a Xhe "r^ct'H"? -"^ """f^™" "P°-
Bep™sen.a«orb^ PoX^rn -^^r. -^ ^^ -' -x.
1^^ «.fatrn^7E::^d*^:r'^»''^"' !'^-'» '■■ ^-^i^a
IVade, bat which ia ont^S^edl Jthr,.""??^'^ "^^^ ^^^
the labor of the foreimfr ^a . ^- . Englishman to pnrehase
to sell his .abof^X^:r*;l'^T:'T'''''^''«""'-
rejoieed and thankful that ZS^ll 1° ' '""'°™' '' '""■^
been avoided subseauJTlM f ^ ""' *I'l"^''™<Ie<i evil has
lowed the f1 SeTl"' '2''.'" '^^ '-^«"'" ^--- *" M"
Free Trade meas^^ Xofttrtit iT" ""f* ""* ^^^''^
«.at ever was put on the stZZ^T^ylZ ZT''"'''
certain to reduce tho Amr.i«,^ x , , -^ "*"*^"> ^ those most
.lassesofhs ™t„nl S°. Z^'^' °' *' ""^-^
laid the foundaro":K^^!?:ndV"o,:'';^r''"''' •"• ''
following were Mr TJ k England s Colonial Empire. The
18497* were Mr. Buchanan emphatic remarks on this subject t
goia in talifonua and Australia, our mnf»,np
U2
UJTEOOUCTORy REMABK8.
country is in the meantime saved. But let who will admit tl.at
humanljr speaking there is any guarantee for the continuance of
these gold importations, I shall never stultify myself by doing so.
And when Peel originated the Free Import Legislation which was
sure to take away gold, ho had not the sliglitcbt right to anticipate
them. The plan now suggested by me for the consideration of the
Legislature of Canada is (and I shall always be anxious to have
this understood) the very reverse of the theories before which Sir
R. Poel succumbed in 1846, when I described his course a« follows :
" * The Premier has left us in a condition worse thau po, itical chaos,
afi haviiig robbed us of our principles. Even tae principle that
self-preservation is the first law of nature has been repudiated ; and
British Politics have been reduced into the two original elements
of national politics— the Labor-power and the Money-power. The
Lal.or-power must come to be represented by Social Economists,
or practical men, or Patriots, the character of whose Legislation will
he that it takes the ch-cumstances of our own society into account
—the Money-power being represented by Political Economists or
Cob.aopolitan Theorists, who would have the country legislate for
the world, while they view Political Science as a system of pure
mathematics, or, at best, one for the creation of wealth, without any
regard to its (distribution. Indeed, to my mind, it does not appear
that the permanently important question is as to whether it
is a right or a wrong thing, per «e, that Peel has done. His im-
policy, however great, appears to me to stand, m relation to his
repudiation of moral and constitutional principle, just as a misfor-
tune does to a crime. I myself, for instance, am opposed to
Established Churches, even if these were the best churches possible,
viewing partiality to any class of Her Majesty's subjects an impe-
diment to general confidence in the Crown and Law of the Land ;
hut give me power to injure the Church, or any other vital interest
hy a side wind, would I, aa a minister, or even as a Legislator do it ?
If the constituencies do not wish the Churcn demolished, dare I, their
servant, put it down ? And if the constituencies do wish it put
down, what need is there for me to interfere unduly ? It has al-
ways seemed to me to be the duty of a minister rather to try to find
.evidence in favor of a respectable existency ; and a state of things
f^ S
f^ s
INTRODUCTORr REMARKS. ^g.
ta «.e h.„da of it, a^we/eX "^1 .T '"" '"""' "'''"^
»«., would require the greater e;S f/"' "' "" '"'"'"'""'>»
no shadew of a »„,picio„, even ,„ hi, „ '.'' r"'"'™"' '» I"""
predileetions had i„Le„e dl "Xt" a°""t-""" "" ^'^"^
«rse of the pieture i, „ very h„r|i„" T"'" "■>"• '-".e re-
«« of the empire, .tandin.Cthe "5- r""'"* "■" '"'"»«""'■'-
who immodialely turns round an,l M j f ' """ °' ^amworth,
"y the te™, of'the wte 'iTvt ^ at ""''^*" ^*'"
whatever ! And what are we t^ThinHf °° '"^ P"""P'»
» submitting thus to he Zm'mT'""'''"''''''''"^'''''
konour of our c„n,titueneie, in deiegalt b"":' '° *'"'' " «■«
Msent to Peel's conduct an OMNiPnf! °' ^ ''°"' ^ ^'"' /««'<•
P«L»„E»T which they had nouo 77 w ""'"'"''^ '"»^'"' ™
boen that we have in Z't::LlZ g"i"rr,'"- 1^^'
Legislative constitution as to »,„„ '° K™'' » violation of our
Peel-s intention at theL% t Tv 7 f'"t''"' '^y l"^™ ^een
constituencies. But h Tmirdil ' f '"°'"'"'" "^ "■» P^'ent
proceeding is what we have chf Sv ir""""' "^ "™ ""P^oipled
rtes from the .or bbZ^ tf/,!' f™^"' '" "» "'*• ""d that
to lessen instead of to increl T T""-' ««»"», as lending
kome. at sea, and in the cZ e^th7 oT"' "'■ °" ""-™> "'
Revolution, both at home and fa^* d?:?'"'"" '" " *' ''"^ "^
constitutionally or unconstitutionally .''"°"'' "''•^*" ^
wetle^n"trrj:f<^:itr nr '^» ^»-^'"«
there having been carried rthelSr )" ^"«'^"'''^-= 'J'-d.
^e .distance Of the w„r.i„^cfL:::^tt;nS:|^!
^i'r ^itrctirstr'f^ t n" *' -^ *-
plausible dispiise, the cont,^; prcife ^ Z "t" " ^ »<■- »
Buchanan thinks that the only hope ofpn I ^ ''"''''™- *f'-
.ecessary alleviations of so cril a st^L rft °°'""-'*"° "^ "»
people of Canada lies i- - • ■ ' "^S" 'c<l"''-ed bv £h.
f^P auada, hes u. „o wnoie facts being exposed by niei. .f'
■
#.
114
INTHODITCTOHY RKMAKKS.
Fi ' J
ondoubtod loyalty; just a. to the cure of any disease the oflseutial
stop ,8 a correct kno«rlodgo of the disease. He reposes in perfect
8at.sfact.on under the feeling that he haa done his duty not only to
the people of Canada, but to the J3ritish Govern,nent, in being in-
atrumental in bringing out the facts on this vital subject
As so much has lately been said upon the subject of the necessity
of Canada becoming more monarchical, an extract is given in Ap-
pendix (II) from the celebrated American author, Mr. Fennimore
Cooper, showing his views and the views of Lafayette and other, in
France, m 1832 on the subject of a «' Monarchy surrounded by
Kepubhcan Institutions." Mr. Bucl.anan has not taken any par^
m this discussion except to state his conviction that anything in the
shape of monarchy m America naist be supported and sustafned by
Republican mstitutions. It may however be mentioned here that in his
^pinion It ^vas only the gross ignorance and mismanagement of the
BritishGovernment that prevented the monarchical principle from bc-
.ng retained at the time of the American Revolution. The interests of
the inhabitants of the old colonies required them to be indenendent
of England, but there was no necessity for their becoming RepubU-
can The same proposition which is now made of Canada setting
up for herself under a British prince, would have been more rea
Bonable m the ca.e of the old colonies, as ai that time this would
have brought he whole of North America under one governn^ent,
^th no powerful enemy to threaten it. If America ever receives
the monarchical principle, it will have to be under the name of an
"Electorate," such as the Elector of Hanover; and Mr B-
chanan ha^ stated his opinion that, after all, the most feasible settle-
ment of the troubles of the United States would be found in an
agreement between the North and South to forget the present in
redeeming the error made by them at the time of the Revolution
when they went farther than simply asserting their independence
of Europe. . : -;. .ht get Canada, with Ae assent of the British
Govemmer^ k> ue r portion ox .uch a monarchy under a British
prmce ; auu u so the enormous acquisition of sej^-board alone on
^e Atlantic and Pacific, not to talk of the thousands of miles of
lake-coaat m the mterior, would be no small argumeu n the minds
of tlie Amencans. Many other great, and even more imr^ediate
I
f
INTttODUCTORr RKHABKS. ^5
and pressing, arguments for such a rw.n^«
organization of the future Oovornl.^T"' ''^'^ Permanent
Greenbacks (in the pavrn^nt 0?.^'' """ '"^'^^ ''''' ^^at the
chiH is vitally int res7d)wouM tl "'"^ '""^' ^--' -^
States ,nay behaved rrolZZtJmZ''' ''V'' ^"'^^^
ever afflicted the inhabitants of aurfovoTed"? ''^'T ''''
Ancient or Modern times It ;« n f , ^^''''^^y ^''^or '"
ft'^^/y, but only a p..sme and 1 ""'' '"^ ^^^* *^'« ''« ^ very
way in which [he Li t tity ausH "r/'^'^^-' ^"d patriotic
United States may be Sed.^''" ''*^^^'' ^^^^^^ -"^i the
In connection with this na oo- j-
with regard .0 JRXZytt'Z 7'^^"' ■"''<'"»»«»''
Appendix (III) Mr 8^^,!° • ^' ^' ™'<"' >"« gi™n in
™t: t :;id"t caSr::: t r.r r -'^-•«
Association for the Promotion Tr r r 'f "^^^^^t'^n of the
report in 1859 whenTp She^^t^^^^ "^ ^^^ '^
ment, the Honorable Horace Ml f ^"^^^ation of - -lia.
^^Zatour^s Political ZZ,'' "'^^ """^'^ ^^^^^^
insf :z of tr^::t; :r ^" "--'-^ *^« ^^— of the
Patriotic principles o"4^^^^^^^ ^^f^ that homely or
people is necessarily associa ed wL T •'"^P''^^^"* ^f our own
>;ews, than the ge'tlemaT ll^,^^^^^^^^
thought well to give i. Appendix ay w \f/ ^^''^ '' ^'
of the late Jacob T)eWi^%T u/ to^" f V^^' ''''''
Lyon Mackenzie, M.P thin whlh '.. ' ^"'"^ ^'' ^""^^^
absurdity of Free Trade oTnf f ^ ^'"^ """ ^«**«^ ^^^^ the
Hke CanLa, withLl:^;^ 1^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^ J^' ''-'''^
Mr. Buchanan has su^isted fn T rS . "'" t'-anaactions.
Relations of Canada w"r e Unit d'^^^^^ T.' f^ '' *^«
-scarcely be complete without the Pamp e a^d ^^^ ''^''
Report of the Hon. A T G^n , , P?^^^ ^""^ *^e subsequent
durin. hi., 1„,. J::±.y ^'.^*' i.^*« ^'^^n^e Minister, writf.„
116
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.
A brochure lateW published bv Mr. Buchai.«n <-„!, ■ t-
Colonel commandh^ that finJt '„."""' ("'"'s I"e»tonant
Volunteer MiliMO is therl ?"°'"''' *' ^^* ''''"^"o"
It is called "0™\!ta* " OH»r" '" ^P"™^" ('^'I)
.« Mr. Buch^a^., c„„..ion, the;suuX:e:;:l::
. at best, on,, •- /Xat^ t;:. S^ ^' *^' ^^-i^?
. a%ta?;;;ifiL r/: t:^ mr"™ 'z '''-'^'
.age should be bestowed, ir'shl,;"- I^Tf '.To Tootr
rnSTat^rr:--:^^^^^^^^^^
to be volunteei=_the members of th. V .7 I ' "'™
duty, as embodied the whole vel ^Tf^ '"'"™' "'""'^ S^''"'
drill associations, nurseries „ IT 11 tr'-" "f ''"'=' """ "«
lie permanent volunteertThavhf ,"""""""""'"'" "^
of the Militia. "" " P''<"'«'»oe to the voluntee™
«mto ofte Miii^fryrr ^°: ""' ^'"""'^ '» -^'-^
Exchequer. iTluld be r^ . " °''?''«'' "P™ ""= P""""'^
»o:ci?.,, andl^dtrtCotLr^^^^ ^^ -"
" ""■ '"-^''^ '» -^. *« M- Buchanan censidr^ present
A
INTRODUCTOBV REMARKS. Hj
t-t par thi, was re-pSd ;„ Cafal W rt\^^°^
agreeing to take as many conie, ^-J.u J *'''• ^"''''anan,
It is a noble vindioatio7o Te mS ofTf"/^ O"'""*--
»eem3 a natural link in the chain „f 7^ ^ '^"'™'=*' ^^
which pronounce, the Reciprocity tLI''™''" ^'"«'''
States, and recommend, itsTttb:'" tCm "" ?.''""'*
same time very clever dor.,m«nf • ' , . ^^'*1"®' ^"* ^t the
would onlyreLrrthatro* ;Cwr "'\^'"°'
eiders Buffalo the United Sf,t„ j J ^'° °'™' "''» C""!-
intereat of the whole I„t ' u "" '"'°™' "f Buffalo the
«ot be cone*; n^Xreirevt"' ^ ""'"" ""» f"""" '^'
from one cause or anTtherth,.-', "" °™"'''^' »'*»"«''
the Bociprocit/C :%ttl^lrr'''' """'" ''^""^ »«"-'
interests in the United sLteT "'' "'"' '"'"^ "'''^
Mr^:irnr:ttph:r;'^ "'•-"■^ r™^^^ --■== "-.
THE "GLOBE"
VERSUS
THE CANADIAN FARMER.
A series of articles which origiaally appeared in the
Mo« Spectator, during the month of January,
1864, from the pen of Mr. Buchanan.
ARGUMENT.
inciting ono section ;f the ProTce aSn tl' „th^''''7''° '"' ""''''' '"« "^'°« »'J^
interests of the Canadian farmerTot fo dear Jo iW^^^T'' '"^''"^* c-^<*-The
in England.-Hi, late renunciatim^sof pol ti al n ncTl tl^' ?"" "' '"•'° "' ""'^^^
ticular notice hero; but when he grasps tthoaoft^Vpro" T"' *° require par.
we cannot avoid tho death struirirlp Vn„i V"""*.*''^ *•"« Province's material interest,
nies in her iegis.ationt S^Cn'r^aTd tot^ta^H;';^^^ "" ''''''^''' '"^ ''^ ^-^'o'
should have reference to England and her tariff tSk?' f '°^" '."'"«** '^"^ ^''°'»'>»
which Canada was lett bvFn^i«,>rt L" '""'^•-^''<' hopeless position of Canada, in
United States desc iS in^t to ds of tl^thlf r ''' '""'"''^'"'"^ '"'^"'^ ^"^ ^"e
Excellency admits that before the Itecicrodtvlrnn^"?;""/ ''''''"'' "^"^ Elgin.-Hi,
.ot twenty-iive per cent, more tW h^ZL^llTe^cltcfrFarir ^"^'^'^ «*"^
More and more every day, it is seen that Mr. Brown is a Juda^
m the people's ranks, and has betrayed true Reform and the be!^
se mrJ I^'-^-e and such hke always did, only while it suits hi
selfish purpose . and whenever the material interests of the Cana-
ht; deTs" t ^r T""' ' '.''''''' '''' -^^^ ^J- him wil
his models,-the political economists in England, his want of jud«-
men makes him decide that his personal interest lies in pleasing 1.
rTlnM K ' '"''^ P""'^P'' ^'' ^'^''^' ^^'y «°»tended have
recenUy been so notorious that they need not here be referred
to. ^ut a more serious position is now taken up by the aiobe in
regard to the material interests of the farmers of Canada, which is
the great interest of the Province. Mr. J]i.chanan has thought it
his duty to reiterate his well known opinion that since England in
THE GLOBE VERSUS TF" CANADIAN FARMER. 119
her legislation had no reference to the Canadian fanner, that Cana-
tarmer, and that England ought not to stand in the way. But this
int^^ettT^ II -n^' ^^'^--'-ho thinks'ithlsc tf
nterest to stand well m England. The Globe insists that England
Canfd 1 1 r. "/"T f ''^^'^ ^ ^''' '^^'^^ b"t denies that
Canada should be allowed to do as Canada pleases in this respect It
iZrJtf :; ':r'T''' ^° ^^'nngCanada iXtgi^-
Mion, but holds that Canada cannot be allowed by En<>land to
hold ng that Canada is not put into a false position by English
oCd "";? w '" ^^^^"^ '' ^"^^ ^-- *^ -d h'er wh at
to England, and take m payment English manufactures ; and feel.
^.t into '' T-'" ™^ ^" ^'^^^^ *^^* ^"g^^^d would not be
ZJt "\""^^^^ P«^^*^<^^ by Canadian legislation, which would
drive the mother country to send a portion of her manufacturers to
Canada to eat Canadian wheat-thus saving to the Province the
freight and charges across the Atlantic both ways, which are equal
to a practical reduction of 25 per cent, of the value each way, or
which in other words, prevent the Canadian farmer receivincl for
his wheat sent to England more than half the quantity of supplier
which the English farmer-who gets the same'pricc'for the'^e
quantity of wheat— receives.
But we cannot to-day refer fuicher to this vital subject than to
give the following extract of a speech of Lord Elgin, at the period
of the securing of the Reciprocity Treaty, which te recommend t.
the serious consideration of the Globe, and all such Reformers :
Gentlemen, when I last visited the town of London as was
very truly stated in the address which the municipalit7p'relted
to me yesterday, it was a time of political excitement. ^But there
was one circumstance at that period which was not alone prejudi-
al to the interests of the country, but was the occasion Vsoli-
ctude and regret to those anxious to promote its prosperity and
best interest. At tkat period the bushel of .heatraisld on m
ndeof the hue was worth one-fifth less than the same article raised
t^^/7lT/': ''' ^''" ''"'■ ' "'g^^^^-« b-« he- a day
•ooner, if I had been able to leave Quebec on Saturday But I
120
XHE GLOBE VKRSUS THE CA^^j,,^ ,^^^^^
they have passed ttarral-':'''"^'"''"'™'^"'"' «"<=!.
Upper Canada. (ChemTl TJ '7°'' ""' *" ""^ f^-^™ of
that treaty which will do^i .XH 7"°"' '" "*« '"'» *«'
P-e, as .,a.ds the ^^ TZ':^:^^!'^^^^^
II.
^^ ^ _ ARGUMENT.
CanadB.-MisorablesublerlugeofMr KrZ °* Canada, or otherwise the farmers nf
J-reo irad. granted by the Empire to them ' '" "*''' ""''''^ "^ * conUiUon of the
the land of Canada or ottrte f^r^ ^"""'''™ '""'^"'»°''
we showed yesterdav hL T ' ''"™™ °f Canada. And
'^i -t ohje'et L,1&r::&^;^ ,^'«^"' -"» «"^ «'"*«
i» practice ; that in 1854 blr7 v* °'^ ' """"' ™ ""t-allj
the price for farn. pr^t ti :i!f.^r^''«'^^'P-ity Treat/
dianside of the frontier th,„ ^f^'^ ™ «>« North, or Cana-
<?fofe tries to Jnl "' Mr " f ^°""' "' ^°'«'«- «-)- The
Protectionists." To7.ll:lTr "'"■ "''^' " ™"» " To-T
P-tectionists" in cllaV: ^ o^: '^-^r^™^ " ^"^
and never was one Hi, J,, •■ • ' ™' ^""hanan s not
tionisn. of Canadatgo" no !:rT' '"! *^ '""""=-"' P™'e«-
hacl<woodsa.anact^rwhenI„ r "°"' """-"P'^ ^'^ry
which he has, rather tC in H^'^F"''"' '" '™''^> » » "■»'
not and cannot got-caT wI^lTT "^ ^"^ """ *>" he ha,
anything „„ro tL Irdandl b " , ' '""f"" "''" "'" ''^"°"'
and bringing back Br « ' asV/?r* ''"'^ '^ f"™ ^'°'>-''
goons at a b,rge e;!pense. The evils of
THE GLOBB VBBStTS raw r.*w.^
li-iMJUH THE CANADIAN FAKMER. 121
we aw what has L™/.,. ""' "^ " ''™°''7 ^^a-er off, vet
. rich iute^ ;t::rT:,'"'r°"™ *™*»^*
protectors of the ouLnc ° „a to .,,? "'"'^ P™'"-"!™!"* «»
<», but to ahow our rl^e^ZT n ^ *'''° "■ "-"l^tod
Brown has adoptoTaa t^'", ^'r, *' ^'^ ^'^^^' *- Mr.
thb subject, we quote Mr Z! > ''^Pf™' P™''""' """ »»
ANOTHER COURSE m 1«4« P ™AT IP Jl^NQLAND HAD ADOPTED
treaty might bo made IvJ \ ? °'"™'' "'"* commercial
the imeScans^^ttd^e""^: "r^rT''»«^''^^*-8
parties standin. tofethe r„ ;hl, ™"'P'™'«' «"" in*ad of »U
iodustrics eff;^:* Tad? nT '■''';' ""J ""^ ^""^'^ ^""»''
United States whatZv mlf S ?'""' ^""^'' *" '"""""o '» "«
wasdone princi^t weTtwTrd f Bet TT" *'' P*^' '^'»
chants, aoluated 671^0 mstlM*'!-' ^ ' r""' »f™»"™--
have tbeirrelations w 1 rrr .1 ''' "''" *'* ""' ""'" '»
SiiLVES. It had been frequently said bv r! I '^"""""^ ^«™-
we did not offer enough • buTS ^ u f ° ""'^P^Pc™ 'hat
mere goods from the United sj^ T;:"^ ''"' ^^^"^ ™f »■•'«*
«f reciprocity, than we C elTrlVto i? '"T' '" '"^ """
B. ADMmEl, BY THE MOST VX Pr^ T» *'■'"' '"""' """
•cient number of 21 ti "f 1\ *'"" "'• ™' *» «^' ' -'«-
^ "- people interested to .rofc the o-io-f;— " • i ■
-- o--' "'^ qaeatiuu lairlj taken
122
If
THB OI.OBE VBESU8 TBE CANADUS riMHl.
Iiadamaioritvin,>,r *« House. He thought the Senate
happened to kt w ttal 'J7 "f '"'-'l' of retaliation; but h.
the Lporial aXn ' * «T '' "'"' ™ ""^ ^""""^ »"'' V
tothi8ru"ll'T ,. *" «^''»'^<l"o«io» was most advantageous
dririnTj 7;rr: f*t"r'' "■"' " ''^™ '"" >' «"' *»'
° »"."«rmen ot war back again. He (Wd nr>f Vt,«™ u
men with TJ^'fiaV. ^ n i- - ° • "^ *^i<i not know how any
Bhi^ph^af ^r^ent .W™^;; ^"°?' """'" '"^ '''^ P"»'«» »' »-
that if tu «T T ■ ""^ ""^ '"'"''* ""' »'" »■>« of theirs So
Superior^ Nel Irk W r""''''"'' ™""' "'^ '''"" ^^'
would be in,ZlZoXllr'^T' '"'''° °"°"^'^" ™»*
the Americans onP^^ ! ^' '"" "'"»« '» '"-ado with
tbltnW ■■ '"™»'-'o gi'"' them even what was more
ftan he though reasonable ; but he could see no reason X w th
get irom them, on our canals, all the tolls we can. The Hon Zm
KTc'iptur'Tbf'^' •" ^ '"""=' """^^ *^' "dt^^^X
ber hTI 2 ™ •""' "''"'' ''' '^'*<''<«' fr»» *« Hon, mom-
c™ rrvr."' '™ ^ '""""^ "^^"^^ ™^ ^'""•■^"^ o-^
THE GLOBE VERSUS THE CANADIAN FARMER.
123
III.
ARGUMENT.
""'Xt'hJXrviltt'lTf T;"' ''' '"«"'>' *"« ^"•^■'''^ Free Traders, to
Brown shorVbe dpltl. /,. 'f "^^^^ °^ """"""'» ^^^ *"«"• «t"Pid dogmas. -
Of the RecrrX Treatv hL'h r"' n I" ''" P'"'"'"*^ ''^''8"«" ^'«« ^raSe as the fathe.
provisioned pal Lon tl ;h» i*' r ''"«'^''"''«"°>''tl,at the latter was only an im-
crop ofSClT^mcTMrrZr 1*'' '"r""" ^"-"-•-•' P-ventcd the
Hincks agreed with M BuSln ^^7 ' "*"'* ^''"'' ''<'«e«"ily occasioned.-Mr
whodetcfmnrod haftheS^^^^^
the United States.-xS vie^ o7 Mr B own 7l< have nothing to envy in those of
favour of a new oountTyfZa^L^u ?" "" ^"«"''' Free Trade coadjutors in
only utterly imnracH JhT . 7 f= ? """'^ ""''^'""' ""^ '"'''?""« '^'■•ect taxation, not
ties auoted 3 p""*^''' •'"' P°«'"vely fnrcical.-Yarranton and more modem authori-
Sslate o„"iS^ own r'^'"'' •"""' ««''P°"'"»"« Government, including the power to
FreexAre 1 so that Mr'' r"*"' *° ?'"'"' '" '^^' "* "'« ^nion, lo'ng before the
Government as a 8eJoffl;i7r '7"*™*'"^' "> "» »«*'-"-*ion that Canada got Self-
lerrrthat Enltsh .T r /'" ^"^"^'^ ""'•°"«'' "'" '"^«^"«» "'""^ '« an acknow-
tSrcent a ife a^lflZt ? T"'' " ^''^-"^
clnls -In Zfllrf . l/"^^ the mother country the cause of the loss of the old.
win , .! "*^ "" ''''*°''y' P««* *°^ P'-esent experience, Mr Brown's ld< a of the
^tZriflZfZt^''''' 'Itl r " '^'^'^ '''-ontra;y. whichl LnZo n
Msert ^^ ^'"^''* anything which he Las the hardihood ta
'' To prohibit a great people from making all they can of every part of
S«on of thVlf """'i advantageous to themselves, is a manifest
Those who believe in Mr. Brown are compelled by him to eat
B^J quantity of dirt. Take for instance his making them gulp, in
the present discussion, trash like the following :
"It was the principle adopted by Britain in 1846 which pro-
duced the Reciprocity Treaty. It is those principles which will brin^
about Its renewal. But for the change in the Imperial policy
which Mr. Buchanan regrets so much, we never should have had.
{-ee trade with the States."
If this were to be put in plain English, even the most abject of
his dupes could not stomach it. It is just another way of telling
his gaping auditory that a man is indebted for his stick or artificial
leg to having had his leg cut off, or that it is well worth any one's
while to have a mouthful of sound teeth extracted for the pleasure
and [profit of being in the fashion, and have an artificial set.
„ .— _, — ^ro^„ „„,,^ yj uiaiiagcmenc m Jiiiigiand, we have
»
tu
THE OLOB« VERSUS .HE C.^ADIA^ KARMEB.
ii
we'-o uttered under hi/Z,, ''^''^ .|"°'""' V "s-words whici
Ctoto : S™'"' responsibiLtjr ^ , Minister of the
"It was ADMnTBD THAT in. V»„,
«o«8E IN 1846, aBoiPaocm mZ "" '""'"^■' ''™™™
TO UwTEB States " " ""^ ^™ "bt^ned from
" He did not want vn, . ' • •
Cakada to think t™™!?"""" ''^*™''' ™= '««««» 0,
Uniied States." ""'™^™ ""HS'i «pp than those in t^
^o-;:er;tLr»/':^l7; *-^ed ., eon«„enta, nation.
• ''' «""'■-'"-'* "^^Twhioh Mr™R '""'^'""-l '"'porting
!-4^dtc::xrrri^r-n''^'*^
"t the tariaraltogeth r, and pTv L ''T""'- " ™ "'»'''' '^^■
« *oulddom„re for tte nZn r*"? *"'™ ''^ ''™'='ta-»«on,
-er dreaded of b, a PrlS" ^ °' '^■'^^» «■- «^ *at wa.'
But supposing that the tl t^ It" "'" " ° ''"'"«"'^"™'-
farm houses of Canada the!! " '"'""" '^''■'""ty. at the
^-otl, by Customs D'«e a fLrr!: ''"'='' '' "" -"-'«'' i»-
tl.3y could "everaohiev n^*^:!::' T'f f™".""'''^ ''^ ^»y™^««
«'• j"«»i.?., while „e would brintlir' "^ "''^P''mmt by
fud unalleviated bcX .. ' t'."! '" "" ™»'»' bankrupted
f"eign labour to supXt'our o * 1 »'»^»trained in,port S
countervailing advance ."do^'J"''™?" ■'^ "-'-« ".«
Canadians get u.,,. libert JZfl, iT" ""' '"'"""•• ^-d if
Juol,„n, and manufaetuCrthe ,T "^T' " ""^ *»P» '^ P"--^
'ie P.^ed Zo^^rein .^ '^.^^Z. 11^.:.:! '^ '"'
THE OtOBB TBESOS THE CANADIAN FAllJIEB. 125
Nor (in its insane attempts to place Canadians in a false nosi
o^e the most barefaced mis^tatements-a nice compli„.cnt C
to Its intelligent readers ! It says : puu-ai inis,
" The adoption of Free Trade, also, has been accompa ■ V,
ST"/ ^'^" r'""' "' """'^ °f "=««" *» a-e colonies
?h.oh t*„ds more than anything else which can be conceived to
«o„rethe per^nence of their connection with the mother c„u^
Unfortonately for the truthfulness of this statement, Canada .ot
toade in 1841, (long before the Free Trade era.) This greatest
Eeform was gained by Canada before Mr. Brown arrived Ttle
Colony whose msane course evidently is to pe^uade England t^
afo back part of it, and veto any bill passed by the Province W
idature enabUng Canada to coKiperate with the Cn ted Stli ?"
mutually shielding themselves from the deleterila eSs olle:!
Thn again the Globe makes the following other miVstatemen'"'^'
Ihe only colony which Britain ever lost-the United Stales of
America-was sacrificed, not to Free Trade, but to the v^y oppi
that the chief danger of a severance of connection arose " '
livery reader of American history knows that the main thin,
which iuv at the bottom of all the discontent of the old einie ™'
fte determined and openly avowed policy of English siatesme'™
to^allew the colomsts to engage in even the "simplest manuf:!
«, fj^"'' f°'^-' f" P^'P'" "f "■" ™*«^ """"fy went in the
foolish and shor sighted direction in which Mr. Brow/is n^w goit
may be gathered from the following : ^ ^'
■'Manufacturers in American colonies," says Gee, the great
.uthonty on trade,a century ago, " should he discouraged-p^hi
bited. We ought always to keep a watchful eye over our coCie.
to restrain them from setting up any of the manuf-f,.^s wWch
«e carried on in Great Britain ; and any such attem. - aho Jd be
•mahed in the bemnnin» for if .1..- 4- -F-^-i ■
" ""°' J "r-^ nuEci-cd 10 grow up to
126
THE GLOBE VKRStrs THE CA^^adUz. KARHER.
mturity, it will be difficult to suppress them. • . . .
Uur colonies are much in tho anm« „i i. , • ♦
tbey began tho woollen m n t ^e anTLTx '"'""'' ™» '" ''^»
I wm fan upon .anufaetu™„ to S: hel tl •??"" '"?-'
1 taken ^ find employment for them in rTilJ ! ' L V"" '"' ""'
mayen.blethemtof„n,i,hthem,elvosXnL "™^"''"'"» "
As they wUl have the providing of J i, """''ssariea from u».
' .0 ,hall we have the mZSr^*;'"™'' ^ "--Ivea.
i ''0 given for raising hemp, flax &,. TmrTB^! - ., """""S'^nts
SOON BEGIN TO ull^mkciVRF^J;^^^^ ™'^^ ^"■'^
therefore to stop the pro3of anv. \ ^'' PREVENTED,
posed that no -averVvnLlfsettr f "'""' " '' P™"
registering at an office kept for thatt "^ ' ".""' """""' ««'
P-aeeofahodeofa^W^^^^^^^^^
, mat all shtlmg mills, and endne. r^, a
or weaving stockings, be put dowh. . . for^drawing wire
negroes shall be prohibited from wen'vmo. «:tu .- ''^*' "1
combing of wool, or working ra„TZ:*r'™r""°''™'"'
than making it into pig or bar iron r"*?'"" "^ ™n, further
from manufacturing hats, stocking,', or lea thZft" ''f .P?'"«'«d
bmitation will not abridge the planters of "X^v tte ^"
W on the contrary, it will then turn their hdu/t'l t^ """' ™-
and raismg those rough materials • » ."""^y <» Promoting
mto the circumstances of the inhabitants of our nknt./' "T'"'
own. It will appear that not one/ourU vaZmy^""" ""'^ <""■
feM.V«„^™;,Xforo„t„fallthacorsW*^^^^^
clothing and other accommodations forT T , ^ °"'^ """"y '"'"^
of the merchandise and maau act „t fif T, '^^ »" "^ *!>»
All these advantages we receive by the rianUtfl^^b ■/ *
mortages on the planters' estates and the h° .tT' f!u'' *'
»s, which is very considerable; and, theref fe '"'''■'''' "'<'7 W
ought to be taken, in re^ulatin. all tL J o' J"'^ S™"' "»"
tie planters are n;* put ^ ^ 11 1 rullfb T'""""' *'"
to go on cheerfully." New Pn^r^ 7 , '''"'"'■""'"aged
bave not commoditi^es a„d'^r:d!r "n u^ to' Lr^" r'™'^'
purchasing their necessary clothin. but arelT """""■'" '
culties ; andtherefore. J„,..4:Xr.:;SCr.
THE GLOBE VERSUS THE CANADIAN FARMER.
127
■fash-
whm they > -ve grown out of fashion with us, they are r
■toned enough for them."
And that it was not only tho illiberal portion of England's states-
men or those onljr of a bygone day, that approved of a policy so
selfish a.d unjust on the part of England. We have tho two facts
(to which hundreds might be added), that Henry Brougham, now
Lord Brougham, a member of the British Parliament in 1815, said
that England could afford to incur some loss on the export of Enir-
lish goods, for the nurpose of destroying foreign manufactures in
the cradle ; and ten years later Joseph Hume reiterated the same
sentiment almost in the identical words, he desired "That the man-
ufacturers of the Continent should be strangled in the cradle."
Bu for unblushing puerile nonsense and stupidity of admission
the fol owing IS perhaps the aWs best morceau/of M : '
r.J "''.•? '^'''!" ^^^' ^ '"'""^ '' ^ P^^«« ^ ^^i«h the mother
country sends its surplus population, and with which it holds friendly
connection not restricting its trade or imposing taxation hi
suttering it to manage its own affairs, andto trade where it pleaaes,
but a the same time relying upon kinship to bring it to the old
shop to buy and to support the empire by arms when it is in need
tTeTTb "' f-S-and more permanent connection than
tt ^^7r^'' ^b^fi'^g^here there are no bonds. There
can be no rebellion where there is no tyranny "
mo^thTt """^ 1" V"'' '''* ^' P^^^^« Government, any
more than his passiye loyalty, is not all that is required ; and tha^
hereca..d. rebellion where there is starvation, whether there i
tyranny present outwardly or not.
IV.
ARGUMENT.
18 referred to Mr. GrJ^ Z^lTjliZ^ .^f^'''"''''^'''' ^'^'^'^''-^^-^r^y^
English writer on Socrsci IT" m'"",k "f^'^^""* By'«». the adminib^
refuted over and over again iTro/seninrrwr J "^^ ^''"' ''"'"' *""««' •»»-« been
not in hi8 ftvour.-TheAlci.Hon for «p'p tY'' ®'''*° ^'"* 1"°'°''' «>>°^ to be
be patrioUcand to de«7r^S aboliL „f 7hT ^ industry shown to
Canada can grow or nianufacturt! hi aVociat^h? r "?* °" ''''' """^'^ ^^^^
the labourer in Can«la to live w^loli If ..'''''"« *^°'""' """•"^ object to enable
tect him againsttheldt rmSSon if the d! ^h^^'k *"' ^"'*^ «*•*«"' "<» ^'^
naturally • Tyrant if „„t ! t„T""°° °' "'* *''»""'«'' '•»""" °f Europe-Mr. Br^w»
« TU j-a: -•"'>."• ""!r By acciaont a Liberal.
Th, ifioulty i„ bringing thi. Tariff oontrcve^y to. »„cWo„
Im
128
THE OWBK VKR»,U8 TU. CANADIAN KAKMfcR.
our oppoJentH. and dl^cl \ tl'.^: r^^ re«d the writingH J?
»iKun.e„t« ; bu. our advon,aric.8 cooler"!!'' j'T' ^^'^°'-^"«« '" their
have to .«y is nonsense a„d ab^nHyd oT 'd t ^.T""' '^'' "" '''
•nd never t,ko the tn.uble of liHle, i' ttt J i^'^"'"" ««• bigotry
after we have patiently met their aS. 1? ■ '"?'"'' """"*«• '^hus,
think refuted them, thoy Himpi; rene." tTc^r' T'"- "^''' P"'"'' '^"'^ «« '^e
no attention to our renliea Z H !f ? PT'""" "s^ortionN, p„vi„e
thoy have not lookodT he^nt or (1 """'''"^ """'""'^^^'i h^««^"«
Of tho breed, o.Mn/uiZl^^^^^^^ ^ i« a fLir s«,..pU
aasumes that tho fi st artiolo in tho W..; ""^-^ " •^'"« ^)- "e coollj
W a reh«.h of tho n.os o dfn V opSn!; J^ '%'* '^''^^J^- ^"J K'ivoJ
>nK «nco,.8ciou«ue8fl that they SevVLbre /r ^••'''^«' *ith a «eem-
pnswered." ^ "*"^™ ^«en uttered— much lesa
Horace Gieely.
Before reading the aiohe's two mortal columns nf .« i
been told that it wa« the moat horrid stuVstZ thatt' h"'. "f
this admirable little work every one of the a//^ Tu
T /u''^l ^'"17' '^"'"''' "^ ^"•" BL^B^res si
gea. at law, he would nev.r again allow such oft related fal
hc,e, to be reproduced ad nau.ea.n in the G;„*,. Th y caiot"
.u,t h,s purpose at thia time of day ; tho people know birr
We were not prepared for such gross ignorance of the ereat
question of the people, and which should therefore be the Z
|.,««„« .« Canadian politic., as tho OMe „„. ev , cef C
Brown s ,„fonnat,ou seems to amount to a knowled™ 1^^'^
.. used as a School Book in Upper Can«ia CoCt. ^e doo ""
»e,. to ha.e read even the i^uction to it, o'h;rwiL he lid
'ever to tht
I writingH of
"CO to their
thut all we
or bi^rotrj
to. 'Ihus,
, and ae we
'n«, pajring
ed because
t'iir sitriiplt
I'e coollj
and jj;ivo8
h a seem-
inuoh lesa
■*EKLT.
, we had
' had not
et " La-
thf. Pro-
Wishing,
»nt. Id
Jies are
th sides
of the
\de and
3s, Ser-
ed fal-
caniiot
great
e Jir%t
Mr.
Senior
63 not
would
Libe-
ariily
THR GLOBK VKRSITS THK CANADIAN FAHKElt. 129
-noes have had no p^eedet.^' II^^^'Z
Mr. Brown read the mtro^luction alluded to, ho would have learned
«»e difference between a political economist and a statesZ
Semor, m the Introduction alluded to, says : ^^^^t^sman.
" The questions to what extent and under what circutn.tanc**
the possesion of wealth is, on the whole, beneficial or Z^ZT^Z
of th« aconco of aatrc.omy. The principle, supplied by PoiH
«e n„e the- only, or oven the mo»l important element., ihe ^^
who pureues such investigations is in faot ensa^ed on tt,^
«=.ence of legislation ; ascienoe .hich requires .Towbd^T,
genoml prineiplos supplied by Political Economy buldfrlf-^
.ubject of log,slat,on is not wealth, but human wblfTeT
* » *
" To decide in each case how far those conclusion, fot th« P i-
bcal Economist) are to be acted upon, belo,,™ „ the 1 ,^ '"
.mmont,an art in which Political Econly ilol I"! 5 *^"-
^ *ots . Which the possession ywoalthTo.;?^^
^liable of advice " *' ''"' ■"" """'°''" '''°' « »^^ • ^gl.
-tghTS^1-o?t^3i:irr^r---
130
THE GLOBE VERSUS THE CANADIAN PABMEB.
if >
n I
own book—" The reader will find it to consist, in a great degree, of
discussions as to the most convenient use of familiar words "—yet
the aiobe insists on using Senior as a quack medicine which is
fitted to cure all the d-.orders of humanity. We are presented
by the Globe with a quotation than which there could be nothing
less appropriate to the discussion, or more fatal to his own Free
Trade argument. In the case of Tea, nature has simply placed an
obstruction. But nature has placed no obstacle in the way of
Canada, making (just as well or better) very many of the articles
which are manufactured in Europe, thus raising up an independent
home market for the Canadian Farmer. And in regard to Tea
Sugar, Coffee, and such necessaries of the people the views of
those whom Mr. Brown stigmatises as Protectionists are far more
liberal as well as more patriotic than his. Not daring to differ from
the books, or from the Free Traders of England, he would single out
these necessaries as the most suitable articles on which to raise the
country's revenue j whereas the following is the deliverance of the
Association for the protection of Canadian Industry.
" The Executive Committee of the Association for the promotion
of Canadian Industry takes this opportunity to press upon you the
necessity of continuing the present organization for the purpose of
defending the ground which has been gained, as well as on Parlia-
ment completing the measures necessary to the promotion of Canada
on manufactures. These are : First, the abolition, at the earliest
moment of the entire duty on Tea, Coffee, and such other articles as
the United States manufacturers enjoy duty free. (Second : the
gradual reduction on the duties of general merchandise, which
Canada does not produce or manufacture ; putting in lieu of these an
ncrease of duty on such goods as are, from time to time added to
the category of Canadian manufactures. Among these it is believed
coarse cotton fabrics will be included, so soon as manufacturers
in England and the United States can be assured of an incidental
protectioc of from five to ten per cent, more than the present duty.' '
The Provincial Legislature gave the five per cent, shown above
to be so great a desideratum, and hence the gush of manufacturing
activity which we now see around us in every quarter of Upper
Canada.
it degree, of
3rds " — yet
ine ■which is
e presented
be nothing
I own Free
J placed an
the way of
the articles
idependent
ird to Tea,
) views of
e far more
differ from
I single out
3 raise the
mce of the
promotion
n you the
purpose of
m Parlia-
)f Canada
le earliest
irticles as
^ond : the
se, which
f these an
added to
i believed
ifacturers
incidental
nt duty/'
wn above
facturing
of Upper
THE GLOBK VERSUS THE CANADIAN FARMEH. 181
If there is any point at all in the Wohe^s remarks, it is in view-
-g them as an .11 executed attempt at the reducHo ad aulrlZ
wX'l Vnt 1^' " ^ "'^"^ '^ ^^^^^' ^ well-known alriX
Tetw w! ' . ''T*' ""'^^^' ^•— -« «l^aS quote
pelow. We cannot pursue the subject to-dav farther hnt 1 ^A
JUS. remark that Mr. Buchanan miglt weU tl' '^0^^^ i^^ t
he had read and understood Mill long before George Bro™ wL
out of h. pohtaeal petticoats. Whetl>er Mr. Brown l so even Z '
m.gW e questjoned if we went only on the am', pre en pnefue
production, which is so crude that it looks more like tl,7 L i !
U was not an ^mpomwn" on the boy for bad behaviour, it oer-
^^^^ao miposition on tl. (?M., ,eade«, which they ^olce,;
iep^'d^n" MrTi '" "'""^ '"' misrepresentation and
aepreciation Mr. Buchanan never argued that Canada is wrons
d because England wiU not sacriace BritiA interests to her bS
he argues hat C»ada i, wronged because England inslto that
Oan^a shall sacrifice Canadian interests to tie benefit ofTknofof
middlemen m Manchester. For, mark you. it is not I a^ ^aL
and weavers who complain ; they would be better as havtag t^
meir uDour , but this would do away with the oreaenf flft^«,r.+^
Napoleon : •' You must regulate your interral ^^^,^1^
T.wsof my middlemen, otherwise there can be no a;;:i^betet
The following is the illustration which we promised above to give :
-.ouS'VLfrrotr'":^'!'"*"^^^'^"'^'-'^^^^^^
a. n„."h .?f ™ ■ '*'' "'""S'' '* ™"W oo" thirty times
« much a« foreign wme. Net at all. The moment the J^
tte domestic commodity exceeds by a large propertionre pri e tf
fto corresponding foreign „„e, the main rein for preduS^f
tome ceases—Take the eunnosed „»..„f.;„. .?!!_""!8.*'
' ■ I :■ (
182
f^i
m
THE OLOBK VmBS THE CA»AD,AN FABMEB.
would cost £100 tODrodllCft in 17,.«I« J -
abroad, „„,y £B. B^tZorZft^J"^ """™""' """'•'•~»
lose but £100, and must ga u IdT Y„„ /7.T"« i'' ^'"' '""^^
outside, even supnosin-r a^l,' /"" "'"^'i lose but £8 at the
labour and ^^^Z'lZitlT ™ ""'"""^ "'
You can a A k,at SlloX^f ~' °:,;tr "'•
rtTprL?i.^4^c:it:itf ! *- -- " ^^^^^^
gainer of 47 pe; oe^ bvTll , •''''i^°" '"' ^™ " ^""l
producing it afhore '• IZT^ IZ'Z ''"°'^' ''^*"^ ''
and partial consumption (like wke fa r^^ A Z^' '"f^^^^'y-
verysmaU proportion of theTatw ^* t"'^' "»f ''"f '»? b"' »
wholeofwhatiBsetatlibertvhaflmultHf ^'°° """ '^^
ment. In a ™rd, the gam fs We and ot ^"^ 1'""° f ""'''"^-
and such as it is, t effects Zt.l n , ' "" ""'' ^ ™'^.
.™ s„PEB.uW.s,;t:rE:«zLr;HBsrr:r"
ceding chap er be' cole T °"'°' '" "' '"'' *^ '»"'P-
proteclion hC cxTsted™ iVnd ^-7''' *".r °°'""™' '"'^"
L not etisted r^rr* ^''™*'°«' ^■•<' wuntries where it
who a're blinded by Cy, will see" 'p^'^'t ^"' *»' 'W.
*e said, Eyes ha Jthey, b t 1; sef Jf «' *- " ^^ """^
t :, ii
e:b.
Jld cost, from
it> you could
but .£3 at the
ducing land,
employment,
your former
t« Suppose
till an actual
J, instead of
superfluity,
employ but a
so that the
' of employ-
iak is small,
B BUSINESS
^D CLIMATE
'B SUBJECTS
the last pre-
tries where
■s where it
this, as we
fc that they,
may truly
THE GLOBE VERSUS THE CANADIAN PARMER.
18S
V.
ARGUMENT.
apartyof Kngland, with peculiar iZTa,7tiVZZZt-T ''''''''''''''' ^
mother country, but whicllarp r-^^ntTit V, P"^*"^ w''"!l' are not open to the
thoy will romov to Ca ada T.nll, °. ^ .^P'*''' »"" --"-« classes of Britain, "f
cannot remain connected tiSEid.foeTe ,'=''"«/;"«>a"d i" Amenca.-Canada
allowed to dictate o„ the Hubjoct of its ItLi.r / . *'"***"' ^' " <'°'°"y' <""» »ot
The reasca why Lord Elgin WdplroTwhea^T," T ""^' '-""-* <=°"ntry.-
more in United States than in Canada , that te,' U'll '"""""■' *"' ^ P*"" ««"»■
turing population-There can be "o jnL 1, L !? ^*''''' "*"" "" '"'^'^ """»"•««.
Uomana for farm produce as will make 11^^^^^ '" '^«""'^'' ^^'"""t such a
a Zollveroin arising from the obv ouTfnct tl a rl , '"T r'''»"«-T"e necessity of
States, unless the same tariff 7m ZJTi , f f «.' '™' *""'*' ^"^ »"« United
an at Portland, Boston, and NewYo k ' n , 7" V"""' """ ^•'"♦'••""' <^ ^«»
clearly understood the positVon in wth KnSan r'" """^V"'"'' *« "«'P '» Retting
Free Trade has led Canada-ho conTider, t2 h T'^'"^*' adoption gf one-sided
timt it is well known that he h s sonT an i a,ll T )"'" '^'"°»t«"''Picion, seeing
British Government, be it right or"; it wrong " " """" "^''""' "'»
buLg!;:a:dt^t"Bl?fi;\" ^""""". f ^"^'^"^" ^'^"^'^ -* «»Jy «««-re
workir. da ses in Kn 7T'^' '"'^^ ^' "" incalculable benefit to the
Empire^ BrS lit lld't^'^'l^- ''"^- ^^''^'^"^- ^o preserve tL
has rui, ed Ire and a, 3 lldf. 1 f'^^' P",""'?'^ °^ m^^m/l.-n^, which
and cost us tlio oM ' "^^ ^'T '"' '""^^ countries could be ruined
the nn uL ure 'of t^'Fl'^"'"- ''''^ r'^'^'^ '' d.centralLTng
the Empire an eno n ous St ' n V. ^T''^\' .""^J''^' ^'^^'^ ^^^"•■e fo?
iristru-uentality of soronc o X oT t ""t "'^"°"^'.'• '^''^""S^ the
be called En.Jand i Wica Fn^l ''f ^'^Pf "dances (which might
India, &c., &C0, she coulTrurT^rf' "i';^i,ft"~f ""'^"^^'^
chose to go to these fivo.irp,! ln« rV- • , ' "^'^ mechanics that
agree to free tradTdir 0?^^^/^, !.' "'t """"'"''" '^''' ^"""^ never
their comparatively comfort h"'"^''^^'^^ " ^'^''^'^ blow t«
could never g r L 1 '^^^^ J^' "'Stance. England
goods, but no^'dol theUnildS t, r?.^''''^ '" n.anufac.ured
Reciprocity Treaty wh On dn ®, I""'^ ^' ¥'^''''^ *« '^^t^"^ 'be
torn Houses between Can d..' fT^ ^^r^^'"/ down all interior Cus-
Englishman,byr,mn.to:Sn>d^^^^ tho United States; which done, the
endless wate.pLe^^i,;;;^!t^'^ T"^' "'""^"S his goods at our
on the same goolsg^i^ direct from ^ t f P'^r^'-^ov more, charged
hundreds of milloSnow i .! "^'''"'^ *" *^' ^'"'^^^ States; and
under such an arran"omrt • """'^'^J^^'rcumstances in England, would,
nery and haul to tt finito h' 'fi^V"";^" '^^^"'' '' Canada^hei; machi!
and'to the aggrldi em flfl,^'? •"^.- '^'rrP"''^^'«" ^»'»« ••<^'"«ved,
speech ut Toronto, bein- verbitim wl','..t"'nn. L' '^f V'^':-.°»«banans late
Toronto Political Convention of Issi] ^^"""^ '" ^'' ^'''''' '' *^«^
134
THE GLOBE VERSUS THE CANADIAN FARMER.
l^i
With more practical experience of the business of Upper Canada
BeLeof r . T ?'' '''""S °'-°P'' "'""'■ »™»t bear the ex-
in' a " : r: ■' """'' °" '^ ^''^-^ "P "- ^-ada through
creating a manufactunng population hero. We dare sav t}„t Mr
white whe.at The u,e to whieh it « .applied is to mix with inferior
fine*d':,:r'f\""'"'"°'"' '^ «™^-"^''" •-^ ■ 4
Sne old wheat of her o,vn growth for this purpose. The United
States therefore is our only market for this stajie artiele of C^
«„ Canada m the meantime; and our great poliej, shoud be to
extend the mxrket for it among oursel.es by raisin^ similar to^
popu ations to those whieh form the United Itates dlnT: f r' t™
But George Brown is bj nature and wieked works the most
preeipitate and shortsighted of mortals, and desirin. to be 1 s7„
<and he should see to it that it is to be Solon thc^noun not he
adjective, to whieh he is admitted) in the eyes of tlie B it sh
atesmen who are generally freetr.aders, and ar^e in the ^siTirof
he cunnmg fox whieh, having had the misfortune to lose i tetail
tried to ,„ake the want of tails fasl,ion.able. To keep them „
oountenanoe it would suit these delinouents to get o htr'e Zi s
*o to abandon ail patriotic legidalion. Having' therefore ftthe
Cana ,a„ farmer t^ take eare of himself, Mr. B^own on beh f if
off , . r, ''TY^''' """ fr™ '"de masters, is mi.htly
offended that Mr. Buehanan should show them up i:^ their „e
character as .actually, if not intentionally, re.olut!o„uU, as authors
of a revolutionary measure, and one whose legitimate ffeet ml"
til'f "" " '"''''* ^"''''"> 'l'oin»litieal economy amount-
in just to a eon.,p,r.aey of money .against labour in the Colonies
( f the Colonies will allow it), as well as in the mother country
It ,s easily seen that it is not so much the Zollverein proposal itte^f
THK GLOBE VERSUS THE CANADIAN FARMER.
185
icr Canada
)regoing to
npire. As
d that it is
rket upon
3ar the ex-
's possible,
ket of the
10 has no
a through
'• that Mr.
>t for our
ih inferior
plenty of
le United
of West-
ild be to
ilar town
i for it.
the most
; a Solon
, not the
British
)sition of
5 its tail,
them in
ountries
left the
ehalf, if
nightilj
3ir true
authors
3t must
imount-
^olonies
ountry.
i\ itself
that Mr. Brown objects to, or that has started him into his present
activity as representative of the English Free Traders, as the prom-
inence given to the fact that it is the necessary consequence of the
adoption by Britain of its monstrous system of irreciprocal free
trade. As to the proposal itself (the Zollverein), Mr. Brown
actually holds essentially the same views.
" There is no remedy," says the Qlohe of the 24th May, 1848,
** for these evils under which Canada groans, but to increase the
exports or diminish the imports from abroad. * * *
Canada will never know permanent commercial prosperity until
she has free trade with the United States, and has manufactures in
a rising and improving state."
Mr. Buchanan could ask whether or not up to the time of the
political Convention of 1859, the G-lobe did not publish in its pros-
pectus, or confession of political faith, "National Free Trade;"
and whether, on Mr. Buchanan announcing his Zollverein views in
letters which he addressed to the said Convention, and after Mr.
Brown had been spoken to like a father, by their mutual friend the
Honourable David Christie, the great agriculturist, than whom no
man has done more for reciprocity, the Globe was a convert, and
hauled down national free trade, and, immediately after said Con-
vention, put into the confession of faith, daily published in the
Globe, "Free Trade with the United States." It thus appears
that the Globe's attack upon Mr. Buchanan is a mere matter of
battle on behalf of the Free Traders of England, and not on behalf
of his own convictions.
■ " Now, in order " says the Globe " to show that England ought
to carry out these propositions, Mr. Buchanan endeavours to prove
that she has done us injury in adopting Free Trade. In support of
his view, he quotes the following passage from Adam Smith : « To
prohibit a great people from making all they can of every part of
their own produce, or from employing their stock and industry in
the way that they judge most advantageous to themselves, is a
manifest violation of the most sacred rights of mankind.' If Mr.
Buchanan will show wherein England imposes any restriction of
the kind indicated upon Canada, he will have established a good
«au8e of complaint against her." ,
U6
1 I
i !
M
I
TilE <Jl„„B VEBsm rUH CANADIAN KAKMEU
toko l..r 0,3 Ih'r 7"* """"I" .""'■ "•""■'Wo that would
it just aa ca y ? 1' t" , "' "'° '"''""""^ "'' «»''' """■!"«
laW-„„rti,t ' ,,, '? "■; ""''"'■'" '" '"""•■'y'« "' British
mi iJitimly uiius pcctcd statu of tliiiiTa wlicii T>,...P. I„ • i
tion n„ perpetrated. Even in tl.i, .. Y ''"'"■
that tlio Kold i»i,l i„..„, ) , , r , "'-'• ''"X"™"-. i' is evident
What C,„,a,l., i," ,1 ,^'""' ''."»«>"=•■. « Britain's own matter,
^tipnlatjrwil iZfcf :, '1'^'^*"' *-■" ■■"' "ave
li'is, JUS was ^hown by tho sneech nf M. ir i
but : X":r;;, ':';' """'","'""'•» -'"i"!..*; f-e trade,
-n,e„.ent';hit::t4:;:r A;:d:;:;rt\e™"i " r
nor;h\»'„^rtheSrw''™"? "r ?""""■"" "™" (™ ^>-
i» a,iditi„n to tlu. Xna-rican tarket • """""'■" " '■"'"" '™''
£gr:::r:t;i:^-t:r::ti
S-cretary for the Colonies, .hep. bein, an order that he tZ^
nan's state-
that would
> lie thinks
' of her own
discoveries
M making
in British
si's legisla-
is ovident
of the loan
n\ matter,
not have
tho boon
larketH of
ivhich we
time.
20 trade,
r, in the
deny the
delicate
a people
(on the
i for his
lits and
) labour
a, while
the St.
id him^
Britain,
■ legis-
is well
;ion of
>m the
not to
THE GLOBE VEHSUS THE CANADIAN FAKMEIl 18T
absent to any Act imposing differential duties. This is the most
unportant possible curtailment of the llesponsiblo Oovcniraent
granted to Canada ; for the United States would not go into a
treaty of Free Trade with Canada, unless we had here the same
tariff against European labour ; and it is no doubt the interest of
Caiiada to have this as much fis the interest of the United States.
Ho would," continues the Globe, " stir up such fear in Eng-
and that the British North American Provinces will join the
United States, as to compel the mother country to do the injustice
to her own people which the great apostle of free trade, Adam
Smith, deplores."
We should have thought that Mr. Brown would have felt it his
brst duty to get justice for Canada, and not to take sides against
Mr. Buchanan and others who have the welfare of Canada as their
who e object. Mr. Buchanan's opinion that a Zollv.roin in America,
would be a boon to the mother country, as well as the Empire, is
on itlod to at least cjual respect with Mr. Brown's contrary opinion,
i/ he has a contrary/ opinion. Mr. Buchanan believes that if there
was any temporary injury it would only be to middle men, as there
would then be a glorious field here for Britain's working classes ;
but he does not tlunk that tho British importations into Canada
would be lessened in coarse fabrics more than they would be in-
creased m finer goods, in consequence of the improved prospects
of he 1 rovmce. Nominally, of course, the importations and ex-
poi-tations at Montreal and Quebec would be enormously increased,
as the great bulk of the Trade of the Western States would fo.ow
he route of tho St. Lawrence, which is itself no insignificant object
to be attained through an American ZoLLVEREnv ! Mr. Buchanan
has no wish to suppose that cither party (Ministerial or Opposition)
are committed to his view, though of the two the Ministerial is
most committed-both the <4noh.c Meroicr>/ and the Toronto Globe
havmg a. we before said, come out for the Zollverein view since
the last Session of Parliament.-The Globe, for its paltry party
pun.oses of course tries to mingle up the identity in this m^t J
.X .a-. Buchanan and the Spectator. The .Spectator, though
agreeing with him (as all men must in his patriL ol^:^ts), as a
goueral rule, expresses nothing whicUhas not be^n d4ided upon
■^l
■r^o
It Hi
138
TKE GLOME VERSUS TIIK CAN/ OIAN FAUMEn.
by tho pol.tica invty .v.th which it acts. The question of whether
or no .t would be the host policy for the industry of Canada to
cstabhsh a Con,merc,al Zollvoroin in con.junction with the Urited
bates has never been ,liscussed by ^he Conservative party;
h e!S ft '"'^-r. ""-i-ously, we are sure, uphoW th
o cf ^ ^^^-P--'' « Government, in holding that if the people
of Canada, through their legislature, .leci.le in favor of a Zolivereb.
ns the true patnotic policy of Canada, there should be no impedi-
ments tb-own ui the way by the authorities of the mother countnr.
They will not be deterred from this patriotic course by insinuations
on the subject of their loyalty from such a quarter as the Gil.
For such a discussion Mr. Buchanan has much the advantage of
us as well as o the Globe, not only because he understand^ the
u^jcct practically, from forty yrars' experience as a merchant,
bu because he is not a strong party man. He says what he likes
and has a great many always inclined to think with him. because
they know that he always thinks what he says
^J^'/rrJi ''^ r^ '^ '^' ^^'^'^' '^^""•ti°" 5« indeed truly
aughable. Those of our readers who are old enough to have seen
the elder Matthews, will remember something of tl^ same kind in
one of his persomfications. He represented one man in America
saying to another: " You^re an individual, .Sir; " and the other
repying-y.. re another. Sir.- Now it unfortunately so happened
that m Ins speech at the Toronto Opposition dinner, 3Ir. Buchanan
had used the following pretty plain language : " Mr. Brown's chief,
only condition on which he will agree not to inflame the people and
make them dangerous, even if he himself is not seditious." And
Mr. Brown, in retort, points to certain expressions in the same
speech which m his (Mr. Brown's) opinion would encourac^e
annexation. A loyal man, however, cannot be made disloyal by'a
construction put by an enemy upon his language ; any more than
a pohtica incendiary can white-wash himself by merely wheeling
round and usuig loyal language for the time beinc ^
THE GLOBE VE«SU8 THE CANADIAN FAllMER.
139
VI.
ARGUMENT.
Mr. Huohanan quoJcn tho autliorlty, upon whom Mr. Brown iKnor«ntly roIios-Adam
Hmith, (o Hlic.w tho InMlKnillcanco of (biclgn trade in proniothiK the wcll-behig of a poo-
pl(>, In cnnipari.^on with honii. trail.": tho wliolc pxportn and iniportH of a country not
i-xccpdinx togollior ton jht cont. of i(» traimactionH, altliouRh thexo alono aro considered
worthy of attention by Adam Sniitira protended followerH; wliile llic ninety per cent,
or nine tontns of the country's trancactionH, (commonly called the Ilome'lrado), seemed
to be beneath conaidorailon.-Lord Durham's exposurool the Mis-tJovernniont. by the
British (iovornment of Canada, or more properly absence of practical (iov..rnmnnt,
juch as Mr. Brown now proposos.-The process within tho ten years previous, by which
( anada was raised to that comparatively low position which Lord Durham found to
compare so unfavourably with the progress and well-being of the linltcd .States.-Bonja.
inin Franklin and V. JI. Carey's descriptions of tho desolating eflectHOu tho old Colo-
nios of that British system, of which Mr. Brown is now the advocator
As the best exposure of the Free Trade ravings of the Olobe, wc
shall give a few quotations from authorities which Mr. Brown will
scarcely question :
From Adam Smith's " Wealth of Nations,'' Book 11, CJiaj). 5.
" The capital which is employed in purchasing in one part of tlie
country, in order to sell in another the produce of the industry of
that country, generally replaces by such operation two distinct
capitals that had both been employed in tho agriculture or manu-
facture of that country, and thereby enables them to continue that
employment. • * » * ^,.j^^^ ^^^^
are the produce of domestic industry, it • oessarily replaces by
every such operation two distinct capitals, which had both been
■employed in supporting productive labour, and thereby enables them
to continue that support. The capital which sends Scotch raanu-
tactures to London, and brings back English manufactures and com
to Edmburgh, necessarily replaces, by every such operation, two
British capitals, which had both been employed in the agriculture
or manufactures of Qreat Britain. The capital employed in pur-
chasing foreign goods for home consumption, when this purchase is
made with the produce of domestic industry, replaces too by every
such operation two distinct capitals, but one of them only \s em-
ployed in supporting domestic industry. The capital which sends
British goods to Portugal, and hv\np back Portuguese goods to
140
THE OLOBK VEB8CS T«K CANADrAN PARMER.
Great Britain, replaces by everv f^nrh «n« .•
capital. The other is a pll7 ^ ''*"" "^^-^ "^^ ^'^■^'«^
therefore of the orlntr J "°"''' '"'• ^'^^"''^ ^'^^^ ^^^urns
those of the home3e tr "rr^"'" ^'^'^'^ '' ^ ^"-^ as
ONE-HALF THE eTcO R 1 ""^''"^ "'"P''^^^ '» ^^ ^'" g'^e but
LABOUR o/™.,Rr^ " '"' T"^^^ ^'^ --"-^VK
^XJ:':;::^::^^ \*'^ ho^e-tradefwin solutes
before a eapitalTCoXlrf "' "' "^"" ^^^^'^'^ *™-'
n^ade one. Ip tZCZT.'^^ '''^' of consumption has
SUPPORT TO THE iNDusTRrop TnTconrr "^"°^^^'^«^^^^^^ AND
But exaoHv f),n . couffTRY than the other "
pre,o„tr ?i,r::7„Hi.. '» --»' «.. B.„w„ ana the
We, however, have a reaT^ , M "■■' ""=*'" "' '""• ""'»' "O"™-
fte very conlra ^ ; „ fe"td^::P«™"f "■"dvantago of
Canada „o,v are verv X 7 , " '■''™"' ""> P™?""'' for
Customs' Duties 0, E,„1't 7'™ *"' ""'^ ""^ "''"en our
loyal subject t„;°,'i'i„i:t ::: '* t ' •"" °^"'- ^™^'
would have been al^.^r """f e, must rejoiee in this, for it
retained Cana , "tie ^ST ^"f "" ""'' '""»' "-«
and the tJnitrl «!/ ! dilfcrenee between this Provi-oe
wd DurS:::crtedCr:'' '"""" ™ "■- '""'<'^'> ^" '«
pi::.2;tt:;he:;o:rdb:'desti:'rd "°o":? t^ '-^"'"=" '^^
is activity and bustle. The fo st ^1: h^ < t"" " '"'''' ""
year numerous settlements af formed and" tl'o ' f Tr ' ""^
created out of the waste • the.!. thousands of farms are
roads, etc. . ' .*" """"."^ " "'^ersected with common
side of the line w!H, fT,^ « x- „ ^" *he British
some approach to tetanTos:: 'f " '" ""™"" '"*■ '">-
and desolate. . " P'^Pen'y ■» apparent, all seems waste
city of Mop* ->. which iq nof„„„ii .i. . The ancient
THE GLOBE VERSUS THE CANADIAN FARMEB.
141
creation of yesterday. But it is not in the difference between the
iargc towns, on the two sides, that we shall find the best evidence .x
our mfenority. That painful but most undeniable truth is most mani-
lest in the country districts through which the line of national separa
tion passes, for a distance of a thousand miles. There, on the side of
both the Canadas, and also of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia a
widely-scattered population, poor, and apparently unenterprising,
though hardy and mdustnous, separated from each other by h-aote
of intervenmg forests, without towns or markets, almost without
roads, Imng m mean houses, drawing little more than a rude sub-
sistence from Ill-cultivated land, and seemingly incapable of improving
their condition, present the most instructive contrast to their enter-
prismg and thnving neighbours on the American side * •
Throughout the frontier, from Amherstburgh to the ocean, the
market value of land is much greater on the American than on the
British side. In not a few parts of the frontier this difference
amounts to a thousand per cent. * * » • «
The price of land in Vermont and New Hampshire, close to the
ime, 13 five dollars per acre, and in the adjoining British townships,
only one dollar. On this side of the line a very large extent of
land IS wholly unsaleable, even at such low prices, while on the
other side property is continually changing hands. * •
I am positively assured that superior natural fertility belongs to the
Britash territory In Upper Canada, the whole of the great penm-
8ula be ween Lakes Erie and Huron, comprising nearly half ^ the
available land of the Province, is generally considered the best grain
country of the Air wean continent."
THE OLD BRITISH COLONIAl' SYSTEM OP TRADE A DEATH BLOW TO
THE COLONIAL FARMER.
Lord Durham however, did not see Canada in her lowest con-
ation, such as she was in before the days of paper money. Pre-
Wy to Lord Durham's visit, and within our own recoUec'^^ionX
W of n r"\''' "^"^"' ^" *^^ circumstances of' th
ZT\[ r- ^^"^<^^*l^« '^^^ introduction by us of banks
foUowed b, business on a large scale, having simulta'leously g"en
JUm A TWENTY PRR prvt ni.nT,^T,r^„ . . •' 6""«
-— K«x,tvTION, AX iiiSAST, ON THE PRICE OF
142
'{ill
1 .1
"" """"^ "'■•"<" "»: OASADMN FA„«„„.
' the interest of all our farmer ^.d owners ofTjd™ 1 "''''
young manufactures in preference to ""J."' "^"^ ^ «'^°™™S» our
«« fro. distant countries'; su^ ^tlX^Z::™ S!
of the country, and to this, par more i,un to the ta^ I ll! °
power to combine (continue^ Mr. Carey referring to v; -"
wWh i«,orantly m avoided .anufaeture's) h t ^no eSC
The smaller the bulk of the commodities taken fi-om the LniZ
^ be,ng «.„ „ta,ge for transportation, the planter fult^'^
An JTACT, BY THE SALE OP THE HOIL ITSEri? flnrl T,«<. K au , '
of hia labour. He and hisland becomh^iltrfle'^ tZfT
w« oompeHed to transport himaelf ^^^7^;^^ Ztl^i
THE GLOBE VERSUS THR CANADIAN FARMER.
148
lands, with constant incroa..« ^ the tax of transportation, ami as
constant dccroaso in tho rapidity of circulation.' "
It is thus clear, that tho early inhabitants of tho United States
were well awaro how little a purely agricultural country really gets
back when trading with a distant manufacturing one. Gee, ox
Trade— tho authority of his day— whom I quote at length 1 i my
first noto attached, states that the calculation then (in 1750) was
that tho colonist got back about one-fourth tho value of his produc-
tion from England. The Canadian farmer can easily understan*;
that this could not bo far from tho mark, when at this day ho find,,
that, he cannot get more than about half tho value which tho English
fa ■: i T does for tho same quai jty of wheat, from getting (in conse-
q.."av3 of tho distance) 25 per cent, less for his wheat if it goes to
En^.and and paying 25 per cent, more to pay the expenses of im-
porting tho £75 worth of supplies which his £100 worth of wheat
had purchased in England.
. Tho whole export and import trade put together of a country are
only about ten per cent, of its transactions ; yet the price which
THE FARMER GETS FOR HIS SURPLUS WHEAT WHICH HE EXPORTS
FIXES THE PRICE OF ALL HE GROWS.
VII.
ARGUMENT.
Tfce ministerial party more oommittod to Mr. Huchanan'a ZoUvereln views than tho OddosI.
tioD 08 both the Toronto Globe and the Quebec Afereury. tho ministerial organs came
out in n»vour of Free Trade with the United States, since the last session of Kament
-George Brown, Editor of the Globe, the Canadian Robespierre, extinguishing If he
can the characters of his opponents when he cannot silence their arguments -Georw
Sheppard, Editor of the Mercury, the strong man and tho mainsiy ot tho weS
ininistry that an organ was ever called on to grind for.-Hls article in tho Daily cZ
nut, in 1858, under the caption - Mu. Bbown, thk Free-T*adeb, vd AdvooItb ot
DiRBOT Taxation, vkmus, Mb. Buohana« the Pkotkotiokist a..d AdvocIm ol
In our article yesterday we accused only the Brown section of
Ae organs of the Ministry with traducing Mr. Buchanan for their
individual purpose or profit. The section of the Ministry repre-
sented by its chief organ the Quebec Mercury, looks on with silent
«OBtempt for its Ministerial coadjutors, and, we have no doubt
m
ifl:
« i'i
i'-l
THE GLOBE VEE8US THE CANADIAN FaBmeb.
ago, came right out in favour of M. n T ^! J " *^"' "">"«"
feared ,o g«at a hwn wodd be deS t rT™ *" '"^ "'^* "
Traders in tte mother country Mr b„ , "'T' ''^ "■" ^"'
dently is, which is the most ^fiMe'ofil f t* ''"'""'"' "''
without the least reference 7 », '^ °'' '"™'"' '" »^« »P
ohanan caUs him the t^Ji^L.T.T:,^'''- . ""^ ^"
when the French Robespierre cmJT^ ^^' ?*"•«"<=« ""''"g that
opponents he extinguished 1 o T ""' "S"™"*" "f ""i"
CanadianEobespierCttlt?;T;rt?r;h:r "'''''' ""
—to the ejtent the abie can-of ft. 7 "^ "^^^ •"«'
the late Robert Baldwin w^TaJ ttb .T^ ''°' "*"f"°«
Coalition Ministr;,. 2' Geort st l!f *" »"'" <* *•
-...is a man oHntelltXa! ^ettf ^ ''b"' '''^
man knows better the horde of spIa^v, ^^Pf"®f«e, than whom no
of English Free Traderr P^S ronlmistTht '" T
brought up at the feet of these Gnm^i;.! T ' ^'''"^ ^®®»
«ro»g man, he has been 't^mtr s^ :? ttCStf- t^
MrB:chrha7sor.riar-"^'-^^^^^^^
ing the intents of ttoPr "il "jX'r^'rf ^ ""''™'^<'-
^ivantage of ™derstanai„; Ihe ^^^inttr^ '" ^ """^
Mo. to sho. ho.Ttix :: r^cr "^ir r
foHowmg was wntten, he was editor of the Toronto™^ Jl't" ""■
[From the Z)«,% Oolomit, of Oct. 27, 1858.]
Mr. Brown the Free TR*ni.u .«„ a
Tro.,„.,»MR.Bl;CIlrp °'"' °' """•^"^ ^"'■
0. tarKEOT T™ '^''°^'^™»'" ^» A..00.™
The ewe.att«ks Mr. B^hanan under a caption « n. Pm
traordinary
eaven, that
few months
>rein views,
saj that it
'7 the Free
lestion evi-
to take up
Mr. Bu-
being that
ents of his
lereas the
ppose him
>n sparing
ve of the
the MeT'
whom no
the nam©
ing been
lajs. A
Ministry
just as
erstand-
> double
7, being
perhaps
opinions
ben the
t:
Taxa-
?^OCAXB
Philo
THE GLOBE VERSUS THE CANADIAN FARMER. 145
iBophy of Plunder," and the assertions in its article are, as is us«al,
TTholly mcorrect. The G'foJe asserts : '
1st The member for Hamilton has established his title to be
considered a thorough-going partisan of the Macdonal^Cartier
Ec^nomf t ^'' ''''"*'*":^^^^ ^'^^^^^^^^^ ^ -P'^tation a. a .Political
mw, firstly, as to his being " a thorough-goine partisan of fh*>
Macdonald-Cartiersort." The public canno! buf rCmber that
at the ens. of the two days' o^ Brown-Dorion Minfs ry M '
Buchanan was one of those adherents of that Ministry who^irfed
them to propound their pohcy, and offered to support i^^^lt,
took up to question of employment more enthusiastically than the
Macdonald-Cartxer had done. Indeed Mr. Buchanan hV aTwat
said that he hoped the day would come speedily when no man
would dare to show himself at the hustings, who does lot proLTto
vaew this great question of the people's existence as the Tea^
overshadowing constitutional question, and one far above the fues
tions which we are accustomed to call constitutional as the Crown
privileges the Upper House, the Aristocracy, the a^rch &?T
his Idea, all these are secondarily constitution^ qu^ I'd Jst
for ever be in danger if the question of employment, on w"
others depend, has not the chief and primary aLtioi^. So much
then, for the correctness of the Qlohe in insinuating that Mr Buch'
anan a, ere partisan of certain politicians. T^^act^ mpi; t
that he views them not only as the party of order but rsTeLr
and more intelligent patriots than those /ho ..o^l'^tZlt^
Canada direct taxation and Free Trade. ^"^roauce into
And secondly, as to Mr. Buchanan having " ostentaHo„=l. t
d nil „. *™': .■■''P''^""'S ™ tof political oconomy, Z
denying, properly speakmg, that it i, a science at all Mr Bu
hanans op,„,on ha. always been that political econ myl„„?:
™ence, because a acienoe is a system of Led facts ; wZeltu
t,cal economy, not to repudiate patriotism, must be a ririf
o^rcumstancea, seeing that a law that would auil an old !!t,^
»'Ould not auit a new one-, law t^-> ~-'J --^-^ • ■ ^'"^
_ mw ui„. „„„„ ,^^ jiniiaiia us a rich
146
THE GLOBE VERSUS THE CANADIAN FARMER.
country would not suit Canada as a poor one, &c. So much,
then, for the correctness of the Globe's second ground of attack
on Mr. Buchanan. The truth is, that Mr. Buchanan, as Vice-
Chairman of the banquet to Sir William Fenwick Williams of Kars,
at Hamilton, in giving the health of the MiUtia, coupled it with
the health of Sir Allan McNab, whom he praised for having pushed
forward the embodiment of the MiUtia during the Crimean war,
a turn which might have left Canada peculiarly open to attack.
He admitted the great cost, but argued that the expense of the
Militia was simply a matter of spending so much money among our-
selves, and that the cost was nothing proportioned to what such an
outlay would be if paid out of the country. And to show that
outlay in a country might be a good thing, because " spent among
ourselves," he instanced the Queen's drawing rooms, at any of
which every lady is expected to wear something of British manu-
facture. This is a good thing to the artisans of Britain, while it
would be a bad tWng to all classes if the ladies wore French silks,
and the money expended had to leave the country. England,
however, from her superiority in manufactures, has this "great
advantage, that most of her great expenditures are merely dis-
bursements among her own people, and are a boon to them. In a
WORD, Mr. Buchanan, like ourselves, advocates Protection
ONLY FOR the general INTEREST OP THE FARMERS WHO COMPOSE
the bulk op THE PEOPLE OP UppER Canada. And if the aiobe
can find no stronger accusation against the Government than that
its members are anxious for protection to manufactures, so far as
they see this is for the interest of the farmers, we feel assured that
Mr. Cartier's administration will not be a short-lived one on this
account.
UER.
c. So much,
lund of attack
man, as Vice-
iliams of Kara,
joupled it with
having pushed
Crimean war,
3en to attack,
xpense of the
ey among our-
what such an
to show that
' spent among
ms, at any of
British manu-
■itain, while it
French silks,
y. England,
IS this great
3 merely dis-
them. In a
Protection
iV^HO COMPOSE
if the aiobe
mt than that
res, so far as
assured that
one on this
THE GLOBK VEKSUS THE CANADIAN FARMER.
147
VIII.
ARGUMENT.
through himsecuro the well being ollTolZZZ . T' *"" ^'*"'"''''» '"^er, and
a -aruing; she exhausted, or, .'Xe S tn^l^lr^MV"'"'^*^^-^"-" ^-nada
pmgof wheat at the iuBtigation of sirBrown^sSn !'''''„'''" »>y perpetual crop-
•.sts.-Mr.BrownIikelueE„g,i.hfriend« carrrthlrf^ ""T."' ''"""""' ^"^-''
eand they, either through the stupidity or ;omet ,!"--' °^^" ^^"""^ *'""''" ^"'•'*-
m«trument. Of e.tabli«hi„g prinoiiiS on rrrr^r" '^^^
mongers-and, which have caused thn hnilil "!"^ ^"5 "'» "ch-annuitants or monev
Of the Province, whose only L^ ^ ^t jTef""" °*-""^-'«- P°or famTe^
<iold,-the labour of the past, the property of the rfch ^^""T' '" ^'"'^^^'^^ to which
the law, been preferred a. an article oSpor ^ed'^lh!:' n' "'' '"■•"""' "P'^^tion of
metals exported is just a measure of the laboi'r of t^ •' ""'"""' °'*'"^ P">'^''^^>
have been exported, or to speak morilainl v o? t ,« , l-^"*" ^"^^^ '^'»'<"' -"Ight
people-Theauthorityof theLondonTi^ivent °H " ""'^"'y"^'^^' '" our o'wa
remarking simply, that monetary reform woulfsonn . ^'"•''^"'"g.-Mr. Buchanan
that the increased value of mono? m^^Z?^^ ^'' ,^f '""'"^ """oP'" would reflect
oflabour means a cheapening of mTney. "'""'""''"^ "^ labour.Iand the iucrea-sed value-
the truest ConservS "^ t„: tTl '"'' f "'^ ^^^« ^" ^ J4l
the people's money for their own benefibut".^ "'* '"'^;" ^PP^^^'^g
people all the employment we can in ,„ t't; ? ''''""1'^ ^"'" «"'' o^"
«ee,ng that when tVmanufa^turerslveTni?" • '' ''''"''' ""' ''^^»'r
consuming the productions of the Canadt? r^'' «""ntry they a?enot
great without Lvino- rotation nf ^^"'^'^'»»/«™'S- No country can be
without havingama^nuS L poS^^^^ 'T'' f" ^'^^ ^J^'^
not exportable. fCheers 1 A .H iT ■ "" ^''* ^^^ P^^^^^^ce which is
circulated notionVh^ uclf ity wtdt ""^^"^ ^« ^'^^ industriously
ral class, that my whole object hf rnsist1n^n"'-'r"r *' \^' ^fe'"'^"^^"
importationofmanufacturesandrailinf ^/? '-""'^'"S *'>« Provincial
IB to benefit the Canadi' ira^Vti '^"^^^^^^^
knowing full well, as I do twTf '' fu V^^S'i him all other classes
dation L the pro^er^^'o^i ^lX"^H'^ "-
a^o warned, by witnLing the sad faTof'fol^ r' ^T^ ^ ^«« ^"«9
been ex^hausted by overcLphTJhJ/ 7 T" ^""^^''' '"^'"'^ *«*^ ^t«*
lowed the interested or iStidvicetf Vl. ^^T- ' P"^^« ^^'^^^y ^I-
r i8t« and confined herself to "owinrj ^% ^"*''^^ ^°"*'«^1 ^^cono-
how large a per centage eacL C JLk ?o '' '''^'''' ^''^^ breaming
of the soil under such treatment of k A 'P'T^'K'^^ deterioration
Canada is a system of rotaUon nf / / ^^^* ^ ^'"^ ^o'" Upper
e««ential for u^ to have a twS or maTuf. !, ''^^'' '"^f' P^^^^We K
jegetables and other perishabl and h^?L "'.'"^ -P'P"^"*'"" *« «at the
farmer."— vl/r. i?.,.;., ^ " ."f .^ ""^^ ^"'''7 productions of thft rnna^.'o!
._. . -D«(./i,,r»te„ ^ lute ^p^tcU at Toronto. '
iJ
n
148
THE GLOBE VERSUS THE CANADIAN FARMfiR.
lb ! j
after aU that I. ,3 no refonner. He is an Hdiniurgh Whi, but not
a Canad,an Mefor,„er. Like nine in every ten of the Wei °
the L.be^s at home, the whole object of hi/E.ro»„ cL h^beon
to build up a pohtical party-a matter of votes in fact.
" They hold no way so orthodox
To try it, as the ballot-box,
And, like the nation's patriots,
To find, or make, the truth by votes."
labtlf'the ™h"'^ "" regards colonial hbour, but as regards the
abor of the mother country, that British statesmen have adopted
he most d*yal principles, for they do not pretend to owemore
aUegiance to the Beitish inotstey (which should bTZZ
On the throne of patnofsm thoy have setup political economy 1
inl iandT™'' "" *""''' ^ "^""^ «» '™"' " « held th'at
n Jingland there never was, among her legislators, any more than
the pretenc. of devotion to the interests of the BrMsh peonlT
The success of the American Revolution shewed them, that no
government could exist that had not the hearts of the peopl ; and
he subseT,,ent troubles in France made this .till more clear! But
they took the same line, a> m have Bern tl>e rm>t unworth, poli-
tuu.m m C^ada take-U, prove themselves jmrc, they c/ed out
ag«ns an ,ma„.na>y corruption.-But as in the one cafe so n the
other. It was all mere empty words. The public men in England
nstead of honestly associating the Government with the peopk in
their mtorestsfa„S„^^.rf (to use an unmistakeable word,) bo h
he crown and the people. That truly popular interests sho Jld Z
ltZl"y°:\ ;'' '""™'°*' ""' "™"''"" "^« "ould'n"
smt the British statesman as representatives of the men of money
They knew that weu, paid labour is a convertible term forCHKAP
MONET They therefore introduced a contrivance which bUnded
ZT' tI u^'""^" "' '^''"'» •"'"' »» "»« Crown and to th^
people. Then, object of couiso was to prevent any actual onene..
.f mterests between the Crown and the people ; so they had tTI
id to owe more
ULD BE THEIR
[GN INDUSTRY.
tical economy !
' we held that
my more than
3ritish people,
them, that no
e people ; and
'e clear. But
mworthy poli-
;hey cried out
case so In the
n in England,
the people in
3 word,) both
its should pre-
is would not
len of money,
'rm for cheap
irhich bHnded
• had learned
'■ equal to one
m and to the
ituai oneness
sy had to use
THE GLOBE VERSUS THE CANADIAN FARMER. 149
considerable .leighi-of-kand, and the Juff<;le succeeded admirably.
To illustrat^ which m Mr. Brown's case Mr. Buchanan gave this
other quotation from Hudibras. '
" Indeed the pleasure seemed as great
Of being cheated as to cheat ;
As lookers on feel most delight,
That least perceive the juggler's sleight ;
And still the less they understand,
The more thej admire his sleight of hand."
They accordingly setup this thing called PoHtical Economy and
succeeded m convincing the people that it was patriotisT ly
were c. ed upon to worship. Political Economy (said they) is
tjie peoples interest; Political Economy also, they averred to be
the Crown s interest. And so, by the easiest ffeometrioal process,
he.n rests of the crown and the people were^...^ identical, as be-
mg both Identical with Political Economy. But the great popular con-
dition was never fulfilled, o^ the establishment of a homely policy
which by keeping money in the country would make it cheap. The
Political Economist ^vell knew that this was the convertible term fo
labour being made dear or employment fairly remunerated ; and this
would not smt persons on fixed incomes, and money lenders. They
pretend to be fnends of humanUy, but are not friends of men a^
mdividuals or as classes: and as such were thus described by
the R^gbt Hon George Canning, a statesman just ahke to Free-
dom and the Throne, in his celebrated Knife Grinder:
••THE FRIEND OF HUMANITV AND THE KNIFE GRINDER.
Friknd op Humanity.
Needy Knife Grinder? whither are you going?
Rough ,s your road, your wheel is out of order;
Bleak blows the blast-yo„r hat has got a hole in't,
So have your breeches !
Weary Knife Grinder! little think the proud ones
Who m he.r coaches roll along the turnpike '
Ro-'.d.^what hard work tis crying all day, Knives
Scissors to grind I
!;r
If'
150
THE r.LOBK VKRStIS THK CANADIAN FAKMKR.
Tell mo Knifo grinder, how came you to grind knives 7
Did some rich man tyrannically use you?
Was it the squire, or parson of the parish,
Or the attorney ?
^as it the squirp, for killing of bis game ? or
•Covetous parson, for his tithes distraining?
.Or roguishjawyer, made you lose your little
All in a law suit?
(Hare-yoh not read the Rights of Man, by Tom Paine?)
Drops of compassion tremble on my eyelids.
Ready to fall, as soon as you have told your
Pitiful story,
Knifb Grindkr.
•Story ! God bless you ? I have none to tell, sir ;
Only last night a drinking at the Chequers,
This poor old hat and breeches, as you see, were *
Torn in a scuffle.
Constable came up 'o take me into
Custody'; they took me before the justice :
Justice Oldmixon put me in the parish
Stocks for a vagrant.
I should be glad to drink your honour's health in
A pot of beer, if you will give me sixpence ;
But for my part, I never love to meddle
With politics, sir.
FrIKND ok HtlMANITV.
r give thee sixpence ! I will see thee d — d first— '
Wretch whom no sense of wrongs can rouse to vengeance-
Sordid, unfeeling, reprobate, degraded
Spiritless outcast!
[A-IW.-.S Ihe Knife Grinder, overturns his wheel,and exit in a transport of Repub-
lican enthusiasm and universal philanthrophy."]
These lines of Canning liad chiefly in view Southey, who,
though in his earlier career, was as incendiary in his appeals to
the people a.s Brown hero has been, subsequently distanced all
others a.s> obsequious Tory ; and this character seems the model
THE OLOBK VEK8US THE CANADIAN FAUMEK.
151
>}>orl of Repub-
ivhich Mr. Brown has placed before him to imitate. His cry for
Representation waa no doubt plausible, although the whole interest
the people have in it depends on the use to which, as an instrument,
if got, it would be put. Mr. Buchanan expressed this at the
Toronto dinner: —
"A people may equally starve under a Republic and a Mon-.rchy,
and of itself Rep. by Pop. will not fill the belly ; so that, admitting
that it would be an improvement in our machinery of Legislation,
and supposing it attained, his (Mr. Buchanan's) practical question
to the Grits is one which they have not practical talent enough to
answer, viz. : what practical measures they would carry by this
new instrumentality to subserve the great question of the people's
employment. [Much cheering.] Mr. Sandfield Macdonald's
views on Rep. by Pop. are antipodal with those of Mr. Brown ; so
they must be a happy family."
Now, when people see the use Mr. Brown thinks should be made
of the Canadian people's power— to use it against Canadian in-
dustry—they will not be so anxious to precipitate the question of
Representation by Population.
We shall, for the present, leave Mr. Brown to study the follow-
ing admission of the London Times, the great organ of his friends,
the English Free Traders :
"For a whole generation," [said the Times, on the 5th of July,
1851, in its noble effort against its own friends, the Political Econ-
omists, and in favour of the Ten Hours Bill,] " man has been a drug
in this country. It has scarcely entered into the heads of econo-
mists that they would ever have to deal with a deficiency of labour.
The inexhaustible Irish supply has kept down the price of EngUsh
labour, whether in the field, the factory, the army or the navy;
whether at the sickle, the spade, the hod or the desk. We believe
that for fifty years at least, labour, taking its quality into account,
has been cheaper in this country than in any part of Europe; and
this cheapness of labour has contributed vastly to the improvement
and powers of the country— to the success of all mercantile pur-
suits, and to the enjoyment of those who have money to spend.
This same cheapness has placed the labouring classes most effectual-
ly under the hand of money and the heel of 2>ower."
I
'H
152
TAB GLOBE VilFSUS THK CANADIAN FAKMlOi.
In regard to this cheapness of labour, Mr. Buchanan remarks :
that tC'^ ""^T T"^^ ''"" ^' '^"^'^ '^ P««Pl« >^o^d reflect :
^d that r ?'"? '^ "^'^"'^ "^^« ^^ «^^^P-i«« of labour,
and that the increased value of labor raeans a cheapening of money "
IX.
ARGUMENT.
Without experience like Mr' BrowS and tT V" f'J"'" ^'"'"' ^'"'''^«''» blockhead.,
driven thom-have been the o«rv or 1 V" ^"'^ Free Trader,, hare periodically
-Seaman'« view that Cai^ada i s«n 1. "T °.' """^'^ '" '""^ U""«» St.t««
know her patriotic legisIaHon o'lS/^ io h""" ^i"^"^" ^""^ ^^'""K ^^ "ot
Brown and the Politica Eoono^i L ifi! Znl m*' ^P°" *"" P^"''?"** "^ M^
Canada, with the natural copTht luya tTe" 1*"" '"'' '''°'' '""' ''«*"'«^
Hamilton .>fpecta<ar of 30th July, 1868 of ir Vuohl ?'^"''"''''""'*' '^°'"'' '^°"' "'*
legislation, whoso object was tok^'iu »"f'""'«n'8 sucoeMful effort to secure
sending off wool, hides, tood Tnd otherr^r^T 1 /'". -'"^'■•^-'0 Prevent Canadi.
sum of monoy, and go ting bkck wool anrirh,".?' """ ^"'*"' ""^ «°* " ^^^^ """^I
implements, &o.,&c., for which thoPrlin .' "*^" ""'^ woodenwaro, agricultural
payment of wh^ for the malfa /„ « of ro^n, V? '"^esum-asum. the continued
vented us ,n so short a time recover n-iSrf ""»"""«»*«' *°»W h«ve entirely pre-
which commenced in 1867 LoC H r!r ° , . '"°'"'*'""^ ''''"^"'^ "^ *ho Province,
the United States of .irat ';;„ S^ci^r"" '' "^ '""'^^"' ""•'^^-^ '»
in ll^adtiha:i:t:Vn^^^^^^ '' the population has been greater
barely kept pace with the ntulaH-' ^^^^ "'""'' "*" ""''^'^ *^^*
half i centufy since TheThw^"'-'"V f^ I? "•' P^^^^ «« *hey were
with England all the time wo W ^7^^ ^^'' ^>''^"^« «^ i>^ree Vmc/e
we have attempted to Sirolelv'A' ^"'' '^ '^'- 'T' W''«"«^«'"
comforts and necessaLs of I.-r^^T ^^ •'*"'' "^"^ ^^^^^trj, with the
people; and dur ng tTe inle fSs If' fc i^T'^ T"" ^''"^^^^«" «« ^
of foreign goods we have rohnif ^f^^^f <i« a°d large importations
bankruptcyVwhirtt ^an if rV"*^ ' "°"^'"«" bordering on
kept 8o%oor WFre Trade as t^ h^ ^m" r'*^"*^^ exhausted^and
have even the ups and down« Z ""^^^' *' 8^* ^^ffi^'*^"* credit to
.«ion._rFrom Sw/A?lf fr'"*^ '"*^ bankruptcy in succes-
iished ltyCharleX;;;e^Xw|(riI':^^"*'^^«^^«^g-^* value. Pub-
thifuLfcollll^t-fr' f- ^""" ^"^^ *'^« P«''*-^l Economist,
ra Ic rof In t ^^^^,^—d^ -gainst Canada, with the natu!
alwaXnt ?f ^ '.V^' consequence. But our principle ha.
always been that he is the most loyal man who can do most ?o pre-
run QLOBK VESSUS TUB CANADIAN FABMKR.
i$a
vent Gatiada having any thing to envy in the United States ; and,
u.the Spect^or on SOtJa July, 1858, we had the pleasure to an-
nounce the following ;
THE VICTORY FOE PROTECTION IN CANADA.
" The successful result of the movement set on foot in the metro-
pons, at the instance of the able and indefatigable member for this
city, having for its object the promotion of Canadian industry, shows
whatcan be accomplished through a determined perseverance, and
the untiring efforts of those engaged in the work. It will be re.
membered with what a shout of derision the movement wa« met by
a portion of the Opposition press,* whoattempted tolaughit to scorn,
and denounced It as a futile effort to restore an exploded system of
protection, highly detrimental to the best interests of the country.
In no way discouraged by the reception they received the friends
of the movement urged boldly, yet quietly, forward. Meetings
were convened in various parts of the country, and a meeting of
delegates finally took place in Toronto, at wliich the necessary
course of action was decided on. Mr. Buchanan was the moving
spirit of the laudable enterprise, and patiently but steadily pushed
on the column, confident of ultimate victory. He had much Jo con-
tend against, yet never faltered for a moment, and he now finds his
efforts crowned with success. Had not the movement in favour of
encouragement to native industry been started, we would not to-
thLr ^^i'\'!''^'^^'^^on of congratulating Mr. Buchanan, and
those supporting him, upon the success of the efforts made to give
a stimulus to home manufactures. Some three or four journals
amon hem the (^^.5. and Zeader, laboured most mdustriousTyt
usde ; T 1 *'^ ^'''''^^^ ^"* *'-y -- ^ouna that it w^
useless for the feeling of the country was with the Association,
!nd o 7. ?u""'"* ^^''^^ ^''^^'^ *« t^« pressure from without
and c needed the chief demands of the Protectionists. The Tariff
TJo :, V""' *'' "^"^ '' *^^^^ ^^--ting the impor J
:^Z' dtpl :dTn%r^^^^^^ benefit^argely V the
pctj^eu in giving the necessary protection to home
• The supporters of the present Macdonald-Porion Ministrv
154
I 'I
{;i!'
il'
TIIK OKOHK VKHHUH TIIK CANADIAN KAHMKIt.
mdmtry. By a dooisivc vote of 6H to 28 tl.o tariff pafl8od ^.e
popular hrnnoh of tlio Lo-^slaturo, and the good offoct of the
policy adoptod by tho OovomtntM.t ia already l)OKinning to hHow
itflolf. Wo lu«ar of conndoiu'c \mu^ imparted to coininorcial trana-
actions ; now nianufactorios are talked of, and thoHo at present in
operation have decided to Hell at reduced rates. Tho incren«o in
the protection to printing paper has induced the Mossrs. IJuntin to
reihfv their prices four per cent., and we have not the loiwt doubt
that other manufacturers in different branches will follow the
example. Confidence has been restored, and it now onlv romaiiis
for the (Jovermnent to carry throuKh two important measures, tho
ustiry and abolition of imprisonment for dcl)t bills, to render tho
victory complete. There can bo no cpiestion as to tho good effected
by the policy ])ursued in commercial matters. Tho Free Traders,
so calle<l, liave been worsted, and they have probably joarnod by
this me^ that their nostrums are by no means palatable to tho
people of this country. What we want is more capital, and A
OIIEOK UPON THK J)RAINA(U<: OK MONEY FROM THE
PROVINCE, and this wo are in a fair way of obtaining, for the
Tariff will reduce our importations, and retain within the country
one half the amount expended mi purchasing gwds which wo can
inanufacture ourselves. This is no trivial boon to a country like
Canada ; besiiles our markets will speedily be discovered that, in a
JuU market duties arc no taj-eo.
'' For the victory so signally achieved in behalf of protection to
homo manufactures, we are uncpiestionably indebted to the member
for this city, who instigated the movement, and througli his
unwearying exertions carried it out to a successful completion.—
His detractors have been silenced by his success, and instead of
ridiculing him, they will yet be compelled to admit ;that ho haa
accomplished what no other man in the Province had the courage
to atUmpl. All honour, then, to Mr. Buchanan for what he has
♦lone in the way of stimulating native industry, and at the same
time giving an impetus to the trade of the country."
The simple (piestion now is, are we i)repared to give up our
victory to the Tolitical Economists and Free Traders, Free Trade
in commerce being just what free tiiinking is in religion, not a now
IHK OLOMK VKKHIIM |lir, CANADIAN FAHMKB,
165
princ.p|(. hut an ahH(.nco of ,u,y pri„,i,,|,. „,„! ^f all patriotio Iokik-
lation. Now w(. v>m afford to Hpoak nu.ro plainly than mon who
for a .non,,.nt woul.l .loul.t thoir own loyalty, w. I.oin^r of that «,laH,.
who would Htick to tho old fla;; ri^ht or wron^.; an.l wo ammi find
wdH Huffi,-K,ntly ,.lo.,u.n.t to <lo,.ounco thoH., i^^norann.HcH or Homo-
thuv^ Htill worse, who would attempt to try on old country thoorioH
(oven ,f th..y had I,,.,.,, provcMl in that old an.l rich Htatc of thinim)
'" a new country like Canada. Thr,uj,d, thiH country \h not, and
wc truHt never will he Hepuhliean, its n.aterial interents arc the
name as those of our Repuhlican neighhourH, the difference l.ctwoon
the countru.8 hcin|. ,nerely a mere line of latitu.lc. (!anada, there-
fore wants no ur.tried thc.ry of Trade and Ir.dustry, scoin^ that
we have the actual a,.d dearly hou^d.t experience before us of the
IJnitcd States, a country whoso circumstances are identical with
thoBo of (Jaiuula ; and tl„. following, extract from (^arey, than
whom there i8 no higher autho.-ity, is a record of the oxporienco
of that country.
We may remind our readers that Mr. Carey always uses the word
commerce to moan internal, not exteriuil trade :
"The policy of the United States has heen very variable—
tendmg occasionally, and for short periods, to the arrest of the
export of raw materials, an.l of g„ld. Ah a rule, however, the
tendency has been in the opposite .lirection-the c.>n8e.,ucnce8
have exhibited themselves in the stopj.agc an.l failure of Banks
above referred to. They arc found, for the first time, in the
period from 1817 to 1824, WHEN MANUFACTURES CAME
FREELY FN, AND COIN WENT FREELY OUT ; for the
secon.l, m the calamitous years which preceded the passage of the
Act of 1842. Excluding those two periods, it may he doubted if
all the failures .,f Banks throughout the Union, in the thirty years
irom 18]., to 184r,, amounted to the thousandth part of one per
«'nt., ,.r If the losses of the people by the hanks amounted to even
the m.lhonth part of one per cent, upon the business which they so
)vnic 1 facihtatcL The losses resulting from the use of ships in a
Bingle year would pay, a hundred times over, the losses by all the
banks of the country for a century-with the exception of the six
years ending m 1824, and the five which closed -n 184'?
150,
«"E 0LO..K VKUHUS TUB CAWAOIAN FARMER.
m i
;^
'• Then, aa now, tho country waa strained in the cftbrt to nr^
■ E ExSsa™"" Tf'" "^ "''^"" '"^ ^"'' ^^^ ^
low„d i, » . • »'l """•»" "»". U'o prociou, metal, f„I.
-liver C0.1. It „,rl,ad» tlio use of credit; ond hence it wag that
"'."■amg became s„ general i„ the year, f .,„ 1837 1 840
«.e argc export „f co„. to tl,i, co^ntr, h/tl bIV E X
country i, r„ r f„r^,„n r™' r ■'"'"""^ "'■ ""''' ■" "»
treasurv It 1. 1 . "" ■"""■ ''™"' '"" '' '" »!'>" "P "'
iriasurjr laults, because of want of confidence In hm,],. • :. i. i ■
.r««,,ortcd fr„n, South to North, or fr . W„ tlil t'l
u»«; that con dcncoha»noexist-.ee-.IT rs NOT IN OIRCU-
LAIION Al are Iookn,g for an explosion similar to those of
t^.pcr,„ds of ,SI7-«0 „„d 1837-42 ; .,d all .ho can. ,Xare
•• Directly the reverse of this i, what we meet with whenever
lie poh y „ the ,...,„,t,.y tends to raise tho prices of hon.e-Krowu
raw materials, ami thus to arrest their export -f ^DKR^mp
TARIFF OF 1828, SO PKRFECT IIAl) liPP )^v t ^
STABILITY OF THE PRICE OF FLOITR IMU^^'t rf
^Or^^S^'Z!^^^;^^^^^^ OF FOR.
«o«d in, and eonSdcnce ~ ll.'-'t;^,,^:::,.^'
and then confidence disappeared-Under the tarifi-of 1842, money
became abundant-not beeanse of a large increase of import bu^
cred,t.-lbo gold and sdvor that ha,l been boanlcd, and thus for
the time annihilated, then eamc forth, to become available ZZ
purposes for which they were intended.
™„vt'' 'i! *'"?• '"^*"""' ^^"'° '""»■■? °f ""-' Uiite.1 States
may be adduced n, proof of the assertion, that ,/,c country ,Mcl
' ^«^ Farmers in Canada mark this.
TIIK OLOUK VKKHOH THK (ANADIAM KABMKH 167
rmhuain. a policy tendin, to yromot,. the cryorl of rarn maicnah
mu hnvc agutn.,. u a Mance oj trade r.,uW.ng the erj.rt nfty
prccu^us metals, and mm dispense M their serLs aPrneJre»,f
" ThoHo facts may briefly thus bo stated :—
mZ'tf "" '''"^ " ^^^^' '^^'l-'^^hinK to free trade a coo,-
merco that gave an excess import of snocio ^ r.. i
who. e,,o„ OX.M «™.t p^pe^t,-/,:^';-;;;::;:::,';
a rapidly diminishing public debt. "^
" Free trade ceased in 1824, be.iueathing to protection a oorr
merco that gave an excess export of spoc'e-an imn. • u
roop.0, a „„en„i„, p„„„ „.,„,i_„ ai-:: J JS";^«;-
Protect,™ coa«..d in 1884-3fl, boq„oaH,i„g to )L trado a
commerce that «avo a„ excos, im,,ort of ,,,„oio-a peopM:
prosperous than any that ha.l eve,, then been k„ow„-a rovc„ue"o
great that ,t had hoen rendered „eco,.ry to on,a„d 7 J
eoBoe an, 1 many other eommoditie, from d„ty-a„d a tre- rv
free from all charge, on account of p„blic debt ' ^
„,l!r T''" """^""^ "' ^^^-' '"-"lueathing to protection a eom-
n,creo that gavo an exeo» effort of ,pecie-a people ruined ,7d
^3 government, in a 8talo of rep„diation-a public Za,!!!
bankrupt and boggi.,, everywhere for loan, afthe U^StZ
of mtere,t-a revenue collected and di,bur,ed in irrede^mabk
paper money-a,.d a very large foreign debt '"^^^^\''
" Protect,on ceased in 184T, be,,ueatblng to free trade « .„,.
merce that gave an cxce,, import of „^oio-a hitblv!,
Fop.o-State Government, reared t^TditlatwrvT''"'"
co,„mcrec-„ large public revenuc-and a decUni„:T ^Tb?
_" S,„ce that fme, CaUfornia ha, supplied hundred, of mi ,bn,
of collars m gold, nearly all of wbi.h ha, been exported or i, „?
locked up in pubhe and private hoard, ; the eons ^/ence'sXhCI
a™ seen ,„ the fact, that C0M„„„« ,s PA„.,.v'™::„t*t
PRICE OF MOKET ,N THIS COMMERCIAL CIriE., HAS nIZZ
-AND THAT THE INDEBTEDNESS TO FOREIM -fATroNsT,!
INCREASED TO SUCH AN AMOUNT AS TO R.-n.RE FOR tI
PAYMENT OF INTEREST ALONE, A SOM E,UAL TO ™I' Zj!!
«.irfBT OF AIL COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD." "'"""
158
THE ULOBK VERSUS THK CANADIAN FARMKR.
jl
X.
ARGUMENT.
such as Mr. Milner Gibson, Mr. Brieht and '.Ir CnhH,.,, "ii " '"''es ms vitalit) ,
• T^ 1 J 1 ""b"'i ""u ur. coDaeu, — llio manurn on tliB ian<j
in England costs as much as all tho goods exnoiffrt frnm ,) ♦ """'"^6 on tue land
Sir;^pS:n^;Sirn?i^-;^--^^^^^
THE "GLOBE- VSnsUS THE CANADIAN FARMER.
«0a occasions like the present, separate toasts are proposed U agri-
culture, commerce, and manufactures; but in Canada thereTs reallvTut
one interest : I should deplore the setting up, as in England, of a s p^arate
commercial interest composed, as Manchester k, of German Jewsand
others, whose only interest is in the prosperity of oZr countries
En'lS 7J^:^wVf''''l 7i onlf to Exercise political Jowri'a
Sf iT T I, '"'' ^Y^ '^""''* '""^'■«^ ^^' government, as indeed
PrlSZ^ have nothing in common with President Lincoln and
President Davis but I would rather as a colonist be under the rule of
eitner than under that of the present English Chancellor of the
Exchequer, Mr Gladstone, or under those men from whom he derives
mplf ^^' l"1 '' ^'- ^•'•i'.'' ^•^«''"' ^^'- Bright, and Mr cSn
[Hear hear.] In a co.mtry like this, if the farmer is right all classes
are right; and if the farmer is wrong, all classes sufler. Even in Lgknd
this was the doctrine held up to the period of the renegade speeches of
Sir James Graham and Sir Robert Peel in 1846, when they suddenly
departed from the old pr mciple 'hat the land or agriculture of EnS
.. ^ngland, doing so in the face of the s..ongest evidence of the national
risk tney were running. I at the time assisted Lord George Bentinck
m getting up the statistics which he spoke in Parliament, and I remem
ber showing, on the great authority of " McQueen's Statistical wZ^"
^n tnZT""^'' 7r' '\ ^'^"^"^ ^''3land amounts to r^iore than
all the goods exported from that country, (hear) althou-h the latter or
ZT-'^'lt T'f' ""'l ^""••^'y ^^'^« ^""'-<i- Happly England
was saved the disastrous effects which must have flowed from her opening
her ports, and giving foreign countries a claim on her for gold which she
did not possess Her prosperity, however, has been solely carsed by he
discoveries of the precious metals in 1847 ; and absequently, it hasien
m spite of free trade, not in consequence of that mad theory. I have
P^siZtTf T\'" ''T *'^f ^r' 'P''^''' ™y f"^«d, Mr. Johnson, the
President of the Agricultural Association, that I desire to see no com-
Wp^rStTfJ''" "'/"'■'' .""H''.'' h""'' ^" '""^''''^ subversive of the great
«r* f / "/i^"*'^' "^''"'^ '' *^' "^ Agriculture."-[Jfr. Buchanan's
»P^ch<it the Dinner gwen to the Pioneers of Upper (Ja^mda, at Lm.
THE GLOBE VERSUS THE CANADIAN FARMEB. 169
in ^1^' T',!"^"} ■®"** ^"^ V"' "" «■■• Bfown now reioices
oJl"??"" ""'""" a-at the foregoing remarks we-CZ
bmted Edmund Burke's repiy in ParUament on a simUar occasion
I ™ lojal to the king, but this does not require me to be loya
to his man servant, his maid servant, hia ox, or his ass -" ^
We yesterday recorded the triumph of Cai>adian Industry in
;^i: frtm ^itets hl: ^ ;Sor:-:
the duty on necessaries which we cannot grow or manuf™;r^
^ch as sugar, tea and eoffee.-And as our object is MpZ'.
t.cal, we cannot g,ve a better view of the period we allude to In
by quoting the eloquent words at that tin!e of George Shennarf
%., whch appeared as an editorial of the Toronto cS he
bemg ^„ e^ellen^etU historian of that bright era of the Pr" vtce
and the man ch.efly looked to defend and work out, in concert
w,tt. Mr Buchanan, the great practical I„du..rial Eefor^Ten
s^W it " ^f"^'»''--K«f»™ fte patriotic benevolence oTwhoL
spm .s all that Representation by Population or any other imp.^^
ment^n. our machinery of Government could ever have seCed
f»™''^'"f ""T"""','" ^"'^'''' «™"Shout Western Canada in
avour of a pohcy calculated to foster Provincial industry, is cha™"
temed by features which elevat. it above the level o orf^Z,
pohfcal agitation. None of the elemento of partisInsUn a™
apparent ,„ the proeecdin. ..hat have already taC d^'up n
the subject; and the vario- . aflinities of the ge„tlem^"l„ ar^
a^ociaW with the movement, ai. a guarantee that it is egl^
and will be conducted le<., with reference to party results than 5th
regard to the accomplishment of purposes wider [nd m*e„d„rb!
" -nrbitr ''°""'"'" *; "^--^ ""^ *"'« °f Hitical strife
.hl.l ,^ . "r™""" «f *» P'^riod of depression through
which the country « pa.,sing, has served to direct attention to c^i
^derations deeper than mere surface prosperity. It is 1^ IZ
160
THE OLOBK VERSUS THE CANADIAN FARMEB.
some other test than the gross return of exports or imports is
needed to determine the question of material advancement; and
that the transient Hush of prosperity which accompanies special
occurrences, is not a reliable indication of surplus wealth or lasting
resources. It is acknowledged that the policy which looks simply
to the collection of revenue, or the more adjustment of receipts
and expenditure, is not the policy needed to secure the develop-
ment of hidden wealth and strength; and that in the adjustment
of a tariff due regard must be paid to the protection of interests,
in their essence vitally important, but which from local causes,- are
as yet unfitted to encounter the rough competition of the worid.
" An obstacle always met at the entrance ^ipon a discussion of
this nature, is a common belief that there are certain infallible
dicta of political economists universal in their application, and
therefore conclusive in evert/ argument, wherever it may be con-
ducted. [This is Mr. Brown's grand error.~ED. Spectator.-]
It is necessary at the outset that we should surmount thio by an
appreciation of the ftict, that scarcely two political economists
agree even in tho definition of terras— that they are at war with
each other upon the point, whether political economy is an art or
a science— that they differ in their record of facts and of the
lessons they teach— and that the popular idol, Adam Smith, derives
his greatness mainlj^ fro?- tradition, which, again, rests upon an
inability to comprehend Xi>s logic or to harmonize its conclusions.
" Let it >ft conceded that abstract reasoning has no binding
force in relation to national policy, which must be shaped to meet
given circumstances, and wo are freed at once from the intolerable
bondage of a jargon, which is as inapplicable to Canada as Syriac
or Chaldce. Tho question becomes, not what Adam Smith said in
the last century, not wha,t Mons. Bastiat has said to France, not
what Mr. McCulloch now says to England, but what is actually
Wanted to suit tho condition of Canada— what is most Ukely to pro-
mote the prosperity of Canadian industry and enterprise— what is
calculated most effectually to elevate Canada in the scale of nations,
and to secure the elements of her future greatness. Viewed in
this light, dogmas are seen to be less eflScacious than analogy.
We are concerned, not so much lo know the opinions of individ-
THE OLOBB VERSUS THE CANADIAN FARMEK. 161
leti'r ^ ; ,^"'' "" ™™ *'" ^' "-o f^'i'io". that .s no
resemblMco e™is between the «taal condition of England and
apply to the latter a system of taxation and finance, which mav
b= fair y enough held to be pecnliarly suited to the foler ^
Ihe inquiry ,8 narrowed down to thisi-When England was
« C«,ada IS, what was England's policy! When EnLd Z
mj condition of infancy-speaking in an industrial and mZ
"ndtTr 7 Vf lyr'":! *' *" '"^'^ »» '»■"<' -P ter native
inoustry f And history utters no dubious reply. Always her
the skill, labour, and capital of other . ^..ntries-to offer eneo^se
ment by a protective tariff to home c:,torprise-to develophX
<Z'7 r^" "■' ™*™^ of judicious legislative fav^-Id
gradually t« construct a manufacturing and trading power wS
conlJ afford fearlessly to encounter all competitio"from wWe
«iever It might proceed. As she advanced in wealth and nTtr
these fostering influences became less necessary. Protect^ W
done Its work and England found herself not simply able to com-
pete with other countries, as . manufacturing and "aritimeVwcr
~cv"'°0 ""'".7''!" »-' °f -nufacturing and maritime'
supremacy Of necessity, her commercial policy underwent a
change Herself equal to the exigencies of free tLe, it becle
her interest to extend the free trade area to the widest IsM
1 nuts ; and thus to subject other countries to a degree of dZm^^
erne upon her affairs. "i-pena-
" Epitomising England's progress, we tr,;e, first, the era of
agriculure, with an interest in open markets: Lxt h estlwish
Wu t'rv 17'""=! ''f^'' ""''■ *^ "'"■"»«» °f -anufac ulg
induatrj under protective tar ffa; next- nil n,.w +t,o • ^
«jraIIeIed.anufUcturing adv^^". r:;;^a^~
" Canada has passed the first ctage of national groy^..
w*
id2
THE GLOBE VERSUS THE CANADIAN FARHEb.
are no longer exclusively an agricultural people. Wo have achieved
respectability, at least in the carrying trade, and aro enjoying
advantages which ensure to us, with reasonable care, something
like distinction in that respect. And the time has come when we
must meet the third phase of advancement. We nmpt aim at the
creation of manufacturing industry, or consent forever to remain
the commercial vassals of foreign capital — the industrial depend-
ants of a distant people. Blink the alternative as we may, there
it is, palpable and inevitable. We must continue subject to the
fluctuations of a producing power, having the command of enormous
capital, perfected machinery, and a labour-market that never ceases
to be glutted; or we must resolve to turn to account our vast
natural resources, to develop our hitherto neglected ivealth, to
profit by all the accidents of our geographical position — and so
gradually and quietly, but surely, to secure a home market for our
raw products, to encourage the investment of capital in local man-
ufactures, and to win foe ourselves the solid advantages, and the
not unworthy honour vhich are inseparable from the possession of
national power.
" Acknowledging, then, the necessity of promoting manufactures
m the Province — acknowledging, too, the fact, that never in any
country, have manufactures outlived the difficulties incident to
their early stages, save under the discriminating protection of a
tariff-— acknowledging the testimony which comes to us from all
sides from all forms of manufacturing industry, in support of the
opinion that under the existing system, Canadian manufactures
are exposed to a competition as ruinous as it is unjust ; we hail
the movement now begun aa a gratifying sign of that more healthy
public opinion which shall at once necessitate and justify the
adoption of an amended commercial policy. A prohibitory tariff
is not sought in any quarter. All that is asked is, such a judicious
degree of protection as shall stimulate and shield Provincial
industry ; and we believe that this may be afforded without loss
or inconvenience to any section of the community."
mmmm
THE GLOBE VERSUS THE CANADUlf KAHMER. 163
xr.
ARGDMEiVT
butTf '"r '■"' """" ^^ *"" "'<>"'«° coun ? *'^'' "''2«'-»teAil for tho miserable poUey
inUyniu will attend tho.o who daro toll tl 7in,H. *!'•, ^™'^'' threatens that nothing
".other country than to Canada.-The pol y o, Mr U ^'' """'•'"*' ^"'" ""' '«« »» «!.«
wo"W .aako Cana.la a aeooud IrelLd -hI^'' "jr"^^''"^"*"^'' *^^^^^^^
aitlon or Ireland, indunry prov.0. to i;« ifj^r:!; t;^^^^^^^^^^
iariflF altogether, and pay the exDrndib>lT ^^-^ ""^ "''"^'* ^^"^'^^ th»
do more for the prospUtryCunad t^^ ^ ^'u' *"*'^"«°' ^« should
«f by a Protectionist.'' 1 <;;''n'^da^than^all tha^t was ever dreamed
to Jdt^^^^^^^^ .content with the .pTHoy p*,.«„e,
^1 If they were not, for neverha^un;^ ♦hoy wo.uld be indeed ungrate-
Jiore kindly and eo'nsideraSy teatej thaTw """.'' T^ ^^P'^o been
this feeling become, that it is bevond/h !" ,^''P '"^^^^ has
"Proot it, let them re^rt t^JlT • ^ P''''^'" "^ ^^^^ Opposition to
They will aecomplfsh nThin^ Lf h!""" "' j'^ ^^^* deceit they may
»he G^6e commltln^on &r Bttan"''' ^^^^^^^'•"'•"-t^^^icle x^n
":o:^.eVnt.S^^^^^^^
could have no othpr .ffi. .f .1 T dilemma he pleases)
"-i-g its z:^z::it:iz 'r" t*^^ ^-^'-^
■tort indeed. Corrunl L , , . '"'"""^' "'""'' '«*"'<" '^
were at tho timo oTZ TL i °'" "^ """^ "' ^''''"""''^ »°°»
Wa devoted countrv Ih/ "* ''°'" '^'' *»' <'™8 for
«.e only ,S„TcZ'„r ''T'":"'&'^ dialoyal, those who%aa
„ *U_i.
J^ye therefore quieUj to su^ireat tn M- js^ w.. ....
..the, overdoing h. new cl^cte, oi^BritisiriLn::;!::^:^
164
TIIR UU)m VKHMHH niR CANAniAN KAIIMKH.
h'\n faults, is a tnaguuuiinoiiH boast. In Kiigland no one over liinUxi
Hf any shadow of (lisloyaUy, wlioii Soi-froant Ilylos itiado tlio fol-
lowing; roniarksot) Kn^hnid's wrotoliod polioy in regard to Iroland ;
on tho oontrary, lio was oallod a patriot for making llioni.
, "Then* ia no novelty or straugonoss, in this iSUCiltJKvS'riON
OF PAMTIAL AND TKMPOMAHY I'HOTKdTJON OF
INFANT IRISH MANUFACTIIKKS EVFN A(;ArNST
FNOl(ANI). Knlightonod and impartial foreigners have made it
lM>forc. For example, the H;iron Dnpin, in France, and Mr.
Webster in the United States of Ameriea, have given it as their
epinio)», that little good is to be expeeled without it. Irom nny
coui-so of Hritish legislation f(u- Ireland. Way, we have more thait
theory or authority to guide us. We have, in the past hist- .y of
Irelatul herself, avtnal experienee both of //>« ndvantatf*' of pro-
tvcthuf ln»h »i<inuf\i,'fnrr)i lUfdhiHt Nn^ffinh, and of ihe niin
attending the withdrawal of protection. Uefore the Union, Irish
protecting duties existed on niany l^'tiglish tnanufactiires. Among
others there was a duty on lOnglish woollens ; a duty on English
ralicoes and muslins so high a," to be lu^arly prohibitory ; a duty
on Fnglish silk. There were dutii^s on Fnglish cott<>n yarn, cotton
twist, and cotton manufactured goods. The Act of ITnion coa-
tin\ie<l the duties on woollens and several other articles for twenty
years. It continued the high duties on calicoes atid nnislins till
ISOv^. They wej-e theji to ho gradually reduced till they sliouUl
fall to 10 per cent, in 181 (», au<l nothing in 18*J1. The duties
on cotton yarn, and cotton twist were continued till INOH, and
wore then io be gradually reduced to nothing in IHlti. The linen
trade was encourageil by a })arlianu'ntary grant, withdrawn in
18*J(>. Now see the eflects, tirst, of pmtcction, and ne.vt, of its
Tiithdrawal, or rather .•» specimen of the ct^ects. It has been
stated by Dublin tra«h>smen, accpuiintod with the fact^s, that in
ISOO they had S>1 Master Woollet* Mainifaoturers, employing 1018
hande. In 1840 the Master Manufacturers were 12, the handi
602.— Master Wwlcombers in 1800 were HO— tho hands 280.
In 18ti4, Masteri A—hands 66. Carpet Manufacturers— in 1800,
Mft.sior8 18— hands 720. In 1841, Masters 1— hands— . Blanket
MiMiufacturcre in Kilkenny— in 1800, Masters 66— hands 8009.
rriK (jLonio VKiiHirs the Canadian fahmku.
165
tr n '^';"*7.^^''''-»"^n^J« 8000. In 1832, Ma8tor« 42-hancl»
IB .n '"?i" '" ''''^^"''" "' ^"^^'" "' 1800-ftt work 2600 ;
2000 T ^i«'ii ^i" ^"T •" "'^""•'K*^'^"' '" 1799, in full work,
u. 1800-1000. In 1841 -not one. In the City of Cork :
1800. 1884.
I!r'^"*7'^^"''« 1~^ "IS
VVorntod woavor«, g^^^
wr , ' 300 28
,'^;f """''^^«' 700 110
Cotton weaver., ^^^^ 210
Linen chock weavers «nn
' tiuu none.
Cotton Hpinnors-bloacherH-calico printerB-thousand. employed
»tte, ly extmct. The hnon trade, protected and fostered till 182tJ
was not m those days confined to the North of Ireland. In Clonakitty,'
m tie County ot Cork, X1200 a wook were expended on thJ
xTnooo "'"" "'T". ^"^^' '' ^''' ^ 1«25. In Mayo,
X IIMOO were expen.led m purchasing the same species of web!
u 8..> the sum ot two millions an.l a half sterling were expended
n iroh nd u. the purchase of coarse unbleached home-made webs.
1 am obhgod h,r these specimens of the ruin of Irish industry U>
Ml. Hutt, Q C. at the Irish IJar, who informs mo that they could
be very much extended." ^
If Cieorge Brown and those English statesmen, whom he would
have us Klohze, get their way, Canada would soon be in a position
io be the ol,ect of pity ns much as Ireland, and to have applied
to her Tom Moore's words of lament for that unhappy land :
" Oh I let grief como first,
O'er prido itself victorious,
• To tliink how nmn has cursed
What God had made so glorious."
"For nearly half a century," ™y, tho same patriotic writer
Ireland 1« had perfectly Free Trade with the richest country b
»he world ; and ' whaf-™y, the author of a .eccnt work of gfel°
166
THE GLOnE VERSUS THE CANADIAN FAKMEH.
I
abUity-.M,as Free Trade dono for her? She has con now,' he
contmues ' no employment for her teeming ,>opula«on except ^pon
other and vanous omplojmentH, and plenty of it. Are wo to
behevo-he says-tho calumny, that the Irish are lazy and Ton'^
Are not the most labonous of all labourers in London and Now
York Inshmen? Are Irishmen inferior in understanding? wl
Enghshmen who have personally known Irishmen in the army, at
I diLi 'l ."r : '''""''' ''"^" ''''"' ''''^■'^ ''' "« ^«**- »'-d than
miLstry, the stomach , has been well satisfied. Lot an Englishman
iast for a luke-warm lumper at dinner, and no supper. With
such a d.et, how much better is he than an Irislnnan-a Coirl
he calls h.m? No, the truth is, that the MISERY OF IRELAND
IS NOT FROM THE HUMAN NATURE THAT GROW^
THERE-IT I- FROM ENGLAND'S PERtoLegTI
LATION, PAST AND PRESENT. """^^^^^^ ^^^GIS-
- Before the Union there were under protection (against Eng-
land) Insh woollen manufactures, Irish carpet manufactures, Irish
blanket manufactures, and Insh stocking manufactures. The«e
inanufacturcs are now amothored and extinct. But what ought
they t<> have been? with increased population and power of con-
sumption and with the application of steam, with improved mechan-
ical and chom.cal agencies ! What would, and must they have
been, hn for the bhght of English connection, withering at once
BOTH THE POWER OF PaODUCINO ANB THE MEANS OK PURCHASI J
Wha nnght they be made even now, should England, instead of
blindly chasing the phantom of cheapness, no matter of what
sort, a once seriously address herself to developing the unex-
plored but prodigious productive power of Ireland. Rut Fn-land
IS, at present spell-bound and paralyzed by her ci^idemic! yet
ephemeral theories. Unless it be in conformity with her new
doctrines, she will not listen to the most obvious measure of true
policy for Ireland. She will supix>rt an artificial system to main-
tain myriads of Irish poor in idleness, but not hear of an artificial
W I
TUK GLOBE VER8U8 THE CANADIAN KAHMEK.
167
system to marry them to industry. ' Buy,' says she, with bittor
irony, to the i^otmilcss Irish, ' buy in the cheapest market. Don't
make for yourselves, wlien you can buy of me cheaper than you
can make.' Accordingly the Irish do, as all nations so situated
needs must do, they go without ! Innumerable Irish hands ready
to labour— immeasurable quantities of Irish materials ready to be
wrought up, innumerable consumers anxious to consume, and to
produce in return, are, as if by enchantment, kept asunder.
Without temporary protection, Irish industry is under-sold, smoth-
<?rod, rendered impossible. Universal, hereditary, and national
idleness, poverty, and discont«:it, are the necessai-y consequences.
" Who, again we ask, is to blame. England and nobody else.
Tliough It must be admitted that the theories which blind her to
true Irish interests, have blinded her quite aa much to her own."
XII.
ARGUMENT.
The thing miHcalle.! Froo Trade in England, carried by the n,iddlocla«.M08, not only vHhoal
iLT:T7 " ♦"r°'"'"« '"''''*^- ""* '" «P"« °f their oppo.it.on.-ESaV S
to U8 to sell our labour to loreigners.-AH in Ireland, so in England, the middle men an
ftirt.X^^^^^^ ""'" """" "'" '"y«"y Which we owe to our cm,
Th?H Jir. H T'*'' *°* «'"""«>^nt antecedent to MonarchioB or Kepublics.-
iTjrif, T « singularly forgotten by the Sheffield Free Traders, who lately invoked
IZif h„ .m'"""' '"'° '■'"""*"'" LeK""«'"o"-Noither party in Canada willing T
,1 »n . / ''"'''*"'" '" ^'"""«'»' Politic8.-Tho humbugged Canadian peo-
10 themselves to blame forthis.-The Cabinet at Washington declared to Lord Lyons
e Amti^lt o7t;r'"V""^Hl '^"'^ ^'-^-owspap^r to the unfairness total
quotes tirvLl Z ^!"'",^'*" *''"'«'-T"« t'hamber of Commerce, at Sheffield.
S^Tnt^ Tt^:Z'^TT^^ '"■■ "r *■"•'••'-"-" "• t-»" *>< "«' a fact), that by the
well 1, ok T,nr , ^^^^' "'■" ^"^'""''"^ *" «'""P"ed to England-Canada may
whoonni, ,?■."":*"•"""" "'"' '""^ froat cut would look upon the perpetrator
LZt with « e "^ ';*?: *" "P-'^'-P*"- h'« n.otives.-The Despatch of Ihe Sko of
Newcastle with the bheflield protest against Canada, to continue to have responsible
government in regard to ite tariff. reBponaime
J' It is remarkable that Free Trade was carried by the middle classes
tlieir opposit,on.;'-[Ebenezer Elliott, the Corn°Law Rhymer, 1849.1
Oar complaint therefore, against the Reform Act, is Jot with re^rd
to the nature, but to the extent of the measure which it has produced.
I
ill'
168
THE OLOBR VKRSl'8 THK CANADIAN KARMEH.
n^ire e«e^eat m the cause, than almost any other portion of their fflllow
subjects have been in circumstances so required tTdo Rnf J i Ti'
ferenco n oTna^tn T ^^f "«'»'«ts who lately invoked Imperial inter-
Crown who dilnnT J^^S'-^''^ »«". '^"d by the British Ministers of the
be a vidaLn of L 1?""' "^l!^'^ ^^""^ ^-"P"^""' interference would
^f dit^^vl^:„f--* S7;x'c^3;^sSn^^>
JiroT^;^::!:]^ '^"^^ '"^-^^ «^«^- *« ^^ ^»- ^ntrS^SpieT;
By the publication of the following, Canadians were startled by
finding that no one cares a straw for the employment of the people
^Canada, but all stand for Free Trade, or as they call it,soL
J>nnciples of Legislation, s6 that the protection of their own Pro-
vmcial interests must be attended to by themselves, or Canada wiU
be sacrificed and remain the miserable country industrially it
hitherto haa been ; while all the while Canada had, and still haa
within It, in profusion, the elements of greatness and prosperity—
i
THE OLOBE VERSUS TOE CASAD.AN PAWIEll. 169
.^fo. fo iftiT^'" l*^ '" °™'' '■»[»■•'««<"»• Our reader,
Ike Cabinet at Wwhington declared to Lord Lyo,^ t J th->
atohon W bee„ called to the m,faimo8s towards the Amerila
of the nc» Canadian Tarifif by the Olohe Tl,. r ;„* ^^'"""^
Zt:l)::Zir '''' '^ ^'^ ^-^- tariff the Umted
^omflnlu "" 'f " ^^°^"' " ^ "^^" -«^ l^'« throat cut
"So the struck eagle, stretched upon the plain,
No more hrough rolling clouds to soar again
Viewed h,8 own feather on the fatal dart.
W.ng,ng the shaft that qui.ered in his heart
Keen were his pangs j but Iceener far to feel
Ho nursed the pinion that impelled the steel ;
^rank tJ' ^T, '/"""^' ''"'' """^ ^«™«^ ^is nest
Drank the last life-drop of his bleeding breast."
CORRESPONDENCE OP THE GOVERNMENT OF CANADA WITH TH,.
IMPERIAL GOVERNMENT, ON TIIP mTRTP-n. « ^
TARIFF OH nA«A^ SUBJECT OP THE CANADIAN
TARIFK, OK CANADIAN CUSTOMS ACT,-MOVED FOR BY X^aZ
BUCHANAN, ON C^VD APRIL, I860. """^
RETURN.
Ry command,
C. Alleyn,
SiCRETARY's OPFicB, 18th April, I860. Secretary.
170
TUK OLOHK VEU8i;s TIIK CANADIAN FAItMKU
No. 40.
[copy.]
Govehnmi:nt Hodsr,
Toronto, March 26, 18^.'.
Sfr,— I have tlio honour to oncloso a copy of the 'i\nli f^'
Colon"'' '^"*'''' '^^''''' ^"''''' ^''''" ^"'^''*''^ "^^ '^^^ Logifllatur <• U? i
It is to bo rogrctt<>(i that the ncccBsity which cxiHts for meo^n«
the financial engagements of the Province, and the depre .; of
l«^t year, have compelle.l the Government to propose rates of duty
so high as those imposed by the presor \ct.
^ I am aware of the objections which may be offered to the prin-
ciplo of « ad valorem" duties, but I must necessarily leave the
representatives of the people in Parliament to adopt that mode of
raising supplies which they believe to be most beneficial to their
constituents.
^ There is nothing in the system adopted which professes to
impose differential duties, or to fetter the freedom of trade.
(^ig"od) Edmund Hbad.
The Right Ilonowable
Sir E. B. Lytton, Bart.,
&c., &c., &c.
No. 23.
[copy.]
DowNiNQ Street,
August 13th, 1859.
SiR,--I have the honour to transmit to you the copy of a Me-
morial which has been addressed to me by the Chamber of Com-
luerce and Manufactures at Sheffield, representing the injury
anticipated to their Commerce by the increased duties which have
been imposed on imports by the late Canadian Tariff,
I request that you will place this representation in the hands of
jour Executive Council, and ol)serve to that body that I cannot
but feel that there is much force in the argument of the Sheffield
mtumfacturcs. Practically this heavy duty operates differentially
m favour of the United States, in consequence of the facility for
TUK OI^UK VKU8U8 TUK CANADIAN
VAUMKa
17X
ta .on t embark u. ,t which a dnty of twenty ;or cent. offe«
higher dutvV ""'/^^•^•'•r' ''•^''^""° *^""^«^1 frora the
m^J or duty. VVhcuevor the authenticated Act of the Canadian
^otiiL „ ;r' r "^"'"^ '' ^^^ ^^'^^ ^"-'^ --"^ *« it.
countr 7 ^''%"'>.)«et.ons raised against tho law in thia
Zui] V "T^"' '' "'^ ''"^^' "^ '««« t« the Colony than to
I i.n„lana, ulnch has fully proved tho injurious offec^, .^ L Pro
su aT.rri«V '""^ ^^'v^«"»c,«bould be lost sight of, and
such an Act as the present should have been passed
1 much foar the efFect of the law will b« flmf ^i « * .
the new ,luty will be i,aid tn f 1 ! V *^''"'^' P*''"^ ^^
i^ wm ue paia to tho Canadian producer bv thn Pol
I have, &c..
Sir E. w. Hfad, Bakt., Newcastlb.
&c., &c., &c.,
Canada.
[copy.]
The Chapter of Oo,n,ner.e, ,fe.,of Sl.ff,M,U Ae Vuke of
N'ewcastle.
CHAMBER OP COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURES.
m TT. ^ Sheffield, Ist Aucust 1859
JI^WDui^^^^ made by us on
another word for permanent) their nrnlnl ^ .' Profitable, which is here
!^'r'^;Cr'"^'^" whic.rCar'mt;r!'„Ter:";:^ rl ! £;j« ^'^^ '«^er
"-^•»F>. oi'ECTATon. '" '"Sir coasumptioa.
172
THE GLOBE VERSUS THE CANADIAN FABMER.
:ill
I if
the 20th ultimo, when we had the honour of waiting upon your
Grace on behalf of the Merchants and Manufacturers of Sh ffi^T
^represent the injury anticipated to the trade of this to^ Irl'
respectfully to re-state the reasons why such injury is apprehended
These reasons may be said to be two-fold. ^s^-Those Ir'lt
ele^ o!t • "'^' "^'^^"f^^^^r^^ by fiscal protection and
fr Z -.""T " *^'" P'^^^- ^'^^^ Second,-:Those arismg
d an IT r. ''.*'' '"* *'^* '''''-' ^-^« «^'«- ^ the Can '
to whl * I' ' "r^'' ''°^P'*"S ^^*^^ S*^*«« Manufacturers,
to whom such contig^oaty more than counterbalances the fact tha
they have to pay the same duties as ourselves
Can!2''p *^^^ "'" ^'' "'* "^^'*^^'" '^^"* ^bat the policy of the
Canaduu Government is, we would refer Your Grace to the tone
Cana^-r P T'' "^ ^'^'^'' '' '^' '("''^'' '^ Members of the
Canadian Parhament, on both sides of the House, and especially
to the steady mcrease of duties levied on Sheffield goods under
ITa' *^^V " ^^ "^'^''' °^ ''''' *b^ <J«ty levied on Sheffield
goods has been steadily advanced from 2i to 20 per -.ont
thel'-r'"^"^ T""-"^ .^'"' ^''^^' ^" ^^^''^'^^^^^^ t^l^«^«' that while
Sheffi d n '*T. " ''"'^^^^ ^^^^^^- Manufactures against
Sheffie d, of from 35 ^ 40 per cent., consisting of Land Carriage,
fhaf n • r'T''; ^'^"^"^•^^i^"' Shipping I^xpenses, Duty, &c.
hat omng to he clo«e contiguity of, and cheap transit fro^, the
aero s Z r ; ^"t^'\-^-^'T, similar goods can be 'sen
a CO of ^^^,t? r*"' ^'^^'""'''^ ^'^''^ Manufacturers at
a cost of from 22^ to 25 per cent.
It is therefore plain that the American Manufacturer ha^
actually an advantage over the Sheffield Manufacturer of from
l^i to 15 per cent. As this is a natural protection, however, and
consequently one which remains about the same, be the Canadian
duty what It may, we only name it to show Your Grace how great
the obstacles are, naturally, against >vhich Sheffield has to struLle
and for the purpose of remarking, as another objection to any
increase of duty, that it is actually the interest of American Man^
THE GLOBE VERSUS THE CAKABUS PARMEB. 173
ufacturers, that th« Canadian duties should be raised, since any
hmdrance or confusion caused to ShefEeld Manufactured can o^
Shit ' ™"" " """^ '^'"""^ ^^"'-8^^ '"- w"h
It is important, too, to remember that the American Manufactu
rer has more than 1,000 miles of unguarded frontier TrtMl
he can smuggle with impunity.
The Merchant and Manufacturers of Sheffield have no wish to
hey are ca ed upon to pay the same duty as the American or
German, nerther do they claim to have their goods admitted free
«f duty; all they ask is, that the policy of protection to native
uTZ^tT, Z * :''"' '^ **««/*-ntenanc:n;
ller Majesty s Government, as a system condemned by reason and
cxpenence, directly contrary to the policy solemnly adopted Wfte
Mother Country, and calculaled to breed disunion and TlZ t
tween Great Britam and her Coloines. It cannot be relddt
less than indecent and a reproach that whUe, for fifteen ™rs th^
Government the greatest statesmen, and the press of thfs cTun^
K: G v'::;:mttT:f;:^^^^^^
have een a.vocatrgtL:;i:a':^;rt:tr;t^^^^^^^^^
cial stimulus of this system, extensive and numer;us hard, a e man"
ufactories have sprung up, both in Canada East and wZZiZ
adoption of increasing duties has been the si^n^l for m^rel K
commenccii. We are awnre tl>^t ti,„ c , "'""J"'^ more to be
j;,„ n ; *' ""' ''*°*' Mcessit es of the Cam
man Govoinment are uraed i<. «,» „i.;„r , "
late Tari;ffBiU. This is n^'thTwtlet h To TcCS T
papers of the Provmces, and the speeches of' the n nbl "h
Houses, and be deceived for an instant, but even if that were 2
cause, we conceive that Her Majesty's Governmert hal a ri 'ht 1
demand that what revenue is needed shall be raised iTJ^ ° 1
™y than that which is opposed to the actrC ''co:::*:i
pobcy of the Imperial Government, and destructive of the toZL
o^ose manulacturing towns of Great Britain which l^/^
C.^. As some evidence that thi» new tariff is objectioSle *
174
THE GLOBE VEH8U8 THE CANADIAN PARMEH.
1'!^!:
, 1
" ^'^^'^"^^'ii'-^yo^' attention l„ the foUo^g
TEE NEW CANADIAN TARIFF.
Mr. Gait's Tariff is bearing with dreadful severity on our trade
llfuiT: T " "^ '^' corresponding period laatyear were
lected in I: '^r""^ '";"• ''r "^ ^^ P^^ ^^°*- 'J^he duties col-
«28o,100; which shew an augmentation on the burden of the
people, of very nearly 70 per cent. The ex^ ts durin." the !^x
aTdt-8 fi^f T ^^^ ^^^^'^^^-^37,069 less thanVm^
and f 1 .8,666 xess than we paid in duties alone. With decreaaed
means of payment we have imported more, and paid more to the
Government than last year. How can a country prosper under
rt^JrrorJiiH^^^^
With profound respect,
We remain, &c.,
^®^Sned) Charles Atkinson,
Mayor of the Borough of Sheffield.
Robert Jackson,
Maater Cutler for
John Jobson Smith,
President of the Chamber of Commerce.
Charles E. Smith,
Honorary Secretary.
No. 118.
[copy.]
Government House,
Quebec, Nov. ll*h, 1859.
My Lord Duke,-I did not fail immediately to caU the .ttontion
of my Council to your despatch of 13th Aucniat, N i ^ The
aul^ect was by them referred to the Fixmce Mbiater, Ti 1
ifho has reported thereon.
.? !
M.
"g
THE GLOBE VERSUS THE CANADIAN PARMEH. 174
W forward, for Your Grace's con^d. .tion, a copy of this Report.
„. ^^'^'^^^ Edmund Head.
i^ia trrace,
The Duke op Newcastle,
&c., &c., &c.
We regret that our space will not aUow m to give Mr Gait's
Report at present. ^ "®"^
XIII.
ARGUMENT.
ery of the solar system, or of tho circulation of th„ m1 ^ t *'^'' **'*' *«'«>^-
not necessary to their provdontia™. blood, a knowledge of which was
to bo tampere";! with by Sirtofcert P«^ra^^ '"* ""T"' '""^ '''"' "»* ««We
ChargedwithdisloyaltybyaportLnnSiarv^^^lH '^
Ingsin/'-OnofW-MtLuESt^utrf'S"^^^
position ., one lectured on morlmy b/I i^^^^
been sober.-Degpatoh of Fori Cathoftrf r\lT ",P'*''8nt drunk, or who had never
Secretary, predict'in, the ru fn of the Cal'aSian Frm^r"; J^^ ■■• ''"'''«"'"''' <^°'«"'«»
as tho result of English Free So (^' If. 1°*^ ''"' d««»<»«'<''ntof the Colony
Knglish Free Tracfo only fredim trFoZnT " "y the legislature of Canada.-!
the market, of the Wgh y-S llw ITw ^^ ''" ^""'^ ^^^''t untaxed in
labour in tho market .Sota,^ ^^.^17 ke rT ff'"" *" *"'' '»«•"• *« «^ "^
by tho same supercilious Tgranfe an' de^TrmtSSl'^r ""^ "''" endange^d
unpatriotic theories of BriLh BwJ^LZlTlef?''^ *° unprtotical as well as
mentofwhati.require/to p% * u Trl '« ^^^j^^''^ '«" '^e old oolonies.-state.
<Ninbeachieved,o?ino.herLrds tl; diS^rrf'T^^^^^
mrted, by any mode less obToctionlble S bv a?/' E°K"«h/ree Trade legislation
better. "ojociionabJe than by an Amonoan Zollverein, so much the
Isfc'Thtt^l'i'"^^^'"^!?^.'''^ ^''■^*" Zollverein) aW^ given, prove •
wmnioaiues h8/3 tend'v , inward- -enabling the farmer to nrofit
tZU\ i:.^^ ''^■*'"^"^ '"'''' «* '^' precious metals foXscorn^nd
.»e«,ad by obtaining more cloth for any given quantity of tho^™ etds
4 e„/bMhe pe^ltt^^^ *'' ^^f °^--- '^^ been Tgr^at^
teimugsupphes of clothing. 4th. That the improved 03^^ of t
176
THE GLOBE VERSUS THE CANADIAN FAEMEB.
\\^\
?.rf? f ""-''i ^"^ T^H *^'"* ^'^^^^y *° '"°r«««« their demandg
upon the tropical countries for cotton, coffe , rice, and other rude pro-
ducts of the earth, ^th. That under the system of Colbert, now adopM
n that country, commerce t«nds steadily to grow, while the power of the
trader tends as regularly to decline. 6th. That with increSse of com
nierce, there has been a rapid increase of individuality in the ereat
community that has now been formed, manifested by a steady and ?e*u-
lar increase of revenue, entirely uninfluenced by the great crisis of 1840
42 and but slightly effected even by the revolutionary movements of
Western Europe in 848 These results correspond preciseiras the
l?l .iT ^'T\7''^ *^°'' °^*'^^"^** '"^ France. Spain, and Denmark :
tSI Ffp •^f^'y, the reverse of those observed in Ireland and India
Turkey and Portagal."-C. H. Carey^s Principles of Social Science.
»nJ\VTi!* ^^ \^^i '" '''''^ 2'** ^y Commerce he means Home Trade,
and that by Trade he means Foreign Commerce.] '
When now closing, for the present, our remarks on this which
should be the first question of Canadian politics, we would state
our entire concurrence with the words of Carlyle : " This that thej
call organizing oflabour is, if well understood, the problem of the
whole future for all wlio pretend to govern men ;" and with the
still more striking words of Byles : " I'o find employment for the
people, is just the very thing which is so supremely difficult as to
be often pronounced impossible. It is the problem remaining for
the true Political Economist to resolve. Its solution will b'e an
event not less brilliant, and far more important to mankind than the
disco of the solar system." However advantageous may be a
kno of the general laws of nature, their operation is m no
way d bv that knowledge. In social science, on the contrary
circumstances are the facts, and the laws must be adopted by our-
selves in conformity with these ; for it is clear that what may be
prudence in an old and rich man, or an old and rich country, mar
be imprudence in a young and poor man or m a new and poor coun-
try. And if in such a matter the Globe will persist in dealing ia
theory instead of practical knowledge and experience, and m get-
ting its knowledge from books, some of them a hundred years old
it is the case of the bUnd leading the blind.— For ourselves we are
so deeply impressed with the importance of the subj^-;: ttnt wo
repeat the sentiment in Mr. Buchanan's letter to the'^u^fo' -whj
should we not, throwing Utole matters of poUtics to the winds (and
THE «10.E VBE9U8 THE OAN*D,« ^^„,^ i„
0«p.7 injuringV ^^e™ Cr ''*■'"'* *" ^°«"' *«»'
•drnit that Ko is L person to Ike s^^^fc '^~°''™ "^ "' """"d
«ot written a tho„,«fd times m^^l^totufthVj;* '' "= "''
stance as hi, »rHcle of Mth SepteXrlSfin ^ , '' ""* ^"^
let the Dalie o/KewcasHe a^J if. n " ' '^'' *« ^■"•".
We cached a c^tUs o^JtfT^ "^ '^^''' *»'-
speedily in one or two ww e!I7„ .1 f "" ""*• "^ *»'
Act, with the aid anrce2 unhe'CeriS' °' t""-"^
.ocore e«»l righta and inununities ^ ZZik"? U^ T f
m proportion to their numbers or i„ . • i .?. ''PI*' *^'««"1«
«»* poUtieal rolations oft Pr™ortolt:7«?»f«'«P-
PewiWj towards Great Britain." """■■ "*"' "<'
Government House
» ekMige in the Com tlm I^ 7'^?"' ^^i "'""-gly *»
even with no belteTfSorto h .t' ** '"«»' =■»*«.
consideration by the maU whtif'l!! I ""^ '""J"" ™d«' W
"ita for commnnieaZ *"itr """"«'"''« ">-> oppTrtu-
prodnce ineonrenient dela^ ""*'" "" '<- "»f"<i"««t. as to
consideration of Her MafoHtXw- •* ™® ^ "^^^ on th«
~,ofoontinnin,^rar:j,:irti^--f.«-!
II
I'
178
THK GLOBE VERSLS THF CANADIAN FARMER,
M
flour, and of the effect of any changes by which the protection
hitherto given would be taken away. vvci^uua
The improvement of the internal communications by water in
Canada was undertaken on the strength of the advantage of ex-
portmg to England our surplus wheat and flour by Quebec Should
no such advantage exist, the revenue of the Province to be derived
from the tolls would fail. The means of the Province to pay X
cipal and mterest on the debt guaranteed by England would be
d^hed, and the general prosperity of the Province would be so
materially effected, bb to reduce ite revenue derived from com-
merce, thus rendering it a possible ca«e, that the guarantee given
to the pubhc creditors would have to be resorted to by them foTthe
satisfaction of their claims.
The larger portion, nearly all of the surplus produce of Canada
18 grown in the western part of it; and if m enactment similar in
prmciple to the Duties Drawback Law should pa«8 Congress, permit-
ting Canadian produce to pass through the United States for ship-
ment, and the English market wa« open to produce shipped from
American ports, on as favourable terms as if shipped from Canadian
ports, the larger portion of the exports of Upper Canada would find
Jte way through the canals of the State of New York, instead of
those of Canada, rendering the St. Lawrence canals comparatively
valueless The effect of the Duties Drawbacks Law has been U>
transfer the purchase of sugar, tea, and many other goods to New
York, from whence nearly all of tliese articles for the supply of
Upper Canada ai-e now imported.
Should 3uch a change in the export of Canadian produce take
place. It will not onlj, injure the Canadian canal and forwarding
trade, but also the shipping interest engaged in carrying these
articles from Montreal.
^ A change in the Corn Law, which would diminish the price the
v^anadian farmers can now obtain, would greatly affect the con- '
sumption if British manufactares in the Province, which must
depend on the means of the farmers to pay for them. Au increased
demand and consumpLon has been very perceptible for the last two
years, and is mainly attributable to the flourishmg condition of th©
agneultural population of Upper Canada.
n
TBI QLOBB TBSSUS THE CAMDIAN paemeb. 179
Lden Thl '■ ? . "^^^ consequence that it should not bo
in^'Xt^tZ"^'""'''' " "■' govenuueut'of the ooloay
mTOlved m the foregomg suggestions, are sufficiently obvious Cviz •
abenahon from the Mother Country, ^d anncationt Z rai
«.d enemy the United States), as also must he thos^ ^Z Zt
M t.t'^T ^"^' ^'"S' " " ^^^ transferred W
Montrea^ to New York. This latter consideration belongs,Tower
subject to which they refer will TZ ZZJrl ' '^ *'
2««onoftheBHt.^hPa:h:::;;:ri\rr:iti^^^^^^^^
should have some previous knowledge of the bearinf anv/T
measureslwould have on the interests of this colony^ ^ ^^
I have, &c.,
(Signed) Cathcart.
da'dY2l Ma^Z:^ '"^ ^^^^'■'«- ^-% '« *e Queen,
'; It therefore becomes our duty, as faithful subjects of vour
Majesty, to pomt out what we sincerely believe must be the re^
rf measures wh,ch have for their object the repeal rfthe^Iw
»ffordmg protection to the Canadian export trade. Frs it w^f
extendmg their operations; secondly, it will roevent thn l„fl Z
respectable emigrants from the mothc'r^ouL,/, 2; * f~
^ C"', 'k" ^^ """"^ "" «"' ™^ lands It's
contnnuted to that happy advancement of the countrv wbi,.|, S
"mo ^rodueta ^^^^^^^^ "'""^^■'^ "' ^' f™'««- '«
««• vu F^yuucts, nnd that thej cannot compete with tliAiV
Z Xt^" "t' "^'^'' ■" *» »"'^ "-^«' »p- *t "
•aey mil naturally, of necessity, begm to doubt wbetb™ ™„,.:^'
VCV'.
II
180
THK GrX)BE VKR8U8 THE CANADIAN FARMEB.
Ilflf
a portmnof^ho British ompiro will be of that paramount advantage
wluch thej have hitherto found it to be.-Those, we humbly sub-
mit, are considerations of grave importance, both to your Maiestv
and to the people of this Province ; and we trust wo need not
assure your Majesty that any changes which would tend in the
remotest degree to weaken the ties that have for so many years
and under trying circumstances, bound the people of Canada to'
that land which they are proud to call their mother country, would
be viewed as the greatest misfortune which could befall them."
Extract of a celebrated speech by Sheridan in regard to Britain's
misgovemment of India :
" It looks as if some fabled monster had made his passage through
the country, whoso pestiferous breath had blasted more than its
voracious appetite could devour. * * * •
Am I asked why these people arose in such concert? Because
they were people in human shape ; because patience under the
detested tyranny of man is rebellion to the sovereignty of God •
because aUegianco to that power that gives us the forms of men
commands to maintain the rights of men. * * *
Never was this unextinguishable truth destroyed from the heart
that man is not the property of man; that human power is a
trust for human benefit; and that when it is abused, revenge
becomes justice if not the bounden duty of the injured. These,
my Lords, were the causes why these people rose."
^Extract from a pamphlet by Mr. Buchanan, « The success of
tamdian manufavturing no longer doubtful;' of which a thousand
were issued to Parliament and the country in 1860 ;
" We neither respect nor fear the present race of men in Eng-
land who call themselves statesmen. From their patriotism we
expect nothing, any more than from their lamentable ignorance of
the Colonies.* But from their feare we might look for something
if they would only reflect how the old American colonies were lost
to England ; and in the time, we are conQdent the people of England,
and through them the Governments of England (which, in the
• See the Glob^t repeated exposures of the ignorance of even thf Timtt
lewspaper on Canadian subjects.
THE GLOBE VEH8U8 THE CANADIAN? FARMKB 181
to be enjoyed-our national blookh,,«liBra Lkl him ZTiS
national advantages with all the countries in ZZtT . ^
winch wilUhare its national advanta^rZ B Htll C""' "'
reflect, confidingly believed the Ma^chtl^^Xil ^ITJl™ ^J
-. truth that greatest of .11 untruths, that ft T^'^tt'^
and, mdeed, can only be attined, by «™f, Xril! / '
Sir--'-- — ^ ^'^z\:tc;z
Tm, Sugar, avdZa'," \ . "? """* "'"'* """* '*'"' ™
U)AiVA «,. .^« ^^ ,, iSTATES— fAe rf«^,,e* ow article.
' i'i
S i:
J
MR. BUCHANAN'S SPEECH
AT THB DIVNBR OIVBN TO THl
PIONEERS OF UPIER CANADA,
AT LONDON, C. W.. 10th DECEMBER, 1863.
IMAGE EVALUATION
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It
MR. BUCHANAN'S SPEECH
AT THB DINHBB aiVBK
TO THE PIONEERS OP UPPER CANAD.
AT LONDON, C. W., lOXH DKOEMBIR, 1863.
(fVoro the London Ptet Press.y
UiAC BrcB^HiK, Esq., M.P.P, tei„g loudly died in, ,<«e
to r.,pot„. He »id :_Mr. Chaimar,, Vke-ChairL,, andG X
«■<»« expected .0 -eply to the u^ ,f u,e da;, the Pioneera rf
b^HLu ■!'.'!.'*'"« " °' *' !''''"««" "f U-^P" Canada ;
Lm ?^ ; f""' *" ""'^y "y «'»"'«' ■" o*'"- • W« have
toaeto are proposed to Agriculture, Commerce, and Mau^facC
*! "/V^" *«■■» « «»"y b»' oue interest. (Chee«) I
^.uU deplore the setUngup, a, i„ Eugtod. of a aeparal com Jercia,
mterest, composed as Manchester is, of German Jews and others
«ho.e only mtcrest is in the prosperity of other countries, altho^h
• Tto ToMl WM .. the Cmmer™ T,.de ..d N.,i,.u«„ of CmO.."
186
SPEECH AT LONDON.
|f ;
they h»ve the audacity not only to siercise political pomr in lis,.
tt -r: Tf^i tr ■"'"'"' "- ~-r:ri-
^Y now ao. 1 have Lfctle in common with Presidftnf T5n«^i«
r'^T'f'^t' ""'J '»"'* "'^^ - a^:i: o^t
oeUor of L 7 ^ ™t ""' "^ '^^ P™-' ^-g'i''' Chan
Whom h.r ■'''"'"::! »''• «'»^"«''«. 0' under thos, men
tti», if the farmer i, .,ght, all c ^eT'a^ Xht • L i^Z ff *"■'
jaiGiriitLE^rtir^rsrwUCTdi T
departed f ^o old principle that Xd or ^ -^f
E-^land u England, doing so in the fe«e of the .tron^t e*nce
Wrge Bentmck m compiling the statisfes which he anoke i„
M gueens Statiahoal Work, that the manure put upon the land
country, (hear) although the latter, or foreign-tride interest now
^ILT^T'""'- .""^'''^ England ':assaveTHr
trous effects wbch must have flowed from her opening her porte
r n • ^7 P^P^'-'ty. '■""ever, has been solely caused by
k h^bf "' *^ P-~- -«tels in 1847, and sutaquentl7
f TJ r\ ™ '^'"^ ""^ *» »''« '!«= las' "Faker, mv
that I desire t«, see no ccmmeroe, nor manufactures which havel
that of agriculture. It is easy, however, to show how much bene
fit has accrued to the Canadian farmer from the improvem nte
made m our systems of trade and locomotion. As the PionrrTf
Toittsf ^'J r1 " ''"'""^f our Montreal r: in
by me m 1831 ; m '^^^^ «"' merchandise forwarded
iSJ u '! T '^""*"'' *" ^'"°""»' ™ O"' dollar per hun-
dred weight, and the freight in 1863 is only about a tenth pTt
SPEECH AT U>NDON.
187
«f a dollar. (Hear, hear.) Prerioua to my coming to reside m
»m»g o»r connection m this western comtry, and thirty years ai
™t»r of 1830 I slept a night at the store of Mr. John McFarlane
at what was then called " Number Nine," in Aldboro', on Jmc
Ir.; , T T1 "" **' ""' '=™''' '"• «■« "t*" «">>»gli the roof
and didtae permit Icould give many suchaiustraaons of fheolden
2e)lti '° ^''™''" '^^"■™' *<"" ""y "'^^ ™ Montreal, the
merchants there havmg at that early day been opposed to the
ctltr ''"Z^^^- ""^ *» '^' «- the Montreal mer!
ctl^ »» -"petition in the purchase of the wheat of Upper
nil 'of Y""" *! ^"^'^ ™"'<' " ' ««'='«'' --pt atTe
ponods of the year when it suited the few Montreal buyers C
pa,d at leas a third more in price than now, whUe they got at least
a third less in price for their wheat, so that the farmer at that «mc
gave two bushel, of wheat for what he nowgivesone. (Hear.hear )
Such has been the beneficent effect of the establishment of b2
m the mtenor, wbch raised up a competition with the Mont^
clb -'h T ?' "'■''' °' ^PP^' ^"'^' ^d °f fte shnlnt™
mtenor. (Loud cheers.) No interior part of the United State
and no mterior country in the world, can boast of a trade wift^to
c nnechon, so direct with the first markets in Europe and otter
countries. In manufactures, too, our success has been marveC •
every article attempted to be manufactured being reduced LS
compared to what the imported article was sold at. The'trid s
mdie science of agriculture have been as great, if not gretter
allTfT'T>"'\T"'- <«'''^-) ciadahasesXed
a system of education probably also the finest in the world, the
books, &c., required by the schools, which now number m Unner
am «f «' -*316,28Tschola,;, this numbe^blg JoX
a fifth part of the whole population. (Hear, hear.) The Pionee,!
had, in fact, left very Uttle for their'successors to originate. T
h<\
h
188
■^i
i)
I
SPEECH AT LONDON.
Ai'ect control over their affairs £^2 K *™« *° ^le n>ore
"cept the United States At ^ ^ ^ *™ "" ""^ ""-^ """nf?,
Canada. I refer to n,» .« • °' ""^ ""een allaved in
legislative andE«e^^4'^:~*'' "^.t °°""°> »^«"«™
"»»' (loud applause) ; L re'clndf ■"" ^I"™"' Govern.
a oount^, in regard , t^e re^n'of" '"^« *« '»'"" "^
uncontroUed by the Imneri,!.?! "' """ "^^ »»<1 "ade,
«^s respect, /anada ha'i "ItrHe ^'v '"'^ ^'^"^' »
""lony. I have thus shown thttlp ^ "^ " '"'<*'""»«
cause of self-respect withorthe 1 ft'"' "' '^ »"««<""
t<-nighl given to us. The Kol <• '"""' " "ic^-stoation as is
Wia. priue e.clai„, i„ ^ af^ r«; hrL^"^"" »"«'"' «-
felt a great object would be served bvV\?™« "^ ^*«<»'. I
honour to whom honour is due T^ * ''™™'«Mon of giving
ve.7 valuable, in shewing a ch.ractelr"*' " *°"' ^ "«" «
. ada, the want of which i1 afcZl T.^r^ «" .^»°«' «f Can-
States. In the United StatesT^t " '"'' "' *^ '^»'«'l
oaMj loft out of their code „Tm tllfaerTT'"™' '' ^'■
™nt the advantages which arH. ^IT' '""^' '^'^ ''<"'"<' ""Oy
% having been -lo^^fd ,^" ':7«'' *»■» <«soipline and a„ J
is a government .tecedent Z 1 8"^^°""' "' *« f™"?. which
(Choe..) Gentlem^Cttle":-;' "?""""'' -" K^P""":
than simply to su-^^est IT ! ^' """ P*™!' ^ to do more
of this so^, bei^f h M : Sdf "^ ""I' "''' ^'^ > "-^«
personal gratificalon loyJsZ^ T^ ^'"- ^''' P'«»e»'
oan with heartfelt truth Xif ft T';:'^ *^'"""''" we
to the Chiefs"-. ■" ** "<"•* of Campbell's " HaU
"I'^'cr; '„:;?,:.':.;'•" "■•'"•^"..o-,
TVDM J I "°"' '»"»'' ''si' 'bore •
TWr cl, T "° """ "• ""• ""O"-
Hi
jli
SPEECH AT LONDON.
18!)
Facts for Canafc l,i,t„ry would be saved whioh are now Um^
homed as things Soating on the surfaoe of a river soon to rZf
r«sed araong us for collecting the incidents of theWar of 1812 .„,J
other great epochs in the histor, of Canada. (H* ar ) I ^1
member of the library committee of ParUament, a dimy menfon
kmd which has till now ousted. Up to this period we have ™S
an old gentleman in the Niagara district i!lSo ayj^ to „£
Swciety that we avaU ourselves of his services T n.. J
that the last piece of work done by him ^Tltch 7iT^T^
my lamented friend, the lato Hon. William HamiltonMeTri* AUow
indebted than to any other man ; and like myself I feel sure th»!
tS oH r™- ^! 'f " * ^'" P"*^ •» ha Cp^
tauly of subscuomg to the monument about to be erected b ft.
o«^tyofWln,tothi, Ac greatest of aU our piW« (it
tor) ; and m the moan time I propose that we now dn^ to S
amid which Mr. Buchanan resumed his seat.
■
}
I
MONEY AND LABOUR.
u:-.'i
I
i
AfONEY AND LABOUR.
Few pooplo have any conception how thorough Mr. Buchanan'.
mvMtigat,«„8 have been on the Twin or r«lh» qT.l
Subject, of Money and Labour. The E^^r aalught hT:
rate w,th Mr. Buchanan', great aim, which ha, ever be n t^X
people , attenhon to (or to lead people to think upon) the«, vital con
«der.t,„j«; and ho ha, detennined that nothing could rive a
better Ulu*at.en of what i, now alluded to than to give fnthe
Appendix (X) the content, of Mr. Buc>-- ■. „■ M.t ii j
Blue Book/or tUBuHing,; along witt- ' '^ ' "*"*
Buchanan on very interesting points. A "
from that pamphlet seems an appr-^pr.
introductory remarks :*
"That which we have long seen to be a gr._ elf^evident
hat under our present British principles of money, or monetenr
aw It . an utter impossibility for aiy country to'^CeanytoJ
muance of prosperity, because our prospeeity Z^^Tl
AND IMMEDIATELY IS THE CAUSE OF ADVERSITY Prll!
more bidde. for our own country's LZ^^Z^ ^^7.^:
"/i;^;tr/i t *; '^' ^' ^' -^rtation,^:
HOPES 0- THF wnp^L^ '"'''•'^ '"^ P"^''^ ^^ THE
marks by Mr.
ig quotation
to these
elf-^evident
n
19i
MONRY AND LABOUB.
\l .
"I
I I
^.
ATELY DASHED TO THE GROUND, UNDER THE
DOUBLE EFFECT OF LESSENED DEMAND FOR THEIR
LABOUR, AND OF THE PARALYSIS INTRODUCED
INTO THE MONEY MAPKET THROUGH THE THREAT-
ENED EXPORTATION OF GOLD. The great error of on.r
Legislation is thus seen to be that gold, while only a money or
eounter to our home trade, can be used as an exportable commodity
by the foreign trade, and is practically soused the moment the price
of our own productions rise above the lowest raw material price.
Even Lord Palmerston, I have been told, now feels it duo to hlm-
ielf to deny that he personally had any implication with tho
BARGAIN between Lord John Russell, the then premipv, and Sir
Robert Peel, to which I have alluded, (viz., that while Peel gave
a fair considt ration to the Russell government, his monetary
measures would not be called in (juestion,) and has gone the
length of asking for inlb'Tnation on tho subject of * this taxation
money.'' "
" In the meantime, however, like all previous and probably all
ftiture Reformers, we have long been made to suffer the martyr-
dom necessarily the consequence of what at first appears to the
world as ' the folly* of the truthy' a point which the celebrated
Swiss, Dr. Vinet (who writes this in the most eloquent French
of modern days) so well explains in the ibllowing beautiful words :
" ' Not only an opinion which all the world rejects, but a hope
which no one shares, or a plan with which no one associates him-
Belf, brings the charge of folly, before the multitude, against the
rash man who has conceived it, and who cherishes it. His opinion
may seem just, and his aim reasonable ; he is a fool only for wish-
ing to roalizo it. His folly lies in believing possible what all the
world esteems imposoible. * • • ♦ •
" ' Many reason upon this subject as if nothing had happened
smce the day when God, looking upon his work, saw that what he
had made was good. They speak of truth pa if its condition
amongst us were always the same. They love to represent it^
enveloping and accompanyiiig humanity, as the atmosphere enve-
• The French medical word /o/i«— insanity.
U
I
MONEr AND LAEOVU.
r«
tZ.r' ZT""''': '"^ ^^f ^" ^^ J*--«^ through the
tl.?T* f " "'^ '"' ^"^''» '^ "'^^ ^*'^a«he(l to our mind m
iho afno.phore to the gl>bo .0 inhabit. Truth i. a .ZL7
who standing before the threshold, i. Ibr ever prossinTwrcb
the hearth, from which nin has bani.hed it Ah w" nlllj
mournful Egare 6xe.s for a moment our distracted attention. Euch
ume t awakens m our memory I know not what dim recollect 0^
rstil ;.. ""' ^''" '"^^^ '""''''^y ^ '•«P"^i-t" the truth,
we still retani some unconnected fra^-ments of it- wL.f *•-. ,• I
«ur enfeebled eye can bo-, what of iris r. V f '^ ''°^^
dition 'I'J.., rif • : ,. ^ proportioned to our cou-
ait.on. J he rest we reject or disfigure, so as to render it difficuJfc
of recogmfon .hile . .etuin,-which is one of our Tnisfortlt
--the names ot thmg« we no longer possess. Moral an" l|
trutu IS hke one of those monumental inscriptions (level ;.: I
groimd) over which the whole community pass aa thev . / k
b..mos., and which every day become Vora^dZrfdled"
uut.1 some fnendly chisel is apphed to deepen the Tea ! I J
worn-out stone, so that every one is forced' t^ po J • Z^t
read it. That chisel is i.v the n yds n«. . ««.,
who has not believed that M LZm 1." n'^" ?' """' °"*'
because it ia alt the world ="' """'''^ '"'' ■""'"?
" ' ne strange things whinh that stran.'e man 8av» .„J i.- ,.
!s\::;;:hitr;tirh:h '■ -™r ^ ---«
better adapted to us thl" " U ^™?' "^'^ ^ '^'*^'' '' "
intimate relations ^ith a^ 1 ', """T' ''"'"'^ "^ ^^ ""= ""«»
196
I' I )
H^
M'
¥ I
MONEY AND LABOUB.
CAUSB ERROR EXHAUSTS AND DEGRADES ITSELF J BECAUSE PALSfr
HOOD, WHICH, AT FIRST APPEARED TO BENEFIT ALL, HAS ENDED BT
INJU- ;ng all ; so that truth sits down in its place, vacant aa it
were, for the want of a suitable heir. Enemies concur with
friends, obstacles with means, to the production of that unexpected
result Combinations, of which it is impossible to give account,
and of which God only has the secret, secure that victory. But
conscience IS not a stranger here ; for there is within us, whatever
we do, a witness to the truth, a witness timid and slow, but which
a superior force drags from its retreat, and at last compels to
speak. It is thus that truths, the most combated, and at
FIRST, sustained BY ORGANS THE MOST DESPISED, END By'bB-
COMING IN THEIR TURN POPULAR OONVICTIONS.
" ' This, however, does not prevent a,U such truths from being
combated, and their first witnesses from passing for madmen. At
the head of each of those movements which have promoted the
elevation of the human race, what do you see ? In the estimation
of the world, MADMEN. And the contempt they have attracted
by their folly has always been proportionate to the grandeur of
their enterprise, and the generosity of their intentions. The true
heroes of humanity have always been crowned by that insulting
A.r. Buchanan was perhaps the very first person on either side
of the Atlantic, who had the hardihood to proclaim that a country'^
legislation should have in view its working classes or producers
alone*-seeing that the fact that the other classes are above the
necessity of labour shows that they can take care of themselves.
The knowledge is beginning to dawn on minds open to honest con-
viction (If they only dared to express it to themselves and others)
that what we have been in the way of calling the interest of the
country, IS often the ruin of its working clLs; whereas tha
which^r the mterest of the working classes, can never he the
•The Oobden-Peel heresy being, ih^Uonur,mer7^A^^^Z^^^Zi^^~^^
MONEr AND LABOUR.
197
that
fteol „rl^: T ""'.f^- B-'"""'^ P'0P»»al « seen lo be
SfT^'""" """*■•''»'»'"« «"" P--»*^oe« form the great
mterest bes, the r production being more than their consumption
:*: cZ '* """"'""'"'' '-"' *^'' -p'°^-°' -s^";
By the following quotation it will be seen that the Amemcah
aZst B ":™'"' r' ''"'™"" p™'-"' « b* intrrb:
rflh!?fv ," ' f ''"°« *' «""''"'<'« «" the employment
of the working classes of the mother country.
(Jrora rt« ^mWm 0}«ot«. „/ SOmnry, 1864.)
proceeding A change of Ministry is a not improbable event. The
finnness of the Premier and the position of Denmark render it
mdeed highly probable. Who are to succeed the present me„
Lord Derby and Mr. D'lsraeli ? Great and deser^cdT h ir toe
« m wars of words, are they the men for the present cm rgenc;
Have they a po hcy-a policy that will at once commend iS to
th masses of half-starved workingmen in the manufacturing di^
tric^ now far advanced in their second, and many in their thid
^rkeen Aem f^T 7'°''™'''''^''"*^^=""™"'"-''"^^
™e don, r rr f°°?'"8r' of England and Scotland as they
are doing out of Ireland ? If they have, let them declare it • if
Sr tMW d '' "'^"/''"^ ^'"''- I" "■^' -- *oy oan dogooi
a tar. T. °"'' "*'f "' ""^ <"'"''«'^ "»'■'«'-. or to the countiy
at large. They may consider themselves bound in honour, by pledg^
e en more than six years since, to abstain from foltowbirtbe
^^'tr^Uh " "v ''' ""■' ™"'"'^°'-' -™P>- Tts
Kr; sl T "t' "^ '"' "'^" "°' -I'Wil/ploclged a,
foL ^ '"'"' ""^ "'' "«''"^ »'"■«'" fo'- ft'^y will be
Old Toryism is r)al9iGdl_l.nnn]«.ooiv =n wi • •
.- i..,...,K.„,^ij so. VVhigisra IS much the
198
MONEY AND LABOUR.
I V I
if
same-hopefulljr so. Radicalism waits only the capture of the
^annewcrk, and the apotheosis from Downing Street of Lord
Palmerston to bring forth "reforms" in litters-base whelps of
Birmmgham, Rochdale, or Manchester kennels-abolition of pri-
mogeniture, abolition of entails, abolition of the law of hypothec
abolition first of church rates, then of church. As for peerage and
royalty, such as they are, treat them according to circumstances-
the one may be made as harmless as the other. Before all other
yels however, let there be a great extension of the franchise, if
that be thought compatible with the supremacy of the powers that
really be, and rule Ihose that only seem to be ; otherwise a smaller
extension of the franchise ; but in cither case an extension specially
directed against present landed interests-an extension professedly
Jiberatmg the people, but in reality binding them with tighter and
more subtle chains.
Reform, extension of the franchise, &c., &c., captivating phrases,
but impotent to procure the big loaf which Free Trade promised to
got, but failed in getting. Yet they will be listened to again, if real
benefits are not offered to the people in their stead.
Thanks to Free Trade, old Toryism, or even old Conservatism, i.
now impossible. True Conservatism must outbid Radicalism-must
oifer to honest industry palpable benefits instead of plausible bui
lymg promises.
AVhat has true Conservative statesmanship got to offer to the
tTmt'all ; '? ""'''f *' ^"^' • ^"^ *^'-S-hich is worth ten
times all the nostrums that Radicalism ever has offered or can offer
ITJ\7 n V f ''? '"^ "^^^ ^^'^ ^'^ '^ 'he land-viz., the open^
And tha ,s the ../. policy by which the workmen, agricultural and
manufacturing, can be peaceably elevated from their present noto-
riously downtrodden state. Radical statesmen won't offer that.
be J Tn , Jl^"'' "^''"'^ *'"''' ^'"^^^^'^" '^ ^^'th in what ha*
been called " the gosjel of enlightened selfishness." It would
make what they call t?.ir hands really free, which is the very la.t
th ng they would like to see. Ay, but will it not make the agricul.
Iil^e that ? It will make these workmea free too, and some-let u.
i
MONEY AND LABOUR.
19»
hope not all, or even a majoritj— of the landlords and farmers maj
think such liberty excessive, and quietly argue that it is not desi-
rablo for the sake of the working-people themselves ;— as the master
manufacturers, and the merchants, and the bankers, and moneyed
men, or the bulk of them, together with all their organs of the
press, will loudly and fiercely argue that it would ruin tho poor
operatives, whom they have pitied so much and praised so much for
their noble patience, and consoled so much with hopes of the good
times coming. Coming !— these have been coming any time these
two years— and yet are they not as far off as they seemed two years
ago ?— nay, farther, for is it not now nothing but Surat ! Surat !
Surat!— nothing but the detested Surat !— and not enough of that
for the operatives to work at, and prevent sinking themselves deepor
in debt ?
BUT IS NOT THE FIELD OF THE BRITISH COLONIES
REALLY OPEN BOTH TO MANUFACTURING AND AGLU.
CULTURAL WORKMEN ?♦ If not, where is the obstacle? The
obstacle has always had a fine name ; formerly it was called Pro-
tection, now it is called Free Trade ; but under the former name it
was, and under the present name it is, a stringent monopoly. And
»t was to strengthen this monopoly, to extend and entail the divorce-
ment of manufactures from agriculture in the cobniej, and to render
more sure and expeditious the transference of land in Britain from
the territorial classes to the moneyed and manufacturing millionairea,
that the permanent and universal-peace-insuring and the bi.r-loaf-
procuring policy of Free Trade was invented, to bring upon the^oper-
atives and the people at large the strong delusion in which they
believe, and under which they, in two senses, lie.
In conclusion for the prenent, Conservatism in England, to suo>
ceed to place, and hold it, needs to encouraue Conservatism in the
colonies, ^needs to encourage the marriage of agricdtire with
manufactures there-which can be done only in on. way-the xvay
by whroh alone such marriage has anywhere been consummated—
t'^2., by protection to manufactures — colonial protection. And
that, to he effective, must be large.
• Here is the principle of the An erican ^^oiiverein.
200
MONEY AND LABOUB.
I: I'll
n
M
I!
FREE TRADE IN MONEY, THE ONLY FREE TRADE
WE WANT.
OB PBOTECTION THROUGH THE CUBRENCY, THE TRUE PKOTECTION TO
THB HOLDEBS OF BRITISH COMMODITIES, STOCKS, AND LABOUB-BEING
A BHOCHURE PUBLISHED BY MR. BUCHANAN, IN LIVERPOOL, IN 1847
M^Jnpr!?/'^''''**''''^' ''^'' ''"''^ "^ ^^^E^' A CONTEMPTIBLE
MEMORIAL TO GOVEBNMENT.
Protection to the Money and Currency of this country, which are
the spmal marrow and life's blood of every British interest, is now
loudly demanded ; all parties now seeing clearly the vital and im-
mediate necessity of such an infusion of patriotism (or patriotic
Belfishness) into our monetary legislation as will secure just protec-
tion to British labour, as well as enable Free Trade to be carried
out to the greatest practical extent— viz., to an extent that does not-
lead to the reduction of our NATIONAL EMPLOYMENT.
Although charity .nust not end at home, it must begin there.
Any such common sense course is, however, far from being the
present policy of this nation, for we give the foreigner who is not
charged (in import duty or otherwise) his proportion of our national
burdens the same nominal price, in gold at the untaxed price, as
Englishmen who have to deduct from their price more than 25 per
cent, paid by them in taxes directly and indirectly. The cruelty
of this to our own people arises from want of " Protection to the
Currency." To the extent British taxes and profits are added to
British prices, our manufactures, freights, &c., become dearer than
gold, which IS fixed at the untaxed and profitless foreign or natural ,
value, so our gold is exported ; thus causing not only wide-spread
desolation throughout the land, but enabling the foreigner to bring
back, say a third more commodities than otherwise he could, to
compete with British labour, for (through our insane legislation) he
IS m the foreign market enabled to sell his Bill at par instead of at
25 per cent, discount. The present system in fact affords a pro-
tection to the foreigner to the extent of 25 por cent, (or whatever
our taxation amounts to). The foreigner ou-ht to get the same
mHailed quantity of gold (which he takes abroad as a commodity,
not as a money), aa the Englishman gets of commodities in exchange'
MONEY AKD LA30UB.
201
for that same amount of gold, or, in other words, the foreigner
ought to be paid in pounds as depreciated as the EngUshman's
pound 18 (meamred in the commoditien which the Englishman gets
for the price of his wheat or the amount of his freight list.)
MONETARY REFORM THE VITAL CONSIDERATION FOR HOLDERS OF COM-
TZir^ZT ''"'' " '' '^ ""^' "^« OFPROTECIOK
To the Editor of the Liverpool Standard.
Liverpool, 26th May, 1861.
Sir,— Agreeing entirely with Mr. Bimcm'8* pnnciph of paper
or emblematic money, I am also persuaded that a day will suddenly
amve when almost every man in Liverpool will be anxious to join a
monetary expostulation with the Government and the Xegislature
I think, however, that ani/ sort of paper money, properli/ secured, ,
Will be found as good for the purpose of preventing mercantile
panic as any other, (although the plan of Mr. Duncan, the issue of
government notes, would of course reduce taxation to the extent of
the interest on the circulation of the government paper) ; and my
object IS now to show how small a change in our monetary le^nsla-
tion IS required to save the holders of commodities and stocks."
THE TRUE PROTECTION TO BRITISH LABOUR, AND
THE ONLY POSSIBILITY OF CARRYING OUT FREE
TRADE, MUST ARISE FROM OUR GIVING THE FO-
REIGNER IN OUR MARKETS DEPRECIATED POUNDS
SEEING THAT WE MUST GIVE HIM THE SAME
NUMBER OF THESE POUNDS AS WE GIVE TO OUR
OWN AND OUR COLONIAL PRODUCERS, WHOM WE
PAY IN GOODS DEPRECIATED! BY TAXATION ; for
mstance, the American and Englishman get the same nominal
price for the same quality of wheat in the Liverpool market, but
•Jonathan Duncan, Esq., of London, was at that time lecturing on Money
in Liverpool. '
t They get less in quantity to the extent prices have taxation added to them •
and If taxation cannot be added to price, it must become a deduction from
wairea.
I
'1
202
MOyEY AND LABOUR.
the latter is paid in British goc 's, whose prices include the heavy
taxation of this empire, as well as our enormous local burdens, while
the American, instead of getting paper money, which will buy gold
at a British, or enhanced price, of £5 per ounce, gets paper money
which he can convert into gold at the foreign or untaxed price of
£4 per ounce, so that instead of selling his bill in New York (for
the proceeds of his wheat' for 25 per cent, discount, or for £76,
he sells it at £100*; and thus he can bring back 25 per cent.
more wheat, to oppose the British agriculturist, than the latter got
in British commodities in exchange for his wheat. It is thus clear
that though they got the same nominal amount in money, they did
not get the same quantity of commodities for the wheat sold in the
Liverpool market. It is a very great mistake to suppose that this
hardship to our houie agriculturist would be reduced by our being
able to induce the Americans to take manufactured goods to the
full ampunt of the produce they send us. On the contrary, the fact
18, that the proceeds of the American wheat sold in Liverpool, to
which I have alluded, would in every case be accounted for in
pounds steriing worth the saiie invariable weight of gold : and the
American would actually be able to compete more successfully with
^e British farmer the more goods go to America from Manchester,
Birmingham, aud Glasgow, as this would turn the exchanges more
in favour of England, and thus give him more money in New York
for his bill on Liverpool for £100 steriing. But even the Man-
chester men begin to see that the blighting effect upon prices, of
our present unpatriotic money law, is no less detrimental to our
manufacturing than it is to our agricultural population. Any one
can easily see this who is aware that the prices of our manufactures
both for home and foreign trade are dictated, in the long run, by
the price which the foreigner is willing to give us for our surplui
production ; such a person must, with the least consideration, have
no difficulty in seeing that gold at a fixed foreign price becomes an
miqmtously false standard of value, to the extent any taxation or
Indeed he sell, his bill at ^109 to £110 when the exchanges helween the
<!0..nti.e8 are at par , but this arises from the Americans having protected their
currency, by making the sovereign a legal tender with them at a price which ia
upwards of 9 percent, higher than it is a legal tender at in Englac'"
%
If I
MONP:y AND LABOUR,
208
profits are added to the price of British productions. I have often
before shown how it is only when things in this country are as de-
pressed as gold at £i the oz. that the foreigner prefers taking
British goods. He then gets, say SOs. for 20 bush, wheat, and his
choice of a remittance is between 80 yards of cloth at Is., or one
ounce of gold for 80s. ; but when a good state of the home trade
l^ves him lOOs. for his wlieat, he can get an ounce and a quarter
of gold, whilst he finds the cloth also so advanced in price that he
can of it get no more than 80 yards as before (the cloth rises in
price, and the gold rises in quantity!) The foreigner's taking the gold
not only reduces the employment of our artisans, but throws the
home trade into confusion, the export of gold always having the
effect of extirpating our currency and bank facilities. Thus^it is
that we denounce a low fixed price of gold as a gross injustice to
British industry, while we would wonder that it should have been
allowed to exist since 1811), did we not see that under the old pro-
tective system (up to 1846), our general exports were kept above
our general imports, so that foreigners could not actually removs
our gold ; they even then, however, had the advantage of us in
celling dear to us when things were prosperous here, while they
had It in their power to take a draft on their own country at the
low exchange of sovereigns at £S 17s. lO^d. the oz.— which in
America being a legal tender at 9 per cent, higher, will make our
now low prices 9 per cent, better to tho Araarican as compared
with the nominal price of his comnDiity in Amarica. And we
trace all our industrial evils to Peel's haviag in 1819 made money
a foreign interest in the state— an interest to which the distress of
all others is prosperity ("dearnessof moaey!") anl Peel's system
of free imports, while monay remains a foreign commodity, at a lo^
foreign price, we view as equivalent to depressing Englishmen to
the level in remuneration, and below the level in comfort, of the
foreign serf or slave-regardless of the habits of John Bull or of
his circumstances, as having to support an expensive Government,
Church, and National Debt, with local and corporation burdens
amounting to about as much more.
I, however, think it best to throw my views into the shape of a
memorial, as this is the form in which they may come to be wanted ;
204
MONEY AND LABOUR.
II
and reflection has shown me that a monetary movement will be
more effectually and quickly made by us as a community than as
an association or league, while this would also have the advantage
of preventing, for the present, any rencounter of particular men's
former antipathies on other questions, such as Free Trade and
Protection, if not of disarming such hostilities, about mere nominal
differences of opinion, in the future, among all men who have no
interest in party or faction.
We may be divided into two great classes : there is, first, the
men who have hitherto hpd their character mainly as a means of
supporting their families ; second, the men who have large realized
capital. The formtr class cannot (now that there is a perpetual
cheapening going forward) be expected to stand the losses which
are common ; and they cannot hereafter be trusted by the Bankers,
who have, therefore, to give their money cheap, aUhough it is not
plentiful, to the diminished number of bidders for their discounts
(comprised in the second class). The second class, to whom I have
alluded, of our merchants, see, too, that their ruin is only delayed —
the same class, or the capitalists, among the manufacturers being
already anxious to throw their capital out of co-operation with labour,
seeing that " wages of labour" cannot in their downward course be
made to keep pace with the decline in prices, so that there are now
no " wages of capital." All these men of capital must in the mean
time continue to reduce tlieir means, and in their turn will be over-
thrown when the Bankers come to lose their credit (which is the
chief thing Bankers lend to the public) — a thing inevitable
under our present money law, whenever gold comes into demand
for exportation, as from gold not being allowed to rise in price even
when, being scarce, it has risen in value, money has to be made
scarce and dear by the Bank of England, as in 1847, this being the
only means of crushing down prices- of commodities to the point
that will express the difference between the value and the price of
gold. The foreigner then gets more money for his gold, by the
poor man being thus driven to give more of his time and labour for
the same money ; and till this point is reached it is (under our
unpatriotic money law) the foreigner's interest to take our gold,,
leaving our maiiufactures, causing in this way commercial paiuc
1. I
1
MONKY AND LABOUR.
it will be
y than as
idvantage
liar men's
rade and
3 nominal
have no
first, the
, means of
e realized
perpetual
ises which
I Bankers,
h it is not
discounts
om I have
delayed —
•ers being
ith labour,
course be
•e are now
the mean
II be over-
lich is the
rSVITABLE
demand
■price even
) be made
being the
the point
le jpriee of
)ld, by the
labour for
[under our
our gold,
•cial paiuc
205
.«nd umversal bankruptcy. The present cheapneia is that self-same
mirae to the community which Mr. Huskisson pointed out in he
gjeat speech which he made in the House of Commons, on the 18th
of April, 1826, agamst a reduction of prices arising, not from
increased abundance, but from decreased ability to consume manu
factures;* but, nevertheless, and although I am a protectionist
(except where I can get two-nded Free Trade), I would not recom-
mend the poor man to submit to protection through the Custom
house at present, or ever again to allow his interests to bo tossed
about as the mere foot-ball of contending political parties. Having
got the "cheap loaf," our population should stick to it tiU it is
gradually raised in price simultaneously with their wages, and with
the prices cf all other commodities, in the only legitimate and per-
manent way-viz : by means of free trade in mmey ; and it seL
to me that It is clear, from the late report of the London Association
for Protection to British Industry, that the protectionists having
come to see that ''free trade in money" is virtually " protection
• The following are Mr. Huskisson's words:
" I am the first to declare my conviction, that if from any circumstances the
pnceo wheat were at this moment to be reduced materially b^wThai
now .s, there .s nothing which could more contribute to aggravate thi exist n^
distress, and to take away the best chance of early refi^f ^r I ^IJ k*
adWsedly. I say that the present average price of ihelVL on^w i h'cou^
not. >n my opm.on, be materially lowered without producingmore of suffering
than of rehef to all classes of the community. If the houfe could suddeZ
and materm ly reduce the price of all necessaries of life, so far from relieving
It would only aggravate the general distress. • * ^ «• irom reUev.ng,
" Cheapness, without a demand for labour, is a symptom of distress rh««n
ness always prevails where enterprise is at a stand • °',^'«'ress. Gheap-
" I admit that if unlimited foreign imports, which the war has suspended
were now aga.n allowed, bread might be a little, though a very 1 tt," Tea-'
than jt now is for a year or two. But ;vhat would follow ? 7he smll farm
would be ruined ; improvements would everywhere stand still; nS/rands
now producmg corn, would be given up and return to a statl of wlste tt
home consumption and brisk demand for all the various articles of fhetai
nr,! •. r "" '"""' contributed, eren during the pressure of war to tS
pros „ty of our towns, and especially of those which are not connect dwUh
manufactures or foreign commerce) would rapidly decline ; farming servant,
and all the trades which depend on agriculture for employment would S
thrown out of work, and the nece.sarv r«,„u „p ♦k^ ^ZVl^'l '"""I^ !*•
^hat wages would fall even more rapidly th;nbread7""^ "' ''"" ^'''' '*
203
MONEY AND LABOVB.
I I
to commodUies and wages," will now be willing to confine their
present movemont to tho attainment of » the reform of the cur
T'!.r'"""° "' ^"''"'^' "•^•^•^^ ''''''^''^ «««tom3 duties or
about the navigation laws, til' it is seen how far monetary r^for J
will go to carry out their patriotic view of preventing our nationS
employment being given away to foreigners
Mr. Duncan's prinoipie of money is no doubt correct, and tho
pubhc are mfinitely indebted to him for his gi,an.ic Lnd s U^
admit that had we to ongmate a system in a new country, his plan
or details, might be what we would adopt ; but surrounded as we
are by circumstances and prejudices in favor of gold as the seouritv
of the circulation (,f not as the standard of value), the mercantUe
community must toll Mr. Duncan plainly that we cannot submit to
any sudden revolution of our monetary system, especially as w*
aee that wo can attain his principle of paper money aa well through
the ^resent machinery of the Bank of England, as is shown in tha
memorial subjoined. We must first secure paper money through
our present bank system ; and when this is done most of us wUl
have no objection to see Mr. Duncan's system of Governmenfe
paper money established alongside of it, and gradually supplanting
It, to the extent the public get confidence in taxation notes, or t^
the extent these displace the circulation of the present banks.
Yours respectfully,
A Liverpool Merchant.
SKETCH OF A MEMORIAL TO THE QUEEN AND THE
OTHER BRANCHES OF THE LEGISLATURE
The Memorial of the undersigned Merchants of
DflEWETH — *■
That it has become, and is daily becoming more and more,
pamfully apparent that they, in commou with all holders of com-
modities and stocks, have been disabled by legislation from aaj
i »
MOWEY AND LABOUa.
20T
control over their own and their families' prospects in life—the
position of the Bank of England, instead of the stote of British
markets, being what now controls prices and wages, and dictates
the fate of every merchant and every man connected with business
or stocks.
That certain and speedy ruin to the Bank of England, as well
as every British interest, is inevitable— as these are being crushed
between the contradictory principles of British legislation— our
money laws basing all our national confidence or banking on the
presence of gold in the Bank of England, while our system of free
unports 13 perpetually leading to the diminution of that basis, and
as a necessary consequence, of that confidence. ' *
That to save this country from general bankruptcy and univer-
sal ruin in all its interests, the principles of British legislation must
bo reconciled, or made uniform, by tl.o monopoly to gold, and the
restrictions on the establishment of now banks, t3ing made to follow
the fate of all other monopolies— which can easily be effected as
regards the details when once the wisdom of Parliament shall have
become alive to the necessity of this ; for the Act of 1819 has only
to be so far altered as to do away with ipld as a Handard, while
retaining it an the neem-ity of the circulation; and the Act of 1844
need not be farther changed than to admit of new banks of issue
being established under similar restrictions or securities to the
present ones.
That the details of the now measure need not be more compli-
cated than as follows :- The Act of 1819 has only to be so far
changed as to make Bank ->f England notes a legal tender at its
own counter, as they at present are elsewhere, to tho extent of the
14 miUions owing by the government and the amount of specie in
Its vaults— «Ae Bank, however, being bound down never to reduce
ttB specie under a certain point, say fourteen millions; and the
Act of 1844 has only to be extended so as to allow of m-w b.mks—
whose issues might be confined to two-thirda the amount of certaia
public securities (to be specified by the Act of Pariiament), lod-^ed
with the government— and so as to allow the Bank of JBngland
and all other Banks, to issue one-pound notes. '
Periodical panic is the mevitable consequence of our commercial
sji
MOKRY AND LABOVH.
legislation ; any oonsidorable mewuro of prosperity, or rise in
prices, causes tho Uoopost distress, by making it the interest of
the lorei«nor to tako away our gold ; and if some such stop as the
foregoing is not taken in time, there will be a repetition, in a more
aggravated and permanent form, of tho panic of 18i7 ; and tho
Liverpool memorial of October, 1847, bo it remembered, was in
the following humiliating language ; asking from an individual as a
fa/our what they should demand from the law as a right, vi»., that
legK-lation shall not enable the foreigner to invade the sanctity of
tlioir personal concerns : —
" To th' Rif/ht ITorwurahh th^ Lord John Rutaell, First Lord of
Her Mqiest/s Trmmry, the Memorial of the Undersigned
Bankers, Merokmts, Traders, and others, Lihabitants of
Liverpool,
»• Shewktii, —
" That your memorialists beg respectfully to represent to your
lordship the present deplorable condition of tho trade, commerce
and manufactures of the country, and the imperative necessity for
•such immediate relief as it maybe in the power of the government
to aflford. Produce of every descriptioa is only saleable m small
quantities and at an enormous sacrifice. Bills of Exchange and
the most valuable securities are inconvertible into cash, even at
great depreciation, except in the most insigniacant amounts
Foreign orders for produce and goods cannot bo executed for
want of the customary facilities for tho disposal of biUs drawn
against them. Confidence is all but annihilated, and the currency
of the country is in a groat measure withdrawn and hoarded.
« It is needless, on this occasion, to enquire by what combination
of causorf thiy iaviontable state of aira:r3 has been brought about.
A crisis of uup;-allele'i t^o.erity exists, and your momorialista
believe that it is in the power of the Government to allay alarm
and restore confidence, by coming to the relief nf the commercial
and manufacturing classes bif a temporary advan on the credit of
the country.
" Your memorialists believe that it is not only the interest, but
or rifle in
intorest of
9top as the
in a more
; and the
od, was in
ndual as a
, viH., that
sanctity of
«t Lord of
dersigned
hitanta of
MONEY AND LABOUB.
20»
i
Itif T" ''' *^' ""^^ P"^^^*^'- °f *^^« manufacturingli
commorcal mtoroats cannot otherwise be prevented whereby^!
labouna, papulation will be immediately thro'wn out o ^Xment
"h If tT''' ''T'^^'^'y^ ^'^ -« not::r;soi „tt
rich, and who have merchandise and bUls. which, under ordLvl
Circumstances, would afford easy and ample means o ^t?^
engagements, wUI inevitably be compeUed t^'sU^p payjlt^ "^
t to your
omraerce,
>essity for
vornmont
m small
ange and
, even at
amounts,
sutcd for
Is drawn
currency
led.
ubination
it about,
lorialista
iy alarm
nmercial
credit (^
rest, bul
r
\i I
111
i
1
fi
IM
I
l'^'
III I
"THE GLOBE'S PERSONALITIES EEVIEWED,'
BXiaa A LBTTEB JTBOU
MR. GEORGE SHEPPARD
TO THS
TORONTO LEADER,
DECBMBEB, 1861.
ii
I
"THE GLOBE'S PERSONALITIES BEVIEWED."
TO THE HON. GEO. BROWN.
tC;rX' *" —«—*■> pervade, you.
Our quarrel, as Ke Zeader hu »aid, ;va8 not begua by me
/ou nave assailed me whenever the sKghtest pretext could be
found ; and smce Julj, last, you, „r those for whom you ar^ ^It
pockets full of rebel gold," a„d as a "ministerial hirelin.."
ready for pay to do the work of the government you oprs7°'l
have taken no direct personal notice of these Lck^rT^rtly
because the source from which they emanate ia duly apprecS
by every man whose good opirion I care to have ; pLaXcCe
uut.l now, you have abstaiaed from the mention of my name X'
^tac le .0 this moruing's Ghte changes the aspect of the caae "
In 1 rT. . ^^T ""-"'^'-keable abuse, and you thus confer
upon me a nght to speak to you, of you, and of myself, with a free-
dom which mordmary circumstances would be inexcusable.
I otr T\f'i' '■'■;"' "'"'"""'' y""' i^diotoont, and perhaps
But for pilhlin nn/1 rvo*«»»f t «. -rv . .
, . f„" i- i.«.^^t rcuauiis Jen. juavia a agent mieht
have remained for jrears without the slightest reference being mfde
r
I
214
THE GLOBE'S PERSONAMTIES REVIEWED.
) I
by the Globe to him or hia affairs. But when the recognized organ
of the Canadian Government became the mouth-piece of American
slave-holders and the stirrer up of hate and discord between Canada
and the neighbouring Republic, it was necessary to show that an
emissary from Richmond was among us and at the helm of the
paper. When citizens of standing and worth, who had ever
upheld British principles and British Institutions, were denounced
m The Leader as Republicans at heart and enemies of their coun-
try—it was impossible to keep back the fact that the man who bo
denounced them was but a few weeks before the panegyrist of
American Repiiblicanism and the paid hireling of Southern Sece&-
sionists. When gentlemen were denounced by name in the Govern-
ment organ, and pointed at as marks for public insult and attack
on our streets, simply because they were natives of the Republic-
how could we conceal that the man who penned the incendiary
lines was one who had himself found refuge from his misfortune in
that same Republic ? And when this same Mr. Sheppard ventured
to denounce all and sundry because they did not bend down to hig
gods— how was it possible to refrain from showing from the man's
hundred Harlequin changes tliat his opinions were utterly worth-
less ? But a few years ago, a roaring English Chartist and editor
of a Chartist paper in England— then agent for the settlement
rtf English emigrants in the Western States— then a defender of
Railway and York Road Jobbing in the Toronto Leader—then edi-
tor of the Washington Republic, which breathed its last under his
manipulation— then the subsidized editor of the High Tory Toronto
Colonist, v!h\ch died in his hands— then a fit of patriotism and
avowal of conversion to the views of the opposition— then editor of
the Hamilton Times, which speedily withered in his hands, and a
fierce advocate for dissolution of the Canadian Union— then the
editor of the slave-mongoring secession Washington Constitution,
which he soon ' did to death'- then a secession writer at Richmond
—and lastly editor-in-chief of the Toronto Leader, excniciatingly
loyal, eulogistic of Jefferson Davis, fastidious on buttons, given\
regimentals, and death on Yankee Railway Managers, Yankee
Lecturers, and Yankcedom in general. The political lectures of
Mich a man must be valuable, indeed— and if Mr. Beaty will only
THE GLOBE'S PERSONALITIES REVIEWED.
215
ized organ
American
m Canada
iv that an
Im of the
had ever
lenounced
heir coun-
an who so
Dgyrist of
rn Secesh
s Govern-
id attack
epublic —
iccndiary
brturte in
ventured
•wn to his
he man's
ly worth-
nd editor
jttlement
ender of
then edi-
mder his
' Toronto
ism and
editor of
Is, and a
then the
ftitution,
ichraond
jiatinglj
given to
Yankee
tares (f)f
fill only
keep him at the desk a few weeks longer, we venture to predict
that not even the York Road revenue will save The Leader from
the fate of its four illustrious predecessors."
Let me ask you, Mr. Brown, upon what pretence of propriety
you prefer these sweeping charges. To complain of a man's
" hariequin changes " is to insinuate that the author of the com-
plaint is an embodiment of consistency. To accuse him of being a
" paid hireling," is to suggest the inference that his antagonist is
an incarnation of disinterestedness. To sneer at him p,3 the subject
of " misfortune," is to excite a belief that the individual who sneers
has been blessed with unvarying prosperity. Are you in a posi-
tion, sir, that justifies any .jf these suppositions ? I do not press
the question in any private sense. I ask, can you on " public and
patent " grounds aver that what you allege to be sins on my part,
do not also attach to your own skirts? You consistent ! Why, if
change of opinion or alliances ■institute a iiariequin, you are a
political Grimaldi. ' You have danced round the ring again and
again, now serving Mr. Baldwin, anon slandering him— now flat-
tering Mr. HiNCKS, anon decrying him as worse than a highway-
man ; at one time consorting with torios to defeat reformers— at
another working with the Clear Grits for the extinction of con-
servatism ; for a season libelling Messrs. Holton, Drummond,
Lemieux, Sandfield Macdonald, and i^'oLEV— then conciliating
their favour, and taking them to your arms as colleagues in the
memorable two-days' cabinet. There is no limit to your gyrations
—no end to what you choose to designate inconsistency. I do not
suggest that these changes have been criminal. In the old country,
with institutions fixed, and classes and parties well defined, unvary-
ing adherence to one set of opinions or one band of associates is
impossible ; and it is still less so in a province, where politics
embody not so much of principle as of personalities, and where
individual mutations, in or out of public life, occur with a frequency
unknown elsewhere. Here, all of us lie down sometimes with
strange bedfellows ; and it has been your lot to do so amongst the
rest. Experience should render you tolerant toward others? And
since you woukl resent as a libel the allegation that your alternate
Iriendship and hostility had been dictated by corrupt motives I
216
THE OLOBE'S I'EKSUNALITIKH KEVIEWED.
■ ' I
.1 ;
In
may insist that the same judgment shall be motod to me until evi-
dence bo found to prove the contrary. At least, in the meantime,
I deny your right to arraign me for inconsistency ; and I defy you
or any man to prove that in any change I have made, corrupt or
smister motives are discoverable. Most of my changes have been
against my own interest. As to the " hireling " part of the busi
ness, you have used an offensive epithet in a connection Avhich you
know to bo hidefensiblo. Any payment I have received for service
rendered has^ been legitimate ; and I am therefore no more of r
" hireling " than your managing editor, Mr. Gordon Buown, or
your counsel, Mr. Adam Wilson, or my other person who in the
pursuit of a lawful avocation receives an efjuivalent for skill and
labour employed. No more of a " hireling," Mr. Brown, than
you were willing to be when you negotiated with Mr. IIincks for
the editorship of the Montreal Pilot; and not half so much of a
"hireling" as were you when you transferred yourself from New
York to Toronto to be the organist of the Scottish Kirk. Nor is
it seemly in you to talk sneoi-iugly of seeking " refuge from misfor-
tune" in the republic. One Mr. Brown and family did that
under circumstances which you would fain have forgotten. I never
did. Neither fraud nor misfortune ever compelled me to sock
" refuge" anywhere.
And now, sir, I propose to look in detail at those of your impu-
tations which more particularly affect ray professional character.
Your aim is to blast it. I am fortunately able to show that you
have only succeeded in traducing it.
" But a few years ago," you state, " I was a roaring English chart-
ist, and editor of a chartist paper in England." The same state-
ment has been circulated before by the minor prints of your party.
It is not true. There is nothing disgraceful that I know of in the
honest advocacy of ultra political reforms ; and we have the testi-
mony of Mr. Justice Coleridge as to the profound reading and
thought which were exhibited by chartists who were tried before
him for sedition. It would not be difficult, indeed, to find amongst
the intelligent working classes of England chartists immeasurably
your superior in grasp of mind or familiarity with the principles
THE OLOUE'S I'ERSONALITIES KEVIEVVED. 217
that underlie political discussion. But I never was a ehartist, and
never edited a chartist newspaper. On the contrary, I always
opposed chartism, on the ground that whatever evils and wrongs
exist m England are non-politieal in their origin ; I publicly opposed
he lEAKousO Connor land scheme at NewcasLon-Tyne and
afterwards had the chartists for my bitterest enemies in a movement
in winch I engaged at Hull. With regard to the press in England,
an enumeration of the newspapers with which I was editorially con-
nected wil estabhsh my denial. In 1839-40, during a brief residence
™: 7 1«;nl'";«;« ""^^ '"• *^«^yr^^.;..W,amoderat
Wlug.Froml840tol848,withtheexceptionofafewmonthsinl843,
Ijvas employed upon the Newcastle (7...«n., a neutral paper
dunng a portion of the period representing the London Daily News
.that part of England, and during the panic of 1837 contributing
ai tides upon Peel's Banking Bill to the London Morning Herald.
From the spring of 1848 to the date of my departure from England
m the spring of 1850, 1 edited the Hull IJastern Counties Herald,
a commercial and at that time a non-party journal-a journal as
fax removed from chartism as the Globe is from decency There-
fore, Mr. BnowN-borrowing a saying of Junius-/^^ .., Zl
you a Uarfor I have proved you one. Next, - agent for the set-
tlement of English emigrants in the Western States." A Quix-
otic affair, I confess, and one of which I had good reason to repent.
I 7^ul"'' T' '^''' '"'"^''^ "^y J"^S^«"* ^-y h^vc erred,
I faithfully carried out an unprofitable contract, and that I did not
terminate the agency without possessing evidence of the honest
employment of every shilling entrusted to me.
" Then a defender of railway and York road jobbincr in the
Toronto Leader.'^ Your chronology is at fault Mr.^BuowN
men I came to Canada from the Western States, The Leader was
he "oJTT ' r' " '''^ ' ^^^ ^^°^^*^*«^ ^i^h yourself upon
the Globe-thon the organ of the Baldwin-Lafontaine Ministry
-until my removal to Washington in the autumn of that year
iJ\lT\"T ''•*'^ "^^^^-S^on liepublio, which breathed
Its last under his manipulation." Again, not true. The Hepublic
was the organ of the Fillmore administratipn, and when Mr. Fill-
, t
m
III
if
\ f'l
2ld
THE GLOBE'S PERSONALITIES REVIEWED.
MORE vacated the prcsidencj, my relations with the BepuhUc teiv
nunated, and I returned to a farm in Flamboro'. The MepuhUc
outbved my departure. That my labours as one of its editors were
satisfactory to its proprietors is established by evidence which is at
your service if you desire to examine it. I may refer you to adhe-
rents of the federal cause, not likely to be specially partial now-a-
days to a southern sympathizer. Mr. Pike, then of the Tribune, now
tederal minister to the Hague, and Mr. Truman Smith, then senator
trom Connecticut, held strong opinions about myself and the EepubUe,
which modesty will not suffer me to repeat. Your friends, Mr.
iJANA, of the Tribune, and Mr. Raymond, of the Times, may also
introduce you to Mr. John 0. Sargent, one of the proprietors of
the Eepublic, who, I am sure, will convince you of your error. Or
as you have intimacies at Washington, your principal, Mr. Seward,'
may readily learn from another of the proprietors, Mr. George
(GIDEON, whether your version of the " manipulation " or mine is
correct ; and it is possible that Mr. Gideon may feel n,t liberty to
tell of propositions which were made to me last i^ebruary, whoUy
at variance with your allegation.
" Tlien the subsidized editor of the high Tory Toronto ColoMst,
which died in his hands." Not " subsidized," Mr. Brown. So
far from having profited pocuniarily by the editorship of the Colo-
nist, I lost by its acceptance, and you know it, sir. You know
that I lelinquishod a good position in the office of the Canada Life
Assurance Company, which I had held four years, to resume a con-
nection with the press. And you know that I surrendered the
editorship of the Colonist— xxw^qv circumstances that should bring
a blister on your tongue and a blush to your cheek when you per-
vert them to my injury. Others do not forget, though you may,
the service you received from me as editor of the Colonist. You
were assailed personally upon the floor of parliament, and I for-
feited valuable friendship by words of kindness penned in your
behalf. I was not then aware that you are insensible to high mo-
tives and deaf to honourable appeals ; I supposed you tr be a man
capable of truth and foirness, and subject to their influence ; and
I wasted good feeling; by stretching to you a generous hand. For
the moment you were profuse in your expressions of gratitude ;
tpuhlic tep-
3 Republic
liters were
«vhich is at
lu to adhe-
tial now-a-
ibune, now
en senator
Republic,
ends, Mr.
, may also
prietors of
;rror. Or,
Seward,
. George
)r mine is
liberty to
•y, wholly
ColoMSt,
>WN. So
the Colo-
!^ou know
lada Life
ne a con-
ered the
lid bring
you per-
son may,
%t. You
nd I for-
in your
high mo-
)o a man
ce ; and
id. For
atitude ;
THE GLOnK'S PEHSONALITIES REVIEWED,
2t9
bat those who knew you better than I, predicted that the gratitude
would prove a sham, and that, should the positions be reversed, ydv
J^ould crush instead of help mo. " You are generous," said
tieman to me on the morning on which the article appeared, ^
man who has not a spark of generosity in his nature ; you depre-
cate severe attacks upon a man who shows no mercy to his oppo-
nents, and is approachable' only with the weapons that are used
agamst a bully." My friend was right, and I wrong. Had I been
^ we^i acquamted with you as I am now, I should" hav^ said tht.t
Mr. PowELb did the country good service, and that you deserved
the castigation he administered to you. Please accept this as my
rnatire opnnon, and as the only atonement I can offer for the folly
f treatmg you as a reputable opponent. I shall not be guilty of
Jt agam. " ''
Moreover, it is not true that the Colonist died h my hands.
Wghteen months after my separation from it, its then editor, Mr.
^ Bhien, mdited a friendly notice on the occasion rf my omanci-
pation from the bondage of the Globe.
It suits your convenience to pas3 in silence my connection with
your journal. I am not surprised ; for the man who in 1858
nought my services, and in 18a0 published my praise, now attempts
f^ convey an impression adverse to my usefulness. From the Browv
of to-day, mortified and sour, I appeal to the Brown of January,
l»bU, tor a refutation of the calumnies now heaped upon me. The
folowmg editorial paragraph from the Globe of January 28th,
18b0~emanating as it did from your own pen-almost renders
nnnecessary any other vindication In reference to proceedings prior
TO that date : i c x
-We are sure the Reform party will learn with pleasure that
the Hamilton Tmes is about to be placed in a still more efficient
positmn than it has enjoyed yet; and that it is to be placed under
the Ed.toria. care of Mr. George Sheppard, who for eighteen
months pa^t has been connected with this journal. Mr. Sheppard
Will be a great acquisition to the press of Hamilton. He' a . able
man and an excellent writer. We part with our confr. '. with
regret, but at the same time heartily rejoice that he is about to
assux^u- a position in which he may be of essential service to (he
liberal cause, and earn new laurels for himself"
220
TIIK ULOBKg I'KRHONALITIKS RKVIKWK
in.
I {
Vh
u
^^ How happens it, sir, that a writer who in January, 18G0, wa.
a great acM.ns.t.,.n " to a newspaper, one who, acco.'^ding to your
uprosecl to have won some laurels as the conditio, -precedent of
the new laurels you indicated ;-how happens it, I ask that
.uohanoneis nowvihru-d by the (//.6., slwed by "leU
a esZ h" /, ^""' r'"" ■' ' ^''"" ^"^'^^ "" '^-^- ^ "-
qu^s .on bye-a.ul-hyo. It ...volves a little bit of political history,
and de8..o to keep .t distinct fi-on. the st..ictly personal account
winch 1 am e.ideavouiinK to settle with you
ini!:J^"r^^';:*" *''" ""'"'''"" ^^''"''^ ^'"^'' 'V^'^'^^y withered
m h s hands My soverance from the Time, arose out of private
matters w.th which neither you ..or any man has a ri^^ht to n^edd»e
I o..Iy k..ow that it did not "wither," a..d that the parties wh.
the,, held a proprietary interest proposed terms with a view to my
cont.n«a..ce. Besides, it is no secret that the Tinu-. was a sharp
thorn n, your side. Had it been - withering " ve..y visibly, yoL
would ..ot have en.ployed your hot.nds to bark at it, rK)r would you
have reproduced their barki..^ in the Giol>e.
L^UI'? '''" f \''\'^ "'' Hlave-,no..ge.-i..^; secessio,. Washingto.v
pable ot aught but lying V Or arc you strh.ging together lies and
guesses, under an expectatio.. that the truth will never overtake
them i 1 we..t to Washi.igto.., ..ot iis editor of the Constitution,
but u..der a cchdential engage.nc.t with the B.-ecke..ridge Cent.-al
tom.mttee, and mai..tained that .-clatio.. u,.til the close of the pro-
8.dent.al campaig.. ; the i..vitatio,. which took me thither havin-*
proceeded fi-om ge..tle...e,. who had opportu,.ities of k.iowing mo
wh.Ist con..ected with the Ji.-^mNic seven years p.-eviously. How
tny services were appreciated you .nay learn through the medium
of one of your Washi,.gton friends, Mr. Camkko.v, Secretary of
War ; for the chairman of the Ureckenridge Com.nittee, Governor
bTKVLNS, ,3 at preset colonel of the Highland regiment, and he
knows better than any other person exactly what I did at Wash-
ington Dunng last winter, I contributed daily to the Oonstitu^
tmi but I was not responsible either for its conduct or it^ fate.
Ihat fate waa r.ot death, aa you allege, but re.noval from Wash-
TUB (JLOnKH PKIWONAMTIKS RKVIKWKD.
221
ington to Montgomery, the capital of the Southern Confodorao^,
mibjoct to aoino arrungomunt miulo hy Mr. Ukowne, the proprietor,
with the proprietors of one of the Montgomery papers.
" Then a sciossion writer at Richmor I." Plainly, another lie,
sir. Mr. Dani. l, of tho Examiiu-r, offered me an editorial posi-
tion upon that journal, which I declined ; and all the writing I
over did at Uiohmond was as correspondent of a foreign journal.
My present connection with The. Leader \h hardly a fair subject
of remark. I am acting as the friend of Mr. Lindsey, who waa
for several months debarred from duty by illness, and whose atten-
tion, since his recovery, haa been aiworbed in domestic affairs.
But as sickness did not exempt him from the assaults of the Globe
I cannot reasonably expect that you will be considerate or oven
truthful in referring to myself as his substitute. It is, however
patiafactory for mo to know, as I do on the authority of Mr. Beaty'
that since July tho circulation of each edition of The Leader haa
largely increased, and that it is to-day more prosperous and more
influential than over. If you believe what you have been base
enough to write, you would pray from morning till night for mj
continuance hero. And it is because you «ro aware of the grow-
mg power oi The Leader, and of tho odium which attaches to the
Glol^e as a Canadian organ of the Washington government, that
you seek this method of prejudicing a formidable rival. It is the
trick of a coward, as false as ho is contemptible
I propose sir, to say a word touching your general accusation,
that I am a hireling," available by any party who may pay me
and I shall again place yourself against yourself. Your conve^
ment memory may not recall a meeting held subsequent to the St
Lawrence Hall Convention, in 1859. Mr. Mowat may refresh
your memory, if at fault. It wa. alleged, you are a/are at
my motion for " pure and simple dissolution," in amendment to
your vague resolution, was in pursuance of an arrangement be-
tween ourselves ; and, on the occasion I refer to, you spoke of the
expression of this idea by one of your acquaintan'ce. it adil
PARD to humbug the Convention ? Preposterous ! If I wanted
to make such a bargain, he is about the la.t ,..n t ^h^u'd ^ iJ
m
THE OUIBEJJ J-EHWNALmta «EVIEVVKI>.
to for the purpcio. Ho it) too umnnimg.)ul)lt) for timt." Vou
wero right, Mr. H..own. Thero waa no coo.jiuct hetwucu us in thy
Convention. You and 1 uctoU indopondently of each other, a»
. Hr. HoLTON can tcstijy. And your fanuliarity with uie had taught
jrou that 1 couhl not b.' readily ''umnagc.l " when trickery was t«>
bo accomplished. Others have formed tin; same estimate. I am,
M you describe it "cantankerous" when gamnum is on the board.
And I submit, therefore, that by your own testimony 1 am acquit-
ted of the pliability which is the prime element in the composition
of a ''hireling." I have changed my ground often, and my
alliances more than once ; but im politiciaji in (t out of Canada
c»n prove that any of those changes has been mercenary i- if«
origin. [ have avoided Hxeduess in business simply because f am
inflexibly ros(.lved to avoid debt. I have returned fry m Uie Grit
to the Mod>-ratt ranks simply becanne ejjcellmt oppurtunities of ob-
servation have safisJieU vie that the leaders of the ul/raists are
dishonest, (hat thei/ are engaged in a vulgar str amble for office,
and that their party, disorganized as it t», in powerless fur good.
There is a wide difference between those who, like myself, have
been at Washington, and those who, Uke yourself, » look to Wash-
ington." I have not been behind its scenes without learning some
useful leaaons. 1 went prepossessed in favor of the Anierican
system. I returned convinced that that system is rotten to the
core ; convinced that, practi all v, it is vastly inferior to the British
system— that it is more demoralizing both to politicians and people
—and that its democracy leads to but one alternative, anarchy or
despotism. Your gentlemen who •' look to Washington," on the
other hand, ignoring the teachings of the past, and discarding th«^
fltrikiug warnings of the present, persist in striving to force Canada
down the rapids of democracy, that, with the province American-
ized, you may realize the gains which wUl remain beyond your reach
90 long aa the poople of Canada cherish attachment to the mother
land.
The repeated endeavours you have made to render me responsible
for a species of Canadian Know-Nothingism are almost unworthy
of notice. All I have done has been to direct attention to th&
selfish, clannish, impolitic temper wiiich has been and yet is displayed
THE GLOUK8 I>UU80NALITIE8 REVIEWKU.
228
t." Vou
I us ill thu
uthur, a^
iuil taught
vy Was to
f- I am,
ho board,
m acquit-
lupoHitiuu
and my
f Canada
try I:; i^«
luso [ am
tJie Grit
ien of ob-
aistH artt
'or office,
' good.
lelf, have
to Wash-
ing some
Lmericau
n to the
e firitisb
d people
archy or
" on th©
ding th»
Canada
tnericau-
ur reach
) mother
ponsibl*
nworthjr
1 to th&
idplayed
by northomers whom British capitalists have investetl with authority
over others. It is too !>.ul that upon the Northern Raih-oad, owned
and sustained by British subjects, only Americans have had a
chance of employment under Mr. Guant. He, and others like
him, if they come here in good faith, should evince a spirit the op-
F8>t« of that which, until very recently, has i)rovailed in the
management of the Northern Railroad ; and if they refuse , they
must expect criticism and censure. Professing as you do strong
British feelings, you should be the last to palliate, still less to de-
fend, the e.xcksiveness in which many Americans amongst us indulge.
And now, Mr. Buown, let me revert to the question mooted in
a previous part of this letter. Why did you and I differ ? Why
did we separate ? An article which I sent to the Elora Obser'),^,
and which appeared in its columns some time in December, 1859,'
partially furnishes an answer. Having found a constitutional agi-
tation more awkward tlui: you anticipated, you sought to set asida
ttio decision of the Convention, or to thrust upon the party yoi,
own version of the compromise entered into. I said in the Observer
what I was not allowed to say in the Globe, and thereupon we
quarrelled. The editors'.iip of the Hamilton Times enabled me to
expose iJie insincerity, the dishonesty, of the movement as control-
led by yourself; and those exposures led to the feud which has ita
climax hi your disgraceful outburst of this morning. You de-
nounced me because, having detected the fraud you were practising
upon the oppositionists of Upper Canada, I dared to expose you
»nd to invoke upon you tiie scorn you deserved. From then till
now, your journal has followed mo with a petty vindictiveness that
has known i.o limit. Upon every possible occasion it has assailed
me, imputing to me functions with which T ' ^e nothing to do, and
trying to injure my professional standing in Canada ; and now 'you
sir, concentrate your envenomed hate in a single article, with the
hope that by piling lie upon lie you may succeed in crushing me
Thank God, I am beyond your power. My livelihood is not de-
pendent upon your good will; my future is not contingent upon
your patronage.
I am, &c.,
December 11th, 18G1.
George Sheppard.
!;!
i
m
fi: 1
THE IRRECONCILABLE DIFFERENCE
BBTWKEN THE
PRINCIPLES or MR. BUCHANAN
AND
THOSE OF MR. BROWN.
LETTER OP
MR. BUCHANAN TO THE HON. GEO. BROWN,
BHBWINO THB TERMS CPON WHICH HB OFFK.BD
TO VOTE FOB HIM AS
SPEAKER OF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY
ON THE OCCASION OF THE LATTER BEINO
NOMINATED TO THAT OFFIC
S
BV HI8 PARTY.
Il
il
l-i
THE IRRECONCILABLE DIFFERENCE
BETWKJBN TKB
l^RINCIPLES OF MR. BUCHANAN
AMD
THOSE OF MR. BROWN.
Mr. Brown s newspaper, the aiohe, is generally " down" upon
.«ome public man whom it wishes to ostracise\ Mr. Buchanan is
the person at present in this alarming predicament. The Globe
accuses hun of anything and everything the most remote from the
truth, such as of being a Republican some years ago, &c &c *
In various numbers of the same journal, especially in one in which
an article appears, written during the last session, about the time
wl ^^t^"^';.^?;*f ^^"* «f ««»fidence in th . present Adminis-
trat on, a letter which he wrote previous to the opening of the same
Sp akership of he Assembly, promising that gentleman his vote is
alluded to, and the charge of inconsistency, endeavoured to be faal^
ened upon Mr. Buchanan, based on the said letter. The Globe inTte
eagerness to destroy Mr. Buchanan, pohtically, has even g^Te 'so "a^
Htt e M^t" . ^"'''' ''^^ ™P^^*^"* ^'^'^ I'^P- •' To'shew how
ttle Mr. Buchanan values the menace of such an one as the " EdI
tor-m-chief " of the said journal, at the Editor's urgent requesfhe
are re.err^a to the colu.as of ^Gio^^r.;^:!:^::::^'^ ^^-««*
9.
228
DIKFKRKNCE BETWEEN BUCHANAN AND BROWN.
«' S
has favored hiir with the letter in question, which goes to show that
the only evidence of inconsistency against Mr. Buchanan is, that
of trying to the last to think well of Mr. Brown's motives; the
writer of it was at length driven to consider him the most unprin-
cipled of all politicians, or, in his own words, " not good enou^^h
to be bad." °
j
I.
show that
in is, that
tives; the
st unprin-
id enough
LETTER OF MR. BUCHANAN TO THE HON. GEO. BROWN,
BHBWINO THK TKBMS UPON WHICH HB OKFKUBD
TO VOTK Foil HIM AH
SPEAKER OF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY,
ON THE OCCASION OK THE LATTKIl IIEINO
NOMINATED TO THAT OFFICE BY HIS PARTY.
Mountain, Hamilton, 1st August, 1863,
Saturday Evening.
My Dear Sir :
^peaker s chair, I shall have great pleasure in voting for vou I
:: IS ''ff ''' -'''-''-'' ^ '^y ^- ^" '^« -^-
1 can, without violating my conscience ; and this is to admit the
racter The fact that I cannot go farther on your road would
seem to make it a duty to myself, as well .as Jyou, o g^I you
f cVn^^^^^^^^^^^^ "^ ^"'"'l'^""* '' P--«- expressions';,^ want
iou tlimk that a Political Economy suited for Britain C™H o„„
prospered) ,, cqnally suited for this youns countrv. r c..,„.t " •
(J.ough I have tned hard to do ») m/„,e„.al isscn't ti any ;;;'.
I ■ '
230
lilCTTKK TO TIIK HON. GEOROK BROWN.
/I
position of any approach to Free Trade in a new country. I, in
fact, deny that political economy is a science at all ! A science is
a system of fixed tacts ; and the facta of Political Economy can
only bo cireiimstatices, unless we would legislate with our eyes shut,
and without the least reference to the country in which we legislate.
I see that the Free Trade Legislation of England was a horrible
blunder from 1842 downwards, and I believe the opening of its
flood-gates in 1846, would have caused a Revolution in England,
from want of employment alone, but for— first— the providential
existence of the Mexican War, which gave England back, from
America, every sovereign America had drawn, and afterwards
(immediately) the providential discoveries of California and Austra-
lia as gold fields. But for these sources, we could not have given
the world the gold which Peel's open ports secured to foreigners,
without their giving the least equivalent. Gold did not exist in
the necessary quantity, even although (which must have done) we
were willing to give British labour at half nothing for it. And I
see that even discoveries of Gold would not make Free Trade
tolerable in Canada, circumstanced as she is. We have proof posi-
tive of this in the sad experience of Lower Canada, in the past.
She followed the advice of England, and did nothing but grow
wheat, allowing England to furnish her with her supplies of goods.
She got Gold, or its equivalent, just as much as if there were Gold
mines at Acton ; and she grew and grew wheat till she could grow
no more. The land, like an impoverished animal, became the prey
of insects. She had not known that rotation of crops is necessary,
and that this cannot bo attained without a home manufacturing and
artizan population, to make the farmer a market for his roots, vege-
tables, milk, beef, and other things which he cannot export. I see
that (let them do their utmost) the Northern States and Canada
cannot export enough to pay for the least importations, to which
practically, we can reduce our purchases from foreigners ; so in
our clrcinnstances, it is practical patriotism to prevent the country
becoming spendthrift in the particular of purchasing more than the
least quantity of foreign labour. The less money we send away
to pf-y for foreign articles, the more we have to expend upon articles
of home manufacture, and in local improvements. Now, if I knew
LETTER TO THE HON. GEOKOE BROWN.
231
so in
that this (the employment of the people) is the only question of
any comparative importance in Canada (and 1 have tliis great
guarantee for the correctness of my opinion, that no man is more
interested than I am in the country taking large importations)
what must I think of you as a practical patriot, if you do not see
it of any importance at all ? It is clear that either I must have a
great contempt for you as a practical man, or for myself ! ! I must
suppose that you have done, and will do, incalculable harm m incul-
cating " Free Trade" (or large purchases by Canada, of foreign
labour) from day to day. I have no doubt you think yourself a
patriot, but you are deceiving yourself, just as every day we see
men who think they are Christians, but are not so.
It is obvious that as a practical patriot, I think you unsound at
the core. I deeply regret this. I have neither desire nor ability
to be a leader in politics, and I would as soon follow you as any
other man. Even in respect to the foregoing m;<Her, or the em-
ployment of Canadians, there is evidently a great gulf between us,
and THE ONLY RESULT, I beUeve, op representation by popula-
tion WOULD BE TO WIDEN YOUi. FIELD FOR DOING HARM ON THIS
VITAL MATTER OF OUR PROVINCIAL EMPLOYMENT. More pOWCr WOuld
be given to new comers, not one in a thousand of whom know any-
thing about the great interests of Canada. I have always placed
a high, because a true, value on the advantage to United Canada,
of the greater experience of Lower Canada as a country. But
for the votes of the Lower Canadians, we would still be buying
from the United States our Agricultural Implements, Machirfiry,
Boots and Shoes, Cotton Yarn, and all our Cotton and Flax Goods,
&c., &c., and we would not have recovered yet from the money
panic of 1857. Tliis service of Lower Canadians to Upper Ca-
nada is of more conscciuence to Upper Canada than all the harm
they have done us, or hav^ been represented to have done us,—
supposin^r such representations all true, which they are iwt. But
supposing that, instead of doing great harm, situated as we are,
representation by population was as undoubtedly as right and good
..ning as the freeing of the Slaves in the Southern States ; should
we not take warning by seeing the lives and treasure sacrificed by
Lincoln and Seward? The goodness of the principle will not
232
LKriEK TO THE HON. (JKOUGK HUOWN.
atone to the widows and orphans, or for the b, nkruptcy of tho
•country. It novor seems to have struck you that, to adopt tho
prmcple ot- Representation by Population, is just to decide against
i^dward 8 Islan.l, for these small colonies never could join Canada
upon such a principle.
And supposing that some good instead of considerable evil, wore
to arise through the discussion of Kepresentation by Population,
there could be no goo.l that would bear the least comparison to tho
"yury done the people of Canada, by your putting into abeyance tho
legitmiate vital matters which should be discussed under the Con-
stitution, ,n order that the Constitution itself, or, in plainer language,
a Revolution might be discussed in the face of immense armies on
our tr,.ntior. In this view alonr (ycur mmmim to <nvK up
THE A.HTATION OP CONSTITUTIONAL CH/NGES FOR SOME YEAHS) I
SHOULD LIKE TO SEE YOU IN THE 8i>EAKER's ChAIR.
A i.olitical party in Canada, that dares not make tho individi al
Avell-being (for which employment is only another word) of the
people of Canada the first and most essential thing iu its politics
has always seemed to me something monstrous, besides being a
contradiction in tern.. The most practical loyalty in Canada is to
JaDour that Canadians should have nothing to envy in tho United
btates, hut those who would allow the Englisli ]}oards of Trade
and the Manchester School of Politicians to dictate to Canada'
justify the Canadians in complaining that their liberty is not that
of a country whose laws are dictated by its own public opinion, but
tliat It ,s a <lependent colony. Under such circumstances, how
long eould the connection last ? If Cana<lian labour is to have no
advantage even in Cana.hi, (it having none in the Empire else-
where) Canadians will feel that, as l^ritish subjects, their herita-o
IS one only of <luties to perform, and disadvantages to face, and
not of privileges to enjoy, as was the heritage of him who could
sa^V of old " Sum. Jiomanuxr Even if fitted for England, Free
Irade is not fitted for Canada nor for the Empire. Free Trade in
truth, IS the contrary principle to that of Empire, which under'its
blasting operation is a mere bundle of sticks with no bond of union.
In Canada no one wants protection to Manufactories, except to the
I.KriKU TO IMF, HON. (iKoliOK HKOWN.
283
«xtent to which it is the fUrmor's interest to promote these, in the
(lo.ihlo vi(!w of their eviHtenco finding,' him an additional market
for vvhfut, and the only other market he can have for farm products
that wont hoar the exi-ense of exportation, and of their at the same
time fiiKhn^' emj)Ioyment, without expatriation, to such of his family
as arc unfit for A(J1UCIJLTIJRALLSTS.
I could not numher myself amongst any party that did not make
the ;,'reater rmi)loynient (which vmdcr the law of Hupj.ly and de-
mand means the hotter paid employment) of Canadians the first
<piesti(m of Canadian politics, and this can oidy ho attained throuf,di
the most determined eflTorts to limit importations, so that our money
may not he s.iuandered on forei;j;n lahour. A Canadian who gives
a Inindred sovereigns and gets its value in British goods, does not
got an e.piivalent. lie only, gets an c(piivalent if Britain takes
ior them in payment the produce of Canada. In giving away
Gold, he gives away a portion of the hasis on which the superstruc-
ture of all confidence, credit, and circulating medium is huilt, and
there is scarcely any telling to how many times the taking away of
the lumdred sovereigns injin-cs the country, unless the exports of
the country are ecpial to its imports, which in the Northern States
and Canada, they never are, practically, however much they may
appear to he so. I have lately got hope in this matter from a new
quarter. Some, whose consistency compels them to uphold the
principle of Free Trade, sec its evil in Canada, and propose that
for a limited period, say ten years, or durin? the infancy of Cana-
dian Manufactures, there should he protection To this compromise
I would agree
Yours faithfully,
Isaac Buchanan.
11
; S
i ■:
Ihii
CONCrUDINd UKMAUK8 IJY THK KUITOH
234
CONCLUDING REMARKS BY THE EDITOR.
The objocfc of those few concluding remarks is to refer to an
aruclo on the IlEorPuociTY Treaty by " A. A. i?," which lately
a,.l>oaro( ui the /?nWwl.«.nVa« ;j/;,^ame. It hr.s evidently
boon written m England, a,.d however well meaning, does not go
^ the root of tins vita matter. The writer says : ^' If the Color^s
m,h to retamth exiHtmy connection, they mmt he ready to do
what IS ^n thevr power to assist their fellows ubjects at hme by
>^'yr.ntmy ben>^fitsr The difficulty is, however, that people in
the old country and ,n Canada have different notions of the policy
on the part of the colony which would confer the greatest amount
of reciprocal advantage. It is, unfortunately, a foregone conclu-
sion m the minds of people at home, e<iually expressc.l in the
foregoing and in the following quotation, that the policy which
80 many ui Cana.la think best for the working classes of the mother
country, as well for the people of Canada, must necessarily be at
the expense of the mother country.
^^ Should however, the West be beaten, and a compromise he
come torn the States, by which Canada and the provinces would
be required to grant favourable conditions to the States, then the
time ^vould become to consider tvhat ouyht to be done; for it would
be then that the political bearing of the subject would become of
vital importance, and that the colonies would have to decide whether
sfatZ'^ '*''''''' ^''' ^"^^''^^ connectim or reject it for that of the
Wo would again repeat, that the proposed Zollverein is entirely
an industrial measure, and would have no political bcarin- what-
ever. Canada is determined to remain true to the mother country
poll ically, though also determined to remain true to itself indus-
trUklly.
Mr. Buchanan's stating that England must arrange to make
Canada neutral territory, in case of war with the Americans, is
only the east offensive and strongest way of getting the govern-
ment and people of the mother country to reflect that the Free
Irado legislation of Britain left the colonies no industrial advanta^^e
to fight for. °
285
roNruii)r"(i kkmahkh hy imk kimtor.
'^\
i
M!
\
if
1
In rogar.1 to the political i,(«itio„ of Canada, Mr. Buchanan's
conviction Ihat tho !,ost, if not tl,o only way, to save her to tho
fcrni.iro is rapully to increase and strengthen her producing popu-
lation, which he helioves can oidy ho done either hy a perpetuation
of the present Ileciprocity Treaty, or hy the ii.tro(hiction of moro
extended commercial inte.rou.-so with (he United States, which ho
has named "An American Zollve,. ,.,;" and to awaken tho people
of Hritain, as well as (jana.la, to this ,-reat truth is the ohjcct which
Mr. Buchanan sees to !.o all important at this crisis of affairs.
HOW mi. ISUCUANAN \VVVIA> SKTri.E THE KECII'UOCITY TREATY
i>iKEicui;ry.
Mr. Buchanan's mind, however, is entirely practical,* and his
having prove<l tho right of tho people of ( anadu to do as thoy
ploaso m Legislation, and also tho advantage to any country in
North America of a tariff, does not intcrfero with his practising
what he preaches in regard to ^'PolUiml Ecommii ^"^'''^ « science
not of fixvd fnd» hat of eiroiamtancesr Aiul ho has kindly
enahled ti.. Editor, in d.-sing his labours, t.» be the first to announce
the (luartcr from which IMr. IJuchanan now looks for tho means of
saving the Reciprocity Treaty for tho Canadian farmer.
Mr. J5iNlianan would hold fast to tho general i)atriotic view of
which ho has been the apostle, that no general theories should be
aHovvcd to undermme the great object of each country's legislation,
the greatest amount of well-being or empioymont for its own popu-
lation ; but m all his speeches an.l writings ho has alwavs insisted
that tho first procuring and afterwards securing the best markets
for the prodnre of the Canadian farmer is the indispei s iblo condition
of tho well-being of all odior classes as well as of tho farmer. And
<■ II '
Brilish principles (says Mr. Buchanan, in one of his writings), before tho
, /esent unprincipled days, differed from uU other theories in this, that they
embodied themselves in well uuderslood British interests, and; that the theory
was imnjedmtely departed from whenever it was seen to undermine the interest
to promote which it was set up. How different this from the course of the
Americans who woiMiip system, and persist in their Iv.nlting and other theories,
long after it is clear these are destroying the great inierests to promote which
they were instituted."
COKCLIDIKO HKM^Rks IIV T1IE EDrTOU, 23»
m.oie»t „f 1,„ farmo,. I., tl,o sottir,;. asi.lo for n,„ . . ,.
m.^0. co„3,ao..at,o„, an,. «« .«„. „..,,„„,.„, /JXt 1 1
-Z: ■ ■='""""""""«» """'l^l to flow from tUo altoratio,, of fto
wages of tho poop 0, an,t. tl.creforo, tho cost of manufacturin.- in
wo , r7- , " "'"" r"'"*"«- *» Ca„a..ian manufactu',. ^
would I a, won „.„ «o,.rf h, t,,„ .ariir that o.isto,! at tho for„,atio„
in Canada. Ox cinoition. TiiEREpoaE TtiAT the Amemcaks
WOULD YIELD To Ca^ADUN VESSELS IN TIIEm PoaTS THE SA,™
Canadian I'onis (and it is a monstrous thino that this
SHOULD NOT HAVE DEBN T„E CASE ALL ALON,,), Mr. BucHANAN
WOULD BE WILLINU To REDUCE " UECIPROCALLV" TilE CANADIAN
Customs' duty to what it was formerly on almct every
ARTICLE, THE IMPORTATION op WHICII FROM THE UNITED STATES
IS SHOWN TO HAVE FALLEN OFF 'uNDER THE OPEBATIO. OF THE
Reciprocity Treaty.*
sancn, th„ fc.r Franc. rc,ipeso„leJ ,„ be ,ui» „ ,mro«,o„able .. if »
pb,3,c,«„ wee to Insist on Mng . wbole tailv ,>,.,„... ""',' r-*
member, required -0 be Jo«,( .' "■..-»«.,. .„j one of its
i '
287
CGNCLUDING BEIilAKKS BY THE EDITOR.
These simply are Mr. Buchanan's views at this moment on this
great question. The E(Utor would not presume to add any remark
of his own, but in closing he would give expression to a feeling
which is very general, viz : that even in case the notice of the
abrogation of the Reciprocity Treaty is given, it never wiU be
abrogated; the obvious interests of both countries so loudly protest
against any thing so suicidal.* A judicious negociator appointed by
-each country could easily reconcile differences. Men like Mr.
Buchanan and Mr. J. W. Taylor of St. Paul's, Minnesota, who
have already shown that they understand the subject thoroughly,
and, at the same time, who have the greatest respect for each
other's countries, could settle the basis of an arrangement, either at
Quebec or Washington, in a single week, if not in a single day.
The general prmciple long held by Mr. Buchanan, (with which
W3 know Mr. Taylor and other distinguished Americans are
delighted), will be found running through all his speeches and
writmgs, is contained in page 181, viz :
''That while we in Canada have no wish farther to increase our
Customs' duties, and while we look to doing away entirely with
those on Tea, Sugar, and all articles which we do not grow or
manufa ere, our Provincial policy is not to incur debt for any-
thing u can avoid, and we shall never consent to reduce— otherwise
than as a matter of riBciPROciTY with the United States— ^Ae
duties on articles which we can grow or manufacture."
Legislation will be required to eTect the abrogation of the Reciprocity
Treaty, and the Americana will probably delay this from time to time : though
voluntary and liable at any moment to be upset by either party, the mutual
advantages meantime would be just the same. Mr. Buchanan thinks the Op-
position in the United States is more t« the bonaage or obligation for ten years
than to the terms of the treaty, and even the uoUco may not be given when the
Americans reflect that this would put it into the power of Nova Scotia and New
Brunswick to alter their legislation.
¥ U
APPENDIX.
'II
'i r
APPENDIX.
OF THAT KNrrUK SAT SKr( , ^ ' '"'^ ''"^''' "'"'""''« ^^''•''^'2
KCONOM..ST. WOU.O l.A^'is .U.:Li!r ""'' '''"'" '"" ^'^^'"^'^^
Fbllow-Countrymen ;
Intimat.lv i " '" ™"'f''"y ■"■pportcd, aa the present era.
IKeir famine," vThe2™t T" "^^ '"'™ '" '"PP"^ *<""'«'>"=» »"d
dutyofascertainL T "■"'' ""'" ■"'"'™ "i* «>e great
On llbt . l'^ following ilcclaration of oar views
^orM, are ITm wc dt "" M f """"• '" "^"-^ "»«»'' °' *«
tions „ nature ata^M,' """" ""^ "■" ■"'"°™' P^^uo-
orfor any otL 111 '" ^ " "^ '" **'"«. f-* shelter
rials arefoaX aerre/r r"' t""'''™' *ough these mate-
" '^'= ''"'™n>' moreover, that little advance-
288
ArncNDix,
1
mont could havo boon raadi in tho nocoasary, uaoful, or orna-
nicntftl apj)ropriation of tlto onulc materials of nature, if tlio offorts
oflahourliad not boon inado in Hoparato dopartnionts ofinduHtry,
or, as it is called by writers on jwlitioal economy, tho division a. d
8ub-<Ii vision of labour.
The efforts of labourers being thus directed to a multiplicity of
cmploynionts, each man undertaking a particular occupation for
tho purpose of ensuring a common and general object, which is,
superiority of production both in (piantity and quality, these efforts
of labourers have boconio united efforts by reason of the produc-
tions of each labourer being received and exchanged by and with
his fellow labourers, tho several productions thus becoming, by this
fact of exchange, the constituted means by which tho labourers and
their families are siipporled.
On cojisidoring anxiously tho social principle thus involved by
the action of labourers having become an nutted, and, Ikmico, a
dependent action — tho one being dependent on tho other, by the
fact of exchange, for the purpose of consumption, of each other's
production — wo soo that some rule or law of action is indispen-
sably necessary for preserving the constituted right, or tho due en-
joyment of those who have entered upon this conjoined course of
lainnir, involving, as it does, production of conmiodities on tho one
hand, and consumption of them on the other.
By looking carefully on the simple state of things just alluded to
— die combination of the pajssive matter of nature, and of tho active
power of the labour — tho elements of tho earth and tho labour of
man directed to educe, to alter, and to modify these elements for
iLsc and convenience — we see the numner in which the interests of
man in a social stsite are constituted. We see that man must, by the
constraining character of those circumstfjices with which his natural
condition is surrounded, unite himself with his neighbour in order
to accomplish any satisfactory and successful progress, or acquire
tJio possession of those things that are necessary for his comfortable
suhaistence. i. most important question, arising out of the state
of tilings just alluded to, is then presented to us, which is, who
constitutes this neighbour with whom tho agreed union of labour,
togothor with tho exchange of productions resulting from it, takei
placo ?
AITKNDIX.
28»
To thi. iniportant ,,„™ii™ „„„ rf ,,( „„„„ ^
d! lal»ur-;Wm«v i" «„, c.chango of pro-
duo ■„ ,» or ,„ „„„„„„„„ „,„t ,p,i „,j ,„ « F'^
. l.atpart,o,.iar «,,l,„ro which «,oy inhabit. lhi« «r„at rilt"
«ncl pn,,c,plo prov«,li„K i„ ovory oom,„»„ity „r „aU„„ Bv tW^
courso ,. „ H,at tho c„„„„oti„„ „r fa™,y ^h p„X i» el;"
Sooi„K H,„,, that tho priority of oo„„ocMo„ i«,tall„d«,l to musk
of „ooo„,ty «„h,„t, and attaching to thi, priori y a ^1^^^
progro,, „|„ch „ „,,uivod ovcry.hcro and J„ cvlThil? "!
n..unlan, that tho ,ocial ol,lig„tio„, of mon arc of that ,1.
wluci, ro,,„iro» them to attad, thom,„lvo» in "re fir rtria^tr.t'
u,^.»t. of thoir fc„o„ c„„ntrymo„ or foUowlL^l.'" "C *!
n.ai„ta.. the pri„ci;"t:':it S:;,, ^'z:^;:t^
bo con8idor(3d and nrosorvorl «r„i ,u / i should >»<
o;.Kt to be u„.ortrro:^^;tr rs::,::T4s
ttK>.r onjoymontfl, tho mombor. of each nation. """'"»^'"« »
You w,ll di,cor„ that tho principle „f commerce iurt adverted
OMtorH, tl e ,ncorporat,on of it in our law, and in our practice h!^
z ;:,:'„"":■ tr'' t- ■"""^'^"' »"" ■"«'-'»! Ct t
n. tia l! I? •^™""»'''>"' "-ough the principle ha, been ,
par .ally, and hence, .„ „„ju,tly applied, a, toderange and e tro"
.t own operation, thereby caumng the minds, evenof many t o'rfX
t'dTiiirrrtr: '"'™-' "- '-■" - -'""^^-"S
Deeply impressed by the degraded social condition of so manr
oen m our own. and al,o in other nations_s„ many human croY
and destitution—a olaas of m«n J,o„« k :-j .-. , , . P^^®"J
"~ "•" '■=^" muucud, auiiiig the last
11
240
AITKNDIX.
sevoutyfivo yoarn, to ,liroct tho power of t\mr mi.Hls to m. i.ivo-
ttgation of tho soi(M.co of Social and Political hJconou.y. Koromost
of those writcM-s was Dr. A.la.n Sn.ith. The work of this colohratod
writer, appearn.o: nndin- the striking a.t.l alluring title of '' T/ie
Wealth of Nationsr many persons were induced to read the elab-
orate statements, and the in-enioas reasonin^ns contained in it
and also to plaoo roliance on those, coinnieroial doctrines which arc'
mandy propounded in it. 8i„co tho departure of Adam Smith a
number ot other writers have sprung up who have receive<l him as
thc.r cluef authority, or leader. Thus a modern school of Political
and Social Koonomy has been reared in our country ]W tlrs
school all the most important subjects, con.u'cted with the physical
interests of men, have been freely dealt with ; for besides adiscus
sion of the mitural means placed within the appropriation of man
for his man.tenance, together with the various methods inve.itod
and adoptci by man for making this appropriation, his right to in-
troduce his offspring into the world, has bec'ii discussed also The
mam result of tho intellectual effort of this school is tho adhesion
given by its membei-s to the doctriho of free, social and commercial
action.
We have it thus announced to us that it is under the operation
ot unregulated, stimulated and universal competition, wo are
henceforth to live.
Cheapness is |)rocIaimed to bo tho one great and desirable at-
tainment. But tho cheapness that is attained under this system
18 not the result of fair aiui distributory abmidanco— being mainly
acquii-ed by diminishing tho enjoyments, or tho consumption, of
those by whoso labour productions aro derived, and by that eco-
nomy of labour by which, in so many instances, tho labourer is cast
off altogether from employment, because a cheaper, that is, a loss
consuming instrument than his body, is invented and applied. 'J'he
labour of the working man thus becomes a superfluous commodity in
the market, so that ho must cither be an outcast altogether from
society, or else Hud some way of doing more work for loss materials of
consumption ; and even then, if ho should succeed in this course of
realising cheapness, ho becomes instrumental in bringing many
other of his fellow-labourers down to tho same degraded it'vol to
which ho is reduced.
APl'KWDIX,
241
our oonvictio,, that a far g™tor doLoo J.'nff "'T" *" ''"
'.-t.on impcA over th„ Lunn,ZZ,[fr-\""\"' "'™''-
«f thin a,id „f all other nations, „f,|„ "„ ?ll T!^""' '"'"'
competitive »y,tem he thoreuKhirpe, etl!l '""'. "■"' "
» course of g„„„,,| „„,„„„„^ very U w' f " ;? T""'' "'"'
from tho free Hy,tem, he entered „[»„ "'"' """"""'"«
It Ijm hecomo a matter of tho verv hiirl,^.. ■
ovcy working „„„, ,„„,, ,„,„„,, he 2l n « . T' n" "'"'
compri8c(last}ie8ori..htairnln n. '• ■ , . "S"'" "f lalwur,
l>a« boon»„ well a,dt .hllvl'i'™'';'™ "'^ «''"'■■'•''' '=""'"'"™.
body of writerMh:; «: v5^,r::'r;^ r".-"';"-" ^ «-»
•toroughly understood a,„l «et d W ^ ?""' "' " '"''J""'
assorted this with «., ,nuo emll , "'"' "'""™°" '"'™
«.e welfare of ^J Zl^' Z^t;^^^:^ '"" "" "''''
•tonces, made, „„d i„ „ther, ahrortedi ,"" "' *""" '"-
Principles adva„oea hy this slhllXl'^is:""'"''-'"" "'" ""
ficit:;:;:;:^ ,::i:,;: c::r:rT """ ■■" *" "-
announce to you that a ZIJ "'"^j'""""'. »"<> we are hound to
practised on Z ,! „ fi C» " fT "'""'" ""^ ''"'■'
prove, and tho proof shall he S d f 1 1^^ ", T " " ""'"
themselves, tliovliavin„h„™ , ., 'oadmg economists
«.o true el a„Xl Iht. r r ^ '°T'*' "' ^''""""S "-''
>. "aiuticrs ot the mam hranches of the science of «„„• i
Economy ,,„„ „„j t„^„ j.^^^^^^^j 1^^ ^1^^^ sconce of Social
i^^oi'mu'^,:: '^'I'^'r ""'• " '■°"™'» f-- «-» wri^
nifes 01 Mr, MCulloch, who, himself hcing a diseinle of ij
Smith and acknowledging him as his lei^er and tasl f™
nevertheless, admitted in a passage in the introduly^H 'oft'
242
APPENDIX.
The following is the
own work, that his master was very deficient,
passage : —
" However excellent in many respects, still it cannot be denied
that here arc errors, and those too of no slight importance, in ^The
Wealth of Nations: Dr. Smith does not say that, in prosecuting
such branches of industry as are most advantageous to themselves
individuals necessarily prosecute such as are, at the same time'
mo»« advantageous to the public. His leaning to the system of
M. Quesnay— a leaning perceptible in every part of his work-
made him so far swerve from the sounder principles of his own sys-
tem, as to admit that the preference shown by individuals in favour
of particular employments is not always a true test of their public
advantageousness. He considered agriculture, though not the only
productive employment, as the most productive of any; the home
trade as more productive than a direct foreign trade ; and the latter
than the carrying trade. It is clear, however, that these distinc-
tions are all fundamentally erroneous. * * * Perhaps how
ever, the principal defect of ^The Wealth of Nations^ consists in
the erroneous doctrines laid down with respect to the invariable
value of corn, and the eflFect of fluctuations in wages and profits on
prices. These have prevented Dr. Smith from acquiring clear and
accurate notions respecting the nature and causes of rent, and the
laws whicli govern the rate of profit ; and have, in consequence,
vitiated the theoretical conclusions in those parts of his work which
treat of the distribution of wealth and the principles of taxation "-
Principles of Political Economy, by J. R. M'Culloch
If you will examine carefully the foreging extract, you cannot
fan to discern how great those deficiencies are which the pupil
alleges against the master, for he declares him to have been ignorant
of the true character and value, firstly, of home trade ; secondly, of
foreign trade ; and, thirdly, of the carrying trade between nations.
A pretty extensive category of ignorance this is ; and then in addition,
he declares that the master was not able to discover the laws which
govern the rate of profit. Now, as all increase of wealth is compre-
hended by the term of profit, so, failing to discover and apprehend
tlie whole subject of the creation of wealth.
The next category of deficiences, admitted by the schoolmen them-
APPENDIX.
243
*e™, have .een «t ro:::r*L"Jr:?lr """'"''
for ™cceed,„g .n,„i„. to explore, to discover and to o^^.ai:; lie
ji-^p^;*tt:^::^;^-i:-:-^
»dpe e™,,Ada.S.UhC^^^^^^^^
""•'S:- pJ:;:::!! "'■"'' "* - — -
"We have been under the necessity of suspending our progress
m the Per-al of 'K. WealA of MtL,,- on'a ccounVof tCC
mountable d,fSoult,es, obseurity and embarrassment in whicLthe
the his«,-y of one s feeangs on a matter of this kind. Many y'eai.
244
AnT,Niir,T.
I- ■■
ft^o, whoi. I first nm\ the ' Woivlth of Natiotw, ' tho wholo of i\w
firHt lt<M>k (ippoiinMl to mo m por^,;.icu(>iiH iw it wiw iutoi-wBtiug and
n(>w. Some timo uriiMwanlH, wliilo I \\vm{ in K„^1,im,1, I attomptod
U) mako an al.straot of SmijUi'h princiixtl roiwonin^H, hut I wa«
iinpodcd hy tho do.-trino of tlu< n;tf mcaHin-fl of luiluc, and tho
diHtinotion hotwoon nouiinal and roal prico ; tho diHcovory that I <lid
not uiulorstand Smith, spoodily h>d mo to douht wh(^thoi- Stnith
undoj-Htood himMolf,^and 1 thoti^^lit 1 Haw that tho pric(^ of hilx.ur
WOH tlio samo Hort of thiii;^' as th(> prico of any otlior oominodity ; hut
tho discussion was too hard for nu>, and 1 Hod to somotliin/r uioro
agrooahU' hooauso more QWiy.''~I\I,nmn*of Franch l[onu>r]vol. \
pane KiJl.
" Tliort* hiw ho(>n nothing now vory hitoly in tho lino of Tolitioal
Economy, though Ilrougham's work and Malthus's arc a groat deal
for ono yoar. An indirect application was made to mo to furnish
a sot of norcs for a now edition of ' Smith!' ft Wmlth of N^ntiom:
This, of course, 1 declined, l.(>caus(^ I hav(> other things to attend
U), even if 1 had been prepart«d for such an undertaking, which
certainly 1 am not yet, 1 should !)(> reluctant to e:<pos(> Smith's errors
before his work has operated its lull effect. We owe much at pres(>nt
to the supei-stitious worship of Smitli's name, and wo must not
impair that feeling till the victory is more complete. There aro
few practical errors in the ' Wealth of Nat Iohh,' at least of any
great conscipuMice ; and imtil we can giv(^ a correct and precise
theory of the nature and origin of wealtli, his popular, and plausil)Io,
and loose hypothesis is as good for tho vulgar as any other.''
— /?>/(/, i't»/. i., page 22SK
Tho opinions Just <iuoted are those of a man who was expressly
educated aa a Hcu'ntjfw statesman, and who was introduced and
rc'cived in Parliament with this high character.
You will not fail to mark the deep importiuice of his words when
ho declares that a correct and precise theory of the nature and
ori.'fiii of wealth, has not been discovered either by Adam Smith
or by any other member of the school.
The writer who has appeared last on tho stage of literature of
those who aro oomicctod iniluontially with tlie modern school of
AI'I'KNOIX.
245
Political Eo<momiHt,, Ih Mr JoI,„ Htunrt Mill ; ti.o work of thi« writer
"» whioh Mr M.II hol.lH tho work <,f A.lam Htnith-that work which
ho all-Mu h«,o,.fc or K.n<l.„« thorn in thoir moHfc i,n,K,rta,.t cournoB of
national law-mak.nK, i« anuouncod h^ tho following wonl--^
aloTfrLi • 'r^''''"''*''"'^"'' ••a]Io.l,haH grown up
Zlniv'^' '"''''''''' P'-'^«^'«'^"y tf'at eminent thinkor novor
op rated h,H more poculiar thorno, though Htill in every oarl/Ze
vdt ;;of~';7r* -^ ^W......,^ ,, j.,: Stuart Mi,.,
Such aro tho proofs wo have to lay before the working men of
In nafon re«peot.ng tho nsmmed di«oovorioH arul the d<,iL >f thi.
Hhly vauntod nchool. That which tho whole people 3 bn
oxhor e,l to adnuro ar.d to adopt, in addmittc-d to bo nothing bettlr
t i!w ./:' T J^^-«"''«'-d>'>- hypothesis," but iZ g lo
^olTr tf " 1'""'"' ' '' "^^«^^''^'-"' Fon'ouncedtobJ-';^
good for tho vulvar as any oUior "
a 1 more »Hiu ,.,vo»t,gati.m i„ this importa.-t field of acionc. -a
fiol.l of „„,,„ry ,„ which the dcaroat inlorct, of y„„r«.lvc a d ' r
^r:;::; -ir '"•"^"""" -"- -^ '-^-^ »-■*« >"*«Hd:
m Una addroaa. E„„„gh ,a proaentod i„ it to lead your minda to »
hand t„ ?" h' °"° '"'"''■ *" *" "'o™"™. ""J. ™ tho other
hand, to U,e derrca8,o„, of the interests of those who have to i,e
by the,r labour. Be prepared togive ua effectual support for scetin.
before a competent tribuual, a full examination anS .Ji.-.. i4 T-
24C
An-KNDIX.
N
mighty subject. We, on our parts, will bo propnrod to adduce
evidence and to submit arKumont, in accordance with the doclarationg
contained m this address. This wo solemnly promise you. 7]ut then
this ovidenoo, and this argument must be submitted to tnose who
alohe can give to them practical inHuenco and effect when they are
so established. We muan those statesmen to whom the power of
governing the nation is entrusted.
It is generally seen and admitted that the goveniing principle
and power of our country are, at the present juncture of our national
affairs, ma position of lamentable instability, which it could not be
The predominating in6uence and power of aristocratic govcnimont
havmg prevailed for a lengthened period, are now parsed awoy
The aristocratic party have raised the stricture of its government
upon the ancient constitutional principles, departed from these prin-
ciples, introduced corruption, and is now depr .ed.
The predominating influence and power of the middle classes of
the nation are acknowledged and accepted at the i-resent time This
party haying intvoduce.l, as principles of general social action, the
meanest incentives and motives that can animate the human mhid
namely the free and full action of unenlightened self intcrest-the
unqualified love of wealth and the gratification of this love-the
accumulative principle of social action instead of the distributive-
their political philosophy being of a character wholly mercantile -
.snow impaired and degraded by the conflicting operation of those
courses which it sets in motion and stimulates. This power also is
m a condition to be rejected.
Let us, then, be prepared. You be prepared to give us all
necessary support in a temperate, firm, and constitutional manner
-at all times remembering that in undertaking to argue, and to'
treat of our own nghts and interests, we must necessarily argue and
treat also of the rights and interests of others. We, on our parts, will
berea,dyto show your rights, both in a manner and in substance
not hitherto attempted. Resting our case on its right foundations,
and submitting it in the good shipe of calm and dispassionate reason-
mg, there will not be wanting to us zealous and honourable advocates
lu >
APPENDIX.
24T
both within the walls of Parliament and without thorn, by who«c aid
a^fulland ia.r heanng, followed b,a just Judgement, ;ijfb:enr:d
If, then, your judgmonis approve the views and declarationg
wo have now submitted to you. it will ho vn..r a * T • "^^'^'^''"O"*
support to the cause in evl^s^o wCv "^ fl^
exort(>fl nn,l iv.if 1 ^ T : ' y""*" infl"e"cc may be
exerted and lelt, and on every fitting opjmrtunity. Moreover vou
must be resolute in demanding that ye bo ho/rd n i ' ^
Signed on belialf of the Delegates,
•foHN Seaorave, President.
Augustus E. Delaforoe, Secretary,
10, North Square, Portman Place,
Co^nittoo Eoo. St Andrew Coffee Houif """'' *"'" '""'■
>il, High Ifolborn,
London, 11th April, 1850.
1
{From the American author Mr T w^^^ • ^
, i-uLppc), could not continue long in France It Mt A
or a few years a. a reaction; but when thingrwereltorel t
peculiarly the adjuncts of hberty ; aa in the provisions of the Code
■
248
APPKNDIX.
tade of other d,»crepa„c,es. The JuH. milim that he had so
stT&A T. "' "•"" ™' '"' '™«' •>"' '">= government :„„M
soon find tself dnven into strong measure,, or into liberal meaTr
m order to sustain itself. Men could no more serve " ^"4
™;r rtrx'' -^-'^ *» --^-^ -^ '-^ ^rst »„..
.^"■Y^/? 'f'* J^™ ■''''"'' "^'^ ™ «"t ised by the kina and
^^'tll,^ r'fTI'^^'''*^^"^™'' » *« cLber.It Se
ir I ™ :? .r'"' " ^"^ *■''» ™^»*' - ^y P'rticu'a^
ZL . ""'"'"'""*»■• »°« ■>« less than the truth, in that p,,-
tioular case; but as to a political party's always taldng a middle
hken It to a d«reet man's laying down the proposition that four and
four make cght, ar.. a fool's crying oat, "Sir" you are wrT. Tor
four and four make ten," whereupon the ad^cate for thT^Cl
^m. system would be obliged to say, " Gentlemen, you le
to say LaFayette wanted esprit. This was much the cleverest
thng the wnter ever heard in the French Chambers, and, generSly
he knew few men who said more witty things in a Lat a^d ^p^
tendmg manner than General LaFayette. Indeed, this wrih.
has of h,s mind which was little giver to profound r fl"
On the night in question, I was in the Tuileries, with a view to
see the fireworks. Taking a station a little apart from the oZd
years of age. After a short parley, my companion, as usual
diately opened a conversation on the state of thing, in Frlnoo He
as ed mo ,f I thought they would continue. I t!ld him ; th!
I thought two or three years would suffice to bring the present
Z^d 1„ 1 '■°''""'° "" ^'"' '» '^"P""'"' *ose who kave
wized upon the government smce the last revolution. AU the
APPENDIX.
249
and
ttp K ..?'? '"'"^^ *" "'^^^""^ *h« P^«««^* order of tWngB.
~rK ^t' '"?'"" ^'^ ^^^^ ^^^^ -» -« - change ^f
government m France." ^
arit'!"^1t-'*''^''"* "' '^'^ prediction, which, he said, did not
h!d hl"l ""'"""'\°'- "" *™ »""''<''' •« "o ridic* which
M been thrown upon ha own idea of "^ Mmarchj, with Bem^
hean /„«„,„«," and asked me what I thought of the syll
As m^ answer to this, as well a, to his other questions, willTrvo
irom me, a tmveller rendenng an account of what he has seen,
I ahaU give you its substance at length.
So far from finding anything as absurd as is commonly pretended
.n the plan of" a throne surrounded by republican instftuti:ns!"t
tvll !""""• ^ t^-^hy, Wovor, a real monarchical
government, or one m which the power of the sovereign is to pre-
dominate, „ not to be understood, in this instance, but such a
eAtedrv/™™Tn'" '"''' ^''^''" England, and formerly
existed in Vemce and Genoa under their Doges. In England tZ
ZTZl -»nW, rule. tkr^,H the Ung; and I see n'o reaZ
en^H. , * '"' " ™"''*""'y "'* " ^"'^ sufficiently broad to
m the same manner. In both cases the sovereign would merelv
represent an abstraction; the sovereign power woSd be wieldeTin
mentary echo to pronounce the sentiment of the legislative 1^1^
whenover a change of men or a charge of moasures'lecame nece:.'
eL senw- ""^ "■ "!','• ""'''■ ""■ ' »y"=">' *='•'' -<-"« i^ no
tive branches of government; but such is, to-day, and such ha.
ng been the aotual condition of.England, and he'r statesmen ar^
fond of saying the " plan works well." Now, although the Z
til "-^ "' "" '■" ^^''""' "' " i'-'«*'' excepf for
itretXrbT.!,''' ""P '" ''™^«''' ""P'^ ^— *e legt
lature i, not established on a sufficiently popular basis, still it works
better, on the whole, for the public, than if the system wU ZZX
Hi
260
APPiajDIX.
imlead of the Parhammt ruhng through the king. In France the
facts are npe for the extension of this princinle in LIT! !
y -lutar, manner. li.e French of Z te^gelra^ :
P ISes or !■ '/°' '™" ''"'^™''' ^^™S »ore healthful
e™ i™' rT' ,™"°"' °" ""' P""' *"» ftomselves. The
crTtn" ! f ""°'"' ^'=" ''^ *"" "-e difficulty of
eXteofl"" " "' P'""*^ " ^''■™-. notwithstandin/the
En land T T""™'' ^"""""^^ V tbe example and wishes of
ha« The'trriv f "^"yO-^ted to that object. Still they
have the trad,t,ons and prestige of a monarchy. Under such cir
whX 'sSceT a'?"' ''' .■»<«=?»-"«. -less liberty is \o be
wnoiiy sacuhoed. All experience has shown that a king, who is a
restraming such a power hy principle,, is purely chimerical He
it wo "d be beltTr r . rr P™""" > "'" 'f «"' ^» ■^e^We'
necessity of any cha" " '""'" " ™^ "^ ™» f™-"' «>«
rpracticMic. It ,s certainly , MsiUe for the king to maintain .
LtTnir';"' T'^' " '""« "' ""^ ""» "'^'■'"'" I.infseTf,Xh wil
at bu it: :• '"?" "■' ^■'"'"'« ^ "-'' ■' '» folly .0 'ascribe Z
Tbev r emM th f ® ' ""l;"*' *" ™"'' " """^ "' mercenaries,
-ne, resemble the famous mandamus counsellors, who had so sreat
an agency ,„ precipitating our own revolution, and are more if elv
^achieve a similar disservice to their ma.te; than a yZg ete^
Codd they become really independent, to a point to render Lm a
mMCuhne feature in the slate, they would soon, by their com "=^
bons, become too strong for the other branches o( tfie goveZc^r
™i;s t:": ■" !■*"'•""' ^'^^^ "-« havf-rZe
TION THAT !v rp'^r"""'""'" ™'^ POPULAR NO-
HON THAT AN ARISTOCUACY IS NECESSARY TO A
APPENDIX. 261
favour.icTo'ini K /' ,"" '"'''^"''O" "^ 'he sovereign',
age, I.avr„f„'e iZ I """^"'"-'^ aristocracies, like the p!er-
.i;oe„o'r;oroL;irt:itrs:: '"^ ™t?-
run mtK> the delusion of believin„ ;t llK ! ' . - ' ^ """' ^'^ "P' *»
although his mantia is to fel „ ' he ^ ^ ^f?" "' »' P""^''
probable the popular error i„ m\ "' ^ """'' '' ™'''' *»'
crats in effecthrtheirTecri ''\<'"l^'"=^>y «« aid the aristo-
the nation ,» the%L:L:e^:f;ra trih- '■''■^^^r™^''
under the supposition that the elelLtsTf' „ ^ " 'f ' '""""""'
ooulOe^^und in .ranee, a ^Z 12:^^1^;^
WHAT IS THERE TO PR w™ ^."^^ INSTITUTIONS,
in France su'ch anTffil ! 'i"'-7™<'ti"ablo, therefore, to establish
conditions ari vTt o - '^""f "™J' =« «-« meet the latter
sarv inop* ^ """■■""" *" ""■™'^' "« the machinery neces-
S'^xiTtrrne^rrrrr^'^r^^^"™''"^^^^^^^
in France ? Bv subXfe ' ?b ° ' ""'' "''-^ "'^'^ '' <■» ""»■<'
for the borough'^slste^^Tl:'^": ^ ""^ '°'"*'^'' "°-'"™«y.
be completely fuSed Thetf '^''. ^''^'^'"'' ""''^
likely to demo J a e that I f "" "■ ^°«'''"''' "'"'f' « <i"ito
folltitorn: tfZT'T' ' ^^™ "■ •■™™> ^Fayette the
Francerwe iVFreni^^^^^^^^^ ™* ^ 6^- "o
Jronchman, and had I a voice in the matter. I
I
252
APPENDIX.
give It to you on the principle already avowed, or as a traveUer
furnishing his notions of the thmgs he haa seen, and because it may
aid m giving you a better insight into my views of the state of thi
country.
[a monarchy surrounded by republican institutions.]
I would establish a monarchy, and Henry V. should be the
Tv .*.. .'"'"'^'^ ''^''* ^'"^ ^^ ^^^'^^^ ^f his youth, which will
aamit ot his being educated in the notions necessary to his duty •
and on a^jcount of his birth, which would strengthen his nominal
government, and, by necessary connexion, the actual government ;
tor 1 behove that, in their hearts, and notwithstanding their profes-
sions to the contrary, nearly half of France would greatly prefer the
legitimate line of their ancient kings to the actual dynasty. This
point settled, I would extend the suffrage as much as facts would
justify ; certainly so as to include a million or a million and a half
of electors All idea of the representation of property would be
relinquashed, as the most corrupt, narrow, and vicious form of poUty
tut has ever been devised, invariably tending to array one portion
of the commumty against another, and endangering the very property
It IS supposed to protect. A moderate property gualijication might
be adopted m connexion with that of intelligence. The present
acneme :n France unites, in my view of the case, precisely the two
worst features of admission to the suffrage that could be devised.
Ihe qualification of an elector is a given amount of direct contribu-
tion. Ihis qualification is so high as to amount to representation
and France is already so taxed as to make a diminution of the'
burdens one of the first objects at which a good government would
aim ; it follows that, as the ends of liberty are attained, its founda-
tions would be narrowed, and the representation of property would
be more and more insured. A simple property qualification would,
therefore, I thmk, be a better scheme than the present.
Each department should send an allotted number of deputies, the
polls bemg distributed on the American plan. Respecting the term
ot service there might arise various considerations ; but it should
not exceed five years, and I would prefer three. The present house
of peers should be converted into a senate, its members to sit ag
APPENDIX.
268.
J? ranee. This united action would control «11 +!,;« ^"/represent
present executive. The proiect of Tfr W^iii; ^^ P ^^®**'^
hab,to and opmions, while we have neither. There i, "^°'^'^
zrr' ""™ "'■^^™«^ *""'^ »»: reject hiitrt:-
aient for namme; a m nistrv a^i fh^ro ;. e "'"ipie expe-
herself more powerful in the end. ^ ' ^'''^' ^'"^'^^
The capital mistake made in 1830 was tlmf nP «.i i,i- , •
«.«.. before establishing the .^„«:;;^r4tr^^^^^
of trustmg to institutions. ^ ' ^^^^^^^
I do not tell you that LaFayette assented to all that I said F.
had reason for the hnpracticabilitv .f setHn., .IT J ^
mterests which would be active in dl° . ' ^'''°""^
involved det^lsandaknoj:^;" "'"« ''''' ' ^^^--' '^^'
ot nJiaracter to w
iiicu I had uo thins
254
APPENDIX.
u ■
to saj; and as respects the Due do Bordeaux, he affirmed that the
r ign of the Bourbons was over in France. The country was tired
ot them. It mf.y appear presumptuous in a foreigner to give an
opmion agamst such high authority; but, " what can we reason
but from wha we know ? " and truth compels me to say, I cannot
subscnetoth,sopinion. My own observation, imperfect though
be, has led to a different conclusion. I believe there are thousands
even among those who throng the Tuileries, who would hasten to
throw off the mask at the first serious misfortune that should befall
the present dynasty, and who would range themselves on the side
of what is called legitimacy. In respect to parties, I think the
republicans the boldest, in possession of the most talents compared
to numbers, and the least numerous ; the friends of the king Cactive
and passive) the least decided, and the least connected by principle
though strongly connected by a desire to prosecute their temporal
interests, and more numerous than the republicans ; the Carliste, or
HmnqmnquiBts, the most numerous, and the most generally but
Zlt^tr'^''''^ ^^ *^' '*''"' population, particularly in the west
LaFayette frankly admitted, what all now seem disposed to
admit, that it was a fault not to have made sure of the inntitutions
before the king was put upon the throne. He affirmed, however
1 was much easier to assert the wisdom of taking this precaution
than to have adopted it in fact The world, I believe, is in error
about most of the political events that succeeded the three days.
III.
Extract from Mr. Buchanan^ s Pamphlet,-^^ Britain the Country
versus Britain the Empire^' or " Tfie sacrifice of Britain
the Empire no real benefit to Britain the Country/."
"■^T,! 1!* ^^"''"''^ '""'*'''''' '^'^'^^^ "^ 8LAVERV ,N THK SOUTH. AND BY TH«
" The statesmen of the South," says Mr. Ormsby in his work « have
for years prided themselves on possessing the principal exports of the
country. The production of immense quantities of cotton is cer-
tainly creditable to our Southern neighbours ; but its shipment to
Europe is a disgrace and shame to America. The eottou crop of
APPENDIX
255
.0 be r.J.^.Jl''ZT;iZTTT '" "'^™'
of folly for whJph «i,/- ^ T ' *® ^°"*^^ commits an act
reap : li^ /etrd "°' ^ *' »" -"■ -"» or latc,
material has f ; rl ti'edElr^ T'T °' "'^' ™-
enemy, and ^^er^ rno:.:::t^^t.Zt^.^:jtr 'f. '""'^
destruction. The ruin of th. J 1- -P^ overthrow and
i- ever beenlsi Zr a brEngllTL't"™ °' ""^ '™"''
comins Southern ™™„.f.- ^™'' «' "«= '"re means of over-
ean to proBt prod^e h. . -' " """' "^ ''"'' ''"'• *^
rion, ; Ld brin" !h ' Z^^\ '"'' ""'°" ™ ""^ ^a^'em posses-
and e^plo'len 'shol r ? . f '""«' '' ''" constant study
Blaveryf shriy noUn ob^ ' ""' ".f '^ "''^'°^» "S"™' Southern
atantly, and already produces ,».' r !•" """"« *"■ *"» <=™-
proportion (about a CthTof h! '' '''""' * '"''P^""'"
England will ever remald. . . '" ''°"<'" ™P"'^*- That
raw material ZZZ imnTt °" *' ''""^'' ^"^'^^ '^ »
The p^duoe of llZLrCZlZ Zs^T'"' '^^^"'•
how long will it be before it sh.IIU ^°''"'"'" ""P '' »»<•
Will it be five or ten or t . ' eontrolling power over it ?
was it that tb ott^ '„:: 7,2 IZ '17 *'^ ' "" '""g »So
Indian crop ? And whZ he denld ftr f """'' '"^ P^"™'
much decreased as to gradaallv TeT . ™" °''"'"' '» "
South to help herself' s\. T, T. ! '" P'-'"''"='i™, how is the
. home marCtthavin! he rl '".'■'','" '^'« *-„courage
• Wl'i^h has been considerablThi^^Z^d since th.- ' ^
American Rebellion. ^® ^^^ commeucement of the
266
APPENDIX.
i
the supply of the raw material in her own hands. The golden oppor-
tunity for putting the cotton interest beyond the reach of fortune
is passing by. England has had no raw material until within a
short period. Had our land been supplied with manufacturing
establishments, and the raw material kept at home, and here manu-
factured, the supply of cottons for the whole worid would have been in
our hands, and no power on earth could take it from us. Under
a liberal system, ere this time, our manufactures would have been
as extensive as those of England. Neither China, the Indies, nor
any nation or people on the globe, would prefer to be supplied by
England m preference to America. But the South set out in
1828 with the idea that England was the only purchaser for the
bulk of her crop that earth would ever produce, and thought her
interest consisted in securing a constant sale of her cotton in that
market. And that stupid idea has been smce hugged with John-
Bull-like pertinacity. The Southern planters have made a gross
mistake. They have turned with utter forgetfulness and indiflFer-
ence from their poverty-sticking, pains-taking, industrious and
mgenious brothers, whom a hard destiny has cast upon the sterile
rocks of New England. Those rich and lordly planters have
passed us by until idleness has fiUed our heads with mischief
which wholesome employment would have averted. B.A D THE
COTKm CROP OF THE SOUTH BEEN ANNUALLY
WORKED UP IN NORTHERN MILLS, THE SIN OF
SLAVERY WOULD NEVER HAVE BEEN DREAMED OF
AND THE UN^ON WOULD HAVE BEEN BOUND IN
BONDS THAT ALL THE NATIONS OF EARTH COULD
NOT SUNDER."
" I have, of course," says Mr. Buchanan in his late pamphlet,
"no sympathy with this writer's views on Slavery. At the
same time I have always seen and admitted that the n)ean3
used by the Abolitionists have been the most injudicious that
could possibly be conceived. And the step which I would
take, or encourage the Planters to take, in manumitting the Slaves
of the United States, will be seen by my speech below, which is
the substance of some notes made by me when in the Southern
States about ten years ago. I have been induced to give the
jippendix.
25r
Canada, and her anxTe^J t „ If U ^ " "'° "»'"■■"" ™» -
•f American Slavery. P^-'-^f-Hy solved the great proWem
mEBRATION OF THE ANWVERSARY OF TH.
EMANCIPATION, 1859.
^a/harreLyt'ioTtaS'"' T™' °*"'°'' P™P'«
»r six hundred of the„,Zro„lt •" """""' '» ^'^'' »"»'= 6™
There i, a featival "7! L ''"^'"S *''»-'™-
Coloarod people fron, St Ca'atr 2/^' ^ ""' ^=' «f Aug.„t
and numerous other plaees wT'« T'"' ^"""f"--''' ^"'■»"'«.
of all their celebratior«fr„ne h M . f''"' """W-
It differed little from oth rs i„ i I ^ "'^''^■
«ion was formed, and, after nnm.? "» """Mnmeement. A proee.-
dents, three cheers .^eTLZ'Zf'V"'' ^"-"""S ^"'^ --
"■<»';) those who comp«^dTt It I 1T '""'"' ^"^ *^ '^-^
•o hear a sermon preaeTed 1^ R m"!!, "^ ^''™' ^hurek
this was over, the more u„ IZ* „f !;• "- Geddes. B„t afl^r
Isaac Buchanan, Esq M P ^ I '^™'""''"='" "™°'enced.
eoloured people of Hamilton and'ttetf""! '^ "'"""™ *» ""e
koMay i„ his grounds of 01"™!^?^™'' '" "'™' ""^ "'"»»'
who could not afford this luxury r. I "''"''' '" "'""• T""*
weather was not so warm ^ J^lf ' """"^ ^aily afoot. He
jet the glorious August sun shol „ , "^f ™P''««»n«. while
shall not pause to tell of Te 10! ? f "^ 'P'™""'- W.
hnes to a description of th gr IV!"" ' """ '»-' "evote a few
unwonted visitors reached them ^ "'^^'''^^ """^ 'heir
' '^"^ ''^'''^S ^^ to be carried on.
B
258
AITKNUIX.
J
1 I
iii
Close beside it is the orchard, and on the grass here, under the grate-
ful shade of the well grown apple trees, the dinner was prepared.
Twenty snow-white cloths were spread under as many leafy fruit
trees, and twenty plates and glasses lay upon each, in orderly disi*
order. Each tree was numhored, and to each party of twenty a
steward from among themselves was appointed. When the hour
of three had arrived, the invited guests took their seats under the
foliage, and the stewards uncovered four long tables, close at hand,
which fairly groaned under the weight of roast beef and fowls, and
pies and pastry of all kinds. Boxes of oranges and huge barreb
of lemonade were there too. In fact, all the preparations made
could not have been better had the most esteemed of Mr. Buchj^
nan's private friends been visiting him that day.
The coup d'oeil was really magnificent. If- variety be charming,
then, indeed, did the party present a delightful spectacle ! There
were a few dozen white persons, lookers on. The Hon. Adam
Ferrie, the Rev. David Inglis, Mr. Scoble, and others, were there.
Mr. and Mrs. Buchanan, their family and household, were present.
Then there were people of every shade of colour, from the light
cream to the ftbouy black. Men and women were present in about
equal proportion. Boys and girls, aye, even infants were there in
numbers. And then the dresses ! One party of gentlemen,
yclept the " Sons of Uriah," were dressed in black robes, white
pants, and three-cornered cocked hats surmounted by black and
red feathers. Their leader had scarlet pants with a gold stripe,
and a cap which resembled very closely those of the Royal Sove-
reigns of the Orange fraternity. Another of their officials had a
huge axe, symbolical, we suppose, of the destiny of the slave-
holder. Then the ladies ! Their costumes were miracles ! The
colors they seemed to admire were bright as the sky above or the
flowers around. Nor are we sure they were wrong. It may suit
Europeans, whose skies are usually overcast, to wear dun or rus-
set, or umber, or gray. Perhaps, under our warmer sun, we-
should wear more blue, or scarlet, or green. Our birds do. So
do the prairie flowers. However that may be, certain it is that
our coloured lady friends displayed, yesterday, the most eff"ulgent
robes, the most splendid silks and satins, that can be seen in &
day's shopping.
APPENDIX.
259
• whjc,. «.o, have ™st"pl«: i„Toi,t. "™^"'«» •>» «■»' •'™'
del^Iir "tir,:'/"" "•■* f"-T''» pic-mo parsed „«■
be drawn. '^ " '''^™' P''^'"'"' ""d I'r«fitable, might
mot"d T'L*:, '™"" "''?«'"■• ^^ ''"«<> a«<i the g„„g ,„„.
--.na.a,,d.Lrrt-rpr:;:v:^i;rt
Ao„M „„ longe, exlTlLu ^1 ''"' ""^ ''« "h™ Avery
wMch he introduced"::,: ^Z.^Jl''"'''' oo.pany-after
i^JJ^efst::?' t^i y^r ■-«- "■«
in the Ulands she took J„ forXlt "'r^^ """''«*''<'
.be begun to perceive its Zj7Z.TZ ^hT b "" T"-"^
for puthng an end to it. By the efforL of wt r^"" ^ "»**'«
^« and othe., liberty was'ooneedtdin js!' IdT^ "" ''"^•
25th anniversary of the day „bon it ' f ^ "^ ""^ ">«
lien of apprenticeship wastilSTnilZ T"':-''-. ^ "'^ y'^"^'
■"-ing to the exertioL of iTSit ' '^"' ' '""'^^ P^*"' »^
-r. i50v„fc, ,„» ;>r««i4 with m to (fay,
360
APPENDIX.
i'
1
!
• • 1
t
1
k
and Mr. Sturgo, oven that was curtailed, and the absolute freedom
e,„a.c,pat,o„. (Iloar.hoar.) Now, it ,.ad bco„ .aM h t c „ od
people «rc u„g,-atcf„U„,l cowrdl^. II„ denied both"
. . M^xTT'T '*"'"''•■""• " ' 'he field of Magenta, had b ct
«.ved hy MeMahon's division, the bravest men in «Weh wer.
A ne.,. And if the Emperor, with his n- _ ^Lael" ; ,hl H
attack Brjtan, hor Majesty „„„,d find she had 80,00 Sd^l"
Can|rfa wl,o,n she know not of-he meant the Mack faees Ih
wonld now nrge npon all that edneation was what they needed
^ra,selhems.^-es,nto„h,gh soeial position, and hnall/thanked
Mr. and Mr,. Bnehanan for the kindness they had shown in invi'
me he coloured people to their grounils. This w,u, the happiest
day they had ever spent. (Hear, hear.)
The Hon. Adam Kerrie, M.L.C, conid not help risina to »a»
that he ha v.sited the West Indies and lived some time i:jl^I
a.,d had always found the coloured people a warm hearted and .
i!,'riiteful race. (Hear.)
Mr. Brown (coloured) reminded the audience that Dan. O'Con-
nell had been one of the advocates of Emancipation, and that John
C. Calhoun,_ „. the United States Senate, had said the British
were emancpatmg those who would turn against them Thii.
had not^proved true. There were no more loyal subjects than th,
coloured population. lie then urged upon the company the neces-
sity of education. They might not be able themselves to rise t«
eminence in society, but they had it in their power to place their
children at that height to which they could never rise themselves
Mr. Buchanan then introduced to the audience, at their earnest
request,
Mr. Scoble,* late of England, now residing here. Mr Scoble
said he believed he was the only Englishman in Canada of the old
band who had fought the battle of aboliiion in England The
»/
• The present member for West Elgin.
r
I
»/
AI'PKNOIX.
261
.tre..:;-;::: w,„w;Mt"""' """.'""■"'-'• ^■'".«''«-"-
W improve tl,e,. cond^ "b^ t; C^i''" 'T, ™ -""'"'^
others were the leaders of the Zl^l , ?''« "f','""'"''' """
jea™, the ,l.„,„« „„ fou„r „ Tru ,,, h ■ T', '"''''''"°« ''"^
U.ej' would allow of „„ amelioratl T, ' "" '''""" """
i« 1831, when the refb,wl P ™'«.iuenee was that
Eugla„d'™,e,l t* r te t "' Tr'",' ,v ' "''"'' "™'"° "''
price agreed to he paid t^ I't U J j!^*^^ ™-
protest, as, if due at all, it was due to Ij"^ ,"""' "'"''"•
W then f„u,„l it uecessary to io t" ftf wt " f , ^'?"'"'"'"'-
O'lleeted sueh evidence t„ f„ ., ''"'"•'''' "'"='■" "'o/
together again and I awa^ wTh" t r": '" °f 'k'" °" '"""''
yea,, before the ti,„e first ilLl f'^ I "^ '^^'^^ '""
h>. had laboured in the »n I '*°"""'- . ("""'■•) Su.oo that time
to impress „ t IdHf Ti ™™"'"-"^. »»'' ''o -v wished
There ..ore still 3 007000 , Z"""- "•'" ^'-■' '" ^" ''""o.
ohere slTcth, ''""™' ™ '"'"'S """l" "1™-''' cvery-
"uurt. suico the emancipat on of her slai-™ l,„ p •. • „ ^™
had set free her ,3li0 0011 • n° V Britain, France
"00,000; Sweden al thte'in ^0^' " """,'T ™'"*^' '-
«oently, while in Eurori Tr i ?"'""' "'"' ''" ^"^ 'o"™''
ins to s'e't free tLe t^^^l V (E tJ'Tf ""^ "'"P"'-
il
h
li*
262
APPENDIX.
t th It 77 '""" ""■ '"''""' "f *° Emancipation Society
to the Bey of Turns, rcquestmg him to abolish slarenr in his don-'
nions, to which he has responded, nobly, by so do^n^ T„ L
letter written by the Bey in repl^ were' these noble word " 'l
have emancpated every slave in my dominions for the" 1 L of
God, a«rfto dut,ng„M man from tl.e b-ute creatim." \SX
« t:ii T "' "■" '^"' ^"' ^^ "» " » -«™°' «i^
sWd rrrt T ^^^'^ "^'«'" '" '■^ '°J™«™ *at they
should attend to the education of their chUdren. After some
e^^uent remarks on the all-importance of this subject, he Xd
*em tojom h,m m g,™g three cheers for Mr. Bucha^n whose
knAess had procured for them a day of unalloyed pleasure.
oneTfor J.r T\ ^''"^^^ fT ""'' '""'""''' ''^"'^''^ deafening
ones lor Mrs. Buchi.nan, and three for Mr. Scoble
Dr A'„d „ '"'™*"' "''t"'"'' '"^ '''"^^'"'"" -^"■"l'» -"• tie part
Dr. Andrew Thomson had taken in leading tne Emancioation
worker m the emancipation of tho slaves in the West Indies, but
he remembered that he was living i„ a far of!' Scotch village a the
2'u 'T ^'°?"P^«» '!»)'. flags had been hung out and
spoeehes made, as eloquent, and enthusiastic as those thich S
been hstened to this day. (Hear.)
Mr. Solomon Hale (r.'oured) said he had passed the hotter part
«f h,s 42 years in sl^.ery, and thanked his God that here, on £
lish soil, he stood a free man. (Hoar.) , on an-
Mr. Broadwater (coloured) told the bist»ry of a good many cha-
a z ss i;tiit""^ "' *^-" '-^- -
Isaac Buchanan, Esq., M.P.P.,-the host-said : At the com-
n^cncement of your proceedings I avoided expres,,i„g myselfTn
he position of slavery from knowing that my views a^e, or ml^
appear, no entirely akin to those of ,ome or perhaps .all tiret
jcnt gentlemen who were to a^ldress you. Now, however, at 2
dose of the day, after free expression has been g von to th us«.
APPENDIX.
263
popular sentiments on slavery, I feel it a duty on my part to say
a tew words. No man can go further than me in the warmth of Ms
sentiments on the snhject (for there ought to be no question about
Jt m any mmd) of slavery, or can admire more the well known
Jmes ot my countryman : —
"Thy spirit, Independence! let me share.
Lord of the lion lieart and eagle eye.
Thy steps I'll follow with my bosom bare,
Nor heed the storm that scowls along the sky."
Peven go to the length of denying that patriotism, or the saving
IrllT' ",' 'f "'f ^ '*'°"« '^^^^'^ ^'' '^' ^-^ricans not
txert^ng themselves to solve the problem of how to rid their coun-
^L f 17 ' ^" "^''' ''''^ '^' ^^^^^ '^y'^^S «f another dis-
tinguished Scotchman, Fletcher, of Saltoun •
. a1 wr^'^f ^''' ^t ^^f '" ''''' '"■' '"'"''''^^ *"^ ^' ^o^^d not do
a Ome thing to save /ten"
,»t^f"' ^^^^"'»™' Pr»»'i of our freedom, and proud of our ha™«
Bet free those of the African race which woL found on Briti*
nwToTI ""' f '.'r' '""" ™ America received the inhe-
ntance of slavery. And the Abolitionist, of the North should he
wa™ed of the fact that nothing but harm to the slave ha. "ye
grown from fte,r ,U-j„dged, however well-meant, efforts. M«
^jud,c.,usly . not „«t eruelly the abolitionists- sole tactics hTe
been to remmd the planters of the Sonth that their slaves bel
^ e^d :rthr" " """''"' "■"■ *» ^'^ muu^'z
possessed of the.r own principle of right, viz., MIGHT. Like
Locke ofold they have held this.Ianguage'-
'nght „Un U mn,to break hi> chains on the h.ad ofU, oppressor
We of course cannot but object to the prinoiph of slavery and
so would the great majority of the planters of tl^ South Sut
they, as well as many others, do not see it a matter of such nrer.
mg .mportanoe at the present moment, or until some IS
amehorafon of whit, labonr in Europe i attained, C^LZ^Til
264
APPENDIX.
|i
1 ■ .
f •,
■uidcr wWch n,e American TC «««:proo.ment evils,
tries woul,] „i,|, totHli ,? '"""■>',P'';'''n*^»Pi»' « both co™,.
"."mble opinion, oflh" „!k J f <?"'■• ''^ -'»™i-'ed ; and m,
»» I bad fonnod, « 0™ wf "". "^ °"™^' "'''- « *» »<»«
«>c Southern States of North A " "-"r""'""' '«'''''"•■ I "sited
circu^tances of ale ef„„trL: r^V™- """ '" "«' f«™l^
"» 3afe„ gee ,„, ^6;^ ^ t^, ':'Z° '' ^'""^ °^" ""■'
«MVKS. As Englishmen we are „tX\"! ^"T™ "'' ™«
against ^iavery «hich would in l! ^ '"^ """^ "» ''» n""!'
Northern States, althou!h ^ f.^T/'r "'"'""""'"» "' «">
forget that the SuthI State .a„!7 ',' f ' """ »"= ^'""M "»'
tion " of Slavery. lUs hn ' " * "' ''"'' ""'"• " I™«'»-
point out the g,^at b Zl TrTlT"'' """ ^ ™"''' '">''
States to be, that ha tL^'J?" ,:'°'"°";* "' «"' Northern
hands, and made a eompaetwiftl ^ "' °"' ''s'^i'-"'"-"'. "taken
agreeing ,o slavery bX a 1! 7- T'"'°'' "'"' a^er solemnly
legislatures of the'sbZ ,S Z °,'° 1^" ^"°8^"- *» *»
most unconstitutionally a^^weU !,' \ '"'\ '"' "''"'?'"='> »".
-to the South, thus Ltyir a" ilt t,rf iv"™'' «"''™*
proposed by them, all the whCt I Lt .1 '""^ "
disunioniste. Instead nf «...] ' '^^^'^ unionists and
ta the abolition! tir^tl ^tth' IT''' f .""'^ """'■'" ™« «I»"
Northern States to -i e nofe L „ f ^ '"""^t"™ of the
consider they have made a „1 . "'"" ®"""» ">«' they
I»™ittingtl,eslaverrsllai„l"::j '""^ ^'^ «'« South, in
United Slates, and ;K]« ,K , " f """' '-'"""itution of the
convention an iml*.,ita M ''"™-''°''«"« States will hold ,
Northern States «ill v" uhet TV^ " "» "^^^K'," th^
abolitionists mighT hen I r , °' """'' " ""»'"^»'»'^- Th..
infiuenee on thf pub i "; iiit^,: r: • '""l '°"'!' """ '^ '"-
Hon of slavery throu.* the «1 1 ,' ■" '""" ""'''•^ "■'■ «■
-.bacicn.i-o?;r'j;t;'r^^:-;::-
:>r
APPENDIX.
thJItV'" f""""™"^ (i' »PP«a" to me) should do is, to riv,.
SIIm 5 "°r """ *'""''°" "f "'■^' *e South, eft ,0
De eaucated for freedom "-each being free at the ac^e of iortv
or earher if bom ifto,. 18«a „ i i • ., . " ^"^^^ty>
the burden of r ^^,^^/"d being then in .. position to take
wie Durden of the aged and infirm, and of tlie vounir at thr .v. n
juhlee of freedom. Any better meas. e than' ,7ealot be^^^^^^^^
b"o 7!r7"'"'"'^"'*'^"^ '''' --* ^-"bi« flow of hum ;
blood with then a possible failure ; and indeed many practTcl
Wropists hold that . more sudden emancipation "^-oddo
»oo.. ado„W M ' ' P'"" "' """""^ipation is not very
" th™'!:t ." S; u'""'' ""': '"""^^ '""^ P'"™ "' «'
"'^^c« to discuss the re-or-anization of the slave trado
Frtion of the lo,9 All 1 it "'■"' '° ''"'"■ -•"^i-- P^""
. l«a« to Miwi, hte e" .I'T ™' 'TT'"""'' ■"™'-
«»d there see„,s „e ™od « n' H, ° " "'" " ■'■™'"* '•
popuhtic, of the IT„rie° «, , ''■■™'"" """= "'^y ">e v-hole
me benefit V dd ht „ U : ? 1'"'!^ °°' "''"'"'^ '"''"■ "'« '»'■•<'«.•
266
AVVKNDJX.
I
a sum M would probably set them clear of peouniarv diffl., l,
:*''• -d P"' *em b the best fosltjLZ7ZLm7lZ
new arranffempnf Ti,^ ^ vr i , , uupeiuiiy on the
hundred dS ar, for 2X ^y *™''' '^^ *" Shveholders a
■ would in tt a~rltl'^T' ~"™' ""■ ^M-which
to the sum ortr:;fci :Td:;r"' tii^'-T
<leferr d pSs or "'^,7 """"■"' P"^^'"'' "' '« »' ■»<>"
portiou to its pop" at '^.'^^^ «"= '-"»■■»»' i- Pro-
«.incipieri;t:;c^;:^^^^^^^^^
.e excha„p„g „f commodities, exteudiug only to ZZ^JZ
v/i>i].j[ A5 WJ1.LL AS METAL MONEY* fru
<lolIars a head 0?.? of circulation required for each citizen, or ten
wo^d'ir ' '"T^'*T^ ^'^^^""^ '' "^^^^"^ «f Exchange
present teri 7" "'f • ''"""' "^' ^^^ ^^^ ^^"^ *he S
P ten ,1 expenenced in the United States of a hetero-
municipalities. I„ Canad! hn! ' """"'^ *° '"'"'"'^ ^'^^ embarrassed
the small amount of W. 1 ;„tr:r' 'T """'^ ""'" °°'^ '^^ -^'"-'^ f-
lation-the Canadian B^k^tuinrt'Ir'"' ''': '"""^ ^ '^^' "^^'^^ ^^P-
the legal tender paper monevr tt T ' "' "'"'''' "^""^ P^««°^^i°g
-whereas the isL of Tbrelhund d n' ""' l" "'*"' ''"^ "°^ '^''^ «P«<=i«
Planters, would be enough forthrhT. '"""^ "^^ indemnifying th«
i
APPENDIX.
267
geneous currency throughout the Union. And the statute could
arrange that a gold basis or security be supplied to this national
circulation gradually as the Public Lands are turned into money.
It is my strong conviction that IN THIS CONCILIATORY
WAY ALONE (HUMANLY SPEAKING) CAN WE EX-
PECT TO SEE THE CURSE OF SLAVERY EVER RE-
MOVED FROM AMERICA ; and having so very decided views
on this subject I have felt it my duty to take this opportunity to
explain them. ''
In this, as in all things, we have merely to do what we see to
be our duty, leaving the result in higher hands ; but it is at the
rmr/rr^T T* '^""'^"^^ ''^''*^«" *^ f^^' '^s^^^rod that GOD
i«^T,.Jr ^^^ MOMENT BRING ABOUT ALL THAT
1 amh™? ^'^ ^^ ^^^ SCHEMES OF OURS, OF PHI-
LANTHROPY OR PATRIOTISM. In conclusion { have again
.0 congratulate you on the recurrence of this Anniversary of Free-
dom ; and on the highly respectable and orderly appearance and
conduct of this great assemblage of our coloured fellow citizens.
Ihe company then dispersed, after a most delightful day, every
part of the proceedings having been satisfactory-nay, more-gra-
tjfymg m the highest degree to his guests.
The day was wound up by a soirde at Price & Carrols'.
But when I look to my general heading, or margin at the top of
J»y page,-says Mr. Buchanan speaWng on this subject in one of his
ate pamphlets,-I see that I am off my subject-entirely off the
track . 1 feel m the position we used so often to see two old friendg of
mine, and of many of my readers in the Legislature, the late Dr. Dun-
Jop and his brother the Captain, who were both, at different times,
representatives of the County of Huron in the Parliament of Canada,
instead of telling anecdotes to illustrate their stories, they were in
the perpetual habit (a very delightful one in hands so intellectual
Mid literary as theirs) of telling stories to illustrate their anecdotes !
And 1 cannot now complain if accused of having continued on this
slavery track-if not of having introduced it neck and shoulders,
ior the obvious purpose of illustrating the Monetary Reform which
it has been the business of my life to enforce-for I never can feel
h
268
-I,
APPE^.-^Tjp,
*»°«e than even the gr^at and . V""""'''"'' "' P™»3i"g imiT
of the Sout|,_tha„ the bWlT'^ '"*"•>' ""■ ""> Refugee,
currency U^, fr„„ bei Jt 't,v( t" ""'^ °"'' ?''"*"' '«»orant
^fes, which, /„. a, ,il 2T^ r ""' "'^''^^^^ »■»■»»■
Monetary System. ^"*' P™''™" "o-ej- under riatever
indeed the whole obieet of « • „.
^mediate object of calC t e !« ". '™'™ <'"'^"»'' ""> more
Parhament, and the Pro fee '„ 2"';" ° "' *'°'^"'"'™'. 'tc'
opened to the fact tUilmwmi n/'' P''"?'''''' o/-
THE QUESTION op i aLv^t„ ^''^ ^^ MONEY Ami.
ONE QUESTION OR pr,"™ ^"E IN RJJality BUT
THE ONE iBEIJ^^a TOE soSor*' SOLUTION OF
Ia». at she™, the d p^deL.of "'' ''^ ™^^ 0™ER
«"P%»«,^ and permanent PC ,el '"""'"'" ^'"^ P-^^'a'
««««3, i?,/„„„ „,. ,1^ ^,i^^r^' 0" <""■ getting a lt„„tu.
"•"■unpatriotic lo„Wo, 1?!^:!ir'"''-:''°'' '" '"™''«<' i"
^ J
AITFNDIX.
269
f A
^fl^zyff. Bj our present theory of monev in n , ^ represent
adc the mtemal transactions of tie countrv or iJLTu
taons, ./ W,u.A ae circulation is ,Ke ,nere cvidenee. I ^12"
currency, hke the air wo breathe, should be a thing e,L ore.™!
or cmm..aa; m'«....,, tha^ would be our independence If Z
in sustaining our phydcal life. ^naependence of the air
270
APPENDIX.
THE INTERFERENCE WITH OUR MECHANICS OP
PENITENTIARY LABOUR
el*:: rri- es.7Sf f-r r -™^" -
that 80 great a cubo to o,,r!l! i ^""''""'""•y '"'«", believing
turc the felon ,a,„„r ean be t™ , V .d, fo"" T "'"* ™""*'"-
which it will only competo .iti, ^ t',,!" "*°7' ";™"'*»
most practical loyalty n « (\. , i" • ° ' ''" '"""'■ »' *e
Canadian, ^..i.^Z^-^'^tt::'"^ 'a °" •'° """ "" •"•"™'
.iMe, to .-ecurc for the hbour ^rV 1 ^f"""™- ""''. if po»-
those enjoyed by tL%l^eZ:I m":"- '"'™"'"«"^ '"?-'"<»
One snpi^oHty^of Ca^Z S cro:rr„*S ■ ff ^^T '
from slavery ; and before very lono- 1 ,„JV' i ."' ^"'""°"
the other proud boast, that the labotr „f ,c, M T -^"'"^ "'*•
liable to bo reduced tu tbo p' " , "'""'""'^ "" '°n««f
to the standard of faveV J3^T !"„ T''^ ""."'"l' ""^™'^ "-^
the last Jotting in Posterinf „ " °"'^ '■*'' ""^ '■'«"'«'■ •»
*at »/«. (h-o^v^rsisrSisi: '"' ''• *»■'"«
<Ae cheaper thinqs are the ,nn.. i ^^«* fig'»t it may appear) the
cheap pies hei; a'i^IX/oTXlfor'Itr*!*^''"'"''
cause of which is decreasino- ^mni. f wages-the main
^A. ;a^o^^r ./^^.^.oT ^ employmc-nt, or lessened demand for
country's ineawtrtn^Tfi .ri '^ %';"""'' «'»'»^. '» *«
Whig or Republican party bei;,rbt>r^^^- ^^"' ™ "»»« ^ the
has for an immense lenfroS^ '■''''*='°"- ^k" ««» ™te
party, not f™„ any Zpatt w « tT ""'' '" ">" Democratic
because they were oppoCI bXeTt v*! T' r*""'"' ""'
deny the Roman CathLs e^a, l^: .:Z:^iZ^ Z^
APPENDIX.
271
rics OP
ittempt te
I believing
ded in the
manufac-
3 iron,) in
st, as the
5 prevent
t^7 if poa-
perior to
i States,
freedom
'ing also
10 longer
ore tharn
eader to
shewing
sar) the
become^
le main
md for
I have
iblican
ngthe
to the
^Jthe
n vote
cratic
iy but
as to
lound
md palnohc the.r v.ewa on Iho ,nM .^uestim of national industry-
U.e absence „|,ich at home had been seen to be the eursTof
Ire and, and the cause of hor people's expatriation.
And the question of labour has been sacrificed by church ques-
hons m the Bntish Empire also. I„,,ecd, the bane^of the Brits,
Empire ,s th.s lamentable fact, that, though in Snm tlc^at
people's quest™ is the first question of our pohtics ,•„ til!?-,
not so. Of the Members of the English hC"' Cofom":
thuMs ave from Counties or constitueneies »;,ere the ClZhaZ
hon.s the /..(question at the hustings, and where the que i„ "f
at all on the elections. THR PEOPLE'S OUPSTrnxr 7. . xr
THEREFORE, NEVER AS A MATTm OF fSe m«'
CtrS8SED, EXCEPT IN APPEAlUNCriN ENGLAND
for nothing is seriously discussed in Pn,.l,-a,v,l ^ vruAixu,
which affecl the Hustings. 'ZtZ^^lTT """""
it was prior to ,84.1, the'church part^: ZfZ ^^ 7Z
party ha.u,g thought only of their own self-interests, l*,t &
« » «ece„ar/; to hep off „al,„„k among tU pm.ulLthZ
entirely lost the confidence of the masses in P„„l/i t , .
Scotland. This fact formed, in mTrH: .t^'^^t^
fore,^ party ,n England, or Manchester schooC ,„° propose Id
mtroduee ,dea. the very contrary to those held b; this deserveSv
hated because selfish, ch™, who were plainly t^ld tha? thTn„ T
question would be the question of the ChLh, if ^ey ^ ^ Me
go«l care to popularize themselves indMdualy. The ,t elltt
SUPPOSED TO THINK ONLY OF THEMSPr vp« a mS
ALWAYS TO BE AGAINST THE PEOPLE THE LARonS
QUESTION, IN THIS WAY, WAS SACEIFIC^n to ™S
CHURCH QUESTION, AND IN ENGLAND MUST «n
REMAIN WHILE THE CHURCH OUFSTTOW !^n l ®*^
THE QUESTION OF THE PEOPLE'S IZ A vmJI™°^
THE FIRST QUESTION IN Ssh PO mo^™'™
OTHER WORDS, UNTIL CHURCHISM AND SoTisM
272
AITKNDIX.
'N
BECOME, AS IN THE OLDEN TmE, CONVEBTIBLH
i.ave m. I ,1 the ciri,ta,STf 1 , ."' ""T'" """ " "■'«'"
FIDE IitEE 'I'UADFfvTrrrn £","'' ' '""• '^VEN BONA
FOR THE EMPIBE Dn~rp?y™ "^^J^ SUITED
STANCES AND INTERESTS A^n'lf,,'^''^ ™ ^IRCUM-
OBVIOCS PROVIDENCES 'itn..'™ ^^ ™1= MOST
OBTAINING OP OUR HECr'pRnn™ ™''''" IS THR
THE UNITED STATES THE m^^L™''^''^ ™H
EMPIRE WOULD HAVE BEEN ml,','r"°'^ ^^ ™E
FREE TRADE BFING IN pffT ,^.^"™CED ERE NOW,
CIPLE TO THAT OF EMPirf^' V f •^T''*^''^ ™N-'
mting every dirty ci,iM off ti.e street Z\ w'°'''k '"^'"^ '"
own child, her on children t),. IT "''"S '""> '''« hei
not long feel towards h el. iJS'" -'"f P™1»oer,, will
-ill Uicy be slow to expre,, thei W ^. ""' '^'"'^ '^''"''' ""'
the ailk weave., aud 'Jo ,"' "^^ '» '". P»P"I- ftnndcr-
.he murderous effect offte F e ifS '"".'"° *" ™"-''''™
our own people's employment V' •^'"' '""'''""^ withdrawing
;-en,aH<s l^cgrrding t,~«'» 7Cr, f;!"- '° 7'«P''
I would just say that its comn.,r,n England herself,
not, and never'eould 1 e" e ' cl'TTT '™ '"" '""'' »» ™
indeed, l.y;„«4,;,V^ ,,„„. „„„ , "d < « f cT"- '' ^•""'' »<>'.
STARVATION FROM VVANT OP r'-ui,**^^^'^ PLAINLY,
NOT HAVE BEEN WARDPn ."^I-OYMENT COULD
FACTS OR OUDINArV c7uc!rT«r!A'? '"™ ^'J'^™ OP
AS WHEN SIR ROBEirr pffpI ni^^^^ '^"^ SAMB
IN THE DARK IN IFrKf^^.r.v?^™"*°IPI'ED LEAP
Andany^ 'i „;i;t f^"""N. WAS COMMITTED
TION 'hTs BEET'^REvSSsor'?/^^'^''^^"^"-
dential discovery of gold in Call .^f^^^ ''^ "■-= P™^
EVEN ALL THIS ALTOGP™pn T^ ^''''"^'"'- ™ILB
POSSIBLY, ONLY TPMPnp . u,^ UNEXPECTED, AND
BEEN ENOUGH VRA2t»n,?^*=^«S' "^^ NOT
m MOST ARTI^lZlZ-^/rEA^BOVE^^^^^^^^
RRTIBLB
introdticod
t it might
J^ BONA
SUITED
'IRCUM-
EMOST
S THE
WITH
F THE
SNOW,
' PRIN-
rsists in
like hei
ers, will
lild, nor
mdor —
—when
(rawing
iulti])lj
lerself,
as M-.ia
d not,
NLY,
)ULD
E OP
AMB
EAP
PED.
)LU-
(rovi-
ILH
ND,
fOT
NG
IS
APPENDIX.
273
UNEASINESS fN-^^fi. r : ^^^^'^ ^^^^ TO MONETARY
UJNbAblNESi rj^ THE LONDON MONEY MARKET?*
IN CONCLUSION,
Irreciprocal Free Trade is . n. , . ^^^^^^E, and that our
but I n>ay a^ain iCLce 1 2 ' T '^^^'''' "/i'^^^^^i'-./.c^ece;
in India of mT Tar! " w /"* '"'"'^'''^ ""^ ''^^"^ ^^^^ures
"i xi uu, ot Mr. Jamea Wilson, formerly Free Trirl^ VA\^^ i- .u
London ^..n.m^««, now Chancellor ofY T^ t , ""^ *^*
quote the follomn^ from IdsTt 1. f K / " ^'^^^^-l^er, and
delivered at a publfc dZer jv t Tw\^^'' '"'^'^''^ ''^ ^a,
Hawick, in Scotland " T^^^^^^^ ''"^"^ ''' '^' "^^^^ P^^^^^
.NOKKSTOOB, .HE COMMON C ^kT::." "'^'' ^^"'^^
lu ALL ALIKE — AGRICULTURE CAN-
-ne Ways and Means 0/411:1^'"''^^ •*''»' ^-" P"t into «y hand.
Pincott & Co., Philadelphia. M p'a^^ f fh " ""• ''"'"^'"'^ ^^ •^^ «• ^'P'
«Ay A« „,Ao must remit for goods 211,1' -^'f^^' = " ^^^''^ " '"' '""-« re.u^
or silver at a fi.e, .Je, mI t r'C'lf ?^'" ^"""'^^ ^^^''^ ^«- ^"Z.
A« arf.a„^ag, ,, „„4, ^ ^^ remittances in It ^""^ "^ ''"""' *^ *" '^"'^ ">'•
ti^ns. ,^ .o„n/ry co./rf drairTZ '^''"^^odities. Under such . .^u/a-
^U^ut,a,in, Ze VridZe^^Z^Z^''^' ^7 '' ^^ ^''"
Mderstand that there is no other vav to u ^''"^-^'^^ farmer can well
the labourer. Under our present sZ^L ^ . "'^P'-"ductire rich to care for
is an export demand for C::rdi:7: r; 'TZT "" "'^''" °^ °°' '^-«
low, because Ae gets more wheal far h; ' '^ interested in seeiig it
out. When keeping right the Fld^Exciris'" '' "' ^^^°^™ ^^^^ ^^'^^
gold and increase the quantity of ft k! ,/ ""^^^''''J' '° '"wer the price of
Bee his interest in pushLreZrl ' d -f"' ''" "' """"^y' ^« ^-'^ then
Isaac Bcchanak. ^ ^ "'' "'^ *="'*'"''8 in'Porta of foreign labour _
(
^. »
^^,
..-.ft,
.SU ^"t>^^%
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-S)
/.
i..
V M?.
Y
fc
l/j
^
f/-
^
"^
1.0
I.I
11.25
£ US 12.0
JA
IM IIIIIM
Photographic
Sciences
Corporation
33 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580
(716) 872-4503
O
Yj
w
!
wfp
ir
f
I!
i
274
AJTENDIX,
Not prosper without manufactures, and the best guaran-
tee FOR THE prosperity OF MANUFACTURES IS THE PROSPERITY
AND PROGRESS OF AGRICULTURE." Mv. Wilson's iDoral courage, ill
not allowing his personal consisiency to prevent him taking the
course he now sees right in the circumstances, cannot be too much
admired ; and the disingenuous course of those who accuse him of
having imposed a new tax on the Indian people, in putting ten j 3r
cent, import duty on cotton manufactures, is being seen tnrough.
It was the wcurring of the debt of India that imposed the tax, and
the putting on customs duties is a mere preference of one's means of
levying it to another. As regards the same thing in Canada, truth
compels me to say, that in this deceptive mode of allusion to indirect
Taxation^ by which customs duties are attempted to be here also
made odious, the Ministry of the Province have been as much to
blame as the Opposition. Like Mr. Gladstone (see especially his
late humbug speech against the patriotic interference of the House
of Lords about the paper Duty) and the Free Trade enemies of
India. Messrs. Gait and Brown persist in pandering to the popular
ignorance, by representing customs duties as a tax on the people,
instead of as a mode of collecting an already existing public bur-
den (the interest of the provincial debt^ which they know wel!
could not be collected in America in any other way, not even at the
point of the bayonet ! Bat the immense amount of misery already
in this Province, arising from direct taxation in the Municipalities,
will insure Canada against a repetition of this transparent humbug,
even if the protection through Customs duties, in 1858 and 1859,
was not seen to be WHAT ALONE HAS PRESERVED THE
PROVINCE THROUGH ITS LATE TROUBLES, AND
GIVEN US THE HOPE OF MORE UNINTERRUPTED EM-
PLOYMENT FOR OUR POPULATION IN THE FUTURE.
Canada has the honour of having been two yeare in advance of
India in this patriotic and truly loyal movement.* Elsewhere
•The Folitical Economists are acting a most disloyal part, who would allow
Canadians to have anything to envy in the United States, or leave them any
longer open (truthfully) to such taunts as the following :— " Though the ratio
of the increase of the population has been greater in Canada than in the United
APPENDIX.
m
-whose transactions Zeheen^ T'Y ^""^^'^'^ ^^^^^^,
the expression of TholjcX '"tI:^ t f " n^'^^^'^
of labour^ is, if ^ell understood' , J */^** ^'^'^ '*" ' ^''^^^^^^
for all who win pretend tg ^^ ;/ *|- ^^ole futu.^!
Spectator, of 30th July of ««!? ' . *^^ ^^'^^^^^ ^«%
protection a. follows :_ "' ^'''■' '^''"^'^'^ ^^ -i<^ory fl
J ^^ THE VICrOKV KOR PROrECTION ^ CANADA.
" The successful resnif a* fV,«^
«. citj,, having f„. to obieltte * f' f^'^*"'' """»'>»■• f«
"hew. what oaf be acoor;^! ^rutV l?"*'^" ■■'^*^'
ranee, and the untiring efforts of 11. "'^'''ra'oed perseve-
will be remembered wil whluaho^tr/"?'*"'.'" *^ "»'^- I'
met by a portion of the OppoTiSon ° ?" "■' """™™' "«
" to scorn, and denouneod iCa Mlfeff T ° '"'"''"^<' "o '»»«<•
sy*m of proteetion, highly dtt* men ff',', *"/"»'»"' ^ e;.ploded
country. In no wa} diWatj b^T '*" "*'-o* »' ""e
the friends of the IvernTC"/ 'rt™ .""^ --"ed,
Meetings were convened in va tL pt J V! '"""^' '"""''•
meet,„g „f delegates finally took 2'* L ^"'""■•'' ''"' "
necessary eourse of action L decided on mT V" "''°'' ""
movmgspiril of the laudable ent„,™- "i^- ^"ehanan was the
blessings of IV.. r.«^, ^jf, E„l„1 ^H r';-'"^ '""• ''"^^ ^*^« enjoyed the'
time. Whenever we have attemped t^ \ ' ^' ^-^^^ '^"'J' «' P"i of he
With the comforts and necessar^s mt\Z:'''''^ '' °" own'inalt^
people; and during the intervals o LT i7r"T'' ''''' ''''''^''^^- ^'^
foreign goods, we have relapsed again „to T' ''''' importations of
rmcr, while the CanadiansLve b! n erta!!" H " '"'"'"^ ^ ^-t-
by Free Trade, as to be unable to get sufficl? ^'''^''"''*"^' ^'^'^ ''"'Pt «° Poor
downs of prosperity and bankruptc; in st " "'''l''^ ''^' «^«° '"^ "P«' nd
---. Pablishea b. Charles ^c^^^TX; ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^
ill
276
APPENDIX.
;rf.^ U
contend against, yet never faltered for a moment, and he now finds
his efforts crowned with success. Had not the movement in favour
of encouragement to native industry been started, we would not to-
day have had the satisfaction of congratulating Mr. Buchanan and.
those supportmg him, upon the success of the efforts made to give
a stimulus to home manufactures. Some three or four journals,
among them the aiohe and Leader, laboured most mdustrioualy to
thwart the aim ^f the Association, but they soon found that it was
useless, for the feehng of the country was with the Association,
and the Government wisely yielded to the i-ressure from without,
and conceded the chief demands of the Protection'sts. The Tariff
waa altered to suit the views o^" those advocating the important
change, and the country must eventually benefit largely by the
Wisdom displayed in giving the necessary protection to home
mdustry. By a decisive vote of 68 to 28 the tariff passed the
popular branch of the Legislature, and the good effect of the policy
adopted by the Government is already beginning to shew itself.
We hear of confidence being imparted to commercial transactions;
new manufactories are talked of, and those at present in operation
have decided to sell at reduced rates. The increase in the protec-
tion to printing paper has induced the Messrs. Buntin to redw,
their prices four per cent., and we have not the least doubt that
other manmacturers in different branches will follow the example.
Confidence has been restored, and it now only remains for the
Government to carry through two important measures, the usury
and abohtion of imprisonment for debt bills, to render the victory
complete. There can be no question as to the good effected by the
policy pursued in commercial matters.— The Free Traders, so
called have been worsted, and they have probably learned by this
tune that their nostrums are by no means palatable to the people of
ttLT!!?'^""^^^* ^^ "^^^^ '^ "^^^^ capital, and A CHECK
UPON THE DRAINAGE OF MONEY FROM THE PRO-
VINCE, and this we are in a fair way of obtaining, for the Tariff
^1 reduce our importations, and retain within the country one half
of the amount expended in purchasing goods which we can manu-
facture ourselves. This is no trivial boon to a country like Canada ;
besides our markets wiU speedily discover that, in a full marM
etutiea are no taxes.
APPENDIX
277
SO
For the victory so signally achieved in behalf of protection to
W manufactures, we are unquestionably indebted to the member
lor this city, who instigated the movement, and through his
His detractors have been silenced by his success, and Ltead
accompbshed what no other man in the Province had the coural
to attempt. All honour, then, to Mr. Buchanan, for what he hS
done in the way of stimulating native industry, a.d It the sme
i^e giving an impetus to the trade of the country.''
THE ..TIMES" ADMITS PATEIOTISH. TO BE RE8T0HED AS A ..KATIONAX.
VITAT ITV."
c^d von ™ i„1^: l^;?^;'^^^- yoars, during which no one
bountios ornl . T^- ^S"'"'"" «» ^y » word in favour of
'ZthesanTri; 7 "'"' "'"""" "-^'"^ overwhelmed with
e? THERriS r^Tt-'^ T "' "■" "■»" ^"^rkable ever reoord-
tecHve dntiee werTlithlt? ™*"' '"'''" P"*" **' «■* P™-
woek aftZ t T ''f ™"^ ""■ re^n-w. they have been lectured
everv Mar 1 ' ™u ."""T" ""'' =™-"«'' P^-^i"" "
Zdfo^tfi j'^?'"'""' '^*^ Government the people were
circumstance/ Th. T^^ extent, under much less oMusable
c rcnmstances. The Indian producer has not merely the stanle »f
".g of a more expens,vo freight, and the existence of a p^Hata
B„ol.1,°*"°" '"'"°"'°' "" f"""""- «• ""'"Ubl. «„=,_,„„
li
Ul i
B ■'
I, h
278
APPENDIX.
ft% recognized, but for the moment a curiouB ccmbinpZ Tcx^
oumstances prevents that result. The nartv l.ifh.T ? •'
nent on free trade a.e sllen. and Z' !::VtCrZ7Z
must be accepted until a better is given, consistsbthe" ct ^
the measure has proceeded from their own bor^v tk %
Uvea, o„ the other hand, are m^^^Z ^J^^.^^l ^:^--
then- exploded v.ew8, of which at a fitting time theylui doTtief
make some use ; and, finally, a large sectfon of the mereant^" oom
mumty, annoyed at what they coneeive to have WenTfLT
oa,. bestowed o, Manehester interests in the W Cy. I^t
avow that they are triad to spa fKa Mo u l ^^-a'-j', openiy
J* Au J .- ^ . ^ ® *"® Manchester men hit bv a bnlt
tSTgI^a™.;?'. « ^"^« "'^ FACT uSaiNS
nSt;,!^ „^ BRITAIN, AS REGARDS THE MAJORITY
OF THE PEOPLE OVER WHOM HER SWAYEXtS
^otectS? '^T. °"^ ^^^s. a^^'e™!'
„•/ ""Tr/tf "^^ "'"' *" A°«>™»n corroboration of my Recinro-
ty and Zollverein views, in the following Report to the's oX
cannot do better than append it here. The fact that the writer
does not nofce the farther rise of Tariff which occurred i^ mt
Tariff BstUl eons,d=rably less than the American, while the Ameri^
cans with very different patriotism than Mr. Gladstone's, a^Tw
proposmg to mcrease theirs:— »« ""w
APPENDIX. 2^
THE CANADIAN RECIPSOCITY TREATY.-A PLEA
FOR ITS EXTENSION.
B.=rOBT or .AMES W. T«.0« TO TH. S.CKEr^y OF THE TEEA8B.V.
.< ™ " SiiNi Paul, May 2.
.nrestigated by the people from the records and documents published
eL p rrbT"'- „«^"-7 ="'-"' 'liP'o^-y a»d puMcatir,,
«6e treasury department are carefully studied whenever regulations
of commercial interest are agitated. >^g"laf ons
, J'.^t''! '"'°°''°° ''*' '■'"""'"y •'"on "ailed »» the recinrocilv
S Amir "^r''";'^'' "'"^" "»" '"^ »"«* P"-^- ^
the di,ZT f ' 7 " ""P"'"'' "f ""e «''««■' interested in
:t:;rotr'^fv"~
en E.clprocitv,„r Recllc»lL V 1^ "'''°" » '" '"""«' "f *»»«-
reftrwce ,0 .»' „Th.r J ' '" ^'""""'' '''°"''' '""'»°'
imlSnfdi,T" f ""^ '"'"' "™' '^'•»»' Britain withdrew ver,
St t teTxr Is oi :: ™'r r- = -"' *'- "■"-"^
nies Tr„«l .k ' T . „ ''™'"' *" N"* American colo-
Ser p M 4To„r. tf • ?^'""' ""' '"^«^'' """-»■
foreign growapafd a ta'f «!«"«' "'"• ""'^' """ "''• »f
ir^^r I. . "y "' fifty-«re shilUngs per load Th.
amce ImV'So'V.*' '"™'?°' """"^ "' *= '""'o government
amce I«49-S0-have recognized the principle of colonial self-
If
*
i|
W
280
APPENDIX,
the nwrketo of Great Britain "'"""' """^ '"
ISs/tJ"*^^ ''"'™°"' "' *" 'o^Proeitj treaty of June 5
ig ttets'Thr' 1"""™' °' *"" ^^"y 4ute-d™ii:
coast '"''« ""^ '«'J'«»» «« <*« north-eastern AtUnUc
"At the conclusion of the neace of l7flQ *k ^ . .
the United States anH r,w tj x ' *^® *^®**y between
cans ' to teke fish onl r ."^ '*^P^^*^^ *^« "S^* ^^ Ameri-
«ea, where the Labft^t« of ^.7°'''.""^ "" °*^^^ P'^^« ^ *^«
and the liberty TfiVh !^ . ^ ''^°*"'' ^"^ ^««« "««d before,
British fitlnused^^^^^^^^^^^^^
ti^e coasts, Tays Id cr ks of J T".'^' -t'^^^' "^' ^"
America.' ^ '**^^' ^"*^h dominions in
coasts irhlr^f^^^^^^^ right, fish all along the
marine leagues of LT . America, but not within three
harWa^Cnot?^^^^^^^^ '1 1 ^"^^ '^^ ^^ «-^ ^^^^ and
sneiter, to repair damages, or to obtain provisions or water
commodore were sail^!^. ' ''^ ^^°"'^ ^^ ^ ^"^^rican
involving all the horror^of war' ° '"°"«'" "° » '="'^""
" The first article of the treaty was oecupied with an adjustment
?• f
APPENDIX
281
^f this fishery question. It waa agreed that ' in addition to the
liberty secured by the convention of October 20, 1818, of taking
curing, and drying fish on certain coasts of the British North
Amenca^ colonies therein defined, the inhabitants of the United
m?^! .f r^ '° ''"""^'^ ^^* *^^ '""^^^'^ °f h«r Britannic
majesty, the hberty to taJce fish of every kind except shell fish, on
ctr T' S°^ "^T '°^ ^" ^^^'' ^"^*'"^«' ^d creek of
€an^a New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward's Island
and of the several islands adjacent thereto, without being restricted
to any discance from the shore, with permission to land upon the
Zr M T? ''*,"'. "^'"" ^"' *^^ ''''-'' *»^-eof, and also
luChefrlst ' ^ ^'"'^ '-' ''' ^"^^^^ '' ^^^^ *^- -^ and
"The preamble stated as a prominent motive to the treaty a
fis'hW n r ^"^*^«^ °^i«-derstanding in regard to the right of
fishing on the coasts of British North America.' The sfcond
article secured a smiilar privilege to British subjects on the eastern
TrLTi'^dr ^°' "^^°"^' ""'''' '' ''' "^-^ P-allelTf
is'^ wf ? ^''''^ ^° ^' '^* '^^"^^ °^«^«^g«' (December 2,
Skr A tX'""'^^^^^^^^ *" '^' '''^'^ ^ ^ MEASURE OF
PACIFICATION, while expressing his satisfaction with its com-
mercial operation. His language is annexed :
the 5t?of 'j'^^ll'rV^' ^^*'^ ^*"*^« and Great Britain, of
the 5th of June 1854, which went into effective operation in 1855
J- u a jdrge Class ot our citizens in a pursu t connectfld
to no inconsiderable degree with nnr r,of . 1 ^o^ected
The exporfa of domestic articles to these provinces during the
exceeding those of the preceding year by nearly seven million
ifl
w
I
: i
281
APPKNUIX
dollars ; and the irnporte thorofrotn, during the same neriod
ro,ahZr"'' "'"",'•""»'"' ""•• "'"W'Mon "ftho treaty «au„gt„
tl.ird«rt,d.l . ,' ■"■^ 7'" "' *"""""""" I'"'"™ tl'e first a„d
btote , "l"l« **»nl„« «„„„ ,,rovi«i™ «hid, !,„; ,.,^voa WneS
cmlto„ur|,i-„v,„„ia|„cigi,|,„rsj
W..tS ,,t tl,. U,„t„,l .St„t„, J|,„ ,.„^,,^,_^ ^,, ,„„;
Mie same nght apoi, Lako Mioliifrau.
uw?rtl 'Ir "1"^ I'T"'"?'' "' ""■•'""' '<""■'"" i» P™'»My founded
.Tdl "^t'. *'■ "^'""^ ""• P'oduclH enumemted to a
o » J ."'"«"'" «'■-"■ """ l™*- of fte British
' i™rp. A%^;',' ! ,'^'"'"'' ™P°"«™ly. frco of duty.
/RE UNorMM nf ' '"■^^""'-'''''^ ^'*' ™I« STIPULATION
OlUTuf A ,?n Su^ ^'"^^''^ PHESIDENT PIEUCE CON-
Ztlmt "/'■ '^''™''''^ '" '«*'"• Successive secre-
ex^t^a'. ''■'•""7 '"'7 '"«•■" "o-*"' "o tabulate the progress of
year t^r, fir , °""'''*""'o »'»"»>'°>" « made t„ ineludc the
tobe «17,b4o,15S; merease of «a,«n,2o2; excess of ox, wt^
tocreld tSI- """ ™'' "■" ^"^ "' ""> '^""'y. Canada has.
JL 7 A t'p-L'iT^^r "" ~»nablo ground for eompkmt 'IAN ABA
?R™^?n ^hf" INCLUDE IN THE FUEE LIST e" E lY
ARTICLE NAMED IN THE SCHEDULE OF THE TRFA IT^
AND, AS TO THE MANUFACTURED ARTICLES^wh/t
if^
APFBliroiX.
288
>mmcrce is
Sfn ^^^ ^"^ '"^ ""M'^D THAT THE PKOVINCES
NtTFACTri fJ PM n i /^- ^'^'^'^^ CANADIAN MA-
with t ^^""^^ "'"^' '''''«""°; t»^« P»hlK'. lands aa
rS^l'^"^ ™ ''"^ RECIPROCITY TKEATY IS ?0
S^fA? r^^'f J'^''^"^'^'* ^NU AMERICAN tUfes
ESI ECIALLY IN IlESPECT TO MANUFACTURES
Articles.
Manufactures of wood
Manufactures of mahogany
Wax, bees'
Refined Sugar
Chocolate
Spirits from grain, whisicey
Spirits from grain, other
Molasses
Vinegar . .
Beer, ale, porter, cider
Linseed oil . .
Spirits turpentine
Household furniture
Carriages and cars
Hats . . * '
Saddlery
Candles .
Soap . . _
Soap, perfumed and fancy
Snuff . . '
Tobacco, manufactured
Am.
1846
30
. 40
30
. 30
20
, 100
100
, 49
30
30
20
20
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
40
40
Tariff.
Rates of Duty.
30
30
24
24
24
15
15
24
24
24
24
15
24
24
30
30
Can. Tariff.
1858.
16
. 16
15
!2,50 perlOOlba.
16
I'^c. per gal.
Specific; 50tol00c.pergftl.
Specific ; 4c. per gal.
Specific; 6c. per gal.
Specific ; 8, 25, l2ic.(Vids)
15
. W
20
20
20
24
• • • . 20
Specific; $1,25 per lOOlbs.
20
Specific ; 10c. per lb.
Specific; 5 7i, 10c. per lb.
(according to value.)
i a
It r
p •
284
Laathflr
Leather, booU and iboM .
Oablcri and oordaga
Oiinpowdei'
l".- ■ ■'■'■'■
Lead
Iron— pig, bar, naili, Ao. ' .
other maoufoot^red
agricultural ImplemenU
Copper— in pigs and ba.s
maaufaotures of .
Braai- In piga ^nd ban .
manufaciures of
Brass and Copper wire and cloth
Medics.! preparationi .
Medical druirs .
Uotlons (averaga duties) .
Hemp, marufacturasof ,
Wearing appnrel .
Barthonware
Combs
Buttons ...
Brushes and brooms
Umbrellas and parasols .
Printing materials
Musical instruments
Books and maps
Paints . .
Glassware . . ,
Tinware ...
Manufactures of pewter and lead
Manufactures of marble
Manufactures of India rubber
Manufactures of gold and silrer liaf
Artificial flowers
Lard oil ,
Manufactures of wool .
hair
fur .
■ •
goat's hair
silk .
worsted .
hemp . , . ^
flax
The average c' ad vaiortK duties
1967 18 about 21 percent., under the
€ent.
*iPPICNDIS.
. 30
" . . . . H
80
" t4
. 35
'»•... Fm.
30
" IS
. 30
" • • . . Free.
30
'» 6
. 30
" • . . . 8
30
" 6
. 30
34 "Spade«,Ae. . aO
6
* 1
. 80
»*.... 30
6
'"' • . . . Free.
30
'*••.. 30
30
2* 5
. 30
" • . . . 30
ao
" 16
. 35
" • . . . IS
3C
" • . . . . 18
. 30
" . . . . as
30
" 16
. 30
2* . . . . 18
36
" 18
. 30
2* • . . . 30
(Brooms, corn, S. ; 60c. per doz )
f 24 \g
. 20
" • . . 18
20
^« ao
. 10
® • • . . Free.
20
^» 15
. SO
94
• • • . 20
30
2* B
" . . . . 15
. 30
30
2* 20
. 30
2* . . . . 20
16
" 20
30
2* • . . . 15
30
2* 16
. 30
2* ■ . . . 15
25
^» 15
. 30
2* . . . . 20
25
19 ao
'>.\i
1« • . . . 20
25
19 IS
20
!«•... 16
30
15 16
in force
under the American tariff of
Canadian tariff of 1858, about 16 per
t' I
lil:
1
APPENO t.
19
. M
fnt.
. IB
Fnt.
8
8
6
30
8
30
Free.
30
8
30
18
18
18
38
18
18
. 18
30
>cr doE )
. 16
18
. 30
. Free.
. 18
30
8
18
. 30
30
. 30
15
. 18
18
. IS
30
. 30
30
. It
15
. 15
Uriff of
It 16 per
'2u
" ()urmanufa.iuror«d.j,and thafc Canada ehall resto.-e tho .cale
ponalljr of ita abrogation. W4KN IT IS 0<iM«mpDi7r!
THAT THE DUTIKS IMPOSED BY THP -.Mpm^fS
TARIFF OF .867 ARE FULLY 25 PEP CENT HGm-H
THAN THE CORREaPONDINO EATEr'oF thp
" What ha« boon thn offoct .>f tho Canadian tariff of 1858 unnn
our o^port, of manufactures V It wont into operation A 'stT
1858, consoquontly tbo exports from the United States of ZlL'
artielos for the year ending June 30, 1858, a. compLed wth^^^^^^^
exports for the year eudin, Ju.e 30, 1859 will eXb 'th Im
parative operation of tho former and the existing tariffs :
■XP0UT8 0, liAN..rAOTUR«S FROM TH« UlllT.D BTATM
Ac.
Of
Articles.
Adamantine and other candles
Beer, ale and porter, in casks.
Books and maps
Bricks, lirao and cement
Brooms and brushes .
Buttons
Cables and cordage
Carriages, railroad cars, parts of,
Combs
Copper and brass, manufactures
Drugs and Medicines .
Earthen and stoneware
Fire engines and apparatus
Gunpowder
Hats— of fur and silk
" of palm leaf
Household furniture
Manufactures of India rubber— shoes
" " other
Iron — bar
castings .
nails .
pig
manufactures
Jewellery, real and imitation
1868.
$10,006
6,809
60,304
. 31,547
6,518
. 3,108
18,494
• 24,681
1,127
. 60,803
74,965
. 9,889
6,900
6,020
47,087
. 1,741
183,666
707
20,863
. 21,331
62,734
13,209
23,260
614,439
6,617
TO OAV n\.
$S,415
2,707
160,034
26,.i77
4,149
28,433
20,449
12,824
60,611
68,529
9,350
),200
137
116,571
679
136,766
169
13,048
10,852
41,918
11,136
18,240
697,713
15,914
*«
ill
li
Ui.
286
APPENDIX.
Lard oil
Lead
• • • •
Leather • . . .
" manufactured— boots and shoes
Linseed oil .
Manufactured tobacco
cotton— printed, &c.
It
9,160
1,407
259,563
242,450
9,568
6T0,466
30,009
duck
other .
«iass, manufactures of
Hemp, manufactures of— b«ga
" thread
other
Marble and stone, manufactures of
Pewter and lead
Tin .
Wood
Molasses
Musical instruments
Paints and varnish
Paper and stationery .
Printing presses and type
Saddlery
Salt .
Snuff ,
Soap . . , _
Spirits, from irinin .
liioliises
other materia's
of turpentine
Sugar, brown
refined
Trunks and valises
Uubrellas, parasols, &c.
Vinegar
Wearing apparel
Total
white, other than duck 30,994
1:170
148,240
. 69,4 70
4,986
14
. 1,868
86,622
737
7,166
. 184,691
58,568
■ 72,607
31,193
65,341
15,694
1,805
155,872
2,490
7,511
94,741
2,125
3908
94,630
17,447
10,620
1,379
1,287
14,059
1,277
872
216,436
211,147
7,854
1,205,684
34,197
47,132
4,284
398,177
85,232
2,050
335
1,941
53,883
76
15,451
45,146
51,510
104,534
27,193
78,825
1,771
911
201,835
63,909
5,7<i7
31,481
257
2,082
6,432
179,158
48,995
3,992
1,478
6,845
9,373
$3,699,303 $4,598,792
from thT W-f i'T'" *^"* '^' '^P^^^ '^ n^anufaotared articles
trom the United 8tateS to Canada wer6 greater bv ^SqqTqq
under the operation of the revised tariff thZT Ix.^ ^^99,m,
June 30 IH'^s ^v.- u x I .? ! ' *"*" ^^'' *^« ^^ar end ne
pZ!LZ\t:l:^^ ? '"^^ '^"^«* ^^ *^« -^^-^^ rate?
prescnbed by the tariff m force prior h August 7, 1868. Of
li i
AI'PENDIX.
287
20T
course, the eftorts now makintr in th^ r,« •
manufactures preclude the e„Ct ^ T"! '' ''^^^^''^ ^^«°^«««c
ican .anufactuU, but tml'^ZSe'J ''' ""'^^^ '' ^--
on our part. ^avoidable, and warrants no strictures
" It is a sufficient renlv to thi<» a,,^^^ i
of the g„vera„,e„t; and that "t ifoHsM ^ *' '"«^"'='«'
measure ia obvious from the fact t.h.t . 1 ™ " ""^""^
imjK^ed u^u tea and ooffee;a* l ^1 ^^ !'* *""*" ''
meut does notvenlure to chaise with,! 'f ;^™"«»n gove.n-
should consider that the d^^™ ^t^Zlle -p"''"'"'--
render it practicable for the CanadiJ.*. ' "^ """^"mption
^ only fifteen to l.e^ZllT a.T,^'''"''''' '"^'''"-
duties imposed bv „s m,o/r! T "'' ""'<«•«. i^tead of the
apparent L. thf ;rd™/:;t:a„— r't^ ' ^ ''
five per cent, ad valorem. ^ ^'^^''^^ **^ t^enty-
" Still it is due to candour to add that « . u-
organizing in Canada, sin^ilar to tha wh Lh his " " «"'"' "
upon American legislation, and whiol T . "" '^ influential
ment of customs ^ will L^h t f ^^''" '"^^ ^'^ adjust-
tu.es. The New Yol'ZlLrrj: r^^ *^. --^^
journal, which gives much attentiontr.^, ''^''■^ intelligent
as follows, under date of ApriU "^^^^^^^^
' The people of Canada are now settaW th. , •
extend and diversify their productive rt^rtT 'Vr''' ^
gence is fairly awakened to the necessitv of ^^ ^'''^^'' ^"*""^-
se f-supporting, as the first step Twa" ol d and Tf'' '"^"^^^
The movement in favour of native mlf ? ^"™« '"«««««•
practical form. Several woIllentiuH^^^^^^^ '' "^"^^^^ ^
^ great a demaiid as they can sm ^l T ^u" '^''^*^'"' ^^^^«
articlesofclothingwhichth^prduc 'Itfnt- ''• ?-' ^^^^"-*
to the growth and manufacture of t " '' '^''"^ ^^^^^ted
auction of which the prottis^er^^^^^^^^^^^ P-
locahties arrangements are being Tal 1? 1 ' ? m'" '"'''^^
::::.S;j-t;raH'^^^^^^^^
-ts are bein, t*d of Z ^^ptr^^l -~
ilii
288
Al'I'RNniX.
situated for such an cntorpriso, with abundant and constant water
power, with cheap labour to bo procured from the neighbouring
French popuhition, and a surrounding country of groat fertility
formed chiefly by an ontorpriHing class of people from Kngland and
Scotland. Lower Canada, indeed, presents Hpocial advantages for
manufacturing industry. With its abund;int and chenp labour,
8upplie<i fi-om among a people w»io aro capable of steady and pains-
takn.g habits when they are proptM-ly directed, it needs but the
energy an<l resources of British capitalists to turn to good account
the disposition now evinced in Canada, both by the government
ami the people to support native manufactures. Now, more than
ever, it is absolutely essential that attention should bo given to
those branches of artificial production ; for the abolition of the
different duties on timber, just i.itroduced by the British chancellor
of the exche«pier, will have the effect of diminishing very materially
the amount of what hiis hitherto been the principal export of the
country, or if it does not reduce the (piantity, it will, at all events
lower the price. This is the opinion of those best ac.p.ainted with
the business, and therefore it will bo well to consider the advice
given by the London Timri<, and turn attention to some other class
of production, though certainly not to agriculture, which already
ongmsses a sufficient proportion of the labour of the province. The
cotton manufacture appears to be in most favour, on account of the
facilities now aftbrdo«i by the (Jrand Trunk Railway in bringing
tlie raw material direct from St. Louis.'
" The annual report for IHAU, of the board of trade of the city
of Tortmto enumerates, ,w recent and successful ot-tabliahmonts the
manufactures of leather, soap and candles, whiskey and ale, cigars
ground coffee, spices and mustard, nails; earthenware, boots and
shoes, etc. These Canadian mnnufactures are mostly absorbed by
home consumption, yet some of them, notwithstanding our duties
of LO per cent, and upward, begin to appear in American markets
I annex a few manufactured articles, and our imports of them from
Canada, during the years 1858 and 18r)9.
WPOuTa or manifaotuius
Articles.
Beer, in casks .
Beer, in bottles
FROM CANADA TO
TH« DNniD BTATM.
1H68. 1859.
$4,780 $6,160
696 808
APPKNDHC.
flooti nnd ihoni, othor than leather
Clothing, reftdy-made
Cotton, |)lo(;«-K()()dn
Ootton, thrciiid twlot .
Cotton, velret
Cotton, not ipeolflod
Foulhors and flowers
Flajt, manufactured llneni, bleached and
unbleached ....
Flax, roanufaotiired not ipecifled
Purs, tnanufactureR of
Jewellery, gold and .llrer, manufacture.
IlatH and bonnets of straw
India rubber, manufactures of
Iron, bar . . _ _
ciibios, chain .
cutlery
niusltots and rifles
railroad
sheet .
* • • •
othor manufactures
Leather, manufactured boots and •ho«s
gloves
ikins tanned
tanned, sole ,
not specified .
Salt . ,
* • • •
Silk, manufactured, piece goods
not specified .
Spirits, brandy
from grain ....
from other materials
Sugar, brown • . . .
Wares, china, earthen, Ac.
Wood, manufacMires of
" • •
Wool and worsted, manufactured.
Blankets
Oarpetine
Flannels
• • • . .
Piece goods ....
Notspecifiad
289
1,180
ai
37
1,084
06
21
MS
388
43C
4,627
304
023
3
139
mii
12,324
116,162
2,233
10,293
701
644
196
2,874
20,878
147
586
13,973
4,006
299
976
860
21,820
34
464
60
1,897
2,008
•81
1,100
a
400
1,628
289
S8
364
601
480
7,700
6,070
221
690'
1,441
672
6,783
209,672
1,347
19,eS3
636
474
2,000
2,309
3,397
16,231
410
804
18,6 79
2,786
803
8,468
13,763
36,678
76
126
134
1,311
S,A6S
,t rpu- »233,734 $374,008
n.tn 1"" nTf o '^ ^*"**^" manufactures, which were brou«ht
mto the United States during 1868^9, ^^ exeee^^
; 11
200
AI'I'ICNrnX,
*l.JO,iJ72(I.o Hin.ilnr import of IHAT-fiH, i« inHigniflonnt in oom-
pnriHon with tho nu.vomoiit of Aiikmmoiui iiintni(noturoH into ("mmda
a.irinf^ tlu' Hiuuo porio.ls, and whioh oxoood throe million ,lo||arH for
tho yoHr omlitig Juno JIO, I HM). Suroly ,„,r manulkoturorH, diflionlt
iw tlH7 nro to saliHiy, havo no goo.l roa^on for .liNHatiHn.otion with
tho rooiprooitj' tn»aty.
" Hut prominont Canadian statoHmon proHont anotlu^r altornativo
for our con«idoration than to rostoro n^HtrictiouH upon tho tradi^ an<I
oomnuMvo of kindrod oommunitioH. It consiHtw of tho ronioval of
existing rostriotions. It is proponed hy a loading p<.Iitioia.n of Upper
Oana,la (Mr. Isano Huohanan M.IMor Hamilton, in a lato addrosH
to his co.mtituont^), ' („ ^xWnd the /tvc,),ro,:it,,/ Tmitif to Mana-
factnrc* ;~to ,umff rcnimnnhf farter, and mtabluh 'hHwvm thfi
/VortM.w ,,»./ ty. f/niMi SMim an Anifruum Zollvmin, moh
rountri/ adopthtif thr poHotf qf unUmitrdfrec truiU with mch ot^cr,
and thi> mwc protection to domcxtic manufarfiitwH.'
" INSTKAI) OK AnU()(JATrN(J TIIM HK(!II»1U)0ITY
TKKATV, Wlul. NOT TIII5 (JOVKItNMKNT CONCUril IN
TriLSSliO(5ESTION,ANI)l»ROlH)SEITSENLAIU}KM|i;NTY
" It ia inaistod that tho frontier states are hontilo to the treaty,
and in favor of giving notice of a wish to t(»rtninate the same.
What IS tho evidoneo of suoh a disposition V Do the New England
st^vtes desire to involve their fishing interest.^ in the eml»arrasH-
ment.s from which the treaty relieved them ? is tho coui»try at large
disposed to incur again tho risk of hostilities l)otween American and
English cruisers, which wiis innuinent in iHrilJ-T) 1 y What evi-
dence is there that the lake sUtes would he satisfied hy a surrender
of free navigation u|K>n the St. liawrence river and the canals of
Caiiaila ?
" In respotise to these and similar .piesti(ms the following extract
of a i-cceiit article from tljo Detroit Tribune is pertitumt:
" ' We do not know what effect tho treaty has iiad upon the lake
states, but it hius certjiinly pn)duced no such disastrous results upon
Michigan, Undo\ibtodly, Canada derives more advantage from it
than we do, unless we offset the opening of tho direct trade be-
tween tho lakes and Euwpo against the very general advantages it
has conferred upon them : but it has driven no manufactories or m»-
it ill ooiM-
ito (Vuuulii
(lolIarH for
I'H, (liflkiult
Mmu with
titoniativo
triuK^ and
«ni(»val of
of IJp|>or
addrosB
to Manii-
'wt>f>n the
fin, each
i«'A otJicr,
nni IN
MKNTV
a treaty,
10 8amo.
Kiigland
iharrasH-
at largo
can and
lat ovi-
rrondor
mals of
extract
ho lake
ts upon
from it
,de bo-
ag08 it
or ma-
AITKNIXX 291
r^rhZr '"'"• ""'I'z "' '■" ■»• ""^ •" '*. - >•'■-»« -o i..™
2 a U>ry .^porafon of tho treaty, and oxpn,H.o« Hur rL^^^^d
aiann at the m.vromont in favour of itn abrogation.
to Oald ""rt lin'r'';" ".:^"f '^"'"^ ^' ^'"""««" -^-'faoturen
to i.ana.la. t will n.rthor diustrato tho intoroHt^ which are now
onnooto.1 w.th thin Bubjoot, to append tho,e articloTrf exir^
H nt Hh A,n.nca which are tho natural product, of the J^d
States, for the year en<lini? Juno JiO iHfiU tt i .l
«ity treaty the«e enter free'of duly ' ^"'" *'" "^'P""
-XrOHTg .ROM TH» „N,T»D ,TAT»H TO B..,T.H„ AM.H.OA.
Apples, . To Canada. B.N.A. PC.
Asheg, . '^''"^ $20-113
Borr, . . '««86
Board,, plank and mntling, '.". ' " ' ' \lZl ,'',!'"'
Butter, . . *' '^'^"2 '"fiOOe
Cheeso, . . ''^■2°« l»8-^8«
Clover good. **''^® >« «'"
Coal, '^■»'" 1»9»
Cotton, . "fl898 35-040
MBh.driedorsmoked,*. *.'.'. * " ' ' JJJJ , "9
FiHh, pickled •^'■^** ^8-3"9
Ham and bacon. . . " " ^I'Z] *'*93
Hemp, . ' ««•'»* »««-43r
Hewn timber. .". ". ^'IH ^'^
O.herlumbe . . . JZ '?' »
Hides. . ,^y^^ 23-7tf9
• 474,366 1-650
AI'PKNmx.
""'»"'•• B441B4
Horned Oattlo, ... . , ,.„« „„„
Horse,, '^"" ""« *'''."«
Hop,, . ""■'"'° "aoiv
,,','■ 118e4 2 942
Indian Oorn 4?,„ ,o« '
Tndlunmeal . . . ^l' f '
Lard, . . «"'" ''»»»9
Mulei, . «^'«" =»«««3
Pork ^■•''^O
Potat'ooa, ".•.*. ";tl ««^«"
ft-„,„.', 27 344 0012
R^e '■''' 2»'-^0
n ,' \ 31*989 10127
HoBln and turpentine, ^g.,,.^,, ,^.^^3
Ryo oata, Ac, (small grain,) 103 052 6G90B
Sr'.r ^'^•2«8 2000
HKln and furs, nn.nKK
Tallow, ... ZZ **■"""
-, , , 118013 68071
llZlt'f «•'« n.^To
mZ'no.r:. ■.".■.•. \:iTz .r'l'
«r„„, ' l'eG0fl4« 2962171
^°'*' 224881
"Tho report upon comraorco and navigation rotuma $894 131
to Canada, and $162,046 to othor provinces, as tho value of 'raw
articles many of which would dotibtloss be included in the free list
of the treaty ; but the object of the foregoing statement is less to
exhibit aggregates than to show how every portion of the country is
mtorestod in the trade, which has grown up within four years
under the encouragement of the policy of reciprocity.
THE LATE ATTACK UPON THAT POLICY CAN TiV
TRACED EXCLUSIVELY TO ONE QUARTER, THE SHIP
PING INTERST OF NEW YORK AND PHILkDEiillir"
AND THE LINES OF TRANSPORTATION BETWEEN
THOSE CITIES AND THE WEST. Pennsylvania, ™f
cannot share the sentiment, for coal and iron, with the manufac'
tures of the latter, are prominent exports to Canada; while the
other manufaot,iring interest, both of Pennsylvania and New- York
^gpm largely from the consumption of their products in the pro-'
Tincos. But the importing and railroad interests of the two states
ire apprehensive of the competition of the Grand Trunk railway
APritWIMX.
298
Htaco8oan,>omaucedt.,yi^^^ ^
Ihe foregoing oonsidorations have boon sujrco^tod hv fh„
documontary ovidenco bofbro mo. THRRE MrY ,Tf' o'r"^«
FACTS THAT WOULD WARRANrOTHFFl rnJm^?
IICULAIILY THE llEl'OUTS OF THP TirpAaTiDv
DEPABTMENT. ARE WITHOUT EXCEPTION a r^^
™ vmmcATioN 0. the mSZ':: tv^Z,
" Still if thoro is neoosaifcy for roviaing, let it bo in the direction
of the prmcplo which the United States has always advald-^e
don,, not restriction of commercial intercourse.
uTT, xr " James W.TAiLCR.
Hon. IIowkll Coh ,, SecreMr,, of the Treamryr
OANADIAN RBCIPnoOITY-RmRT OP HON. I. T. irATCIl.
To the Editor of Ox ifeo York Timet :
Jlli'' /,"•*'' J- ""°" ^oomp^m bis special report to Con-
grew on the worku,^ of tho Be„ip„„n ,j, ' .^ ^ "^
wLf L ' ^^ ;' "'"' "'" '"a"'^""" i' ""-ermse would.
When tho abrogation of a friendly treaty between neighboarini^
"■ally and pohUcally, „ broaehed, it should not be based upon tbe
mag,„ary g„ev»no= of a section only of the 3,000 mile f^nti*
extondmg fro™ tho Atlantic to the Pacific Ocea^ ; b "tikonto"'
the „t f '"f*""."' "' --P™""-- -» unbiassed Wew"
the ont,ro frontier and careful examination of its varied interest^
It « quite easy for Mr. Haic. to recapitulate the enorm^rk
creased trade and traffic of tho six yea'rs since tho ~J.
294
AI'l'KNDIX.
into offoct, ati.l imagine all tho rovonuo that woul.i Imvo aooruod
hml tho ol.I (lutioH boon imposod, aiul alno tho largo balance in
tHvour of Canada in oxohango of products, &o., &o. Hut it would
mvo ro,,u.rod nuich loss labour and far fowor figuro« to havo oalcu-
atod tho amount of tran.actionH bad tho <,l<l HyHto.n boon adhorod
to, for tho snnplo roa-^.... that tho intorcban«o would not havo
taken placo Hut M... If.To.r mu.t in tho (ir«t plaoo considor,
that wlnlo tho exports of (^ana.la to tho IFnitod States woro mostly
tho products of th,« soil that could havo found a market, via the St.
bawronce, m Kurope, tho imports fro.n tho United States to
t-anada have boon n.ainly ma.n.faotures, on which tho producer
had his .arge profits, or morchamlise, on which tho morohant
n^oeivos the same. His greatest grievance ho Hnds, however, in
tho .noroa,sed ,luties by Canada. He says, and, after reco.nmond-
ing retaliatory steps, winds up his laboured report, ,is follows :
'I ' rho proper, radical an,l sufficient remedy, beyond (luostion,
IS the speedy abmgation of the treaty itself.'
" ITndoubtodly, Mr. Hatch. It is an extremely simple process.
S.) It IS for a State to repudiate its debts, but it is not always-
indeed never~a wne transaction. Canada has raised her duties
as her only means of revenue, to moot her current obligations since
TH.)4, but a hm acted alikr upon liritM a. upon American goods
invanahljf. New-Brunswick an.l Nova Scotia also havo slightly
mcrea.sed for like reasons ; Prince Edward's Island and Newfouml
iand not so having sufficient revenue with no public works. But
ask Maine Massachusetts, or their fishing interests of Gloucester,
Marblchoad or Plymouth if they would have their quiet and pro-
fitable calling interfered with ; also, Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin,
or Mmnesot^i, and you will get a unanimous response in tho nega.
tive It ,8 al very well to magnify the advantage, of tho Erie
canal the Bonded system, &c., &c., but at the same time there is
an offset on the other side in the free navigation of tho St. Lawrence
for the vjust and incre,using Western States, and the participation
m the fishene. of the Gulf, &c., &c. It must, of course, be ex-
pected that Canada will protect, as far as possible, her own rail-
road system that has sprung into existence almost entirely since
18.')4. But the Unit.>d States must not complain of legitimate com^
Afl'KNOIX.
295
pet.t..>,. n, tho oarryi„K and pannonKor traffic ; for, inrloo.i, hHouI.I
thoy m a ..atu,„ ««., fit t. a.lopt tl.o ..arrow ,..i...lo.l policy a^ai.. I
ZTuTl u ''^ ' ''""'^' '" '"^^ '" '»"'^" '" i'"l»rH'...lo..t a position
•« tho [J,uto,l HtatoH i.. ovory particular, oxcoptinK who., tho \UM
StatoH Markot .. hotter tha.. that of Kuropo for BroadHtulTH ; a..d
noth,„« would to,.,l Hoonor to dovolop thoir ow,. .-ohou.-ooh i„ ...anu-
factur.„K all k...,l« of agricultural i,..plo,..o..tH, &c., &c., ir.ntoad of
patro,„z,„K tho.r .,.Ko..iouH noighhourH. JJo«idoB, with tho aid of
Hr. .Hh oap.taI, thoy would at o,.co punh forwa.d thoir oo.».eotioa
ll llod K.vor cou..try aud tho I'acif.c hy nulroad, aH thi«
moaHuro partakoH of hoth local a,.d r.atioual i„.porta..co, a..d would
bo hastened hy a..y hucI. actio.. aH roco,„rr,o..dod hy Mr. Hatch.
Hue. a courHo, howovor would ho a..ythi,.g hut a po,H.lar inoaauro
W.th tho ma«HOH on o.thor Hide of the lino, a..d need not ho feared.
"W. II. M,"
I am anxiouH alHo to give here tho rollowir.g article from the la«t
!::Z^Z^'TT' ^^'''' •^"•^' ^'^^^^'> '' "'-^ tho lowered tone
of tho troo r..a,lerH .n E..gland, ^A« adoooale. of the con.m^er
vs tJic prod,inar, m if all comurmr. who ro.p.i.-o the care of
parhament are ,.ot producer,. " Give a dog a had name and hang
h.m, ,H very w.Hl .lluntrated hy the way people now regard what
thoy see ... the Kconomkt. SontoncoH, which at one time would
have ho^u th.,ugl.t oracular, arc now feit hy the operatives or pro-
ducers to he un.n.tigatcd hlockheadism, such as the following, from
the article now (juoted : "
" The ohjcct of Industry is the benefit of the consumer."
"We all under the civili.od system of tho division of labour,
work for each other. '
Witi, l,aira„ «j,„ my r™.k,» will «„„ that the fatal error of thi,
art,clo a, „1 all article, a,,,! speeci.e, on Fr«e Trade or I'olHic^
hconomy, ,H that tl,e writer, a„.i „„eaker,, either through ignora^e
r ,lo„g„, overlook the oirUcMy i„j,„lam y,«.,.™ ./pa^ JH-
they do „o ad,„,t that it ,„ake, any .natter whether ^11 „ ^
iTr ;"' '"":'■'"'"'- !— I"!".'" *« ™t obtuse praeti^a ra
tt U^7 ""," "r '""" '"" "'" """""""'y -" *e forme '
./.. „.. ...npioyrruat uj our own ptupte to the
298
AfPRNnrT
%ame extent. While all must see that if wo bn^ papm- from an
English papor-raaker, ho takes in return British ccrnmodities, while
;f we buy paper from a French paper-maker, he takes gold in
return, the shipment of which sots no British industry in motion ,•
but on the contrary is a death blow lees or more to every workinc;
man, as removing from England the basis of the circulating me.
dium— Ai« means of employment and payment. In a word, though
theoretically Britain would place the foreigner r^i. no better footing
than her own producer, practically she would place him on a much
better footing. I repeat that their motto (for, worse than Robes-
pierre, they have no principle on which you can attack thom, but
only a want of principle or political atheism,) that of Robespierre :
—" Pdrissont les Colonies, plutfit qu'un principe."
FREE TRADE IN PAPER— PROM THE LONDON " KCONOMIST.''
" There is no doubt that Free Trade is one of the most uni>o.
pular things in practice in the world. Abroad it is unknown, and
on that account it is unpopular. But in this country we are in the
iiabit of repeating its maxims ; we have been so for many years ;
and yet even here fresh occasions perpetually arise which show
with how httlo distinctness the subject is apprehended, and how
little hold It has upon the popular sympathies. In truth, popular
sympathy is apt to be opposed to it. Its fundamental maxim is
opposed to that of the multitude. Most men sympathize with the
producer. He is a visible person ; he does ' good to the nation ;
He employs labour'; he presses his claims for support upon the
public ; he often has and always seems to have much at stake in
the maintenance of protection. On the other hand, the Free Trader
attends exclusively to the interest of the consumer, and no one
knows who the consumer is. He is, so to say, an invisible person ;
he employs no labour ' ; he consumes for his own bene6t and not
tor that of others ; he la:ys hold on no imaginative sympathy. The
Even .f the foreigner took payment in British labour, there would be a los-
to Britain of one half the employment, if Britain could grow or manufacture
the article supplied by the foreigner.-IsA.o Buchanan "^-""'"'^cture
APPENDrX.
297
in practice would ava^ fnnt ^ ''^ ? farthing which no one
yo„ throw .an, p.™„„, J I i^^/rfVh rri;''t^'"r'
scene of misorv whpro *»,«,.„ ... ^ . u world,— yoii make a
rag8. In ^ny/a««?, the paper-makers are straining every nerve Z
obtain a nrolonfrafinn nf ^u^ ^ x- , . ^ uvtry nerve to
»,«. K '"^""^"p^'"" 0^ the protection which they have A Tini
fao.„rh::Va:ro':s: '"''-'-'"° "-"««, .he .a„„.
of the 14,91 r oi,rd„t?' A ";' " !."'"' "-^ <■"' "'<"'""""
ivrr Totf' "^' -"-^ -c- ' vr; <::
*o duty which ft is pr„;,edi* ( riheT""' " 'T ""^ *^'
oppressive than that which i, „„wt h^ I .''° T''""" " '™
duct, their argument lil V • """"''•' <"' *" ''ome pro-
show; Z Mr G adsto '"""""^ ™«™'- '^''""^ «" >■"«
But we m„,7h. ^r/™""'' "o '"''>'=' "■<'"' '» "» inJ™«oe.
In reahty, the paper-makers rely on their se^on^ o»^^--=~-
i -ti
298
APPKNDIX
\'f'
Thoy say, if forol;<u countrioa will not lot us have their rags, why
should wo take thoir paper ?--ir thoy restrict cs from the raw ma-
torial, why should wo- buy thoir manufactures ? Hut we say, why
shoukl wo mt 't Why is the purchaser of paper to pay dear for it,
m oriUir that i\w paper ho buys may ho made here and not elst^
vvlioro ? Tho object of industry is the benefit of the consuraor.
We all, under the civiiizod system of tho division of labour, work
tor the benefit of each other. We employ our time in providing
lk.r ,he wants of others, wliom we do not see and do not know.
Ihe tost of tho goodness of our WTk, is that we provide better for
their wants than any one else doe^. Tho case of the paper-makers
18, as Mr. Gladstone would say, the case of tho Corn-Law over
agam What an injustice, it used to bo said, is it to our fanner
with dear labour and poor s.,i!, to bo exposed to tho competition of
the foreign fanmu- with cheap labour and a rich soil. What an
nyustice, it is now said, is it to our paper-maker, who has to buy
his material dear, to bo expose.l to the competition of a papor-
makor who can buy his material cheap. Both arguments are im-
portant it we are bound to balance the advantages of tho foreigner,
which we cannot help, bv imposing on him e.iual disadvantages ;
^mtker is of the least value if wo say we will put all producers on
a level as fur as our fiscal system is joncenied. We wUI do no
injustice ; but we decline to make artificial counterweights for tho
natural advantages or tho restrictive laws of other nations. We
can only place all producers on a level as far as our own laws go :
we will, m all cases do that ; and will in no case do more.
"But, in truM:, the case of the paper-makers is not so stroncr
as the case of the Corn Laws. The agricultural Protectionists had
a telling ^rgumont, though we now know it to have been erroneous,
derived from the inherent fertility of foreign soils. In some coun-
tries ferbio land ^.bounds in oxcollent situations. Our opponents
have an , M, in, ''Me a-^vauUgo. The foreign paper-makers have
only a a^.cructible advantage. No doubt a nation which will not
allow the export of rags has for a time the a<lvanta-e of cheap ra-^s •
but ,t ,s only for a time. As soon as that na. i manufactures
paper on a large scale, the price of rags will rise at once. Take
for example, the case of France. France, we fear, may be induced
I. I
AI'l'KNOrx.
299
oh.... a„,l b„„efita tl,„ pap rill ,," "'"'"" "'? ™« "'»^-
of foreign trado ir,H„„J «„ r ^^ """' "" "'° ['""root
tho rag'joM ::l oToo ;r "^ '"""^ '"- """"■-•
«.« I.ri.o will ri» rapidfy. 'L Z,™ ' -'T'" '" "'""'*«"'
O'or ours ; but it in „„ m,„„ry a,l»,^tI,C '"''""J'" ,»;'>■"'"»»!«
to export p.p„r ,„ tw,, „„„,., J U wdnL„ • ^, ,"''''' """'"P'
will «oon cutiroly coasc " ""modiatoly .l.,„i„i„h, and
IV.
HOME MANUFAC'TUKfiS TlIK rut/B POLICY FOR
CANADA.
ZiKer fr<m Jacob Demit, Usa M l> u j
/""> 10 niuiam Lyon Mackenzie, Etq., M.I'.
jeot L enl^dalrZ 'f " "7'-'-- »f Canada; thaf sub-
expe„ses"thego r;„.tt'bvt°"; """'^ '"' "'» "'^'^
^'.nlyontbereSarX^^^^^^^^^^ Jr."^^"^'
causes a scarcity, consequently a^e in 1? ■"• . " '°PP'^
duties are added to the oaTl a ™,\ P""°' ''>' ''''i'='' 'ho
dant supply or 'lut it the 1 1. rV ' """ "™'™^'-- A" "b"™-
«« fall Xn the" du ea t ;^'l:'„:7 "f"'' »-« *» P™e
market. ^ "^ ""^ P'oduccr to get into the
300
APPENDIX.
f I
In another case, whenever circumstances give to one or more
persons a monopoly, then usually the duties are paid by the con-
sumer.
A3 a general rule, competition tends to diminish prices. To
secure this competition sometimes requires duties to be levied on the
more powerful Foreign manufacturers, without which they would
crush your domestic manufacturers, thereby maintain a monopoly,
and charge their own price to consumers All parties are benefitted
by placmg the producer and consumer near together; every man
can, by reciprocating with his neighbour, pay him easier than he
can raise money and send it abroad to a stranger.
It is the fecility of obtaining the means of paying for an article
that makes i^ cheap to the consumer.
In order to aid the consumer in paying for his goods, it becomes
necessary that the revenue to support an economical government,
should be raised by a tariflF so apportioned as to give encouragement
to the manufacturers of such articles as we can produce or manufac-
ture with advantage in our country. By so doing we induce the
investment of capital in machinery, which will enable our manufac-
turers to compete here among themselves and with foreigners too,
by which means the foreign producer must pay the duties into our
treasury which we levy, in order to get into our market, which duties
lie cannot put on the cost of his goods ; consequently the price is
not increased to the consumer by the duties.
I know of instances where foreigners, manufacturing articles
similar to those made in Canada, have not only paid our duties on
their goods but freight and charges also, and afterwards sold them
at the lowest prices they would have taken at home, which proves
the wisdom of so apportioning the tariff, for, besides foreigners
replenishing our treasury and .t the same time affording their goods
to our merchants, and through them to the consumers, at a lower
rate than they would have done if we had perfect free trade in
those articles, or no duty at all, it is plain that without some en-
couragement our infant institutions would have been prevented or
crushed, thus leaving our consumars entirely dependent on forei-^nera
to charge us what they pleased, and add costs of freight, &c.°
You remember that we were very anxious to have Reciprocitj
APPENDIX.
301
inth the United States. Whv ? "R^.^
for the produce of our Foreste F« /o '''^*'^ ^^'^ "^«^ket
want their market ? BeTle' ifwTs^t t'tlT '' "' "'^ ^'^ ^^
was It so ? Because they encoura J!k . " °"'" °^- Why
But free trader, affirm hat t^f 1 " '"''^'""^' '^^'^ ^^ ^^ «^^
Americans paid the dres on ot urbrL^^^' *^^ ^'^^-^ '' ^^^
for Reciprocity ? Let them pa/theTr d^fe"' / ^'"^' "^ ''''
produce come to us free. TiL faetw !l '^ ''" ^"^ ^«* ^^^'^^
exported our produce to the ulited V^'rv f ''^'" ""^ P«Me
Treaty] .e, [he proj^ P^our W^f " *'^ ^^^'^^^
out our money, ^ ,, ,, tL^^l^^/^^'t '" P'^'^^' *°^^
•aw «< a^«m. ^'''^ '^^''*'' Treamry, and never
■nulttplied the power ofrton'.f T"'"' i""--' '«'«' »»
».«ufact„ring, that II^TT' ™^ ""'™^'' *« e^e„,e rf
duties are aSost LL iTp j^! 1 'r"° °™P^««™-
market. ^ ^ " "^ "■« Producers, to procure a
% which we do not produce tolT^ ?°'" "^ *" «"' "^^e^
Toa, Coffee, Raw Suga^MXatldlT ™T' ™'' »» «=«.
™ these articles are i'n iZuT.l^^J^rul T'"' ^"«™
charges, and are paid by the Canadian c^stt; ""^ ^.^'^ »"
pohcy would require them to be admirn /*'»''» ™e
nearly so. admitted free from duties, or
4'"^"tor ett: rit" ^■^^*" *» ^^^ -->
l>i» 50 or 100 cents ^Tda; held J T''" "*' '■^'^ '»-
who is worth millions'^ r7jntnt1,r '".?'"' .''"'^ »" «>« »">
on those articles, but if the Go™ *' T- T' *°°'"' •>» ™'*'<J
a-.hi„gs,the;bya„m:alTtTetr el'^^™Vt'^
Pr-ncple (on the value) and not on th, °ll! ™ "^ .''"'*«»
i'-^"*«- -St « not fair ti»t
if
■I
I
302
APPENDIX.
M
my servant man should pay as much as I do for these articles, or
that he who buys a cheap article should pay the same tax as he who
buys a costly one.
A great object is to afford EMPLOYMENT TO OUR OWN
PEOPLE, and to those who emigrate from the British Isles and
wish to live under the British crown. Whi/ should people he obliged
to leave Canada for the United States to earn a living there, and
we send our momy to pay them there for their goods?
'Tm said there is plenty of land. Let the people go and clear
up the forest. Bo you think a man who has spent half of his life
m learmng a trade will go to the wilderness to perish there ? No,
you cannot drive him there, but you may drive him out of the'
country to enrich another land by his skill, capital and labour.
Shall we depopulate Canada by driving our young women from
their parents' care and counsel, and the instruction of their clergy,
to manufacture abroad the goods and merchandize we want for our
consumption at home ?
In passing through the New England States we shall find their
water power all employed. Their running streams are not allowed
to go to waste over their rocky beds ; the water is caught, tamed, and
made industrious, diffusing wealth and prosperity all around. Even
their small rivulets are dammed up to catch the water formed by
the melting snovr and the showers. The streams that flow whUe the
people sleep or worship on the sabbath are made to perform some
profitable work. I have peen machinery moved by one water-wheel,
the NET profit of which was estimated to be equal to the net profit
on fifty weil-cultivated farms, adding to the population and the
wealth of all around.
With such prudent examples before us, it seems a disgrace to the
people of Canada that they do not employ more of their unlimited
water power, when it might be made to produce so much wealth
and prosperity. Why do we sleep so long ?
It is mainly owing to the manufactures of New England that
their poor, hard land, is worth and will sell for more cash than our
rich lands hero, and all over the western world.
It has been said that the tariff is to favour the manufacturer at
the expense of the public— now I maintain that a wise apportioned
I i
■*r VDIA.
808
for tt.e common good, because th™t/"'' ™T''''°'"''» "'>'«'> '"^
T -kero their funds wou d ZZ T"?* """^^ '» ""-er
"*• '°"' °" foduoave and ,.ith le,8
waTsr. "T """''^ ""^ '-"P"*" ft-" from dutv tt, •
T ' " ™^ proposed to lew a d„h, r ■'^' ^ P™" PO"- '■ami
»hen imported ; a 'great er/Za rail ,hT ''°"^'- "° *^ I-'™'
farmer one dollar on his barfe] 0^^ ' ""• "'•'' '»™g the
tax induced brewem to establish C ' ""' "'"* ""= "'"'l^ : the
Pwo from six to seven dollars, IT REmrrpr-n "■ '"' ■■'"™« the
«f ^ M mar,, besides coSalU^f n^ ^^^^^ >»'»
of affording a home market for all S .f f" """"'"■•'J advantages
could raise on their farms and ^ Je , itTT'' "■^'' f""'""'
P'oyment which enabled them tob ° l*/ *^ f^^^S ^^n" em-
»any foreign goods, which otherwi e\" /o"" "°""''"°'' '"'
. But, .t is sometimes said, then Xt? ""*' ''"« '^"■'O-
■»oby.ous. Itistopreven thef„rel:r°^'^' ™» ''««on
beer .n order to crush our infant w^rftsH T ""'•'°'»« "^
an article which cost him four i2Tt ,?" ''°»' "»' ff'o jou
benefit but with a view ,„ ind:L^fyTii:i;''r f"™ "" ""-
"onopol^ pncss after your „eighbours"rr» ^^."^''^"e you hi,
Aga,n, ,t ,s asked, if the Tariff does 3 • ™' ^■•'' '^"''"'^^i-
benefit is it to the manufactlr" t'' ^ '^P™^' »f "bat
a^ngements ; by it he can keen cL> ! '''"' "^ ^^e his
quently can give the best workme'L Z , T''"^'^'""' ^'^
work than when onlv occa^ion.r ' "'" ''° ">»« and better
benefit of the Tariff 1,°:^^^.^^ ^ ''"'''''' «■» »^
price, bjr which he saves freight "^"f'^^"' <^an keep a stead,
»d can suppl, the oonsum" '.^nlrr" " m """ ^'"'"^'^
What I have said in reanect 1^ '"ourable terms.
which we can -anufacturf: t "atrr ifi^ "^ «" -«='-
I^ady A., whpn .,«.;« u «^"vctniage m Canada.
who tofd be;:':: ?bu;th":*;rr*^ "^°" "^ ^^^ ^
^'fle- ^ tad, A. rep,ied,fhe coS tafe^T '^'^7 '""'"*«
■ asked with aatonishment, how Jtb i tf °° t^ "''^'Per-
-.3.a.kedw=3renXr;:'t;Sef
I
ii
' .
lii
li'
I
804
APPENDIX.
answered that she could make it herself, but could not earn the pence
to buy it.
Suppose an old lady [perhaps blind] to be amusing herself by
knitting stockings and mittens for the family, how much cash could
the husband or father pay out of his chest, to be sent out of the
country, to obtain those articles cheaper, than to have them made
by the employment of the lady ?
How unwise it is for a farmer to pay cash or run into debt for
anything which he could make in a rainy day !
The policy must he very bad which deprives our people of employ-
ment. Shall we encourage our own children and our own people,
or strangers? Shall we catch and tame our own water-power,
make it industrious, spread wealth, prosperity aid independence all
around us, or shall we refuse to develop the resources of this noble
Province ?
A large proportion of our people are Agriculturists ; how shall
■we best promote their interests ? Shall we add competitors with
them in the market for the sale of their produce, or shall we induce
customers to buy and consume their produce ?
Shall we provide them a domestic in addition to their foreign
market for everything which they can raise, by encouraging the
manufacture of such articles as can be made with advantage in the
country, and which will increase the value of every acre of land ?
If all are farmers, who will be purchasers and customers ?
Let us reflect on the great advantage to the farmer to have a
home market. Is it a benefit to have the butcher from the neigh-
bouring town come to his door every week and enquire for fat
animals, and give the farmer his price in cash for them ? Much
better than for the farmer to leave his farm and drive his animals
io market, where the cattle arrive in bad plight, when the owner
is obliged to take just what he can get (what he would not take if
the cattle were at home) rather than be at the expense of taking
them back to his farm.
Which system will bring the greatest profit, and most increase
the value of his farm ?
By encouraging the tanner, your neighbour, ho can give you
from four to six dollars for your ox hide ; if you have not ^e tan-
APPENDIX.
805
ner you may be obliged, like the South American, to sell your or
iude for the same number of shillings ^
1 11 ' '"'"^ "^''' ''^^''"^^^^ ^^^^ ^^'^^<J probably get if
«ur goods were manufactured in our country than in a forei^^Ld
present" 7V''''' the proprietor would be paid thanfe isll
present! Would our manufacturers or foreign manufacturers afford
toe best support to the press ?
Suppose those valuable mines at Marmora were worked so as to.
editors paying subscribers, in comparison with the subscription if
the same iron were made in another country '^ '
Now suppose that 100,000 tons of iron and iron goods wer^
wealth of the country, and diffuse it among the people instead of
«ning th. capital out of Ca ida, to pay ffr it eSiLT
buppose we estimate that by manufacturing such goods as we
could with advantage in Canada, the paying'subscribl^to ealh
journal would be increased ten per cent. Would not that bet
^vantage to their proprietors, and relieve many an aching b,.w^
fteir bdl among our mechanics, rather than send the gold out of
the country to pay for the very goods, which, by employing „„
water power, could be quite as well made at home »
Most people admit that we have made our pine logs into deals
boards, scanthng, kc. I ask, why stay there ? Why not tt
your saw m. Is, lathes, &c., go on, work up the timber intedoo™
rhen midair • r ^ "" °" <^^' '"«' "" " "ar, which '
when made into prmling paper, would be worth four dollars ? A
Z^.':^Jt fr "/n""' '"' '"' ^-''" -""-"y ■"' -he-
dob. 2 ■" ''°"™ '" '"^'' "o "'"* ""y *» p4 "'tersfor
doing what we can just as well do ourselves. But the greatest loss
m T^ 1? ""'"'"■■^ "^ *" ''^■' ^° "'»«'' ™nted ai home.
.emiing the money abroad, thereby draining the countty of cash to
pay foreign labourere? Bv Bnco„™.,;„„ „ ., _._..,...__.
•I
'!
I
!■
n
1^
. ,
j
306
APPENDIX.
by a wisely apportioned tarif, we shall increase our trade and the
public revenue ; by making the cheaper goods you enable the oper-
atives to buy and pay for the more expensive ; if you employ a
female in making cheap cotton cloth, you enable her to buy and
Vikj for a silk dross ; without the employment she would be idle, or
more dependent on her father or brother's labour for a cotton dresg
worth sixpence per yard, where, with employment, she supports
herself, buys and pays for rich goods. In manufacturing the cheap
goods, although we derive no foreign trade or revenue on those par-
ticular articles, yet the wealth created and diffused among the
people by that means retains capital in our country whereby the
trade and revenue are increased. See tiic immense trade between
the United States and Great Britain. By manufacturiiig the cheaper
articles they are able to import the more expensive. This showw
the effect of high tariff.
What would England be without her manufactures ? Iler policy
is a safe one ;— she has free trade in raw materials, breadstuffs, &c.,
but a tariff to protect her manufactures, and for revenue. These
are the elements of her mighty trade, which has enabled her to do
what no other nation could do :— to carry on the Russian war, sub-
sidise the Turks and Sardinians, then maintain the Persian and
Chinese wars, next suppress the revolt in India, furnish means to
make many of the railways in the United States and elsewhere, and
have abundance of cash at homo, and at the lowest rate of interest.
We have a great cry for money ; and some persons want to bor-
row at high rates of interest. I think we had better make some
money than depend on borrowing.
I would ask the merchant if he does not think his trade would
be improved if money was more plenty ? Would it not enable him
better to collect his debts ? The limit of trade is the ability of hjs
Customers to pay. Are there not some farmers who woula like to
iave more money in the hands of th' se who would purchase their
produce ? Are there not some who have paid for only one-half of
their farms, who would, like to have money a little easier ? Perhaps
there may be merchants, farmers and others who would like to be
♦ little more iadependeqt of the money leqder8,^d per^iap^ |^
*wiou3 for the viaitg pf the ^ftiliffsi a^d Sheriffs.
An'ENDIX.
307
Suppose we were to make our cordage lines, &c., our cheap
paper, our cheap cloth and other goods, which we could do with
advantage, that policy would keep capital in our country, and make
xfioney more plentiful among all classes.
By making the more common goods, so as to equalize our imports
and exports and so reduce exchange to par, even our public func-
twnarus, who depend on fixed salaries, so far as they furchaud
fine foreign goods, would benefit about 10 per cent.; their ten dollar,
would go as far as eleven now, one thousand dollars as far as eleven
hundred now.
Any government which does not encourage Canadian manufac-
tures, and so develop the resources of the country, injures the
mterests both of the agricultural and commercial classes
Mr. Editor, if we look all around the world we shail find that the
nation which manufactures the most is the most wealthy, prosperous
and mdependent; and, on the other hand, that nation is the poorest,
the lowest, and most dependent, which manufactures the least.
bhall we improve our resources, and especially our unlimited
^a er power, which from its volume, and the great descent of the
«rater is to us equivalent to perpetual motion ? To this question I
mvite attention, and have the honour to be, ^ »
Very respectfully, your most obedient servant,
JACOB DEWITT.
CANADA, 1849 TO 1859 : BY THE HON. A T GALT
F.NANCE MINISTER OF CANADa!* '
«a?'''^,i^'u'''^''\^. P'^S'®'' ""^ *^« Clolonies of Great Britain must
naturally be a subject of deep interest to the people of E^^Cd
^ ■ • -\
•Publiahed hj H<irdwicke, Londou, 1858. ^
! 'I
III
I
I
808
APPENDIX.
inhabitants have Sff.l' ''^^V* country, and f" 1„ be interest-
.'ng to review the prZel'"of 1"^.^^ ' ^"^ i
"itabitants havr ^; .[m ^^^^^^t country nnri * ." "« interest-
Because, Tf it couM ^'-^.'^^^^^'^^^ t^e power t ""'^.^^^ ^^'^ te
cession of se f u! ^'^ '^«^n t^at evil hZ^ conceded to them
fidence of Sf^d""'"* ^" ^^"^^^ m,Vhfe,^ J^ the eon-'
•elves a larger ^aJe jnir *° «'^« ^^e pS I^V^"^ jhe con-
objects are eanXZ Jf •^^^^'•"ment of the emn" "^''^"^ *^c™-
"measure of re^;^^^^^^^^^ ««"ntri t aTdThl' '' ^'^^ «^°^«
produced with the^sTatt J^?"^^*^"^' the g/ feater the
^nt of the coun^^y aecessanf '"^' '" ^-^a^da ^Lre^ '*^ ^'" ^'
;XTsr;o giye. :" ^^^^^ ^-^^ --"r/tf:--
^nid^ wi::!:^.l^tf ^^ Which
blessings of TpI. .- ^..".^^tcsmen of England ^ • / legislature of
their cZnlJt:ZT'7 'r "^^^Xpt^it'L^ ^^ '^^
be well to give some X' f "i* .'^f^^^ Proceeding !^ I ^^""^'^ ^^
concession to the demand f"'"^^' '"^''^ed, howevf A ""'^" ^^
I^rd John Russell then si'' T ^^ -"^^''"'"^'nr u'S'i t"!;/''^^^"^'
nutted the princin ; of 1 ! '^^^''-^ *«'' the Col^wf .^'^,'^?' when
required that tl e aki^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ed responsive!!. '' ^""^ ^^-
.advisers of the Crown .ol ^ • ''^""^''^ '^'onldhe fdn "w "^' ^"^
in harmony with th^f.' ^"^Jf^^^'^g the confidence offK^^'^^^'cd bv
fairJy inauyra ted in iSq ""'^^''^^^^d wishes Sj.^ P^P^^' and
h Imperial le. "fation ? .f '" whatever, excent f. "''^"^••«**
legislature. '^^''^'''^> ^ the express desire of the ^J^-ovw''
fhere; and
>uld bo far
^'re control
received a
>e interest
W farit«
^ them.
I the con-
' the con-
od thera-
the same
oater the
y will be
govern-
the pop.
3 which
ture of
far the
ised by
it ma^y-
affaire
i S3ri-
srand
e two
>n an
adu9J|
when
rad-
land
ihy
and
thu9
inal
the
ier-
fer-
wn
ed
't,
APPENDIX.
809
oniil svllf A^"""^ '''r'* ^ ^'^'' ^"^'^y abandoned the col-
onial system of trade, as m that year the corn laws were reoealed
Sat th« H ff !-7T ^'"'^*™«- I^ ^^ "«*' bow. till 1848
that the differential duties imposed by the Tmnen WuZ
permitted to import whence and how she pleased, which was still
further promoted by the repeal of the naviga'ioiCs in 1849
Bmce which date Canada has enjoyed the priv' We of entirely
controlhng her own trade, and her omi customs dues' ^
1 have, therefore taken the year 1849 as thai when noliticallv
Canada was entirely entrusted with self-Kovernrart and In h^
^ap at that date, the principles of Free^IVaTTe^t' Sly a^u'd
The protective colonial system of Great Britain having. h^An
Turd'C hef fi7/ *'^ ^"'P*^^' theXcS itTf
Tccess uno7if«?'^r ' '^'*''' T^ P"^^'^ ""^'^'^ dependent for
success upon its continuance, and many other commercial interests
SrodSt^vrv^"^- ""'';'; '^^^-"dinand unexpeetedt^^^^^^
produced very serious disasters; and in 1849 Canada found her-
"ed^ A"*ff '''^l'^"^'«" ' ^"PP^^*^ commerce, and depe-
.lated credit. Apart from these financial difficulties directlv traop
able to the altered policy of Great Britain, it must be remSed
ttJ2ronV37'?^.rn!f r^-f^/-- the shoO^fTel L
luroances ot l«d7-8 ; that the Union had bioutrht face t^ faoA th^
opposing infiuences of English and French Canada whict tt e h^
deaif wfth ""^ '""' prosperity of the country, had to be
Under such depressing circumstances, the only hone lav in th^
fact that people had at last the management of their^own aff^™
EncSnn/P'°'' '^^'' r^ P^°P^«- Canada accepted th; Tl cy of
to those which concern it. S ,nd "'-..,'''!.^™'P'««' ""l™"
-.- oui,.„i tinu niui ai guvcrnment ; alter-
910
AI'PKNhft.
,. In aooordanoo with tl./pr y^ « I'f'":"*"'"/' '»« ^rndo.
n»forino,| and ..xtotwlod tin. mw m; . /• '''""*''"««' ''"« alHo boon
an.i rural ,Ji.stnct« ''"'"•"«•"" '»* t''^' t^'nant vote in the .ountioH
e.oS::?Sl ;;!:^^^^^ >f -.nnutod tin,o ^^r
»Po.. v,>tinK 0X00, ,t on hJw I , t ' •'; "'r' V''*'^'''*"*' "'» «''««'^^
tiHliousandunoo/tain Tin lu S" '^^ *''*'''*''»"« ^'^"^ »«>tf>
the duration of an olootion to two d """"^ ''"'"'"""^ '')^ "'"'tinK
syHtjMn for tho trial of oont'^^T/llXit ^''^^^^
h tii: ";is£s;r:;f':i!;';:i,s;;;:'-/^-V'^« ai-hoonro^^nnod
boo.i d.vido(l int,. fortyH>^.d,t oLlrni • • ! • ^'"' P'*'^^'»«« '"^^
mend.or. Twolvo ir7. 1 7^ . [ ^""' ^^'^'^''^'s, each roturnin/r ono
office atlor oi^ht ^^ ^ ' :^ ^'^^^ 17 ^" •"' ''''' "'«^ ««> -"^•
«tion; and i^s oxt.oot.d | a "thoVl l^'-n'? '"** '""''^^'^ ^'^ J'««"-
in a «roat do^^roo .iouro fn>m 1 1 o -f '"" '*" *" ^'^^'''•"«'' '^ '"'(ly
and abloto tnko a cal , n l T "'*\""^'»'"y oxoitoniont of politics
by tho (}ovcrnor-(JonoraI ''''"'rarM, and may he dissolved
and afto; a lon^. and p^ ^ctcV t ?T'"'f.^''"""^"^ "'l^'*'/
question, essentially ot' a Sif'2f'''/'^'^ '^^™'^y 'lifficulJ
the adherence of iWliamenl ''"''• '*^'''' h ''^^" ''^'^'^ ^
ft crnmcnt.is to provide for the complete sev"
LAI'I'KNOIX
811
rftnco of <ocal Ic'jj^iHlatioii from that iiflbctin/r the ppof * ,it large.
Tilt) gcnoral LogiHiaturo can novcr profierly deal with Huch Buhjoctn,
and tlicir introdiKJtion tondH t(» diHtract attention from thono
uioaHiiroH which arc of gonoral intoroHt. Municipal inutitutioua
havo, thoroforo, roooivcd much ittontion in (Janada, and constant
offortH . avo hcon ma(hi to |)erfcct thcni, and to give each narisli
and county tho control of itH own internal afl'airH. In Upper
Canada a Hyntem of municipal local government existed prior to tho
union ; hut it wan in a cnulo and inefficient form. In Lower
Canada tho a^' -mpt wan male to introduce the HyHtem by the
Special Council, which replaced tho ordinary L'jgiHJHturc during
the interregnum foUowing the rebellion ; but, with th(f exception of
several of the K'lgliHli counties, Uie effort proved a complete failure.
In 1H4!) a comj)lete Hystem of municipal organization was cstah-
lishod in Upper (Canada; and in 18.00 a measure of similar tend-
ency, but ditleritig somewhat in detail, was passed for Lower Canada.
In both seotions much evil had arisen from the absence ol all iH)wor
to levy local rates for local obiectn ; and burdens were thus thrown
upon the g()neral nivonuo, which were more pro[)crly chargeable
i>ji tho localities interested.
The system thus inaugurated, was from Mmo to time amended atf
circumstances showed tho necessity, until finally, in IH.OB, the
whole of the laws relating to munciijalities in Upper Canada, wertj
revised and consolidated into one statute. A sunilar measure ban
likewise been prepared for Lower Canada, and was distributed
through tho province during the last session of the provincial
parliament, preparatory to its being considered and finally passed
m the session now approaching.
Tho general features of the municipal law of Unp(!r Canada,
and which, with some modifications Huited to the different state
of society in Lower Canada, may be stated as the system in force,
throughout the province, are : —
The inhabitants of every country, cit^, town, and township artj
constituted corporations, their organization proceeding wholly upor*
tho elective principle ; and provision is made for the erection of
ucw nnmicipalities, as tho circumstances of the country require, by
their separation from those already exiating. A complete system is
created for regulating the elections, and for defining the duties of
tlio municipalities, and of their officers. Their powers maybe gener-
ally stated to embrace everything of a local nature, including —
tlie opening and maintenance of highways ; the erection of school-
houses, and the support of common and grammar schools ; the pn>-
visionof accommodation for the administration of justice, gaols, ic,
and the collection of rates for their support, as well aa for the oav-
- - - t r
.112
AI'f'KNDrx
If
' mint of pnuy f„
'jt"'K m<i prohilHtin^ t uS # "P/""' *'*^""' "««n»08 • ro^„
."■;«""-» "'.,t„;,."V,,i, ,!'r '""' -"ry; il'^^Zi
?.rr ™ "h '7'''"''-' f r."Wi.?2, r. ;i£,""»"™ "-^ ".'.«»?-'
« «.'»ncr aM.J i".porfoo't k?t!hTL?'"''l'?' '''' ^'''«'' "'" f-'rogoin.
">cal loKKslatioM, an.l luu. iJ , ' fr '^^ '^^^^
« tiood from t.Iu> nocvsaity of ,.„nv,;,V ^ ""' «''"^^'"'i' logiHlafcuro
IPPor Canada to thi" f^^; '^ ' 'V";^''' '•'ttontion ha,l boo.^ivea in
Miool. .n Upper Canadaf ["«'': ''V '^'''^^ ^'-lu'rinton out of
H «^.dop„tod hy the (w rm tt r;^r^"'^""^^
ombofed"-'^ ^^••""ination, the rcS Tf ,;" "P"''*'^^' •^"- ^"'1 af«)r
AITKMUX
8in
•nt of |.;,l„„„ti , '" 1 '""'"'"'.'"'! """I" t" 11"' .SupcrinC
"«Hof UH„funKK,kK,,n„rm r ;';''/"'•' ;''''f'<'nr.t«n(lont. Libra-
pn.vid.n^' tit iriHtnictorH for ., '" ''''"^"*"'«- , '''»»• tin* F'Hrp(m„ „f
Havo boon ."Htui,iiHi,,/:.t'o:;;;;;r'VT ''"'''' ^"'•"''^' '^•f-«j«
tu«l training. *""' '""'^'' ^"^"-t' '« «l«vot(vl to their offoc-
P^'viHion iH nutdofor U !^tl ,i2^:, f'yr''^ 'H.'-n-Hootarian, hut
«cj'onlH; but th„y d(. not 7. pit "r.*'^ ^'Htholic Hcparato
"duration, fu liwc-r C^a • nw . "l/'"" '"'■'^' '-''^"^ '•'^'«^' ft>
tjie cduoatiou \h rnaiulv in tbr llPT ?'"'' ''"n-soctarian, yot
''!■« roHult of tbiH ZtomllTi ""'' '^^'^''^^i^^ provision.
t^« last report TilTZ ^. ''V'"""""' "r. by statir.^ tbafc bv
J" Lower Canada tie o^.'un '"''''' ''^'''''^'^ «oho'ar«.^^
^act that, ,u.til afW I84V Lrbt;' T'". '■^^'"'^^'^"^''"' ^-'" '^^
vine, the French Canadian no ,! L '"'' '''y ^'^^^''^^ *<> con-
tanee of education ^C^^en 1" ^'""•"•^' "^""^ ^^^* ''"P'>"
groat repugnance to th inSSt of tho""'^"""'^'^^^ «^'"^«d *
Jo n,,unta=n the aystem TvT.rJrV'^^^^^^^^
been entirely overcome . mi -^ very peat efforts, this feelinrr has
Hon. P-J-aChluveau 'A"^) T^^"" ^^'^f ^'M'orintendonce o? £
results: 2,800 shoT 180 )ioser'r' ^'^ ''''' ^''^^"« *'"« ^'"^^ ng
"a;:;:^:? ??^^'^^^ "' ^" ^'"^^
progress harbrn"m;d:2rfft::;f;-;^'^ ^'"^^^•^^"' ^"^ '-^"^ -al
Bcbool system, when tl e e wa^ ttaJl sS'^ '^'^' «^'"«"'"
>"Shcr class of instruction\bT t f, "'''^^ '" connection with it a •
which are now very gen ra,lvt?b^^^^^ T^' '[ ^'™^'"'^'- ««ho^ «!
and also, to a more Hm ited fxtnt in "/o ^'"r^^'f ^^^'' ^^^^^^
are also supported .y g.n^^S"^,^^- ^^ ^^ ^^^^
814
APPENDIX.
L^twits TZ" '"^''^ ^^*' '" '^^"^''^ "^ *^« '°«*J rates
ments of fh« nnf p ^T'"*'^' numerous educational establish-
sc^:::t:^^:^^^s: ''''''''-' ' --'' -' ^^- -
vZtlZ?ToZ!'' ^>«^«^Western Canada consist-of the
university ot loronto, non-sectarian, which is very lareelv endowed
ai.wijr oonaition. ihe University of Trin tv Collejrp wh'ioh '.a
oTtets'S" ^'t^'^ ^'"^^^ f Englantf an%Vittity
Church of sS^<?' ?T*'"' n"^^^*^^ ^^ ^" connection with the
establia^^^^^ ilflf \^Z'r ^^""^^' *^« ^<^"^^" Catholics have
established the University of Laval, which is whoUv sunnorted hi
;lte7to"bfof t"' 'f :^if' though coniSTrecent
Stv of M rm n i ' ^'' •* •'* ^^^"" *^ ^^^ ^^^^t^J- The Univer-
hS. .u ^f 9"^"^^^' ^"ginally established through a munificent
bequest by the late Hon. J. M'GiU, and almost wholly TupS
by voluntary contributions, is non-sectarian, and irnow^a verv
of ZtT Colie J^ ^'""^^' ^»^^^"^ ^^- alsoTe UnivVsi ;
wh;pW? 1 ^ ' ' Wrted almost solely by that Church, and
alSiJSt^^^^^^^^
. It would occupy too much space to enlarge upon the course of
"iTn th/* ''T "*»*--' b-t it may b^e strd that h y al
medfcTne ^'"^''"''' <^f classics /belles lettres, law, ^and
exiS lu'tS' '"'^P*^°^?f *b« M'Gill College, which has long
thefe in,?^ ,K ^"'Y««^.f y in a languishing state, the whole of
the.e institutions may be said to have risen within the Lt ten years
existed in iSlT'''^ ^* '■' *'"" t^'^t *^« University of Toronto
existed m another form-as a college under the Church of England
LTsSr; ^ f* ^*^rf "^"-« -as entirely marred by thfcoi
uniy enecttd m 1845 ; from which date it may be said to have
risen into its present highly important position. ^
Carmdr^! T«'?fi''' °*" ^^"^^tional institutions in operation in Upper
duS 1 \t ^^^^^ ^"^t^"' in tl^eir support. In Lower Canada,
Sled hvT« /7T' *^M *'*' "^""^^^ ^^ institutions was 2,985
sup^rt * ' P"P '' ^"^ ^^P^iiding 981,425 dollars in their
hav?al?tnl!f^'\'''' w-''^ .questions which, more than any others,
aaye agitated , he pubhc mmd in Canada, auJl produced the greatest
bitterness and auimosity. Each was plculia? to its a«^ sSof
APPBNDIX
315^
and
indeed LTn realrd.d hf '' Seigniorial Te^Sre, The fomer has
break in 1837 ^wl^lt ./ TI7 \' ^^e prominent cause of the out-
fatafcraracter^nonV. • j'"f ^'', >'^" "'^ ^"^"^^^ of tl^« °^o«t
Thf cTer^v Tl '^"'*'^ ^'^'^ intelligence of Lower Canada,
the land oTunn/rrT'/''" T .^PP'-opriation of one-seventh of
th: su olfer^-^^^^^ ThV'Trrcla^^f ^*T '''
sessed originally, by the Church ^f'Sn^K.^™'?' ^""^ P*"'"
eve?7 casT th„ Z-ir ™'°°^' '° <'™P™">«<' fte question ; Ltin
at Th. T. -w 1*''*.«'»' " final settlement could be arrived
Ait de^LW''"'^','"'"''* "■"■«■• "■« »"*»% of an ImS
ttinVltHS! n "T'"'^. '"P"!?'"" of «>« State from all cTnec
to ?h: taSf exwL"sH„r;'^^ "^f.^ commutation equivalent
precluding LowC Canldf f^^^ ^"^ '"^ ^u^'*''' ^"^ «ff««t«aUy
Snd wealtliSwrso stlSr^^^^ •" f' ^"^ "*" P^P"'^*^^"
North America Th^ Frfnch (^«nT"^ !" ^ '""''^ "*^«^ P^* ^f
system for vea-^ • W T« <^anadians had grown up under this
their intelligrc^^ndm/ucr^^^^^^^^ *^^" ^'^ ^-^'^^-d
if
^11 «
I
AI'l'|f,NI»IX,
''"•''•«vi.^od |,v t) 'o fn ' a I. I ''V- T *'•' '"'"""".V ^"^ ""t
'"•'^'•'>''t in it. T in ,Xn " ^ ''^^ '"'-y '""' "" i"""0(liato
rally. A social rovn „ -^^ ['O.O )0 f,-o,„ t|,o provi.ioo irnne-
oxoftomonf.SloL, ':''■? ;';••*" *'"'? ''•^"" 'I'-ioti;, a,,ul without
P'-'^vinoo ai.,1 vot thi^ rv 1 "";'*«'«' >«1 I'J'OKroHs of tho Lowor
i«vi.. a.ul wa.tol .1 ^ I ;T ll ' ^^''^'^'•""'7'^ <>f (^Hua,la,« J
<listurhanco of Ih - n io m o u iT'"-'' /^^ ^'"«'" ^""'^ •>»■
'"'0 i>,>int in tho whoh 1. ,L r ' ''""''"' «""'^- ^f* t^oro bo
should o,uvw ;; «t oS ?f J^r'^'f '^"li'>»»' <Jovorn,„oufc whioh
'•^vohoonthon;^! V: r;;, '^
^'■•^ this without oxH^itomont^l^ h^ '"^ "",";'!'' """'' ««l»«8tion
The sotUonunt >• '*'«">•' '"'oo, or uwhvulual wrong.
receive fixtn, (Jovon^nt i^V^ ^ • hi I'^r"' *"r '^^ '^"''*^ ' "'^3^
»«^«'es^<'ary for thoir >" hro T. i ''^■''''*^»'" ''» "^^'•'y point
wanlo,i L thoir frio. 1. . > '"*""^''' 'Institution, thoy an for-
fmm tlu. rau s am m.;s?l''7-^ '^''' ''' '"'^^^" ^'' P-^'^^"* thorn
-0 - much oxi"'CTc>l''"'""^ ^" ^'''«'' «-y
~tho price of onlinarv lan,nn ^l / f^ '"■" """'*' "P"» "'«n>,
on credit. To oSlo^hlr^o n 'f ''' ^'^ '^'''''"« (^ '^""'^O if
<^*'t«hli8h united ott 1m fw ^''T"^'''l r ^'"'^" ^'"'nmumtios to
for sale at 2«. t^r it ^ f '^^^^ '^1 '*^'i^«« '^^''^^ are offered
= "'^> " 13 withm tae power of
*l'VKNl}IX)
81T
""00 of Holm„|„. ^"" '*""'"'*' ^•«taMiHl,mont and inaintcn-
^TUMMi. No furthi ox,,; lit , r Ia'"'^'!;''''''' "« '* ""^y «'«
wnnt« of tf.o pcoplo. IJ,„|o,. 1 ,T ' ' "" ^'"' ''"•^'''t I'.cal
"7<7 to UtocUoMt of al,« t i r ( ml '"' "'''•^""li''<'-.. of ,„.blio
; l..i« produ,.,,! U.0 nonntntt: 1 ;;:,:;!:''? ^"'/- F''"'-. and
protoction and pr<,por -nar^.^InK n . "^j., T'; T'"''''"^' ''"• ^^'^i'"
Hhort a timo in oporatio,, to „on, it J ' \ "^ "' ^'''^ '"'"" ^oo
bu U,oro can b„',.o do..,,fc tl. wj,' 7'" ^7'^«"'^« '^^''i^'vcd ;
public advantage, OHpociallv 1.^1^?"^ ^'''' '^'^ ^"-^"^^""^
fiHlH^rioH arc porfoctly inoxbaustilX . , i '^'^""•"""«, wfioro tfn;
^I'on, r..o,n tl.0 Hcvm-ity o . ! i^^ Pr'>Por MuporviHion ; and
JoF'ondcnt ,.pon tl.om/ A I rdv? ' !■' '"''''^^''^'^'^h an, .r.airdy
Provi.lod, an/l a r.ovv un^ w^l'r' " f ''"r"' ^i" »'"rcby f^
^ I" attending to tl.o ^i at nl o 1 ^r V''^' ''^ '"'''''^>'^-
turo have ,^t n<>Kl«ctod tlw.Ho t . ^ t„ 1 h T"^''"'/''^' '"«'«'*"
rest p nlarUhropic mindH. Tl.o car ofl.ml • ""'' '" '''''«''''/ '"*«-
attonfon, and adn.iral.Io any n ^'T V'r;"-'''^^«'''^'»''«h
«'oy receive the n.ost HkilfnlCd Vmr ./ I / '' ^'' *'"""'' ^^''^''^
Canada, a local rate provide! ?"r / ? '' ^^^ '"«"*• In Upper
but legislative aid is rooui ed L, thT r V^' oxpcnditire;
With an equal sum for similar ins it ir.'""/ "^ '^'"'"^ ^^'^M
As regards criminals, a iVo" S' P '^T' ^''^"*'^^-
to whom a long period of sorvi 1 i« ri'/ "J"r^ '''''''' ^^one
touaht variono ♦l,!^^ .A Horvuiuio is attached : thev ^.« *u„-_
_ a...=, «„. .ompeiied to contribute to the" co^r^f
'-1
.lis
AI'I'KNIMA
H
Uioii- <»w.. n.a.ntonanoo. T\mv labour Ih let ..,.(, by rouliftol to
fr«>loflio.M., tkM. I.v oin|.lo,vnioul, iMi.l U.o .uH|uiHiti..i( 'nl' U„. knew
UMlgo ol i.o,no ha.»<lu<n.n. Uio nnhMivouf in luiido to phivido ilioii.
ou Hmmv rotun, to «o..i,.|.v, will, Ij.o ,„oa„« of «ain^...K m. lMmo«i
luohho.Ml. without tho tom|.t.,lh.n ol' w.n.l (oo,.uho Ihr-ir mMinouoo
to ov.l ,Mmw«H. I'or tlu. ivron„„|,i .f tl.o vou,.«. roloniuilorv
,M...m« Ivuvo Khm, o,„mum wiUiiM 11,0 luMt.voiu-. „;„lor at. Aot |,a««.Ml
,1, lvS..H; ami l.v «'a,ol,il a„,l ja.iioi.n.M t,aii,ii,« it in IiuimmI that
m!Ui.v .)„vou,lo orto.„lor« m ;, ]„. ivolaiiao,!. Ah .lowanlH tl.o pii
«o„,. K,M,<M-ailv.l,v tl.o Aol. or !HAM.aUov.-,„„,o„t iuRpootio,, of
tho ,,,0M HOa,vl„„« k„„l l,MM ImM'„ OHlMl.liMJ.oil. |„„i it iw ||0I,0.( Will
bo olWl,ial m ,v,„o<lv„,^ ,u„ol, ot tbo ovil a„.l loiHoiv of |,|„> iu.liR
v,ii,\„>ato ooi,tn\o,„iMit ol ,Mi,„ii,alM.
No,^l„v« Hoi.M,oo boo,, wholly ovoHoolvo,!. ..('.,i,n,la having had.
wuoo )MI. un.lo,- tho nMo M.,|.o,i„l.n.|o„oo „r Mi,' Willimn I n«aii
Ml.8.. a HVMto,natio jioologioal hm.vo.v in \w^ivm, whiol, I,i,,m
alivmlv boon ol tho g,valo,Ht v„l„o I., tho pi-ovinou, whilni it liiu*
,„iolo no too:,,, oonlnlnilionM to tho hLm-K of |<„owIo<I«o i„ thin vnry
,n(oi-o,Al,„,a; moiouoo, Tho „>„o,<,l ,v|,o,l« ot (ho goohiaioul m„,vov i\i'
V.mi\ih\ \n\\' bo appoiUo.l to m ovolonoo of tho v.il,i,> and ovloiit of
t.bo«o,-v,oO|uM>lo,',nod; whilo tho.l,s|,|„v olnpoonnonM at tho London
and Vt\v\^ o\h(K,t,oio4 mnply do,n..ns|ia(o«l itn |.,-i,olioi,l oh',,i,olor
Tho 'i;.»,>>nto Ob.-.o,vatorv i* hIho w,«II Known to,- itn vabiablo
oon(,",b„(,onH to aHt,-o„o,u,oi,l and n,oto,.,o|.,gioal soioiM-o ; and that
at Quoboo ,» also \^w\\^^ ,n|u do,.o,vod notioo. My npaoo will nob
bowovov. ^HMiuit n,o to ^l^ „io,o than notioo tho laol thatHooh iiiMti*
tutiojw o\i.4. auil !Uvval„o.l and |,ro„,otod in Canada. aHi),-dinK
ovtdonoo that tho |.ih\^,vh8 of tho oonntry w not onnlinod wholly to
matoii:,! objov't>«*.
Antong othor rotonns whiob bavo oliaiactorinod tbo lo^inlation of
Canada -luring tho \y,\.< ton v.m»,-h, tho oii„,inal law has boon oar«,-
fullv vovvsoil and a,nondod ; whilo in lt|,,,o,- Canada, whoiv lOndiHh
law p,vva,ls. tbo j.,Hn'Oi>d„,gs of tbo oo„,Ih havo boon gioally Miin-
nbliod, and Mtr.pnod oi' toolntioal tlillionltics ; in thin lonpoot' lully
koopinj; ivju'o \v,lb tbo lo^al ,vlo,-,nH of Kni^land. In Lowoi- Cainv-
kU, tbo wbolo plan of j,»du<atnro hm boon obangcnl and dooontra-
beod. so !»s to br,nj; tbo rodi-ivHs ol' lo^al w,ongs within oany loatili
of ovorv o.,o ; wbilo tbo oxponsos. attondant on tho adiuiniHtmtinn
ol uuslioo bavo, within (iio bust two >'oar8, boon njodiliod and Krcatlv
rodnood. ''
Tbo whole stAtalorj law of Canada h.i8 boon oonaolidatod iuto
tJmH> vobnnos. a work of ,mroat labmiv a,id oorroaponding value.
^ For tho .lobiov vuont of tl.is iuiport^nt work, tho pi-ovimo is dooi.lf
mdebtod to tho lato Sir Jamos Mtioaul^jr, ox-Chiof JusUoo of Cowuwi
AII'DNKIX,
flio
i!!"t.\;i;i::;';:;:;!;i;,:!i";;:';':'f '•■"'•• I"" «"^
Imtnor.!, will, »J,. .-o.lill.HUo,, of II . | Z.l l"' "'^':'' ''^ ' "•''
III (Im> l'.MP./Mi„^ (.I.H.'rvnlioiiR I |,„v,. or.lv l.,>-... , i (
A ll....'.mMl. r.-lM-,,...ril,.. |.,^i.|,,,,,,r..:''^ '
'',''"■ """";K""'""U.r<Tin.im,lM;
"'«> ..Hial. iHlnmn.l. ..1' n,r.,n„at<.ry pri«onB iuul „.... • • .
^jioIh ; •'^ « "" '""' H"i»«'rvifliion cf
Til.' fir..iriol,i.,ii ..rH(!'mn(!o ;
, ''"' '■:''•"•'" "(■ U... (iri.riirial mio ;
, ''""'''•P''!i'''''i''n.,rf,|,,MMvilln,vv«;
'•••<-onH,,|,,lai,io,,ort|,o«tal,.,l,,,Iavv; an.I
Canada occur,jo« a p««iti,., "1^.,^ A '^ • "" ''^"^""•
tho ocean at t,o (lulf J^f Ht L\l ' '^T"''^J'^' ^^tcnrling froni
W08tornm,>«»»f ♦!.„ "A/, r^- ^'l^rwH^o (/, Lake Sunnri/Vr ♦»,*
" '^ ^"'^ *""^ '"'^«*' '^^'^ ^ivor tit. Lawrence formi^'
m
n2o
AITir.NDIX
tho ^'m>hnru;o of Mioho lak.>fl, (i,„|H if
It.nn. nf <l»)o . ,.,.,1 i< ,,
IWo, Int. -li^ : nn,H\-„m'li,;m,'.'.!",'r ."" "J""' """"'"'I.V |i"iiit iti l,„ko
.<i-c,,i„„ ,„ i,; on,,,™.;;;;'!'' !'■;:,;*,; ^.f:"-™''-''.........!,
vast o.xfont of tlu' iiitorior of fl„. , . • 1 ; . '^ "'"" ''•'"""' »
g«n, Wi...n«in, IIIi„ , . , ,, 'J '"' ' ' 7"-vlv;.Hi., Ol.io, MIohi
tho 00,-oai on,poi^ >;';'.,;': rr'n "" '"•"""''"•• •""•^"f
oouM roih-l, (ho soalM>a, T.. *^ « "ol, lor.Mg,, Inulo
,^^^^^^^^^^j^^^^^,^^»g" .luuv... tho ,t,,,gn,t.,.lo or (ho p,i.o t<, ha
l.u.hino'(^.n,al. huilt hv nr.„i. /;'''•', ii"?""'"' ""•'' *''«
a shan^ of, ho (ra.io of tho ^M-oat laLw ""I""'""'" "* "^^^'"""K
ed tho ofVorh (<(.;.. •'>< '^nsmn ot oonunoroo, inoroa*.
tho HH^ « 1 t , ''^r *H>'n"Muuoat,on botwoo,. tm« dintriot and
iviji „«v a "" ."'^''^- '^f^'P ^>'Ws takoii undor Lord Svdonham in
wu u) prx)mot« tho onlarKcm<*it of tlio WoIInn.l p„.,«i „^ i *u.
Ai'i'K.wrtix f|21
bo v^cMM. ..Ico ( Mario „„,| Mc.,.,,ro„,l. tI.o«o workn wo „ vf^Z 1'
froiti Mi(> (!fnf,«.(l HUiiw ihrmnh (kuwh
Jo«H,.| „ ,u,,v,K,.f on or vo««.,Ih of HOO Umn fro,,,' M,. o I rwE
BuUhn fopoal of I,,, con. Iaw«~ru, admittodly r,(,c.««nry moa«.,ro
orJU,000,000<loIlflrH,---f,oflfloHHin;r ^,,„, ^^,^,^, mM,«r.iri miW-anal- in
kho woH.l iM.t, v; t,h,.„t, ar,y fra,I. to Hup,,orU,hom c,xc VCr Jn
~l,-l,nrro,l ,y U.o „„,viKaf,ion l,.w« frorn making tl.om n o ,.l iS
^NsrSa;.;! '/''''"'"'' ';•''"' ":"''r"'^ f"'^"^^'" "'"--^^
n«, woHf. fn IH'M) M,,. h,^ral fh\]w.uh]m in fix way of tnuh, wore
through '0 (,onM,ru(.t,,on of railw«,y«, which tnuM to n-ainfain
r>c mot hy Hinnhir oflortH on tho part of ( hmuh ^
Rxpononoo ha<l h.,wovor, fnlly ,lomon«trat^d that it wa« not
Hunu ,on to prove that produc. .ould f.. ,„ovod from the wltl
l/r<,ntnu.! at onn-half tho d.argo to Now York; itm LT^bo
andod ,n L.vormK,! at^h-HH co^t, or tho who). proviou^'X I't
ot America; It powHoHHod an ononnon« cfmimorco • it wa« th«
froightfl t., Liverpool were redur,„d U> a minim.un. The K Law
ronoo on the other hand, wan renort<ul an a mo«t dangX
navigabon ; ,n«uranee whm v<,ry higl,, from the inferior chaSr
of the HhipH, and from the river ancT g,.lf not f.eing properly pro^
rM with ligh ho,,He« ; and the nhoalH of Lake St. I'et.^rVbetw'^^t
Montreal and Qnehec, limite,! the tra.le Uy v<.„el« drawing no orer
lUfect, during the mimmer low water.
>>«„.!"'''• ?Tr"l?*^ ^' "*'''^" '"'^ '■'''• '•'^'•'^'^y communieation hat
t« remove the difficulties in navigating the river St. Uwrenc*
of pilotage ha« boon revmed and improved ; tug-boata of great dowct
tllT ^rtf "^ ']^' l^'^^' '' very moLate ral'^ranTC
depth of water botwenn Oimhon on/i m/-*— ^i !.._ ^ J "'
aM
Al'l-KNUIX.
«»«<^.Mi8h„u>uror tins .(0, llii I • '"♦^^••^''"•"- <'^<' original
»t an 0X1. ,.,.«.. .w i'lr. ,.'\ **' -v ""^' *'• "f';'<"_'Hlii|.H uf Ihm- own,
Lavuvnoo ,>.u,o ,o hivon . V . " '">\'«<'lagoH „|' tl.o St.
md.v.U,o.\ a,nl am,r' t I " '"'^"' '"'"« "'"••""Ml.ly
ouiv.iovon .i,u. » 1 i";' o .; ,'?r^'' : V"''^'^'' ••"'^ f^^^""
t^Mi <l.r s an.l t .nv hours • . '. . '"' " V'«^'''^"«' •" l-ivcrpuol,
than hks ovor l.oj; ,v vn T ' *' "'"'"'- " ''''*♦*''' "vo -aKo
I'ntil U,o int,v.l,,.,i .!..;{ t''< «'.>n.-..Iun. n.uto.
'ht a I.-n-o sl.an. ..f (l.o Vo , . i' ' \"""''^ woulJ socnro t,,
cMllun n.us (<. divorf rn.„, .OS ^ ""•""''• ''"^ '•''•'''' i-'muxii^L
tho Atlantio oitio. h .11 ,0'^ ";"''' f".' """'•'•'•"'•«^" with
tUat unlo. C..ia oouU cli'll^lfUr- lIl^IISS
t'Kwt bono-
IIK Olliv Ml
«'Ih in Uio
IS Hiul Mm
•oimtofiMl,
wi citicH,
% ill ilioir
<• «»ii^inal
lio lu'ocn-
mkI lioon
I'od upon
<»r «liiH'ot
)H.<ltl liiw
mr own,
't of tho
Uio St.
'I'on^lily
I' <»i'OHn
iw I»o<ni
I'crpunl,
tvcrago
wnolu-
<'IU'VO(i
L'nro fc<>
lilwnyH
iO(iinf,(»
tion of
lat tliu
wifcli
;roaU)r
II, aixl
1 uuvi-
AITKNII/H
K'lt'io'i H iiiilroiul
88S
!2;;i;; :,::;;, :s:,,7::':,;;;iryi;:,;'=''i;:;! '"^^-'■-
''cmiuii uniM'ndiiciiv,
!•• •ni.l.'ilakir.K Hio oonsfT.iotl.H. of „, ,,,,i|
""••"i«li (;anH.l,., wlii,,|, hI,.,„|.1
ur over
•lonnoot
I railway flVHf,(uri r./iflMifi<<
JHioaii, tho provii
ii-s own i'('3onn'(*H
miMitH to „a|,it,„,liH(„ aM nii;<l,t'oanH„ U
vntiiMlii, l»(«l ■
i"viM/4 *'l'at Hiioh woritH
i« alnioHl, wholly (lopondoiit
iukI
y Hoii^ht to oHhr Miirl, i,„|
'""; atlontioii t<, iMMlirorto.iTr
a« milwayH, tho hhco(,«« of whicli
•M' priviito iriiuin,'min(.|it tl
III lHI!»iii, Aot "
'«|'"" atfcontion to dotail
lai
WIIH
• uiiflor that of (,!„, (J
iianHod (ilodjsjrini^ a
Hio provinoo on ono-half tl., ,,„„, „
cxfciMit. And nndor thin Aot th,» (i
0-
'«, woro !«)tt«r
"voi'hinont.
f'"i'-(!orit. gmirantoo hv
and th(* Ht. linwi
won> ooinincnood.
indiHoriininato^iianuit(!o, tl
ono-hiilf tho coHt conlliiod
out tho proviiK
"H(!o and Athmtio (
"; ;';«»- ;;l -dl railways o? U m\m L
'••"It WoHtorn, tho Northorn
- HO., AManin, (now part of tho (irand Trunk »
•ifliiw W(iHn«pou|od,aii(| tl
\'i tho odlujt of ar»
f'O Olio
•MMin tnnik hno<d" railway tl
'"K""" ran too of
to Toronto, and fmni Q
-'m lHr,i{tho(JrandTrnnl< I
ItH'hoo to (tivi(">r«-dii-f
way thron/i^h-
iifH' fr(»iri M(»ntr«al
^;>ii|N.waH inoornoratod
Lavin;, alroady ho<,n n in .V „ ,' '^^""1. ^:^"^''::' ^' 'ti"'""""5
•""l"r tho ori^iniiJ A<V ir,' a ' "'^ ""' '^'^'" '''''""'< ^^i"«
tho amalgamation of all I .,.;;■" "!'''" f'"''"'' l-roviding for
Lino, witi^.wor ,:L, V ;;;'v;^^^^^^ '"'.""."i^ ^''" '^""' ''^^-^
li»"«H woHt of Montroal wdl ill . '" '*''"'^"' """"<'"ting tho
'■•""""'tin;/ tlo Cuiml . .H ' ''"'l'"^'".''.y' "' ll'<' Amorioan lino
t^. H., wh^h, iro: i;;;!i : Ks ;: :'■ t "r V"'^'^'^
|M.rt to th(. Ht. Uwronci, wa« h I . '" """^ ^''" """'"'"'t
U.o wintor trado <>? /a adr.oid ^ "V"", '"""' ^''^""«'' ^'"^h
on. Thi« oity iH tl In- , ' .A r'^!"'^'^K"""«ly carnofl
Canadian rail^ „y„t , ' ^wii T a ml t'T' ''?'""' "^' ""»
port to wl.i,d. tho (inadi liT< »•'? T '""" '^''"f'''*"^ '« tf'«
gation of tho St. irj;:;, ' ;^^;;;;:^^'« 'fc ^-"^ ^'- ..i.
ropoatodly mado, as wvdl hvi'u.i^l.r^'^''''^'* ''"^« '«'<''*
Nova S.4ia, to inc^ciT o'Ti, p I'X^';;:;:, '^ Now P.run.wiok and
cxtonHi.,nofthoGrandTn,„k if 'V'"^"""*'"^ t<' promoto tho
but witlK.ut HUcotJ^H a. 1 ? .' T'"" ""'""*'^' *^i"t"r F.ort,
tho province. ,na,,Vt. .';' ^f 'l''""^ .''."^'""' *»'« 1-^ - <'f
on national thL. :' Sit;, r^i:; ,:, ''"' -'-'' i« "-o'valnahic
Tho result of tho Io-mmIhH,,,. i, • i ,. •
h- ^oc. ti,„ f„™i't't : ,',f :,; r'? ji:r •?" -'«•
-i.^ jnu5K ivmhv.iy Company,
m
i i
s
AriT.NItU
<'f rail, ,.f wl.ii, „o loss hun HM i '••""P':'H"'K Ml*-' n.iloH
An,orionn railway H;^:^n C t- ll^o^? T'' 'l^'T'^'^ "'"
ft rortlan.1 in winter, .^u! ^[.:';.o^: . r ^J ,1^^.:??"'
!;"ot.on witl, t|,o unoqnali;.! inlnn.l n i^T n '.> 1 ! sf 7' '" ''•"•
oomo to ,1,0 roliofof (1,0 nunpanv ' , ,T i {h w' .'7wVl''"*' *'•'
woro ,«us.so,l Kivin^ the privato ' 11:1 f > ' .' "*' '""' ^('^ Act«
tl.o rrovinoiS fi,S lio , i , T AO irir^
0.0 Hton ,H now soon in tl.o full n.n.plotion , ,^^^^^^^^^^^^ ''
Jiia.H.tion to tl.o ( J ran.l Trunk I aihvav t). ...f? ^.
^itno,s8o.l tl.o ooinnlotiou of fl,. • ii • -^'i '"'^* **'" )"''"■" ''"vo
The (Jroat W'vsforn
The Nortl.orn ^^>7 miloB.
The linffal,. and Laico iri.,;;,; ." ." . ?^' "
And othor min.M- linos of a „u)ro locai charactor" "
ThoCnSr"*^ '^70 „
ofi: i^c^L^rss t^^^^^ p- in
wiU, it is Lnod, ho speed lvroiovodi:„T/' P*"''i."n"™» which
Victoria RrL^^^ V the comnlot<on o^f th.:
traffic from otter channi h , kI u^' '^'"^"^ ^^'^ '^'^^''^nR
Canada now F^-e eT ;ot^;e^ y^'tLTo rJ?•^ '^l''*'"'' ^
it is believed, in ^ ^ '" ^^'^ ^'^''''^'' ««"*'"«"^ or even,
Through the Canadian steamshio lino thn fim^^ rp , .
x^cogn^a, even b, «.„ UaiteO S Jes°,5;vt^:t J^" .K.t
plotiori ; aii(i
1,112 niiloH
II fniiik lino,
UUM'Mlig (ho
I tlio oooan,
Kivi(Vo-(|ii.
•nij)l«»t,(t and
l«'n in (um-
• liJiwrondo,
\ incroiwin^
n of (-aniula
is iininiuiHo
H'nt. rino in
it' tllO Htop-
troviiK'o, <,()
\m Act«
riority ovor
caHiiro the
I windoni of
•iikin/j;.
ycuTH liavc
of railway
I/)? miIo«.
An
Al'I'KNplX.
Z3&
70 „
^'^ „
f"I ptit in
prdHont
lich havo
ira, which
systom,
fi of the
Ji verting
•htful, jw
'~ navigjv-
rstem of
or even,
: is now
shortest
whlh . ' '"■ ,^''""' «""^''-^««t.rn and wcHt.rn .nailn, than
Which no hotter ovwlo.uo vmhl ho offorod of tho mH.lon ol'Tl
(anada tnv n.any yoai-H. 'n,„ An.oricoi. citioH .,n the urlt lake-
are n„w (,,,enn.K a diroot trade thn,.,Kh the Cana.lia^ witl ^'h
S a a t.^e„ o? he 'k; r' "'"' ^''" 'r: '" ""^ '^'»^«"t ^''^•" t^«
luu a(ivantap,H of the 8t. Lawrenoij, aH tho great route from th«
u.ter.or of the contn.ent to tho ..oean. will he fully re^nLo
In th(» proH(H!ution <.f the nollev whirh iu ,. .„ /l IV
Bulk of th« puhh,, deht „f Cana.la han heen contrard EnS
nvH heen retann.l out of ordinary revenue to cov' r w l.at nm v L
tcnned purely lo<;tl werkn, expen.fiture upon which Lih 1^1^
ceaHod an. the fu-enent inde'hte.lnoHH will he 1^^ n fuZre re
aonted hy the great ,,uhlie workn ef which a Hketch Lh iw^
JI'^j^T::^ '^'f 'f ^^r:'^"l "'«''"'"•« «<lvanceH to railways U
^!>,<.n (.72, an. after de.lucting the ninking fun.l for the mfem
on of the Tinponal guaranteed Lu, am.uu.£ to ,£8,88' (72 and
the payn.entH „n aecunt of the public workn of the roVirfco
w.th.mt reckonn.g n.tercHt, have heJn m Mlom : I"-"^'"Co,
CanalH hghthouHoH, and other workH (Connected
with the development of th(, navigation of tho
Wt. Lawrence, reproHont ^o ,,,.„ q^
Had way ad vancoH ........ 4 i ri i ?
KoadH an.l hri.lgcH, arid impn; vemenVof rivers" ." ." .' .' 788,350
X 8,802,400'
of rtad"a'L'V^^"^''''i r "^r J"''«« '"'^ ^^' the expenditurJ
ot Canada ha« been reckless and unwise; or wli(,ther it has not
been mcurred for ol.jectH in which the pr^Hperity oT he country
was wh.,lly hound up, and which fully juitifiod tli^. sacScTtha"t
havo boon made to attain them sdcrmccs mat
Before quitting tho subject of the present debt of Canada, it i.
loper I should advert to tho outstanding municipal loan fuml
»onds, amountmg, on Ist December, I8r,9, to XI S20 160
by t mSi^^^^^ T' l""' "^""^^ ^' ' funi constituted
So nb^Ilf ^ ' ""'"^ ^'^^*'' ^^«'^^"« borrowers to this amount
tenns SalTev o"'?r Ti '^'"^ ""'^^^ '''^^' »«^"« «" better
icnns than they could obtam as individual borrowers The
'""■"o '•' ^"® general revenue lor liie payment of
n
il
ill
nsrt
An'KwiMX
**
vithoi- principnl or iiifnw.«t n •
fimn.l to work Iw^llr an.l ., . "i '^'" '''"" '"'*''>'« ''"<'n Hiiih
»»n„„M|mlitio«. '' ""''' ""'•" 'iKa,i,Ht t|„. i,„|,.|,t,,„i
"T'' '''•''''•^'H.do,iHM-tnj;n;,Hi;' '"'"^ '•"•^''^' "i^'^i^i o,i,.oi:
""\'"MHM'a(ivo ,liotut,.,H or l,o,,o,,, . ' ' ' '•',"*"''" '•"'''"'' '■'"• h
< "\V l.avo „o'v,.,- swo.«v ! ';^ ,f , • "'•'l'<"^';'"« <>'• fl.oi,. oou„t,.y
'-"Miit... .sho„i,i ,„„ s,,i , '''"'''''^ r\'''T''''''''''' 'I'" r'Mi'iio
*-;;';.w '0,^1.0, ..:;js:;;';Lz^^^
'" ""' '-vol,„o , ■ t',l';i ■"'"'''■""•' ' "'"•'-'« '-""i K off
'''Mjr.vssod .o„.ii,i.>„ ..r , , ; ;7:, : /"''•'•^•'•«;;':..(ly, ovon nloro
«»'l a.s iCto ta.,: ,|,o ...or. , ;,r't, t i^ 'l'"''l "'"^ "^^"'"^ "f '*'!"««,
-'•V adva„oo«. with o " ; t 'Tm ' " w'^'''' "" ^''" ••"''
por a,,,,,,,.,. ""'"f"*' '*«''^ a,„o„„t„,^ t,) abo„t, X 100,000
-nv,ia.,.,,t,,^,.r;:^:;:^rat,=^
•'onimnniittl
mill Ut inont
w Mnin l)t>oti
IK '"'''ii MiiiH
'" HpOfl Ulfl
•• IVM I-"I(1,UmI
l'<'t|('«Mll tllO
i(* iti<li<liN<i(
' tJiiH »lt>l,<,
>iit (ilicady
uiiil oduoa-
i<>li(7, Htxl
PioliciiHioti
ilotl lor |,y
"pi'OHctitcd
H'lioy, Htui
nil).
|"<'<I t<» Mio
oouMti'v;
'r may ho
I"' liulilio
"I'M voioo
>vi(lo
^rvv.fdux.
227
'•y
r mi I way
<' workH,
iiIliiiK ofl"
HAH, |,y
»n nioro
r tilings,
Ix'daino
Ik' rail
''aiiiuld,
I10«! tho
00,000
I'nilc ti)
ord no
ncutfl ;
of hor-
a|...Mm a« m.«l.l. with .oo,.o,„y of a.l,„i,.i«tmtin„ in . y Zh
•f tho pul.ho Horvi...,, 0,1 a n-vival of tm.lc, rn«t„rn fho rM,.ili(,ri im
«f iiKioiiin and oniMMiditiiro F(, m «,iin »i...( «. .i 'I'""""'""
,,„., II. ' '""""• " "» lino liiat ifioUior oonrc"* was
o|on. and ,hat mn in oxa.^t tho hn-m« npon whiol, U,n fnilwar
•dvanoos woro n.ado ; and to loavo tl.o hold.r. of hr„, " 3
on.l« to omIIoo thoi,. intoro«l,. nndor tho Mriot lotfo of . I fw
H t 'OHO «to,« ( anada w.n.ld oortainly havo roliovod horno C f om
tho proHHnro o ,noroa«nd taxation, and n.iKht havo o.oan d Z
Hut h, would havo honn at tho otooom- of U,o hWirmh oanita i«t
who had , a.od Ihoi.. IHiU, in U.o (L tn,at,nor,t ,, K ov r i
x.u.^;fS:;w';i;ari "7'. '''"r'"""'i '"'^ i'-— la^^'t
W I .0 know, hat M.ro.iKh tnoir los«, (Wiada wa« aMo to admit
B..'i..;i goodH at IT; i„Htoad nf 20 nor oont.
1..0 witoi l,a,H hoon n^proachod i„ f,hiH ooiintrv a« tho no'hni.
and proniotorol-aprotootivopolioy in Canada. '(/^, To ak I
d d h roMnh. ho ,H ahoMt, (., Htato, ha,- a,hva,y« had hi« .npLrt
whio a noinhor oMJ.o provinoial parliamont ; and oominij nt.,
<'»i«o M hnanoo miniHtor of tho (kmu fcrv in A ,m,»t I Jrw »'.i
rovoti 10 loi IMr,H, ho roHtH tho (hdonoo of Ioh ooliov nr.on tho \;,nt
l.at tho proHont aovornn.ont of (!anada» ha. n,a ^li h . ,1 J
Zrtvo no '•;'■'" ' '" '•^"':""V''" '"xponditnro and inoro,.,in«
titira f ' "'' f"'"^"";"'. ^'"it '•" '"t« now tho HatiHfaotion ,^'
iri;.;;;;;;!."^'" ^'^ '"'""^ ^' '"^^" '"'"" '"^^^'y. '<■ ^^<>^ M-ito, wit,hir.
It JH howovor, oontondod that tho commoroial polioy of Canada
practicablo, in Varmo ^.^ 'iV; .n^^r ttiri/'"';''' "^ ^'".r
rtifnf>f ♦«t.^« _.'ii ii "'^ ""I' roniiai fintioH in mvour of tho
, :_______ '^"^ ^^'^ pnnciplos of Freo TraS
• The Oartler-Macdonald Adminigtratlon. " ~^
m
■ i«
II I i
Ir
I
328
APPENDIX.
ordinaiy consumption of the MonvT. «? ™'°"°S '"'» fte
vast timber and shiDbSldin/fr.? ?"™»"J''ea made free; our
and our fisheries Sout^el^^ra, .'"™ ""T '^■". -""^""P'^'
maWials have also beenSiM t'e' * «™''™' P™«'Pl«. »« n.w
.eiiaSSi^UeL:':::!"' V"; »pr^« «'- --^^
to 1848, during Xh The nrS^ J "',■'«'" ?«»" fn™ 1841
imports of CanL Tore Ailsst^l "if "^ ^f »^'^' «"> '»'»1
^2,808 499; and the tJtd fr^St isM ^Q*?' t?"'***-
bemg ^2,829,793, £288,545 afdlfiqfiRT '*?■?• ^ ?'. "™"8^''
about 101 per cent and tw„ ^''/•"SJ ! the duty being thus
whole impoVls. ' *" '^''' «"'"'' ™'y 21 per ient. of the
ao^anS^grerfftdoplro^fTore t^ T™« "^ ""^ '^'^^
-the tK>td importe Ztv L7f ''''™'.™"^18*9t;i854
£29,429,934 I&3 987 "92 if' f?t'n'"'''' respeetively
7g £4,904,988 l«Ifi,215"'audi'33li| ''• ' ""-«
* » "J-ty being thus about 131 per cent and fb. f •""■ .*"''"°i '
per cent, of the total imports "^ =°°* "'"'/
j?gtsiitse-^^:r£io'T7'^^^^^ ? ?«^^'^ '•*-
free goods, ^SSesa'i^ Tk '^V^^^'^"*y"^3,152,281;
^7,6fl,970, /788 070 and ^2 oT'jt' W ^^^^^ ^««"
per cent, and the fr'ee EooZ\9%':;Ve^J^} ^^^^ ^^^ ''^
The following comparative result appears :-
IIU To ml' *'"f«' '"''' ■■'"P"*^' ^2.82J,793
1856 to 1858 « ,, 4,904,988
1841 to 1S48, duty, lOi per cent p ],611,970
1849 to 1854. '' ' 131 P^^f °t- • • Free goods, 2i per cent.
1855 to 1858 ;< 101 « • • 7 "
• ' *' 29 "
trade, nor onerous upoThe pSe "^ It t^f ^^^" ''^'^^'^^ o^f
draw attention to the fact tLifl ' ^^^^ver, necessaiy to
.tatea, the results f«r Isll'^t-JHoSattttrth^'it
lation con-
ites. 'The
e policy of
8, 1849 to
tain. Our
;he world ;
the same
; into the
free ; our
leveloped,
le, all raw
vea soriie'
rom 1841
the total
collected,
averages
eing thus
it. of the
ciprocity
to 1854
)ectively
averag-
annuD) ;
s nearlj
i follow-
52,281 ;
g been
ng lOi
policy
live of
ary to
eafter
above
APPENDIX. 82^
TcoSr'^LP'lT'^^f T«^«« ^^i«g fo"«d it necessary to make
effecTon Jh« 7ft^^^^^ ^ ^h T^"^' '^"t^es V an act wLh took
fnTfLf J-^*? of August, 1858, which gave the foUowLa reS
^ necetL'v if "" rV"^ ''^''^ "^"«* ^e borne LSfwhTu
M^ne^cessary to explain the nature of the Customs' Act of March,,
1868— Imports to tth Augusit, £3,263,591
Satt'flT''"" ; Free goods, £954.846
Duty, 11 per cent Pree goods', 29 per cent.
From Yth August to Blst December, under Tariff of 1858
Imports, £2,711,448 "«r i arm ot 1868.—
. Duty, 12i per cent Free goods', 28^ p'er cent.
taxation for Z V^^Z're^^Zfuf'f "'"'f ^ «! mcr.^i
oeUed actirai in Mrf%!i • "'™""' ™> *» !> certain extent, com-
BO a8 neither mid^lf fT.? "■« P-^F^^adjostment of the duties,
ofmanSteo^htf exi/ttc'al'adT fr'',-*" ^1 "»"=''«
government have no exDeetahnn tv,Q* +i,„ j x ™P^p* J-^^e
koZeLtTe^tdt i»?7™T.'l' """ "°'P«'to obtain
380
APPEiroix.
.
1 :
1 ;■
; \
■ ; '
' \
•
H
'
■R
t
H
' !
H
eonviodo,, that gwTS dt^i^"'''!^' •'^""'"' *« "■^"S^'
J' be oxp<»ed to\ttack in CaS fl ' ' " "^P'essant enough
f rtes ; but it i, certoly ™^"if r„^» '««™'<iable iuoreaae of
when tlie oblirations whirf!? ^.. ™Pro»«bed byEnaland
"ess of Canai l^^etet ^Zr^!"^ ^ '"'"' "' "-e indS
"TriXL^sHi»>»'-" ''™*^' '^^'^
« 1858 was ^6^271 762 hf^^''^/^' '""^"^^S ^^^l^ay advances
J« has been already staJfoXifh '''"'• ^^ ^^^^ 7ear,
became necessary to makriLrr i * ^^ commercial crisis, it
almost the whole amomithadtfh/^f*' ".P"" ^*' ^^ ™ 1858
In addition to the comterctaVdep eSl T^ ^'""'^f -^^"-
below an average, and that of IS^s ' *^^ harvest of 1857 was
became manifest Ctheindirltd^^ T'^/ ^'"^ ^"^^"^«- ^^
charge upon the country, anrPariklr^^^
provision for it. The interLt on fhl m^ was required to make
rect, thus required in 18.58 ifsfi iS ' ^1*' ^'''' ^^^ i^*"
breach of faith it CO udneitWhpnf/^i, ^"^ ^*^««* Vagrant
pressure had come suddenTv an A/ ^^"^ '"'' ^«P"diated. ^The
but neither the Government nor tr^ "T *^' P^^P^^ of Canada!
mg such provision asinh^fr • V ^legislature hesitated in mak-
The CustSms'rtolrsfs wa^te^ ^"''^ T'' '^' «^g«»Ses.
^ith the same objects in vjlw *™r P''''^'^' ^"^ subse|uontly
explained, the Cu 2s' AcUf IS^q'*''',^^^^'^ ^^" ^' ^^^'^^r
After subiectinxrT. . ^^ ^^ ^^^o passed.
possible scruCie GovfSnTl^^ ''? ^^'j^^^ *« *^« «*"ctest
sible to reduce the annuiroSv 1 '^ '^™"" *^^* ^^ ^^ Pos-
and their best efforte were thS. T""^ '^"^ ""^ expenditire.
the ordinary expenditure in 18?«f "^'"''l'^ ^^^^^^s economy
the estimate for ?o?resnond - !^ .having been ^1,837,606, and
But afl^r makbg eX t Jib^^^^^ ^"1859 being £1 540 490
unless anincrea«e\f re7enrecoddbeo\^^^^^^ was manifest 'that
jaust occur in 1859. C oSn of ,t?r ' ^ '«™"« deficiency
havmg ascertained the probabiramonnV 9^1^"?^^^^ was, that
the year, it was their dutvi-ni!.f^^'''ed ^^^ the service of
ment as would supply the^defioTIT"'".^ T^ "^^^^^^^^^ ^ P^rlit
«ea to, but „..,l%re ba^. J^l ^^^Jt^SStt
(;:■>!
APPENDIX. 881
the'r„«^W ^^.^'7«<^ P'?V^l to T-ecomrnend certain additions to
£he Customs' Act of 1859 is evidently believed in Encrland to
have imposed very large additional taxation on imported Zds
rtZZl -f''^ f -^ T ""'''^'7 '^' ''-''-'^^^ nor the fee :
The new tariff was desig-ned certoinly with the intention of obtain-
ing an increased revenue of about ^100,000 on the estimated
revival of trade; the main object was to readjust the duties so as
to make them press more equally upon the community by extendms
the a.^ val^em principle to all importation, and thereCd'o enc^u?
raging and developing the direct trade between Canarand^
S SlTriZ^^ '''T\'' l^^b^-fit-g tl^e shipping interests
ot (xreat Bntam— an object which is partly attmned throush the
dutaes being taken upon the value in the market where Sught
<nverte7thftr?d?^'^ ''''''' ^'''^^ ^^^ ^^-P^e^ly
markets tndhi f ?^°'t "' *'^'' '"«^^^' ^^^ ^^ ^he American
Sdsted Vrnm ^^ destroyed a very valuable trade which formerly
I^dts iT^l I f' ^^T""'! ^ *^" ^°^«^ P^o^i"«e« and West
Indies. It was believed that the completion of our canal and rail-
the SweTVT'" ^i^^the improvements in the navigadonlf
rnniSr ; ^^.^f ««' J'lstified the belief that the supply of
Canadian wants might be once more made by sea, and the benefits
of this commerce obtained for our own merchants and forwaX
Under this conviction, it wa^ determined by the Govertrment to
Sifi' Pnnciple of ad valorem duties (wLh alread; Xded
Sif pSaftHH ^''^'^'? ?'• '•^"^^^"^"S ^'•^^^^^ i» our tariff
fJnlfr '^ '^'' ?" ^^'"^ '^ ^^ P'-oposed to obtain addi-
^ona revenue, were cotton goods, to be raised from 15 per cent.
to 20 per cent., and iron, steel, &c., from 5 per cent, to 10 ner
cent. This was the whole extent of increased tLw and it wL
Srs &c ':t T''T ^'^*'^'^^^- ^^« changes in cea"
sugars, &c., were all merely nominal, and, as already explained
were proposed as being upon a more col-rect principle^ The
468Th'.S f ^f -^'^fj ^"'-I' ^730,640; free goods. £1,594,-
By this stat^ement, it is shown that the increased rate of duty as
oeen irom l^Jo loi per cent., which can scarcftlv h« Aa.rr./A
excessive; wfiiie so far from the apprehensions entertained Ja
f
882
APPENDIX
ysar, the compariBon <:LZu^fyZZ,ui^d"J°'' "^ *"
only now beffinmnff fn !.««««* 7 ^ , ' '"'^">"ch as wo arc
an LicItioToAh? rtuU it Lav h„T/''i''.r !* '^™' ' >"" »^
ton ^, which wo 'rifaed SJ^ ist "0 Jer cT.^.r "^ '=°'-
t."- for the fi.t nine .„„.,„ ,(1^% JnVs ^ro AlZ^-
1857 .. '
1868 ^89.998
1869 58,823
88,844
1868, and oT ht ave™.*: fi the turT:^'"" '' """"^ *»' "'"
mr^ah^h^ye„™^aZ.^^^^ ™port»ti„„a. for it ig „.
offrerptthetSrSS'SS""'''"''''''^''-'"*^
cost of a.. /«^ra.rdlta,T;:^dlt t oTl'sTr "' ^
to 1854, when it liad Sycilrb.Jt 1?" r'- ' ?"'' ''•°°' 1«*9
cent. If it were neoe^arv tr„(K. '■"'™^'' '' ™ ^^ per
-ight he ver^ ^LrS lt"l^" iSr ^f°"iS: ftV'
to be delivererZII^LfthTp'rotn^e'^.r rt"S^"' ?""
African, Z'^Zt gL'X^iv* '' "' """'"'^* "'* *«
wh}c7S™Ts taSrctri""'"'"" «■« p"-'p'^ "po"
of those who cavirauho ™liev „f ?! ' T^ ''"^^ "«" ''» "«"»
U.0 ..u^ption ^^r.'i:&i:'^zt--,^x^^z
APPENDIX.
88t
Great Britain, and should be adopted by Canada, irrespective of
Jte financial necessities. r »^ "^
It certainly appears singular that Canada should be reproached
jnth a departure from sound principles of finance, when, in order to
pay her just debts, she imposes higher duties on the articles she
11!^ /r'"T'' T^^° !'' ^"g^^"*^ '^'^^^ «'e same means are
resorted to and no less than £§8,000,000 sterling obtained from
customs duties, and £17,000,000 from excise. If in Great Britai^
where such an enormous amount of realized wealth exists it has
oii^yaB yet been found possible to raise one-sixth of the Revenue by
direct taxation it need require no excuse if Canada has to raise her
revenue almost wholly by indirect means.
Free Trade, in the abstract, must be taken to mean the free
Zw^f t?' P''"^"'*^ of industry of all countries, or of the in-
habitants of the same country, and it is perfectly immaterial whether
S.V". "^/'.^PP^'"^ ^ *?!' P^^^"«*'«° «f ^ Vo^^^ of sugar or
tobacco, or of a tcnpenn;^ nail or a bushel of malt , it is equally an
interference with the prfnciple to levy Customs' dities orSeS on
2La n \ '"' ?"? probably will continue te be, impossible te
abandon Customs duties or excise as a means of reverue ; they
afford the moans of levying large sums by the taxation of articles
of consumption, distributing the burden in almost inappreciable
quantities, and in one respect have this advantage, that, if fairlr
imposed, each mdav dual in the community contribute in a tolerab v
S J3l''^*' ^' "^'"^- ^" Groat Britein it may be pTibk
to adjust the taxation, so aa to make realized property coSute
more than ,t now does to the wants of the State ; fut fn a counSr
like Canada no such resource exists, and it would be perfectly
hopeless to attempt to raise the required revenue by direct CS
-we neither possess the required machinery to do it, nor are the
people satisfied that it is th, more correctprinciple Customs'
principal source from which our revenue is derived
fnAIr^"''^; *^7lore *be necessity of raising a certain amount
ZJ A 7r*' u *^* ^'^*"' ^"^ *^^* «"«h amount can onlyT
obtained through customs duties, the Government of Canada, like
that of Great Britain, have to consider how that necessary kter-
STi'IT*.^ f^'u"^' ^r'^t ^^P^^*^«*l ^«o°omy can beTffected
^th leafit disturbance to trade. And judging of the fiscal poUcy
of the present Government by this rule, it is 1)ontended thatrwitf
some trifling exceptions, which must arise in all human legislatbn
itu?b r'/"''' r ^Pr.^ ^^ '^' ^^«"«r J«^* cal Sated to
^fnti rt ''''^'"«' f ^.^""^^^° ^*^°"' ^itb that of other
^ountnes. A larere elnjw nf arf;/.loa +o-.v.«j i. • . * """^/
„. — ^-.iiu^^i ja„ liiuicnais, are ad-
wi
ii
(
i
§
■
1'
1
■
■ .
'i
;:
■
334
APrBNDIX.
large cS, cons^tinf ^ifrm^'S' ""^^H" *^^^^ ''^^'^' Another
Hnplements, &c, are admired I'lo'''' '^'P^' ^"^^ agricuS
a% "manufactured goods pi S'f'' ''"*• ^''^^' ^^atherS
goods, made from raw mater^ror „ fPf" "'"*•' manufactured
du 7, are admitted at '>0 rT^r 7 * *''*'^^®« Pajing 10 ner (vfnt
articles pa^ug l| ^tr^'eJ t Tt^^r^^^^^'^^^ -^^e from
this IS exceptional, Ind ve rv S 5 ""^^^^^^ ^5 per cent but
cent and 30 per ?ent ' ''^' ^"^^^' ^^ molasses pay TZ
ihe disfrJh,,*: f •, .. r ^ *" per
' '" '^' ^^^^^ imports therefore stand*
tj^^^f_^'«*"butioft of dutie
Free goods Dutieg
Goods paying ]o per ceii"""
" 15 ««
" 20 «
" 25 « ■
rmportg.
«
«
7
29
per cent
6i
«
«i
((
61
41
((
n
I
(1
4
12
«
Tea, sugar, ^n^ZZ^ ^T''''''^'''^''^^^^^^^
then become iiecessarv to meet «,. 1 c- P'*'™' y^''- ft woidd
ebewhere ; and in JeetinT tl Lh ?"' -f^ ''•'' "'<»-''«=d S
mpossible to touch the bulk of ft.^ *' " " "> 'he firat cE
free nnder the reciprocity trlv '^/.f*, most of „hiof 1
contmue free accord „Kt/^,t7' '("''. *" remainder entitled^
ttat he scale of dutj, should CaUed of „ '•"''''^ ^' """'""^ed
J- per cent, of the imports, and
prts. Another
icles entering
1 agricultural
> leather and
manufactured
1^ per cent,
is made from
er cent., but
I, comprising
•ates varying
3nt. Spirits
Paj 15 per
efore stand&
APPENDIX.
B8&
ports.
I
per cent.
It
((
n
(I
<c
M
vere made
5r cent., it
i such re
n to make
e reduced
'eduction,
's, would
believed
le out by
It would
3d duties
'St place
hich are
titled to
issing to
n tended
ials to a
is then
it must
•ts, and
pay 9| per cent, of the duties • If fi,«» e
mke gSod the deficTencrar^iiVt'mT^^^^^^
manufactures, the proportion ofT-T.fTi, f'J'^^?^" of duty on
to pay would be iucrSrmtfVr"^^^^^^^ ^
the average rate of duty on these ar^cleshisttdorqp""*'' *"^
or thereabout, would be increased to ^1^30 nl ^ T '/'' '
scarcely necessary to point out that Zlh^ ■ ^"^ ''®'^*- ^* «
Utterly'incompatible wi ^"^0 andXt "? '"'"r^ ^^"^ ^^
financial failure. On tea, sZr &c ;t hi t^ ^f^t^o^ he a
to maintain higher duties thafthotn.l ^"^ ^^T ^°""^ i^po^sible
in the United Itatetrduufovorabr^^^^ "^eyire free
».atituted by our agricultural poS^^^^ «°^P^™on8 are even w>w
Apart frdm such modifications in detiU ao ^
gest, the Government of Carda Ltt fW ?^P"T°'" °»*y «"«-
revenue imperatively required to ^rese'*^,V" '"^? ?> ^^«« *&
province, and te mauitatTts LtS? !?' «""? ^*^*^ ^^ *i*e
duties is not excessive and thJl i? T' *^^«cale of cMstpias
accordance with souTd ' rincipLs of ,J>1^^ "^J"^'^^ ^" g'^
in the scale of duties cafo^ Uk' ffa * '^ t^^^^y- Reductions
reader, an idl^.^weSelTt 'SeT^^ *^ t^ *^ ^"»^"«^
government in Canada, aTlL frul ?1 ^ -^T ^* '°°«*^*"*ional
short period of ten years I a^ «1 ' ^T^ *'*^ comparatively
nish, L it were, an fndex'te thelw • mK^ ^^^5 ^^'^ f-
mquiry and a stricter investi^atLnTl' n *^^^ P''^^"«« ^^^e
stances of the province thevS^^^^^^ *^*' P"^'*^''" ^nd circum-
rnisapprehensioS, ard thu Lve^^^^^^^^^^ ^«^o-«g «ome
jn^^eat Britain, who anxio^us?ll ^^ (^ol^t^ ^^^^^^^^
free country; but these discusS t t^^
ourselves, a^ from our own peon X Tn ' ^^f^ ^^^«"g ^
receive their verdict. Sda sLnds ?/^ff T"* ^^ ^^' ^"^^ ^"s*
in England, to be judged not b^t?/*f^« ^^^ ^^ P^^ic opinion
whole ; and no imWic^ X posse sin.t. '^ f"^ P^^*^' ^"^ «« *
would seek, by pirading our Sonaf^diZir """^ to patriotism,
gam position m Canada throm^bK'^'^' ^"^ ^^mi^s, to
and her acts in En^i^nd I wf 1 f^J^'^T^ir''^ of his countiy
and that is called for by an imL' ^07 v ."1-^/"^^ «"« '^^^^Z
the poUtical cou.e tak^b^r^^n^^^aif^^^^^^^^^^^
586
I !
APPENDIX.
may rS fodT'r*" °'/r T "o-™"™. *»t whatever
London, January Ist, 1860.
;i r I
:• F i
■ f -'■
9 present daj,
Ml been repre-
oncurrence in
orted by their
;ed Jiave been
iHat whatever
5 will always
al institutions
its of regard
ceived them,
feel sure the
lupport, how-
itest for the
ipion of civil
APPENDIX.
APPENDIX.
S8T
Statement of the ™l„e of g^ ; j,^ .^^^
voL dirt;;,:::™:;: '•" *- -""- °' '-- ^-^ '-
Y.AR.
I84I.
1842.
11843.
1844.
1845.
1846.
1647.
1848.
1849
1850
1851
Imports.
^ a.
2,694,160 14
2,088i632 13
2,421,306 16
4,331,050 17
4,191,325 16
4,516,821 I
3,609,692 14 11
3,191,328
Doty.
o.
6
2
4
4
6
11
6 10
27,543,319 6
3,002,891 18
4,245,517 3
1*852 5.358,697 12
\lll 5,071,623 3
itl: 7,99.5,359 I
^"°* 10,132,331 6
1856
1856
225,834 7
278,930 7
241,572 9
441,331 16
449,960 1
422,215 16
414,633
334,029
8. D.
10
4
2
7
8
Fhm Ooodb.
6
8
2,808,507 II 10
444,647 6
(iI5,69t 13
737,439
739,263 12
1,028,676 15
1,224,751 4
£ 8.
146,268 17
86,944 2
13,526 18
83,666 10
59,001 17
61,300 10
Estimated )
77,139 Jj
92,978
6
619,686 1 8
!5,806,420 6 1
9,021,542
ifis, [10,896,096 16
«L •• 9,857,649 11
1868
1869 to 30th Sept.
7,269,631 15
26.9,200 7 9
294,133 7 2
426,671 6 9
311,962 :7 4
443,977 18 1
703,435 17 1
4,790,372 11 11 2,448,381 13
37,044,920 10 2
881,445 12 6
1,127,220 10 5
981,262 15 11
84.5,347 7 7
3,835,276
2,596,383 13
2,997,941 14
3,101,976 I
2,093,403 10
6,574,128 5 888,946 15
Inspector-General's Office,
Quebec, 22nd October, 1869. ^^"^^^ Department.
•quiV«;i7nUn''BtI?Un^g 'mSr/'"' ^^' *''"" ^«"'«« ''*^« »«en redaced to their
H;
■'^
! r
:
<88
APPEKDIX.
li I
1 1 i
I t
I
§-^2
e t- CO in .^i o
00 C4 t- o o (O
<x>
'-0 M in oj -- t"
M « o ■* ev» o
w N e>i^ c^ OS »-
o <5 t-" »f" oT lo"
to >o lO <o r- ^
'-1 W — lO M
o
oo
^ ^ M
-^ >0 N t» ^ «v| N
S'J m 1-1 — t~ »- ~
fO_r-_m A oi CO ^
»-jOONOOi— t-^tooco
o CO t^t^ c« I— i o CO
CO
«o"
* "3 «s
: g,«
o
: a
- <8 O
o
4> . .
" S S - -
to © lO a. ♦^ M
"^ c>» M H O Bh
s
o
■M
S
1
I
I
OS ja
00 I
r "^
•T3
O
HI
n
P
t J
- it
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■ a 1
f
it.
APPENDIi.
889
OS
43
ut)
H
00
r
T-i
^
m
t.
:«
u
O
o
[Certified,] tvm. JI. Leb,
C. E. C.
REPORT.
Tho Mimstor of Fina«co has tho honour ro,pcotfulljr to submit
cortam ronjarks a„d .tatomonts upon th. Dospatoh of Hi, oZ
rial rfte n r'r'n"'"'' ''''' ^''«""''»'' "'»" ">» Mome!
rial of the Chamber of Commorco of Shoffiold, dated l«t AueuaL
transmitted therewith August,
.niiJstToppX.;.^,^^^^^^^^^^^
e7 SioTllMrenT iMr^/t T^'" f ^: "~^^'
hannHir Tu» TV/T • ! ^^bS*-^"on ot its (1188 Uowance— and though
iiappiIjHer Majesty haa not been so advi««H. ... fK. .'.°"!?
III
II
840
AI>I'RNDIX.
■iipt' f
^^^Bti ' 1 ''
^^^^^^ '' S '^
'
K
jLiCi'
having boon thus raised, oixl the congoq.ionoeH of guch a sten if
:on und rightn of thy Ommdian LogiHlaturo.
Kogpoct t^ tlu rinponal Gov(>rnment must always dictate the
dpro to satuf thotn that the policy of this countrTis noS r has
T08t8 ot the mother country as well iw of the Province n..f fL
Oovornmont of Canada, acting for its legislature an poop c^'
not, through those feelings of deference which they^owe t^ the
Imponal au hor.tu^s. in any manner waive or diminisf. tlright of
and extent to which taxation sh.ll ho imposed. The Provincial
Mm,8tryareat all times rea.ly to afford explanation in r^d to
the act8 of the Legislature to which they are party-hut s hiort
^z:^' ^'^'^^r^,^ ^'- Majb'sty, tiiirLponHii n
a^I general ,,uest.ons of pol.cy must he to the l>rovincial Paflia-
mont, by whose conhdence they administer the affairs of the ^^'un-
Z; fi '"V" • ? "VP««'t'«" "f taxauon, it is so plainly necessary
^at the administration and the people should be in accord, tS
^e former cannot admit responsibility or re.piire approval bey nd
^\ll i ^T^ Legislature Sell>ven.ment would be utLly
^Sir^r ^. tl ' r r '^ '^'. ^"^r"'^^ CJovernment were to b^
du V n f L. ''. n ^''" ^'''^'^'\ "* ^ '^"'^'''^- It is, therefore the
Sin V "'f'l '^«y^'"»"«"t distinctly to affirm the right of tlio
Canadian Legislature to adjust the taxation of the people in the
way they deem bc>s^even if it should unfortunately happen tS
meet the disapproval of the Imperial Ministry. If or Maicsty ca^
BO be advised to disallow such ^acts, unless Lr ad.r.oTZ .^.
pared to assume the administration of the afJiiii-s of the Colony
irrespective at the views of its inhabitants. v^oiony,
The Imperial Government are not responsible for the debts and
engagements of Canada; they do not maintain its judiciideduc^
tional, or civil service , tbey contribute nothing to the uitei-nd
government of te country: and the Provincial iTegislat L acTng
ti^ro, gh a Ministry directly responsible to it, has to make p ovision
^de tih.r'''/'^™"'''' "ece-arily claim and exetcise the
widest latitude ns to the nature and extent of the burdens to be
menf 1 J'" fy 'fu-V^ *^« P^^^'f''^' T''« Provincial Govei^i-
me^it believes that His Grace must share their own conviction on
tois imjK)rtant subject, hut as serious evils would have resulted had
Urn Grace taken a dmeront course, it is wiser to prevent future
oomphcation by distinctly stating the position that must be main-
tained by every Canadian administration.
AITRNmx.
841
taxIfC Ti:'r:;:f li^^^^^^ Keno... pHncin,o of Oo.onU.
•'"en fiillv uwaii- Jtllt,!' MmeA that had Hi. <ln.-
ml torn, of di,apn3 '""" ''™" *""«" " "• P"»-
gai lf"taiTrp„rv r.''"'r'"', "• """""•" *« »'-«-
§ha«i„,d <*«mho"*„f*r.,i;t^:Tn";;; ';.'!"''"«"'- - «..
have acooplod H,o.» ,tat™™i« „,,.""„!!; "l.'^r" 7;l'<"'" «»
patod to the trade of th^TIow ShoSoKr'"'"!.*^' '"''"-^ '^»«<'i-
»f t}.o Import .l.UicH of Canada '» 'S' '^ l^^"'."' *^« '•«cont advance
Jtatc, that ^«, adraJ ^haw wnl lal nn 'ir'St'"' ''''f'^J^ "^
the Customs Act in ..uostinn [».. T. ^^ ^heftold goods, by
articles enumerate i ThHw t f/"" ,^?k ^«^««"'-n thesJ
that they arc now claisod nl Z ', ""f ^^' ^"'/ ^'ifferencc i^
But on L othrhjld V t" ToZn: ^'r'''« ^^'^ ^^"'^^ ^-^
«teel, Ac, used in the man LSZ Jf * T' ' T. '"''**"'"^'' '»•'>»'
from 5 per cent, to lOpor cen if t^'"''" '""^ ^•*'"" '''^^^^
which the mcmorialiHts cCnIn n ;> • ''^"- •"•^ ""^^«'' *''« Act of
the C« adian m:l£St'iJ Xn^n i^ with
the c« adianm;;n;;i;,;;;;:;;!"ractuXK*"';y'" ^^'t -
vious
force of "the whore;;r;m;nTin'thoT ^'''.TV^"-^^y 'lestroysVh;
thev especially re^,n.iT """"''' ^' '''^^'^' *ho trade
of tL'tr^d?^^^^^^^^ the interests
assail the Canadian I'iff, wh ch a^'l ^-t^ons from which to
contradicto-.y. Thev state fU if — . , firjceived, somewhat
Bufactures, and al 7t at it w II h" t"1''-' *? ^'''^' "^t'^« «»■
turers. It might be ZiLLZ "'^u* ^""'^'^ ^^^'^ "^^nufac-
bly effect w/fhese obS as^ho? '^'' /^^ ^""'^ ^^""''^ ^om-
it may bo well to put the ChamboT ^r^ "'"^ antagonistic! but
points connected with the comDetiti.^ ?'"'"'''' "^'^* ^'" ^'^'^^
American manufacturers ThTrenl'" ^^^^ ;'"«'>»«*«>■ from the
ware and cutlery which are manllf ^S*^'" dcscnptions of hx-d-
the American Ld cLadlarZn f"'!'^ '" ^ '"P^"''^ «^^""«r by
under any circu^^staner £• "^^""^^^t^^crs, and these will not
goods theJeTsreaTnoo^;^^^^^^^^^ In these
fectly well known,^and th?oS;noT /'''''' "^"^ ^'' ^'■
decide where they shall be bou^h Tn ^^f\ P"f" ^^«« «<>*
which Sheffield hL to competrS tt fS l^.^^.^-^-
.as.y snow, that no advantage can by -posiiit^ bel^ycdTy^':
i:
II
^1
I
1 ...
i
1
." ^
}■'
1:
i
i ; f
I! 1- I'
fi i
842
APP-SNDIX.
foreigner m the Canadian market, because Sheffield is able now to
export ver^ largely of these very goods to the American Market
pajing a duty of 24 per .cent, and^ competing with the AmeS
maker Certainly then in the Canada Wiet, Sheffield paW
cSifV 'f\¥'y T-" ha^« nothing to fear from AmeS
competition which is subject also to the same duty, and even^
admitted absoutely^.. would yet be somewhat lesrable t^ co,^
pete than m the Umted States. The fact is that certain gooS
are bought m the Sheffield market, and certain in the AmeS
we nave in Canada, iradesmen who make goods similar to the
American but not to the Sheffield, and if our duty onmTes as a^
hTthTSLh t""^r*r"' '' '' ^^^^^^ ^^^-* "America"
country weW^^^^^ " "^^ ^"^ ^^^'^^-^^^ ^i*h '^
The Chamber cf Commerce is evi(^ently quite ignorant of the
IZT Zl "'"V'^ 'f'^'^'V ^^«^'f- d^yTmade V
^^!ffl ?^ } '' '''' *,^® ''*^"® '" *^« *"«^*«« ^here bought. The
iLt'u ^«/>.?%f^therefore admitted for duty at their nrice b
Sd 4± the American goods are taken at their value in C
United btates This mode of valuation is clearly in favour of the
Bri^tish Manufacturer, and is adopted with the deliberatebtent on
of encouraging the direct trade, as will be shewn hereafter.
coslnV^ i" ^^'"' «f ^^5^ *^' ^^^'"^^^ ^f Commerce as to the
cost of dehvermg Sheffield and American goods in Canada, are
wholly erroneous ; they state the cost as 35%er cent, to 40 Z
rest* nITt ^^' P'^'^'^'l '' ^^ P«^ ««"*•' b"* *beir whole cL
iT' ^ ^^P*^'^" that the original cost of both is the same
—which IS mamfestly aosurd-both aa shewn indirectly by Sheffield
tenM''^' '"^nlf *". '^'. ^'^'''^ ^"^ d^'-^^^' fr*^^ the fact
mv a dntv nfT/^ '^' American Hiaker, his raw material has to
f^JhlT^A A P^.''^''*- "^^'^^ he requires higher interest both
Led faW ^^^ ^"' '"P^*"^' '"^ ^^ *^ P^^ ^''^'' ^^g«« f«^
ri J^S ^hamber of Commerce attaches much weight to their allega-
taon that Canada has "moi^ than 1000 miles of unguarded frL
tier. This IS, like most of those m the memorial, a mere reckless
assertion made in ignorance of facts. The frontier of Canada is
not crossed by a road of any description but one (the Kennebec)
east of the 45" parallel of latitude-it extonds about 120 mUes
1?? f;i^^'^^^'} ^ the river St. Lawrence, thence up the river
?? TT ?^^°^*^^ ^ ^^^^ ^"^^'^O' above which it is separated from
the Umted States by the Great Lakes averaging 60 niiles in width
to the extreme west of Lake Superior-with the two exceptions of
the Niagara river 30 miles, for a considerable extent impassable
'iff ll
APPEKDIX.
34$
and by the Detroit and St. Clair rivers 70 milpa ^ i t
not navigated in wmtor llnr^ in o '" miles. The lakes are
«n«gglin| from cl^s Uct t IZ^X'^ ^'''' f ^*«^^«« *^
recite-consequentlj the front ier^Wch off. J"' "^'^'^ '^^'' ^
juggling i, H^ite/i, realit^t abou'?t2otiTes7a!^^^^^^^^ ?'
from bemg unguarded a mn/f affl^;„ * j , ^"^ ^"' *^d so far
is employed n^ntocl^X^:^ '^^Jl^^ns staff of Officers
have also to a great extent Cmn^If-Tv.**^'® .'"''''*«• Railways
jmuggle the gSr^rfalJ ^Jht' f^^m ^^S.^^^^^^^^^
frontier by rail, and it is cheap! r to pay tL ^ft . ' V^^
goods -enerally, say 20 ner oinf Z"^* • ^^ demanded on
expen. of seeking another^nrp' "" ^ "'^'^ ^^ additional
risfof a contmbfnd ttde s5 ^^^^ *^^
doubt takes place Sutt^^tgeneriflt^^ ' ^'^^^^ ^^*«°* --
tier villages and settlements ? „nT ^ .*^^ °'®'"® '"PP'j of fron-
that the ioods arfof the moW nn l\?''f '''•''. "^ ''''''''^ ^^ And
ma^ufactied ZfcotTo^Mk^^^^^ ^'^^
and on these articles the duties a^ 70 L'^^^^^^^^^
They would not be smuggled were nnhufl' • ^^^^^ per cent.,
nnposition of a lower duf^slyTo^^ertnr^^" "'^'^' ^^^^ *^^
itatements to whlTtty Cfh.d « "^^ ^"T'l*^^ newspapef
have permitted themselvTs onZoh T'-!' ^"^ **^^ memorialists
mg language towarrthe Qovet^^^^^^ ^"^^ T' ''''''''''^-
been more proner had fhl^! T^!? ^^ Canada. It would have
the GovernreSrit/itrFf./^' t*'-^'"^ '^ '^' P«"«y of
of the public pre^s and C J nnf '. ^"^'^''^ '^'^'' *^^^ ^^^'^
extract from th'e remarks made b/ Mr GaTo;\r TY''' ^
the new tariff and wliiVh ^7 T n '^ °" *^® introduction of
newspapers. ' '^ ''"'" ^"^^^ ^^P^rted m all the leading
tion o^alVLuX'thl??'*^ ^"''*"", *^^* ^^" ^»g^g« tJ^e atten-
whowould^d^aTa7^,^^^Cu wT?^"' T*^''^/ '^'^''' ^^e some
to direct taxation^ Others ^1^'' ^^T^''^'' ""^ ^^^« ^««ort
shall afford protection f^na?^- /^ '" ^^"^^^^ ^^ » tariff which
of importing^g:Jr?rom abroL^^^ "t".? I' '."^ '-^^^^ *^« ^««-%
nada to adopt altogethe^ either nV il ""^ '* ^' ^possible for Ca-
I think we Lst W refp^^n ' / f "'"*'"'"' «^ '"^ ^"^1 PoHcy.
the country^ reference t^^^^^^^^^ wha are the ^reat interests Jf
edly is agriculture 'Aere « «?* i^'^' ^""^ ^^' *'^^"^ ^"^o^bt-
en/agedTnthemlnufactureoftS^^^ anTthr'"" '' *^^ P^^P^«
« by no means small. There kal^ commercial interest
xrowing un- hnt. u v.„o :^/_5^ /'. ^'f .» manufacturing interest.
_ ., ,„ __. .. ..„. ,,0. jrc. a„ained the magnitude of "the othera
I'fj
i 1
I SI,,
su
APrENDIX
h I ^ I
of which I have spoken. I do not believe that the adoption of a
Ctr'tL^^rT^^'"^^^^^^' on account of the Sten8ive
dutiesbevonH ^1 •' P'?*"'*- ^* '' P^^^" *^^* i^ ^« raise Z
duties beyond a certain point we offer a reward to unscrunuloua
persons to engage in contraband trade ; and agaS, TCrSl
we must necessanly have recourse to direct taxation. I do not
TZ ITaI • J^i ^"^'^' ™P°«^^ are moderate, and since
they had been raised from 12^ per cent, to 15, various manufa^
tones have been created, have thriven, and are still ZivbT^d
JZ r 7^'' '^^' ^.™« *^« r««^«* extraordinary S;^
cnsis they have suffered to any extent. It is right hi rSS
revenue, to have respect to the^ssibility of fii fnhmZmfnt
nrLp.^r*'''' f *^^ population, but on the other ha^d, i^^no
proper to create a hot-bed to force manufactures. The revenue
we have to raise permitted the putting on of duties whLh wodd
WhenTneZT/'"'"^^ ^'''''' ^ '^^'^^ - manufacr^es
Teasonahr . ' A '? ^'^'^ ^ '^^*^«^ ^^ "^^^^^^^^^ dutier, i,e had
•reasonable ground of assurance that the system would not be
wou S h*' ^'' ^r.^^'»tag«' but if the duties ^ere high the sy tem
provfsWor iL ^\'r*'"" "^y'^.^ b« accomplished was to make
rmakp IZ P""^^" ''^"*'' ^^^ '^ ^ di«*"bute the burdens an
to make them press as equally as possible upon all or to afford
equal encouragement to ell interests.'' ^ ' ^'^
ber of Tr^ ^""^ ^'^"' f *^" information obtained by the Cham-
Memorial T!::' ?i^ ^' -'"^^'^^^ ^y '^^''^ ^pp^^d^^g ^ S.
menTwt '.1 \ ?'^'*^ ^T ^ P^P'^' bitterly opposed to the Govem-
f no.; f ', ^V"^. ^P *^" '"^"'^ «^' «i^ ^"onths' trade of Toronto^
a port of only third rate magnitude,-pretends to give the reth
Siwf I ' ^'^r ''■^"'^' *be statement was made. It will be
?ar btr St :m1l'" 7^^ r'-^*^^" ^^ ^^^ -- tariff h^ thus
hL Sfas o 1 f V '"""t JPP'^^^^ *^^"* *h« apprehensions of
Sen reSed. "'' '^ '^' ^"'^^"^^^ ^"^"^^^"y' ^ave not
to «lV^'t'flf"''f '.r'"^*^ "'' ^^^"^ ^^"^i'^^^^d it necessary
SheffieldtL 'f^r *^^be statements of the Memorial from
of Newca tte H ^^^^/J^^"^"^ adopted by His Grace the Duke
exDlanatfo, % .1 J^^^^d have preferred at once entering upon m
Canadf u ( t' ^"'"''^^ P"'^"""' requirements and policy of
Canada, iv^uch he now respectfully submits-and which will he
believes, abundantly prove that, under the most seriou UffiSes,
APPENDIX.
346
Great Britain f^S 1848 ' H ^^ '^*^^ ^^^««* ^^^^e witt
1854, the prSes of Fr.. T 5 *^'-^ ''?'" "^P^^^^^- And in
ordinary consumnl„ ^^^^ necessa-^ss of life entering into the
vast timber and fe?u ^-'f' ^^^' ^" ^«^» made free-our
-andtrfiSriettne^^^^^^^^^^^^ '^'^ '^^^^ *^"« ^^^^^'^P^'i
materials haveX been ad&Tl'' Vf" ''f ^^^^^P^^ ^" '^^
Matter case being precisely th«l;l ?^' «"ly .exception in the
^2.808 507 lliio^ ^ i ^ currency,-the total duty collected
* «,oi;es,ou i Us lOd, and the total free goods £6 1 9 88fi 1 « «^ tk
averages being £3,442,915, £351,0bf and ^77 486 tS'7f
being thus about lOi ner cent nnrl /il f ^ V ^ *^^ ""^^^
of the whole imports ^ ' *^' ^''' ^"'^^^^ ^^^^ ^i per cent.
city Act: S gnerlrLttr^^^^^^ ''' fr^ '' *^^ ^->P-
1854--th; TotaUmpo ts K^ ^'^^? view8-1849%o
^35,806,420 6s ld,'itV9o|72 lt'^;U''r2l4^^^^^^^^^^
-eragmg £5,967,736, £798,395, ali^'i^'o'es'p "
See
end of" amadafmrr^ 1849 fa iSoD/'I-i
I 111
ijoy,— present Appendix.
S46
APPENDIX.
Grace, and the critioimTth? S t nu ''P?™'"''"''""' »' Hi»
■i^ui-y, A,d,odi),J7b OsSd — Free Goods jei0 78Q7n«;. *k .
the imports. ^ ' ^""^ *^® ^""^^ «<^<^^8 ^^ per cent, of
The following comparative result appears :-
1849 to 18^' ^"'"''^u *°^^' ^'"^"^*«' ^3,442,915
isi't^isl^; ;: ;; ^,^^^1^
m9rlr4'^"/^^^^P-r^• ^-Ss%,percent.
1855 to 1858,' " lof u ;; 2^ «
of SaVaTn'rirtl''^^^^^ ^'r*^'^"*^^ P^«^« ^^at the policy
trade, nor onerous u«tnfh«^ 1 has neither been repressive of
draw attontl to he feet dlf ?P '• ^* ''' ^u'-^^^^'"^ ^^^^^^^''y *<>
-tated, the resu te for islft l' "ir '^"'? ''^>*^^'^^ ^« ^''^■^^^^'^
arerage ; thelate Minlv. ' f i^^ '""""'it^* ^^«"«'' f''^"^ ^^^^ above
itnecessary tomake a ofnL^^^^ finance Mr. Cayley, having found
bj an act whioh tnl ^^^"'/^^^^^^'^e addition to the Customs' Duties
thefXlgtsuI ^0?^^^^^^^^ August, 1858, which gave
borne in mind when t \1 P^^t^c^lar year, and which must be
Customs'^t of MTrcl 1859.'''''^' ''^''^^ *^' "'*"''' '^ *^«
1858--Import8 to 7th August, oe3,970,703
Duty, ^439,643 148 6d. Free Goods, ^1,161,728 r,s 0*
From 7^^ A ^T ''"** ^^^^ ^««^^«' ^9 per ient.
i^rom 7th August to 31st December, under Tariff of 1858-
Imports, ^3,298,928 15s.
Dufv' m ^'^^^ ^?' ^^' ^''' ^'««d«' ^931,675 5s Od
Th. fi ^\ ^ ^"" ''"*• ^''' ^'"'"^'^ 28^ p^r cent.
consfeaS Pf Ih^ l^uTof r" "^"^^'^'^ ^«^" ^^^-^^ '^^
true that a large and inflrnHfi ?""' '^^"^'■"^- ^* ^« »« ^«"bt
tective policy but thi«r.T I P^'*^ T'^^ ^^'^^ ^'^^^^^te a Pro-
taxation for the nSse^nf'Rf^''^^ '^'^'^«««i*y ^^ increased.
peUed action in mrS • -^""f ^^ *^ * ^^''ta'n extent com-
P« action m partial unison wiui their views, and has caused more
APPENDIX,
34T
S nn^ I F""!^ *^,*^' P'^P""" adjustment of the dutkg, so aa
neither unduly to stimulate nor depress the few branches of manu-
facture which exist m Canada. 'Ae policy of the present Govern-
ment m readjusting the tariff has been, in the first place, to obtain
jufficient Revenue for the public wante: and secondly, ^J do so>
such a manner as would most fairly distribute the additional bur-
in? K?2? u ® '^^ff^^'en* classes of the community ; and it wUl
fi^H?W ?i^ A^? subject of gratification to the Government, if they
tad that the duties, absolutely required to meet their engagomenta,
cJun ?v';;? '°''"^. ^r^^ ""^ ^'^^""^^g^ ^^' P'-^duction in thJ
country of many of those articles which we now import. The Go-
rlT!!"* 7 expectation that the moderate duties imposed by
Canada can produce any considerable development of manufactu^
mg industry ; the utmost that is likely to arise, is the establishment
ot works requiring comparatively unskilled labor, or of those com-
peting with American makers, for the production of goods which
can be equally well made in Canada, and which a duty of 20 per
cent, will no doubt stimulate. That these results should flow from
tne necessity of increased taxation, is no subject of regret to the
ti.!^r .Tf ^^''^Tv"'"*' "^^ ''"" '* ^" ^"«g«d ^ any departure on
IZ^n r *^rf•'«g"'^«d sound principles of trade, aa it will
^Z7aS """ *^^*. *>^. C^ovemment were compelled to obtain in-
creased Revenue, and it is believed that no other course could be
relied on for this result than that adopted.
m;if k"""^"^ nf ^""^^T '' "*'^^'' a P^P'^lar step, and His Grace
might have well believed that no Government would adopt it, with-
out the strongest conviction that good faith demanded it. It is
Sit '"'"^^ ^t ^^P'^'"^ ^ ^^^"^^ '^ <^anada for an un-
avoidable increase of Duties ; but it is certainly ungenerous to be
reproached by England when the obligations which have caused
toe bulk of the indebtedness of Canada have been either incurred
in comphanoe with the former policy of Great Britain-or more re-
S Lr,Ti~*^ P'^*'^* ^'^'^ ^''' *h««« Part>«8 in England, who
had invested their means m our Railways and Municipal Bonds.
Ihe Indirect Public Debt of Canada in 1858, £7;630,643 168
* ;h»r"''^ ?r T^' '°*^''^''' ^^^^^ P™^ to 1867 had not been
a charge upon the Revenue. In that year, owing to the commer-
and in 1rV« ^^•^'^"^f ,"««rf y *« «^a^« largo payments upon it,
and m 1858, almost the whole amount had to be met from the gen-
harvoJrnJTfi'^T ^f'i'"'' *^ *^" commercial depression, the
rZZ\ f . 1 ?^, ^"^ ^fT ^'^ ^^^'•ag^' a«d that of 1858 wa*
nearly a total fadure. It became manifest that the indirect debt
w^ rPmiS ^T ^' ^ '".^'■^' "P°" *^« ^^'^^t'-y' a»d Pariiament
was required to make nrnvisinn fnr u ^^-^ :-i.-.--,-i — xi _ t» .,.
■i-vi
iJiJ
m
AlTKNOrX.
Debt, diroflfc and indirect, thus required in ISfift ^774flioio
4d. and without flagrant broach of fi,r;i •. ,7 *7/'*'^12 18i.
pned nor repudiated TU. \ '\ ^'"'"''^ ""•*'^«'' ^o poat-
heavily upon thrrool M^rJ T^'l ^'"'^ ^"™« suddenly 'and
noMh^.^gLatLrhSltedrn±i "' T'^'' '^'' Government
jndginont ^S>uld ineet ,^^^^^^ ^ in their
Act of 1859 wS«'Io iLeii ^''''''' "''^^"*^"''^' *'•« CustomB'
Expenditure ot-cid?ri8rH ""'•;*' ""^'T^ '^' I""'^'"^ '^"*
luti necesHity under which the '^vT. ''?"''^ ^""'^ ««^" '^' ^'^^^
their financial mev ureLlalrr "''""«''" ^'^P""'"«
spectfiilly ro.n,ord o H,; J / '• "" «**^^"*'"" '« " »>^ r *
aLched^totl!"!^ i'/,:^^^^^^^^^
tjo exact position in wltl htni^^^^ ^' ^i" > '••oeive
that a deficiency of no loss than rToo 000 l /'''""" '?"'^' '^"^
year. • •T-,.)U(;,000 had occurred in that
po^!^^S:y:CG:s:;;r *" "' ":^ '>^'"«^ ^« *»^^ «*"«*-*
8il:e to reduce U o nni ,al onthv ''''' '^- "J""'"" ^^'""^ '* ^'^^ P0»-
the accompanying ^^^^^^^ ^^ expenditure ind
Grace that the bosr^! of ^ plvf ^^••'V^'?^"* will satisfy Uu
towards economv - fhTll?L Government have been directed
Pi I
!ff
was manifest ha ndo an Lroat'l-'''''^ ^'''^^' ^^'^"^*'<'«' i'
a serious deficiency must ocHaUo ''T'' '-''^^ ^l ^^'*'^'"«^'
cmment was, that ha vinl^ ascer^ n.^. ^ '[' ^T"""" ''^ ^^e Gov-
for the service of tirmr irw^r^ *>77^*b'« '^'"^"nt required
measures to ParliamenfaM' 1 u '\ ^".*-^ ^ recommend such
although during rSis it S;T^^^^ '^'' ^'^'''''''y^ ««d that
money for tbis mirnose U w .^ fn I ' ^''" ''r*'^"^'^ *^ ^'"'^'^
was confidently looked ;« I • ^^*"^'''V'^- ^ ''^^'^al of trade
could not be rapid a^^^^^^^^^ '^'' ^'^^ harvest of 1858, it
additions toth?Cu:st)ms'dro. r"'^?TC'*'"''^^""''"«"d ^^''tain
in our ordinary iinXi.^ '* '' ^'""^^ '^^'' '^ ^^^^^'^'^ '^""'""tion
dmw their- informZn^nnL^^^^^^^^^^^ If "*']!^':'^ '» l^"g'and who
to the -Tovernme^iT to S T "^ ^"' *¥ P^^'*''^' P''^^^ "PPO^od
on imported g" od 1 ^heZT^rol"'"^ ^^^^ "^^'*'^"*' '^'^^^^
tion, nor the fact 'Tlufne^ tariff wi", 7' ''"? "'''^^'* '^' ^"*«^
int now taiiff was designed certainly with the
AITENinx,
84»
mi'M
'74,612 188.
ihor bo post-
ddenly and'
Grovernmont
iw in their
ot of 1858
objects in
e Customs*
<1, given his
nrorne and
>n the abHi>.
n propofling
is now re-
!e Minister
ill , Toeive
stood, and
od in that
10 strictest
t was pos-
^itnre and
atisfj Hi
n directed
k'ing been
in 1859
[action, it
obtained,
the Gov-
required
md such
and that
borrow
of trade
1858, it
1 certain
ninution
Finance
md who
opposed
taxation
e jnten-
nth the
S ( ral i ' "*^- "'l''^' '"'''■"^^ ^^ l««ked for from a
revival 0. trade; the main object of the new tariff was to readiust
niiy oy cxtenamg the ad , alorem princip o to all importationB and
Crda^tdVirfZr^'"^ -d devSopin,^ the direc'Ce belCn
bad completel/directed i^..ltC7't^^ '^I^JCTIT
to the American markets, and had destroyed a very vaJuairtrad';
which formerly existed from the St. Lawr4ce U>Il Vwor? ov nee'
and West Indies. It was believed that the complet on of our Canal
^Int'lT'^'""' W"^ "'"' '''' improvLtltnThe na^-
BUDDlv of r nn^"'"'' ^ ' ^^Tf ^' '^""'^'^'^ ^^'^ ^^^^^^ that the
So ben Ln? ft'" ''""*' "^'^'^t ^? ^"^*^ "^^'^ ™ade by sea^^d
lorwaraois. Under t Ins conviction it was determined bv th« ftnv
ernment to apply the principle oUdvaloren^ Sfe (wKr^a^^^^^
our S.*" '" -^-^-^-«d g-ds), to the remain\„g artS
A step of this nature, having for its effect to give a hWsU advnn
^fItsTt^^w'^7^'?';•^^^^^^^^^
Western ri!^^ r^^ commercial relations between
Utvofn 1?^ . "? "'". ^"'^''^ States-excited the bitter hosti
^d in 1 nirth ' ^T^^f ""^ ""^''''"^ ' ^"d b°^^ i" P-'->iament
0^ t e tubicct' rrn"""'* ^.^«»^^.^"i *^^'«e statements were made
alr>h.H l?f?- }^ opposition m Parliament strangely enough
adopted as their strongest ground of attack upon th? tariff hat
Mr cflv in tt ^^''^^^^'-^--'>^^ said to ha've been ado^L b^
Mr. Caylcy m the previous year-and for the purpose of defeating
^e (xovemment, those in opposition in the House, who admS
tt^e justice and propriety of the proposed changes rcually voted
Ijli f T" P'-^^^t'^'^^ts. Notwithstanding all the combS
*nui measure , and it may now be interest ng to observe for the
abort period during which the tariff ha.s been in force h^w far it
^ The Minister of Finance stated to the House that he did nnf
CtT"St "c'r ' V° °' i*"'^ pa "on tho b'Vof tT
importo, but oidy to change the principle upon which thev .ho,Jd
m
i
I »
\
«60
API'ENDIX.
oont, and Iron 8^1^,, r » "'' '"■" ^^ 1"" ■"»"• »» 20 per
wo all merely „«£ ''.h „.„t '"?''"" '? >'"• S"««", &o.,
»pou a more S 'prini" '\^l;'„"'f, ""P """I- wo™ f"'!««'i
OoodiiigtsS' f. f-. ?".*^ •£«88,946 Ifls. 4d. Free
pared with the tariff of ]'S I Jvl-""" '''^*«.«*^»^7' ^s cora-
scarcely bo deeuiod oxccssivo whii:; r i ^""' f""^" ^^'^'^ can
of His Grace being Cfio.7ioS wf-''? ^^o apprehensions
consequent loss of rommo n .1 ^'"1^*'^" of Uports and
Oovonuncnt are l.ornn . f' f" ''"^'''' *''" estimates of the
<lori„« ti^ sta'! 7Z "'. "''''''^,'^ ^•^"'^ ^« ^^P«cted, cons'
depretsio" IJ, tir he loTe'ofSe"' '1, ^""^'"^ ^'^^^^ f-^
fairly nuide, in^usmuch -i^ w! 7 '' ''" .''"'"P^"««" cannot bo
our W« good harv s -tnT. "{•"7 ^«»"."'""^' *« benefit from
*t^ '20 per cent the iinrr^.Hr ?,'/'"''' ''^'*c '"^'^c^ from 15
•nd 9 Ver^ follows :^'"'" ^"' ^^' ^''^ "'"'' '"^'^t^^^ «f 1H57-8
1857,..
1858.. 14,379,672
18.59.. 2,^^2,734
4,323,750
imfKn-tation, is exaS Int of hVk . j'.^"^' ^'''''■' ^ *'^« ^'^^'e
previous years, v z ^ '>< tr pe.ft Tf^ *^-' "'''''^«" ^^'^ "'« ^^^
..sunu.1 ^, indi'cat -ti;; t^^ ^^'^Jt!^^- . '^^^is may be
m
to Hic wnoio remains the same
His Grace "S tfr^' '''^7^^" *^'««« ^^^^^c'^ts to convince
APPENDIX.
851
"t 31
httrt «„p<,ote, the Ch.mbor of Commerce ha8 boor, ontiroly mtam-
s^'d t,:'^o:;!rmi''crCiitr„f^s:i
incroaso of Uioir Ciwloms' dmlT. T J"*"' !° ""''' '" *»
ing Iho subjoct of tho burdSn" u^n 'tho toi"' of 021 '>-•
to offer an argument on the subier t U «,? Uf k '^''''^ necessary
f
'^1
m^mr
f
352
AI'l'ENDIX.
'(
III
S;Zp^ be, impossible
afford the means of levying [ar^^^^^^ they
ofconsumption.distributinle l^urden fn^T the taxation of articles
titles, and in one respect havp^lvl.r ."''"'''* '"'^PP''«ciable q«an-
each ^dividual in Smrn t^ colt^^^^^ V'^^'Y ''"S
portion to his means. In Gr/at Brlt^'" " ^^'^^^^^ ^^'^ ^
adjust the taxation, so as to 2 J • !,* ™"^ ^« P«««'ble to
more than itnow doe to th^ wantTof tho's 'T^^ rr'y ''^"^"bute
Canada, no such resource exir an A u \^"*'na country like
to attempt to raise the reqS revenu?f r' ^f'^'^y h«P«'«««
neither jK)8se8s the required maH.Lo. ^y .^''^ot taxation,~we
satisfied that it is the more coTrec I J • '. ^' 1^' '''' ^'' ^^e people
therefore for a longTme to 'trr^-'' ^"«*'^'°«' ^"tios mSsfc
source from which oi ZenJTlZr "^ '' '" P""^'^*'
for thrtit/t'stt Tndt ;^ T"^ « -r^ain amount
obtained through Customs' d'utts the Gn"'^ ""'"^'^* «^'^' '^^J^^
that of Great ktain, hlyr^'::,ZoTro^^S '^ C-a,'ia,''like
ference with the true principle of ^ Sn ^^* necessary inter-
with the least disturb^n^C tra^e Inr^'S"- ' ''''^^' ''^''^
policy of the present Govenimentbv\hi;!V"^^'"^ ^* ^^^ fiscal
with some trifling exceptiZ whlv?^ this rule, ,t is contended that,
ation, the CustoL dul^raretn^t^ T'' '" "" ^"'"^^ logi«^
lated to disturb the fre^ exch^r f p" *''^. °^*""«^ '^^st calTu-
of other countries. Alar'e cts°of ar^^''"^^" ^'^^ ""''^ *^"*
are admitted free, amount'n' to 9^ n! ! ^^T'f '"^^ "materials
Another large cla^s, constting :f1ro'r S MeSf ^^ ^"^P^^^^
entering mto the construction of Ran ' Jf^*^'^' ^""^ ^''t'cles
Agricultural Implements &c" ar admS'.MT"' ^^^P^' ^"^
I;eather and partially ManuCLd Tn^^ ^^ ?f '""*• ^"^J.
Mu^mfactured Goods Wdefrmrlw^? -.P^^ ^^ P«'" «ent:;
10 per cent, duty, are adrni^f^^ raw materials or articles paying
Goods, made from^'aSef pa^ 5 pefc^^^^^^^^
25 per cent., but this is excentfnnfi « 5 t' '^"*^' ^i^e charged
ries, comprising WiLs Scr « ^"^ ^"''^ ^^ ^^^ while luxu
charged at rates varyfn '. fr^m 80 to af^' "'^^ ?P'«^«' &«" ^^^
of 30 per cent. Spirit's a^ pU ^ -.^n" ^^"*' ^"* *he bulk are
and Mo asses pay fCc^nVaS p^cr^T ^^^^^ '^'-' «"^-t
^^he distribution of duties on the who^^ts therefore stands
APPEWDIX. 858
Free Good. ""f 'T^'
<>oods paying 10 per cent:: ;::::::: 4* %p«^r'•
" " 25 « ::::::••■ \\ ^} :;
T«r Q "over 25 prct.iirclud. Spirits 91 4
lea, Sugjir and Molaa.ses . . 16^ 12 «
100 100 «
would necessitate an jnlvance on the ottr Jflmo 1 ^ , ^®"J- '*
thL h.^ P'^''"'"' ^'^'■'' ^"'^ °^ the present year. It would
then become necess.ry to meet the deficiency by increased Zil^
elsewhere ; and m selectinz the articles \t U \/ihIi . T • ^
Bible to touch the bulk of Ihe Free Gool 1 t of'*' >? vf' 'Th-
under the Reciprocity Treaty anH th. ^ a '"^"'^ ^"^ ^^®«
tinue free accorSing To Lunhrincir^^^^^ o7 Sf T^'^ "^ T~
law in excess ot that nnposed on raanufarhirAa T^.«»^ • i.u
-,_. ....ffi „..ii u^vaifiuaiions m detail, aa experience may sug-
Z
S3' ''irifi
i IJ
1-1
: !'
854
APPKNDIX.
gest, the Govemment of Canada believe that in order to raise the
Revenue imperatively required to preserve the good faith '
mvince, and to maintain its Institutions, the scale of C'- :, ,p. ,'
duties IS not excessive, and that it hm been adjustec^ i: c-^no •*!
accordance with sound principles of political economy. R. «
in the scale of duties can only take place as the increanin^ i >, x'Z
tion and wealth of Canada swell thp importations, and it w HI bo a
subject of the highest g^tificat^on to the present Gov.n-"r ^
when such reduction is podsible. -it.,
(Sigrir?,) A. T. Galt,
Quebec, 25th October, 1859. ^"^^^ '^ ^^"'"''•
wW^i;""'^^^ values are ail given in Halifax Currency, except
wnere the present decimal currency is used. .
SPEECH OF THE HON. A. T. GALT, AT THE CHAMBER
OP COMMERCE, MANCHESTER, SEPT. 25, 1862. f
On the 26th September, the Hon. A.T. Gait, late Finance Minister
of Canada, gave an address m the Town Hdl, Manchester, to the
members of the Chamber of Commerce. A requisition, signed by
the pnncipal Manchester merchants and manufacturers, had
been previously addressed to the chamber, requesting them to
mvite Mr. Gait to afford them infoi-mation ref9pecting Canada and
Its Government. The Chamber of Commerce acceded to the re-
Tm ' ^"^ *h'« "f \t'»g ^^^ the result The Mayor of Manchester
if Vt A u ^^^>) PJ-esided, and Mr. Gait was introduced by
TiT'i^ .''J*^'^*^^ President of the Chamber of Commerce.
Ihe Hon. Mr. Galt, after a few prefatory remarks, spoke of
the progress of Canada, m the Government in which he had had the
honour for several years to hold a place It was the largest and most
important of the British colonies, having a population of 2,600 000
have^Hri"enfrr.l!i/!wM'r''"'^ T'' *''""• ^"^^ ^"" ^ for ; and all her evils
nave arisen from this swelling of importations, which Mr. Gait so muHi desire.. r
It seems to me about as disastrous for a Chancv-llor of the Excl^^uer to desirl
the country to be more spendthrift, on Hcconnt of the slice of im orts siiz. d S
the public revenue, as for a crporation to increase licenses on account" f, hi
IhlTurh!.' ^"'' '° "•" '!:""''^'l"^'i'y. heedless of the a^grava, d d stre a
Whi, h IS the consequence in the homes of the neighbourhood.-IsAAC BuchaTaZ
t Published by the British North American Association of London (G. B.)
APPENDIX.
866
being an increase of 40 per cent Z^^ 5*T ?,52 ^00 to 1,896,000,
9,825,515 ..res in 185^^ fs 8&^^^
cu tivationinl852araounted to3 702 7«fi „ i^- i o^.t® ^""^^^ ""^er
being an increase of 63i percen ThJ!f' f^'"}^^^ tof{,051,619,
^m 12,082,550 busheiriri8l2 l%o r^^^^^^
mereaseofioai percent. Canada was no wt!;./-'" ^^^^' ^"'"^ ^'^
a few years must greatly enhrc/f?;?-^?*^"^'"^ results which in
Great Britain, and^whicLendred the ?°^ ^^'' '^' ^''' ^"^'^^
the mother-country all the rretporta^^^^^^^^ *^/ «?'<>'•/ ^^^b
why no mistakes should occur between them tZ^ ^"^ •'^''' '''^^°«
difficulties occurred should bo hronXrlTu ^^'''^ ?«'"*« ^here
upon which objections had been taken in Pn i T' • ^^ '^^' P^'^ts
besummcdupintothree-namelv thnffj, ^ •^i'.*^ "^'-^^^ ^« *bought,
merciallegisfation-wasnotcon^^^^^^^^^
tical economists here, and that it ,«T1Tk ^^^ Present views of poli-
Canada or this countr ^econdlv fh^^r''^^''"'^«^«"««itherto
colonies by this coun ./had been'^la^rt thiLl'' ""?*«'"^"g ^^^
■mall ; and lastly, that even assLfnf ;w iu ^^® '^'"^<^ bad been
.ettled and that\c qSon of "oft wa's «? J^f .f -««" was
here were gentlemen I Englan] who Td C^i'^y.'P t^J"^*^'^'
the colomes would be better off if f J^ °*^ ^°*^ England and
ha ' excited the greatest attention in ^ ""7" f P^*^' '^^'^^^^ Point
trict-he referred to the cotteJciluSE '1 i" the northern dis'
would, however be well to VeferZ l. '^^^^ It
the imposition of Customs' duties at Jl ToT ^^- f^ ^^d"J.ecessitated
admitted that, where it was Sf dir.Tr' T^' °^^ ^^"^'^^^
cheapest and best mode of prSn'Vo T ''!*^'". ""'^^^ ^' ^bi
England the largest part ofthl. ^ the wants of an estate. In
taxation ; and, nVwi£ dit the'r iT'f Tl '^ '^'^'^
and the general intelligence of thAL 1 -^u"",* of realized capital
practicable to raise mCthan one'Sd'o th' ""''''' '^^" ^''^^
taxation : it miehf th^n h^ j , ^* *be revenue bv dirpnf
wereinCknld'fhVe^^^^^^^ the dScuTt
the peopleresiding there'C so sma ffthafr''^''- ^^ ^"^°™««°f
impose an income tax that ^uTviejJ^nl ^ ''™^^ ^^^^'^'^ t<^
factthatthecountrygenerairrs Je ledn^nT ''^«"°^' ^"^ the
respects uneducated persons wis a rti T ^^ P'^'"' ^"^ '» '"any
to make them ac.uiele TnCvliteo -7^^' ^'.t "^^^^ ^^^^^^^^
not consider it possible to raised .he 1-'"^'''"'^" ^' ^'^
' "^*^ -^^x^iai^- purposes of the
11
356
APPENDIX.
/•. t
It Was plain that the first question to suetrefeo itsplf wnni^ k1
whether the expenditure of Canada had beeSdic rus4^^^
m fact, a large expenditure for public work. nnTnfr t- f'
should have been undertaken. tC pubTc Ibtln S^^
about twelve millions sterling. Of that four In- ^^^^u""^
expend , in eanals for the ^purpos'e T;^r^r ^^
?n 1m ^*;,^^^^^:?"«« '^'^V^'^'^ about four millions had been ad^S
m a,d of th. railway system, and the remaining four miuLns had been
otthe gulf, and their trade consequentlvbem.r «„hipr.f^ K^ u ^
insurances. When the goods former Ivarr 3 in Mn f i T^ ^'^^^
handed over to the forwarder, XlStoTassLS^^'f^ ^T
of communication, from carts' to boaS, andfrom b"^^^^^^^^^
so that the rate of charges to the consume wrveiTgreatbToerh;
necessarily paying the whole cost up to the time ti' goods 'ached
iiim. In Canada, then, whilst the cost of the jroods u4^ inlll
mented by the insufficient moans of communicSon^^^ •^' ^"^"
S5;p.f=p,;:s^?; £•=
APPENDIX.
35T
and the Great Western S,^?!f' ^'PT^^J the Grand Trur.
cation. The polL of CaSa l^'''^/f."^*^*«^ ««°^°^»n-
works had therefore not onl^\ee„ ben.t't? *^^^^ P"^"^
Itself, but it had placed ft fn a better loV '' .'^' ^^""^^^
business with England (hear, hear\ A ' ^ •'''" *^ "^''^'^ «^
might arise as to whetheV the poS whth S rP''*'."' ^"^«^^««
regard to the imposition of the CusS?h r u ^l^"" ^^^P*«^ ^^th
•ound principles, or an approxiSrto t /^^- ^''" S'^^^™^^ '^^
posingthedutieskemselveCrrTSssar P?k'^P^««' ^^^'^ «up-
that with a long frontier like th?f h!f ^' -J.* ^"^t be perfectly dear
States.inacomparat^veTyunLtied^o^^^^^^^ ^^' United
for the carrying-on of aTiE I'e T^^^^
Canada imposed duties upon articles whinbT' *^^'^^<^^«' P'ain that if
United States, from Americathe sunnW h '^ ' vP^'*'^ ^'^«« »"to the
theTreasuiyUldnot cevej^^^^^^
apply if the duties in Canada were hth and ^t' '^^V^^^^t ..ould
The articles which formed the bXofthfin J . '' '"^ "^""""^^ ^«^-
had been, until the American war bokeo't't'''^''"'^
Umted States. There had been no exH.^ ^ ' ■''^ '^"*^ '° *^*^
been no duty on tea except when iloS ^^^''^ ^^
bad been no duty upon sucr^ and E tl^'^ '^'P^ ' and there
of the British revenue was derived w '2' ^''^^ ^^«"«^ the bulk
taxation,andtheonlyirt£t;oJM^^^^^
lated by consumption. In Canada althm,£ «pon them was that regu-
notadopt the American prinSeit;^^^^^
tea, sugar, and tobaccorand fi 'itpd *. ^^ "^^^^ ^''" ''"P^^^^
duties had'f rmed anTm^iT nart ofTh' -"^"'^'^ '" ^P'"*^" ^hese
never been so high as Zolutelv^fn ^''' revenue, but they had
United States. HavinV'ot a" ^ih f^';^^^^^^ «^«ggHng from the
get,theyhadt08upply?hfdefiZ.t f "" t''' f^''^'' ^' they could
into the country. ^ffpriS^^^^^^^^^^
admitting all rau materiKef ifti;" I^'"'p^" ^-"f ^"^^^ '^^' ^^
which had received a certain amonnnr f °^ ^'^''^'' ^^^e those
not be used till they haTreceive J 1 ^^^^f^^ture. but which could
and upon them a 10 per cent dn^f "^™'"^^"^'-*^-°^^""fa«ture,
fiallymanufecturedth'Tdu;;^^^^^^^^
Customs' revenue was undonhrp.li a ^- ^/I?^' ^^^ "^•'^^" hulk of the
but the .esuit of tnhirri^„t;:t T\^
they anposed a lower duty, they w^liilfnfi I '""'• ^^^^
low to have heretofore P^ducKtl^Sli^^SSS
:>r 1
'■n
h
358
APPENDIX.
w
I i I
whose duties had averaged 24 per cent. The object of the Govern-
ment was to obtain the means of keeping up the credit of the country,
«v«f * J w '"*«^*^^\a« ^ad been stated, to introduce a protective
^-stem. He confessed, however, there were some articles, not of very
S ;°^P°i:**^««' *^.a* ^T that character. The best evidence that
could be offered against the charge of protection was that the effect of
the tariff had not been to produce manufactures. The manufactures
m Canada were those which might be expected in a new country-
nails, steam engines, coarse woollens, and other articles necessary in
rnZ^'^'lf -'^ ^°""?^- '^^''' ^^^ ^°* ^t ^^' ^«^«^t a single
cot on mill in Canada, nor a silk manufactory. The imports of
earthenware and glass, hardware and " m, and woollen cloths had
gone on steadily increasing every year from 1859 to the present
rSt- i""^ thus briefly shown the causes for import duties, the
principles upon which they were imposed, and the effect which they
had produced on trade, he would now draw the attention of thi
meeting to the policy proposed by himself on behalf of the late
Government and which would no doubt have been adopted by the
Legislature had not the Ministerial crisis upon the Militia Bill
interrupted the ordinary business of the session. When the Ame-
compelled the United States to alter their fiscal system, and to im-
Clp"? duties upon spirits, tobacco, and other articles, and
large Customs duties upon tea and sugar. Under these circum-
stances, It was proposea by the late Canadian Government that the
auties upon tea sugar, tobacco, and spirits in Canada should be
brought as nearly as possible to the rates the Americans themselves
Had imposed, and they expected to obtain by these means an in-
creased revenue on the articles referred to, and to apply the addi-
tional amount to a reduction m the duties upon imported goods. It
ZZfJ? on ?^T *^' ^''* '^^'' g^«^^^ f'-^"^ 10 to 7i per cent. ;
others from 20 to 15 per cent; and the three articles at 25 pe^
cent., they also proposed to reduce to 15 per cent. It was
proposed to raise a considerable sum-imitating the Americns-
hj means of stamp duties, with the viow of making it a permanent
source of revenue afterwards. But the Government .^signed ca
the question of the Mii.tia Bill, and their success., i.lu, not
had time to consider fully the steps to be faken. WMI. ^hev
might therefore have made mistakes in thoir fiscal Icgi.lauon,
their object had been to reduce the charges upon rrade, to increase
the imports of the country, and thereby to aug.aan .. ,%c expo, o trade
and develop the resources of Canada. It wai, ho xmL say, a
source of great disappointment to many uf thei co find that t^»y
had been misiuterpreted with regard to their intentions It was no
APPENDIX.
359
I'
£t h J \t •' T * '*'r° ^ otectionist party in Canada,
wii K ^'T° *he ascendent, ana he believed it never would
be (hear, hear) It must, however, be remembered that the system
formerly adopted m the colonies was one of protection, and it need
Bot cause much surpnae if time were required to produce stron^
-convictions on the subject of free trade. The people of Canada had
before them the progress in wealth, population, and intelligence of
system and they might very naturally attribute to that system results
Tt^rS ^M 'fll ^''l "'*'^"'^ ^^^P^^^ ^f ^*' ^"d whic^h were t -uly
attributable to the vast resources of the American continent and t7
wonderful energy and ability of its people, -n referrin^T the
second pomthe had mentioned at the outset, namely , Lec^st of he
cobnies, he said that in the old times, wh .'the cofonie " v-
erned from Downing-street, they were a constant source of vexation
and expense to this country. More particularly woulc^ .his apply
to Canada The result of that old ..y.tem was expensive to EnXnd
and di3tastefu to tne colonists. When Earl Russell was Cofonial
feecretary m 1846, the question of responsible or self-government
was conceded to the important colonies. The result had been most
satisfactory and thero had been no serious dispute since between
Canada and this country, aad the same might Le said of all the
had nor niT" x"^""^'''' ^^f ?* ^'' ^"'P^"^^ P^^P^^^s, there
had not-tiU the American war broke out-been the necessity for
maintammg a single soldier in Canada. Although troops were sent
out, they were never wanted for the purpose of preserving peace
and order m the colony. That had been always done, and would
always be done, by the ordinary Government. In times of peace,
therefore, there was no necessity for military expenditure, except
indeed for occupyin- tho -nportanl fortresses which existed. The
whole of the expenses of the Civil Government wore borne on the
Canadian budget. There mijit be, and he thought there were,
one or two imall sums still which the English Government bore-
such as the expenses, imder » reeraents with the Society for the
Propagation of the Gospel, oi one or two Bishops of the country and
one or two Indian treaties ; b.:. ohe sums were very s,. vllindeed,and
were such as ^he Impr 1 Government had not thought could be
applied for to the cole. The expenses of the Governoi .General's
salary, his secretary ^ and the whole staff, were borne on the Cana-
dian estimates. li might be well to state what Canada did on the
whTt !"^.«T//^' '^^. "f " ^^Z'- ^'^^" ''' ^ ^*^t« ^^ uncertainty
what ^^f t Bntam would do. No application whatever, up to the
time he oft the Government, had been made by the Colonial Go-
vernment for a single soldier to be sent out, but they did ask the
360
\i m
Iff! ■
, 1
APPENDIX.
Imperial Government to send nnf «^ „* - ^ ,
quMtitjr of those arma whicTwere gjf/- w", '^"^^ ^ '"S*
three moaths before tCn-ZiZSt'" ^""'r''- ,™»"'a»
contest as ^as then tteaS deL. t' ^^?^ ««»1<1. i" B"oh a
an army of 100,000 mtnP;„T..?i''"^f5 ^'^ "'""''^ "«''^«s
difficulty in maiSirsuch r? f '' M^olf wp'Jd iavo found a
e;.penditnre. The dE"tv LT^ ■» addition to her present
character, but as Lmt™rfth^.f"'''.?'°''r ^^P^™! in ite
to do their shar They ltea2r„S-^ *r^' ''«■«'' 'l"'y
strength of the country ,„d to J, '%! *" '""'^ ^' *»
circumstances, but it «uTd h^ ?S^f J -jf ""'^ ™''''' ™''« ">»
could do all the "wU Itw ': CiS tt " Sr" ""',' *»'
r ^s2 srunSita^rf^uMt ^?n"^^^^^^^^
sides. His ow:;Trrd tSL of rLLT'' i^'^t' "■' ^°*
tory became the^ batdeUld Ind th^ Z ""^^^ "f '^^ ^^ ^'' *«™-
sarilj have to be borne bv' tvT ^°?*,^ ^'^^^^ ^^"^^ '^eces-
whetir colonies wer?oft;tluTTalfi'J^ "^'^^ '^""^^^"
question. Tta importance could no^ bo . ? !''^ important
mistake were once mX if r?^ .1, exaggerated, because if a
dred years EnSd had ieen obH^^' 'T^''^' ^'' ''"' l^"«-
world ; and if Siev were Z^ f^''^'''^. f^^omes in all parts of the
not be brougt b7ck Sn iTr T '' T.'^'"^*^"^ '^'^ «^"W
North Am^ica, 'fhtf S:en^1^Z?r^^ f^'^'fJ'' ^"^^'^
up with the most perfect irooTfpTn -1 ^""-^^^ ''^"^'^ ^« ^^^^n
tLingw„uid,oo/astt'^:eis:'s:r::xSvt
APPENDIiX.
861
to ihe other would be wholly removed. Now, a very Blieht know
col'llvTr- tr ^'^'' *^" gentlemen C7ant^^^^^^^
ttg, that was not the beat way to produce good feelina It was
wouwte'Zr > r'^ '"j*."'^^'^ ^"^^ cfrcumstaS. Thlrt
WouW folW It hi ' '• ' '" -K^ i^\^^^ ^^ ^^"^^^ ^^other re.ult
SL fa^^L TT r/^f P^'''^^^^^^ ^^' to maintain herself in her
surSerin^ h^^flll^'T*''; ff ^ ^'^'^ ^*^"^^ ^e tantamount to
wouTd nor*? ? ^^v" ^"'*'^ ^'^*^' ' ^^ tfa« people of England
would not, therefore, have created a new and friendly nation but
had t^r;? ''7 ^''^'^^ ^"^«"*«^ «^«^ strengthTa^coun r^'tha
had lattery shown extreme animosity towards them Thfs wl
wh? co¥not' lot *'' ""^ f'^^'h '-'' ^' tt West'^Indfe
tended thftSJ § ""T" ^^<i«Pe»dent communities. He con-
retraced I! advocating or teking a step which could never be
retraced, the present colonial policy of self-government should hZ
nXtuleTsSr^r r' ?^'^"^^- .ItEad^Trttn'eii!
neniiy successful, though only in operation for a very few years
whVceLtd'^Tt^ r'^"^", '''' '^f- -^^--un^rj had aCi
beenlru^ed'to^^^^^^^ ^"^ ^» ^^' «f Peace
gover^Wnl^ "^ "°*^"'«' ^ ^^'^ ^ the wants of the self-
aSlni iit Jrf''"'"'"^^^ -""^ ^^ ^'^'''^ the question of
Tci cv Zuu r. ; . T^ f ^"^/°"' "" *-^«"g^t th\ present
policy Should be further developed and extended ;ind \ a,n„u
venture to suggest the direction which it ough to take Much
thSS' trt fl^' T^' ^^- thetmber an'd va^^e y
1 r owt fi al^^^^^^^^ tf "^^ '^'^' ^^" *^"^^ ^"^1 ^^t^WisheS
i^rose with onrl7 • L ^^ consequence was, that if difficulties
Tpc^iSn to fh.^T''^ ?V^P"''*^°^ -^f t^'^^tion, it might be in
Kou.hf thrn^>'^ of the others and of the mother-country
Imperia Goverment ttl '"^^^ ^^'^ *^" "°*^«^ '^ ^he
made Canad« S , ^^^'^ ^^°' ^"^ "« P^og^-esa had been
tJiroiean duri'nrl' ^T^^''"" of 2,600,000, "was" debarred from
little connectionlithfr'' ''"'"'?' '"'^ ^^^" ^" «"°^'°''^^ «he had
populatrofSOOOOO ^'^ ^ '^'"'''' ^""^ ^'"^''"'^ ^'*^ ^
TnLatural coai?e?d Satcot h' r' ' ^'" ^^""^^^^'^ ^^
she possessed valuabt mt^ o^ftn,t^ai: a^nV^f rw:
ill!
Ill
111
li
362
\\
^ M
II !
APPEKDIi.
GovernmenirtwL u k °f mamtaming half-a-dozen different
ofgeneralbeneSto ,« p ' '"'' ""« "-ful' would be productive
taitly would nofh^ n„ J !f" ^ ''?«*'''''"J «'^'" B"-*™. i' cer-
able in case „Tni/r'''T'^ *'- »™"'P«'-tat object to ha^e avaU-
«o,oo"o rf^hlTertLXi^rt:- 1 r ^ "™"'T'
E."t\SStd«?e^-^£-S^
resu t were to show th^i- Tv.! •?'.,. "' *^ ^^ '^'^P^'^' '^e
»iof with-r^STth/^i? *f° ""I " r=" ■^°'" of "^PPrehen-
re.'ard to ti,! t,r;ff„f /.■ •'''=°' f °'''™''"'' "'«' «»?""!% with
remarking that whUe the governmental charge per head in Canada
* I
(
lonies could
le benefit of
Duld be in-
e would be
eh frontier,
the duties
;en different
of adminis-
productive
lain, it cer-
have avail-
countries,
1 years the
mbled — its
vere found
nd able to
hoped, the
eith Great
both, then
3ed by the
16 further
aying that
He then
lapprehen-
jially with
lis part of
an duties
iumstance
I some 50
udged by
iid when
he people
[vantages
' ought to
the taxes
the rate
govern-
>re much
Cralt had
7 he had
pulation,
Canada
APPENDIX.
363
waa 5«. 2frf.,* in Great Britain it was 2/ «* q^ ru t. ^
lands^which "ere It? aXh^^ fffy -™PO-d of
to the end of time ThVpnmnfn I probably remain waste
on the surface oTthe co„r,f If ''^ '"'? *^^* "*"« ««»'d bo done
lation was p'^ do,,^n ar2 6oJ 00^ wT'' '^ '^' ^^^^^ '^^^e popu-
populatiou'of^tcrhir^'rhVh^irta^^^^^^ ^^ ^
large portion of the population of Lrefcanadn"'!^'''^'''' -
assure them that so far from their beW at a^Un'h!" ^' ?^
the work ne neonlp of thia «-. x x, ^ ^" '^ "® compared to
becile classYpX^^'hfLT" 7;et^ Te ''^"* V'^ ^'^ ™-
had subdivided their lands infomLlf -7 '"''''^ ^''*'"«h, and
theyhadnofchin.Ao el andnotr v.''^" ^"? '"'^^ P^^^^es, and
the policy of drda 'to 1 h rj f ^^«^? t'' ^uy. It had been
FreeVde prindpt was^f Sn^ da"' a' '''''' ^^"^^T^ ''
in that country during, the present t-r A.^f-'PT'' P"^"'^*^^
cotton, woollen and ?th^r Z f I ^ ''''"^*^*^ '" the number of
the CO oT Was it w^'' r""?^*"'''"^ estabhshments formed in
our comm'^rcet i^h tariffs "and' o'^t". '■ ""t^- "^'^^ ^^'^^^^
our rival > He L7°l ^T- .^ ''''"'**'^ ^" *he idea of becomin.^
owncort'spn^i^'Ve/oirtr' the Canadians growing their
wool, and a's sl\s l^veTl f ukinT r^l'^^^-^ *'"'^ '^^^
It was admitted that tax-iHnn p?u k ° .'^^»^™««1^«« to themselves.
then why not for tfe mntln ni ..^' ^'^^^ ^'' ^^"'^^^^^^ ««hools,
factures-v The tar ff haf bT n '^ i^' ??'^ "P«" ^^^^P^^n manu-
was nogroatadvl^S'^f' ::J f-^^^^^ r TS'""' *^^*
would be able to buy"our gordr/hlr^ Wh^^^ ^''i'" \''''''''
was negotiated, it was n„t fn. ^ ?^" ^^""^ ^^'^ ^^°»^h treaty
against^a less duty h /ll per cl' ^f.:? r^"T^^^^^\-^— ^
per cent, (hear, hear) Ih a.ul tl ' ""J^"'^' ^^'^''fe'^*^ ^0
paid for their own bhhons;Mu''^ th.m that the Canadians
Newcastle, our Colo ia?Sere^tfrv ^^n " ^^""^ '^'^^« ^-^^e of
He (Mr. AshworthTl n^^^^^^^^ *t' * deputation the same,
the 'payment Tas L enC in th ' '"^''V T'^ -^^^ ^'^«»^^ ^^at
laneous estimates. *^' ''^<'"'^' ^"* '^ the miscel-
Mr. Galt— It is a mistake.
S6;..''co';ec^d\t"e fig^/.-e^fiJ^Ut^f^ ".^"^ ^-- «" .he 29th
for .aterest on public debt ^vu3 iVs 1 JJ ' wl e Tc '.l^'T '" ^''''' »'''"''°
that the whole annual expen.liture of GrZ VrL " l"^*' ^* ■'^''^- ' '^'"i
P'
IIS
864
APPENDIX.
■ ^
J::|
I.
the'^u.r s:: r;i ;tt t .^nci^^^Tr ^-^ -"*^-»^
not bear hard dealing and the tiZX/^''^ ^°^^" "^^^''^ ^O'^W
to be uaed towards Canada Mr A \ '°°?' ^''' P^^'"«^ ^*«g"age
a« the sentinjent of Ca ada'-J^ tV tt""'/' ^"*^*«^ *^« ^^"^^ing
"mont to affirm the rid t of "thZ P V^' ?"*^ °^ *^« P''^^^"* Gov-
taxation of the peoplein the ^^2^'^ ^T^^'^^' *« adjust the
happen to meet^h^di appro va7off/r"^ ^']\r'' '^^''^'^'^^
was not very becomiarCule fro J?^^^"^^^^^^^^ ^^'^
largely under obligation to oufsefl v7r A r^?u^ ^^ ««
quoting the followincr ob.Ar^rff. u Z" ^^^worth concluded by
fessor Goldwin sSh ^"7^'lT^.^y ^^^\Vortment writer, Pro^
tual state of poiiS^' infanTv an/''^'"" ^'' ^^^^»'«« '" ^ P«^Pe-
frames from being Matured and harl/T".''!!" ^^' ^"^"« «f their
them extravagandy democra ic Th. ^ f' ''""'• ^« ^''^ ^^^'^^g
da impregnable, and tS g 1 fe^JV' ^"^ 'T ^"^ ^'^ '"^ke Cana'^
an independent'na^fon'' (appL,se ) "' '''"'^ ^^*^ *'^^ ^^^^^3^ «f
t. ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ - -r a*ni tr ^ r «^ ^^-p%
distant day the pSweT di 'nit?n?'''^ ^'"k'-^' -^"'^^"S ^* "«
nations. If theiVw^^C^c^/',^;^ responsibility of independent
with a low amouat Tt^ZZt^ '" n' T^^ ^'^'^'^ ^"ght to do
Exhibition showed that OannSn' ''^' 5^?^^^- ^^« International
veloped wealth of almost anv.^''?"'^ S' ^^^^^^^ mines of unde-
and the colony had sZtf^ •"''*^'^- ^"*^ ^^' mother-country
the salary of LYrVo';iSeTar^^^ ^^^, ^^ey paiJ
engage or dismiss him- the moS 1 . ^ ""-T "°* ^'^^^^^ *^
cost, demanded the paTrinage OnX ft'^'iT'^'^'f P"^"° '^'
that the salaries of a brace of h^h. °*^'' ^^?^' ^' ""derstood
ther-country. These were in! ' ^'''' '^^^^'^ "P«» *he mo-
Canada wa/ admitted So En 1^/7 gnevances. The coru of
posed upon our manlewS " .^ duty free, but duties were im-
(hea.)/ TheseTere S he ^^"f 7^'f ""''' ^^'^''' P^«^^'^>^tory
b^twe naparentaTdachlfn fhothTtr %^* -^ht to exi^
was visionary, for in the Le of T.T !u'^'f ^'™^°^^e^ment
been the greatest bles in' to fh.l \ ^^' 'f' ^^' ^^^^^es had
gentleman'8missionw<r"n^tho5l .r?^^^^ ^^ '^' honourable
hands into the pockrof Brih' K % ''^ '^'^T ^ P"^ Canadian
would leave MarS'st at d? ten ^ ^"0' '' ''?!', "^i' ^^*
pression that this was not the mJf n . "^^ "nmistakeable im-
operatives and nfiirvnez!s for a noVt^' ^Tf.^' '' ''^ '^' L^nca^Ure
Certainly not.) crada w.. K "^ ^^'^' *^^«'- CM''- ^^alt-
J J i^anada was like a son who wished to start life
: containing
tatlire could
9r language
le following
resent Gov-
» adjust the
if it should
py." This
ich was so
icluded by
riter, Pro-
n a perpe-
ile of their
ro making
lake Cana-
majesty of
i abruptly
together ;
ig feeling
ing at no
lependent
ight to do
arnational
1 of unde-
r-country
hey paid
llowed to
ying the
iderstood
the uio-
i corn of
were im-
)hibitory
to exist
berment
ites had
lourable
anadian
r. Gait
ible ira-
icashire
Gait —
art life
APPENDIX.
866
vhere his father stopped If Pnn„^„
railroads, she must iXon.h ^CeXl^lf ? Perfect system of
we went through in this coSntry We oufh. T?T^'"«^*^'«h
to give any money for Canadian railways^ r""* ? n' ''^P'''*^^
the opmion of Mr. Ashworth and s nZ^i ? T'"^'*"^ endorsed
Canada and England, thar^he time Ct,,^?^^.'.^ '^' ^^^e of
former would be an independent ^11! t ^J ^''*'"* ^^^^ the
not matter what Governrnt a coury ha7 t? ''^'^^ '* ^^^
was flourishing, but Canada perhans sal fw' ""T ^^^'J^ody
have difficulties to encounter^?rom netl' . '"'S! ^^^ «^« '"'ght
what would Canada be to usV r^ "^'Mhcounng States, and then
the retention of Canada as a bat wtld btr' t'-'^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^
country (hear). If ^e mLt fil? ^ I J -^'^ ""'^ ^"7 other
the sea. ^ -^^ ^^ must fight, he hoped it would be upon
AsWU^rS^r'e notTh?^' '//""^ ""^-^^^^^ that Mr
of Commerce%ear, lear) Both th?' ?"*^ '^ '^' ^hambe;
Jjr^sed merW their i^divi^:ro^;inffS^^^^^^^^
guarantee, Mr. Rosa expressed IS J .*^^ Proposed railway
impolitic to ask for sLh a^uarantee wSllh'^r '"^-^ '' '^^ ^^'^
were talking about increa^inTthe dSs ,1' ^.""'-^^'f, ^^overnment
disproof of what Mr. Gait had .aid Mr Z" ^"P?^^^^ goods. In
froSi an American paper -- IV f^;^-' f<>ted the following
woollens has been large and' very successful 'Th^' ^manufactured
number of first-rate mills in the prS! L '/'' ""^ ^ ^re^^
are eagerly sought for, and bear a CTc hir^^^ '^ "^'^^
our manufactured cloth is ranidlt nffk ^ ' ^^"^ Production of
at this favourable in«o S 1^%^^!. ""■' ^'^ ^^-^d
woollen goods steadily decline." Exac Iv fl ^' ^'"P^^tation of
going on in Canada that led to tbp ..aT^ i^^ '^™^ P'^^^ess was
bay. We had not the sli^htesr^l ^? °^ ''"*^" °m>"« in Bom-"
mills, but it was scarcely fSrtti! *° P'"'^'"* *heir erecting
of a country that e^tirouri^^^^^^^^ '' '^' ^"PP^^t
per cent. He wanted both connf rSf. "'''. ^^ ^ *^^ation of 20
feelings, and askedl ht S ^'^^^^^^^^
had no desire to turn Caiuda alav wifh^ ^''^^'''^ ^' S^^nt. H^
he wished the two countr es to J?^ "k ^ ^^^^nt's notice, but
(hear). England was p/epartd to do '^^''^^'^' "^ '^" ''"^' ^^™''^
iH
866
APPENDIX.
I :; i
I
consideration of pound's, shiL^ld pe„^:« ^^ "^* ^'^^S^'^- ^
he Mayor referred to the inltC.^u' ,.• ,
h. i been a bar to the reduction of tb. T 5- ^'1^ ^"^ ^" ^an«d»
duties to India were 10 per lent thl d ^"f" d"«««- When the
can you require the Govermneni o redl?.^'\^"' ^'^^^' "^ow
imported into India, when in Can«d! fi on ^^^'^ "P^" cloths
bering that India payrtheo^^^^^^^^ "'" ^^ P^^ ««°^-' '««>em-
not by a considerabfe amount V il t'^T?? ' ""^ ^"^«^« <^«««
the frontier of Canada eeTtainlV cost a Son ^^f^^^ ^^"^^'^ ^«f«"d
Canada expect England to do that !.)?«? «^°^onej. How could
diet upon the importation Vo^rtd'u:^^^^^^^^^ ^ ^-^^^ -*-
pe^aS aSS'StK^^^^^ of his
had done, no doubt unintent^naHv tt ^"^ ''^^'''' ^^"ada,
He had called them iSr % P''P'\''''^ S''^^* '"^^
unjust to their intelligence and industrvTr ' '^'V^^' ^' ^^'^
on the contrary, that^Le^had Se JrSr'' ^^^^^ Heascrted,
fact was shown by statistics The l,f^! ^'T^'"' ^"^ ^''^^ this
made in Lower Canada duHng the ,1^?;^°"^^ f' f^^^^''^^
population of Canada East was^890 000 in iH^f^f* ^? ?^^ ^^«
bemg an increase of 25 per cent In 1«S 7^ ! '^T ^'IH'OOO,
people was 8,113,000 ac.^^s • in 1861 it hf? ^' ^'"/ ^^^^ ^^ ^^ese
being an increase of 27# p;r cent h r^'^''^ *" ^^'2^3,000,
tion of land appropriated WIW ' T '^'''^'"^ *^''^' ^^^ proper-
population. & nSe^ oScres untr "u" *^" *'^ '"^•^'^' ^^
in 1852 ; whereas it was 4 67^000 in 1 s^rf • " ''"' ^'^"05,000
294 per cent. With re-^Ld to nro^L. ?.^' \'^"S ^" ^""'^ase of
The bushels of wheat raised n fs'^ "'o^lf.* ^^^ ^^^^ increased.
2,363,000, being a dec el /^^^^ ^'^^^''^^' f ^ ^« l^Gl
pomt he had to%ay that Twas wel knowrtha't" Vie'f ^" ^'^'J
Lower Canada had turned tlio.V nH ?■ . , *"® farmers of
grains. In other gra n ft etmn f t'" *° u^' ^^^^^^^^ '^ ^^her
in 1852 was 12,147,000 but in 18? -I ^ """^'^'^ ^* ^"^^^'^ raised
being an increase of no leL Sian^m ^^'"'''^"'^^ ^ 28,534,000,
much as was shown by iVwll^^^^
Canada (hear). He f'u 1-^ nf ?" population of Upper
justice to Frerih-Canadil and to*^.;/.f ! '^T ^^^tementfin
bered that they had not had ^..1 .^ "'^^^* '^^""^^ ^e remem-
the Canadian cLZX hat hovl'"."!'""' "^ '^'' '^^'' Portion of
period of time and hSot ht 1 7 ^ ^''"^ ''"'^^ for a very long
immigration, and thafa thefr ad^^^^ '' \''''^^ "^A"- b|
-^ves. He contended, then;tUtr;^SCr^^^
APPENDIX.
86T
improved municipal systems, and that aa there waa a MPhnni •
pansh, where every child received a free educTon tT '" '^''^
ought to be, W the reach of anv Xmf A T' J^^/®''^' ^'^
had referrea l" the cost of th^ .n{ -^ u ^^^^^P" Mr.Ashworth
This referred to the who e of our C7\ ^''"^ ^^^'^^^^- ^ y^^^'
could only repeat th:tttZl7^t^^^^^^^ He
were not kept there for the nurooae nf tL „ i " '^"® °^ P^^^ce
ti^em there 'for Imperiat ^rpo^; It Vaa \\^- 1^^^^^^^^^
connection with the distribution of the Imriri f ^ "''^ ^'* '•*
tho >ght, too, that the hon. gentleman ll^^?, ^°'''^'' ''"^ ^'^
portion of charge due to" ST'wUhr: d'to'tr'?^"
reserves, the hon. gentleman must have been S ^^ "^'^'^
prehension. He (Mr. Galt^ wnnM nJf ^ . '^^^'' ^°«^6 'nJsap-
question, but ther^e couKoVp^ l^^^bf mt t t^\^V'^
connected with this charge and tho whni« ? • ^'^'^ ^'^^^^P^
per annum each. As to he ronl^ J '^^^"? ^^""^ I'^OoV
Newcastle in referent t the prolseTwr^'^ *'^ ?"^« ^^^
that law was certainly not designTfoMhe '? ™"^ '^'^P'"-
Mr. Ashworth. Great Britain hn^ai *^\P'"Pf3e supposed by
coasting trade of Wcf ^Sd b'e ttTn ten 'TT' *'^* ''''
Canada was also desirous of it but tl rAn?^- ' '"'"' ''^' ^"^
posed to make the cuncess on ' The idea enT ""'''J"'' ^''-
Canadian Legislature that the impositLc^\'ilT,r''^ '' '\'
receiving a British register would be a fa XT ^^/ ^." ^^''^^^
to procure a settlement of the quesdon iU 1.'^^',?"^ ""«^* *«"d
reserved for the consideration oTtheWrhirn ""'' '""^'"''^y
disapproving of it, mi<.ht have snared P^S ^^^^^^^^nt, who, in
As to the Slieffield memS thatS^l' T ""^'^"'^'^ ^^«*"' «•
taxation, for which the CanTdi«n, L ff ^ *^'^ principle of selH
they would uphold' Mr.'^Ro fS S fe S'T 7' ^^^^^^
pssible mission which he (Mr. Gait) M t fZ-^ ^ ''"^^
n reference to a guaranteeVor ;oTS S h/coum'". """^^^
the chair that his mission was purely nrivah^' w! ''^'''^f "> ^ssu: e
had the opportunity of visitinK MaSpl!' ! T ^'''^ *« ^^^^
fessed, nor did he in fact ho ^any « "^ > "^^*^^«'' P'^O"
to this visit. Ho had come only t7nffW,r ^ "''^'^" ^" reference
some explanations. Sinly he hfd nn ^PP^^*""^*^^ «f ^^aking
Governm'ent about rail^ o L^t^ ^e Ttho "u*>f '''''''^'
If any good resulted from the removaf of fL . T'^"^ ^^ '^^'^^^'^
honsion that, whilst some ^ZZenferel^^^^^^^^
guarantee to some public works tho rlo r "V ^'""""^ '^®''^"S a
St:^:rsSbrt^^
aiace the ^^^ons^^X^^l^J^^!:^ ^^^
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APPENDl.'.
: I
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; Ji
but no each intention (hear, hear). On the contraiy, the late
Government a8 already stated, took the first opportunity of iroposW
a reduction of the import duties (hear, hear) With regard Kf
proposed guarantee to the International Railway from Halifax ^d
Nova Scotia to Canada he was strongly in favour of that raMw^v
beheying that it would be of great advantage to Imperial as weU L'
colonial interests But the proposal of the Duke of Newcastle yZ
that the colomes themselves should pay the whole cost. His Gra^
certainly proposed that the guarantee of the imperiaJ Government
Jould be given to a certain amount of the cost, but the colonies
themselves were expected to pay the interest upon the whole cost
As to Canada, he might here mention that the Imperial Govern-
ment gave a guarantee of 1 600,000^. sterling for Canada sixteen
or seventeen years ago, for the purpose of enabling her to complete
her canals. From that day to this there has never been sixpence
advanced or paid by the Imperial Exchequer. The whole amount
had been raised by Canada three years ago, and it was now in the
hands of the British Government to be paid as the bonds fell due
This was the way Canada met her obligations; and if it waa the
interest of Canada, to undertake further responsibilities, they would
be met m an equally honourable and straightforward way. CaraJa
however, thought that her iiiterests might have been better' pro-'
r'i i nnm °'*^*«'"^f ^^^ subsidies to the ocean steamers. Upwards
of 180,000/. a year was paid to the Cunard line. The effect was to
reduce the cost of goods sent by that route to that extent, thus
taking Canadian trade away and enabling the Americans to build
their railways and improve their communications. The necessity of
having direct coramumcation between the St. Lawrence and Enff-
land compelled ( anada to pay 80,000/. a year for the purpose of
maintaining her luoercourse with this country, when she need not
have paia anything if Canadian interests had been properly con-
sulted at home. Under these circumstances, he hoped gentlemen
would believe that he nad visited Manchester from a sincere desi-e
to remove misapprehensions as to the feeling and the policy 'of
Canada; and though he was sorry at the tone of Mr. Ashworth'a
remarks, he must say that it was much better that Mr. Ashworth
should have made his statements there where he (Mr Gait) had
an opportunity in his presence of answering them, than that they
should have been made where they could not be answere-l (hear)
What was wanted was frank and free discussion, and, vith Mr
Ross, he believed the result would be the removal of those differ-
ences which were often so injurious to harmony (hear). AU he
would add was-Let the experiment of self-government in Canada.^
be worked out to its legitimate conclusion. If that conclusion was
APPENDIX.
368
4«t it would be bott., .„ **°
., A vote a a,«t, .„ the Ma,or bpiugb* tbe proceeding, .. .
VI
ADDBESS OF LIEUT.-COL BUCHAV*J „
Hon Volunteer Militia ■ • ^™ "/ «e 18(4 £«(«».
have anj intention to withdZ mv III l^ *^^* "^«:^ ^^^^ that I
I think, entitled to call upon tn 2a T^'^""- ^ ^"^^ therefore
J^d.n getting quit of an;TwWdS Tn'tte" t-^^"^^' --' ^'
Jers of our Battalion to.varda eaoh !ffl *^l,P08>t»on of the mem-
for anj such if the simple prL'nk if Jf^,, ^^T '' '^^ "^^essi^
Jiteresta of the service, g^enT t If ''"^ '^^^''"^ *«' t^^t the
Oompanies composino tLBaLF' '°°'"® immediate j of the
;*jects or pred/ectiofs, al t tVr 'T^^^«^' ^" P^'sonaJ
I»t^e8. ' " *" *^^ P^'-sonal oppositions 01 anti-
*'''^°''««««^flBNlFiaSTBESIGNED
•he local diapute bat tj"^ ^'' P*™"'''^' «« PMbHs.td tt T'*?*""" »'« -"t
D.fence. ^^"'•' ""» - -'^-ce on the g„L /'utc' qIuS;'?, K^ .;J
370
APPENDIX.
. I
i
I
p.' I i
i :
Mi i
Mill
■III
panies is even more a contradiction in reality than in terms and
even had I not supposed that there had been av^Sat'^of ^e
wouWhrefeR2d'f / ""' ^^^"^^"^ ^^ the batLior?
wouw nave telt it my duty to resign on the ground to i»hich I at-
tnbuted my resignation when talking of it to G Lyonrwho^^ "^
here about the time : " I h va ^ani'r^ T^ ^«o-^ j J^yons, wno was -•
Lieutenant-rnlnnT nf Jt ^ ^. ^ resigned my commissior « rt*
laeutenant-Lolonel of the volunteer reriment h- -e. as a nroteat
against the /ar.. of the Government's attemptmgtomake^ a w
say this, although no one values or admires the volunt-ers as indi-
viduals or companies, more than I do." ^^nint.ers aa mdi-
THE PRESENiT ENTANGLEMENT WHICH THRPats-mo -.„„ „
jj., '^'^ "MICH IHEEATENS THE VERY EXISTENCE
OP VOLUNTEERING IN HAMILTON.
It will be obcerved that in my preamble, I talk of " the intereste
themand in the ca-ise of volunteering should pre v^enWou^^^^^^^^^
mg mere 6a/*afo.n matters to cause disturbance among you Mk
rZ''':^:^'wlTlVl^^^^ *^^ naceTtastat*
Ske^'X a1,A7 V.?^-^ «^ZM«<gm«^ be endangered for the
ment. ihe view I expressed was, that until necessitv calls for 5^
there should be no more than one FifiM nffl„r * \ Tr , »
Battalion, thus leaving room for two mln ?fr' ^ ^""'^ Volunteer
andfitnels when the^day of da„^^^^^^^^ fP'^^'^
the Captains of Companies the oSLS!?' .• 1' ^^'*' ^^^^^^
by a permanent Adjutant, with the rank of Major In the c^l
or
m
(U
III
•li
i
Hi
■Utt
ni
I.)
APPENDIX.
871
gives to e Uher. The comMnv,,,^ T ?. ^ !'°»'^>'<»' "dvioe h»
merit of raisins and drnEf i. ° *^'K',"' "''» ^ >"^ *•
Sabalten., non^iS^fcraSHnVato f ™' ' ."J!"*, ■« »
acted upon the nrindDle rMi»T„„ /i. .?"»»'«'. I mjself always
«ple) «?cordiau7s^P^''"'"ol'wn^ « °» «*« pmctioal pri-
»nd other mem&re of hi, ™ml ° ,'""""^- ^'"^ ««' Subalteris
ing the advice ll^ g^*™ af d jf 1 1'^"' ^"1 "l"' ' "» ^-
Boone has had so go™! St t?^l i? ^r"^'"'''""'?"'' "»«
you will not attrib„i:1hl"fa^/ra&f tt'tt '-"^
P^per example of foVbemnfe,*: wt" dlTcloHt" l?,f?
go»e so far as to put mj own feeling, ontir^f™ rid™ '"'^"'°
'BAcncAi, raoo^ tbatthe battauon oeqa»ba™» ok voi.m.TE«»
™a.o^s xh. „K.Ar Esss™. ,^„^, „, th/sIbv™"™ ;
COMPANY ORGANIZATION.
I now procee/to le the be^^^^^ cau stagger under; and
of a Volunteer BaSo„ in the mo«tt P'' m' ^'^"^ '^' experience
composed of companies eiud^T. f^7,%ble circumstances, and
talion organizatZ Tvokntee™ S *^' ?'°"'"^«' *»>a* ^^e Bat.
rest of the serWce-the co^^^^^^^^ ''''°"*' ^°«»^
the stringenrarrangtenrwS ^1?^?. ."^'^ '°"2"^^« "** ^
-ndertoo. the comm^and oft^VatSlo;:;rdXV^tL'^:. .
jflJF
i| jjm^LlP
S72
APPENDIX.
if
I
■1/
t. i
llr
the practical violation by the officers from «r>,o*«w* i-
ocditio.,, ha,. ^eeath^g.e.tcre'/rbltSrBrL';:^
_ ^. Hamilton, 17th December, 1862.
IV lieutenant- Colonel Booker,
Commandant of Active Force, HawMton.
I have the honour to be, Sir, yours respectfully,
Isaac Buchanan,
memorandum.
wn i» «Je key to the Upper Province) should be a milLrv man If
as much experience as possible. military man of
2. For the attainment of the foregoing obiect mv mvJno. fl,.
^mg a tnal would do harm, unless it^as\ndSo7th?t Tn^^J
of my leaving, the step should not be expected in the Reg men?
•J^-nf .^ only entertain the responsibility by my hS^the
•ppomtment of a Miht,iry Adjutant to be paid bvThe Re^imenk
onless we can get Gov .ment to do so, as tfis is Le n eE'
4. I also feel that the senior Major should be a military maT-
bnt m our circumstances, this seems impossible. ^
(Signed,)
A. B., Commandant.
J. A. S., Captain, whose name wa»
Jo be submitted a» Major,
J. E. O'R., ditto.
writing :!"! *^' ^^'^ *^'''' '^ '^« ^'^"^^i'^g i° Colonel Booker'.
•« 17th December, 1862." ^' ^'
Mi
APPENDIX.
373:
tLe^rac&efusaH^^^^^ ""1'''^ ^^'^^^^ '^^^ t^e first, bj
•r Muflketry-InstActor b CanadaV^^ ^ more experienced DriU
pocket; and-'it was the LLtS;^^^^^^
tcaJly amounted to a disobedience ^ n v n V If ^^^? *^** ^* P^*^-
not to see it, which in ArusflcS 1 L^^^^^ ^ '^PPeared
when I had the alternS eUh^ ^ '! • ^* *^' ^^'^^ ^^^ ^^"^ed
•ystem of punishment, whchwou^^dh^v/r^V?,*^ inaugurate a-
•y8tem. If, to some extent ZoIaT ''" ^**^ *° ^^^ volunteer
some previously Tmy snee^KtTh. ° • ""''l "^'^ ^^^^ ^^^^^n by
. this could not L pleX'subsequ^^^^^^^^ *'^ ^"" «---<*>
ment, at the bemnnmir T i,oj ^ •^^ . """"^ "> "J arranee-
to guard agaimt iL mnerll rT™l ^ '"'^,'™- % "^ject was
OflScers to educate themselves h^/L27 ^^^^Tr ^®^*'® of their
to admit, that the evATbeen le JsS r/i^f t ^ ''^'^' *^ ^« ^^e
*ti8 being DO doubt in the uroDortJnT Lf It"" ^ f ''''' «^^ ^^ before,
Officers Sere greater ^'^P^'*'^^ *^a* ^^^ ^eal and assiduity of
*o,^y, ^^eS^^^^^^^^^^^ involved, I am sony
aUowance of the BX^on L • T""*^"^ '^'''''^''^ ^^ "^e, and dii
disrespect wJnLdedanHl^^^^^^^^^ *^.^* ^^7 Po^i^ve
firmation of the views whj!.i; jj \^ ^"^ extraordinaty con-
Aug., as follows :'TsrntiJid,T^^^^ ^.^^ "^^'''^ ^^ 10^^
••ay, less or more, apZvp of the thin '^TV^?^ ^^t^, and I may
of all my self-res^ec^L well as mv«,T ?'f^ '* ^^ «"bversivi
of the Battalion even if this wouTd^^^u""*^ to overlook as Colonel
that capacity I nn J Jt Z ?^* ^® ^ violation of my duty in
iBdepenynl^iompa^s^:;^^^^^^^^^ *^^* *^« alklia^ I S"
Captein and oEr^f [he^pa^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^"'^ ^e to the
^ject w4h rSe "rmrn"^ S'^r^""'^ *'^^^^*
•ggrarate the usarDatmn nf tt. a ' ""^ """' asking to
1 waa most anxbusfc.l *m f""^ commanding compaSea,
but myself h=:?rentn»dSt>dZ 'r*'- °"' ^I '" *««
£i.aa he w„„,d not foS^h.' l^^riraf^flr ^- » f «
i Ml!
■ •*!
1','
' ' Mi
I
574
APPENDIX.
l!
M f '
' ^ ^*'l*^fe ^^^}. ^ have remained an honorary member of th«
Officer « Club, which I had established, and wh(ie firatrrl ^n}
wa, at my house on the Mountain, and to hlvo Tad a vo^e tZ
• vote, m all aj>poiT.tmont8 for years to come, as a fr?en7rhol „n
moUyes except the interests of^the Battalion I tSt thaUht
(especially so lon« as I represent Hamilton in Palkment\ miSl
have been of use to the service as well a« to th. CSn wWl^ •
h£VnTd ft t^'f *r '^' •"*«'•««* «*■ **>« «ervicerd of the
.horLp^^^^^^^^^^
th ngs clear to the battalion. Those are as follows? Never^hl^
^JUttutenant-tolonel commanding (from its beinc the desire of tho
government not to accept my resignation) the officers command n^
the eight compames (one of whom had transmitted h?s ZTrSi
tion to xne two months ago and had ceased to drill) presented t
requisition to another civilian to take my place, without h he tit
hinting the thing to me or to the Battalion, or even con ul inV the
other officers, as I eventmihj found out. I had thus ronportunit^
to remind them of the condition I had made, when 1 agrTeK tak^
he position during the period of preliminary business anrexlnse
that my successor should be a mihtary man."^ I certainly couM not
theZEn ast b '"'^V ^^^^'^-^ /p"**'''^^ ^ ^^^ "- -^ on
me battalion, as to have, by special agreement, stipulated that fh*
PnSr ""' ^-^--therwise^haStvoroJ':
crrr^ToT'/ ^^^^'^%^ *!^^ ^^^ al^nTdiCd my
sTtedVwLb Tf t T"""^ *^.V^ *^" subalterns had been con-
the Battifthl^T y,'',l''"';*fu^^ '* ^""^^ ^« ^'' *he mterest of
the iiattd on that I should set the example to the Maiors of anani
7\^r^. Tf ^■""'^ ^^« ^"^«*io» *^f whether the name proZed
1 besVofno.t'b-''^^ ^-^^f-^^"^^ *^^ Commanderr-Sr'a^
b.!/rof ?J^- ^'' nommation was unanimous it might bethe
W „ • tw *^'"S',?'^'^"^*'^« '" *h« circumstances, although I
had a nght to complam of the violation of the agreement with me
APPENDIX,
876
foliowing words : '^ ^"^ ^''""^'' ^^ ^^^s^ waa in the
"Hamilton, 10th November, 1863,
a -K/t t, Tuesday Eveninc
. Bent as my mecmmrl, ^^Zt^T, T? . 1"' '"'f''"' *« Govern-
»n outsider can." '^'^^ "o-operate towards ite succe,, so far a.
The latter note was of the same date, and in the following words •
of thfr'Son "r?""''?'' 'r ".°«™ '"-i't^. ™ 'he first I had
to Mai7o^liiUv X« T C'J P^r,*i?Py «'?in, which plea'sa show
" Mountain, 12th November, 1863,
« IVf rj Thursday Evening
-y knoS: whch m^r^' ^r^-.circumstances have come to
^vou makf H.rr. fL?^ me advise you not to act in the matter
-aJoth^rtsL -^l! ""T"*^ ^^ *h^ officers wish you to do so
*^I ooTtb^ r '"'^^.^."* ^ "^'^ *^ ^^^P tb« Battalion together
(a« per copy^r^^^^^^^^ ^-T^^g *<> j'« ^nd also to theyo«
«^m%!i ?P^ ^ ^®**®'* ^^^'°^ I now enclose) hopine to set t;h«
example of ummrmty and thus to redeem the grave error wh^h
i!;;pos:'^" '^^ ^°""'^"^'' *^^-«^ ignorancrransii^f^
a
I ii
I
876
I 1'
I
i' I t
APPENDIX.
a... I had cause 0^0™^;^^^! •'»«- J W -««» S!
Capto, capable <,f intendiig di,™;:^,^ ^f""™ «<> '"PP"" «>.
Officer, taking „C„ """"«'" ""*' "'"I? *» P»ve„t oC
(» Ensign) had never ^^ ftZ""""!"^' "'"'"''S'' ■»/ »»
" I have now reason to sunlit i. preposed requisition,
offence ,t the Ca^a^ 7^1111 f''°^'- »«'"'" ''««"«k.a
«>•«, so that you iaj- a^t ^utlous^..'"'"'' *» ?»» *.t yoa kno»
the Comnmnder-inChfof hadX»l V"''"""*'' '" «" Excellencf
tko following note to hta : ^ **"" '""' '" Q-^^oc, I addro^
11 Hf " HAMILTOIf , 16th Nov 1868
kave senVa p';:r"httl:!ir;n"tf °?''."'''"° ^«*B«'*"
my successor until thev and Zr„tK "^'""." »"7 "PPom'ment of
•k-Mhave an opportun^W of rii^.S". «^. ■'°' »»»""«*,
^. "■■rridav::ih;'^eiy'"rrT?"'p"''"''™<''i°«
object s to get creator ,,„.■?. ^' ,'"'''™ ""omg required. M»
Battalion wfdd ^ce^ to 0x1";™'^ "^tohlished, as Vout L Z
to get comparative unaS?^ ' !l. *° *'^^'^® ^''^t time be ^ve^
theSattaliSn ll\T:^Z^lC!''' "'^'' '^ *^^ ^'^ ^^ant of
Mjr telegram to Government was as follows :
li rpr. T " HAMILTON, 16th November 1fif?q
To Lieutenant-Colonel Powell, ' *
I>^puty.Adjutant General, Quebec
op^^hXtiS :TrbXr "i "^"T*^i! ^**- ^
that two-thirds of the Office^ hS n!,^'K ^"" astonished to had
was never consulted T Tf "^^'^r been consulted. I myself
tOBetanexam/leof Jrim^:^^^^^^^^ ^^^' and, b oS
F unammity, 1 wrote to the gentleman to whom
APVKSDIX,
«7T
»i.^ . . . *•' *
«e requwition was made thaf T »« i^ i. , ,
■f^ne to bo submitted. M*eimr^ ^° «'*^ '^ ^'^ *"o^«<l ^
other Officer, who had noXrSlte^r''"' ^'^ "^^^ '"'^"^^ »«y
Officera have gent you a protes^aS ' *"" ''°"* '" ' »"^ ^'^^eeS
« a general consultotion^o? OffiS tT^ appointment, until there
•special general meeting forFridav T^'^V^ "^ ^"^^ *<> «»»
wqu.red. The or.ly gafo courae of tZ' « ^'''''' ^*^«' «°"«« *'«re
•i»y appointment meantime Government is not to n ake
The following was the reply : " ^'^'' Buchanan."
JJamtlton.
" ™°'^"' ''°'"'"- ^"P"'-'-"* -■> not be „«,e at p.e..„..
" Walker Powell."
McNah^jS" !u^°''.,?""^^ '*« former Mem
most salutary influence on f'd n "° "^^."^
which the Provincelooks to P« T "'""''^"'^ -«*-^«
- no doubt that Z troug''.^^^^^^^^^ ><^ th^r^
necessity of such a Milit a E ITk?u^}^ '"^' *^*" *"« absolute
ijnn of the Province^deftnce lid mtht^ ?p^'"^^ ^« *^^^ ^^'«
Its views of last year, and to dV^lTf .u-^^*.^^^^™™^"* ^o altor
only to hope that my'otht stroniTv pf ^'' T""''^^' ' ^"^ ^ ^^ve
«^^en«. 0/ ^A« militia z^^L tS"S!/T^ '''^^'*^^" (^^«« <A«
•nd should not depmdmtJZZ r?/' T^*''^ ^ « ^^>-^^< <«^,
vinoial exchequer?TZnutu ^^''^'' ^!^' <^« «^>»« heivg of the Pro.
lengthy rema^rkrhiT^i f^Kl^ ^"* ^^^^ tf an make any
i«J speech in Parliament, o^treArs'; ^f^" ^^^^"^^ F^ ^
append to this. You wil Xerve thtt P- "'^''' ^^*' ^^^^^ ^ ^^^^^
OKEAT MILITIA -QRCE that I thTnV 1 ' !^ ""^ ORGANIZATION AS A
frontier. I think that the?e should h.-'"^ '^^^ ^' ^^"* ^ *^«
Jere would, en one rn^a:n2Ty::r 'Xt^ tf^t'^ 1^^^
if the Province can afford thJa^ o^/ T' ^^^\^^^ ^hole thirty days
of the volunteer. ■^-^lt^y\Z\^^3ir^' "'*^' '^ ^^'^^'^
Iton is proud
Sir Allan
» -eminent
tert the
defence
d there
:ii
!l
'4
378
APPENDIX.
n'an; and be the more roX IZ^' '^'""'^ ^''^ ^'""^^'^ » ^^'^^*
defence, the Ies« iT^ ahkl l^h T''^ ^•'^'^'"'^-^ *''" ^'•«^i»««'«
the Militb Rolls about So, OoCrnt'^J^rr'/^" ^^« ^
who could plead disr^bilitv for activTl ' • "^ \^^ ''.*' '''"^"^^ » third
war, and we assume 240 000 me In "''.""'"'' "' '™« "^ '^^^"'J
ber Gvorv year incroasirTT i^ ^^^sodentarj militia-a num-
or eO^OoVmJn to CSied elch v'^'T" " '"'^^'•^^ ^^ ^'^'^ """^b^^
'Jays less as the want of Kds mar"* ^"' ' '"'^"*^ '' ^«'' «*> '"W
for the time specified of STh "ocessarj. The turning: out.
unless the requfred nlbt tul t^S^^^^^^ T'*! '' TT^^^^^
Re the case, if all is don« hJZ v ^'"""^^«'^' w'>'«h no doubt would
Province that o^h to be tno TZV'' ''T '^^^^^^''^^^ '' '^^
could be got to volunteer for a mo„th^lV*>h' ""'' '^r ^-^"'^'^
^ flay ; but the prefere loofvT f • ""-^^ P^^ ^* ^^^^ '^ «l«"ar
rwhich would boVthL ro Irh ?'f T '"*" *^^ ^«*'^« Wilitia
volunteer as the raoanrof ™"'> . ^ '^'"^'^ as to make young moa
<lurmg the whole yeir. I th k^ l^fUf tif aT''''"'"« "™b«d'«<l
teer companies who volunte into S A r^®.';!^-*^^ ^^' ^^'"'^
entitled to a step hi-her rank ir/h^ «?« Active M.litia, should be
they hold in the Volunteer er Ice 7^'" ''T'^ *^"" *^^' ^^"««^
as militiamen, not as members of w 1 ^ '"'^ '^ ''^'^^ ^^^' i^«
you should be called ipon for «.Z '•'" '"'"'^ ^"•'''''' that I feel
this pomt having been exprS edt thr^r •' "^^ '''^^ ^^«^« ^'^
"Ir'^rt"^*'^" in'plZment '''"'"'^^ "°'"''^' '" -^'^^^
againstX;tt:ri?a;e%"en'7""' 't'' '' ^uard himself
sent him as not apprecLun' tbrv.f T''' ^*'' "^^'-^^^^ ^ ''«?'•«-
a Volunteer in 1837 and "f 18 J 1!"*'''' ^''''- «« ^^^ ^'^^^olf
of the 13th Battalionland no onp~^'' ''" "^^ ^^^"^« *^« ««Jo««
past history and present enprc? one was prouder than he was of the
are the elite of thraSia of £ P ""' ^'"''^"^ Volunteers. They
wiJl, in an incredZ Xt ?1 ^"^''^^^ *^^^^ «^^^^
occasion require it. IndivMuaTlt' T" ^!- ^^''^ ^«^^' should
vvhich they let a. with one wmfv.' ^ ^ 'if^^"^"^ companies, in
«till, they are VoCZrsZf-^^^ ^"' ^. *^"* "»«" «^» ^^ J h"*
strict battalion discTnlinT'ff v. !^V°'P«««'hle they should have the
^twerenece Lry orif ^hlv w^^^ ^^/'"'^ «^^^^^""^ ««bmit,if
their compulsory duty as LT^/2"^''n 'u™'!"."' °^^«^*'^° ^^ ^oiig
that, compared fo^^JJ^ ' Sit ^^ '^»'^ "''^'' ^' ^^''S^tteS
^hich a militiaman LZ th. ^ ■ 1 "'. "^'^^ ""' compulsion, under
teersismore 1 mere temir^^^^^^^ %'^' Province of the Voluo.
temporary notice of mtemion; and let it alwayg
srms. Every
elf a militia
Proviuce'g
fhero are on
<luct a third
nao of actual
tia — a num-
his number,
for 80 manj
fcumin;; out,
loubt would
idors of the
an a fourth
alf a dollar
tive Militia
rourig meu
VQU to the
embodied
the volnn-
should be
that wliich
t that it ifli
that I feel
; views on
n which I
d himself
to repre-
ss himself
le colours
^as of the
rs. They
ent spirit
^ should
•anies, in
be ; but
have the
ubmit, if
of doing
brgotten
h under
s Volui>.
t alway*
APHENDTX.
879
I ^^^r;;^:^*^: Z. ^^'-teer, that this is . notice
^he country, and ,aore, therof^^e than^^"'" '^ *^' "^'^^'y ^"*7 o^
wpeot of fcm. We ne'ed n t co^ ,tl hi '"""'/^ ^"^ ^"^ ^ght to
j!;cn patriotically joining a voTno' .or'' fr«"' «»''««ivcMhst
able nroj^rtion of the voltnteerhavo n^^T"^','' '"^* incons.der-
rolafonships i„ life which w iTnrevenHbi k^P^'^ ^ ''^^'^ '^'^ ^he
oaoro than their own share of '^hr?/'""' ^^^^^'" willing, doing
therefore, that it is Bare to caku it t thatV ^'i^ ^^'>^'"«- ^l
^oan to prepare Semselves t^ o tl dr own Y"'"- *'^"^ ^^^^^^
the Provmcc, and it i« the lUa e oToftL A? '•" .^^« ^«'«"c« of
w regard to invasion, it has been ll^? ffi ^/'""""stration, that.
In ' , r^' *""'' '^ '« the fatal error of VL a i • • '*'''*'"<'« ^f
w regard to invasion, it has been ll^? ffi ^/'""""stration, that,
^ore than just as individJail/sp Ic ! 7 7'"^ '^^ *^^ ^«'»»*««rs
more easy the ranir? fnrr«„!- ^f*'^" '"^ «^'wert<« to render miH-h
muni pSrce !' "^'''" '^^ ^ ^^^^^at provincul
PARTING ADVICE.
^^^^^Jt^^r^^^^ thati cannot
^-nding them o^f the fol,:r,?g^^^^^^^
;; Every subject's duty is the king's • but
" ^Ul ""^J"'*^ «'^"^ i« his own ^ Thereforo
fehoidd every soldipr Jr. fi,« ^neretore
" EscTnes T """" ^''''''^ ' ^"^ •« h^'" that
■ -f^i- inlrcomm::"ie':^^^^^^^ -ldiers,-and all men, as
dropping around th^m^-IsS^^^^^^ theircomrad.es diily
«« a rule of duty and conduct Co J' ff ^^''' "''i' before them
able to have che same high con Jenron^.^-r''^-^^^^^^ ^^
the proper sense of duty to his sovereil-fT *'''"' '° ^"^ "^^"^ of
iril
t !
I
!f fpi F
hi T
880
I I
*■ f
r
i
t
<
f-
f'
■■
!.M
APPENDIX.
respectj—that thoughtful solicitatJnn f u-
proportion to the position bwS L •' ^ P'."""^ «»%> i^ du..
>n the glorious wo4 whicL I We quotef ''^-^^ ^^" ^^'^^
Isaac Buchanan.
Volunteer Militi : »^''W,vm
J0»- And now I ca^ Zft IZTLTr'"'^'^ •» ^ S
«"s would not be a vioTatiW^ tf ^-^^ *^« ^^^talion, even if
perfectly understands 2 i]^ ^"*^ ^'^ *^^* capacity. I now
or unpaid volunteers clno^y?^^^^^^^ «^, ^"«nt ^ Jes
particular company; and I nrefeJ^n ^h-^^*^''' ^^ ^®«ers of their
occurrences which were ineStlt'^?'"!,'"^ resignation rather on
peculiar to the 13th Bat S Aus r>«T*^'' '^?^^ *^^ ^^^<^^ ^
terms that hereafter there may beno^^^^^^ ^'*^ ^"" ^^ «"«^ good
•-ge her towards the greatSf wK '^I"^ *? P""^^"* "« cooperating
nothing would be viewed bv^' ^^'^ ^ ^^"" ^" common. Inde^
after ^-^ raise an indeDlnln^. ^ I'"^"^®'' achievement than here
give W drill. "''^'"^'^^^^^^P^J^of volunteers,if IhSeT
itmustb^p:^^^^^^^^^^^^
« a misunderstandini somewLVe X''^"? '^*'"'' '^^"^'^'^^ *^'^
If compulsion in the Militia BHJ l JV^-^ ^^^''^^ *hen that there
ment IS under a misunders^ndin. ant ^ ^"''f '^^^•^' ^^« ^^over^
standing that I suppose there wfildl!? ^'.f^ '"^ *^^« misunder-
volunteer. I see, therefore that ^"^^' *^^* ^i" scarcely be 1
mission to proclaim to the G^vplnf^/'^'P^^^^^ ^i" have as ite
J^e volunteers, and should notTf^l^V ^^"^^ ^^^^e that yi«
trust that it will be the mean« of u • ^' v"* ^ ^^ °^ore ; whi£ I
;7ou can remain voluntee^. Ll^^^^^^^^^^ '^' niilitia made 'such 4^1
only further say that myTnteresfif f. ^ ,7' ""^'^ ^**<^«on, I can
'" ---^e« Will be /venttiS: thl re'r^^SeS
safely, ia dud=
^ell portrayed
Buchanan.
BNMENT HM
ITTALION.
'th BaUctlitm
ssmgtoyoa
part with
by entering
h, for as an
re approife
pect &a well
ion, even if
y- I now
companies
3rs of their
1 rather ort
which are
3uch good
■operating
I. Indeed
han here-
id time (o
an I, but
ise there
lat there
Govern-
lisunder-
ely be a
e as its
hat yoa
while I
ich that
I, I can
hat my
reneral
APPENDIX.
881
rLfc^e'&IKTri !^"f »> I «h^" be anxious
should be viewed ratW^ an «L-'* *^'* ^^'' "^l""*««r «J«tem
•eaaystemof calhSto^xiZceT/^^^^ ^'' ^"". or
-0 placed as to do g'^dtrvrclTtfi:!^^^^^^^^ ^^-^«-'
able to suppose that the Drpspnf Sf i J -^ ', '* ''^'"g ^^^reason-
that if ft t^^bled in numbrrrtty :^^^^^^^ do itf ' "^ ''"^^ ^or
*hem, to defend the frontier l7J^^ -^ do what is expected of
rf our Drill Shed,! dwe t at someZS''^ ^ T^ ^* *^« ^penmg
sideration that all volunt:ert rim^^^^ *^« «-* «oi
ONDULY THE LIVES OF THE ME^ ^h I !m vnw r^" ^^ ^^^°«»
PRESENT SYSTEM WOULD DO On tJ^f f ^ !^ ^^^^^^^ THE
«iings, to which the present sv^Sl A"'* °^ * "«^ state of
sufficiently express ij;;TelTySvWh.^ '" auxiliaiy, I can
yesterday's '^'^c^^afcr/and with evfrv^lj -T ? ^""^^^'^'^ fr^"
and individuaUy, "^^^^^ S*"^*^ ^^^^ for you aa a body
"I remain, yours faithfully,
Hamilton, 10th August, 1863. " ^^^^^ Buchanan."
^^*'i^<^ci from ''Spectator'' of vestPTiln',. ^..^-i-
f "■ ''jy^'^^^<i<'y, describing the new MiKUa
ih-gamzatwn desiderated by Mr. Buchanan:
-X!^t\^^tl^\^TlJT^^^^ "'^^^P-*^^^^ brought
^oubt willexcite"e?knJgi r^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^, - bave'-
member, Isaac Buch'anan Esqfhasllt itTdutv^f^.' p^"'- '''^
•8 well as to himself, to resim hi. nn r. J • • 7-^ ^^e Provmce,
of the Thirteenth Bat£TvoLtSS^^^
tpened to the imminent danger ^are in W I'' T • ^'^? ^''''
•ystem bein<^ prevented hi nL ., °^ ^° efficient Militia
although it l^CtemamountW?^''.?-*^'^ ^'^"« ^" «-^'«*once,
fence,^hilefitS doSte r^' "^ '' " ^-^^^ ^'•'^ ^^ ^^^
jnHtness of independent "V;,^^^^^^^^^^^^ The total
tion 13 the great fact to whirh Mr p T oattalion organiz*-
ehanan waa mainly instrumentdln fL !• ^"i^ T"^' ^^- ^^-
iii' li
■1. (
l''l
iU
882>,
APPENDIX.
, i:
miv
Hi
'■
^^1
I
^^^^
i
Bi '
1
^^^Hi ^''
■^1 !
^^^^■i
^^^^■i
K
H^^^H '
^^^^^B' '
V.
! '
^■1
■ -1 i
■'
i
A^srLtiStr ri^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^y office..
to relieve the Government S tL 1 ^^**^''°? ^^l^^*", he agreed
^an of the Rifle and^HighUd ^^ th t at H' ^"^" '^^^^
he sent abroad for a set of snlend^d rS. ' ! , ^* ^"^ ""^^ ^^Pe^se
and Drum band : that to JS ; i. ^^gi^ental colours, and a Flute
the Battalion, h was ^he ll of^'^.i" ^ *^' ''^' * ^^^« «^
with a monthly Mess dinner and all^f '"A'^P an Officer's club,
much of histiie, he wasTvingJhatl wSh T '^^' ^ «^^^g «>
be placed. It is probabS, therefore that L r'"'^ ""^'^^ ^^'^^
mfluence could have got on so well as CoL.? T f^''^'^^^ less.
The error lies at the root of The l^et r^'^^^^^
does not seem capable of beinp^P«rrtJ^ f ?^' ^- • P^'^ volunteering
beyond the Cb^n^a^^ Th^ESe t ^^^» i* go««
Regiment. In such case SiflST ? v *^^ Company not to the
I^e. The unpaid volunLrrn?.!?^''' ?' ''"P^^^iWe as in the
give his CaptinLrronths'^^^^^^^^^^^^ «« «^ '
donald's Bill may, peXns a^r. ft ' u *^'"'- ^^^- ^^^^^^\^ Mae-
BHI thatyoungi^XXVd:^^^^^^^^^ ^^-, former
with the sanction of the Governo^Wral lluPfi ^""^ '""^^ ^^^^^
there would be no volunteers Tn Tv?! ' ,r* ?^*^** ^^« ac/o»^grf
right, and so thinks Mr Buchanan V' *" '\' volunteers^are
can practically be no alie^ance e, cepf tJVr ^'^^ ?^* '^'"^
ence raised them. We valnl „n^ T , *^® ^®^^'' ^hoae influ-
institution, very admirable and £hrV"*^n^^ ^ ^ P^actici
volunteering, as we havr«hnwn .f^® ^r Canada; but unpaid
onndepen^^nt ILp^'^iS'^^'Cs^tr
chanan's view. He do^. Lf !i' I understand to be Mr. Bu
butitdoesn^ipreveSis ee^^^^^^^^
resign even if his loss of clfiSe in h?^ '! h»'» <»
imperative. We understand h?«jZf ?"^T ^^^ ^^* °^ake this
Battalion Drill by a Ml Wrnl k' ^! *^^* ^^^'^ «^0"ld be
and ^/^. field officers all .''^ r' ^^ *^' ^^P*^^^ ^^ notation '
appointed ^hI^^\f^clel\TiZ''^l^^^ ""^' •^^"^'^ ''-^^ * '
Buchanan thinks tSs Is thfont w -^'^^^^^^ f ^"'^ *^'-^^'^*'. Mr.
men, when taken to he froitil °.f k^^^*^^. '^^ "^«« ^^ the
officers wish promotion over the tank offant '^k' ? ^^''»'^*^«'
m the militia. ^nerank ot taptam, they should get it
thafhVt:r Cgt^by remtb T? *Y f^' ^^^^^ ^eela
lion, appear to apprf ve'o7« "^^''^''^gpolonel of a volunteer Batta- .
main defence o?E Sotiner a"!, ""^^ t ''^."'^^*"*«« ^^^""t^^'-s the '
more than Mr. Buchanan bui tbi ^""l^J"'' '^^ "'^'^ ^^'"«« them ,
nW. He thinks t^^a LvtifMi?? ^' ""'.T'' *^^^ «"^^'^^
"lui a rrovmcial Mihtia, worthy of the Province, ,
Iffp E
APPBNOIX
38&
~ present .lunteeHng
}t--that i8, its first duty £ r ocal nritpi '^'Tu*'^ ^'^^ ^^'^ *«
mthe power of the Governo SS^^^^
organize the unpaid volunteerainS R?i v Commander-in-Chief to
frontier in case of neceLity To^exne^^^^^^^^ '""^ '^'^ *ot^^
do more than this is quite Uusorv ^It ^^""•r""' ^^^^^^^^ Paj to
characterized Mr. SaJdfield ELaW'st^l""^'*""^ authority W
as creating a standing amy SV^il'^"' P'^Pr^ last spring,
yemmt in fine anLthZkeTdh ""f "'f ''''y <i^'ooJl
to be conceived/ Mr Buchanan 1 u ^''^^'^^^^ f^at seems possible
tia, when on duty muft bt S an'^tn"''"' ''"^^'^ *^^* ^^
sessed of these he hopes tKl k ""^'fJ ''^''*^^" privileges ; pos-
in England, to pr:venUhe tc'^^^ o7b1noH-""*^i' f '« ^^^ «' -
«ie only alternative. MR Sif a M^iJ^Tir"? ' ^^^«^ ^^ of course
SHOULD BE TAXFnr-nDmS^^^N INSISTS THAT ATT
TIA FORCE^ ll^nTrfoSers^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^l-
Govemment as at present altCT . ^?, P'^^'^^^^ ^^r by the
take over their expense ' "^^ ''''^*'^^"^ *^« ^^caUties should
THE PROVINCIAL eTchSer I ™»LED UP WITH
bemg really not a matter so mXor the r!^'^^^ '^' ^^«™e
people It IS not so much to protect thVr! ^^^'™«»ent as for the
« req,„red from Canadians ?o the Brfti^^ T'"''"'''.* *^** assistance-
'>^*b« people and their property thafrl -''P'i.'* '' *^^ ^^^^^ce
-hould be gone to that isLfc7ec9S3arv hT"" f'"' ^^ «^P«"«e
must be protected, and the people shLd I''''' u'"' ^"^ P^^P^^^y
«^« cm ^^. assessment ro^/^rann-aallv ra^^ '^ small p^.oei
ities and pay it over to the ProS cT ' ^"^T^ ^" *^« '^^a-
accordmgto the Statute aminrfl p"^^™.™""* ^^r distribution
BUCHANAN SAYS THI? Ip^.'n^^'r""^^ Militia. As MR
TRY~PERSONAL A™ELL AS^^^^^ COUnI
FEND THE COUNTRY H« ^i. w ^F^^^-^^OULD DE-
cent, per annum on tt vaL « J ,t ' '^^f ^'^hth of one per
-upporfc a strong militia. This is leiL f'"'.?-' P^'^P^^'*^ ^«"W
m our power, ^.»d if we refuse to d.??-^ somethmg which we have
4mie7s:Z^r^\i^^^^^^^ 11th September, wi,.
.ome other details of L£ns fEZT'' ""l- ?' *' S^^her'wT^h
should msist. Whatever these BRocmmS '" "'^'''^^ ^^" ^^'^^^i^c*
as contributions towards aS for t^ M ^'°' "^-^'^^ ^^ *PP««d
the Milita and Voluntepra «,v f V « , °"'^'"e' ^ ^'* ''As Gore bv
Colonel. th« TT.L!.!!!m!''c?. ^^'."i^ ¥_« been talced of. to Z 1%
' " ~" """^" ""■ ^^"aa JN. MacNab, Baronet.']'™
It,
' fl
1 ' :
f
II M
Si
if
384
APPENDIX.
VII.
JOSEPH HOWE, PKEMIKK OK ZZZT "' '''" ^O^OVB^BIM
Dear Sir, London, i>e(?. 24, 1862
^i"^»X".:r;^ltt^^^^^ I ■«,>„ a .tee.
bons of England mth her Colo"™' ■^"'■^''' °'' *« P™»™t rel^
^'ard'Snli/r^ Z St "- "- "*» ^^
b»«. I regret to be compeW bv f » "OMendable modera-
Amenoaa Province,, and'^tftt C?™''' °/ '''"7 ^ «■« Norti
^oundaes, of the contusion "at rt^T;; J'^^ "» question th.
If I understand voup n.- „ ™. 7 ! ^ "* "■'"'ed.
«M. Thirteen Coloni^ritt'tlUs aIIT ''T,*^ ""'"T »' »•
'i^|'\?™,defenee, and kept u^-^it'd^r! ^.°'™'=^ provided for
well-disciplined militia, whero vift. 1 e u?.f "J?'' "' maintained >
J.th little or no cost to tht to! t couft " I'T^ ""^ I"*™'
e^rting colonies of British America nfdL ,1°''' '^"'''"■''' "'"fi"
Z:^*;. t'"^^ ""S"' '° ^0 'he^te."" '"^ <""»' ''"«^'°« P«'-
-areh^ri'thtntelrSst w^hX"^ °/ ^°7 ■>■"»"»■" -
ought not every British sta/p,,!. ^^ -^^^ ^""'^'^ thig argument
whom you appLfbtt f Ss to^ ^^^''^^/isht-thinking^mant
that system7Read h m ^tt earT^. "^' ^T '*^« ^^«"'t« of
Colomea. From their first foLTJ- V"^ '""^'^''^ ^f those thirteen
can hardly be said J^ha" twrdlo'th '^p'^ ""'^^'^^^ *W
have been ruled or irmdf^^ "^»>nfeed to the Empire at all —or to
lope «r promise oah*eXeS; oTS',? T™« "'-"«h«
selves at the expense of the co\on\^t<, ZT ^®,!^"^®d *<> enrich them-
^fi-J^eirear^S--^^^^^^^^^ ■
APPENDIX.
885
fluence and intriimo fli<» t.;,.i.<-„ j- ,
.tomally p„riil.d or JSd bf 1'"''":''?. "'*'"' ™l»"i»te being
the prero^tive. TlZ"ar^tiL 1'°''''^''''''''^ interference rf
of its graceful „r be^SU/er Th?''''^ f^^^'""^ '» '"7
th^e days, had b„t littt liber^ ho^olve '"'^tff, ^•"^T'^' '»
responaible govcnimonf 'in.„; "''"f^'^^s. Ihe Colonies had no
the BntiBh LyZTT, s A'o To'rtf'f ^ t"^ '^^ ^ ^^'^ in
They had seen it, but too Centlv r«H '-frfuT ^"^ civilization.
foropinion;ssake;andbriXg i/^^J^^^^^^ blood of „.artyrs
tion. Ind^sns in the wood, and FrenZerf ^ «/ despotic usurpa-
dangerous onetni<is but thoL ^il "^ ,^*^"'"fn on the front er, were
braced themselves ' to encount Tn^ ''S''' '^ ^'" England had
external, but what thermS fea,. H "''^u'"'- ^'^°«« P^'-il^ were
arbitrary exercise of The ^te: of tie' r^' '"'r^^ ^""^^'^ ^f the
soldiers in their mid.t. Sredoli ''''"' ^^'^"^ ^^ British
Fcion and distrust in the New eIS Sh?''' '? '^>'* ^^ «"«"
nors sent out from home were contfSl!^ ' ' ^""^^ ^' *« ««^«r-
coming into collision with roir^eneri ^ ""'?''"« ^^''' ^^arters,
variety of sap and mine by whiclfX ""T^'l- '"** ^'•^'"g ^verj^
democracies might be shattered and ovn"''^' ^''^"^^■^^^•k of those
soldiers were the janizarfes of th "r^^^ '^ and as the British
dians of public liberty ho p,etllTZr'''^'f ^^'^ *^^" "'« g'^ar-
this-the fewer soldi^e^s thrb?t ef- and"fr *''?^^ Colonies%as
and distrust, visible to the eyes of all 1' ^'f^° ^^ ^-^^Pi^i^n
correspondence and military o^r^nta ion of l^ '" ^^ ^^S^^'^*^^'^'
mmated mto armed resistance "and T. "^ *h*%Pe"od, finally cul-
destroyed, and minutemen and ^th7 ^^""^.^"^ '^'^^ ^"d tea
all along that country road thicht n. "T '^-'"""g «*«h other
from Lexington to Boston Vir.P ' -^ ^ ^^^"^^^^^^ carriage drive
their military trainin^and ttffiX^^"'P^?.'^^ advantageof
but, strange to say iitblf l ^ ^ P" '''•>' ^^i^^ you approve •
view the very revj^se of Z LThLTZ *''V*'^^ ^^^ «^-t'-
. That you are a loyal Sem.n if ^'f''' ^' ^^^^ ^^ heart.
It, I should certainly beatTlrr^ "''"'' ^''^ '^ ^ ^id not know
keep this Empire Zether inZ^^r'''' '''^'^^' «f ^ desire to
Majesty's Government sho.id n T^ recommendation that Her
Colonies which make '^ttVtre'T'?'^^^^^^^^ "«^'« g-^P^of
terious unity called the Bri is i Erir''!'^''^'"^' " ^^at mys-
always perilled the allogiancfof 3 '',,• ^'. ^7 pdicy which
splendid provinces which now form ftrr'T*^'''-^ '^^^ *« "^^^ the
But, if we had on'yti those ^1' ^""''f '' ^^^^^^^^ed States,
raging the system you^^ocate i/T'l^^t'^!'^'^'^ <>'• «»«ou-
Independence, the gentunflueice; of ? ^'^ had e.^ablishod their
fraternal relations hfd beent:alV,Tf^^^^^^^^^^
^^1
1 'tl
1
I -I
■ -J
; 'I
'III
I'i ' f\
f
i I
I>-
( m
t :■ 1
H H
j:
I.
i'l'
886
APPENDIX.
Revolutionary war as Englishmen do the Wars of the Roses, or as
Englishmen and Scotchmen do the old Border Conflicts, as the com-
mon treasury of History Poetry, and Romance, but not of bitter
feeling ; if they had earned into practice the wise saying of a galE
American Commander m China, now a Confederate Chieftain! aTd
remembered on all occasions, or even on great occasions, " that
blood IS thicker than water ;" if they had given us, what our Colonies
invariably give us their moral support to our diplomacy and Jheir
material aid to the extent of their means, in times of p^eril, then I
will freely admit that your argument would be divested of half its
Tf S „ ^-''Z' '^'"^ "°* ^^ preserved by your system, but,
f they were friendly nations when they were gone, to part with-
m^ht'^sllMn^^ ^' ' TT'^'V^ dignity 'and conveni^nce.^^gland
^nf h«f '/5 her ISO ation, be regarded as the mother of nations,
and be treated with all courtesy and respect. The Empire would be
gone but if secure of the chivalrous support of the outlying Pro-
vmces, the Islands might be safe. J'h^'^
But let us borrow again the stern lessons of hist-iry. Did the
Thirteen Colonies cease to chew the old roots of bitterness ? Did
they turn to Old England, as a lady turns to her mother after an
elopement, when she is married and settled and all is forgotten and
forgiven i Is it not almost incredible with what persistent suspicion
and mistrust every movement of the Imperial Government hJbeen
regarded m that country ever since the recognition of its Indepen-
dence? Have the people of the United States ever been without a
grievance .' Has not their diplomacy been most aggressive ? Did
they not fall upon the rear of England in 1812, when her front was
ofTrfi'l M powerful armies and skilful European organization
of the first Napoleon ? Were not their sympathizers flung across
our frontiers durmg the pohtical disturbances of Canada in 1837 v
Was not their whole moral support given to Russia during the Cri^
mean War ? Were we not, last year, openly insulted aSd defied,
andonly saved from the cost of another conflict by the vigour of the
British Cabinet, the divided condition of their country, and the ore-
occupation of their forces by land and sea ? Does not every organ
of public opinion m the Northern States come to us by every mail
charged with menace aid hostility to England? What have wc
gained, then, by the Independence of the United States, that should
mduce us to train the Colonies that remain to follow their example
and prepare for separation ? Is it not clear that, under the system
you advocate, the old Thirteen Colonies maintained a doubtful alle-
giance to this country ? Is it not also equally clear that the troops
they trained, when the struggle came, were to a man enemies to the
British Crown ? And is it not painfully apparent that, as the results of
i I
APPENDIX .
887
any other part of the world ^^'^^'"'"^"* '« called to confront in
tion rdtXmLtt;^^^^^^^^^ ^--- of percej.
press, at this time of day the adonffr / " felMeceived as to
nspect in which we.viewl' t plTetollfi? ''^'^ ^" ^^^
A^'lrrrTa^^^iioTetsil.^^^^^^^ ThTcost of the fi.t
on this sum would alunt to I24O o"799rT.O nn^ S^n ^^"*-
spent in the Second American wVrTK- . ^^<^'?00,000 were
1862 would be ^llT^oToOO W. T*"'"'* ^'""^ ^^^^ *<>
numbers, the enornlTsu/of i616T8473^.'- J^^"' ^" ^^""^
has lost by training Colonies in the Inl?-\^''^ ^''^^ ^"*^^
Even if this country had assum J H ? ,^'»« V^« recommend.
Colonial frontiers of beatiroT !? v ^^t '^ ^^^fending the old
^BingtheIndians%l'ruTfu;V
It IS, perhaps, vain lo sneenkfa. .f ,k- ^ ?^ ■," """" ^^'e"!-
™ghthaveSe;„theresX„tadit rs!tr"H;iT *", '"'»'
cessions been madp • Jinri o^i*- ""*"""•' system. Had timely con-
had the BrUisrstldiertr^^^^^^^^^^^^ f^V^ -/edej,
representative of order, and tErnd n5^f^^''^"'H ""'"^ ^ t^^
that the first American War wo,iTnlf?''^''"'~^^^ «^» <J«"bt
second, which grew out of tlTe bfttp/r r^"' ocourred,-that the
first, might have beenavoded ptn ^i"^ engendered by the
political separation becamTannn^^ ^^ ^ P'""^ arrived when
have been arranged brfriendly xSl^ "' ^"«««?ty. it might
sive and defensive, betwren thpf wn . V^""^ f" ^"^^"««' ^ff^"-
Saxon family, wouM ^Ta^t ^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ /he Angle
and perpetual amity and goodwill tUb v w "" ^"^ commerce
been withdrawn, mVcWnf to thet nknLV'^ *rT '"'^^^^ ^^^«
sound of merry music onffnii^r?f' of embarkation to the
reliant .o^uLSZC' S^^l^,; thetSTa ^'7"%'*
industrial development tliev had nrS»j T''^ ,?," '"'"'*<'' "''""se
never menaced, Shose S thtCS/std '"Thr ?? ''"'
be too late to snecnln^P nn wV,„/ .'^^ "«ver snea. Ihough it may
of our old CoS K^^ry ' "' ''°'"''™°'' ''^ ""'y PW
Let U3 see, now, how the modem system works f!r.„i n •» •
W maintain ner position as a fi^at-rate^Eu^pI^owe^'^'lJ^^ti
'I ■«
888
An'KNr)i.T.
a^L;i;ra^r^:r:Slrot'".!;;;« n-^ WhUo K,..ia .maintains
any l>ut a vory Soi^ Eu no l v '^ ^^-t"^ "' ^'>« world, hold
100,000 in pL oft L 'r ronlir' r" T'? T f""^ of lcH«than
trusion and iJlsuIt, in Zo^- wa w tl |o J? Tf^ ''" TJ '^"™ •""
the Anny Rstiraates wonld w7h\ , i , ^^ t"" could not, then
off horcoIo«ioHT!;^rTo ThouT^ "'-Y''^ ''''' '^ «»'« th'-^^^
outlying portions 7Z ,^^^^5^ 3 ^0^7^-*';"
now allmnco8 and Iiostilo connexions WfK i ^^^^^ ^^ ^nft into
wanted to dofo.id the Brit^^^ I .n i ' • *'"; '''«'""« ^«"ld be
material aid of m I i n. ot' Im n- r^^ """"'I't "'« """''^' ^^PP^^t or
active interestt'Sl!::^;S:S£^"^^^J^"
was not worth preservin.' "^ ^ ''^* *''°'^ friendship
to F0^^J^'f^ir1l2:ir"ilt:J^ ^T"-«; ^--"g no power
J j.licy out ofScf;!7ti 1^^^^ '^^"^---g
keep upstandin-^armios, to wiu.to tS r^^mresaLrtT '""''"'.i*"
burden of their own dofenro in nn . . ?V . **' P^ssume the
voke. To enforce ;ot,Xy^S:;;;:re m f ;•' "'^^' pf^
mate separation. The bov who is asLrl ??i ''''"^'' ''"'^ "^^'-
driven fU the homes a^l bausol.ackf'fho T'^ T^^ '^'^^ '«
love the scenery which chirmod 1, 1 f strength, may still
shaded the tin Jhold fn.m S. 1. T' "" •*''' "'^ *^««« t^^t
him to Jove ve.^ .ll^^^Z liJ^ 1 tjlife^tSd H
a'nissue, there wild be a e„V: ElhiroTC'"! "P^" ^f^
and co-operation. o^mcndship, ot mutual sympathy,
" To be wroth with those we love
Doth work like mHduess in the brain."
cast k, M,mael, without the cha med drd^„fT:''° f"* ''^
and filial obligation—would form now tL . .i '"""i-Uioughts
lantic Asiatio" or Europoin mlZ F^^^i SZL ''?*
enough, bcliere me, thev would soon e«I a ! »J'"'P»'hizers
and flourish, but with th Jir gtwth wol"!^:'!, *!{ »<""» 8™"
terness ; and at loast one generation of ES2hmr„tuTdh.°' ''f
^e perhaps twen.,, before this national eSeti^r f gotn r
W;!. .: i \
raaintaina
i's uoureet
md soaring
8 680,000
vorld, hold
f loss than
I from in-
not, then
she throw
J, and the
drift into
would be
mpport or
d from all
rriondship
no power
termining
onsont to
sume the
light pro-
and ulti-
k, and is
may still
roes that
expect
lid be to
'' our ex-
)on such
mpathy,
I. Tho
ght had
ad been
fioughts
tVansat-
ithizers
d grow
: of bit-
Siave to
tten or
AJ'l'ENDIX.
889
only twenty years X IL-^^'.^'^^" "^ ^"K"^"*!' hut for
coniol ov?r Cr inte^a 21^" n ^''?. '^'^ '"^'^ c^nHtitutional
of the world they hll?! S^s^' n, ?' *^'"* '"'**'«"« *« "'« «•««*
fomia, throe thind IwL "! ^°"' "^ '*^"*'*«'- 'J^^''^''' Cali-
"8 to represStiin Tn vour iX; '';^^ You admit
great a/ena of ^el lectual disntv "'' ^f "^««"«' hut from that
North America and of "l the^rl" ' ""^''t ^^'' ^""'^ ™'»d« «*"
some lustre, you carofullv IvnL "''^™'«^* occasionally shed
ourpyramids^o\Sr n^^^^^^^^^ ^"•' ^fn^'- of gofdand
<^^^:^C^:^£^-^'^^- ^~-^^ advanced
inferior at all timerrplf "Ju" t^^ produce you regard as
then they a?e to be taTked bp±<?.?' ^r''' '' *^^ ^« ^«^«"ded ;
to rise to^the dignitv^f itS- ^-^ «*''^/>gt^M ^nd are expected
Hon and h^ f' 7pttle^T^ '''' Wurtemhur^ with their mil-
Oldenburg and BruLS~witr{'-'''*^ ''' *'" "^'l^ons-even
treated in England wUh a dW^l '"'. T'^'' «^ ^ ">'"'«"» are
in this country to thTLrfh A ''^"^^''*'""^'«°"«^e'- accorded
millions. ^000010 of f «?f^" Provinces, with their four
Englishmen on^th?';;!'': I of :S are foreigners ; we are only
occur to you that you ou 1 o olf ' '^*'\^-*''- ^««« '^ "^ver
zenship, before yorclirutn ns r ' "' ^,?.' ^"" ^'8"^*^^ «^<''«-
beforeVou ask u^s o share with yo^ IT "'•/'' ^;"'^^"« '^~*^*'
you should share w^us it^ Co ^/"-""-^ ^
Bi^^pie French ballad, lirrp^sseT^^^^^^^ ' '^ ^'^
" That those who make the war,
Should be the men to figni."
fi^ntier whore Mr.7dd" ley s „„v ,1° ^ tt 'A"''?' *.^
I understand your armimont it i, tw, wi, *""■.' ^«'' 'f^
coveted b>;ot:™i:/„:;^rd''eC;frj^''''^™' ™""' ^^
Bnt wo aro teld the old Colonies didS, Id whore is tho hard-
;
m
S90
} ■
-f;
r
'(It
APriWDIX.
^ or the NoHh L.r^:t^:^T;j^^y^^
J^ht S^^ Indian triboH .atterod
^f. hundreds of miles ft om the ^^InL 'fh"""' ^'*'""' ^'^^''^^
ofoutportfl and oxcursionfl S "1 • ' ^?«« wars wore wars
enough, I admit--rarelv mado fh!' °"«'"'««-'"'avo and 8ava«o
number. If the wlSSt o^^^^^^^^^^^ V""! '^'^ '-««
wore paraded to-morrow tlmStlT'eL ^' ^ ""^J"ct«- «« wa«w,
and the nnlitia of Nova\" 1 o^thf [ ^''"" ""'f^ ^'""^^ ^^om all
that Now Franco could have nmttrL^ ^ ^ """^'^ ^''' '^" *»>« «>Wi«™
vincial history. But when voTlT ""[ '^ Y r""*^ '" ""- «»'! Pro-
thirty or cvon^ agai t twentr^introf ^' 'i""^'^"" '^«'^'-*
^hose settlement and ciVSio, 2/f ^"'"^'^ ^^ "'"" «^" '''^^^
years-who, forty years ir^^frS^':^ ?"'' "^" ^y ^ hundred
tain war on land and sea 1^^ '"*^"«""/ ""'"crous to main-
able and unjust. If thfs be oviL"i ""''"' '". """P'^ ""'•«««on-
that t>c Quoin's nan e is to n« n ^i^*^ "' ''''"*^' '* '« 'luite clear
the imperial (JoverSment alKLnJ^^f' ^towcr of streigth-that
Shall it* be said that ^ dilmacv^f T'",^ ^''''^' ^"'«"«'^-
foreign ,,uarrels, and that £ arms of "fS '2 '' '"'^'^^ "« ''^
employed in our dcfeneo ? n Sa . ^J^ngland are not to be
the olS thirteen Col "ies 'defJuded"" tl ''""^T ^ *'" "« *»'»^ ^^^'^"^^
«and French and In ians the fit p '"'•'' '"'^ 'TT^ ^ ^^^ thou-
against us. We shall ?venL;n f"^' :''" '^'^ ^« f«''»''f«"y
soil and fo^r LS'of „, ll ? "T'-'t ''" "■« "™«'y of our
Switzerland, what may be dte K fl,fT -I ""l"""'"!' "«1 of
people, «,h«„« on «ir o^r^it^a^tlf rr oS tnlt^S.^
AI'I'KNIHX. 391
b 38od by I rovidonco, in U.o o„,l woary out the onemy and Z
ai. honouraolo peace and Hecure our indepondonce Z i it Z
brill ^" ,* "^'*l«,^»"''J ''« captured, our fields laid wa^te Sur
bruge would l,e blown up, our railwayn deBtroyed. Thrwomen
of Br.t,8h North A.norica, m romarkahio for their beauty a^ for
the.r punty of thought, would become a prey to a 8oI,^ery laTJlv
drawn from the refuse of society ir, the old world m.lfl^n'^^
vnole society disorganized. But, whatever its issue when tZ
war was over, trust mo that that portion of the IHUsh fami?v ir
had sought our subjugation, who Ll shero, bio ^1^ e^d our
country and outraged our women, would stand higher hiTuresS
or caioulatii g selfishness, had left us to contend .^ith such fearful
odds who, false to the fraternal traditions of a hundred years to
'l^lSrSi:' Z '^"T 1"^' '' *^'« dead EnSL^
uui Hritish Ame^cans, lying side by side at Chrystler's Farm anH
Chateauguay at Bloody Creek and Queenstor^ fl t^ ^foire??
lar.::^ t^Tn^TFT ^^"'"^ ? *''« ^^^'-' lieaven in everT
large city of British America, when Queen Victoria's son td
pie. Who hai ed IIis Royal Highneas as the representative of our
*ar better would it be, if this were to be the result of th«
saTlfNo" ir "'"' ^"^ ':r'''^ '''''' EnglanLSd afo t
refaUor^ Sp^r ' '"""''Z- *^' '"'^»'^««^"«"t of your own foreign
relations, feend your own Ministers to London, to Washington or
mo t frvou :d '"'/'T; ^' "'" '''^'' ^- '^ *»>« statuf of the
wS your di''^ '. "* T.u"" "' '''-'' ^"••*^«» «»'• 'treasury
Sn^ mt /i-' '' ^"^TV^^ contingencies of a more intimate
the w^rld wff?. H ' ""^^ '^'^ ?r '""•■'' "0 Englishman could confront
now IV R •' '''''" self-respect which marks his demeanour
abes to Lf ^"^ "^""''T^ ""u^'V*" '^'^ ^'' ^^"^ "fe, flung her
D^ODle m iV"' T '^^"-^ ^y ^'' ^"^"•^^ ^'^d neighbours. This
n M„ it" i,^\*^'' point I speak strongly, but I speak as I
SLtf/Iv hl-^''" n^* ^" developing the principles and
PObcy by which this great Empire may be kept together; and
^ ll
tff '
I 1 I
i
89f
AVVKNVIX.
h i-^^
i
tme in the world's luator/Xi "• ^i^-' PJ^hap for ti Ct
as a iJntiHh population ma; safe yCtlfHri ! ^r^.'*'^''""* «« ''^^
^an may go abroad anywLre Ld caZtkl 'h' '''*' '^^ ^"«"-'»-
hia feovoreign, affection for hi« >r„M "^ , **"" veneraton for
'ajda„dyol enjoy all the pri£^^^^^^ ^«^« ^^ '- native
old flag ,8 it not hard to see this LVnifi ' ;^°'''''"™""' ^'^«'" ^^^
Talk of defending the Ooloiiip« t », . ..
when the outlying Provinces Tthol^iZ^ % ^'^l ^ ««« *he day
contingents for the defence of the " )27 """ f ^'^^^y ««"<! thefr
sent their treasures to yoSr Crystal pif ' "".^ \'^ ^^^« *h« J^ar
tributions to your distressed inYnf ^ *''^' ^"*^ *^'«''- cheerful con-
nial feeling hi beef Z^T be^^^^^^^^^^^^^ '^^^ -ti-col^.
this country, are known as the mLS gT''?^ *^^« ^^o, iu
If this be so, and I do not ussert that? ' ' 1'^""^ "*" ^«"««ians.
answer may be drawn from t' ! ,. , f '^'-J^^" ^^a' a pregnant
feeling, as^ontradtdnlrherfiom ' ''''"^*f *^"« ^^ »»^°^
which our country's annals have tZuT \'^^ ^obligations, by
When Lanca^Le is nvaded bv H>i^ R
tance of three thousand 2s tave ^n ^*^P"^^'«*»«' ^bo, at a dis-
close their factories, whe^gaunt flmfnTT ,^ '^'' ^^'''' '«<""« ^"d
when hunger make^ wan ffces and I "t r '''""^^ ^'' '^'^'^
threatens to devour, does al ^^7?^/^''' ^^'^^ P^«*"«»««
Lancastrians, defend yourselves nrotl^l ■'™,' ^^ «^J^ *« *!»«
selves? Does Scotland or Ir^rsaf t)?'rt''' J^*^^ 3^^"^-
Provinces say so ? No ' Thanks hff a ' ? . ^^ *^« «°%ing
has been nowhere said. The whole eL^ '^^"''^'^'t^ ^^^ *^** *W«
of Lancashire, and that noble Princi^^/r- '"^ '"?'1 ^'^ *^« r«««f
example before hir. will any Maleheste^^^^ '"' ^^'^' '"'^ ^
man say to three Hundred and fiftv tt f\?^ ^""^ ^*^«^ ^nglish-
Brunswickers, or even to three ^n."'^;'!^^^"^ ^^^^'^ns or New
selves against t ■ ZT^ZToTRTy^^ Canadians, defend your
macy, over whic). , VTh^^^^^^
No ! this will never bo su. ur W h ??*?'' ^"'^ *« ^^^^t a wV
are aj abject as those wtr^^^^t^lt ?tr"r' %' P^^«^"* ^«-
provoke our laughter in the na^fi« r.f o • I T""^ ^"^^" soldiers
that aU England has isumer^/i ""?•* ^^'*°'"^- ^ «tyou
and I at once concfdeTaMo tKrert^nHft^^^^ ^ '''^''>
the Provmces that have or' are ATLfJ^Z:':^^^^^^^^^
Awmvix.
898
by
J^^d, to the utmost extent of their .cans, provide for their own
other^t^^^^^^^ XAT'^-r^ ^- ^- ^- in
flmohod from the perfoSoe of Si . ,'^'''l™'^"« '"»^« n«ver
this branch of the^ubieorLt 1 elf "^^ ' ''^^ ^^^"'''^ ^""'""g
Juit seems to prevail in^this counTrv 1 ^ "P- P''""'*'^"* ^"•or
Amenca that Kinds her to EnXr J' TV •' '^' '"t^'-^^t of North
may mislead a good many peopt ?f it i.noV " ^'P"]^'' ^'■'^'•' ^^^
Suppose that your Scotf iJ h i "*^* correotod.
long, a^d that SoffandcontL^^^^ '" "''•«d niile,
powerful army and naVanHhl 1 '^^, "''"'""'' «^ P^^P'o, ^ith a
world. Suppise Britil{ A^eritrii"'''^""'^ '"'^""« '" '^-
England ours, would you nonndei s^ ! ^""r! P'V^^^^on and
tions, laugh at any body who told vou 1? •;""''"^*" "^ ^^^^'^ '•^'a-
adheretou8,atthe%iskof thehZdan^ t V .'^''.'^''"'' '"'^''^'^ to
such IS our position and ZTlA ^"^,^««*»^" ^ ^ ^^ 'Scotland. But
't is a quest^n of honou/a d L? ofTJ' ^ " r ^^^ ^ ^^^'^"'e
cial regard we have for thrManche«t- ^'^ • * ^'"""^ ^"^ «P«'
neys of London, or even forle vertLrl*?" 'r'?"^^^' ^^^ ««'k-
now wear the coronets of England r-<5-f^u"''*J"^'^'^"*'l« ^ho
Jons of the House of Commons^ N^'^'p^''^ ?'*^"««^ ^istinc-
Prophet, no ! we have heardTnS « ' ^^ ^'^^ ^^ard of the
our North American Lmetconti^uTth^^^^^^ ^"^ ^« ^^ ^^«>^ *
there are worthy to be clashed «! * *''® ''^''^ ^« are train.'-
us to this countr^ ? Our iSesT/ rod^f j'-'/ f ^^* *^«" ^nd^
throw herself behind the Morrill tariff tl'^^^' ^'^ ^^^'^ S«o«a
manufactures of England -thLl ^r^'^'' ^"^ «^"t out the
magnificent water pf^s in less than . ^" ''**'" "^'"« "P«" ^er
consumption of thirty millions of l.Z ^ T^''' *"^ *^^« ^^ole
well as for Ler raw ofoduc s wouJd^ b?^! ^' ^l manufactures, as
fishermen would immediatelV share thp^'^-^ ^f".^* «"««• Her
.are given by the Republic to LSa i''',* m"^- ^""'^^'^^ ^^ich
mg trade and the free navi-.ation nf ff • "^^ ^^""^- '^^^ coast-
wou d be open to our vessels TLu""'"""^*^^ ^^^t^d States
forma. Every Gubernato'tl'chalr efrvT* ^°" ^«'"« *« Cali!
matic office, on either contiLnt would ^h'^"'^"^'"^^
with all these temptations to deTer't7o"u!le ^Tadh: "V^ /^ '^*'
Wby .' Because, aa I said before \ti<Z stiJl adhere to England,
affection, and not of interest/) S '^"^'*'''" ^^ ^^nou? and
divided, but has come down to us k Jn 'FT ' ^^« "^^^^ been
earliest record of the monLchy ' w^hrv '^'" '*f ^' ^^^^ ^^e
else but Britons. Why should we nn T ?f ' T ^"«" ^"Jthing
unworthy suspicions, anj po£l I^p^ Lfm^^^ ^^ J'^|
t I
M
J I
I
394
APPENDIX.
^-yeZtr^:'^^^^^ ^lood butour thoughts
fields, died onfhe salTcaSs hZlf^T '^"^'^*;? *^^ «^°^«
gled for the same princS won Jhl r ^'.'^T ^^^^kes, strug-
great cathedrals "ndpLX;i ^ ?''®^* Charter, built the
made her wha ^he is -^and ^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^'^ o^ England and
left in possessiorof the homesi ad ^nf^'' '^'" ^'l^''' "^ ^«
abroad to extend the territory of the' bLITT' ^1 ^r ^^^^
and to subdue it, to illustrate «nd l. -T^ ^' *^ ^^^P^^ *^« ^^^-^h
new forms aad ii distant r^l^^^^^ reproduce our civilization under
ritance, be deprTved oHur Sh~^^^^^^^ Z\ ^ ^'^' ^°^^^^* «»«• ^^^e-
that thdr xnte?e Us no longe tS;rb?^^^^^ ^^^^^"^'^ P^^^^
Why vou thinlr IJfX !f ^ promoted by the connection
cern/ n^To^t^r:^^^^ hono.^ is con
foreignersV Wh^n vou iw '''' ^''*^'*'" '^^ *^^^*«^ ^^^se than
of those En^nrmen wLm Co^^^^^^ '^' descendants
scendants of°theToval^,ts wbnT^ k ^'^ *^ P^'^^^^' ^^^^ *J^e de-
deserted, w tllhorBriU L^^^^^^ ^^''^ ^^^"'^ *^« ^^d C«l««i««
When J„h„ B«„7 Ai?L™Lte» t'° '° ^"^«"«-
" grows so covetous,
To lock his rascal coffers from his friends,
Be ready, gods, with all your thunderbolts,
t>ash him to pieces."
the'irmtl^Cno.': T '''') T" ^" *^^^"g -«^-ns.
the cost of war 'mA'Xro d r7 " ^^^""^fr«°^ ^^e perils o;
made to induce the Nori-t. p""'"' '''?*"^' '^''y ^^^'^ ^^
firm t!tSln!Z^r' *" *^"""'' ^™""«™ ^""--^d
APPKNDIX.
395
inducements rshake tl^lf u^'^J^r'. ''^"""S *h« ^««t tempting
MmtiaTallL^o tt lu^^^^^^^^^^ f p*'^^ inhabitants. The CanadiaS
of the frontier ^^ ' ^^^^' authorities on every point
ChaudiSre ; MoXomerv »hn S . ,P 'V/^nnebec and down the
the l,„Ik of his forrat OnelL .^^f *'°° ■™'' >'"'"1 "" "'*
and Montgomerr At ev^rv ^fj^ ^'^ '"'^ ^^''^^t^d ^J Arnold
™liu re'clnl™:t';^ ^""""S,,™ saved hy the steady
V a "o « ^o£n'o?low'Z,f ^•?;? '«-^«-' ™ reinforced
4000 KeMblicanToccurd St V "'* "o™ b^avy artillery."
Help came from ^3^^ fte fil"' f m"""^' J"'' ""^^al.
:■".>!<■» were oompelledttacuate « e pL ''^' ""''- *" ™™'ii-'8
?>g year, the war was carrildi, to e ^ "■'"' """ '" *» '""w-
followed that disastroa/^lil^n^th S^in^Thf^' ""V''^''
Burgoyne's ai-my at Saratoga surrender of
BriM, Zelir Yt ^f w'tlrofT"' "T P'°™''^<' "^ *e
whbhwe eertainlyhad ^ lutkt 1' VtSlT' "'*
iionaparto sat upon the throne of F.-nnnn ^'"^^''''^ » Bourbon or a
indifference to us. We werP Lt^ ' '"''', * '"'''**^^" ^^ Perfect
clearing up our countrvnJn ^ T"- ^"'* ^^^^^^^ avocations-
the streVs, and or.m^;iX soir^' ^"* V'^ ^^^^'^^'•"«««' bridg ng
our n i,,,;,,,, ayri!inrrhl"no^l,t' couM trading ^witf
British .'ruisers were visitin.^ and ,o.li • a "• *^® meantime
the sea. Then shots Ze fired and h'fn"^ TT"" '''''^' «^
our vessels engaged in foreign rrri*" T ^^^ *""« ^ ''^-^II
preparation f^- ifen..^: ZT'Z'l'' ? "^^^« ^^^ «"gi ^t
■cruisers and Privateers,-aiKrour wSe'fr^ntiS^Snt ^"^^"
;|ii
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APPENDIX.
I » ■ .
I'
be borne in mind into wJiinh Z ^* y"^"" to us ? A war, let it
lodge or consent ' tet tt JastroTETr]"?^- "^*'""* «"^ ^^"0^-
iul armies for three mZlr^T England be invaded by power-
from Falmouth thrEbr'''''''"i ^* ^^e whole Channel,
taken and burnt, let the SouU. dn "T^' ^'* Southampton be
shire hills, and the rich na^sbf C T n ^' '^P* ^''«"' the HamfH
to the enemy encamped inte WelJ^."rT^T ^"P^^^ ^'' ^^^^^^
Manchester and London ]Tih !l C-ounties, or marching on
profitable labot t^Ifeni thes/' \"* *"^^''""^^ ^' drawn from
extremities of the island bein^gv^^^^^^^ '' Tf^^'P^ *be
tancy the wom.n of EnglandlivhuMo H. ^"'^ ^"^^^^ P^""^^'';
of artillery occasionallylrrt r ^Irs and .1*^'^ "'f ^'^^ ^^""^
thmg worse than death eveTnyent to^h • ^^""^^^^^ ""^ '^'^''
the children of En<rland Jtf r./ ^^'™^S'"^t^«"« ' fancy
faces, asking for thit^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^rm on their prett^
faiu^y in fact, the wars^of the Roses or the Svir"^^ T,' ^^'"^ '
and then you can understand ^X.t a- . ^^""^ ^^^^ again ;
Talk of the costofTar ata d^^^^^^^^^ uf'''^ ^^^™ ^^^^ to fsiS.'
theatre, and then you ^^^lldndeXd hn^'"'/'""*"^ ^^ °^^*^« ''^
calculation, when you charge vSwlfT ''f'''' V"' "^^^^ «f
give us no credit for what w^L ? T ^! "^^^ Estimates, and
Though invo ed ille wai of 181!^"^ '"^'^'^ "^ ^^"^ ^^r^'
our ownt though our pomdalon t} ^ f '"^"^"^'^ ^^ f^ult of
frontiers almost defeSis the ^- ^'^ '""^ ""''"""*' ^"^^
combat without a murmu "i am iust omV. o'T/' ^^^Pf^^ ^^^
war. The commerce of the MiritiL P ^"^ ^ remember that
t^eth part of what it is now but w^^t w b! T''"''? ^"^ ""^ ^ *^«»-
Our mariners, debarr^ from W 7^^
and made reprisals on the nmv ot'r'^ to privateering,
fought some iaJlant actions IndT.] « ^^verpool "dippers"
The war expenditure Tve to TTni-/ "''', '^"^'"^ ^" t'^^^e days,
improvement wal stopfed i^Kh? '" T^'f *!^^ excitement, b^ut
Vjhen peace came, ^:;sfi:^ZS-:^I:T '' '""'^
S:xt^::s^fs-^^
alone wm invaded in force " ""■" '*"''' »"'• Canada
tain pronounoinlaidgi:':,! iXVoTC^: ^"'"'^ "''''
APPKNDIX.
897
t^^^nl^^^^^^^^^^ Canada With two corps,
Provmce were but 4,500, of which 3 oSo J^^.^"*'^^ troops in the
and Montreal. But 1,500 couTd be t.rp/f '';:! ^f "'"" «* ^"^bec
Canada. From the captui^ of M Sn '• *^' ^'^«"«« «f Upper
the campaign, down to it^ dose i^e r""'?^'',*^^ ^''^ ^low of
share in everj military operaSn L vf^^'^^ ^^^^*'^ *««k their
each other inValty,^8teadine s and d?«^'- V"^ ^"^''^^ vied with
captured Detroft, defended br2 500 £"'h .^^^^e force that
were regular troops. Brock had bnt Ann ""^ ^ ^*^^ ^""^reds
on the Niagara frontier. Half Ins force w. n'" ^ "PP««« ^'^OO
he confronted the enemy and in H. ^ ^^"^*^'^" Militia yet
lost his life, left an imper^hi^"co^^f ' !" ^, ^'f'V^ ^hich^e
which Canadians can defend their cZntt ^ ^^ ^ ^'^'^P''"^ ^^^^
atouS; 'Z:K2^/eZZ:7^i^^^^^ ^-^-l were as
Mihtia. In the only act on whtTf i. ',*''^ *'^°P«' ^'ded by the
were engaged. Tl/enemy ^a teS £l' '^S ^^"^^'^"^ ^'o'e
quarters. •'^ "^^^ ^^^^^^ back, and went into winter
In 1813, Canada was menaopd h^ ^u«
Niagara district was for a tTme Ive™ Tnd ^^^^^^^^ ^^^
ft. Pr'/'"'^"^^' ^^« t'-^ken and burnt T. J, '^^^ "'P^*^' '^
troops that could be spared from PnT '^' t ^''"'^^'^^ of British
inadequate to its defence but ?n T^^^^f « European wars, were
disastrous or triumSt tt ^ T"^ ^*:"gg'e of the camm^^^
The French ^n^^t^^^^XZ^^ t'^' ""t '^^-•
At Chateauguay, Colonel de SalfberTvS-^ the Lower Province,
with hose poor undisciplined ColonLte whTl/-^"* '°"1.^ ^' ^«°«
to tell us, can only be made or,oH f.' V- '^ "*"'" ^^^ fashion
them from their farms and turnfn.lhl ^7^^'''^^ ^y withdrawing
American General hadTf ^ot- 00^5" f 7^'"^f ^^^ '^^^
and 250 cavalry. De Saleberry disputed «^^^^ ^^ ^'^^ P'^«««'
country he loved with 1000 hJoneXtt'\ ^"^'^^^ ^"*o the
be und a record, of more value Cb!'^^* *^'™ ^'^'^' ^"^ has left
Phlets or ill-naJured speeches in kT'°'"> '^^" ^ ^«^«" P^m-
General Smith says: ^^^^f h7 affa l Tnn ^T^nV ^*' ^^^' action,
remarkable, as having been fought ^ It S^^^^^uguay river is
entirely by Canadians.'' The S ie'" *^' ^""^'j ''^'^ ^^^^st
inferior number of Canadian 3^. 5 /^'^ '^P"'««d by a very
thus affording a praSrooS rh^ll J««P«/.-««d inl^anad^
dian^s^ and the possibility, t^say notllTol-fr^"' r'""' '^' '^'' ^^"^
the Canadian Militia, lo as trbe S7 ' ? ''^i'^'^'^P^^^^
jnstruction, to any American troops S T'\ "I ^''^^P''«« ^'^d
them at any future opportu.itl '' P *^** ""^^ ^^ brought against
ill
I' SI
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m
898
APVENDIX.
1
■ > .
;
I
I I
«
,
i
■ i
■ 1.,
'V.
.
t
<, ! *
are now held ^o Srthe smfS P V' w"'* '^ *^« ^'^'^< ^^^
country, fightinVSieon on h r r *^''" ^^'^'^ *^^^ "^^t^^^
would have beef SoTeU and S'"/^"^"*' «o"W safely spare,
l08t before Waterloo warwon'rlfi?!;'^^ T"^^ ^^^« b«««
arrival of the BrH h ^71;. H sTut^n^'r^ ^''S ^^^r '^'
of Quebec. ^ '^''' ^"* ^^^ *he gallant defence
prell^iretSdlwT;^^^^^^^^^^^^ f^^^^^f '''^^ ^^ 1«62
1812. The United SfnL T"""' ^ ^°"^'«"* ^^an the year
and trained^o'';t ht?raSl'dr'^'\-"^ *'^"^«"' ^^« ?«?">«"«
a powerful navy o;!' their /oasr '""'"^ *" ^^"^^ ^'''^'^^^r'' ^^^
I grant all this, but will shew you presentlv fbnf *h.
strw^yrtht^vt?^^^^
statist Tnd lec.ii!^'!!/^ '' T'^^^^^ ^^^^^^^'^^ B"ti^t
Independence of tkUnTtedStat?''^'''.*t,^l"'"^- ^^^^ ^^e
were left with one half ^f 1. r'''''.''^^^^'^"^ ^" 1^83, they
You had Teh accumt ated r.nuT T* ^""^ ^"'^ ^^*'^ *»^« ^^^er^
They were three Sto/p^^^^^^^^^^^^ b d7bfT^.P-^P"'^*^^"-
ravaged and their commerce d1oS;d B^r 1'^?^?"^^^^
of statesmanship you could bnlr^fo !^* ^ *^^ slightest effort
in your own provinces and tU '^r""' '""P'"'^ population
woild have VriiS^^Z ZhtT^^^^^
British and Republicr t'orces wofild \^' J" *'''''*^ ^'^^^ *^«
youdidnothing%roTenwoSetralnr ^'^" '^if'^*^^' ^"^^
we were rul ^d hv Sfi l than nothmg. From 17«4 to 1841,
counZ We coulJ not ^f "'^ ^''^'J'"^' ««^^Wished in tht'
-impose^a duTy without 1 n'"°' -^'^ f^^^' ^'^^^^^ ^ ^^'ary. or
Jt drear;'?eHorof60Tarru^^^^^^^^^^^ ^-^
selves, and you governed us tL. 1 7^ I'^"' «^^'™«^ «»'''"^-
TradewitheachftlJr Wealwnv^hl "'^'^"^^ ^"*'«« ^"^ Free
them to this day They contro7el?^''P^*' '''''^'' '"^"^ ^^^^
controlled ours Thev hadT' • • .^'"" ^^'^'^^ relations-you
world, to open'new mai-ket IT""''"'' '""^ ^^"^'^'^ «» ^^^^ ^^e
Our mines were lnpl^«ri „v, xi 'I'v Pd" 01 tfteir country.
h
APPENDIX.
399
id
S^nT^^^^^^^ ^^ad the, Wwn that for half a
without asking permission of ha fa dlf'^i.^ *r\"^ ^^''' ^^^ coal
oitj of London' How ?ew EndishrnT n^^'^. '"P^*^"«*« ^" *«
over the rich and populoul st^te ornr •'' ^',?^"*' ^^^n riding
and Arkansas, that had Jhe/^ot 0!^^^^^^ ^^ n ^^""' ^'««°"^^
turned rt into a hunting ground which if ^- ^'"^^^ ^^«*' ^nd
had behind Canada, threeTfou^ ma^^^^^ ^' "'g^t have
bj he industry of millions of SiXf^hl!. f^-^^l^^es, enlivened
health on their holidays, and itrth '*'' ^T*''^^ *b« Q'^een's
defence of our frontier oieo^erye^^^^^^^ question of the
I parade these nictnrpa «p j- -^ solution.
complaint, but to sh'ew /o" haf i?XTritrh f^' '' ^--^-«
stronger, the people who havpaf,., *?!, ^"* «h Provmces are not
tages, and made therwhat th.v f ^ '^''"^* ^11 these disadvan
aBritish statesman, now reldete'^^^^^^^^^ *'>^^'°^- '^^^ere is
ment, who in 1839 had the saSv^^n ^7u'^ '" another depart-
of this old Cow system,\XL had'thJW. *^^ ^«^'«"««-
experiment, which has been crowed W?h .^ ^''*^"^'' *^ *^^ ««
Lord Russell's despatches, wrirten in 1. "'"'' '^^^^ «"^««««-
government on the North American Prnt^ Jear, conferred self-
ment, m the sense in whichTmT«rnii"l?^'- N«* self-govern-
advocate it now, and whtif p" n^kj^^^^^^ - this fount^j
But self-government to the fu^ireTtent Z"? ^''^'?^ ^^' ^'"Pi^e
Self-government, which did not chan^! ! ', "'■' *^"^ demanded,
every Treaty and every prerol^^^^^^^^ "' <;giance, that guarded
us free to change our cabinetsf Sen e tV r^' ^"' ^^'^^ ^^^
officers, open our lands, and re. ulate nnrf ^ revenues, control our
all that Lord Kussell h^ever do^ '-/^"^^ ^"^ ^^^^^
excepting his services in mssL ' t ' '^'^' ^'" written, not
dies, his flime will rest ^irfl L ° J "'" ''''" ^^f^^-m Bill, when h«
policy of 1839 The LZ,^ Jil' ^^^^P^Jches, and on hi cSiial
Eaatern and AfricarSries'Tndlf "t' '^-^ «P-ad tThI
:^/«^«r,h«reafter our peo ie 'occunv th! '?*^""^ *^ ^P^^^^d,
^^fefC^^^^^^^^^ ^"^ ^^^^^^"^ ^^ ^^^
twenty years, l/ve^row IT'w? " ofr^^"^"' ^^ *^« ^-^
been settled, old grievances red S £ k''"*''"^^^^^«« ^ave
We have no disputes with En S ev.'^ ^u''^' '^^P* ^^ay.
Governor deficient in constitu'tionnl f -^^ ''^'" ^«" ^^nd us a
sense. The authority ofTe CroTvn i^^^^ ^"^ <=«"^'"on
pariiamentary majority. If we do not '''^^^^^'''e ^"stained by a
have nobody but ouJlves to blame ^''''" '"''^^'^^^ ^«»/we
u. x.rot ^'icac source of strength m o^ ^ x
"^^"Stn m any future contest
'iff
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APPENDIX.
f i'i
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with the Republicans across the boi-der O.,,. fi,^,,^^ -
it includes everv element of hone ev?;. « ^^t '' ^'"'*^'*' ^'^'^
»oU. We have be^S g^uid'rb; L erienleXby Sr/'w:
contest with oup Repablioan neighbrur/trl.T/'f^ In any future
sions made to us by Endand in 1839 wil T. ^ Ii,''''' *" """"^^
the frontier. You Lr. fo be UultU^X^lf sZtT^ Zl
had m urging these concess bns. Be re-assurpd n« nTf /^
fine talents to those who rpean what ^rinot me7n who'^uIJ
go further than you who would pollard the British o^ktharvon
would only trim ; who, not having themselves thewif ?n „ •!i ^1
glorious ship of Empire, in which^e are a I embaS^^ w
^f^tS:^^^^^^'^"^ '^' ''^ ^^- todisgui^er^T^tan^^*
But I admit thnt when fightmg is to be done, there is some
thing more req.^i ,.1 even than enthusiasm in a good cause I
have not lived all .ay hfe in a garrison town without knoww" the
fnfa'civman"'" '""^'"' ^"' *'^ ^'^' '''' ' between a soldSer
But a great mistake prevails m this countrv a^ fn fKo o^^ * e
discipline which our ith American MiSa "o^l^reTur ^n
order to make them, if not quite equal to your crack reZlt?
quite as good as the ordinary rank and file ij conSucfcin/dffensite
warfare in a new country Let us see what oar youn^men know
that many of your old soldiers do not. In the first nUnTih
trained to field work and field sports, i^iey ca^ o^ sw^^^^^^
shoot, ride, walk on snow shoes, and camp in ,he woods inTalf an
hour without the aid of canvas, hut themselves in the w nter an?
where where wood is to be had. These are fine accomplishment
as your (.uai-ds would have discovered last winter, had two or'
three thousand o our young fellows, with their rifles and snow
shoes and a week's provision on their backs, chosen to have d^I
puted their passage anywhere between Bic and MonVreal But
APPENDIX.
401
srhaftwS *lf r '° ^''^^''^ ^^«* y^^'-' ^«d that the young-
now long would they with their hearts in the business havP Hpah
^JZt ??• • i. "'^ '"' '"" preeervation and efficiencv in such a
country ,t m indispensablG that he should How '7t s on this
young men who cannot aSdT Lafe 1 e r I ' ^^^^^^^
of the fino.t miiii;«.= -J 1 , ™" "orarable combination
combate of 1 819 1 T.l'' ^ !?,"'"' "^ """y- ftat told upon the
Swhlofwe'i^bVdlr We Shtrha"^ ""7? f'^
shodd^'oUht™l"fLtoS,fT ""';= -P^-O? and
mav bP hpftpr oKil . Colonies be trained to arms that ther
Drenarinff to v^^fZ' ^ answer, that we are training, and
?o3rt-in Tltfu ? ^ ??*^'. '"^^^^^^ t*^ *^« condition of our
excite7n^ ilfwTn • tf ' S^'^"- ^* ^' ^"* ^^^^^^ burdensome, and
neShbour^. '^''^ " *'' ^^™^^^' ^^ g-« ^o offence ti ot^
mvf S^tif £ w£ r* f ?^ ^'^^J^^' by f-«t« <ira-n from
f
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402
APPENDIX.
marvellously short time, very effective troops. We have one battalion
that brigades with the garrison, strong companies at Pictou and
bydney for the defence of the coal mines, and many others, formed
and torming in the seaport towns and rural districts. Taking the
number at 4,000 and our population at 350,000, this would be
equal to 86,000 Volunteers to be raised in this country. Taking
the cost of umforms and amounts expended in ammunition and
organization at £25,000, and, comparing our revenue with yours.
It can be shown that our expenditure is, in proportion to our means,
equal to an outlay of £ 9,733,000 for this country. Should we be
scoldea for doing this in the short period of three years ?
• • ^^V-v^? ^°"® ™^^®- ^® ^ave set seriously about reorgan-
izing our Mihtia. The whole force is being enrolled. Old officers
are retiring with their rank. Those who are young enough and
still desire to serve are told to qualify or resign. No young officer
IS appointed who has not qualified. The military spirit has revived
with the apparent necessity, and is fast spreading all over the
Provinces. Half the members of the Legislature last winter
eafhied an appetite for breakfast in the drill-roora, and used to
pass my window on the coldest mornings with their rifles over their
shoulders The crack of the rifle is as common a sound as the note
ot the Bob-o-Link, and intercolonial shooting matches are becoming
an institution. °
Our Militia Laws had not been revised since that rather memo-
rable period when Governor Fairfield called out the militia of
Maine to settle the north-eastern boundary question by an invasion
of New Brunswick. What took place then finely answers the
argument that m the Provinces we wait for British troops to
deiend us. ^
On that occasion there were but a regiment or two in all the
maritime Provinces. The Canadian garrisons were too far off, and
It being winter, could only come to us by the road the Guards
traversed, or through the enemy's country. But we did not wait
for troops from England or from Canada either. Our Militia Law
was revised m a single day, and ample powers given to the
Governor to spend every pound of revenue and call out every man
m Nova Scotia for the defence of our sister Province. Fancy
Scotland or Ireland menaced, and every man in England ordered
to turn out for her defence, and you have a parallel to what took
place m Nova Scotia. Had we hesitated, had we waited, there
might have been collisions, perhaps war, but the promptness of our
demonstration astoni4ied Governor Fairfield ; and the three cheers
for the Queen and for New Brunswick, given by the members, of
our Legislatures standing in their places, with the Speaker in the
APPKNWX.
iO»
chair,— however unparliamentary the rutbrpalr nf f. v
them. ' U'gl-spintod people were ready to confront
their am,,, and -ceptefXron ,uoh t^T'S"''.'.''^ .
sorrow, not much relievpd L tV,o a,,!? 5 ,?' ^ *" ^"^™® and
map, which sh^wU h ;lr^diXa^^^^^^^ ^^^
From that period till the occurrence of hXnt^a^^^^ T^**
the prevailing belief m all the Provinces was 'hi th^f T^^'j
American interest, or no Nnrfl, a!^ • ^^n^s^that for no North
Britain go to war In tl be! if^^r t^^ T'*'""' ^*^^''^ ^^^^at
our training erased. Our officers Zj^t'' Yl ""'''' "^gl^cted,.
nobody woSd take the"r pit es % r ^^ '^f' ''' ^^^' ^"^
.^p^p. o. thu co:t;v,^?i3rir^;rs;:i^^^^
war again was none of omZlkHg ' ^ '«'P'-''!»«d. The
«.et: SS5:reraKret:m'»'c'a°Tf f J^'^^'^ >">»■>
mUes of frontier unnrotlcLd H,J "''^ '""' """• "'<>»s»«<l
L"^p.^d"r:e-^^^^^^
question of honour an^d not iEest In T w;ek r!' ' LT "
Your hoLsteai were^ safe on,?" . neri, ''"'W'''/.' """" " "■'»« '^
ship had been b„a,*d TutTat'Tr^- m'td Sal ^uITJ
floated over our fathers' hoads nn^ /J. p^a.nag, that had
been insulted, and o^B Sth M"f/'''Pl.^""^ *^«^^ graves, had
cfnp^rSit^rnrtVl^^^^^^
If/^i^irssrffd:^^^^^^
h.gh.p.nted i«p„lati„„. The effeet wa« sedativi; thTcaptrvet
f i\
'A i\
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APPENDIX.
•were given up, and the provincials, as is their habit when there \a
no danger to confront, returned to their peaceful avocations.
Wo were pursuing these most sedulously, not disturbed by any
panic fear of our Republican neighbours, and most unconscious of
having done anything to warrant the sudden outbreak of feeling
that occurred in this country iast summer, and with which we were
deeply pained, and perhaps not a little disgusted.
The causes of complaint urged against Canada, in England, are
two-fold.
1. Her high Import Duties are objected to ; and
2. She is blamed for defeating a Ministry on a Kilitia Bill.
As respects the tariff of Canada, let me observe, that, when self-
government was conferred upon that Province, the right to con-
struct her own tariff was virtually conceded. By a special despatch,
sent to all the Provinces when Lord Grey was Colonial Secretary,
the right to impose what duties they pleased was specifically con-
ceded, providing they were not discriminating, and were made to
attach alike to importations from all countries. No restriction of
the right to protect their own industry was stated. But in none
of the Provinces have protective or discriminating duties ever been
imposed.
It is true that the import duties of Canada are rather high. But
it can be shown that all the duty raised is actually required to pay
the interests on the debts of the Province, to carry on its publit
improvements, and to provide for its Civil List. It cannot be show*
that there is much needless extravagance in the administration of
the Government. With the single exception of the Governor-
General's salary, regarded in this country as too low to secure the
higher style of talent, no public officer m that Province receives
a remuneration for his services that would not be regarded in
England as inadequate, if not parsimonious. • The highest judicial
officers and heads of departments only receive XIOOO sterling per
annum.
The debts of Canada were incurred for the construction of canali
and railroads, of the highest Imperial and Provincial importance.
They were designed to attract through British territory a large
portion of the trade of the great West. When the Intercolonial
Railway is finished we shall not only control the telegraphic and
postal correspondence of the Western States, but secure to the
people of Great Britain at all seasons a steady supply of breadstufe;
should unhappily the Atlantic ports of the United States, m war,
be closed against them. Who then will venture to assert that these
were not elevated objects of the highest national importance, and
these objects being secured, surely no man will suggest that the
^iebte incurred ought not to be honourably redeemed.
i: I
APPENDIX.
40£r
,Tho8o persons, . . this country, who desire that P»n«/»o oi.
aU the Colonies, a la^ge portion of thi nonuiatinn v^f' "* "*
distances from each other^ In the remorse?ttl r .** Fl^^
often but a nominal ^lue, and mone/rsctce To "^^ ^^:
. taxes m such a country often costs more thaTthey Le ^ xfc
of direct tavntmn a" *i, T) • ^P'"*' "7 any system
incrers!^;^^^ .
of beauty and utility, steadily increases, L^d f the conslei Zd
ou arT^'Tr ??.? '^"'^' T^^ ^'^^"^^ exception beTken"^,^
our tanfts ? I trust that my explanations under this head wilT h^
rorife'orOOo'^ satisfactoryr The colonies of EnglM^^
fw -^^X' ,i^^ worth of manufactures every year- and I hoW
Se ArmvtK "'il' the national debt, and the maintenance of
wie Army and Navy, the colonists, who honestly nav for and onn
sume these goods pay now, independently of theTr own ^^^^^
or h^ IZT^aY^Z '^'F'^' ^'•^^^"^^ «^ C^»^da has done,
or nas tailed to do anything to warrant the sharp Parliamentarv
and^newspaper criticism with which she has been'ofstued LllS
Province fn7? C *\'' ^'' ""'"''T'^ ^^'^^ ^a^ ^^'^'^ «aved the
wherGreat ^if. ' «hown you that, on the very latest occasion
Ta, I „ *^V" appealed to their patriotism, every man resTn
nave quite met the public expectations of this country ^rot vorJ^
accurately informed as to the state of feeling in trSiiceVshe
mTnt'lcTbttf"^^ ""'''' f:"' ^'.^^^ •*«^'--«' but isTtl^'^t
ment much better prepared to resist attack than she over was at
any former period of her history. ^ ^*
T,J« ^ff ? /^\u^'^i.*'^ ^^^ °^ ^a»ada was carefully revised-
Tinder that law the Government enrolled. HrJii^/oT^IlT ^.^
1 1
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M
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406
APPENDIX.
The 'counTv ti^ V^'f "1"''; ^ 'V '•««P««t«^^l« volunteer force.
Jno country was divide:! into military districts, and the wliolo
rhb^f!^^ "10 law was amended to enable the Coraraander-in-
Voluntr..""'^' the enrollment more reliable and perfect. X
Volunteer organization was rendered more generil, arms and
do hng were given to all persons who desired to en list ™ tl'^e
lZZ^^r\^ -^^ •' '^'"T'^' ^" «''"•' ^""^"'•ity' that Cana a
th' Eish i^huHlsI"' '^" ''""'""' ''' '''''"^'^ "- 1<>'>'000 for
r^cdv/mili"t!^.v7 '^•*''' ^^;^^»tary Militia are now recjuired to
thev do '^7/^^""»« '"'<! "'struction. They are removed it
t Im it ; „"^'r«'^f «>•;"> fffi^'^'f will be appointed or promoted
The Sr, u r "'?•'■' '""'. '^''*'^" '^PP'^'"*^*' •» '^» the districts,
autho i o,r^^^ h^^^^ .'^^ ^'^ ''"^"^*^'' Commundor-in-Ohief, and is
?all oV,; oUm discretion or cm any apprehension of danger, to
rZiired V^.u'V' ^'' ^'''''''^ '' ^"^ "'"»^*^^'- ^liat may' be
.?0 000 non n f '' ''^'' .'^^ ;^. «*'"»^«' at fifteen days' notice,
S,U1 «u^.' rir -^ organized in companies and battalions, and
with all their regimental officers, from a colonel to a corporal, iould
Placed upon any point of the frontier. ^ '
StIesl4ib!to7t!'^r''"P,''";T ?'" ^'''^ ^'"^''^ «f "'« Northern
iflhe SnV- 1' . ''\"^r^'^ ^'' '"1^^^ ^f™'^ to confront them,
t cerh in V .^J T'. "'^^^^^^'^'"^ated and if this country shews
«s It certmnly did la«t winter, a deternuuation to fulfil its honour-
n le obligations ? .. a little leaven leaveneth the while mass ''
Sut I ^ ^"t «;'^'«V"''^^"' J"^^^'-'«^^ clistritted aild
sKiiiulJy led, with this fine force at their back or servinrr in the
ranks beside them, ought to be able to give a good account" of an v
mvading army which the Northern StaL ean'-sendlgakst thern^
But I apprehend that when those States emerge from t^ nrescnt
Za Tr :;tiz \' ^f ^ r-' *•- ^«f- they wSira<s;"s
to tlu nv.- / ^'^"'^- .^''°''"'« to their mourning households,
Xel r;r f "^ '™''-'"^'f r^^'''-' ^a^^^""^- through their
a u' t^ tho '' ^T^ ""'^^^""^ '}'^'^^ ^^ t'»«ir di««r^lered finances,
a.iu to the tremendous power which this Empire cnn put forth if
will Jiccdlessly provoke a contest with this comitry. This is
Actually 25,000, and others offered who co.Ud not bo accepted.
Jr
AITKNOIX. 40T
I^^I^t *^ "^P'^i^" '" ^*"*'^''' *"'^' «« ^•^ at all oventfl, it wcnld
appear that, in acting upon it, her Government has been sustained.
that \hT}2 n'"' ^ ^f\'^'' t'"^' P^''*'^'' "^' ^'anada. T regret
that the hito Oovernmont elected to fall on the Militia Bill, and
that their opponents were good-naturod or unnkilful enough i let
fh! .;„ ^ ^^''f ^^'. VPP:>«'t>«" «hould have recited, by resolution,
the reasons for which they turned the Ministers nnt Had thev
done so a good deal of the misapprehension which has prevailed
Int andTho^; V '^ ^as eyidentV inHpire.l the debates in Parlia-
tL rllf /t'^'T f ^^''^ ^'T' '"'^'^'t ^'a^« been avoided.
Ihe right of the Parliament of Canada to turn out a Ministry
even upon a M.litia Bill, cannot be questioned. Had Cl S
Tstn of rr?«"\>''" r^T^'"-'^^" '^^^ ^'"*- »p'^ t^
question of the fortifications, nobody would have denied the right
6i the majority o aim a hostile vote ; a..d certainly no British
American, even if it had prevailed, would have fancied tJ.af here
was one loyal Englishman the less.
loi^e^Sf lot 000 T ^''f^^ :;'•""*""•'' '" ^^"^'l'^ •« ^'l"al to a
W jfin u 1 ™'f '\*^"' '^""*''^- '^^« complete the con-
trast It should be remembered what boundless resources are in an
old kingdom like this, compared with all the visible means of taxa-
W« LI "? .'". ^ "f ^' '^""^'•y ^^"^ ^"*'«h America. You
have the accumulated results of the labours of countless generations
SL 1; TT^ ""^V P'""^* "^ ""^"^^ *^<^ thousand years. You
have all that your fathers and ours toiled for and made from the
Konian Conquest to the departure of the " Ma„fhmery All that
your fathers have created since, and all that myour own day and
generation having this enormous capital to work witii, ymf: ave
been enabled to earn for yourselves. To say nothing of the abour
^Ln^rP^'' u '' ""'"'''^ *^^* '^' machinery of th:. island
performs the work, every year, of 800,000,000 men.
«,.r!nl 1 "" treasures upon the surface and beneath it, with an
annually accmrulatmg capital that an actuary can hardly Estimate,
and this tremendous mechanical power in vr. . hands vou can
bear an amount of taxation which' would siiiK any new Country
with a imited population and a history of a hundred years, if she
ianTthatweT^'f "P"" ^''' ^''/' proportional b^urth;ns. I
grant that we have less poverty, and that the property we have is
more equally distributed, but we have not a tithe of youraccumu-
lated capita and productive power, and the contrast which theTwo
countries exhibit, m this respect, should ever be borne in mind by
candid reasoners whenever this class of questions is discussed. ^
Let me now direct your attention to the state of your defences
^U\P;".^t^^yr ^"«*-3^-^»r England and Brlish America
may be more lairly cojitrasteU than they can now.
, k '
408
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APPENDIX.
. In 1588, the population of England wm ^ (\c\(\ nnn ol
m as much peri aa we are now rS T ^>yoO,000. She was.
the United Stated The subtTe' Ltl' Tp ' ^''"^ *^^ *"^«« ^^
closing around her : the Amat wt Tnthe S "^f ^"f^ ^^
the best appointed armies of vXrn^ * ^^e Channel, and two of
were prepSng to laXpo^^^fSef "^' *'^* ^^^^^^^ ^^^ --
rulig^Vr'r^dt^^^^^^^^^^ f; protection of an over-
heroic achievements of thosrS. '' "^^^^^^nts, and to the
forces little to do But hadP^lT,.''^""?" ^^^ ^«f* ^^^ land
prepared ? Motfey, in hisl^^STAl'r;^ Tt^J ^^^ ^^ «h«
storjr of her defences, « e l^ndX ot J^'k '"^''f *' *^"« "« *^«
have overthrown the MidsteL b«?F i ^^^^ ^''S^* ^^^t^mly to
Government m those days '^ England possessed Responsible
86,Sl6 ibot a^nd "lt?31 IZ^^f ,-^" ^^-"^^^^ ^ ^^'ce of
merely." Even of the 86 000^7' ? . * ""^.^"^ ^^^ «» Vmt
Canada) only 48,000 were set dnl^'''* .'" --^^^ "*" *^« "^^^^ of
that the trai^g had bleTof he mo^^ ^"^'""'^ ^""^ ^* ^« ^^^^^
enthusiasm and courage there wLrourif f l.^^^"?^^"- " Of
there was a deficiency " "^^' ^"' ^^ Powder and shot
. Sir Edward Stanley thus describes tl,A r«;r*- u
inspect in Cheshire and LancaSf 1" Tbfv "^ ^' ^^^ ''"* <^
years past to have been trainpH «1;7 T^ 'I^''® appointed two.
at the dis.retion of the muZ- ^^ ^ ^'^'' "" "^""^^^
iem trained me drn'm^aJ'th^T' °"J "'i"* '*■» ^""^ »»«
yet know their leaaers " " Tho..^ ™„ , v •&> "^
(in England theu as b CanJ^ nn ?.- ^^''^^ indisposition"
expend money ajid time in ^i\ ""^^ > *^^ ^"^^1 ^^i^tricte to
should become imperatTve" '^ ^"''""'^ ""*^ *^« »««es«ity
camJ^^ai^t'^Sed^tr^^^^^^^^^^ ^'^ -^^ "the
of troops mustered abiut TiS^tf d^r.*^^ ^ .™^^" ^^"^^
to London. The armv of Tabnr^L °** *h '^^^ ^^^^ I>over
teen thousand men^^ ^^Ibury never exceeded sixteen or seven^
western counties in a, woek had th Jt f ^- ^'"T ^"^ «^«*^r» and
winter; not half as^^an^i r„no^ '"'T' ^""'^ '^^"^'^^ last
plant upon any pobt 7Zvfr^rZ^'r^ ^^^'^^^ '*^^«' «^'^ «ow
the whole RoyS Navy wl?l 280 T' 'l^'«\*" *^""*g« o^
na^e of the vU b^V^ oJJ^^^t ot^rouri f sin^.
APPENDIX;
40»
Jf.*^' r 9^ *^® ^^^^ ^or^'es Motley states that " A ^r^iin^ . a
Wb raw le^e!™ ql. i' °f l^'' ™")8 '» Walsingham, says of
ai-rived SolCne r»lT • *' r'"*T *°™'»' f"' these meu.
had not r„e ba™r„fTe^r op raSCj""* °" *r =^"'^ ^'^
Kules" march, to havo Hi,l ™ J r** ' "T^h- after twenh-
mutiiiT." oL tV fiTi ? f,?"*. """" '^'J hrought them to
and 4 to the st notmSd t ^™«'?,T '» «^'^ »»»<'».
guard of -ae 0,7p«r • T^ t ^ T "''"""h'^d. not even the body.
^vided wth TCel ""eroTfCo/r *--<• -»- -
■"eoeing his entrenched camp at O^iW ™''' ™ "■""" '=°"'-
B^ZZ^^'t/Ji^^' ^O C'™"*™'' »'*- - that
just reaZd whJn ff . ? J^"' f advancement which we have
as 0^ s now thoul?trJ^^^^^^^ of England was about the sam^
with the bSed Sunt .f''' ^■ *"/"'" ^ disciplined army
describes. TheVsZld not r^"''*'"'' that Motley so quaintlj
things which be^ somir* '?P^? '°^^" *^i°g« ^^th great, but
not to expect uTtoT r^'^'^"" ^ ^ach other, and they ought
tlianlr Tntstorstre i Ene^. T"^^^^ standing^armles
But l^t me turn Tfr itStl'^l^S^^TS offnglfl^L^
^TinqtVLThlt'Zdlt^^^^^^ ^' *^^^^- 1588 ^85:
were when her nonu£ ^' T^/"*^ °^"*^* ^^ England
moutt S?ntts?nVinf be^dtwLJf "^1^'*^ ""'^^ ''^''''^ ^^^ shipping of Yar-
-hewing the amount o^onnZ'ownr S'th'f/ n'\°V\« subjo'ine/ figure^
periods since 1822 : ^ "^ ^'^'^ P®"^' »* the various decennial
In the year 1822
" " 1832
" " 1842
" " 18i>2
" " 1862
3,000 tons.
4,318 "
13,765 "
18,880 "
46,198 "
the same period.— yflr«.nJ^Mf".,'°°'i*''** «»« boast of equal increase ir.
k '
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410
APPENDIX.
I! ;
direct iinpoc.3, ^cuIiaSy odioS for ^.^'"^'^T.'^f ' -'^^^ ^'"^"i
meacs of domicUiary viJts and nf i "^^"^ ^^ ^^^^^^ «% b?
always been impatiL trd'e^L":^^^^^^^^ ^?^^^ ^-^
countries can but faintly conceive '^ ^^''P^® ^^ °**^er
' '^^ii^^ '^ Wea«.r made for our
pHnXrSfe^^^^^^^ and finely disci-
of Charles the lJ.!!uL:^jl^:'.^^^^^^^ ^ reign
contrary, it was possible to live fonf an7 J"/"'/t?^' ^'^ *h«
being reminded b> ary mart If «S *<> travel far, without
of nations had become a ^hHI^^ '-"^ *^'* *^^ ^«f«^«e
Englishmen, who w^re under tL. I ''""^S" ^^« «»^J«% of
bably never' slen a comply of ^^^^^ ,?^^« «f age, had ^ro-
-ata^hi^
byjustices of the peace" ^ as :-« Ploughmen officered
tbeVgX'a^^^t Tatel^*\?/,^^-^--^ ^^^^P^^ ^^^
included, of abov^' seventeen th^'/^^"'* .'^°^'^*' ^» ^anks
hundred cavalry anHraSs not ^^ ^'1' ""^ ^'''''^* ««^««t«««
appear, than the miliSlSrs of CaS '^t? T'^l^ ^^"^^
a^, and could not be otherwise " Si ^^1 '^'''^P^^' ^^
knew nothing of courts mlS" o /^^^'''"mon law of England
of peace be^el a sl^er Ind anv o".h^' no distinction in tim
Government then '4tuTtr«« W^ '' f '>""* ' nor could the
a Mutiny Bill. A soldier H ^ ""T* ^'^^' Parliament for
colonel incurred only thf ordin^v ''' h^^ ^T^'^ ^«^" ^^
tery and by retusinf to obey 3r?'ri ^' '^- ^^'"^* "^^ ^^<^
'Provinces is not worse ^'''''^^'''' '^ '^^^ ^''l>^^^ ^^^^ in the
tion, ignorance rdtdol^^^^^^^^ no^'r ^^^ "^f l^^^«' ^^^^P"
. contract wa.performed,tX'ck^:fr^^^^^ be trusted, n^
Hut to return to the Armv TK^.o '"™^-
Jery, no Sappers and Min^i^- """^ "' '"S'«^ent of Artil-
i^ t.
APPENDIX.
411
of JamesTe Second? '^ '^' "^'^*^^ °^ ^"S" ^^ '^^ ^eign
" The country rings around with war's alarm
And now in fields the rude militia swarms '
Mouths, without hands, maintained at vast' expense
In peace a charge, in war a week defence •
Stout once a month they march, a blust-ri^ig band
And ever, but in time of need, at hand
This was the morn, when hasfning to the guard,
Wn up in rank and file they stood prepared
Of seemmg arms to make a short essay,
Then hasfning to be drunk, the business of the day •
population of Canada Wirht^pf^?^ iiad nearly double the
Wing what our ProVinS MmS T*'''!? ^'^''''''^ ^"^ ^emem-
%y Ire, I do not th^k we nfeJtLh for tE W ^"''"^^^ ^^^*
ation. ^"^'^ *^^ *^6ir history or organiz-
dej'eldtS^^^^^^^^ colonies and
thit you and I desire to coll ^f''^}'^^''^'^ form the Empire
be done is a quest^n of stunendnn ' T^ TT''' ^^^ ^^' '^ *<>
qualities of Ltesmansht^f^^^^^^^
There are those who see- J"' ^*%^^^'f ^^^^on and adjustment.
this great eCL with '^.f!,T .'^?^^ dismemberment of
the spread of^BrTtisTLtS ^"^'/^'.f.^^ ^^o appear to regard
the /orld ^^f^^^^PX^t^^ ^^^^^*"^' ''
every outlying Prov nee as I ^^v? Pf^r^^S- It is true that
whenever the^ mlTr countrv Tn t ''^^ '^T^ "^"^ ^' ^^^^''ked
when the plastic powers of S,! f- T'' ^'t^^' '^" ^^^^ «««ie
and when the LEltern«H * ^ ^f ""^^7,ha^e been exhausted,
enlightened pSrod^Tnfi r- ^\" ^^^^^berately accepted b^
thei fifty-onrpl^virTe dr^^d^T SS^ eS ""^ 4* "^'
bered, and if the v wprp Uft Jk ^^ f -"^^P' " were dismem-
or drawn into en^aSnf ll W?'Tvf " ^^ »«>g*'bouring States,
or unenlightoned ? ^ ^ '"' '''*^ populations often ruthless
-gard the itUts'tf Xn Wherve^^Sisf"'' '' "-^
a'cknowledfrpd «p/^ ff. n^ui^t T vvnerever Jintish power is
„-„_n., „nv ..ntiaa uayonet gleams, the missionarjr of
412
APFE!ND1X.
every Christian Church can tread the land in safety, and teach
and pray without personal apprehension. That dismemberment ia
sometimes advocated by persons who call themselves free traders,
is to me amazing. Where, on the earth's surface, since barter
was first essayed, have so many populous countries been bound
together by common interests, and by the mutual interchange of
productions, on a basis of such perfect f^ edom ? Strike down the
power that binds these communities together, and into how many
antagoniitic systems and economic absurditities would they not
drift ? This Empire possesses the noblest schools of law, the purest
judicial tribunals, from which our Colonial Courts draw forensic
animation and guiding light without stint and without shame.
What British or Colonial judge or lawyer would disturb this
equable flow of precedents and decisions ? Then, again, if we look
to literature and the arts, how charming it is to know that while
every gifted youth in the most remote Province of the Empire may
wm the admiration of the community in which he lives, there are
fifty other Provinces to rejoice in his success and to feel the exhi-
laration of his genius. How charming is it also for the emigrant,
pioneering in a new country, too young to have produced a picture
or a book, to read Tennyson or Burns by his camp fire at night,
or to look at Landseer's dogs over his mantelpiece in the morning,
conscious that he can claim kindred with the artist and the author,
and that the ballad and the engraving link with treasures of litera-
ture that are inexhaustible, and of art that can never die. Wliat-
ever improvements time may suggest for its better organization
and further development, this' Empire, as it stands, has its uses, and.'
should be kept together.
In this opinion I im quite sura that you and I agree. We
differ as to the mode. If I understand your argument, you would
have half a hundred littl^ standing armies, scattered all over the.
globe, paid out of fifty treasuries, and with uniforms as various as
were the colours in Joseph's coat, with no centre of union, no com-
mon discipline, no provision for mutual succour and support. I
would have one army that could be massed within a few days or
weeks on any point of the frontier, moved by one head, animated
by one spirit, paid from one treasury. Into this army I would
incorporate as many of the colonial militia as were required to take
the field in any Province that might be attacked ; and, from the
moment they were so incorporated, they should be moved, paid
and treated, as an Imperial force. There would still be work
enough for the sedentary militia to do, in defending the districts in
which they lived ; and if this were done, and if the Provinces, a&
they would, bore a large part, if not the whole, of the burden of
APPEN.UIX.
418
tiaman out of the Impeff TTersury forlfL? v ^^ ^"^ " '^^'
but if a regiment were drawn fJomW^^^^ p^'.T ''^^^^
at Halifax, or the coal miuL of PiS^tf u ^^^^"^^ ^^t 'l*^'^"^
New Brunswick, or volunteered to defend L' I'^T^l^ ^*^
should take its 'number, dra "L payf^'d tteSS'^lV ''
spec s hke any other regiment of the line So lonrll^ - \ ''®'
we shall have an Empi?e and an Armv wi ?^n *^'' '' ^^"®
have either when the other systLir^riedA'^^^^^^ soon cease to
try it ? Why should we revers/ M^! 1 ■ ^""^ ""^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^
teich the belly ortheEmpir^tLtZ?? "^^"P^^'i *'"^'«' ^"^
of all its wealth-to comE ' The S-^''^?^ ^""^ '^''^''''''
viewed with distrust or'SrehenS: fn"any pS^f L^J ^^"^^^
he IS everywhere recognized as a citizen wi^aS coat or nT^' '
of his citizenship than of the highest erade fn tl fi oi^.prouder
iu the service. Nor is he viewfd with nnt • ^nest regiment
the Provincial militia. Our young mt £^^^ ^^^^f Jy
the use of arms from no more p-«ll^f\ i *^^^ ''^^ ^^""^7
also that when summoned to' tS t d tS^!?' '1 ^^^^ ^^
steadiness, the endurance, the d scinHne \nT.vf v. ^^^^."P^'^ the
British soldier. The lat^llusHonf P •' n *^^ bumamty of the
the colours to. the\\t LigKS^^^^^^^ -/--ting
sed our opinions with great accuracv nn^f "^'l ^^''P^®^
" The British soldier h^to fol o ™s^^^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^' f ^^'
globe, and everywhere he is tr^reprSat^^^^
power, freedom,1oyalty and civil zatlTsflon/ ««^^''''*''^>
*bzed soldiers circulate around th« Pmn5r« i^- *^^'® ''''^■
ranks, as occasion may require th; 3 of If'S^ '^^ ^^'^
their mission to defendf so iCwilHt hA^ *^^ ?''^'"'^'"' ^* «
secure. When they a e withdrawn and t^T H '*' '^'"^^*^^'»
left to drift into new exDerim?nT^ "1 a ""f "§ ^^^'^^ *^«
ness '' will rest uponhrsCrand oft^'^Lt^tCil'''-
we shall chance to see the beginning of the fnd ^"'P^''
in whSr oSm^t gt^h o^^LrLraTdf ^°"^ -^r
geographical lines, but I desire to confinrL "k ^^°^°*''-a«^«« ^
question of national defence Aristocml7wn^'''*''"' *' ^
country, with the increase of w7c,ifl I f , ' ^^^^ ^'^ ^^ery
powerfand .he graSriS'^ 11 ^S^renf Th'^
are growing now in every state and province on tlu^!!: . °'
r!i:'^tedfcz^ȣfS-^^^^^^^
' iw
mi
4M
APPENDJX.
I i .
I I
m
' .'m
ft
thoughtfully, and with™ tXlf fur nelrtot*!^ TT
eccentric movemenls across the ic TT,7siZ a* ? ^ *°
^^- on, Demg slaves, can never be soldiers or sailors and thmCh
in. C|^^^^^^^^ the, will .arch
neous bridges and ferries, stage, steamboat, and railway linfs
connect our frontier towps or seaboard cities Our commerce L'
enoraious, and is annually increasing in value. EveryXd ves
Bel that entei^ the port of Boston ^es from Nova s7otia Our
people intermarrj, and socially intermix, all along the frontier
For one man that I know in the Southern Confederacy I know
twenty m the Northern States. All these mutual tes^^ndint^
Sf ^W '''' T. 'f"r^^'^ ^'' *^^ preservation of peace I
bur^rplv o ^if ^^^^^f^^rkation has arisen out of the civil war,
but I rely on the frank admission of the Northern peonle when
the war « over that for this tiiey were themselvesTo Ce.' Thi
lar^Z\tp commencement, deeply deplored the outbreak of
that war, and for weeks their sympathies were with the North.
The storm of abuse that followed the Queen's Proclamation of Neu
trahty and the demand for the rendition of the CommksLnerS
?ry "oni'e SoT' *'' TT^ f '^^^^"S' ^^ '^' sMlTnd gX^!
whe/p il ^if ™ .comba ants, have won, in the Provinces as every-
where else, as heroic achievements always wiU, whatever may be
the cause of quarrel, involuntary admiration. Still, our mteria'
ntereste, and everyday thoughts and feelings, are in ^co^ wTh
those of the Northern States; and, when they come^ut of Thb
rmenf7nf-%''' f.^^^f ^^y, having shaken themselves cle,.r of
diZb u^ i;r^ r*"*''^ """^ disturbance, they should desire to
disturb us, merely because we choose to live in amity with our
at aS3r "".f' ^f ^' •^°^*^'"'^^'"- ^« ^- bTuK hope
at all events, for the restoration of kindly thoughts and the con
tmuance of peaceful relations. Ifwar corses, I have leadyahe^^^
APPENDIX.
415
that we are not so ill t)renar«fl ««. ,
not waste our st^engthTS o2/°" ^'"™/j ^<^ ^^^^^ if ^e do
can still maintain thrp^Lf of tTp n '''^ ^""^ ^"«^« ^^^i^ions, we
Empire. ^^^"^ ""^ *^^ ^^wn and the integrity of the
inind, I have been indrid to thrl. off T^ *" '*^^^^ *^« P"bli«
only to assure you that' '^ P^^^'' ^^ ^^^^ now
I have the honour to be,
Your very obedient servant,
Joseph Howe.
THE RECIPROCITY TREATY
SrATtS.-ITS ABROGATION EfiCOMMENDED.
exa^ngTe o^peSS nt^^' '^'^^^^ ^^^^^ «^« ^P^oial duty of
Treaty ^th Crd^ h ^^^^^^^^^ ^^d th'e Recipro^it^
continuation of the treatv InW .^^^S^f^s adversely to the
which is quite Z long^to l^^^^f ■! "? abstract of thi report,
work :— ^ ^ *^"^* «f ite insertion in full in this
" f /:" f "^^^ ^^^^' ^^^etar, of the Treasury:-
^the o^rSrffle^'evlT^^^^^^^^ ^' -«--ng
our £rthern frontier ^TtrclnllT h' ^^^P^^^^^^ treaty on
have visited the princiUl noinf, nf • '. ^^ ^^^^^ *^ ^^P^^* *hat I
tries, for the purpose Tinnnf^ of intercourse between those coun-
also had inte?Xs and S«f T'*'""^- f^^^^tion; and have
whose interests arraSeHv T. '"f ^^^^ ^^^^^"^ individuals
the various pursuits of trade a.^^ i?^ ^' ^^/ ^^" "^" ^"«*g«<i ^^
personal observation! irveXrh'"'''vT^. manufactures.^ The
of the treaty at the nkoJ! wh T T^^^^ ^ ^^^ ^^^ workings
ceptible, an^d thfiiSj^i^/^rt^^^^^^^^^^^ ^-^P-
experience of tho^c who do hn^inl. 1 thus from the every-day
furnish most important dalafrr •"'^'' '*' ^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^^ would
operation. ^ ^^^ ^^' ^'^^^^S ^ Practical judgment of its
tion S^irri'l^efatT^^^^ ^ --^-^i- - the opera-
" The nrinnm Anf p ' ^ ^ • ' '^^ ^° *^^ revenue itself.
wiiu v^anaaa, has met the approbation of all poU-
^- 81
' l]
. '.ril
i H
It
416
APPENDIX.
facal parties in this country at all times. The territory ( c the pro-
v^ces IS indented with our own along a line oxtondinVacross^th^
^ontanent from ocean to ocean. Th"e wages of labour^the great
modern test of one phase of national equality) are nearly equdTn
cereals diaer but little on both sides the boundary line. Shown
thus to be apparently commercially alike by these leading conside^
Thrrvarior P^.^^f V^"fi-4 the siLlitude, it is f ot sin^
the^roi^fl"?/'^'^ ""^ ^\^ *''^*^ 7"^ ^'^ P«™'t «•« introduction of
the products of ono country into the other free of duty, and conse-
vanouscolomesmcluded m Its provisions were left to regulate their
own traffic and each colonial power can annul its honorary obul
tions without reference to its sister provinces or fho engagement
the empire No statesmanship could, however, foretell the working
ot the treaty, or had a right to anticipate legislation adverse to iti
J-i . -T A 1^ P""^'P^o? a« t^^o treaty itself was, the perversion
of te spirit and the disregard of its substlnce on the part of Canada
.ave produced results It IS the province of this report to exhibit,
vii fn ^h / Rociproc.ty Treaty wore first and immediately
visible in the great change Produced in our collection of revenue
upon the Northern frontier, and cannot fail to attract attentTon! In
i.n ' \^ ^'''' ""Effected by the treaty, although the enumera-
tion was then complete, the revenue on articles rendered free by
the treaty during subsequent years, and imported from Canad".
alone amounted to more than 11,243,403. Assuming this aa a
basis for calculation in the ordinary mode of computing tn increase
of revenue, and that the revenue would have continued to increase
in the same ratio as during the previous five years, we should, for
the five years now passed, and ended June 30, 1859, have collected
a revenue of $7,166,659, or $1,433,331 annually, on importations
from this province alone, and we should at the present time have a
yet larger revenue from this source, if the treaty were abrogated
to-day, tor the geographical and political reasons which made the
Canadians seek our markets for the sale of their products remain
unimpaired m every particular.
" The revenue derived by Canada from the same class of mer
itf^' T' ^"""g the year 1854, as stated by Mr. Bouchette,
then the Canadian Commissioner of Customs, only $196,671. or
Jess than one-sixth of $1,324,403, the amount levied that year on
Canadian productions by the United States.
! .
■'! '■
■ArPKNorx.
417
'ill
•TT -1 1 !^'"^ *^^ Sfimo year is^id iu
Jjnitod States on the cS irnntl'f; T^"""' ^^'''^^'^ V tho
eluded m the treaty .vas f ^S f^?"" ^'"'"^ "" *^« P'-^vinces in!
revenue dunn. the five succeefc^^^ *''« "'crease of
increase dnrin. the five jears ne^t^Zr '.v"^"" *^^ ''««i« of the
.tSl'''".*'"^ ^'^"-« w^uShavTL n 19 ofe fe*^' 1'- -venue
Sr y-, ^''''^''^l '■*«">« of these im2!;-'^'^'^^''''"*l'851.'''>17
this calculation ; and we are Tnv! '"'P'"^*f*'«n« «i-e not inchided in
^^'^^: been;^T:^o.tm ^'^ ^^- «^^p-^
treaty, would forra:^^;^^^:^'^ '''"^ '^^^'^^ ---e the
pr"'«'^ from that source. In Ts^n '""."'f ^^« might have
(Canada by the United ^V f ^^' *''® «'"t'cIos received from
*»,MI,ft0, the duties on llJ? t™l'[ f Canada amounti,,;^^
Dimng the four yearaelan,e,ll' !■ ' ''■'"'° ''«<"' *l,i»82 226
S«\^„''." Dee™!: ' W8 Te t "■'""^''■™° """Act and
£r^s^^tiuS2S?»'?o~
tl»e^ treaty, and similarly Iroe "''"'"^^^'^^'-^^ received by us since
i^^^^^^;^:'!:!:;^i'-;^^y<^^^no.t^ .ding the
tions from Canada as were idllfT.''"'' *''« ^^«"nt of importl
other class, since the treatf and t' ^'-"'^ *21,344,132 of the
1856, until July 1 IS'iO /' "l ''^Smnrng with our fiscal vein
t^^ns to the amoC' ofl59,4S 925 h ve'" ^^"^ ' «™i'-i-pS
to our reverae, while we hTvAi T. ^^'^tributed nothing at all
or about o.e-thirtie h nlrt ofY. '^°'^ ^"^'^^ ^"Ij «« 12,151) 394
on close. e.a..n.tiouKi,'b*e'se^^^^^
d"ty paymg articles imported Irom r n./ ''^' ^'''^Portion if the
not^produced in the country ^ '""'''* "^ commodities
■ ducts rimtUn^^^^^^^ r-nt of the pre
more than the amount of Sadian n o/^"'^^ ^^' 'f 18,294,293
' trj; reciprocity and equa% bl" ^tt^^'^ *^-«d in this ciun-
j '-"'=> '" tins instance represented bv
BB ^
'i ft
:l I]
i a
;!..
i
I
%l\
ilft
^*° APPKNiUX.
the relative proportions of forty-five to one. This ia the condition
ot trade purchased hy a loss of revenue, heing in 1854 the last
year hefore the operation of tlip treaty, more than six times the
revenue collected by Canada during that year on the articles made
free by the treaty, and imported from the United States.
" The treaty was conceived in the theories of Free Trade, and
in harmony with the progress and civilization of the age. It was a
step forward m {wlitical science. American legislation had been
characterized by an extraordinary liberality to a foreign neighbour
placing her lines of transportation upon an equality with our own'
and merchants upon an eciuality with our own in receiving forei-'n
merchandise m bond. We conceded commercial freedom upon all
their products of agriculture, the forest, and the mine ; and they
have either closed their markets against the chief productions that
we could sell to them, or exacted a large duty on admission into
their markets.
" From time to time the Canadian duties have been uicreased
since the ratification of the treaty, and during the last fiye years
the tollowing duties have been exacted on the declared value of
various chiet articles of consumption : —
1855. 1850. 1857. 1858. 185!).
Molasses 16 H n jg 3^
bugar, refined 32 28 25 2(5 J 40
Sugar, other 27i 20 17 J 21 80
Boots and Shoes 12 J 14 J 20 "1 "^^
Jf™««^--: 12i 17 20 21 25
Cotton Goods 12J 18J 15 15 20
Iron Goods 12J 18<' 15 10 oq
Silk Goods 12J isl 15 17 20
Wood Goods 12^ 14 15 18 20
" Every year a new tariff has been enacted, and each of them has
inflicted lugher duties upon the chief productions of American
labour. Ihese duties are so adjusted as to fall most heavily upon
the products of our citizens. '
"If it be true that the Canadian Government has a right to increase
Its taxes upon our industry as it has done, almost to the exclusion
ot our manutactures, bocause no stipulation agauist this course was
mser ed in the treaty, t' -^n it has a right to put an embargo (for a
prohibitory duty araoi- . an embargo) upon all articles not enu-
merated m the treaty ; nn^ there could be no check to its a^'iires-
sions. 00*^"
"When the tariff was under discussion in the Provincial Parlia-
ment, a deficiency of 14,000,000 (greatly exceeding the revenue of
; !
Al'I'KNDIX.
41 »
tliat year) wiw officially untiounco.l Tl.iu ) r •
«««erto(l by the or^rans of the (W r Z "'f'"*"'*"''^''^ '"'"«"' '^ '«
<^'urrymg out their Hyntem of h.S'^' ^'■"'" ^^penditures in
"In comparison with the 1 ies ' Td 'If '^
the tanft-of 185!. on many of o, „', i.^'/'* *''" ^"t'«« J^'vie.I hy
f'oes harneH8 and Ha.hllery c h) l.io ""'"' ""^''' "« ''""t« ""J
•"umerate<l articles, incduiinK llw ! / *''«'"'«« e'ass of un-
nanulaeture8,HuelKtHw<.onen8tcot?o Hto "'"''-^ "" '"''• ««.er
^■I'ocks, &c., luttM, honsehohl furnhu^' ^d '^ ^''''^''^ '"^»^''"'«.
arms, agnc.dtural implements" ail? if m""'".' ''^F ^'^"'«' fire-
and eastn,^.H, upholste y, ea.rLes nH.r'' "'T '"'-'l^vare, stoves
musieal instruments, soar. IK n '"'''"' ^'''^'a ruhheJ .'cfods
tures of bnusB, eopper IcXS^rjf;!^^^ «'-'-*^-J'» trunks, maS
(«xeopt for the use ^f shi s) mnn • r'''''"'v'''"'^'^ ^"'^ ^^''"i^'N
the duty has been inereas^? six ^k "'*"';"' of marble, &e, &c.
wards ; while ou the dist l- timw^f" ^^"' ." '•'^'^" l'^''' ««»t» ir u,>
'"m.lmUnd twenty-fivrpe. eent ^"■"" "^' ''''''''' ^^^ ^«^'" a
Canadi^t:^l^t^Ju;tx^^ 'if «'''*^' *'^« ««"J»«t of the.
industry almost to their exeu in. f^' * '." ^'^^^^^ «*' American
;--;ced to be a violatLrno^lv 7 !^""'^'^' '"-* '- -o-
ti-oaty, but of the amity and .oo7^^^^^^ ^T' ^"^^ «I"nt .>f the
and without which all internaSi o 1 .Iti ' "''' '' ^'^''^ -'-eived ,
ii.e laws by which the pas LLff-"" ^''^ ""availin^r. '
the country in bond was perSd l "'^'' I^'^J^^tions through
sy-stem of reciprocal beneffts h SedTd'" rT"^"^ '^''^^ ^^ the
natural advantages of each cou trv T. '^?"«'«P ''^'•"loniously the
Fople to the ine.,ullities it C^d ? ''"t^ '" reconcile^ our
financial officer of the ,.overnSrn " "'^•. ^^'^y vested in the
the most liberal mannerfoward^te ra^r^'; ^"^'f''*" O'^ereised b
Canada m permittin-r alikoX! f "^"^<J« and earryin« lines to
tation to the tJnited\?tates of Sf '''*^" ^^^^"^^^ ^ndrZlt
merchandise of American ori'hT^" °;erchandize in bond, and
ners for us depend the hon^ of ^'^-""^ ^^^^ "t" being the car
ments in railroads and ianXTL^''^!'>' P^'^^^^^-'^ their invesl
aH ^our carriers, not thei^ ' ^^'''' P"^'^« ^«rks were const "ucS
chase. The people of Western r«n! i^'^"^' ^^ *''« P^^^e ofpu!
heir wines, spi^its,groSf8jrF^ were accustomed to buy
real-the former system admitf.;n. a !f,^. ^^^-^f^.I^oston, or Monti
~ ° -mexican ciUes to competition,
I ;
iiJ
420
AITKNUIX.
'. I
the duties having boon specific and levied on the weight, measuro
or nunibor of the articles wherever they were purchased. Thus no
greater duty was charged on imixirts via Boston or New York to
loronto or Hamilton than via the St Lawrence to Montreal. The
presont system forces the people of Canada to discontinue their
business connections with our merchants, and buy from the Montreal
or Quebec importer.
" Thus the productions of China, Br<"-il, or Cuba, if brought to
Canada vui the St Lawrence, will p;.^ duty only on their value
in the country of their origin ; but if purchase.I in our Atlantic
cities, must pay dutv on that value increased by interest, frci-dit
over the ocean, and the various other expenses and charges of the
insurer, shipper, and merchant. This is not only legislation against
our carriers, but against all our mercantile interest.
" The combined influence of the treaty and our bonded system,
even betore the high tariff, was exceedingly injurious to the largest
:|ortion of the northwest. Its farmei-s suffer from com i)etition with
tliose of Canada. Its manufactures, useful in the .laily wants of
Canadian life, are now excluded, and in the bonded system the
whole trade m foreign gopds on the frontier is lost to the United
^tates. American duties being exacted in all cases where the
original package is broken,and the Canadian pur baser from the
Irontier, American merchant, would thus be compelled to pay duties
twice over— first to the American and afterwards to the Cana-
dian C/overnment. The ordinary customer is thus driven from our
stores ; and so far as the American market is yet used by Cana-
dians, for purchasing foreign goods or manufactures, the common
S'.ipply of Canadian stores is thrown into the hands of Canadian
merchants who procure their supplies in Montreal. If upon export-
mg foreign goods to Canada in less quantities than the ori-rinal
package, the duties were , returned to the owner, the goods, until
the recent increase in the Canadian tariff, would stiir have been
bought m the Atlantic ports, but they would have been sold to
Americans who would resell to the Canadian retailer or consumer
as they had done m former years ! and our merchants on the fron-
tier would not be debarred as now from a fair profic, by the discri-
mination of our own laws against them.
" * n extensive trade had been established in leather, alcohol
pure .pints, burmng fluid, boots and shoes, castings, hardware,'
clothing, machmery, cabinet ware, upholstery, musical instruments
di agi. -luu -'^dici".c«, manufactures of cotton, wool and tobacco. Oii
most of these ra tides the present duty is prohibitory, and the trade
18 entirely destroyed, or of trifling amount.
" A general dissatisfaction with the treaty exists oa the Southern
AH'fMrex.
421
side of tho boumlary lino, wherovor it« orw.™(!™ • . .
r™lly i„, a mere ^r„i„ clt rival ' ST^'' ""* '"!' S" ''"
»«.or part, of the United States as™ Silh for L ' "' '" ""*'-'
Keno,.altdA;:„rthf,c„„„t'r' P™I'""'J-" *« -pen-o of the'
.^ he,„« reKa.,.od a, tho te,t. In' the fi?e }ear;3i f/ ?jt "sT
F^=..i^.^:rd^-'xSrl>i)"^
an exceas a<'a ntua ryTnonr.!,, -.^^ i ir .7 , -^ ^»^"'>^' there wa»
tionality. No raarkel LTnlJ? '^ .'' fi.'"-'^^''*^''^ of British na-
bein.r i(7 09q ;-ff "'' A • countries— the value carried byeaek
bem,5 137,223,60.^ m American, and *36,.528,968 in foreign ves
sion' of^f srCt'n L" 'To Wet" ^^r 7 "^^^ *^^"^--
of great advantage to Semsdvesind if ^'''^'' 'T '^"^'^'^'^'^ it
its navigation that the htS I '• • r ^""^ T^ ^'^^^ ^^'^ obtained
sideration to be na^d bv H-f P '1''''"'.''^ canals, as the con-
of the St. CmZtmUhtr^r f^ ^"""^^ ^^ ""^ """fS""""
and value of Ze coltereW flee^^^^^^^^^^ '" ""= ""■"""
Canadian authorities sh« t^a " „?e^^A *:. *!;1.»'?'«,™°'» "^
422
APPENDIX.
ture of the President of the United Statos, nearly six years airo
no more than forty American vessels, with a krdeTofirS 550
• irthSl^r^'V^''"^'^ f"' ^'- ^^^'•«^««' --d that of these
tionomTsl^TJ^ *^'* *^' P"'"^^'"^ advantages from the naviga-
Son nf T nlhr v'' ^«^^«^r P""*^«^l *h^" '^^"ti^al, as the navi-
gation of Lake Michigan, ceded to Canada by the treaty has been
so extensively used that in the year 1857 one hundred and nine
?a" rer^oT'^-tT' fr^-.Ch-ago alone, thus deprtTng'ur vn
carriers of ireight by enabling others to take the produce of the
geat gram growing regions through Canada to periston efther s de
or chielly by British vessels— to Europe. It is a noticeable fiot
m this connection, that the above is a statement of onrthe c
for one year ; and that is more than double the number of United
States vessels that passed outwards through the St. Lawrence for
the last SIX years since the ratification of tlie treaty and cmbtuSe
the number that ever retui»ned inward from sea. ^ ^"i^tuple
Trunk RaXad^'of f '' 7 ^ery elaborately to show that the Grand
T^orrnflTp • ^^''^^V *^'S'"^* commercial and poHtical
bv the Cnii ^^'^Tf^' ^"^^ ^\a grand British monopoly, designed
by he Government to divert the carrying trade froi tl ; Western
It sfat'est" pS "" V^""' -iles-from Portland to DetSt
iected to tip ;^ 5 ^rt'cle. sentto England via Portland are sub-
d^l pv!L- Juties only asif they came directly from Cana-
n^e US^ sTf ''' ^T' "'* '"^'^ ^" ^■'^"^"^ «*' 4 other port
m tne tinted Sti^tes— and argues that the hope of reciproictv in
lavour of this gigantic competitor.]
-The report concludes thus :~ «
<a1 ?'^^ "^^-""^^ adaptation of the United States and Canada to
fonferredb:Tei hb"^""''^ benefits, easily and withoit humiuln
conferred by neighbours on each other, is well known, but the exnli
oit and earnest appeals of Canada for an honourable and muttnHy
beneficial reciprocity ar') now no longer uttered. With an h2t e of
Wea'd^aK'^'-^'V''"?^^^
has adontd ^"\^^^«^"'"S ^^f «^If «?c"re in our forbearance Canada
iias adopted oy her recent legislation, a policy intended to exclude
us from all the geographical benefits of ouV poJicion, while sh 'hopes
to use all their advantages for her benefit' Each conces ion hi
been used as a vantage ground for further encroachment She has
reversed the natural laws of trade, and prevents her mr lit and
APPENDIX.
423
.a£H!ulturist from buying in the same market where they sell The
hST Tf ^ ^'"''*'^ "" «^^ Northern frontier hXcen annf
hilated. She has mcreased her own revenue bv a i^^l a •
industry The advantageous trade formeri;:a.Ld:rwit^S^^
^V^T^n" and villages on our Northern frontie? Sbeen d
stroyed Our farmers and lumbermen encounter the compet hL of
new and productive territories. It having been fonn^^S! f
shippers, sailors and merchants in the Snt citieslre tran/
acting a mutually profitable business with CanadianrtL •
spirit of their legisLi^^^ -deavouredTo secrtlU^^^^^
this traffic, and attacked our interests with discriminrH.;! fl-
Our railroads suifer from a British com"™^^^^
leges eqmvalent to taxation on their business wftHhe Canad ^n
province and the interior of our own countrv oZJ. 1^'^fadian
instead of exporting to Canada, Ire Sd byTmpost^^^^^^^^
soon to prohibit .he entrance of their productions-^iloTe Pro W
The wool and raw materials of Canada are admitfpr^ .1 L / ^ f *
our markets, but fabrics made from ttem are exduded fr^^ "!
contraiy to the explicit assurance of th^SSSi^ronS
of the Canadian Government, that it would be " willinAo carry
the princiciple of reciprocity out still further." Hitherto th"e vauS
car^v'tv^nhv or"^^^^^^^^ *^""'«^ *^^ ^*- I^-rence have b en
scaicely worthy of any serious coDsideration. The proifered hand
of commercial friendship, accepted for a time by Canada with far
more advantage to Canadians than to ourselves, isnow reTected li
this exclusive and unnatural system, Canadians yeldS uPon
«ro?ot "t.f fV *'"^ -P^'^^^"^^^^-' "P- the' immense
for fb?!n? T! 'v''^' f^-^y^^^g trade, and ipon our territory
the tr^ffi n"' <!T'' *?-*^'. ^'^^"- ^^'' tJ^«ir participation in
tlre^velZ ^,f ^^^^ ^^"«^« ^^e object of their unscrupulously
aggiessive tana's, they depend upon the continued liberality of our
powers, intended to be used m facilitating our commercp instead
of advancing the commerce of a foreign country. '
unon onr'Z '^ ^^^ reciprocity treaty and Canadian legislation
SrsaTcitv of TV'' '^ /T""' r ^^ ''^''''^' t« h'^-e «««aped
t^ie sagacity of B-- ish statesmanship. By the treaty we placed
Canada on an equality with one of the States of this UnTou, with
ou subjecting hor to any cf its burdens. By her legislaTon in im-
r^sing extraordinary taxes upon the products of American industry
she IS compel 'ng us to bear her burdens, created to sustain g .a2
Ind ?n7/''''^^ '^ *^i ^T"^^ ^°^^^*^^»' ^'^ Bupremacy,^b| land
^Ib ? n "'''T' "^^'"^ commerce, and for the grave^influence
wluch thus may be exercised upon our political caret^r.
k ifi
I '
'ii!
ill •"
It,
»
424
APPKNDIX.
i Jlirll
toward any remedy of T/crrpJf? -i l".,"?^'' ""^ P^* PO"iting
parl/cet:thtt"rititro^^^ Obligations upon one
the other Th«?fi. ? 7 obhgationshaveno binding force upon
it was madeTt^o tidenVto admit^n-^^^ Pr°^^'.^^ ^^*^ ^^^^^
dent that a systeLScheit '^^^^^ ^T*'- , ^-^ '^ "^"^^^ «^i-
cease. Then L GovefnZt ^f '^^^^^^^^^ ''™"''''" '^'^ "^"^'
legitimate means, the pXtio*^^^^^ country can resume, through
governments exist to pKet i T ?i'^* .l"*^^'^.^*^ ^^i^h
mustbecompelS torS^';^ ^ th« Canadian Parliament
until the da/stn retu'n^in^rbS^^^^^^^ 7 ^/"P^«*'
lated by the ledslatJnn nf n ' '^^^^^e, the laws of trade, regu-
more like recSitwU ^^"«^*^««' «^a" give us something far
ment-the PrSh/r^^^ ''' now possess. The Home Gom-n^
befi mofe btndn^upon^^^^^ ^T ^T^'' ^^'^"^^^ ^^^
legislation would not Cnt«Kh' '"P*,"'^*^ treaty, that their
" T ^...fn- ] , 1 . ^^ shaped to make us their tributar.V.,
am, however that tbS. ^' ^ '^''^^ ^^^^- Convinced, as I
by thrtreatv for i '^f *«^^,.^«asure of giving the notice required
certainly should fail in th^fT/ ^'^''^ ^f'"^'^'^ ^^ t^"« ^-^P^rt, I
careful insSaSn of f.,^^ t'^ ^^'' ^''^'''^'^ ^'^d mit
strongly ^7^ nT Jf T S T* ^^^P^^^ant matters bring so
such prCr alteration^ / "'* ^^- ^T' P^'"'* °^* *^« ^^^^ that
the trSrS of ^^^^^^^^^ ^"^^ ^/ ^^l^' "» relation to
U^tedSt^atesto-i-XtK^^^^^^^^^
APPENDIX.
425.
to another ; aSid thatthe ^4^ "". '"•' '^ ''^'' "^'^^
^g under the laws ofl79™riJ5lf*^V''''''*P"^'^g«« ^^^t-
carriage and re-entry of pr^pertf t'oL't''"'/.'"*^^ ^^^P"^^^*^
States and Canada/wodd in a mnl 1^ . ^'"i^"''^ *he United
removal of many, Ld perLs a2 o^T'*""* ^"^ree hasten the
stated. The necessary Cstauence of «' T'^'T' ^^« ^ ^^ve
alteration by the Canadian PnS . '"'.^ ^^*'«» «»^st be the
lation under^hlh w\th^f i^^^^^^^^^ of the legis!
Would t . be immediatpK h^.^Zu \ ^^^ wrongs of to-day
TI.e proper, radTaltnT^iLStav^b^^^^^
speodjr abrogation of the treaty iWf^' '"^""'^ I"'"'™' « «"«
" Waahington, March 2M°860.-' " '"""' ^^ ^*'™'
i.S
THE AMERICAN ZOLLVEREm FROM AH AMERICAN
POINT OF VIEW.
rem from another point of Cl^^^ , ^^^ American ZoUve-
^^^^ rmc?. point Ifviel Mr ^^J ^^^*r^ ^^ ^^U^^ the
adoption of /ree Trade Tr' Fr.PT ^"'^"^» deplores England's .
^ show the miserable poiJrwWcH^^^^^^ '"? ^'^ ^^"^^^ ^'^
Canada, which leaves Canadhn? ZlKi^^'f ^og'^^ation has left
out for themselves Mr Sid *r?i'^
American by birth, holds the ««^« • \^^^^'' ^^"^' ^^o i« an.
was quite right in Zdudn'T. 7"" T ¥"' ^'°^"' t^^* England
granted, like Mr Brow« 2 JhTs Z f^ ^t T'"^^ ^"^ ^^^esfor
of England, and that thSr Sms onT/^?^^-^'"'^* ^^ ^^^^ P^^^^
and paramount than those of reobr^ste fV'"l ''' .T' '^Vnt
are separate in their views, for af r Si ' ^' ^^^ ^'- ^'^''^
^rown, as a Canadian, assumes as at ST! P'"*™*^' ^'^^^ ^^'••
Englaru treats Canada as srtreats\nf;>r'^?'"P?.^ as
not possibly afford to doXrwLe th- ,- ^'' i "' *"^^^ '"'^'^
and treat England just Lanv oThl ? ""^ ''"'^ *^ '^ ^^ interest
the right to Ist^hSmZlm^^^^^^^^
of Canada to do so beoZ. nfi '' 'f ^'"« *^** i* ^^ the interest
11 -
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426
APPENDIX.
(Montreal Gazette Hxtr,, February 14, 1852 )
The f*™g Memorial i, l„ be laid heforo the meeting of the Board
of Trade, on Tuesday next, by Ir* Gould, Esquire.—
^''^"^'"'"•^'S' <^ Rkht Honourable Jambs, Earl of E,,orN
'^l^Z:lZ^- - ^'"- - «■« «"^ - Moutreal
u£iTh^'T,.S;?!rdfdt&':*'''",'^™^\»^
o%et,,^fof^;?;:rivtd™:\:e ;:v:r=:j
imnerfcnt md .Jw;, ■ !, ■ P'*"' '""'otolore submitted, were
pZos,U° admit Can'J """'"f ' '"'«"""'" '''^ '""'* ^J
whiSh have been crldbTtbr ^"^'T '" *™ '" «'° ■»»>■'""»
they offered no ademn?eT,f '"™"''«""7 ' "' *e United States,
factj,ri,.g intLtjThat'eom";;'' "° "'""'»"' "^'^ '» '"» "-"'
to t«t™sf IbSf 4°;r:,f ™<;r"* "•'»' "" *"?'»
&tt^:=':£H-^~
fo.^imperfee:tf,tu,rirS,;otS£: ■»--' ""' '"
ord'ir ::i.^I^SS'l-;f'".'ion of this Board, that i„
tant a bearing on aft^it^i™^^^^^
necessary to assiimo o rlifl- " , .P^"^^""^ ;^"« i"turo of Canada, it s
i' .
APPENDIX.
427
mdcpendent part eacl. towards the ot or Sd '£ t f' '"
of the most free and perfect comnio,.,. ll . f yet for the purposes
these thirty-one States me ^Slfi '''^'T''''' ^'*^ "^^'^ *^*^^«^''
tem of coLerce I th roilr" " V^'"''^ upon one uinfonn sjs-
Britain continue, to ex Ci^.u.Hl /,' P'"*''^^"' ^^^^^"^ ^''^''^t
Colonies had -rown un to a .H V ' V'^'"'' "^" "^«"*'''' '^^«
treatment bee?! 2 o Ton 1^. f "P«»«'l !"anhood,-when such
«cen them f ir^ nl k^.u!?^? T ^^^ir''''^' '^^^""' ^^^^"'«
J'as herself reilvlnl he 'inckt tt 'l «^»T"f ™"^"*' ^"^''^"'d
clonist, and hiddin ! t c'n X i L n .' ' """'l^'f- '' ''^'^'^^^ ^" *^^*^
ivith their welfare md-o.f course wnch is most consistent
natural anc^ p , ,er L tul^ ^'n': '''^'''^' <^« '^ ^'^^
more immediate v. mm. i ''°V^^'"' '"'"'^"' '^^^ ^'«^' '^"^'Jects
she has sai in effec - V "" ^^''V'^ "'^ ^•«''^»''^^- '^'^ "«
cm% we must jtn;>f.!!f '7 '''"'"■ ^•"''^'^■•'^^ '"^''^t'^n^' ^«'^'^"^-
"ati^;'^r^klri^tr'^^eS"::r'' '"^^ ^"^ ^''^^
an Jr dto.;d Ti ::s rr f ^ -^ 'iv^^^ ^"^^^^ ^^^^-'
a natural conse n eneo Z fMf< '^ would seem to result as
such com^ S rSits, ;Vtrr ".'\T^. ^'' ^^^"^^^ ^ «^«^
to r)articinate i /ho i V. ^ ^ '"*'''' ^^^*^« ^^ ^'^ e»able us
aniw£rni:,S:^'i:?.Cr.^f;^;^^^^^^^^^ th^r system,
M- a -iinmii^tai LiiwH vvun tnat country,
Pi
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f \\
428
APPENDIX.
your Meraorialiats sincerely believe an^;* • • ?'•' T ^® ^^^^te^,
policy Lta;::,SVe^r;inl^G^^^^^^ '* «"^^ ^^ the
in the best practicable rm^dtTbr''^" '''^ ^'' '^"<^<>^t«m
an.? entire free trade SiTtA *^,fP««*J'est manner, ^o,«„/,f,
articles imported into £ iLTi-^'''''\''' ^^" "^ ^^^ ^or^oi^
and mnufacture of the same "'' "" '^ "^*'«^«« *he growTh
wa^?'::iLl'^?.SX^^ the only practicable
Govermnent,of^heAScan Tariff o^^^^^ ^^ *^^« ^''•^^'"^ial
from sea, and by thefr^e "dmiss^^n of1h?"*''7" .^" importations
factures of each^countrrinto the oth', ,^P'"'^"'*^^^^^ ""*^ ™'^""-
nicrcial interests of the C comJS; ^^,r""'l^ting the com-
desirable they should be assimilateS ' '" '^'' ^"^ '^'' ^' "^^^^
^- Ihat amongst the det-vik nf ♦!,;« „
eluded the complete extinct on ofn 1 r ™f?'"'"* ^^^"'^ ^^ ''^^
of the frontier, retaining on^^^^^^^ f,Tl' ''' ^''^ «'^^«^
and Montreal, and also of a ius^rnSn 'VV^^^^^
the amount of duties received*^ to thpl^'^"'^'' apportionment of
4. That for the purree of nei^' .?'""'""* ""^ '""'^ ^^^ntrv.
further inducement^Kolhrrt t ?! f "' ^"''^"g^'^ont, and as^^a
Lawrence and our inland water/ i' I ^ navigation of the St.
canals, should be granTdtothe TW f%Tf "^ ""^ ^^'^^^^^''^ ^"d
of the same tolls fnd dues as 1 m H h ^^^*«^"P«» the payment
Finallv \t Jo fC • • J^^ P*'" ^J ourselves.
arra„geS:;„t ^' ho' atrwotldT *'T7"''^' *" '-'=h «"
Canada, and in nowisirn^nSl . -.f S"'''*' '° *e advantage of
^ut„ .. we,, a. or srsrs s rr ■ r:t:i^;^ »-
Al'VEtiDlx.
429
VIII.
ISAAC BUCHANAN, Esq., M.P.,
£h'r/o*f^te 1«'0, and is the
ancient «eat of the Buch"^^^^^^ tiroflY'r^^' T
J^tirhngshire, on the confines of Dnmhi f • ^ ^'*^^^' Lomond,
interesting, being the TeT leZ h^""'"'^ "P"* Jn«toricali;
lowlands at the pjiis o^^nSlT^ ^f *^*^? ^^^ highlands mi
McGregor herded ScatHnl' ^^"'"^''' ^^^''^f' "'« rohber
Mr. Buchanan? lt£^^^^^^^ unprotected by black n.a I
The estate, comprisil ara^r<^Al ^^'^ f^"' '"gin Glasgow.
mcluding thohiIlinnnSliatery7oul.on rr ^'"T''^;!* ^™'^"^
■ Grampian range, was sold to tC T)l J ^f '"•^' '^*^ ^»«* "^ «io
Peter Buchanan S T 1 " ^^"^"^ of Montrose in 1880, by
wards joined I's b.tt ;;,tar "K ^"^^"'"^' ^''« ^^^^^^^
mto his extensive Canadhu ^81^^^ TM^l'^'^f;* ^"''^"^''^^^
been long coveted by the nobeTouso tbnf '"^'*"^ ^'^P^''*^ ^^^^
on account of its ronmnt"c situS i « "" T'^'^'^''^ '*' "«* '^"'y
• «'>"tiguity toBuchan^ £use Z duc'Ju^r' "m"''"«' ^^"* f"'' ^^
was the only spot in t "e S\i^riHh o? m' y'"""^ f>«causo Auchmar
the entire eastern H\do TtritI ^ fT '''''^' ^^''"P'-i««<l
duke's magnificent domain "^' "'^ "''" '"^^^'^^'^ 'n the
«i^ir ;::^r^ r ^-^ ^^ the Giasgo.
under the eelebrattl sXlnr ? ?-^ ^'' **'*^ ^'^^'^'^"^ '^^^^oj,
Graham, of Aberf^yl , w^ lu ^d tlT"^' .-'it '^^^^''-'^ ^'^•
would take the highest honoZ .f 1 ^"^"' ' ^''*^*^'" ^^^^^ ^is son
bowever, was not de n ^o „,d rt Z""'"''^' '. ^'\ '^'•«^^"^''»
n.et with an incident, wh^n ^ lis wfv ""'"«f ^^ '>'-J«al, having
of October, 1825, t(^ Ti/cCe • ^^n ' '^^ ''««•»'""«
to his view 'an entirely WcTree^ ^^' ^'^"' ^^^'^^ P^««««t^'d
tl^e thing to his father Sbovimmet? ^ ^'^ T^ ^ "^^"*'^'»
position, having formerly observed T^ '^"^^* '^^ *''« P^^
families in Glasgow h,S foHed 7,f n1 f • "^"^.^^ «<' the first
prepared for them ThoS^^^^^^^ '^'"^^^ when
and would not return for a month J « 7« absent at Auchmar,
re.ponsibUity, toaccepfL7i±Zi:;:^
^^-^..i....i,i iOr a aaurc period
I J II
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430
il
1 r T ..
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AVVENDIX.
'"•giiig upon Mr. Leadbetter, who shoK-n-i , •
the lather disapproved, he could ^tif^^t X ""''*""' ^'^'^^ '^
He had been a month with Messrs. (J uUdfl^. r , •
became acquamted with tliis ehn L " . • ^''- ^'''^*'''^ '"'' f'ltJi'^r
though feelh.g much disappointi^^^^ "' '"?'^ '^^^^^^"'/' ^^ho
ofhisbo/s literary succelorve 1. i'^n^' ^'^^ '^'^'^ •^'''"«t'^^<l
Isaac became permanently fixed in h ^ '^ ^"^ ^''^ inclinations, and
VVitlun three Jears h^^^i:^ :'^^ ^^^ early ,^ ,^5.
from an extraoi-dinary concurrenco nf • "^^e^'^at rcsi>onsibilitv,
almost unparalleled ra„id tv of 'f <''"-cumstance8, leading to an
age of20,'he was taS h 1 a ^.0^'"'^ ' .^'''''' ^^' ^^« «"
brai^ch of the business wa tv'/ol ft Sbno J"/k ^' '^'' ^'^"^^'^^
Previous to his comin.r tn (\, V'^^.'^^^d to hnn.
aistinguisljed lurnsri^^i^^S^- l;f2; ^^- ^-^--n had
catc book-keeping, and bv iiistit.. n . ^^''' "onsense of intri-
simplilications'in^the boo?CpSSr<^Z^'''^"^^*^^ -
are still m use throughout the exteS t^*^™^^»ts, &c., which
and present busiiiess connec Lns T M T"^'''*\""^ "^■^"^ ^^"ner
had been surrounded by the 1 minio./ ^"'/'"^^^^^•i' ^r. Buchanan
an elder in the Church^of ktSd'"ir "''''. ^''^ ^'^'^''' ^^'^^^
hose loveliest spirits whQ in h?t" i d'e^^ '"' '''''^'''' '^''^"'^ one of
lie l>eace that passet^ all u^ii^!^-"? ^^ '"-trate
the fruits of his ea;:i;;;,:^|^^^;^7^': and he has carri:;i
a recent election address,* wt'Shim t '"" '" ? ^^'' '''''^'^' ^r ^^
declaration : " My more imm. , f ^ • "i""« *^'"' «>llovving man. /
Mith such favourable vTwTtt- ''"^' '"" understaml how"^
AlacdonaldJ , 1 could be hi, ^T '"""'^^'' '^« ^on. John A
hope this afces from my bein / ^^^'"^'"1 '"^^'"^^'•* ^ ^^'^ ^'^en f
character to have ^e7ar 7(C''T11'"'^"»'' ^^"^'^^ Scottish
be able to realize myse f us boi^'1' ^""i*^^^« "« other foar-ta
than that of sUitesmen ortii's " ^'^'^"^^''"'^"^ "^ ^ ^"gl^oi- presence
And those alone who k-nn« +k . i
is his conduct hi tie res^^^^l/'^r'; ^''\'^^^ 'f^^Y ^^oy, fearless
So intense were his. bv2! I , "''I"'' ^^'^■'' ^^^ ^lay.
ofhismanhood:^!;';^!^-,;-;;^^^^^^
house, that his health becanu ?,. ., ^ " ""^ ^"' '"'^'^ o"^nent
he sought such as youth "enevf^/ "?f ^^ ^^'' ^''^^'^-'ation
mind he allowed himS bet alf Ltond ' '^'' 'S^^ '^'"'''^''^ ^^
philosophical classes of the Glas " f Jd ^"'" Z ^^'' "^"^^ ^»<1
hfe has he been heart o br^nld^T ^1 ^ J ^^ "' ^"^"^^^ ^f Wa
1- to perform an amou" t'oTlf aCulSf '" ^"^^'"'^
In tbe general election of 1861.
\\
APrKN/)jx.
482
THE PIONEER OP THE THAOS OP UPPEH CANADA.
Up^)et Canada is in(^chtf>f^ in M- tj i
mcnt of that imincnscXltal^tS ^"' *''•' ^'^'"'^ •^«^«I"^
the province. In the f alUri 83 o rtS:f T •"/'"^' ^ *'"" ^^
buBuicsain Torontojds brother moiW ants !fM 1'^ a .ranch of his
presumption. Had that course been It . ^"" '"'*' '""Whin^rat his
It to be supposed that thoTl fXrf n t f' /"'"^'"i^^
adopted it f In vain they h umI . '""t ''""''^ "«* ^'^^^
foretold Mr. Buchanan's ^L yd imfi ,,r?" ^^. ^^"'^'^^ ^"'^
" far west " with his nnbml-, / , .'^'^*''"^turo, and return from the
the supposed fofi; tf t'^^^^ .^ 1"^ t i'' ^"Jt ""«"^^^- ^
bouse of Buchanan & Co. fl.Se.I in Z V^ ^-morrow. The
competitors found that a ma" hi 1 L^ ^;'' «"'«««. His timid
one after another f<)Ilowed Tthev si »" '^'t\ "P"" *''«™' and
pioneer, however, keptX^ lead ^ A I I'^l ""fj^'' '? ^'^'''^- '^^ho
subsequently pushed on to Hamilton ^^1";^ '"'' ^""'"««« ^^^
where a magnificent buildini^ t^J\^,^^^^^^ *." ^«"^««'
Adam Hope & Co formin.r ../ erected by his nrm there,
i'nprovingVoun./c ;; and ni ^^^^^'^'l «''"'iment to that rapidly
of the hous^e of tl'fciar lllf^b'' \""-^'^ '^"^ «"«co «
'-l^>be the pioneer of a rTfV •''' ^"''""'« associates,
involves his bei g a pa tv^th ' '' •" t-^'"''' '"""*^->^' "'^'cesHarily
which mark t^^^ ^C^^tl^^^'^'^ir "^^ "^ ^<^^- "'«titution^s
churches, educational s^m t ? V. ^ '" '"'^ barbarism-
commercial oxciuui^es CX ,^^^^^,^^^^^^1^.^^^^ "^ ''^^'^^ ^nd
societies, insurance".>ffiV>rbank tru f '„nf ,"""' ""''^ ""n^i^ration
navigation, telegraphing, &e"rj ^f ""'Vr''"; !?">Pa"i«'S stoa«.
railroading. Mr iludnn.m':' V'n i' '""^ ''''^*' *''«"«b not least
successful^ eCt;,T; ;" r ":: ,«"^"''anan,Harris &'Co.'s eari;
Western Railway'a e ni r,in±,w":: ^ "'""' •^'^^ *''« ^'^ea^
boon quite essential to its co ZicZ o "^•f"'f 'f ^^'^ ^s having
tion at the public mectin-r Th m ; f ""-'^^'^ *^'^' ^'^^ '•«««lu-
lH4r>, and with Is l.^tk.r r M^'^A?/'"''^^"'''"'^^
•subsequent meeting in Ma d^estl wbii ''""'', '"-""'^^'^ ^h*
construction. ^viancncster, which s(;curcd the railway's
STATE OF CANADIAN POLITICS THIRTY YEA':
AGO.
the Canadas, were wroM tIJI ■'^ «ie peace and prosperity of
-od ., o^iarcMoCs, etr[.- t/;i^i:, sr ii
II
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t ' 11
i
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432
AITKNDTX.
pohca poflflihio, from tho individuals boin^' t),r Iw,af • .
province, mn8t mm away heforo « L n 1 1 '''^'l* ."><'» »" th«
unlike theUnt'^Ta^cSr ^cS '' ;r^;:£^ '^'^^^ ^^
nor being expected to see through tho eyes S th' VwK ^'^
Montreal merchants whosn inf»^«of i- . ° Quebec and
ihat of the great mk8?of f) o 1 ^'^^ ^'«m^trically opposed to
being to hayeTghTo loVnl^'"!!'^ i/^' '"^^^^ ^^ "'« •'^"er
i« th^e interestTtCt aZ irFr,';i^i%^'^^^ ^ ''
wages. In Upper Canadron ZVl^ *"! ^''' ^ood, not bad
England oligar^chy, wZe Vo"t t^ta^hl.'n 1'""^' '' ^'^- ^^'•»'•^^ ^^
the Scottish Church P>,KSi.L.i7 ^*''^"^^*'^^- 1^'^^ '" msistiug that
Canada. It was the Scotch beiir^^^^^^ dmouthv^ clnux-h in
position, that mad t^cc^S^^^^^ fSP'^'^'^ and degraded
rebellion. ^^wjnrators ot 18J7 see any chance for
CLEROY KESEIIVB QUESTION.
liiihanan. In 1885 o nu isl oi °., ' Y'' T^' ^2 ^r.
Alblo., which was wMe y Src S t nh ?*'"'?, '^ '^'' ^'"'"''
- this vexed and diffiailt^^p stio.^'' b w£l [''' ^/'^f "'^™^»t of
asserting that there was ; S w/ • i ^'^ '*'"'*'^*^ P^'^P'e ^y
it, only "that tW LTthi f/' v"^ ' "/""'^'''^""^""^ '^'"^ ««ttling
applyLirmiSto t t/ t ^ thel"/r'"^' "^t 7^^'^ "'^^
and his plan was simply to os i ,1 ^ol T'"'"'" ''^"' ^'^''*^°^
assessmeritJmvin.racoliL foroi^^^^^^^^ compulsory tax or
andho.in,Ahusas%;Vt:!rd^t^S:H^
body, to give them for religion the sam- sum oAt. '"''^'""^
tively assessed for education, or a sum i Tn,? ^ T '''^'''
out of the clergy reserve fund proportion to this
Buchanan had dra.vn outVe Son tm bo '? ^''^^^' ^'■•
the Queen, stating that such aTan^o^n.^/'f^ '^^^^^
known a. connected with EssirandThf £est ^f Z '^\f^
and an enerm of the colonies Uto M. n ^ *"*^ ^^'*'^»
paralysis into every Ct?^ in Wpiv^^'r^'"!?' ^'^"^'^ ">^ow
Majesty ^^ to reellYJrT^^^^ ?f P/r/ '^^-^
Ml
Ai'i**:Nnix.
48a
this to tho .socrotary, Mr MurZ^L i ^''''^T'^ raeutioned
mako a point of having it inontion^d f^ r Murdock promise t»
tho clergy rosorvo ..uostion that tht ^r^^ '^^''"''*- '' ^^ '*l>out
Hamilton tho follow nrHummor1n,lf.^rrf^''. •^'^^" ''« ^'^^^d
declaration that tho S^c,. rcouid ^ 1 *' '"'", ^^'^^ *""^ P'^i"
«a govonnnont that made tLrle Irs" bTE'l 5^ ',^ ''^^^^ *'>
had greatly affected Lord Tnh, l? . i ^ ^ ^°.^ *^^ Parliament."
The folfowir,g year th/ toL ""'t ^?^ ^^' ''"""« '»""«try. '
clared to includ% « c iter^of H i'*!??' ^^'^'•«^" ^^ do-
danger No. 1 was th,.s~ biutrn't "'^ -tablishment, and
was threatened by the stato in if- i lu ^*'''''*' "^ t'^*^' ««"ntry
The province seemed worse nlZ J 't *^' ''"^'*^^'«" ^^ left
with it one-headed monste - ' Zd aft '! ^'. ?'" ^^ ^'^"^ ^^^^
been the stoek-in-trade of the po^Siltiti ^''^ ^ " ^"^''''^ ^^^^^
de3,ro its settlement, the oLS l^^?r
hust ngs in 1854. Havingropo; d an a^t ? "^ ^^^"^^'^ ^ ^^^^
which should never be let down Hli ^" '-^'?'*gy reserve league
sects, Mr. Buchanan allowed Enl''^r'KJ'^^'','^^^^« done to\u
MacNab, to enable paSbX^^^^^ t "'"'^ against Sir Allan
the peace of the province SlTr ' ^^'^'^^^^d their view that
clergy reserve qLstion S L ' T''^!^*" '^'^"^«"»«"t of tlie
last promised his friends' that h^ Z] ' "' t-^T^ ^"^ ^Han at
longer stop the way. WtZ vl.^ ' ^''^'^J^^ ^"»«« ^«»'d no
gven evidence be^re locTj^Z^TZ^f^^'- ^.^''^^"^" ^^
the Church of Scotland, and du^Ta rnlnM '"'""^ A^^^^^blv of
up constant communication on he suT.W ^""f ^l^P^^.^d had fept
Ir^P'- ^«'^'h' ^»d otheJ leaders of t« J ' T'"'"^?'' ^^«*^«'-
the Marquis of Bute, her MaiW. r "'"'^' '^ ^^" ^s with
whose friendship Mv^Zh^Zll-l^TVu'''^'''. ^« ^^'' Church,
With Dr. WelclC which he Zd St Z ^'T?^ ^^P^^'^"^
members of Dr WoIpI.'a »^ K- P ^'^'^ ^^mdy having been
Canadian church question ZiT^- ""i .'''"='°"- » ■■"erest ia u,e
making his ma™rSccn rl, " , ' ^"^ '""' 8™'"«'' wnfideaoe b
mittco: which maytiirrhiv:rrd"th/ '^-^^r' '^»-
had one of the fliest minds of tL 1 j question. Dr. Welch
.lup was a great hoiZ a^ ll ' Z"^' r"^ " """ "''<»e friend-
of the Genc'ral Assembly Tf ft" ChuTh'^f i \", T *''»'"»'«■
d-arupfon occ,„ed in lU,Z h?vr:g\eld'd.'t'' """' '^
ii;,
'III
vii-j ixini
00
434
ai'I'|.:m)ix.
I
Moderator of the Froo Church Mr n.. i
frioiHlH whom Dr. Woloh flTko uJ^ 7 '"'l'"""' ^"^ "»« '^^ twontj
in E„inhnr,h h, .S^^tl^Id^^^^^^^ 'K ^"l""'^ ^
Free Church coIIoko a d "Ho "^^^^^^^ toftH„iHttho
wjw applied. '-"'Utiles in Canada,— uiid so the money
SUSPENSION OP SPECIE PAYMENTS IN 1887.
out at New York i £ , rin-^ liT: f ""f^ ^^'^'i' '^"•' ''^' ^'^'^^^^^
crisis. The evenin. he la do l hf ' ^'^"'''' "^ '^''^-^'^'^f"' fi"^"^'iaJ
the first merchaiZrf New tk ile of w)"'"T"!^ ^'^'' ^''^'^^" ^^
on the apparently s(>lvent ^ jj .oi, " k"^'' '""' »'ad suspen.le.l, and
still in th> body/' one of iTl S- '1^ "'r ""'•"•t"'"tt« " mon
till Monday."^' Thrst'lT we e 'fi.n " ^*^'- ^^"^''""'""' "•'"«*
threatening the hanks ml LT.f "' ^" ""'"^^"'^ I"»P"''^'«
in gctting'^on h.t 1 ti^^No M iJ'' 'T''"^'^''*'^ ^'''' ""^ ^' "'oniont
Mi^j^ie^nan, i-^l.^:; ti! u.^i:;^::::'?; --;!^ New ^-^•
and, nungling with all sorts of people saLfiir Tl^ T'
then patent facts entirely c.rroh, r.te 1 H.? t" !•'"''"" *'"^^ "'«
always held ; he then canVn ,' P , "^'7' ""^ '""^"^y J'^' ^ad
the 'ioronto i^! mi of IVa I i^ ed'^n^ f' 7\ ^""« ^^^^^^^^ of
ment called together in J c^ Zlh ^ T " '^ '," «^'""'« ^'^''^'^
saved the trade and in trv f tlf ' '""^ '■^'''«*" '''" ^hat
The bill enabled tl tnt sin nd VC'"''" "•-!' /overthrow,
ing their charters. The n fa I ' .T^M ^'^'^
with " the members" -infi .. Z^ • ^ , ^'*' -'^"«'>anan used
of the United sl;:^ ha e ^mKS T '''V '''''. '^""^^
silver dollar taken fromCanadr.S^^foSe Ar? "'"^'' i"'^ 7''^
pay a .lebt of a dollar and a nnar er fh m soo i 7"'' '"" ^^^' '*'
premium. It is clear then that to doUo '« fl ' , ^'"'"'^ ^one to a
thev can bring over their oloTiramfr^^^
ancf other producers, twenty percent t? I,n ."''" «'^r farmers
Canada git the power aW to « !' ' ^ ""^''' ^"' '""''^^ «
seriously injured : ^ '"'P'"^' *^"^ Producers will bo
Ist. By reducing their prices.
2nd. By depriving them of their home market,
drd. By removing the basis of the circulation tV.„a o.-n
le88eningpricesandreducingthemarkGtlofS.«? ' '*'" ""^'^
the importers paying their BSr-SitL^T''' P'*^''."*'°«
.ul. le distress^un^oLsarilyt'trc^^^^^^ "^^^"
lit- s
11^
AITENDIX.
4B5
holiovo8 that (while ,Z a • roat evil T'' r "«r«P«P'"^- Ho
an.lJaua,hthavohc,rrowoafr,,miKlInd it e^^
producorH must for ov«r romah. " lunoHrf To ii ""'*''' r
water" to middlemen i„ Europe; thatl «; J w .ife hrr''" "^
for our ixiner niouov can irnf nf n . ..: a i .' ! " "'<^ '''roignor
article god, ^ ic Mu can lav J "''; ''^ 'r' "'« P^^-^^^''^
Atlantic%taco Vono?"rc'LlL?../" '\V'^''' «"'""*' ^^o
in lieu thereof any Zl ir^^^^^
tl.ore.,fin Europe iHloCue^^^^^^ .7''^' '^Z "'« P'''««
-r,in. 80 thL'to the e^i'C^i ty nfentr: 7' '"I!
paper money, or through proHperity CI ^^^0''' 'Zf^
lortMgn nnporter getH the advantage^overouri,m 1^^^ *''"
«cttmg the increased price for L warer w . f f""''!"'«''« '^'J
increaHod price, which ho Hlould do if 1 ^ "'""^ 1''^)^'"^ any
deman.l were allowed e Lllv f! . ff / '1' i"^.*"^ ""I'P'j^ «^»J
change, that >>oing^rL: S^^^^^ ^;i«n -
^m their ignor;Ltiy^i!;s.riv;;;^;:i^^^^ ^;;r
".w ofmon^;;^;!?::^.:!:^^^"" ""'"'^"'^ ^-''«
HIS GREAT NERVE AND INDOMITAULK PBRSEVE-IANCE.
libe?aSlts-we!a;t7haTte '"',"' f ^^"^^-^'-^ -^
nant buffettin.-s of^a sea ot" f .! r^ m'" ^™'r'^ ''"«'• *f'« ^^'i^-
reali.ed by tl^oL expelte t Ih; " ^'""^ °^ ^^''^'^ «'^" ^^"'^ ^e
it is not to\e woVd:r:raU J^^^^^ ^tlf' '^™" ^T'
own course of ameliorating our soc al and n^iv ? ^^m'^'^ ^'^«
come in for his sham of Il^^f • ?°''i*\*"^ political evils, should
that is meTed out to an ou,^ rll '"* '^- '' '"^ niisrepres'entation
minonce. Ct with the wel fo Hfi^f " T- ^'Tj"'^'^ *^ *^«'^ P'-O"
indeed, 4ike S L L i 1 t?'^ '"^'J'"* ^^ '^'^'' «^«t«h it is,
reporteV' gaZr/in of lloul nf '^ '' m ^^^*^^ '''^' ^ ^he
I
p41
436
APPENDIX.
by that well known and pecuHar hollow sounding and derisive
kugh from the chest, which leaves the muscles of thfface unmovTd
hke the mask on the " chorus " of a Greek play, are irresisdbly
laughter at the assailant's expense.
n«i' ifi' ^Tt'.V'"]"'' '^"^^"Ss, his public addresses, letters, and
pamphlets, that the force and disinterestedness of Mr. Buchaian's
mmd ,s best seen ; they are not perhaps, models of style, for thev
A ^'T f/"" ^"^* ^^*^ ^'^"^ ^ bmin teeming with viable
^d practical Ideas, and often with too little time to Reflect wSer
aJl the lower hnks of his arguments are as self-evident to his hearers
or readers as a quarter of a century has made them to his mTnd
but they are ample to show what such a mind could accomplish if
freed from the shackles and cares of an overwhelming 3^6
busmess, and devoted entirely to the instruction of hKlow-men
His retorts upon some of his newsprper assailants are often excellent'
N. r^lToft^d!" ■ " '^"°^^' ^ ^''' -^^ '^ -»«^ *^«'
" Even when an unmitigated falsehood is not told by this news-
paper, its statements regaWing me, and all those whom it sees its
VlZf " ^PP^^^^g' have just as much truth in them as to make a
good he ' adding the following quotation from Tennyson : "A lie
that IS all a lie, may be met and fought with outright. A lie that
w part a truth is a harder matter to fight. A li? that is half a
truth IS ever the blackest of lies."
On another occasion he says ; " This newspaper talks of me as
«,?.S' ' '^ *^'''n ^"^^^ P^^^^^ f^^"»» i" '^i^ transactions Z
succeeding in small ones, while all the time well knowin- thaJ
my remarks were to quite another poim, haviug been made'at the
opening of the Great Western Railway. Referring to the ocal
enemies of the railway, and to those who had done liltle or nothing
Zail ^''? enterprise, I expressed my contempt for small men,
faithless and unbelieving, who busy their minds with smaU matters
in which success m little honour, and failure disgraceful ; while mv
course has been to associate my name with gi-eat and worthy
objecte, m which, even in failure, one is associated with greatness
a^ well as what m his own mind at least is goodness." Much
cheering, says the newspaper from which we quote, followed this
happy explanation.
And the following, fron another hustings speech, is admirably
put, but can only be fully appreciated by those acquainted with
our Canadian politicians :
"I do not appear before you <*8 an aspirant for your future
Buflfrages, for these I trust a truly British and patriotic local can-
If
lit
APPENDIX.
4aT
Liberal party, who are ,rifC.„ "f T^' '!'"' ■"^"^"■' »' ">« «»
e.pe„e„oe of the proytace^have maSe .Xrll c»,^ vrf4 •"™
••irom these hustngs at the nomination r.^u,t.
.r'allow their decSrtL V™t 't^s af^l" J-"' "^'P!^,^
or policy, seeing that they have S Iw n " ''™'"P'*»
question or iBsue^to the chaLt^rof liHlnLS' "SlV""
borrowed their taoti-js from Hobesnierre .Tfl!,^ i ^ '"'""'
tionists. The IpHer to »Pt m.if^P .1 • ""' ^^ncb revoln-
tteir heads ; the .omer folr^cLfAVf^'""'*'' S«'"°'™d
•he eharactm of Zr opZente bv 1± 'f^ 1'^-'° «""'<"™
press." (Hear, hear ) "P*"""""* "'^ "«™ «' 'b«r mercenary
sto7:t'trhfadTflTS,^";',i°" *" •'f-^ *»'J<' •"^^
stand at the h^ of° m^ Xt m^ori^. "(gSTelT tr" ' ""
HaXatetrl' "S ttt'" *« r ^^'as ""e'/T:
bTr^-fchr^^iSSttctt^^^
?l.e cha'rir w eareXTs thT" ™"'' "^^» "° "''™ter^
0JP.es. .d Of whie^n: t:^^.-^:^;-^^^^
«yra„''d"\h':s°e tt"e htLff™' "'"'^'^'' P™«'P'-' »<•
.owe/ Mr. Bnehl:" illns'S L^^ ^er coS„1 h" 'V'-
achieved. As a merchanf or>rl v./rt- . ' • ^ ^°* "^'^ ^®en
j. at onee E«rop\rand 1^1^:'' Vnce^trra^'l^ '^'"^T
lamented brotliPr P^fo,. a T ® "^^^" ^^ ^'^ wide y
stood hthtrra mt'ha!^r°o.t™ ^:>rr Sli? S7 ^'^'
senior partner in thp firm nf p / ♦^^ ,^ ' „ ^* -*^"chanan is
iBaac B^uchranVco- New Yo^k^^^^ & Co., Glasgow ;
Montreal; Buchanan, Harris & Co' HaSrc'w'"" A?"'
Hope & Co., London C w rf ' "^"^"f^^' ^' W. ; and Adam
_J_J^2ll!z!^ t. W. His connexion with the trade of
• The supportera of the liit^M^^aM^D^^^^;,l
'I
IM
I
488
APPENDIX.
i
i
!
'
t
i
?^tv^ 'a ''''\f thirty-three years' standing, the house bein^
r«nS 1 '" u^'^*'"^' ^" ^^2^' ^"d i* ^U be a happy dayTo?
stf stamp" ^'^ "" '^"^ *'^ ^^^^-« ^f ^ ^-g- S- oTtt
Vfh^^slhlT'^"'. ^S '"' strangely constituted society, men
wiiose sole stock m trade consists only of a few reams of mn^r
^nltaeloSof- '^^"^^^^ ^^' ^'^ of whoIe'SionsS
entirely devoted to driving such men as Mr. Buchanan from ihl
polifacal arena altogether; a system copied from the aJ^nit^
states, and to the success of which their public writers are now
attnbutmg all the evils which that unhappy country is suffering
from. Had the same kind of politicians succfeede^ h Jre prec3
the same results would have followed. Impudence and duwJ
swmdhng would have been the order of the day Worth trth
and a zealous and persistent course in the path of pub ic' du v'
acter, while the possession of ample means would at once mark th*^
owner as one who could neither be trusted in the concoction of a
scheme of public plunder, or hushed by the tender of a share of it
Undoubted as has been the success of the moderate policy adonted
by Messrs. MacdonaM and Cartier for the last few yea^ i{is imtt
sible to overrate the strength of that moral suppor which toe
attachment of such men as Isaac Buchanan has brought to them
But It must be admitted that he had little choice.
THE QUESTION OP LABOUR, OR OF our qwN PEOPLE'S EMPLOYMENT.
Of the many subjects which seen, to have occupied Mr Bu
chanan's mind, the gre.t cause of labour is that to which he L
devoted the gi-eatest amount of thought and effort. He maintai^
tha mere product on, or the mere Existence of food, is not T
first necessary of fe, under a state of civiUzation. He says that
empcoyrnerit :s the first necessary in our state of socet^ seeing that
It in no degree relieves the poor man to know that all I^ grafaries
of the neighbourhood are full of breadstuffs, if he is .dthout the
^phyment, which is the only key to these granaries. He holds
he question of our home labour to be unspeakably more important
wr II ?T*T «?rS«^ternaI trade; the labour being th!neT
eiDDloyers wth as httl, interest as the oranis and «her7tt.
If; I
APPKNDIX.
439
Buchanan differl&e^L*^^^^^^ Mr.,
only as denying that theira Ts irl.^>, ^^?*''^^
while it certainly is a system ofLl^ ^ '^'t''" "^ ^^^« «^P«rte,
heartfelt interests tnll^/ wh^^^^ this, that thei;
in the.;,..<?^.., his in the;:riJe; ^' '' "^ *^^ ^^«^^' ^^^^^^
struggle for the "ten hoS W U '' on ! JT*^'""' •" ^^''' '""'^'''^^
upon by a deputation reprSentW l\ a^ T'u^^'" ^^ was waited
time mostly unemployeTrLonln -^t ^^''^'^"^ «^«'^' ^^ t^at
A proposal was at the same Zf' T\^^''' ^^'^^^^ «f t^^anks.
agree to become a party to it a Ln^' *" ^'^''^r^' '^ ^' ^^^^^
for sale, the C'.^.rJ to advo^ip f?^'' "^'"^^"^ ^^^^^ newspaper,
they proposed, in hTs' honour to calMh ''i^'"' "^^^«' which then
Buchanan's reply in^T^ZMXT"^^^^^^^
tion given to those who offered iTlrn^ u^ ' following explana-
House of CommonsT P™'""' ^^"^ "^ ^^^^ i" ^he British
Houst SctmSfth'*''"' f' "? ^^'^^^ ^'^ «« good i. the
first questiorrthf pol IsT r f ?f ^^"^^^ ^^^^^-^ ' the
emallelt apology, put seemtl. ^^^^°^' ^^^^ ^^' ^^t^out the
great suhfect^ZZZer^^^^^^^^ "" "^"'"^ '^ ''""'''^ ^^^^re that '
the colonies,' whicrfhould itf I 'T ^?^^' «^ ^^« «^^ ^'^
Tital iraportLncT han that arrcalt'd''^^^^^^^ ^' '^ ^^'^
the question upon the proper tSL.TTT^! questions,' as
safety and permanence of our reveS 1 "^ ^^''^ ^"^^^^^ *^^
every other blessing we as T ZZl t ^ ™ '^ government, and
can be no chance, I We loL f T^ ^"^P^""' ^^JO^- There
working men in Engtid or^/'^^'''^^?^ n^^^'*^' *'<^^ t»^«
after the carrying of somp III i, ^^ -^"^"'^on of labour,' till
British Parlire?trmrn/ir ' "hl^% ^.^ ^^"^^^^'^^O''^ of the
people's employmenV to become^' ttfi 7 ^^^ question of ' the
of England ' which at present tL !^ ? ^"''*^'" ^" ^^^ poUtics
has be°en-the questLn at the l.f ^' ?T*^'" ^'' '^"^ ^^^^^^
English counties, or two-thirds nJ ft'"''/ *^' °^'^^^^^« ^or the
being what the cLiSet vl ^^ ^'"'^ ^^ Commons, not
/>.o^l'. ?^*«e«^, b^t whetherX^^^ .' employment,' the
views sis the V^rS^^t^ZlS^'^' '' ^^^ ^^ «^-^
eo^^ji^^;^^^^^^^^^^^^ a. to what this
And to save our inafjf.,^;^^™ i. ' . . -
"~ ^"""""^ St;ncraiiy, it ,s the highest dutj-
if
440
APPENDIX.
Ci.S=a:s,Tif2.-I":.,''i.:'-?-l
t\.^ n -i.- 1 °""»c ici»itstniaiion oi the more remoto narfs aF
of Commous, unless the inhabitants of the colonies were able ani
land, ho IS right; but if it should giU ess, they cannot afford thT
distressed as they now are, and heNviU cause a^revoluL not from
S^odf'-^'w;;' «f ^^'"PJo^^ent or starvation" He nfveT
ff cou se It 1 ^' ";;^'"™«"*rf ^^e Free Traders, but (deS
IJZ ' UK ^'*'*^ ^""^'Se Bentinck, or those with whom he
^ftgreed, would be a party to raise the price of the peonle'Ifrd h^
duties) he explained by what he named '^he tCyof a fuS
market,'' that it is not true that the consumer wouid pay SI
•XpstroTalt^ ''-' '' ''^-''^^ -^- - P-^/^-e^
'' Suppose," said Mr. Buchanan, " that the nrice indicatlvp «f •
iuU market to wheat is 46s. per quarter, and tEport dtlj t.
APPENDIX.
441
TUB QUESTIONS OF LABOUR AND MONEY ONE QUESTION THE SOLU
TION OF THE ONE HEINO THE SOLUTION OF tTe^,™^"^'
branch of he^re^nno^Hn, T'^ P'^P"'^^ ^'^^^ ^ ^"^^ another
so m^omt^to,i^3 t r not had results in favour of humanity
a»S even the life S ".dtTy' " ""•' ™''''"«<^™' »' «>e health,
JV^'lTe/it aS 't,"',!';!' ""■ .""^ *"^ Tr^™
publieation, onilSrdly * ^'"' '""°™« " f™"> "« »»' •>«
inl
442
APPENDIjr.
I
ki/«f.^r: rcu^ -" ^-^' out of
half the amount ofhldSnhaT^'t '^"^^^'"^ with'atlea^i
ment of foreign labour. We it 1^^'"/^^ ^*^^«^ *'^ W"
foreign industry, to competrwifh" A' •^°.'*'" ^"^ increase that
our national burdens o^^^Xj^X^^^ ;;^mpossibIe for us under
our populav.on is reduced lirT-^-'^-'^'*""' ^^"' burdens-) till
«erf or slave, for the ac ual ^^^^^^^ of the fo/eign
fewer than those of a peon e Shi" ?' "'"'* '^"^ ^^^^^i"
m so much more ri<.orou3 a ol^Iof .1 '"'^ ^' ''''^^ and living
Mr. Buchanan was Xavs Tnt n,*- '*5 ^'•«'^* ^"t^i"-"
principles of Sir R PeTl^"-"^ '*iV ^«' hostile to the free trade
.principle)ofFreeT^^dea'thecTf '^' "^^^^^^ Cor absence of
l^ well as of patriotic On hTs TuLT'^P^' *' *^^* '' ^^V^'
those letters which he publi^ed dlfAr*^ -12 ^'^ "^^^^^^^^ ^^^
Conventbn which met L Cnt Irifso ! "''""'"-' '^ '^' ^'^'^'^'
which" ecrresTe'^^spS'of:^^ ^ great class, the prosperity of
^^mwem•a^^.^^,^>,7J;2/^f/'*^'' '^T'f ' '" ^^at the true
Canadian farmer. And how th?/'T''u '^''. P^o'P^rity of the
Pohtical question of the Canadian If • ^ ^'^^'"^ '' ^^' ^^Ple
British statesmen be it said a '^ertt^n ' ^'*' *" *^^ '^^"^^ ^^
wa. known to h.ve had no consiSro" in T'T'^'T .'' ^^"^^a
l«4b, diametrically altered W t r '",^ngland, when she, in
distinctions betwee/cSan and f''^-'""^ ^'P^^^«^ a" the 'oW
;^^e direct and imSe effLt oTt^^^
of free mj^ori, O-r it is not Free tL ? P^^'P^tate introduction
>^a3 most disastrous to Cana^. f 5"^"^' ^"*^ ^^^^ "^^ther country
subversive of her lovalfv ?^ ' '^"^,^*' ™«''« "^ely to prove
anticipated; forTt leffi n '" /"^ ^^'^S *hat could have Cn
th.. St. Law'rence) oSy le ^n^^^^^^^^ ^^? *^« "^^^^ bank of
which he has to Lxr^Lr\^. ™''^^'^'«t for his produce in
across the Atlantic7w^,^;a^^^ fi-^^hts anS ex'pTns"
are not worth one^hird Xuhot ? 'n""^"'" labour and money
the American farme C^n the so„?hV" ?'?^?' ^'^^'^ '' ^^^^ ^
this English market to avail of Xt "^ ' • *^" ^*- I^awrence)
to he American mark^ Cpt tZ Vv'^^ ^^'"^' ^" ^««"
m time the error committed Zh-^- u^"*''*' government saw
which it would have b"fn fmlS^^^^^ T' " ^*^*« "^^ *hing« i^
ciples, the Canadas-Sisrnr notl. ?*""' ^P^" ^"^'^^^ Pin-
that the object of Britahi in P""?'P''^ ^'^ays involving the idea
bless, not to blight ifridT^^'S,"^ ^' ""*^^"^"g territory is Z
sharing with t£ urthery'ld t ''"r^' the Amei Jns by
the reciprocity treaty, wS Iwfe^T-f *'"" "«^*'' *« g'^« '^
y, ^nicft, while it exists, removes the Canadian
i I
APPENDIX.
44a-
farmer's cause of complaint TVTaw t\.^r.^f x,
^his reciprocity w^fh theZitpH^f^'/^ u'^' ^^ preservation of
interest of thi flZT ^Xnulhl '' '^71 ^ ^' "^* ^^^J t^e
but of the British Gove^S^^^^^^^ ^^Ws in CaLda,
a position to be much be™ fitted bvfcJ ^\9^"^dians are left in
United States. I sneaks L-t ^^f^ ^""^^^d to the
who speaks most pll^ att'JSs^ '^" ''' ^^^' ^°^^^ -»
rendered ^XtCt^^Th J Triti.t ^""*"^"^ '' — ^ -^
enlarged aS^d iu r mnerinlnnT ^ government adopting an
and Scotland.-S preserve Jbp''^^ "-^'"'l n_ England, Ireland,
that chose to goto these f^^^^^^^^^^^ ''v?'' ?'f her mechanics,
countries thatl^oXever aTeelo W '^ ''^^' ^^*^'
without givinL^ a Sblnftn^/'^'^'^^^'^^'^^^th England,
populations Wr instncXl ^''' ««5>Paratively comfortable'
with the United StZ in ;fn"^f. T^^ P'^^' ««* ^^e trade
United States woulAl "^^"'^5''.*""^^ «^°^«' ^^^^ ^o doubt the
with CanlTus' L^^LTt^r^^L?^^^^^^^^^
endi;ss waLTp^wers^St tl r°"^^l""!if ^' ^''^' ^^ ««^
on the same gSX^oini dllf f *' T", *^^ ^^ P^^ ^^n*' ^l^^^ge*
and hundreds of l^rf * ^' ••" ^"^^^"^ *« ^^^ United States,
land,Todd unLr uch T "'"^ '" ^^e^J. circumstances in Engl
Canada Te r mlchinerv Z 7Z^T''i ^^mediately transfer to
population JL removeJ and fnt '' *' *H-^"^"^*^ ^^"^^^ «f ^^e
-M
.1^1
r --
444
AITKNDIX.
"To the United Stat«s, m)A moro ospocially to tho wostarn
atatos, as making the St. Lawrence tlio great highway of America,
free trade and navigation with Canada would give groat develop-
ment — would give, m a word, all tho commercial advantages of
annexation.
" The natural policy of Canada ia seeu clearly, therefore, to be
the establishment of an American ZoUverein, such iw exists among
tho German States. Under this, the United States and Canada
would neither of them levy any customs taxes on their interior
frontiers, but (mly at the seaports from Labrador to Mexico — the
same duties being levied, and each country getting its share hi the
pro[)ortion of its population.
" Lot it bo therefore resolved, that for our commercial system,
the principle should be adopted by Canada of an American
Zollvoreni, or, in other words, vrkk TiiAnK with Amkrioa, but
NOT WITH Europe. And this will be a fair comfiromiao between
tho views of the two classes of friends of the Canadian fanner, one
of which holds that our farmer is to bo most benefitted by general
free trade and direct taxation, and the other by kee})ing our money
in the country through the restriction of importations and indirect
taxation.
" This would terminate our present unprincipled position of poli-
tical parties in Canada. By setting up a policy of Canadian
patriotism, we shotild have, as tho opposition to us, whether
government or parliamentary opposition, the foreign, or foreign
trade party, and that the aims o!" such a party never Ims had
more than mere personal selfishness in view is clearly enough shown
in this, that wliile in England it is in favour of lot^al manufactures,
because there the party are manufacturers, here, in Canada, they
are against local mii.infacturos, because here thoy are merchants,
and in fact represent an English local faction, instead of a
«RBAT British intbrkst."
PEBL'S OUTRAOX OM T:IB CONSTITUBNCIKS.— m« KUKK TUADK IS A MKIIB DIWroTIHK
0» OAIMTAL, WHICH DKOBKBS IfBKB PUKOIIAHKB IIV US OP POMION LABOUR,
BUT NOT PRBK PUKOHABKB BY Pom5I(;NKRS OK IIRITIHH LABOUR.
\ir. Buchanan being in London in 1846, when Peel's violation
of the constituencies was consummated, the following were his
impressions on the moment, as they still are his feelings on this
painful subject :
" The premier has left us in a condition worse than political
chaos, as having robbed us of our prmciples. Even the principle
AI'PRNOtJt.
446
to be
that 8elf-pro8orvatton ia the fir«t law of nature l,a« l,oo„ ron„difttcd •
an. nt,Bh poht.cs havo bo„n roducod u.to the two ori^ ,Xo moi
ot all national politics— tho labour-nownr i,.wi , "K"""""""®"*
wiil lio that It takes thu o.rciiTn»laiic.« i,{ „„r „»i, ,„„S,lv i ,,,
acc.rant; Iho mcmoy-i),>w,.r l,„i,m r..„ro,,.„t,,,i L',7: , ^ "'"
n.ath,mmt,c8 or,at l,™t,„„„'f„r the »«.«„„ of wvaitt, w J, L"^^^
ronarcl to its diHtrihiiti,,,,. t.iiiood t„ ,, , mi,, 1 , ' ""^'
.... *o p„™an„„My i,„p,„.t„„t i,;::, 'u.^r : .^ t ,7 ii'^r::,'";;
"r a wr„„x tlunft ,„,r .„, that A,„l ,|i,l j,, 1840. (ii, ^ ' , |S
J«.«.v.>.- groat, a,,|,„a™ t„ ,„„ f, »t,u„l, i„ .-dati,, , „ I i o , S;
doZ ,."»," "'"p"'""" " '"»'»"«y i ""-1 a "ti of thiZ , : ,,"
wliir.)i n „nn..* • <■ -""■■""■-"""""" """I moral, uniosH it
irahlo
ha of ,tH avowed onon.y, «,,«!»« that ho, an an honourahio ,nau
Z 1 rr *''*^. ^""^*"'- «^'5l«»- «or il^ overthrow, to I ivot;
Hnaaow ot a huhdicioii, even n hs owf. inli.,! fi.. * • "*'^" "'f
predilections hal inflJenced 1 " rZ 1 1 ' iSl ^af^Tr'
roverHe of the picture in a vorv In.nihlin. on' ' S'o] L ' "
st=tuenc.es ..f the en.f,ire, standi;., in the poHiti.n of te„ of ''
entire people employing, an a^'cmt nndel. the tr, h tt |,.an tf
3„^"'^*f "' ^'"> '"'niodiately tarnH round and repud aten al lb
gation to abide by the termn of the tru«t deed, or ev^to i .;
any principle whatever ! And what are we in iLT v "
teinpUMe truHteo. in ««b,„ittin, th.:f *: 'betilh:; '" mLur;:o
to think of the honor of our constituencies in deleffatinir hrfi •
yo.t.fa.,o^^,ont to Peel's conduct, an on^^^ ip .i^^e ^itrZ
power to Parliament which they had not U> giVe ? My own vTew
Eas always been that we have irf this transaction so gnZv^lZ
oi our legislative constitution as to amount (v,)J,y.r mv £- "
H ;; u
•■!.
4i
«
^.
h
446
Ari'KNDIX.
^1"/.""^'' rf"*'"'' ^' i!!°. '™"> ^'^ * ^i'-t^al abdication by the
present constituencies. Their only possible excuse J« Zf ^i, ■
c^cumstances arc too desperate, an^ Lt.lThrwfiou^^^^^^^^^
i V iT a fat'S^' ^^oen precipitated, it is the safest courK
yve It a fair tnal. But the immediate importance of Peel's
v^ith, and that arises from the act done leino in iTiELF- vitally
WttONG, as tending to lessen instead of to increase the emplovmej
of our masses, at home, at sea, and in the colonies-thusTZw
m It the seeds revolution, both at home and in Lr S
dependencies, whether done constitutionally or unconstitutionairj?^
PAPER MONEY.*
No man is more impressed with the vital importance of a
country s having emblematio money instead of money containina
zn Usey-cntnnnc value, than Mr. Buchanan ; and no m^an proSl?
ever has turned his mind more to the subject, except Em/
that greatest ph losopher of money, and most amiablJ mfn, S
Taylor, of London, whose, modesty will leave the next genJrat on
to know, be ter than his own age appears to do, how great a mind
we have had amongst us. Mr. Buchanan describes him as '"ho
earliest and most able denouncer of Sir Robert Peel's heartless or
unprincipled monetary legislation." Mr. Buchanan held his own
patnotic views on "money" previous to having heard of Mr
laylor, whose views are in th'-jry much the same, but so far
difterent in^rae<*6-e, that, like the Birmingham school Mr. Taylor
declines to yield to the popular prejudice in favour of the yellow
metj^ and make gold the security of his proposed paper money
Mr. laylor's proposal, m fact, just amounts to this, that the money
of a country should be paper " Tallies" or evidences to be issued
of the taxes voted each year by Parliament. Government would
simply pay them to its creditors, and take them back from ite
debtors— so that the security to the public is perfect. While tha
PRESENT PAPER MONEY IS A REPRESENTATIVE OP A DEBT DUB
BY THE ISSUER TO THE HOLDER, THE PAPER MONEY (on the minciple
of which Mr. Buchanan agrees with Mr. Taylor), woiSd be a
REPR'JSENTATIVE OP A DEBT POR TAXEG DUE BY THE HOLDERS THE
PEOPLE, TO THE ISSUER, THE GOVERNMENT. This is what' Mr
Buchanan calls " Pitt as opposed to Peel money."
'Mr. Buchanan distinguishes between " paper morey" and " paper currency "
By paper money he mears paper made a legal tenler, and by oaper current
,be^ means bank notes which we are not bound to t.ke in pa^nlSt unTessTo
n
- ail
Ari'ENDIX. ^^j
OF, AND UEWmiSa TO, THE PART c^^^ «^«"''^ '>« ^ "UNO
with no peculiar fitness to ciWato tlu' J ) ?*'"^'^' ^'^'•'•^' and
other c<.untries n.a, oncourre t^i^'Th^^^A^^Y.^^^^ '^<^ '-s of
ibr the purpo^e^f MitlSTr XZ^b^'"^'^"'' ^^^^
of commodities bought and sold in our "f. '"'"'? "^"" ^"'^ '"an
SHOULD THEIIEFORE (says Mr EuchZrA^ ' '"'"'''"^•" ^ONEY
OF LAiiouR. One of Jo a^lWlor'^^^ ^ ^-if ^'""^ handmaid
money is the " m'a...« '' /eSid r3f li'^lf-f'^^^ i« that
people's labour is sold. If the Taw r^f > t'V ^^ ^^"^^ our
declares that cloth can only »> Lid by vanl'T • \ ^'^"''f ^'" '^^^^^
or any article valuable as a couunodi^v fnf i. '^'' ""'^" °^' ^^'d,
the i,ractically unhappy result is7.S^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^'^ away,
ior the labour or iudL^tr^ oTl^^e 1^^^^^^^^^^ '''7 ''^'' «^"«»»S
Htate of pure barter. The yanlsS a^i^'X'^ ^' ^'^ «"" ^
quoncc of the necessity for gold of si' nZ \ ^""^-^ "' «<^"««-
^« brought to a stand in oui countrv wiM ? """J*-"-^' ^"^ '"'^^^n^ss
among ourselves at all ! ^ ""'^^'^"^ ^":^^^"»«' t>eing wrong
/, '' y?f^ principle of monoy," sava Mr P i
" British subjects in all the d strSl ^^i^;. ^"^^^^n^n, " involves
" advantage of any of die blesbr^^^^^ ^""^"S ^^^^"^ the
;; As a destroyingLgel or agen^ J t vZZTT'^. "' '^'' ^''^^'
"it strikes down the youn.. and bel^Hf i fl' ^^'"" ^^^^denly
" and vigorous possessL i? 've'y S '^^ ^'^'^ >« .^he fi
And if any apology is reauirod fn "{u "^ ^''^''y Promise."
explanation of iVIr. jfuchanan^^ • *^' ^?^^ ^^"8*^ of this
"money," it must be SS b th^Sr; '''' ''''' «"^'J-* <>'
enthusiasm can not fail to be imparted to . '"" f*'"^ «*' ^^
the tro,.l,le to peep so far intoTlfo vtf J^f «P^P"^d which takes
he battles with^he' ;recon^^^^^^^^^^ ^ t'^'T "^ ^^^^^
able to appreciate his perfect smchX^TS *^S P"'^^^«' ^s to be
" In season and out of^eason,'' fo^ the tst Ir ^'^^^^^^^edness.
announced his doctrine that '' the ouEsirol n^l^ ^''''' ^^ ^^«
QUESTION OP MONEY ARP r^ pwr. ^ ^^ LABOUR AND THB
invited those around him to prove tlii^ZT^f'" ^^'^ ^^
taking the trouble to go into the detaU of !Z ^^^'^f'^'^^y their
SOLUTION OP THE ONE IS T IE SLUTroV V'^^«*^°^ t^^^t '' THE
has thus prosecuted sleeplessly a reform wh c^^b "'T'' ^'
to his own interest as a capitaUst anrl bL '. • j^' *^°"S^ ^^'^t^ary
- the foreign trade he beClte teStl? " ^""^^^^-'
. I
?cU-b
ciag 01
448
AI'PKNUIX.
It I !«!/
II
the masses and t. the roiwonablc indepmdmoe in the mreum»taH..»
h at'lCJf Z'lT'f '^^ r^ i^' " -*»> their halirc^Xr
neaos. i hough Mr. Buchanan has a -vavs Jwen an «fRpJonf «n,^^ 1
ofcomrnunisms,org.uu.atio,.soflabouriVairsriJ^^^^^^^^^
would make it appoar that there is a distinction bet JenTe inte et^
of fixed property and labour, he has always held and shownX
pur law makes "money" a foreign commodity, havTnJ Tintere?
out of the way (as we require with the knife to remove a tumZ
from the body physical), the impediments set up by Peel's 0^^
S.'ihr/ iv*"'"' co»rse of things, to the heal/y ei^nlat'on of
the body politic, we may enable the working clat... rK,BrKNDFVTr r
TO COIN INTO MONKY THBIR IITDUSTRY, TEMHERANc: I^d 0TH8R
UUALITIBS AND gUALIFICATIONS. ^^
nf M ^^n ^"f °^ f^'', ''^'""'^ ^^ '*'»" «»^e copies Of the title paL^e
rf Mr. Buchanan's ate pamphlet " Britain the Country tlJ^
UJ^strate nhat Mr Buchanan denominates, in true Saxon phrise
National unthnft, or the cup of Britain's prosperity as U T ''
shewing that at present there is a syphon or wLteW LZv
oational cup which prevents prices and wa,ges beoondng more
than pleases he annuitants and money-mongers ; and "' NatS
economy or the cup of Britaui's prosperity as t ou.^ht to b^ "
shewing that when they have removed tile w^ste-pipe or " tantaks''
feature trom our national cup, it will only be its overflow ^ ou^ht
fer^fgi'rnd.^^^^^^^^^ ^"' ^- ^^ ^'-'^ '^^' -^^> oti jilrri
issue. He does not object to a government b'ank oHssue ^^ ,'/
but, on the contrary, considers the coining of paper cquaUv the
piuvdege or prerogati- . of a whole people, as re^presented by he
crown, as the coining metal, the givin/un of which /n h«nL
private individuals can only 'be justified i"f'more1rrVebe^^^^^^^^
people in particular circumstances. In 1841, when Lord sXham
mtroduced his bank of issue, Mr. Buchanan, who, befnl then
member for Toronto, was on the special committee of the^LeS
lafave Assembly ; and he showed that the proposed measure woSd
reduce the paper money circulation of the%rovince one-half and
render ,t impossible for the trade and the people generally to pay
Buchanan. M.P. ^or E.J!tr'H.r.^:^::TwX^^^^^^^ '^^
i :| f !
<is or their
^t opponent
W8*' which
the interpi^t;
shown that
no interee*^
7 removing
) a tumour
iVb legisla-
culation of
KNDENTLY
ND OTHER
title page
ff/ verstu
itained, to
•n phraae,
as it ia,"
pe in' our
ling more
' National
fc to be,"
tantalus"
(as ought
ands and
APPKNDIX.
44»
nng
that
bank of
le per ««,
jually the
id by the
banks or
benefit of
ydenham
ing then
le Legia-
re would
^lalf, and
y to pay
Distrutti.
by Isaac
50.
E^tnt^SL^^it^;;,^ ''tt-'^^ -^ ^obt«
«.o monev in the country AmH,^! «, " 1 "^^ ''"'"« ^""'''^
ducedhisfmnkof i«Huo8chLoTCi?nn„' u''' ^'- ^'"^^ "'^^
•ociety aa ours a (iovKimrNx J.an J 't , " '^'^'"^ *'"^' '" «"«'• »
WITHOUT A. KMHLKMAtL LKoIl rNDKH ""' '' ^M.KACTrCA«LK
Paper circulation." aavH hn « fk„* t j .
proocJof porpaua, d«tSti«' b/ a S^V"'. -"-' '-« ">
•MKe, but govornrtifnt or bank i,oL P, ' -f ^''"' '""*•"«' '*«
^-ury or vaults, are ^J:aT:^:-:1:X:iXV^:!Z
4^^^^'Zt:^t ^ -^^«-t aystl
with a capital of twenty-four mfc of 1^''"'.';'''' legislature,
Buchanan thinks that, for tie Zenl t 'n' '" ^"''^ "P' ^I"-'
iubstitute for a goveA.ment bank nf • *"" ^^^"*«' *ho best
IK^dlock on the vaults of rlankf the krr\^^^ '^ ««««»d
the governmeni, and to authorize' the ^Z b !^' •'' *^ '^^' '^^''^ V
tender, equally with gold TeTiow L. ""''' ^ '*^«"^^ «« * »««*!
THE OOVBKNMRNT, leaving tLTr Lf ! ' ««UNTER.Sr.,NBD ly
position of not being r^ IX V "■' "'"' P"'^'"'
more anxiously the one gra^ Setion tW """" J"^ considered
It may be said, suppose . man ti inve« a fP^ ^" ^f' "" *'"«'
mortgage, with three years to n.n ? t^'^V^a^'i dollars in a
•ovoreigns or a certair/wetht ofToid ^r"^ r'' '''' ^""d''^^
(supposing each sovereign a uuartf of 2"""^"'? K*^^y «""«««
get back in case of Mr. BucC 's 1 ' L"""'-'^' ^^»' ^'^"''^ he
end of th three years on ZJIT of 2^^^
Buchanan replies, except by sneeh? L • *" .""^''tgage ? Mr.
return of a Certain weight V^god fc" f ''^'"'"''"^ f'^'" ^^e
legally be entitled to « <t« JLS' • T''^^'^^'^'® ^«»'d only
JWW bank ; and tlLt wTuld'^p^^^^^ ^^ ^/4
dred sovereigns or fifty ounces of £ if / ^'^'^"'^ *^" h««
« at the time at par /• e \Z». ^ \ ."'' P^'ov'ncial "money"
imports of monercombhl'ed ba anro' ^-^ P''^^'^^'^' Produce and
and exports of mLyTorbLd-th dTmandC;' •'"'^" «^«^«
being to such an extent aa keeps it at nnT Tf k '"'''^'" ^'^change
of foreign exchange Twhich ;?„ .1 ^k. ^^' however, the value
metalsA less thaf p rtm xeessi^^^^^^^^^^^ "^^ P-^^"^
«o much more than two hunled 8oTereir3Lb^^%T^^ ^^^ J"^'
value or rate, he would get just so mufh 'l "^fJ^ '* '^ '"fe'^^*"- '^
ioyereigns for what at both ''periods "a V' n"'' *^" ^'""^red
dollai^, and commanding a tLrandd^nLTK^^^^ '"" *^°"«a^
m the province. ^ '^lousand dollars worth of any commodity
JDD
460
APPENDIX.
The following was published when he was in Glasgow in 1848
and ir one of his innumerable explanations in Great Britain durme
the monetary panics in Britain of 1847-8. A great many of
the members of both houses of the British Parliament consulted
Mr. Buchanan on the dreadful position to which Peel had brought
matters previous to Californian and Australian gold bein^^ dis-
covered, and the following is the substance of a reply which he
made to the late Lord Ashburton (once Chancellor of the
Exchequer and who was her Majesty^s plenipotentiary co settle
the boundary line between the British provinces in America and
the United States), in answer to a letter to him from his lordship
asking what, with the gold of the bank of England reducing
every day, he would suggest. In this letter Lord Ashburton paj^
Mr. Buchanan the compliment of acknowledging that he had
received great instruction on the fubject of money from Mr.
Buchanan's writings.
I
" JU8TICB OB INJUSTIOB TO FiXED PBOPEETY AND LABOUR, OE, : . OTHBB WOEM,
BHALL WS HAVE PITT OB PBKL MONEY ?"
*' Those who affect to scoff at the legislation of Mr. Pitt should
recollect that when a foreign war occurs, we must as a matter of
necessitif, at once revert to his monetary system ; and it were well
did the political economists conaescend to enlighten us on the
difference between the extirpating effects — on the country's
industry, and banking facilities — of a foreign war, and of a foreign
trade, if both drain us of tr preciom metals. Sir Robert Peel'g
vital error is, that he nas based the foreign, as well as the home
trade on money ; whereas the latter ought to be on the principle
of BARTER. But we can yet arrange to get b.ck Pitt's principle
of money, by repealing Peel's bill of 1819, and, at the same time,
retain all the present security for the bank note circulation, by
perpetuating the principle of restriction embodied in Peel's bill of
1844. This arrangement must, however, be made before the Bank
of England loses its gold, otherwise a want of confidence will
be sure to occur, whose fearful effects cannot be predicted. To
UNFIT THE PRICE OF GOLD AS A STANDARD OF VALUE, is really all
that at present is required to make this country (deep as is now
its social wretchedness and misery) at once prosperous and con-
tented, which shows that the wretcheti position of the British
producer and artizan does not arise from a natural but from an
artificial or legislative cause. The detail of this operation, which
we advocated in the former ar*;icles, would be as follows :
" Ist. The Bank of England's note — being a legal tender at \\g
APPENDIX.
461
IBB WOBDfl,
own counter, as well as everywhere ^la. * .u
fourteen millions which it has fn X f \^ ^^^ ^^*«n* of tbe
aJso of the specie in its vault J^ould hTt "' ^T ^'"^n*' and
or London market price of gold Tstep/.f ! ^""^^ ^* *^« ^itt,
Pnce of gold. Under no oTher arrlnl^ ^ ' ^^^'' "^ ^«^«ig«
foreigner of the undue advTntLrovIr r^^t '"" ^' ^«P"^^ t^
he .enjojs whenever we have pfospeStvT ' '"^''^*^^' ^^^^^
seemg that while he gets a hifher 'ri/« ? ^"^erating prices.
• ?«n«equence of the amount Koaev hp^! ^'' commodities, in
issues, hepa^s no higher price 7or7urTnh T'?"'^ ^^ P^P^r
prefers to take rather thanX^r/.Z ^'1^' ^^ich therefore\^
, 2nd.-The foregoin/wouW t h ""^^'^ '' enhanced.
the conimerce of i?count,t aL nstTh?'^* ^" '^^'^ *« g"ard
^hich has existed since the bXiSn ' nf f 7'^''^ ^^ conpidencb
PERMIT THE BANK'S SPECIE ECfoU'-^'"'' ""' ""'"'^ ^''
Whon It falls to ten millions we won 1^ A ^"-^"^ ^^^ millions.
specie even at the market prirlrit^r-' *^' ^^"'^ *<> P^y
beyond eleven millions. In th is i.v . ^S- «'*' "P *«' o^
England to keep twentj-four in "oFr J"'?^^^ '>' ^^^^ of
of the puWic-we have not thT'lrt doifl ^^"^^^^ ^" *^^ ^^"<1«
from money panics, caused by the stfte of Tl? T ^"''*^ ""^ ^^-^d^
8uch as that of 1847, as effectnnlL !! «• T>^f ^^''^'S" exchanges,
of 1844, secured the Toldt ^nj ^,^'^''' ^'^^ V his1,iu'
onginating in local derangement Zh Tl /"^f ?'^ "^^"«:^ Panics
our readers are well awafe tha ' thoib ^'* '^.}^^^' ^^ '^^^
pnnciple-of ..... restrictLn-of s"r R ^p, Tl^r^f *"^*« '^^
184^ m a word, we would araduSv . f !^ !v^'"' ^^ 1^44 and
issues allowed ti the Jobt Stock Snkf?\?' "T^""^ ^^ *h«
pacem some degree with the mcrease of T ^'"^ ^^''' ^ ^^^P
which at present they do not whS!\ ^ ''""*^^'^ ^^'^iness
Scotch banks to hold Bank of koJ L '^ ^ •" ""'""^^ ""^^^« ^'U"
" But it may be said wifh <,. ^ '^.""*^' ^"«*«ad of specie.
of Pitt money UyVno;te:2P^^^^^^^^^ ^* ^^ "»« 25s.
money, the forking cbss would norh.^'", '^' ^^'' ^^ ^^^^
monetary cha.ige. We answer that ^W ^.A^^^^taged by th«
ago to the labouring men Cause tL! T/ *' ^ ^''•^«* advant.
of national taxes-not t<^ ta Ik of thol*^ T"^ ^'^ '"'^% «^'"'o^
the number of days' labour under the pTi'-^i*^ ^'""-^^^^
under the Peel plan ; and besides thi^H ^ f ' *^'''° *hey do
indirect advantage to the workfn! 'l '\u ^^' °^««* "manifest
certainty of employment aLti^'hlh: '^''^^\'^^ greater
yages, arising fro ./the bidders for Inhn. k •^''^^^ally increasing
»« ^^e onl^ possible eaulofj^ tTa^"'':^-''''''''^-^^^<^^
- .any fonner disciples o^f tlSnil-- ^/ -^,
452
APPENDIX.
It shouk be borne in mind, however, that the reform wanted i<t
mply the getting quit of a great public wrong. All that »
..anted is that we get the free operation of natural causes in
STunfr ^"''^ ^ ' ^""^ '«««"«"ing tliis to its value in
"The chief direct benefit of our plan may seem to be to the
holders of property, and such capital as is not moneij, but the work-
ing man s wage, will be bettered, as we have said, by the increased
number of bidders for his services, and by our plan he will b^
guaranteed against that interference with the constancy of his
employment, which now flows from every ' derangement of the
foreign exchanges.' The working classes, in their sinkin- condition,
have eagerly caught at such absurdities as organizatious of labour
communisms, and assooiationisms, from which the capital classes'
were exclude.., just as sinking men catch at straws; hnt straws
they have tound these delusions to be (however well intended^
and our labouring masses will no longer permit their reason to be
insulted bi/ the stlly <hctrine that labour is a separate interest The
working men now see that the only possible cause of increased
wage- IS increased employment, which can only arise from improving
the ^condition of the employers of labour; and the working
men s distresses havmg led them into a much better knowlcd-e of
the money question (which is in reality the question of labour)
than IS possessed by the middle classes ; they see that to increase
the number of bidders for their labour, the only means of raidnq
their wages permanently such an alteration of our money laws
must be made as will permanently reduce the exchanijeablh
VALUE OP MONEY, SO far as this could be done by setting it free
from the influence of the foreign exchanges, as when less property
and a smaller quantity of commodities come to stand for the same
amount of money it is evident that less of the working mtm's time
and labour will do the same thing. It is evident, in a word, that
RAISING THE EXCHANGEAULB VALUE OP FIXED PROPERTY AND
LABOUR is a CONVERTIBLE TERM for REDUCING THE EXCHANGEABLB
VALUE OF MONEY. ThU3 THE INTERESTS OF ALL CLASSES EXCEIT
THE OFFICIALS, ANNUITANTS, AND MONEY-MONGERS, ARE SEEN TO
BE THE SAME AND INSEPARABLE.
^ "At present our paper as increasing the amount of money, and
m the same ratio increasing the demand, and consequently the
price, for labour and commodities appear at first sight .reatlr v^
alleviate the effect of the bill of 1819, or the fixed Gold Star, ^>i
which has for its object to reduce the price of British commodiw^
and labour by making money dear, this bdnq a converHlle f- -7*
Jor making the commodity gold cheap vmiinally, and at the same
APPENDIX.
453
paper money i, nearly a^togle^Stt 2"^' '^"^"f «f
^ounirj, by the malign fnflue„?ewUch Sir Robert Sf,r. '^ °^'"''
legislation causes our forpi.m 7™,!. f . . ' ' '""''^''"y
-gulajor of priees/and e^I^ueX „? vJaS bestst'^^r
Prineiple or butemTtbWt tS it^n^rr'^ f ^^lf
and money ^„p„y«,„ term, the forprice of Sd Z^' «"'?
ounce thereof an eonivilonf fL „ ^- , ^^^^ makes each
of other commoltS and t fa 1 CrtSfer" '""^^
(or in other words, British w',;rpl\ w V • *'^ cc moditios
of stating the nurrhlsin.. 1^ ^' ^ '*'''' '' J^'* ^^^^^^^ ^av
true tharthe fotSTtmdeY, T^'^ °- ^^^ '&omraut'iom
-ame «y as if w"Tad\t rSr 'Zt:^^ if" tb^rr''"''"^ " *^
:sre ;^^sSar?g:!i^a '--^/prof- /«,!?. -
CON^lfN^nichlSlet 'bet^LtrinSe™'" "^
^tihYef^b^^fofli^tVSS'^'^^^^^^
«nd in which he mav jl H f •.>44 being to secure <: .,
succeeded. 2nd aS^f j^^^ /Tf T'' '^ ^"' "" ^'^^^
impossible either when ^^oh'TC.^tu^^''"'! "^"'* ^^« '^'^
a« in 1847, or when thorP k H .^"^ •'"'« ^"^''^^^ ^^ go^^,
precious metl t at p^sent • a^^ ^^^"^
k ■ ill
1
vf
a
464
I
APPENDIX.
&ttl|^t'ce^^^^^^ *-• I* '^ ^^vious that
indicates, the fouXvrSnfft^ ^^^'"'* "'' ''^^^ *^i« Point
indicates/ti;e"countr7'rTnln?f?.^^^^ ^^^'"'* "'' ''^^^ ^^^^ Point
OBJECT iTyosl'vTl^VcoTSl^sT^^^^^^^
though the moneyed classy., «hr...u Jatr'l ^ if^lJUblRY,
OUR
this no fXr hi r!neaM '"'P^' .'^ '^'''7' ^^ «^^" ^^tend
' The remedrfor'hi sS^^ ''"*'?f ' ^'"""^ ^«™«r articles :
Peel's cmTcnoy biLflsTD wS,l ' ?°'"'i"/ P"»"'P'™ "^
faciliKe, on gofa, and Peel's frttS.firmrV'l'' ''•"*
away our gold to foreii?ner« fh^ il^A i • , ^^^^' ^^^^<^^ g^^es
must necessarily be SLTand - ^^ ^^'f'^.^^^'^^l^.V ^^ t^^i^ country
social convulsioi" ' ^^^ ^^ '^^" ^^^^ ^^e most dreadful
RPINBD KNGLA»D.
pected flow of o --- f r ff "'''' TV P'e^nted by the unex-
free trade hMal. ' ed rto t? f" '^ ^f ""'\ ^e ^emes that
ODeni'ncr F.< L?^ ' . . ^^^ ^^^ ^^^ trade bill of 1846— bv
SENT AWA Y w ' ^.^^^ ^^I^^ SHOULD BE
":aA:=i::,srt:t!&^^^^^^^^
!}.m.
APPENDIX.
455
« ^iTf ^^^''^^^^o^la flow from any successful attemut in Parlin
ment to perpetuate the principle of Sir R. Peel's roVey law of
1819 by so changing its details as to lower our fixed price of lold
tZl^ ^' '"^"' *" ""^'f S^'^ "^^y f^" abroad ; f?we decfive
ourselves if we suppose that the working classes in Britain «m
" rew" dTS r,! ? P™"=^"y denies to British labour the
"oZfrvVLkinrftfv *^''''P'»^ of gold, which upsets the
'' I« ^tsTtTr''" '" Py^^V "f ** the^mb^eS^ oTot
taw puts It in lus power to take gold at a cheap fived price
ouituiji iflXbjD AT THE SAME LOW WATF wwwxr rrrr
;;IS IN THE GREATEST DEMAND 4 S WHEN T^f^ IN
" COMMOD^ITV^''^ ""^'f'"?'' ^^^ EXPoSlON As'a
COMMODITY necessarily fixes down, as the general rule to
" he pr™Lc7rs"or^' r,' P"'"^f '''''''''' the LiuneraSon t^
- aaa{n.n^r ^"*^«h commodities, which have to be sold
^9mns golda^ a commodity to foreigners, as well as into gold
2^ money, to our own people in the same market ! Our offidal
and annuitant classes thus participate in the monstrously undue
advantage which the bill of 1819 gives to the foreigner over the
Bntish artisan, and this sacrifice of our working clause operates
a permanent reduction in the price of British products by so
prostratmg the British producer liimself that heTeaL to be a
consumer of other than the merest necessaries, a Lge pr^^^^^^^^^
of which being eatables, now are (under our irredpSfree
' rade system) the product of foreign labour, in payment of whet
the foreigner will never take anything but gold tfu compeUed t^
m
fa 4
i:4
ill
i '
■j:
456
APPENDIX.
■ti
" PEOFIT WHICH tIe fr™ fA"^' ^^^ ™^ ^AIR
"OPEEAHON OF THE IF'^,,^?.^ UNKESTMCTED
" PKICES (THE INFLUENCE o?T"F ?f Sf^^™* 0"
" AND DEMAND mm^v?«rZr^?F ^^^ ^^ SUPPLY
" AWARD HIM/' f ABTIC0LAE TRADE) WOULD
THE REBELLIOIi UP 1837.
^he^'jupprtr^^^^^^ ve., active part in
relates, with his usual rEess rna„v'« ^ ^°^ "^ ^^^^' "^^ ^'
It, but there is no room for them Cre-^w'^"*'? ''^°'^*^^ ""'^^
very characteristic incident SeinTa't To^^' ^^''^^ °°^^«« *
broke out, it suggested itse f fn hi/ ^ J ™"^ ''^®" *he rebellion
that th^'r^bel chfef Will «m T iSr"'f ^ ''^ *^^« ^^"'^^ing morning
to enter Toront on^TeWr fv^^'""^
in search of information ^ He had t^"^.' ^'"^^ ^"^'^^^ ^^e mail
stratagem for preventing the rehl hT '' f'^^"'" *« ^ ^^^^^^
the letters of alarmists ^ He wrote two HI' "''^ ^ "^^""^« ^^
'n Scotland, Mrs. Buchanan Zp\ *5'' ''"^ *° ^" ^^^ aunt
still retains the letter Twhichn.f .''"'^''' K°««neatb, who
government among MackeSr^a^ers thaffellT/rf ^ *^«
forwarded to its destinnfmn^ ^^^I , *^" ^"^^ ^ts hands, and
Harris who was^tt to 'b^^^^^^^^^^ other to his partner,'Mr.
lughest spirits, confidently assurirrftf .wr?*"'® ^"^ ^''^^^ ^^ the
the afternoon, be in an eTcelenV L T f ^°'°"*" ^°"^^' '^""^S
to receive and defeat tretS^^^ 4^^ '^^ fully prepare!
■correct; the mail was duly se^^d h ^"^^^^^ « conjecture was
Those of certain memS of Tht^, '' ^'^^''' ''^''''^ ^'^d read,
ftill of despair, but wm most flntl/ T'^'"* ''''' ^'^"^^'^ *« be
Buchanan.' Which we e Thet to 1^*'^ ^';S?^ ^^ ^^'^^^ ^^ Mr.
lost their only opport^u L of Lees; ^^ wJ h "^^Y ^Tt^*^^' ^«^
anan say that this wa. tl h m a ' reat W '?'''^ ^'- ^'''^•
means in your power howpvl! ^ great lesson always to use the
his character is as LoX r!. P^*' ^ ^^««- ^^^ certainly
Buchanan, "..:;L3^'i^,^;X T^ *^ ^^^ ^^ M-
a)een formed. ^ ' ""^"^"^ whatever mfluences it may iiav©
Y BEING
►, EQUAL
tTIONAL
IE FAIR
'KICTED
rOR OP
SUPPLY
WOULD
APPENDIX.
467
A PEW HURRIED REMARKS IN CONCLUSION.
5 part in
and he
ted with
notice a
rebellion
morning
'entured
the mail
I clever
ance bj
)ld aunt
tb, who
by the
ds, and
3r, Mr.
in the
during
eparod
re was
read.
to be
f Mr.
1, and
Buch-
e the
tainlj
' Mr.
iiave
W w'lS!f '^A Niagara frontier soon after the evacua-
tion ot JJavy Island, and went to England at the end of January
Sy showt to tb"*"'" *'" ^''^' ^' *^«" rnade it dear!!'
that 2leH« th^'. ' governor-genera', Mr. Poulett Thompson,
rebelS ust b. tb^ "T"' '^^'''^''' ^^^« '^«*"«d' rebellion after
provinT of Mr r\ ^^^Penence of Canada. Though not ap-
E^ r ■ -^^ompson's peculiar or domestic nolitics Mr
deckred f^p^ori • .- *^ J^'"^' discussed till the mmistry
2nZ tZv '",^'"' of responsible government, pure and
Xr L div ' dl!f '-r'^ ^-^t'^ ^'' government to 'shirk, but
b this i ^-!^*'' ^* ^«« yielded. Mr. Baldwin's prominence
Le bro^l^^^^^^^^ afterwards, when the resolutions
forroythe ;^^^ the greatest
wieldpr^ h^r\^fnf ■ \ 1 , "^^ ^"'* provmcial trade, formerly
proSe fnd cr.t"''^ '*'f •' ^' ^^^^^ematizing the finances of the
cll survpv 1l,r ?. ^ T^\"^' ^''""^ ' *h« originating the geologi-
worldrfl^*^ /,7"^^^^^ ^^^^"•^^^d forefgners'at the
fel of 1869 &c V ''^" ^'^T^- ?^"^ ^*"^ "^«^« ^* ti'e world's
ilL L • ' . ^^^ co-operated with the Hon. William Hamilton
Merntt, m securing from the Colonial Office th TeSon of the
Endand !TlM^ """'l^ *^^ ^"^^ "^"^'"^^ --' and be kgt
the cota" offitt' r? *^*'.^^ ^'''"" ^^^^ ^'^^^ h'« t««t™4 at
tL'ht Tlafboon '7 t^f ?*'".« '^ *^'«' ^^^'^ ^^« then
cairerawafurLx^^^^^^^^^^ ^-b^) ^ad been
Hnn« ^kT*'^ ui'txpectedJy, but he left a written question with Mr
be seemed tTthinkrn '^ f k*^" ^^^^"^^^' ^^^^ Mr.'BuclmLZS
«mp, 18 It that you should be so an-Jous to get the dutv taken off
xeXt: ^'7Lt:Vr-T''Al''''' anf r'%tt.tra^!
■reply was, that the districts which he represented, the Home, the
p;
■ii'
458
APPENDIX^
^
of it did not reach En^Ian b,?f wnl . -^^J"^ responsible if nmJh
to the lower ports. ffSa "f Ze'd' "I '^J^""''' ^^"^^^ '^ ^"nfc
payment in British mnu?ac?ure8 L^^^^^^^
entitled to the English nriceJhrfjf'- x "°* /" 'P^^'^, they were
portation." Mr. C bdiciL tha^l?*' ^''^ '^' '''' '^'^^-^
obj^tions that had be'en or ct Id b'e'JseV""" ^"^'^^^^ ^^' ^^
t^-.g^eattrglrsfrVht"^^^ jf ^^^^^ ^'^^d with
ministers picked with him (In !k-?"'' '" ^^*^ *l"^^'"el which his
de^ of jni repres::;?atl";nd:.*^ been a great
ot the forty-two eleotinna i^ tt '^^^^re tnink it well to say that
favour of tlfe friends'ofX Zo^'.Zl'^lf^i ''''''■''''' ^^^ ^"
to havfc^n^e^::?^^^^^^^^ ^'-d Mr. Buchanan seems
Their views on V^CtCtlJS"^^^^^
more singleminded than othoVrnf ' . . ^^""^ ^""'^ ^^orge
day. He wrote an eloquent obtuL"' f •' "Tt" '^ *^^ Present
appeared in the (^/«.^rlS:^^^"'''^^^^^^^^^
tor of Rorert7^.rta 'Vn IT^'/'^'''!^^-' --<1 <Jaugh-
tbey have a large famr"' MrsT"* ""''f^^'^' "» C^laagow; and
charities are well kn^wn "in and f "'^f "f " ^^^ability and active
deepest interest in Tl? Tier Lsbandt' /^'T;^*'"' ^''^ *^^«« «^^
all the warmth of an affection«f ! " ^ T^^^^ings, and resents with
of his political assSants bv htnv " ^^'^^^^ '''^' *^« "^ald attacks
all bis elections. Her succet/wr^^.^'''^ '^' "^«^« ^^^^'^7 into
the hustings byherhusbW'. . *^f gracefully alluded to from
; Gentleman, tlTg^^ry ^fTrT."' 't' ^''^* ^^"^^^^ '^^^^^Z
to our defeat!" ^''''^"*'-5^ '^^ ^^^ electors has contributed largely
overiS^^^^^^^^^ c^of Hlir ^^^^^ - *^« --tain
the head of lake Ontario one of f>..i,lu"'' ^^P^"'^ ^^ ^ater at
Auchmar is situated ™' S;lf;i:!f^««^ «P«ts in America.
Mr. Buchanan for villas HiTohuf ' ^ P'^^P'^t^ ^aid out by
and Mrs. Buchanan's p^tiahty to Can?dr'' "^'"'^^ ^°™ ^^^^e,
tion on her hus^and/Sfc to be r . ".''^^^^^ ^" ^««l'°a-
prevalent with our wealthy merr^nn ""''P^^ *" ^^e rule too
their means in the mother countrv £ ""'"'^^ " ''*-'""^ *' '^'"^
upon the battle of hfe unaS L !r°^ f''' "^"^^«« *" ^n^r
the colony the standi^ and etln^ce o^^^' ^'"'^^ ^^^^^ ^^
given them. The onlv othp^c -^ *^® P^^'^^ts ^'ould have
family is Jane, }^s y^LTdaZZ^'^'^'^Tt' '^ ^^' father'*
resides at Adamton^ ^Xe S&d^^'^ ^'^^J^ ^^-glas, who
■^l
ntarlo large
ble if much
ida or went
'J as taking
they were
Jt of trans-
ly met the
sided with
I which his
en a great
:o say that
t went in
lan seems
Bentinck.
i George
3 present
th, which
d daugh-
;ow; and
id active
akes the
Jnts with
I attacks
'tily into
to from
ilectiou;
largely
oimtain
'ater at
merica.
out by
there,
nclina-
ile too
spend
• enter
lich in
I have
ther's
I, who
APPENDIX.
459
at M^R 'T'^°' r ^r^ *« ^<^™it that this is rather a slight glance
Te tlan t Lf h ttitt^S' toVeV^^^^'^^^ 'f'''^^ 7^^
the Dublic wnnlrl hliT'^i.-. *"® busmess of others and of
htt^ ao more m Mr. Buchanan's case— ft would be to write a
history of that more practical philanthropy wlh the n^culia?
state of a new society calls into operation. ^ ^ ""^
of TJ: sSh Auc^hmL' ^"''"" 'f '' P^«^«^^^^' -« ^«- those
Pionee^fry^.^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
" Si monumentum quoeris,—
Clrcumspice."
had f hf;f n ^^'^^^^n tfa« tilings in which such men have
v^Zskfehe^Tcel^^^^^ ""T '''''''''' history remain
Rose & c1 1862 '^ ^'^^"^^^a^, #c. Quebec f Hunter,
IX.
I^BOU„.s POLITICAL ECONOMY ; OR THE TARIFF QUESTION CONSIDERED
BY HORACE GREELY. TO WHICH IS ADDED THE REPORT OF THE
PUBLIC MEETING OF DELEGATES, HELD IN TORONTO ON THE 1^«
•APRIL, 1858.
(Published by the -Association for the Promotion of Canadian Industry.
')
The following Essay, from the pen of Hon. Horace Greeir
*^hhtTb Si fo'i *;. "lit'rth^i"'*'''? " '?'^'y
encouraiTA fKa „.«° ^u^^V o ^®^3Sn oi this Association is to
Z be^fl* ' ff ^.^«^^"^fa«*^™g enterprises amongst us, aa
ou^ PODuktion 1^;*;"^^"S P«™a"e«t employment for all daises of
our population, and thereby improvmg not only the general trade
of the country, but creating for the firmer a steady fomemarke?
•IS ^nZ 7!?^ *^ ^^^'*^"* "^^^^e*' and for the want of
fSs of te''"* depressed condition of the gi-ain market, the
larmers of Canada are now suffering so severely. The desi^ of
• Toronto, C.W.
NT''
8 I '
I!
I
h
hi
If
h
«^
I
460
APPENDU.
^ctit^r^^^^^^^^^ nor to foster b, pr.
or advantages, but o^lyl t^ri^ V^' '" "«*"^^^ ^^^
manufacturers of Canada in L 7*'"°"«at'ng tariff to place the
countries . th whichTe trade T^'n^ ^''^'''' «^ that of other
example .', . Canadian fa^ isllfj''''^'' '^ agriculture, for
the United States farmer h^.Tw^.f'^ T ^ equal footing with
fl such manufactures as he coiJd Z 't ^r^dian'mechanS^ ^ot
shut out by a duty of from 24 t^^^'"*^ *' *^^ ^^'^ed States, he i^
2""f^.ctures of ti Uni^d Stats ^r.^'^i" \^"^ ^« ^d'^'* t^e
at|;rc:„v^p--.andtte%lrbr^^^^^^^
of the crnl:;,^r'th& the mechanics out
from the expenditure nh:C ll^J:^:^^^^^^ --«
1- ^^'-^ot and Indirect Taxation.
John Adams m ITOsfo Sute nf r^- ■^^'""'™; «^»' ""dor oW
^^content which ei^ctSTd feat :? Tf "'"*1 -A to the'
of his party. They were renenM ^^^ms and the overthrow
Jefferson and his supporters a?d tl" ^ T^^'^^ ^ Possible by
moment that they could h!'^ "^'i" "^^^^ Madison at the fii^'t
f^rty years) „o s'^r ot eff rt hK:' ""'^ ^'"^ then (nearTy
J^.ow and then a theorist hl^ d^llT ^'i' *^ ^e-impose them^
Pirect to Indirect Taxat on and ^ '" *^'? superior'^equity of
^pose the former has been madp '' n' *^^'^ * P^«P««al to^re
thus shielded from all responsibmtv Wh ^ ^^s a ^^Jnority, and
ascendency, the propositionTev^^^^^ it recovered the
and so remained. It may be oZL a ^^""^^ ''ame up missing.
foster hy pro-
tural facilities
to place the
that of other
[riculture, for
footing with
chanic. On
States, he is
we admit the
xtent free of
iianufacturea
APPENDIX.
461
Bchanics out
arising
ages
rest. Two
iroct Taxa.
lie Federal
i under old
r Kevenue
■ance ; and
ivas ruined
In either
the Direct
'' expense,
lily to the
overthrow
>ssible by
t the first
1 (nearly
se them,
iquitj of
al to re-
e mover
*ity, and
sred the
missing,
I, there-
fray th«
tinue to
mports,
no matter which party may for the time be in power. No nartv ia
now committed to or eaniestly proposes any oC modf ffih^
palpably on the cor .ty, would secure greater economy in
the Public Expenditures, is confuted by the (aft that theTev^nuea
W Kt TaxaS;.'"' eBpeeially of tku city, though JJ/Zel
Dy JJirect laxat on, are expended quite as foolishly and witefiillv
as. those of the Federal Government ever have been. """^^^""^
2. The Question Stated.
And now the question arises— On what principle shall Duties on
I^portB be assessed? Since nobody norprop^oses ^ h^ 'Ve?
seriously urged, a unifonn assessment of so much pe^ cent on Ihe
yplue of all articles imported since even the present Tariff framed
by tiie avowed adversaries of Protection, lelies one Wndred ner
cent, on certam articles, and thence do;n to thirty, twenty-five
twenty, fifteen, five, to nothing at all on others, what rde shau'
govern the discriminations made > What end Ml thi^looktl
Wha shall determine whether Tea, for example, shall be placed in
tttrer1e^nt!r^^'^^^^^' '' '^''''' '' ^ ^"Vof ten, t^^^;^;?
Hpl!ll''^w'*'n^ ^'' Protection meet this questic. rrankly and
t& ^' f T'' "\'''^^^"fe'' " W««e hlher rates of duty on
Aose loreign Products which come in competition in our market^
T^U Jl"A^"''fr ^^'"^^ ^"^"^^••y' ^^'^ ^^^<^^r duties (rnont
at all, according to the varying wants of the Treasury,) on those
ihus lea and Coffee now free, Iiave been subjected to duties for
will afford the needed income. But to a different class of Imnorta
we would apply a different criterion. If it were demonstratT for
example, that a reduction of the duty on Shir^ PaSoons &c
^ /,^;« per cent., would increase the aggregate of Revenue tht^'
^Z>. t"t"-g *« E«-Pe almost" Ihe'entir ^"Xture of
garments for American wear, we should strenuou' . oppose such
reduction, on the ground of its inevitable effect in'deprivng oS
own lailors. Seamstresses, &c., of employment and bread Wo
W run. If regarded merely as a Kevenue measure, by deprivbg
J^rge classes ot our people of the ability to purchase and 3
foreign Products ; but we should oppose it becEe of fts itS
^uence on the comfort, independeilce, and thrift of thot TeuT
countrymen, apart from its tendency to divest them of abiity to
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
//
'^
/.
1.0
I.I
^ 1^ 111112 2
£ lit ■—
£ i:s 112.0
L25 ill 1.4
1.6
oj
^^.^'>^>
^^^J" ^'^'
^i^
Pnotographic
Sciences
Corporation
23 WEST MAIN 5TS!EET
WEBSTER, N.Y 14580
(716) 872-4503
•i:
462
APPENDIX.
if iiij
?"e oft P^^^^^^^^^ -rds, we hold that tho w^l-
Labour are maSsT/pubH^^^^^^^^^ ^"^/^^ ^-^^^ o^ thei
right to disrsgard AnTvil S^^'^^"'? °° Government has any
levied on Forfg Pr^dlte^^^^^^^ '"''' ^^^^*^ '^'^^^^
another department of our NatinnT? '^° T^^*^^'''' ^^*^ ^»« o^
preserve that devZmLTL^ ^ Industry as shaU suffice to
of the oher^rTbourri'ere;;^^^^^^^^
capital of its foreign rivals And ^f^^K' 5,,°'.°''^ concentrated
M that ouch a dSyXSd bfiX d on ?h. f' '^ "'^T' ^^
will encourage and secure the nr^i^? i ^ ^^'''^'Sn product aa
.production. This is thrdltrfn? ?p ^f^^ bpment of the American
S^sists that th7Gove«rL i^^^ l'^' ^PP^«^*«' ^^^
only the wants of To^^ TrSv^^int^^' '^'^"^ ^^^^^«'
Huppljing them, is known aTpree Tra/e. ''''''* "^"'^"^ ^^
3. lAmitationB.
"«» articlo we Z „"eTor wan. „1^ '""if *'. ?««i»otion of
<M elsewhere—or, more strioHv «= «,^ i!iT ^"«.'^* **'«« iaioMr
ihem elsewhere, brinTthtm t^C a" d car tToT;' ■' ^^'^^
tome produce wherewith to parfor them^ rXf 'Trr'""'^^*
example, it is generally suDoose/ v^LT I .S^^^ T^ ^®*' ^O'
our soil as they will in ChFZ 1 ""^"^^ °2j thrive and produce on
presumption, nYaTLptfcerh.':'!^^'?"; "°^' ""^«^ *^
We b/ Pro'tection!lt Iron Steel wL^ rTlf ^^S"" f ^^*^
&c., are known to be producible 'wHht h^k ki •''.?''^^'^^'
as anywhere else • nnA ^^ ^'"^"/"^ as little labour in this countrr
tively, and that . wiae td be^l^rPubSf PH^' Aem re.peo.
, »nd promote such oroduotio,, a nj *u ^"'•'f P« wj would foster
.;bo ired, whUeEtnirotitgtas'ttlTf "''«1''
produce here a ton of Iron wlnVi, ^-lifu ^ . ° ^^ mfancy,to
labour in England, it would .Tm t ^ ' ^!, ^^,^^ ^^ *^^'-*:^ ^a^
encourage thi hoLproductSnnofT ''•?'?? P^^'*^' *« P^^^^ect and
„ that i^s6is,.^r^rcte^^^^^^ as it is
concentration ox means here ^d 12 It- I ^^ e\F*^rience and
-of the Atlantic. ' ^^'"^ existence on the other side
l(f- I . ~
ma i
shat the w?I-
^ard of their
nent has any
fcy should be
with one or
U suffice to
►n by reason
Jncentrated
infancy, we
1 product as
i American
)8ite, which
Id consider
it means of
n? Would
duction of
I?" Cei-
tides, and
le Labour
) produce
;n market
i Tea, for
reduce on
nder this
ir growth
'ardware,
3 country
ght to be
1 respec-
ild foster
rk might
fancjr,to
ty days'
tect and
as it is,
nee and
her sido
APPENDIX.
4. Fog Dispelled.
463
KUnrli T T""'* * 1'^^ ^^"^' ^ *^« "tatter in dispute, is
Bhppery and ambiguous. The Tariff of 1842 had no higher rate of
duty than that on Wmes and Spirits in the Tariff of 1846 What
T^LZa '^^ -i/^' P"«*««*5«^J ^r^^d, is simply thai such rates be
miposed as wUl secure a gradual and certain approximation toward
the Home Produc ion of whatever we need, where Nature has in-
terposed no obstacle of soil or climate to such production. If those
will take hold and make at home, under the present duty, so mu6h
Iron as the country required, we will cheerfuUy agree that no
.here are furnaces and factories in abundance for sale at leS^than
their cost ; and the enemies of Protection have only to prove that
they believe ^hat they say when they affirm that Protection is
?lv '''r/ Manufacursrs thrifty without it, by buying these faC
tones and furnaces, setting them at work, building more if requisite,
a^d thus supplying the country with Metals, Wares, and Fabrics
and we will heartily agree with them, not, indeed, that Protectton
^ mfnnsically wrong, but that our country has outgrown the need
Wntii;« f tT ^^ T't ^"^ ^^" ^"^g''*^^ ^*- Ttere are many
branches of Industry which now need far lower duties to shield
tnem from destruction than would have been requisite years ago;
Sv ?rP ^r.;- ^ *^TP A^ of Protection, wholly outgrown the nefes!
Bity for Protection. If American Iron-making could enjoy adequate,
TZf ^/^i^^r^g^Protection for ten years, we believe it would
thenceforth defy Foreign competition under a low Kevenue duty.
5. Exports and Imports.
No greater fallacy can be imagined than that which measures
the prosperity or industry of a Nation by the extent or the increase
of Its Foreign < mmerce. If our country were ui.able w grow
Gram, It would me vitably export and importfar more than it does now,
Bince it must produce and export something wherewith te pay for
^^nt P / r """'^ ""^'^ ^"^^g ""^^'^y ^" '^ Cloths, wires,
Hats, and Boots, from Europe, as in its Colonial mfancy, it would of
course have more commerce, and perhaps more shipping than at
present. If ^ were now sending all its Flour te Europe aSd buying
thence its Bread, its Foreign Commerce would be enormously
.greater than now, but at a ruinous cost and loss to the great body
.of Its people. If our Gram crop were utterly cut off for the presens
jear, our loreign Commerce would necessarUy be greatly extended
Ijl -
'rf
i 'I
]'U
464
APPENDIX,
Those Nations and sections which show the largest relative Export*
and Imports, have rarely been distinguished for the thrift, indepea-
dence and comfort of their people.
6. The Balance of Trade.
Nobody has ever ontended that the naked fact that our Imports
were ' '^cially valued higli r than our Exports proves our Foreign
Trade a losmg one. It is quite true that some articles which coat
comparatively little may be sold for a great deal— Ice, for example.
let it cannot be seriously doubted that when our Imports, under a
system of ad valorem duties which impels Importers to swear
down the value of their goods to the lowest possible notch, exceed
by thirty millions per annum the declared value of our Exports,
which are generally subject to specific duties or none in the ports
to which they are sent, there must be a balaoce against us in our
dealings with Europe.
But the fact that there ia such a balance is put bevond doubt by
the rates of Exchange, the movement of Specie and Stocks, and the
negociation of Loans. If we were paying Europe iii our Products
(including CaUfomia Gold) for the Goods we are ' ying of her, we
should not be sending Stocks to London for sale at the rate' of
millions per month, and sending agents thither tonegociate the sale of
Railroad Bonds, State Bonds, County or City Bonds, and every
possible manufacture of paper which implies payment with interest
by-and-by for Foreign Products eaten, drank, and worn out by our
people to-day. The fact is undeniable that, as a people, we are
running rapidly and heavily in debt to Europe, and mortgaging the
earnings of our children to pay it off. And the excuse that we are
building Railroads, Ike, does not avail us. Europe is also building
Railroads ; Great Britain is chequered with them ; but she does
not owe their cost to the capitalists of other countries, because her
people produce more than they consume, sell more than they buy,
as ours do not. We have Labour enough standing idle from month
to month, and anxiously looking for employment to make all the
Iron, Cloth, Wares, &c., for which we are running giddily in debt
to Foreign Capitalists ; yet our Free Trade policy tends to keep
that Labour idle, and run our country deeper and deeper in debt
for the Fabrics we ought to produce. Can this be right ?
7. Trade and Labour — First Principles.
The PoUtical Economy of Trade is very simple and easy. Buy
where you can cheapest, and sell where you can dearest, is its fua-
III .. lill
APj>feNi)tX.
ki
us in our
your individual Z^ttmLmi Thatf J"" " '"•'''' "'""<=>•«
manufactares, and were thrown n,.t „f fl " S • "r """^ •"«"
employment ii the Zduc&r of th„ . ^T' T ''• '" f"'"™' »'"»!■'
f eqLalent, to rS™/ We ± t""-' ""^ f.!^*''
, freedom to commerce chnnSetL . • i', \.' 8'™* additional
wo canno, falT y^fn^^"..*' 'P*^''' "^ '»'>»" '- demand, but
of SVlrar^cLT" "'""^ "!'^"»'^ most admired doctors
saltincr pork I dTnnfT .», f ^""'"S ^^^^*' P^^J^^ng cocton, or
even tSd in this 1 elnt !? r*T-^*' ^V^ange to Labour
that Trade mayVxperie^^^^^^^^ 'V! "«*.^i«cult to imagine
But, while t^f ScCZv t/'''' '"^' ^''r.^itory improvenTent.
as another, the laTourer^aSCh^ '^" «"« ^^««1«
iron to growinTcorn from ri^^^^^ u^ ^T'}'^7 ^^^g« from casting
^nd so on T? r ' 1 r ^^^^3^8 broadcloth to chopping timber
^nd srk'som'^otffi generXL"! '^^ l^^^^^^<^'4^y^e:i
ling.dleness,fol,ot:dV~J,^^^^^^^
EB
i!
ftiii
1 .!(1
I
466
APPENDIX.
I, ,
overthrow of an important branch of National Industry is therefore
a serious calamity to a great portion of the Labouring Class — a
blow which will be felt for years.
8. Cheap Goods and Starving Labourers,
But, thus far, I have conceded the main point assumed by
M'Culloch and his school, that the destruction of a Erar.ch of Home
Industry by the influx of rival Foreign fabrics is ne(!e8sarily followed
by a corresponding extension of some other branch or branches,
giving employment to an equal amount of labour, and rendering the
depression of industry only temporary. That this is a mistake, a
few moments' reflection will establish. It assumes that the con-
sumption of a given article is not diminished by the transfer of its pro-
duction from the consumer's neighbourhood to a distant shore, and
that wherever a community receives its supply of cloths or wares
from abroad, it necessarily follows that some staple or staples of
equal value will be taken of it by the supplying nation in return.
To prove that the fact is not so, I cite the memorable instance of
the Dacca weavers of India, as stated in Parliament by the dia-
tmguished Free Trader, Dr. Bowring : —
" I hold. Sir, in my hand, the correspondence which has taken
place between the Governor General of India and the East India
Company, on the subject of the Dacca hand-loom weavers. It is
a melancholy story of misery so far as they are concerned, and
as striking an evidence of the wonderful progress of manufacturing
industry in this country. Some years ago, the East India Com-
pany annually received of the produce of the looms of India the
amount of from six to eight millions of pieces of cotton goods. The
demand gradually fell to somewhat more than one million, and has
now nearly ceased altogether. In 1800, the United States took
from India nearly eight hundred thousand pieces of cottons ; in
1830, not four thousand. In 1800, one million of pieces were
shipped to Portugal ; in 1830, only twenty thousand. Terrible are
the accounts of the wretchedness of the poor India weavers, reduced
to absolute starvation. And what was the sole cause ? The presence
of the cheaper English manufacture — the production by the power-
loom of the article which these unhappy Hindoos had been used for
ages to make by their unimproved and hand-directed shuttles. Sir,
it was impossible that they could go on weaving what no one would
wear or buy. Numbers of them died of hvmger ; the remainder
were, for the most part transferred to other occupations, principally
agricultural. Not to have changed their trade was inevitable
starvation. And at this moment, Sir, the Dacca district is supplied
APPKNDIX.
407
power looms: the British goods havoa', eddefJvLL ''•''"'"";■ "'
bmted over the whole y^oMSorl^XJ^.^Tt """''"'' ""^
annihilated, from the same eausr A^l " '"S^ "'f
numoi-ous classes in India, is scarcely to be «ill,L?- '"fT*' *"
«f commerce.' " »>-aii,ey » ne paralleledin tho history
his"r„d ^7 Tt'"'° ^'- ,?''C'.'"o«h''' conditions made ready to
Ztbrics from trtiTt^""'-"ff '•''«<' -'''«»^
2. The^are now ^^^p.KZLh V.Ss Z' hX^TS
^' imiiiTinra7e,Se%*7c;'e:t r:"^'T' °'1°«^"^-
latter enter tlfe for^ " sSnl,^ ^ e 7^" 't,^^^^^^ "' *"
petely supplanted and mined the^naSe maSkctoe '7 Tl
^str ;iri:fd:™ *ir^:;rTtf »^
AnH fi T^w^u '*'^\y^"°"; L^cs, and manv of them bevond it 1
demonstrate the fS^' '?*; f^'ert flf SI"' "^ "^^"^^ ^
^tnoted competition toi favourarto'tl" LlLTuTo'^r
9. ^ arave Error mid its Causes,
Mltit^rhtr^f ^r;vSts°' *^ ^'^""^=-
and only less ruinous successes Ui, U^t' . j T"™ '■''™™«
.f the /orld discovereSthVi :'„/d:!;1rp*r;^^'-S
' n
I if
468
AvrzTxmx.
\i
'
>R
<"\t
m ,
> ; ,. ;
■ ■- 1 :
1
1 :
1 .
:j|]
Industry, other than to interrupt its processes by their insane con-
^ntiona, to devaatate its fields, and ultimately to consume its fmits.
And, when the truth did penetrate their scarcely pervious skulls,
It came detortod and perveitcd by the resistance it had met, by
scllisli and sinister influences, so that it had parted with all its
vitality, and was blended with and ha'-dly distinguishable from
error. When it began to be dimly discerned that Government had
a legitimate duty to perform towards Industry— that the latter
migh.^be cherished, improved, extended by the action of the former
— legislatoi-s at once jumped to the conclusion that all possible
legislation upon and interference wilh Industry must be beneficial.
A J?rederick the Groat finds by e.jperience that the introduction of
new arts and industrial processes into his dominions increases the
activity, thrift, and prosperity of his People ; foithwith he rushes
(as Macaulay and the Free Trade econon)ists represent him) into
the prohibition ot everything but coin from abroad, and the production
ot everyilnng at home, without considering the diver.«ities of soil
and climate, or the practicability of her prosocuting to advantage the
business so summai-ily established. The consequence is, of course,
a mischievous diversion of Labour from some useful and productive
to profitless and unfruitful avocations. But this is not the worst.
Some monarch finds himself unable to minister adequately to the
extravagance of some new favourite or mistress; so he creates in
her favour a Monopoly of the supply and sale of Salt, Coffee, or
whatever else is not already monopolized, and styles it a " regula-
tion of trade," to prevent i-uinous fluctuations, comjietitions, and
excesses ! Thus private ends arc subserved under the pretence of
public good, and the comforts of the people abridged or withheld to
pander to the vices and sustain the lavish prodigality of princes
and paramours.
From a contemplation of these abuses, pierced anci uncovered by
the expanding intelligence of the Eighteenth Century, the Political
Economy of the Schools wa.s evolved. In its origin a protest
against existing abuses, it shared the common lot of all re-actions,
in pa.ssing impetuously to an extreme the opposite of the error it
went forth to combat. From a scrutiny and criticism of the gross
abuses of the power of Government over Industry, it was impelled
to the conclusion that no such power properly existed or could be
beneficially exercised. Thus the Science became, in the hands of
the latest professors of the ' enlightened ' school, a simple and
sweeping negation— a demand for incessant and univereal abolish-
ing— a suicidal science, demonstrating that to do nothing is the
acme of governmental wisdom, and King Log the profoundest and
greatest of monarchs.
APPENDIX.
469
tsane eoij-
itg fniit9.
us skulls,
1 met, by
ith all its
ible from
raent had
;he latter
he former
1 possible
)encficial.
Auction of
•eases the
he rushes
him) into
roduction
es of Soil
ntage the
>f course,
t'oductive
be worst.
'\y to the
rcatcs in
!!ofFee, or
" regula-
ions, and
etence (^
thheld to
' princes
vctred by
Political
protest
-actions,
error it
he gross
impelled
could be
lands of
pie and
abolish-
g is the
lest and
u.^T'^ <^onclusion8 would have sta.^rgcred the founders of the
school ; and yet it is difficult to resist the evidence offered to show
that they are legitimately deduced by their disciples from the pro-
mises those founders themselves have laid down.
10. Basis of Protection.
*r,Jf!r '''^ "fT"' ^°^^«P'°^ "'^t the reaction against a sinister
«rl f uf^^'^'^u^ ^''^'''^y ^'"^^ «P«"* 'ts force, and that the
error which denies that any regulation can be beneficent, equally
with the fraud which has cloaked schemes of personal aggrandise-
ment under the pretence of guiding Industry aright, win7et cease
to exert a controlling influence over the affaii-s of Nations. Expe-
nence the great corrector of delusive theories, haa long since set-
dt r!^ ^f ' .^\^r"J ^^^^"^^^ ^ S'"'^^ C«ft«e i» Greenland, or
dig Coal from the White Mountains, must prove abortive ; that
sameJixpenence, It seems most obvious, has by this time established
that It za wise it is well, for each nation to draw from its own soil
every desirable and necessary product which that soil is as well
calculated to produce as any other, and to fabricate within itself
all articles of utility or comfort which it may ultimately produce as
advantageously-tiiat is, with as little labour-as they can be stear
l. L^'^l r'."* .'^T^r'; '-^^" **" ^^'' ™*y require fostering legis-
lation at first, to shield the infant branches of Industry against the
formidable competition of their adult and muscular rivSs, which
would otherwise strangle them in the cradle; it may require
!ff f f :?-';l «*f dy Protection in after years, to counteract the
eflect of different standards of money values, and different rates of
wages for labour— nay, of the disturbing rivalries and ruinous
excesses of mere foreign competition, which often leads to under-
selhng at the door of a rival (especially if that rival be shut out
from retaliation by duties on the other side) when living prices are
maintained at home. A protected branch of industry -cloth-
making, for mstance—might thus overthrow an unprotected rival
interest in another nation without selling its products at an average
price lower than that of the latter. Having its own Home Market
secured to it, and imhmited power given it to disturb and derange
the markets necessarily lelied on by its rival, it would inevitably
cripple and destroy that rival, as the maUed and practiced sword^
man cuts down in the field of combat the unarmed and defenceless
adversary whom fate or fatuity has thrown within his reach.
I t
470
...; 1
f
JiPPRWDIX.
11. P'rotcctim and Prices.
Thogo who pr>fo88 an inability to aoo how Protection can benefit
the producer if it doea not niise the average i)rico of liis product^
contra(hct not merely the distates of a uniform experience, but th»
cloarcdt deductions of i-eason. The artisan who makes pianofortes.
Bay at three hundred dollars each, liavbig a cai)riciou8 demand for
some twenty or thirty per year, and liable at any time to be thrown
out ot busniess by the importation of a carjro of piarwfortcs- will
he produce them cheaper or dearer, think you, if the foreign
rivalry is cut off, and he is thence enabled to find a steady market
tor some twelve instruments per month v Admit that his natural
tendency will be to cling to the old pi-ice, and thereby secure
larger profits— this will be &{)eedily corrected by a home corapotition,
which will increase until the profits are reduced to the average
profits of business. It will not be in the power of the Home as"it
18 of the Foreign rival interests to depress his usual prices without
dei)re8sing their own — to destroy his market yet i>reservo and even,
extend theirs— to crush him by means of cheaper labour than he
can obtain. If vanquished now, it will be because his capacity i»
unequal to that of his rivals— not that circumstances inevitably
^u^^'m ^"^ V^V^^'^ J"S overthrow. No intelligent man can doubt
that Newspapers, for example, are cheaper in this country than they
would be if Foreign journals could rival and suppUint them here, as
foreign cloths may rival and wipplant in our markets the cor-
responding products of our own country. The rule will very gene-
rally hold good, that those articles of home production which cannot
be rivalled by importation, are and will be relatively cheaper than
those of a difiereut character.
12. TIteory and Practice.
And here it may be well to speak more directly of the discre-
pancy between Theory and Practice, which is so often affirmed in con-
nection with our general subject. There are many who think the
theory of Free Trade the correct, or at any rate the more plausible
one, but who yet maintain, because they know by experience, that
it fails practically of securing the gcod it promises. Hence they
rush to the conclusion that a policy may be faultless in theory yet
pernicious in pract= - ^. than which no idea can be more erroneous and
pernicious. A gooa theory never yet failed to vindicate itself \n
practical operation— never can fail to do so. A theory can only
fail because it is defective, unsound — lacks some of the elements,
which should have entered into its composition. In other words,
the practical working is bad only because the theory is no better.
APPEKDIX.
471
18. Cheapne%a—Real and Nominal
t}^ 'Jf ^^"^"'f ' f'"- 'll'istration, tho fundarrontal mnxim of Free
irade Ruv where you can buy cheapest." This sounds well and
Wl<3^p]aus, hk IJut, let us hold it u,, to ko light ! What u " chcar^
oat ! Is It tlio smal.est sum in coin ? No— very far from it ■ an^
Sue: :Ju1 the theory gives way. We do iJas a nad^n,' ^r^c^
duco com— do not practically pay in coin. We i)ay for products
m products, and the r,al cpicstio-n first to bo reslX/w h nee
can wo obtain the desucd fabrics for tho smaller aggrocratc of our
products-from the Foreign or the Homo manufa^clurer' tZ
fs ni w ' ^"''n'V''' """'""• ^"^^ *^« Vomt to bo^onsiderod
monev t'tl^ ''"'^ ^"^ T^ '^°*''^ ^'' ^'"« ^^^'""^••^^^ Millions in
money for that wo have not to pay ; but where our surplus product
of lork, Lumber Dairy Produce, Sheep, Wool, &c., &c., ^ill buy
th required Cloth most achantageousl^. The nominal or Money
C f^ MM?' '* '"'y *•' ?'"'^^^ ^^"'«"« ^'^ One Hundred and
smaller,— that 13, with a smaller amount of our Produce. The rela-
tive Mon.y prices do not determine the real (juostion of cheapness
Iri ."f ;'7."'''^ ".-'*"'' 'i ™P''''t'^ ^^'"^'<1 «"' t« ^li'^^l u« to the
merits of that c,uestion. In the absence of all regulation, tho rela-
live '. r .e will of course determine whether the cloths nhall
oe . • produced at home, but not whether thoy should be.
11. We may obtain a desired product to-day (and
^ abroad, and yet pay more for it in the avera<'e
d It steadily at home. The question of the choap-
med by a single transaction, but by many.*
,. I - , , , ' ^ ^f " "ot buy to advantage abroad that which,
being bought abroad, leaves whole classes of our pe:>ple to famish
at home. J^ or instance, suppose one hundred millions of garments
are made by the women of this country yearly, at an average price
of twenty-five cents each, and these could be bought abroad for
Wo- thirds of that sum : Would il be wise so to buy them ? Free
Trade asserts that it would-that all the labour so thrown out of
employment would be promptly absorbed in other and more produc-
rvCT S- .^^1-"^ experience, common sense, huLnity,
thn.^hn -^.^'^*r' (» ^« ^^'•y different from this. The industry
thus thrown ou. of its time-worn channels would find or wear othera
^owly and with great difficulty; meantime the hapless makers, no
longer enabled to sup port themselves by labour, mist be supported
* Miuiison's Messages, 18ll-'16-'16.
fitf
thai
ness it
And a
472
APPRNDIX.
in id onoHs % md.roct ' „ot by public chanty thoy must Home-
hns he m\m.ted ; and our citizcnn will ha.o bought t'u^ir ^'arnumw
some twenty per cent, lower from abroad, but wUl ho compoll.d fo
pay another pnco for them in charities and ,K,or-rato«. 'su^nia
the effect of •• HuymK where we can buy cheapest," in a low
short sighted, miserly ¥Veo Trade view of cheapner '
14. Se(f.Intere8t'-PubUc and Private.
fw>^i'i' ""'-^'i- ^-'f T'^*^^'«'"»>"^ "«*a nation purchase of others a^
freely as mdivulualH of the same r.ation are permitted to trade wiSt
fatal fjdlacy lurku.g beneath its use of tho term " nation." A na ion
*/*««W always buy where it can (in the lon^ run ) » buy chea cs "
or most advantageously; where that may bo is a .p JtiTfor tho
nation, tuoagh its legal organism, to dccidt'. The (luery mistake.dv
assumes that the immediate, apparent interest of each individual „ur-
c.mscr IS always identical with the interest o'. ho community, which
common sense as well as experience refutes, 'ilie lawyer or clerirv-
mn m Illinois may obtain his coat of the desired quality cheaper
(for loss money) from Paris than it can be faSricated in Illinob'
^cti. by no moans follows, that it is the interest of Illinois to imr-
chase her coats or cloths fro.n Europe-<pute the contrary VZo
68 of the lawyer or clergyman himself-certaiidy of his class-is
8ul,served by legislation which encourages and protects the homo
p mlucer of those lyticles, n.t only because they i'mpro.o in miolity
• ZLT T\ '" ^'"'' '"''^"''' '"^'•' •» P«^'«^' ^'"t because the
,ri« ? "8 own prosperity and income are expanded or dri.d
ui a« the industry of his own region is employed, its capacities deve-
loped, and Its sphere of production enlarged aiid diversified.
15. Th Plough and the Loom ahould be Neighbours.
Let us ilhistrate this truth more fully: Tlie State of Illinois for
example, is primarily grain-growhig, producing a surplus of five
millions of bushels of Wheat and Indian Com^amiua; ^y, worth in
New York fournumons of dollars, and requiring in retii'n ten mU?
hons of yards of Clotlis of various kinds and qualities, costing in
New lork a like sum. In the absence of all legislation, she \Z
chases and consumes raamly English cloths, whbh can be trans-
niitted from Leeds to Chicago In a month, at a cost, including t ^
uisurance and interest, of not more than five per cent., and "ho e
underaellanyimnoisfabricatorof cloths equalinqualityai^dfmia^E
APPBV »»r.
47S
^ tl.o roal, pormanont interest ,f riiir..w (diflrcKanlin^ the appnront
mo,„enturv u.toj;o»t of Una or .hut ci-vHH of porH«„H in Illi„oL,rto
P(-rH.Ht .n Vreo Trades or, on the other hand, to concur in H»ch \oZ
Mum m will u.Hure the production of her Clothn tnainlv a» home f
tectioir ''^ '" 'i"*'"^'"" between Free Trade and Pro-
The advocate of Free Tra<lo insistfl that the Hohi.ion of the pro-
b en. hoH pljun on the B.rriace. The Rritiah bn,adcIoth is offered m
^.un.knce for three dollars jK-r yard ; the A.^ericun is i ged
twenty per cent higher, and caii not be afforded for three dollL
But Z T'r tTT'l ""^ "»'«'••' y"" '^^^ ^'"3^ ^^'heapost/'
But the r.dvocatt, of ]>rotectu.n answers that the real, in rinsio
cheapness is not determined by the market price of U.e riJal fabrics
tl^-;!V';r'V7' Y"'^ '''° f'^'^ «^P'« ^^'"'"^J^' nor proltuced
wLf J! ' /f '"'ia'"''^ <A« myum^rf C%th be bouc/hUvith the
m^llest mount of her Qram i Is not this true ? What avails it to
r ^'?:J^«''«. '"fy bavo Cloth from England twenty per cent
son rr'('/ '• r.' i Pl^^'^h'^"!"*? •>'«'■ ««ri>ly there, constrained to
boviSe'^S:'' '"" '"" " ^'" ' "^^^ "^ «^^' *^^'"' -»-* ^ '^-
That wo can not buy, .( /,M)ti illy, without paying— that in payinir
for a s.ngo article we must regard, not how mucli the pa-'mcnt is
called, but how nu.ch it u. (that is, the amount of Products absorbed
m paynig or,or of the i.abour expended in producing it) -we asbume
w'IT: ll r^r """"r/l^ demonstrate!. Let us Lv coTsS
w at >Mll bo tlu) n.evitabo cost to IlHnois-thc real cost-ofone
in ion yards of broadcloths obtained from England, a« compared
with the coHt ol the same cloth produced at home.
Ihc average value of Wheat throughout the world is not far from
mL" •"'"./"'; "f''i' """'^'^'^ ^'^''^''y' of course, in different loca-
i Its , ni the howt of a graui-growing region, away from manufac-
turca or navigation. It must fall greatly below that standard ; in
other (listrictG, were consumption considerably exceeds production,
rcndcrmg a resort to miportation necessary, the price rises above
the average standard. The price at a given point is determined
by Its proximitj. to a market for Its am plus, or a surplus for its
market. Irreat Britain does not produce as much as will feed her
own population ; hence her average price must be governed by the
rate at which she can supply her deficiency from abroad ; Illinois
produces m excess, and the price there must be governed by the rate
at which she can dispose of her surplus, including the cost of its
transportation to an adequate market. In other words (all roiiular
tion being thrown aside), the price which England must pay m.fstbe
the price at the most convenient foreign marts of a^eci-.-ato supply
i|
J 1
I'!
474
APPENDIX.
1
t
» i
i.
j:
r"i-
I n
lie
il
adding the cost of transportation ; while the grain of Illinois will' be
worth to her Its price in the ultimate market of its surplus, less tha
cost of sending it there. ^
Now, the grain-growing plains of Poland --nd Southern Russia,
with capab.ht.es of production never yet half explo,-ed, -even with
Lauuur cheaper than it over can or should be in this countrv— are
^i:^ 7'''r t ^'T' '' ""''y ««"^^ ^ bushel or lower, so
tha It IS ordinarily obtained at Dantzic on the Balfc for ninety
cents per bushel, and at Odessa on the Black Sea for eighty, very
sunnlf;. f^'V ^''' ^^^ ''' Srain, Britain can be abuildant?^
supplied from Eiirope alone at a cost not exceeding one dollar and
nrice'Tn b?"' '"f '^ ' t''' ' ^^"P^^^^^^" ^^-" ^---' the average
price m her ports would more probably range from one dollar 1o
one dollar and six cents. What, then, is th°e,prospeot for Eis
buying her c oths from Cxreat Britain, and compelled to sell Z'-
wAere her grain to pay for them ? «u to .en sme-
aiiat she could not sell elsewhere her surplus to such extent as
would be necessary, is obvious. - The ability of the Exstern States
to purchase the produce of her fertile prairies depends on tho acti-
VI y and stabil ty of thoir manufactures-depends, in shTrt, on he
market for their manufactures in the Great West. The raarkote
to which we can resort, in the absence of the English, are limited
£1.- r^'^f-^'^'*' '^' ^-^^-^ ^'^ hold ^ul^tantially go^^^^
Jrrr P.r. ^'*' cxccptions are presented, that IN ORDER TO PFTR
Jfn^^ihl^' ^* Z^!""^' '^' '^'"'^ ''^^ *h^" ^"^PJ"«' ^^e have already
seen , the coot of transporting it is easily computed. Seventy-five
nor^nr\^"ff^ IS considerably below the alerage cost ot Uns!
be assumed 'as T''^' P™"".' '^ f"""^^ '' ^"^land ; but that may
be assumed as a fair average for the next ten years, in view of the
mprovejnente bemg made in the means of transpor'tation Th re
IS then left to the Illinois farmer-to Illinois-thirty cents per
bushel as the net proceeds of her surplus wheat, or one^nfi C five
it ^t t rTl,'*^"'" '"• '"!' fi- -"-- of bushels-p,rc'as!
br?;dc o b Th'^'' fr. ^f '^' "^'^ h'^"^^^^ *h°^^«and }ards of
broadcloth. Th.^ would be the net product under Free Trade.
Now the same inevitable law which depresses the price of wheat
m Illinois so far below that prevailing in En-land so Ion. rthe
one IS wholly Agricultural, th'e other p^redominantb, iufkctrr^
will as surely raise the price in Illinois SO SOON AND SO FAST
AS 4 SUFFICIENf MARKET FOR HER SURPLUS^ IS
ifji i
Lussia,
APPENDIX. 4i^
BROUGHT NEARER TO HER DOORS. Let that surplus be
arrested by an adequate market in New England, and its price will
nse to fifty cents a bushel ; let the supply of her manufactured pro-
ducts be _ drawn by Illinois from points West of the AUeghanies,
and it will rise to seventy-five cents; and, whenever they are
mainly produced on her own territory, the price will have advanced
to one dollar per bushel. In other words, the net produce of her
gram to Illinois will be the average price throughout the world, less
the cost of transporting it to the point at which an adequate market
lor her surplus is attained. There may be casual and special
exceptions, but this is the fundai ental law.
Now it is evident that, thoagli Illinois may buy her cloths for
fewer dollars from England, she can buy them with fewer bmhels of
(jram from our own manufactories, and fewer still when the progress
of improvement, under a steady and careful Protection to our In-
dustry, shall have established most branches of manufacture on her
own soil She may pay twenty-five per cent, higher nominal prices
tor her fabrics, and yet obtain them at one-half the actual cost at
which she formerly obtained them from abroad. In other words by
bringing the producers of Cloth from England +0 America, and plac-
mg them side by side with the producers of Grain, she has effected an
enormous SAVING OF LABOUR— of that labour, namely, which
was before employed in transporting Grain and Cloth from continent
to continent. One hundred thousand grain-growers and cloth-
makers produce just as much now as they did with four thousand
imies of land and water between them, while they no longer require
the services of another hundred thousand persons as boatmen,
sailors, shippers, forwarders, &c., to interchange their respective
products. These now become producers themselves. By thus
diminishing vastly the number of non-producers and adding to that
of producers, the aggregate of production is immensely increased,
increasing in like measure the dividends of capital and the rewards
of labour.
s 1
16. The Object of Protection.
Such is the process by which wise Protection increases the pros-
perity of a countiy, quite apart from its effect in discouraging
ruinous fluctuations and competition, whereby thousands of produ-
cers are frequently thrown out of employment, and thence out of
bread. It is this multiplying and diversifying of the departments
of Home Industry, bringing the farmer, the artisan, the manufac-
turer, into immediate contact with each other, and enabling them to
interchange their pro-aucts without the ixitcrvontion of several nou-
r
t I Bi Si
I
r
f:
t
if
.^
^ I
I !
f !
476
APPENDIX.
producera, which is j.istly regarded as tho ffroat ond of an onli.rl.f
hy looking to tUc money price only
17. TJui Need of Protection.
SI
'elation on the
so much more
Bni?"V'& 'K'r '^'''^'^' '''^^« ^^-e need of any locrj.
SS.u' tn'r ''"f^ tf ''^™° P-iuctLn i;?; so much mor.
obttms >v ;" ,v'^'" ^^ «"'!^«»' ^ this question is made
lawyer L£ nf fll"^'- '""^^r^"^"«-, '^^'^« individual funner,
Forei.Mf,! ', ^ ^"T' '"'-''t' W'thi^>«o Trade, obtain the
escape, the co.isequeut reduction in tho price of Domestic stanles
^ t^; inX" ^'^-'-VTl^^^'^ h'' '^ cliZ^t'^oSic
not e ca^Llt O^, H T'\ ^""T'f ' '^"^ '^"'' '^^'^'^'''^'Xv could
clearlvX ; ?' "l"'",' ^""^'^' *''*-^ individual might perceive
e£tits 1 r ^'''•"•^.^. ^' pursued by all ; but how cluld he
cleLlv « 'V r ''^ ^ "'0"«'"^J bushels of drain, might see
won d hnil if "'"t ^"^'^•-'•^^gement of Home Manu^ictures
but i h "P n""'"'. ^^'^'■'^'^^ ^^'^ ^'^'"n '^t '^ "-'Ore adequate price '
buU^.« buying Domestic fabrics instead of Foreign, Ail^ im2:
woX Zrl"""*"'*^^' ^"' ^^^ •"'^J'^"^^^ p.u-ci. Jd ab Id,
to oil S /"/l'^'*" whatever. It would only condenu. him
*K iJi-'SrvrciSir""'- ^"■"•" "'"' *» •°™«™ -
distrust and ultimately to discard the theory and its authors.
18. Laissez Fair e— Let ua alone.
n,ent"*of"Mr Fnt'^r" 7^ shortsighted than the First Command-
cEnes '' I . I- T^'^, Decalogue-" Buy where you can
S'' tU.^ ' ^'f''^ precept, "Za.W.%V,"__.^Let us
alone. That those who are profiting, amassing wealth and rolling
AITKNDIX, 477
in luxury, from tho proccods of somo crnft or vocation irainful to
thoui 'mt ponloufl and trauKht with ovil t.> tho omtno,, woal,Hhould
8tnv« to hit this maxun from tho miro of HclfishuoHS and hcartloHg
indifforoncc to others' wocb to tho dignity of Stato.inat.Hhip, in not
re narka Mo ; but that any ono Roriously claitninK to th mk and
Snd^H-"""' or Hocial wdl-hcin^, should ^,ro,,ou„,. Zi
dctcnd t, this .8 as amazing as lamentable, llcgardcd In tho liiiht
ot morality, it cannot stand a moment : it is identical in st,irit with
the sullen insolence ot Cam-' Am I my brother's keeper?' If it
be, mdoed, a sound maxim, and tho Holf-interest of each individual—
himselt beinfr the judge-be necessarily identicid with the common
mterest, hen it is difficult to determine why (Jove.nmeuts should
exist at all-why constraint should in any case bo put on tho action
of any rational being But it needs not that this doetiino of
Laim'zfmre^ should be (raced to it« ultimate results, t.. show
that It lYnconsistent with any true idea of the int<u-ests of Society
or the <lutu.s of Government. The (J.-nius of the Nineteenth
tontury— the expanding lienevolcnce and all-embracing Sympathv
of our ag(^— emi.h)itically repudiate and condemn it. Fva-ywhero
18 man awaking to a truer and deeper regard for tho welfare and
worth of his brother. Everywhere it is beginning to bo felt that
a Uiv^ <ypp<n-tumty to live unmoh-stcd if he ciin find and appro-
priate the means of subsistence-as somo savages are reported to
cast their new-born children into tho water, that they may save
alive he sturdy who can swim, and leave tho weak t<, perish-is
not all that tho community owes to its feebler and less fortunate
members. It can not have needed the horrible deductions of
Malthus, who, admiringly following out tho doctrine of ' Labnez
faire to its natural result, declares that the earth can not afford
an adequate subsistence to all human offspring, and that those who
can not hud food without tho aid of the community should Ik5 Ic^t
to starve !— to convince this generation of the radical unsoundnesa
ot the premises from which such revolting conclusions can be drawn.
Uur standurd Political Economists may theorize in this directions
dogmatically as they will, modestly pronouncing their own views
libera and cnhghtened, and all others narrow and absurd • but
though they apjKjar to win tho suff-rages of the subtle Intellect, the
great Ilimrt of Humanity refuses Uj be thus guided— nay, insists
on impelling the entire social machinery in an exactly ot.posite
direction. The wide and wider diffusion of a public provision for
General Education and for the support of the destitute Poor—
inefficient as each may thus far have been, is of itself a striking
ui8';ance of the triumph of a more beni^iant principle over that of
Li^^sser faire. The enquiries, bo vigoroutjjy and beneficontly
w
l^ni
It t
I
478
AITKNniX.
\
■ 1
1 '. ,
t
k*
f
1
i^
i '
i !
pn)secuto(l \n our day, into tlio Moral ivn.l Pliyaioal, Tnt.oIl.vitJial
and Social condition of tiio dcprosMotl Lahourinji; Chmm of (Iroat
Erifcain especial ly~of hor Kactory OporativcH. Colliers, Minorn,
Silk Wcavorw, &c., ki\, and tho IxMiolioont result** wliit-li luivo
followed them, aituudantly prove tl.iit, lor (Jovernnients m lesH
than (\)nnnunit.ieH, any oonswttMit. n^llowinu; ol" the ' Ijet uh alone '
j)rinciple, is not merely a crintinal direleetion from duty it is
honceforth utterly inipossihle. (Jovernments must Im impelled hy
ft profound and wakeful rejj;ard for the common interests (»f th'o
People over whom they exorcise authority, or they will not l»o
tolerated. It is not ei.ouijh that they repress violence and outraj^e
as s|»eodily arttiioy can : this alVords' no 'real security, even to i,i,;>MO
oxpostMl to wron^Mh>in,u : they nnist search out the rniiHru of evil,
the nilluenees which impel to its perpetration, and labour yi(>alouslv
to etfect their removal. 'I'lu'y mij^ht re-enat-l the hloody co.lo df
Draco, and cover the whole land with fruitful Kil'l't'ts, yi't, >>iLli n
people destitute^ of Morality und Ilread— nay, d(>stitute of the
forincr alone — thev could not pr(>vcnt the it(>ration of <>verv <u-inu'
which a depraved ima^iuiition mi;j;ht sujj;^est. That th'e(»ry oi
UoviM-nment which allirms the power to piniish,yet in eft'ect denies
the ri^rht to prevent evil, will he foiuid as delcetive in its Keonom-
ical inculcations as in its rolatioua to tho Moral and Intolleotual
wants of Manknid.
li). The Jiiuld of .Labour,
^ The .srreat princii>le that the liahoinvr has a Iti^ht of Property
m that which constitutes his only nutans of suhsistencc, is nn(> which
can not he too broadly allinned nor too earnestly insisted on. 'A
man's trade is his estate ;' and with what justice shall one-f()\irth
of the cjunuunity bo deprived of their ?ueans of subsistonoo in
order that tho larger number may fare a little more atlvantaj^(Miusly V
Tho cavil at the al)use of this princi[»le to obstruct tho adoption of
all labour-savin- machinery, etc., docs not touch the vitality of the
priiiciple itself All Property, in a just constituted state, is hold
subject to tho rij^dit of Kminent Doiruiin residin/^ in the IStatx-
itself ;— when the public good requires that it should bo taken for
public uses, tho individual right nmst give way. Hut supposo it
were pnicticable to introduce to-morrow the producits of I'oreign
ncedlo-w«u"k, for instanoo, at huoIi prices as to supplant utterly
garmentvs made by our own countrywomen, and thereiiy deprive
them entirely of this resource for a livelihood-— would it lie montUi/
riifht to do this ? Admit that tho direct cost of tho fabrics rotpjirod
would be considerably loss, ahould wo be justiliod in reducing u
AI'I'ICNJUX.
'ilU
n mruM .,,« m.d worlliy v.hm, ulrnuly m mmi^.vly rowunlHl, to
^ It" : ^'•^^'''' ""«" ""<' I'<"i|K.riH,n. |(, cl.K.H not h,h,m, tl.at an
«Jlm.mtivo uiiHwor a.i, ,lol.bciaU,ly ,„,,c.(m1 Uuui nuy gmrnvm
liO. Ay«« nf A'nij>/,oynt,:u/. not, (JampniHutnf.
T inn n..t lorKHtin^ that [-'ron Trn.h, .WHortH tl.at tl.., ,„..:,«Hary
c.M,H.M|u..,,.,. ol Hufl. r,.,..ctio„ or tl.„ I), Hii. ■„. r„vo..,. (.f a
i.-.HM.r |.on,iK>' l.nMl.x^tion wo„|,| Im, to Im.iHil our wl,,,!,, I'oopio,
tlM, ,l,H,,ln.MMl workw.Mn..n u.du.l.Ml !-tl.at thonu wonl.l, by in-vit. M,
;;:;:;:'"''•';'•"•'''•" ,"■' •'-'' ir''»l.'-r nn.l „,onM.'u.lu;ai;o nnily.
iin.tH. I ,„.i onl^ n«,„(..nl,(,ni,K ll.at Dc'Ih, I.oI.I „« (|,„ AixLh ami
lnH,i.y ..oll„M;rn| |m, ,„„„y ...HtamM-H it. o.lf 0W„ ...Uhtry'H OXhO-
none; whero ll.,) tl.nnvi„K .n.t of .'U.i.loynM.nt of a wlml. d, J of
our nti/.„i,H, MwniK t<; iJm ov.,rwl,..hninK ii.Hux ..f Kon-m, M,vkH
nv,.l M.K tlH-uH, Iw.H I,,.,, Ibllownl n.,t Uy an in.u'oi.Ho hut a .Innin-
iHl.nl .Ir.mm.l m..l .rwa.-,! for lal.onr in oll.or avornlionM, | n„<„l
Ijut rrirr to tl.|. noto.-io„H innta.,..., nlr..a.l.y ciU.l- that ..f th.,
(lcHln.,;t.on ..1 tin, llan.|-lo..ni Man.iladt.noH .,r In.lin, thro..uh tl..,
■;;''•, ";'"•" "' "' t;'"l;''- I'HKl.n.t or tl.o lOnKlinh |Mmo,4;on.8.
Not onlj, w,..<. tl.o llan.l-loon, VV..av.„H th(,n.HnlvH vMnrvA U,
K.p,,.y an.l Htarvation \,y tl.o chan^.-no .l.n.nn.l wl.at«<v.r lor
aho.n- nr.H.n^r to tako place, of that which ha<l hoon (h.^troycl—
Init ol/,rr rhmrn won, n.nvitahly involved in tl.ci.- .■..lan.ity,' while
nom, in Ir.. ha n-ali/.o.! any p.-rccptihlo honclit unloKH, it worn a vrry
lew .n.nrl.ant prnic-H/ who lo,| an.l lattonn.l on tho n.iHorv anil
Btarv).ti..ti <.| the niillKMiH ol* their .luonifd conutiyuKin,
21. l*<dl.U('id Aetim inillHi.cnmililiu
An.l h(,r(, ).H .,v.,rywl..,r.,, it Ih ..hH.,rvahh, that no ImUvidiial
aotn.n co.il.l hav., arr.,Ht.,.| th., n.i;^hty evil. If ,:v.-ry p,.m,n
H.tH h-MM.t cn.H.Kh t.. pcrciv., tin, (!..nK.-<pn,n.;.-H of .....ionlauinu
hoh.r'i;rn mHt...a.l ..F th., J).ancHtic lahric, ha.l early an.l r^H.;-
Intel.y n,H.,y.Ml never t., nne any hi.t the latt(,r, an.l hml M'.w.ip.ilouHly
nerH..v.,re.l in the courH., ho rcH..lve<l on, what w.,nl.l itluiv., ellMjt.'.lv
JN.jthinK- It wo.il.l have heen hut a .In.p in tl.o h.icket. iJut an
n.<l.,pen.lent (i..v..rnn.ent of In.lia, with intolliKeuce t.. .u..l.'.Htan(l
an.l virtue UMliH.;haig<, itn .luticH to the p„oplc nn.le,' iu r-rolcclinu
care, w.n.l.l have pnanptl;. ,„ot tl.o l''.,reiKn fahri., with an irnp(,rt
duty Hulhc.(.,nt to pn,v.,nt itn Koneral intr.,.l.jction, at the Han.., time
proiiiptii g^, ii ::eoUlul. and hiiidituf i.v<.ri/ <.i.l jy. \U,. ,.„,.,.}:.,.. . r •....
t
480
APPEXDIX.
:
own manufacturers to imitate the labour-saving machinery and pro-
cesses by which the foreigner was enabled to undersell the home
producer of cotton fabrics on the very soil to which the cotton-plant
was mdigenous, and from which the fibre was gathered for the
English market. Such a Government would have perceived that,
in the very nature of things, it could not bo permanently advan-
tageous to the great working mass of either people that the Cotton
should be collected and transported from the plains of India, about
twice the diameter of the Globe, to England, there fabricated into
cloths, and thence at some two years' end, be found diffused again
over those very plains of India, to clothe its original pi.oducv3rs.
Obviously here 13 an enormous waste of time and labour, to no end
ot general beneficence— a waste which would be avoided by planting
and fostering to perfection the manufacture of the Cotton on thi
soil where It grew and among the People who produced and must
consume It This policy would be prosecuted in no spirit of envy
or hostihty to the English manufacture-very far from it-but in
perfect conformity to the dictates of universal as well as national
well-bemg Ihe cost of these two immense voyages, and the
commercial complications which they involve, thoudi falline
unequally on the Agricultural and manufacturing community
respectively, yet fall in some measure on the latter as well m
the tormer ; they mevitably diminish the intrinsic reward of labour
on either side, and increaae the mischances which affect the
steadiness of demand for that labour and intercept that reward.
I'rotection, as we have seen in considering the argument of cheap-
ness, must increase the actual reward of both classes of produccrT
by diminishmg the number of non-producers and the amount of
their substraction, as such, from the aggregate produced. Yet
tois IS the policy stigmatized by the self-styled and enlightened
I'olitical Economists as narrow and partial!— as lookin-^ only to
local and regardless of general good!
22. Mora' Influences of Protection.
The moral effects of Protection, as resulting in a more inti^nate
relation and a mere symmetrical proportion between the various
departments of Industry, cannot be too strongly insisted on.
Capital under the present system of Society, has a natural ten-
dency to centralization ; and the manufacture of all light and
costy fabrics, especially if their cheap fabrication involves the
employinent of considerable capital, is subject to a similar law.
With universal Free Trade, those countries which are now foremost
m manufactures, especially if they at the same time possess (as is
r ;
h
AI'I'KNDIX.
481
'aw.
tiie case) a propondoranco in Capital also, will retain and extend
ttiat ascendoncy for an mdeanito period. Thou will seem to afford
hevwm f"" ^h^aper than they can he efsewhere produced I
they will at any rate crush w.th ease all daring attenu ts to riva
whoTlv 1?' ;''^"'"T' '^Y 'y^' «««"'i"K cheapnJs wil be
wholly deceptive, we have already seen, but that is uni in n,,,.
present purpose. The tendency o/Free Trade istocol^^^^^^^
culture and Manufacturer to Afferent spheres ; to make of one
country or section a Cotton plantation ; !>f another a Wheat fielS!
tory, &c., &c. One movitable effect of this is to render the labourer
wo"m r "t^tar\f "^ r^"^^ or employer, tha'iroZZ
Tn ice oft 2 '' subsistence of whole classes depend on the
capi CCS of trade— the endurance of foreign prosper ty and the
steadiness of foreign tastes. The number of hireling nmt e
vastly greater under this policy, than that whicl b gs^ the ?a mer
and manufacturer, the artisan, into inunediate vicinage and Sy
contact with each other, and enables them to inter^chango 2
products m good part without invokh.g the agency of any tldrd
ri£'^ f."'""'"^ "^'^";- * ^""- ^'^■^^^ '^'" whateverihey coLume,
to detray the expense ol va^t transportation and of the infinit*^
complications of trade. A countr/or extensive distHct^l
ntelhgcnt and virtuous Yeomanry : the condition of the labouro;
IB too precarious and dependent -his average reward too mea. or
It may have we a thy Capitalists and Merchants, l,ut nevef a
smSl ir-""';^^'' f T' "'*'■ " ««»"«^"n«' increasing' prorK,rtion of
small but independent proprietors. The fluctuations of supply and
wevenfed bv ?.h' f'^^^'V^ ^"?^ ^'' ^ subsistence, mdess
prevented by absolute and undisguised slavery.
23. Its Intelleotual Bearings.
But not alone in its influence on the pecuniary condition and
Physical comfor of the maas is the state'of things produce.l by
Free Irade conducive to their Social degradation Tho extenuJ
?J ZrTnt^,"'r ^1 ^^^ r ''''''y ^"'•'•^""^^d ^r« likewise adve'e
to their intellectual development and Moral culture. The Industry
\ll ?^ /'• ^ *" ^^^ ^"'''^'^'''' ^^*^^"* t^'^n J»a« been imagined, an
integral and important part of its Education. The chUd whose
triu '^'"' '''^^'' '^' '''''''y '^ ^ ^^^'^'^^^^ Industry who
ZJ«« T""' Pf«««3e«. of Agriculture, Manufactures, Arts, in
progress aU around bm, wUJ be drawn out co a clearer .'nH lo.!,!.
If
ill -■
482
ArrF.NDt.x.
mfii
h \
l\
f.:\
«
maturity of intollocfc— a ^rontor ftjinosa of \w\\\^ — will l»o moro
certain to disioovcr ami adopt his own propor function in lifo — his
Bphci*c of liii;;lu'Mt ^lossiMo \jsof\ihioHa — tlian ono wluwo early ycarH
arc passed in familiarity witli ilic narrow(>r rang»> of ox(>rt.ion whirli
any ono branch of industry ean aftord. Foroi^rn as this consider-
ation may Iv to tho usiial ranjj;o of Mconomic Hcionoo, it is too
vitally important to ho disroj^ardod.
24. CnpitttI, Labour, and JV<iifen.
T can not ass(Mit to tho vital proposition, so jroniM-al'v assumed as
self-evident hy the h'ree Tvmlo l<]eon»;iuists, that tln> altility to j*\vo
employment to Lahom" is always in proportion to tho ainoiint of
Capit^d, and that the increase of Capital as eompnre(l with Popu-
lation necessarily leads to an increas(> of Wages. I will not deny
that such" f)J/////^ to hi' tho resrilt in a perfect state of Society ; that
it is the result is plainly contradicted by f^laring facts, 'fhe 1^'reneh
Uevohition dimliiished greatly the aggregate of Property in Franco
as compared with itij Population, yet the average rewards of Itahour
were enhanced therehy. The amount of ("Capital m compared to
Population is less in America Mirn England, yet the rewards of
Lanourare here higher. On the 'jontrary, there are many instances
where the Wealth of a People has increased, yet the conditions
and rewanls of its Tialumrers, with the demand for iiahour, have
receded. Political Kc(momy has yet to take to itself a hnmder
field than that of discovering the means wherehy the aggregate
Wealth of a nation may he increased ; it must consider also how
it*< Ijahour may be most fully and ecpially rewarded, and by what
meatus the largest proportion of the aggregate increase of wealth
and comfortvS may be secured to those who liave produced them.
26. Conclusion.
T am not unaware that at present the current of opinion on this
subject setvs, or seems to set, against me — that the dead fish all
float that way. I realize that tho great majority of Authors and
Professoi's who treat of the Political B^conomy are Free Traders —
that their writings are admired and connnended as liberal, benefi-
cent, and of immutable soundness, while ours of tho contrary part
are derided as narrow, partial, and impelled by a transient or
selfish expediency. I pevceive that the paramount tendency of our
time is toward Adventure and Specvdation — that the great mass of
the educated and hitellcctnal arc making hiusto to 11)0 rich, and
generally by buying and selling other men's labour or its fhiita
APVRNhlJf,
48«
I ho moro
litV — hirt
uriy yoar«
Hon whirli
roiiNidor-
, it is too
ty to glvo
miount of
itli Popu-
iiot (lony
oty ; that
ho h'lTticli
ill Kriuico
ot' I lahnuv
iiipiirod to
I'wiirdt of
instances
conditions
•our, have
a hroador
figgroffato
also how
'. hy what
of wealth
I thorn.
, / hy lahonnng ..MHuluonHly fhon.«..Iv..H. Co,,, ...roo an.l
rinpo tat.on an.aHH fort.n.oH, and ...n.,-!, th,. .n,,t, j.M.rnalN M
Inomfvo advortiHinK, -nd found proh-HHo.-Mhi,';, „ i lion t^^
jul „. Honhn.ont of tho rondoHahlo Hmkh with .'..Kanl o U .
.tH poH.tM.n and r.Mpnron.H.tH. I hco (hat tho wry LmvHH hithor^
ut.OH,tho propvHH Htm .naking hy virtu, of tho inuun t «
. . loHH Vitally ohvmuHy ...MM.HHary than it waH in tho infa.u.y of
our (.ountr^ and hor InduHtry. V..t I moo, too, that w. uh , ntl,
or IVotoo ,..n roa.l,.^ud.,a,.d on.loavour ti, undorMaL ho ht^
of tho .,uoKt.on-aro lannhar with our advorHarioH' arKun.ontH have
conjudonMl (h,.,., and think wo h,m, why and whon-i tty r«
jn.H a<,.,. a,.d .noonolu.iv.., whilo thoy lihituallv troat . fuZ-
...'..tH with HtudHMl conton.pt ov with a radical „.i;,.oncoption wffl.
rguoH groHH ,«noranoo or inattontion. I n.n not douh tl at Z
c untry ,h now loHn.g ...any n.illionH por a.nnnn for want of a mo ro
cho-ont a„d HyHtotnatio I'rotoction of iU, i.uluHtry, though Zo
artHoH aro roally, othorH partially prot.,oto,l hy it, and that our
Lahour .« rccoivn.g n, »ho av.u-ago at h-ant 0M<,-dKl.fcI. Um than it
tlHM HandH Htand ,dlo and oarn nothing who,,, that Tariff" would
amply on.p oy and a,loHuat,.ly roward. So holioving, I can no
b t ,„p„ that tnno ,u,<\ .liHcuHHion, an,l conton.plat,^,., and tho
Z k allV' Lr';^ "''"r*"'^' r^ *''^' '"•"«'•""« •'^' -'-^^ -"
r fl\ thor.,ugh rov<dution in our National (.'oun.ilH,
wi uni 1' "^ '' ," .''T' r""P"'»'<'"Hivo I'rot(,cti<.n of InduHti-J
Wdl again ho roga,-dc.l hy lo^n„|atorH and pooplo .-a among r,ho
on on this
d fish all
thors and
Pradci's —
al, bonofi-
trary part
msicnt or
icy of our
it mass of
rich, and
its fhiita
KEi-oKr OK rr.E nmiw yiKKvtsu ok ormcoatrs khom VAuroim vAmn
OK CANADA. 1,,.;,,,, IN 1,110 HT. ,,AWIIKN(K „Ar,L, TOUON,.,. on WKI,-
NKSDAV, TIIK Hr„ 0|r A,'im,. IHM , AND l'UO(KKI>,N(JH OK T„K "AHHO-
ClATION KOU TIIK l'«OM(/riON OK CANAIHAN rNODHTHV,"
The present movement in favour of such a re-adjustment of tho
larilf 08 will afford greater enconragoment to Home manufactures,
wa« mauguratod in Upper Canada at a numerous mw^ting of irontle-
raen favourable ^ the object, held at the Rooms r,f the JJoard of
Arts and Manufactures, in Toronto, on the 24tli ult. At tliat
meeting resolutions were paased appointing a Committee to make
the necessary arrangement for a General Meeting of Merchants
Manufacturers, and others intftrost^'J to K« heL'i •- '«' ^- - .1 *
484
APPKNOIX.
V. '■
11
r ^- f
m
i^r.
14th of April, hist. lu ucoordauco with those roaolutious, the
Committee placed themselves in communication with the Tarift"
Reform Association of Montreal, which has been actively engaged
for tho last two years in urging the necessity of carrying out the
changes here proposed. Circulars were also sent to the principal
Manufacturers in all parts cf Canada, inviting their co-operation,
and a scale of duties submitted for their consideration at tho
general meeting.
Arrangements wore made with the Grand Trunk Railway to
convey delegates to and from the meeting, for one fare, with the
view of irsuriiig a large attendance from distant parts of the
country. Previous to tho General Mooting, a preliminary meeting
of Delegates waa held at tho Rooms of the Roard of Arts and
Manufactures, where the schedules of duties recommended by tho
Montreal and Toronto Committees were discussed, and the classifi-
cation of ".rticles embodied in tho following Report agreed upon,
to bo submitted to the meeting.
The General Mecthig was largely attended by gentlemen from
all parts of the country. Among those present, were Messrs. I.
Buchanan, M.P.P. ; W. B. Jarvis, Toronto ; W. Rodden, Montreal ;
E. Atwater, Montreal ; J. L. Mathewson, Montreal ; M. Anderson,
London ; D. C. Gunn, Ilamiltou ; J. Cummings, Hamilton ; D.
Smart, Port Hope ; D. Crawford, Toronto ; T. Brunskill, Toronto ;
J. M. Williams, Hamilton ; W. F. Harris, Montreal; G. Sheppard,
Toronto ; D. McLeod, Port Hope ; R. Hay, Toronto ; T. F. Miller,
Montreal; R. McKinnon, Caledonia; B. Clark, Hamilton; Rice
Lewis, Toronto ; J. Buntin, Toronto ; C. Brown, Montreal ; J. G.
Bowes, Toronto; G. P. M. Ball, Louth; J. Helms, Jun., Port
Hope; D. F. Jones, Gananoque ; John Shaw, Kingston; W.
Barber, Georgetown ; J. Hilton, Montreal ; J. Gartshore, Dundaa ;
A. McNaughten, Newcastle ; C. Brent, Port Hope ; J. E. Pell,
Toronto; C. Garth, Montreal; W, Parkyn, Montreal; C. W.
Pangs, Ottawa ; Jas. Hickic, Kingston ; R. B. Colton, Brockvillc;
R. Colman, Lyn ; Jas. Crombie, Gait ; A. Drummond, Belleville ;
J. Keeler, Colborne ; A. Buntin, Montreal ; John Rankin, Dundas ;
G. Towner, Merrickville ; H. 0. Burritt, Ottawa ; C. 0. Benedict,
Niagara ; J. C. Pennock, Colborne ; R. Patterson, Belleville ; M.
Bowell, Belleville ; James Brown, Belleville ; R. Featherstone,
Kingston ; W. Weir, Toronto ; B. Lvman, Montreal ; C. Rogers,
Port Hope ; H. Crae, Port Hope ; S. Pellar, Oshawa, J. Jessup,
Oshawa ; J. Fewster, Oshawa ; W. H. Orr, Oshawa : John Tre-
leven, Oshawa; H. A. Massay, Newcastle, &c., &c., &c.
Mr. W. B. Jarvis was called to the Chair, and Mr. W. Weii'
appointed to act as Secretary.
if
APPRNDIX.
lutious, the
the Tariff
\y engaged
ing out the
le principal
►-operation,
ion at the
Railway to
e, with the
irts of the
ry meeting
' Arts and
ded by the
the classifi-
reed upon,
omen from
Messrs. I.
, Montreal ;
Anderson,
nilton ; D.
1, Toronto ;
Sheppard,
. F. Miller,
ilton; llice
eal ; J. G.
Jun., Port
?ston ; W,
B, Dundaa ;
J. E. Pell,
il; C._W.
Brock villc ;
Belleville ;
a, Dundas ;
. Benedict,
eville ; M.
atherstone,
J. Rogers,
J. Jessup,
John Tre-
c.
. W. Weil-
485
AtwaTr' o/£irl7: ^"'""^"' ''''^■'' «««^"^«^ '^ ^^- ^•
turfrrand''otIl!rV'"','"7o"S' ^^^^^^ '^ ™«'-«»''^"t«' '"anufac-
ProvTnce «^ n«[ J? f.^^^'^t'' '".^"^^''y' f''^'" ^^^ J"^''t« of the
iTaSnL nf A ^"T/'^^''"u« u"^' advantages bestowed on the
He? Ma o«?I'«r' ^^"Z^^ '^f enlightened policy adopted by
iler Majesty 8 Government and Parliament, permittiL Her
i^?nC:T:f '""'l-P'^T.^' *'^« British'DoSn'fo ded
their eve7to tt f.nf";^ 1"^ f T^-""^ ^«'^^'-«' «^""''t «hut
ineir eyes to the fact that Canadian legislation hitliort.. has failed
to lay any sohd foundation for permanent prosperity ma^ecouSry.
BaU,7tu^hf '• '^'^'""'' ^'■""''^•"' '''''''^"^ ^y ^'- »• P- M.
prefsTofof th?h!i" tj^ opinion of this meeting, the prevailing de-
pression of the trade of the Province \h greatly owing to the prfsent
1^ ratoTff Ztv 7 """T^ P"'"'P'^«' ^•l™*^'"' ^« it *fo-' at
raLr^ „ Pliy V fl "^^""f^« "'•^f o{ other countries that can be
^u/sui s^ and .L T T^ '" ^"""^^' ""fi^^^'^ ^^^ agricultural
ducpd ;; ^ charging high rates on articles that cannSt be pro-
duced m the country, thereby preventing the development of the
r i^^t-r '' ''' ^^^-^^' - -" -'">^"^ ^^^- f fiSs
GunnT:? ttnT ''^''.^'"' ^' ^^^*^^^^ ' ^^^^^^ ^^ Mr. D. C.
/?e«o?r.(?, That in the opinion of this meeting, if the l^nff now
m force were re-adjusted, and the accompanying PostalLs.ador"ed
aa the principles upon which a scale of duties should be armn.ed
chSe wkblf ^«-T-*)^^vould be materially beLfitted b^tl^^
change without any reduction in the Revenue arising therefrom •
Be^ fnSir"^''*' '^'''' ^^"^^ ^' '' di«-Pate theisponder^
CapTtatts on "17 T'*r' '''I'' ' ^^^""g '^f encouragemenrtJ
t^apitahsts on the spot; draw the attention of foreigners to our
Si' for TvT ^7 M^facturing, and to the certtb improved
tZrh of i • ' °f ^""^^ "^^^^ ^it^i" «»^ boundaries ; cause
fresh loLTT'f *^ T"«, "P ''^™g «"^- artisans, and give
iresh vigour to our Agricultural and Labouring re- lation beside
S 7aSrP fr'f "" ^"^ \^ T'^ Koslto;:iing and
seeKing after our Public Securities— the List of Articles and DutieR
^X; to brt''''-'f"^^ ^*^"'^^ - ' ^-^« *« the Genetl Com!
MeSg ^P''"*'^ ^''' '^^^y^^g ^"t °f the objects of this
1^ tl
4S(i
Ari'hNon
I
) i
r
rosni.ATK8.
\ All t-KW iMMli^rUI »n«.M( vrliWl, d,,,.. |* Itiit m otmll nm<«\i)t( i»f U\\mt >»
!<.« |».'(r„i«io,l in »\»,>n.U, ti i< ,>,>ii«lilMn<.l nh.ml.l lii« ntlmlllnil (\m>, oi m( m iIiiI*
^ J \n »vM.Mf«« «>wh>Hnni UijrKlv («»i» oimntMitptlntt trt IM* («h»»<H>v, xm.I wlil»«h
>(«> .'Imitv.l \\U\\ n hi«:li (m«> .Xilun, hut mIiouIiI |i>- itilMtiiinii n<'i>, or nt ihf
.1 M»,vlmn.ll»«> In Mi* On- U...».|.. Ilrti-lwrtrc. nn<i i'i.>.-lu<iv Tirt-lc*, li^litg
nrUolo* ofltixurv .m Wn )h.>, mtil tiot IIK.<ly i\\v im»i<» lltoK i.i Iw tM>tti«inti>iiit<Ml IM
»IU« ooimtiv. Mttil ol' ttliloli *\\)\u< nio ii«t<il tn v,w\\\ imria of ih(( |(«ii>iIm aiuI «(«»■»•«
TO*«till».-miv.l In l^miR.U, nhoiilit III' ,lm>ir.'rtlili« wIMi n mi>i||iint i.«li- nl ilut) of
rtli.iiH \^ |M>c oi>ni , nil nt |iii'«'ii(. m not in i'mwiI :>i> |i,.| cimiI , Init nl lli.. vnln
ornlioiH in (ipv I'lMH liolow whrti i\i>\ Im .•linijti',1 >ii( rtHli>li>« i>. lining ,|Ii...mI»
|iil«> o.M»i|»p»ltl>it> Mlih HID- m>, II inniiiilWi'liiM il |>iinltii«M«>n»
4 All iiiiiniifn hn.M. In Wii.nl. Inin, Tin. Ilin««, ('ii|i|n<i. l,i<nMii<i', hnlln Unit
Wf, .».• , o«n\nii>llii« Willi mil ln<ln«ii|nl inovlnrU, ii>i ni-n.. rnljv (.p.-rKlnl In llin
Vini|iiini<.l llitt .if ni(l.lo« nnil ilnlli>*, n<i\t *ni)iiilH<>il ninl nil'ii|itpiL ilinulil |i«
i>n«r(i;«>(1 n \\\\\f nrnlionf in |ini oi>t»t , i'tci«|i»ln)t ■
• Hook*. I»irtwlnm, *,« , wliloh uli.nilil li.> («linr|ti>il wlHi n tlM»T I'f 'i< In Ih iini'
i>«>iil. '
roUitnn unil Wnollniu, «'<>nlrt.n>, l,lni>«. nwil TwImm, «tl |ii>r t'»>nl
riotlilnii mill \Vi>nilnn *|'l»t»inl, ,10 |mm pmii.
MovotI hv Ml', h. .SiuiiH, ol Port Itiipo ; mM'otnli'il liy Mr. .Inlin
Hlin»v. ol" Kiiir,4lo(i :
/i,'f.ylvr,i. 'I'liiit »l\o ,\K^\•{^ |{t>nii|iitiiiiin lii> oiiiliniliiMl itt it I'i'lilltiii,
<it lit' )ir.'M(«iil(Ml lollio (lilUMfiil niiiiii'lii'Miir llic l.tvriHiiiliiir. |,mvin>^
ilml tlu» Hiil»jt'0l« rcl'oirt'il in (Iii>i-i'iii, he liiki'ii iiiln iiniii;'<linli> i
«i«|(>nition. Willi a viow (n IIhm^Iihiikon |irii|itiH(Ml in Ili« 'rarill (nMii^
«<fl(>t<t (luring tlu' in-cMcnl ScMsinn.
Movcil hv Mr. .1. I'!. I'l'll, <irT(itn»iilt>! mM'nntlfil liy Mi'. MniTrty
y\ntliM'Son, of i.omlon ;
A*«%»/(tf7, Tliiit a (liMiiM-al <'oniinillot' ho ii|i|ioinltM| |o i^arry «iitl
tho viowN of lliif* mccliiijj;, ami Dial Ihity ha in«lnii(lotl Im "hlat'o
tlionisolvcs in (•niiinniiiiciilion willi llio li'iMpoclor (It'iioriil, iiml IIm»
nnMiihcr.^ of'holli nniiifln>H of Ihi' liOgiHliilnrc wlm arc favmirahli' In
♦ho oncoiira^jronKMit of Homo MnnnlncliiniM, with llio viov» of ohinin
in,M a Hpooilv roiiKMJy for llio grioviincort nniji'r wliicli ovor_y (lo|inrl'
mont of lioin(> intliiHtrv ii'»w MiiircrH. Tlic ('oniniilliM« to ht< (<otn|MtM(M|
(W foIlowM- ' o to forni a tuionmi :
• Tito Rxcciitlvn Cominllion lin* rcunlrml it iiii'itinrlnl hkaIiikI llm imnp.m.il iliily mi jtmih/i,
Al< . Wllloll will lllM<Hli'l\lll\ l'llll»lll«ri'll
AI'I|.,iil)IV
41?
il li»l<iini (it
It rtl rt itolt
n»\\ which
nhiMtlil «nf
i<ih<«, ltp|i«f
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rtttil wrtr»««
i<( iImIv or
i«i I 111' mi»
11)1 ilic»ii'tly
ht.lU lliitt
lllnl In IIm<
ullitiilil li*
l< lit I tS |iii|
Mridtd I ttiii<|iMitfiti M I' I'
\V II 1«Hl titcnudt
\V lliiililmt, k|iiit):i<i4l.
\\ Wi'lt. Till tin lit,
I*! Ainiili'l-, WmiiIikmI,
.' I). MitlltffuKti, MnttHhrtl
M Atttlviiitii, tiitiiiliiii
!• U, Uniiii lliutilltiiM.
it (ttittiMiliiko, MiiiiilhiiH,
l». PitiHil, hitl lliijit.,
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J M, \Vll|l.ll||«, MlDilllMM
W r HhhIm MitMlii.iil
W llltltit.t'^ litoiiiti-litwii
,i MitllMi Mlil||N<lll
,t Miiilnliofi., li'iMilttn,
A MfNiiiiglilct,, ^MtVi'Mllh
<1 MiHtii, PnH t|,i|ih
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(' UitHli, Mnttli'MKl,
W. I'MfllfH, "
" W llHIIlt^ (MlflHH
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It f (IllllMII, ItlMI'llVlilO
II. C'iIimum, hrii
ifni, OI'MIiiIiIk, I lull
t| HI|M|l|lMpJ, iMiliMlo
II Mi<lit>ii>|, |*iiil MM|it«
H«jf, tnftttitii
I' Mllln(, Mniil^xtd
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flhtili, llntiiltliiii
li»'ilMrt»i|, liiiMlliiM
M
i
II
II
J, IjiitilJMi T'tnitilti.
0, tltllWK, MMtllK«,l|.
,i. 11 MtirtMK tiihinlti
• I I' V IImII, IihiMi
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I'lIlM Mdillt, M(|Ui(|liK,
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tl Ki'KitU', (IiiIImcmk.
A. IliiuMii, MiKidMil,
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. 11
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••jr/ci'iioN
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('rttftidi In f'lif/htfmtif mmmnlih'tf t
pilMin iiiM»<lih^ n». 'IViroiiliO,
llHfi'Miml.lo ll'HHM t^i ),|m, i\ii^,ri>,mhu wli-^li sll l>f>ifKl»fii« ^rf mm\i-
i'wUm^n iMi'l CMifMnxn'f ii'»w mtlT^r in Um» lV'/viK'«», «fi/l t/» »M
tUyri'mni, i- wli/,||y „»• ir, pwr f, nUtthitlMhU^.
I liul, ill UtM o|»iii(/>ii Iff yiinr tniwuftinimin, Iht-, 'Viftit'tiWinn utrn
^MfK^rwui'M \,y nil u\im<'n>,r IImi iioi,„fi.i/,(l,^, »f#,, ii, « hr^t^ (ha/ts*^,
Mm' .,„h<.,|„«.,„;„ „f f,|,„ „„j,|ip <)^/frt|-«»fcHi'rti */» whioh iVt f^«,w»fi»,
^nrr r,n,li<t l'r',viiiii« itii|K»H.« itfl ir«r|/rt<a l»fiirK-,>i/.>« /rf ii,/|ri«f,f/ , ftfi'I
*«»l with A view t</ th« \nimtiAiviu of tifiiuftn,\ ;/r'«jA> ''y, h. f^ fvtjttffi
488
APPENDIX,
I J
111; I-
ment of the scale of duties levied upon imports has become an
abnolute necessity.
That the existing tariff is based upon erroneous principles, inas-
much as it admits, at low rates of duty, the manufactures of other
countries, which are thus brought into collision with a class of
labour now m Canada not fitted for agricultural pursuits ; and
charges high rates on articles that cannot be produced within our
boundaries.
That apart from the prevailing depression, the present Provincial
tariff ope/ates disadvantegeously by preventing the influx of capital,
^hich, under due encouragement, would be introduced and applied
tor the development of our natural resources; and, moreover, to
hinit the scope of industry as to offer impediments in the way of
skill, and largely lessen the attractiveness of Canada as a field for
immigration.
That a re-adjustment of the tariff, if governed by principles in
themselves just, would materially benefit every class of the com-
munity, without in ar»/ manner crippling the Customs revenue.
That in the judgment of your memoriahsts such a re-adjustment
should recognize as distinctive principles, the admission, duty free,
or at low rates of duty, of raw materials for manufacture not pro-
duced m the Province ; the admission, free of duty, or at low rates,
of articles entering largely into general consumption, and not com-
peting with the natural products of Canada ; and the levying of
higher duties upon articles entering into competition with articles
manufactured, or which, with due encouragement, may be manu-
factured by our people.
That your memorialists, representing diversified industrial and
mercantile interests, and having ample opportunities of ascertaining
the wants and convictions of the classes with whom they co-operate,
urge upon your Hon. House the expediency, m the change of the-
tariff sought, of proceeding upon the following positions as guiding
points in the work of tariff reform : —
1. All raw material upon which there is but a small amount of
labour expended prior to its importation, and leaving the larger
proportion of labour to oe performed in Canada, it is considered
should be admitted free, or at a duty not to exceed 2^ per cent.
2. Articles entering largely into consumption in thio country, and
which Canada cannot produce, such as Tea, Coffee, raw Sugar,
Molasses, &c., should not be charged with a high rate of duty, but
should be admitted free, or at the lowest possible rate consistent
with the requirements of the Revenue.
3. Merchandise in the Dry Goods, Hardware and Crockery-
Trades, being articles oi" luxury or for use, and not likely for some
APPENDIX. 4gg|
^l f*^ f!lf ""f ^'?r^ '''i'^ T"^^' ^""^ ^f ^»^ch some am
S u K u P*'\?^*^^S°°^^ ^""^ ^*^«s manufactured in Canada,
should be chargeable mth a medium rate of duty of about 15 per
cent as at present, or not to exceed 20 per cent., but at the rate
llfr^oH^ -Pf ''"*• ^A^?^ ""^f °^^y be'char^ed'on articles com!
mg directly into competition with our own manufactured products
T -f- ^\r""^*"^"'^^^^^^'I^^°'Ti«'^ra^8.CopperfLeaS
India Rubber, &c competing with our industrial VodScte,^!^;
fully specified m the proposed Ust of articles and duties C^X
mitted and adopted, should be charged a duty of about 25 per
cent., excepting — ^
lotu'^eltnt ^'•' ^^'^ '^'"^^ ^' '^''^'^ ^*^ ' ^^'y «f
of 2Ce"'cent.^'''"'°'' ^''^^^'' "^'"''' ^"^ ^''^"''' ''^^^ * ^^^^^
Clothing and Wearing Apparel, with a duty of 30 per cent
Ihat your memorialists, believing that the immediate effect of a
^rSZl ^ r^ ^'^^^ ^ *^« ««*^« ^«^ suggested, will be
to mitigate the despondency perceptible in everjr quaver, U> create
thl ISli '^^^r«! "^ tJ^e °^»«d3 of resident capitalists, to attract
the attention of foreigners to our magnificent manufacturing re-
sources, to stimulate enterprise among our mechanics and artiians,
and mipart fresh vigour to our agricultural population.
Ihat your memorialists, in conclusion, respectfully pray that
CwS-«^hW ^"i ^' P^^^l^ *^ give'promV conJidSon t
tiie whole subject, and adopt without delay such changes as may be
found essential to the promotion of the great public interests that
are mvolved, and as to your wisdom may seem meet.
And your Memorialists will ever pray.
Signed in behalf of the Meeting.
I
W. Weir,
Secretary.
W. B. Jarvis, Chairman.
Isaac Buchanan.
W. RODDEN.
Thos. Brunskill.
B. C. GUNN.
but
490
APTENDIX.
! I
H
■ I
m
I
PROPOSED ALTERATIONS IN THE PRESENT TARIFF.
CLASSIFICATION OP ARTICLES FOR DUTY.
Ist. All Goods, Wares and Merchandise not hereinafter enume-
rated it is proposed should remain upon the free, 2i, 5 or 15 per
cent. Usts as at present arranged, in the tariflfnow in force.
and. LIST OF ARTIOLES
LISTS OF GOODS
CENT. DUTY.
PROPOSED TU BE REMOVED PROM
NOW ADMITTED FREE, AT 2J OR 5
THE
PER
Anchors under 8 cwt.
Alabaster and other Busts,
Boat Hawsers,
Books of all kinds,
Book-Binders' Implements and Tools,
Boiler Plates, punched,
Cables of iron, or Chains made of iron
under J in. diameter.
Cordage, lines and twines of all kinds,
Cotton Wick,
Connecting Rods, Frames and Pedes-
tals, Cranks and Straps for Engines,
Copy Books,
Dead Eyes,
Deck Plugs,
Drawings, Engravings, and Prints
Dressed Furs,
Iron Wheels and Axles,
Machinery, all kinds,
Paper, all kinds,
Plough Moulds,
Plaster Casts,
Printers' Ink, Implements, Types and
Lithograph Presses,
iloman Cement,
Ropes, Hawsers, and Rigging,
Sheaves,
Sails,
Ship's Blocks,
Spikes,
Telegraph Insulators,
Trunks,
Varnish,
Veneers,
Wheels and Axles.
3rd. LIST OF ARTICLES PROPOSED TO BE PLACED UPON THE FREB
LIST, OR AT A DUTY NOT TO EXCEED 2j PER CENT.
Acids,
Bolting cloths.
Braids for making bonnets anfi hats,
Brass and Copper Tubes, drawn,
Cork tree or bark of, unmanufactured,
Ebony unmanufactured.
Elephant's teeth, do. and Ivory,
Emery,
Glass, broken,
Gold beaters' Brine-mould and Skins,
Hair, all kinds, unmanufactured.
Iron wire,
Iron pipes or tubes for steam, gas, or
water, not cast.
Iron unmanufactured,
Leopard and other skins, raw,
Litharge,
Ifanilla grass,
Mahogany in the log.
Mercury or quicksilver.
Mohair, unmanufactured.
Moss for beds,
Ratans unmanufactured,
Sb ifts, wrought iron, 10 inches in di»-
jieter and over.
Sea-weed and all other vegetable sub-
stances, used for beds and mattrassei
Secdlac,
Sal. Soda,
Soap stocks and stuff,
Stockenette,
Tin, granulated or grain,
Topancion or grass for brush-makeri
Willow for making baskets,
Wire of all kinds.
Wire wove, if over 60 inches wide.
APPSNDIA.
491
4th. LIST OF ARTICLES PROPOSED TO BE PLACED ON THE 25 PER
CENT. LIST OF DUTIES.
Adzes,
Agricultural Machines,
Ale,
Anchors under 8 cwt,.
Augers,
Axes,
Axletrees and Boxes,
Baskets,
Belting of Leather or India Rubber,
Bedsteads of Wood or Iron,
Bed Screws,
Beer,
^ Bellows,
Bell Metal Manufactured,
Bells,
Bottles (Glass), and Vials,
Blacking,
Blacksmiths' Hammers and Sledges,
Blocks for Ships or Vessels,
Boards planed or wrought,
Boiler Plates cut, punched or turned
into shape for use,
Boilers or parts thereof,
Bolts, with or without nuts or washers,
Bonnets,
Boots and shoes,
Blank Books, all kinds.
Brass Couplings & Joints of any metal,
Brackets and Pendants for Gas of Tin
Copper or Brass, '
Bricks,
Brushes, of all kinds,
Brick Making Machines,
Buck and Leather Mitts, Gloves, and
Moccasins,
Cabinet Wares,
Candles of every kind,
Caps " "
Carriages, and Carriage Springs,
Carved work in any material,
Casks, Empty,
Castings of Iron or Brass,
Cement, Roman,
Chairs,
Chandeliers,
Chisels,
Clothes Pins,
Clocks,
Coaches,
Coal Hods,
Cocks, Brass or other,
Collars or Linen, Cotton or Paper,
Combs, '
'Comfits, Preserved,
Confectionery,
Connecting Rods,
Corn Breakers or Shellers,
Cooking Stoves and Apparatus,
Copper Work,
Corks and manufactures of Cork,
Cranks, wrought or cast-iron,
Cut Nails, Tacks, Brads, and Sprigs.
Dead-Eyes, ^ ^
Deck Plugs,
Demijohns,
Drawer-Nobs of Wood,
Doors of Wood or Iron and Gates,
Drawing Knives,
Duit Pans,
Earthenware,
Edge Tools,
Envelopes,
Engines, or parts thereof,
Farming Utensils,
Fanning Machines,
Filters,
Fire Engines,
Flat or Smoothing Irons,
Forge Hammers,
Frames or Pedestals of Engines,
Furniture, Household, Wood or Iron,
Furs and Skins when dressed,
Fur, Manufactures of,
Furnaces,
Gates,
Glass, Coloured,
Glass, Silvered,
Glue,
Gouges,
Gold Leaf,
Gunpowder, all kindr,
Hair,Manufact'd, or worked in anyway,
Hames of Wood,
Harness, all kinds,
Hangers, wrought or cast iron.
Hatchets,
Hats,
Harmoniums,
Harrows,
Heating Apparatus,
Hay Knives and Presses,
Hobby Horses,
Hods,
Hoes,
Hinges, Handles, and Bolts of wrought
or cast Iron,
Handles of Wood for Tools or Imple-
ments,
: H
J >
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f
492
APPKNPIX.
M i
h i
I
; i
^
'!? ■
fi
,
.;.
India-Rubber, Manufactures of,
Ink of any kind,
Iron Oastings,
Iron Plough Moulds or Share?,
Iron Screws,
Iron Vessels,
Iron Weights,
Jack Screws,
Kettles, Iron Copper or Brass,
Lead, Manufactures of,
Leather, " '<
Looking-GIasses, framed or not,
Locomotives,
Locks of cast-iron,
Machinery of every description,
Malleable Iron Castings,
Mallets of Wood,
Mantel Pieces of Iron, Marble, Slate
ond Wood,
Marble Manufactures,
Manufactures of Wood,
Mattrasses,
Mills for Bark or coarse Grain,
Millinery,
Mill Irons Wrought or Cast,
Mill Saws, I
Mineral Water,
Mops,
Mouldings, Plain or Ornamented,
Oil, when pressed, refined, or bleached,
Organs,
Patent Medicines,
Pit Saws,
Paper, Lobels, Boxes, Music Ruled,
Printed, and Cards,
Pianofortes,
Pickles,
Pitch Forks, for Hay and Manure.
Pipes of Cast Iron, Clay, Smoking,
Wood and Lead,
Plones and Plane Irons of all kinds,
Ploughs,
Porter,
Prepared Rigging,
Pumps, all kinds.
Putty,
Rakes, Iron, Steel, or Wood,
Railing and Fencing of Iron, cast or
wrought,
Reaping Machines,
Railway Chains, wrought or cast,
Railway Oars of all kinds,
RJddles or Sieves of Wire,
Rivets, Brass, Iron, or Copper
Refrigerators,
Robes made up.
Saddles and Bridles,
Saddle Trees,
Safes, all kinds,
Saws, Mill, long and circular, croii cut».
Pit and Billet,
Scagliola WorK,
Scale Beams and Scales,
Scythes,
Sewing Machines,
Ships' Blocks,
Shafts, Cast Iron,
Shafts, wroiight-Iron under 10 in.|diaa;
Sails made up,
Sheaves,
Sliiits,
Shoes of all kinds.
Shovels and Spades,
Sieves of Wire,
Sleighs,
Soaps of all kindSj
Socket Chisels,
Spars,
Spikes,
Spokes,
Springs,
Steam or Sailing Vessels of any kindj
Steam Guages or Whistles,
Stones Wrought,
Stoves and Heating Apporatus,
Tables, Wood or Iron,
Thrashing Machines and Horse Powers,
Traps, Steel, Iron, Wire or Wood,
Trunks,
Varnish, all kinds.
Valves of Brass and other metals.
Waggon and Cart Boxes,
Water Wheels of Iron,
Washers,
Weighing Machines,
Weights, Copper, Lead or Brass,
Wheels and Axles for Locomotives antif
Cars,
Whips, all kinds.
Wooden Wares,
Zinc, Manufactured,
APPENDIX.
493
"'"• 'TowInHS '''''''' '' '' ^"^««''^ ^^ '^^' ^OL.
10 TO 16 P«R OHNT.
Books, Drawings, Engravingannd Etch-
ingB,
Lithognipha, Music,
Paintings and Prints,
20 PBK ODNT.
'Cotton Manufnctureg, all except Yarn
and Warp,
WooiJen Maniifoctiiros, oil kinds,
Cordoge,
Lines und Twlneg,
Hawsers,
Ropes and Rigging,
30 PBn 0«NT.
Clothing and Wearing Apparel made
up or partly made up, of any; .lal.
6th. Teas Raw Sugars, Coffoe, and Molassos, to bo rednoofl fn
the lowest point tho revenue will admit of.
Oordfals VVhies'Siro^* Payin;, specific duties, such as Spirits,
necessary.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMMITTEE NAMED IN TIIF
FOREGOING RESOLUTIONS :
in,f ^ M ^f'n '"^ "^ *^'' ^''^''"''^ Committee hold on tho ir,th Anril
mst the follownif^ gentleman were appointed an Executive Com
mictee:— Isaac Buchanan, M.P.I' • W Rfuhlo, m!.!? i t ,
or' ^^;"f-i/I"-y AUe;son'!-L Sr; H^^S'^uS
Ottawa; Robert Hay, Toronto- W T^ TnruJc a^ \ m. '
B^Hll, Toronto /Georgelhep^a^
GartC'and"" "^''"^ ''' ^'' ^' ^^^^^'^^ «««^«^i«d by Mr. Chas.
bec^'^itt of; '^}'f^ "' ""' ""^'"'cV "^ '^"^ '•eprescntative from Que-
bec it is out of the power of this Comraittoo to name a -entleman
of^cUy as one of the Executive Committee, theSretSe
ba'cco! iVrtr'^^toutur^fSl'rsJnT ',7"^*'^"°" "^ n,.,„Uuctured"^o~
branch of iuduMry t^ IlsT tj^e i'Znn . ! '''« .'^"""I.'-J: «cquai„tcd with thi.
its home manufac , re, ancJ there rfrnilh 1''?'" '''"' * '""^ '" «"'-""^'»ge
coloured persons who! p e. it find gret difflcuU^Tn"". /"" '""''. l'-*" «'
Jtoady employment. * difflcullj in securing profitable and
:hI
S!
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it
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i ■■
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494
AVPKNDIX.
Secretary bo authoriTied to add the name of a gontloman from that
city to tho Exooutivo (-onuuittee, HvS scion as tlioHO iiiton'stod in
this movement shall meet and elect such a representative to act iva
one of the said I']xecutive Connnittee.
Moved by Mr. Isaac Huchanan, M.P.P., seconded by Mr. J.
L. Mathewson, of Montreal, and
Rcttoh'cd, That this or;j;ani/.ati»n\ of the friends of Honie Indus-
try adopt the i^eneral name of the " Assooidtmi for the Promotion
of Canadian Indiistri/,'^ each member to |)ay in advance an aimual
svibscriptior. of five dollars.
Mr. W. B. Jarvis wsus unan'mously elected President of tho
Association, and Mr. \V. Weir was appointed c^ecretary.
A resolution was then adopted instr\icting the Secretary to issue
a circular reipiestinj:; every City, Town, and Viilaj^o to organize a
society to forward the objects of this Association, and that tho
Chairmen of such societies be rj-officio membei*s of the Associaticui,
and that each local society be desired to contribute to the funds of
tho central committee to support tho organization.
m
! ^
W. Mftltice, M.I'.P.
John ('anuToii, M.IM'.
J. U. I'ope, M.r.P.
John White, M.P.P.
J. G. Howes.
, E. Atwftler.
J. L. Mathewson.
v.. Garth.
W. Weir.
W. Piirkyn.
T. !•'. Miller.
D. C. Uiinn, dec, ftc.
INTERVIEW WITir THE INSPECTOR GENERAL.
On the IGtli inst., a deputation from tho Exooutivo Comniitteo
waited by appointment on the Inspector iJeneral at tho Counci!
Office. The deputation consisted of the following members of tho
Executive Committee I. Btiolmnan, M.P.P. ; W. R. Jarvis, W.
Roddon, J. E. Pell, and Thos. Hrunskill, accompaniod by the fol-
lowing gentlemen : —
Hon. Chas. Wilson, M.L.C.
D. A. McDonald, M.P.P.
S. IJeUingliam, M.P.P.
T. M. Daly, M.P.P.
J. M. Ferres, M.P.P.
John Oarling, M.P.P.
T. D. McGee, M.P.P.
With tho Inspector General were the Premier, and tho Hon. Geo. E. Cartier.
Messrs. Jarvis and Rodden having explained tho object of tho
interview, tho Inspector General replied, that tho Government
was disposed to carry out tho views of the dejiutation as far aa
consistent with the general interests of the country, an<" the rc<piiro-
ments of tho Revenue, and that measures would bo submitted
during tho present session, which, if they did not moot their views
ill all coijcs, would, he believed, bo generally satisluctory.
Several gentlemen present entered into oxplariations ifoapecting
the requirements of their particular branches of trade, and urged
AI'I'KNUtX. 495
upon tho Inspootcr (J.-ntM-al, a,..l tlw, ,.tI.,M- M.m,1.orH o( tl,,. (Jovmu.
mil (|u OH „„ I„ auHwor in a (i;-0Hti.„i (V.,,.. Mr. Mc(J,.,< who I,,...
ho m„,l.fioat.o,m u, tho taritr tc ho intruUuooa woro lik-oi I cot
mat tho tantt w..,ihl ooitainly i.h. a< uHbcd with tho viow .f h.
oMua .u, tho .h.tioH, an to phtco all hiauohon of tn o , a 1. o
equal touting, ami oncoumging our homo iuchwtry.
It iH imp.,«8ihIo iu tl.iH phtoo to ontor upon a .liHouHHior, of tho
tTororoHTT'r'"^ •".•'" '•1-'^-^»4 ^iH at onco oo„u J
hoinscIvoH to an wlm aro .hHpoHod to ^ivo thorn .h.o .M.nHi.lo.ation
It m to ho ro^rottod that much miHapprohouHion oxiHtH an.'
nusroproHontation Ih roHorto.l t.>, i. \L.t tho ol.j ^'w , i
V.OW. Th(, fnondH of cho movemont, it \h Imp.Ml/Vill ox rt h ,
8clvo8 u, chHHonunatinK corroot infomuiti.M. in tSr « iv^
neiKhhourhoodH Wo a«k no incroano of taxation .VrLZ
m tho nu.de ot lovymg duticH. VVo doHiro t^ adtnit Tea, H 2
and Coftoo froo, m wo oannot produoo thon., and to incr«aHo t J
duty on artioloH oon.potiuK with .,ur own induHtry, th.iH onJo rur
.n« h« growth ..f numufacturoM arno.gHt uh, and tf orcfy 2nS
tho !,e8t h,tor.HtH of ovory dim in th? community. ^ I"^"^""^"'^>
TottONTo, 24th April, isr.fl. ' """/y.
Uls pftrticukriy requo.ted that ,mr.,h,9 who haro any .uggogtion. to offer
•ommuniokte (poit paid) with tho Hccr.lary. »B"»"on» to offer.
* m
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496
APPENDIX.
X.
BRITAIN THE EMPIRE AND BRITAIN THE COUNTRY.
• Tmlatiilr.via cit, qua me quoque po$»im,
" Tolere Aamo,"— Virgil.
" Canada, too, must independently attempt something, must strike out some
path, or method, by which sho rray raise herself from the ground, by which ahe
may rise into celebrity, by which she may soar aloft."
DEDICATED TO HIS CONSTITUENTS,
BY
ISAAC BUCHANAN:
THE OBJECT BEING TO MAKE CLKAH THAT OUR PROVINCIAL POLICY
SHOULD BE SIMPLY " A HOME MARKET FOR THE CANADIAN FARMER
— THE EMPLOYMENT OF ITS OWN PEOPLE BEING THE FIRST OBJBCV
OP EVERY COLONY AS WELL A3 COUNTRY.
DEDICATION TO HIS C0NSTITUENT8. AND A KETIRINO ADDRESS, IN WHICH
THE WHOLE INTEREST OF THE PROVINCE, AS WELL AS OF THE CITY OF
HAMILTON, ABE DISCUSSED AT GREAT LENGTH.
NATIONAL VITALniKS ; OR, BRITAIN THE COUNTRY VERSUS BRITAIN TUB
EMPIRE : THE VITAL POLITICS FOR T1!E HUSTINGS-A HOME MARKET ^OR
THE FARMER--A SHORT VIEW OF PRINCIPLES WHICH ARE VITAL, BECAUSE
PATRIOllC, IN EVERY COUNTRY, INDEPENDENTLY OF WHETHER IT IS
CALLED A COUNTRY OR A COLONY.
I desire to show what are National VUaUUes in other countries,
by way of showing that countries enjoy an independent prosperity
or not, just as they adopt or repudiate the two patriotic principles
contended for in this Memorial to my Constituents.
Ist. That the fundamental object of a nation is the independent
employment of its own population — every possible meaas to this ond
beiiig used.
2nd. To avoid direct taxation, and all other local disadvantagoa,
which tend to drive away its population, which is its chief wealth,
to other countries — the same didcontent which leads to emigration,
making many bad subjects at home.
AM'RNDTS. 497
« THE SACRIFICE OF THE NATIONAL VITALITIES 01,
BRITAIN THE EMPIRE."
Tho late Sir Robe ^ ol haa Inft n. ;^ j. .
Hitical chaos, as ha ' Vd , « of **• ''*"^''^" ^^''"^ «"^«
PKINCIPL^ THAT «KLF.PHK8KHVATmN Is'^^.B^^'r* ^^"'^^ ^"«
the two ong,nal elements of all national rSi iclltiri h "'' '
and the moneywpowor. The hihnn,. ».. ''"""^7-"'« I'lbour-fjovvor
sontedbysoci^E^Zmists orn^rZ!"' """"* ''^' ^ ''^ ^^P^-^"
ter of whoso logidatioTwfl be tC t b l^""!! "" ^''''''^' ^^^ ^''^''^c-
own society into account n 1 ''uH'« circumstances of our
tical econo'n,istso^"cr„lpSar^^^^^^^^^^ h Poli-
legislate for the world whiir> +lmrr5'rl"^?"'*'*''^^«*'>'« country
without any regard to' it« distrZLn litto'^v 2 f •:"'"''
appeared that the permanentlv imnnlto r ' .- ^ """^' '* »cv«r
wa. a right or a JonTZf^^^^^ TfTl ^'^' ^''^'"'«'- '*
impolicy: however gre^a^l^tars to 'rr o t , I^^'' '" }^^^' "'»
repudiation of moral and cS tLaf phS' In f^ '"? *" '"^
the constituencies (which had nkrod fL' 1„ '^- V , ^ "utragc on
for the very opposite purDSse^rd nf» ^^'^ •" ^'' *'^"^'« "» 1«45
doe. to a crime.^ ^'^^'V ^"^ otherwise, just as^a misfortune-
But the immediate imnortanfn nf Pn«i'» • • , , *
is what we have chiefly a^ present t/do^^ proceeding
tho ACT DONE BEING IN ITSEI F VTTa v^ v! '' ^"^ *^''* ^^^^ from
instead of to incrLs^the empi '« TfT"' "^ ''"^'"^ ^^ ^«««««
8oa, and in the colonies-THu7coNT^^ ^* ^'^'"«' «*
REVOLUTION, nOTII AT IIOMF AM,, rv n ^^ " ^'^ ^^'^^^ OF
I.
JIXiJKirOFTIUUB. "tU'lHO Com.»UAIXy IN SIGHT THE
and mcontrovertible f.ct that TO imEXWl tvicii'm
VMiU i.o
>''!
GQ
[it
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498
AITENUIX.
EXPORTED INSTEAD 01-' AM KIIIOAN I»IlODirrK/rrri.atE
IS omiOirSLY A DIMINIJTIOJS OF TlIK DKMAND HY
Tiri<: KOMKKJN TIIADR FOR THK IMIODIU'K OK ()(JR
soil, AND K0KK8TS FOH. KXI'ORTATION, A8 V\ KLL AH
A l)IM[NUTIOv[ OK OUR INTKRNAI. OIROULATION
WIIOSK BASIS HAS TO THAT '^XTKNT RFKN SHIPPED
AWAY.
TlIK TWO OIUK0T8 WHICH T HOI'R TO ASSIST IIT TlflS PUnMOATrOIl,
AUK TriR VITAL rNTTCRRSTM OF KVRKY OONrtTrTUKNOT IN TlIK I'RO-
VINCK, AS WKLLAS HAMILTON.
Thoao two vitul ohjoctn aro :—Pw;»ar%,— Through floouriujr full
and cootmuouH emphtfmcht for our Pi-ovinciiil nopulatiou, (o croate
a pcrnmuont homo nuirkot for our Caniuiian l<armor, thttn keefn'nf/
Vw monn/ in the i'ou.itry, and iw means to tliat ond, to retain our
prcdcnt CitHtomn' dntias, d io luhpt a Hi/tttem of Provincial Papw
Monoif, (ovon if ignorance or timidity Hho'uld nuiuiro it to ho muirtid
by the precioiw metals.) Wo uuwt, in f»et, adopt and firmly Htiok
to, independently of any Im-^HhIi intorferonee whatwoovor, the
Patriotic RoHolution— 7%a/ iv/iilr wr in Vanmla luive no wim fur-
ther to increase ourCi(Mom«' duden, and white we look to doinif away
entirrlji fhos,' on Tea, Sn^far, and all artiden which we do nU t/row
or mdm{t'ucturv^ our Vrovincial policy i» mt to innir deU f'or'uni/-
tJiint/ we can avoid, and we nhall never consent to reduc — otherwiHe
tJian ax a matter of Rkcii-kocvity with thk Unitkj) Statkh— M<?
duties on articles whieJi we can yrow or manufacture : — Semndarily,
—to put 51 stop to ouiigration from tlio I'ro'vinco, and to eneomauo'
immi;i;ration.
The lore;,'oing will no douht ho THE VITAL TOLITICS AT
THE COiMING HUSTINGS.
II.
Wnn NATIONS AS WITH INDIVIDUALS, IT IS I'HACTK'AIJ.Y TlIK DIKFKH-
KNCK UKTWKION I'KOHPKIMTV AND ADVKKSITY, IK NOT UKTWKKN IIONKHTY
AND DISIIONKSTY, TO I'AY IN TUADK OK IN COMMODITIES OK WHICH
TUKY AUK I'OSSKSSKI), INSTKAD OK TO I'HOMISR TO PAY IN HAKD CASH
WHICH TllKY KAVK NOT AND (;ANN0T UKT.
" All the facts presented by the history of the iTNiTEi) Rtatrs "
says Carey, " may be adduced in proof of the assertion, that the
country which maintains a policy tendiny to promote, the export of
raw materials must have against it a hahnce of trade requirina the
export of the precious vnHals, and must dispense with their services
as measures of value. ^*
Iff.
m
•'•'"N .„..,. ,,„,„„,^ •^"" •"•-*VN '•<«•«M,A„O^AHr„K^i„H, , ,^
IV.
f v; " '"■'■'•. ^"^ «»e h, ,i„ ,J«, „i , , ;" • "'" ''''J™' !"■"« r,.,i „„i.
•'•"• VITA., H,„„K,,. „K T./LmvLL "''''''"' '"""^ '^ "''-'Mao,";
«"<■•'«..:,> KOH „„;,< ..U r ::' ."r '^,,7''' '"-N" • "AT TA^AMA ;,:;
VI.
and do, J, thoVl a II ,' J; Z* H' ''•'' 't'?" "f "^'Itfy
• ' -^ stx-ong conviction
60Q
Ari'ENDIX.
^
1/
ill
ot thi!« may l)o noon in my liaving in tho followitij^ stKU'ch in
DtH'('i!'l/or, IHAT, proixwcMl that naiKT nhould ho a Lt^iral tondor,
EVKN IK THIS COULD ONLy UK KFKI-XrPffl) MY A
SOVKIIKEGN HEINCJ HKLl) HY TIIR BANK8 OR GOV-
EHNMKNT A(}AINHT KVKItY NOTK THITH ISSUKD AS
A LK(}AL TKNDKH, Ott TO BE HELD BY THE BANKS
INSTEAD OF GOLD.
VIL
THE aOUmoN OF THE MONEY QUESTION, AND ViCK rje/f,»^, A HEITLEMKNT
OF THE LAHOUU UUI<V41'ION
VIIL
THE FIIIST QUESTION IN THE n)UTl>;S OF CANADA 18 TlIS SECIIHINO OF AN
ADDITIONAL OK HOME WEMAND. FO.i THE I'UODUCE OF THE CANADIAN
FAUMBU.
Our permanent policy would j^ivo tho Canadian Farmer an addi-
tional market, which practically hicans (although it alao means nmcli
more) an additional price for his productions. It is not easy to
estimate tho extent of this advantage, without looking to tin' effect
which additional bidders have at an Auction Sale, in improvuig tho
price as well as incroaaiug tho amount which actually findtt u market
IX.
LET THE CANADAS BE TAUGHT BY THE SAD EXI-EItlENCR OP THE UNITED
STATM. AND BY THE MISEUABLE INDUSTKIAL UNCERTAINTY EVEN .<)
THIS DAY IN THAT COUNTRY, THAT A TAUIKF ALONE, UNACCOMI'ANIEB
BY A PATRIOTIC MONEY LAW, IS NOT SUFFICIENT.
The circumstances of Canada and of the United States, especially
as a matter of National Industnr, are the same, or very similar. It
is to the experience therefore of the United States, as an older new
country, that Canada must look. And I feel that I cannot close this
practical explanation better, than by giving here tho details of the
unhappy results of the Americans' tampering with their Tariff,
(scarcely ever having a sufficiently protective one,) and having no
protection to their national labour by a patriotic Money Law.
AITRNDIX.
X.
Ml
>i
XI.
%t« a/.r-n for h«r iH-HlJ(!rf A UK VoLlJTlON I N^rifTp F NT
Jmi 1 iMi l.AHOUU, Jx^o.FAI) OK FORKHJK (iOLD Jink
all the . „e,g}il,ourH bo m holplcHH and honcloHB mi8crv--ar oZr
s^r: h f ''T7 '; r-'r'"« '"« I'''^^«' another fridh"!'
8c o, h,H houras of gold, and another his ecoloHiastica machir.erv
^\mh ho 8acnlog.ou8ly calls - 'H.o Olmrch," bettor than he Tovch ds
ail nco, his country, and his faith !
In the oxtrcniity of England's case, in fact, seoms her only hone
rsrAAf^- ?^P*' ^'"8^'*"'^ ^'"'^ ^«* pyramids of national dory and
pndo m her enormous public debt, and in tho accumuStiW her
m)llK)na.re8, whoso colossal greatness IS A TJIUE MEASUUB
• f I
t " !«
502
APPENDIX.
I f
A
m\[
I
MA^^p?9^^^r.?^^^5 ^^^ SUFFERINGS OF HER
MASSES ? Peel's Money Bill of 1819, as giving the neck of the
country s labour and property to the feet of the Money Power, truly
has been and is the badge of worae than Egyptian miseries (for at
worst these were imposed only on a population enslaved by the
li^gyptians,) to England's working classes, and men of fixed property,
while his measure of 1846 will be found to be douhUng of tU tale
of bricks and the withdrawal of the straw, as the withdrawal of
Jianking facilities, the moment specie comes to be wanted, as in
l»i/, tor our excessive imports of foreign labour.
It mattera not that you may be possessed of qualities or proper-
taes which gold cannot buy; you find that these mil not buy gold.
And gold 13 made the one thing needful in this world, by the unpa-
triotic principle of England's money law, which both the United
states and Canada have been foolish enough to copy. The great
aim of this volume, and of all my former writings, has simply been
to get people to think on this, to them, most vital point. On the
occasion of the enactment of the bill of 1819, Peel's father is
related to have said to him, " Robert, Robert, you've doubled your
tortune and ruined your country."
XII.
THE OBVIOUS WAY TO RELIEVE EN(iLAND FKOM HER HARD MONET SYSTEM
IS BY THE IMPERIAL LEGISLATURE MAKING THE BANK OF P:NGLAND'S
NOIES A LEGAL TENDER TO THE EXTENT OF THE FOURTEEN MILLIONS OP
POUNDS WHICH THE GOVERNMENT OWES THE BANK, AND TO THE FAR-
THER EXTENT OF FOURTF^ MILUONS. THE AMOUNT BELOW WHICH
THE BANK'S STOCK OF SPECIE SHOULD NEVER FALL.
This arrangement, as the only way of doing justice to labour, by
putting it on a par with money, is THE ONLY WAY TO SET
A ^ WW r'^^^^rin^n^, BRITAIN'S ENEMIES, EXTERNAL
Ah WELL AS INTERNAL, the only calculation of the former
being on the deleterious existence of the latter-the Political Econo-
mists, l^ree Iraders or hard money men— A GENERATION"
HATED, AS KNOWN NEVER 1^0 HA VE HAD ANY SYM-
mI^^J/^^''? '^,™^ ™'« BRITAIN'S SLWERING
MAfeblife. As a detail, when writing on the subject, in Enghmd, I
used to insist that the Bank of England's capital* should be doubled
I. e.,— raised to twenty-eight millions,— the public holding one half
(seeing tb at after all it is the socm-ity of the Government on which
the Bank exists) and selling consols to furnish the required capital
APPENDIX.
508
the Bank frora politics Z TLl ^ Finance. And, to preserve
^th the prl^^trM^^ rnightremainfa. now,
Aaia, and the dis^Z^^ttZll **' V * " ""^ ^'^^^^ ^'"^"^ Europe to
the immen faluTof tWolT f i'"? f^ ^^^™ ^"^^^^^^ «f ^^
ha. been carrdTthose counties TWst -^^^^^^^f---' -^ich
great marts of trarlo n% u • ^^^'" ^^ '^'^'l^o" from the
feat Tlfun^tth^^TeZir """^"""^ ^ ''"^' ^"^ ^^'^^^ ««
fears have been enl tlronf, r^"*-'^ lu *^' ^^^^' *^* ''"^'^^
and involving thrlSt- t'J""^"^ *^« ^"«^^««s of Europe,
there, Zattet^^Zl\""'''^''^T'^ ^^^^'^'^^ ' *1^««« being
dense v-peoZtunttr. "?!" .fi"^"^^^! ^i^tress, which, in
of the-^mrsVf tre peS r\? '^' ''"^^'^o^
coverv attb/M/^-"^ -'J^ unexpected and simultaneous dis-
isolated ouS e tin^fdw: w"^ u'^?^^^*^ '' 8^^^' - ^^e
and the barbarism of A ^?^ u""^'^ *^' civilisation of Em-ope
great commS ' ti^,?,' *' 7'^\T- *h^ ™^vailing efforts of the
from the marts of t-ffif ^TfJ^ *>^^ 8?^^' ^nd its disappearance
manncrwS can neht;Li '^T"" «^^«"ghout the world, in a
doubtless 2 in a /reaU^^^^^^^^
worid's history buf neifW^K '^ ?! T"" ^^"S performed in the
oelore the late irreat rUHcnvori"" "f -mi^ ;5'/-.-i-^ • •'^ panics tnan
— 1.„ . .,! {^.„ ^.^ goiu iji i^uuiomia and Australia.
f
\i I
504
APPENDIX.
If any thing could have made Peel's system work it would have
been the large and continuous supplies of gold from unexpected
quarters m addition to those known to him ; but the secret is told
in the following extract from the money article of the Times of 13th
Nov., 1862.
"Owing to the Indian absorption the present drain of bullion
has been of a more extensive and protracted character than any
that Las been witnessed since the panic of 1867. With two
slight exceptions, it has now gone on uninterruptedly for fourteen
weeks, until a total diminution has been sustained of £3,022,fi33
which may probably be further extended by the return to be
published to-morrow evening. The last previous outflow of .ny
consequence was in 1860, when there was a falling off during
eight consecutive weeks, and an aggregate reduction almost pre-
cisely similar to that just witnessed, which led to an advance of
tne rate of discount from 4 to 6 per cent. In the period which
preceded the panic of 1857, the drain was uninterrupted for
eighteen weeks, or four weeks longer than has yet been wit-
nessed in the present instance, and the total reduction sustained
was c£4,i)76,980, while the rate of discount was carried from 5*
to 10 per cent." [The writer then shows wherein the present
demand for the precious metaJs differs from that of 1860 and 1857
and concludes his observations by remarking, that] " there would'
apparently be no great reason to expect any further or rapid
upward movement in the terms of the Bank if there were any
iymptom of a probable pause in the remittances now being made
to the East. Reckoning the £600,000 of bills drawn by the
India Council, we seem at present to be transmitting to India
at the rate of about three millions steriing per month, and pend-
ing the uncertainty as to the point to which these operations will
extend, all calculations regarding the future of the money-market
must be vague. Enough, however, will be apparent to every
observer to indicate a necessity for the exercise of caution."
To the same point is an article in the number of the West-
minster Review, for January 1864.
. " {^ spite of our troubles in India, and a state of chronic warfare
m China, the increase of our trade with the East during the last
im /ears has been enormous. This, too, may be ooked upon as
only the beginning of a commerce that must grow to proportions
which cannot be estimated. The most important feature, too, of
Eastern trade, is the manner in which it absorbs the precious
metals. This is a peculiarity so intimately bound up with the
social condition of the East that it is likely to last as long as their
ignorance and mutual mistrust. Until a system of credit^can grow
'r '!
APPENDIX.
505
Clous metals, except the industry tha? thev 1» J < ' ^^
3-oa.and tha^t industry is 7„sc*;kt°^f "ifitm^
pubSed W DfC' Li?o'tT« ?^'T.'. '■™» " "»* J"^
-"" Will " vl^ ■^''aasau Lees, on the Drain of S ver to the East •
Aftofw 'at h^B bTn st e'd'atV^^^'^T *^.^ ^^' -^*^-«^
that a demand for an incrl^ « ' f ''/.f ^^^ '''''''^'y ^ ^^^te
continue ; and not only coXl f?^ ^ '^ *^ P''.^^'^"^ "^«*^J« ^*"«
from that future pro" ess oS^ ^ "^'^u ?^ *^°^'' ^"*' J'^^g^^g
shadow, the iem'aXyVe'\r:nL^^^^^^
America gives ns snmA ,iafo "« enormous. Ihe ^xpenence of
the demanT7anTtel£nt Ld ;'? *' •'• ""^ "'^ ^^ °^^*« '^^^^^
ing themselves into a g e^^^^^^^^^^^ P^^P^« ^^P^^ form-
world may be- and tCJ v ' ?,.'''' precious metals of the
sl^nces andproWectorindil «?""'* ^' ^''^.^ '^^' '^' "^cum-
theless such^sTirtl^arrant r„f ^ ^^^^' ^^^^ ^^ "^^^r-
since 1857, it may Te said thafr!? \ ''' conclusion. Indeed,
progress the liSto wS Ir ? ^^ ^^ ^""^^'^^ «" ^ career of
countries of the SzedVor^t^^^^^^^ as currency in the varioul
but estimating thTamounUf Jld ?J 7'^ conflicting opinions ;
Great Britain!-thec3rv^nSr 't'' ""^^'^^^^^S as coin in
of the precious raetalsTonJ.r.r. -rf
safeguards robserved-a 80 OO^'o 0^ maintenance of proper
30,0^0,000,andSLg\he?ure^^^^^^^^^^^
amountf— an estimate T vottnl f^ fu- \\- ^ "^^" ^^^^ ^* *» cqua
180,000%00 it reZLs but V '! , t"^ W~^"^ ^''' P^P^^^^o^ at
is capable of vet ThZh; T^ H*'^ f *^
papie^yet absorbing silver to the amount of 4,000,000,000
sterling. ' '^"'^ '*•** "*^ ^^'a^ce at one hundred and forty millions
at\?o:o&*i^^^ in rnd^a. in ISeO.
-V..., the aggregate of thf amounts coined ^" »»"> "^^- ^'"^ ""^^^^^^in dati
—It ma;r not be f»rnrrong. ^"^ '" ^'"^ preceding twenty-five years
L
t; (
i^
f I
60C
AITENUIX.
roupces or 400,000,000/. in addition to tliis amount, for the pur-
psos of currency alone. Nor nmat it bo forgotten that India
IS al)Ic to support a population many millions more numerous tliiin
ahc at present possesses ; nor, on the other hand, that En<rland hafl
many means of economizing the use of coin which, hi conso((uonco
of her uinnense extent of area, will he denied to India, if not for
ever, for many years to come. If, then, it he admitted that there
18 even a shadow of truth in these estimates, it may not ho unrea-
sonahle to conclude that there is a possibility— distant it may bo,
yet still a possibility— of the requirements of India for currency
purposes approaching the enormous smn of 500,000,000/. in silver
com."
" It is not any fall in the value of silver which has brought about
the dram of this metal to the East, but simply the nature of the
Indian and Chineso demand for our manufactures, which is very
small compared with ours for their productions, but which is
immense for silver, which represents to them everything desirable
in their conceptions of luxury, comfort, and security."
It seems the most unaccountable fataUty that leads the English
public to support, or even to tolerate, a system, the cause of such
terrible distress after the plainest evidence on this jwint has from
time to time been adduced. It was shown by the evidence before
toe currency Committee of the Governor of the Bank of Kngland,
the precarious position of the Bank of England, on 12th Nov.,
1857 ; that she had on that day only £580,751 of money in hand
**ioo - . I fj: *^'^"^*^ ^'^''^^^y ^'^^"^ "'^*^' ^^^"^'^' «^'o l'«l^ deposits of
i-.^i,oOO,000 ; that of the deposits £5,500,000 belonged to Lon-
don Bankers ; and that if only one million pounds of tliis sum had
been demanded, the Bank of England must have stopped. And a
Mr. Sinith, partner of Beckett & Co., the great Bankers, Leeds,
Stated, bolore same Committee of tlie IJ -se of Commons, " that
only one mercantile house failed in Leeds at the time of the panic ;
and yet ' ho adds " if the treasury letter had not been issued on
iLtli JNovember, the entire commercial body of that district must
nave gone to the wall."
v.
APPENDIX.
607
! VI
xni.
FUOVIN(i TItK (H)NDlriO;v OF TUF VMvZy], *»'^''^ ^ '»«"■' Kn.>M .Iff.
Otr THE mVM. ^'"'''^''''^*'^«^-«fK.I.,JUAHAMHy>/,oiVir«
mon'H.liHrosHOHlmvi LLlfl '" '^^"«''^"'l •' J">t tho working
Money guoH?i^;'SZlt^^^^^^^^
know that the prico of ^ dTS , ^se^^ ''^'^'^ ^''«^ ->w
the mint luid get coin tW iroW I „l i! \^ ''^ ''"•5' ''"« "»» K^ <»
Por ounce. M,-. (^ lolvZ« H Ir^ *''" '"''*" "*' ^^ 17« lO^d
putting their stamp ,nth ol rci^n! 1 ! 'l^ '\ T^^^ *''« govenunent
tho Hame as a 6^ ZJ^^ fnr^^^^^
authority. It is dea. 1 oZ- H "m '' "*""^J"^'* "'^ regulate.? bv
tho other, as the whelt s onlv ;! ' ^'T '"' '^'^^ '^ "ot parallel to
tho gold when stamped, as Sr^T I 'f ^tf ' '^ '' ^^- ^^^^
sovo.eigT.,yoa can ( em tndS "^ ^^^ " '^» ^ "'' ''""^ **
with ityou can li(.uidate V , Vr ; "'7 ''*'""' commodity, and
fix the price of Sf cVS Ih "r""'^ ' ""' ^^^«- ^^^^^ '"^^^ thus
the opemtion of thHL m law of ^^^^^^^^ "" ^Tf^'^'^' "'^" ^"PP''^"*
mines all vahies. An<l if whe-^ won E^ -^.""^ '^^''^'^"^' ^^ich doter-
tions (arising from s bein^ 1,! f^,'^'''^ '" '^'''' ''^^ ''^^' '*« ^aria-
express themselves 1 iil^d ^ 7""'-'^ ^' ''"^*'"<«
This is exactly what now oicurs^^i /^''TmI^"*^'^ '^^" '"""^y-
VALUE OF MONFv AND^i P^ru?il J^^''fANGEABLE
been alive to this I Imvn „iv^„ i x , * ^"^""^ having Ong
home to turn t S mi X to ^^V'^^V^^^ ^^^'^ *!'« p4'io at
children. I hav ong tn wLui!:l:i "^ ^'""^ '""^ ^'-^^
sec, that as a j.atriotio^ econon Lt I'^^'^'l'^r^^^' ""^ '^"^''" ««
of labour the A mm lX\^i'f'''\'t *'^ ^'^'^^^ the amourU
With high pric^ (as Z^Z^^^i:,^:^^^^} -- .that
i4
V "xsre Tfui uo
w
608
AWENDIX.
increased employment. I, in fact, hold that increased remuneration
to labour can only arise from increased employment ; and that so
certainly must high prices flow from increased employment that if
the Peel-Cobden, or irreciprocaly free trade could possibly fulfil the
false promises its advocates have made, the necessary consequence
would just be the blowing to the winds of their unpatriotic and
inhuman theory of " cheapness !" As a patriotic economist I say,
that WHAT IS TRUE ECONOMY, TO THOSE WHO HAVE
MONEY TO DISPOSE OF, IS THE VERY iEVBRSE TO
THOSE WHO HAVE LABOUR TO DISPOSE OF.
: I
XIV.
POtrrrcAL kconohy, or a free trade and hard money system, the
CONTRARY PRlNCirLE TO THAT OF EMPIRE, OR EVEN OF COUNTRY.
I have always seen, and explained, that Political Economy is not
sympathized with, and that Free Trade in England was not asked
for nor carried, by the working classes, who, it is pretended, are the
parties benefitted ! But, as my time and space are so limited, I shall
dispatch this point, by (juoting the subsequent admission of one of
the most influential Free Trade writers, Elliott, the Corn Law
Rhymer.
"I». ia remarkable (writes Elliott) that Free Trade has been carried by the
Middle Classes, not only without the assistanco of the Working Classes but iu
spite of their opposition."
I am well aware that it can be said that the working classes gave
an ex post facto assent, by electing a Fr -.'e Trade Parliament, but
I reply, that they were in too artificial a position to do anything,
but give Free Trade, when consummated, (even although it was only
free Imports,) a fair trial. It may also be said, that the trial has
been successful. To this I emphatically reply, that nothing but the
providential discovery of Califorraa, gave us the ghost of a chance
of preventing the precipitate opening of the ports being so fatally
unsuccessful, as to cause a Revolution in 1848 in England, not from
want of loyalty, but from want of employment; and that even this
great breakwater would not have availed, had not that Providence,
which has so often, so specially, interposed to proven* England's
overthrow, introduced in Australia another furnis'.^i of immense
unanticipated supplies of British gold.
^ I have also known and explained that the Political Economists,
without exception, all dreaded I'cmocratic Legislation assure to be
ATPENDrx,
509
Patriotic^ which is a convertible term with P^^t.., • •
answer to the MetropoHtan '^r.^nti2fZ^^^^
1850, 1 shewed this by the following anrl , »,«;' T ^ ^ ^"^'
from the Political Economists :^ """^ °*^'" quotations
'I In Mr. Senior's Mercantile Theory of Wealth w« i,„ .u ,. ,
^wing evidence of the Political Econ^nfsts ^^J^.t'Jh^^^^^ ^'^"
tection to native industry is popular, and wmldVT 7^* Pf^
universal suffrage :^' If^the Sapp; prejSctf that n^'^' '^".^''
this subject should continue, and if tUexM^ .5 ^ '''"* P"
government should increase the powlofZaZ^-'^'''''''^'^^'
Hicy of nations, I fear that comCZ trt^SCl '17 f^'
retain even that degree of freedom that"ho not e Ivs ' ?T ?^ *^
perfect reliance on the knowledge and good intention^T* ' ^ ^'^^^
mtero8t [Que,-.- ?-L iX^Trf tl,5 '^f"'"'''' "'"' P«™""'ont
against individual r»pat:-l lifi E » ^'' f™**'-
rapidity, tlie fow steos wLh ,.„ t. '">»« "ackwards with greater
their uttermost exaKKe3„hr.Xri ""''""''°? "V proelaim, in
power arbitrarily Wo 'ood is eha,td f «'' '"' '^''"' "''-=™ *«
restrain the p„/er altS/t^'do etil'ltherTTn 1"°^ "'jf.''
limit to the exteS rwhie7^S7',Ml"''''?°" "',*'" *'*'• -»
«.d national Jealousyr-Sl^t t^jr-^t'tK^iSt^.'
XV.
am K.PBEL OVERLOOKEO THE GREAT PACT OP niTP ».^
WHEN HE PROPOSED FREE TRADE-PRE^nP.vn"''' ''^^^^^
THINGS INCOMPATIBLE WITH EAt^ Tuer '''''^'''^ ""^^^^
KAPID ALIENATION OF THE COLONISTS OR DEADENING OF THE EXTREMI
TIES OF THE EMPIRE. i^-XTREMI-
"The Tpetit maitre statesmen of the nrpspnf /1o^ „ n. •
up those noble countries, oaUed the Brit£h ColLt,VTh ttf™!
m
1 .
if "I
it'
111
J,
510
ArvENDrx.
nonchalance na thoy de])arte(l irom the noble maTrims called British
prinoiplcB. TO THE COUNTRIKS AND THE rilIN(nPLR8
ALLUI)BDT(),T1{ERE 18 THE SAME MORAL CERTAINTY
OF A GLORIOUS RESURRKCTION ; BUT WHETHER THIS
SHALL OCCUR BEFORE OR AFTER THESE HAVE JiEEN
DRIVEN,WITH STARVING FAMILIES AND WITH IH^^AVY
HEARTS, TO TAKE REFUGE UNDER THE AMERK^AN
l^AG, DEPENDS ON HOW LONG THE NATIONAL DELU-
SION SHALL CONTINUE THAT i. LDS UP SUCH MEN
AS PEEL, GLADSTONE, AND LORD GREY."
Perhaps no where, — wrote Mr. Buchanan in England, at the
Free Tmdo Era, — has the truth as to the misgovemment of the
Colonies been more fearlessly stated than in the late numbers of
TaiVs Edinburgh Magazine :
" The influence," says Tait, " that retains the British people
together must be strong, to resist in years of successive and violent
temptations to separate. THE DESIGN OF CiSTING OFF
THE COLONIES IS NOW OPENLY AVOWED BY THE
SUBORDINATES OF THE GOVERNMENT; but if ever their
superiors propose a bill for that purpose in Parliament, they will
learn that they have completely miscalculated the temper of the
people. The Ministry will not follow that plain path.
» « « « • « «
The colonics are in danger. The empire is parting. Wo are in
the progress downwards, and commeuci' ur second millenium, as
Anglo-Saxons, with bad prospects, unless our policy bo decisively
and rapidly changed."
The Colonial Office making itself the medium of the renewed
insults of Sheffield, is just a renewal of its insulting course towards
the Colonies.
XVI.
THE SACRIFICE OP THE NATIONAL VITALITIES OF BttlTAIN THE EMPIRE-
NO NATIONAL BRNEl IT TO lUllTAIN THE COUNTRY, HUT ONLV TO ILLE-
GITIMATE CLASSES OF MIDDLE-MEN— THE TRUE REMEDIES BEING THE
DECENTRAUZATION OP BRmSH MANOPACTURES, AND THE RESTORA-
TION OF BRITISH PATRIOTISM AND PARTY GOVERNMENT, BY MINISTRIES
AND OPl*OalTIONS, THE EMBODIMENTS OF DlSTINCriVE PKINCIPLES—
NOT MERE CONSPIRACIES OP MEN-MEN BANDED TOGETHER NOT BY ANY
COMMON PRINCIPLE, BUT BY A COMMON WANT OP ALL PRINCIPLE IN
THE PATRIOTIC SENSE.
To me it has long been clear that, whether wilfully or not, Peel
p^t::i:^''MVzs^^^ r p-'^^^' «- -r the
Ma. a, I haU hoo„ it. 1^, ^TtT'-'^ *'" ^'^^'*' '^'^'^'^O
BRITAIN ; a„; I ia^eJ^/' ?^ KMPLOYMKNT N
<l"ty of <looIa.-i,Vtl.a >oo anil t:^ '""1"'"^^ ^ --''1- the
claHHc. i„ Ku^uu.l will Jk!! W be abL f"' "l"-' *''« ^"••'<in«
expc-iccc t<, toll. It is the o. .' i, Iru /T , ^'""" "^" ''itte?
on....,,.,te„co of pri,.ci,,Io. It h r' ..-'^ l>.-lia,ncM.t over the
^nter,.t which hL bccl,„.e om„ "tent a' ?"^' *^™"'^ '^*" '^ ^'^'"*-
and f.-om the intemeddlin/ ft ^4 L ^ "I'r '^ ^^^^ ^"'r'ire,
wc neither fear nor respoct^the colonist 1? .^''"'•"""^•'^' '^^^^^
Empire ,8 to retain her colonics Z t. "'^''" '^^''^'^^''^ '*" the
Ofi.ce at their innti.ration h u Lt 1 ''?^'' ^' ''^^' ^''o Colonial
Ca..adia..(Jove.-,unJ;.t l^^int ^t^i^ rT'''''' ^'^'^ *«
which ca,i.sed the revolt of ho < ' ""^"^ ''"'^^^''" ^''u.. that
begunjin. to be hoped that k, .n Ir; l'"'?; J'".^ ^^»'«" ^^ wa
"' excla.r,m.g, in ,e^a.-d to l.e^«S^^^^ '^" ^he world
what c-hnes have 7,oen cornitto Tn !/^^^
. Byron otherwise cxr.reHses't "'^ "'^'"^ '"-"'^ «« Lord
To ^..eed.,„, ea..o,i„ every agra„dcli.e."
wifec.c;::n;^;.,f :^/S^^^ b-z^ht to this, England
longer to lay hc^elf open tothcbi t^lt 'ZV^' dete.-mi..c^d no
Amenca.. writer^a tLn.t which w^smor.-^r f""?; '^^^ ^ ««^^'b'-atcd
Anienca., Colonies when ma ,,M? ^ applicable to the British
^ " THE MAN WI IN OAVAn'r^"' *^'''"' '* '« »ow:
TAKE TO ESTAI r f'^n P^uf"^^' SHOULD UNDER
I)KSCIUPTI0N wiurn rvT^rJ/^^ ^^^ AI MOST ANY
Canaila would bo ruined S„ " ■""»" mauufacturor of
™ low, because PeerwouMTeirr™^' *? I'™" °f ™n
Now, .t « bigh, because tbe, Krl",'"^ Z ! it ."-^ "■*•
512
APPKNDIX.
A month hence, railroad building may stop, and then tljo world
would be flooded with iron, and the Colonial manufacturer would be
ruined. Against such revulsions, the product of a system that is
to the last degree unsound, the people of the British Provincep,
have no protection. The Ministers of England are omnipotent ; the
Parliament of England is omnipotent ; and the Bank of England
is omnipotent."
In this, the sacred cause of our families, and against the theoret-
ical, cnt-thro&t freedom attempted to be imposed on us by England's
political economists, every good man and every patriot in Canada
will be found joined hand in hand —
"Clann nan GaidheiCn ({ualibh a cheile."
" Sons of Highlanders, shoulder to shoulder and back to back."
For the last six jrears, the farmer of Canada has been entirely
supported by American money, which he gets under the lieclprocity
Treaty with the U. S. Is this, I would ask, a position for a British
Colony to be in ? Parties out of America reading this, may ask —
why the United States market for wheat is better than the Canar
dian? I answer, because there is a manufacturing population there.
And no more practically loyal politicb therefore, were ever held
than mine, viz : to attract a manufacturing population, and, as a
consequence, that same market for the farmer of Canada amongst
ourselves, which we value as the peculiar advantage which the
United States have over Canada. But for American money how-
ever (tvhich in 1846 we had no reason to expect, even if there were
now every certainty of the continuance of the Reciprocity Treaty —
the channel through which it flows to us,') we should have found
ourselves as a Colony, in the disastrous circumstances, political and
otherwise, which Lord Cathcart, our then Governor-General, pointed
out in his well-known Despatch, of 28th January, 1846, to the
British Ministry, when it was insanely bent on its Free Trade
Heresy.
XVII.
THE CANADIAN RECIPBOCITY TPEATY-A PLEA FOB ITS EXTENSION.
L ^
to the
Trade
APPm DIX.
XVIII.
613
CONCLUSION.
AN AMERICAN ZOLLVEREIN NOT ONr v Tn.v. ^
WORKING CLASSES OK vLlZ B^ FOR T.I ^w' *''^"'' '"« ^"^
THE MOTUER CODNTRY ALSO WORKING CLASSES OF
iB j7Sfe^^^^^^^ the Empire
EMPIRE AN ENORMOUS AnmTrn??/?^^ ^^^ THE
INFLUENCE Thromrfl • f^^^^^ONAL TRADE AND
of her dependencfeKwt^^^^^^^^^^^ one ortther
Englai^d ?n Australia^ EntC^^^^^^ A«»erica,
secure Free Trade fo; all her mecharSc t'hn^ 7 ^'l'^ '^^ '""^^
favoured localities, with countries SLu '^'^ *^ «^ *^ <^^«««
Trade direct with EngUrwithl It T'.l \f'' ^ ^'^^
comparatively comfortable '^iS^^^ ^ow to their
could never get Free TradeSle Unit!^ C^-"' ^"^'^^
tured goods, but no doubt tbo TT^if i aV . ^^^^^ ^" manufac-
extend the Rec prodty 'Afal ^'^r^*^^^^ ^?"^^* ^^ P^^P^^xI to
all interior CustoKS^o/b^/n^'''^^^^'*^^^ ^^^omng down
which done^he En^lfcan^^^^^ ^'"'t "."^ *^« ^^^^^d States •
taring his goods a %ur endle/« wT"^ '" ^""".?"' ^^ "^^^^fac-'
the 40 per cent. cLrged on tL --^'''''-' ''' '^'' "" '"""
England to the United State. nT.^T^'/'^^^g ^'^'^ from
Americans are pa^rirabo^ ^"*^ ^^ ^^^i^h the
dreds of mill-ownerT now in , ^'^^ *^" P^" «^^*- ' and hun-
would, under such an arranien^^ circumstances in England,
their machinery anrhS foX 'n't*'!*'^"^^^^ ^ ^^^^^^
thus removed,^ t^et^lZ::^':,]^^^^^^^ P^P^^^tioa
CONTENTS:
4-S-sS^^^^^^^^ important
tion, which I call the question of nLo ^^^"'i ^^ ^""^^ 4«e8-
consist of:— ^ "^^ ^* ^'''^ °w» People's employmelt-
ted currency, and PaySgX fl^^er^^^^^^^^^ buying^n S.
facturer (who is paid in inflated currency? ^othJ.x^*^!°'?'*^"^°°'«'°*°'^-
tne foreiener in fa.nt «„: — - _"/"ff rency; to the extent pricea a™ inflo#«j
_ .j,„, „ pra^;nca suspension of the' Tariff.']" "~
BH
K I
■ J
il
i 1
614
Ari'ENDIX.
II.
CanadA musl Miiiiufactiiro The Decentralization of the Mannfarturei of
the Kmplro now beoorao an urgent political necessity, uiiIosh the Agriculture
of tlw Oolonlee is to be left with much worse remuneration, than if these wore
•epftrate countries with a separate manufacturing system, and unless Uritain
the Empire is to coiUinue to be sacrilicod to Uritaia the Country.
III.
The Money Power of Knglaiid vemun the Labour Powor of Pi^«t»»nd, and of the
world— her hard money system being the deepest conspiracy t!io world ever
saw against industry— dear money and cheap prices and wages convertible
terms— so that every Philanthropist must sympathiao wilii the late speaker In
Hyde Park, who said, "If Political Economy is against us, thou we are aKainil
Political Economy."
IV.
Is the Government of Canada, like ti- o Government of England, to \ltowed
to abdicate all its functions except that of a mere Police? Ai luro of
the following Sophisms of the Political Economists, viz., that L .nmont
should let things alone, lamcxfairt, laititz patter ; th-'t a return U the Pro-
tective Policy will never be ; that to raise the Wages of Labour is to iu.pair
the Fund out of which Wages are paid.
The appendices consist of ;—
A.
Labour's Political Economy. The Tariff Ijuestion.— By Horace Greoly.
B.
Report of the public meeting of Delegates irom vorious parts of Canada, held
in the St. Lawrence Hall, Toronto, on Wednesday, the Mth April, 1858, and
proceedings of the "Association for the Promotion of Canadian Industry."
Resolutions, Petition, and Classification of Articles for Duties, adopted at a
Public Meeting of Delegates convened in Toronto, the 14th of April, 1868, to
consider the necessity of re-adjusting the present Customs Tariff.
0.
Home Manufactures the True Policy for Canada. Letter from Jacob Dewitt,
Esq., M. P. P., President of the Banque du Peuple, to William Lyon Mackenzie,
Esq., M. P. P.
D.
Reciprocity denied by England; or, the Humbug of her Political Economy, a/iaj
Free Trade.
E.
Letters illustrative of the present position of Politics in Canada, written on the
occasion of the Political Convention, which met at Toronto, on the 9th Nov.,
1899.— By Isaac Buchonan, M. P. P. for Hamilton.
F.
Exposure of the Sophism, "All commodities should be rendered as cheap as
possible."
G.
Bxtracta from the works of the celebrated French economist, Jean Baptiste Say,
explaining the disastrous consequences and mistaken policy of Peel's Money
Bill of 181?. '
<Court complet (fEconomie Politique Pratique. Ohap, xvi., pp. 61-69, Tol. ill., 1828.
yj Allowed
: ! luro of
.nmont
I the Pro-
I to impair
Ari'KNDU.
r.
6t5
'howing the origin of Ei-
ney.
, '"■— "r Jonftthan Duncan, on tb« Ou
2'"' K •» In K«8l»na. " ■'« "" '"'"' """'V -J.l«m lb.. !,., .1„„
title— ^itill
protect the
CO market for the over-
■^£;:ri'i»,':" ^"«'"»" ■^-'«'.,* «»
promotion of manufaotureg and
N.
The cftlamitoiia fatoa of [rolftn.l nn,! jr,A- •
manufiicturing. "'*' "'"^^ ccuntries should bo prevented from
rS'^« in the Pro.J.e -a^VrSiirrt^X^^^
"earning the Hou.. of Oommo„3 aJainst Th. T-'^' °^ ^'i "• ^'^'''' '^Iher,
measures, to malce the rich rlc'.e? andtS n°^^'°"' ^""^""^^ o*" ^is son'
proving that Peel's fortune wa doubled ^BtZ^X"'VT'^' *'='"*' '««"'»
the case; and Lord Overstone the ?nSa?nr 1? ? f'^ Robert said would be
oven millions of pounds stedng as? U,en'v ''''''?''""' '" ""'^ ^«''h
London against Pe'ol's mon.tarVl'liisSn Vh '""' ° "'' inerchants of
tors of the Bank of England aJai„sS.„ ^heremons ranee of the Direc
the United States, the effert tlfc?rP of. .^ •' '=°"pb' rative testimony from
OULATION beingsLwu o "''--'"■' '"^^^ ^^^^^ NOTE CIR-
and of giving tho% ediTo' „„ aH- , "'^ «''"*' '''^'^«" "'"on^ the pooT
g'«at practical inc™ of tronnhJi^T.''''" '^^ <l«htor-.be.ide. being i
^ontical Ecoaom/jr :La: t'h:t°„s^7rtr^rjl^^^
._, -. li..!....^ „ga,,..j laooar.
ill
516
! I
r s.
%
!
! i
• n i
APPENDIX.
R.
DESTRUCTIVE EFFECTS OF THE SUPPRESSION OP THE SMALL BANK
NOTE CIRCULATION IN ENGLAND— the views taken by the then Premier
Lord Liverpool, Mr. Huskisson, Mr. Matthias * ttvrood, M. P., Mr. Harman
Governor of the Bank of England — Mr. Francis, In his History of the Bank of
England, and Jonathan Duncan, Esq., in his work on the Bank Charter Act.
S.
Report of the Select Committee appointed by the Legislative Assembly of
Canada to enquire into the cause of Emigration from Canada to the United
States and elsewhere.
T.
Home Manufactures — a case worth studying, (from the Hamilton Timts). Boot
and Shoe Manufacture. Description of Woollen Cloth Factory in Upper
Canada, (from the Cobourg Star), Appeal to the Canadian Farmer — Home
Manufactures, (from the Brantford Herald), Hemp and Flax — their Cultiva-
tion in Canada, (from the Hamilton Spectator).
U.
Canadian Mftnufactures— Home Industry, Letter from John Lovell, Esq. The
Hon. J. H. Cameron's views on the Tariff. A practical view of what should
be the future Politics of Canada— Isaac Buchanan's letter to members of the
Legislative Assembly. The Hon. W. H. Mi Titt's views on the Pamphlet of
the Association for the Promotion of Canadian Industry. Extracts from the
Toronto Atlas on the Tariff. Notices of newly established Manufactures
(from the Manufacturers' Gatette, by Wm. Weir, Montreal.)
V.
The working men in England shown to be alive to their wretched prospects
under Free Trade (Imports ?) and a Restrictive Currency.
W.
The late lamented Lord George Bentinck — the expected Leader of the Labour
party in England — being a notice of his death and some defences of his opinion
written in the Glasgow " Examiner" — especially his opinion that Customs
Duties are not always paid by the importing Country.
X.
PEEL, GLADSTONE, COBDEN et hoc genus omne. Peel overlooked the fact of
our having Colonies, when he proposed Free Trade — Free Trade and Colonies
being things incompatible with each other. Peel's vital error of giving no
consideration to the Colonies in 1846, redeemed temporarily by Lord Elgin,
having succeeded in getting the Reciprocity Treaty with the United States.
Mr. Gladstone's withdrawal of the remaining differential duties in favour of
Canadian timber in 1860. M'. Gladstone's Anglo-Gallican Budget — and Mr.
Cobden outwitted by Louis Napoleon, who well knows that th« absence of
defences around her national employment, and not the absencti of Defences
around her coast, is England's weak point.
Y.
Which policy best promotes the employment of our own people ? Having
weighed the evidence, whut is the verdict of the Canadian farn-ier ?
Z.
The increase of the Exports and Imports of England, caused by Free Trade, no
criterion of its having a beneficial influence on England, '.'.'he increase only
proves the triumph of two class interests of middle-men — ','iz., The Foreign
merchant, and those who manufacture for Foreign marketr.
APPENDIX.
617
Labour
Having
ING ALL CONSmuTIONAL mlrfes^'^ KEPEOBAT-
what they caUed the VmTYmE^c%^rSB'^^R'^«, ^i
gant a length, as TO TRPAT wrSn ^^^2^' *» ™ «^'™''»-
MIXEDEMraiSmEim wm™ ^OTTEMPT THOSE
WHATEVER or TPrr«f?SJ,°?>^'^^<>^ ANY SHARE
EEPRESEOTaM of raE PEOM F^n''^.? ™ ™E
tie evidence of this system annlt.^.-.^' .-^^ *« »"« ""^nd,
and irresistible, thaUtSrZtSdT.,'^'"'''''™ ™ """P'^te
see, with an intuitiw SSn l^trl'"' TT^"^' """W soon
with those of the nrfZ thev .- „ ,^1''? "' ** ""^ "'«^«'«
other hand, the7oonten™ed T&AT ?t t« n„?,?™: "-"J- »" «»
STRONG AND STPAnv pnvijliif..?'*^^ UNDER THE
HEREDITARY PrFn^FS T?vnSF£^ <*" ^ ^^OE OF
JUDICES Snd ™l ?nSst^-^^S» I^IFE PRE-
DELIBERATIONS OF POTraSlsSSi'' t ™^
^a the ailte^^raX^: r-'-'TStEL^^f
i
m ■
I- 1 '
.>
618
APPfeNDII.
of Dugald Stewards JElemeriU of the Philosophy/ of the BumanMind,.
(1837 edition) ; and if we want confirmation of the views here
explained, we find them in Mon. Dupont's work, Sur V Origint et
Progres d^un Nouvelle Science: this writer states — in the follow-
ing words— HEREDITARY MONARCHY aa actually necessary
to the good government of a country ; strange doctrine this, when
we remember the sort of Hereditary Monarchies ttiey have on the
continent. " Monarchie hSrSditaire, pour que tous les int<5ret8
presents et futurs du d^positaire de rautorit<? souveraine, soient,
intiraement li^s avec coux de la soci^t^ par le partage proportionnel
diaproduit net."
The following from Hunt's New York Merchants' 3^, gazine will
show how different the republican views in America are from the
above.
" The Protective System originated with the mother country, and
was interwoven even with our Colonial existence. When, therefore,
we separated from Great Britain, we adopted the same policy, and
turned that system, which England had employed for her special
benefit, to our own account. I'nis system has grown up with us,
and is essential to our very independence as a nation. We might
as well dispense with our fleets and our armies, recal our foreign
ministers and consuls, annul all treaties with foreign powers, and
repeal all laws in relation to navigation and commerce, as yield the
principle of protection to our own industry against the policy of other
nations. We might, in fact, as well give up our national existence,
as yield the great principle on which that existence is founded, and
without which our independence could not be maintained. Labour
is the great source of wealth and prosperity ; and that system of
policy which stimulates industry, and gives to the labourer the
reward of his toil, is best adapted to the wants of the country.
" The protective system is purely democratic in its tendency.
It fosters industry, and enables the poor man, who has no capital
but his own labour, no surplus but what is found in his own sinews,
to require a competency to support and educate his family. It is
designed not for the few but for the many ; and though it will be
productive of the common good, its peculiar blessings will fall upon
the labouring classes. But there is a sort of looseness in the phrase
" Free Trade," which renders this discussion embarrassmg. The
advocates of this doctrine do not tell us with sufficient precision what
they mean by the phrase. If they mean that we should take off
all restrictions from commerce, whether other nations do or not, it
is one thing ; but if they mean that we should do it towards those
nations which will recipfocate the favour, it is quite another thing.
But the phrase must imply a trade which is mutually beneficial, or
If i-i t
APPENDIX.
619
triS'rd min^^^^^^ that i« mutually unres-
•t. I have not n Je sufficS;.nfi!- ^■''\ ""^^^^^ ^^^ ''ejecting
non-resiatance to advoc^lTsX o^^^^^^^
nations by impoverishing us. I caimot .^ ^^f '°"'^'« ^^^^^
duty free to those nations which thr^^ ^''^^''^ ^'^ ^P<^" ^"^ Ports
way of our commerce My poliSorT^^/ ^^ '^^
love other nations better ZT wn X^f^^^^ r?''^ ^' ^
a trade mutually advantageous I Z wJir 1 ^'"f'' *''^^® ^n^P^ies
can never be done by akWoff lu "^ *? ^^°P* ^^ 5 ^ut this
the trade is to be mut^uaUy benefoin T'^T'^^ restrictions. If
ciprocity in commerciaSS^^^^ "'* ^"^^ ^™P>J ^ -e-
i^et the pleading but delusive doctrLe! of f T^. '"^ condition.
land-let that policy under which wf^ ''^ ^'^^^ «^tain in our
be abandoned, and^let us open our 1T T"T? "P ^"^ Prospered
nations whose hardy laboreCanobfn'w ^'^f/'^^^ «f those
board themselves, an^d H relTes „" sn rit" f "* ' f ^"^"^ ^"^V' ^^d
embarrassment and distress whll ^/^ "^^ P^^^P^^^^ to predict the
upon other nations for ^ of ^Zfr^f/v ^^^"/dependent
time deprived of a market Lou '"f ^^ ^l^^'^nd at the same
to toil for a mere pittafc , and iSf ?S/t '^' -'^ ^' ^^«^P^"«^
pensh m the midst'of agriiult^pSf ' ^'"^""^ " *^^ ^^^^^'
ed fr^ SiX^r^t'lt^^^^^^^^ as gather-
weavers in Europe, includin.Te IT' P'^^f,"^ '^ *h« ^^^^loom
woollen, in all tLir vlSs excZtr/K^'^^i'^?^^
88 per week ; France IsZIIT^ of board-Great Britain,
6s.do.; Austria, 3s do. rSaXs^^^^^^^^^ ^-^ Belgium
Pnces given for adult male labo.fr'pf l^'-T^^^fe are the average
to 80 per cent. less. Here is a nl' ? ? '^°"' ^'^"« ^'"^'^ ^^
But, low as these price? aJe i^i '\'^ ^'"''''^ '^bour in 1840.
in 1841, that the pS SValET ^{.V^P^t to Pariiament
the preceding year. The weaUh of '""V^ *' ^^ P^^ '"'''• fr'>™
m the labour of its citizen! and L "^*''" ?"''«^ principally
be no surer test of natS p'roTneriTv l^'^'T^ *^^"S' *h«^« «a« '
will command. Above aT we n?.""^/^^" *i' P"«^ that labour
tem, because it proTotes To W^ ^'^'/^^^^ P^tective ^J^
country. This, aLrats the ilr'eT W ^^' ^^^^'^^^^ ^^ ^«
tection. The poor man Lll. T^',^^ ''^^"i''«« "'ost pro-
ability to toil-Lsuch a one a prrtrLtlf' ^f1 "'• ^^^^^^^ ^"* ^^^
ruin. ""® * prostration of business is absolute
-nds .ho e/o^i. of J;re..''"'s?:ho^,\VL%S'-J ^^
i'
1
1
^,
t
li
I 'I
nf Ui«*
520
APPENDIX.
1
i i
■ 1
HM
countnr'— 80 thought the patriots and sages of the revolution.
And shall the mere theorists of this day, with their refined closet
dreams, lead us from the paths which our fathers have trod, and
which experience has shown us to be paths of wisdom and prosperity ?
Every feeling of natic lal honour, every dictate of patriotism, everv
interest in the country, cries out against it."
THE NECESSITY OF AN AMERICAN ZOLLVEREIN BE-
COMING APPARENT FOR THE SAFETY OF THE
HOME OR BRITISH POPULATION.
WHAT IS TO BE DONE FOR THE WORKING CLASSES ?
(^From the Annan Observer of ith February.')
Parliament meets to-day, and greut things may depend o:^ its first
Tsroceeding. A change of Ministry is not an improbable event.
The firmness of the Premier and the position of Denmark render
it indeed highly probable. Who are to succeed the present men ?
Lord Derby and Mr. Disraeli ? Great and deserved as their fame
is in wars of words, are they the men for the present emergency ?
Have they a policy—a policy that will at once commend itself to
the masses of half-starved working men in the manufacturing dis-
tricts, now far advanced in their second, and many in their third
year of pauperism and parish relief, with prospects of worse coming
better ? Have they a policy to benefit even the agricultural laborers,
and keep them from flooding out of England and Scotland as they
are doing out of Ireland ? If they have, let them declare it ; if
they have not let them stand aside. In that case they can do good
neither to the indoor workers or the outdoor workers, nor to the
-country at large. They may consider themselves bound in honor,
by pledges given more than six years since, to abstain from follow-
mg their better judgment. If so, let their conscientious scruples
be respected ; but let them make way for men not unhappily pledged
as they are. Surely if such men are rightly sought for they will
be found.
APPENDIX.
™m«"SI "J''''??7''T''''''y- "»■ ™si»m U much tho
fiS of cto c™i S'^f 'I''''''^ °' '5' 'r »f hypothec, abolito
sion of the franchise hnfiWa' ^^'^^^W'so a smaller exten-
l^gVromZ "'"^ P^'P'^^" ^^'^^^'^^^ ^^«*«^d of plausible but
woS:ti^i\Te'srgtrk^^^^^^^^^^^ ^ \«
o^^tLlht^TT^^^^^^
?heonenL*af r^^^^^^^^ and made the law of the land- viz.,
industry And L?- If «t°''f. ^ ^^^^^ ^^ a" kinds of hones
itfandlnirctu^^^^^^^^^^^^
oTrtat^^^tetL^^^^^^
in XtL h.!nS ^ It goes agamst their Confession of Faith
iUould m^ke wLt f. 'tr^f of enlightened selfishness."
agricultural workman 3 rfreetor?^ /nd t 'n f^.f '5' ^'
merrmaTthTnk uch liho ? ' ^^J^"*^-^^ the landlords and far-
not deSlelrX ia J^^^ ""^ ^"^*^*^^ ^'^^' that it is
522
APPENDIX.
I ■
poor operatives, whom they have pitied so much and praised so
much for their noble patience, and consoled so much with hopes of
the good times coming. Coming ! — these have been coming any
time these two years — and yet are they not as far off as they
seemed two years ago ? — nay, farther, for is it not now nothing
but Surat ! Surat ! Surat ! — nothing but the detested Surat ! — and not
enough of that for the operatives to work at and prevent sinking
themselves deeper in debt ?
BUT IS NOT THE FIELD OF THE BRITISH COLONIES
REALLY OPEN BOTH TO MANUFACTURING AND AGRI-
CULTURAL WORKMEN ? If not, where is the obstacle ? The obs-
tacle has always had a fine name ; formerly it was called Protection,
now it is called Free Trade ; but under the former name it was,
and under the present name it is, a stringent monopoly. And it
was to strengthen this monopoly, to extend and entail the divorce-
ment of manufactures from agriculture in the colonies, and to render
more sure and expeditious the transference of land in British from the
territorial classes to the moneyed and manufacturing millionaires, that
the permanent and universal-peace-insuring and the big-loaf-procu-
ring policy of Free Trade was invented, to bring upon the operatives
and the people at large the strong delusion in which they believe,
and under which they, in two senses, lie.
In conclusion for the present, Conservation in JiJngland, to
succeed toplaceand hold it, needs to encourage Conservatism in the
colonies, — needs to encourage the mariage of agriculture with
manufactures there — which can be done only in one way — the way
by which alone such marriaij has anytvhere been consummated —
viz., by protection to manufactures— colonial protection. And that,,
to be effective, must be large.
!
'i f
INDEX.
li f
"■*■•*■ *■"— Seo " BrilMi ^mricar, lUagiui,,.' 234
l.tt.r ZZtmiJ^J'T 1. ""f""""". b"' -" freedom to ih.
eonneetl" 1 ; nZ ' „d 1"?, ' ""* '»""«»"-™e Oolo„l.l
mmed .dbne" "0 aZr., V "T ■"P"'""" 'e'^'nee .nJ deter-
~ I'tterLra^er-poSr .: it ^"'»':— -.
Empire. App. (I) p. 237. " Labouring classes of the
~r.rrs° rj;::,vc;,7pT4 »^ - - ^- vo...
I
'I
1
^
^'i i
''' f
1
1
«24
INDEX.
■AoBiODLTURi our op.e great interest. Denunciation by Mr. Buchanan of the
foreign trade being the only interest legislated for by Kngland, although
the important export trade put together don't exceed 10 per cent, of the
buaineus transacted by a country's money in regulation, Sp. Toronto, 18.
"A LiTiRPOOL MinOHAHT."— Letter to Liverpc^l Standard, (which see), p. 201.
Ahbrioan, An, Zolirerein, the interest of the Empire. Sp. Toronto, 19.
AuBRioAN paper. Home manufactures on the increase. (App. V.) p. 365.
Anitixation — A plea against, — Letter from Mr. Buchanan to Toronto Globe, 25.
"Annin Oft*er»er."— Necessity for an American Zolirerein becoming apparent
for the safety of the home or British population, 520. Principle of the
American Zolirerein, 199.
AsHWOBTH, H. Speech at Manchester in reply to Mr. Gait. (App. V), p. 362.
AasooiATiON for the promotion of Canadian industry — recommends abolition
of duty on tea, coffee, and such other articles as the United States manu-
facturers enjoy duty free, and the gradual reduction on the duties of
general merchandise, which Canada does not produce or manufacture.—
The Globe versug the Canadian Farmer (IV), 130. Geport, (App. IX), p. 483.
Postulates, Ibid, p. 486. Petition, Ibid, p. 487. Proposed alterations in the
present tariff. Ibid, p. 490. Proceedings of Committee, Ibid, p. 493. Inter*
view with Inspector General, Ibid. p. 494.
Atkinson.— Remarks upon African slavery. (App. Ill), p. 269.
Bit of Tunis — Emancipation of slaves, and noble motives for it. (App. Ill),
p. 262.
£raob — Miseries of the English Labouring classes. — Walks among the Poor of
Great Britain, In. Remaiks, 77.
*'Blue Book for the Hustir^t," — Twin subject of— Money and Labour, 193.
Contents of, (App. X), p.
'** BmTisH American Magazine," — Article by "A. A. B." on Reciprociiy Treaty
reviewed. Hon. Mr. Buchanan would settle the Reciprocity difficulty,
p. 234
3oard op Trade, Montreal. Memorial submitted to that body by Ira Gould, Esq.,
on Reciprocity Treaty and Commercial Union with the United States,p. 426.
Boston " Traveller," The greatest mystery of the age, among European Finan-
ciers, is the drain of silver from Europe to Asia, and the disappearance of
gold from France and England — the ultimate consequences have yet
to be realized. (App. X.) p. 503.
BoucHETTB, R. S. M. Revenue derived by Canada from importations from
United States since the establishment of Reciprocity Treaty, p. 416.
Brown, Hon. Gborqb, M.P. — Fatal connection with the Macdonald-Dorion Gov-
ernment, Sp.Toronto, 15. Letter of Mr. Buchanan to Toronto GZofte denying
the accusation of the Globe as to his having Annexation proclivities, 26.
Articles from Hamilton Spectator in reply to his attacks on Mr. Buchanan
in the Globe. See " The Globe versus the Canadian Farmer," 118. Letter
of Mr. Sheppard retaliating upon Mr. Brown for attacks in tLe Globe,
p. 213. Quotation from Junius applied to, 217.
y
i
i
INDEX.
6iu.
BBOWif—Loyalty of the coloured population-NeceagltT f«r .a
rising generation of free coloureS people. VApp Jr^^J.to "'" '"*
BowBiMo, Sir John, LL.D. Case of the Dacca Weaver, [f i a- a
House of Commons. (App. IX.) 466. ^°'''*- Speech ia
BORK., Right Hon. Edmund-Definition of loyalty to the Kinir Th, ai k
veriut the Canadian Farmer, (X), 169. *' ^*' '^^''*«
BocHAKAN Isaac, M.P.-Speech delivered at Toronto o t«*. , •
mentsof the country. 9. Our incapable Oovelent o a pT •";
Policy wanted for Canada, 12. Mr. Brown's flui L ^'^'"^°''^*»
Macdonald-Dorion Government, 16. EngZ Frel Trar^'l ° • '''*'
Empire, 17. Agriculture our one great interest Th« n "'"' '^
18 An American ZoUverein the in^eresttf 7m L^^^^^^^^ J^'.^'
Who and what are they, 21. Letter addressed to Tor nlo gJ' < A ' w
agams Annexation," 26. Introductory remarks explanatory o' his .oir
c^l opinions, 29. The remedy for Britain thfl vL . ^\°! ^^^ P°'»''-
Free Trade Era.-The Colonies'm^st b^red't: 1^^' 'iTrfX:':
Colonies incompatible. In. Remarks, 30. Motto bv " A h.^ , .
our Farmer the best Reciprocity " 42 ThT.\ ^'''^^ '""J'et for
raw materials ofa country. £75 PerJna! '', "^ "PO'ting the
cal career-/«. Remarks m'loo ^'"'^'!"'."P'»'»»"°'^ of ^8 politi.
course of that year Tn -^ oJs'equence C Meet' f pT'^"« ^''''
a complete violation of his prZ^e oV buying^h ap LTir'V'^"
Ibid., 100. Services on the Clergy Reserv s Zstion lof T""^.^'"''
since the rebellion, 110. Views'L RepreZS ;;;%„f::j'^f;°
soiuSr: s;::errn6 "o^ ^v'- ^"--^•^^-^ ^'^^- "-^
muon 01 »avery, 116. On Militia organization, Ibid., lH « Th«
Globe versus the Canadian Farmer," a series of ,irt;ni»- u- u • .
appeared in the Hamilton Spectator fro^the pen ofrU8 " "'''""'
"^^ a RVr'""'"".^^''^^ ?°^°' " '''' ^''''''' °f the brethren." not in realitr
infendT"' l ^ '"i " ''° ^^^^'"'^ ^'*"''«' -^^ profe'ssional po^ ^
ZltT t° ' T'" "' '"'"^ '^ '"'''""« °°« «««««" -f the Province
agamst the other, and creed against creed.-The interests of the CanaZ
fc m r not so dear to Brown as the favour of men of power in Engird -
His late renunciations of political principle too notorious to require pa7-
hcnlar no ice here; but when he grasps the throat of the Pro^ n'e^
material interest, we cannot avoid the death struggle.-England adm tted!
ly had no reference to the Colonies in her leRislation in iflL in "'^r
her tariff; but Mr. Brown insists that Canat2: d hlt'e feXe t:
li:?tb;in;iardb'7'^^^^^^^^
9t./! 5 ^ K^. \ ' '^' ^°* *^' Reciprocity Treaty with the United
S ates described m he words of the then Governor General Lord Elg^ -
His Excellency admits that before the Reciprocity Treaty, the farmer of the
f^mlr. 118." '"* '""''"'" '" "''" "°" ^^^ ^'^ «-- ^'^^ th. CradLl
:S86
INDEX.
■I
I I
ilM
Artiol« H.— Mr. Brown— in his ignorance — at tht> hopeloii ta»k of prorlng
Free Trade to be patriotic. — Mr. Buchanan undorstandi hy Canada the
land of Canada, or otherwise the farmers of Canada. — Miserable subterfuge
of Mr. Brown in crying " Tory" to Mr. fiuohanim, while at the same time
insinuating that be has annexationist disloyalty — the Tories being in all
time past, as they will be in all time to come par excellence the loyalists
of Canada. — The speech of Mr. Ilinck's, when Finance Minister in 1852,
showing that it was admitted that if England bad adopted anothqr
course in 1846, Reciprocity might have been obtained from the United
States as a right, or in other words as a condition of the Free Trade
granted by the Empire to them, 120.
Abtioli hi. — Adam Smith quoted against Qeorge Brown and his friends the
English Free Traders, to shew that they violttto the most sacred rights of
mankind by their stupid dogmas. — Brown shown to be deceiving the peo-
ple in his praising English Free Trade as the father of the Reciprocity
Treaty, though he well knew at the time that the latter was only an im-
provisloned palliation to the circumstances of the Canadian farmer which
prevented the crop of his disloyalty, which English Free Trade must have
necessarily occasioned. — Mr. Hincks agreed with Mr. Buchanan that prac-
tically, he was the best loyalist in Canada, who determined that the farm-
ers of Canada should have nothing to envy in those of the United States.—
The views of Mr. Brown and his English Free Trade coadjutors in favour of
a new country exporting its raw material, and adopting direct taxation,
not only utterly impracticable, but positively farcical. — Yarranton and
more modern authorities quoted.— Self-Government, called Responsible
Government ; including the power to legislate on its own trade, granted
to Canada in 1841, at the Union, long before the Free Trade era, so that
Mr. Brown is untruthful in his as- rtion that Canada got Solf-Qovernment
as a set-off against Free Trade, although this assertion alone is an acknow-
ledgment that English Free Tri.i.o required a set-off. — England's unaltera-
ble determination to centralise all manufactures in the mother country the
cause of the loss of the old Colonies.— In the face of all history
past and present experience, Mr. Brown's idea of the intelligence of his
readers is, that they will believe the contrary, which is tantamount to
taking for granted that they will believe anything whieh he ha;; the hardi-
hood to assert, 123.
A.BTICI.B IV. — The exposure of the selfishness and want of patriotism of the
Free Traders, by Hon. Horace Grcely, than whom no man has greater prac-
tical experience in America. — Mr. Brown is referred to Mr. Qreely the
American, and to Sergeant Byles, the admirable English writer on Social
Science, for evidence that his Free Trade fallacies have been refuted over
and over again. — Prof. Senior (whom Mr. Brown had quoted) shown to
be not in his favour. — The Association for the Promotion of Canadian In-
dustry shown to be patriotic, and to desire the abolition of the Customs
Duties on every article which Canada can grow 'or manufacture the
association having for its double object to enable the labourer in Canada
INUKX.
f>27
•to lire M clitai-ly m the labourer In ths llnllod Htaleii, anil protect him
Hgainut thn undue (lompotlllon of tho tleKradotl labour of Kurope.— Mr.
Hrown naturally a Tyrant if uol u Tory, and ouly by aooldant a Liberal
laT.
"AiTiOLi v.— Mr. nuolianan'i rlew that an American ZolWoreln would not only
Hfloure but aggrandize the Urltiuh Kuiplru, and be of Incalculable beneflt to
the working olasiea In Kngland, Ireland, and Heolland.--To preserve the
Krnpire, Urllaln muit yield tho lelHHh principle of oontrallKaliou of manu-
fuctures.— (Unada niuat not bo viewed ai n third party, but ai a party of
Kngland, with peculiar adva..' vgo« in it» power which are not open to the
mother country, but which are open to tho capital and working claHHOH of
llritain, if they will remove to Canada, which Mr. Buchanan calls lOnglaml
In America.— Uunadft cannot remain connected with Kngland if coerced
and treated at a Oolony, and not allowed to dictate on tho subject of Iti
material inlcreiits an an Independent country.— Tho rca«on why Lord
KIgin found prlcei of Wheal, Barley, Lumber, Ac, 2ft per cent more in the
United Statoa than in Oanada, in that tho United Hlale« liuve a large manu-
facturing population.— There can bu no industrial Independence in Canada
without guch a demand for farm produce aa will make rotation of crops
posaible.— Tho necessity of a Zollvercln arising from tho obvious fact Hut
Canada gets Free Trade from the United .Stales, unless tho same tarliragainit
Kuropo is levied at Quebec and Montreal, an well as at Portland, Boston,
and Sow york.— Mr. Buchanan only desires to help in getting clearly
understood tho position In which Kngland'a precipitate adoption of one-
Bided Free Trade has l.'ft Canada— he considers thai he can do this without
iuspiclon, seeing that it is well known that ho, his tons, and all whom he
could mOuonce, would uphold the Brltbh Governmont, be It right or be It
wrong, 133.
Artiolb VI.— Mr. Buchanan quotea tho authority, upon which Mr. Hrown
ignorantly rollea.— Adam Hmltb, to show tho InHlgnUicanco of foreign
Irado In promoting tho well-being of a people, In comparison with home
trade | the whole exports and impoiia of a country not exceeding together
ton per cent, of Its transactions, allliough those alono are considered worthy
of attenUon by Adam Wmith's protended foUowirs; while the ninety
'per cent, or nine tontba of the country's transactions, (commonly called
tho Home Trade), seemed to bo beneath connlderatlon.— Lord Durham's
exposure of the Mls-Uovernmont, by the British Governmont of Canada, or
more properly absence of practical aovornmont, auch as Mr. Brown now
proposes.— The process within the ten years previous, by which Canada
was raised to that comparatively low position which Lord Durham found
to compare ao unfavourably with the progress and well-being of tiie
United Htates.— Bonjamia Franklin and 0.11. Carey's descriptions of the
desolating eflfecla on tho old Colonies of that British sysUjin, of which Mr.
Brown is now the advocate ? 139.
.^Artioli VIL— The rtiniste.-ial party more committed to Mr. Buchanan's Zoll-
Fereln views than the Opposition, as both the Toronto <ilobt and the Que-
h-.\
628
INDEX.
1 I
$:
I f
bee Mircury, tbo ministerial organs, cume out in favour of Free Trade witb-
the United Hti.tes, since the last session of Parliament.—Ueorge Utown,.
Editor of the Globe, the Canadian Robespierru, extinguishing if be caa
the characters of his opponents when he cannot silence their arguments.—
Qeorge Sheppard, Bditor of the Mercury, tlie strong man and the mainstaj
0** the wealiest ministry, that an organ was ever called on to grind for. —
Hia articlo in the Daily Colofiut, in lb68, under the caption " Mr. Brown,
the Free-Trader, and Ailrocate of ct Taiation, vertu$ Mr. Buchanan
the Protectionist and Advocate of indirect Taxation," 143.
Articlb VIII. — Honest national Economy and true political Reform, (snch as
we had before Brown came to Canada), consists not only in applying the peo-
ple's money for their own benefit, but in securing the largest markets for
the produce of the labour of our own people. — Mr. Buchanan's whole pol-
icy for thirty years has been to benefit the Canadian farmer, and through
him secure the well-being of all other departments of industry. — Lower
Canada a warning ; she exhausted, or, in other words, annually sold her
soil by perpetual cropping of wheat at the instigation of Mr. Brown's friends,
the British Political Economists. — Mr. Brown, lilce his English friends, cares
nothing for the people beyond their votes. He and they, either through the
stupidity or something worse, have been the dishonoured instruments of
establishing principles suitable only for the rich — annuitants or money
mongers — and, which have caused the hopeless degradation of numberless
poor families of the Province, whose only capital is the labour of to-morow,
in preference to which Gold, — the labour of the past, the property of the
rich — has, by the direful operation of the law, been preferrad as ar "irticie
of export; seeing that the amount of the precious mntals exporteu is just
a measure of the labour of the Canadian people which might have been
exported, or to speak more plainly of the loss of employment to our own
people. — The authority of the London Times given for the foregoing.—
Mr. Buchanan remarking simply, that monetary reform would sooner be
carried if people would reflect that the increased value of mony means
cheapening of labour, and the 'ucreased value of labour means a cheapen-
ing of money, 147.
Articlb IX. — Seaman's Progress of Nations, an American work of great value,
is quoted to shew that the episodes of Free Trade, or rather reduced tariff,
into which American blockheads, without experience, like Mr. Brown .nd
the English Free Traders, have periodically driven them — have been the only
or chief cause of misery in the United States.— Seaman's view that Canada
is still worse. — He however when writing did not know that her patrio-
tic legislation of 1858-69 saved Canada. Upon the principles of Mr. Brown
and the Political Economists his taunt would still have stood good against
Canada, with the natural crop of his dlsoyality as the consequence. — A record
from the Hamilton Spectator of 30th July, 1858, of Mr. Buchanan's success-
ful effort to secure legislation, whose object was to keep the money in the
country — to prevent Canada sending off wool, hides, wood, and other raw
materials, for which we got a very small sum of money, and getting back
INDBXJ
529
merit of whinh f«. m. r ^ ''^ "•*"* *""' "'« «"ntitnrtd pay.
'll-tratio„ of the creadfni oxperlence in the uited' 8t.U, of F .« T "i ^
eren when reciprocal, 162. ' "^ *^""' ^"'•*«»
Articlb X.-Mr. IJa.hAnan belhres that fmiirnerg oi ra^r, with f., • .
rena, which is the «ame thing, have bo-n ZwC " H ' 1'"? " "'':
power of Rngland , and he de.pise. the publ icl „ ^fTnln^ u ^^
had ,0 little patriotism as to be their tooU -117^. n!l* 1 ""
With President Lincoln or President Dav^ b" a 1 Oo S ". """r
j..es his .uHirrL:-:^";::^;;;;;;: o;^ -:::::- -r
The rnanure on the land in England costs as much as all the good, ex^ed
from that country, (£.ee McQueen's Statistical Work) -Mr Br!w„ 11 h
Ws character of the British Lion, as being new to him -rOeo sZ'
tlon or the poiHlon and lp>«. ,>b of OmucIii, 169 '
towards them by the mother conn frv a-j v r> . ■■i-;' I'ursuea
1 . . « "'"mer country. — And Mr. Brown threatfins Jhnt nr,fi,
not less to the mother country than to Oanada.-The policy of M • Brawn
Hi toryoft'ta'"' ^^^ ^"''' "'' Canada ^ seTond t.ad!!
History of the happy and promising con.iition of Ireknd's ... Urv L
vlous to its legislative union with England .M ^ P""
ABT.0L8 MI-The thing mi.called Free Trau« in . o^:a„d, carried bv .h«
m.dd e classes, not only without the assistant, u' the rrkinT a J^ h !
in spite of their opposition.-English Free T... on ly fr'edof tl our 'neo
pie ,0 purchase the labour o- . >reiguors, but not free'dom t to se iZ"
labour to foreigners.-As in Ireland, s, in England the mMHi
alien interest, caring nothing for thJ ^.orklng t , '^Any ,t
Crown a farce which has not been preceded.'^and built .ponTe'loyJ^^
whlcli we owe toour owtifamlli.>i wLuu • i , ^ "pon me loyalty
c.d.n. ,„ Mo„.rehl„ T"!" c 'J^J ', 'ZT'.T ? «°'"°»"' •»"-
i%
M: Ul
580
INDEX.
iiillCfl
11: J . II I
by the GMe newspaper to the unfairness towards the Americans of the
new Canadian tariff.— The Chamber of Commerce, at Sheffield, quotes the
Ghbe as its authority for the fact, (which in truth is not a fact), that by
the Canadian tariff ♦he United States are favoured as compared to England.
Canada may well look on Brown as the man with his throat cut would
look upon the perpetrator who could unblushingly stop to apostrophize his
motives.— The Despatch of the Duke if Newcastle, with the Sheffield pro-
test against Canada to continue to have responsible government in regard
to its ta>iff, 167.
Abtiolb XIII.— a statement of the advantages practically experienced under
the German Zollverein.— The organizing of labour, the problem of the
whole future for all who pretend to govern men.— The problem a far
more practically important one ia its solution than the discovery of the
Bolar system, or o\ ♦he circulation of the blood, a knowledge of whi was
not necessary to th«ir providential operation, seeing that happily they
were not liable to be tampered with by Sir Robert Peel, and his equally
inexperienced successors.— To bo charged with disloyalty by a political
incendiary, like Brown, savours of "Satan reprovin? sin."— One feels it
the unkindest cut of all.— One feels himself in the Pame humiliating posi-
tion as one lectured on morality, by a person at present drunk, or who
bad never been sober.— Despatch of Earl Oathcart, Governor General, to
Mr. Gladstone, Colonial Secretary, predicting the ruin of the Canadian
Farmer and the discontent of the Colony as the result of English Free
Trade.— Corroboration by the legislature of Canada.— English Free Trade
only freedom to Foreign farmers to sell their wheat untaxed in the markets
of the highly-tax^d Englisman, but not freedom to the latter to sell his
labour in the market of the same foreigner.— The Colonial connection now
«ndangered by the same supercilious ignorance «>.nd determined adherence
to unpractical as well as unpatriotic theories of Britis' statesmen which
formerly lost the old colonies.- Statement of what is required to prevent
the Canadian farmer bcitig deeply injured.- If this can be achieved, or in
other words, the direful effects of English Free Trade legislation averted,
by an; mode less objectionable than by an American Zollverein, so much
the better, 176.
Buchanan, Isaac.-(Con/intt«<i.)— Defended by Mr. Sheppard in Daily Colonut
against attacks of the Ghht, 144. Article in Globe commenting on his
speech at Toronto. Globe versus the Canadian Farmer, (XI,) 163. Quota-
tion from Blue Book/or the Hustings on the loyalty we owe to our own
families. Ibid, (XII,) 168. Correspondence of the Government of Canada
with the Imp i'ial Government, on the subject of the Canadian Tariff or Ca-
nadian Customs' Act moved for by him in Legislative Assembly, Ibid, 169.
Speech at the dinner given at London to the pioneers of Upper Canada in
December, 1863, p. 186. Early experiences, Sp. London, 186. First per-
son on either side of Atlantic to proclaim that a country's legislation
should have in view its working classes or producers alone, 196. The irre-
concilable difference between the principles of Mr. Buchanan and those of
I
it SI
INDEX.
^31
^he Legislative AsserSbl^ron the o^^^^^^^ "^ " Speaker of
to that office by Ws party n jo? o ''°° °' *'"' Jatter being nominated
the manner in whichTe ^;opo "Jto setUe?; "" ^^'P^-^^ treaty, and
celebration of the anniverLHf th Er„:L tn'f !^' f " ^Peech at
"KHrdng^thebestmodefortheabolitionofsTa^^^^^^^^^^^
tbe ult,mateand best interests of the slaves Virmr'?' ^^
the Monarchical sclieme, 114, (App. II) p 2V V^' "^^' P" 2«2- Viewson
organization in Volunteer Militia Force an^ ^'"^^ «° Present Battalion
generally, He. mUiia Broc,ure,\Z; VI) 36^9 M;'"""*" ^«^«»
up the command of the 13th Battalion Volunteer Mn v"'^? ^'''""
Address ou transmitting his resignation «^ '*' '*"'' P" ^^S.
Jbid, p. 380. Biography ^f birth Idn!! *''°^'' *° Government,
commerce, 429. PioLer o5 the Trade ofn"' '"'^ '"''' """"'"" '"^
dlan Politics thirty years go l' ' Clel r^'""^"''' °' ^'^"'^
Suspension orSpecie payments in 1837 434 T ''"*" '^"""°°. «3.
«ble perseverance, 435. The question „fi f" *^'"'"'* °'"' """^ '"^""i*-
-mployment, 438. The quest o2s of Labour and'S " °' "" """ ""^''P'^'''
solution or the one being the solution of the oth^^^^^^^^^^ one question, the
Policy of 1846, 444. Paper Money 446 J. ?«?' ^ P*«»'« f-reo Trade
property and Labour, 460. Why Free Tr*^„ !fV?. '"^"'""° "'" t° fi«d
a.o ruined England, 454. Rel 1 0'" f TssT «^^^
-ar.s .conclusion, 45,.-....^. o/cS^r ,„11^ ^-;;
*-'ingMr.BrownUourseinpSl^,tH8'"^^^
Free Trade.^^ln. Remarks), 51. Protecting Tr f^""'''/" Sophims of
Bngland. /6«. THe Glole . Ju^M^Sll ' '"-"^-^""'s againsf
difficulty of finding new employmentT^": Je7'',f^''> ^««- Extreme
which will be an event not hss brilliint lid f ^ "'^' *''« «°'"«<"> of
k.d, than the discovery of the ^^^^'Jj^^'ZS?'''"'''' '° "»-
BrsoM Lor.D-Quotation8 applied to the Grit, ur 7' ^ ^' "' ^ ^^•
applied to Mr. Brown, 169. "• ^'"■**- *^- ^•"•''"^ 22. Ditto
Cakada, a practical policy for, Sp. Toronto, 12
— England .nd United SUtes, Relations' between. See Relar
CA«ADUNPA»«B,TH.GtoB..er««the-A series /. *'^'"'"'"-
appeared in the columns of the HamUt^ Zcat"?T ^''°'' "'«'»''"y
the pen of Mr. Buchanan, ng. */'««<'K la January, m4 f.
'; ituiu
532
Tsim,
win .
til •*.
I i *■
I
i
* >
Canning, Rioht Hon. Oaonoi. DtescHption of Political Econom[8tB,Jrft.7e.(7rinrfer,
The Globe veriut the Canadian Farmer, (VIII) 149.
Oabiy C. H., Abaolute necessity of variety of occupations to suit rarieties of
taste, ability, &c. ; Manufactures create capital.— Necessity, for the welfare
of any people, that Manufactures and Agriculture grow together.— Great
waste occasioned by transportation.— Policy, which would make England
the workshop of the world, false for herself and ruinous for those that trust
entirely to her for manufactures.— Countries that hare done so contrasted
wirh those that have been self-dependent and mindful of home industry.
Principles of Social Science, In. Remarks,U. No country can ultimately pros-
per through the degradation or destruction of the industry of any other coun-
try.— The larger the profits of Middlemen, the more wretched the condition of
those upon whom they prey, 82. Effect on Ireland of Free Trade, 83. The
British system has for its object a stoppage of circulation among the Colo-
nists, so as to force the export of raw material to pay for the importation of
manufac ures. Tito injurious effeuta of this policy arc to bo seen, even yet,
in the anxiety of the United States to secure foreign markets for their raw
produce. Ibid. The Globe versus the Canadian Farmer, (VI), 142. Pros-
perity simultaneous with protection and undisturbed state of the currency.
Adversity simultaneous with export of raw material and free importation
of manufactures a- 1 onsequent export of precious metals to pay for these.
Ibid. (IX), \55. Facts regardiug the German Zollverein. iftiV/. (XIII), 176.
Capps, Edward, Price of commodities must be allowed to rise to extent of taxa-
tion, otherwise taxes which must be paid will be jiaid by a deduction
from wages. Currency in a Nutshell. In. Remarks, 102.
CATneABT, Earl.— Despatch to the Right Hon. W. B. Gladstone, Secretary of
State for the Colonies, showing the disastrous effect to be anticipated from
the Free Trade policy of 184G, upon Canada. The Globe versus the Cana-
dian Farmer, (XIH), 177.
Cablylb, Thomas.—" Organizing of Labour" the great proWem fos statesmen
Ibid, (XlII), 176.
Oklkbbation of the Anniversary of the Emwoipatioo at Hamilton, 1869. (Ann
III), p. 267. '^'
Ohalmbbs, Dr.— a lioeral politics forms no guarantee for a liberal political
economy. In. Remarks, 106.
Chambbb of Commerce and Manufactures, «fco., Sheflield. Letter to the Secre-
tary of State for the Colonics, remonstrating against the Canadian tariff
H8 encouraging Canadian Manufactures at the expense of the English
exporting manufacturer, &c. The Globe versus the Canadian tarmer,
(XII), p. 171. Report of Mr. Gait, upon their memorial. (App. V), p. 339.
Ghaubrb of Commerce, Manchester, Speech of Mr. Gait, before, (App. V), p. 364.
Chakbaud.— Short defiaition of " small men." In. Remarks, 30.
CHWiTU, Hon. David, the great ag-Iculturlst ; the Globe at one time his convert
on the principle of true and enlarged Reciprocity. The Globe versus The
Canadian Farmer. (V.) p. 136,
'nife'Orinder.
I rarieties of
r the welfare
ther. — Great
ako England
ise that trust
contrasted
no industry,
isntttely pros-
f other coun-
) condition of
ide, 83. The
Qg the Colo-
rportation of
(n, even yet,
or their raw
142. Pros-
lie currency,
importation
ay for these.
(XIII), 176.
tent of taxa-
a deduction
Secretary of
ipated f'rotn
i« the Cana-
Bta teamen.
1859. (App.
al political
1 tbe Secre-
kdian tariff,
ho English
m tanner,
V), p. 339.
V), p. 354.
his convert
vertui The
INDKX,
58a
true policy for Canada. iiW (X) 169 *'"^' ^^"^' '**• Protection the
«u. me iVays ami llfem, of Payment, p. 273
OoTTo,, .o„.„..d IP n.lM S..«^ ..d i« .„„., .„,„., „^ „
I'ttjTB mo auties levied by the tariff? a _:» l
prevent a foreiirn rannnn„i . ■**"''^ ™*J' ^^ necessary to
case of home cornpetiUon thTf "''*P *° *^' consumer.-In
expenses of freiT IX' '"^"" "'"'' ^"^ '''' """««' •'"'^ «» "^her
tioa pre on s L "addrm^^ ransportation, out of profits, for the competi-
the consurr U left de„ent"t ';r"~'^"""' '"'" ''"™« competition,
.neirr Jr;u,:L;-" ''''.'^"' "^ "°^'^ »-« ^•'^ '•^^ "<=» Canadian
rP..a.» u, paaciDg pf„aucer and consumer near each other
< 'I
M
i' i
584
IKDKX.
■ i
\ti
I
'
-grreat mutual benefft.-Let Canada provide for her agrfc.rturrsts a Borne-
in a d.t.o„ to a foreign market, by encouraging manufLtures Hu cUsI;
Ten ansh? ^-'■"''•-Advantage t. the importer that Canada shouS
mo 1° r ,7 Tu'^"''' P«y-Tlmt nation i3 the richest that cherishes
industry of the foreigner. (App. IV), p. 299.
^""(App°vnr^ri7"°° ^^^°8"«'» «"•"«. ia time of James II. PTorftn
Dd«can, Jonathan. The unwillingness of the public to adopt the scientific
discoveries &c., of contemporaneous philosophers. Tendency of the leeis-
iTaln" ?.''°'"' ''"' "°^ "-''^ Overstone-Through the ,rivilege
granted to the money-power of extorting usury-industry is robbed of ita
just reward, and undue influence accorded to privilege. Peel's fallacy ia
b«B justification of usury, in comparing money to commodities.-His false
assumption that the supply of money would keep pace with the demand
in the face of a law which compels the supply to contract just in proper-
portion as the demand becomes urgent. Bullion, when coined into money
woul'd deorl r!''^ ' oo«»"odity. Peel's Bill compared to a law which
the.^1 T '°.°'"''' ^"' '^"'^ °° '"'"' «''°"^'^ •>« •'^•'^"^^d from
thenceforth, irrespective altogether of the future and growing wants of the
eommnnuy-. law which would only ..mit the quanUty supplied, but not
The Gold ana Silver, in which foreign debts are liquidated, must be alFow-
ed to „«e and fa 1 to the market price-must be viewed as Bullion (as tie
foreigner -'ews it) and not as money. The anomaly of the laborer being
left unbenefitted by the produce of his own industry. Clashing of Z
teachings of Political Economy with true social scfence. Man, as /trustee
•ccounubte to the Creator, for the usufruct of the Earth- this opposes the
Bystem which only considers the consumer irrespective of the producer-
of'reir J"'"'' '"''7 .''' '°"'""'' °' ---P°P"''*tion, when millions
of ^deemable acres are lymg unoccupied and sterile-the contradictory
!i;r- 7"-P^"f"'="'°"' ^h"" ">i">ons are destitute of the commoa
neces ar.es of life-that money is redundant when millions of pockets are
penniless-The science of society deiiies these dogmas. Production and
consumption apart from Ticieus legislation, would undoutedly keep pace
with each other.— /n. Remarks, 91. ' ^ ^
DuBHAM Lord.-Advancement of the United States contrasted with the back,
ward state of things on the Canadian side of the line. The Globe versus
the Canadian Farmer, (VI), 140.
"Economist London." Reply to. Protection by whatever means, at whatever
cost, absolutely necessary for the prosperity of Canada. Letter of Mr
Gamble. In. Remarks, 104. Unpopularity of Eree Trade.-In France the
Liberals make common cause with the Protectionists.-Engli.h paper-
makers complain that the reduced duty U not a fair equivalent for the
I f
Fsts a Bonw^
—All cUsseft
»nt.. — ffetter
nada should
must be the
>t cherishes
tends on the
II. Works.
le scientific
f the tegis*
le f.rivilege
sbbed of its
i fallacy, in-
—His false
he demand,
in propor-
nto money^
law which,
iiniied from
ants of the
id, but not
t currency,
t be alFow-
ion (as the
lorer beinj^
ing of the
I d, trustee^
pposes the
iroducer—
a millions
tradlctory
> common
octets are
ction and
keep pace
the back>
ibe vernu
whatever
ir of Mr.
'ance the
h paper-
it foe thft
INDEX.
585
^iwrsTr: la':: -;;rro ''-'- '- ^ ^'^-^'^ "^°^'*'"'"^ *^-
English Prodncercannot w^k on thrr'; "'' ""' -'^er because the
..od o,ect Of i„dustry^ri\rfi: oTi rs:r\\r '^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Trade, Montreal, 426 ^^' ""°°"*' ^"'"°'"«<^ "^ Board of
--— .»d Import. „f 0..^. ,„ „5,^ „„_ ,^j^^ _ ^^
tared ArllclM, « " '" '°™«° """""I''. «"■ '"«. 18M. M..rf.o.
Fbrrik, Hon. IJam -.f-hnM...- k \ I / lu Mr. uait. (App. V), p. 365.
Fl.to,»» of S.|.o«„._Tra, p.„l„„,„, (1^^. „„ ^^^
t. foreign, fnd.r, IdLCh. "17! "'"^'"l' ■»".. " Prof.r.nc
in money, the only Free Trade we want, p 200
Responside Govlme ^30 '^^^irf^'t' " '°'^'°" ^"^ '««»•
legislation, from 1849 to 18 9. "Lte f c/T "' '''' ""^ ^°«'
Union. 308. Legislature of CanadafUct on Lai T ^f *''" '»«
cil-Seat of Government QuestL 310 Jl^^.'-^fK'^' '''>« Coun-
Municipal Law of Upper Canada ail Educfr'T' «^«*"'-«»».
Canada, 312, Of Lower Canada 3,3 Thfn "''''"" °^ "PP*'
Clergy Reserves Questio ,!!^e'ig ionarTe:uro '","' '"''"^' '^*-
tlementofthe Country, 3,6 Flshe ies !f !h« ^ r^" '""' '"• ^«*-
p»^:,-„,5^ _._ 4 '^'^"^"^8 Of the St. Lawren/.»_P..»_!--!-.
Pe-t.at..ry, 3u, Geological ««rvey.-Observ.tone. o7 Qu.lec'"";:d
J.'
580
INDBJX.
Ill
Iff f
m
Toronto,-Orlmiasl Law,-Oongolidatlon of the Law8, 318. OodiBcaUon
of the Laws of L G.,_Material Progrese of Oanada.-Goographical Position,
319. Welland Canal, 320. Canal Sy8t«m,_Navigation of tlie St. Lawl
rence,321 Canadian Line of Steamships, 322. Western Trade, Radway
Systems, Grand Trunk Railway, 323 D. ! of Canada, 325. Crisis of
1857, 326 Difficulties on Mr. Gait assuming office in 1868. Commercial
Policy of Canada and the Cartier-Macdonald Government, 227. Canadian
Prortectionist Party,_ReadjU8Unent of the I'arifF, 329. Customs' Act of
1859,331. Taxation in Canada, 332. Oo-operationof the French Canadian
majontyf rom Lower Canada in working out Constitutional Government,
836, (App V) p. 307. Report submitting certain remarks and statements
upon the despatch of His Graco the Duke of Newcastle, dated 3rd Aug.,
18J9„and upon the Mom-rial of the Chamber of Commerce, Sheffield. Ibid,
339. Extract from Speed, on introducing New Tariff. Ibid p 343
Speech of Mr. G^lt before the Chamber of Commerce, Manchester, "1862.'
(App. V), p. 364.
Qamblb, J. W.-Reply to lom/on Economist. Protection, by whatever means
at whatever cost, .. olutely necessary for the prosperity of Canada In
Remarks, 104.
GKB.-Enlightened view that the Colonies are ♦- shops, and the mere old
clothes' shops, for the disposal of the surp .j and refuse manufactures of
England; and the Colonists tho mer,, machines for the production of food
for the iron maw of Manchester, Sheffield, &c. The Globe versus the Cana-
dian Ihrmer. (Ill), 124.
"Globk Toronto," Letter addressed to, by Mr. Buchanan, entitled "A Plea
against Annexation," 26.
The, versus tlw Canadian Farmer.-A series of articles which originally
appeared in the columne of the Hamilton Spectator, from the pen of Mr
Buchanan. 118. (-Sree5ucA(m«H. ^saac.)
quoted on the Reciprocity Treaty, m Glob* ^^ the Canadian
Farmer, (III), 123.
quoted on FVee Trade.— 27le Globe versus the Omadian Fctrnxer. riin 124
125, 127. ^ ' *'
, of 1848, quoted in favour of ZoUverein scheme. The Globe vertu* the
Canadian Fanner, (V) 135.
quoted against Mr. Buchanan's scheme of an American Zollverein. IbU.,
Articles commenting on Mr. Buchanan'. Speech at Toronto. The Globe
versus the Canadian Farmer, (XI) 163.
Its articles on the Americans threatening to depart from the Reci-
procity Law, because they were at a disadvantage as compared with
England; and of the English threatening to throw off connection with
Canada, because its Tariff is too favourable to America I 169.
OodiflcaUon
cal Position,
lie St Law-
de, Ruiiway
Orisis of
Commercial
. Canadian
oms' Act of
3h Canadian
fovemment,
1 statements
d 3rd Aug.,
ffield. Ibid,
bid, p. 343.
ester, 186.2.
Ter means,
nada. In.
I mere old
ifactiires of
ion of food,
» the Cana-
« A Plea
originally
pen of Mr.
Canadian
(III) 124,
verttu the
Bin, Ibid.,
The Globe
the Reci-
ired with
itiou with
mujuL
637
r!^l ,^"°"*""*« '"'«^«'i ^« ■» J«tter by Mr. Sheppard to Toronto Leader,
©oviBNMKNT, Our incapable, Sp. Toronto, 10.
TheRe-organization of, the great political necessity. In. Remarks, 32.
G««E.v,Hon Horace.-rAeran:ifQ„..«o„._p,„ph,et on IMour's Political
Eco,u>,ny 459 Direct and indirect taxation, 460. The question stated, 461.
L.m..at.ons 462. Fog dispelled, 463. Exports and imports, 463. The
balance of trade, 464. Trade and labour-first principL, 464. Cheap
Ci« „f P TT^ '''""""' '"'• ^ 8'*^'' «"°^ <^»^ it cause., 467
B .s Pro,.ct,on, 469. Protection and prices, 470. Theory and prac-
tice. 470. Cheapness-real and nominal, 47l. Self-interest-public and
private, 472. The plough and the loom should be neighbours. 472 The
object of Protection 475. The need of Protection, 476. LaLez fairel
oZ ;'h 1 l'^!''«'' °' Labour, 478. Loss of employment not
compensated, 479. Political action indispensable, 479. Mora influence
Wages, 482. Conclusion, 482. (App. IX.), p. 469. On Protection, 127.
Grits -The, who and what are they ? Sp. Toronto 21
(App^III), p. 293. Special Report to the Hon. Howell Cobb, Secretary of
(App vTo^pZ/r""''"" ''^ ''"^^"^'^ '^^ ^^« «-'P-"^^ Trea'ty-
^'\% l-I~''"'"'''l '" '" ^- ^- ^^"°"' ^''^^--^ -Py of Canadian
Tariff, with some remarks thereon. Globe versus the Canadian Farmer, (XII)"
HmcKS, Hon. Francis, C. B._Speech on Reciprocal Free Trade. -Ae Globe
versus the Canadian Farmer, (U), 121, 124.
HoHNKR Francis.-Difficulties, obscurity, and embarrassment, in which Adam
(A;ri):r::r.::;"^°^^^'^--^°"^'^"^-^-^" ^« -^--ood himseif.
How» Hon Joseph, Premier of Nova Scotia.-Letter to the Right Hon. 0. B.
Adderly, M.P., on the relations of England with her Colonies. Doubts the
correctness of the conclusions drawn by Mr. Adderly in his brochure!
H.story Of the Old Thirteen Colonies, 384.-Retention'of th Co nlbT
England a necessity. 386.-Cost of the two American Wars-Lesson t^
be drawn rom the page of history, 387.-Colonies a benefit to Eng and a^
a means of keeping «p a large standing army in thnes of peace Dang^
to the parent stale in seperating her Colonies from her, 388 -Colonies not
„ '•"-■^"°f'"'=««Piro—iSoniiAuiericon Provinces made the
588
\-i.\
M
I j ■
INDEX,
? i|
Danger to be apprehend ^:„^^^^^^^^
the bravery of our Militia SyZZIsITTT' "''''^'^''«^-''-»
national existance 391 -TTnr« k? ] ^*®— F"' better that we had a
ourselves without hefnTnd' I' '""*"' ""** ^« '">°"^«J ^^^''^i
would be better served if :« 2:7"™ ^°'^'""' ^^^-Our interest,
.nnex ourselves to Ihe' ul teT^^l'^" j"^^^^
England than Portuguese and Turk, ''^-^°'°'"«'« treated worse by
"'•818 upon all occasifns^f r ^""''•-"^'■»'«rj^ °f North American Colo-
395.-Misery of : s'ei 'n f '"^ ""' '"'' '''-''" °^ >«'2' ^^
"ent, 398. Earl Rul -? Z'TV''''' *° Responsible Govern!
through the concess oTo Rel K '« "^ "' 1«39-Benefits conferred
Militia, 400.!!novT SCO if Tr'f ^'''"""''"'' 399.-North Amerioan
North Eastern bo nd;;JsU^^^^ '"^"f «;""- ^«''««'^ -d th.
Canadian polity. mlcTlT W **''''• *°3,-Defence of
cope with United S ateTtro p ISe^^'c:; '"^T^^'''^^ «^ ^«-'^-- to
land and Canada at a tTn! t u ™'* between Defences of fing.
equaltoour at present til ?or t 'T" '*' °"'^ "^ P°P"'-^'-
men to preserve the on„n !' '"'/-"^P""'' '° '"« P'''''"^'"^" "^ English-
ZH"",!'^!'" '""'°"'' '" "»"■ "". ■»»». ■'»», P- 88.
11.)"";,°'"' '■"»"■■■»"■.". from C...d.'l. ,858, ,868. (App.
JDNius-Quotation applied to Mr. Brown, 217
"■";! l"""™" ""™'""'-««- H""" «»•■.■. p.»pu... 0.. App. (B,
U«,D. PO,„.-.Tto „„„y p.,., ,„„, ^^ ,^ ^^_^^^^ ^^
u
i f
[
INDEX. 589
•♦LiiMB, Toronto.»-Letter from Mr. Sheppard, addressed to H«a. Geo. Brown :
" The Globe't personalitieH reviewed," 213.
Lmb, Dr. Nassau—Demand of silver in Eastern trade will yet be enormoM.
Drain of SUver to the East. App. (X), 606.
LiioiBT.R, Earl of-Letter to WaUingham giving his opinion of the army
assembled at Tilbury, 1688. (App. VII), p. 409.
List, DR—Rusaia compelled to abandon the policy of Free Trade taught by
Storch, which was ru'ning her industry. With a return to a protective
policy, prosperity returned, 88. Crises in the United States have inva-
nably occurred simultaneously with reduced tnriff and large imports :
prosperity invariably returning with, and continuing simultaneously with.
•^. protective policy. Der International Handel, 89.
'»LiVKRP00L S<«nrford."- Letter from "^ Liverpool Merchant." Monetary Re-
form the viul consideration for holders of commodities and stocks, while
it IS the great means of protection to British labour, 201.
LoMi, John.-" Slavery is a state of war continued, and the bondman has a
right, when he can, to break his chains on the head of his oppressor In
the changes and the chances of the world this opportunity is seldom long
delayed." (App. Ill), p. 263. "
LooAN, Sir W.-Geological Survey of Canada. App. (V), p. 318.
Ltndhurst, Lord, Speech by.-The beneficial effects of the German Zollverein
on domestic industry in Germany, and the loss to the export manufacturer!
of England, 43.
MAOAnLAT,^. James, O.B.-Con8olidation of the Laws of Upper Canada.
-- — , Lord.— England's misgovernment of India, E»ay,, 85. Opinion of
direct taxation. Ibid. (App. VII), p. 409.-Military standing of England in
time of Charles II. History of England, p. 410._De8cription of English
navy at same time. Ibid. 410.
MoOuLLOCH, J. R.-Pallacious argument, the dependence of British manufac
tnres on exports, 62.-Pall«ciou8 argument that displaced labour will
necessarily find other and equally remunerative employment. Principle,
of Political Economy, 68. Errors and deficiencies in the teachings of Dr.
Adam Smith. i6u/. (App. I), p. 242. Quoted by Mr. Greely. "We may
by giving additional freedom to commerce, change the species of labour in
demand, but we cannot letsen its quality." App. (IX), p. 465.
MoQo..N._The manure on the land in England costs as much as all the goods
exported from that country. Statistical Work, 158. Sp. London, 186
" Manoh,8t.r G«arrftan."-The people cannot be trusted to legislate for them-
selves. In. Remarks, 106.
Malthus, T R._Great differences of opinion still exist on some very impor-
tent points of the science of Political Bconomv, PrinnpUt of p»^'.w
Economy. (App. I), p. 243. ' - - ^- ^ - .„.<w
If
540
f I
•II!
I
II
I
!l^ I
INOXX.
Protected, are sickly, 61.
, on exports. Dependence of British. J. H. McCulloeh, 62
MANrr-.n '"""""' "^ ^"'^- ^'°*' ""■'"* '''* ^'"^'''«« ^"•'«"-. (XI), 164.
i:::z:T:r '-''''-' ^^°'" ^-^^^ ^^^^ ^° ^-'^^ ---!:, 30th
MANDFAOTDBBRs—Potition of Bengal, 86.
Mabon, Hugh-Speech at Manchester in reply to Mr. Gait. (App. V). p 364 '
"" GZirr;"'' ^r"'^."^-^" -^-^^ ^^ I^or^ I-ynahurst, asserting that
110 ders of , ocks and commodities disabled by legislation from an. cou-
trol over their own and their families' prospect in life, 206.
Zrf. 'f*\' ^''^^'P^^l-D^Plorable condil.jn of the trade, commerce,
and manufactures of the country, and necessity for relief, 208
dea ff'the'^St^'"'"'- "''=''^'^"' "P''^"''^'°" «^ ^^« °"«'-«- "^ the
^ea of the St. Lawrence Canal. 5;,. Toronto, p. 10. Tribute paid by
Mr. Buchanan to memory of. 5;,. London, 189. ^
r R T.. ^^; ^^>'P-3«^- Letter of Hon. Joseph Howe to Right Hon.
C. B. Adderley, M. P. (App. VII). p. 384.
MlW John Stuart-TA. WecUik of Nations ia many parts obsolete, and in M
imperfect. Principle, of Political Economy, ^pp. I), p 245
"^rd"aftr,'476'"^' ""^^"^"^ "^"^°"*^ ""^'"^"^ '^•>- ^- ^-'^ »«
MoBNivo aronfc/« (London).~The P«form Act has failed to make good the
professions U held out, and by v.uch ft was carried. Since 1832, legisla-
tion has had m view solely the middle classes.-The labouring classes have
been overlooked.-Tbe Reformed House of Commons has dealt effectually
with no question where the interests of the middle class ceased to be co-
extensive with those of the working class.-The predominant influence
having no dtrect interest in th«se, they consequently went to the wall.
2&e Globe versus the Canadian Farmer. (XII), p. 167.
MONA. OHY, A, surrounded by Republican lastitnUong. Fenuimore Cooper. App.
{,11), p. 247. *^*^
INDEX,
Ml
Moor., Thomas.-Lamentlng tb. fate of Ireland, 18*.
Mo»,r Power ver,u. tte Labo.^ po^er. /„. fl.«„,*,, „.
Mox^,^b, Mr. Buchanaa.-.. A hoo. ..rkat for our fa...er th, bast recipro-
""'HatT"""^!"o *° ^''' ^'"■* ^■'"" ''n'^a'J^erting on Report of Hon I T
Hatch, on the Reciprocity T-eaty. App. (HI), 283
NKiiifHa.-01d proverb. (App. X), p. 601.
NbWCASTLB, Duke of TrAnumi»«lr.» t x,
Pahtt of ORDER.-Dedicatlon to the forthcoming, 3.
Patriotic selfiahness of the United States, 33
Pbtitios of Bengal Manufiictuters. 86.
P«Bc.,^Hon. F.-Reciprocity Treaty a measure of pacification. (App. lH),
'";;:i^^:r:i l!^rSt'^ ^^^T ^—^--f novate to
PUN. (Afo4 ei, '""* ^ts exportation, 91. Motto, 96.
542
INDEX.
i
f
>■
i.-
lillL
s
PouTiOiL BooMOMHT In America. Meaning of the term. NoU, 3i,
Pbaotioil Policy for Canada, A. Sp. Tbronto, »1.
PaiKOi Oonsort.— The Britlr'- solditr representative of his oountry'i poww,
freedom, loyally, and > ' ilsatlon. (App. VII), p. 418.
Pbotiotion by whatever mr u./. f whatever cont, absolutely necessary for the
prosperity of Canada. i v > /. M. OambU to London Econ(mUt. In.
Rcvuirkt, 104.
Protbctbd manufaoturei are si'-' ly, 61.
" QuKBKo JMcreury," in favv. c '' Buchanan's Zollver«in scheme. The Olobt
ver»u» the Cunadian Farmtr, (VII), 143.
»' ' iH.0. --Necessity of a double market, 70. Vindications of the system which
views the iabouring class bs the mere instrument of production for the
benefit of the consuming and monied cltiss, 97.
RiLATiONS of Canada with England and United States. Speech of Mr.
Buchanan at Toronto, Dec. 1863, p. 9. Introductory Remarks expUna-
tory of Mr. Buchanan's Political Opinions, p. 29. " The Globe ver»u» the
Ciauulian Farmer'' a series of articles from the pen of Mr. Buchanan, which
originally appeared in the columns of the Hamilton Spectator, 118, Des-
patch from Karl Oathcart to Right Hon. W. B. Gladstone, shewing the
disastrous effects to be anticipated from the Free Trade policy of 1846
upon Canada, 177. Speech of Mr. Buchanan at London, O.W., in Dec,
1863 p. 185. Letter of M. Buchanan to Hon. Geo. Brown, shewing the
terms upon which he offered to vote for him as Speaker of the Legislative
Assembly on the occasion of the latter being nominated to that oflBce
by hfj party, 22<. Canada from 1849 to 1859 by the Hon. A. T. Gait.
(App. V), p. 307.
Report of Hon. A. T. Gait, submitting certain remarks and statements
upon the despatch of the Duke of Newcastle, dated 3rd Aug» , 1859, and
upon the memorial of the Chamber of Commerce, Sheffield. App. (V) p.
339. Speech of Hon. A. T. Gait at Manchester. (App. V), p. 364.
Letter from Hon. J. Howe in reply to Right Hon. 0. B. Adderly, M.P
(App. VII), p. 384.
Report of the Association for the Promotion of Canadian Industry. App
(IX), p. 483.
RiOiPBOciTY Triatt, The.— Sp. Toronto, 18. Special Report of Hon. L T. Hatch,
recommending the abrogation of. (App. VII), p. 416. Speech of the Earl
of Elgin at London, C. W. The Globe versut the Canadian Farmer, (I)
p. 119. The Globe quoted on. Ibid. (Ill), 123. Report of Mr. Taylor,
recommending extension of. (App. Ill), p. 279.
RiciPROOAL and Free Trade. Speech of Mr. Hincks on. 7%e Globe veritu the
Canadian Farmer, (II), 121.
Rboiprooitt with the United SUtes. Memorial submitted by Mr. Ira Gould to
Board of Trade, Montreal, for adoption In favour of. (App. VII), p. 425
INDKX.
548
ROLAH., M«dame._0„ l.bcrty. Sp. Toronto, 22 '
Ro.8.MaIcoI«._Sp«ech at Manchester larcpl, to Mr. Gait. (App V) p 435
"^^rp:;rt7a?:^^^^^^ -™ — «•« . «„,.„,
"8oorT.s.,.^.encaa."_Proapect, of Canadian Ma.ufacturee rApD im ,«,
8.A0„Av., JoH^.-AUdress of the MetropoliUa Trade,' De el. f l^' '" ''
countrj^men, Ac. App (I) 237 '^ *'*""'''''«»"'« ^° »heir fellow-
;[ 'P'°'«''ti°" the true policy for Canada, kid. (X) ,59
X.«rfer,77;r " '''' '"°'''' P^"-'^"'^'"' "Viewed," Letter 'to Toronfs
S««MOND.,-ain,onde de.-Definitfon of Wealth and ln,„n .
Jfc^rfa, 43. '°™«° """"W". 3011. Ja„, 1,59. j,,
.w v.,u. or,„. ,00,. ,„pj,., ^1 °.^:it :r;;°7;;- ;■»
(App. VIII), p. 429. '''"""''''"> '^- 2'°K^*P»'7 of Mr. Buchanan fron,,
S-.H, E. Pe.hine.-Hi« .annal on Political Econo., .Uuded to, Z„.^e«a.„.
'I
i
6U
fili
IK
i;i
INBBX.
Wit
Smth, Dr. Adam.— Home Industry produces National capital. Necessity that
the action and reaction of this capital should, as far as possible, take place
at home and not abroad, in. Remarks, 62, 139. To obstruct the industry of
a people is the violation of one of the most sacred rights of man. The Globe
versus the Canadian Fanner. (Ill), 123.
SmTH, Sir J. C— Bravery of Canadian Militia in defending the soil. Precis of
the Wars m Canada. (App. VII), p, 394, 396, 397.
Smith, Prof. Joldwin.— Only way to m<\ke Canada impregnable is to " fence
her round with the majesty of an independent nation." App. (V), 364.
" Sphotator, flamt/^on."— Celebration, at Hamilton, of Anniversary of Emafl-
cipation of the Slaves. (App. Ill), p. 257. The victory for Protection in
Canada. /6id., p. 2T5. The Canadian Militia organization. Services ren-
dered the Hamilton force by Lieut.-Col. Buchanan. (App. VI), p. 381.
Smollett, Tobias. — Lines on Independence. Worki. (App. Ill), p. 263.
Stanlby, Sir Edward.- State of English Militia in 1588. (App. VII), p. 408.
Statistics of Irish Manufactures. Sophisms of Free T.rde. The Globe versus
the Canadian Farmer. (XI), p. 164.
Spbx m of Mr. Buchanan at Opposition Demonstration at Toronto. 9.
■^— of Lord Lyndhurst on beneficial efifects of German Zollverein in Ger-
many, 43.
— — of Viscount Melbourne ia reply to Lord Lyndhurst, asserting that Ger-
many had a perfect right to protect her home industry in any way she
thought fit, 43.
of Mr. Buchanan in 1846, describing r'eel'a course of that year, and its
consequences. In. Remarks^ 112.
of Earl of Elgin at Loudon, G. W., on Reciprocity Treaty. The Globe
versus the Canadian Farmer, (I), l!9.
.^— of Mr. Hincks on Reciprocal Free Trade. The Globe versus the Canadian
Farmer. (II), p. 121.
— of Mr. Buchanan at the Dinner given, at London, to the Pioneers of
Upper Canada, December, 1863. p. 185.
of Right Hot:. W. Huskisson (which see), p. 20.^.
— of Mr. Scoble at the celebration, at Hamilton, of the Emancipation ot
the Slaves. (App. Ill), p. 260.
—^ of Mr. Buchanan do. do. /Atrf., p, 262.
— — of Right Hon. James Wilson at Hawick, Scotland, previous to leaving
for India. Mutual dependence of Agriculture and Manufactures on c^ch
other. App. (Ill), 273.
— Extract from, of Mr. Gait on introducing the New Tariff, 18S9. (App.
V), p. 343.
..Mu.of Hon. A. T, Qaltbefbre Chamber of Commerce, Manchester. 18G3. CAdd
V), p. 354. » V FP
iiti f
•t. '
INDEX.
545
TARWF.^Deputation from «?hc«5 ,^ '*^^'
T"Mr«0!., ilf„j...j, J;"«7. (App. Ill), p. 27a. « ""
<3TAT.s.~Patnotic selfishness of ^^ d
prospects of the, 34. °'' ''■ ^^^^ent Industrial position and
^'•"'^^^'•-Mi.sion and trial of,.,
"'".ate triumph of Trut^'i^^ "^°°^"'^ «^ ^^^h ; and the nature and
V,Hoa Motto. App.(X),p.400.
Volunteer Organization-Mr R„m
. ^-^-, (App. v:,, p. 3,^-"--'3 Views on our Militia and. Mmtia
'^KSTMINSTEU Jieview " i k
'-'^^, before lea4Tfortdr T. ^^^^"^ ''''^'^'^ ^t Hawick Scot
-nufactures on ea'ch otL"r''\^ "^^^^ /j^^^f-e o^ agric-Uu'rf ^
" " """^^^'- - India, in isH. ^i^;''^^.^ ^^^^^'^'^ of quantity of
KK
546
INDEX.
Yarmouth Tribune, N. S. — Amount of tonnage owned inportfr>.m 1822 to 1862.
(App. VII), p. 409.
Yareantoh, (1677).— Want of policy in England which laid her open to the
taunts of Continental nations. T/ie Globe versus the Canadian Farmer, (III),
124.
Zenophon. — Internal currency of the Greek States. In. Remarks, 96.
Zbcxis of Heraclea — Story of, Applied to Messrs. Brown and Sandfield Mac-
donald, 16.
ZoLLVBRBiN, an American, the interest of the Empire. Sp. Toronto, 19. The Globe
versus the Canadian Farmer, (V), 133.
I , German — Speech by Lord Lyndhnrst on beneficial effects in Ger-
• -any of, 43.
— — The Globe of 1848 quoted on the. The Globe vertus the Canadian
Farmer, (V), 135.
Pacts regarding German — Pri.icijples of Social Science, by C. H.
Carey. Ibid. (XIII), 175.
-Necessity for an American, becoming apparent for the safety of the'
home or British population, p. 197.
I !-,
ERRATA :
On page 152, ia argument of Article IX, seventh line, instead of
" loyalty" read disloyalty.
On page 217, fourteen:, line, instead of " 1837 " read " 1847."
15
822 to 1862.
open to the
armer, (III),
)5.
idfield Mac-
9. The Globe
fects in Ger-
the Canadian
e, by C. H.
safety of the-
ILLUSTRATIONS
Ifl
instead of
1847."
f I
f
it.
NATIONAL UNTHRIFT;
OR,
The Cup of British Prosperity
AS IT UNFORTUNATELY IS.
"Actum est de Republica" ~« The Empire is in Danger."
T;
verity
Danger."
NATIONAL ECONOMY;
OR,
The Cup of British Prosperity
AS IT OUOHT TO BE I
« Res Secundae"— «« The Empire out of Danger."
cc ^Bi'-yyi'^
I
^ ',:-^':
'r-^
i:-t
DESCRIPTION OP THE ILLUSTRATIONS.
r ' ■ •
i< {
The first illustration shows the cup of Britain's prosperity to be a Tantalds'
CUP and the same thing is equally true of the United States and Oinada, except
so far as this is modified by their more patriotic Tariffs. Put into it, what you
will, our prosperity cannot possibly rise above a certain point, at which it
escapei by a waste-pipe. The moment that prosperity rais3s the price of
British labour over the low-fixed price of gold, (about £i the ounce) away goes
the gold, THE CAUSE OF THIS PEOSPBRiTV, as being the cheapest article in the
EXPORT MARKET I and even when not annoyed by an export of gold, on account
of the higher prices of goods— (which is surely bad enough, for it is surely a
most inhuman system under which prosperity is the NEcsssARr mother ob
CAUSE of adversity) Britain encounters the still greater evil of having her
internal and colonial prosperity interfered with by continual drains by Foreign
loans, and by India (India having always been the aRAvs of British Trea-
sure), for which there is no immediate return to the country. It is obvious that
to the extent that Gold goes abroad in payment of goods, the demand for the
Country's labor, and consequently the price thereof, is lessened. And if it
is an injurious thing for the Country's labor that Gold should go abroad in pay-
ment of SOMBTHINS which is, or may be, a comparativs advantage to the mass of
the people, how much worse that it should be given away for nothing, which in
any way benefits British Industry.
But— as is hhown in the second illustration— there should be no waste-pip»
in the cup of Britain's prosperity, and India and Foreign countries should not
have it open to them tc introduce their syphons into ou. national cup, but only
IN THE depositories OP ITS OVERFLOW. To leave it open to them to do as at
present, is to leave it open to Foreign producers to prey upon the nation's vitals.
It is to take our children's bread and to cast it to the dogs. Our gold should
be retained as money, or as a basis or security of money, for the purpose of our own
people ganerally, till it completely iills and overflows our own national cup, and
then, and not till then, should it become available as an exportable commodity,
for MONEY 18 A THING CREATED FOR THE INTERNAL TRADE .'.LONE, and Should
only be so used. This can only be done by the use by us of an emblamatic or
paper money, which will be of no U3« beyond our own country ; and in these
pages various modes of establishing this have been pointed out — one of which
may be better suited to one state of circumstances and another to a different state
of circumstances. T'aera is evidently, however, no necessity to wait till a more
economical system than the present be proposed. The boon of paper money to
the masses, to business, and to Banks, can be attained, and the independence of
the country's prosperity can be attained, even although by our new system no
DiBiBOT gain is vbantihe MADE j i. e., although paper money is not made for the
1
DESCRIPTION OF THE ILLUSTRATIONS.
661
present a legal tender to a greater extent than the mere amount of the .ol.i •
enS::?:g::tr':?t2:::ir:^rr "^•^-"-' ^^ ^'-^^ -
themselves whether it was the inZt o ' Th co „t rLr^'r'^' n° "'
and in establishing a paper circulation to make these t I merh.-^. ^'°'''
Foreign Trade I There was a day in the Province wh'nT uT^' °^ ''''
circulation did not exist. And 'was it 1"^: il e'tit^^^^^^^^^
applying for these to the Legislature, that the result should „nl . .'"°''' '"^
Foreign Trade, or, more properly, to increase th mp tltn ofVor ""rr^
thus BBaoARiNo THE PROVINCE ? So far from this bPinr?. ?, ^'^ ^^^°''
was the result which of all others it was the in ^t of t'he 1''°' ' ''''''' ''
is Clear, then, that though they havebeen the b^s "osl^ f^ l^^^s lit ''
paper circulation the most undoubtedlv safe to the holder LrT' T ^
realized the higher object which it is th^ interest f the P v' a "„"!."'
own interest, they should subserve. They have b en littir,; ' .. J ^' '^'''
Brokers, and they could not possibly have Len anTt "^TJ F^ fvhar"'^
pose then, it may be asked, was the establishment o^Banks and'of a 1 """
lating medium demanded bv the neoDlP ? Tho , T . ^^P^' °""'=""
c,rcu,.«on, couM „„„ b:^:„;zr.«™rJ;°rct::r '"ZTd
been told that the more money, there wonrn „. ^^''^"'^^s. They had
producer) is not al.oweo To snLTs "ZT' '"""''' blessing to the
PB>CES EVEK OP OOMMOOITIES KITTEO Z HZ '"'"""T '' "'"''"^ '''
ExportMerchant,alwayshavingi iJ •3;rere'.'/'^'^ 'v n""'^" °^
for gold near the prce it will f«f., T . exchange his Bank notes
or ot1,er Canadian ex :o::a;ec«t:^^^^^^^^^^ °^ '^"^^^ ^^^« ^-^
vhls price has to be deducted a margin J LTefmL'"?.' ^°^ l'^'^-^ ^-">
markets, besides the freights and oU.^l^Z'^JZ.^^^^^^^^^^^ ''
TUAL INCLINATION TO THE BAREST HAW „*...„ '«'f,n market. rHISPBRPB-
price ho will g,., „„. „ „ ».,.,„„ °' 1 !,"'"'• ""' " *'" '''8''«"
~».„ „„o™,.,„., ,, ,,„ .oX Ce" r.o"renivrjr
foreign market.— rFrom " Bj-ifnin th« n * """seii sending it to the
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ADVERTISEMENrrS.
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(SCrOCWSoM TO BCHOLM ft AMM,)
MANUFACTURERS OF,
AND WHOLMAW AND BETAII, DltALKBS W.
Odj
IT;
NO. 16 ST. PETEE STEl^ET,
AKO
EVANS' COURT. ST. PAUL STREET,
Constantly on hand . large assortment of Boots and Shoes of e.ery
^escnphon and qu: lity, for Ladies', Gentlemen's and Children's Wear
ALSO,
Rubbers and every variety of Overshoes.
IE. F. AMES.
R. MILLARD.
S. J. SCOTT.
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-S)
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1.4
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Photographic
Sciences
Corporation
23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. 14583
(716) 872-4503
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6^
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■jlddress
iiiWi i. il
CORNER OP ST. PETER & LEMOINE STREETS,,
^9
A proper regard to the industry of the country has made Montreal pre-eminently the
cheapest markot in the world for
i00t5, ^\m$, ani |
HEAD QUARTERS FOR THE ABOVE ARTICIiES AT
BEOWN & OHILDS,
COKNBE ST. PETER AND LEMOINK STREETS.
Their variety of BOOTS AND SHOES is rarely less than
ONE HUNDRED THOUSAND PAIRS.
OP ALL KINDS IN LARGE SUPPLY.
jyin evidence of ability to compete with other countries— see Eecord op Exports,
Orders hy Mail promptly executed — warranted satisfactory
BROWN & OHILDS.
11 .
ESTABLISHED 18 10.
XANC»A0TlfBKa8
or
LINSEED OIL
PAINTS. PDTTr, VARNISH. DO STUFFS, '
Oil Cale, Cement, mm Plaster,
Land Plaster, Super-Phosphate of Lime,
FOB MAKUBB.
IKFORTKBS OV
FOEEIGNDEUGS & CHEMICAIS,
Surgical Instruments, Window Glass, &c.,
SI»J« W ttl. OHM,
tweet. OROUMO AND UNUOUND, PICKIES, S*UCE$. *..«,«»«.
FACTORY: LACHINE CANAL BASIN.
Offices 236 ST. PAUL STREET,
I
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BENSON &ASPDEN
A.
PREPARED
CORM,
FOR
PUDDINGS, BLANC-MANGE, INFANTS' FOOD, ETC.,
AND
S V
Received the PRIZE MEDAL from tbe Ro/al Commissioners at
TKE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, LONDON, 1862,
THE PRIZE HEDAL AT THE INDVSTRIAl EXHIBITION,
Held in Montreal during the visit of H.R.H. the Prince of Wales, and hai
TAKEV FIRST PRIZES wherever shown at the various Provincial and County
Exhibitions held throughout the Province, and is SUPERIOR to anything of
the kind manufactured in the UNITED STATES or GREAT BRITAIN.
THEY MAKE
The Canada Satin Face Starch,
The Canada Sil?erC!loss Starch,
The Canada Satin Glaie Starch,
And Pore Starch, White & Bine.
Works, Eteflslmrgli, C. W,
©IFlFDgl,
298 ST. PAUL STREET .
LAPEICAIN & Co.,
8U00XBS0R8 TO
PEOEGE MATTHEWS,
No. 66 ST. FRAMCCIS XAVIER STREET,
0PP08ITB TM POST OFFICE,
MONTREAL.
ETC.,
rs at
1862,
ION,
ss, and hai
and Gountj
anything of
AIN.
ice Starch,
loss Starcb,
ue Starch,
lite & Blue.
eh, c. w,
STREET .
public to .upport „, encoarag^trZL ' : " *"' '"'""* '' "''^ '"""'^ '
i- procuring eve^r modern Jprot^nt JZm ' ' ""''*"* ""''''' ^""'^'^
»™U.rge8tock. wiU enable them rr . ."^' '"•• *"'""•• '"'«'*'"»'
P.- an. ornament.. r;:tbr;::;r/r^r "'""-^^^ -^^^^^
-Mt reasonable i«m.. * "^'° "' ^^^ '^' «" "»e shortest notice, and on tb«
years,
their friends and the
nor expense
addition totheirpre-
i reasonable terms.
DlPLOHAS,
OBETIFIOATBS,
y4P8,
PlANS OF PBOPHBTT,
COHPORATIOK, RAIIWAY, «N0 OTHER BONDS,
IWSUBAKCBI POLICIEB,
Bills of Exohanob,
Bills of Ladihg,
Chwjom,
Dbafts,
NOTM,
ClEOULAKS,
Bill, Nora asd LnraK
Hkadinos,
Labbls, to., ftc,
ENGRAVED ON STEEL. COPPER, OR STONE,
' '''^"'^ed and Printed in the newest styles.
Monograms, <^o.
Brf
M
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1'
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il ■
flf.
miLiii 4 wi®i
[SUCCESSORS TO NELSON k BUTTERS,]
IK9P@Kiril}.^3Ali!98DV!7!{]®IL18ALl!S>lJ^|.gj$@ll
d
^mtpm mi ^wmm ^mq ^mi%,
PAPER HANeiNOS, CLOCKS, LOOKINfi GLASSES,
ARD
LOOKING GLASS PLATES.
KAMCVAOTUREBa OF
Brooms, Woodenware, and Matches,
19, ST. PETER STREET,
Pntiufartumjst af
Corn Brocms.
CorDDp jii
Painted Pails.
Painted Tnlis.
Wash Boards.
Telegrapb Matclies.
Cam Matclies.
Loolong Glasses.
H. A. NELSON.
impattm of
Fancy Goods.
Wooden Ware.
LooMng Glass Plates.
Clocks and Jet ellery.
Paper Hangings.
Combs and Brnsbes.
Porte Monnaies.
Stationery, Small Wares.
Boon Slorts, Belts & Braces.
Dolls, Toys, &c., &o.
A. S. WOOD,
I I
60 & «2 jDEEN STREET, MONTREAL,
Hollo, W„,, Altan, P.tt.,„, ,„a ptoin. anoolhi,. ]„„ .,.„..
OMt,op of .11 i„tB, Pl.i„ „a Or..»,„ul, „.Jo ,0 „ri„.
I '/^PBEJPMWIIP
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THOMAS PECK & CO.,
WAXUVAOTCBBIM OF
j£ M* O £7 9
CUT NAILS AND NAIL PLATE,
SHIP AND RAILWAY
SPIKES,
397 ST. P.A.UI, STREET,
MOH^J^SiSlB;^
CITY
mil mB BPMi wmw
CANAL BASIN, (South Side,)
OrnCE ST. PAUL STREET,
J. T. BIGELOW,
MASDMOTUHIB Or
PRESSED SPIKES & CUT NAILS,
OP EVERY DESCRIPTION.
PRESSED Mils, SBARP & FIAT POINTS,
CLINCH NAILS, Light or Heavy,
TBONK AND CLOOT NAILS,
FlIVfSHiNG IVAILS.
Coopers , Roofing and Slate Nail, Patent Brads, Cut Tacks, Iron Sho^
BUls, Tobacco Box, and Flour Barrel Nails, Zinc, Copper, and
Brass Sprigs, and Copper and Zinc Finishing Nails. '
Jt:::a'r ^''' ^"'^"^••' ^^ ^'-^' -^ -pp^^^ to t.e »... .t iow„t
^•iU, Tacks, Ac. made according to sample if required.
MW
p..
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EAGLE FOUNDEY.
iiiiiE iiUiij
d
8Jto 20 King and Queen Streets, near Canal Basin,
MONTREAL,
MANUFACTCHHl OF AI L KIHDO OF
STEAM ENGINES,
BOILEE WOKK, LIGHT AND HEAVY F0E6INGS,
Machine & Architectural Castings in Brass or Iron.
ALSO,
St«am Pumps, Hand Pumps of various patterns, Hoisting Macliincg, Bark
Mills, Jack Screws, Purchase Blocks, Power Presses, Ac, 4c.
J-.vV
ORDERS PROMPTLY EXECUTED,
I ! Jjiii:
RY.
I
9
al Basin,
I
[NGS,
or Iron.
MONTBEAL LEAD, COPPER, AND BBASS WOES.
CHARLES GARTH,
CAS FITTER, STEAM FITTER
COPPERSMITH AND BRASS FOUNDER, '
AoJ M«n»f.olurer of .11 dracripUon, of work for
Water am Gas forte, Blstfflerles m Breweries, Siiiar Reflaerles,
Mt flenses, Bpieers, k, k.
AUO,
MAKES AND FITS UP
""pZursLTJ?' ""? ''"""° "°* ^*^^ " ^^ Gold's LOTT
I resflure Steam Apparatus, together with all kin, ,■ ,. ApDarafus
for Pablic and Prirate Buildings, Oonserra • . ZJ
Vineries, Manufactoriftt,, it
Work,
Gas Fittings, Plumbers' and Enginee..
Wrought Iron Pipe ancTFIttingtt,
Together with a large assortment o^ Gcod, in the above line always on hand
:hines, Bark
Ac.
JTED,
C)rdeTs froiri the oouurubry imzU -receive
strici attenUon.
OFFICE, WORKSHOP mND FOUMORY,
NOS. lAO Sl 14-2 CRAIQ STREET,
'I [
k
■m\
A. RAMSAY,
LMPORTIR AMD DIALIR I.N
WINDOW GLASS,
PUTT¥, VARNISHES, BRUSHES, M.,
WHOLESALE AND RETAIL.
Nos. 21, 23, & 25 RECOLLET STREET,
AQENT FOR
Hainemaun & Negbaur's Colors.
IS^
,fte..
!T,
iors.
CEO. W. REED,
Bmn 4 iiiTJii B§mm
AlTD DMALaR ,K
SLATE, MANTELS, TABLE TOPS,
NO. 143 CRAIQ STREET,
Sink., 4o. Slatlngln ii iuVr'athll f^^ir' f"'"^' F'"''' ""^''"'' T»We To?..
K la >u lu nranoheg faithfuhj and promptly executed.
OZn ROOFS REPAIRED.
^^Order« from abroad respectfully solicited.^
MONTREAL LAST rACTORY.
No. 86 ANN STREET, GRIFFINTOWN,
ootrouoTBn ar s. s. ball.
MAirUVACTUBBRg OF JKVUIT 8TVLB or
luh, |oot®rees, Crimps, Stn%rs, anb Cleaners.
A FULL SUPPLY OP THE AlOyi OOHSTAireiY ON HATO.
Orders .ddreaeed to G. W. R=:„, * Co.. will „.eet with prompt attenUo.
spoKKs km jaiiiBs
on HAND AND MANUPACTURtD TO ORDER.
■1
i
li
1!^
U
%
xaB SUBSCRIBKRIs OFFER FOR SALE OF THEIK OWN MANUFACTURE
SOAPS, OiiiLES & ilLS.
JOHN MATHEWSON & SON,
f team f 0ap, iawdlt m& #it WovH
IMfiVRfyCWII ANA railRaS fiTBUBTS MawrBKlf.
LNUFACTUBE
OILS.
I. i. HEJI^LE,
ittnnsv, &(.,
60 & 82 ST.
STfiJEIT
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Mcdonald brothers & Co.,
AND MANUFACTURERS,
^TOBACCO WOEKS, 20 WATER STREET.
=>4-^
Messrs. FORESTER, MOIR & Co.,
17 ST. HELEN STREET,
Are Acento for the aale In Canada, of all oar Tobaccos.
We manufacture the following WELL KNOWN
and FAVORITE BRANDS :
Lion, 5's & lO's.
Henrico,
12'B.
Crown, 5's
& lO's.
Britinnia,
4'8.
Union,
lO's.
Boyal Arms,
4'B.
Diamond,
12's.
Victoria,
4's.
Anderson,
12'B.
Forget-me-not,
4's.
Huberton,
12's.
&o. &c.
m MMi
t of Leaf
ToMcco constanfly ii Stocl
Shippers and other large buyers can purchase from us with unusual
advantage, our Tobaccos being made to keep in any climate.
>S9.
fcCo.,
mn
STREET.
Ho.,
Tobaccos.
KNOWN
12'b.
4'b.
4's.
4's.
4'8.
c.
r i stocl
with unasaal
climate.
JAMES McOTDER,
COMMISSIOil HfiRCHAJVT,
IMPORTER, MANUFACTURER,
AND WHOLESALE DEALER IN
mf mi 9mn(Mint$i i0lr«««s,
CIGARS, &c.,
SV. HEJLEIsr STREET,
1
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WEST BROTHEKS,
JOBBKBS IH BVBBY DBSCRIFTION Ut'
PLUG AND CUT TOBACCOS, CIGARS,
&c., &c.
Office and Warehouse, No. 6, St. John Street,
Faotobt, Nos. 66 ft 67 Commissiombr Stbut
ISE
GARS,
Street,
MOmTRKAL TYPE FOUNDRY,
ESTABLISHED 183
6
■♦♦-♦-♦<
C. T. PALSiflAVE,
PROPRIETOR,
ST. HELEN STREET, COLBORNE STREET,
TORONTO.
MONTKSAL,
AXD
MANUFACTURES EVERY DESCRIPTION OF
S^XFJB.
I
CAST OF HABB METAL OP SDPmOB QUALITY,
And esteemed in Canada for Durability and Justification.
SCOTCH AND FRENCH FACES,
OP THE LATEST STYLES.
Mr. Palboravb acts as Agent for all Foundries in the United States, and
constantly has on hand
HOE'S, RUGGLES', AND GORDON'S PRESSES,
FIRST CLASS SUCK AND COLORED PRINTING INKS,
AND EVERYTHING NECESSARY FOR A PRIKTINO OFFICE.
b
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THC LATEdt
IMPROVEMENT
SE^W^IISTG MA^CHIISrES.
_* ©
£ ti at> S) o'w .
^^5*0^2 -
R ca ^ I. w •
*e o m o C"* »
0) oi S s' t- >
«> » S s » S
5llfs.S8
» * s L- «■'
a * ^ 1 3 g
"BEERY'S PATENT LOOP CHECK."
<w fh^H)!*"'*""" '"'?'' most i-Pspeotfully to inform his customcre and the public cenerally.
that tho arrangements pending the granting of Letters I'atent, are now coniplete,
iirI",*^U^'?'^ purchagcrg who have kindly waitwi, and also those who haTo purphased Sewiur
witSadd" Uon™ cbSe '** ^ "'"'"''' '"'° """^ '"'^* "''' ^*''®"*' *'"''•' ™Provement
„i?JL*'!" improvement the only objectionable features in'the Hook JU chink, (the pad oh
nnuBH) ABK DISPENSED WITH, thereby making tha Hook inflnttoly superior to the
Shuttle for any purpose. Call and See. "u<wiy Bupinor w mo
W. BERRY, Eneineer.
ES.
I
o
a
•a •
£E
s|
« a a
a « a>
las
^.-3 «
"S'CS
s si*
I
9^ H GU ® OT? .
ff OJ " *. w .
2sfea| a
tj fO ^ w C »
9 X i; IT 3,2 "o
3 O.S
ic generally,
to.
lased Sewiiiff
mprovement
THE PAD OR
Brior to the
neer.
£1)0.,
AND
WlfllESAlE mTIONBBS,
196 ST. PAUL STREET
MONTKBAL.
iiiiiT illLLEi,
(Late R. ft A. Uillui.)
BOOK-BINDER,
Importer and Dealer In every description of
Boob, Papers, StatioDory. fall Papers, & Window Slaies,
A8ENT FOR LOVELL'S SERIES OF SCHOOL BOOKS.
COUNTIJ^G-HOUSE REQUISITES.
The subscriber would respectfully call the attcuon of Merchants and othera
to h.s LARGE and WELL-SI;LECTBD STOCK of requisites for the
Counting-Room.
Strict oMenUon ^ven to the finest st yles of
ZetteT (Press Sookhinding.
No. 60 ST. FRANCOIS XAVIER STREET,
I
JOHN LOVELL,
AND
BLANK BOOK MANUFACTURER,
16, 18, 20 and 22 ST. NICHOLAS STREET,
Respectfully directs attention to his Printing and BooKBrNDiNo Establishment.
HAVING A VERY LARGE ASSORTMENT OP
Ac, &c., Ac,
lias* T®®is,
HE 18 ENADLED TO UNDERTAKE
iiii iii jii PiiiTiii,
AND BLAIK BOOK BINDING,
OF EVERY DESCRIPTION.
BOOK WORK.
PAMPHLETS.
PERIODICALS.
BANK FORMS.
RAILWAY FORMS.
LEQAL FORMS.
INSURANCE FORMS.
PROSPECTi;SES.
BILLS OF LADING.
PRICES CURRENT.
CIRCULARS.
FUNERAL LEHERS.
Ac, Ac, &c.
RECEIPTS.
WAY BILLS.
GATALOQl'iES.
CARDS.
HAND BILLS.
POSTING BILLS.
Strict attention civfin +r> nil or/lnrc. ^^a „ii u j. ... _
° ' > ""^ °" ""'^ «"«c at me very Lowest Charges.
order, from the Country will receive Immediate attention.
Montreal, December, 1863.
"1
From the Montreal Gazette nf October 23, 1863.
Mr. LoveU's School Books.
f ! »
We find in the Halifax 3Iorning Journal of October 12th
the short article which we subjoin. Wo arc glad to notice
the statements contained in it. They prove that the labors of
Our enterprising Montreal publisher arc appreciated as they
deserve to be in the Sister Provinces :
" On Thursday last, Mr. McGhath, the intelligent Agent
" of Lovell, the great publisher of Montreal, Canada, aj)-
" peared before the Provincial Teachers' Association, then in
" session at Windsor, for the purpose of explaining the ad-
" vantages possessed by the series of Lovell's School Books
" over those now in use in the Provinces ; which he did in so
" clear, concise, and able a manner, that a vote of thanks to
" him was proposed and passed by the assembled Teachers.
" A Committee has been appointed to prepare a list of school
" books for general use, to be submitted to Rev. Dr. Forrester,
" Superintendent of Education, for approval; to be again
" approved of by the Legislature ; and from a cursory
" examination of Lovell's Series, we hope to see a large portion
" of it officially authorized for general use in the schools of
" our Province. '^
lOVELL'S SERIES OF SCHOOL BOOKS.
far have l,oc„ cro" itiU, "«cS luTl "\ "' " "■"■"• '"' *'•'« "'"
North America. The General Oeosrvnuh^ hZ^ I- throughout lintinh
advanced for youn.; be^hZ^ a neTa 7o1t. 7"'' ^'"'^' considered too far
en«tlod EAS^Y li^^^'om^'i^ '^^^^^^^ been prepared,
intended as mtroductorv to the Gonr^mi Pn ^ ,^^*'^»^i "i- ihia booV 13
acc™pa„,i„."opbio„^';S:ho^.:^fet{4 1'," "Z"™? ^ *°
to «»e, such „o„ w„r.;:x^t :& r Ars;;;: jsf™ "■-'
1. LOVELL'S GENERAL GEOGKAl'lIY, with 61
Colored Map. 118 Boau.in.l Engraving., and «
Tab e o< Clock, of tl.o World. By J. UoorKo
Ilodgiug, LLU, F.U.G.8.
ITbl. B»k I. ..p,cl.lly .d.p„d for. ..d ,„,l„ „f l,„«l...... ,.,..
.«r, (1,11,,,. A«J.,„y,.„| «,l„^, ,„ ,1,, B,„..^ f„„i,^^
2. EASY L1.:SS0N8 IN GENERAL G KOGHAPHY,
with Maps and IllustratlonB; being Intmductory
to Lovell'8 General Geography. Uy j. ooorgo
Hodgins, LL.U., F.R.0.8.
8. National Arithmetic, in Theory and I'ractico, adapt-
jil'^fr'"*' ^'"""'"y- "y ->■ "• Sa«g8tor.
4. Key to National Arithmotio. By the same
6. Elementary Arithmetic, in Uoclmal Currency. By
the Hame. '
6. Key to the Elomenvary Arithmetio By the camo
7. Elementary Trcatiso on Algebra. By J. U San^-
Btor, Kll^., AC. A. *
8. Natural I'hiloHophy, Tart I, Including Statics
HydroBtaticH, &o., &c. By the Bamc.
9. Natural I'hiloflophy, Tart il, being a Ha^.d-Book
of Chemical Phygics; or, the I'hyalcs of Heat
Light, and Electricity. By the 8amo.
10. Student's No» -j Book on Inorganic Chomlstry Bv
the same. '
11. Fimt Lpssodb in Soientlflo AgricuHuro. By J W
Dawson, LL.D.,F.R.S.
13. General I'rinciplcsof Language; or.ThoPhilosophy
of Grammar. By Thomaa Jaflhiy Robertgon.
Esq., M.A.
18. A ComprchenslTe Systiem of Book-Keoplng, by
Single and Double Entry. By Thomas H. John
son, Accountant.
t
14. Lcnnlo'g English Grammar, 1V.II bound.
l« sf!; .. f°- ''"• '""'f bound.
16. St^rtonts Guide to EngllHh Grammar; or, the Way
to Speak an.. Write Grammatically. By f |,o Key.
J. U. Armstrong, MA.
17. English Gramniur made tjisy. By G. O. Va.soy
18. Classical English Spelling Hook. By tho.amo. '
19. Elements of Elocution. By J. Barber, W.lt.CS.
20. Outlines of Chronology. By Mrs. Gordon.
21. British American Reader. By J. D. Borthwiok, Esq
22. The A-B-C SimplKled, and Heading made easy to
the capacity of Little Children. By «. o Vasey.
23. nnnock's Improved Edition of Goldsmif h's History
of England. (Second Canadian Edition.) By
W. C. Taylor, LL.D., T.C.D.
24. An Easy Mode of Teaching the Rudiments cf Latin
Grammar to Beginrers. By Thomas Jaffrey
Robertson, Esq., M.A.
Text Books. :Hnted from nexo Stereotype Plates, and
in good Bindings,
26. First National Book of Lessons.
26. Second do. jo
27. TJiird do. do
28. Fourth do. ao
29. Filth do. do.'
30. French without a Master.
31. French Genders, taught In Six Fables.
In Press, and will shortly be published:
^' '^MnH^h' ^^"^y °^ *"•"'"'»• """^ «f the other
British Provinces, with lllustratloM. By J
George Hodgins, LL.B., F.R.G.8. "
' * .Ti*rtMT./^lfl?TTn_.i»«#
Mr. ROBERT
NOVA
MONTB
• !
JOHN LOVELL.
out
ND.
Publisher,
I *
i
,f IV
ii
'
f; ■
LOVELL'8 SERIES OP SCHOOL BOOKS.
ItctnU
per lopi).
PRICE LIST.
I. LOVELL'S GENERAL GEOGRAPHY, with f.l Colored Maps, 113
boautiful Ki.-iiivings, mid n Tal)!.. of Clocks of the World. By J.
Geoikik IIoihmns, LL.B., F.R.U.S. %i co
rililB b<M>k IH oKpcclally «<lni.tc<l for, niitl worthy of Intro<iuVtioiVrtiVo"eV<Vy 'coMpffV
AcHdoniy. am .Scliool in tlio IIiIUhIi I'rovliiocH. UT I'liruutH ulioufU iiuu tli»
It In lu tlioir C'lilMrou'a IminlH.l
6.
7.
8,
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
1(3.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
2G.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
Easy Lessous in General Geography; with Mnps and Illustrations;
bc'inj; introductory to Lovoll's General Goo<j;rHphy. By the Haiiic 60
National Arithmetic, in Theory .;nd Fraetico, adapted to Decimal Cur-
rency. By J. 11. San(18TKR, Esq., M.A., Q 60
Key to National Arithmetic.* By the same, ..........!. 1 00
Elementary Arithmetic, in Decimal Currency. By tlio mmo].'......''..'. 25
Key to the Elementary Arithmetic. By the sumo Q 66
Elementary Treatise on Algebra. B J. 11. Sanoster, Esq. M.A.'"
Natural Philosophy, Part I, including Statics, Hydrostatics, &c., &o.
By the same _ q 175
Natural Philosophy, Part II, lieinu' a iiand-bwk orChemicarPl'm
or, the Physics of Heat, Light, and Electricity. By the same, ' 75
Student's Note Book on Inorganic Chemistry. By the same, 75
First Lessons in Scientific Agriculture. By J. W. Dawson LL D F R S
General Principles of Language; or. The Philosophy of Grammar. By
llIOMAS JAFyHEY IlOBERTSON, Esq., M.A., 60
A Comprehensive System of Book-Keeping, by Single and Double
Entry. By Thomas 11. .' oiinson. Accountant,
Lennie's English Granamar, full bound, " 25
Do. do. do. halfbound ]!!!!...! 13
Student's Guide to English Grammar; or. The Way to Speak "and
Write Grammatically. By Ihe Rev. J. G. Armstrong M.A. 25
English Grammar made Easy. By G. G. V.iSEY, .....' .' "^O
Classical English Spelling Book. By the f,ann' ...'. 20
Elements of Elocution. By J. Barber, M.R.C.S........ 50
Outlines of Chronology. By Mrs. Gortjon q 30
British American Reader. By J. D. Bortiiwick, Esq.,....!!!!!!!!!!l]li 35
'^^f,,^".''^'^ Simplified, .-.nd Reading made easy to the capacity of I-ittie
Children. By G. G. Vasey,
Pinnock's Improved Edition of Goldsmith's' History orEngland
{Seamd Canmlian Edition.) By W. C. Taylor, LL D T C D
An Easy Modo of Teaching the Rudiments of Latin Grammar "to
Begmnerfc. By Thomas Jaffrey Robertson, Esq., M.A., 20
Text Books, minUdfrom New Stereotype Plates and in good Bindings :
04
75
First Nation
Second ditto
Third d.,' t
Fourth ditto
Fifth ditto
>j<j\ of Lessons,.
ditto
ditto
ditto
ditto
French without a Master .<%.
03
10
20
25
30
25
10
French Genders, taught in Six Fables, !!!"!!!!!!!!!!]!!!
In Press, and will shortly he published :
A School History of Canada, and of theother British Provinces, with Illus-
trations. By J. Geukue lIoDQiNS, LL.li., F.E.G.S.
Montreal, DecenJier, 1863.
JOHN 1.0VELL, Printer and PublUhtr.
BOOKS.
netnil
per l(ipff.
Maps, 113
Id. By J.
$1 CO
, eviTV Collpgo,
nliuuUl avu thai
llustrations;
tuiiic 60
)cciinal Cur-
60
1 00
1 25
65
jq., M.A.
BS, &c., &c.
75
sal Physics;
uc, 75
nine, 75
iON, LL.J)., F.R.S.
ammur. By
50
nd Double
...'.'.'. 25
13
Speak and
^ 25
20
20
50
30
35
ty of Little
04
' England.
r.C.D., 75
rammar to
■A., 20
ood Bindings :
03
10
20
25
30
25
10
vinces, with Ulus-
ri'er and Publuhtr.
LOVELL'S GENERAL GEOGRAPHY.
IIY J. (.KOlKiK IlOlKilNH, LL.II., K.K,<i.8.
CITY OF TOllONTO.
Extraote from Opinion! on Lovell'e General Geography.
I conRidor the plan oxcollonf, tlio mnttor JiullclouHly
gcloctj'd, anil, for n foxt-book, durpritiiiiirly lull and
coniploto.— yiio/M)/* qf Toronto.
I am imprpascd with tlio bollof that it Is calculated to
bo mninciitly iisof\il in the schools of the proviuoo.—
limhop of (Jiiebt'C.
C'cst un i. avail prtfcicux qui fora honneur ft votro
prppse, ot ronura un vrui sorvlco ft I'^ducatiou primairo
do uos onlantH.— /ijsAo^ of Montreal.
J'alpaiconrucot ouvrago aveo un veritable intirfit.
II rcmplit bion bou Viro.—Jihhop of Tloa.
EUo m'a i)ani plpino do connaUAancos varWps, U\\6.
rossniitw, »,t trex utilcw ft lajeuncwc pour lauut-lle olio a
6i6 ta\i<i.- JUnhop qf Ottawa.
I have carpfully porusod it, and liavo no hesitation
in pmnouiicing it a mo^t uceful improvement on tlio
(jeo«rnphio8 now wcd.—/li.ihop of Ontario.
I think Mr. llodcins will be admitted to have exe-
cuted his part witli much Judgment imd ability, and
that the work wiU give gonoral satislaction— t7/iV./ua.
ttce Uobmson.
The system Mr. HodRina Iius adopted is one which, of
allothers, isaKoj-etlicrclHdent, and no doubt condu-
cive to a cleiir. easy, and practical teaching of Cieogra-
pt\y.—,liulgi' Monihlet.
Tho book is ono whicli is worthy of Canada, and
both lis n scientilic prtxluction as well as a work of art
18 deserving of all praise.— Jm/^e Ai/lwin. '
1 am persuaded it will bo found to be extremely
useful, not only toour vouth, but to ourselves, children
01 jariror jn'owtll. — Jiiiffff. Htiiiittf't'
Jc recommnnde avoc plaisir la nouvelle Gi^agrnphie
on laiigue anj?laiso que voua vous propose/ do publior.
—Judge Morin.
If tho kind
lU Imvo liad
As regards ourm-lv ■>, it is the flrnt v
in widch tho nuignilicent colonies of
JUBtico done them.— ./udge McCorU.
It is a vast improvement upon kucIi works as hnvo
horototoro boon fn circulation in tho country.— ^ir }V
E. Loyan.
I think tho work a very Important one as a standard
educational book.— />ea» (^f Montreal.
I'our moi, Jo souhaito voir au pins tot votro conscieD-
cioux travail livrO au VVih\iQ. -Superi<»- of Seminar u of
St. Sutptce. " '
Jo no puis quo vous exprimor ma parfaitc satisfaction
ct yous fiSlicitor pour la publication d'un ouvragn nul
lait autant d'lionneur ft votro presto (lu'il doit procurer
d avaiitagos au my^.-JHrectorofthe Montreal Volhffe.
It is a work of prodigious labor, and of conscientious
etloit at accuracy of statement.— Wrtctor <)/•<*« Chri»-
ttan UrotluTs' Schools in Canada.
The most i)rominent facts seem to have been caro-
tlilly gleaned, with an arraiigonient that appears to bo
very siiniilo nnd \\icU\.—Arclide<icoti Jlelltune.
I sincerely hope that it may meet with general adop-
tion iu schools and piivats tamilies.- ylrcArfeocort Gil-
son.
Wo arc conscious that wo shall be consulting tho b -t
interests ol the schools of the Soclotv bv endeavouriue
to intioduco the book into every part of our chaigp-—.
<"''ieral Sunerinteii,l,nt in Jl. N. A. of the. rolonial'
< hurrh find Schml .•^ociely ; and the ' f-ipertntendint'
for the. iHocesetif Montreal.
I shall bo most happy to recommena it to tho sriiooJ*
in inv auperiiitendency, as well ns to iioads of familio-*,
and liopo it will \». pntrouized as extensively; s& it
deserves.- Vfey. J. 'Jitbert Armntrong.
The style in which it l.as boon got up and the-lhwma*
ot the price, cannot fail toreconmiend it iis aUxtrUioJC
ijr t\- nse of Schools.— y.'eo. Ur. Mathieson
326
i ^ ''
( f r
m ■
1
fcrcl
yeUhJ'st1?e\Vn^n'^'° ''"^?""* "^ information, and
as to nrmw „ , '"^""ff''"'"" aro so natural and easy
Se», Suh^'Lh?.*'''''.?.?""' of tcdiousnesa and dry.
»,„lb"".1''l",*'''''"*'°'Pa*e for this and your otlior school
ai)l>icciation at tlie piolcssion.— 7i!ew. Dr. Wilkes.
aHyi""" ^oofirapliy is, without question, treatlv In
ad ancoot all others t'.at have yot been Dresenterf fir
public use in tliis couutry.-yteyr^ I? A-^p
n ,»■'!'"' V".. It""*'"" '" pronouncing it superior to
Mr Ilod^ins has displayed much ability in his work
tJfV" V'orlc on Goograpljy supplies a want whirh
^rsha.-elong felt and complained ^t-kT^.
book"-ll,':''^';f5r'w,:^^ '" "" '"'''"'''• «"""•"« «'=»'°°'
Such portions as I have paid particular attention fn
appear to me to bo very acJurato.- Hev W^Zgrass
cadi.;;;'!i),r„?s?..x?cr% '" ""' «'^'^"-*- ^^ "j-
com'.^.eTd'a'tir^Xrr^K^*' "■*"* "'^ '"'^''^
able.-C.''^''Si?«'-"^''^'''>"«<>"«re both admir- |
The fairness and impartiality with which the diff«pon+
It seems to mo just what is needed, suited to the
K:i7^";^l*Xr.''''-^ '" •'^ matt^rfor^! a'n'd"
rejn^i::;^„:'^.r{^j^syzr';^n^^,»,j<',{ji
country at largo.-y.'ey. W. S. Darling *° *''°
Whore all is excollent it is difUcuIt fr. n<i.^!»..i» i
bu^ J may state th;,t I consider the „l?oS?.^o7j*^'^^;
d'. .rving ot especial commendation._]]c°I. "^r^Me
^ovell's series op school books. nmi.
B. N. A.
The classiHcation appears to be faultless the rin«.,)
names is very valuable It i>. ). ,i L ? A ' °* Propor
Aorfh Aniencan proviuces.-«<„. %lm Carry '
Vour Geography is all that can be desired and nfw
a fh()rou,^'ll examination, I nm convim'ed tr^ r^
its merits, it will at once be aZntefn., all o,,r ^I'./'T
It i. a m.rvel of cheapness, ad,',; r^b " i pla„'t"d a
line siiccimci of what can bo done hv b n.Vtl!' ' • "
and iibentl publisher. Wo shiiU at onrn ? '/''r )r,sing
in,. <„n- school, as i;.s wai^f 'ims t^ZV^tu-Rev
n ./. ,Mhmck, I'rnicipal qf the Countuof Var!Z[
^in.l'*j.'i"? "'f ^"^^ (geography extant for our Cana
oian scliiK) s. I can eivc no Iw.Hm- n^„„f- i- ^^ana-
a ufx? fZt\^'l^''"'l *" """"^ «* "'""' ♦'"« (if o-,Hphv as
tl.i^k1t":i\.^rrnma?.!,'a"v"e"v°e'j't;5''''-P"^'.'«' ^ «»>«>»"»
sal. chculation in tho schSols^Tf li^^^^^^^ '* "°* "ni^or-
-Aey. ^oA« CV>rrf«"r. "^ J^ritish North America.
*'l^/f:""""« ^°'-'' «"" "« hew to excel lt.-if«,.^.
youtte:; c^'3'"an"d "ott/'^?x;{;r ■• ^»?r"'"
Jlev. Uem-u J'atton ""^ (^oographio8.—
ont'trLr!L"?„^^fd^.rorr'';!;rt-^'L^.'t"*''''^
m,];v?^^'^'y^,r a'lfd'Siiiro^"''''- '»« ». -"'"">«
rouug LaUie.' ih.titute. nl^er tLllXl';:^r' "^
foHH3S-i7?r-^---'-^^^
""provement over anv , tl er b ^k ,J\\- */■"''"'
..H'ainCaimda.-«o».vX WX."' *'" '"'"' ""^
I have never seen one ariaiigod upon a bettor svQtnm
?■ A^X'."'"'"'"'^ "'•'' J"""--'""^'/' illustraled'f^rC'
Its complete desciption of the ISiitish colonies fills a
H irr""^ -""I'l'."'"' ''rr'''"fo,e bv ei luri nL„ o?
Hi itish Geographies; while thestv ei,i wliic litTs „nf
"P. and its lov; piiee, cannot lail to ,ec"n ,\e, .nt?nr
general purposes.-7y^„. A. A. />o-w'^y 7' '
[1864.
B. N. A.
AtKAVAC.
1864.]
lovbll's general geographt.
I by the public, I should
/.f ♦c'";'vo, if not univor.
t British North America.
leld to excel It.— ifey. A.
ontfovorsy the beet yet
II public-will do much
itiiimte of this branch of
tism and loyalty of our
ladn is not only prepar-
tiiat, as in the case ot
Jigh an order of merit.
he use of our Canadian
similar Ueographios.—
Il-timed.— calculated at
youth from improper
chorish national and
qiihart.
asmuch as it contains
o one view an immense
"iKiiig the labors both
rdinary degree— /fei?.
plan and style of the
s.;;ul in the schools for
oadby.
executed, comprising
a vast amount of in-
lent on every other
ed with, and i3 likely
au schools.- y?ew. 2>r.
M impartial Googra-
h, to my knowledge,
Jiorth American con-
rom the public all the
deserves.— 7i'ei;. Dr.
oot the rcqiiiioments
ICO, and will do good
tlio schools ol other
liable national work,
Bokiu our schools.—
;, especially with the
* Lyman.
ftors all the require-
1 the subject— J/rs.
cadcmij, 4 Iiikerman
I have supplied tho
(or conducting? tho
If Lai/, Principal of
tall, Montreal.
tliat r Hlmll be able
iiiliM-ablo aihantago
'riiwipal of Ladies'
real.
advance sheets of
!li I think is a great
K of tho kind now
)Oii a bettor system,
illustrated. — r/ios.
•itish colonies fills a
V cither foreiffn or
e in which it is got
I leconnnonditior
tm, M.J'. P.
327
Not only to the Canadian student will it prove a boon,
but It will be found useful and eutertaininir everv-
yfheTe.— fFol/red .N^elson, M.£>.
It is a work well calculated to attain the end which
you have in view, and will undoubtedly prove invalua-
ble as a text-book in the hands of our Canadian youth.
— ./..fi. Meitleur, M.IX, LL.D., Ex-Superintendmt of
Educatton/or Lower Canada.
I have much pleasure in saying that 1 conceive it
to be compiled with much care and judgment; at the
same time the admirable engravings and maps add
greatly to its value, and make it in my opinion the best
school Geography 1 have ever met with.— y. Stem/
Hunt, M.A., LL.D., JP.Jl.S.
As regards tho manner in which the different sub"
jects liavo been treated, I consider it all that can be
desired.— ^rcAtfco/rf ffall, M.D., L.R.C.S.E.
The editorial department has been carried out with
a talent and perseverance worthy of the highest en-
comiums, and has left nothing to" be desired" As an
educational book of tlie first class, 1 feel confident
that It will supersede any work on the same subject at
present in \xeo.— Charles Smallwood, M.D., LL.D.
I believe that the Geography will prove a boon to
the country, and will liavo a most hajipy effect in train-
ing the youth of the British provinces to right views
t the great extent of their country, and of tho variety
of Its resources, and will largely contribute to the de-
velopment of a national sentiment.- yfteareder Morris
M.P.P. '
I trust that the enterprise and zeal which you have
shown in thus providing a work more particulariv
adapted to the Canadian stand-point, though by no
means confined to it, will meet wi.u the success that it
merits.— Colotiel Wilmot.
Mr. Hodgins and you have, in this volume, made a
verv valuable addition to our series of school books,
and I have no doubt that your enterprise will be appre-
ciated by every friend of education.— iieniamj/i Wwk-
man, M.D.
A moil avis il devra surpasser I'attentetant dans son
ensemble que dans ses details, do ceux qui d^siraient
voir remplir la lacuno qui existait pour la langue aii-
^aiso au moins, dans les livres k I'usage des iJcoles —
Ettenne Parent, Assistant Provincial Secretary East.
.Iv ai admire I'ordre et Tarrangcmcnt des matiAres
conime de leurs lucides et classiqu.ia dispositions, qui
accusent de savaiites rechorches et d'heurousos combi-
naisons.— Jb«c/)ft G. Bartlie.
Je ne hasardo rien, en disant qu'il n'y a pas, en sio-
graphio de volume qui pour un prix aussi modiquo,
oflre la reunion d'un aussi grand uombro de actions
pratiques.—/'. R. La/renaye.
I think your Geography better adapted for schools
than any one I have seen used in the province, and
trust yon may succeed in getting it generally iutro-
ancoa.—Aiuhew Robertson.
The sections relating to the North American pro-
vinces r.ie poculiariy valuable, on account of their fur-
nishiig, in a condensed form, authentic particulars
hitlif rto not to be found in any school Geography —
Alplieus Jodd, Librarian to the Legislative Assembly.
I cannot wish you better success than your excellent
work so nchly merits; and I trust the people of
Canad.:, ••» .oast, will show their appreciation of it bv
Its general adoption. ~/>it«(<ar Ross.
It wius high time wo should have a school Geography
which would give duo prominence to our own and the
Bister colon OS, a« yours ious.— Hon. Thomas D'Arcu
Mvhee, iTi.P.t^.
It is just what I have been hoping to see in Canada
for many years; and I hope its general adoption in the
schools of both sections of the iirovince will renuine-
rote you for your outlay in getting it up.-^o/t« ,S
aanborn. ^ n t- «.
anri ^,.fT„i f '"•' *° \^fy^ry excellent school book.
the ■'a .„, hI"* "^f. "^"'''I \° "»^'«' "' independent as to
rLtZ}^^\-^'"'F^^'^]^f^--"- W'- Wkksteed, Law
Llerk, Legislative Assembly. '
„„hiL?^*' 'raprovement upon the books on the same
r^i GrttfTlc.""^ ^ "'*'* *" *•"' P'-ovince.-.PvX
^rPw^H!'"""^ ^^P' Shortly to supersede most of the Geo-
graphies now in use in British North America.- 7* J
(jibson, First Assistant Master, High School, Montreal.
Such a work has long been needed in this country.—
Professor Htcks, Mc GUI Normal School. """"'■'^•
It is an excellent work, and I have no doubt will
ran„H?''7'*''"f" ?t 'or Geographies in the sohooirot
4*?0/^^'*° '" «"°'*-^- ^'">°^' <^«''« «*
Having looked over the American part of Lovell's
nnJ'f ? Ocographv, I consider it better adapted for
our colonial schools than any Geography now in use.
—John Connor, Principal Niagara Ckmmon School.
I am delighted to find that such a work is in an ad-
yanced state, and, to show my entire approbation of
the work, I shall bo ready on its publication, if autho-
rized by tlie Board ot Council of Blucation, to take at
least 30 copies, thus supplying each boy in the Grammar
School under my charge with a copy.-.ff. N. Phillips,
I nnctpal, Niagara Senior County Grammar School.
I feel sure its use in our schools will be acceptable to
the teachers, and beneficial to the pupils.— JoA>i Simv
son, M.P.P. "^
I have no hesitation in saying that the work must
come into general use in our Schools.— ;rt«/am Tassie,
M.A., Principal of the Gait Grammar School.
The prominence given to oitr own country is a feature
that specially commends it for use in Canatiian schools.
—Kotiis Parmalee, Inspector of Schools in the Eastern
Joionships.
It represents immense labour loyally bestowed, and
high aims patriotically advanced. We must cherish
and appreciate a work which has been so carefully
adapted to our tastes, and suited to our wants.- i^'en-
nmgs Tai lor. Clerk Assistant, Legislative Council.
The whole work is marked by learning, ability, and
taato.—Archiltald Macallum, Principal of the HdmUton
Central School.
I have great pleasure in assuring you that in my hum-
Die judgment, vour General Geography appears to be
BO judicious in its arrangements and order, so lucid in
Its definitions and desoriptions.-combining copious-
ness of information with brevitv uum simplicity, yet
clearne.«s and even elegance of expression,— that I
cannot for a moment doubt that the work in question
will prove of the greatest utility in our schools— if. ,S.
M. Bouchette.
I have no hesitation in saying that I think the work
an excellent one, both in plan, and execution, and well
fitted to supply a iiliice which I have understood to be
void among school books.— TAoMias M. Taylor.
I have much pleasure In stating that I have never
seen a work better adapted for the use of educational
iiititutioiis.— /i/cAarf? Nettle, Superintendent of Fishe-
ries for Lower Canada.
I feel much interested ii appearance, and I
accord to it my nnnuajitied ai Aa\^>.nn.-.T.~.kn Smith
Head Master of the High School, St. John, C. E.
That your General Geography, with maps and illus-
trations, w'lll have the temleiicy to advance the iinpor-
tant objects which it proposes is unquestionable. It
IS intelligent, practical, and higlUy interesting.- r/to».
WorthmgtoH. °
Hi
.1. II
328
I .
i
1
i
f
i
\l.
f /
I
fl'
il N:: 1
lovell's series op school books. [1864.
B. N. A
CITY OF MOSTBKAL.
Extracts from Opimona of the Canadian Press on loveU's General Geography.
n»^?„ ^'^u° "*'•"' * Geography whence our young
fit7n l'iH"''".:!"*'.'"'°.i:.™'=t"l«« "I'f'e country thoy
luo in, and which will assert in the face of the
aRTn<^riMhJ"'■•."*!'^f^"^*'"^*"<"'««^ed in compiling
on a»1l.?th^„\!^'r'' ".'!?.' "^'y," «'''^*t improvement
biiH«„i nl^ i''' ^'-? !"'herto in use in oi5r schools,
but IS as nearly pertoct as is possible in a Geography
lor general uso. -Montreal Gazette. "«"K™puy
a;nlrj^'rrZtC.*2o'l[o^e7^^
riSrz^^/^-ri«yf -^'^ ^^«- ^--^-''-
fr Jm f llo r»^, "" ?•"' ™.P<""ta'>t ,'»'«'-k which has yet issued
This is a very valuable work, which wo warm'v
rml ^^."^ education.- 3Vtte fTiOwss, Mont-
n,m nn.'.fu?-?"*'"""'-' '* G^ographie la plus complete
3onr T l^""' ""^ Jusqu'ici; nous nous permottrons
,.i?o'h ""5'^ ^m""'' !.'"'.* *'' • H"<1gin8, the able and accom-
fv^h-^'^'In •",,**,'"'.''•''"!"''•'"" executed his woTic
Ho ;fl«'m?.ll','"b' ''"* r^"-^ "K I'im a Poor comiiliment.
He 1 as undertaken and dis.!harL'od a duty which wo
tli.nkfew could have achieved with equa^l Iuccom -
British American Journal, Montreal. ""•''-"ss-
This work supplies a want long felt in our schools
f^,rfhrf"T' ?f ^c'JR'-apl'y it "cems to leave no hing
further to be desired.— ^cAo, Montreal. ^
«.,i!]?iV''"'' *''" "^'"^ Keneration in these provinces
should have a geograin.ical text-book for thoniMnlvn™
fi )o"wiM/ f'l',^) ''''■".v"",^ '"";'■•'''* 'i-'xcription compaVi:
«, M, a f J.r>''' C'"'"?' "'"^ '"""^ importance, and
such a text-lmok we have in that now before us -
Canada lemperance Advocate, Mom real.
We have no hesitation in pronouncing it in evprv
vot'sPoV"V/*'"r«™P'.'y '^"- Schools t^mt woS
>et soon. It must come into universal use in CanaVln
and therefore the sooner it is introduced into schools'
the better.-Cflrw«a» Guardian, Toronto.
■rfrLTo'^aifSI'^^d^!'^ -""^ ^^ -0- -n.ple.e.-
and wel engraved, the ty/ography is excellent and
the whole execution of the wort ifighly creditable to
Highly creditable to Canadian enterprise it con.
ains a vast amount of information miitnblo to a
General Geography; while it has no riva in the if?
tailed and accurate knowledge it aifords of to extent
and resources of the BritisTi Americuu provinces -
Canadtan Independent, Toronto. irovmces.—
We consider this Geography far superior, esnociallw
for Canadian schools, in miuy rexpects! to aiiySa?
work heretofore available to the public ntlii"Lu,"tn-
—Canadtan AgncultuHst, Toronto. """nr.
It is correct and most explicit with regard to ovorv
portion 01 the Globe.-y/a»./«on Daily Spectator^ ^
We have careftilly examined the contents, and can
safely recommend it to tlie favorable conSdorat^on of
the public as a very valuable addition to Cauad an
school books.- roro»to Evening Journal. ^'"'"'"*'»
The introductory chapter, on Mathematical, Phvsi-
cal, and I'olitical Geography, is a manual oicoSn
s.mpJicitv, which will at tL outset c^Uslloappola"
tion of tfie thinking toacher.-//ome Journal, t^onto.
Such a work was needed in the Hritish nrovincps
and wo tee proud that wo now Imvo one ov^ry way
namilton. *"" <'«'"'t'-y-t'«««rfa VhristianAdvocZl
[1864. B.N. A
graphy.
auncing it, in every
hools tliat wo have
^rsat use in Canada,
3ducod into schools
Cormito.
J more complete. —
li this work, which
maps are accurate
y is excellent, and
UKlily creditable to
/nited I'reitbyterian
enterprise, it con-
ion suitable to a
10 rival in the de-
brds of the extent
iricuu provinces.—
mporior, especially
'cts, to any similar
Jlicin this country,
or only one dollar.
ith regard to every
ily Spectator.
contents, and can
e consideration of
ition to CauBdiau
mcU.
thcnintical, Physl-
manual oj concise
■nlist the approba-
Journal, Toronto.
British provinces,
e one every way
\ri3tian Advocatu,
ALMANAC.
1864.]
lovell's general geography.
329
The information is derived trom the most approved
sources, and is arranged in a manner so systematic as
to aiford the greatest facility for both teacher and
scholar.— ^ueftec Gazette.
Ce que M. Lovoll vient d'accomplir est un trds grand
effort pour lo Canada.— i/oitnia< de Qtiibec.
It |ig exceedingly well got \i^.— Kingston Daily
British Whig.
In Canada, wo feel angured, it will find its way into
every household.— ATm^rstoJi Daily News.
"Novell's General fieography" is the very thing that
is required for our schools— most ably and correctly got
up, handsomely printed, and, in a national point of
view, it is a boon to the (Muntry.— /Ceroid and Adver-
tiser, Kingston.
It is a valuable contribution to the cause of educa-
tion. — London Daily Free Press.
We trust to see it adopted in our schools, in prefer-
ence to tlioRO generally impoited from the United
States.— Z)aj/y I'rototype, London.
To Canadians this is an invaluable work, as it is the
only Geography that has ever done justice to Canada
and the other British Provinces.- JSe«eyjWe Intelli-
gencer.
One of the most useftil works ever issued from the
Canadian press.— 0«ajoa Gazette.
We rejoice in the appearance of this now and e:::col-
lent compendium of Geography.— Coftourfir Star.
It is the most complete and interesting work of the
kind ever published.- CoftoMrir Sentinel.
We have no hesitation in recommending it to the
fevorablo notice of teachers and friends ot education
generally.- Cofcourjt Sun.
The arrangement of the varied contents, for con-
ciseness, is admirable.— Co)iscrya<tye Messenger Pres-
cott. '
We hope that it may, as soon as practicable, be
adopted uniformly in all our schools. — i/o««nos
Chronicle, Jielleville.
We feel warranted in extending to it the fullest
recommendation. We hope to see this new work at
once introduced into all our Bohoola.—J'eterboi-ouoh
lleview.
We heartily commend the book to those engaged in
education, and hope that the Council of I'ublio In-
struction will authorize it to be used as a text-book in
our public ic\wo\s.— Freeholder, Cornwall.
We can at once pronounce the Geography the most
correct— certainly the best adapted for school use—
we have over seen ; and we hope soon to ;-e3 it on every
school desk in the country.— i'.raminer, J'etert>orough.
We unhesitatingly pronounce it the best for the use
of Canadian schools. We hope to see this work well
patronized.— /"ort Hope Messenger.
We have examined it carefully, and find that it is
superior to any Geography now in uno.— Perth Courier.
Mr. Lovell has conferred upon the people of nritlsh
North America u lasting oblination, by furnishing them
with a Kchool Geography especially adapted to their
local wants.— S/ierOrooA-e Oa-.ette.
From an examination of the work, wo should think
it well adapted as a text-book for schools in (Jnnn.In —
Stanscea<t Jouniul. "'
We consider the Geography one of the best extant;
and hope it may soon supori-ede, in the schools
througbou the I'roynice, the use ol all similar publi-
cations.— iY. ./oAhs A <;mi«. *
Lovell s General Geographv is Canadian wonder.
Jn fact, it is just such a manual as we would «ish to
Introduced into every school in Canada.— Jtichmond
\j.>^,rdian.
Cotte Geographic est destincSe k rendrc nn grand
service & I'^ducation primaire dos ijnfants.- Couner
de St. Ilyacinthe.
Nous esp^rons que M. Lovell recevra, par la vente
de cot utile ouvrage, tout 1 'encouragement uu'il miirite
4 SI juste titro.— t-a2e«e de Sorel.
Cotte Geographic sera d'une giande ntilite dans
toutes les eooles 6iementaires et reiidra I'etude de cctte
science facile ot agrCable. — X'£re Nouoelle, Three
Rivers.
T.^'j?i ^''?''^ '* certainly one of inestimable value.—
Whitby Press.
No other Geo^phy contains such a store of infor-
mation respecting the British North American pos-
Bossions, and none other does equal justice to the ter-
ritorial extent and boundaries of the united provinces
ol Upper and Lower CB.i\&(iA.— Huntingdon Herald.
Altogether we consider this Geography one of the
best extant, and hope it will soon supersede, in the
sch.iols throughout the Province, the use of all similar
\mh\w^i\ou'i.— Advertiser, Waterloo.
Mr. Lovell has done much towards advancing the
educational interests of the country, but we question
whether any of his former efforts equals this one in
imporiance or excellence. Wo sincerely hope this
work will be introduced into all our schools at an early
aa.y.— Eastern Townships Gazette, Granby.
It is full of valuable infonmation, is beautifully
printed, elegantly illustrated, and is well worth the
small price claimed for it,— one dollar.— A^ioi^ara Mail.
It ought to have the patronapre of all the Boards of
iiducalion ; and thousands of adults would receive a
great amount of instruction bv obtaining a copy. As
a book ol reference it is invaluable.— Windsor Herald.
While it by no means neglects the Geographv of tho
other countries of the worid, that of Canada occupies
tho most prominent position.— /'arts Star.
After a careful inspection of this Canadian work, wo
unhesitatingly pronounce it to be a valuable boon con- •
lerred upon the vouth of the BriMsh American Pro-
vinces.— iJrt<«s/i Constitution, Fergus.
Its plan and arrangement are both admirable, and,
while it has the recommendation of br-jvity, it is a full
and complete geographical work. In these respects
as well as in mechanical execution and literarv ability,
it excels all works of tho kind hitherto produced —
Whitby Chronick.
It is the most valuable and comprehensive work of
the kind, for the use of schools, that could be put into
the hands of our students. It must at once become a
standard school hook.— Whitby Watchman.
Mr. Ilodgins has conferred no small boon on tho
youth of tho British American provinces, bv tho pub-
lication of this very excellent school manual of tioogia-
phy. Wo cannot doubt but Lovell's Geography will
speedi y supersede Morse's in all our public scliools.-
Gttelph Herald.
It appears, fVom tho opportunity wo have had of
examining it, to be the result of a great deal of labor
and oxi)enso. We trust the onterpnsing publisher will
receive that cordial support to which tho merit of his
publication entitles \i\m.~Guelph Advertiser.
it is with no small pride wa nnimnnxn t)in <'a/.t tl.«» «
G^oiieral t.eograiihy oftlio World wiliiVliii'r proportion
of its contents devoted to a c;o<cription of ( anada, liaa
been published. It becomes the dutv of those at tho
head of our educational ooncorns— <<iu)erintcndents,
teacbors and trusteos-to encourage this new work.—
Times, Wooilslocb.
380
lovell's series op school books. [1864. b. n. a
i
ti
Th s Is a Canadian work, and Ib published in a stylo
. , ^".^^'^ ')". "" discredit to tlio first nations of tlie
world. -i)i;m/ries liqfcrmer, Gait.
It is really a credit to tlio province. Wo fool sure
tnat our teachers, and others having oliargo of schools,
ypn cause it to be used almost exclusively in tlie eduea-
trounl establishments of the ooantry.—£;veningJoumal,
St. Catherines.
Ilerotofore Canadian children have boon compelled
to study aforeiffii ticography, in which our iioblo coun-
try was not represented- as it is, so minutely and truth-
mil' '" "'"'''' ^''^'''^ as.— York Herald, Richnunul
Mr. Hodgjns' work is tree fVom dwarfing the interests
ot any people, but large attention is given whore most
uccdofi, to Canada and the sister colonies.— ^rgu«,
Chatham. " '
It meets a want which nothing has h;thorto supplied,
and we are convinced that it will work its way into the
SaU:r'77bVii! ^'"•''•'"' °f °"'- '-^-'^-^'^
i.J'j'i' ''! ?.^'^7 b<'aiitif\il and useful Geography, Uist
Issued ai the Tow price of one dollar.— Gra»d\RiVer
bachem, Caledonia,
1,^1° .mav safely predict its being adopted as a text-
Dook in all the schools end colleges througliout the
province.— GaMaiwjae Reporter.
It is the best Geography published, and wo can con-
BCiontioiisly recommend it to the attention of teachers
of schools in Canada.— jJ/a/j^e Leaf, Sandwich.
It is the be.'ft publication of tho kind ever issued.—
Omemee Warder.
We highly commend this Gcographv, being excellent
beyond all competitors.- Ca/zui/a Sentinel.
Not only as an exhibition of Canadian literary pro-
gres.s, but as a beautiful and appropriate sample of
Canadian art, we must congratulate the Publisher on
tr very opportune and praiscwortliv donation to tho
tbjchers of youth in Canada.— ^n«s/i Flag, Brighton.
The explanatory and descriptive matter is of the most
useful and comprehensivo otAor.— Wetland Reporter.
^Drumnwndville.
The present work commends itself at once to the
attention of parents and tvaaUors.— WaterlooChronicte.
The arrangoment ot the maps and matter is admir-
able, ami well calculated to make the study attractive
to tho learner.— 6<. Mary's Argus.
Wo liope t/> 800 this Geography introduced infn »»•■
common schools, and gonera ly^adopted bv rlcl n™
and instructors in tho (fanadas-iiX r^.^g'''™
This excollont book, which is creditable to anv nrinf
ine establishment, is well adapted to tlVe use ot oufcan
adian schools.-J/arMam sJoiumist our Can-
„.^Zt "r.9. /""'.'y convinced that it will prove to bo of
great utility in our schools. It should bo liighh nrizod
by Canadians, not only because it is a Ca aflmn work
but becauso, in addition t„ its giving a satis lactorv
knowledKe of all parts of tho worTd, it gives aXrpoN
, I If is with no ordinary feelings of pleasure wo hail the
5 appearance of this work.— OsAan'a Vindicator.
Wo earnestly recommend its general adoption In our
set ools.— issej; Journal, Saiulwich.
'■ 'l, i\ . ^y^" earnestly trust that no time will bo lost in intro-
K } ducing It into our common schools. No Canadian
fl youth can iiiidprstaiid the geography of his country
;. "'I l*"'t ''aving studied "LovoU's General Geography •'
i ' — Woodstock Sentinel. ' '
•
As a complete Geographv and iVflas, this now work
is superior to any other extant and is jiist what is very
nocossary in our Canadian schools, into which we hope
to sec it at onco introdueed.-y'ertA Standard, St.
> juctii y s.
It is in every respect a most excollont elementary
wo Ik, and admirably adapted for tho use of schools
and wo hope to see it universally adopted as tho school
: Geography of (.aiiftda Bravipttyti Tinuit, ""''"""'
■ I ^If/'^^m "• r it ""«''* ♦" .''°' «'*"' Canada, and is. in
'■- 1 TAiVf ; "»''*™<'o>'. execution and general comeliness, a
i credit to the couutry.-iVor/b/fc Messenger, Simcoe.
nm fMlnL*^"**"'? "'^ "'" ^■'^^ '8 exhibited accuracy
and fa rio.ss; and we nroiiounco it the most valuable
book t int ever issued from a Canadian pro°r-aihon^
Tponlr. *"""■' """ "'■'^ditablo to its pSblisher -S
tl,Tt'"if„» w'!''•**''^''",?*'"''"■''8 "" General Geography
that has been isanod from tho press. Wo bono to sea
It used as atoxt-book iuallourschools.-V^Kyer
It has come in good time, lor there is no school book
more needed than a Canadian Geography. Wo cheer-
fully recommend it to school trustocs.'^and lu.po thov
will immediately take measures to have it in r oducoS
into tho common 8ohools.-yeop/«-« Press, FmlthUl.
It is infinitely bottersuitod to supply tho rcnuiromonta
n o^ki',ul'^'"V7^'' ^'"'".'"'r Amorican publici?iorof
the k nd. Wo have no doubt it will soon bo generally
Branmrd.' "'" °" ^"'''''' «''hools.-/^^w.X^
A much larger space is devoted to Canada than in
Nlw^rket" '^ """" '^''"'■'' ^^^ People.-^ew Era,
Mr. Lovell's endeavors to produce a Geography that
would contain all the information wliich could possibly
I'ictonGa tt^' ^'^ *^"''' ^^"'^ enUroly successful.—
Our magnificent provinces, which in American Geoe-
rapines aro generally passed over as if merolv a spook
on the continont. have lor tho first time received due
prominence.— 7Vtte Banner, Dwndas.
To those engaged in educational pursuits, we com-
mend "Lovell's General Geography."— iVbr^Aem Ad-
vance, Bame. " r j „ .»«-
Wo doubt not Mr. Lovell's exertions will bo duly
appreciated, and thattho work will soon be introduced
into our schools.— iV^a/jaiwe Standard.
The work is one of high excellence, and we trust will
be adopted as a standard in all educational institutions
n our country. It ought to have a place in every house
in Canada.— Car/etort Place Journal.
Tho work is very ably edited and oxcoedingly well
got up.— Spirit of tlie Age, Barrie. '
Wo havo great pleasure in hailing tho appearance of
tlnsuew work.— 7H4,erso«C/j/o«icfe
Its merits are many, and its claims on Canadian pat-
ronago aro imperative.— Huron Signal, Goderich.
It is very neatly and correctly executed, givlna
sufllcunt importance to this portion of Hor Miijesty's
domiiiious. This fbaturo of the work alono should
secure for Lovell's Gougraphy a place in every school
in tho Province.- 5/*am»o«i;»7/(! Advertiser.
A repertory of geographical knowledge wliich gives
due prominence to those countries in which it is iirin-
cinally intended to bo used, without disparagement to
other countries.- Ca»arfia« Post, Beaverton.
1864.
B. N. A
Almanac. 1864.]
LOVELL S GENERAL GEOGRAPHY.
introduced Into onr
[dopted by iinchere
iertin Tele/, aph
ditablo to any print-
o the use ot our Can-
is*.
will prove to bo of
uld 1)0 liiphly prized
in a Canadian work,
iving a satisfactory
i, it Kivesa fairpor-
oloam.—Brantford
oxliibited accuracy
tlio most valuable
lian pross ,— an hon-
its publisher.— Ga/<
jonoral Geography
!. We hope to see
o\a.—Ayr Observer.
•e is no ecliool book
traphy. Wo cheer-
08, and hope they
have it introduced
Pre»a, Fonthill.
y the rcnuiromonts
can publication of
soon be generally
\\oo\a.— Expositor,
9 Canada than in
eople.— A'ew Era,
a Geography that
liich could possibly
aroly successful, —
n American Geog-
if mei'oly a specHc
ime roceivod due
Jursuits, we com-
."—Northern Ad-
ons will bo duly
)on be introduced
and we trust will
tiunal institutions
aco in every liouso
Dxceedingly well
ho appearance of
)n Canadian pat-
^ Coder kh.
ixocutcd, giving
of llor Miijosty's
•k alone, should
3 in every school
tiaer.
idgo which gives
which it is jirin-
isparagcmout to
verton.
881
CITY O*' HALIFAX, M. 8.
Extrf>.cts from Opinions of the Nova Scotia Press on Lovell's General Geography.
This work supplies a 'vant which hns been long and
senonsly felt in all of our J'.itish American schools.
VVe can with perfect confldc.ice recommond this book
to teachers nnd heads of (iimilies throughout tlie.«
^orth American colonics, 8s, without exception, thi,
vervlirstwork of its class vi-liich they can place in their
children's hands ; and we hope that it will immediately
como iuto general yxio.— Acadian Jlecorder, Halifax,
JS. o.
The remark often made that the geographv of other
countries is bettor known by the youth of Nova Scotia
than thiit of their own province, need bo no longer a
fact. We shall be glad to know that the work has
come into general use in the schools of this province.—
Christian Messenger, Halifax, y. S.
Its pinr. and arrangcient are admirable, and in me-
chanical execution and literary ability it excels. Mr.
Lovell, the enterprising publislier of Montreal, de-
serves all praise lor producing a work of so much
value to the youth of Britisli America.- .l/ornina Chro-
ntcle, Halifax, N. S.
Mr. Hodgins, the author, has given to each country
its duo, anil his Jubors are likefv to n^.eet with their
reward.— J/o /-Hi /!(/ Sun, Halifax,' JV. S.
We have received a copy of this valuable publica-
tion. Instcml of anv reoommendation of our own, we
believe the public will be glad to .nee the following
from the Superintendent of Kducation :—
. ^ , "Tuuuo, Anriuat 15, 1861.
"I have examinea Lovell's General Geography with
some cure uml much satistiictioii. Along with li huge
amount of hisloiical, statistical, and scientillc infor-
mation on General Geographv, jiresented in the most
attriiclne form by nn^iius of maps and wood-cut illus-
trutimis, it sei'Uis to me to give a pro|)er relative iio.si-
tioii to the Hrilisli colonies in Korth Ainerieu,— a griev-
ous delect in Morse's and other similar publications.
" Altogether, I have no hcsitati'ii in recommending
It 08 the best te.\t-book on Klemontarv Svsfematic
Geography that has ever uppoarod on tliis continent,
aud 1 hope to see it iu general use in all our schools.
"ALKX. I'OnitKBTKll,
„ , . "Superintendent of Kducation."
— Preabi/ferian jnim.t.t, H'lUfrT, X. ,S.
Wi^ can safely say that it is a work well deserving of
theiiatromigeoriill educational establishments in the
provinces ot Hrili.-h North AnuMica. (Iiir iidvice is—
Uaubh Morse from every school iu these provinces,
and furnish them freely with "Lovell's General Geo-
graphy."— Proyincia/ \Vealeyan, Halifax, N. S.
We And it 'o bo all that oan be desired for the
Elementary Schools iu the Bntish American provinces.
Wo have no hesitation in bespeaking for it the favor-
able attention of school authorities and teachers.—
Jrtbune, Yarmouth, N. S.
From a careflil investigation of its contents, we can
say that the author has been highly successful- in his
endeavors. Every portion of the globe is treated in a
concise manner, uiid the letterpress is so arrongod that
the information desired may be readily got at. We
commend the work especially to the attention of those
engaged in education, as a substitute for the American
Geographies now iu use.— Morning Journal, Halifax.
We nave much pleasure in recommending for the
use of our schools. It is exactly what has been lonir
wanted in the colonies, and we hope that it may bo
introduced immediately into all the schools in the
country.— J5r«<wA Colonist, Halifax, JV. S.
The one before us being of colonial compilation, is
corlainly the more reliable for British North American
colonists as it contains the most extensive and truthful
information respecting these colonies. Wo hope it
will soon bo in use in every school in this province.—
Evening Express, Halifax, N. S.
It seems well adapted to our colonial schools. Dr.
Hellmuth hopes to introduce it into the schools of the
Colonial Church Societv, and it will bo well if it take
the place of the many books of the same character
winch are now in use in our own province.— t%urcA
Uecord, Halifax, N. S.
We have much pleasure in recommending this work
to the notice. of teachers and the public generally. The
w hole appearance of the book is superior to any similar
woik that we have yet seen. None of flic Geographies
hitherto published have given these provinces the
prominence which their growing importance merits,
but iu this work the want is supplied, and on this
account alone, wo liojie to see this Geograph" generally
used throughout the schools.— /iVj;or?er, Halifax, Jf. S.
We have no doulit it will siipply n. useful place in
education, particulariy as a text-book tor elementery
schools.— A'(i«/er»i Chronicle, Pictou, N. S.
We aro happy to ho able to recommend it as a work
which supplies an important desideratum iu our pubUo
schools.— Coto/tio/ atandard.I'ictou, N. S.
332
LOVELLS SERIES OP SCHOOL BOOKS. 1864.] B. N. A.
CITY OF ST. JOHN, N. B,
!| I
I
Hi
f (
Extracts from Opinions of the New Brunswick Press on Lovell's General Geography.
A Y-*^NT SuppLiKD— School teachora, parents, and
ail interested in ediiciitional matters, have folt that a
Oeography, above all other books, was renuired in
the schools. Mr. Lovell has supplied this deticiencv:
the plan o which is excellent, and is adapted to the
youtn ot the Hntish provinces. It is emphatically a
Uritish >orth American Geography, and' connnences
at homo, as it should do, and not on the old principle
otioarning the youth everything about foreign nations,
wiilo they are kept in ignorance of the ciiuntry in
which thov live. We wish to see it in every school, and
hopeit will supersede those now in neo.—Aloming Globe,
at. Jonn, N. B.
An excellent, and we mnst add, indispensable school
book. As a manual of Geography it leaves nothiii^',
as tar as wo can juilgo, to be desired. It will neces-
sarily lead the youthful mind to dwell upon the va-it-
ness of the llntish dominions in North America, and
cause our juvenile friends to consider that "where
torniiorly tho red man and the wild beast roamed, in
our day Christianity and civilization claim their power,
and science follows iu their path."— A'tiw Jirunswicker,
isl. John, K. Ji.
This excellent work supplies a want long felt in tliese
provinces,— a text book which treats of our own coun-
try. Wo trnst it will be univerFally patronized.— AVw
Brunswick liaptist, St. John, N. 11.
This Geography is very carefully and elaborately got
"f?' J^r^'™" *° ^° worthy of the oiicomiums winch
an ot the t-rst rank and position of all creeds and
parties in Canada lavish upon it— Moniing I'Veeman,
at. John, N. li.
This oxce'lont publication complotelv supplies a long
^'^n ."" ''"°''''7-»'"Ti in oiii provincial schools. ,so
well has tho task been executed, both by author and
publisher, that wo recommend it with the greate.st con-
fldence to tho patronage of all our provincial teachers
ana parents. The publication as a whole is so pecu-
liarly adapted for tho u.so of British colonists, that we
earnestly hope it will lajiidly supersede all other Geo-
graphies lu our provincial schools.— C'ourjer, St. John,
This work is put forth by a Canadian publisher, and
will admirably answer the purjiose intended. Jt is a
useful publication, and might vorv well replace the
Geographies got up in tho United States, where undo
ham 8 territory usurps undue space and notice, and
British Aorth America is treated as it were a not nnich
ex|)lorcd. and a little known re-i.m of tho world of
which It is in reality a very fair ami ample portion.—
Jlecul QuWrters, St. John. N. li.
The Provinces receive a fair share of space and de-
tail, whilo other countries receive full justice Tho
work IS one which deserves an extensive circulation;
It IS a colonial iiroductioii; is well printed, mid conies
highly commended by tho .wraiis of Canada. Wo
cheerfully recommend it to the school teiichers of the
province as an exoelleiil substifuto for the (aulty Geo-
graphies now in uso.—Morniny News, St. John, N. li.
Wo arc glad to bo able to inform our readers, and
ospecially the teachers of our Now Brunswick schools,
that wo have at last a (ieography which seems suitable
to our wants. " Uivell's General (ieogrnpny " is, in
our opinion, an exceedingly valuable and suitable con-
tribution to our school literature. VV<! e.\p,>ct soon to
see this tho only Atlas used in our Schools in these
colonies. Wo coniniend it especiallv to tho notice of
all the teachers of schools in ouriirovince. We believe
they will be doing a service to tlie jmpils under their
care, by urging them to Ipv asi(l(> tho Atlases previously
in use, and to iirocuro " Lovoll's General GooKraphv.''
—Albion, St. John, N. li. » i )
We h: o glanced over this work with much satisfac-
tion. !• Ms a want which has long been felt in tho
schools c: those provinces. Wo i>redict for it an ox-
tensive 6ale.—C'A7-»s^io7t Watchman, St. John, J!f. Ji.
564.] B. N. A.
Almanac. 18G4.]
lovell's general geography.
888
jography.
colonists, that we
;<lo all other (joo-
Courier, St. John,
an puWislior, and
ntoiidcd. Jt i.i a
well replace the
ate(!, where iiiicio
I and notice, and
t were a not much
II of the world, of
iiuiplo portion. —
1 of space and do-
fnll justice. 'I'ho
isive circulation;
•inted, nnd conies
of Canada. Wo
ol teiichers of the
ur the (aulty Geo-
'«, .S7. Joh7i, JV. Ji.
our readers, and
runswick schools,
ich seems suitable
eo^'rnpny " is, in
and suitable con-
V'<! e.xpect soon to
Schools in tlieso
' to the notice of
inco. We believe
upils under their
Vtlases previously
eral Geography.''
ith much satisfac-
been felt in the
lict for it an ox-
it. John, iV. li.
CITY Olf C.'IAKLOTTKTOWN, V. K. 1.
Extracts from Opinions of the Prince Edward Island Press on lovell's General Geography.
It is more suitable for our schools than British
■'^co'jraphies, because it gives a fuller description of
" niorica, the quarter of the jjlobe in whicli wo dwell,
nd with whicli we ought tote best acquainted; and
On the other hand it is free from the objection to
American works of ths kind, as thev almost ignore
every part of the world except the United States. Wo
trust, tlien, that the Board of Education will lose no
time in placing it on the list of school books for tliis
island.— yVo^t'staiit, Charlottetown, P. E. I.
It is a work of unnuostionablo merit; and Is a desid-
eratum to all school interests. Our Island Board of
Education will doubtless put it on their list of ap-
proved School Books, and recommend its adoption b"
general island nse.— Examiner, Cliarlottetown, P. E.
It reUccts the highest credit both upon the author and
publisher, and we trust the day is ni.t distant when it
will tind its way into all our public schools and educa-
tional establishments, and be the means of eradicating
those erroneous and pernicious publications by wbicH
the wants of too many of our district schools— for
want of something better— have hitherto been Siip-
plied.— it/oreiYor, P. E. I.
CITY Oir 8T. JOHN, N. F.
Extraols from Opinions of the Newfoundland Press on Lovell's General Geography.
We regard the work as the most excellent of the
Kind that has yet been prod\iced. It is highly credit-
able in every respect to the genius of British America.
—St. Johns Daily Neuv, NewfouniUand.
We commend it to the attention of those of our com-
munity having in charge the education of youth. It
is arranged in a systematic manner, and yet so simple
as to prove iiso.ii ciiicicnt in loading on the minds of
children in a proper study of Geography. Tt has been
adopted in a majority of schools throughoi;r the prov-
inces, and the testimonials published at tiie end of the
■work are of the very highest otAkt.— Public Ledger,
St, Jolms, Newfoundland.
This work is one of the most complete of the kind
that wo havo ever met with, and appears to bo not
only admirably adapted for the use of schools, but very
valuable as a book of general reference on the subject
of which it treats. It is comr/iled with grc>at care, and
the varied matter it embraces" most judiciously arrang-
ed, while the mass of inlbrmation it contains gives it a
completeness which characterizes few. if anv other
\NorkH of a similar class. Altogether the work belbro
us recommends itself to all, and wo consider it should
not only be in every school, but that it would be an
acquisition to every library.— Jtformno Post, St. John*,
Neiqfomdland.
*
I
L.
F
N I- ; I
11
r. i
if
334
lovell's series of school books.
kii^*'offi'rprt''t^lly.: fol-ably never, goon a work „f tho
SJ« n.n.'J'',''" *•'•' grB"""*'"'^'" li«-'reto(orc in gone, al
on Wjiich ±'? " ^'''i"*i"ti"totmatwu upon Smttorn
?^.^ „. 'i ""^* tjeographloH are oitlior silent or incor-
l-cct; ai d wliat sliould particularly commend the book
to popularity in th08o colonio.H, is that in their ro«a?d
it supplies (ho want complained of in ot or simHar
workg-whilo comprisinK'all tho loadiuK geogrH ica^
and other intoroatiiiK loalures of the ol.rer coSutries of
tho globo, it is carcUil to pivo us tho best inl" rmation
upon ovory portion of Hrftish North AmerlcaS^-
fouiuUaiukr, bt. Johns, Newfoundland.
■ This book moots a want which wo have lona roticod
better than any otiier work of tho kind with wh?ch wo
are aciuaintod It treats of these North Xierican
colonies as the homes of tho youth for whose instn?"
tion it is des Kued. Wo hope sliortly to fli d t at tl d^
valuable workls u.ed in ever} school \i Now bundlVnd!
— lelegraph, ISt. Johns, Newfoundland.. """'»""•
^„^.'?yf ''!'?. <i*^N"«'*i' GKoouAPiiy.-We have little
doubt but that an examination of it by th Hoards of
Kducation and teachers of youth, will fead to its adop-
tion n. tho various Schools of this colouv — itouS/
Gazette, St. Johns, Newfoundland. ^' "
LOVELL'S GENERAL GEOGRAPHY,
BY J. GEORGE IIODGINS, L.L.B., P.R.G.S.,
BMBELLI8HED WITH
51 SUPERIOR COLOURED MAPS, 113 BEAUTIFUL ENGRAVINGS,
AND
A TABLE OF CLOCKS OF THE WORLD.
rpHIS GEOGRAPIIY is designed to furnish a satisfactory Hsumi of Geographical
COT ONtI?' '"*' t ?' '^"''' ^'^'^ '' ^'^ ^^"''^ P-™--- 1« *« BRITISH
this k?nT It ZZ7^ ! "u ";"^" "'""'^^"" " ^""^™"^ f-"d - ^-J^^ of
this kind. I will be found a suitable Text-Book for children in Canada, Nova Scotia
aZXT: "^^"^ ^^"'"'•^ '''"''' ^V-/WW, i^^East and West Z^^,
Ireland, ^nd Scot and^m Canada, Moa. Scotia, New Brumwicic, Prince Edward
island, Newfoundland, the East and West Indies, Australia, dec.
PRICE $1.
/n ^^f ^ MILLER. Toronto, and Mr. ROBERT MILLER, Montreal
are the General Agents for . .e Sale of this Book throughout Canada. ""^^^^^^^^
throughout Nova Scotm, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland.
! .!_ , ,„„^ ^„jjjj„.^,j Q^ advantageous Terms.
Montreal, Dece,nler, 1863. "'°"'' ''0^'l't;. .
Publisher.
I have long rotlcod,
tinrl with wliich wo
North American
Cor whose iiiHtnio-
tly fo fliid that tliia
1 itiNowlbuudlaud.
y.— We have Ilttio
t by th Koarris of
ill lead to its adop-
iia colouy.—Jioyc^
^
in,
lAVINGS,
Geographical
le BRITISH
d in works of
Nova Scotia,
West Indies,
in England,
ince Edward
Montreal,
)f this Book
wfoundland.
^ELL,
Publisher.
EASY LESSONS IN GENERAL GEOGRAPHY'.
BY J. GEOK(iE HODUINS, LL.B., F.R.O.S.
r'CTORIAL ILLU8TKATIOJI8 OF VARIOUS GEOGRAPHICAL TKRM8.
Extracts from Opinions of the Canadian PrM] on Easy Lessons in Oeneral Geography
It appears admirnbly adapted for tlic purpose for
which it is iutoiided, and v.-o Iiavo no doubt it will have
a large and ready sale. — Montreal Herald.
The design of the work is indicated in the title; and
when to this is added that it is from the pen of tho
author of "Lovell's General (jeoKrapliy, ' wo have
said enough to recommend it to tlie favorable con-
eidcratio:; nf the Canadian people. l!ut wo can siaio
flirther thi; wo have looked It over with care, and that
wo consider it a valuable addition to our school book
literature. Wo should be glad to see it come into
general use, and Mr. Lovell rewarded for his merltori-
oufl oxeitions by the sale of many thousands of copies.
—Monh-eal Gazette.
E<)ual to any work of tho kind printed in the Great
Republic. The object intended, so far as our judgment
f[oea, has been admirably attained. Indeed, in the able
lands of Mr. Hodgins, th ej uty Superintendent of
Education for Upper Car „, k could scarcely be
otherwise. The publisher a. . 9 that such a period of
time has been spent in the preparation of thss book, and
such care and labor bestowed upon its revision, that it
is believed it wiii bo iouuiiofincuiouiabio benefit to
the youth of the country. We agree in this ; and we
hope it will have a largo sale. When once the work is
brought generally before the people, there is not a
school or an educational institution, public, private-
rich or poor, that will not make these •' ICasv Lessons "
a text-book for young beginners.— Jl/onfreo^ Trantcript,
836
LOVELl/S SERIES OP SCHOOL BOOKS.
[1804.
n. N. A.
i I
'I
M
f *f
fa
It If dinlgnod an Introductory to tJio piibllnhor »
oxciillont "t.i'iiuial«wi«f«pliy," wlilch many teaclirrs
coiiHidcr too adviuici'd lor youiij? IiokIi'Ii'ti*. »'''' "
admirably ndnplfd to tlio piiriioHO lor wldoli It Ih
Inteiidod. riio unuiiKomi'iit In oxcclleiit. Tlio work
contidni' in a Bmall npace a very larf(o amount of uhoIuI
Information, uiid |1ioiik'> Infondod tor yoinin bcglnnorH
in in'<>K'a|''iv, it/( pa« .k nniy bo coiiHulti'd wllli advan-
tage by "oldldron ot a largor urov.tli." Wo trunt tliat
tlio book will lliid a large cud ready galo.— A/o»i<rta/
Commercial Adrertiser.
This little work, tliougli complete in itself, is doMgned
08 Introductory ^o"LovoirHtioncral<ieoKra|diy." We
have no liositiilioii in rcconmiendlngit to tcncliorH: tlio
gimnlicitv of tliclnnjfuancand conversational freedom
in the modeofexpreMiion will not fail to pleano the jun-
ior class, lor wlioKO hpecial bonellt, wo need Kcarcely
add, it WHS wriUvii.— Journal </ Kducativn, Montreal.
Ueography in a deligliti\il study, and those Lessons
are a delightful method of iniparting an interest in it
to the vouiij?. The sketches arc admirable, conibliiinK
reat ingenuity and tact with the use of easy and
amiliar liinKUHge, in the treatment of such subjects as
the Earth and its appearance. Time and its divisions,
Geography, the lleuiispheres, the Mariner's Compass.
&c. The trips are designed to connect, in the mind of
Uie pupil, the objectn and aHsociatlons ot travel witli a
geograi>hical kuviwledge of the more important phy-
mcal featui-es ot the principal countries in the world.
Wo are glad to see religion discreetly respected, and
loyalty taught an one of its lem)na,—J'reabylerian,
Almitreal.
On no pouvait trouver un meilleur systime pour 1'6-
ducation do la jeuiiesso. Aucun doute quo Ton s'om-
pressera d'en faire usage daus les (Scolos.— /.a Minerve,
Montreal. »
Co petit volume renfermo nombro do ronscignments
compiles avec une miHhodo ((ui rend co livro indispen-
sable i. ceux i)ui commencent l'6tudo do cetto branclie,
et d'uno utility gfindralo pour tout le mondo.— ie Pays,
MontrM.
Ello est adnpteo sur un systCmo qui donno bcaucoup
do facility aux enfants pour ce genre do levons. Nous
le iccouimandons au l)<Spartomeut do i'l-xluciition qui,
nous en somincs certain, le recommandera lui-mCmo
aux Inspecteurs d'Ecole.— /-'Ort/re, Montrfal.
Co livre, d'aprfcs co quo nous en avona vu, no pout
manquer d'etre (Smiueinmont utile aux 616vos (lui fr(5-
quonteut des classes 616meiitaire9, s'il est adopt* et
rccommand* par le Conseil do I'lnstructiou Tubliquo.
Cetto raesuro no serait, co nous semble, qu'uii acto do
justice et un bienfait pour les 6colo8. Nous recomman-
dons cot ouvrago i cause do I'importanco qu'il nous
parait avoir commo livro <S16mentairo et aussi pour
dounor k M. Lovell une part do rcucouragement quo
lui ni6ritent scs constants cflbrts: Encourage home
talent.— Le Colonisateur, Montrial.
Thosaolo plan of this volume, and all its illustra-
tions, are admirable, and wo have no doubt that tho
work will prove valuable in all our common schools.
Mr. Lovell's enterprise in getting up, at a great ex-
pense, his scries of school books, is worthy of all
praise.— C'An'ii<»aji Guardian, Toronto.
It deserves a place in every Canadian school. Tho
ooay, attractive manner in which it leads tho little
Eupil onward, step by stop, can scarcely fail to interest
ini and prei)aio him for tho larger viov^i.— Canadian
Baptist, Toronto.
Simplicity and comprehensivoness as regards the
subject have been deemed tho chief requisites, which
have been therefore continually borne in mind; as
well as tho aiding pupils by maps and wood cuts, tho
lirst mentioned being so prepared as not at an early
stage to conftisc the pupil witl minute details, but to
assist the text in giving general ideas.— i/am»«ort
JCveniny Times.
It is a very tine specimen of typography, admirably
adatited for iiBe in our public schools, and we tiust to
see ft soon in general circulation throughout tho coun-
try. Mr. Lovell is deserving of tho highest encourage-
ment for his ouierpriEO in placing before the Canadian
public so many uset\il and instructive publications as
have emanated from his press within the last few years.
—(Quebec Daily Ntws.
On salt quo la grando gCogranhto do M. Uodgins a t-ti
f<*n#ralemfnt accucillie avec favour, et c'<*taii luatice.
M nouveaii travail do M. ilodgins nera surtoiil uti'o
aux cominenoants, Nouf- approuvoiis fort Taiiteiir
<i'uvolr mis i la tin de rluuiue le9on un rltHUiiii^ du touto
cetto le9on par deinaiKles et par r^puuiui.— Z,e Cour-
rier du t 'anadu, tjMliec.
A most UHothI book, one that sho'ild be nut into
everv child's hand in every school in the I'rovlnco.
Well got un, well iirinted, and well bound lor tho price.
—liritith Whig, Kinyaton.
It appears to bo well calculate I for a school book,
being siinplo and comprehensive. Canada has a Ihir
share of attention, and not more than she merits.
Tho work Is deserviiiif of the patronage of all our
schools, and we hope it will receive such patronage. —
J'reHcott Telegraph.
The book is itself a model of perfect printing; tho
numerous illustration, are all remarkably well exe-
cuted, and the maps, though ot course smalliT, are wo
think rather an iniproveiiii'iit on llie maps in tlio
" Oeiierol (jieographv."— AVii's and Advocate, Frontier
Montreal and at. Johns.
Admirablv adapted to the purpose for which it ia
intended. The arrangement is oxoeWeut.—IJerald and
Advertiser, Kiiigsttm.
Much labor appears to have been bestowed upon Its
contents, which, from their simplicity und comprehen-
siveness, will be found well suited to now beginners,
and is valuable in every particular. Wo trust it may
receive tho extended circulation it doscrv.^".- i>n(ton
Prototype,
As a preparatory work, it is every thing that could
be desired, Doing simple in stylo and comprehensive in
subject. Mr. Lovell is doing good service to the cause
of education in this province by tlie publicatiim of
works of this character. Tlioy supply a desideratum
which has long been felt, namely— text-books, which,
while placing Canada in its proper position, will bo
advantageous in a literary and educational point of
view to tno rising generation.— OMaioa Citizen.
Tho plan adopted by the author is well calculated to
insure attention on tho part of the learner, and being
interested he will be apt to retain the inlbrmntion so
pleasantly given. Wo should bo glcd to see this work
adopted in our common schools. — Cobourg Star.
The book is what it pretends to be, for tho use of
beginnoi-8 in learning geography, and wo never camo
across so excellent a work tor young children. Wo
look upon tho work as a desideratum, and hoiic that it
will have a large sale. It needs but to bo known to bo
prized.— y'e<<;rBoro«(//» Examiner.
We would recommend its use in all our schools as it
will bo found of incalculable beneflt in preparing
children for tho " General Geography."- i'ort JJope
Messenger.
It is an introductory book to " Lovell's General
Geography," and we think it admirably adapted to tho
purpose. Simplicity and comprohonsiveiioss are the
distinguishing characteristics of the book. We hopo
the public will give Mr. Lovell the encouragement ho
so richly deserves for his enterprise in endeavoring to
supply a desideratum which has long been felt, i.e., a
series of Canadian School Books.— i'ort Hope Guide.
Tho work is entirely Canadian, and reflects great cre-
dit upon the spirit ot the pul lisher, for his enterprise in
furnishing us with a series of Canadian School Hooks,
which we hopo will bo duly anpreciated by the r"''lic
ofCanada; and wo trust that tins, as well as all the other
works of" Lovell's Series of Canadian School Hooks,"
will receive that attention which their usefulness and
importance merit. We would call the attention of
school teachers residing in this County to the work;
we are sure, from a cursory glance at its contents, tliat
it will meet their hearty approval.— i/iaw<in^» Chronicle,
Belleville.
9 A style of teaching at onco original and plain— just
what the little folks want Canada receives a full f.uare
of atieiitioii, wiiioh is one ol the beauties of the uook.
We hope it will come into (general use. Mr. Lovell
deserves all praise for his rapid introduction of Cana-
dian National School Books in the homo market, and
it is tho duty of every Canadian to encourage him in
his cHorts to do so.— Perth Couritr.
[1804.
n. N. A.
ciir, lit c'<*talt liiatlcft.
;iii8 nora niirtoul iiti'o
juvoiiH t'i>rt ruiitcitr
>n till r(tHiiiiii^ lit' touto
rii)outoi.—Le four-
Hlio'ild bo iiiit into
Dol ill tlin I rovinco.
ill buuiiU tor tlio pricc'.
1 for a !<clinol book,
'. C'anndii Ima a itiir
)ro tlinn hIiii moritH.
luttroiiiiKit of all our
he Hiicli putroiiugo, —
perfect priiitliia; the
omarkulily well cxc-
ourse Hnia'llnr, arc wo
un llio iimp8 ill tiM)
Htl Advocate, Frcmtier
■poBO for which it ia
ioottoul.— Herald aiut
icn bostowod upon its
licity '.:nd cuinprehen-
)d to now bcffiiiners,
IP. Wo truHt it may
it donerv."*.— /x>*;(i(m
ivorything that could
ind comprclieneivo in
il service to the cauw)
y tlio publication of
iupply a desideratum
y— toxt-bool{8, wliicli,
ipcr position, will bo
educational point of
ttawa Citizen.
r in well calculated to
10 learner, and being
n the information so
glcd to SCO this work
-Cobourg Star.
to bo, for the use of
, and wo never camo
f'oung children. Wo
turn, and liu))C that it
lut to bo known to bo
n all our schools as it
boiicHt in preparing
rapliy." — Port Hope
3 " Lovcll's General
lirably adapted to tho
Dlieusivoness are the
the book. Wo hope
he encouragement lio
80 in endeavoring to
long been felt, i.e., a
—I'ort Hope Guide.
and reflects great ere-
ir, for his enterprise in
(ladian School Hooks,
.•ciated by the p"»ilio
as well as all the other
idian School Books,"
their usefulness and
call the attention ot
County to the work;
le at its contents, tliat
—Hastings Chronicle,
ginal and plain— Just
a receives a full f.uare
bonulicB 01 the uook.
;ral use. Mr. Lovell
ntroduction of Cana-
le home market, and
to encourage him in
T.
AiMAKAC. 1864.] BA8Y LESSONS IN QENBRAL GEOORAPHY.
887
Elle 08t dlgno de la rcoommondation du Wpartement
do rKxIucation. La node qui y out «uivi pour Initier
leii oniknta aux ooun-its; apces qu'il lour Importu d'avoir
•uila g<>ogrBi)hio out uxcollunt; ©t a Tavaufago d'iu-
cul()uer dui'8 roKput do J'onlknt de» notions coinplituii
du ktiogrBphit tout on lamusaiit. L'auteur proud en
iiuoTque iorto I'uufant par la main ' lui Ikit parcourlr
le» continents et les mors, larrfito .lans cha<iue pavs,
lui Ihi'. O'lnonter ou descendro tons Ioh Houvoh et les
rivii^ros importantos et lui fait Ihiro uno promenade
dans ohaounu des priucipalos villcH. L'auteur trouvu
lo moycu do oaptiver d'avantago I'attontion ftitigu<io
do son 61dve par uno anecdote amusautu ot instructive.
—Courrier de St. Hyacinthe.
Wo have no hesitation in stat. 'n that it is well adapted
to »coompli8li tlio object aimed ♦., namely to present
in a pleasing, simiilo form, tho general ouilines of the
study so as 7u instruct and Interest without oonlUsing
tlioyouththl mind.— A'o«<em Townships Ocuetts ana
Sh^fbrd County Advertiser.
It has many novel features, some of which are de-
cided improvements. Tlie conversational manner in
which tho lessons are written, is likely to '"♦orest tho
beginner, and impress them on tho memory. Wo
hope tho work may moot with a ibvorable reception
from our teachers.— SAcrfrcoofce Gazette.
It is u valuable addition to the usetUl series of school
books published by Mr. Novell, and which should bo
goneraUv introduced into the schools of tho I'rovince.
—Stanstead Journal.
Mr. Lovoll is Justly entitled to much praise for the
very enterprising manner in which he undertakes to
supply our youuis with books of the most compro-
iiensive and instructive description. Wo would advise
tho various boards of school trustees in North Welling-
ton to recommend its use in their resneotivo school
sections. It should be placed in every child's hand, in
every school in Upper Canada. For simplicitv and
comprehensivenes" It surpasses any work of a similar
kind hitherto publistioil in this I'rovince. —WritwA Con-
stitution, Fergus.
The work is one evidently of groat care and labor,
and we know of no bettor book on tho subject of which
it treats, so well calculated to assist the youth of tho
country. The publications of Mr. LovoU aro destined
to effect a world of good in this country — many of
them arc .specially adapted to the instruction of tho
youth of Canada— they all make us know and love
Canada the better, and enable us more correctly to
understand her true position (not in a goographical
sense alone) on tho map of the world. — Whitby
Chronicle.
We can recommend it as being an excellent intro-
duction to the (jlnnerai Geography already issued by
the same publisher. The work is neatly got up and
the arrangement of the matter well suited to beginners.
We trust it may receive tho patronage it deserves.—
Ouelph Advertiser.
This work is written in a very familiar stylo and
liberally illustratod with outline maps and woodcuts,
and will be found a very valuable contribution to our
means ol instruction in schools. The character of tho
author of " Easy Lessons," who manifests an Intimate
knowledge of the wants of tho y"ung, is a guarantee
that it is a book that will take hold of tho youthl^il
mind, and interest and delight it, and we have mujh
pleasure, therefore, in bespeaking for it a speedy and
general adoption as a Juvenile class book in our schools
in this section of the country.— Oniemee Warder.
Wo have careftilly examined this work, and give it
our unqualified approval. Wo should have pleasure
in seeing Morse expelled froia all our schools, and Mr.
Ilodgins' correct and impartial geographical works
occupying its place.— Gue/pA Hercud.
This work is intended as introductory to " Lovell's
General Geography," the most useful work ever pub-
lished in Canada. It is so coaxing in its manner, and so
winning in its illustrutions, and the singular attraction
of its maps, pictures and details, that young persons,
wo doubt not, would sooner p jruse it than any mere
lalo of uuiusemeul. It io very beautifully got up. —
Gatt Reporter.
It is admirably adapted for those pupils beginning
the study of geography. Having gono through the
" Easy Lessons," "LovcU's General Geography" will
bo easily niaiitorod, both of which works aro orodltable
to (JaiiHdiaii enterpruH'. Wu bespeak I'ruiu school
teachorx and trustM^a nu examination iif tlwMi workii
issued IVom Mr. Lovell's \tTW%.—lhvn\frie* Itefo/rmer.
A knowledge ofgoography is of tho greatest import*
anos. and that system w'licn mo«t oanily, olfloiently,
and cheaply gives us this is of tho greutest v*iuo. Ilr.
Ilodgins' Incomparable little book acconip' .>,-. all this,
and Is very intori'stlng besides. Most art. dy does he
wile his young pupils Into the practical object ot geog-
raphy, by his "Conversational Trip over l4kna and
Water." In conclusion we would advise all teaoboni
to procure this book Immediately, if they have tho
interests of their pupils at heart.— York Herald, Rich-
mimd imi.
It \t Just tho thing wanted at tho present time, as It
is designed as an introduction to " Lovell's Gonoral
Geography." It must bo of Incalculable bonoflt to the
youtli of the country, and we trust no time will bo lo«t
In Introducing it Into our schools, as it is purely a
(.'anailiaii work and gives proper prondnonco to Ca-
nada ikiid tho other Uritish nossessions on tids con-
tinent, which Morse's one-sided aflViir does not.—
Grurul River Sachem, Caledotiia.
It is an admirable work, and .vo hcurtily commend
it to the attention of Canadian school-teachers.- ,S'ou<A
Simcoe Times.
A .low and valuable little work on Geography well
adapted to the use of schools. — St. Mary's Argus.
Wo!l adapted as a rudimentary work for young
geographers. It Is designed as Introductory to the
" (ieneral Geography," now universally adopted in
the Canadian Hcbools. — Canadian Post, Lindsay.
To obviate a sort of objection to tho larg< r, and first
Geography, so well known, Mr. Lovell has again had
recourse to the talented aid of tho Deputy Superinten-
dent of Cdiiimon Schools, and has now published a
smaller, readier, and easier school book, more adapted
for beginners, and in every way calculated to be an
admirablu aid to tho teacher, and a necessary oxt jilent
guide and friend to the young scholar. Altogether It
is a school book much iioeded, and it and the larger
one will soon be the only Geographies in our Common
Schools.— Cayupa Sentinel.
Tho plan of tho work is certainly good, being well
calculated to iix the names of places on tho minds of
tho pupils. Wo hope to see this work extonsivoly used
in our schools, as it will bo f6und of ^reat advantage
to young beginners — whileit will exhibit a just appre-
ciation of the autlior's ondtavors to turuish a purelr
Canadian series of school books. — Waterloo Chronick
and Gazette.
We sincerely hope Mr. Lovell will continue his
laudable work in the interest of tho schools in this
country until every book used in them shall bear the
impress of Canadian talent and enterprise. Wo very
cheerfully commend this book to the attention of ail
parties concerned in the education ot the young. —
Essex Journal.
Tho " Easy Lessons " will be found to bo of very
groat use to young beginners, before commencing the
study ol the " GenerarGeography." The illustrations
are well executed, ond will render the work particu-
larly interesting to the Junior pupils. It is not only a
valuable work, but it is entirely Canadian, which
should entitle It to be received with fbvor in our
schools. — Markham Economist,
An excellent and appropriate addition to our Cana-
dian school books. On the whole it is Just such a book
as was required.— IToodstoc^ .Sentinel.
Wo think Mr. Ilodgins deserves great credit for the
admirable manner in which he has got up this work,
while the publisher, Mr. Lovell, has nilly sustained his
long since acquired reputation as a firKt class bv>ok
printer. We hope to soe this Geography immediately
brought Into general use in our scuools.— Zteritn Tele-
graph.
Just tho book required by tho beginner in the study
of geography. We would recommend it to school
teachoi's throughout tho country.— Ca)ia<^to» Slatei-
man, Bowmanvitte.
A more usefUl and Interesting work could not I »
introduced into our schoo's, for the use of the Junior
classes.— ;En<«rprMe, Collingwood.
W
C88
lovbll's series of school books. [1864. b. w. a.
h'
1.'
I
li
V n :
We Uko pleiMnpn In rooordliig our opinion In (kvor
OMfi wiioral ii^troiliiclioii Into both piiblio oiirl pHvHtu
HOlUKild. Wii oonxrutiiJBlo Mr, I.ovill on tho nik'iiiwh
which nan »t(«n(l*iil ;-N nch'Hil tmokn, nnil trn«t tlint ho
will Ko on iw Ini lian hoKUii, no that In a »liort timo
(.ana<la may liav« a inirlon oI'huIiooI bouki* C'liial to any
country In tliu worlil,— book^ ihIIIo<I h -l prinlcil lii
Canada, which, without »(Mikln)( to punh our country
Into uniluo uronilnunco, will accord to It what I'uw
text-bookn do, lu duo and projwr ponltlon.— A'mi^x
Itecoril, H'iiulmtr,
Thin work ban nvldnntly hcon prepared with ?ory
KPoat earn to adapt It to tho ciipncltii'H of tho junior
claiweH In hcIiooIh, and to nwakon In tho m|iid« ol Hnntii
children adoniroto bccoino ac<iualntod with tlio iiub-
Jcct. — CliHtim Courier.
Wo cannot too ntronaly reoommond it to Ronoral
notice am an .ixoullont noliool hook.— MerrickvilTe Chro-
nicle.
Wo linvo oxamlucd tho work tliorouKlily, and aro
nt opinion that, within »ho hiiiiio Kpaco, a larijor
amount ollnl'ormBtion on nil <,U(Mtioiis upportulnrnir
to a Htiidy of tho oartb'n nurmco, and IIm phy<lct»l and
political illvlslonH, could not bo oniboaloil,— /W«»/»
Htmulan , I'n'th.
Ono of tho Klmitlont and bcrt nrranRod littlo works
of tho kimi "I) Inivo evor mot with. The you(hl;il
ktudnu of KcoRrnphy in lod o , hy Huch oiiny and Intsr-
OHtliiKHtftKOH. Iliat Itcuiinot lUII to bocomoa nocosBary
book, with tho yonn^or clanHOH more OHpocially. Wo
truHt all our friomU will provide thoir llttio ones witli a
copy of tliia work.— ira<(;W(X) Advertiser.
Wo havo no hoHltatlon in rocommondlnf; it to our
readers. Tho work Ih uot out in a very attractlvo
form, and tlioongraviu){.tlmvo ovidontly boon proparod
witli much caro.— //uro)t SiyiMl, aoderich.
Tho contont.>4 of thi.s book aro nimplo ntid compro-
H hoHHlvp, which aro IndiHponsnblo in a work of thin
I* kind, intondod as it Ih for boKinnorn In tho sUidy of
L Uoography. Tho nkotchoH in tlio littlo work boforo us
IK aro admirnblo, oomblnlng much ingonuity and tii.sto
with tho uso of oasy and tiuniliiir liiii){uiiR0 in tho
troatmont of Huch HubJoctH an tho Karth and its nppoar-
anco, Timo, tho Marinor'n ('ompans, &c. Tho Irlpsurcj
doHlgnod to coniioct In the mind of tho pupil tho
obJoctH and awociations of travel with a Koogrnphlcal
knowleiiRo of tho more important physiciil toaturos of
tho principal couutrioH ill tho world. Mr. Kovoll is a
publishor of note in Montical, and his onorgy and lior-
spverancp Is worthy of tho wnrmoHt comnumdation,
and hisc'i-rts to phico 'ood and roliiihio school books
boforo tho public aro i. .orviii),' of oiicoiirajfomont by
tho people of all tho I'roviiicos. Tho.so " l-'.asy I^n.
(ions," are well adapted to accomplish the object aimed
at, namely, to present in a ploasiii)? and siniplo form
the general outlines of the study of KooKraphy, so as to
instruct and interest without contusing the youlhl'iil
mind. Simplicity and comprehoiislvoiioss arc the dis-
tiiijfuishing characloristics of tho book, and wo havo
no doubt that it will prove highly useful in our com- '
mon schools throughout the city and oountry. This '
work was evidently prepared with much care to adapt I
it to the capacities 11} tho junior cla.ssos in schools, and '
to awaken in the minds of small children a desiro to '
become aciiuainted with the subject. Kor this purpiwe \
the subject is divided oiriuto conversations or roaiiiiig j
los,'- as, each of which is followed by an explanation, '
testing the scholar upon the matter he has just rend, i
a method of proceeding which certainly se(^ms calcii- !
lated to forward tho pupil very mateiially with his 1
studies, and to inculcate the good hubit of^ attentive-
ness to i!io reading h'.ssoii. In it religion is disciootly I
resprcted, and hivalty taught as ono of its hvsoiis.
Th're is one e.\collent foaturo about this little g(!ugra- '
phy, it is oiniihaticnlly a British American book, and
commences at homo as it should do, and not on the
old principle of learning the youth everything about
foreign nations, while they aro kept in ignorance
of the country in wliic'i thoy live. It is a work of 80
Sagos, and is got up in a lieat and compact stylo.—
foming Chronicle, Halifax, N. , \
It seems to us admirably suited to the capacity of
young children. VVi' prefer Lovell's (ieograiihy to any
American publications of the eamo kind that have come
under our notice— J'resbylerian fVitnens, Hal\fax,if.S
Wo are happv to Introduce to the notice of our
roadorn ■■ K»»y Unonn In (ienorni (i eogra liv " Wo
Ml.ould be happy to ,..., L„v„li-, ^„W .1 Xml booki^
Introduced Info gonoral use In the schooU of our "ro!
yini!''-- .''rorinrrj n-t-^/eyan. Hul(/hc' N s
IX>VBU,H .SKlll.tH OK H. PIOOI, H.«,K(I, -Tho nDlrit
ot onllglitenod o.uorprlHo .1 .s.-rves public pntmnaJe
and wo are happy to embra .. an opLrl „,i y ,t"^X:
nif-V'","''!.'*'; "'"'"' "'■ l»"'llcat Ins. U p wards o
twenty books hav., already boon brought 01 f Mevoral
of whfch deserve H,«.cift| .rotleo. We n.nst however
contoot ourselves by a word or two ... 1 ^r iTg the
•• l-asy I,e.,Hons In (i ral (.eographv," bv Mr llo.l
upper ( unada. It is a most attractive book of eighty
just tho Inlormallon rei|n rod, and In a stvlo wbloh
must roiulor the study a pleasant r.;^';tion^ The cm-
K r."^.":',""' "■'•: ""■""«!.' ""■ «"veral countries hrouaht
am,'. I'V" • ""'-I '"!'":' Mh attention upon them,
and induce In him a wish to know more abort them
I oniapsarecloai;,ttnd di-uctly marked and colored
Tho wood-cutH of cities
e.xoc'ited. Wo doiiht
book as Moon as thoy ha
Clirintiait Monmiijicr, Ha
aiiinials are vory n;>atly
t teachers will adopt tho
arned Its oxcollencitw.-
Ilanj,^.r, X. 8.
i„.iV.'l- ""1" '"n"" '•,•>«»•"•'';>". exprosK-d our high opln-
ion ol Novell s (.onera (ioograDhv '• '"o niav now
say that the lat;.rpnhllcation, J. i!a.;^I,.Hsonr: ^i,.;;;:!
laH.eography "-is e<inallv con'mondable,
wo can also rccomoi-nd, with every coiiddence, th(»
sovoial class books on Arltliinolic, Natural I'liilosophy,
(hoinlstry, hnglish and J,atiii (irammar, Kloeutloii,
and ( hronology. We really li<,pe that those bo' "ts
wlJl soon ho Introduced ioto every school in N<./a
ftcotla. „s well as throughout tho remainder of liiitish
Aorth Amoricii.— /<W/(.i/i Coloni.t, Halifax, N. S.
Of the various ( lomontary hooks on geographical
scionco this apponrs to bo in ovorv way by tar the most
admirable. Tii addilioii to the slyh. of the text Mng
more adapted lor children, tl laps are plain and in-
tellii ible to the most youthful inliid. We havo liti.j
cloul.t that thi.s admirable work will become just aa
popular as tho larger ono in those I'rovincos.- «epw-
ler. Halt/ax, jV. .S.
Tho plan is excellent, tho text Is admirably adapted
to the youthful mind, and the engravings and illustra-
tions are well execut.'d. We took occasion to notice
• J.ovcU's tieneral Oieography " at the timo of itspuh-
lication, and we may repeat the desire thou ex-
pressed that his series ol scliool books should be gone-
ra.iy adonted in tho Colonim.— Acadian liecorder,
t {tax, N. S.
We must candidly say that wo have seldom .«een go
much instructive and highly iniorosting matter con-
ta nod 111 so small a compass. It is not only a valuable
.school book, but may also hi- reforrod to with advan-
tage by those oi riper years Tb,. inajis and i.lates are
both elegant. \Vo wish the enterprising propriotor
every success, both in this, and iilso in bis numerous
other publications for the advance iieiit of education
which are specially got up to suit the wants ^^^■ Hritisli
Jvorth America; and w(> earnestly rocomniend teacbcrM
throughout the Province to adopt Mr. Lovell's seiien
tor their text-l ookn.— Casket, Antigonish, N. S.
This little Hook is intended for voung scholars, for
whom we consider it adniirablv litlod. AVo would re-
conimeiid the publications cd' Jilr. Lovi II to all who aro
interested in the advancement of education : and as his
."••Olios of works are intended for the I'rovinces we trust
the public will tender biiii tliat oiicounagement which
his enterprise is se worthy ot— Eastern Cfiromcle, Pic-
Ion, X. S.
The book, asitsnamo indicates, isintended foryoung
scholars, fi.r which it is admirably fitted; and cannot
fail to be welcomed as a valuable addition to the series
of school books issued by tho publiBher.— Co/oJMai
Standard, J'ictou, X. ,S.
It cannot ti>iil to bo welcomed as a valuable addition to
the series i)f rohool books issued by the publii-hor. We
would recommend teachers ana those infeiested in the
advancement of education, to examine the series of
woiks issued by Mr. Loveil.— Co/otia/ Standard, J'ic-
tou, X, S.
[1864. B. K.A.
t" llio notlrii of our
nl «Ji'ci^r»(ihY," Wo
"••Ml, ii Dchiiol hooks
•' "chooU of our I'ro-
H/'it. !f. S.
HooKB. — Tho uplrit
I'ft |iul)llo nntroiiuKo,
<i|>|)iirliiiiiiy otiiono-
«fi )iiH. UpwurdH ot
brought out, M(tvRr»t
VVd iiiiihI, howKvnr,
• two <ii)ii(;t!riil?iB tliu
raiiliv," hy Mr. Iliul-
lit 111' Kiluculioii for
ictivti honk ol' (ii({hty
[t^'iMii(>rH,uiiil uonvtiyH
mil III H Htyl(> which
riTri •lion. 'I'hocoii-
rul (loiiiitrliii* hrouRht
Httciitloii ii|ion them,
iiw iiioro iihor.t thcin,
iiiiirkiMl mill rolorod.
miiiIh uri' viTV ii;'atly
icIiiTH will uilopt tho
"'I It8 oxcuiluncio«.—
.S.
n'Hf:''iI our lilj?h opin-
H)hy.'' '."(• iritty now
Kuny Liwhoiir: .jciiii-
icniliilili'.
-ivory uoiilldonco, thi»
NaturnI I'lilloHophy,
irummar, Klooiitloii,
po that tlii'sii lio' "trt
I'ry Nchool In N(. /a
rcnminili'r of KiUish
', /lali/iu; N. S.
oks on xnographical
way hy far tho most
Ic of tho text U'ing
u|>,s aro plain anil iii-
iiil. Wo havo lltiij
will hocoino JuHt an
I I'rovlncon.—Uepnr-
f admlrahly adapted
ruviiiKH and illuhtra-
k ocuiiNion to notice
t tho time of itxpuh-'
10 doHlro th(>ii ox-
lokH Hhoiild hu f;(one-
■Acadiaii Ihcarder,
lavo goldom .»eon go
frosting niattor con-
I not only a valuahlo
rri'il to with advan-
iiia)).-! and jilatcs aro
■rprinin(f proprietor
Iso in his luiniorous
piii'iit of education,
;h(> wants of Uritiah
ri'comnipnd teachers
Air. Lovell's seiies
gotiinh, N. S,
youiiK scholars, for
led. We Would re-
:-ov(ll to all who aro
ducalion : and ashiH
L' rroviiices wetruHt
icounagenicnt which
i/er»i Oironicle, Pic-
s intended foryoun>if
fitted; and cannot
iildition to tho series
imblishor.— t'o/t»Mai
VRluablo addition to
• tho publii-hor. We
)so inteiested in the
amine the series of
iial atanclard, Pic-
Almanac. 1864.] KASY LEHSONS IN QENBHAL GEOURAPHY.
889
Tho nfylo l« OMT. vptoomprnhpnulvo, and the student
in aldiad In hln Htiidfos hy ineaim of iiiupii and illuHtra-
tlonn. Wo ar« ull IntereMled In tho circulation of a
Work ls«iied on our own noil, and hy a man who haii
labored heartily to give a Heries of school hookN suit-
ed to thi« rrovlncfin, and we trust that this elementary
work will be well patronUud.— i?w«<»j« (ilobe, St.
Jiihn, \. II.
It Is an f xcclli»nt little book of Its kind, oontalnlna
many maps, lllustrallons, dlBgranut, ke.—.ytiirninii
^'recmitn, .SV. John, N. II.
ComprehenslveneHK and simplicity of style, two cha-
raotoristlcs very necessary in a work of this kind, havo
been steadily kept in view. Very well execuled maps,
and varioBs illuHiratlons are seatt<'re.; through iln
pages, and so arranged as to truatly assist tho pupil in
getting A correct Idea of the text. It is peculiarly
adapted lor tho schools of this rrovipcc— .WurnOiw
KiW», SI. John, JS'. U.
Nothing eiiual to It has yet appeared In this I'ro-
vlnco. 'I'he iiueslions and answers am plain anil simple
at the same Ifme that they convey a oorri^ct idea of what
the pupil has to learn. Our school loachers ought to see
this work at once; and we are quite sure they would
iminedialely ask for its Introduction.— Ifcji^Hore/aHrf
Jtnwf, .Uonrton, \. II.
We have rnceivod from fho publisher—" Knsy Les-
sons In (ienoral Ovography," with maps and illustra-
tions, which is a capital book for beginners in IIiIm
study.— rar/p/o« Si'ntine/, WnoiUtOfk, N. II.
J/^-om the Montreal (laxfitfe.—MT. Lovell's school
books aro well known in Canada, and .ve are happy to
see that out of Canada, they are also becoming known
The .Jury of the Intornational Kxhibition held In Lon-
don, In 181)2, made thu following report: 'I'lio Colony
"(Caimda) produces many of »s own school books
" among v/hich maybe mentioned 'Lovell's Oen.rai
" (jeogt^i)hv,' a trustworthy and attraclivo manual,
"romarkablo for its clear arrangement and for tho
•'fulness of its illustrativo and statistical coiitentw "
ilor(> IS a verdict which, from si.ch a source, Mr Lovell
must llnd highly gratifying. Wo .lotice that the Lon-
<loii Kiliirrtlioiinl Thnex, a highly respectable authority
has reviewed a pnrt of Mr. Lovell's series of school
books vi ry favon.bly ; which, also, he must find grati-
fying. As we tpelievc our 1-oiidon contemporary has
not a general circnlutioii in Canada wo will repeat tho
article atlength. The judgment of its editor in valuable
on such a subject :
L0VKLI,'8 CANADIAN SCHOOL 8KUIK8.
Lovell'H (lenirnl Omr/raphii- Xnthtinl Arithmetic-
hey to littto—Eleinentarii Arithmetic in Decimal Cur-
■rency—Satiiral IVtiloMphji—Stuilenfn Note Hook of
Jnorganic (hemintrii—i'lanHiral Kin/HHh ."^r.U/iiia-Hocik
-■Arifihsh Onwmar Made Kasy-liritisI'. American
JCeaaer.
These works form part of a eeriog of boIiooI books,
which havo been specifily prepared for the use of the
jiu ) IC schools of Canu'ia, and are now in course of
publication bv Mr. Lovell of Montreal. They aro iii-
tisrostmg, both on particular and on j"jneral grounds
not enly as a «pi>cimen of the literature of Ciuiada, but
hti 1 more ol the sort jf teaching which ia being estab-
lished in that Colonv. VVehave been much struck with
the merit of some of the volumes of tho sorioa which
as a whole, will bear fuvorablo comparison with any
works of a similar class publialted in this country
Of Jtr. Ilodgins' (ieography wo havo alreadfy had
occasion to speak with approval in this journal, on its
.I'^i.?''',"''*'''"""; *''■'" >'''■*''" "K"- ' " *'''• Prpwnt edition
1 ??i', '" P''pul"t'ou returns liavo boon brought down
to 1861)1 and tho work now form.s a very complete and
comjirehensive text-book of geographical science con-
taining an amount and variety of information, bearing
on the geograiihy of the various countries of the elobt"
euch as we must candidly avow wo have not boforo
seen cumprossod within the same compass in any other
work Mr. Saugater's Arillimotics appear to us to be
models of arraiu-cmnpf »r,.i g.»i teaeftiiiK. Tho rules
are in all cases illustrated by operations fully worked
out, and explained step by steii in such a way that the
jiupil can have no difflculty in mastering and comprc-
lionding the rationale of every process employed The
'Aote-Hookou Inorganic Chemistry" is intended as
*n aide-memoire " for ,]tudont« and teachers, and com-
nrisMthohoadiiofaooursoof I,«tofure» on <'hcmlitry
In a condensed form, so as to obviate the necessity of
writing notes on the subject. Th- " Natural I'liilono-
Phy embraces thu olomentii of H*..''..ii, Hydrostatics
I'lieiimatlos, Dynamics, llyiirodyna.;dcs, tlie theory of
Undulations, liiiit the meclmnical ••leory of Music A
very valuable leature is the intriHluotion of a arnat
variety of problems under (rach section, solved, for the
most nart, arithmilically by which muaiin tho general
principles of mechanical science aro not only more
clearly comprehended by the student, but woro imr-
uiaiienlly ilxed in hi,; mind.
Mr. Vasey's"l':ngllsh(JrBmmar" Is entitled to tho
pi aUo of chiirness and simpliclty-a merit possesseil In
a still higher degree by the 'Classical Knglish .^Spelling
Hook, In which the anomalies and dllllcultii s of Kng-
llsh orihography are, by a judicious classlllcaUou of tho
elementary sounds, reduced to a mlulinum.
J ho " Hritish American Header ' of Mi. Horthwlck,
In a iiatrlotlo attempt to construct a Ueading Hook
of exclusively homo maniifacturo. Tho extracts aro
entirely either fVom the works of I'utivo authors, or
authors who have written on Aiiior;ca.
l-<>VKLi,'sSKiiiiwoK.S(iii)<)i. Hooks.— Wohopethat
these work", will, at no distant date, be in general us<-
We have el, eadv borne testimony to the excellence of
Mr. I,ovell s publications, and are conlldent that a dis-
criminating public will fully bear out our encomiums,
and nroperly appreclat<i the praisewor'hy enteriirist!
Ol ft'O leading Hritish Amerlcaii jiublisher. The
lieads of educational institutions should examliiH
carefully Mr. Lovell's scries of school books; for wo
eel assured.lf they do so.f hey c-nnot fail to adopt them
In their schools. Wo believe, too, that the Superin-
tendent of Kducatiou sh-juld feel It his duty to encou-
rage their adoption generally tiiroughout this I'ro-
vliicc—Hijiorter, Ilal\fax, N. S.
Mr. Lovell's efforts to supply our CV ',. Schools
with a series of text-books s)iecially -„., J to our
ro<|uiremenfs we consider worthy of the liighee. com-
mendation. We have exairiineil the various works of
the series, and have come to the conclusion that they arc
better adapted to our wants than the American or
Hritish books now in our .schools, and that the .Supe-
rintendent of KdMcation and teachers would do well to
adopt l,oveirs series in foto, and tin reby encourago
('oloniHl pons and a Colonial publisher. -/-.'((.i^ent Chro-
nicle, I'ictoii, JV. ,S'.
We are Kir.mgly of opinion that tho efforts of a pub-
lisher wh.. specially prepares a series of books for
Colonial i'.m' should le eiicourav d, and would there-
fore su:;gcnf that teachers geii,-,ally should examine
the merits of these text-books, i,nd if found suitable, to
count. •nance and urire th(!ir speedy adoi/tiou. —Co/ottiai
'Stanilaril, Piclou, y. S.
The merit of these books is now universally acknow
lodged throughout the I'rovinces; and should therefore
merit the afttiition and patronagi- of all those who
desire to see the children of the I'rovince acquire a
correct knowledge of geography, without at the same
time imbibing tlioso erroneous ideas inculcated in
many of »' books uow in use.— J/orKi«n Telegraph,
St. Johii, 1.
In these book.s wo have just what was long required,
and we trust that now, while our people are moving
toward colonial unity, tlie government will take some
steps to encourage school liooks that are written in and
suited for Hritish America. 'I'he movement deserves
ti> be enccuragtd by our people, and M.. Lovell, of
Montreal, deserves our gratitude. The scholar will
learn out of those what ho could never learn out of an
Fnglish work, and will have infonnation in n gard to
America without hearing nnvthing to prejudice him
against the fatherland.— .Uri/'»i«,v J'ost, St. John, iV. li.
They are prepared from a Hritish, and not from an
American, stand-point, and that is a great advantage
rhey inculcate loyalty to the Queen, while discoursing
ViV"! '"'•''■esting manner on her wide-.spread dominions.
We have conversational trins around the hoiind»rio«
ol each of ilie.se provinces, and it certainly will not bo
the fault of the editor if very clear conceptions are not
imparted. In the simplicity and excellence of it« plan
and method, and in tho number and variety of its illus-
trations, it has strong cla-ms on the attention of the
teachers and punils of tho Hritish North American
Coluuies.— CotoHia; Presbyterian, St. John, N. B.
fc
340
lovbll's series op school books.
[1864. B.N. A.
BALMORAL CASTLB, THK QUBKN'S HIGHLAND RE8IDBNCB, ABERDBKN8HI
RG.
I : I
f
-ft
-'e*
i
BY J. GEORGE HODGINS, LL.B., F.R.G.S.,
EMBELLISHED WITH
32 Snperior Colored MAPS, anfl 43 Beantifnl EN&RAVIN&S.
mniS Book designed as an Introduction to LovelVs General Geoffraph/, is intended
.\ *«f'^'''^^^^tb^,.'""J^t«'-y«t«Ps for the young Student in Geography. It contains in
a pleasing and simplified form, a complete r6sum6 of the Geography of the World ■ and
S:sw ^^r^tictar^vr '^ -^ ^-^^^^^^ ^^^ ''- -^'^-^ '^ *^« -:^-*-
The ^as|j Zessows is on Sale at the Bookstores in the principal Cities in Unqland,
/I; /'';J'^?'''^:J;"^T'''^"^"''V,^"^" ^e«^ta_iVe«, LuisM-Prince Edward
Island— Newfoundland— East and West Indies— Australia, &c.
PRICE 60 CENTS.
Mr ADAM MILLEK, Toronto, and Mr. ROBERT MILLER, Montreal
are the General Agents for tho Sale of this Book. ^^^-ikbal,
i^.r..^^' ^2^^V^ ^- S^^l^^ ^' '^' ^'""''^^ ^^'^' f«^ 'he Sale of these Books
throughout Nova Scotia, New hranswick, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland.
The Trade supplied on advantageous Terms.
Montreal, Deeciubcr, 1803.
JOHN LOVELL, Publisher.
[1864. B.N. A.
ALMAKAC. 1864. EASY LESSONS IN GENERAL GEOGRAPHY.
IIRB.
liiPIIY,
m,
yhi/, is intended
It contains, in
he World; and
the instructive
es in England,
?rince Edward
I, 3I0NTRBAL,
if these Book«
Vcic/bundland.
18.
\6 Usher.
341
EXTRACT FROM
'' EASY LESSONS IK GENERAL GEOGRAPHY."
^^m)
HEn MAJKSTY yi'KE^ VICTORIA.
Conversational Sketch of the Queen.
no^dotl^r^*^ .'"f '""^'^ "*"*^ ^°y-^ ^"•^ girls will
1/ K ^' *° ^''' something about our great
and noble Queen. When «he is addre.ssed m
writ ng by any of her subjects she is styled Her
Most Gracious Majesty Queen Victoria; but she
IS generally called the Queen.
2. The Queen lives in England, where she has
several beautiful palaces, in different parts of the
country. In London several wise and distin-
guished men assist her in governing her great
empire.
3. Among the Queen's forefathers were the
celebrated Alfred the Great, and ^\'illiam the
Conqueror. The King who reigned before our
Queen was her uncle, William IV. When he
died, she was made Queen of the whole British
«ttpire (including all the British colonies).
.4 The Queen had an excellent mother, who
early taught her to love God. When her uncle
died, and she was told that she was a Queen, her
first act was to kneel down and pray to God for
his divine guidance.
5. The Queeu has ever since ruled the empire
so wisely, that she is greatly beloved by all her
from their high rank, are called Princes and
Princesses. Hereldest son, the Princeof Wales,
vmted the British North American Provinces in
1860, and utis welcomed with groat love and af-
fection by all classes of the people.
f.,!' f^M^'^V^ ^"^^" suffered a great loss in
the dea 1, of her noble husband. Prince Albert
the good. All her subjects mourned with her.
and from every part of her vast empire she has
received the warmest sympathy.
7. Our duty to the Queen is to love her, and to
obey the laws of our country. The Bible says,
fear God and honour the King," and "obey
them that have the rule over you." With one
heart and voice, our prayers for her should con-
tmually a.scend; and in the words of our Na-
tional Anthem, we should all heartily sing:
" God ,iave our gracious Queen,
liong live our noblo Queen !
God save the Queen!
Send Iior victorious,
Happy and glori-jus,
Long to reign over us !
God save the Queen ! '.
LOVELL'S SERIES OF SCHOOL BOOKS.
NATIONAl ARITHMETIC,
IN THKOUY AND rUACTICEj
KKBIONKD FOR TUB
USE OP CANADIAIV SCHOOLS.
BY JOHN HEUBKRT SANGSTER, ESQ
Nahf™?'"pf r*" i""^. ^''.♦""•<"- "" Chemistry and
JOHN LOVELL, PtMisher.
I Opinions of the Press on the National Arithmetic
tromthobiioi oxiimination wo Iiavo been oimhlnH
to Kivo II wo aro inclined to think it will rive « morn
thoroi^Kh knowledge of the P-.ieuce of numbors tlmn
any o hor Arithmetic wo vomember, auT wo hnnn
Canadian leachers will give it a trial We Jm.M £
coinmend it pa.-ticularlV to any Students of Arith"
aki' of riir nrrh """ ' «tudt" wili^t't
?l.^n"-7r/;"a:64lS/r *" "^ peculiarly suited lor
i * spoe<iif!m;Lh.ceri1nio'U^''''*'''J/''''."»''''''«'''<l bo
111 r
"tnictifd'^'' **'"°'' "^ *'"' P'""* "P°« *''i<=h it is con-
ho ^ll^^^^ll?" !^"?b'!'v-cl.evon to those
:r.'^L?:?.,i'«t„''!'-«=»'y «"«a«HiTn 't.r.^hir.K:'it' wiii"bo
ot the inibrmation connected
wi^Wo^ririn'of-firn*^"' y'" >."-»™ation connected
tru8tit'W,?rati5i'clru?aJi;r""""""' "' ''"'^
„ ^ WM. HICKS,
1 r ofesBor, McUill Normal School.
Opinions of the Prew on the Classical English
Spelling Book. *
nrn*vinp,^*'''^r5*'^ f° becomo the spelling book of the
wbic fn'so 1»?M *' "° **'"'"' ^"='''' ^« believe, extant"
ftiid' wi^?""i''®'" "^ Mr. I^ veil -8 SoriuB of School Books
ed veTy hiXv"bv''r..??'^ ""?V. V- <=o'n"« recommend:
..,■«.;„„' "'«<>iy by riofessor IHcks, whoso lonir exnn.
f in"?; ^/*!,t'"'"*ble class-book, esneciallv for the instruc
etymology as well as orthography.-'k^.^rca" ?Va«-
kin.'rwith'lw^^i"".'''' '* "\»"y ■"> '"'Cfllent thing of the
Sr .^^^i^S^ir^g:^^;^ -4ue. it <
ii.;^iVin!'i 9'""«'''",v. examining this littlo book, wo fool
-nr sm 'inr''^'''« •" "'ebiKl'OHt terms of it. and in
Sol^.,neri,'!n"''!''''l'« '*,<^ "'o atontion .,f o i?
n,J«}^!\^ skilfully compiled spelling book-well cal-
CoC^^-ar"" ^•''''"' teach"o?'fn'"lh'e"airJ
THE CLASSICAL ENGLISH
SPELLING BOOK:
^".^^^'''''i'"' '•ifhorto difficult art of Orthosranhv .•«
rendered easy and pleasant, and speedily acqSFred.
*'1^l''il""' ^^"^ ™^ IMPOKTANT HOOT-WOBDS PROM
THK ANGLO-SAXON, Tl.K LATIN AND THKOBHKK
^«d Several Hundred Exercises in Derivation
and Verbal Distinctions.
BY GEORGE G. VASEY.
Mo?t?cah- '""*^ *' '^*""»° «"^nent Professor in
../^[jf^" ':"''^"1. carefully over the '< ria«,iPai Fn-li-h
.i-elhDfi boo:., Dy uoorge G. Vasey," and can spo^k h, I
If contains much information, and gives tho Kn<rli«l,
Ji^rZr ^ extensively purcha8cd.-Z>U7ii/-nfS
«„rm,?»b ?/"''?,'A"y recommend it as an excellent book
GmVr«;;r7J^im.''°'"" ■"""""' 01- labor.-
ab.'o*.i.^-i^.;r'..'s^ -^" i-vc v^svr
H Ti"!-*,", ""!'.'"?:'' ^bioh ought to bo in cverv Rohonl <"
M.-Strai^or'a°I^^^^ '''" Spelling-Book- Super:
AI.M...C. 1864.] E ASYJ^ESSONS IN GENERAL GEOGRAPHY.
)OKS.
n upon which It is con-
able; and even (o those
Jin toachiiijf, it will bo
) infurmatiun coruicclcd
BfoiirlunKuago which it
1 to rocouimcnd it, and
lation .
WM. HICKS,
, McUill Normal School.
;he Classical English
look.
ho spelling book of tho
jook, wo bolicvo, oxtant,
aiuB 80 great au amount
te.
iSoriuBof School RookB,
It comoK rocommond-
ickg, wlioso long 0X1)0-
}conunondatiou of great
I of School Books, do8-
!io inferior clcmontarr
> »c\ioo\a.— Commercial
ipociallyfortheinstruc-
;lisli. It is much more
thorough instructor iu
Vhy.~Mi^>treal 'IVan-
\ excellent thing of the
nodes of obtaining and
boy or girl wishing to
itive tongue, it is iuval-
ngston.
is little book, wo feel
lest terms of it, and in
tho atention of our
ihool Boards.— //eroW
oiling book— well cal-
cnowledgoof tho cou-
crborough licvicw.
nalvsis of the English
18 Saxon, l.ntin, and
s, in a manner which
dant liglit on the cou-
', comprehensive, and
ight to be in tho hands
ir in tho rrovlnco.—
md gives the English
derivation of words.
u rchased .—Ihimfrks
as an excellent book,
d where a uniformity
Ue Itecorder.
introduced into our
"W wanted, and will
amount of labor.—
, and will bo poculi-
; while all will tind
ivill prove \tity valu-
in every school, as
peJiing-Book Super-
-S^'a^!;;;^;^' "-»""« '^ «» excellent work.
^tockrZ^s''^''' '"'** ""■''''•'* '^« ""^o 80on._r«H/.
When wo first took up tho little unpretendini/ «,,rt
wo considered it merely as a com m, Tt,,,n? i i '
?""/,•",""«. I'oH'aps. soiL impro~;i. or additt
In Or liography suitable for c^l.ildre i • but oii fi>rH.oS
pS.'.'!i?^S."i-'A-r "" '"""^ ftvorably im.
inr?UM^7'-'ati'''!'M/„''^li!!;r • '■«"«'■ Spell- '
the^, aclaVed for ;^ bTg n. 07^.7;';^^'"'"" "i?'""'
343
ENGLISH GRAMMAR MADE EASY,
AND ADAPFBD TO TIIR
CAPACITY OF CHILDHEIV.
Tn Which English Accidence and EtynioloKical
Parsing are rendered simple and aUracSe
BY GEORGE G. VASEY.
Opinions Of the P~ English Grammar
CompileV-/4';.rtt;V'S;;''''^ ""'• ""'='^"'*«^"^
^ "^Z^ZlT^^J^^^^^om., re.
class-book in our schm m \vi li ' I '"* "••u»''<«i «s a
ofl^^y';!4"''ha'v''o°'yeTs:e'n". "17crdt,f o'? t'i'.^d'e'r"''"'"^'
tho one for their v^^^^^^, tc'^^^ '* J""'
i"i.T.Uio.\'"of chi?;?r':!!:?.^'ttr':'^ ♦« '/," P--T>o«--tho
t..ocons.ruction^';h:^ln;:n:;^a^.!!!^S!^i-'-
Courier. examine lor thomselves.— /'cr.'/i
nJ'lwlmmlrtlXltu^^ on Kng.
..- .■o«.^_ mi«. ». oSircin-SSSKSl
J''rce/iolu
.i>x,TetriXLr?;T:i\et.'f,;„T«''r"^:''''r'''''*<'
OUTLINES OF cllRONOLOGf,
I'-O/t THE USE OF SCHOOLS,
EDITED BY MRS. GORDON.
<■.«,, :';"'!j!!j[ l'5:;:v;;',*i'a >--.;' outlines of
J. HELLMUm, D.D.
Opinions Of the Press on Outlines of Chronology
«cl^piiZd''auuI!;;'^4!;To/;'*'^ "?■?'• '« -•"«" '««
tion o[ the prii c ,s\?f';'e 'cieiice "^I',"""*-
]V;o ..ve no hesi.a'tion iu r^coSSn^g' itt'ZS,
in.I'an"o|;r"X„t;'' iri^ra!."'^''"""!^ »^iro.Wcoa
arranged.-.WaXa<-GiL<e. '"'' ""•"="''• ■""* ^''^
344
Lo yell's series op school books.
[1864. B. N.A.
m
^
TWb Httle work la worthy of perusal by all, and wo
question the judgment of the person who will not per-
use it a second, aye, and even a third time. It deserves
repeat! (I perusal, and the more one reads it, the more
will ho gain in knowledge upon th:' ■ difficult science.—
O/mmercial Advertiser, Montreal.
Great care seems to have been bestowed on the com-
pilation of the •wotIl.— Montreal Tranacript.
BRITISH AMERICAN READER,
BY J. DOUGLAS BORTHWICK,
AUTHOR OF OTCLOP/BDIA OF HISTOBY AITD
GKOGRAPHY.
Eduoation Office, Montreal, Deo. Slst, 1860.
Mb. J. DoiroLAS Borthwick,
Professor, Huntingdon Academy,
Sir,— I have the honor to inform yon that at its
meeting of the 13th inst, the Council of Public Instruc-
tion approved of the book submitted by you— TVie
British American Reader, which approval has been
confirmed by Ills Excellency the Administrator of the
Government.
I have the honor to be. Sir,
Your obedient Servant,
LOUIS GIRARD, Recording Clerk.
Opinions of the Press on the British American
Header.
It does the greatest credit to the industry and tasto
of Mr. B .Tthwick..— English Journal of Education, of
Lower Canada.
The compilation is an excellent one, and no doubt,
will supply a want which has hitherto been much felt.
— Montreal Herald.
Wo can heartily recommend this book as the best
we have yet seen for use in the British American Co-
\oi\iea.— Montreal Gazette,
A very valuable work, and one much required. The
British American Reader should find a place in every
Canadian aohooh— Commercial Advertiser, Montreal.
The selection of pieces seoms well made, with much
tact and sound oiscretiou. There is nothing with
which any can be oflonded, much from which all may
derive both profit and amusement.— TVue Witness,
Montreal,
The selection of pieces in this book is, we think,
made with judgment, and the whole will convey, in
a vorv pleasing manner, much information about
America generally. — Montreal fVitness.
Mr. Borthwick has so ably accomplished the task he
undertook, that very many readers, who iiavo long
passed the school-boy era of life, will find his work a
most U3ef\il hoolc.—MontreoU Transcript.
This is tho very book for our Canadian youth. We
wish Mr. Borthwick every possible success. — Br'tish
Whig, Kingston.
We have no hesitation in recommending its general
use, and doubt not it will secure ready acceptance in
all British America.— £j/totm Oazette.
From its pages wo receive much valuable informa-
tion, historical and statistical, in reference to our own
country; and it<) general selections are all that could
be desired in a Reading Book for our public schools. —
Peterborough Review.
We trust to seo this book take the place of many of
the foreign works now in use throughout the country.
— Eastern Totonships Gazette, Granby.
We have the utmost reason to be proud of its se-
lections : it is, indeed, aimost a miraciu uf lijovk* fur
tho young.— ificftwKwd County Advocate,
This work is well done, and wetrust thatthe attempt
to rationalize our school books will meet with abun-
dant success.— 5<an»<earf Journal.
LoTKLL's Series of School Books.— Mr. Lovell
is one of the most enterprising and spirited of Cana-
dian publisliors in tho department of works of utility
We have lately received several numbers of his series
of sciiooi books on spelling, reading, and grammar, in
which we think he fully bears out the object which he
professes to have in view, viz., renderingthese branches
ol education simple and attractive. Tho books are well
printed, and cheaply though firmly bound, so as to
bnng them within the reach of all persons who have
children to send to school.— /kmdon Prototype.
The trustees of the Melbourne Female Seminary
Iiave introduced an entire uniformity of the British
American series of school booics now being published
by Mr. Lovell of Montreal. This is a good^movement
in tlie right direction. It will avoid all tho evils of a
multiplicity of text-books in the new institution which
has commenced under very favorable auspices. It will
ultimately be a great saving of expense to parents, who
have much just cause of complaint on account of the
frequent changes and ill-adaptedness of many of tho
books u>;ed in our schools. These excellent homo
publications ought to be introduced into the schools
generally throughout tho province, for many very ob-
vious reasons ; and especially because they are much
better adapted to Canadian schools than either Ameri-
can or oven British works generally Me.—Richnw.id
County Advertiser.
NATIONALITY OF SCHOOL BOOKS.
Anticipating somewhat the action of our long-pro-
mised Council of Public Instruction, upon whose suc-
cess seems to depend the subject of reform in our
schools, it may not however be impertinent or profit-
less for us to notice some of those radical deficiencies
that exist in our School system.
The most obvious and the chief defect in the Com-
mon and the Higher Schools of the Eastern Townships,
is the great want of nationality in the text-books which
they use. They are anything and everything but
Canadian. In our Readers we find speeches of Patrick
Henry, Webster and Clay, glowing descriptions of our
Southern neighbors, notices of their prominent men,
and pictures of their natural scenery and wonders of
art; out what of Canada?— what of'^her worthies, her
institutions, her progress, and her boauties of nature?
Absolutely nothing. Our Geographies are of the same
nature; flill particulars relative to every State and
Territory in the Union— usually occupying a third or
more of the book— and the whole of tho British Pro-
vinces in North America hastily and carelessly summed
up in tho compass of four or five pages. Our Histories,
auu many other books, are as faulty as those just
named.
Now, we do not pretend to say that a child cannot
as well be taught the art cf reading fVoma book made
up of foreign miscellany as from any other; but what
we do say is that a book adapted to Canadian scholars
would not be used in tho United States, nor would a
book intended for Republicans be used in any of the
monarchies of Europe. In all countries wherein a
comploto system of Education has been developed, the
nationality of a text-book is one of its greatest elements
of success. Book-makers, book-sellers and book-buyers
equally well understand this. Would that it wore as
well understood in Canada.
Now, what is tho tendency of this system? Is it
not— either by presenting to the minds of our youth
foreign models of excollence.or byexcluding them from
that which is most essential for them to know— to make
them foreign in their tastes and predilections, and
admirers of everything abroad— and, wo might add,
(Jespisers of everything at home? If we would see
those that are to come after us, and to inherit our
bi rthrights, worthy to enjoy, and fitted to promote that
high destiny which awaits our country, wo must make
them patriots in their tender years. Instruction by
the home fireside is not alone suflicieat. We must put
in their hands Canadian books, to tie read and studied
at soIk'.'I. Wiian iiiis is uun-, prosperity is iu Biurv
for us and our country.— Watreloo Advertiser.
[1864. B. N.A.
we trust that the attempt
kg will meet with abun-
nal.
OL Books.— Mr. Lovell
g and spirited of Cana-
icut of works of utility,
al numbers of his series
adine, and grammar, in
out the oblect which he
■enderingthese branches
Hve. The books are well
firmly bound, so as to
if all persons who have
andon Prototype.
irne Female Seminary
iformity ot the British
ics now being published
his is a good movement
1 avoid all the evils of a
10 new institution, which
orablo auspices. It will
expense to parents, who
laint on account of the
tednoss of many ol the
These excellent homo
(luced into the schools
'ince, for many very ob-
Decause they are much
iools than either Ameri-
aerally aie.—Jiichtno.ui
!HOOL. BOOKS,
action ol our long-pro-
lotion, upon whose sue-
3jeot of reform in our
impertinent or proflt-
ose radical deficiencies
I.
lief defect in the Com-
the Eastern Townships,
in the text-books which
f' and everything but
nd speeches of ratriok
ving descriptions of our
their prominent men,
jonen' and wonders ot
lat of^ her worthies, her
her beauties of nature?
fraphies are of the same
i^e to every State and
f occupying a third or
)le of the British Pro-
and carelessly summed
3 pages. Our Histories,
s faulty as those Just
ly that a child cannot
ling tVom a book made
n any other ; but what
d to Canadian scholars
d States, nor would a
be used in any ot the
I countries wherein a
las been developed, the
of its greatest elements
lellers and book-buyers
Would that it were as
of this system r Is it
5 minds of our youth
byexcludingthom from
hem to know — to make
nd predilections, and
—and, wo might add,
me? It we would see
s, and to inherit our
d fitted to promote that
ouiitry, wo must make
years. Instruction by
fficiont. We must put
to be read and studied
prosperity is iu itUtttt
loo Advertiser.
I