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ATT0N8 N.DUSlMiy: OF C/xNADA, WrtK THB MOTHER OOUNTaV WW) THE UJ^ITED STAT*'^ BBIKU A HrR«Cn BV ISA*- ■ I M. RAN AN, Esq., M.P. ' V»ML K Off in* ■i -tMf.'iw ^.. .M^INTIMEN r^ THEREIN, ifB'"!! Tilt p r o K i: t^, ii 5 i.oNr- ■ • 'M1-,M1TT<>S Sl'BCfATOa." 1» Al»Di^!> . :•; . IVKKS0 'Vl'Eli CANADA, H-B UKOEMBBa, 1863. SO* «a«f i-r ',■■■- ...JXH.:,-- l-MBjriTS. HOTB* II I1" ,"■■ -t.l J. »-.V«tAJ*i. >-■,-«■ J' or PRINTKD hT -om LOVM; I, ST. NICHOLAa STSEgT. r\ fSCt<^€$ Wl ^ THE RELATIONS OF THK INDUSTRY OF CANADA, WITH THK MOTHER COUNTRY AND THE UNITED STATES, BEING A BFBKOH BY ISAAC BUCHANAN, Esq., M.P., AS DBLIVBRBD AT THE LATE DEMONSTRATION TO THK PARLIAMENTARY OPPOHITION AT TOBOUTO.-TOQBTUBK WITH A SKBIES OF ARTICLES IN DEFENCE OF TRa NATIONAL SENTIMENTS CONTAINED THEREIN, WHICH ORiaiNALLY APPEARED IN THE COLUMNS OF THE "HAMILTON SPBOTATOH " FROM THE PEN OP MR. BUCHANAN, TO WHICH IS ADDiJD A SPEECH DELIVERED " BY HIM AT THE DINNER GIVEN TO THE PIONEERS OF UPPER CANADA, AT LONDON, CANADA WEST, IOTH DECEMBER, 1863. KOW FIRST PUBLISHED IN A COMPLETE AND COLLECTED FORM, WITH COPIOUS NOTE. AND ANNOTATIONS, -BESIDES AN EXTENDED INTRODUCTORY EXPLANATION, AND AN APPENDIX CONTAINING VARIOUS VALUABLE DOCUMENTS. EDITED BY HENRY J. MORGAN, ""'"'"'""'''''''^SK^CRirnr^^Zll^'' -«-0«'CAL SOCIETY, AND AUTHOR OF SKETCHES OF CELEBRATED CANADIANS," kto. PRINTED BY JOHN LOVELL, ST. NICHOLAS STREET 1864. " ®o iU '^tUm of tbt fattbrnmitt0 $»vts tt (dtAtt S ttliicBtr tfitsr pagrs, iccRntt S xel tftxt t^t yrobince i« nt t|rt toinnina or t|ri loting, %U thAt we leiliAU htxtJuiitt %mt to liaU you ^s ifjt ^ononteli tnstntmrnts of #av f oliiieat «nA inituieitvial KiatVAti0«. IM Kr. Buchanan's Littbb to trb Editor ov thk 0to6«, absurino bix pubuoXiT (OV WHAT HB ALBBADT, NO DOUBT, WBLL KNBW,)THAT Kr. BnORANAN AND ALL HM VBIBND8, AS IN THB PAST, SO IN THB FUTURB, WOULD BB VOUND OPPONBNT8 TO THR SRATR OF ANNBXATION, AND NOT ITi FRIBNDS, AS THAT JOURNAL BA8BLT INBINT7ATBD, RB STATES THAT HB IS OF NO PARTT, THOUOR RBLUCTANTLT OOMFBLLRD TO Bl Hf OPPOSITION TO THB PRBSBNT MiNISTRT IN OONSBQUBNCB OF TRBIR ACTS, EZBOUTITB AS Wr LL AS LBOIBL ATI VB ; BUT THAT HB 18 OF A CLASS FAR MORB NUMIIROUS TBAN THB " TRICK AND THIN " ADRBRBNT8 OF BITHBR OF THB PRBSBNT aoMitant FARTIBS. ThOBR ALX.UDBD TO BY Mtt. BUCHANAN WILL COMPOBB A NBW PARTY— THB PARTY OF OBDm, WHICH WILL PROBABLY BB CALLBD THK " CONSTITUTIONAL PARTY "—ITS FLATFOBIC BBINO BROAD BNOUOH TO HOLD ALL WHO VALUE AND RBSPBCT THB TIMB-HONORXD COSflTITUTION, WHETHER THEY BB ORIGINALLY REFORMERS OR CONSBRVATIVBS IH WAi. ^. The NBW PARTY OF ORDER WILL COMPRISE THREE ELEMENTS :— tU»i, Canstrbstibt f ibtniU, or olb gtlamttn, st^:riT:Lre^.«:iei^^^^^^^^ » Hep* an^d :'ir]h,;\:dt ^^^1^^^^^^^^^^ SPEECH AT TORONTO. 11 Population will not fill the belly ; so that, admittmg that it would be an improvement in our machinery of Legislation, and supposing it attained, his [Mr. Buchanan's] practical question to the Grits is one which they have not practical talent enough to answer, viz., what practical measures they would carry by this new instru- mentality to subserve the great question of the people's employment. [Great cheering.] Mr. Sandfield McDonald's views on Represent- ation by Population are antipodal to those of Mr. Brown, so they must be a happy family. When the Brown-Dorion Government was formed, he was sent for into a committee room by the leaders to see what the old Reformers would do. He said " give us a more honest and patriotic policy than we have had, and we will cordially support you." They couldn't produce any policy whatever, and he told them plainly it was because they were mere fault-finders, and had nothing practical in their composition. [Much laughter.] He and his friends agreed to give them an adjournment of twenty- four hours, or a week, if they wanted it, but it was no go. Out of notning, nothing comes. [Roars of laughter.] And as with the Brown-Dorion Administration, so with the Macdonald-Sicotte Cabi- net ; he was well disposed towards them, masmuch as through Mr. Sicotte and his Lower Canada colleagues there was some pledge that what he [Mr. Buchanan] considered the first question in Ca- nadian politics, our provincial industry, would be conserved by a policy of importing the smallest possible quantity of foreign labour and the greatest possible quantity of labourers. He therefore was anxious to support the Government, and as a matter of fair play to them voted against the motion of want of confidence.* Well, they went to the country ; and what was his surprise when they came back to the House, to find they had changed their patriotic policy so soon as they had used it to carry the election. [Laugh- ter.] They had a reversible cloak ; they stole with one side and • Motioa 1.. amendmeat to the motion of Hon. L. V. Sicotte, " Tiiat Mr. Speaker do now leave the C'.-air for the House to go again into CJommittee of Supply," moved by the Honorable John A. Macdonald in the Legislative Assem- bly, on May Ist, 1863, " that Mr. Speaker do not now leave the Chair, but that H be resolved, that the Administration, as at present constituted, does not desprvfl the confidence of this HousoJ' Vote lAkcn on the 7th May ■ veas 64 ■ nays, 59. 12 SPEECH AT TORONTO. tke House ; althouah thir™. I """""^ **»■ ''■"«<>l™g i"t their ^vi„riri e JT'X™' "™"^ "-'atutional? waahef oSip ?»; C^L /:r: T^'S'' *^y ';™°8'" «P ^ fresh were not entitled Tr^t: ^^[aetT nfc "^ '5"^ had V olated EesDon«M» r„ L^"eer3.j He conceived they tercolonial iJS He tTT""' ^'l '" *' ™"° »f "■" I'^ that great road tt»t . '"^ '''"'""" '"'' ™ '''>'■ »r "gainst «d iytl the dlTf r r"~^ '° *^ "^S™-' ' *»t he ^eha,f„,ca„adt^t:?rrenr;:i!::^^^^^^^^^^^^ and the Lower pTvin'.^ '°''°"''"'''"' 1»°P''' '» EngW was aishono: le"^" 'rpXseT It ™ f' "^ "'"'"'^ «-' ponsible Government to r-" .™ "''" * "»'"''»■' "f Kes- ^tive the .pprrnt^r sTc^ ^frr,:^^^^^^ sible stretches of nrerocrntJvp tI.of .u o/ by such irrespon- yet the ™»ac„,rrait '4r;f'r r'r''\™"r"^ appeared to him tl,ere was a tltJ'J'. ""'^ " among the low radical state Lnj^n -tod rhtef™?'"" Responsible Government in T, -ff "°"""'' *» "nterfere with our ever gone bo^Z ZT J^ Tariff matters, and no Ministry had present men [cwj '""""» »' -""tenancing them L U,e A PRACTICAL POLFCY WANTED FOK CANADA. He felt the Government were invading all our great interests. SPEECH AT TOKONTO. 13 For instance, his firm had had two ships coming from China and one from Brazil, and he did not know what the duty would be on the tea or the coffee in them. At the time of the last change, he had had two vessels at sea, and the difference m the duties, sprung sud- denly upon thera by the Government, was upwards of $60,000 ! [Sensation.] The whole thing was a troubled dream. All our great interests were in nightmare, the Government sitting on the chest of our prosperity. [Laughter.] He had already alluded to the proposed invasion by Mr. Holton of our manufacturing interest, which was fast becoming entitled to the name of a great interest, so much so, indeed, that at this moment the manufacturing political influence in Montreal and other large places is more than the com- mercial. [Hear, hear.] And one Minister, at least, Mr. Howland, (for whom he had a great respect) was aware of the fact that one result of our patriotic legislation since 1858 when Parliament sat in Toronto, was the existence in Canada of over a thousand tanneries. [Hear, hear.] The manufacture of paper, of wool, of wooden ware and agricultural implements has equally increased. [Hear, hear.] By manufacturing the articles mentioned w.e save the necessity of sending out of the Province at least two millions of dollars in cash per annum, and a fews years hence the money required to be sent abroad for these great articles of necessity, not to talk of the innu- merable other articles now being manufactured in the Province, would have been double that amount. [Hear, hear.] By manufacturing these articles we not only cause an immensely increased employment for our own population that are not fit for other sorts of labour, but vfQ retain in the Province the money for the use of the farming and other interests, thus not only increasing our supply of capital in the Province, but reducing the rate of interest at which it can be bor- rowed. [Cheers.] Free-traders will say, you pay more for the articles you manufacture than if you imported them. Now I deny that this is the case. Every article, I believe without exception, that we now manufacture is furnished to the people at a lower price than it was sold for before 1858. But even supposing that we did pay a higher price by the amount of the customs duty, this would not be injur- ing the people. It would only be making them pay the tax indirectly, iustead of directly. It is obvious that the great fact of our being in I 14 SPEECH AT TORONTO. debt compels us to collect the money either in one way or the other. Ihe only policy for northern countries in America is to limit their purchaaes of foreign labour to the greatest extent, for neither the ^orthern States nor Canada can produce e.-ports to pay for even the very smallest imports, which the natural " g(^a-headitiveness " of our people makes possible. Even with the greatest contraction of im- ports, therefore, these would be miserable countries, except for the money which comes adventitiously into the country in the pockets ofimmigrants and for investment. [Hear, hear.] To the extent, however, that our imports are over our exports we pay for the balance with the Province's life blood, for although there may not be an open removal of the specie on which all bank circulation and monetary confidence is built, there is the loss of its equivalent. But for being reqmred to pay for profligate importations the money got through immigration and otherwise, would be an increase of the coun- t^s life blood-an extension of the basis on which the pyramid of our Provincial prosperity reposes. [Hear, hear.] True political • reform, (such as we had before the Globe came to Canada) is, in a progressive state of sociely such as we have in America, the truest conservatism. We must be economical not only in applyin- the people's money for their own benefit, but in securing for our°own people all the employment we can, in making the articles we re- quire, seeing that when the manufacturers live in a foreign country they are not consuming the productions of the Canadian farms. No ^ country can be great without having rotation of crops, and no coun- try can have this without having a manufacturing population to eat the produce which was not exportable. [Cheers.] And soglarin-ly untrue is the industriously circulated notion that such policy wculd be injurious to the agricultural class, that my whole object in insist- mg on limiting the Province imports of manufacturers, and raisin- up factories alongside our farms, is to benefit the Canadian farmer" and through him all other classes, knowing full well, as I do, that it is the only solid and permanent foundation for the prosperity of the coun- the aggrandizement of the empire. (Cheers.) And thi» ia the mam thing wanted by the Canadian farmer, permanmUy, as givimt; him a market on the spot for his roots and spring crops, thu»' rendermg rotation of crops possible, whUe it w.uld give him alao- that which 18 so valuable to him in the present Cuntil he gets hi* rotation of crops estabUshed), the superim market for his white wheat furnished in the United States by the Reciprocity Treaty. (Hear, hear). To the United States, and more especially to the Western States, as making the St. Lawrence the great highway of America, free trade and navigation with Canada would give great development, would give, in a word, all the commercial advantages of annexation. (Hear, hear.) The natural policy of Canada ia seen clearly therefore to be the establishment of an American ZoU- Terem such as exists among the Gorman States. Under this the Umted States and Canada would neither of them levy any customs taxes on their frontiers, but only at the seaports from Labrador to Mexico-the same duties being levied, and each cour.cry getting its share in the proportion of its population. Let it be therefore resolved, chat for our commercial system, the principle should be adopted by Canada of an American ZoUverein, or in other words, free trade with America, but not with Europe. Why should Eng- land be jealous or oppose this ? Is not Canada just England in Amenca ? If Canadians get an advantage, they wish no monoply rJ\ ^^^^'•y ^^d ^'^""tryman is welcome to come and share it. (Much cheermg). Ar.d this wul be a very fair coi^promise be- tween the views of the two .' vvc of friend. .: the Canadian farmer, one of which holds tuat our farmer is to be most benefitted by general free trade and dh-ect taxation, and the other by keeping our money m the country through the restriction of importatic ■ «nd mdirect taxation. The Reciprocity Treaty is a tomporaiy '*M.rf?,:^,|.^^V^*, W t)e only a temporary 009. As ou/home 1 ~,iii.J- Jlli .liiWl; W)i\\ Jf . ■.>ji"j' iv.miH 8PBECH AT TORONTO. •SI market increaaes through the enlargement of ouv cities and t-wna, ■we flhall bo more independent of tho market of the United Statee! But he (Mr. Buchanan) believed that aa a necessary constquence •of the free trade legislation of England, Canada wUI require Eng- land to assent to the establishment of two things, on the subj-ot of •which time did not permit him now further to enlarge. Ist, An American Zollverein. 2nd, Canada to be made neutral territory m time of any war betwoer England and tho United States. Those who can estimate the terrible difficulties, if not impoaei- bJhties of euch arrangements, will begin to form some idea of ti crime committed by the statesmen of England in taking so serious a step m the dark as the adoption of the principle of Free Trade, or in other words of the contrary principle to that of Empire ! [Hear, hear.] To return to the more immediate consideration of the Pro- vincial Ministry. THE aniTS — WHO AND WHAT ARE THEY ? His opinion was that it would be far better to have Mr. Brown openly and honestly in office, than, aa at present, behind the scenes of Mr. Sandfield McDonald's Ministry, especially (as has been shewn by •the illustration of Parrhasius) there is nothing else behind. [Laugh- ter.] At the same time he would not be understood as admitting that Mr. Brown has any fitness whatever for the Government. On the contrary it was his opinion that there is not a man in the country with much less fitness, or whose rumble is in much greater proportion to his "gumption." [Much laughter.] For instance no man with any judgment could have gone agiinst Kobert Baldwin for a member of our Upper House. Mr. Brown's chief, if not only claim to office, 18 that Iiis having place and power is the only condition on which he will agree not to enflame the people and make them dan- gerous, even if he himself is not seditious. [Hear, hear.] Gritism IS a sort of bastard child of Malcolm Cameron— [Laughter]— which even he afterwards got ashamed of and repudiated. [Great laugh- ter.] It is in a word, a conspiracy of the most uneducated, with some honourable exceptions, of the community, not only to share, ^ut to monopoiiae ail offices of trust and employment, both proviu- 22 SPEFX'HJAT TORONTO. cial and local. [Loud and long continued cheering.] Patronage IS its life, and patronage will be its death. AH its" members are not bad, but every man of curious or unsettled views political or religious is of its party. [Cheers.] It is a conspiracy of small and bad men, not an embodiment of large and good principles. [Cheers.] And never was there fmore necessity than at this present time in Canada for the good of all parties to be shoulder to %houlder, and hack to hack;'' their common conviction having at length come to be that they individually are as little justified in refusing, on ac- count of slight political differences, to join in defence of their com- mon country against these Grit leaders, [with whom the great bulk of their followers have no interests in common] as one would be to refuse to turnout with the whole people of a neighbourhood against a pack of hungry wolves threatening their farm vards. [Loud cheers.] He [Mr. Buchanan] denied that they were the liberal party of Upper Canada. If they were so, we might say with Madame Roland—" Liberty, what crimes are committed in thv name." ^ " But France got drunk ivith blood to vomit crime, And fatal have her Saturnalia been ; To Freedom's cause, in every age and clime. "men bad men conspire, good men must combine." [Loud and contuyued cheering.] 1 lage I are I or and rs.] le in and e to ac- om- .ulk } to inst oud sral dth hy ft A PLEA AGAINST ANNEXATION." A Letter addressed to the Editor of the Toronto Globe,. by Mr. Buchanan, January 6th, 1864. na I A PLEA AGAINST ANNEXATION. (To the Editor of the Globe.) Sir,— My speech in Toronto, on which yo« make remarks m to-day's Globe, was intended as a plea against annexation ; and I think on reflection you will see that you were not justified in de- scribing it as " a plea for annexation." If a person warns another of a precipice towards which his steps are bent, this is held to be an evidence of his desire to save him, not the contrary ; so I have since 1846, the English Free Trade era, raised my warning voice in regard to what I then saw, and still see, must be the fat^ results, in dismembering the Empire, of the adoption by England of a policy of free imports in the face of her not being able to se- cure for herself or her colonies free exports. It is the grossest fraud and delusion to name England's principle Free Trade, while it is only free imports, a one-sided system which even, if tolerable in an old and rich country, would never be so in a new and poor coun- try like Canada. I cannot allow myself to believe that you hold essentially different opinions from me ; and if so, I would be delight- ed to alter mine if you could only show me good reasons for such alteration. ^ My convictions since 1^46 have been that England, by her adop- tion of her principle of Free Trade, adopted a principle which ren- ders the principle of Empire comparatively useless, if not altogether impracticable ; that in doing so she did not in the least take into consideration the position and interests of her outlying dominions, especially Canada ; and to be more particular, that by her Free Trade measures England has left it to the interest of the farmers of Canada to be annexed to the United States, unless we get Recipro- city with that country. Now I desire to ask you the simple ques- tion, whether or not you think different from me as to this position <)i the Canadian farmer ? And if, as a matter of fact, we do not 26 A I'LKA AUAINST ANNKXATION. Ztl . ' "■ ""*'"" "" ""^^ P'^"*-^)' b« -^'« to unite in wt ' r ' ^"'''''' ^'^"'^^^ *^ ^"S'*^"-! i" the best possible S^u;; th' ^"""'."^ T P'P"''''"" ^*^'"^' '^'^^P'^ i">red by not giving up the connection ? i ^ j j t.«Inl'^«,rFT',"'-'':f'™"' ™PP»™S*at I would expect it poS8ii.lo that E„g|„,„l w,n g,vo up Freo Trade in time to suit our fus7aTti„ / r^' °" '"■'■ "™ P''"P''' '' "'"" *° "11 fl^' ^-^te'' ■ he fir t 1 ^' \°" ""! W-'ation of Euglish Free Trade should be l"2; r '" "«""-al ground, arise, fro,„ your insisting on You iL ,r ''■' 7™'" "'"'« f""'"'*"'' of apart of England. l2 ""»'<<■■■»»■<»' to be aa to what England might part wrft to a„„tlK.r p ,„,,,, „„tead of as to what she can extend tolr tha r" , ",", f" '■'"■ «™"'"' ('1'"' "'''"l' I '">!<• ""' true) elfn ;" ;T V°" "' =''""« '"•-^''-^^ '1- whole liberty in 1 ogard to her tariff of a country, as I propose. '^ " .1 '.7'"V°r """"''"'^ "fy™ '" ™» ^"oh arguments as " No no Jr. Buchanan, the loyalty of reformers is not in their pocket^ - P ^t ,;" *",""'1^ '; "•"■''" ^»" "'1""= oortainly 13, as boU u„ r , ^. ""'•■"'"y 1"'"™'-" Po'' -"y part, I belong to boa, the ,,art,es) not seeing any party that holds views sufficiently C^ad,an or patnotie : and to the extent I may appear to su^p rt worse . But .as to those many farmere and others who are of the fte oTr'';ft;'%' •™'^"."'"/''»' '^ 'l-^ ^^ -t monopoli^etl the loya y „( the Provmco u, 1812, 1887 and 1S62 (at the TreM musTfe 'tha T ° "7'- ""^"'"'K"- '- «" those classes must led that Canada is deeply injured by not havin" access to the marker of the United States ; and I cannotseewhy hi^ 1X1"^ courage te say so, should be called having his loydty in hisplTet ' Yours respectfully, Hamilton, Jan. G, 18^4. ^'''' Buchanan. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS, EXPLANATORY OF MR. BUCHANAN'S POLITICAL OPINIONS. INTEODUGTORY REMARKS, IXPLANATORY OP MR. BUCHANAN'S POLITICAL OPINIONS. The Editor feels that no apology is necessary for the republication •f the articles contained in this pamphlet, as from their recognized Talue, the work was undertaken at the urgent solicitation of so many; persons interested in the trading poUty of Canada. TheEditoi; havin^been the author of the « Sketchei of Celebrated Canadians," in which appears a lengthened and accurate statement of the'career and of the vast services rendered the country by Mr. Buclwnan, no doubt pointed him out as a person who would be most likely to be weU acquainted with the subject, and with which Mr. Buchanan's name has been so long and so prommently identified. Their repro- duction is the more necessary from the fact that these article* possess a pubUc interest which must commend them to the atten- tion of i J who take an interest in the welfare of Canada; and further, that a wrong impression may not be allowed to go abroad of the nature of Mr. Buchanan's scheme, both as an instrument of philanthropy in favour of the working classes of the mother country and of British America ; and lasUyj'in order that a wider circiUft- 80 INTBODUCTORY REMARKS. tion may be given to his refutation of the slanders sought to be fastened upon a political party on his account by the Editor of the loronto Globe and others of that "ilk." Mr. Buchanan's often expressed view is that he is the greatest Canadian patriot who prac- twfl T r* ? t ^'"-^""^ ^"^ '''^'^'^ of the masses in this country. This also he holds to be the best evidence of a man's having more than lip-loyalty to the British Government, as it leaves he Canadian notbng to envy in the United States. He pomts out tihat al our leaders of provincial poUtics, (equally with the lat on of England) are wDfully blind to this, as shown by th^r not makmg the question of the greatest and best paid employment m their n fact, not makmg it a question at all, anything patr otic- ^y selfish seemmg now to be laughed to scorn. At the time of J\^! ^tf """"'"'• '*'*''^- '^ ^^' P^«««^* ^^J a^e throwing up those noble countries called the British Colonies with the samf n^halance as thej departed from the patriotic maxims called British principles. To the countries and the principles aUuded "• The race oC small men described by Chambaud, ' Jeune homme qui se dia t ngue par un ton ddcisif, par des manieres libres et dtourdies ' Br^Ush lin copies banished by them from their own country have taken refugelnAmerr als i^alou^ of T "^'"'^ 'Concessions to foreign pow ra, to our n,als jealous of our growth, and anxious i. impede our onward prowess Encourasentent to dcnesticjndustry is a concession to our fdloZu"l iff. 1" 'He ha mou^t.. h IJ"' '''^''' °' '"'^"'^^ ^« characterises thus:- rmlh! 7"°*«^f'«.»^°bby and has determined to spur and whip him ■"« brokenit,«,tr What" ff "'■''"' " '" ^^if-^M'"' ie has we had beef t^d om^^Zr:^^:'/"^'' ''- ^^ -id if ^ing entirety ,e. ^ thelr^L^r^i ^f:^^ Lf 7°?"'' THE MONARCHY T«i^°f ^™™*I' ^^^^^'^^ TO Tai p^r • ^ . umerwise we lak« Rehgioa for mstance-lookine to onA,.if VT^ nt-'v ««1 1 I mTRODUCTORV REMARKS. 88 the Zl!! -7 ^^ , ""«""""« ™'- 'hoi-Shto ; hue, looking to tte vital oon»>dcrat,„„ ,/,<.( rt« dkcUim i, f„ our children „f «t onoo get quit of our false shame. So is h Jtt ,IT \^ ■ Patriotic or Social Ec. o.,, which'l' L:' ol^th^ g oC:: mpLE'T'"™'. 'T ^^'P'^oymen/ op 'our mra f71i^:::?;!.t:rrx:-:r:-t. iro^^t^'J. ''°''™^ 0^ ENGROSSING THE Sen tZ^ ^ZTZrr^^'' MrE^ORN^NTL FIRST Oir<«TTOv ™ JS^ r ''° '"• '"* °» "dmititlobe THE rmoi yuJiSTIOi-f IN THE POLITICS OF EVPRv rnr/T ~»e feeling of dee°p res^onlluX I h." i™l Z 7'^'.*^ ^ Uk. ™™„g ty .h, industrial" ^^.S^fth'u^^ trially, of the United StoisT " " "" """' **'"'""= f»"™' '"<»>» 84 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. And as I, in explanations in respect to the oosition of my groat question on the other side .f the Atlantic, have preferred to quote the language of that admirable English writer, Ser/oant Bvles rather than to give them in my own-so I shall prefer making this' important explanation ^ to the preser. industrial position and prospecta of the Umted States, ^n the words of a very clever recent American work ^^ A Eutory of the Whig Party ^ by R. MoKins- liGY WKMSBY I " * President Jack.on,' says the work alluded to, ' commenced Ins administration when the country was under the f.ll Tide of experiment in the principles of Madison, Munroe, and Adam. Ou foreign and domestic policy wa. that established under thes Pr" adents. The country was at the height of its prosperity as Jackson entered the presidential chair, and his ter!n of adL^nistrat ^ seemed just long enough to work an entire revolution of the mea^ ures of bs predecessors. The consequences of his acts were pre- jhcted; and if t ey fell as a legacy to his successor, it may "rs^aS, in the figure of the poet, that thoy were visitations to ' plague the inventor ' The grounds on which all his changes' of^polcy were made were theoretical. There waa at the time no occasion for complamt that the country was not prosperous and happy Z the prosperity of that day has not been exceeded. This the PresT dent acknowledged. The country had at previous periods pals d ^rough revuHons .amcs, and all sorts of monetaiy distresses. The causes of such reverses and calanuties had been examined mto carefully, and a course of policy adopted, as was thought, that would avert the future recurrence of such convulsions in L busi- ness of the country. But the muniments provided against these revulsions by the safest statesmen, considering their ex'perience L wel as ability, that our country has produced, were all swept away by the administration of Jackson; and the insecurity for which our uusmess and monetary systems were noted in early times, has con- tinued to the present day. The fact is, we are a country without ANY POLICY AT ALL EITHER FOREIGN OR DOMESTIC ; WE ARE AT THE .iERCY OF THE WORLD, AND ARE ONLY KEPT FROM BANKRUPTCY BY • Published by Crosby, Nichols & Co., BostWi. i INTBODUCTORV 1IKMAKK8. U *K UNCOMMON HON OF GOOD roRTIINE • Wilk „.. i j .by«, of .lostitution and ,„.vcrtT B.t iTf^ ' '"'"' '" *•" Ac millio„» Of mon and . oT2. P ''"'"' """^ '°" ''»<'». foro8,ght, »,,„,„ g»d naturod deity ha, hrL il „ 1™ '"? treasures „f t„<, ,„„,„„, „„ J W,™ ™„ ° "' '°'' "'='' K«I0N8, B„I NOT ,„„«, The T is at Lnd h""" "" '™™'' Will depend ™„re on our pAII 1^ "Cn Thr^l'' fore a,,d when nothing but atteition to tho,rpri*lll*^^^^^^ from the wretchedness of wo.e than colonial se£ '"' ■" *nd sung for years Bat ,u„' """^ ^''"''' <"« fcesin recited can well! oon^id^ed h^U' "S.Sroir °"^ '""' HAN^AOTUaES, AND OOMMEaOE AEE SO ^ZZnZrT""''^' OF CUBRENCV, I,.AT THE LATIB» CANNOT weTl IT. '"'™'"' »HE OTHEBS AND VIEWED SEPARATELY TuTcuRKENr™"" """' PEBLY SPEAKING AN INTEREW • ,t ,. ^KRENCY Is NOT PRO- is less dependent on iuhan ™ 'the , ! '^7™™'- 1"™!*% t^.. wiLut this^rurof cTr^itr ctd? °'f'™" OP HIS .ARM TO THE BOUNDS OP HIS coX" rZ",™"™™ TBATCODNTRYASAa-EATPin.r,^ ,7 °"''™^' •*"■> WOK DPON AND RKOULATED ON sZ Zo^ZZ'Zr'' '''''' "''''''''''' CONTROLLED, he would at on^ K "" """" ^""'^ '^ Btatesmaa,! and Snd „„ d^ZllfnTt " •'""'"^ ''"°"°'^" ^^ «.l.t.'-I..„ Bwa^.r,;--"'"'"'' " »"•' '■ "" • P.tri»fe or SocUl Ecoo,^ 36 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. ,11 iW r III would be all that is requisite for a solution of the great questions that have so much agitated parties for years, if a person could only break through the mists that theorists and politicians have thrown over these subjects. ' '■ ' As with the family, the nation that consumes or imports more than t produces is on the road to bankruptcy. A fortunate con- currence of circumstances may for a while keep its tottering head from beating the earth ; but, in the end, such a country must fall. These continually recurring monetary revulsions are but the too palpable effects of its crippled and debilitated faculties, showmg that it is only with the utmost difficulty and pain that it can stagger along. This is the country, the improvident country, that has ever imported more than it has exported. The amount of the excess of imports over the exports is familiar to a'l who take the trouble to inspect the reports of the departments. A glance at the figures will show what reason would have required us to expect. Palsion and party frenzy may blind a man to obvious facts, or render him indifferent to things dimly seen through the mists of prejudice ; but every sensible and unbiassed mind will at once confess that a system which constantly exhausts, and never replenishes, our national resources, must be ruinous. Without going back further than to the administration of Munro, we see that the excess of our imports over exports— taking no notice of foreign goods exported included in the account— was, during his second term, upwards of $16,000,000. During J. Quincy Adams' terra, upwards of $17,500,000 ; during General Jackson's first term, about $35,000,000; and, during the second term, upwards of $129,000,000. There has been scarcely a year since, that the imports have not greatly exceeded our exports, and the aggregate of the excess of our imports from Jacksoi'a to Buchanan's administration, must amount to several hundred millions of dollars. The excess of our importations during the last term of President Polk was upwards of $114,000,000, and the excess from lb41 to 1857 is in round numbers upwards of 11260,000,000 !* • " An ingpection of the tf,bl«9 anouftllj presented by the Secretarj of th« Treasury will show the foil -winjr aatoniaiiing fnots : The .,p«cie imported luring ten jreara, from 1847, immediAteiy Hfter the tariff of 1S4S, to iss? INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. &f _ The only substantial check ever attempted for these nndue importations were the tariff enactments of 1828, and 1842, and although they both produced marked effects, their continuance was too bnef to mar the symmetry of our studied system of folly and stupidity Modem secretaries have struggled to obscure the returns of our custom-houses, and to break the effect of their pro- phetic balances. The exportation of gold has been charged in the accounts of our exports, to render our foreign trade apparently including those two years (fiscal years) was, .o. ^osa qo Hxport of specie and bullion during same period, ." .' ala'.oL 2 1 7 Bxcess of exports over i.nports The total amount of imports of goods and specie'during'the period was, $258,853,22 8 same $54,220,577 2,482,141,329 2,169,067,524 $313,073,805 Exp.,t,,.peciei„c,„d,d;.::;:;::;;;;;::::::::::::;;::;::::;,%«»'^^^^^^^^^^^ Leaving a balance of indebtedness; Or thus : Imports, exclusive of specie from 1847 to 1857 Exports, exclusive of specie " " " ., Balance of trade against this country, waTt'nJ tv *''V'°'' '? ' ''""^ '''' '° *^'^ 'couniryVin consequence of it. want of pohcy, of upwards of tkree hundred millions of dollars ? What a corn- men ary on our national system I We have cast the specie exports since the trltpT^nTK !^"'""^°'=^'^ *''^'' P^°ducts, to show into whose pockets their rat or • 7"'- '''' "^'^^ °'^' °°' ^« '^'^ ^''^t this is all wrong ; ^at our commercal system should have been such as to have saved the pro- tl \T "" . "'"''' *"'' ''''''''^ °' P-^y'"^' *° ^'^^^ -«-ved by foreign trade a balance of one or two hundred millions annually. EXPORTS FBOM THB UNITED STATES TO POREIQN PORTS. Domestic Pro- tlucc. $ 98,455,330 101,718,042 150,574,844 130,203,709 131,7lO,Of:l 134,900,233 173,620,138 154,931,147 189,869,162 215,157,504 192,761,135 2o(),45o,05i 278,906,713 241,351,033 Foreign rro- duce. $ 7,584,781 7,865,206 6,166,754 7,986,806 8,641,091 9,475,493 10,295,121 li,037,043 13,096,213 21,061,137 26,lli8,3C8 14,781,372 14,917,047 20,660,241 Specie and Bullion. $ 8,606,495 3,905,268 1,907,024 15,841,616 5,404,648 7,522,994 29,472,752 42,674,135 27,486,875 41,422,423 56,247,343 45,745,486 69,136,922 62,633,147 Total Exports. $114,646,606 113,488,516 158,648,622 154,032,131 145,755,820 151,898,720 218,388,011 209,642,325 230,452,250 278,241,064 275,166 846 326,964|908 362,960,682 ?24,644,421 S8 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. more equal ; and, in the imports of specie, the money brought by immigrants 3 alluded to as an item of importance, sipposod to oe large, but not to be stated ! THE FACT IS OrTR Posil TION IS A RUINOUS ONE, AND EVERY clNDIDMfN To^ToI^.tV'''' ^"™^ ''^^'J^ BE CHANGES EESOFRrp^ wr^T**^"^®' "^^ ^'^"^^ ACCIDENTAL Fm^T^l^nr^i^ ^^'^ ^'^™ us MUCH LONGER ±liOM THE GULF OF KUIN.* "J Since General Jackson's administration, our country has gone back to Its earlier condition. Before the last war with Englind, Massachusetts asked but for Free Trade, as restrictions upon import tations, It was thought, would diminish the business of her mer- chants and skippers. For a while, under the tariffs of 1816 and 1824, she mvested largely in manufactures ; bat the inconstancyf ColZnil •' T'', ""f' '^" ''"'•' ^'''' ''^"^ ^° ^"g^'^^d. '^^^ h" colonies. Gold tTA^ ."' ' 'r'' "^''''^ •" consequence of the continued arrival of J/'-^^'lu''^ '''"'" '° ^''°*'^''' '°<'' '^ * f«°"«« of permaneacy_a feelin„ of cu Wat Z.." M r '''' '' °"^ '^"^^"* °"«' '^^•^"-^ " ^-Id be diffi- Ir now a? "''\ '''"'^ P'°P'' ^''' '=°'°°'°'^ ««°^« ^"1 •-« remain ^o;^. i«r now-a-d js."— Isaac Buchanan. IMPORl, nJTOj;H^njnTBD_STATES_PR01l FORBIGN PORTS. Year endiiif Juno « Dutiable. $ 95,106,724 96,924,058 104,773,002 132,282,325 125,479,774 155,427,936 191,118,345 183,252,508 236,595,113 271,276,560 221,378,184 257,684,236 294,160,836J 202,2y3,876{ Free Goods. $ 18,077,598 20,990,007 17,651,347 16,356,379 15,726,425 18,081,590 19,652,995 24,187,890 27,182,152 26,327,637 36,430,624 52,748,074 54.266.507 61,044,779 Spcio and Bullion. Total Import*. $ 4,070,242 3,777,732 24,121,289 6,360,224 6,651,240 4,628,793 5,45.3,592 5,505,044 4,201,382 6,968,184 3,659,812 4,207,632 1 2,46 r 799 19,274,496 $117,254,564 I 121,691,797 I 146,545,638 154,998,928 47,857,439 178,138,318 216,224,932 212,945,442 267,978,647 304,562,381 261,468,520 314,639,942 3(30 QQo I A 1 282,6 13,' 150 INTRODUCTORY RSaiARKS. upon the Teln b'I ™.» mterest of that stats U again ,eea But where, if theend ZTl """°'"""'' ^*'""' *» «»»"*• " < wi, ' ""' ""mmerce land ns » ing ba w: :;i:: it """"""^^ *« ^^^ «■- --'-"^ accn.. TtlS Tuli ^ro r — r *' •'"'"'• ^™"y J»°-"'an i, kind e.pXu:„rhrhr;t:;ef'''"^^^°^^-"'='''*»-"'' «pon the oLrr, '^S ^STnf'^vV;^"*'" Democratic CWL ""^^ ^ P'°"^^'^^S ^^^^^^^ti^n to see a fan« «;Aen tariff bills wil I ?J r ^''^ '' not far du- »-.nted ,b.. th, „„„„ .°d *„*,,' 1"' " """ '"""■»8 " «» ^ «.ke« for 49 INTBODUCTORY REMARKS. It has ever been a great fault of the people of this country to be governed more by party spirit ihm by ideas of state policy.Every countryman should think of his national family, as well as of h^ domestic circle. The substantial and permanent interests of the to the doctrine of Protection, we may mention the significant and highly en- couragmg act tl>at, during the political campaigns of 1858, many leading Democrats in d.fferent parts of the country, emphatically announced thomselve! in favour of Protection. Lending Democrats in Massachusetts, Pennsylvania and other States, did so. Mr. Hallet was decided upon the question ; and from' the Boston Post, the leading organ of the administration, in New England we extract the following, by the Post copied from the Pcnnsylvanian, a leading Democratic paper : ' "="■"'"» '' ' Hknrv Cr,AT ON TH. Tar,kf._To these old line Whigs who sincerely regard the opinions of Henry Clay, the following on the subject of a tarilT are com- mended at this time. In 1844, when Henry Clay was the Whig nominee for President he delivered a speech before a meeting of his political friends in f«'ir^ w^ • ""^''^ '^^''^ ""^ ^"^ •" '^' ^^"y ^^SU of July 25th. 1844, a Whig campaign paper, published at Harrisburg, by J. Kpabb, Esq. In this speech Mr. Clay makes use of the following emphatic language : " 'Let the amount which is requisite for an economical administration of the government, when we are not engaged in war, be raised exclusively on foreign miports ; and in adjusting a tariff for that purpose, let such discriminations be made as will foster and encourage our own domestic industry. All parties ought to be satisfied with a tariff for revenue and discriminations for protection ' of th« r^ "^ 7' " ''''' "' '"'^ the Democracy from the earliest stage. of the tariff issue, and so say the, now, in every public meeting that passes resolutions concerning the tariff. They have been honest and consisten tn their course, while the Black Republicans have been dishonest in every act with reference to this in ,,ortant issue. Will the friends of Henry Clay ioin with that party which is opposing every principle which he laid down in hig Raleigh speech 7 Can they strike hands over an issue which their great leader would not accept were he present ? Henry Clay said, ' all parties ought to be satisfied with a tenff for revenue and discriminations for protection.' The Black Republicans are not satisfied with this and hence are opposed to the principle. of Henry Clay. Yet this faction asks the support of old-line Whigs' Such an appeal is an insult to the intelligence of the sincere admirers of Henrv Clav • ' The rate at which this country is going to ruin is now pretty plainly appa- rent to every intelligent man, and is made conspicuous by our annual trade returns. It seems that we import of cotton fabrics about one-half the amount we manufacture, which consume, of the raw material, upwards of 650.000 bales per annum, worth upwards of $30,000,000. The value of the article. rZtV'""^ "'"' l*r. """''""• " nearly $60,000,000; of which some 6 or 8,000,000-a coarser fabric-is exported. A country like this, with sole com- mand of raw material, with abundance of manufacturin«r skill .n^ »„.„rrr=-- INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 41 country are not so varied as to be beyond the comprehension of Zl^TT ''[''^''^'y information and judgment, if he would thl fr,- u? *^' "^'^ '^ speculating theorists, and look at them m the light of common sense. BECOMF'^'?p''„^Tr. ''^'''^^' ^^ T«^ NATION WOULD BECOME RICH IT MUST SELL MORE THAN IT BUYS mu'rilroTcottr;?- '""•*' '^ "-"f-turing, imports four times as uiucn value ot cotton fabrics as it exports ! a coZZlZ' "pin- T *' •' """'^^ ^^^ ""'^'^ P'-P" -«1 '^ establishes ^'^iZt^lllZ^ ^ «-V"i-y to us. aud that their course for the fuCC,l„:„.f ''V'''°"' °' ''' ""''' *"'' ^^^'"«'* ousies and all J^ll \ continue. We must cease our sectional jeal- Norton 1:".:: r^^^^^^^^ ''^'''^ '-^^-^^ «^ *^« --^r,. ^The union what God 1^1 l^p ""'"°° *" °^''"*"''''- ^^ «='^" ^^^ «°d dis- ener„r^in,^?nd . ^""^^'^ ^«»'»blished ; but we must feel grateful to the wlhTh material Tr"' .""" "'° "'" ''^^^^ ^ ^'"''P- «"" '^ -PP>7 us tje G . ,,, , ,, counll^or^-rtX^Tm^^^Lr in:^^^^^^ haveTh^Jire lo^l^^ ^" «^ ^'^ ^^-"^^«-- Ma'nufactu:::^.^ nave ineir place, commerce its centre, and agriculture itq fi^IH Th«. I>»''««f !»» "' THE. IS cArPE0PL7rr'?^''''^- LONG THAT THE ONLY RFTr^^rV^'^''^ ^^^<^KE MAKKET EOH BItESK^\r^K^ a3 aU..i .hi^/r^ir^r^rr Trrfr --r would feed an ErK^lishmnn wifK v.- i V ■^'^*^ Yankee, who it well with dutfe^A Stt^p^pp^^^^^^^^^ ^^" ^' '^^^^'^ ^ butter interest. oaThic'h^L ^■**T'' *"■ '™*' ""'^^^^ »"»"• Commerce as one tl.in7- ™^ '''^''"'''»' ^" >•''»"■'»«<'• • «: J«:i;r;":;r2:rct;:r'-'-' ""' ""*'^- ^ INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 4a CANADA MUSTMANUFACTURE.-THE DECENTRALIZATION OP THE MANU" l^T^Zf^™^ ^^^'^"^ NOW BECOME AN URGENT POLITICAL NECES- SITY. UNLESS THE AGRICULTURE OF THE COLONIES IS TO BE LEFT WITH ?RT^?™ ^ REMUNERATION, THAN IP THESE WERE SEPARATE COUN- TS Tm^K^tr/f '''''"'' MANUFACTURING SYSTEM, AND UNLESS BRI. COUNTRY. ^"^ CONTINUE TO BE SACRIFICED TO BRITAIN THE iqoJ"t* ^®^* 'P^^''^ '"^ *^^ ^^"^'^ «^^«^*^3 <>n the 14th August, 1«38 Lord Lyndhurst thus described the coming into existence oi the German ZoUverein :-' Now the petitioners desired him to call the attention of their Lordships to the circumstances connected with this extraordinary decrease (in England) of trade; and the first pomtto which he would direct theirnotice, was the new Prussian com- mercial system. Everybody acquainted with that proceeding knew, and their Lordships knew well, the great difficulties which P. ussia Had to encounter in bringing the different states of Germany to accede to that agreement. Not only did it occasion a decrease of the exports of this country, but manufaciuring estabUshments had started up m central Germany ; and in consequence of the cheap- ness of labour, the advantage of water power, and the assistance of machinery exported frc^m this country, they were now enabled not only to supply their own wants, but to contend with us, and to con- tend successfully, even with reference to our great staple commo- dity m the foreign markets. In the United States of America, ^hichwas always considered our own especial market, the cottons of Germany and the hardware of Germany could now be purchased at a lower price than similar articles the manufacture of this coun- try. And in reply. Viscount Melbourne (the then premier) said;— 'The noble Lord had pointed the attention of the govern- ment to various subjects which he conceived to be, and which un- questionably were, of the very greatest importance ; and in the first place, he had directed their attention to the commercial union on the contment of Europe, instituted under the influence and guidance ot Prussia, A which united in one common band of fiscal regula- tions so many of the states of Germany. That state of things micht be hostile, or it might not, to the interests of England ; but if it were nosiiie, we ooulUnot complain, for it was contrary to no treaty 44 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. whatever; it was a right which those states had a right to enter into if they thought proper; and which no skill, ability, nor diplo- matic address, could have induced them not to adopt if they thought it best and most conducive to their own interests.' " " Canadians thus see in its proper light the attempt of the manu- facturers of Sheffield, and other places in England, through the Co- lonial Office, to coerce Canada, and make us legislate for the inter- ests of England, not for the interests of Canada, a thing which (as Lord Melbourne has so well shewn) England dared not attempt with an independent country. " And the North British Review, a high Free Trade authority, relates that since 1837 the consumption of raw cotton has increased more than twice as fast in the contmental states that have adhered to the protective system as in Great Britain, ar.d at a more rapid rate than in the United States, which has been foolish enough to tamper with her tariff after it was put, in 1842, on the most patriotic footing."* • The Reviewer goes on to sp" ■ ' We have now many rivals, where thirty years ago we had none ; we formerly supplied nations, which now partially or entirely manufacture for themselves ; we formerly had the monopoly of many markets, where we are now met and undersold by young competitors. To sev- eral quarters wa now send only tliat portion of their whole demand which our rivals are at present unable to supply. A far larger proportion of our production now than formerly is exported to distant and unproducing countries. A far larger proportion mw than formerly exported to our own colonies, and our remote possessions. More, relatively, is sent to Africa and America, and less to Europe. Countries which we formerly supplied with the finished article, now take from us only the half-finished article or the raw material. Austria meets us in Italy; Switzerland and Germany meet us in America; the United States meet us in Brazil and China. We formerly sent yarn to Russia : we now send cotton-wool. We formerly sent plain and printed calicoes to Germany : we now Bond mainly the yarn for making them. All these countries produce mor« cheaply than we do — but as yet they are not producing enough : we therefore sup' plement them. Partly by our old restrictive system, partly by the natural effect •of an increasing population, they have been driven from the plough to the loom — or have been driven to add the loom to the plough ; and henceforth our manu- facturing production can increase only, not by underselling or successfully com- peting with our rivals, but by the demand of the world increasing faster than our rivals can supply it. This is more or less the case with all our principal manufao- tnres ; it is pre-eminently the case with oar chief manufacture the cotton." mxaODUCTOKY REMARKS. 4& " Statisticians in England have always either misconceived or misrepresented the success of American manufacturing. The fol- lowing figures, however, will speak for themselves :— The cotton manufacturers in the United States consumed, Bales. Value. In 1858—450,000 120,020,000 In 1869—700,000 38,500,000 Increase— 250,000 118,480,000 " The value in 1859, being nearly double what it was in 1858. W© know that the demand has been so great at home, that the Americans have not had any great inducement to look abroad, but still we know that Canada alone buys from them (shewing thattiese manufactures are cheaper than the same goods in England) about ei^ht millions of dollars worth per annum ; and from the latest weekly report of the New York Dry Goods Trade, I extract the following: ' The ExpoH Trade is active, d.\\<\ still on the increase. We are competing encouragingly with the English in low cotton gooda among the Chinese and in India.' Now, until through the adoption of an American Zollverein we get for Canada a greatly extended market for her manufactures, we migiit have the allevia- tion of being able to pay them away for our tea and other articles «f import, if Parliament would only now evince so decided a deter- mination to sustain Canadian manufactures aa to enable parties to go into them with confidence. To encourage Parliamr ■ in this, I shall here give a statement of the exports of manufactures by the United States to foreign countries.— The amount, $30,372,180 is truly astonishing when we reflect on the unpatriotic character, in regard to American industry, of the governing party in the U. S. and on the perpetual attempts by English statesmen to induce them to adopt a suicidal policy in this respect. I r. 46 INTRODUCTOEY REHARK8. Statement exhibiting the Value of Manu/nctured Articles of Dometlic Product exported from the United States to Foreign Countries, 30th June, 1858. From the Annual Report of the Secretary of the Treasury. I I < I AltTIOLHS. Wax ReBned sugar Chocolate Spirits from grain Spirits from molasses .... Spirits from oth. materials Molasses Vinegar Beer, ale, porter, cider.. . Linseed oil and spirits of I turpentine Lard oil Household furniture Coaches and other car'gs. Hats Saddlery Tallow candles and soap and other candles Snuff and tobacco Leather boots and shoes . Cordage Gunpowder Salt Lead Iron — pig, bar, nails castings all manufiiit's of.. Copper and bras-, manu- factures of Medicinal drugs Cotton piece-goods — printed or colored. uncolored twist, yarn, thread other manufac. of. 1858. $85,920 200,724 2,304 476,722 1,267,691 249,432 115,893 24,336 59,632 1,137,507 60,958 932,499 777,921 126,525 55,280 934,303 2,410,224 1,269,494 212,840 365,173 162,650 48,119 405,931 464,415 4,059,528 1,985,223 681,278 2,069,194 1,782,025| 1,800,285 Articlks. Hemp and flax — cloth and thread., bags and all man- ufactures of. ... . Wearing apparel Earthen and stoue ware. . Combs and buttons Brushes and brooms Billiard tables & appa'tus. Umbrellas, parasols, and sunshades Manufac. of India rubber. Leather and morocco (not sold per pound) Fire engines k apparatus, Printing presses and tjpes Musical instruments Books and maps Paper and stationery .... Paints and rarnish Manufactures of glass. . . Manufactures of tin Manufactures of pewter lead Manufactures of marble and stone Manufactures of gold and silver, and gold leaf. . . Quicksilver Artifi'al flowers & jewelry Trunks and valises Bricks and lime. ........ Oil cake Articles not enumerated. Total 1858. 1,32 6 87,766 210,696 36,783 46,349 49,153 8,791 6,339 313,379 13,099 7,220 106,489 99,776 209,774 229,991 131,217 214,608 24,186 27,327 138,590 26,386 129,184 28,901 59,441 103,821 1,435,861 2,601,788 $30,372,180 " And to turn now to the actual annual production of manufac- tures in the United Sta* it may not be generally known that this amounts to more than v! ^imes the whole amount of foreign ma- nufactures which the Americans import, a circumstance in which lies the real advantage of the United States both in money (although the United States have nothing deserving the name of Banks, while Canada has the best Banks in the world) j and in employment, INTUODUCTORY REMAKKS. 47 ^^ omcia, ropcro of tho last Census published in 1855 :_ p«ra«ou,eo.paX':ts:t': 7;:: ;?ei'r""" °'*""- facture, capital inv^fprl in i ! ^ business or manu- and val'ue f 1~ ^ f P«> -tato, quantity, kind kind of motive Zer 1,^ ' . ^^^^^^<^^^red products, the ber of hands eiyed .ST^' "'""' '' '''''''''* '^' --^■ of that census on I'Tf;:^^^^^^^^^^ T"' '" ^'"^^^^ *^^ ^-^^^ aggregate product nf ^'I"''^^''^^^<>^^ were made, embracing the ^ciaf m^^^^^^^^ -chanic artsfand lries,brewerresaldt^^^^^^^^^^ or trading business wherTn! , ^^°^°''«a«t^J«> commercial factured,\urheh;er^^^^^^^^^^ '^^ -s produced or manu- and mer handTseormannfr.f '^^"^'"'^'"^^^"g« ^^ ^^«cles ^ results ofternltN^^^ BB published, were as follow :- ^*'^ ^*^*''' ^ ^^^ Individuals and establiabments . . ^"^-York. UaUed States. Capital invested, ' " ^^'^^^ 121,855 Raw materials used, ... .* * 99,904,405 $ 627,209,193 Hands employed— Males 134,655,674 664,655,038 Females! '.'.;. ';;■.; '■* "J'^" ^l^''*^^ Annual wages 61,612 225,512 ' Annual product, value of," ! ot2'^^i'°°" 229,736,37t Per cent, profit 237,597,249 1,013,336,463 63.86 43 43 Cotton Manufactures. Establishments Capital invested, ... ®^ 1,094 Raw materials used-fillVs" cotton '^H'll^ $H500,93l Tons of coal, ■.'.*.'.■;;;.'■ 7'"^ . «^l'-*0 Raw materials, value of, «, J'Z^ 12 1,099 __________^^^^^^— — —.■••. $1,985,973 $34,835,056 Wild,' Ir'^heZue't'l'l'"'"'^' '''' '""''"^ '"""^'•' ^ -'"- ^^^^se andr'unsofln s ;aw'^^^^^^^^^^ °^ ^P'" J'-, '"oms, presse;, mini the kind and quantity of roMr;r3dTjr;t^r^^^^^^^^^ vessels, faoais usea for fishing,'' &c. " ' •"="", auips. ^1 i t 4B UNTUUPMCYOBY BI&MAUKy. Cotton Manu/acturtt. New York. United SMti. •ande employed— Males, 2,032 33,160 Females, 3,688 60,136 Arerago onthly wages— Mule, 18 32 .... Female, 9 38 .... Annual product, valun of, |3,691,989 $01,869,184 ■ Woolltn Manuj'adurei. Eatablishments, 1 249 1,669^ Capllal invested, $ 4,169,370 $28,1 < 8,660 Raw materials used— Pounds of wool 12,538,786 70,862,829 Tons of coal, 46,370 Raw materials, value of, $3,838,292 $26,756,991 Hands employed— Males 4,262 22,678 Females, 2,412 16,674 Annual product, 7,030,604 value 43,207,666 Annual product of all the three departments — value in U. S.. $1118,413,202 " From the above it will be seen that the value of the annual pro- auction of manufactures in the United States is the enormous sum of eleven hundred and eighteen millions, four hundred and thirteen thousand, two hundred and two dollars ! " But many of my readers may be more astonished to be told that even in the oomparatively commercial state of New York (with which and Canada there is a better comparison) the manufactures are as much in annual value as all the foreign imports of the whole CJaited States. From the following uible it will be seen that at the last census, the value of raw materials used in the single State of New York annually, was, five years ago, one hundred and seventy-eight millions of dollars : showing that the value of labour and profit to the manufacturer (including interest on capital invested) was one hun- dred and forty millions of dollars. INVRODUCTORY REMARKS. 40 •t* r-t ^^ ^^ ,ii^ ^m p,^ 'liiiiifiiiiiiif 12.1 t'^ CO oi V I .» b»& ^ Doo '^ t-fi-? le^otcQ s •sajo Joqmn>i 2 g5g - ^-S=SF8§as|g«3-8s8"^i^ ■3 • *«> o : •3 a 2 -JO o ■ a> 5 ■■•■S'«»=^B 5.5 » 2 CJ3 a p •• Irs E ! iS.S,22l 50 INTEODUCTORY REMARKS. Mb h Q 0) Q) m C8 ^ •B9J0 -ON a sS «l S Si «» rt" t-T rtOO t-^ IN rH Si "^SSSS^SSiSS" ■a^i^s N»«jH ri M 03 rHiH THtO CO r-TNtH 00 •* rH rH O rl lO-^eOOOgJ i-cMr1 all SS : S8-gr.S8Sg||S| S S5Si2|g ri CO CT rHi-Ji-ftoeOr-rNi-tg-^rH-Hl- r-f US^l-lOO pHrti^ 8 s g-s8|s§s|!gs|i§8| I sii^Sg a feSS I S3 C0C9 c63a aa ass INTBODUCTOBY EEMABKS. 51 I 8 § ft i r2 3 CI So' i I ^ ►« " ^«OTECTED MANUFACTDBES ABE SICKLY " hears or reads constantly without contradirfrnn k V'" * ™*" Sale, the tmnslator of the Wn k !' i""* *P* *" ^"^^^• « aaid:to have beco j'aMah^ra'n'' ""''''^ ^^™« ^^ ^*' '' ' But this proposition is so far from bfeinir fr„^ +k * v . All great manufactures had thfiir ni.;,,;^ • i,L ^rstom. Take ou. „™, .ke gre^^Zd Z" i * f C^A^ our own manafaotures took their riw i„ . . » ^ / ^' ^" auta, ,0 high a. to amount to pLhwl TT.H « ''"^'''' owing to the fearful hostUitios Zm^'IT *^' quarter of a century before WIS, weTtovM f fZ^ef T'^" monopoly of the manufaoturin, U.du.ttTd' tht worW "^/l''' rtnngent protection has not only creat»rt m.^.!? ^ \ ^ *' them where they would uot natuX^e TS: rd r^ V^^ T"^' natural disadvantages. Other nJ^l! ', f '" °' ^»' wen as we. The United stl """^ ""* '"»'<'" « J*., other natio:,Va:*ait:urh:e™t"th" T -"""'• n.» materials.- It has been ustly lerv d tlat cl''"'; "'"'" IS emoDLABLY POOK IN THE EAwi,!™.! ' "" *""''"' THE BASIS OF MB oL7tL "^^ "'''-™ <'™»«ro™ ™o.s«r. WehavenocoTJ T/'"^ "*H„.AOTOBiKa best »ouforthelrurctr^Ltrc!"rt f-"'" -oe thf peaoe,"!;*-;^:; ^ » Z ^^ tlT^'^L"'' •Wet and jealou. protection. *^ ""o, but unler m.aaie classes, or than these again from the repubUcans, 62 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. \\ ¥ propagandists, socialists and ultra reformers. Yet on the subject of protection (with the exception of here and there a speculative enthusiast, and a few wine-growers in the South) they are all agreed. Protection to French industry, from the time of Colbert downwards, has been, and will be the policy of whatever party is uppermost m France ; and in this policy, and this alone, will the dominant party receive the support of all other parties. The French partisans of free trade being mostly speculative and literary men, we might have supposed that the French newspaper press, rich as it is in literary talent of the first order, or that at least a considerable portion of it, would be favourable to their views. But it is not so. Nay, the very newspaper which has been for many years the advocate of progress and liberal news, the Oonstitu- tionnel, is and always has been, the most determined champion of protection. In fact, among all classes, and in all parts of the country, in the metropolis and in the provinces, the doctrines of protection prevail and flourish. The stupendous natural boundaries of the country, the very Alps and Pyrenees themselves, do not repose on their everlasting foundations more securely than the arti- ficial barriers that protect and foster the native industry of France. (Look at the overwhelming majority of all parties in the recent debate of the National Assembly.) " ' After France comes Germany. Let any one, before the late Struggles, have visited the countries embraced by the Zollverein. To say that protection has there produced manufacturing prosperity, would be to beg the question. But one thing is certain, that ex- actly coincident in time and place with the most stringent protec- tive laws, has arisen a manufacturing industry and production of wealth, without an approach to a parallel in all the former history of Germany. On every side are seen rising mills, factories, work- shops, aud warehouses, teeming with an industrious and busy popu- lation ; and so far from agriculture being neglected, it NEVER MADE MORE RAPID PROGRESS, to say nothing of the mining, metallurgical industry, which has also received the most astonish- ing impetus. Yet with us— the richest country in the worid— the Zollverein, in proportion to the vast extent, multitudinous population and increasing wealth, haa little trade. But as she has protected. 53 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS ^g protected German industrrT.',, ^^'' }^'^''^'^' "i* produet of mmghamitaelf,and3of 1™" '^ *°^« "^ ""^ '»'» Bir- ma TO BMT THE* J. mT.OTBr„rrr°"'°™ ^'^ ■""'»' «KOCND. The Birmingham peoll,.™'"' "" ™™ <»™ German tarift take carfoftharr. ?.■■?'" *" ""'^'«- »o»s of thoae theorierwhichh. T ' ."' '"'P"""^ *« ^aJlow- Princea, ministers, SolXs and r1 '"' ""* '' "^ ^l"-- tte protection which hm !,"^f °?''*' >■■» "S^ed to maintain " 'Look at Russia E ° .f "^ ^'^'^"^ ""■'' '^S^eity. that infant bufcot L ft^Ltl 'T'T ^"^J'*°» '»"Tof tie testimony of thatt , ' ™n'«»Plate its resoito. Take whi-ch, but for prot trofw™ r ' u'" '"™''»<'""-<'» of Kussia, what doe, he ZTnA tie R """'"' '"""' '"''' o^'"™"". And ootlon goods, and to take the^"'"''"l "■" '" '"' °" ""Vomers for portatiol of 'com fmm t e B rcrC T- '"l; f" '°""^'^'' '- ing to him THESE pkoteotedvI™ / ^'"" '^'''"''™ ' Accord- COWOKMITV WITH ODH BECErv^r "'''' ™'™ '"<>'"■'>' '" IflBEATEN A EIVALEV WITH Zr/p ^"■"'""'HINO AS TO -07 .^™oh of human Tdustrra:; JtT W thT "'^ ^'"' beginnaig to flourish and exnand i„ , '-^ ^ '™o means, from west to east and fL ! ^ . """P™' ^"o"' "retching continuity a,.u"d ruiprC llT '*™' " ^"°" "**» »«ol nearly to Consirtinit' „k'™'' ''^'<^"* fi*" Arch- mate, and soils in the worid 1 r^"*/™'' "^ '^^ ^"'^^ o«- will soon become by ts new ionKM "'"' """oentrated as they are cherished and nlturled ft ^T''. ^'*'"" •"<^^ "orders have just seen in E„r„d ,? ■ P^Z-otions of all lands. We K»Jn iron, Sw'rrrtof^'r^'^^'''"'""^'- bayonets, and lances of an "verXLn: rf '""° *' ^^O'' table cutlery and tools that Z TT ° "''"""'•^ P"""- b"' «*« out .t n;.J:.-i ''.™' ^O" might suppose to have hB.n .,,™.j ^ ' ■"■"=■""" """ """a-"" = "Wfe 'he gold and siheVpi:;^ 54 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS !• the diamonds, the jewellery, the exnuisite silka, the gold aad silver tissues and brocade, dispute the prize with Paris and Lyons. Storch, the Political Economist, once persuaded the Russian government to give the free trade system a trial. It was tried. IT DISMALLY FAILED, AND WAS ABANDONED. ALL ARE NOW AGREED THAT PROTECTION IS THE TRUE POLICY OF RUSSIA ; AND ALL FIND, THAT IN RUSSIA, AS EVERY WHERE ELSE, IT IS THE SURE ROAD TOv PROSPERITY AND POWER. " ' Take now a small state, Belgium. In proportion to her area, her manufacturing industry is perhaps greater than that of an^Y other country, not excepting the United Kingdom itself. But in Belgium, not only has the protective system long flourished, but the protecting duties are now higher than ever. Belgium is the very paradise of protection. NAY, THERE IS EVEN A BOUNTY ON EXPORTATION.* Superficial observers call it an absurd tax on the many for the benefit of a few. But those who know the facts of the case, and will be at the pains to trace its effects, and assert the liberty of independent judgment, find it the cheapest mode in a season of great danger and difficulty, of sup- porting the apparent surplus of an immense population. Many who superciliously and arrogantly censured the king and govern- ment of Belgium, for this flagrant breach of their dry and barren rules, would have found greater difficulty in preserving that little and defenceless kingdom, not only in peace, but PROSPERITY, AMIDST THE STORMS OF SURROUNDING REVOLU- TION. Here again, as elsewhere, protected manufacturing indus- try has overflown on the soil. Land, by nature a mere sand, has actually become the most fertile in Europe, and supports a larger population than any other. " ' Cross the Atlantic, and look at the past and present poficy of the United States. For some years after the last war, low import duties were tried. The effects were ruinous; they were abandoned • " Will not the dullest perceive that by means of a Bounty on her exporta' tion of cotton goods for a few years, Canada could manage to buy her Teas in China with her cotton manufactures. She would be buying these Teas much- cheaper practically, even if not in apparent Money price." — Isaac Buchanan. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 55 whi^h InT ' ''''' manufactmes. Branches of mdustry though lately somewhat moderated, are at thi» hour levied on .ll' ZZZTr '"' '"' -"--'P-PO- of proteotllt™ ^' spot, tt, cotton from our Manchester manufacturera A 1„. i- < " 'Who is the man of all the American citizens, by age exnerience hestquaMed to occupy the presidential chair ? Impartial judges eateof 'rftecT ', . '\ '' "^'' '""» «'^' •■» ^^ a'staunehad^ dertrucC T: ^^ t""^'"' ^'"' T^^o to ^ » flattering illusion, ^«;^ttsrf^:^~-ir^* wnat IS the consequence of this noHov ' Or fi,„f be charged with the Jd sophism "S ^.. ' "^' "^'r'* What is co-incident wifh Z- '^- ' '''^'' ^'''P^''' ^^'^• -3 cu-mciaent with this misdirected indusfrv ? \ro i« >4ies never were so prosperous as at this hour. Here are instances of nations adopting the protective system. • ApproDriatelv pnliod '"' K^'T^'- '""""'*' *' ■"" P"*""'? ^™« Trade with the nohest manufaotunng nation on earth. With the single exception Z . H f '''"'' " ''"' "■"'*''■■ "^"» f« everything Turkev T ' :' ""• ""'"''''^ '"" ^«™- I-ook a! .,11 7',-,, , ™"°°" ""■ '•"'' •""• »o>nniercial system is what is No pit 7ti' 'T.'"?"'"'°"'- '^^ ^™ Minor is a desert „„-"l!t*'"''-''''T "''^ *^""'"'* ""^ """ advanced so rapidly as the ne,ghb„„n„g cUstricts of the United States is, that CaTad. h^ no ma,>ufaot„res, hut the United States have. Canada has none because our manufacture, smother all infant ones. The UnS States have manufactures, because they have protecting dufcs T.11 recently we gave Canada, as an equivalent, proteotil in 2 markets, as we were protected in hers We h^vHr . Already Canada offe,; us our choice A r!t ! '"''»" ".«ay. -exation and a dismemberint nhe tjp e" "ThT^rr everywhere that protected manufactures are healthy and^br: unprotected manufactures sickly, stunted, and prec Jous ' A nation that manufactures for itself prospers. ^ Nor are the reasons difficult to discover itJf °?"°" ?^' "">»"•''«"'>«»&■• itself, as well as grows food for .tself, pr«iuces two values and two markets instead of'onr- limited hf, I "■ """>"!«'"""« "» agricultural industry are any longer hmited by the accidental capacity of foreign market, Manuffc tures create a market for food ; food for mrnufacture7 Bo h mav incre^e at home by each other's help to an unlimi Joint ™' One great cause of our alternations of manufa^tu.^ ->^ 58 INTROOUCTOItY ni<»IABIka and diatroas, and tljo absence of steady progress, is tlie want of a duo balance between the domestio production of food and raw pro- duce, and tlio production of other things. A balance to bo restored by encouraging and stimulating the employment of p*oplo on the land, in England, Scotland, Ireland, and Uio Colonies. Wh»t fields we have ! But we are spell-bound." " don't tax tub nation for tub bknkfit of a producing clash, take carb op tub oonsumkr, and lbt tub producer takb oark of ium8blf." " ' We read of a man to whom, tliouyh a sorcerer, the Jews of old all adhered from the least oven to the greatest,* and this seems a similar case of delusion. ' DonH tax' the nation for the benefit of a producing class. Take care of the consumer, and let the pro- ducer take care of hlmse(f;—say the English Economists. To this the patriotic writer wo have cpioted replies : ' " The maxima of our ancient and successful policy were very different. Our fathers said,—' Whatever you do, be sure to take care to develop the PRODUCING FORCES OF YOUR OWN COUNTRY. The gain of doin« this will be 80 immense, that it will present you with an ample fund, not only sufficient to pay the tax you complain ♦*; but after having paid it still supcr-abovuuling, and leaving in your hand, for your own spending, a siu-plus ten times aa great as that tax. Nay, the very tax itself will, in most cases, soon disappear. For the deve- lopment of your own producing power will not only, at first and at once, bring plenty of riches ; but in the end will bring a steady cheapness too.' " " ' So reasoned Cromwell, Lord Chatham, Sir Robert Walpple, Edmund Burke, Peter the Great, Colbert, Napoleon. So at this day reason Franco, Belgium, Russia, Germany, America. " ' Fathers ;ind children however, both cordially agree in Uiis. The more a nation produces, . the richer it is ; and the less it pro- duces, tlie poorer it is. " ' Indeed this seems a self-evident proposition. Without produc- ' This is what, in 1846, 1 used to say of Sir Robert Peel."— Isaac Buchanan. INTJBOOUCTOttV «RMABK», fi» tiw ctf value you cau neither consume nor buy. Ex nthUo rUmfit. Every .ncrease of domestic productiou is an addition of «o muci rm!^i3th""""'"^^''""^^^^^ P^^'^"^^'^"^- «*-«- of a coZ!!^ '^rlt''!' ^7T' '''"™° '^"' '^'' *"^""* ^^ P^o^"«tion in aLTl'^K '" ""'T';« ''"*"*^'^- ^'^^ the fathers a^ert thai (the lar^d, the men, and tiio actual property remaining the same,) a country wdl produce infinitely more, or infinitelylaa, acTori- l^ZXT^'-^^ ''''^'''' ^ ^^-^^^^ ^-'-'-^ - nan' 7^^^""^?" '''^' "'^ ^^" "" ^^"^^"^ '"^ke our hats at homo. We can buy them from Fra..ce 5 per ceni. cheaper. We shall Uml to Zd 7T. '"" ' "" ^'»"'^^'«"^ ^ 'h« •'^ p- -"*• P^d the domestxc hat-manufa^turor. But the fathers, with i>atemal hoerse of speech say, if this be a specimen of your heads, they do not deserve any hats at all. Do you not see, that to escape what you caU -. tax,you are gomg to destroy an amount of a^muaJ national produc^on (which is the same thing as an annual natl^al S of twenty t,mes the amount of your projected saving. Make the hats at home, and the country produces moro by Ihe aggregate value of the hats. You are going to make the country thrtw away custo'„r''r • /r '"• ""^^ ^" «^'"^'' '' '^ ^-«' *- take offa customs duty of 5 per cent., but you are going to lay on a confi^ camg property tax of 100 per cent.. aIi ^ n'e w tax is no^ Tho luT^ f ,^'"'^' "' *^° '''' y''' "^^^ ^ff' ^"t «»"«h worse. Xho old tax was at least a benefit to some of your own people. Iho new one IS a present to tho foreigner. J ' f ?'' ^{ *^ '^'^'^''"' ' ^' '^^' ^"" ^^ *h« foreign manufactu- rer what ^m buy hats.' ' Yes,' say the fathers ; ' but your situation n that respect is just what it was before. Before the change, you sold to the English hat manufacturers, now you sell to the French:-. How does that compensate for the loss of your hat manufacturers ? c?nTor:.r::;:^r ^'^ ' ''' '-''-'' ^-^^^^^ *^ ^'^ -^-^ ^^ '^p- " ' This question we have already examined in detail, and we fear, at too great length. We have aJreadv submitted t. ,h. .o.-iu .J CO INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. unprejudiced reader, our reasons for thinking the fathers clearly right, and the children clearly wrong. " ' Produce within your own dominions, what you formerly imported from abroad, and your land, labour, and capital produce what they otherwise would not have produced. They still produce the articles to purchase the new domestic product, just as much as they did before. But over and above this, they now produce the whole value of the new domestic product. Tried by the rule, that the more a nation produces the richer it is, you are now the richer. You have now developed a new producing power of the country, which other- wise, instead of being developed would have been stifled and smoth- ered by foreign imports, perhaps a little cheaper. By a sacrifice It may be of one percent., you have gained the other ninety-nine— To pay your tax of one pound, you are presented with a new and additional net income of a hundred pounds. And what you have done other nations oay also do. The producing power of all the earth may thus be effectually developed, and yet, as we have seen ample scope everywhere left for foreign trade and international exchanges. So far from the amount of production, in a country be- ing an unvarying quantity, (the land, labour, and property remain- ing the same), we have elsewhere seen what immense masres of capital, land, and labour in Great Britain and Ireland are now actu- ally idle,— capable not so much of immediately augmenting the national wealth by a miserable gain of one or two per cent, on the price of commodities, as of augmenting the produce of the land, labour, and capital of the United Kingdom by tens and scores of milhons annually. If it should cost you two or three millions a year, in the price of commodities, to develop these, your own producing forces, they will present you with a new hundred millions to pay it. You surely ought not to complain of being taxed by those, who give you nrst money to pay the Ux, and then fifty times as much for yourself. "'But the children are not yet silent. They say,—' It is the producers that gain, while the consumers lose.' " 'Again the fathers rejoin, ' You are wrong in marshalling the nation into two hostile camps of producers and consumers. Not only is every producer a consumer, but there is not a single consu- IXteoducTOBY BBMAHKfl. ^J professional m» i, ultSw^id b! r..^'^ "'^ '""""'• ^"^ holder U^elf, .„d the public V2l C^"S " '" "^^ "' hvmg man who i, „„i ej^r a producer .; i' ? • /? "*"' ' ,ducer. Whatever therefore furCtW . °"f *""'"^ ^ * P"^ ■oulj benefit, them, but 2111? 1' ""*"" »/P"' abroad, co^uLrs Crer^';^:; ,::';1^V Th^^T at large still gains 99 F^yuucers gain 100. The nation ab:Mrc^r;„^rrf;:r:rin";r'-'»'"'?-'^-- Fr cent, to gain 1 The n.K„ ! ■ , ^ ^' ^"^ ^"^"^ W* consumers «fd p^ducet to Tdt T. ''' ^"'''"™« ''™» a.iB,-you take'a tal of" •:';;»:■ fft""™; "" T" """'^ "« ortyta. of 100 percent. onTnrer ^iL:" "'""' "" "^^ " ^^"^ .ou aIr4;rLr,:rlr.i;fdr'^''"^™^^^ OP a hundred times m greL)Zll^K°^^' " '^ °=^ *«? tuitoua and unfoundod^L^l! °° nr, ''''• ^"'"8* forces, and concentrat, T." ■ !. ^''°'°P y"'"'' "w" industrial soil, aLd peol r^Tat™ t°."^'' '" "'"«'• ^°°' -=«"ate, and ve^yl'n cheque; f "'"'"'"' ""^'P'-^-^^W ic^iist'ttaiis ;:!i:ttr '"^ * '"' -■^^^^^-'--'po.. but that which develoDs irt^ ^•^"''^ '"'^'"'' " »=*™tS3, w """i^^'cps the producmg power of the countrv ^2 rtmHobtnCTOHY REMARKS. I- i « ( OUR FATHERS, THEREFORE, WERE RIGHT AND WE ARE WRONG. THEY KNEW HOW TO GROW BICH NATIONALLY, AS WELL AS INDIVIDUALLY WH HAVE SEEN HOW THEIR THEORY HAS EVERYWHERE BEEN JUSTIFIED BY EXPERIENCE. " ' FOREIGN COMMODl flES ARE ALWAYS '»AID FOtl BY BRITISH COMMODITIES ; THEREFORE THE PUR- CHASE OF FOREIGN COMMODITIES ENCOURAGES BRITISH INDUSTRY AS MUCH AS THE PURCHASE OP BRITISH COMMODITIES.' " • ' To this other doi,Tna of the Engliah Political Economists, the same admirable English writer replies : — «' ' Let us assume the premises to be true, yet the conclusion does not follow. Supposing every foreign commodity to be paid for in British commodities, it may still bo for the interest of THE NATION to buy British commodities in preference to foreign. In oilier words, 'homo trade is more advantageous than foreign trade.' " On this text, hear the apostle of Free Trade himself, Adam Smith : The capital which is employed in purchasing in one part of to country m order to sell in another the produce of the industiy of tfiat country, generally replaces by such operation two distinct c&pitals that had both been employed in the agriculture or manufkc- ture of tte*t country, and thereby enables them to continue that employment * * * When *.fA are the produce of domestic industry, it necessarily replaces by every such operation two distinct capitals, which had both been employed in Supporting productive labour, and thereby enables them to continue ttiat support. The capital which sends Scotch manufactures to Lon- don, and bnngs back English manufactures and com to Edinburgh, heceManly replaces, by every such operation, two British capitals, irhi^had both been employed in the agriculture or manufactures of rn^ut Britmn. The capital employed in purchasing fordign goods for home consumption, when this purchase is made with the prodttc© of domestic industry, replaces too by eVer^ such operation • See McOulIoch'8 PrincipUi of PoHtical Economy, p. 163. :. '••\ mioDUOToBr umiAiKi). If Portaijl, .„d bnag, bwk P„rt„g„«c good, to Great UriL ,1^ pl«« bj, ovcry ,„„h operation o.ly „n« BrUM cpitol. C Jth" «. Portogues, on,. Though the return, therefore of the fore^ n;[tr::x7r„s:;,rrrHiir.r5 A capital, however, employed in the home trade, will Bometimee make twelve operation8,or be sent out and return twelve tLTrr ENCOURAGEMENT AND SUPPORT TO THE mmr^T^ OF THE COUNTRY THAN THE OTHEb™ '™"^™^ c»Zt°' iri!!'!" ^"'■"' ""'" '^*° «V«ion-' replace cap tal . It „ an exproMion not to be passed over in haste but « de«,r™g tobe attentively eonsidered and analysed Hemean,, that the whole value of a commodity i, L„ii„ It. „r^ duchon, and yctr,^ ,„.. i„ the shape of the newrdl C in It, production there i, an expenditure not of tK ^? but of the enure valued and ZZZXo^I^^lr'''^' only maintain, landlord,, tenant,, tl C™t it^o ";"" bnl ftmuhe, an effective demand and market Z\Z ^f' Hemoan,«tott«;«r»<„n Z>^1 other production,. r-^-^ig»commiie,:;":;rL!ris:;:t^'; J Siy, "mifttiitd ns Hi* s -Be noaitinn i. r^ f'^enn j Bee. «,nHu.>. A . ""*"" °* ce 'coHjtnerce gont wrfv»«^««^i-. .._ 64 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. That 18 to say, you might hive had th. entire gtoss value at both md» to spend, and thereby also to create and sustain markets; but you are content to have the value and the market at one end only. « These observations of Adam Smith derive additional' weight from the quarter from which they come. They are the admissions of the e.-astmg school of Political Economists, on a point of vital jmportance, so vital that it affects the entire Vheory of Free Trade. " At the risk therefore of being charged with prolixity and repe- tition, I venture to invite the candid and serious attention of the reader to a further consideration of it. " The entire price or gross value of every home-made article constitutes net gain, net revenue,* net income to British subjects. Not a portion of a value, but the whole value, is resolvable into net gam, income, or revenue mainta::iing British famiUes and creating or sustaining British markets. Purchase British articles with Bri- tish articles, and you ceate two such aggregate values, and two such markets for British industry. " Whereas, on the contrary, the entire value of every foreign article imported is net gain, or income to the foreigner, and creates and s'ustains foreign markets. Change your policy— purchase foreign articles with British articles, and you now create only one value for your own benefit mstead of creating two, and only one market for British industry instead of two. You lose by the change of policy, the power of spendmg the entire value on one Bide, which you might have had, as well as on the other, and you Say concurs in thia view. See Traiti d!Economie PolUique, Liv. i-., chap. T., TOl. n, p. 69, 4tb Edition. He analyses the price of a watch, and 8how3 how the whole of it is distributed as net income or revenue among those who ha-^e contributed to its production. He then observes :-' C'est de cette ma- ^^.ere que la raleur entiere des produits se distribue dans la soci^t^. Je dis Uur vaUur loute enliire.' He then gives another illustration, by tracing th. distribution of the value of cloth, and adds, 'On ne pent c.acevoir auchn. P0RTI05 de la valeur de ce drap, qui n'ait servi d payer un KKVENU.-Sa valeur toute entiere y a 6t6 employee.' And subjoins in a note, ' M6me la portion de cet e valeur qu, a servi au r^tablissement du capital du fabricant.' II a na6 m6 ie.-8 par supposition. II les a fait r^parer par ua m^canicien : le prix d(. cette reparation fait partie du revenu du m^canicien.' 65 INTKODUCTOBr EEMABKS 'Z:r"" '-' "*'* '■'^-'■^ '0 '"0 m o:.e„t of that e^ea- an article fo. ^100, ^^^1:^; X« g^«'»^ - P-uce ^tead of producing it, she gams £1 • 7„t f' . { '"'"'*'S it mth her OTO manufactures she Lt; . ^^^'' *" P^^' f""- '' of wealth which she might hay. had T ^? ««iange) £100 at home ; that is to .y „„ L bl ^f ^^''''^ «■« '>>»« might have had in adu. Jjn bytodt^'""'' t '°°'' ^^» ""«>' *« "Let us examine .U^^^TIZT^"^'^"' '"""''■ entire price or gross value of .J i, " P°3*»n, that the tntes net .atio,^ liloTrtZ^' ^made commodi^ consti- such revenue as a man maTsTenni' T ?° 1° ^"''^ '"''J^'='». tain his family upon, and vot tf„ r ^ ''''^'™™' '"'» ■""in- attention Of th'e rLdert 'AZ^Z^SIVITZ- /"' mqmry. He will observe that the „ < ' I"^' "^ *« prehends the spendable re" fTT, "' ~°~ ' «»"- whatever source derived mTLt Z f" <'»«™™ty, f,om and a very smaU ps^t of the tt ''^^ "^ '^'' "" ''»' a part of the labourer are Ms neUnctrTh ": T"™' ^^^ '''^- f^^in^rest of the mortgl^^r 'a. Jerome''' '''"''''' '"' ao.. 't X':? aist:;- b^-^^ '^^ ^-^^ - ^» portion, say 6s., goes as rif I If ^^ ""* °<'* ^e™. A him net inc'ome S re Zl ed'^ff " !^f°< -^ i» ^ ^g bis family. Next aL^foTt .Z "tr™ " ■"'^- the net income of the Endish InL ^°^® ^^S^s are' and tithes. The first cnlt^^^^^^^^^^^ -^ 1<>3. go for rates the second to the net income of tt I "I u^^''"^' °^ *^« P^^'* 2s. 6d. go for in^plementTof h Uafd /^^^^^^^^ f ^^^-^- Then is also, as we shaU presentlv see 't t,''^'^' '^^^^^ ^s. 6d. some person or other TTet /' r'^"'^^' ^*^ ^^* i««ome f i« the net profit oflhe SmeTatd '7,1 1 ''•' ^^ ^" ^PP- but that half of it, viz .13 3^' ^^ '^'^^. ^^ ^^^ ^^^o^^e to him, has lent him mn.L ^i^.u^^' ^'^l^ "^^^rest to a fidend ^h^ -- -.• -"^'^"^^-^^•^•i.^s, however, still net income- ee INTBODUOTORT HBMARKfl. BO* indeed of the fanner, but of hia creditor. Trace home with •tubbom attention, every penny of the price, and you will find l&at every penny at last assumes the shape of net income. The whole 50s. therefore, it is manifest, is an addition to the net spendabte mcome of the country. The whole 60s. answers two purposes ; first, it maintains the ultimate recipients and their families ; and, secondly, by means of their expenditure it creates a home-marfcet to the extent of the entire gross value or price of the quarter of heat. " But is the sum of 2s. 6d., which we have just supposed to be pent for agricultural implements, also resolvable into net income or revenue ? " It is ! and though we shall be still more guilty of repetition, let us patiently inquire how. " Suppose the 2s. 6d. spent for a spade. It may be that the money is laid out with the retail iron-monger in the next market town. Six-pence, we will suppose, is the iron-monger's profit. A second six-pence is the cost of a wooden handle. That second six- pence is expended in this way. One fourth of it, or three half- pence, goes as rent to the owner of the copse from which the rough wood comes, three-pence go as wages to the labourers who out or fashion the wood, and the remaining three half-pence go as profit to the dealer in wooden spade-h^^ 'les. One shilling out of the 28. 6d., tho entire price of the spade, is thus traced back, and found to be net incomt. " The remamder of the price of the spade, viz. : Is. 6d., goes for the iron part of it, and has been paid by the retail dealer in spades to the wholesale dealer in the iron part of spades. Part of this Is. 6d. is his profit, part goes to the manufacturer. The manufacturer's portion, when analyzed, ic o,gain resolved into hia profit — his payments for implements or machinery, (elao resolvable into net income,) — ^his rent — and the cost price of the iron. The cost of the iron is, lastly, paid to the iron-master, and by him dis- tributed to himself as profit, to his workmen as wages, to his land lord as rent. The whole price and value of the spade is thus n«t gain or income to some person or other, available lik« all the rest of the price of a quarter of English wheat, first, to the maiutena&oo DTTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 07 Of British families next through their expenditure to the creation Xr ' ' ^"""' ''"' '"'P' ^^^^«' ^'^dings, and fur- distribution of its price, and you wiU find that the whole srosa value denotes the creation of so much wealth in theirontwMch t IS entirely produced, enabling that nation to spend* and e">y an eqmvalent to that whole gross value, without being the pooS ^he consumption, and conferring on that nation thf fur thrr/vfu- tage of a home-mai ket, equivalent to that expenditure. to VovJoTT 'T ''"'^ ^ " ^^™^^' ''^*«l^gible and famihar to Political Economists: The whole gros. price of any article I ^timately resolvable into rent, profit, or wagL. Rent, profi Id wages are national net income, and create markc- whe'rfthe; "e vZ^.lV"^^''' ! ''''^''' ^^'^ ^'^ ^''^""'^^ ^^^^ the exchanged value at home, or to use Adam Smith's expression, had replafed two domestic cap tals, should alter its policy, and kolt^t forth import one of those values from abroad, giving for it the Xr rtlL'^ tlat^ll.^^';^' n^"^ '^''''' th^^orJgn n"n :lt to take,) that alteration of poUcy worid entail on the countrv adopting It, a loss of national net inc.me equivalent to h entS value of the commodity formerly produced at home, and now p" du ed abroad, and the sacrifice of a market to the same Zo^^ Let us illustrate this by an example. _ « Suppose stockings to the value of £500,000 a-year are made «.. _«.d ..c„..e„ ,.pr.,«d 'el H - t^ . -.- rTT':''"""" " "» 68 DJTKODUCTOKY REMARKS. income of a million. Suppose now, that for some real or supposed advantage m price or in quality, the Leicester people, instead of exchangmg their stockings for gloves from Dover, exchange them for gloves from the other side of the straits, say from Calais, thus depriving the Dover people of their Leicester market. What is the consequence ? It is this, that Dover loses what Calais gets : that England loses and France gams half a million a-year by the new locality of the glove manufacture-by its transference from England to France. Englishmen have half a million a-year less to spend; Frenchman have half a million a-year more to spend. EngUsh markets— of which Dover used to be one— fall off to the extent of half a million a-year; French markets, of which Calais IS one— are augmented by half a milUon a-year. " The English glove manufacture, with its half milHon of national net mcome, is gone from England, where it used to maintain Enghsk-nen and English markets, to France, where it now main- tains Frenchmen and French markets. " Nor does the mischief end here. On the Dover glove-makers wore dependent bakers, mUlers, grocers, butchers, tailors, shoe makers, with their servants and famihes. The migration of the glove trade from Dover to Calais ruins all. They are destroyed like a hive of bees. " To make it still clearer. Suppose instead of the glove trade being transferred from Englishmen to Frenchmen, the Dover tradesmen and workmen crossed the straits along with their manu- facture to Calais, and there carried it on; still, as before, England would lose half a mUlion a-year, and France gain it. Indeed this latter supposition, thoagh setting the. loss in the clearest light, would of the two supposed cases, probably be the most advantrge- ous for England, for if the trade migrated without the people, a nest of paupers would be left behind. « It is said that the Dover people if left in England could turn then- hands and their capital to some new employment.* Alas ! * Mr. McCulloch has here fallen into a transparenT^ror. He says in his ^^ Principles of Political Economy" (p. 151), that the displaced artificers would be employed in the production of the articles that must be sent as equivalents to the foreigner. But that is not so. It is the Leicester stocking-makers who are employed in producing the equivalents-but *hey were employed before They USP.fl tn rlpnl wi'th nnno- «-,~ *i j_-i -_•.. r- . . » — ■- — " "^'•^•J .tvtr luc} ucai «iiu Calais, INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 69 i-ifUiMJ^iJNl FOR THE PEOPLE IS THST twt? in7T3v ™^^;™ICH IS so SUPEEMELY DIFFICULT Is TO BE OFTEN PRONOUNCED IMPOSSIBLE IT IS THE PROBLEM REMAINING FOR THE TRUE POTTTTPa? S^NolL^ETB^RTL^Af^^^ TANT TO MAN^n i^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ IMPOR- ITaU SYSTEM''' "''^'^ ™ DISCOVERY OF THE "Now mider a system of free-trade, if the Leicester people can buy their gloves 1 per cent, or a minute fraction per cent cheap!^ tZ Z1:^'Lto'' ''- ?^ '' '°<^ ^^^'^' ^^-~ tmderihfF ^'f^^^-^'^'^ ^^' the nation hands over its glove rade to the French, and will lose half a million a-year, minus five trlHr^' ^*''*r ^'''^''' -year of national net income) instead fbf'" T'f ^'°'" '^"^^ ^^^^ P^«^-^^ - F--« instead of bemg produced as formerly in England. The Fnglish nation also loses a home market equivalent to its loss of naSnal net meo.e. mat England loses by the migration fhrgLT manufacture, France gains. All this may happen even under a system of reciprocity, without any disturbance of'the currency .^1 ;%'' P'^P^^g^^^ "0 new market by sending their Zt 1 ! '' ""' ^n^Provement in the condition of the Lei- ces r people to compensate for the ruin of the Dover people Reciprocity itself therefore in the particular ex Lnge 13 NO COMPENSATION TO THE ENGLISH PEOPLE AT LARGE ' What then would be the compensation for the invasion of the Engbsh market by foreign goods ? bv '/?r° '^T '^ "^ ''''''^'^^^S invasion of the foreign market by Enghsh goods. When the French invade our markets andX , nave seen,) is no compensation at all Thev mn«f . I ihe Frenchman must not onlv provide for the LpI-— ., r »--i- lui mc io l-"™e-. .nd planters »nd leav. „, to our poor ones I IhT^T T^ ^'"" «"■ »il», aanufaoturo more eheal ftan ' " f "'""'P "* "'• « »''» «« /- aU, build muff mZc'es It ^ "' ""' *^-f-' expend your labours in earrvinT"!,' T ?"" ^"^ "f" y<""- Ik, exhaust your land ■ co„t,W fl? ^^ '"'' «'■•«' = oo-'i^e to 70-e Js ,. and youX ^rth" " Strf °' ^''"'' »»"« when you will be forced to cultivate fb„ '"""' '■""ever, wUl arrive be troubled with over-polatn w ' - ' """ *'" ^"^ "" -«...that...,r;:rf4r^^^^^ *-'^e b:f;;t;X::[S;:X^^^^ -^-d up„n the idea of systeni ha. thus far been carried ouj ? '• ^ ^'f "^ '''■''''' *« a^amst the facts evervwhZr Tm- ^'"''"'"''""'""""■otstand >»enees with the p^S.TM* "'"',' *^' ™° »'«?» '=om- powerofaasociationTd ciw ^^^^ """ """ «™''«' »' "-e into activity • that to U '=™'"™'™ "-at the richer ones are brought enaploy^e^tendtl 171' ""' """ '» *™ " THE WHOl/touS OFZNTTOw?«rnf°™^' HAUSTIOK OF THP t a att; 1.. TOWARDS THE EX- WARDS DIM?KKm?TsiALV.''fJn^^™-™- IN THAT OF ALL THP miiS J.tJ'™' ^™ INCKEASE HIS USE-AND TOW A nn«^2™'^^ REQUIRED FOR TITREAKD^Xw-ZrUnYTT™"^^^- ^x^yjyy majm. Under that system it is that INTBODUCTOBY BEMABKS. 7T Ir-^land waates, weekly,moxe ban would, if applied once for all, give her machmory enabling her to make a domestic market for aU her food and aU her labour; that Portugal and Turkey waste, daUy more muscular and inteUectual power than would, if applied onceM alt, give them machinery for all the cloth ^hey now consume ; that Jamaica has been exhausted ; and that India has seen her people condemned to remain idle, when they would desire to be employed —to relmquish her rich soils, and retire to po.r ones— to abandon cities m which once Uved hundreds of thousands of poor, but indus- trious and happy, men— forgetting aU the advantages of commerce * and becoming dependent altogether on the chances of trade. ' « ' Following in the lead of France, the people of northern Europe generaUy, have protected themselves against tlxis system— the result bemg seen in the facts, that the price of raw materials and finished commodities are there iteadily approximatmg— that gold flows rapidly in— that the circulation of society becomes from day to day more rapid— and that the proportion borne by fixed to floating capital is a constantly increasing one— all of these phenomena being evidence of advancing civilization, consequf ^ upon the determination once for all, to make the investments required for bringing the consumer to the side of the producer, and thus relieving the farmer from THE WASTING TAX OF TRANSPORTATION. " ' Guided or srovemed by England, Ireland, Turkey, Portugal, and the United States have refused to make the eflbrt, once for all, to reheve themselves from that oppressive and daily recurrmg tax—the result being seen in the facts, that the prices of raw materials and finished products steadily recede from each other-that gold flows regularly abroad— that circulation becomes more languid— and that the proportion borne by floating capital to that which is fixed, is a constantly increasing one— all of these phenomena being evidences of declining civilization.' ''—Principles of Social Science by H. C. Carey, vol. iii., chap. 39, §7. ' * * * * » « " Half a century since, there yet existed competition for the pur- • " It should be observed that this writer always uses the term commerce as meaning internal, as opposed to foreign trade.»=IsAAc Buchakas. 78 INTBODUCTOEr B£MAEES. chase of Irish labour. Political centralization had long existed • but it remained for that or the trader to annihilate all competiti(m for the porohase of human energies at home, and to terminate all Irish competition, for the purchase of those abroad. The conse- quences are seen in the fact, that the 8,000,000 of Irish peypte do not make a market for the chief products of India and Carolina to lo great an extent as is now made by a single million in Mass*- chusetts. " Half a century smce, Mexico suffere dunder the oppression of political centralization, yet she still was prosperous. Since then having become politically mdependent— she has fallen under the trader's power. The consequences are that producing little, she has little to sell ; and lier markets are, to the rest of the world ahnost wholly worthless. So it is with 1 urkey, Portugal, Jamaica,' and every other Free Trade coimtry— their power of production being very small, that they scarcely appear in the woT-Id as com- petitors for the purchase of the labour of other nations. " How stationary, even where not declimng, is the condition of the people of all those countries, and how useless they are to the rest of the world, is shown in the fact, that of the addition made to the supply of cotton, in the last twenty jears nearly the whole is con- sumed in those countries, which seek to produce competition for the purchase of labour at homo, as preparatory for increase of com- petition for its purchase abrr ,a. " Competition, by A, for the purchase of the labour of B, tends to the production of competition by B, for that of C, and, through him to the end of the alphabet-^r it does not. If it does, then are all . those communities whose policy tends in that direction, movmg to- wards freedom for themselves and the worid ; while those whose tendencies are opposite, must bo moving towards the estabhshment of slavery both at home and abroad. Such is the fact ; and yet, strangely enough, while the first embrace many of the depotisms of Europe, the last aie found in the two especial traders of the worid Great Britam and the United States— self-styled friends of freedom* and patrcns of the revolutionists of the world. * * « Totally forgetful of the extermination of the population of the Scottish Highlands, of the anmhUation of the Irish nation, of the INTBODUCTOBY RElttABKS. T9 entire disappearance of the millions of blacks that should now be found in the British Islands, and of the conversion of milliofns of small proprietors in India into mere labourers, the British people regard themselves as the special protectors of those of Greece and Italy — although maintaining colonies for the single object of pre- venting that combination of action without which freedom can neither be obtained nor maintained. " Cheap raw materials are however, as we are assured, indispen- sable to the prosperity of the British people. If so, there can be no harmony of interests — cheap raw materials being, and that inva- riably, the accompaniment of barbarism, slavery, and valueless land. That it is not so, is obvious from the facts, that the advocates of the system regard the cheapening of English labour as being essen- tial to the maintenance of manufacturing prosperity ; and that emi- nent Englishmen now present us with pictures of vice, crime, and degradation, not to be exceeded in the world. " Cheap labour and cheap raw materials mean, simply, barbarism — they being a natural result of the absence of that competition for the purchase of both, which results from small production. Produc- tion declines in England ; and hence it is, that one of the most philanthropic of travellers, afto:* a careful survey of England, ia impelled to tell his readers, that, while " much is, in that country, being done, and of the noblest sort, for the lower classes — much which has called forth humane syirpathy, patient labour, and gen- uine sacrifice — ^you cannot avoid the reflection, that it has been begun too late. " ' It is not,' as he continues, ' merely, that you pass through filthy streets, meeting with wretched and abandoned men and women, and seeing old rookeries of murder and crime. Such things are to be met with, in some degree, even in the new streets of our newest cities in America. " ' It is the amount, the mass of these evils, whic'u astounds. To go through school after school, refuge and refuge, and see, in every nev; place, not merely ragged and dirty, and criminal children, but children absolutely homeless, and cast out, with all the marks on face and body of being the wild animals of the street ; to hear that 80 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. those in the private institutions are but a small part of this refuse population in the city, and that, still beyond them, is the class of ;oandlmg8 and orphans, cared for by the government; to walk on and on by the day, through lanes crowded with filthy, blear-eyed, tattered multituu^s ; to watch the almost agonizing, and, in other circumstances, amusingly ingenious contrivances, without number to earn only bread; to go in, day after day, through scenes of poverty, drunkoaness and degradation, through streets where the nuisance and sources of poison of ages have collected ; and to know that, not merely is this misery heaped up among these crowded two milUons and a quarter of London, but that it is relativel- worse, in some of the other great cities, and is sprinkled like a curse over the country ;-itis all fhis which makes one feel that, in England «iey have waited too long for the cure. The Englishman is sure' when he begms to move against his social evils. We have great confidence in his reforms ; but he is very slow. The evils of Lon- don, alone, seem to me gigantic ; against which the operations of ragged schools, model lodging houses, bath houses, and the Hke— useful as these are— appear like the sand-dykes against the tide. " There are thousands and thousands of poor children, who never enter the schools ; and the great majority of them must grow up and make their living among old haunts of wickedness. The lodg- ing-houses can affect but a small number of the hundreds of thou- sands of labouring people. New Acts of Parliament to improve pes- tilential streets, may purify certain quai-ters ; but the great propor- tion of the old districts are badly built, and the labourers must live near their business, even if the street be undrained, and the house cover a typhus breeding cess-pool."* " ' That the facts are so, is proved by all the contemporaneous liter- ature of England. Heading the works of Dickens, Thackeray, or Kingsley, we are ever presented w.'th pictures of an incessant strug- gle for the means of sustaining life, as existing throughout th^t portion of English society, which needs to sell its labour. Turning thence, to public documents, we find abundant confirmation r .. the • Brace : Walks among the Poor of Great Britain. INTEODUCTORV REMARKS. 81 th-^t -sad truth, that as power has been obtained for commanding the services of nature, the condition of the people has no improved.' • "'A hundred thousand men, employed in producing coal and iron give command over the services of a willing slave, that does the work of 600,000,000-requiiing, in return, neither food, clothing nor shelter ; and yet, the strife for life becomes more intense, with increase of wealth and power. Why is it so ? Because English policy IS based upon the idea, that domestic interests are to be pro- moted by the adoption of measures tending to the cheapening of tte land and labour of other people, and leading inevitably, towards the enslavement of man in all the countries subject to it. Frrtu- nately, however, there is throughout the world a harmony of ,.ier- ests so perfect, that no nation can commit injultice, with, ct being required to bear a part, at least, of the burdens thereby im|.o,«.ed upon the communities affected by it. Whatever tends to deterioraU the condition of man anywhere tends to do so .■ 'ert/wfiere- -the land and the men of Europe profiting, by all that is wisely done in America, and those of America suffering, by all that is' unwisely done in Europe, Asia, or Africa.' 'In the physical world, action ?ind reaction are equal and opposite.. m The scenes througb which the reader has accompanied iis are, it is be- lieved, truthful representations of what may be termed the poor man's world That world, for him, is for the mo i part stagnant, foul, and dreary The comfort of a real home is too often denier! him. Himself, his wife, an I his lit- tie ones, are exposed to the poisonous influences of bad air and bad water or to the miasma of imperfectly drained rural districts. The nnrtality amongst his class is heavy. Thousands are annuu.ly per. fitted to pensh, who mi^ht be preserved from disease and death, at a less cost than that of the most economical war we could indulge in. Th^- children o' ibis class are growing uy); not only enfeebled in body, but mglected in mind. Nearly a million re eeive no educHtion at all, ornone that is of nny pr^f ioal value; whilst of those who are professedly taught, few carry away from school a wholesome »nd permanent impression. Moreover, there are mili ns in this country be- longiug to the same class, who, raor^ or less, 1 .: ...y n.giect even the ouf •ward ordinonces of religion. In short, as hnu horn well sa .1, there are two •ations in the same K,ngdora-c',e o;,,^ poor, ignorant, and suffering • the other, comfortable, moderately well instructed, fairly enjoying life yet ,|,o aeedy and distressed far out-number those wh ,- , wenlthy o. at e.vse The nch and educated are i- .-nificant in point of numbers, comparPd with the poor and ignorant."— /n^u^rj/ o/an Engluh Lanys, as they grow Uj . -uust turn begi^ars orpaufjors — our daughters, aa thousands do, must eke out their miserable earnings by prostitu- tion. And, AFTER ALL, A WHOLE FAMILY WILL NOT GAIN WHAT ONE OP Uli HAS liKKN DOING, AS YET, SINGLE-HANDED.* "* " ' This is slavery, and that slavery too, a conseqi'^ncE OP loNg- CONtlNUED EFPOUT FOR THE ENSLAVEMENT OP OTIIEUS, tO be ac- companied by the means of monopolies of the command of great powers given by the Creator, for tho use of nil mankind. Had the people of Ireland, India, Portugal, Turkey, and Jamaica, been •ncouraged to avail themselves of the command of steam — hac? Alton tiocko. rNTRODUCTOUV REMARKS. gg they bocn urged to develop the powo« of earth, by brinmn, to Ugh. the,r vanoua ores-had there been thus prodieed, thSou^ those oou,,tr,es, a competitioo for the pnrcLe of the 2tia ™rg,es of »a„ and land-all would uow'be different. P^te^ much, they would have much to sell— becoming K„... ™™™S to the people of England f,.m year t year 2t , 7 "' ^uoe IHtlo, and can b„y but ik, thariUtlo, to eSl^f Z and the competition for the nurelin«n nf uu^ j- • • . . * ' it should inerLe, E„gland,''h":S ri^t^tornTlot" produces THE MODE OF ACCOM ThI F^«M^pJ*'wiof^^''''H^»'^™EXHAUSTED. IMPOVERiqHT„Z«Lr^^^^^'^«™^ INVITED TO TO PW^T^ wn In i^ ^^^^ ^^ SENDING ITS PRODUCTS ^ITaI 1 ™ ^^ CONSUMED ; and the com laws were Trk t of T'T r "r- "'"' ""' "■"' "' """^ «''=Pri'«^d "f the a. chapTo, ^r'' •' *""' *"■""• "^ «• *^- «"»^' ™'- " Thackeraj adds his testimony as follows • - Throughout the west andsouth of Ireland the traveller is haunted by the face of the ;,.^r,/^ starvation. It is not the exception-it m the cond^t^on of the people. In this fairest and richest of countries, tTl'T.TK ™^ ?^ *'"''^'^^ ^ ^'^^'''''' '^^''' ^^« thousands of them, at this mmute, stretched in the sunshine of their cabin doors, with ^. u^ork, scarcely any food, no hope seemingly. Strong Many f them have torn up the unripe potatoes from their little gardens, and to exist now must look to winter, when they shall have to suffer starvation and cold too.' "And the following will explain how India has fared under the Enghsh ii^conomists whom Canada must eschew • " ' Th« misgovemment of the English was carried to a point such as seemed hardly compatible with the existence of society. They forced the natives to buy dear and seU cheap. They insulted with unpumty the tnbunals, the poUce, and the fiscal authorities of the country. Enormous fortunes were thus rapidly accumulated at Cdcutta, while 30,000,000 of human beings were reduced to the extremity of wretchedness. They had been accustomed toUve under ^anny but never under tyranny like this. They found the little finger of the Company thicker than Su.-.jah Dowlah's loin. Under their old masters they had at least one resource ; when the enl became insupportable, the people rose and pulled down the govern- 86 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. ment. But the English government was not to be shaken off. That government, oppressive as the most oppressive form of barbarian despotism, was strong with all the strength of civilization. It resem- tted the government of evil genii, rather than the government of human tyrants.' — Macaulay, " < To the Right Honourable the Lords of His Majesty's Privy Conn- cil for Trade, &c., " * The humble Petition of the undersigned Manufacturers and Dealers in Cotton and Silk Piece Goods, the fabrics of Bengal : "' Sheweth— That of late years your Petitioners have found their business nearly superseded by the introduction of the fabrics of Great Britain into Bengal, the importation of which augments every year, to the great prejudice of the native manufacturers ; "'That the fabrics of Great Britain 'are consumed in Eongal, without any duties being levied thereon to protect the native' fabrics ; " ' That the fabrics of Bengal are charged with the following duties ■when they are used in Great Britain : " ' On manufactured cottons, 10 per cent. " 'On manufactured silks, 24 per cent. " ' Your Petitioners most humbly implore your Lordships' con- sideration of these circumstances, and they feel confident that no disposition exists in England to shut the door against the industry of any part of tho inhabitants of this great empire. " ' They therefore pray to be admitted to the privilege of British subjects, and humbly entreat your Lordships to allow the cotton and silk fabrics of Bengal to be used in Great Britain i free of duty ,' or at the same rate as may be charged on British fabrics consumed m Bengal. " ^ Your Lordships must be aware of the immense advantages the British manufacturers derive from their skill in constructing and using machinery, which enables them to undersell the unscientific manufacturers of Bengal in their own country ; and, although your Petitioners are i ot sanguine in expecting to derive any great advan- tage from having their prayer granted, their minds would feel INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 87 gratified by such a manifestation of your Lordships' good-^ towards them ,; and such m instance of justice to the natives of India would not fail to endear the British government to them. Ihey therefore confidently trust that your Lordship's righteous consideration will be extended to them a« British subjects, without exception, of sect, country, or colour. " ' And your Petitioners, as in duty bound, will ever pray. [Signed by 117 natives of liigh respectability.] Calcutta, September 1, 1831." 'THE MORE IMMEDIATE CALL FOR WATCflFULNESS AND EXERTION ON ME PART OF THE FRIENDS OF CANADA. (C i Even at the present day, and even at the present moment, the friends of Canadian industry require to be on the alert. It is only a ^hort time ago since we saw in the English newspapers the loUowmg : "♦A deputation from Sheffield and Birmingham has lately had an mterview with the Duke of Newcastle at the Colonial-office upon the^ subject of the Canadian tariflF. The deputation con- eisted of Mr. Atkinson (Mayor), Mr. R. Jackson (Master Cutler) Mr. Jobson Smith (President of the Chamber of Commerce) ^r W A Matthews, and Mr. C. E. Smith (Hon. Secretary of the Chamber of Commerce), from Sheffield; and Mr. Henry Van Wart (Vice-Presid.nt of the Chamber of Commerce), and Mr Frederick Elkington, from Birmingham. The deputatio was fieMTp'"^ ^^ ^'' '^' ^' ^'''^"'^' ^•^•' ^^^'- ^'''^' ^^- "And the result has been an attempt of the boldest description by tne Colomal Minister to influence the Legislation of Canada. It IS self-evident, therefore, that as Canadians we must at once come forward boldly, and show that we are aware of our true posi- tion. * « Let us make it clear that we know that it is by over purchasing abroad, or SENDING MONEY OUT OF THE COUNTRY, tb-^ °" INTBODUCTOBT BEUARK9. we have been ruined. No true friend to Canada's connection with England could go for a continuance of the present pecuniary misery m the colony, caused by our over-importing from Sheffield, Birming- ham, Manchester, ; >< ids, and Glasgow. The following figures tell more plainly than an) words can the present absurd position of the Trade of Canada : Exports. Imports. 1856 132,047,017 143,584,387 1857 27,00o,624 39,430,598 1858 23,472,609 29,078,527 1859 24,766,9«1 33,555,181 " ' The Free Traders in England play a most unprincipled part. They know that it was her originally having protective, or patriotic principles on the subject of her native labour, that made England great. They know that no country was ever made great by any other principles, and yet they would deprive Canada of them, to serve their personal ends. Selfishness, personal and class selfish- ness, is indeed their only impelling motive, for we must not dignify it by the name of principle. Such men as Cobden and Bright care less for the labouring man of Canada, or even of England, than the planter of the South cares for his slave. The youth of Canada at present have the choice of the description of labour which best suits them, only by expatriating themselves. A farmer in Canada, for instance, has five sons, and one, or two, or more of them are not fitted for agriculture ; he cannot find manufacturing employ- ment for them in Canada, and must send them to the United States to get this privilege ! But all the world knows that no country hitherto has ever been made great by legislating for the world's industry instead of attending to her own affairs ; and even if Eng- land were to succeed in this novel attempt, it would be no reason for any other country running the same fearful hazard. " l^r- List, (the great Economist), in Der Internationale Handel, yery simply explains that the rise of Russian greatness took its date from her repudiation of Political Economy. ' Soon after the war of 1815 (says List) there arose a teacher of the Free Trade theory, a certain Storch, who taught in Russia what Say did in mTRODUCTOKY REMAKK8. 8& France, and Dr. Smith in England, viz., that Balance of Trade is a mere phantom, a chimera engendered in the disordered brain of the teachers of the mercantile system. Government gave the Free ?rade system a fair trial, u i' ^he Oiancellor of the Empire, Count Kesselrode, declared in an Otticial Circular of 1821, ' That Russia finds herself compelled by circumstances to adopt an independent system in commerce, as the raw productions of the country find but to indifferent market abroad, the native manufacturers are becoming rained, all the readi/ cash is going abroad, and the most solid mer- cantile houses arr ibout to break. In a few weeks afterwards the now protective Tariff was issued, and the beneficial consequences Boon manifested themselves. CAPITAL, TALENT, AND MECHANICAL INDUSTRY SOuN FOUND THEIR WAY INTO RUSSIA FROM ALL PARTS OF THE CIVILIZED WORLD, AND MORE ESPECIALLY FROM ENGLAND AND GERMANY. Nothing more was heard there of commercial crises, caused by overtrading ; the nation has grown prosperous, and the manufactures are flourishing." " No words of mine could so well convey to the Canadian farmer my view of his and his family's true interest than the f >going words of Dr. List. And I cannot possibly do more for Canada, than to place before her the same author's description of the sade ffects on the United States, of taking the advice of English statesmen, who are just English manufacturers or their tools : — " ' There are many,' says Dr. List (Der internationale Handel) * who impute the commercial crises of the United States to their paper and banking systems ; but there can be no doubt that the evil originated in the ' Compromise Bill ' (1832), in consequence of which America's imports soon exceeded her exports, and the United States became debtors to England for several h mdred millions of dollars, which they were unable to cancel b; aeir ex- ports. The proof that these crises must chiefly be ascribed to the excess of imports lies in the fact, that they invariably occurred in times of great influx of foreign manufactures in consequence of a reduced tariff; and that on the contrary, they never took place either in time of war, when few imports could take place, or when, \j the high import duties, the exports had been brought mto just .0.%* .«< v^^-^ ^>, IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) V A / 5^ ^/^ 1.0 I.I IL25 i 1.4 I— 2.2 IM 1.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 m INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. proportion with the imports. * * It was in 1789 that the firet American tariff was framed, imposing a crifliiig duty on the most important articles of imports. Trifling af the rate of the duty w*b, rte eflects on the prosperity of the country became so manifest, that Washington, in his messa^ (1701) already congratulated the nation on the flourishing stats of manufactures and agriculture. En- couraged by the success of the first attempt, the Congress raised, in 1804, the Import Duties to 15 per cent., and in 1»15 the manu^ factures of the United States already employed (according to the Report of the Commercial Committee to the Congress) 100,000 hands, and an annual amount of the produce mounted to sixty miUions of dollars, while the value of land and the prices of all sorts of goods, as also of wages, rose to an extraordinary degree. After the peace of Ghent the Congress doubled the rate of duty for ttie first year ; but pressed by the arguments of the disciples of Free Trade, it lowered the tariff in 1816, after which the calamities of the period of 1786 to 1791 soon mada their re-appearance, 'viz., ruin of the manufacturers, valuelessness of productions, and a faU in the value of landed property. After the country had thus again, durmg the second war, enjoyed the blessings of peace, it once more experienced aU the previous evils after the conclusion of peace, Trhen a great influx of manufactures again took place, and these evils of peace were even greater than those caused by the devaata- tions of war. It was only in 1824 that the Congress saw the ex- pediency of, and resolved upon, raising the tariff; but that resolu- tion was ;frustrated by Mr. Huskisson's threat of retaliatory mea- sures. The ruinous state of the industrial classes of the United btetes at last compelled the Congress to raise the tariff in 1828 which was, however modified in 1832 (by the Compromise Bill) owing to the exertions of Mr Poulett Thompson,* the successor of auskisson, in which he was aided by the planters of the South, who all clamoured for a cheap tariff The consequence of that Compro- raifle UiU was the importation into the United States of such enor- ^olr^^'J^^I^^^^^ '''''^'''^' ^"^'^ Sydenham, and Governor- Oeneml of British North America . the time of the Union of Upper and LdWfer lit III! I INTRODUCTORT RKMARKS. 91 mouB quantities of English manufactures a« totally to destroy the Balance of Trade between the two countries, and to bring about the commercial cnsis in 1835, from which the United States has not yet quite recovered, despite the revision of the tariif in 1840 All tins iJainly shows the necessity of not allowing the imports of a «Tr S T^T"^ ^^::^^'^^ '' ^° «^^^' «f k««F"g continually in sight the 2?a^nefi of Trade.'" ^ " ^KnTI ^'''''^ ""^ ^'''^'''' •"""* ™^ ^^«OUR POWER OF KNGLAKD AND OF THE WORLD-HER HARD MONEY SYSTEM BEING THE 1>e™ irrr"'' ™' ^^'^^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^^»^«^ industry-deIr ™T ^rr .HZ ''^'''^' ^^^ ^^ ^^« CONVERTIBLE TERMS-SO THAT EVERT HVnP pf^'wo"''^''' ^^^^^^^^'^^ -"H THE LATE SPEAKER IN HYDE PARK, WHO SAID-' IF POLITICAL ECONOMY IS AGAINST VS THEN WE ARE AGAINST POLITICAL ECONOMY." 'F(Bnus hoc fecit et nummus percususs.'—VWny. Usury did this and coined money.' a ISI; If ^*'' *^^ ?i!T! .''^ *^'"^ exchange, which exchange it is almost l?f.^ • '•''' ^^""^ ''^''""' '""'* °^«''«' «°d indeed all persons who need their services, and to pay wages to hired servants, slaves and let tiers; for which purpose we affirm there must be a coin having Tvalue pTato. "" "^" ^*'*'' ^""^ "^ '^^"^ '' '^' '^«* of the worir- ' Wealth, we have said, is the product of human labour, which pro- cures for man all the material good which he wishes to enjoy? t is^the vJrTw^pU T.f "^^ Pt^fl.-J'^y-ents, which proceed' Lm hem wS. .1 ^""l ^^""^ ■ ^^' ^""«*^«" should never be lost sight of; Acco dJl iov8mber, 1847 :_ * Some hen. gentlemen, from whom I could have hoped better thmgs, says commerce cannot be conducted if we are to pay 10 poT cent, for interest ; and Government is blamed because people are compelled to pay 10 per cent. Why, what right has any man to pay for money more than money is worth ? If money is worth 10 per cent, it wiU be asked, what law can prohibit such a rate of interest ? ' ' The faUacy on which this justification of usury rests consists in money bemg compared to commodities, to which it bears no resem- blance whatever. That coals or 'iron, cotton or indigo, ought to sell for what they would fetch in an open market,i8 quite reasonable, because the legislature imposes no arbitrary Umit to their production ; their quantity is permitted to increase or diminish under the law of supply and demand, being wholly and exclusively ruled by the mar- kets of consumption. Totally different is the case with metallic money. A law of nature, over which Parliament has no control, restricts the quantity of the raw material, gold, the yield of the mines never keeping pace with the increase of population, or the expansion of trade. Moreover, whenever gold is exported as a pro- fitable mercantile speculation, or is hoarded at iiome, through panic, the Act of 1844 compels the Bank of England to contract its issue •f notes. The rule is, no gold, no paper ; no paper, no money ; no 94 INTRODUCTOBr REMARKS. money, no discounts, except on terms of extortion. This is the reason why interest rises ; this is why the tradmg world are compelled to pay 10 per cent., and a commission of 20 to 30 per cent. ; and it is clear that they are forced to pay it, under penalty of bankruptcy, not for the fair and legitimate use of money, but on account of ite artihcial scarcity-a scarcity created by Act of Parliament for the beneHt ot usurers. If money were like everything else in the market as Sir Robert Peel most falsely assumed, money would increase with the demand for it ; but in violation of all sound principles, and of all honour and honesty, the Bank of England is commanded by the egislature to withhold money when it is most needed, and thus made the reluctant instrument of strangling trade. If the real workmg of this most iniquitous system were understood, these fraudulent and suicidal statutes would be instantly repealed by the indignant voice ot plundered industry. 'When bullion is coined into money, it ceases to be simply a commodity, but has superinduced upon it a monetary character It no longpv resembles . dier articles of commerce. This is hapmlv illustrated by Mr. James Taylor :— ' Under Peel's law, gold does not resemble other articles of com.- raerce m the j-rinciple which determines its exchangable value, any more than the trump suit iu the game of whist resembles the other three suits. It is well known that while the latter exchange on equal terms one with the other, the trump suit is endowed with supreme power, which makes its lowest number often possess a controlling power greater than the highest numberof the other three suits So under Peel's BiU, gold is endowed with a like controlUng power oyer Ae ralue of all Her commodities in this country. ' We must dwell a moment longer on this important branch of the subject. Suppose that in 1819, when the bill for returning to cash payments was enacted, ParUament had decreed that a single gasometer should supply aU London with gas ; and at that time ^ed the number of cubic feet of gas to be manufactured, ordering tiiat that quantity should never be increased in any future time • what would be the consequence in 1856 ? Clearly that aU the streets built since 1818 would be left without gas ; or if theu weived » supply, thea tho ^oonscHitteiiw would be that many of m INTKODUCTOBY- REMARKS. 96 the streeta constructed prior to 1819 would be doomed to darkness According to Sir Bobc. . Peel, the directors of the gasometer would be justified in saying ' gas ought to sell for what it is worth ' for il usury on money, Umited by Act of ParUament is defensible, so also would the usury on gas, Umited by Act of ParUaraent. The aame reasonmg applies to every monopoly. « • * 'How, then are debts due to foreigners to be liquidated ^' In gold or silver, coined or uncoined, at the marked price* of those metals In these distinctions there is nothing new, but simply a revival of what is old. The use of what may be called a double cur- rency was well known to the people of antiquity. If wm som observed timt the predom metals, did not increase proportionately with all other commodities; and the wisdom of ancient legislators perceived that production must be arrested if no other distributive mstruments than gold and silver were employed. One of the ear- liest plans adopted to surmount the difficulty was the creation of a national currency in each indepmdent state tW internal trade;-. and its distinctive characteristic was the total absence of intrinsic ralue which effectually prevented its exportnaoi.. This mvention greatly economized the use of the precious metals, aUowing them to be wholly employed in discharging the balances of foreign trade. Thus Uie cities of Byzantium and ClazomeniB provided iron money for their own citizens, which circulated at homo for the nominal value impressed npm it hj public authority. The monetary laws of value, which would pass current in all the states of Greece ~ Xenophon observes that ♦ mosc of the states of Greece have monev Th,9 ,8 the Alpha and Omega of Currency Reforme™ j we say that tha tlt\ JT ""T^ ''°"'*^ ""' ^'' P*y"«°* ^' * P^'^« fi-^'^ by'«- as at pr sent. We show that the violation of the law of supply and demand, «s regard. ir!^\^iri *.° ""^r^^^K^ *° '^' f^-^^'gner, over the home manufacturer, to the farmer of the .^vantage of the law of supply and demand for his wheat and other producuons ; for wLlIe the foreigner can take gold at a low fi«d price, he will fl^rer buy any other article of export, unless at as cheap or eren cheaper rate. If ^M T.r ""^ **''' '^' '"'' P"'' ^'' ^'' P'"'^"^^' '^' f^^^ig"" takes hi. «»ld, and the ruin to the farmer is much more serioua than could ariar from accepting of a email prico."~Is4Ac BcoHA»Ai». 96 INTBODUCTOBY" REMABKS. f i! Lycurgus were founded on the same principle ; but that great legislator deprived his money of all value as merchandise, by de- stroying the malleability of the iron of which it was composed. Seneca states that the Spartans also used leather money, having a stamp to show by what authority it was issued. Plato recommended a double currency in every state. , ' Coin,' wrote that illustriouB philosopher, ' is for the purpose of daily exchange, which exchange it is almost a matter of course that artisans must make, and indeed all persons who need their services, and to pay wages to hired ser- vants, slaves, and settlers ; for which purpose we affirm there must be a coin having a value among the members of a state, but no value to the rest of the world.' For the purpose of visiting other STATES, Plato proposed a common Greek coin of intrinsic which is not current except in their own territory ; HENCE MER- CHANTS ARE OBLIGED TO BARTER THEIR WARES FOR OTHER WARES.'* These examples abundantly prove the early adoption of a double currency in the sense in which we have explained the term. * « ♦ « ' Personal slavery is the sternest and most absolute form in which man himself belongs to wealth. Cuba is a rich island, but its riches belong to the white man alone, the slaves being the most Taluable part of their property. Cotton enriches the planters of the Southern States of the American Union, and the negroes bought and sold at public auction are included in the balance sheet of their wealth.— The serfs of Russia create riches in which they never participate. In some countries the nominally free labourer, receiving wages, is only one remove from this degradation. THUS THE IRISH PEASANT RAISES BREAD AND MEAT, BUT RARELY TASTES EITHER. The cultivator of the vine in the Gironde, on the banks of the Rhine and the Douro, never quaffs the juice of the high flavoured and fully ripened grape. OUR WEAVERS & SPINNERS, WHOSE INDUSTRY CLOTHES THE DISTANT CHINESE, ARE SCANTILY SUPPLIED WITH RAIMENT ; and in the general interchange of commodi- II This is the demand which I have always shewn the Canadian farmer loses the moment his production U not lower than gold, while he depends on the Euro- pean market."— Isaac Bdchanan. ) I INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. w ties between different nations, only the select few of the we'>Jthy classes enjoy the luxuries produced by a scattered and diversified labour. ****#» " * This unequal distribution is defended by Mr. Ricardo, who did not blush to maintain that the productive classes should be limited * to the necessaries and conveniences required for the support of the labourer and his family ; or that quantity which is necessaiy to en- able the labourers, one with another, to subsist and perpetuate their race, without either mcrease or diminution.' " "These selfish dogmaa are founded upon narrow views of THE SCIENCE OF SOCIETY, TO WHICH THE SCIENCE OF POLITICAL ECONOMY OUGHT TO BE SUBORDINATE. * * * * * » « Moreover, man is gifted with inventive faculties, which enable him to mould and fashion all raw material according to his necessi- ties ; and the triumphs of science are measured by the extent of his conquests over the external world. " The argument deducible from this statement affirms that aJl things needfol to the happiness of man have been abundantly be- stowed on him by the benevolence of the Deity, and that the sole condition of human enjoyment is labour. Such, in its purity and simphcity, IS the relation established between the Creator and the creature, so far as the su^tentation of physical existence is in- volved. But God has also endowed man with reason, to distinguish between good and evil-with liberty of choice to determine his conduct under the mfluence of motives-and with Uberty of action to execute the determinations on which he may resolve All thi constitutes him a responsible being, the subject of reward md pun^hment, and establishes his moral relations to the Deitv IF THEN MAN ABUSE HIS REASON OR LIBERTY HE BECOMES THE AUTHOR OF HIS OWN STORING * Under these views the science of society is made to rest on a reli- gious ba8is,which recognises God as the sole Proprietor of His Earth, Th,s is ju3t what England does, in submitting to the cruel and unna tnotic doctrines of her present heartless system, called Free Ce but Zh as only a ayatem of Free Imports. "-Isaac BdohInas ' '^ I?><1 98 IKTRODUCTOBY BI.:MARK8. » warehou«, wouM «. l"Z '^C^^X'u' "' *" ""-^ " -""T with « England h«, w^slo'^^'^'^'^;'-/'" - -lonialindLt^, «««* length ezplaine'd that oZ^/C\n t^V^l'"'''-^ "* tion 18 bawd upon and in DronnrtiT . ' """ *« "-""la- P«rty, instead of nponiTBrr.. "°"'' "" ""■■ '"•■''» P«- «kat cannot be sent „„f of he eo^r^^; '"^^.'^ °f a thing money being tha mere handmaid TT '""""'«'' "» a word, of •»"0tnre can never be Itl/r'™ "'r'^- ™'"»P«- |gdenb.aisof„nr.W^J"tS';^. i^"' ^ '" """^ (*« m FACT THIS ABSUKDims ENnV """"^ "»»"• AND HER COLONIES AND A I r Pr " WLAND, INFLUENCE, THAT THE EXTEN^' ' '''^ ^AN HON IS REGULATED BY wf;L, ^^ULA- FOREIGN COMMODITY IN ™^ f "^ "I'D, A OP BY THE EXTEOT of THP i?™™y, ,^STEAD PKODUCTIONS OR^DUSTRY ^T™^'« ^^^IVE t See former part of Poaucript. ■p 100 INTUOUUOTOKT UkALAKKH. rate can bo slwwu itn notuftl independence of tJie yoUow m«Ui.* Tl»o Knglwb aydtom, of Urns holding nothing to bo u proper repi-o- Bcntativo of mom^, except that whioh ia capable of buing exported, or wlvich in other worde will bring back gold, ia seen to bo mo»- BtrouB when wo rofloct that th- internal tranaadiont qf a country arc cahvlati'd to be at leant twrntt/ timi'ti the amount of it» exports, or at leant ten timet th.. amount of it» exports and imports put toi/ether. It in becauHe Er.gland persists in doing tlic same injury to her own people, that for bo long ". time she has been believed to be ignorant of the (Ifstress in which she involves all foreign couutries that follow her cxan^)le or ait mwortky poUtioians in Cmacta take,— to prove themselves a - >• - they cried out against an imaginary corruption. But as in vao one caaeao m the other, it was all more empty word^. The public men in England, mstead of honestly associating the Govemmont with the people ni their interests, humbugged (to use an unmistakable word ) both the Crown and the people That truly popular interests should prevail was no doubt the interest of the Crown, but this would not suit the British statesmen aa representatives of the men of money They knew that WELL PAID LABOUR is a convertible term for CHEAP MONEY. They therefor, introduced a contri- vance which blinded both the Crown and tho people. At Cam- bridge they had loanied that " tUngn which are equal to the ,mne thmg, are equal to one another^ and they taught this lesaon both to the Crown and the people. Their object of course was to prevent ;ny actual oneness of interests between theCrown and the people • 80 they had to use considerable sleightrof-hand ; and ih^ juggle succeeded admirably : *^ " Indcfd the pleasure seemed as great Of being cheatea as to cheat, Aa lookers on leel most delight, That least perceive the juggler's sleight ; And still the less they understand, The more they admire his sleight-of-hand I" 102 <( UfTKODUCTOBY KEMAEK8. « the r wple'a mlerMt p!^»- , /°'''"=»' ^^^o^y (said ftey) theinteresr„fr?™™^!dtt^. r''''^""^'""'P™»'. being both identr.l w^^!^ , 5 *' I^^P'^ «™ /^-owi identical, w made dear „emtlZT f"', -T™™"' ''™ '" '»'""". ''<'i"8 ISooaomiate knewTStl ^^ """"-ated. The Politio^ ^aedu^fron, .a,.. Without TaSoS^^SSonf^ to Ze^M^f rr"^ r°"'^' ^^ "^■■^ """'<'"°'y absorb money rntoXatlr ^^' -'«P-P«rfy--ed,itia'cIet "^luig s worth, J-ne2m»om5e^z!^Moftheover.i«isii#inf c.v. j z .d pape. money, and the tapoasibLy oul7uXttt Z m consequence, is weD iUustrated by mT X ' d r» T very clever won, K. Currency in I ^^\uZ ^'^^ '" "" .f r ^V' '•T ^^'^ *^"'''^) * ^"^ ■'"o™ fact, that by the pressun. of the atmosphere, water „•« rise in a vacuum (the barrel ofapum^ for mstance) to about 33 feet. Now, suppose that thfwater Z c»to,n vacuum had Wways been prevented by the inter^n „f a plug, from „s,ng higher than ten feet, it would follow th In • " Their .ct».l f..r „„ ,|,.i „„,y „„„„ ^^^ ^^Ti^^^JTi^ „ ,.,„,„ Isaac Bdohanan. for INTRODUCTOBr REMARKS. IQS this plug was raised one. two nr far, <• 4. u- i. immediateljrushupandfiu2!Lv f ^g»^«r, the T.ater would plug neve/been el't^^^^^ 7™ ''''^^' ^^^ *»»« what wa« the .«z«- S ^r dttTr ^7^^^' ^^ ^^^ ^^^ h^ye concluded thatT ^0"^^^^^^^^ 'i ?^' "**^^' *^^^ "^^g^* was necessary to in erposla W ™' '''^ '^•^^*''"^' ^^ ^^^^ it ing and deling Te^Z.^^^Zl ^T ' ^^^^^ removal of the plu. was mt n,« <■ , °"'™"' ""»' ""e ™ oaly that wUc°h Zmte^ 7^ '?>° ™' °' *' ™'^'' ^"' the cuu>, of the rt of !2/; '"^™°'' "' *« •""»'=J « "ot cease whenever a price whir „ n f "' '"* "■' "^^ '^ weight of taxation isobwS n f"™ »« equiiibrom with the prices ™nghiXrta^;S:; ^°""'*'™ -» '"f'^Hy prevent within tt yfars^A™/2rrT °f ""-'^'"8 *» withdrawal, it leaves thi t,.deL ftc tdtatt 7^ ""T ^'"^»' " *»' BE WITH INSIJFFICIENT EMpfnilr^t™®' ^^'^ ™ TENT THE CIRCULaS HAsS^T'„^'^ ™^ ^X- AND MOST CRUELLY BPPNtAn^^^ ARTIFICIALLY " Even H,» tT ^^'^ MADE INSUFFICIENT ad^Uted th. orueitltrBShTatr""" "-''»°"=^' »ists, that they wolTv °rl^'f 7' ."*" *' ''''"l^ "' ^con^ The iaexhaJbloIrish ru„nr.^ f'l T* " ^"^^'""^ "^ "t"-- labour, whether n fto S aff ? ""T" ""^ """^ "^ ^-S'"'' »t,««.l .. ., ..., ""W, the factory, the armv. or ih. „. ■'"" " "'° """"• '"^ '•""'e. *e hod, or the de'si.' W^ bS 104 nrrRODucTORY remarks. that, for fifty years at leaet, labovr, taUngiUi quality into aceounL Aa* been checker in this country than in any paH of Europe ; and this cheapness of labour has contributed vastly to the improvement and powers of the country-to the success of aU mercantile pursuits and to the enjoyment of those who have money to spend. Tkit same chmpm,, h,, placed the labouring classes most effectually under the hand of money and the heel of power.' (See Times of 5th July, 1851.) And I feel that I cannot better close this paper, than by repro- ducing p^t of the truthful reply made some years a«o, to the J^ndon Ucommist, by a very talented member of the Canadian .Parhament,— John W. Gamble, Esq. :— ftvl'ilw//*'"'^ ^"'t^®'* *^ ^^^\^^ *** ^^^e'-s and «iillers in Canada aX« » ! f°«^at>on, adopt thatplanfrom an opinion of its necessity, noints m^;^";^ ^"'^n- ^°"*i"g«?* "Po« o^r colonial conditio^ tITmHj Pr°*^,y«n on Canadian timber in the British market.* fullvlni?! ^''"^'^'>-*^'^/*'r8*^ '^ *^^ annexation cause, success- fully shows the superiority of the United States as a market for that tTSh ;' ^ndering valueless the only commercial advantage remainrng to us as a colony, and leaving the argument of necessity, as stated bv a producer must be brought still nearer-placed side by s de-and that lllZtX"T''f'^?'^ "".^ *" «^^ '^' f«™^r in inducing the me- tZl ? n ^" P'^'? ^''**^' '^•"'' '' * ^'S^ protective tariflF on all those ri,7c,w/ V^^T''""*^'i''lf subordinate minister of the Crown, tttifn ir/v.'''^' ,'^'r^ f ^"?'"°'^' ^^'"i*^' «« »^»« deliberate oon^ viction that he only relief, the only refuge for the depressed agricul- tural and milling interests of Canada, is to he sought and found-S? a--" Sr?tt:- -^'^^i'^ " protected oofporations of^Ne^X^" r.Ii/®P'^' ^\^ "'""^y ^i"^^ ''"* ^y ^'^^ i^oo«omi«« as the only source of S^nada^srloV'T-'^i/''' '^'^ agricultural and milling interests of tion« of N.!^ I r"? '\ t' "?"'¥' '^""^^^ ^y ^^« protected corpora- tions of New England. Wherein, then, do we differ ? Protection i^ a system, is equally the beneficial cause of ihe remedy, wLther ha Te^^^^^^^ be attained by annexation, or by the more subtle mode, of the free'ngresi • This Timber protection also has gone, in the terms of Mr. Cobden's treatr between Manchester and Louis Napoleon. INTnoftUCTORY AEMaRKS. IDS I; 'ZVIUv^Hi^^^ -^ '"^ °'**^^ P'«^«*'*«' ^'^^^^ ^' ^ the Eco. SX'«^/ ^"^^y^'P'^^'^y- * * * Thediffwcii<»i. Sp ivl' -^^^ and common sense says, and the facts and reasoning of vZ£Z7T "%' '"^'^jou'^hes tie policy of the Union, and your protected corporations will soon famish you idth a market of vouj own for your agricultural products at home. ^ ' their hf/^r^^' '^''/r *"'*^' ''i,*^ *^« Union in raw produce mkee tLn wfweZdT' ^"*'.*r J" ^"Sland's interest, neglects to add, for^he rZf Jj*-r^^'^^P'^*''« into our own bosomf in exchange /vI^L-^t;^ ^'^r'^' •*"«* of Manchester and Leeds. No.no Kpr " a^inrifi!- * »~*5^^ ^'^ °« Jo°g«^ to be gulled with such words i^ shSSw Sr*" ".u'^ T^'Sral parts of thelmpire." They have th^ ^wnrSj^T,*^"'."^'*""'''' ^^^'^^^t consult their interests, or PRP?FR aS?S m!? ,?!?: tb«°»««lves. ANNEXATION IS FAR DUCTS "t?„^ ^^' I^.^^ " ^^^^ TRADE IN RAW PRoI mitUetW?Jr'"P?"''^>P'°*'"*^«°tohome industry: and I sub- Free Trlder?^ ^ protection is not virtually conceded by this In Mr. Senior's "Mercantile Theory of Wealth » we have thefol- lowmg evidence of the Political EconomiBts, being aware that pro- taction to native industry is popular, and would be the rule under universal suff-age:-" If the unhappy prejudices that now exist on this subject should continue, and if the extmsion of repre»en- tative government should increase the power of public opimon over the poUcy of nations, I fear that commerce may not long be enabled to retam even that degree of freedom that she now enjoys. —1 nave perfect reliance on the knowledge and good intention* of our present Ministors-but very little on the knowledge pes. sessed by the country at large. And if Ministers are unsupported by the country at large-if each class, in turn, is to be permitted a complete or a partial monopoly, and bribed by this sacrifice of the general and permanent interest [Query ?_the interest of the ^uitonte and tax-eaters, whom Sir James Graham calls ' the drones of the hive,' I. B.] of the pubHc to its own partial and im- mediate advantage, to allow others to clamour for the power to ex- ercise a similar oppression-if Mmisters are not aided by the pnb- hc voice in their struggles again.t individual rapacity-we rfiall tread backwards, with greater rapidity, the few steps which we " ■ ~ ■■ " "■■""V oai"v;u. m a repre. ieutati'. e government, wher© li 106 INTHODUCTOEV EEMAKK8. f ain,d by fte »»me7e ta^M ^sll'^j''™"'^ «» "» good U do enl— where in «l,«rf 7,- ?^^^ "" P«w« »rbitrarilv h, these suyoo^Trmtfo^roflrr^"'''*"'-'' •■'<' "'»« «t«od,-there appear !rZf'. 1.. v "' *" ""■'? '"''■"'de.. «ext oa„^ fte s^teSTiS*-' "" ■'»'"»-' J'-^o-^. might ™at?; o^it'rrr^r *7ir "^"' "-» '"°"' *-- Eco.omis.a_Sir E. PeelWet h uff 18,9" °' *"" ^'""'°«' iarm, m iaauencinir tt. ™ n • i 1''19— none orerdid the brightest on.a.roVfteChuth'TVf!'."'- '""""'"' «" belongj did on the mhZ,T "'' ^ ''"° *« honour to also w^i this ^trrr l?;;:^;jtrf r^''^'^^" influence fro^tuZZtTZT ^"""™' °^ '» '"«» » danger the cau.e of Itdtil on T- ''""' ^' »"" ^. and the substantia, LC:-;;!-^^:^;:^! n^'^Znf^rLfztzL'r'r '''' ^^^' ^^^o) Kttle hearty dependence on tL u . ''=»'«""»to have as »f PoUtical Ecofomv ffi° he wo,k,ng classes as had the father, fact being concer/thaJ^L K r^ T'' *"" ""^ foUowing-the membe,, to Te de " r ^ "'^ '"'""""'^ "f ^^jot *» ings, is^i *4tr;l:tfT;''" '^T '''""^' "' '^^ "-^ « -d as an excu et; tIoL nd'the' E „ "'V! ^'T' *" if ;* ;« i. , "^ J-uitJrs ana tue iiconomists to makp a /?*•«/ I I'^hrt^r *''""'*» f"- fe^pular^S^: " aieiy subjected to the action of a legislative body elected lOTRODirCTOBlf REMARKS. 107 on ty universal suffrage, haa been more than sufficiently proved ; and therefore some modification, now or hereafter, of the French electoral law will be indispensable. But whether any such modi- wdit a'libr;.^ *'^ ''''''' *'^* ^^^ *^-*-« *^« --*^' -y JJ ?'''"^' """ i*''' *^' ^°"^^S ^'^"^ *^« P«« «f Ebenezer ElUott, the Corn Law Rhymer, dated 17th October, 1849 :-* It is re- ^rkable that Free Trade has been carried by the middle Classes, not onlj without the assistance of the Working Classes, but in spite of their opposition.' Thia is worse than the early Whigs, who were outdone by the Tories as Free Traders ; indeed Mr. Fox, the late i.ord Grey, Burke, and Sheridan, were decidedly opposed to the delusive thpories of Free Trade. This is admitted bthe Mzniurgh Bevieu, of January, 1846 : ' We must in candour ad- mit and lament that those maxims of policy taught by Dr. Adam tomith, which bmd nations together by the reciprocal benefite of commerce, [there is no reciprocity-!. B.] produced less effect on the minds of the Whig leaders than on that of Mr. Pitt.' " ^''^SlPO^rn''^ ^""^ OMNIPOTENCE OP PARLIAMENT OVEK THE A^Tthe nXrS''"''^ """"'^ ^^" '^ UNIVERSAL SUFFRAGE. EXERCrsPn wfrf ^^'^'' '"^^^^ ™^^ -rXHA^^^ CAN ONLY BE EXERCISED WITH IMPUNITY BY PRINCIPALS. '•My own effort in politics (adds Mr. Buchanan, at the Free Trade era m England), now brought to a termination quite satisfactory to me has always been an humble one, or one at all events very simple, fnTvV^jf w^.^r"^'" P^'^'"^^^'- party objects orambition. I HAVE, IN A WORD, HAD IT AS MY OBJECT TO ASSIST IN REMOVING A POPULAR DELUSION, WHICH ONF WOULD THINK A SINGLE LOOK AT PROTECTIONIST ^mm^^rl^?^ BISPEL-VIZ., THE VERY GENERAL NOTION THAT A PERSON WHO ADVOCATES PRO- TECTION TO NATIVE INDUSTRY MUST NECESSARILY Pnr^Trnl^^S^ '^^^^' ™^ ^^^^Y OF AN ENLARGED l?^^^3^ FRANCHISE, OR THE ADVOCATE OF MONOPOLY m SOME OTHER SHAPE. I saw this to be a cnrta a" «v vbjee. m our circumstances. In 1846 I .aw that Sir Robert ]1>8 INTBODUCTOBY RKMABK8. iTenceT "f "■" """^f^--^ of Prfament over the orani- principals'^ Z™";!"™? "' "".' "■»»« ^« *» «' of of ParliMiont in r. ', ^"'' ' '^''*™ "^ «■« onmipotenoo becoming a c^t'T^f ^ ''"'.™"' '■"*'°'""»'« '««'"»«»» FBAGP-r of """'"t'on. precipitate UNIVERSAL SUF- trade^*or»''P™'^''y°f'''oooa»tO'fromthe foreign I^htin ITT' *' '"' °""'y Fn2ent,ee„rityT •mTmeay m the executive, m those days of revolution ' s!,.„i. . tage m the constitution of Parliame^nt mu^^™ t; cle^lv be 11.0 irreato,V.f n lu ' ""« " "onstitutional question (and 1 saw that there was no longer any guarantee to this country™; UfcdtlT^ 1 . ™ ""''^' ^'^■'"'S'' -0 voice n«y have been riX-^lu asscn of the constituencies did not make the proceeding- right, but only included them in its guilt. The permanently im portant pomt was not whether the new policy of mTZZZ ITJ:1, "■" "•'""."' '"' '"'■"^ " - '--diatc im'oS e for great danger to the puUic peace must Bow from any reduTfcn leg. ation was not the act of tlic whole people, nor even of the S^IT"":;^™"''""™™'- T'-'l^-'yofournla F»t.on was and .s the greater, from the public mind in this country Iot1sEST*'k T"l';^'^*^^"^^ ^^^ ™'5 FOREIGN ftee traders while the.r system is one only of free imports. What tten were the working classes to do as a first step ? I answerod- Let them refuse their confidence to every man who rcfu«,s his con- Sdence to them, let them refuse to listen to the details of any man INTKODUUTOKV KEHARK8. 109 lek 't^J^tf '^"'t '™°'' " ""^ "'°™ "f Soi.» with them for thetf political enfranchisemeat-in a word, for the prmcMe of Prnvor^I Suffrage; which I firmly beUc™ (i„ Ae LZo o govemmen byparty.or, in ofter word,, by constitutional principle) d^viI"^™,Tl"°T"f?"^'"^*"°- >^ P-PO'ed this day m Great Bntaan, Ireland, and the Colonies, as sure to load to our foreign trade bemg made reciprocal instead „f ontTd / «! f'^,^Smeru,houaimmto provide food/or apoHionofourpil hemg M.en to provide them v,tth cmple„,^nt by takngiXh good, m ret^,; „UU a jm protection to MgL taZ BriM I hS altT^ -^7^"^' " «'"*'*'""• ^"'l/ natimaltazation. 1 had always seen that the only moans of attaining this gr^at end was a COMPLETE ALTEKATION OP THE CUEMNCY ? "" fo« suppose, thaf .he «:;r;c:cr:f '^^ '"^-^ ■n proportion to Lower Canad. „Iu , "' °""* "<"«» » poUlical parties BntTZ'Zl^ T^t ""^ "'"« »"»•««»■' Mr. Bro™ wonW be able to ir """" '^''™«''" ''«™ *.. it " quite evide^ Z^t^iT''" " ^''"*'- ""^''^^ "' elector, tho greatest indusWalltt "»« ™™.<>ut in his true colors, tha Moves that tte t"a,rb7 -"i"^* ^'"'"^- *'''- ^"*™ Upper Can^a Xhe "r^ct'H"? -"^ """f^™" "P°- Bep™sen.a«orb^ PoX^rn -^^r. -^ ^^ -' -x. 1^^ «.fatrn^7E::^d*^:r'^»''^"' !'^-'» '■■ ^-^i^a IVade, bat which ia ont^S^edl Jthr,.""??^'^ "^^^ ^^^ the labor of the foreimfr ^a . ^- . Englishman to pnrehase to sell his .abof^X^:r*;l'^T:'T'''''^''«""'- rejoieed and thankful that ZS^ll 1° ' '""'°™' '' '""■^ been avoided subseauJTlM f ^ ""' *I'l"^''™ ^ those most .lassesofhs ™t„nl S°. Z^'^' °' *' ""^-^ laid the foundaro":K^^!?:ndV"o,:'';^r''"''' •"• '' following were Mr TJ k England s Colonial Empire. The 18497* were Mr. Buchanan emphatic remarks on this subject t goia in talifonua and Australia, our mnf»,np U2 UJTEOOUCTORy REMABK8. country is in the meantime saved. But let who will admit tl.at humanljr speaking there is any guarantee for the continuance of these gold importations, I shall never stultify myself by doing so. And when Peel originated the Free Import Legislation which was sure to take away gold, ho had not the sliglitcbt right to anticipate them. The plan now suggested by me for the consideration of the Legislature of Canada is (and I shall always be anxious to have this understood) the very reverse of the theories before which Sir R. Poel succumbed in 1846, when I described his course a« follows : " * The Premier has left us in a condition worse thau po, itical chaos, afi haviiig robbed us of our principles. Even tae principle that self-preservation is the first law of nature has been repudiated ; and British Politics have been reduced into the two original elements of national politics— the Labor-power and the Money-power. The Lal.or-power must come to be represented by Social Economists, or practical men, or Patriots, the character of whose Legislation will he that it takes the ch-cumstances of our own society into account —the Money-power being represented by Political Economists or Cob.aopolitan Theorists, who would have the country legislate for the world, while they view Political Science as a system of pure mathematics, or, at best, one for the creation of wealth, without any regard to its (distribution. Indeed, to my mind, it does not appear that the permanently important question is as to whether it is a right or a wrong thing, per «e, that Peel has done. His im- policy, however great, appears to me to stand, m relation to his repudiation of moral and constitutional principle, just as a misfor- tune does to a crime. I myself, for instance, am opposed to Established Churches, even if these were the best churches possible, viewing partiality to any class of Her Majesty's subjects an impe- diment to general confidence in the Crown and Law of the Land ; hut give me power to injure the Church, or any other vital interest hy a side wind, would I, aa a minister, or even as a Legislator do it ? If the constituencies do not wish the Churcn demolished, dare I, their servant, put it down ? And if the constituencies do wish it put down, what need is there for me to interfere unduly ? It has al- ways seemed to me to be the duty of a minister rather to try to find .evidence in favor of a respectable existency ; and a state of things f^ S f^ s INTRODUCTORr REMARKS. ^g. ta «.e h.„da of it, a^we/eX "^1 .T '"" '"""' "'''"^ »«., would require the greater e;S f/"' "' "" '"'"'"'""'>» no shadew of a »„,picio„, even ,„ hi, „ '.'' r"'"'™"' '» I""" predileetions had i„Le„e dl "Xt" a°""t-""" "" ^'^"^ «rse of the pieture i, „ very h„r|i„" T"'" "■>"• '-".e re- «« of the empire, .tandin.Cthe "5- r""'"* "■" '"'"»«""'■'- who immodialely turns round an,l M j f ' """ °' ^amworth, "y the te™, of'the wte 'iTvt ^ at ""''^*" ^*'" whatever ! And what are we t^ThinHf °° '"^ P"""P'» » submitting thus to he Zm'mT'""'''"''''''''"^''''' konour of our c„n,titueneie, in deiegalt b"":' '° *'"'' " «■« Msent to Peel's conduct an OMNiPnf! °' ^ ''°"' ^ ^'"' /««'<• P«L»„E»T which they had nouo 77 w ""'"'"''^ '"»^'"' ™ boen that we have in Z't::LlZ g"i"rr,'"- 1^^' Legislative constitution as to »,„„ '° K™'' » violation of our Peel-s intention at theL% t Tv 7 f'"t''"' '^y l"^™ ^een constituencies. But h Tmirdil ' f '"°'"'"'" "^ "■» P^'ent proceeding is what we have chf Sv ir""""' "^ "™ ""P^oipled rtes from the .or bbZ^ tf/,!' f™^"' '" "» "'*• ""d that to lessen instead of to increl T T""-' ««»"», as lending kome. at sea, and in the cZ e^th7 oT"' "'■ °" ""-™> "' Revolution, both at home and fa^* d?:?'"'"" '" " *' ''"^ "^ constitutionally or unconstitutionally .''"°"'' "''•^*" ^ wetle^n"trrj:f<^:itr nr '^» ^»-^'"« there having been carried rthelSr )" ^"«'^"'''^-= 'J'-d. ^e .distance Of the w„r.i„^cfL:::^tt;nS:|^! ^i'r ^itrctirstr'f^ t n" *' -^ *- plausible dispiise, the cont,^; prcife ^ Z "t" " ^ »<■- » Buchanan thinks that the only hope ofpn I ^ ''"''''™- *f'- .ecessary alleviations of so cril a st^L rft °°'""-'*"° "^ "» people of Canada lies i- - • ■ ' "^S" 'c ue r portion ox .uch a monarchy under a British prmce ; auu u so the enormous acquisition of sej^-board alone on ^e Atlantic and Pacific, not to talk of the thousands of miles of lake-coaat m the mterior, would be no small argumeu n the minds of tlie Amencans. Many other great, and even more imr^ediate I f INTttODUCTORr RKHABKS. ^5 and pressing, arguments for such a rw.n^« organization of the future Oovornl.^T"' ''^'^ Permanent Greenbacks (in the pavrn^nt 0?.^'' """ '"^'^^ ''''' ^^at the chiH is vitally int res7d)wouM tl "'"^ '""^' ^--' -^ States ,nay behaved rrolZZtJmZ''' ''V'' ^"'^^^ ever afflicted the inhabitants of aurfovoTed"? ''^'T '''' Ancient or Modern times It ;« n f , ^^''''^^y ^''^or '" ft'^^/y, but only a p..sme and 1 ""'' '"^ ^^^* *^'« ''« ^ very way in which [he Li t tity ausH "r/'^'^^-' ^"d patriotic United States may be Sed.^''" ''*^^^'' ^^^^^^ -"^i the In connection with this na oo- j- with regard .0 JRXZytt'Z 7'^^"' ■"''<'"»»«»'' Appendix (III) Mr 8^^,!° • ^' ^' ™'<"' >"« gi™n in ™t: t :;id"t caSr::: t r.r r -'^-•« Association for the Promotion Tr r r 'f "^^^^^t'^n of the report in 1859 whenTp She^^t^^^^ "^ ^^^ '^ ment, the Honorable Horace Ml f ^"^^^ation of - -lia. ^^Zatour^s Political ZZ,'' "'^^ """^'^ ^^^^^^ insf :z of tr^::t; :r ^" "--'-^ *^« ^^— of the Patriotic principles o"4^^^^^^^ ^^f^ that homely or people is necessarily associa ed wL T •'"^P''^^^"* ^f our own >;ews, than the ge'tlemaT ll^,^^^^^^^^ thought well to give i. Appendix ay w \f/ ^^''^ '' ^' of the late Jacob T)eWi^%T u/ to^" f V^^' '''''' Lyon Mackenzie, M.P thin whlh '.. ' ^"'"^ ^'' ^""^^^ absurdity of Free Trade oTnf f ^ ^'"^ """ ^«**«^ ^^^^ the Hke CanLa, withLl:^;^ 1^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^ J^' ''-'''^ Mr. Buchanan has su^isted fn T rS . "'" t'-anaactions. Relations of Canada w"r e Unit d'^^^^^ T.' f^ '' *^« -scarcely be complete without the Pamp e a^d ^^^ ''^'' Report of the Hon. A T G^n , , P?^^^ ^""^ *^e subsequent durin. hi., 1„,. J::±.y ^'.^*' i.^*« ^'^^n^e Minister, writf.„ 116 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. A brochure lateW published bv Mr. Buchai.«n <-„!, ■ t- Colonel commandh^ that finJt '„."""' ("'"'s I"e»tonant Volunteer MiliMO is therl ?"°'"''' *' ^^* ''''"^"o" It is called "0™\!ta* " OH»r" '" ^P"™^" ('^'I) .« Mr. Buch^a^., c„„..ion, the;suuX:e:;:l:: . at best, on,, •- /Xat^ t;:. S^ ^' *^' ^^-i^? . a%ta?;;;ifiL r/: t:^ mr"™ 'z '''-'^' .age should be bestowed, ir'shl,;"- I^Tf '.To Tootr rnSTat^rr:--:^^^^^^^^^^ to be volunteei=_the members of th. V .7 I ' "'™ duty, as embodied the whole vel ^Tf^ '"'"™' "'""'^ S^''"' drill associations, nurseries „ IT 11 tr'-" "f ''"'=' """ "« lie permanent volunteertThavhf ,"""""""""'"'" "^ of the Militia. "" " P''<"'«'»oe to the voluntee™ «mto ofte Miii^fryrr ^°: ""' ^'"""'^ '» -^'-^ Exchequer. iTluld be r^ . " °''?''«'' "P™ ""= P""""'^ »o:ci?.,, andl^dtrtCotLr^^^^ ^^ -" " ""■ '"-^''^ '» -^. *« M- Buchanan censidr^ present A INTRODUCTOBV REMARKS. Hj t-t par thi, was re-pSd ;„ Cafal W rt\^^°^ agreeing to take as many conie, ^-J.u J *'''• ^"''''anan, It is a noble vindioatio7o Te mS ofTf"/^ O"'""*-- »eem3 a natural link in the chain „f 7^ ^ '^"'™'=*' ^^ which pronounce, the Reciprocity tLI''™''" ^'"«''' States, and recommend, itsTttb:'" tCm "" ?.''""'* same time very clever dor.,m«nf • ' , . ^^'*1"®' ^"* ^t the would onlyreLrrthatro* ;Cwr "'\^'"°' eiders Buffalo the United Sf,t„ j J ^'° °'™' "''» C""!- intereat of the whole I„t ' u "" '"'°™' "f Buffalo the «ot be cone*; n^Xreirevt"' ^ ""'"" ""» f"""" '^' from one cause or anTtherth,.-', "" °™"'''^' »'*»"«'' the Bociprocit/C :%ttl^lrr'''' """'" ''^""^ »«"-' interests in the United sLteT "'' "'"' '"'"^ "'''^ Mr^:irnr:ttph:r;'^ "'•-"■^ r™^^^ --■== "-. THE "GLOBE" VERSUS THE CANADIAN FARMER. A series of articles which origiaally appeared in the Mo« Spectator, during the month of January, 1864, from the pen of Mr. Buchanan. ARGUMENT. inciting ono section ;f the ProTce aSn tl' „th^''''7''° '"' ""''''' '"« "^'°« »'J^ interests of the Canadian farmerTot fo dear Jo iW^^^T'' '"^''"^* c-^<*-The in England.-Hi, late renunciatim^sof pol ti al n ncTl tl^' ?"" "' '"•'° "' ""'^^^ ticular notice hero; but when he grasps tthoaoft^Vpro" T"' *° require par. we cannot avoid tho death struirirlp Vn„i V"""*.*''^ *•"« Province's material interest, nies in her iegis.ationt S^Cn'r^aTd tot^ta^H;';^^^ "" ''''''^''' '"^ ''^ ^-^'o' should have reference to England and her tariff tSk?' f '°^" '."'"«** '^"^ ^''°'»'>» which Canada was lett bvFn^i«,>rt L" '""'^•-^''<' hopeless position of Canada, in United States desc iS in^t to ds of tl^thlf r ''' '""'"''^'"'"^ '"'^"'^ ^"^ ^"e Excellency admits that before the Itecicrodtvlrnn^"?;""/ ''''''"'' "^"^ Elgin.-Hi, .ot twenty-iive per cent, more tW h^ZL^llTe^cltcfrFarir ^"^'^'^ «*"^ More and more every day, it is seen that Mr. Brown is a Juda^ m the people's ranks, and has betrayed true Reform and the be!^ se mrJ I^'-^-e and such hke always did, only while it suits hi selfish purpose . and whenever the material interests of the Cana- ht; deTs" t ^r T""' ' '.''''''' '''' -^^^ ^J- him wil his models,-the political economists in England, his want of jud«- men makes him decide that his personal interest lies in pleasing 1. rTlnM K ' '"''^ P""'^P'' ^'' ^'^''^' ^^'y «°»tended have recenUy been so notorious that they need not here be referred to. ^ut a more serious position is now taken up by the aiobe in regard to the material interests of the farmers of Canada, which is the great interest of the Province. Mr. J]i.chanan has thought it his duty to reiterate his well known opinion that since England in THE GLOBE VERSUS TF" CANADIAN FARMER. 119 her legislation had no reference to the Canadian fanner, that Cana- tarmer, and that England ought not to stand in the way. But this int^^ettT^ II -n^' ^^'^--'-ho thinks'ithlsc tf nterest to stand well m England. The Globe insists that England Canfd 1 1 r. "/"T f ''^^'^ ^ ^''' '^^'^^ b"t denies that Canada should be allowed to do as Canada pleases in this respect It iZrJtf :; ':r'T''' ^° ^^'nngCanada iXtgi^- Mion, but holds that Canada cannot be allowed by En<>land to hold ng that Canada is not put into a false position by English oCd "";? w '" ^^^^"^ '' ^"^^ ^-- *^ -d h'er wh at to England, and take m payment English manufactures ; and feel. ^.t into '' T-'" ™^ ^" ^'^^^^ *^^* ^"g^^^d would not be ZJt "\""^^^^ P«^^*^<^^ by Canadian legislation, which would drive the mother country to send a portion of her manufacturers to Canada to eat Canadian wheat-thus saving to the Province the freight and charges across the Atlantic both ways, which are equal to a practical reduction of 25 per cent, of the value each way, or which in other words, prevent the Canadian farmer receivincl for his wheat sent to England more than half the quantity of supplier which the English farmer-who gets the same'pricc'for the'^e quantity of wheat— receives. But we cannot to-day refer fuicher to this vital subject than to give the following extract of a speech of Lord Elgin, at the period of the securing of the Reciprocity Treaty, which te recommend t. the serious consideration of the Globe, and all such Reformers : Gentlemen, when I last visited the town of London as was very truly stated in the address which the municipalit7p'relted to me yesterday, it was a time of political excitement. ^But there was one circumstance at that period which was not alone prejudi- al to the interests of the country, but was the occasion Vsoli- ctude and regret to those anxious to promote its prosperity and best interest. At tkat period the bushel of .heatraisld on m ndeof the hue was worth one-fifth less than the same article raised t^^/7lT/': ''' ^''" ''"'■ ' "'g^^^^-« b-« he- a day •ooner, if I had been able to leave Quebec on Saturday But I 120 XHE GLOBE VKRSUS THE CA^^j,,^ ,^^^^^ they have passed ttarral-':'''"^'"''"'™'^"'"' «"<=!. Upper Canada. (ChemTl TJ '7°'' ""' *" ""^ f^-^™ of that treaty which will do^i .XH 7"°"' '" "*« '"'» *«' P-e, as .,a.ds the ^^ TZ':^:^^!'^^^^^ II. ^^ ^ _ ARGUMENT. CanadB.-MisorablesublerlugeofMr KrZ °* Canada, or otherwise the farmers nf J-reo irad. granted by the Empire to them ' '" "*''' ""''''^ "^ * conUiUon of the the land of Canada or ottrte f^r^ ^"""'''™ '""'^"'»°'' we showed yesterdav hL T ' ''"™™ °f Canada. And '^i -t ohje'et L,1&r::&^;^ ,^'«^"' -"» «"^ «'"*« i» practice ; that in 1854 blr7 v* °'^ ' """"' ™ ""t-allj the price for farn. pr^t ti :i!f.^r^''«'^^'P-ity Treat/ dianside of the frontier th,„ ^f^'^ ™ «>« North, or Cana- » » "■»' not and cannot got-caT wI^lTT "^ ^"^ """ *>" he ha, anything „„ro tL Irdandl b " , ' '""f"" "''" "'" ''^"°"' and bringing back Br « ' asV/?r* ''"'^ '^ f"™ ^'°'>-'' goons at a b,rge e;!pense. The evils of THE GLOBB VBBStTS raw r.*w.^ li-iMJUH THE CANADIAN FAKMER. 121 we aw what has L™/.,. ""' "^ " ''™°''7 ^^a-er off, vet . rich iute^ ;t::rT:,'"'r°"™ *™*»^* protectors of the ouLnc ° „a to .,,? "'"'^ P™'"-"!™!"* «» <», but to ahow our rl^e^ZT n ^ *'''° "■ "-"l^tod Brown has adoptoTaa t^'", ^'r, *' ^'^ ^'^^^' *- Mr. thb subject, we quote Mr Z! > ''^Pf™' P™''""' """ »» ANOTHER COURSE m 1«4« P ™AT IP Jl^NQLAND HAD ADOPTED treaty might bo made IvJ \ ? °'"™'' "'"* commercial the imeScans^^ttd^e""^: "r^rT''»«^''^^*-8 parties standin. tofethe r„ ;hl, ™"'P'™'«' «"" in*ad of »U iodustrics eff;^:* Tad? nT '■''';' ""J ""^ ^""^'^ ^""»'' United States whatZv mlf S ?'""' ^""^'' *" '"""""o '» "« wasdone princi^t weTtwTrd f Bet TT" *'' P*^' '^'» chants, aoluated 671^0 mstlM*'!-' ^ ' r""' »f™»"™-- have tbeirrelations w 1 rrr .1 ''' "''" *'* ""' ""'" '» SiiLVES. It had been frequently said bv r! I '^"""""^ ^«™- we did not offer enough • buTS ^ u f ° ""'^P^Pc™ 'hat mere goods from the United sj^ T;:"^ ''"' ^^^"^ ™f »■•'«* «f reciprocity, than we C elTrlVto i? '"T' '" '"^ """ B. ADMmEl, BY THE MOST VX Pr^ T» *'■'"' '"""' """ •cient number of 21 ti "f 1\ *'"" "'• ™' *» «^' ' -'«- ^ "- people interested to .rofc the o-io-f;— " • i ■ -- o--' "'^ qaeatiuu lairlj taken 122 If THB OI.OBE VBESU8 TBE CANADUS riMHl. Iiadamaioritvin,>,r *« House. He thought the Senate happened to kt w ttal 'J7 "f '"'-'l' of retaliation; but h. the Lporial aXn ' * «T '' "'"' ™ ""^ ^""""^ »"'' V tothi8ru"ll'T ,. *" «^''»'^' «"' *»' ° »"."«rmen ot war back again. He (Wd nr>f Vt,«™ u men with TJ^'fiaV. ^ n i- - ° • "^ *^i« of theirs So Superior^ Nel Irk W r""''''"'' ™""' "'^ '''"" ^^' would be in,ZlZoXllr'^T' '"'''° °"°"^'^" ™»* the Americans onP^^ ! ^' '"" "'"»« '» '"-ado with tbltnW ■■ '"™»'-'o gi'"' them even what was more ftan he though reasonable ; but he could see no reason X w th get irom them, on our canals, all the tolls we can. The Hon Zm KTc'iptur'Tbf'^' •" ^ '"""=' """^^ *^' "dt^^^X ber hTI 2 ™ •""' "''"'' ''' '^'*<''<«' fr»» *« Hon, mom- c™ rrvr."' '™ ^ '""""^ "^^"^^ ™^ ^'""•■^"^ o-^ THE GLOBE VERSUS THE CANADIAN FARMER. 123 III. ARGUMENT. ""'Xt'hJXrviltt'lTf T;"' ''' '"«"'>' *"« ^"•^■'''^ Free Traders, to Brown shorVbe dpltl. /,. 'f "^^^^ °^ """"""'» ^^^ *"«"• «t"Pid dogmas. - Of the RecrrX Treatv hL'h r"' n I" ''" P'"'"'"*^ ''^''8"«" ^'«« ^raSe as the fathe. provisioned pal Lon tl ;h» i*' r ''"«'^''"''«"°>''tl,at the latter was only an im- crop ofSClT^mcTMrrZr 1*'' '"r""" ^"-"-•-•' P-ventcd the Hincks agreed with M BuSln ^^7 ' "*"'* ^''"'' ''<'«e«"ily occasioned.-Mr whodetcfmnrod haftheS^^^^^ the United States.-xS vie^ o7 Mr B own 7l< have nothing to envy in those of favour of a new oountTyfZa^L^u ?" "" ^"«"''' Free Trade coadjutors in only utterly imnracH JhT . 7 f= ? """'^ ""''^'""' ""^ '"'''?""« '^'■•ect taxation, not ties auoted 3 p""*^''' •'"' P°«'"vely fnrcical.-Yarranton and more modem authori- Sslate o„"iS^ own r'^'"'' •"""' ««''P°"'"»"« Government, including the power to FreexAre 1 so that Mr'' r"*"' *° ?'"'"' '" '^^' "* "'« ^nion, lo'ng before the Government as a 8eJoffl;i7r '7"*™*'"^' "> "» »«*'-"-*ion that Canada got Self- lerrrthat Enltsh .T r /'" ^"^"^'^ ""'•°"«'' "'" '"^«^"«» "'""^ '« an acknow- tSrcent a ife a^lflZt ? T"'' " ^''^-"^ clnls -In Zfllrf . l/"^^ the mother country the cause of the loss of the old. win , .! "*^ "" ''''*°''y' P««* *°^ P'-esent experience, Mr Brown's ld< a of the ^tZriflZfZt^''''' 'Itl r " '^'^'^ '''-ontra;y. whichl LnZo n Msert ^^ ^'"^''* anything which he Las the hardihood ta '' To prohibit a great people from making all they can of every part of S«on of thVlf """'i advantageous to themselves, is a manifest Those who believe in Mr. Brown are compelled by him to eat B^J quantity of dirt. Take for instance his making them gulp, in the present discussion, trash like the following : "It was the principle adopted by Britain in 1846 which pro- duced the Reciprocity Treaty. It is those principles which will brin^ about Its renewal. But for the change in the Imperial policy which Mr. Buchanan regrets so much, we never should have had. {-ee trade with the States." If this were to be put in plain English, even the most abject of his dupes could not stomach it. It is just another way of telling his gaping auditory that a man is indebted for his stick or artificial leg to having had his leg cut off, or that it is well worth any one's while to have a mouthful of sound teeth extracted for the pleasure and [profit of being in the fashion, and have an artificial set. „ .— _, — ^ro^„ „„,,^ yj uiaiiagcmenc m Jiiiigiand, we have » tu THE OLOB« VERSUS .HE C.^ADIA^ KARMEB. ii we'-o uttered under hi/Z,, ''^''^ .|"°'""' V "s-words whici Ctoto : S™'"' responsibiLtjr ^ , Minister of the "It was ADMnTBD THAT in. V»„, «o«8E IN 1846, aBoiPaocm mZ "" '""'"^■' ''™™™ TO UwTEB States " " ""^ ^™ "bt^ned from " He did not want vn, . ' • • Cakada to think t™™!?"""" ''^*™''' ™= '««««» 0, Uniied States." ""'™^™ ""HS'i «pp than those in t^ ^o-;:er;tLr»/':^l7; *-^ed ., eon«„enta, nation. • ''' «""'■-'"-'* "^^Twhioh Mr™R '""'^'""-l '"'porting !-4^dtc::xrrri^r-n''^'*^ "t the tariaraltogeth r, and pTv L ''T""'- " ™ "'»'''' '^^■ « *oulddom„re for tte nZn r*"? *"'™ ''^ ''™'='ta-»«on, -er dreaded of b, a PrlS" ^ °' '^■'^^» «■- «^ *at wa.' But supposing that the tl t^ It" "'" " ° ''"'"«"'^"™'- farm houses of Canada the!! " '"'""" '^''■'""ty. at the ^-otl, by Customs D'«e a fLrr!: ''"'='' '' "" -"-'«'' i»- tl.3y could "everaohiev n^*^:!::' T'f f™".""'''^ ''^ ^»y™^«« «'• j"«»i.?., while „e would brintlir' "^ "''^P''mmt by fud unalleviated bcX .. ' t'."! '" "" ™»'»' bankrupted f"eign labour to supXt'our o * 1 »'»^»trained in,port S countervailing advance ."do^'J"''™?" ■'^ "-'-« ".« Canadians get u.,,. libert JZfl, iT" ""' '"'"""•• ^-d if Juol,„n, and manufaetuCrthe ,T "^T' " ""^ *»P» '^ P"--^ 'ie P.^ed Zo^^rein .^ '^.^^Z. 11^.:.:! '^ '"' THE OtOBB TBESOS THE CANADIAN FAllJIEB. 125 Nor (in its insane attempts to place Canadians in a false nosi o^e the most barefaced mis^tatements-a nice compli„.cnt C to Its intelligent readers ! It says : puu-ai inis, " The adoption of Free Trade, also, has been accompa ■ V, ST"/ ^'^" r'""' "' """'^ °f "=««" *» a-e colonies ?h.oh t*„ds more than anything else which can be conceived to «o„rethe per^nence of their connection with the mother c„u^ Unfortonately for the truthfulness of this statement, Canada .ot toade in 1841, (long before the Free Trade era.) This greatest Eeform was gained by Canada before Mr. Brown arrived Ttle Colony whose msane course evidently is to pe^uade England t^ afo back part of it, and veto any bill passed by the Province W idature enabUng Canada to coKiperate with the Cn ted Stli ?" mutually shielding themselves from the deleterila eSs olle:! Thn again the Globe makes the following other miVstatemen'"'^' Ihe only colony which Britain ever lost-the United Stales of America-was sacrificed, not to Free Trade, but to the v^y oppi that the chief danger of a severance of connection arose " ' livery reader of American history knows that the main thin, which iuv at the bottom of all the discontent of the old einie ™' fte determined and openly avowed policy of English siatesme'™ to^allew the colomsts to engage in even the "simplest manuf:! «, fj^"'' f°'^-' f" P^'P'" "f "■" ™*«^ """"fy went in the foolish and shor sighted direction in which Mr. Brow/is n^w goit may be gathered from the following : ^ ^' ■'Manufacturers in American colonies," says Gee, the great .uthonty on trade,a century ago, " should he discouraged-p^hi bited. We ought always to keep a watchful eye over our coCie. to restrain them from setting up any of the manuf-f,.^s wWch «e carried on in Great Britain ; and any such attem. - aho Jd be •mahed in the bemnnin» for if .1..- 4- -F-^-i ■ " ""°' J "r-^ nuEci-cd 10 grow up to 126 THE GLOBE VKRStrs THE CA^^adUz. KARHER. mturity, it will be difficult to suppress them. • . . . Uur colonies are much in tho anm« „i i. , • ♦ tbey began tho woollen m n t ^e anTLTx '"'""'' ™» '" ''^» I wm fan upon .anufaetu™„ to S: hel tl •??"" '"?-' 1 taken ^ find employment for them in rTilJ ! ' L V"" '"' ""' mayen.blethemtof„n,i,hthem,elvosXnL "™^"''"'"» " As they wUl have the providing of J i, """''ssariea from u». ' .0 ,hall we have the mZSr^*;'"™'' ^ "--Ivea. i ''0 given for raising hemp, flax &,. TmrTB^! - ., """""S'^nts SOON BEGIN TO ull^mkciVRF^J;^^^^ ™'^^ ^"■'^ therefore to stop the pro3of anv. \ ^'' PREVENTED, posed that no -averVvnLlfsettr f "'""' " '' P™" registering at an office kept for thatt "^ ' ".""' """""' ««' P-aeeofahodeofa^W^^^^^^^^^ , mat all shtlmg mills, and endne. r^, a or weaving stockings, be put dowh. . . for^drawing wire negroes shall be prohibited from wen'vmo. «:tu .- ''^*' "1 combing of wool, or working ra„TZ:*r'™r""°''™'"' than making it into pig or bar iron r"*?'"" "^ ™n, further from manufacturing hats, stocking,', or lea thZft" ''f .P?'"«'«d bmitation will not abridge the planters of "X^v tte ^" W on the contrary, it will then turn their hdu/t'l t^ """' ™- and raismg those rough materials • » ."""^y <» Promoting mto the circumstances of the inhabitants of our nknt./' "T'"' own. It will appear that not one/ourU vaZmy^""" ""'^ <""■ feM.V«„^™;,Xforo„t„fallthacorsW*^^^^^ clothing and other accommodations forT T , ^ °"'^ """"y '"'"^ of the merchandise and maau act „t fif T, '^^ »" "^ *!>» All these advantages we receive by the rianUtfl^^b ■/ * mortages on the planters' estates and the h° .tT' f!u'' *' »s, which is very considerable; and, theref fe '"'''■'''' "'<'7 W ought to be taken, in re^ulatin. all tL J o' J"'^ S™"' "»" tie planters are n;* put ^ ^ 11 1 rullfb T'""""' *'" to go on cheerfully." New Pn^r^ 7 , '''"'"'■""'"aged bave not commoditi^es a„d'^r:d!r "n u^ to' Lr^" r'™'^' purchasing their necessary clothin. but arelT """""■'" ' culties ; andtherefore. J„,..4:Xr.:;SCr. THE GLOBE VERSUS THE CANADIAN FARMER. 127 ■fash- whm they > -ve grown out of fashion with us, they are r ■toned enough for them." And that it was not only tho illiberal portion of England's states- men or those onljr of a bygone day, that approved of a policy so selfish a.d unjust on the part of England. We have tho two facts (to which hundreds might be added), that Henry Brougham, now Lord Brougham, a member of the British Parliament in 1815, said that England could afford to incur some loss on the export of Enir- lish goods, for the nurpose of destroying foreign manufactures in the cradle ; and ten years later Joseph Hume reiterated the same sentiment almost in the identical words, he desired "That the man- ufacturers of the Continent should be strangled in the cradle." Bu for unblushing puerile nonsense and stupidity of admission the fol owing IS perhaps the aWs best morceau/of M : ' r.J "''.•? '^'''!" ^^^' ^ '"'""^ '' ^ P^^«« ^ ^^i«h the mother country sends its surplus population, and with which it holds friendly connection not restricting its trade or imposing taxation hi suttering it to manage its own affairs, andto trade where it pleaaes, but a the same time relying upon kinship to bring it to the old shop to buy and to support the empire by arms when it is in need tTeTTb "' f-S-and more permanent connection than tt ^^7r^'' ^b^fi'^g^here there are no bonds. There can be no rebellion where there is no tyranny " mo^thTt """^ 1" V"'' '''* ^' P^^^^« Government, any more than his passiye loyalty, is not all that is required ; and tha^ hereca..d. rebellion where there is starvation, whether there i tyranny present outwardly or not. IV. ARGUMENT. 18 referred to Mr. GrJ^ Z^lTjliZ^ .^f^'''"''''^'''' ^'^'^'^''-^^-^r^y^ English writer on Socrsci IT" m'"",k "f^'^^""* By'«». the adminib^ refuted over and over again iTro/seninrrwr J "^^ ^''"' ''"'"' *""««' •»»-« been not in hi8 ftvour.-TheAlci.Hon for «p'p tY'' ®'''*° ^'"* 1"°'°''' «>>°^ to be be patrioUcand to de«7r^S aboliL „f 7hT ^ industry shown to Canada can grow or nianufacturt! hi aVociat^h? r "?* °" ''''' """^'^ ^^^^ the labourer in Can«la to live w^loli If ..'''''"« *^°'""' """•"^ object to enable tect him againsttheldt rmSSon if the d! ^h^^'k *"' ^"'*^ «*•*«"' "<» ^'^ naturally • Tyrant if „„t ! t„T""°° °' "'* *''»""'«'' '•»""" °f Europe-Mr. Br^w» « TU j-a: -•"'>."• ""!r By acciaont a Liberal. Th, ifioulty i„ bringing thi. Tariff oontrcve^y to. »„cWo„ Im 128 THE OWBK VKR»,U8 TU. CANADIAN KAKMfcR. our oppoJentH. and dl^cl \ tl'.^: r^^ re«d the writingH J? »iKun.e„t« ; bu. our advon,aric.8 cooler"!!'' j'T' ^^'^°'-^"«« '" their have to .«y is nonsense a„d ab^nHyd oT 'd t ^.T""' '^'' "" ''' •nd never t,ko the tn.uble of liHle, i' ttt J i^'^"'"" ««• bigotry after we have patiently met their aS. 1? ■ '"?'"'' """"*«• '^hus, think refuted them, thoy Himpi; rene." tTc^r' T'"- "^''' P"'"'' '^"'^ «« '^e no attention to our renliea Z H !f ? PT'""" "s^ortionN, p„vi„e thoy have not lookodT he^nt or (1 """'''"^ """'""'^^^'i h^««^"« Of tho breed, o.Mn/uiZl^^^^^^^ ^ i« a fLir s«,..pU aasumes that tho fi st artiolo in tho W..; ""^-^ " •^'"« ^)- "e coollj W a reh«.h of tho n.os o dfn V opSn!; J^ '%'* '^''^^J^- ^"J K'ivoJ >nK «nco,.8ciou«ue8fl that they SevVLbre /r ^••'''^«' *ith a «eem- pnswered." ^ "*"^™ ^«en uttered— much lesa Horace Gieely. Before reading the aiohe's two mortal columns nf .« i been told that it wa« the moat horrid stuVstZ thatt' h"'. "f this admirable little work every one of the a//^ Tu T /u''^l ^'"17' '^"'"''' "^ ^"•" BL^B^res si gea. at law, he would nev.r again allow such oft related fal hc,e, to be reproduced ad nau.ea.n in the G;„*,. Th y caiot" .u,t h,s purpose at thia time of day ; tho people know birr We were not prepared for such gross ignorance of the ereat question of the people, and which should therefore be the Z |.,««„« .« Canadian politic., as tho OMe „„. ev , cef C Brown s ,„fonnat,ou seems to amount to a knowled™ 1^^'^ .. used as a School Book in Upper Can«ia CoCt. ^e doo "" »e,. to ha.e read even the i^uction to it, o'h;rwiL he lid 'ever to tht I writingH of "CO to their thut all we or bi^rotrj to. 'Ihus, , and ae we 'n«, pajring ed because t'iir sitriiplt I'e coollj and jj;ivo8 h a seem- inuoh lesa ■*EKLT. , we had ' had not et " La- thf. Pro- Wishing, »nt. Id Jies are th sides of the \de and 3s, Ser- ed fal- caniiot great e Jir%t Mr. Senior 63 not would Libe- ariily THR GLOBK VKRSITS THK CANADIAN FAHKElt. 129 -noes have had no p^eedet.^' II^^^'Z Mr. Brown read the mtro^luction alluded to, ho would have learned «»e difference between a political economist and a statesZ Semor, m the Introduction alluded to, says : ^^^^t^sman. " The questions to what extent and under what circutn.tanc** the possesion of wealth is, on the whole, beneficial or Z^ZT^Z of th« aconco of aatrc.omy. The principle, supplied by PoiH «e n„e the- only, or oven the mo»l important element., ihe ^^ who pureues such investigations is in faot ensa^ed on tt,^ «=.ence of legislation ; ascienoe .hich requires .Towbd^T, genoml prineiplos supplied by Political Economy buldfrlf-^ .ubject of log,slat,on is not wealth, but human wblfTeT * » * " To decide in each case how far those conclusion, fot th« P i- bcal Economist) are to be acted upon, belo,,™ „ the 1 ,^ '" .mmont,an art in which Political Econly ilol I"! 5 *^"- ^ *ots . Which the possession ywoalthTo.;?^^ ^liable of advice " *' ''"' ■"" """'°''" '''°' « »^^ • ^gl. -tghTS^1-o?t^3i:irr^r--- 130 THE GLOBE VERSUS THE CANADIAN PABMEB. if > n I own book—" The reader will find it to consist, in a great degree, of discussions as to the most convenient use of familiar words "—yet the aiobe insists on using Senior as a quack medicine which is fitted to cure all the d-.orders of humanity. We are presented by the Globe with a quotation than which there could be nothing less appropriate to the discussion, or more fatal to his own Free Trade argument. In the case of Tea, nature has simply placed an obstruction. But nature has placed no obstacle in the way of Canada, making (just as well or better) very many of the articles which are manufactured in Europe, thus raising up an independent home market for the Canadian Farmer. And in regard to Tea Sugar, Coffee, and such necessaries of the people the views of those whom Mr. Brown stigmatises as Protectionists are far more liberal as well as more patriotic than his. Not daring to differ from the books, or from the Free Traders of England, he would single out these necessaries as the most suitable articles on which to raise the country's revenue j whereas the following is the deliverance of the Association for the protection of Canadian Industry. " The Executive Committee of the Association for the promotion of Canadian Industry takes this opportunity to press upon you the necessity of continuing the present organization for the purpose of defending the ground which has been gained, as well as on Parlia- ment completing the measures necessary to the promotion of Canada on manufactures. These are : First, the abolition, at the earliest moment of the entire duty on Tea, Coffee, and such other articles as the United States manufacturers enjoy duty free. (Second : the gradual reduction on the duties of general merchandise, which Canada does not produce or manufacture ; putting in lieu of these an ncrease of duty on such goods as are, from time to time added to the category of Canadian manufactures. Among these it is believed coarse cotton fabrics will be included, so soon as manufacturers in England and the United States can be assured of an incidental protectioc of from five to ten per cent, more than the present duty.' ' The Provincial Legislature gave the five per cent, shown above to be so great a desideratum, and hence the gush of manufacturing activity which we now see around us in every quarter of Upper Canada. it degree, of 3rds " — yet ine ■which is e presented be nothing I own Free J placed an the way of the articles idependent ird to Tea, ) views of e far more differ from I single out 3 raise the mce of the promotion n you the purpose of m Parlia- )f Canada le earliest irticles as ^ond : the se, which f these an added to i believed ifacturers incidental nt duty/' wn above facturing of Upper THE GLOBK VERSUS THE CANADIAN FARMEH. 181 If there is any point at all in the Wohe^s remarks, it is in view- -g them as an .11 executed attempt at the reducHo ad aulrlZ wX'l Vnt 1^' " ^ "'^"^ '^ ^^^^^' ^ well-known alriX Tetw w! ' . ''T*' ""'^^^' ^•— -« «l^aS quote pelow. We cannot pursue the subject to-dav farther hnt 1 ^A JUS. remark that Mr. Buchanan miglt weU tl' '^0^^^ i^^ t he had read and understood Mill long before George Bro™ wL out of h. pohtaeal petticoats. Whetl>er Mr. Brown l so even Z ' m.gW e questjoned if we went only on the am', pre en pnefue production, which is so crude that it looks more like tl,7 L i ! U was not an ^mpomwn" on the boy for bad behaviour, it oer- ^^^^ao miposition on tl. (?M., ,eade«, which they ^olce,; iep^'d^n" MrTi '" "'""^ '"' misrepresentation and aepreciation Mr. Buchanan never argued that Canada is wrons d because England wiU not sacriace BritiA interests to her bS he argues hat C»ada i, wronged because England inslto that Oan^a shall sacrifice Canadian interests to tie benefit ofTknofof middlemen m Manchester. For, mark you. it is not I a^ ^aL and weavers who complain ; they would be better as havtag t^ meir uDour , but this would do away with the oreaenf flft^«,r.+^ Napoleon : •' You must regulate your interral ^^^,^1^ T.wsof my middlemen, otherwise there can be no a;;:i^betet The following is the illustration which we promised above to give : -.ouS'VLfrrotr'":^'!'"*"^^^'^"'^'-'^^^^^^ a. n„."h .?f ™ ■ '*'' "'""S'' '* ™"W oo" thirty times « much a« foreign wme. Net at all. The moment the J^ tte domestic commodity exceeds by a large propertionre pri e tf fto corresponding foreign „„e, the main rein for preduS^f tome ceases—Take the eunnosed „»..„f.;„. .?!!_""!8.*' ' ■ I :■ ( 182 f^i m THE OLOBK VmBS THE CA»AD,AN FABMEB. would cost £100 tODrodllCft in 17,.«I« J - abroad, „„,y £B. B^tZorZft^J"^ """™""' """'•'•~» lose but £100, and must ga u IdT Y„„ /7.T"« i'' ^'"' '""^^ outside, even supnosin-r a^l,' /"" "'"^'i lose but £8 at the labour and ^^^Z'lZitlT ™ ""'"""^ "' You can a A k,at SlloX^f ~' °:,;tr "'• rtTprL?i.^4^c:it:itf ! *- -- " ^^^^^^ gainer of 47 pe; oe^ bvTll , •''''i^°" '"' ^™ " ^""l producing it afhore '• IZT^ IZ'Z ''"°'^' ''^*"^ '' and partial consumption (like wke fa r^^ A Z^' '"f^^^^'y- verysmaU proportion of theTatw ^* t"'^' "»f ''"f '»? b"' » wholeofwhatiBsetatlibertvhaflmultHf ^'°° """ '^^ ment. In a ™rd, the gam fs We and ot ^"^ 1'""° f ""'''"^- and such as it is, t effects Zt.l n , ' "" ""'' ^ ™'^. .™ s„PEB.uW.s,;t:rE:«zLr;HBsrr:r" ceding chap er be' cole T °"'°' '" "' '"'' *^ '»"'P- proteclion hC cxTsted™ iVnd ^-7''' *".r °°'""™' '"'^" L not etisted r^rr* ^''™*'°«' ^■•<' wuntries where it who a're blinded by Cy, will see" 'p^'^'t ^"' *»' 'W. *e said, Eyes ha Jthey, b t 1; sef Jf «' *- " ^^ """^ t :, ii e:b. Jld cost, from it> you could but .£3 at the ducing land, employment, your former t« Suppose till an actual J, instead of superfluity, employ but a so that the ' of employ- iak is small, B BUSINESS ^D CLIMATE 'B SUBJECTS the last pre- tries where ■s where it this, as we fc that they, may truly THE GLOBE VERSUS THE CANADIAN PARMER. 18S V. ARGUMENT. apartyof Kngland, with peculiar iZTa,7tiVZZZt-T ''''''''''''''' ^ mother country, but whicllarp r-^^ntTit V, P"^*"^ w''"!l' are not open to the thoy will romov to Ca ada T.nll, °. ^ .^P'*''' »"" --"-« classes of Britain, "f cannot remain connected tiSEid.foeTe ,'=''"«/;"«>a"d i" Amenca.-Canada allowed to dictate o„ the Hubjoct of its ItLi.r / . *'"***"' ^' " <'°'°"y' <""» »ot The reasca why Lord Elgin WdplroTwhea^T," T ""^' '-""-* <=°"ntry.- more in United States than in Canada , that te,' U'll '"""""■' *"' ^ P*"" ««"»■ turing population-There can be "o jnL 1, L !? ^*''''' "*"" "" '"'^'^ """»"•««. Uomana for farm produce as will make 11^^^^^ '" '^«""'^'' ^^'"""t such a a Zollveroin arising from the obv ouTfnct tl a rl , '"T r'''»"«-T"e necessity of States, unless the same tariff 7m ZJTi , f f «.' '™' *""'*' ^"^ »"« United an at Portland, Boston, and NewYo k ' n , 7" V"""' """ ^•'"♦'••""' <^ ^«» clearly understood the positVon in wth KnSan r'" """^V"'"'' *« "«'P '» Retting Free Trade has led Canada-ho conTider, t2 h T'^'"^*' adoption gf one-sided timt it is well known that he h s sonT an i a,ll T )"'" '^'"°»t«"''Picion, seeing British Government, be it right or"; it wrong " " """" "^''""' "'» buLg!;:a:dt^t"Bl?fi;\" ^""""". f ^"^'^"^" ^'^"^'^ -* «»Jy «««-re workir. da ses in Kn 7T'^' '"'^^ ^' "" incalculable benefit to the Empire^ BrS lit lld't^'^'l^- ''"^- ^^''^'^"^- ^o preserve tL has rui, ed Ire and a, 3 lldf. 1 f'^^' P",""'?'^ °^ m^^m/l.-n^, which and cost us tlio oM ' "^^ ^'T '"' '""^^ countries could be ruined the nn uL ure 'of t^'Fl'^"'"- ''''^ r'^'^'^ '' d.centralLTng the Empire an eno n ous St ' n V. ^T''^\' .""^J''^' ^'^^'^ ^^^"•■e fo? iristru-uentality of soronc o X oT t ""t "'^"°"^'.'• '^''^""S^ the be called En.Jand i Wica Fn^l ''f ^'^Pf "dances (which might India, &c., &C0, she coulTrurT^rf' "i';^i,ft"~f ""'^"^^'^ chose to go to these fivo.irp,! ln« rV- • , ' "^'^ mechanics that agree to free tradTdir 0?^^^/^, !.' "'t """"'"''" '^''' ^"""^ never their comparatively comfort h"'"^''^^'^^ " ^'^''^'^ blow t« could never g r L 1 '^^^^ J^' "'Stance. England goods, but no^'dol theUnildS t, r?.^''''^ '" n.anufac.ured Reciprocity Treaty wh On dn ®, I""'^ ^' ¥'^''''^ *« '^^t^"^ 'be torn Houses between Can d..' fT^ ^^r^^'"/ down all interior Cus- Englishman,byr,mn.to:Sn>d^^^^ tho United States; which done, the endless wate.pLe^^i,;;;^!t^'^ T"^' "'""^"S his goods at our on the same goolsg^i^ direct from ^ t f P'^r^'-^ov more, charged hundreds of milloSnow i .! "^'''"'^ *" *^' ^'"'^^^ States; and under such an arran"omrt • """'^'^J^^'rcumstances in England, would, nery and haul to tt finito h' 'fi^V"";^" '^^^"'' '' Canada^hei; machi! and'to the aggrldi em flfl,^'? •"^.- '^'rrP"''^^'«" ^»'»« ••<^'"«ved, speech ut Toronto, bein- verbitim wl','..t"'nn. L' '^f V'^':-.°»«banans late Toronto Political Convention of Issi] ^^"""^ '" ^'' ^'''''' '' *^«^ 134 THE GLOBE VERSUS THE CANADIAN FARMER. l^i With more practical experience of the business of Upper Canada BeLeof r . T ?'' '''""S °'-°P'' "'""'■ »™»t bear the ex- in' a " : r: ■' """'' °" '^ ^''^-^ "P "- ^-ada through creating a manufactunng population hero. We dare sav t}„t Mr white whe.at The u,e to whieh it « .applied is to mix with inferior fine*d':,:r'f\""'"'"°'"' '^ «™^-"^''" •-^ ■ 4 Sne old wheat of her o,vn growth for this purpose. The United States therefore is our only market for this stajie artiele of C^ «„ Canada m the meantime; and our great poliej, shoud be to extend the mxrket for it among oursel.es by raisin^ similar to^ popu ations to those whieh form the United Itates dlnT: f r' t™ But George Brown is bj nature and wieked works the most preeipitate and shortsighted of mortals, and desirin. to be 1 s7„ 'l'oin»litieal economy amount- in just to a eon.,p,r.aey of money .against labour in the Colonies ( f the Colonies will allow it), as well as in the mother country It ,s easily seen that it is not so much the Zollverein proposal itte^f THK GLOBE VERSUS THE CANADIAN FARMER. 185 icr Canada )regoing to npire. As d that it is rket upon 3ar the ex- 's possible, ket of the 10 has no a through '• that Mr. >t for our ih inferior plenty of le United of West- ild be to ilar town i for it. the most ; a Solon , not the British )sition of 5 its tail, them in ountries left the ehalf, if nightilj 3ir true authors 3t must imount- ^olonies ountry. i\ itself that Mr. Brown objects to, or that has started him into his present activity as representative of the English Free Traders, as the prom- inence given to the fact that it is the necessary consequence of the adoption by Britain of its monstrous system of irreciprocal free trade. As to the proposal itself (the Zollverein), Mr. Brown actually holds essentially the same views. " There is no remedy," says the Qlohe of the 24th May, 1848, ** for these evils under which Canada groans, but to increase the exports or diminish the imports from abroad. * * * Canada will never know permanent commercial prosperity until she has free trade with the United States, and has manufactures in a rising and improving state." Mr. Buchanan could ask whether or not up to the time of the political Convention of 1859, the G-lobe did not publish in its pros- pectus, or confession of political faith, "National Free Trade;" and whether, on Mr. Buchanan announcing his Zollverein views in letters which he addressed to the said Convention, and after Mr. Brown had been spoken to like a father, by their mutual friend the Honourable David Christie, the great agriculturist, than whom no man has done more for reciprocity, the Globe was a convert, and hauled down national free trade, and, immediately after said Con- vention, put into the confession of faith, daily published in the Globe, "Free Trade with the United States." It thus appears that the Globe's attack upon Mr. Buchanan is a mere matter of battle on behalf of the Free Traders of England, and not on behalf of his own convictions. ■ " Now, in order " says the Globe " to show that England ought to carry out these propositions, Mr. Buchanan endeavours to prove that she has done us injury in adopting Free Trade. In support of his view, he quotes the following passage from Adam Smith : « To prohibit a great people from making all they can of every part of their own produce, or from employing their stock and industry in the way that they judge most advantageous to themselves, is a manifest violation of the most sacred rights of mankind.' If Mr. Buchanan will show wherein England imposes any restriction of the kind indicated upon Canada, he will have established a good «au8e of complaint against her." , U6 1 I i ! M I TilE ,...P. I„ • i tion n„ perpetrated. Even in tl.i, .. Y ''"'"■ that tlio Kold i»i,l i„..„, ) , , r , "'-'• ''"X"™"-. i' is evident What C,„,a,l., i," ,1 ,^'""' ''."»«>"=•■. « Britain's own matter, ^tipnlatjrwil iZfcf :, '1'^'^*"' *-■" ■■"' "ave li'is, JUS was ^hown by tho sneech nf M. ir i but : X":r;;, ':';' """'","'""'•» -'"i"!..*; f-e trade, -n,e„.ent';hit::t4:;:r A;:d:;:;rt\e™"i " r nor;h\»'„^rtheSrw''™"? "r ?""""■"" "™" (™ ^>- i» a,iditi„n to tlu. Xna-rican tarket • """""'■" " '■"'"" '™'' £gr:::r:t;i:^-t:r::ti S-cretary for the Colonies, .hep. bein, an order that he tZ^ nan's state- that would > lie thinks ' of her own discoveries M making in British si's legisla- is ovident of the loan n\ matter, not have tho boon larketH of ivhich we time. 20 trade, r, in the deny the delicate a people (on the i for his lits and ) labour a, while the St. id him^ Britain, ■ legis- is well ;ion of >m the not to THE GLOBE VEHSUS THE CANADIAN FAKMEIl 18T absent to any Act imposing differential duties. This is the most unportant possible curtailment of the llesponsiblo Oovcniraent granted to Canada ; for the United States would not go into a treaty of Free Trade with Canada, unless we had here the same tariff against European labour ; and it is no doubt the interest of Caiiada to have this as much fis the interest of the United States. Ho would," continues the Globe, " stir up such fear in Eng- and that the British North American Provinces will join the United States, as to compel the mother country to do the injustice to her own people which the great apostle of free trade, Adam Smith, deplores." We should have thought that Mr. Brown would have felt it his brst duty to get justice for Canada, and not to take sides against Mr. Buchanan and others who have the welfare of Canada as their who e object. Mr. Buchanan's opinion that a Zollv.roin in America, would be a boon to the mother country, as well as the Empire, is on itlod to at least cjual respect with Mr. Brown's contrary opinion, i/ he has a contrary/ opinion. Mr. Buchanan believes that if there was any temporary injury it would only be to middle men, as there would then be a glorious field here for Britain's working classes ; but he does not tlunk that tho British importations into Canada would be lessened in coarse fabrics more than they would be in- creased m finer goods, in consequence of the improved prospects of he 1 rovmce. Nominally, of course, the importations and ex- poi-tations at Montreal and Quebec would be enormously increased, as the great bulk of the Trade of the Western States would fo.ow he route of tho St. Lawrence, which is itself no insignificant object to be attained through an American ZoLLVEREnv ! Mr. Buchanan has no wish to suppose that cither party (Ministerial or Opposition) are committed to his view, though of the two the Ministerial is most committed-both the <4noh.c Meroicr>/ and the Toronto Globe havmg a. we before said, come out for the Zollverein view since the last Session of Parliament.-The Globe, for its paltry party pun.oses of course tries to mingle up the identity in this m^t J .X .a-. Buchanan and the Spectator. The .Spectator, though agreeing with him (as all men must in his patriL ol^:^ts), as a goueral rule, expresses nothing whicUhas not be^n d4ided upon ■^l ■r^o It Hi 138 TKE GLOME VERSUS TIIK CAN/ OIAN FAUMEn. by tho pol.tica invty .v.th which it acts. The question of whether or no .t would be the host policy for the industry of Canada to cstabhsh a Con,merc,al Zollvoroin in con.junction with the Urited bates has never been ,liscussed by ^he Conservative party; h e!S ft '"'^-r. ""-i-ously, we are sure, uphoW th o cf ^ ^^^-P--'' « Government, in holding that if the people of Canada, through their legislature, .leci.le in favor of a Zolivereb. ns the true patnotic policy of Canada, there should be no impedi- ments tb-own ui the way by the authorities of the mother countnr. They will not be deterred from this patriotic course by insinuations on the subject of their loyalty from such a quarter as the Gil. For such a discussion Mr. Buchanan has much the advantage of us as well as o the Globe, not only because he understand^ the u^jcct practically, from forty yrars' experience as a merchant, bu because he is not a strong party man. He says what he likes and has a great many always inclined to think with him. because they know that he always thinks what he says ^J^'/rrJi ''^ r^ '^ '^' ^^'^'^' '^^""•ti°" 5« indeed truly aughable. Those of our readers who are old enough to have seen the elder Matthews, will remember something of tl^ same kind in one of his persomfications. He represented one man in America saying to another: " You^re an individual, .Sir; " and the other repying-y.. re another. Sir.- Now it unfortunately so happened that m Ins speech at the Toronto Opposition dinner, 3Ir. Buchanan had used the following pretty plain language : " Mr. Brown's chief, only condition on which he will agree not to inflame the people and make them dangerous, even if he himself is not seditious." And Mr. Brown, in retort, points to certain expressions in the same speech which m his (Mr. Brown's) opinion would encourac^e annexation. A loyal man, however, cannot be made disloyal by'a construction put by an enemy upon his language ; any more than a pohtica incendiary can white-wash himself by merely wheeling round and usuig loyal language for the time beinc ^ THE GLOBE VE«SU8 THE CANADIAN FAllMER. 139 VI. ARGUMENT. Mr. Huohanan quoJcn tho autliorlty, upon whom Mr. Brown iKnor«ntly roIios-Adam Hmith, (o Hlic.w tho InMlKnillcanco of (biclgn trade in proniothiK the wcll-behig of a poo- pl(>, In cnnipari.^on with honii. trail.": tho wliolc pxportn and iniportH of a country not i-xccpdinx togollior ton jht cont. of i(» traimactionH, altliouRh thexo alono aro considered worthy of attention by Adam Sniitira protended followerH; wliile llic ninety per cent, or nine tontns of the country's trancactionH, (commonly called the Ilome'lrado), seemed to be beneath conaidorailon.-Lord Durham's exposurool the Mis-tJovernniont. by the British (iovornment of Canada, or more properly absence of practical (iov..rnmnnt, juch as Mr. Brown now proposos.-The process within tho ten years previous, by which ( anada was raised to that comparatively low position which Lord Durham found to compare so unfavourably with the progress and well-being of the linltcd .States.-Bonja. inin Franklin and V. JI. Carey's descriptions of tho desolating eflectHOu tho old Colo- nios of that British system, of which Mr. Brown is now the advocator As the best exposure of the Free Trade ravings of the Olobe, wc shall give a few quotations from authorities which Mr. Brown will scarcely question : From Adam Smith's " Wealth of Nations,'' Book 11, CJiaj). 5. " The capital which is employed in purchasing in one part of tlie country, in order to sell in another the produce of the industry of that country, generally replaces by such operation two distinct capitals that had both been employed in tho agriculture or manu- facture of that country, and thereby enables them to continue that employment. • * » * ^,.j^^^ ^^^^ are the produce of domestic industry, it • oessarily replaces by every such operation two distinct capitals, which had both been ■employed in supporting productive labour, and thereby enables them to continue that support. The capital which sends Scotch raanu- tactures to London, and brings back English manufactures and com to Edmburgh, necessarily replaces, by every such operation, two British capitals, which had both been employed in the agriculture or manufactures of Qreat Britain. The capital employed in pur- chasing foreign goods for home consumption, when this purchase is made with the produce of domestic industry, replaces too by every such operation two distinct capitals, but one of them only \s em- ployed in supporting domestic industry. The capital which sends British goods to Portugal, and hv\np back Portuguese goods to 140 THE OLOBK VEB8CS T«K CANADrAN PARMER. Great Britain, replaces by everv f^nrh «n« .• capital. The other is a pll7 ^ ''*"" "^^-^ "^^ ^'^■^'«^ therefore of the orlntr J "°"''' '"'• ^'^^"''^ ^'^^^ ^^^urns those of the home3e tr "rr^"'" ^'^'^'^ '' ^ ^"-^ as ONE-HALF THE eTcO R 1 ""^''"^ "'"P''^^^ '» ^^ ^'" g'^e but LABOUR o/™.,Rr^ " '"' T"^^^ ^'^ --"-^VK ^XJ:':;::^::^^ \*'^ ho^e-tradefwin solutes before a eapitalTCoXlrf "' "' "^"" ^^^^'^'^ *™-' n^ade one. Ip tZCZT.'^^ '''^' of consumption has SUPPORT TO THE iNDusTRrop TnTconrr "^"°^^^'^«^^^^^^ AND But exaoHv f),n . couffTRY than the other " pre,o„tr ?i,r::7„Hi.. '» --»' «.. B.„w„ ana the We, however, have a reaT^ , M "■■' ""=*'" "' '""• ""'»' "O"™- fte very conlra ^ ; „ fe"td^::P«™"f "■"dvantago of Canada „o,v are verv X 7 , " '■''™"' ""> P™?""'' for Customs' Duties 0, E,„1't 7'™ *"' ""'^ ""^ "''"en our loyal subject t„;°,'i'i„i:t ::: '* t ' •"" °^"'- ^™^' would have been al^.^r """f e, must rejoiee in this, for it retained Cana , "tie ^ST ^"f "" ""'' '""»' "-« and the tJnitrl «!/ ! dilfcrenee between this Provi-oe wd DurS:::crtedCr:'' '"""" ™ "■- '""'<'^'> ^" '« pi::.2;tt:;he:;o:rdb:'desti:'rd "°o":? t^ '-^"'"=" '^^ is activity and bustle. The fo st ^1: h^ < t"" " '"'''' "" year numerous settlements af formed and" tl'o ' f Tr ' ""^ created out of the waste • the.!. thousands of farms are roads, etc. . ' .*" """"."^ " "'^ersected with common side of the line w!H, fT,^ « x- „ ^" *he British some approach to tetanTos:: 'f " '" ""™"" '"*■ '">- and desolate. . " P'^Pen'y ■» apparent, all seems waste city of Mop* ->. which iq nof„„„ii .i. . The ancient THE GLOBE VERSUS THE CANADIAN FARMEB. 141 creation of yesterday. But it is not in the difference between the iargc towns, on the two sides, that we shall find the best evidence .x our mfenority. That painful but most undeniable truth is most mani- lest in the country districts through which the line of national separa tion passes, for a distance of a thousand miles. There, on the side of both the Canadas, and also of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia a widely-scattered population, poor, and apparently unenterprising, though hardy and mdustnous, separated from each other by h-aote of intervenmg forests, without towns or markets, almost without roads, Imng m mean houses, drawing little more than a rude sub- sistence from Ill-cultivated land, and seemingly incapable of improving their condition, present the most instructive contrast to their enter- prismg and thnving neighbours on the American side * • Throughout the frontier, from Amherstburgh to the ocean, the market value of land is much greater on the American than on the British side. In not a few parts of the frontier this difference amounts to a thousand per cent. * * » • « The price of land in Vermont and New Hampshire, close to the ime, 13 five dollars per acre, and in the adjoining British townships, only one dollar. On this side of the line a very large extent of land IS wholly unsaleable, even at such low prices, while on the other side property is continually changing hands. * • I am positively assured that superior natural fertility belongs to the Britash territory In Upper Canada, the whole of the great penm- 8ula be ween Lakes Erie and Huron, comprising nearly half ^ the available land of the Province, is generally considered the best grain country of the Air wean continent." THE OLD BRITISH COLONIAl' SYSTEM OP TRADE A DEATH BLOW TO THE COLONIAL FARMER. Lord Durham however, did not see Canada in her lowest con- ation, such as she was in before the days of paper money. Pre- Wy to Lord Durham's visit, and within our own recoUec'^^ionX W of n r"\''' "^"^"' ^" *^^ circumstances of' th ZT\[ r- ^^"^<^^*l^« '^^^ introduction by us of banks foUowed b, business on a large scale, having simulta'leously g"en JUm A TWENTY PRR prvt ni.nT,^T,r^„ . . •' 6""« -— K«x,tvTION, AX iiiSAST, ON THE PRICE OF 142 '{ill 1 .1 "" """"^ "'■•"<" "»: OASADMN FA„«„„. ' the interest of all our farmer ^.d owners ofTjd™ 1 "'''' young manufactures in preference to ""J."' "^"^ ^ «'^°™™S» our «« fro. distant countries'; su^ ^tlX^Z::™ S! of the country, and to this, par more i,un to the ta^ I ll! ° power to combine (continue^ Mr. Carey referring to v; -" wWh i«,orantly m avoided .anufaeture's) h t ^no eSC The smaller the bulk of the commodities taken fi-om the LniZ ^ be,ng «.„ „ta,ge for transportation, the planter fult^'^ An JTACT, BY THE SALE OP THE HOIL ITSEri? flnrl T,«<. K au , ' of hia labour. He and hisland becomh^iltrfle'^ tZfT w« oompeHed to transport himaelf ^^^7^;^^ Ztl^i THE GLOBE VERSUS THR CANADIAN FARMER. 148 lands, with constant incroa..« ^ the tax of transportation, ami as constant dccroaso in tho rapidity of circulation.' " It is thus clear, that tho early inhabitants of tho United States were well awaro how little a purely agricultural country really gets back when trading with a distant manufacturing one. Gee, ox Trade— tho authority of his day— whom I quote at length 1 i my first noto attached, states that the calculation then (in 1750) was that tho colonist got back about one-fourth tho value of his produc- tion from England. The Canadian farmer can easily understan*; that this could not bo far from tho mark, when at this day ho find,, that, he cannot get more than about half tho value which tho English fa ■: i T does for tho same quai jty of wheat, from getting (in conse- q.."av3 of tho distance) 25 per cent, less for his wheat if it goes to En^.and and paying 25 per cent, more to pay the expenses of im- porting tho £75 worth of supplies which his £100 worth of wheat had purchased in England. . Tho whole export and import trade put together of a country are only about ten per cent, of its transactions ; yet the price which THE FARMER GETS FOR HIS SURPLUS WHEAT WHICH HE EXPORTS FIXES THE PRICE OF ALL HE GROWS. VII. ARGUMENT. Tfce ministerial party more oommittod to Mr. Huchanan'a ZoUvereln views than tho OddosI. tioD 08 both the Toronto Globe and the Quebec Afereury. tho ministerial organs came out in n»vour of Free Trade with the United States, since the last session of Kament -George Brown, Editor of the Globe, the Canadian Robespierre, extinguishing If he can the characters of his opponents when he cannot silence their arguments -Georw Sheppard, Editor of the Mercury, the strong man and tho mainsiy ot tho weS ininistry that an organ was ever called on to grind for.-Hls article in tho Daily cZ nut, in 1858, under the caption - Mu. Bbown, thk Free-T*adeb, vd AdvooItb ot DiRBOT Taxation, vkmus, Mb. Buohana« the Pkotkotiokist a..d AdvocIm ol In our article yesterday we accused only the Brown section of Ae organs of the Ministry with traducing Mr. Buchanan for their individual purpose or profit. The section of the Ministry repre- sented by its chief organ the Quebec Mercury, looks on with silent «OBtempt for its Ministerial coadjutors, and, we have no doubt m ifl: « i'i i'-l THE GLOBE VEE8US THE CANADIAN FaBmeb. ago, came right out in favour of M. n T ^! J " *^"' "">"«" feared ,o g«at a hwn wodd be deS t rT™ *" '"^ "'^* " Traders in tte mother country Mr b„ , "'T' ''^ "■" ^"' dently is, which is the most ^fiMe'ofil f t* ''"'""'"' "'' without the least reference 7 », '^ °'' '"™'"' '" »^« »P ohanan caUs him the t^Ji^L.T.T:,^'''- . ""^ ^" when the French Robespierre cmJT^ ^^' ?*"•«"<=« ""''"g that opponents he extinguished 1 o T ""' "S"™"*" "f ""i" CanadianEobespierCttlt?;T;rt?r;h:r "'''''' "" —to the ejtent the abie can-of ft. 7 "^ "^^^ •"«' the late Robert Baldwin w^TaJ ttb .T^ ''°' "*"f"°« Coalition Ministr;,. 2' Geort st l!f *" »"'" <* *• -...is a man oHntelltXa! ^ettf ^ ''b"' '''^ man knows better the horde of spIa^v, ^^Pf"®f«e, than whom no of English Free Traderr P^S ronlmistTht '" T brought up at the feet of these Gnm^i;.! T ' ^'''"^ ^®®» «ro»g man, he has been 't^mtr s^ :? ttCStf- t^ MrB:chrha7sor.riar-"^'-^^^^^^^ ing the intents of ttoPr "il "jX'r^'rf ^ ""''™'^<'- ^ivantage of ™derstanai„; Ihe ^^^inttr^ '" ^ """^ Mo. to sho. ho.Ttix :: r^cr "^ir r foHowmg was wntten, he was editor of the Toronto™^ Jl't" ""■ [From the Z)«,% Oolomit, of Oct. 27, 1858.] Mr. Brown the Free TR*ni.u .«„ a Tro.,„.,»MR.Bl;CIlrp °'"' °' """•^"^ ^"'■ 0. tarKEOT T™ '^''°^'^™»'" ^» A..00.™ The ewe.att«ks Mr. B^hanan under a caption « n. Pm traordinary eaven, that few months >rein views, saj that it '7 the Free lestion evi- to take up Mr. Bu- being that ents of his lereas the ppose him >n sparing ve of the the MeT' whom no the nam© ing been lajs. A Ministry just as erstand- > double 7, being perhaps opinions ben the t: Taxa- ?^OCAXB Philo THE GLOBE VERSUS THE CANADIAN FARMER. 145 iBophy of Plunder," and the assertions in its article are, as is us«al, TTholly mcorrect. The G'foJe asserts : ' 1st The member for Hamilton has established his title to be considered a thorough-going partisan of the Macdonal^Cartier Ec^nomf t ^'' ''''"*'*":^^^^ ^'^^^^^^^^^ ^ -P'^tation a. a .Political mw, firstly, as to his being " a thorough-goine partisan of fh*> Macdonald-Cartiersort." The public canno! buf rCmber that at the ens. of the two days' o^ Brown-Dorion Minfs ry M ' Buchanan was one of those adherents of that Ministry who^irfed them to propound their pohcy, and offered to support i^^^lt, took up to question of employment more enthusiastically than the Macdonald-Cartxer had done. Indeed Mr. Buchanan hV aTwat said that he hoped the day would come speedily when no man would dare to show himself at the hustings, who does lot proLTto vaew this great question of the people's existence as the Tea^ overshadowing constitutional question, and one far above the fues tions which we are accustomed to call constitutional as the Crown privileges the Upper House, the Aristocracy, the a^rch &?T his Idea, all these are secondarily constitution^ qu^ I'd Jst for ever be in danger if the question of employment, on w" others depend, has not the chief and primary aLtioi^. So much then, for the correctness of the Qlohe in insinuating that Mr Buch' anan a, ere partisan of certain politicians. T^^act^ mpi; t that he views them not only as the party of order but rsTeLr and more intelligent patriots than those /ho ..o^l'^tZlt^ Canada direct taxation and Free Trade. ^"^roauce into And secondly, as to Mr. Buchanan having " ostentaHo„=l. t d nil „. *™': .■■''P''^""'S ™ tof political oconomy, Z denying, properly speakmg, that it i, a science at all Mr Bu hanans op,„,on ha. always been that political econ myl„„?: ™ence, because a acienoe is a system of Led facts ; wZeltu t,cal economy, not to repudiate patriotism, must be a ririf o^rcumstancea, seeing that a law that would auil an old !!t,^ »'Ould not auit a new one-, law t^-> ~-'J --^-^ • ■ ^'"^ _ mw ui„. „„„„ ,^^ jiniiaiia us a rich 146 THE GLOBE VERSUS THE CANADIAN FARMER. country would not suit Canada as a poor one, &c. So much, then, for the correctness of the Globe's second ground of attack on Mr. Buchanan. The truth is, that Mr. Buchanan, as Vice- Chairman of the banquet to Sir William Fenwick Williams of Kars, at Hamilton, in giving the health of the MiUtia, coupled it with the health of Sir Allan McNab, whom he praised for having pushed forward the embodiment of the MiUtia during the Crimean war, a turn which might have left Canada peculiarly open to attack. He admitted the great cost, but argued that the expense of the Militia was simply a matter of spending so much money among our- selves, and that the cost was nothing proportioned to what such an outlay would be if paid out of the country. And to show that outlay in a country might be a good thing, because " spent among ourselves," he instanced the Queen's drawing rooms, at any of which every lady is expected to wear something of British manu- facture. This is a good thing to the artisans of Britain, while it would be a bad tWng to all classes if the ladies wore French silks, and the money expended had to leave the country. England, however, from her superiority in manufactures, has this "great advantage, that most of her great expenditures are merely dis- bursements among her own people, and are a boon to them. In a WORD, Mr. Buchanan, like ourselves, advocates Protection ONLY FOR the general INTEREST OP THE FARMERS WHO COMPOSE the bulk op THE PEOPLE OP UppER Canada. And if the aiobe can find no stronger accusation against the Government than that its members are anxious for protection to manufactures, so far as they see this is for the interest of the farmers, we feel assured that Mr. Cartier's administration will not be a short-lived one on this account. UER. c. So much, lund of attack man, as Vice- iliams of Kara, joupled it with having pushed Crimean war, 3en to attack, xpense of the ey among our- what such an to show that ' spent among ms, at any of British manu- ■itain, while it French silks, y. England, IS this great 3 merely dis- them. In a Protection iV^HO COMPOSE if the aiobe mt than that res, so far as assured that one on this THE GLOBK VEKSUS THE CANADIAN FARMER. 147 VIII. ARGUMENT. through himsecuro the well being ollTolZZZ . T' *"" ^'*"'"''''» '"^er, and a -aruing; she exhausted, or, .'Xe S tn^l^lr^MV"'"'^*^^-^"-" ^-nada pmgof wheat at the iuBtigation of sirBrown^sSn !'''''„'''" »>y perpetual crop- •.sts.-Mr.BrownIikelueE„g,i.hfriend« carrrthlrf^ ""T."' ''"""""' ^"^-'' eand they, either through the stupidity or ;omet ,!"--' °^^" ^^"""^ *'""''" ^"'•'*- m«trument. Of e.tabli«hi„g prinoiiiS on rrrr^r" '^^^ mongers-and, which have caused thn hnilil "!"^ ^"5 "'» "ch-annuitants or monev Of the Province, whose only L^ ^ ^t jTef""" °*-""^-'«- P°or famTe^ '^''^^> have been exported, or to speak morilainl v o? t ,« , l-^"*" ^"^^^ '^'»'<"' -"Ight people-Theauthorityof theLondonTi^ivent °H " ""'^"'y"^'^^' '" our o'wa remarking simply, that monetary reform woulfsonn . ^'"•''^"'"g.-Mr. Buchanan that the increased value of mono? m^^Z?^^ ^'' ,^f '""'"^ """oP'" would reflect oflabour means a cheapening of mTney. "'""'""''"^ "^ labour.Iand the iucrea-sed value- the truest ConservS "^ t„: tTl '"'' f "'^ ^^^« ^" ^ J4l the people's money for their own benefibut".^ "'* '"'^;" ^PP^^^'^g people all the employment we can in ,„ t't; ? ''''""1'^ ^"'" «"'' o^" «ee,ng that when tVmanufa^turerslveTni?" • '' ''''"''' ""' ''^^»'r consuming the productions of the Canadt? r^'' «""ntry they a?enot great without Lvino- rotation nf ^^"'^'^'»»/«™'S- No country can be without havingama^nuS L poS^^^^ 'T'' f" ^'^^ ^J^'^ not exportable. fCheers 1 A .H iT ■ "" ^''* ^^^ P^^^^^^ce which is circulated notionVh^ uclf ity wtdt ""^^"^ ^« ^'^^ industriously ral class, that my whole object hf rnsist1n^n"'-'r"r *' \^' ^fe'"'^"^^" importationofmanufacturesandrailinf ^/? '-""'^'"S *'>« Provincial IB to benefit the Canadi' ira^Vti '^"^^^^^^^ knowing full well, as I do twTf '' fu V^^S'i him all other classes dation L the pro^er^^'o^i ^lX"^H'^ "- a^o warned, by witnLing the sad faTof'fol^ r' ^T^ ^ ^«« ^"«9 been ex^hausted by overcLphTJhJ/ 7 T" ^""^^''' '"^'"'^ *«*^ ^t«* lowed the interested or iStidvicetf Vl. ^^T- ' P"^^« ^^'^^^y ^I- r i8t« and confined herself to "owinrj ^% ^"*''^^ ^°"*'«^1 ^^cono- how large a per centage eacL C JLk ?o '' '''^'''' ^''^^ breaming of the soil under such treatment of k A 'P'T^'K'^^ deterioration Canada is a system of rotaUon nf / / ^^^* ^ ^'"^ ^o'" Upper e««ential for u^ to have a twS or maTuf. !, ''^^'' '"^f' P^^^^We K jegetables and other perishabl and h^?L "'.'"^ -P'P"^"*'"" *« «at the farmer."— vl/r. i?.,.;., ^ " ."f .^ ""^^ ^"'''7 productions of thft rnna^.'o! ._. . -D«(./i,,r»te„ ^ lute ^p^tcU at Toronto. ' iJ n 148 THE GLOBE VERSUS THE CANADIAN FARMfiR. lb ! j after aU that I. ,3 no refonner. He is an Hdiniurgh Whi, but not a Canad,an Mefor,„er. Like nine in every ten of the Wei ° the L.be^s at home, the whole object of hi/E.ro»„ cL h^beon to build up a pohtical party-a matter of votes in fact. " They hold no way so orthodox To try it, as the ballot-box, And, like the nation's patriots, To find, or make, the truth by votes." labtlf'the ™h"'^ "" regards colonial hbour, but as regards the abor of the mother country, that British statesmen have adopted he most d*yal principles, for they do not pretend to owemore aUegiance to the Beitish inotstey (which should bTZZ On the throne of patnofsm thoy have setup political economy 1 inl iandT™'' "" *""''' ^ "^""^ «» '™"' " « held th'at n Jingland there never was, among her legislators, any more than the pretenc. of devotion to the interests of the BrMsh peonlT The success of the American Revolution shewed them, that no government could exist that had not the hearts of the peopl ; and he subseT,,ent troubles in France made this .till more clear! But they took the same line, a> m have Bern tl>e rm>t unworth, poli- tuu.m m C^ada take-U, prove themselves jmrc, they c/ed out ag«ns an ,ma„.na>y corruption.-But as in the one cafe so n the other. It was all mere empty words. The public men in England nstead of honestly associating the Government with the peopk in their mtorestsfa„S„^^.rf (to use an unmistakeable word,) bo h he crown and the people. That truly popular interests sho Jld Z ltZl"y°:\ ;'' '""™'°*' ""' "™"''"" "^« "ould'n" smt the British statesman as representatives of the men of money They knew that weu, paid labour is a convertible term forCHKAP MONET They therefore introduced a contrivance which bUnded ZT' tI u^'""^" "' '^''"'» •"'"' »» "»« Crown and to th^ people. Then, object of couiso was to prevent any actual onene.. .f mterests between the Crown and the people ; so they had tTI id to owe more ULD BE THEIR [GN INDUSTRY. tical economy ! ' we held that my more than 3ritish people, them, that no e people ; and 'e clear. But mworthy poli- ;hey cried out case so In the n in England, the people in 3 word,) both its should pre- is would not len of money, 'rm for cheap irhich bHnded • had learned '■ equal to one m and to the ituai oneness sy had to use THE GLOBE VERSUS THE CANADIAN FARMER. 149 considerable .leighi-of-kand, and the Juff<;le succeeded admirably. To illustrat^ which m Mr. Brown's case Mr. Buchanan gave this other quotation from Hudibras. ' " Indeed the pleasure seemed as great Of being cheated as to cheat ; As lookers on feel most delight, That least perceive the juggler's sleight ; And still the less they understand, The more thej admire his sleight of hand." They accordingly setup this thing called PoHtical Economy and succeeded m convincing the people that it was patriotisT ly were c. ed upon to worship. Political Economy (said they) is tjie peoples interest; Political Economy also, they averred to be the Crown s interest. And so, by the easiest ffeometrioal process, he.n rests of the crown and the people were^...^ identical, as be- mg both Identical with Political Economy. But the great popular con- dition was never fulfilled, o^ the establishment of a homely policy which by keeping money in the country would make it cheap. The Political Economist ^vell knew that this was the convertible term fo labour being made dear or employment fairly remunerated ; and this would not smt persons on fixed incomes, and money lenders. They pretend to be fnends of humanUy, but are not friends of men a^ mdividuals or as classes: and as such were thus described by the R^gbt Hon George Canning, a statesman just ahke to Free- dom and the Throne, in his celebrated Knife Grinder: ••THE FRIEND OF HUMANITV AND THE KNIFE GRINDER. Friknd op Humanity. Needy Knife Grinder? whither are you going? Rough ,s your road, your wheel is out of order; Bleak blows the blast-yo„r hat has got a hole in't, So have your breeches ! Weary Knife Grinder! little think the proud ones Who m he.r coaches roll along the turnpike ' Ro-'.d.^what hard work tis crying all day, Knives Scissors to grind I !;r If' 150 THE r.LOBK VKRStIS THK CANADIAN FAKMKR. Tell mo Knifo grinder, how came you to grind knives 7 Did some rich man tyrannically use you? Was it the squire, or parson of the parish, Or the attorney ? ^as it the squirp, for killing of bis game ? or •Covetous parson, for his tithes distraining? .Or roguishjawyer, made you lose your little All in a law suit? (Hare-yoh not read the Rights of Man, by Tom Paine?) Drops of compassion tremble on my eyelids. Ready to fall, as soon as you have told your Pitiful story, Knifb Grindkr. •Story ! God bless you ? I have none to tell, sir ; Only last night a drinking at the Chequers, This poor old hat and breeches, as you see, were * Torn in a scuffle. Constable came up 'o take me into Custody'; they took me before the justice : Justice Oldmixon put me in the parish Stocks for a vagrant. I should be glad to drink your honour's health in A pot of beer, if you will give me sixpence ; But for my part, I never love to meddle With politics, sir. FrIKND ok HtlMANITV. r give thee sixpence ! I will see thee d — d first— ' Wretch whom no sense of wrongs can rouse to vengeance- Sordid, unfeeling, reprobate, degraded Spiritless outcast! [A-IW.-.S Ihe Knife Grinder, overturns his wheel,and exit in a transport of Repub- lican enthusiasm and universal philanthrophy."] These lines of Canning liad chiefly in view Southey, who, though in his earlier career, was as incendiary in his appeals to the people a.s Brown hero has been, subsequently distanced all others a.s> obsequious Tory ; and this character seems the model THE OLOBK VEK8US THE CANADIAN FAUMEK. 151 >}>orl of Repub- ivhich Mr. Brown has placed before him to imitate. His cry for Representation waa no doubt plausible, although the whole interest the people have in it depends on the use to which, as an instrument, if got, it would be put. Mr. Buchanan expressed this at the Toronto dinner: — "A people may equally starve under a Republic and a Mon-.rchy, and of itself Rep. by Pop. will not fill the belly ; so that, admitting that it would be an improvement in our machinery of Legislation, and supposing it attained, his (Mr. Buchanan's) practical question to the Grits is one which they have not practical talent enough to answer, viz. : what practical measures they would carry by this new instrumentality to subserve the great question of the people's employment. [Much cheering.] Mr. Sandfield Macdonald's views on Rep. by Pop. are antipodal with those of Mr. Brown ; so they must be a happy family." Now, when people see the use Mr. Brown thinks should be made of the Canadian people's power— to use it against Canadian in- dustry—they will not be so anxious to precipitate the question of Representation by Population. We shall, for the present, leave Mr. Brown to study the follow- ing admission of the London Times, the great organ of his friends, the English Free Traders : "For a whole generation," [said the Times, on the 5th of July, 1851, in its noble effort against its own friends, the Political Econ- omists, and in favour of the Ten Hours Bill,] " man has been a drug in this country. It has scarcely entered into the heads of econo- mists that they would ever have to deal with a deficiency of labour. The inexhaustible Irish supply has kept down the price of EngUsh labour, whether in the field, the factory, the army or the navy; whether at the sickle, the spade, the hod or the desk. We believe that for fifty years at least, labour, taking its quality into account, has been cheaper in this country than in any part of Europe; and this cheapness of labour has contributed vastly to the improvement and powers of the country— to the success of all mercantile pur- suits, and to the enjoyment of those who have money to spend. This same cheapness has placed the labouring classes most effectual- ly under the hand of money and the heel of 2>ower." I 'H 152 TAB GLOBE VilFSUS THK CANADIAN FAKMlOi. In regard to this cheapness of labour, Mr. Buchanan remarks : that tC'^ ""^T T"^^ ''"" ^' '^"^'^ '^ P««Pl« >^o^d reflect : ^d that r ?'"? '^ "^'^"'^ "^^« ^^ «^^^P-i«« of labour, and that the increased value of labor raeans a cheapening of money " IX. ARGUMENT. Without experience like Mr' BrowS and tT V" f'J"'" ^'"'"' ^'"'''^«''» blockhead., driven thom-have been the o«rv or 1 V" ^"'^ Free Trader,, hare periodically -Seaman'« view that Cai^ada i s«n 1. "T °.' """^'^ '" '""^ U""«» St.t«« know her patriotic legisIaHon o'lS/^ io h""" ^i"^"^" ^""^ ^^'""K ^^ "ot Brown and the Politica Eoono^i L ifi! Znl m*' ^P°" *"" P^"''?"** "^ M^ Canada, with the natural copTht luya tTe" 1*"" '"'' '''°'' '""' ''«*"'«^ Hamilton .>fpecta''^"^« «^ i>^ree Vmc/e we have attempted to Sirolelv'A' ^"'' '^ '^'- 'T' W''«"«^«'" comforts and necessaLs of I.-r^^T ^^ •'*"'' "^"^ ^^^^^trj, with the people; and dur ng tTe inle fSs If' fc i^T'^ T"" ^''"^^^^«" «« ^ of foreign goods we have rohnif ^f^^^f m afford to Hpoak nu.ro plainly than mon who for a .non,,.nt woul.l .loul.t thoir own loyalty, w. I.oin^r of that «,laH,. who would Htick to tho old fla;; ri^ht or wron^.; an.l wo ammi find wdH Huffi,-K,ntly ,.lo.,u.n.t to n8e.,ucnce8 have exhibited themselves in the stopj.agc an.l failure of Banks above referred to. They arc found, for the first time, in the period from 1817 to 1824, WHEN MANUFACTURES CAME FREELY FN, AND COIN WENT FREELY OUT ; for the secon.l, m the calamitous years which preceded the passage of the Act of 1842. Excluding those two periods, it may he doubted if all the failures .,f Banks throughout the Union, in the thirty years irom 18]., to 184r,, amounted to the thousandth part of one per «'nt., ,.r If the losses of the people by the hanks amounted to even the m.lhonth part of one per cent, upon the business which they so )vnic 1 facihtatcL The losses resulting from the use of ships in a Bingle year would pay, a hundred times over, the losses by all the banks of the country for a century-with the exception of the six years ending m 1824, and the five which closed -n 184'? 150, «"E 0LO..K VKUHUS TUB CAWAOIAN FARMER. m i ;^ '• Then, aa now, tho country waa strained in the cftbrt to nr^ ■ E ExSsa™"" Tf'" "^ "''^"" '"^ ^"'' ^^^ ^ low„d i, » . • »'l """•»" "»". U'o prociou, metal, f„I. -liver C0.1. It „,rl,ad» tlio use of credit; ond hence it wag that "'."■amg became s„ general i„ the year, f .,„ 1837 1 840 «.e argc export „f co„. to tl,i, co^ntr, h/tl bIV E X country i, r„ r f„r^,„n r™' r ■'"'"""^ "'■ ""''' ■" "» treasurv It 1. 1 . "" ■"""■ ''™"' '"" '' '" »!'>" "P "' iriasurjr laults, because of want of confidence In hm,],. • :. i. i ■ .r««,,ortcd fr„n, South to North, or fr . W„ tlil t'l u»«; that con dcncoha»noexist-.ee-.IT rs NOT IN OIRCU- LAIION Al are Iookn,g for an explosion similar to those of t^.pcr,„ds of ,SI7-«0 „„d 1837-42 ; .,d all .ho can. ,Xare •• Directly the reverse of this i, what we meet with whenever lie poh y „ the ,...,„,t,.y tends to raise tho prices of hon.e-Krowu raw materials, ami thus to arrest their export -f ^DKR^mp TARIFF OF 1828, SO PKRFECT IIAl) liPP )^v t ^ STABILITY OF THE PRICE OF FLOITR IMU^^'t rf ^Or^^S^'Z!^^^;^^^^^^ OF FOR. «o«d in, and eonSdcnce ~ ll.'-'t;^,,^:::,.^' and then confidence disappeared-Under the tarifi-of 1842, money became abundant-not beeanse of a large increase of import bu^ cred,t.-lbo gold and sdvor that ha,l been boanlcd, and thus for the time annihilated, then eamc forth, to become available ZZ purposes for which they were intended. ™„vt'' 'i! *'"?• '"^*"""' ^^"'° '""»■■? °f ""-' Uiite.1 States may be adduced n, proof of the assertion, that ,/,c country ,Mcl ' ^«^ Farmers in Canada mark this. TIIK OLOUK VKKHOH THK (ANADIAM KABMKH 167 rmhuain. a policy tendin, to yromot,. the cryorl of rarn maicnah mu hnvc agutn.,. u a Mance oj trade r.,uW.ng the erj.rt nfty prccu^us metals, and mm dispense M their serLs aPrneJre»,f " ThoHo facts may briefly thus bo stated :— mZ'tf "" '''"^ " ^^^^' '^^'l-'^^hinK to free trade a coo,- merco that gave an excess import of snocio ^ r.. i who. e,,o„ OX.M «™.t p^pe^t,-/,:^';-;;;::;:::,'; a rapidly diminishing public debt. "^ " Free trade ceased in 1824, be.iueathing to protection a oorr merco that gave an excess export of spoc'e-an imn. • u roop.0, a „„en„i„, p„„„ „.,„,i_„ ai-:: J JS";^«;- Protect,™ coa«..d in 1884-3fl, boq„oaH,i„g to )L trado a commerce that «avo a„ excos, im,,ort of ,,,„oio-a peopM: prosperous than any that ha.l eve,, then been k„ow„-a rovc„ue"o great that ,t had hoen rendered „eco,.ry to on,a„d 7 J eoBoe an, 1 many other eommoditie, from d„ty-a„d a tre- rv free from all charge, on account of p„blic debt ' ^ „,l!r T''" """^""^ "' ^^^-' '"-"lueathing to protection a eom- n,creo that gavo an exeo» effort of ,pecie-a people ruined ,7d ^3 government, in a 8talo of rep„diation-a public Za,!!! bankrupt and boggi.,, everywhere for loan, afthe U^StZ of mtere,t-a revenue collected and di,bur,ed in irrede^mabk paper money-a,.d a very large foreign debt '"^^^^\'' " Protect,on ceased in 184T, be,,ueatblng to free trade « .„,. merce that gave an cxce,, import of „^oio-a hitblv!, Fop.o-State Government, reared t^TditlatwrvT''"'" co,„mcrec-„ large public revenuc-and a decUni„:T ^Tb? _" S,„ce that fme, CaUfornia ha, supplied hundred, of mi ,bn, of collars m gold, nearly all of wbi.h ha, been exported or i, „? locked up in pubhe and private hoard, ; the eons ^/ence'sXhCI a™ seen ,„ the fact, that C0M„„„« ,s PA„.,.v'™::„t*t PRICE OF MOKET ,N THIS COMMERCIAL CIriE., HAS nIZZ -AND THAT THE INDEBTEDNESS TO FOREIM -fATroNsT,! INCREASED TO SUCH AN AMOUNT AS TO R.-n.RE FOR tI PAYMENT OF INTEREST ALONE, A SOM E,UAL TO ™I' Zj!! «.irfBT OF AIL COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD." "'""" 158 THE ULOBK VERSUS THK CANADIAN FARMKR. jl X. ARGUMENT. such as Mr. Milner Gibson, Mr. Brieht and '.Ir CnhH,.,, "ii " '"''es ms vitalit) , • T^ 1 J 1 ""b"'i ""u ur. coDaeu, — llio manurn on tliB ianadian Industry in ;^i: frtm ^itets hl: ^ ;Sor:-: the duty on necessaries which we cannot grow or manuf™;r^ ^ch as sugar, tea and eoffee.-And as our object is MpZ'. t.cal, we cannot g,ve a better view of the period we allude to In by quoting the eloquent words at that tin!e of George Shennarf %., whch appeared as an editorial of the Toronto cS he bemg ^„ e^ellen^etU historian of that bright era of the Pr" vtce and the man ch.efly looked to defend and work out, in concert w,tt. Mr Buchanan, the great practical I„du..rial Eefor^Ten s^W it " ^f"^'»''--K«f»™ fte patriotic benevolence oTwhoL spm .s all that Representation by Population or any other imp.^^ ment^n. our machinery of Government could ever have seCed f»™''^'"f ""T"""','" ^"'^'''' «™"Shout Western Canada in avour of a pohcy calculated to foster Provincial industry, is cha™" temed by features which elevat. it above the level o orf^Z, pohfcal agitation. None of the elemento of partisInsUn a™ apparent ,„ the proeecdin. ..hat have already taC d^'up n the subject; and the vario- . aflinities of the ge„tlem^"l„ ar^ a^ociaW with the movement, ai. a guarantee that it is egl^ and will be conducted le<., with reference to party results than 5th regard to the accomplishment of purposes wider [nd m*e„d„rb! " -nrbitr ''°""'"'" *; "^--^ ""^ *"'« °f Hitical strife .hl.l ,^ . "r™""" «f *» P'^riod of depression through which the country « pa.,sing, has served to direct attention to c^i ^derations deeper than mere surface prosperity. It is 1^ IZ 160 THE OLOBK VERSUS THE CANADIAN FARMEB. some other test than the gross return of exports or imports is needed to determine the question of material advancement; and that the transient Hush of prosperity which accompanies special occurrences, is not a reliable indication of surplus wealth or lasting resources. It is acknowledged that the policy which looks simply to the collection of revenue, or the more adjustment of receipts and expenditure, is not the policy needed to secure the develop- ment of hidden wealth and strength; and that in the adjustment of a tariff due regard must be paid to the protection of interests, in their essence vitally important, but which from local causes,- are as yet unfitted to encounter the rough competition of the worid. " An obstacle always met at the entrance ^ipon a discussion of this nature, is a common belief that there are certain infallible dicta of political economists universal in their application, and therefore conclusive in evert/ argument, wherever it may be con- ducted. [This is Mr. Brown's grand error.~ED. Spectator.-] It is necessary at the outset that we should surmount thio by an appreciation of the ftict, that scarcely two political economists agree even in tho definition of terras— that they are at war with each other upon the point, whether political economy is an art or a science— that they differ in their record of facts and of the lessons they teach— and that the popular idol, Adam Smith, derives his greatness mainlj^ fro?- tradition, which, again, rests upon an inability to comprehend Xi>s logic or to harmonize its conclusions. " Let it >ft conceded that abstract reasoning has no binding force in relation to national policy, which must be shaped to meet given circumstances, and wo are freed at once from the intolerable bondage of a jargon, which is as inapplicable to Canada as Syriac or Chaldce. Tho question becomes, not what Adam Smith said in the last century, not wha,t Mons. Bastiat has said to France, not what Mr. McCulloch now says to England, but what is actually Wanted to suit tho condition of Canada— what is most Ukely to pro- mote the prosperity of Canadian industry and enterprise— what is calculated most effectually to elevate Canada in the scale of nations, and to secure the elements of her future greatness. Viewed in this light, dogmas are seen to be less eflScacious than analogy. We are concerned, not so much lo know the opinions of individ- THE OLOBB VERSUS THE CANADIAN FARMEK. 161 leti'r ^ ; ,^"'' "" ™™ *'" ^' "-o f^'i'io". that .s no resemblMco e™is between the «taal condition of England and apply to the latter a system of taxation and finance, which mav b= fair y enough held to be pecnliarly suited to the foler ^ Ihe inquiry ,8 narrowed down to thisi-When England was « C«,ada IS, what was England's policy! When EnLd Z mj condition of infancy-speaking in an industrial and mZ "ndtTr 7 Vf lyr'":! *' *" '"^'^ »» '»■"<' -P ter native inoustry f And history utters no dubious reply. Always her the skill, labour, and capital of other . ^..ntries-to offer eneo^se ment by a protective tariff to home c:,torprise-to develophX "'«° coun ? *'^'' "''2«'-»teAil for tho miserable poUey inUyniu will attend tho.o who daro toll tl 7in,H. *!'•, ^™'^'' threatens that nothing ".other country than to Canada.-The pol y o, Mr U ^'' """'•'"*' ^"'" ""' '«« »» «!.« wo"W .aako Cana.la a aeooud IrelLd -hI^'' "jr"^^''"^"*"^'' *^^^^^^^ aitlon or Ireland, indunry prov.0. to i;« ifj^r:!; t;^^^^^^^^^^ iariflF altogether, and pay the exDrndib>lT ^^-^ ""^ "''"^'* ^^"^'^^ th» do more for the prospUtryCunad t^^ ^ ^'u' *"*'^"«°' ^« should «f by a Protectionist.'' 1 <;;''n'^da^than^all tha^t was ever dreamed to Jdt^^^^^^^^ .content with the .pTHoy p*,.«„e, ^1 If they were not, for neverha^un;^ ♦hoy wo.uld be indeed ungrate- Jiore kindly and eo'nsideraSy teatej thaTw """.'' T^ ^^P'^o been this feeling become, that it is bevond/h !" ,^''P '"^^^^ has "Proot it, let them re^rt t^JlT • ^ P''''^'" "^ ^^^^ Opposition to They will aecomplfsh nThin^ Lf h!""" "' j'^ ^^^* deceit they may »he G^6e commltln^on &r Bttan"''' ^^^^^^^'•"'•"-t^^^icle x^n ":o:^.eVnt.S^^^^^^^ could have no othpr .ffi. .f .1 T dilemma he pleases) "-i-g its z:^z::it:iz 'r" t*^^ ^-^'-^ ■tort indeed. Corrunl L , , . '"'"""^' "'""'' '«*"'<" '^ were at tho timo oTZ TL i °'" "^ """^ "' ^''''"""''^ »°°» Wa devoted countrv Ih/ "* ''°'" '^'' *»' <'™8 for «.e only ,S„TcZ'„r ''T'":"'&'^ dialoyal, those who%aa „ *U_i. J^ye therefore quieUj to su^ireat tn M- js^ w.. .... ..the, overdoing h. new cl^cte, oi^BritisiriLn::;!::^:^ 164 TIIR UU)m VKHMHH niR CANAniAN KAIIMKH. h'\n faults, is a tnaguuuiinoiiH boast. In Kiigland no one over liinUxi Hf any shadow of (lisloyaUy, wlioii Soi-froant Ilylos itiado tlio fol- lowing; roniarksot) Kn^hnid's wrotoliod polioy in regard to Iroland ; on tho oontrary, lio was oallod a patriot for making llioni. , "Then* ia no novelty or straugonoss, in this iSUCiltJKvS'riON OF PAMTIAL AND TKMPOMAHY I'HOTKdTJON OF INFANT IRISH MANUFACTIIKKS EVFN A(;ArNST FNOl(ANI). Knlightonod and impartial foreigners have made it lM>forc. For example, the H;iron Dnpin, in France, and Mr. Webster in the United States of Ameriea, have given it as their epinio)», that little good is to be expeeled without it. Irom nny coui-so of Hritish legislation f(u- Ireland. Way, we have more thait theory or authority to guide us. We have, in the past hist- .y of Irelatul herself, avtnal experienee both of //>« ndvantatf*' of pro- tvcthuf ln»h »in yarn, cotton twist, and cotton manufactured goods. The Act of ITnion coa- tin\ie. Now see the eflects, tirst, of pmtcction, and ne.vt, of its Tiithdrawal, or rather .•» specimen of the ct^ects. It has been stated by Dublin tra«h>smen, accpuiintod with the fact^s, that in ISOO they had S>1 Master Woollet* Mainifaoturers, employing 1018 hande. In 1840 the Master Manufacturers were 12, the handi 602.— Master Wwlcombers in 1800 were HO— tho hands 280. In 18ti4, Masteri A—hands 66. Carpet Manufacturers— in 1800, Mft.sior8 18— hands 720. In 1841, Masters 1— hands— . Blanket MiMiufacturcre in Kilkenny— in 1800, Masters 66— hands 8009. rriK (jLonio VKiiHirs the Canadian fahmku. 165 tr n '^';"*7.^^''''-»"^n^J« 8000. In 1832, Ma8tor« 42-hancl» IB .n '"?i" '" ''''^^"''" "' ^"^^'" "' 1800-ftt work 2600 ; 2000 T ^i«'ii ^i" ^"T •" "'^""•'K*^'^"' '" 1799, in full work, u. 1800-1000. In 1841 -not one. In the City of Cork : 1800. 1884. I!r'^"*7'^^"''« 1~^ "IS VVorntod woavor«, g^^^ wr , ' 300 28 ,'^;f """''^^«' 700 110 Cotton weaver., ^^^^ 210 Linen chock weavers «nn ' tiuu none. Cotton Hpinnors-bloacherH-calico printerB-thousand. employed »tte, ly extmct. The hnon trade, protected and fostered till 182tJ was not m those days confined to the North of Ireland. In Clonakitty,' m tie County ot Cork, X1200 a wook were expended on thJ xTnooo "'"" "'T". ^"^^' '' ^''' ^ 1«25. In Mayo, X IIMOO were expen.led m purchasing the same species of web! u 8..> the sum ot two millions an.l a half sterling were expended n iroh nd u. the purchase of coarse unbleached home-made webs. 1 am obhgod h,r these specimens of the ruin of Irish industry U> Ml. Hutt, Q C. at the Irish IJar, who informs mo that they could be very much extended." ^ If Cieorge Brown and those English statesmen, whom he would have us Klohze, get their way, Canada would soon be in a position io be the ol,ect of pity ns much as Ireland, and to have applied to her Tom Moore's words of lament for that unhappy land : " Oh I let grief como first, O'er prido itself victorious, • To tliink how nmn has cursed What God had made so glorious." "For nearly half a century," ™y, tho same patriotic writer Ireland 1« had perfectly Free Trade with the richest country b »he world ; and ' whaf-™y, the author of a .eccnt work of gfel° 166 THE GLOnE VERSUS THE CANADIAN FAKMEH. I abUity-.M,as Free Trade dono for her? She has con now,' he contmues ' no employment for her teeming ,>opula«on except ^pon other and vanous omplojmentH, and plenty of it. Are wo to behevo-he says-tho calumny, that the Irish are lazy and Ton'^ Are not the most labonous of all labourers in London and Now York Inshmen? Are Irishmen inferior in understanding? wl Enghshmen who have personally known Irishmen in the army, at I diLi 'l ."r : '''""''' ''"^" ''''"' ''''^■'^ ''' "« ^«**- »'-d than miLstry, the stomach , has been well satisfied. Lot an Englishman iast for a luke-warm lumper at dinner, and no supper. With such a d.et, how much better is he than an Irislnnan-a Coirl he calls h.m? No, the truth is, that the MISERY OF IRELAND IS NOT FROM THE HUMAN NATURE THAT GROW^ THERE-IT I- FROM ENGLAND'S PERtoLegTI LATION, PAST AND PRESENT. """^^^^^^ ^^^GIS- - Before the Union there were under protection (against Eng- land) Insh woollen manufactures, Irish carpet manufactures, Irish blanket manufactures, and Insh stocking manufactures. The«e inanufacturcs are now amothored and extinct. But what ought they t<> have been? with increased population and power of con- sumption and with the application of steam, with improved mechan- ical and chom.cal agencies ! What would, and must they have been, hn for the bhght of English connection, withering at once BOTH THE POWER OF PaODUCINO ANB THE MEANS OK PURCHASI J Wha nnght they be made even now, should England, instead of blindly chasing the phantom of cheapness, no matter of what sort, a once seriously address herself to developing the unex- plored but prodigious productive power of Ireland. Rut Fn-land IS, at present spell-bound and paralyzed by her ci^idemic! yet ephemeral theories. Unless it be in conformity with her new doctrines, she will not listen to the most obvious measure of true policy for Ireland. She will supix>rt an artificial system to main- tain myriads of Irish poor in idleness, but not hear of an artificial W I TUK GLOBE VER8U8 THE CANADIAN KAHMEK. 167 system to marry them to industry. ' Buy,' says she, with bittor irony, to the i^otmilcss Irish, ' buy in the cheapest market. Don't make for yourselves, wlien you can buy of me cheaper than you can make.' Accordingly the Irish do, as all nations so situated needs must do, they go without ! Innumerable Irish hands ready to labour— immeasurable quantities of Irish materials ready to be wrought up, innumerable consumers anxious to consume, and to produce in return, are, as if by enchantment, kept asunder. Without temporary protection, Irish industry is under-sold, smoth- ^nt antecedent to MonarchioB or Kepublics.- iTjrif, T « singularly forgotten by the Sheffield Free Traders, who lately invoked IZif h„ .m'"""' '"'° '■'"""*"'" LeK""«'"o"-Noither party in Canada willing T ,1 »n . / ''"'''*"'" '" ^'"""«'»' Politic8.-Tho humbugged Canadian peo- 10 themselves to blame forthis.-The Cabinet at Washington declared to Lord Lyons e Amti^lt o7t;r'"V""^Hl '^"'^ ^'-^-owspap^r to the unfairness total quotes tirvLl Z ^!"'",^'*" *''"'«'-T"« t'hamber of Commerce, at Sheffield. S^Tnt^ Tt^:Z'^TT^^ '"■■ "r *■"•'••'-"-" "• t-»" *>< "«' a fact), that by the well 1, ok T,nr , ^^^^' "'■" ^"^'""''"^ *" «'""P"ed to England-Canada may whoonni, ,?■."":*"•"""" "'"' '""^ froat cut would look upon the perpetrator LZt with « e "^ ';*?: *" "P-'^'-P*"- h'« n.otives.-The Despatch of Ihe Sko of Newcastle with the bheflield protest against Canada, to continue to have responsible government in regard to ite tariff. reBponaime J' It is remarkable that Free Trade was carried by the middle classes tlieir opposit,on.;'-[Ebenezer Elliott, the Corn°Law Rhymer, 1849.1 Oar complaint therefore, against the Reform Act, is Jot with re^rd to the nature, but to the extent of the measure which it has produced. I ill' 168 THE OLOBR VKRSl'8 THK CANADIAN KARMEH. n^ire e«e^eat m the cause, than almost any other portion of their fflllow subjects have been in circumstances so required tTdo Rnf J i Ti' ferenco n oTna^tn T ^^f "«'»'«ts who lately invoked Imperial inter- Crown who dilnnT J^^S'-^''^ »«". '^"d by the British Ministers of the be a vidaLn of L 1?""' "^l!^'^ ^^""^ ^-"P"^""' interference would ^f dit^^vl^:„f--* S7;x'c^3;^sSn^^> JiroT^;^::!:]^ '^"^^ '"^-^^ «^«^- *« ^^ ^»- ^ntrS^SpieT; By the publication of the following, Canadians were startled by finding that no one cares a straw for the employment of the people ^Canada, but all stand for Free Trade, or as they call it,soL J>nnciples of Legislation, s6 that the protection of their own Pro- vmcial interests must be attended to by themselves, or Canada wiU be sacrificed and remain the miserable country industrially it hitherto haa been ; while all the while Canada had, and still haa within It, in profusion, the elements of greatness and prosperity— i THE OLOBE VERSUS TOE CASAD.AN PAWIEll. 169 .^fo. fo iftiT^'" l*^ '" °™'' '■»[»■•'««<"»• Our reader, Ike Cabinet at Wwhington declared to Lord Lyo,^ t J th-> atohon W bee„ called to the m,faimo8s towards the Amerila of the nc» Canadian Tarifif by the Olohe Tl,. r ;„* ^^'"""^ Zt:l)::Zir '''' '^ ^'^ ^-^- tariff the Umted ^omflnlu "" 'f " ^^°^"' " ^ "^^" -«^ l^'« throat cut "So the struck eagle, stretched upon the plain, No more hrough rolling clouds to soar again Viewed h,8 own feather on the fatal dart. W.ng,ng the shaft that qui.ered in his heart Keen were his pangs j but Iceener far to feel Ho nursed the pinion that impelled the steel ; ^rank tJ' ^T, '/"""^' ''"'' """^ ^«™«^ ^is nest Drank the last life-drop of his bleeding breast." CORRESPONDENCE OP THE GOVERNMENT OF CANADA WITH TH,. IMPERIAL GOVERNMENT, ON TIIP mTRTP-n. « ^ TARIFF OH nA«A^ SUBJECT OP THE CANADIAN TARIFK, OK CANADIAN CUSTOMS ACT,-MOVED FOR BY X^aZ BUCHANAN, ON C^VD APRIL, I860. """^ RETURN. Ry command, C. Alleyn, SiCRETARY's OPFicB, 18th April, I860. Secretary. 170 TUK OLOHK VEU8i;s TIIK CANADIAN FAItMKU No. 40. [copy.] Govehnmi:nt Hodsr, Toronto, March 26, 18^.'. Sfr,— I have tlio honour to oncloso a copy of the 'i\nli f^' Colon"'' '^"*'''' '^^''''' ^"''''' ^''''" ^"'^''*''^ "^^ '^^^ Logifllatur <• U? i It is to bo rogrctt<>(i that the ncccBsity which cxiHts for meo^n« the financial engagements of the Province, and the depre .; of l«^t year, have compelle.l the Government to propose rates of duty so high as those imposed by the presor \ct. ^ I am aware of the objections which may be offered to the prin- ciplo of « ad valorem" duties, but I must necessarily leave the representatives of the people in Parliament to adopt that mode of raising supplies which they believe to be most beneficial to their constituents. ^ There is nothing in the system adopted which professes to impose differential duties, or to fetter the freedom of trade. (^ig"od) Edmund Hbad. The Right Ilonowable Sir E. B. Lytton, Bart., &c., &c., &c. No. 23. [copy.] DowNiNQ Street, August 13th, 1859. SiR,--I have the honour to transmit to you the copy of a Me- morial which has been addressed to me by the Chamber of Com- luerce and Manufactures at Sheffield, representing the injury anticipated to their Commerce by the increased duties which have been imposed on imports by the late Canadian Tariff, I request that you will place this representation in the hands of jour Executive Council, and ol)serve to that body that I cannot but feel that there is much force in the argument of the Sheffield mtumfacturcs. Practically this heavy duty operates differentially m favour of the United States, in consequence of the facility for TUK OI^UK VKU8U8 TUK CANADIAN VAUMKa 17X ta .on t embark u. ,t which a dnty of twenty ;or cent. offe« higher dutvV ""'/^^•^•'•r' ''•^''^""° *^""^«^1 frora the m^J or duty. VVhcuevor the authenticated Act of the Canadian ^otiiL „ ;r' r "^"'"^ '' ^^^ ^^'^^ ^"-'^ --"^ *« it. countr 7 ^''%"'>.)«et.ons raised against tho law in thia Zui] V "T^"' '' "'^ ''"^^' "^ '««« t« the Colony than to I i.n„lana, ulnch has fully proved tho injurious offec^, .^ L Pro su aT.rri«V '""^ ^^'v^«"»c,«bould be lost sight of, and such an Act as the present should have been passed 1 much foar the efFect of the law will b« flmf ^i « * . the new ,luty will be i,aid tn f 1 ! V *^''"'^' P*''"^ ^^ i^ wm ue paia to tho Canadian producer bv thn Pol I have, &c.. Sir E. w. Hfad, Bakt., Newcastlb. &c., &c., &c., Canada. [copy.] The Chapter of Oo,n,ner.e, ,fe.,of Sl.ff,M,U Ae Vuke of N'ewcastle. CHAMBER OP COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURES. m TT. ^ Sheffield, Ist Aucust 1859 JI^WDui^^^^ made by us on another word for permanent) their nrnlnl ^ .' Profitable, which is here !^'r'^;Cr'"^'^" whic.rCar'mt;r!'„Ter:";:^ rl ! £;j« ^'^^ '«^er "-^•»F>. oi'ECTATon. '" '"Sir coasumptioa. 172 THE GLOBE VERSUS THE CANADIAN FABMER. :ill I if the 20th ultimo, when we had the honour of waiting upon your Grace on behalf of the Merchants and Manufacturers of Sh ffi^T ^represent the injury anticipated to the trade of this to^ Irl' respectfully to re-state the reasons why such injury is apprehended These reasons may be said to be two-fold. ^s^-Those Ir'lt ele^ o!t • "'^' "^'^^"f^^^^r^^ by fiscal protection and fr Z -.""T " *^'" P'^^^- ^'^^^ Second,-:Those arismg d an IT r. ''.*'' '"* *'^* '''''-' ^-^« «^'«- ^ the Can ' to whl * I' ' "r^'' ''°^P'*"S ^^*^^ S*^*«« Manufacturers, to whom such contig^oaty more than counterbalances the fact tha they have to pay the same duties as ourselves Can!2''p *^^^ "'" ^'' "'* "^^'*^^'" '^^"* ^bat the policy of the Canaduu Government is, we would refer Your Grace to the tone Cana^-r P T'' "^ ^'^'^'' '' '^' '("''^'' '^ Members of the Canadian Parhament, on both sides of the House, and especially to the steady mcrease of duties levied on Sheffield goods under ITa' *^^V " ^^ "^'^''' °^ ''''' *b^ vhich Sheffield has to struLle and for the purpose of remarking, as another objection to any increase of duty, that it is actually the interest of American Man^ THE GLOBE VERSUS THE CAKABUS PARMEB. 173 ufacturers, that th« Canadian duties should be raised, since any hmdrance or confusion caused to ShefEeld Manufactured can o^ Shit ' ™"" " """^ '^'"""^ ^^"'-8^^ '"- w"h It is important, too, to remember that the American Manufactu rer has more than 1,000 miles of unguarded frontier TrtMl he can smuggle with impunity. The Merchant and Manufacturers of Sheffield have no wish to hey are ca ed upon to pay the same duty as the American or German, nerther do they claim to have their goods admitted free «f duty; all they ask is, that the policy of protection to native uTZ^tT, Z * :''"' '^ **««/*-ntenanc:n; ller Majesty s Government, as a system condemned by reason and cxpenence, directly contrary to the policy solemnly adopted Wfte Mother Country, and calculaled to breed disunion and TlZ t tween Great Britam and her Coloines. It cannot be relddt less than indecent and a reproach that whUe, for fifteen ™rs th^ Government the greatest statesmen, and the press of thfs cTun^ K: G v'::;:mttT:f;:^^^^^^ have een a.vocatrgtL:;i:a':^;rt:tr;t^^^^^^^^^ cial stimulus of this system, extensive and numer;us hard, a e man" ufactories have sprung up, both in Canada East and wZZiZ adoption of increasing duties has been the si^n^l for m^rel K commenccii. We are awnre tl>^t ti,„ c , "'""J"'^ more to be j;,„ n ; *' ""' ''*°*' Mcessit es of the Cam man Govoinment are uraed i<. «,» „i.;„r , " late Tari;ffBiU. This is n^'thTwtlet h To TcCS T papers of the Provmces, and the speeches of' the n nbl "h Houses, and be deceived for an instant, but even if that were 2 cause, we conceive that Her Majesty's Governmert hal a ri 'ht 1 demand that what revenue is needed shall be raised iTJ^ ° 1 ™y than that which is opposed to the actrC ''co:::*:i pobcy of the Imperial Government, and destructive of the toZL o^ose manulacturing towns of Great Britain which l^/^ C.^. As some evidence that thi» new tariff is objectioSle * 174 THE GLOBE VEH8U8 THE CANADIAN PARMEH. 1'!^!: , 1 " ^'^^'^"^^'ii'-^yo^' attention l„ the foUo^g TEE NEW CANADIAN TARIFF. Mr. Gait's Tariff is bearing with dreadful severity on our trade llfuiT: T " "^ '^' corresponding period laatyear were lected in I: '^r""^ '";"• ''r "^ ^^ P^^ ^^°*- 'J^he duties col- «28o,100; which shew an augmentation on the burden of the people, of very nearly 70 per cent. The ex^ ts durin." the !^x aTdt-8 fi^f T ^^^ ^^^^'^^^-^37,069 less thanVm^ and f 1 .8,666 xess than we paid in duties alone. With decreaaed means of payment we have imported more, and paid more to the Government than last year. How can a country prosper under rt^JrrorJiiH^^^^ With profound respect, We remain, &c., ^®^Sned) Charles Atkinson, Mayor of the Borough of Sheffield. Robert Jackson, Maater Cutler for John Jobson Smith, President of the Chamber of Commerce. Charles E. Smith, Honorary Secretary. No. 118. [copy.] Government House, Quebec, Nov. ll*h, 1859. My Lord Duke,-I did not fail immediately to caU the .ttontion of my Council to your despatch of 13th Aucniat, N i ^ The aul^ect was by them referred to the Fixmce Mbiater, Ti 1 ifho has reported thereon. .? ! M. "g THE GLOBE VERSUS THE CANADIAN PARMEH. 174 W forward, for Your Grace's con^d. .tion, a copy of this Report. „. ^^'^'^^^ Edmund Head. i^ia trrace, The Duke op Newcastle, &c., &c., &c. We regret that our space will not aUow m to give Mr Gait's Report at present. ^ "®"^ XIII. ARGUMENT. ery of the solar system, or of tho circulation of th„ m1 ^ t *'^'' **'*' *«'«>^- not necessary to their provdontia™. blood, a knowledge of which was to bo tampere";! with by Sirtofcert P«^ra^^ '"* ""T"' '""^ '''"' "»* ««We ChargedwithdisloyaltybyaportLnnSiarv^^^lH '^ Ingsin/'-OnofW-MtLuESt^utrf'S"^^^ position ., one lectured on morlmy b/I i^^^^ been sober.-Degpatoh of Fori Cathoftrf r\lT ",P'*''8nt drunk, or who had never Secretary, predict'in, the ru fn of the Cal'aSian Frm^r"; J^^ ■■• ''"'''«"'"''' <^°'«"'«» as tho result of English Free So (^' If. 1°*^ ''"' d««»<»«'<''ntof the Colony Knglish Free Tracfo only fredim trFoZnT " "y the legislature of Canada.-! the market, of the Wgh y-S llw ITw ^^ ''" ^""'^ ^^^''t untaxed in labour in tho market .Sota,^ ^^.^17 ke rT ff'"" *" *"'' '»«•"• *« «^ "^ by tho same supercilious Tgranfe an' de^TrmtSSl'^r ""^ "''" endange^d unpatriotic theories of BriLh BwJ^LZlTlef?''^ *° unprtotical as well as mentofwhati.require/to p% * u Trl '« ^^^j^^''^ '«" '^e old oolonies.-state. -> oppTrtu- prodnce ineonrenient dela^ ""*'" "" '<- "»f" transfer the purchase of sugar, tea, and many other goods to New York, from whence nearly all of tliese articles for the supply of Upper Canada ai-e now imported. Should 3uch a change in the export of Canadian produce take place. It will not onlj, injure the Canadian canal and forwarding trade, but also the shipping interest engaged in carrying these articles from Montreal. ^ A change in the Corn Law, which would diminish the price the v^anadian farmers can now obtain, would greatly affect the con- ' sumption if British manufactares in the Province, which must depend on the means of the farmers to pay for them. Au increased demand and consumpLon has been very perceptible for the last two years, and is mainly attributable to the flourishmg condition of th© agneultural population of Upper Canada. n TBI QLOBB TBSSUS THE CAMDIAN paemeb. 179 Lden Thl '■ ? . "^^^ consequence that it should not bo in^'Xt^tZ"^'""'''' " "■' govenuueut'of the ooloay mTOlved m the foregomg suggestions, are sufficiently obvious Cviz • abenahon from the Mother Country, ^d anncationt Z rai «.d enemy the United States), as also must he thos^ ^Z Zt M t.t'^T ^"^' ^'"S' " " ^^^ transferred W Montrea^ to New York. This latter consideration belongs,Tower subject to which they refer will TZ ZZJrl ' '^ *' 2««onoftheBHt.^hPa:h:::;;:ri\rr:iti^^^^^^^^ should have some previous knowledge of the bearinf anv/T measureslwould have on the interests of this colony^ ^ ^^ I have, &c., (Signed) Cathcart. da'dY2l Ma^Z:^ '"^ ^^^^'■'«- ^-% '« *e Queen, '; It therefore becomes our duty, as faithful subjects of vour Majesty, to pomt out what we sincerely believe must be the re^ rf measures wh,ch have for their object the repeal rfthe^Iw »ffordmg protection to the Canadian export trade. Frs it w^f extendmg their operations; secondly, it will roevent thn l„fl Z respectable emigrants from the mothc'r^ouL,/, 2; * f~ ^ C"', 'k" ^^ """"^ "" «"' ™^ lands It's contnnuted to that happy advancement of the countrv wbi,.|, S "mo ^rodueta ^^^^^^^^ "'""^^■'^ "' ^' f™'««- '« ««• vu F^yuucts, nnd that thej cannot compete with tliAiV Z Xt^" "t' "^'^'' ■" *» »"'^ "-^«' »p- *t " •aey mil naturally, of necessity, begm to doubt wbetb™ ™„,.:^' VCV'. II 180 THK GrX)BE VKR8U8 THE CANADIAN FARMEB. Ilflf a portmnof^ho British ompiro will be of that paramount advantage wluch thej have hitherto found it to be.-Those, we humbly sub- mit, are considerations of grave importance, both to your Maiestv and to the people of this Province ; and we trust wo need not assure your Majesty that any changes which would tend in the remotest degree to weaken the ties that have for so many years and under trying circumstances, bound the people of Canada to' that land which they are proud to call their mother country, would be viewed as the greatest misfortune which could befall them." Extract of a celebrated speech by Sheridan in regard to Britain's misgovemment of India : " It looks as if some fabled monster had made his passage through the country, whoso pestiferous breath had blasted more than its voracious appetite could devour. * * * • Am I asked why these people arose in such concert? Because they were people in human shape ; because patience under the detested tyranny of man is rebellion to the sovereignty of God • because aUegianco to that power that gives us the forms of men commands to maintain the rights of men. * * * Never was this unextinguishable truth destroyed from the heart that man is not the property of man; that human power is a trust for human benefit; and that when it is abused, revenge becomes justice if not the bounden duty of the injured. These, my Lords, were the causes why these people rose." ^Extract from a pamphlet by Mr. Buchanan, « The success of tamdian manufavturing no longer doubtful;' of which a thousand were issued to Parliament and the country in 1860 ; " We neither respect nor fear the present race of men in Eng- land who call themselves statesmen. From their patriotism we expect nothing, any more than from their lamentable ignorance of the Colonies.* But from their feare we might look for something if they would only reflect how the old American colonies were lost to England ; and in the time, we are conQdent the people of England, and through them the Governments of England (which, in the • See the Glob^t repeated exposures of the ignorance of even thf Timtt lewspaper on Canadian subjects. THE GLOBE VEH8U8 THE CANADIAN? FARMKB 181 to be enjoyed-our national blookh,,«liBra Lkl him ZTiS national advantages with all the countries in ZZtT . ^ winch wilUhare its national advanta^rZ B Htll C""' "' reflect, confidingly believed the Ma^chtl^^Xil ^ITJl™ ^J -. truth that greatest of .11 untruths, that ft T^'^tt'^ and, mdeed, can only be attined, by «™f, Xril! / ' Sir--'-- — ^ ^'^z\:tc;z Tm, Sugar, avdZa'," \ . "? """* "'"'* """* '*'"' ™ U)AiVA «,. .^« ^^ ,, iSTATES— fAe rf«^,,e* ow article. ' i'i S i: J MR. BUCHANAN'S SPEECH AT THB DIVNBR OIVBN TO THl PIONEERS OF UPIER CANADA, AT LONDON, C. W.. 10th DECEMBER, 1863. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 4 / % ^ / ^ :/. ,<^ ^M.^ '^ >% ^ '<^^ o i? m. V. 1.0 I.I 11.25 l^|2.8 .50 ™^^ i^ 1^ 112.0 25 2.2 U IIIIII.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation .^ iV NDON. 187 «f a dollar. (Hear, hear.) Prerioua to my coming to reside m »m»g o»r connection m this western comtry, and thirty years ai ™t»r of 1830 I slept a night at the store of Mr. John McFarlane at what was then called " Number Nine," in Aldboro', on Jmc Ir.; , T T1 "" **' ""' '=™''' '"• «■« "t*" «">>»gli the roof and didtae permit Icould give many suchaiustraaons of fheolden 2e)lti '° ^''™''" '^^"■™' *<"" ""y "'^^ ™ Montreal, the merchants there havmg at that early day been opposed to the ctltr ''"Z^^^- ""^ *» '^' «- the Montreal mer! ctl^ »» -"petition in the purchase of the wheat of Upper nil 'of Y""" *! ^"^'^ ™"'<' " ' ««'='«'' --pt atTe ponods of the year when it suited the few Montreal buyers C pa,d at leas a third more in price than now, whUe they got at least a third less in price for their wheat, so that the farmer at that «mc gave two bushel, of wheat for what he nowgivesone. (Hear.hear ) Such has been the beneficent effect of the establishment of b2 m the mtenor, wbch raised up a competition with the Mont^ clb -'h T ?' "'■''' °' ^PP^' ^"'^' ^d °f fte shnlnt™ mtenor. (Loud cheers.) No interior part of the United State and no mterior country in the world, can boast of a trade wift^to c nnechon, so direct with the first markets in Europe and otter countries. In manufactures, too, our success has been marveC • every article attempted to be manufactured being reduced LS compared to what the imported article was sold at. The'trid s mdie science of agriculture have been as great, if not gretter allTfT'T>"'\T"'- <«'''^-) ciadahasesXed a system of education probably also the finest in the world, the books, &c., required by the schools, which now number m Unner am «f «' -*316,28Tschola,;, this numbe^blg JoX a fifth part of the whole population. (Hear, hear.) The Pionee,! had, in fact, left very Uttle for their'successors to originate. T h<\ h 188 ■^i i) I SPEECH AT LONDON. Ai'ect control over their affairs £^2 K *™« *° ^le n>ore "cept the United States At ^ ^ ^ *™ "" ""^ ""-^ """nf?, Canada. I refer to n,» .« • °' ""^ ""een allaved in legislative andE«e^^4'^:~*'' "^.t °°""°> »^«"«™ "»»' (loud applause) ; L re'clndf ■"" ^I"™"' Govern. a oount^, in regard , t^e re^n'of" '"^« *« '»'"" "^ uncontroUed by the Imneri,!.?! "' """ "^^ »»<1 "ade, «^s respect, /anada ha'i "ItrHe ^'v '"'^ ^'^"^' » ""lony. I have thus shown thttlp ^ "^ " '"'<*'""»« cause of self-respect withorthe 1 ft'"' "' '^ »"««<"" t<-nighl given to us. The Kol <• '"""' " "ic^-stoation as is Wia. priue e.clai„, i„ ^ af^ r«; hrL^"^"" »"«'"' «- felt a great object would be served bvV\?™« "^ ^*«<»'. I honour to whom honour is due T^ * ''™™'«Mon of giving ve.7 valuable, in shewing a ch.ractelr"*' " *°"' ^ "«" « . ada, the want of which i1 afcZl T.^r^ «" .^»°«' «f Can- States. In the United StatesT^t " '"'' "' *^ '^»'«'l oaMj loft out of their code „Tm tllfaerTT'"™' '' ^'■ ™nt the advantages which arH. ^IT' '""^' '^'^ ''<"'"<' ""Oy % having been -lo^^fd ,^" ':7«'' *»■» <«soipline and a„ J is a government .tecedent Z 1 8"^^°""' "' *« f™"?. which (Choe..) Gentlem^Cttle":-;' "?""""'' -" K^P""": than simply to su-^^est IT ! ^' """ P*™!' ^ to do more of this so^, bei^f h M : Sdf "^ ""I' "''' ^'^ > "-^« personal gratificalon loyJsZ^ T^ ^'"- ^''' P'«»e»' oan with heartfelt truth Xif ft T';:'^ *^'"""''" we to the Chiefs"-. ■" ** "<"•* of Campbell's " HaU "I'^'cr; '„:;?,:.':.;'•" "■•'"•^"..o-, TVDM J I "°"' '»"»'' ''si' 'bore • TWr cl, T "° """ "• ""• ""O"- Hi jli SPEECH AT LONDON. 18!) Facts for Canafc l,i,t„ry would be saved whioh are now Um^ homed as things Soating on the surfaoe of a river soon to rZf r«sed araong us for collecting the incidents of theWar of 1812 .„,J other great epochs in the histor, of Canada. (H* ar ) I ^1 member of the library committee of ParUament, a dimy menfon kmd which has till now ousted. Up to this period we have ™S an old gentleman in the Niagara district i!lSo ayj^ to „£ Swciety that we avaU ourselves of his services T n.. J that the last piece of work done by him ^Tltch 7iT^T^ my lamented friend, the lato Hon. William HamiltonMeTri* AUow indebted than to any other man ; and like myself I feel sure th»! tS oH r™- ^! 'f " * ^'" P"*^ •» ha Cp^ tauly of subscuomg to the monument about to be erected b ft. o«^tyofWln,tothi, Ac greatest of aU our piW« (it tor) ; and m the moan time I propose that we now dn^ to S amid which Mr. Buchanan resumed his seat. ■ } I MONEY AND LABOUR. u:-.'i I i AfONEY AND LABOUR. Few pooplo have any conception how thorough Mr. Buchanan'. mvMtigat,«„8 have been on the Twin or r«lh» qT.l Subject, of Money and Labour. The E^^r aalught hT: rate w,th Mr. Buchanan', great aim, which ha, ever be n t^X people , attenhon to (or to lead people to think upon) the«, vital con «der.t,„j«; and ho ha, detennined that nothing could rive a better Ulu*at.en of what i, now alluded to than to give fnthe Appendix (X) the content, of Mr. Buc>-- ■. „■ M.t ii j Blue Book/or tUBuHing,; along witt- ' '^ ' "*"* Buchanan on very interesting points. A " from that pamphlet seems an appr-^pr. introductory remarks :* "That which we have long seen to be a gr._ elf^evident hat under our present British principles of money, or monetenr aw It . an utter impossibility for aiy country to'^CeanytoJ muance of prosperity, because our prospeeity Z^^Tl AND IMMEDIATELY IS THE CAUSE OF ADVERSITY Prll! more bidde. for our own country's LZ^^Z^ ^^7.^: "/i;^;tr/i t *; '^' ^' ^' -^rtation,^: HOPES 0- THF wnp^L^ '"'''•'^ '"^ P"^''^ ^^ THE marks by Mr. ig quotation to these elf-^evident n 19i MONRY AND LABOUB. \l . "I I I ^. ATELY DASHED TO THE GROUND, UNDER THE DOUBLE EFFECT OF LESSENED DEMAND FOR THEIR LABOUR, AND OF THE PARALYSIS INTRODUCED INTO THE MONEY MAPKET THROUGH THE THREAT- ENED EXPORTATION OF GOLD. The great error of on.r Legislation is thus seen to be that gold, while only a money or eounter to our home trade, can be used as an exportable commodity by the foreign trade, and is practically soused the moment the price of our own productions rise above the lowest raw material price. Even Lord Palmerston, I have been told, now feels it duo to hlm- ielf to deny that he personally had any implication with tho BARGAIN between Lord John Russell, the then premipv, and Sir Robert Peel, to which I have alluded, (viz., that while Peel gave a fair considt ration to the Russell government, his monetary measures would not be called in (juestion,) and has gone the length of asking for inlb'Tnation on tho subject of * this taxation money.'' " " In the meantime, however, like all previous and probably all ftiture Reformers, we have long been made to suffer the martyr- dom necessarily the consequence of what at first appears to the world as ' the folly* of the truthy' a point which the celebrated Swiss, Dr. Vinet (who writes this in the most eloquent French of modern days) so well explains in the ibllowing beautiful words : " ' Not only an opinion which all the world rejects, but a hope which no one shares, or a plan with which no one associates him- Belf, brings the charge of folly, before the multitude, against the rash man who has conceived it, and who cherishes it. His opinion may seem just, and his aim reasonable ; he is a fool only for wish- ing to roalizo it. His folly lies in believing possible what all the world esteems imposoible. * • • ♦ • " ' Many reason upon this subject as if nothing had happened smce the day when God, looking upon his work, saw that what he had made was good. They speak of truth pa if its condition amongst us were always the same. They love to represent it^ enveloping and accompanyiiig humanity, as the atmosphere enve- • The French medical word /o/i«— insanity. U I MONEr AND LAEOVU. r« tZ.r' ZT""''': '"^ ^^f ^" ^^ J*--«^ through the tl.?T* f " "'^ '"' ^"^''» '^ "'^^ ^*'^a«he(l to our mind m iho afno.phore to the gl>bo .0 inhabit. Truth i. a .ZL7 who standing before the threshold, i. Ibr ever prossinTwrcb the hearth, from which nin has bani.hed it Ah w" nlllj mournful Egare 6xe.s for a moment our distracted attention. Euch ume t awakens m our memory I know not what dim recollect 0^ rstil ;.. ""' ^''" '"^^^ '""''''^y ^ '•«P"^i-t" the truth, we still retani some unconnected fra^-ments of it- wL.f *•-. ,• I «ur enfeebled eye can bo-, what of iris r. V f '^ ''°^^ dition 'I'J.., rif • : ,. ^ proportioned to our cou- ait.on. J he rest we reject or disfigure, so as to render it difficuJfc of recogmfon .hile . .etuin,-which is one of our Tnisfortlt --the names ot thmg« we no longer possess. Moral an" l| trutu IS hke one of those monumental inscriptions (level ;.: I groimd) over which the whole community pass aa thev . / k b..mos., and which every day become Vora^dZrfdled" uut.1 some fnendly chisel is apphed to deepen the Tea ! I J worn-out stone, so that every one is forced' t^ po J • Z^t read it. That chisel is i.v the n yds n«. . ««., who has not believed that M LZm 1." n'^" ?' """' °"*' because it ia alt the world ="' """'''^ '"'' ■""'"? " ' ne strange things whinh that stran.'e man 8av» .„J i.- ,. !s\::;;:hitr;tirh:h '■ -™r ^ ---« better adapted to us thl" " U ^™?' "^'^ ^ '^'*^'' '' " intimate relations ^ith a^ 1 ', """T' ''"'"'^ "^ ^^ ""= ""«» 196 I' I ) H^ M' ¥ I MONEY AND LABOUB. CAUSB ERROR EXHAUSTS AND DEGRADES ITSELF J BECAUSE PALSfr HOOD, WHICH, AT FIRST APPEARED TO BENEFIT ALL, HAS ENDED BT INJU- ;ng all ; so that truth sits down in its place, vacant aa it were, for the want of a suitable heir. Enemies concur with friends, obstacles with means, to the production of that unexpected result Combinations, of which it is impossible to give account, and of which God only has the secret, secure that victory. But conscience IS not a stranger here ; for there is within us, whatever we do, a witness to the truth, a witness timid and slow, but which a superior force drags from its retreat, and at last compels to speak. It is thus that truths, the most combated, and at FIRST, sustained BY ORGANS THE MOST DESPISED, END By'bB- COMING IN THEIR TURN POPULAR OONVICTIONS. " ' This, however, does not prevent a,U such truths from being combated, and their first witnesses from passing for madmen. At the head of each of those movements which have promoted the elevation of the human race, what do you see ? In the estimation of the world, MADMEN. And the contempt they have attracted by their folly has always been proportionate to the grandeur of their enterprise, and the generosity of their intentions. The true heroes of humanity have always been crowned by that insulting A.r. Buchanan was perhaps the very first person on either side of the Atlantic, who had the hardihood to proclaim that a country'^ legislation should have in view its working classes or producers alone*-seeing that the fact that the other classes are above the necessity of labour shows that they can take care of themselves. The knowledge is beginning to dawn on minds open to honest con- viction (If they only dared to express it to themselves and others) that what we have been in the way of calling the interest of the country, IS often the ruin of its working clLs; whereas tha which^r the mterest of the working classes, can never he the •The Oobden-Peel heresy being, ih^Uonur,mer7^A^^^Z^^^Zi^^~^^ MONEr AND LABOUR. 197 that fteol „rl^: T ""'.f^- B-'"""'^ P'0P»»al « seen lo be SfT^'""" """*■•''»'»'"« «"" P--»*^oe« form the great mterest bes, the r production being more than their consumption :*: cZ '* """"'""'"'' '-"' *^'' -p'°^-°' -s^"; By the following quotation it will be seen that the Amemcah aZst B ":™'"' r' ''"'™"" p™'-"' « b* intrrb: rflh!?fv ," ' f ''"°« *' «""''"'<'« «" the employment of the working classes of the mother country. (Jrora rt« ^mWm 0}«ot«. „/ SOmnry, 1864.) proceeding A change of Ministry is a not improbable event. The finnness of the Premier and the position of Denmark render it mdeed highly probable. Who are to succeed the present me„ Lord Derby and Mr. D'lsraeli ? Great and deser^cdT h ir toe « m wars of words, are they the men for the present cm rgenc; Have they a po hcy-a policy that will at once commend iS to th masses of half-starved workingmen in the manufacturing di^ tric^ now far advanced in their second, and many in their thid ^rkeen Aem f^T 7'°''™'''''^''"*^^=""™"'"-''"^^ ™e don, r rr f°°?'"8r' of England and Scotland as they are doing out of Ireland ? If they have, let them declare it • if Sr tMW d '' "'^"/''"^ ^'"''- I" "■^' -- *oy oan dogooi a tar. T. °"'' "*'f "' ""^ <"'"''«'^ "»'■'«'-. or to the countiy at large. They may consider themselves bound in honour, by pledg^ e en more than six years since, to abstain from foltowbirtbe ^^'tr^Uh " "v ''' ""■' ™"'"'^°'-' -™P>- Tts Kr; sl T "t' "^ '"' "'^" "°' -I'Wil/ploclged a, foL ^ '"'"' ""^ "'' "«''"^ »'"■«'" fo'- ft'^y will be Old Toryism is r)al9iGdl_l.nnn]«.ooiv =n wi • • .- i..,...,K.„,^ij so. VVhigisra IS much the 198 MONEY AND LABOUR. I V I if same-hopefulljr so. Radicalism waits only the capture of the ^annewcrk, and the apotheosis from Downing Street of Lord Palmerston to bring forth "reforms" in litters-base whelps of Birmmgham, Rochdale, or Manchester kennels-abolition of pri- mogeniture, abolition of entails, abolition of the law of hypothec abolition first of church rates, then of church. As for peerage and royalty, such as they are, treat them according to circumstances- the one may be made as harmless as the other. Before all other yels however, let there be a great extension of the franchise, if that be thought compatible with the supremacy of the powers that really be, and rule Ihose that only seem to be ; otherwise a smaller extension of the franchise ; but in cither case an extension specially directed against present landed interests-an extension professedly Jiberatmg the people, but in reality binding them with tighter and more subtle chains. Reform, extension of the franchise, &c., &c., captivating phrases, but impotent to procure the big loaf which Free Trade promised to got, but failed in getting. Yet they will be listened to again, if real benefits are not offered to the people in their stead. Thanks to Free Trade, old Toryism, or even old Conservatism, i. now impossible. True Conservatism must outbid Radicalism-must oifer to honest industry palpable benefits instead of plausible bui lymg promises. AVhat has true Conservative statesmanship got to offer to the tTmt'all ; '? ""'''f *' ^"^' • ^"^ *^'-S-hich is worth ten times all the nostrums that Radicalism ever has offered or can offer ITJ\7 n V f ''? '"^ "^^^ ^^'^ ^'^ '^ 'he land-viz., the open^ And tha ,s the ../. policy by which the workmen, agricultural and manufacturing, can be peaceably elevated from their present noto- riously downtrodden state. Radical statesmen won't offer that. be J Tn , Jl^"'' "^''"'^ *'"''' ^'"^^^^'^" '^ ^^'th in what ha* been called " the gosjel of enlightened selfishness." It would make what they call t?.ir hands really free, which is the very la.t th ng they would like to see. Ay, but will it not make the agricul. Iil^e that ? It will make these workmea free too, and some-let u. i MONEY AND LABOUR. 19» hope not all, or even a majoritj— of the landlords and farmers maj think such liberty excessive, and quietly argue that it is not desi- rablo for the sake of the working-people themselves ;— as the master manufacturers, and the merchants, and the bankers, and moneyed men, or the bulk of them, together with all their organs of the press, will loudly and fiercely argue that it would ruin tho poor operatives, whom they have pitied so much and praised so much for their noble patience, and consoled so much with hopes of the good times coming. Coming !— these have been coming any time these two years— and yet are they not as far off as they seemed two years ago ?— nay, farther, for is it not now nothing but Surat ! Surat ! Surat!— nothing but the detested Surat !— and not enough of that for the operatives to work at, and prevent sinking themselves deepor in debt ? BUT IS NOT THE FIELD OF THE BRITISH COLONIES REALLY OPEN BOTH TO MANUFACTURING AND AGLU. CULTURAL WORKMEN ?♦ If not, where is the obstacle? The obstacle has always had a fine name ; formerly it was called Pro- tection, now it is called Free Trade ; but under the former name it was, and under the present name it is, a stringent monopoly. And »t was to strengthen this monopoly, to extend and entail the divorce- ment of manufactures from agriculture in the cobniej, and to render more sure and expeditious the transference of land in Britain from the territorial classes to the moneyed and manufacturing millionairea, that the permanent and universal-peace-insuring and the bi.r-loaf- procuring policy of Free Trade was invented, to bring upon the^oper- atives and the people at large the strong delusion in which they believe, and under which they, in two senses, lie. In conclusion for the prenent, Conservatism in England, to suo> ceed to place, and hold it, needs to encouraue Conservatism in the colonies, ^needs to encourage the marriage of agricdtire with manufactures there-which can be done only in on. way-the xvay by whroh alone such marriage has anywhere been consummated— t'^2., by protection to manufactures — colonial protection. And that, to he effective, must be large. • Here is the principle of the An erican ^^oiiverein. 200 MONEY AND LABOUB. I: I'll n M I! FREE TRADE IN MONEY, THE ONLY FREE TRADE WE WANT. OB PBOTECTION THROUGH THE CUBRENCY, THE TRUE PKOTECTION TO THB HOLDEBS OF BRITISH COMMODITIES, STOCKS, AND LABOUB-BEING A BHOCHURE PUBLISHED BY MR. BUCHANAN, IN LIVERPOOL, IN 1847 M^Jnpr!?/'^''''**''''^' ''^'' ''"''^ "^ ^^^E^' A CONTEMPTIBLE MEMORIAL TO GOVEBNMENT. Protection to the Money and Currency of this country, which are the spmal marrow and life's blood of every British interest, is now loudly demanded ; all parties now seeing clearly the vital and im- mediate necessity of such an infusion of patriotism (or patriotic Belfishness) into our monetary legislation as will secure just protec- tion to British labour, as well as enable Free Trade to be carried out to the greatest practical extent— viz., to an extent that does not- lead to the reduction of our NATIONAL EMPLOYMENT. Although charity .nust not end at home, it must begin there. Any such common sense course is, however, far from being the present policy of this nation, for we give the foreigner who is not charged (in import duty or otherwise) his proportion of our national burdens the same nominal price, in gold at the untaxed price, as Englishmen who have to deduct from their price more than 25 per cent, paid by them in taxes directly and indirectly. The cruelty of this to our own people arises from want of " Protection to the Currency." To the extent British taxes and profits are added to British prices, our manufactures, freights, &c., become dearer than gold, which IS fixed at the untaxed and profitless foreign or natural , value, so our gold is exported ; thus causing not only wide-spread desolation throughout the land, but enabling the foreigner to bring back, say a third more commodities than otherwise he could, to compete with British labour, for (through our insane legislation) he IS m the foreign market enabled to sell his Bill at par instead of at 25 per cent, discount. The present system in fact affords a pro- tection to the foreigner to the extent of 25 por cent, (or whatever our taxation amounts to). The foreigner ou-ht to get the same mHailed quantity of gold (which he takes abroad as a commodity, not as a money), aa the Englishman gets of commodities in exchange' MONEY AKD LA30UB. 201 for that same amount of gold, or, in other words, the foreigner ought to be paid in pounds as depreciated as the EngUshman's pound 18 (meamred in the commoditien which the Englishman gets for the price of his wheat or the amount of his freight list.) MONETARY REFORM THE VITAL CONSIDERATION FOR HOLDERS OF COM- TZir^ZT ''"'' " '' '^ ""^' "^« OFPROTECIOK To the Editor of the Liverpool Standard. Liverpool, 26th May, 1861. Sir,— Agreeing entirely with Mr. Bimcm'8* pnnciph of paper or emblematic money, I am also persuaded that a day will suddenly amve when almost every man in Liverpool will be anxious to join a monetary expostulation with the Government and the Xegislature I think, however, that ani/ sort of paper money, properli/ secured, , Will be found as good for the purpose of preventing mercantile panic as any other, (although the plan of Mr. Duncan, the issue of government notes, would of course reduce taxation to the extent of the interest on the circulation of the government paper) ; and my object IS now to show how small a change in our monetary le^nsla- tion IS required to save the holders of commodities and stocks." THE TRUE PROTECTION TO BRITISH LABOUR, AND THE ONLY POSSIBILITY OF CARRYING OUT FREE TRADE, MUST ARISE FROM OUR GIVING THE FO- REIGNER IN OUR MARKETS DEPRECIATED POUNDS SEEING THAT WE MUST GIVE HIM THE SAME NUMBER OF THESE POUNDS AS WE GIVE TO OUR OWN AND OUR COLONIAL PRODUCERS, WHOM WE PAY IN GOODS DEPRECIATED! BY TAXATION ; for mstance, the American and Englishman get the same nominal price for the same quality of wheat in the Liverpool market, but •Jonathan Duncan, Esq., of London, was at that time lecturing on Money in Liverpool. ' t They get less in quantity to the extent prices have taxation added to them • and If taxation cannot be added to price, it must become a deduction from wairea. I '1 202 MOyEY AND LABOUR. the latter is paid in British goc 's, whose prices include the heavy taxation of this empire, as well as our enormous local burdens, while the American, instead of getting paper money, which will buy gold at a British, or enhanced price, of £5 per ounce, gets paper money which he can convert into gold at the foreign or untaxed price of £4 per ounce, so that instead of selling his bill in New York (for the proceeds of his wheat' for 25 per cent, discount, or for £76, he sells it at £100*; and thus he can bring back 25 per cent. more wheat, to oppose the British agriculturist, than the latter got in British commodities in exchange for his wheat. It is thus clear that though they got the same nominal amount in money, they did not get the same quantity of commodities for the wheat sold in the Liverpool market. It is a very great mistake to suppose that this hardship to our houie agriculturist would be reduced by our being able to induce the Americans to take manufactured goods to the full ampunt of the produce they send us. On the contrary, the fact 18, that the proceeds of the American wheat sold in Liverpool, to which I have alluded, would in every case be accounted for in pounds steriing worth the saiie invariable weight of gold : and the American would actually be able to compete more successfully with ^e British farmer the more goods go to America from Manchester, Birmingham, aud Glasgow, as this would turn the exchanges more in favour of England, and thus give him more money in New York for his bill on Liverpool for £100 steriing. But even the Man- chester men begin to see that the blighting effect upon prices, of our present unpatriotic money law, is no less detrimental to our manufacturing than it is to our agricultural population. Any one can easily see this who is aware that the prices of our manufactures both for home and foreign trade are dictated, in the long run, by the price which the foreigner is willing to give us for our surplui production ; such a person must, with the least consideration, have no difficulty in seeing that gold at a fixed foreign price becomes an miqmtously false standard of value, to the extent any taxation or Indeed he sell, his bill at ^109 to £110 when the exchanges helween the n my opm.on, be materially lowered without producingmore of suffering than of rehef to all classes of the community. If the houfe could suddeZ and materm ly reduce the price of all necessaries of life, so far from relieving It would only aggravate the general distress. • * ^ «• irom reUev.ng, " Cheapness, without a demand for labour, is a symptom of distress rh««n ness always prevails where enterprise is at a stand • °',^'«'ress. Gheap- " I admit that if unlimited foreign imports, which the war has suspended were now aga.n allowed, bread might be a little, though a very 1 tt," Tea-' than jt now is for a year or two. But ;vhat would follow ? 7he smll farm would be ruined ; improvements would everywhere stand still; nS/rands now producmg corn, would be given up and return to a statl of wlste tt home consumption and brisk demand for all the various articles of fhetai nr,! •. r "" '"""' contributed, eren during the pressure of war to tS pros „ty of our towns, and especially of those which are not connect dwUh manufactures or foreign commerce) would rapidly decline ; farming servant, and all the trades which depend on agriculture for employment would S thrown out of work, and the nece.sarv r«,„u „p ♦k^ ^ZVl^'l '"""I^ !*• ^hat wages would fall even more rapidly th;nbread7""^ "' ''"" ^'''' '* 203 MONEY AND LABOVB. I I to commodUies and wages," will now be willing to confine their present movemont to tho attainment of » the reform of the cur T'!.r'"""° "' ^"''"'^' "•^•^•^^ ''''''^''^ «««tom3 duties or about the navigation laws, til' it is seen how far monetary r^for J will go to carry out their patriotic view of preventing our nationS employment being given away to foreigners Mr. Duncan's prinoipie of money is no doubt correct, and tho pubhc are mfinitely indebted to him for his gi,an.ic Lnd s U^ admit that had we to ongmate a system in a new country, his plan or details, might be what we would adopt ; but surrounded as we are by circumstances and prejudices in favor of gold as the seouritv of the circulation (,f not as the standard of value), the mercantUe community must toll Mr. Duncan plainly that we cannot submit to any sudden revolution of our monetary system, especially as w* aee that wo can attain his principle of paper money aa well through the ^resent machinery of the Bank of England, as is shown in tha memorial subjoined. We must first secure paper money through our present bank system ; and when this is done most of us wUl have no objection to see Mr. Duncan's system of Governmenfe paper money established alongside of it, and gradually supplanting It, to the extent the public get confidence in taxation notes, or t^ the extent these displace the circulation of the present banks. Yours respectfully, A Liverpool Merchant. SKETCH OF A MEMORIAL TO THE QUEEN AND THE OTHER BRANCHES OF THE LEGISLATURE The Memorial of the undersigned Merchants of DflEWETH — *■ That it has become, and is daily becoming more and more, pamfully apparent that they, in commou with all holders of com- modities and stocks, have been disabled by legislation from aaj i » MOWEY AND LABOUa. 20T control over their own and their families' prospects in life—the position of the Bank of England, instead of the stote of British markets, being what now controls prices and wages, and dictates the fate of every merchant and every man connected with business or stocks. That certain and speedy ruin to the Bank of England, as well as every British interest, is inevitable— as these are being crushed between the contradictory principles of British legislation— our money laws basing all our national confidence or banking on the presence of gold in the Bank of England, while our system of free unports 13 perpetually leading to the diminution of that basis, and as a necessary consequence, of that confidence. ' * That to save this country from general bankruptcy and univer- sal ruin in all its interests, the principles of British legislation must bo reconciled, or made uniform, by tl.o monopoly to gold, and the restrictions on the establishment of now banks, t3ing made to follow the fate of all other monopolies— which can easily be effected as regards the details when once the wisdom of Parliament shall have become alive to the necessity of this ; for the Act of 1819 has only to be so far altered as to do away with ipld as a Handard, while retaining it an the neem-ity of the circulation; and the Act of 1844 need not be farther changed than to admit of new banks of issue being established under similar restrictions or securities to the present ones. That the details of the now measure need not be more compli- cated than as follows :- The Act of 1819 has only to be so far changed as to make Bank ->f England notes a legal tender at its own counter, as they at present are elsewhere, to tho extent of the 14 miUions owing by the government and the amount of specie in Its vaults— «Ae Bank, however, being bound down never to reduce ttB specie under a certain point, say fourteen millions; and the Act of 1844 has only to be extended so as to allow of m-w b.mks— whose issues might be confined to two-thirda the amount of certaia public securities (to be specified by the Act of Pariiament), lod-^ed with the government— and so as to allow the Bank of JBngland and all other Banks, to issue one-pound notes. ' Periodical panic is the mevitable consequence of our commercial sji MOKRY AND LABOVH. legislation ; any oonsidorable mewuro of prosperity, or rise in prices, causes tho Uoopost distress, by making it the interest of the lorei«nor to tako away our gold ; and if some such stop as the foregoing is not taken in time, there will be a repetition, in a more aggravated and permanent form, of tho panic of 18i7 ; and tho Liverpool memorial of October, 1847, bo it remembered, was in the following humiliating language ; asking from an individual as a fa/our what they should demand from the law as a right, vi»., that legK-lation shall not enable the foreigner to invade the sanctity of tlioir personal concerns : — " To th' Rif/ht ITorwurahh th^ Lord John Rutaell, First Lord of Her Mqiest/s Trmmry, the Memorial of the Undersigned Bankers, Merokmts, Traders, and others, Lihabitants of Liverpool, »• Shewktii, — " That your memorialists beg respectfully to represent to your lordship the present deplorable condition of tho trade, commerce and manufactures of the country, and the imperative necessity for •such immediate relief as it maybe in the power of the government to aflford. Produce of every descriptioa is only saleable m small quantities and at an enormous sacrifice. Bills of Exchange and the most valuable securities are inconvertible into cash, even at great depreciation, except in the most insigniacant amounts Foreign orders for produce and goods cannot bo executed for want of the customary facilities for tho disposal of biUs drawn against them. Confidence is all but annihilated, and the currency of the country is in a groat measure withdrawn and hoarded. « It is needless, on this occasion, to enquire by what combination of causorf thiy iaviontable state of aira:r3 has been brought about. A crisis of uup;-allele'i t^o.erity exists, and your momorialista believe that it is in the power of the Government to allay alarm and restore confidence, by coming to the relief nf the commercial and manufacturing classes bif a temporary advan on the credit of the country. " Your memorialists believe that it is not only the interest, but or rifle in intorest of 9top as the in a more ; and the od, was in ndual as a , viH., that sanctity of «t Lord of dersigned hitanta of MONEY AND LABOUB. 20» i Itif T" ''' *^' ""^^ P"^^^*^'- °f *^^« manufacturingli commorcal mtoroats cannot otherwise be prevented whereby^! labouna, papulation will be immediately thro'wn out o ^Xment "h If tT''' ''T'^^'^'y^ ^'^ -« not::r;soi „tt rich, and who have merchandise and bUls. which, under ordLvl Circumstances, would afford easy and ample means o ^t?^ engagements, wUI inevitably be compeUed t^'sU^p payjlt^ "^ t to your omraerce, >essity for vornmont m small ange and , even at amounts, sutcd for Is drawn currency led. ubination it about, lorialista iy alarm nmercial credit (^ rest, bul r \i I 111 i 1 fi IM I l'^' III I "THE GLOBE'S PERSONALITIES EEVIEWED,' BXiaa A LBTTEB JTBOU MR. GEORGE SHEPPARD TO THS TORONTO LEADER, DECBMBEB, 1861. ii I "THE GLOBE'S PERSONALITIES BEVIEWED." TO THE HON. GEO. BROWN. tC;rX' *" —«—*■> pervade, you. Our quarrel, as Ke Zeader hu »aid, ;va8 not begua by me /ou nave assailed me whenever the sKghtest pretext could be found ; and smce Julj, last, you, „r those for whom you ar^ ^It pockets full of rebel gold," a„d as a "ministerial hirelin.." ready for pay to do the work of the government you oprs7°'l have taken no direct personal notice of these Lck^rT^rtly because the source from which they emanate ia duly apprecS by every man whose good opirion I care to have ; pLaXcCe uut.l now, you have abstaiaed from the mention of my name X' ^tac le .0 this moruing's Ghte changes the aspect of the caae " In 1 rT. . ^^T ""-"'^'-keable abuse, and you thus confer upon me a nght to speak to you, of you, and of myself, with a free- dom which mordmary circumstances would be inexcusable. I otr T\f'i' '■'■;"' "'"'"""'' y""' i^diotoont, and perhaps But for pilhlin nn/1 rvo*«»»f t «. -rv . . , . f„" i- i.«.^^t rcuauiis Jen. juavia a agent mieht have remained for jrears without the slightest reference being mfde r I 214 THE GLOBE'S PERSONAMTIES REVIEWED. ) I by the Globe to him or hia affairs. But when the recognized organ of the Canadian Government became the mouth-piece of American slave-holders and the stirrer up of hate and discord between Canada and the neighbouring Republic, it was necessary to show that an emissary from Richmond was among us and at the helm of the paper. When citizens of standing and worth, who had ever upheld British principles and British Institutions, were denounced m The Leader as Republicans at heart and enemies of their coun- try—it was impossible to keep back the fact that the man who bo denounced them was but a few weeks before the panegyrist of American Repiiblicanism and the paid hireling of Southern Sece&- sionists. When gentlemen were denounced by name in the Govern- ment organ, and pointed at as marks for public insult and attack on our streets, simply because they were natives of the Republic- how could we conceal that the man who penned the incendiary lines was one who had himself found refuge from his misfortune in that same Republic ? And when this same Mr. Sheppard ventured to denounce all and sundry because they did not bend down to hig gods— how was it possible to refrain from showing from the man's hundred Harlequin changes tliat his opinions were utterly worth- less ? But a few years ago, a roaring English Chartist and editor of a Chartist paper in England— then agent for the settlement rtf English emigrants in the Western States— then a defender of Railway and York Road Jobbing in the Toronto Leader—then edi- tor of the Washington Republic, which breathed its last under his manipulation— then the subsidized editor of the High Tory Toronto Colonist, v!h\ch died in his hands— then a fit of patriotism and avowal of conversion to the views of the opposition— then editor of the Hamilton Times, which speedily withered in his hands, and a fierce advocate for dissolution of the Canadian Union— then the editor of the slave-mongoring secession Washington Constitution, which he soon ' did to death'- then a secession writer at Richmond —and lastly editor-in-chief of the Toronto Leader, excniciatingly loyal, eulogistic of Jefferson Davis, fastidious on buttons, given\ regimentals, and death on Yankee Railway Managers, Yankee Lecturers, and Yankcedom in general. The political lectures of Mich a man must be valuable, indeed— and if Mr. Beaty will only THE GLOBE'S PERSONALITIES REVIEWED. 215 ized organ American m Canada iv that an Im of the had ever lenounced heir coun- an who so Dgyrist of rn Secesh s Govern- id attack epublic — iccndiary brturte in ventured •wn to his he man's ly worth- nd editor jttlement ender of then edi- mder his ' Toronto ism and editor of Is, and a then the ftitution, ichraond jiatinglj given to Yankee tares (f)f fill only keep him at the desk a few weeks longer, we venture to predict that not even the York Road revenue will save The Leader from the fate of its four illustrious predecessors." Let me ask you, Mr. Brown, upon what pretence of propriety you prefer these sweeping charges. To complain of a man's " hariequin changes " is to insinuate that the author of the com- plaint is an embodiment of consistency. To accuse him of being a " paid hireling," is to suggest the inference that his antagonist is an incarnation of disinterestedness. To sneer at him p,3 the subject of " misfortune," is to excite a belief that the individual who sneers has been blessed with unvarying prosperity. Are you in a posi- tion, sir, that justifies any .jf these suppositions ? I do not press the question in any private sense. I ask, can you on " public and patent " grounds aver that what you allege to be sins on my part, do not also attach to your own skirts? You consistent ! Why, if change of opinion or alliances ■institute a iiariequin, you are a political Grimaldi. ' You have danced round the ring again and again, now serving Mr. Baldwin, anon slandering him— now flat- tering Mr. HiNCKS, anon decrying him as worse than a highway- man ; at one time consorting with torios to defeat reformers— at another working with the Clear Grits for the extinction of con- servatism ; for a season libelling Messrs. Holton, Drummond, Lemieux, Sandfield Macdonald, and i^'oLEV— then conciliating their favour, and taking them to your arms as colleagues in the memorable two-days' cabinet. There is no limit to your gyrations —no end to what you choose to designate inconsistency. I do not suggest that these changes have been criminal. In the old country, with institutions fixed, and classes and parties well defined, unvary- ing adherence to one set of opinions or one band of associates is impossible ; and it is still less so in a province, where politics embody not so much of principle as of personalities, and where individual mutations, in or out of public life, occur with a frequency unknown elsewhere. Here, all of us lie down sometimes with strange bedfellows ; and it has been your lot to do so amongst the rest. Experience should render you tolerant toward others? And since you woukl resent as a libel the allegation that your alternate Iriendship and hostility had been dictated by corrupt motives I 216 THE OLOBE'S I'EKSUNALITIKH KEVIEWED. ■ ' I .1 ; In may insist that the same judgment shall be motod to me until evi- dence bo found to prove the contrary. At least, in the meantime, I deny your right to arraign me for inconsistency ; and I defy you or any man to prove that in any change I have made, corrupt or smister motives are discoverable. Most of my changes have been against my own interest. As to the " hireling " part of the busi ness, you have used an offensive epithet in a connection Avhich you know to bo hidefensiblo. Any payment I have received for service rendered has^ been legitimate ; and I am therefore no more of r " hireling " than your managing editor, Mr. Gordon Buown, or your counsel, Mr. Adam Wilson, or my other person who in the pursuit of a lawful avocation receives an efjuivalent for skill and labour employed. No more of a " hireling," Mr. Brown, than you were willing to be when you negotiated with Mr. IIincks for the editorship of the Montreal Pilot; and not half so much of a "hireling" as were you when you transferred yourself from New York to Toronto to be the organist of the Scottish Kirk. Nor is it seemly in you to talk sneoi-iugly of seeking " refuge from misfor- tune" in the republic. One Mr. Brown and family did that under circumstances which you would fain have forgotten. I never did. Neither fraud nor misfortune ever compelled me to sock " refuge" anywhere. And now, sir, I propose to look in detail at those of your impu- tations which more particularly affect ray professional character. Your aim is to blast it. I am fortunately able to show that you have only succeeded in traducing it. " But a few years ago," you state, " I was a roaring English chart- ist, and editor of a chartist paper in England." The same state- ment has been circulated before by the minor prints of your party. It is not true. There is nothing disgraceful that I know of in the honest advocacy of ultra political reforms ; and we have the testi- mony of Mr. Justice Coleridge as to the profound reading and thought which were exhibited by chartists who were tried before him for sedition. It would not be difficult, indeed, to find amongst the intelligent working classes of England chartists immeasurably your superior in grasp of mind or familiarity with the principles THE OLOUE'S I'ERSONALITIES KEVIEVVED. 217 that underlie political discussion. But I never was a ehartist, and never edited a chartist newspaper. On the contrary, I always opposed chartism, on the ground that whatever evils and wrongs exist m England are non-politieal in their origin ; I publicly opposed he lEAKousO Connor land scheme at NewcasLon-Tyne and afterwards had the chartists for my bitterest enemies in a movement in winch I engaged at Hull. With regard to the press in England, an enumeration of the newspapers with which I was editorially con- nected wil estabhsh my denial. In 1839-40, during a brief residence ™: 7 1«;nl'";«;« ""^^ '"• *^«^yr^^.;..W,amoderat Wlug.Froml840tol848,withtheexceptionofafewmonthsinl843, Ijvas employed upon the Newcastle (7...«n., a neutral paper dunng a portion of the period representing the London Daily News .that part of England, and during the panic of 1837 contributing ai tides upon Peel's Banking Bill to the London Morning Herald. From the spring of 1848 to the date of my departure from England m the spring of 1850, 1 edited the Hull IJastern Counties Herald, a commercial and at that time a non-party journal-a journal as fax removed from chartism as the Globe is from decency There- fore, Mr. BnowN-borrowing a saying of Junius-/^^ .., Zl you a Uarfor I have proved you one. Next, - agent for the set- tlement of English emigrants in the Western States." A Quix- otic affair, I confess, and one of which I had good reason to repent. I 7^ul"'' T' '^''' '"'"^''^ "^y J"^S^«"* ^-y h^vc erred, I faithfully carried out an unprofitable contract, and that I did not terminate the agency without possessing evidence of the honest employment of every shilling entrusted to me. " Then a defender of railway and York road jobbincr in the Toronto Leader.'^ Your chronology is at fault Mr.^BuowN men I came to Canada from the Western States, The Leader was he "oJTT ' r' " '''^ ' ^^^ ^^°^^*^*«^ ^i^h yourself upon the Globe-thon the organ of the Baldwin-Lafontaine Ministry -until my removal to Washington in the autumn of that year iJ\lT\"T ''•*'^ "^^^^-S^on liepublio, which breathed Its last under his manipulation." Again, not true. The Hepublic was the organ of the Fillmore administratipn, and when Mr. Fill- , t m III if \ f'l 2ld THE GLOBE'S PERSONALITIES REVIEWED. MORE vacated the prcsidencj, my relations with the BepuhUc teiv nunated, and I returned to a farm in Flamboro'. The MepuhUc outbved my departure. That my labours as one of its editors were satisfactory to its proprietors is established by evidence which is at your service if you desire to examine it. I may refer you to adhe- rents of the federal cause, not likely to be specially partial now-a- days to a southern sympathizer. Mr. Pike, then of the Tribune, now tederal minister to the Hague, and Mr. Truman Smith, then senator trom Connecticut, held strong opinions about myself and the EepubUe, which modesty will not suffer me to repeat. Your friends, Mr. iJANA, of the Tribune, and Mr. Raymond, of the Times, may also introduce you to Mr. John 0. Sargent, one of the proprietors of the Eepublic, who, I am sure, will convince you of your error. Or as you have intimacies at Washington, your principal, Mr. Seward,' may readily learn from another of the proprietors, Mr. George (GIDEON, whether your version of the " manipulation " or mine is correct ; and it is possible that Mr. Gideon may feel n,t liberty to tell of propositions which were made to me last i^ebruary, whoUy at variance with your allegation. " Tlien the subsidized editor of the high Tory Toronto ColoMst, which died in his hands." Not " subsidized," Mr. Brown. So far from having profited pocuniarily by the editorship of the Colo- nist, I lost by its acceptance, and you know it, sir. You know that I lelinquishod a good position in the office of the Canada Life Assurance Company, which I had held four years, to resume a con- nection with the press. And you know that I surrendered the editorship of the Colonist— xxw^qv circumstances that should bring a blister on your tongue and a blush to your cheek when you per- vert them to my injury. Others do not forget, though you may, the service you received from me as editor of the Colonist. You were assailed personally upon the floor of parliament, and I for- feited valuable friendship by words of kindness penned in your behalf. I was not then aware that you are insensible to high mo- tives and deaf to honourable appeals ; I supposed you tr be a man capable of truth and foirness, and subject to their influence ; and I wasted good feeling; by stretching to you a generous hand. For the moment you were profuse in your expressions of gratitude ; tpuhlic tep- 3 Republic liters were «vhich is at lu to adhe- tial now-a- ibune, now en senator Republic, ends, Mr. , may also prietors of ;rror. Or, Seward, . George )r mine is liberty to •y, wholly ColoMSt, >WN. So the Colo- !^ou know lada Life ne a con- ered the lid bring you per- son may, %t. You nd I for- in your high mo- )o a man ce ; and id. For atitude ; THE GLOnK'S PEHSONALITIES REVIEWED, 2t9 bat those who knew you better than I, predicted that the gratitude would prove a sham, and that, should the positions be reversed, ydv J^ould crush instead of help mo. " You are generous," said tieman to me on the morning on which the article appeared, ^ man who has not a spark of generosity in his nature ; you depre- cate severe attacks upon a man who shows no mercy to his oppo- nents, and is approachable' only with the weapons that are used agamst a bully." My friend was right, and I wrong. Had I been ^ we^i acquamted with you as I am now, I should" hav^ said tht.t Mr. PowELb did the country good service, and that you deserved the castigation he administered to you. Please accept this as my rnatire opnnon, and as the only atonement I can offer for the folly f treatmg you as a reputable opponent. I shall not be guilty of Jt agam. " '' Moreover, it is not true that the Colonist died h my hands. Wghteen months after my separation from it, its then editor, Mr. ^ Bhien, mdited a friendly notice on the occasion rf my omanci- pation from the bondage of the Globe. It suits your convenience to pas3 in silence my connection with your journal. I am not surprised ; for the man who in 1858 nought my services, and in 18a0 published my praise, now attempts f^ convey an impression adverse to my usefulness. From the Browv of to-day, mortified and sour, I appeal to the Brown of January, l»bU, tor a refutation of the calumnies now heaped upon me. The folowmg editorial paragraph from the Globe of January 28th, 18b0~emanating as it did from your own pen-almost renders nnnecessary any other vindication In reference to proceedings prior TO that date : i c x -We are sure the Reform party will learn with pleasure that the Hamilton Tmes is about to be placed in a still more efficient positmn than it has enjoyed yet; and that it is to be placed under the Ed.toria. care of Mr. George Sheppard, who for eighteen months pa^t has been connected with this journal. Mr. Sheppard Will be a great acquisition to the press of Hamilton. He' a . able man and an excellent writer. We part with our confr. '. with regret, but at the same time heartily rejoice that he is about to assux^u- a position in which he may be of essential service to (he liberal cause, and earn new laurels for himself" 220 TIIK ULOBKg I'KRHONALITIKS RKVIKWK in. I { Vh u ^^ How happens it, sir, that a writer who in January, 18G0, wa. a great acM.ns.t.,.n " to a newspaper, one who, acco.'^ding to your uprosecl to have won some laurels as the conditio, -precedent of the new laurels you indicated ;-how happens it, I ask that .uohanoneis nowvihru-d by the (//.6., slwed by "leU a esZ h" /, ^""' r'"" ■' ' ^''"" ^"^'^^ "" '^-^- ^ "- qu^s .on bye-a.ul-hyo. It ...volves a little bit of political history, and de8..o to keep .t distinct fi-on. the st..ictly personal account winch 1 am e.ideavouiinK to settle with you ini!:J^"r^^';:*" *''" ""'"'''"" ^^''"''^ ^'"^'' 'V^'^'^^y withered m h s hands My soverance from the Time, arose out of private matters w.th which neither you ..or any man has a ri^^ht to n^edd»e I o..Iy k..ow that it did not "wither," a..d that the parties wh. the,, held a proprietary interest proposed terms with a view to my cont.n«a..ce. Besides, it is no secret that the Tinu-. was a sharp thorn n, your side. Had it been - withering " ve..y visibly, yoL would ..ot have en.ployed your hot.nds to bark at it, rK)r would you have reproduced their barki..^ in the Giol>e. L^UI'? '''" f \''\'^ "'' Hlave-,no..ge.-i..^; secessio,. Washingto.v pable ot aught but lying V Or arc you strh.ging together lies and guesses, under an expectatio.. that the truth will never overtake them i 1 we..t to Washi.igto.., ..ot iis editor of the Constitution, but u..der a cchdential engage.nc.t with the B.-ecke..ridge Cent.-al tom.mttee, and mai..tained that .-clatio.. u,.til the close of the pro- 8.dent.al campaig.. ; the i..vitatio,. which took me thither havin-* proceeded fi-om ge..tle...e,. who had opportu,.ities of k.iowing mo wh.Ist con..ected with the Ji.-^mNic seven years p.-eviously. How tny services were appreciated you .nay learn through the medium of one of your Washi,.gton friends, Mr. Camkko.v, Secretary of War ; for the chairman of the Ureckenridge Com.nittee, Governor bTKVLNS, ,3 at preset colonel of the Highland regiment, and he knows better than any other person exactly what I did at Wash- ington Dunng last winter, I contributed daily to the Oonstitu^ tmi but I was not responsible either for its conduct or it^ fate. Ihat fate waa r.ot death, aa you allege, but re.noval from Wash- TUB (JLOnKH PKIWONAMTIKS RKVIKWKD. 221 ington to Montgomery, the capital of the Southern Confodorao^, mibjoct to aoino arrungomunt miulo hy Mr. Ukowne, the proprietor, with the proprietors of one of the Montgomery papers. " Then a sciossion writer at Richmor I." Plainly, another lie, sir. Mr. Dani. l, of tho Examiiu-r, offered me an editorial posi- tion upon that journal, which I declined ; and all the writing I over did at Uiohmond was as correspondent of a foreign journal. My present connection with The. Leader \h hardly a fair subject of remark. I am acting as the friend of Mr. Lindsey, who waa for several months debarred from duty by illness, and whose atten- tion, since his recovery, haa been aiworbed in domestic affairs. But as sickness did not exempt him from the assaults of the Globe I cannot reasonably expect that you will be considerate or oven truthful in referring to myself as his substitute. It is, however patiafactory for mo to know, as I do on the authority of Mr. Beaty' that since July tho circulation of each edition of The Leader haa largely increased, and that it is to-day more prosperous and more influential than over. If you believe what you have been base enough to write, you would pray from morning till night for mj continuance hero. And it is because you «ro aware of the grow- mg power oi The Leader, and of tho odium which attaches to the Glol^e as a Canadian organ of the Washington government, that you seek this method of prejudicing a formidable rival. It is the trick of a coward, as false as ho is contemptible I propose sir, to say a word touching your general accusation, that I am a hireling," available by any party who may pay me and I shall again place yourself against yourself. Your conve^ ment memory may not recall a meeting held subsequent to the St Lawrence Hall Convention, in 1859. Mr. Mowat may refresh your memory, if at fault. It wa. alleged, you are a/are at my motion for " pure and simple dissolution," in amendment to your vague resolution, was in pursuance of an arrangement be- tween ourselves ; and, on the occasion I refer to, you spoke of the expression of this idea by one of your acquaintan'ce. it adil PARD to humbug the Convention ? Preposterous ! If I wanted to make such a bargain, he is about the la.t ,..n t ^h^u'd ^ iJ m THE OUIBEJJ J-EHWNALmta «EVIEVVKI>. to for the purpcio. Ho it) too umnnimg.)ul)lt) for timt." Vou wero right, Mr. H..own. Thero waa no coo.jiuct hetwucu us in thy Convention. You and 1 uctoU indopondently of each other, a» . Hr. HoLTON can tcstijy. And your fanuliarity with uie had taught jrou that 1 couhl not b.' readily ''umnagc.l " when trickery was t«> bo accomplished. Others have formed tin; same estimate. I am, M you describe it "cantankerous" when gamnum is on the board. And I submit, therefore, that by your own testimony 1 am acquit- ted of the pliability which is the prime element in the composition of a ''hireling." I have changed my ground often, and my alliances more than once ; but im politiciaji in (t out of Canada c»n prove that any of those changes has been mercenary i- if« origin. [ have avoided Hxeduess in business simply because f am inflexibly ros(.lved to avoid debt. I have returned fry m Uie Grit to the Mod>-ratt ranks simply becanne ejjcellmt oppurtunities of ob- servation have safisJieU vie that the leaders of the ul/raists are dishonest, (hat thei/ are engaged in a vulgar str amble for office, and that their party, disorganized as it t», in powerless fur good. There is a wide difference between those who, like myself, have been at Washington, and those who, Uke yourself, » look to Wash- ington." I have not been behind its scenes without learning some useful leaaons. 1 went prepossessed in favor of the Anierican system. I returned convinced that that system is rotten to the core ; convinced that, practi all v, it is vastly inferior to the British system— that it is more demoralizing both to politicians and people —and that its democracy leads to but one alternative, anarchy or despotism. Your gentlemen who •' look to Washington," on the other hand, ignoring the teachings of the past, and discarding th«^ fltrikiug warnings of the present, persist in striving to force Canada down the rapids of democracy, that, with the province American- ized, you may realize the gains which wUl remain beyond your reach 90 long aa the poople of Canada cherish attachment to the mother land. The repeated endeavours you have made to render me responsible for a species of Canadian Know-Nothingism are almost unworthy of notice. All I have done has been to direct attention to th& selfish, clannish, impolitic temper wiiich has been and yet is displayed THE GLOUK8 I>UU80NALITIE8 REVIEWKU. 228 t." Vou I us ill thu uthur, a^ iuil taught vy Was to f- I am, ho board, m acquit- lupoHitiuu and my f Canada try I:; i^« luso [ am tJie Grit ien of ob- aistH artt 'or office, ' good. lelf, have to Wash- ing some Lmericau n to the e firitisb d people archy or " on th© ding th» Canada tnericau- ur reach ) mother ponsibl* nworthjr 1 to th& idplayed by northomers whom British capitalists have investetl with authority over others. It is too !>.ul that upon the Northern Raih-oad, owned and sustained by British subjects, only Americans have had a chance of employment under Mr. Guant. He, and others like him, if they come here in good faith, should evince a spirit the op- F8>t« of that which, until very recently, has i)rovailed in the management of the Northern Railroad ; and if they refuse , they must expect criticism and censure. Professing as you do strong British feelings, you should be the last to palliate, still less to de- fend, the e.xcksiveness in which many Americans amongst us indulge. And now, Mr. Buown, let me revert to the question mooted in a previous part of this letter. Why did you and I differ ? Why did we separate ? An article which I sent to the Elora Obser'),^, and which appeared in its columns some time in December, 1859,' partially furnishes an answer. Having found a constitutional agi- tation more awkward tlui: you anticipated, you sought to set asida ttio decision of the Convention, or to thrust upon the party yoi, own version of the compromise entered into. I said in the Observer what I was not allowed to say in the Globe, and thereupon we quarrelled. The editors'.iip of the Hamilton Times enabled me to expose iJie insincerity, the dishonesty, of the movement as control- led by yourself; and those exposures led to the feud which has ita climax hi your disgraceful outburst of this morning. You de- nounced me because, having detected the fraud you were practising upon the oppositionists of Upper Canada, I dared to expose you »nd to invoke upon you tiie scorn you deserved. From then till now, your journal has followed mo with a petty vindictiveness that has known i.o limit. Upon every possible occasion it has assailed me, imputing to me functions with which T ' ^e nothing to do, and trying to injure my professional standing in Canada ; and now 'you sir, concentrate your envenomed hate in a single article, with the hope that by piling lie upon lie you may succeed in crushing me Thank God, I am beyond your power. My livelihood is not de- pendent upon your good will; my future is not contingent upon your patronage. I am, &c., December 11th, 18G1. George Sheppard. !;! i m fi: 1 THE IRRECONCILABLE DIFFERENCE BBTWKEN THE PRINCIPLES or MR. BUCHANAN AND THOSE OF MR. BROWN. LETTER OP MR. BUCHANAN TO THE HON. GEO. BROWN, BHBWINO THB TERMS CPON WHICH HB OFFK.BD TO VOTE FOB HIM AS SPEAKER OF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY ON THE OCCASION OF THE LATTER BEINO NOMINATED TO THAT OFFIC S BV HI8 PARTY. Il il l-i THE IRRECONCILABLE DIFFERENCE BETWKJBN TKB l^RINCIPLES OF MR. BUCHANAN AMD THOSE OF MR. BROWN. Mr. Brown s newspaper, the aiohe, is generally " down" upon .«ome public man whom it wishes to ostracise\ Mr. Buchanan is the person at present in this alarming predicament. The Globe accuses hun of anything and everything the most remote from the truth, such as of being a Republican some years ago, &c &c * In various numbers of the same journal, especially in one in which an article appears, written during the last session, about the time wl ^^t^"^';.^?;*f ^^"* «f ««»fidence in th . present Adminis- trat on, a letter which he wrote previous to the opening of the same Sp akership of he Assembly, promising that gentleman his vote is alluded to, and the charge of inconsistency, endeavoured to be faal^ ened upon Mr. Buchanan, based on the said letter. The Globe inTte eagerness to destroy Mr. Buchanan, pohtically, has even g^Te 'so "a^ Htt e M^t" . ^"'''' ''^^ ™P^^*^"* ^'^'^ I'^P- •' To'shew how ttle Mr. Buchanan values the menace of such an one as the " EdI tor-m-chief " of the said journal, at the Editor's urgent requesfhe are re.err^a to the colu.as of ^Gio^^r.;^:!:^::::^'^ ^^-««* 9. 228 DIKFKRKNCE BETWEEN BUCHANAN AND BROWN. «' S has favored hiir with the letter in question, which goes to show that the only evidence of inconsistency against Mr. Buchanan is, that of trying to the last to think well of Mr. Brown's motives; the writer of it was at length driven to consider him the most unprin- cipled of all politicians, or, in his own words, " not good enou^^h to be bad." ° j I. show that in is, that tives; the st unprin- id enough LETTER OF MR. BUCHANAN TO THE HON. GEO. BROWN, BHBWINO THK TKBMS UPON WHICH HB OKFKUBD TO VOTK Foil HIM AH SPEAKER OF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY, ON THE OCCASION OK THE LATTKIl IIEINO NOMINATED TO THAT OFFICE BY HIS PARTY. Mountain, Hamilton, 1st August, 1863, Saturday Evening. My Dear Sir : ^peaker s chair, I shall have great pleasure in voting for vou I :: IS ''ff ''' -'''-''-'' ^ '^y ^- ^" '^« -^- 1 can, without violating my conscience ; and this is to admit the racter The fact that I cannot go farther on your road would seem to make it a duty to myself, as well .as Jyou, o g^I you f cVn^^^^^^^^^^^^ "^ ^"'"'l'^""* '' P--«- expressions';,^ want iou tlimk that a Political Economy suited for Britain C™H o„„ prospered) ,, cqnally suited for this youns countrv. r c..,„.t " • (J.ough I have tned hard to do ») m/„,e„.al isscn't ti any ;;;'. I ■ ' 230 lilCTTKK TO TIIK HON. GEOROK BROWN. /I position of any approach to Free Trade in a new country. I, in fact, deny that political economy is a science at all ! A science is a system of fixed tacts ; and the facta of Political Economy can only bo cireiimstatices, unless we would legislate with our eyes shut, and without the least reference to the country in which we legislate. I see that the Free Trade Legislation of England was a horrible blunder from 1842 downwards, and I believe the opening of its flood-gates in 1846, would have caused a Revolution in England, from want of employment alone, but for— first— the providential existence of the Mexican War, which gave England back, from America, every sovereign America had drawn, and afterwards (immediately) the providential discoveries of California and Austra- lia as gold fields. But for these sources, we could not have given the world the gold which Peel's open ports secured to foreigners, without their giving the least equivalent. Gold did not exist in the necessary quantity, even although (which must have done) we were willing to give British labour at half nothing for it. And I see that even discoveries of Gold would not make Free Trade tolerable in Canada, circumstanced as she is. We have proof posi- tive of this in the sad experience of Lower Canada, in the past. She followed the advice of England, and did nothing but grow wheat, allowing England to furnish her with her supplies of goods. She got Gold, or its equivalent, just as much as if there were Gold mines at Acton ; and she grew and grew wheat till she could grow no more. The land, like an impoverished animal, became the prey of insects. She had not known that rotation of crops is necessary, and that this cannot bo attained without a home manufacturing and artizan population, to make the farmer a market for his roots, vege- tables, milk, beef, and other things which he cannot export. I see that (let them do their utmost) the Northern States and Canada cannot export enough to pay for the least importations, to which practically, we can reduce our purchases from foreigners ; so in our clrcinnstances, it is practical patriotism to prevent the country becoming spendthrift in the particular of purchasing more than the least quantity of foreign labour. The less money we send away to pf-y for foreign articles, the more we have to expend upon articles of home manufacture, and in local improvements. Now, if I knew LETTER TO THE HON. GEOKOE BROWN. 231 so in that this (the employment of the people) is the only question of any comparative importance in Canada (and 1 have tliis great guarantee for the correctness of my opinion, that no man is more interested than I am in the country taking large importations) what must I think of you as a practical patriot, if you do not see it of any importance at all ? It is clear that either I must have a great contempt for you as a practical man, or for myself ! ! I must suppose that you have done, and will do, incalculable harm m incul- cating " Free Trade" (or large purchases by Canada, of foreign labour) from day to day. I have no doubt you think yourself a patriot, but you are deceiving yourself, just as every day we see men who think they are Christians, but are not so. It is obvious that as a practical patriot, I think you unsound at the core. I deeply regret this. I have neither desire nor ability to be a leader in politics, and I would as soon follow you as any other man. Even in respect to the foregoing m;EAKER's ChAIR. A i.olitical party in Canada, that dares not make tho individi al Avell-being (for which employment is only another word) of the people of Canada the first and most essential thing iu its politics has always seemed to me something monstrous, besides being a contradiction in tern.. The most practical loyalty in Canada is to JaDour that Canadians should have nothing to envy in tho United btates, hut those who would allow the Englisli ]}oards of Trade and the Manchester School of Politicians to dictate to Canada' justify the Canadians in complaining that their liberty is not that of a country whose laws are dictated by its own public opinion, but tliat It ,s a oaro( ui the /?nWwl.«.nVa« ;j/;,^ame. It hr.s evidently boon written m England, a,.d however well meaning, does not go ^ the root of tins vita matter. The writer says : ^' If the Color^s m,h to retamth exiHtmy connection, they mmt he ready to do what IS ^n thevr power to assist their fellows ubjects at hme by >^'yr.ntmy ben>^fitsr The difficulty is, however, that people in the old country and ,n Canada have different notions of the policy on the part of the colony which would confer the greatest amount of reciprocal advantage. It is, unfortunately, a foregone conclu- sion m the minds of people at home, e SKTri.E THE KECII'UOCITY TREATY i>iKEicui;ry. Mr. Buchanan's mind, however, is entirely practical,* and his having prove,.,„... ""',' r-* member, required -0 be Jo«,( .' "■..-»«.,. .„j one of its i ' 287 CGNCLUDING BEIilAKKS BY THE EDITOR. These simply are Mr. Buchanan's views at this moment on this great question. The E(Utor would not presume to add any remark of his own, but in closing he would give expression to a feeling which is very general, viz : that even in case the notice of the abrogation of the Reciprocity Treaty is given, it never wiU be abrogated; the obvious interests of both countries so loudly protest against any thing so suicidal.* A judicious negociator appointed by -each country could easily reconcile differences. Men like Mr. Buchanan and Mr. J. W. Taylor of St. Paul's, Minnesota, who have already shown that they understand the subject thoroughly, and, at the same time, who have the greatest respect for each other's countries, could settle the basis of an arrangement, either at Quebec or Washington, in a single week, if not in a single day. The general prmciple long held by Mr. Buchanan, (with which W3 know Mr. Taylor and other distinguished Americans are delighted), will be found running through all his speeches and writmgs, is contained in page 181, viz : ''That while we in Canada have no wish farther to increase our Customs' duties, and while we look to doing away entirely with those on Tea, Sugar, and all articles which we do not grow or manufa ere, our Provincial policy is not to incur debt for any- thing u can avoid, and we shall never consent to reduce— otherwise than as a matter of riBciPROciTY with the United States— ^Ae duties on articles which we can grow or manufacture." Legislation will be required to eTect the abrogation of the Reciprocity Treaty, and the Americana will probably delay this from time to time : though voluntary and liable at any moment to be upset by either party, the mutual advantages meantime would be just the same. Mr. Buchanan thinks the Op- position in the United States is more t« the bonaage or obligation for ten years than to the terms of the treaty, and even the uoUco may not be given when the Americans reflect that this would put it into the power of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to alter their legislation. ¥ U APPENDIX. 'II 'i r APPENDIX. OF THAT KNrrUK SAT SKr( , ^ ' '"'^ ''"^''' "'"'""''« ^^''•''^'2 KCONOM..ST. WOU.O l.A^'is .U.:Li!r ""'' '''"'" '"" ^'^^'"^'^^ Fbllow-Countrymen ; Intimat.lv i " '" ™"'f''"y ■"■pportcd, aa the present era. IKeir famine," vThe2™t T" "^^ '"'™ '" '"PP"^ *<""'«'>"=» »"d dutyofascertainL T "■"'' ""'" ■"'"'™ "i* «>e great On llbt . l'^ following ilcclaration of oar views ^orM, are ITm wc dt "" M f """"• '" "^"-^ "»«»'' °' *« tions „ nature ata^M,' """" ""^ "■" ■"'"°™' P^^uo- orfor any otL 111 '" ^ " "^ '" **'"«. f-* shelter rials arefoaX aerre/r r"' t""'''™' *ough these mate- " '^'= ''"'™n>' moreover, that little advance- 288 ArncNDix, 1 mont could havo boon raadi in tho nocoasary, uaoful, or orna- nicntftl apj)ropriation of tlto onulc materials of nature, if tlio offorts oflahourliad not boon inado in Hoparato dopartnionts ofinduHtry, or, as it is called by writers on jwlitioal economy, tho division a. d 8ub-»< o;.Kt to be u„.ortrro:^^;tr rs::,::T4s ttK>.r onjoymontfl, tho mombor. of each nation. """'"»^'"« » You w,ll di,cor„ that tho principle „f commerce iurt adverted OMtorH, tl e ,ncorporat,on of it in our law, and in our practice h!^ z ;:,:'„"":■ tr'' t- ■"""^'^"' »"" ■"«'-'»! Ct t n. tia l! I? •^™""»'''>"' "-ough the principle ha, been , par .ally, and hence, .„ „„ju,tly applied, a, toderange and e tro" .t own operation, thereby caumng the minds, evenof many t o'rfX t'dTiiirrrtr: '"'™-' "- '-■" - -'""^^-"S Deeply impressed by the degraded social condition of so manr oen m our own. and al,o in other nations_s„ many human croY and destitution—a olaas of m«n J,o„« k :-j .-. , , . P^^®"J "~ "•" '■=^" muucud, auiiiig the last 11 240 AITKNDIX. sevoutyfivo yoarn, to ,liroct tho power of t\mr mi.Hls to m. i.ivo- ttgation of tho soi(M.co of Social and Political hJconou.y. Koromost of those writcM-s was Dr. A.la.n Sn.ith. The work of this colohratod writer, appearn.o: nndin- the striking a.t.l alluring title of '' T/ie Wealth of Nationsr many persons were induced to read the elab- orate statements, and the in-enioas reasonin^ns contained in it and also to plaoo roliance on those, coinnieroial doctrines which arc' mandy propounded in it. 8i„co tho departure of Adam Smith a number ot other writers have sprung up who have receivea« boon»„ well a,dt .hllvl'i'™'';'™ "'^ «''"'■■'•''' '=""'"'"™. body of writerMh:; «: v5^,r::'r;^ r".-"';"-" ^ «-» •toroughly understood a,„l «et d W ^ ?""' "' " '"''J""' assorted this with «., ,nuo emll , "'"' "'""™°" '"'™ «.e welfare of ^J Zl^' Z^t;^^^:^ '"" "" "'''' •tonces, made, „„d i„ „ther, ahrortedi ,"" "' *""" '"- Principles adva„oea hy this slhllXl'^is:""'"''-'"" "'" "" ficit:;:;:;:^ ,::i:,;: c::r:rT """ ■■" *" "- announce to you that a ZIJ "'"^j'""""'. »"<> we are hound to practised on Z ,! „ fi C» " fT "'""'" ""^ ''"'■' prove, and tho proof shall he S d f 1 1^^ ", T " " ""'" themselves, tliovliavin„h„™ , ., 'oadmg economists «.o true el a„Xl Iht. r r ^ '°T'*' "' ^''""""S "-'' >. "aiuticrs ot the mam hranches of the science of «„„• i Economy ,,„„ „„j t„^„ j.^^^^^^^j 1^^ ^1^^^ sconce of Social i^^oi'mu'^,:: '^'I'^'r ""'• " '■°"™'» f-- «-» wri^ nifes 01 Mr, MCulloch, who, himself hcing a diseinle of ij Smith and acknowledging him as his lei^er and tasl f™ nevertheless, admitted in a passage in the introduly^H 'oft' 242 APPENDIX. The following is the own work, that his master was very deficient, passage : — " However excellent in many respects, still it cannot be denied that here arc errors, and those too of no slight importance, in ^The Wealth of Nations: Dr. Smith does not say that, in prosecuting such branches of industry as are most advantageous to themselves individuals necessarily prosecute such as are, at the same time' mo»« advantageous to the public. His leaning to the system of M. Quesnay— a leaning perceptible in every part of his work- made him so far swerve from the sounder principles of his own sys- tem, as to admit that the preference shown by individuals in favour of particular employments is not always a true test of their public advantageousness. He considered agriculture, though not the only productive employment, as the most productive of any; the home trade as more productive than a direct foreign trade ; and the latter than the carrying trade. It is clear, however, that these distinc- tions are all fundamentally erroneous. * * * Perhaps how ever, the principal defect of ^The Wealth of Nations^ consists in the erroneous doctrines laid down with respect to the invariable value of corn, and the eflFect of fluctuations in wages and profits on prices. These have prevented Dr. Smith from acquiring clear and accurate notions respecting the nature and causes of rent, and the laws whicli govern the rate of profit ; and have, in consequence, vitiated the theoretical conclusions in those parts of his work which treat of the distribution of wealth and the principles of taxation "- Principles of Political Economy, by J. R. M'Culloch If you will examine carefully the foreging extract, you cannot fan to discern how great those deficiencies are which the pupil alleges against the master, for he declares him to have been ignorant of the true character and value, firstly, of home trade ; secondly, of foreign trade ; and, thirdly, of the carrying trade between nations. A pretty extensive category of ignorance this is ; and then in addition, he declares that the master was not able to discover the laws which govern the rate of profit. Now, as all increase of wealth is compre- hended by the term of profit, so, failing to discover and apprehend tlie whole subject of the creation of wealth. The next category of deficiences, admitted by the schoolmen them- APPENDIX. 243 *e™, have .een «t ro:::r*L"Jr:?lr """'"'' for ™cceed,„g .n,„i„. to explore, to discover and to o^^.ai:; lie ji-^p^;*tt:^::^;^-i:-:-^ »dpe e™,,Ada.S.UhC^^^^^^^^ ""•'S:- pJ:;:::!! "'■"'' "* - — - "We have been under the necessity of suspending our progress m the Per-al of 'K. WealA of MtL,,- on'a ccounVof tCC mountable d,fSoult,es, obseurity and embarrassment in whicLthe the his«,-y of one s feeangs on a matter of this kind. Many y'eai. 244 AnT,Niir,T. I- ■■ ft^o, whoi. I first nm\ the ' Woivlth of Natiotw, ' tho wholo of i\w firHt ltk (ippoiinMl to mo m por^,;.icu(>iiH iw it wiw iutoi-wBtiug and n(>w. Some timo uriiMwanlH, wliilo I \\vm{ in K„^1,im,1, I attomptod U) mako an al.straot of SmijUi'h princiixtl roiwonin^H, hut I wa« iinpodcd hy tho do.-trino of tlu< n;tf mcaHin-fl of luiluc, and tho diHtinotion hotwoon nouiinal and roal prico ; tho diHcovory that I d mo to douht wh(^thoi- Stnith undoj-Htood himMolf,^and 1 thoti^^lit 1 Haw that tho pric(^ of hilx.ur WOH tlio samo Hort of thiii;^' as th(> prico of any otlior oominodity ; hut tho discussion was too hard for nu>, and 1 Hod to somotliin/r uioro agrooahU' hooauso more QWiy.''~I\I,nmn*of Franch l[onu>r]vol. \ pane KiJl. " Tliort* hiw ho(>n nothing now vory hitoly in tho lino of Tolitioal Economy, though Ilrougham's work and Malthus's arc a groat deal for ono yoar. An indirect application was made to mo to furnish a sot of norcs for a now edition of ' Smith!' ft Wmlth of N^ntiom: This, of course, 1 declined, l.(>caus(^ I hav(> other things to attend U), even if 1 had been prepart«d for such an undertaking, which certainly 1 am not yet, 1 should !)(> reluctant to e: Smith's errors before his work has operated its lull effect. We owe much at pres(>nt to the supei-stitious worship of Smitli's name, and wo must not impair that feeling till the victory is more complete. There aro few practical errors in the ' Wealth of Nat Iohh,' at least of any great conscipuMice ; and imtil we can giv(^ a correct and precise theory of the nature and origin of wealtli, his popular, and plausil)Io, and loose hypothesis is as good for tho vulgar as any other.'' — /?>/(/, i't»/. i., page 22SK Tho opinions Just f thi. Hhly vauntod nchool. That which tho whole people 3 bn oxhor e,l to adnuro ar.d to adopt, in addmittc-d to bo nothing bettlr t i!w ./:' T J^^-«"''«'-d>'>- hypothesis," but iZ g lo ^olTr tf " 1'""'"' ' '' "^^«^^''^'-"' Fon'ouncedtobJ-';^ good for tho vulvar as any oUior " a 1 more »Hiu ,.,vo»t,gati.m i„ this importa.-t field of acionc. -a fiol.l of „„,,„ry ,„ which the dcaroat inlorct, of y„„r«.lvc a d ' r ^r:;::; -ir '"•"^"""" -"- -^ '-^-^ »-■*« >"*«Hd: m Una addroaa. E„„„gh ,a proaentod i„ it to lead your minda to » hand t„ ?" h' °"° '"'"''■ *" *" "'o™"™. ""J. ™ tho other hand, to U,e derrca8,o„, of the interests of those who have to i,e by the,r labour. Be prepared togive ua effectual support for scetin. before a competent tribuual, a full examination anS .Ji.-.. i4 T- 24C An-KNDIX. N mighty subject. We, on our parts, will bo propnrod to adduce evidence and to submit arKumont, in accordance with the doclarationg contained m this address. This wo solemnly promise you. 7]ut then this ovidenoo, and this argument must be submitted to tnose who alohe can give to them practical inHuenco and effect when they are so established. We muan those statesmen to whom the power of governing the nation is entrusted. It is generally seen and admitted that the goveniing principle and power of our country are, at the present juncture of our national affairs, ma position of lamentable instability, which it could not be The predominating in6uence and power of aristocratic govcnimont havmg prevailed for a lengthened period, are now parsed awoy The aristocratic party have raised the stricture of its government upon the ancient constitutional principles, departed from these prin- ciples, introduced corruption, and is now depr .ed. The predominating influence and power of the middle classes of the nation are acknowledged and accepted at the i-resent time This party haying intvoduce.l, as principles of general social action, the meanest incentives and motives that can animate the human mhid namely the free and full action of unenlightened self intcrest-the unqualified love of wealth and the gratification of this love-the accumulative principle of social action instead of the distributive- their political philosophy being of a character wholly mercantile - .snow impaired and degraded by the conflicting operation of those courses which it sets in motion and stimulates. This power also is m a condition to be rejected. Let us, then, be prepared. You be prepared to give us all necessary support in a temperate, firm, and constitutional manner -at all times remembering that in undertaking to argue, and to' treat of our own nghts and interests, we must necessarily argue and treat also of the rights and interests of others. We, on our parts, will berea,dyto show your rights, both in a manner and in substance not hitherto attempted. Resting our case on its right foundations, and submitting it in the good shipe of calm and dispassionate reason- mg, there will not be wanting to us zealous and honourable advocates lu > APPENDIX. 24T both within the walls of Parliament and without thorn, by who«c aid a^fulland ia.r heanng, followed b,a just Judgement, ;ijfb:enr:d If, then, your judgmonis approve the views and declarationg wo have now submitted to you. it will ho vn..r a * T • "^^'^'^''"O"* support to the cause in evl^s^o wCv "^ fl^ exort(>fl nn,l iv.if 1 ^ T : ' y""*" infl"e"cc may be exerted and lelt, and on every fitting opjmrtunity. Moreover vou must be resolute in demanding that ye bo ho/rd n i ' ^ Signed on belialf of the Delegates, •foHN Seaorave, President. Augustus E. Delaforoe, Secretary, 10, North Square, Portman Place, Co^nittoo Eoo. St Andrew Coffee Houif """'' *"'" '""'■ >il, High Ifolborn, London, 11th April, 1850. 1 {From the American author Mr T w^^^ • ^ , i-uLppc), could not continue long in France It Mt A or a few years a. a reaction; but when thingrwereltorel t peculiarly the adjuncts of hberty ; aa in the provisions of the Code ■ 248 APPKNDIX. tade of other d,»crepa„c,es. The JuH. milim that he had so stT&A T. "' "•"" ™' '"' '™«' •>"' '">= government :„„M soon find tself dnven into strong measure,, or into liberal meaTr m order to sustain itself. Men could no more serve " ^"4 ™;r rtrx'' -^-'^ *» --^-^ -^ '-^ ^rst »„.. .^"■Y^/? 'f'* J^™ ■''''"'' "^'^ ™ «"t ised by the kina and ^^'tll,^ r'fTI'^^'''*^^"^™'' » *« cLber.It Se ir I ™ :? .r'"' " ^"^ *■''» ™^»*' - ^y P'rticu'a^ ZL . ""'"'"'""*»■• »°« ■>« less than the truth, in that p,,- tioular case; but as to a political party's always taldng a middle hken It to a d«reet man's laying down the proposition that four and four make cght, ar.. a fool's crying oat, "Sir" you are wrT. Tor four and four make ten," whereupon the ad^cate for thT^Cl ^m. system would be obliged to say, " Gentlemen, you le to say LaFayette wanted esprit. This was much the cleverest thng the wnter ever heard in the French Chambers, and, generSly he knew few men who said more witty things in a Lat a^d ^p^ tendmg manner than General LaFayette. Indeed, this wrih. has of h,s mind which was little giver to profound r fl" On the night in question, I was in the Tuileries, with a view to see the fireworks. Taking a station a little apart from the oZd years of age. After a short parley, my companion, as usual diately opened a conversation on the state of thing, in Frlnoo He as ed mo ,f I thought they would continue. I t!ld him ; th! I thought two or three years would suffice to bring the present Z^d 1„ 1 '■°''""'° "" ^'"' '» '^"P""'"' *ose who kave wized upon the government smce the last revolution. AU the APPENDIX. 249 and ttp K ..?'? '"'"^^ *" "'^^^""^ *h« P^«««^* order of tWngB. ~rK ^t' '"?'"" ^'^ ^^^^ ^^^^ -» -« - change ^f government m France." ^ arit'!"^1t-'*''^''"* "' '^'^ prediction, which, he said, did not h!d hl"l ""'"""'\°'- "" *™ »""''<''' •« "o ridic* which M been thrown upon ha own idea of "^ Mmarchj, with Bem^ hean /„«„,„«," and asked me what I thought of the syll As m^ answer to this, as well a, to his other questions, willTrvo irom me, a tmveller rendenng an account of what he has seen, I ahaU give you its substance at length. So far from finding anything as absurd as is commonly pretended .n the plan of" a throne surrounded by republican instftuti:ns!"t tvll !""""• ^ t^-^hy, Wovor, a real monarchical government, or one m which the power of the sovereign is to pre- dominate, „ not to be understood, in this instance, but such a eAtedrv/™™Tn'" '"''' ^''^''" England, and formerly existed in Vemce and Genoa under their Doges. In England tZ ZTZl -»nW, rule. tkr^,H the Ung; and I see n'o reaZ en^H. , * '"' " ™"''*""'y "'* " ^"'^ sufficiently broad to m the same manner. In both cases the sovereign would merelv represent an abstraction; the sovereign power woSd be wieldeTin mentary echo to pronounce the sentiment of the legislative 1^1^ whenover a change of men or a charge of moasures'lecame nece:.' eL senw- ""^ "■ "!','• ""'''■ ""■ ' »y"=">' *='•'' -<-"« i^ no tive branches of government; but such is, to-day, and such ha. ng been the aotual condition of.England, and he'r statesmen ar^ fond of saying the " plan works well." Now, although the Z til "-^ "' "" '■" ^^''""' "' " i'-'«*'' excepf for itretXrbT.!,''' ""P '" ''™^«''' ""P'^ ^— *e legt lature i, not established on a sufficiently popular basis, still it works better, on the whole, for the public, than if the system wU ZZX Hi 260 APPiajDIX. imlead of the Parhammt ruhng through the king. In France the facts are npe for the extension of this princinle in LIT! ! y -lutar, manner. li.e French of Z te^gelra^ : P ISes or !■ '/°' '™" ''"'^™''' ^^™S »ore healthful e™ i™' rT' ,™"°"' °" ""' P""' *"» ftomselves. The crTtn" ! f ""°'"' ^'=" ''^ *"" "-e difficulty of eXteofl"" " "' P'""*^ " ^''■™-. notwithstandin/the En land T T""™'' ^"""""^^ V tbe example and wishes of ha« The'trriv f "^"yO-^ted to that object. Still they have the trad,t,ons and prestige of a monarchy. Under such cir whX 'sSceT a'?"' ''' .■»<«=?»-"«. -less liberty is \o be wnoiiy sacuhoed. All experience has shown that a king, who is a restraming such a power hy principle,, is purely chimerical He it wo "d be beltTr r . rr P™""" > "'" 'f «"' ^» ■^e^We' necessity of any cha" " '""'" " ™^ "^ ™» f™-"' «>« rpracticMic. It ,s certainly , MsiUe for the king to maintain . LtTnir';"' T'^' " '""« "' ""^ ""» "'^'■'"'" I.infseTf,Xh wil at bu it: :• '"?" "■' ^■'"'"'« ^ "-'' ■' '» folly .0 'ascribe Z Tbev r emM th f ® ' ""l;"*' *" ™"'' " """^ "' mercenaries, -ne, resemble the famous mandamus counsellors, who had so sreat an agency ,„ precipitating our own revolution, and are more if elv ^achieve a similar disservice to their ma.te; than a yZg ete^ Codd they become really independent, to a point to render Lm a mMCuhne feature in the slate, they would soon, by their com "=^ bons, become too strong for the other branches o( tfie goveZc^r ™i;s t:": ■" !■*"'•""' ^'^^^ "-« havf-rZe TION THAT !v rp'^r"""'""'" ™'^ POPULAR NO- HON THAT AN ARISTOCUACY IS NECESSARY TO A APPENDIX. 261 favour.icTo'ini K /' ,"" '"'''^"''O" "^ 'he sovereign', age, I.avr„f„'e iZ I """^"'"-'^ aristocracies, like the p!er- .i;oe„o'r;oroL;irt:itrs:: '"^ ™t?- run mtK> the delusion of believin„ ;t llK ! ' . - ' ^ """' ^'^ "P' *» although his mantia is to fel „ ' he ^ ^ ^f?" "' »' P""^'' probable the popular error i„ m\ "' ^ """'' '' ™'''' *»' crats in effecthrtheirTecri ''\<'"l^'"=^>y «« aid the aristo- the nation ,» the%L:L:e^:f;ra trih- '■''■^^^r™^'' under the supposition that the elelLtsTf' „ ^ " 'f ' '""""""' ooulOe^^und in .ranee, a ^Z 12:^^1^;^ WHAT IS THERE TO PR w™ ^."^^ INSTITUTIONS, in France su'ch anTffil ! 'i"'-7™<'ti"ablo, therefore, to establish conditions ari vTt o - '^""f "™J' =« «-« meet the latter sarv inop* ^ """■■""" *" ""■™'^' "« the machinery neces- S'^xiTtrrne^rrrrr^'^r^^^"™''"^^^^^^^ in France ? Bv subXfe ' ?b ° ' ""'' "''-^ "'^'^ '' <■» ""»■<' for the borough'^slste^^Tl:'^": ^ ""^ '°'"*'^'' "°-'"™«y. be completely fuSed Thetf '^''. ^''^'^'"'' ""''^ likely to demo J a e that I f "" "■ ^°«'''"''' "'"'f' « ^Fayette the Francerwe iVFreni^^^^^^^^^ ™* ^ 6^- "o Jronchman, and had I a voice in the matter. I I 252 APPENDIX. give It to you on the principle already avowed, or as a traveUer furnishing his notions of the thmgs he haa seen, and because it may aid m giving you a better insight into my views of the state of thi country. [a monarchy surrounded by republican institutions.] I would establish a monarchy, and Henry V. should be the Tv .*.. .'"'"'^'^ ''^''* ^'"^ ^^ ^^^'^^^ ^f his youth, which will aamit ot his being educated in the notions necessary to his duty • and on a^jcount of his birth, which would strengthen his nominal government, and, by necessary connexion, the actual government ; tor 1 behove that, in their hearts, and notwithstanding their profes- sions to the contrary, nearly half of France would greatly prefer the legitimate line of their ancient kings to the actual dynasty. This point settled, I would extend the suffrage as much as facts would justify ; certainly so as to include a million or a million and a half of electors All idea of the representation of property would be relinquashed, as the most corrupt, narrow, and vicious form of poUty tut has ever been devised, invariably tending to array one portion of the commumty against another, and endangering the very property It IS supposed to protect. A moderate property gualijication might be adopted m connexion with that of intelligence. The present acneme :n France unites, in my view of the case, precisely the two worst features of admission to the suffrage that could be devised. Ihe qualification of an elector is a given amount of direct contribu- tion. Ihis qualification is so high as to amount to representation and France is already so taxed as to make a diminution of the' burdens one of the first objects at which a good government would aim ; it follows that, as the ends of liberty are attained, its founda- tions would be narrowed, and the representation of property would be more and more insured. A simple property qualification would, therefore, I thmk, be a better scheme than the present. Each department should send an allotted number of deputies, the polls bemg distributed on the American plan. Respecting the term ot service there might arise various considerations ; but it should not exceed five years, and I would prefer three. The present house of peers should be converted into a senate, its members to sit ag APPENDIX. 268. J? ranee. This united action would control «11 +!,;« ^"/represent present executive. The proiect of Tfr W^iii; ^^ P ^^®**'^ hab,to and opmions, while we have neither. There i, "^°'^'^ zrr' ""™ "'■^^™«^ *""'^ »»: reject hiitrt:- aient for namme; a m nistrv a^i fh^ro ;. e "'"ipie expe- herself more powerful in the end. ^ ' ^'''^' ^'"^'^^ The capital mistake made in 1830 was tlmf nP «.i i,i- , • «.«.. before establishing the .^„«:;;^r4tr^^^^^ of trustmg to institutions. ^ ' ^^^^^^^ I do not tell you that LaFayette assented to all that I said F. had reason for the hnpracticabilitv .f setHn., .IT J ^ mterests which would be active in dl° . ' ^'''°""^ involved det^lsandaknoj:^;" "'"« ''''' ' ^^^--' '^^' ot nJiaracter to w iiicu I had uo thins 254 APPENDIX. u ■ to saj; and as respects the Due do Bordeaux, he affirmed that the r ign of the Bourbons was over in France. The country was tired ot them. It mf.y appear presumptuous in a foreigner to give an opmion agamst such high authority; but, " what can we reason but from wha we know ? " and truth compels me to say, I cannot subscnetoth,sopinion. My own observation, imperfect though be, has led to a different conclusion. I believe there are thousands even among those who throng the Tuileries, who would hasten to throw off the mask at the first serious misfortune that should befall the present dynasty, and who would range themselves on the side of what is called legitimacy. In respect to parties, I think the republicans the boldest, in possession of the most talents compared to numbers, and the least numerous ; the friends of the king Cactive and passive) the least decided, and the least connected by principle though strongly connected by a desire to prosecute their temporal interests, and more numerous than the republicans ; the Carliste, or HmnqmnquiBts, the most numerous, and the most generally but Zlt^tr'^''''^ ^^ *^' '*''"' population, particularly in the west LaFayette frankly admitted, what all now seem disposed to admit, that it was a fault not to have made sure of the inntitutions before the king was put upon the throne. He affirmed, however 1 was much easier to assert the wisdom of taking this precaution than to have adopted it in fact The world, I believe, is in error about most of the political events that succeeded the three days. III. Extract from Mr. Buchanan^ s Pamphlet,-^^ Britain the Country versus Britain the Empire^' or " Tfie sacrifice of Britain the Empire no real benefit to Britain the Country/." "■^T,! 1!* ^^"''"''^ '""'*'''''' '^'^'^^^ "^ 8LAVERV ,N THK SOUTH. AND BY TH« " The statesmen of the South," says Mr. Ormsby in his work « have for years prided themselves on possessing the principal exports of the country. The production of immense quantities of cotton is cer- tainly creditable to our Southern neighbours ; but its shipment to Europe is a disgrace and shame to America. The eottou crop of APPENDIX 255 .0 be r.J.^.Jl''ZT;iZTTT '" "'^™' of folly for whJph «i,/- ^ T ' *® ^°"*^^ commits an act reap : li^ /etrd "°' ^ *' »" -"■ -"» or latc, material has f ; rl ti'edElr^ T'T °' "'^' ™- enemy, and ^^er^ rno:.:::t^^t.Zt^.^:jtr 'f. '""'^ destruction. The ruin of th. J 1- -P^ overthrow and i- ever beenlsi Zr a brEngllTL't"™ °' ""^ '™"'' comins Southern ™™„.f.- ^™'' «' "«= '"re means of over- ean to proBt prod^e h. . -' " """' "^ ''"'' ''"'• *^ rion, ; Ld brin" !h ' Z^^\ '"'' ""'°" ™ ""^ ^a^'em posses- and e^plo'len 'shol r ? . f '""«' '' ''" constant study Blaveryf shriy noUn ob^ ' ""' ".f '^ "''^'°^» "S"™' Southern atantly, and already produces ,».' r !•" """"« *"■ *"» <=™- proportion (about a CthTof h! '' '''""' * '"''P^""'" England will ever remald. . . '" ''°"<'" ™P"'^*- That raw material ZZZ imnTt °" *' ''""^'' ^"^'^^ '^ » The p^duoe of llZLrCZlZ Zs^T'"' '^^^"'• how long will it be before it sh.IIU ^°''"'"'" ""P '' »»<• Will it be five or ten or t . ' eontrolling power over it ? was it that tb ott^ '„:: 7,2 IZ '17 *'^ ' "" '""g »So Indian crop ? And whZ he denld ftr f """'' '"^ P^"™' much decreased as to gradaallv TeT . ™" °''"'"' '» " South to help herself' s\. T, T. ! '" P'-'"''"='i™, how is the . home marCtthavin! he rl '".'■'','" '^'« *-„courage • Wl'i^h has been considerablThi^^Z^d since th.- ' ^ American Rebellion. ^® ^^^ commeucement of the 266 APPENDIX. i the supply of the raw material in her own hands. The golden oppor- tunity for putting the cotton interest beyond the reach of fortune is passing by. England has had no raw material until within a short period. Had our land been supplied with manufacturing establishments, and the raw material kept at home, and here manu- factured, the supply of cottons for the whole worid would have been in our hands, and no power on earth could take it from us. Under a liberal system, ere this time, our manufactures would have been as extensive as those of England. Neither China, the Indies, nor any nation or people on the globe, would prefer to be supplied by England m preference to America. But the South set out in 1828 with the idea that England was the only purchaser for the bulk of her crop that earth would ever produce, and thought her interest consisted in securing a constant sale of her cotton in that market. And that stupid idea has been smce hugged with John- Bull-like pertinacity. The Southern planters have made a gross mistake. They have turned with utter forgetfulness and indiflFer- ence from their poverty-sticking, pains-taking, industrious and mgenious brothers, whom a hard destiny has cast upon the sterile rocks of New England. Those rich and lordly planters have passed us by until idleness has fiUed our heads with mischief which wholesome employment would have averted. B.A D THE COTKm CROP OF THE SOUTH BEEN ANNUALLY WORKED UP IN NORTHERN MILLS, THE SIN OF SLAVERY WOULD NEVER HAVE BEEN DREAMED OF AND THE UN^ON WOULD HAVE BEEN BOUND IN BONDS THAT ALL THE NATIONS OF EARTH COULD NOT SUNDER." " I have, of course," says Mr. Buchanan in his late pamphlet, "no sympathy with this writer's views on Slavery. At the same time I have always seen and admitted that the n)ean3 used by the Abolitionists have been the most injudicious that could possibly be conceived. And the step which I would take, or encourage the Planters to take, in manumitting the Slaves of the United States, will be seen by my speech below, which is the substance of some notes made by me when in the Southern States about ten years ago. I have been induced to give the jippendix. 25r Canada, and her anxTe^J t „ If U ^ " "'° "»'"■■"" ™» - •f American Slavery. P^-'-^f-Hy solved the great proWem mEBRATION OF THE ANWVERSARY OF TH. EMANCIPATION, 1859. ^a/harreLyt'ioTtaS'"' T™' °*"'°'' P™P'« »r six hundred of the„,Zro„lt •" """""' '» ^'^'' »"»'= 6™ There i, a featival "7! L ''"^'"S *''»-'™- Coloarod people fron, St Ca'atr 2/^' ^ ""' ^=' «f Aug.„t and numerous other plaees wT'« T'"' ^"""f"--''' ^"'■»"'«. of all their celebratior«fr„ne h M . f''"' """W- It differed little from oth rs i„ i I ^ "'^''^■ «ion was formed, and, after nnm.? "» """Mnmeement. A proee.- dents, three cheers .^eTLZ'Zf'V"'' ^"-"""S ^"'^ -- "■<»';) those who comp«^dTt It I 1T '""'"' ^"^ *^ '^-^ •o hear a sermon preaeTed 1^ R m"!!, "^ ^''™' ^hurek this was over, the more u„ IZ* „f !;• "- Geddes. B„t afl^r Isaac Buchanan, Esq M P ^ I '^™'""''"='" "™°'enced. eoloured people of Hamilton and'ttetf""! '^ "'"""™ *» ""e koMay i„ his grounds of 01"™!^?^™'' '" "'™' ""^ "'"»»' who could not afford this luxury r. I "''"''' '" "'""• T""* weather was not so warm ^ J^lf ' """"^ ^aily afoot. He jet the glorious August sun shol „ , "^f ™P''««»n«. while shall not pause to tell of Te 10! ? f "^ 'P'™""'- W. hnes to a description of th gr IV!"" ' """ '»-' "evote a few unwonted visitors reached them ^ "'^^'''^^ """^ 'heir ' '^"^ ''^'''^S ^^ to be carried on. B 258 AITKNUIX. J 1 I iii Close beside it is the orchard, and on the grass here, under the grate- ful shade of the well grown apple trees, the dinner was prepared. Twenty snow-white cloths were spread under as many leafy fruit trees, and twenty plates and glasses lay upon each, in orderly disi* order. Each tree was numhored, and to each party of twenty a steward from among themselves was appointed. When the hour of three had arrived, the invited guests took their seats under the foliage, and the stewards uncovered four long tables, close at hand, which fairly groaned under the weight of roast beef and fowls, and pies and pastry of all kinds. Boxes of oranges and huge barreb of lemonade were there too. In fact, all the preparations made could not have been better had the most esteemed of Mr. Buchj^ nan's private friends been visiting him that day. The coup d'oeil was really magnificent. If- variety be charming, then, indeed, did the party present a delightful spectacle ! There were a few dozen white persons, lookers on. The Hon. Adam Ferrie, the Rev. David Inglis, Mr. Scoble, and others, were there. Mr. and Mrs. Buchanan, their family and household, were present. Then there were people of every shade of colour, from the light cream to the ftbouy black. Men and women were present in about equal proportion. Boys and girls, aye, even infants were there in numbers. And then the dresses ! One party of gentlemen, yclept the " Sons of Uriah," were dressed in black robes, white pants, and three-cornered cocked hats surmounted by black and red feathers. Their leader had scarlet pants with a gold stripe, and a cap which resembled very closely those of the Royal Sove- reigns of the Orange fraternity. Another of their officials had a huge axe, symbolical, we suppose, of the destiny of the slave- holder. Then the ladies ! Their costumes were miracles ! The colors they seemed to admire were bright as the sky above or the flowers around. Nor are we sure they were wrong. It may suit Europeans, whose skies are usually overcast, to wear dun or rus- set, or umber, or gray. Perhaps, under our warmer sun, we- should wear more blue, or scarlet, or green. Our birds do. So do the prairie flowers. However that may be, certain it is that our coloured lady friends displayed, yesterday, the most eff"ulgent robes, the most splendid silks and satins, that can be seen in & day's shopping. APPENDIX. 259 • whjc,. «.o, have ™st"pl«: i„Toi,t. "™^"'«» •>» «■»' •'™' del^Iir "tir,:'/"" "•■* f"-T''» pic-mo parsed „«■ be drawn. '^ " '''^™' P''^'"'"' ""d I'r«fitable, might mot"d T'L*:, '™"" "''?«'"■• ^^ ''"«<> a«« lien of apprenticeship wastilSTnilZ T"':-''-. ^ "'^ y'^"^' ■"-ing to the exertioL of iTSit ' '^"' ' '""'^^ P^*"' »^ -r. i50v„fc, ,„» ;>r««i4 with m to (fay, 360 APPENDIX. i' 1 ! • • 1 t 1 k and Mr. Sturgo, oven that was curtailed, and the absolute freedom e,„a.c,pat,o„. (Iloar.hoar.) Now, it ,.ad bco„ .aM h t c „ od people «rc u„g,-atcf„U„,l cowrdl^. II„ denied both" . . M^xTT'T '*"'"''•■""• " ' 'he field of Magenta, had b ct «.ved hy MeMahon's division, the bravest men in «Weh wer. A ne.,. And if the Emperor, with his n- _ ^Lael" ; ,hl H attack Brjtan, hor Majesty „„„,d find she had 80,00 Sd^l" Can|rfa wl,o,n she know not of-he meant the Mack faees Ih wonld now nrge npon all that edneation was what they needed ^ra,selhems.^-es,nto„h,gh soeial position, and hnall/thanked Mr. and Mr,. Bnehanan for the kindness they had shown in invi' me he coloured people to their grounils. This w,u, the happiest day they had ever spent. (Hear, hear.) The Hon. Adam Kerrie, M.L.C, conid not help risina to »a» that he ha v.sited the West Indies and lived some time i:jl^I a.,d had always found the coloured people a warm hearted and . i!,'riiteful race. (Hear.) Mr. Brown (coloured) reminded the audience that Dan. O'Con- nell had been one of the advocates of Emancipation, and that John C. Calhoun,_ „. the United States Senate, had said the British were emancpatmg those who would turn against them Thii. had not^proved true. There were no more loyal subjects than th, coloured population. lie then urged upon the company the neces- sity of education. They might not be able themselves to rise t« eminence in society, but they had it in their power to place their children at that height to which they could never rise themselves Mr. Buchanan then introduced to the audience, at their earnest request, Mr. Scoble,* late of England, now residing here. Mr Scoble said he believed he was the only Englishman in Canada of the old band who had fought the battle of aboliiion in England The »/ • The present member for West Elgin. r I »/ AI'PKNOIX. 261 .tre..:;-;::: w,„w;Mt"""' """.'""■"'-'• ^■'".«''«-"- W improve tl,e,. cond^ "b^ t; C^i''" 'T, ™ -""'"'^ others were the leaders of the Zl^l , ?''« "f','""'"''' """ jea™, the ,l.„,„« „„ fou„r „ Tru ,,, h ■ T', '"''''''"°« ''"^ U.ej' would allow of „„ amelioratl T, ' "" '''""" """ i« 1831, when the refb,wl P ™'«.iuenee was that Eugla„d'™,e,l t* r te t "' Tr'",' ,v ' "''"'' "™'"° "'' price agreed to he paid t^ I't U J j!^*^^ ™- protest, as, if due at all, it was due to Ij"^ ,"""' "'"''"• W then f„u,„l it uecessary to io t" ftf wt " f , ^'?"'"'"'"'- O'lleeted sueh evidence t„ f„ ., ''"'"•'''' "'"='■" "'o/ together again and I awa^ wTh" t r": '" °f 'k'" °" '"""'' yea,, before the ti,„e first ilLl f'^ I "^ '^^'^^ '"" h>. had laboured in the »n I '*°"""'- . ("""'■•) Su.oo that time to impress „ t IdHf Ti ™™"'"-"^. »»'' ''o -v wished There ..ore still 3 007000 , Z"""- "•'" ^'-■' '" ^" ''""o. ohere slTcth, ''""™' ™ '"'"'S """l" "1™-''' cvery- "uurt. suico the emancipat on of her slai-™ l,„ p •. • „ ^™ had set free her ,3li0 0011 • n° V Britain, France "00,000; Sweden al thte'in ^0^' " """,'T ™'"*^' '- «oently, while in Eurori Tr i ?"'""' "'"' ''" ^"^ 'o"™'' ins to s'e't free tLe t^^^l V (E tJ'Tf ""^ "'"P"'- il h li* 262 APPENDIX. t th It 77 '""" ""■ '"''""' "f *° Emancipation Society to the Bey of Turns, rcquestmg him to abolish slarenr in his don-' nions, to which he has responded, nobly, by so do^n^ T„ L letter written by the Bey in repl^ were' these noble word " 'l have emancpated every slave in my dominions for the" 1 L of God, a«rfto dut,ng„M man from tl.e b-ute creatim." \SX « t:ii T "' "■" '^"' ^"' ^^ "» " » -«™°' «i^ sWd rrrt T ^^^'^ "^'«'" '" '■^ '°J™«™ *at they should attend to the education of their chUdren. After some e^^uent remarks on the all-importance of this subject, he Xd *em tojom h,m m g,™g three cheers for Mr. Bucha^n whose knAess had procured for them a day of unalloyed pleasure. oneTfor J.r T\ ^''"^^^ fT ""'' '""'""''' ''^"'^''^ deafening ones lor Mrs. Buchi.nan, and three for Mr. Scoble Dr A'„d „ '"'™*"' "''t"'"'' '"^ '''"^^'"'"" -^"■"l'» -"• tie part Dr. Andrew Thomson had taken in leading tne Emancioation worker m the emancipation of tho slaves in the West Indies, but he remembered that he was living i„ a far of!' Scotch village a the 2'u 'T ^'°?"P^«» '!»)'. flags had been hung out and spoeehes made, as eloquent, and enthusiastic as those thich S been hstened to this day. (Hear.) Mr. Solomon Hale (r.'oured) said he had passed the hotter part «f h,s 42 years in sl^.ery, and thanked his God that here, on £ lish soil, he stood a free man. (Hoar.) , on an- Mr. Broadwater (coloured) told the bist»ry of a good many cha- a z ss i;tiit""^ "' *^-" '-^- - Isaac Buchanan, Esq., M.P.P.,-the host-said : At the com- n^cncement of your proceedings I avoided expres,,i„g myselfTn he position of slavery from knowing that my views a^e, or ml^ appear, no entirely akin to those of ,ome or perhaps .all tiret jcnt gentlemen who were to a^ldress you. Now, however, at 2 dose of the day, after free expression has been g von to th us«. APPENDIX. 263 popular sentiments on slavery, I feel it a duty on my part to say a tew words. No man can go further than me in the warmth of Ms sentiments on the snhject (for there ought to be no question about Jt m any mmd) of slavery, or can admire more the well known Jmes ot my countryman : — "Thy spirit, Independence! let me share. Lord of the lion lieart and eagle eye. Thy steps I'll follow with my bosom bare, Nor heed the storm that scowls along the sky." Peven go to the length of denying that patriotism, or the saving IrllT' ",' 'f "'f ^ '*'°"« '^^^^'^ ^'' '^' ^-^ricans not txert^ng themselves to solve the problem of how to rid their coun- ^L f 17 ' ^" "^''' ''''^ '^' ^^^^^ '^y'^^S «f another dis- tinguished Scotchman, Fletcher, of Saltoun • . a1 wr^'^f ^''' ^t ^^f '" ''''' '"■' '"'"''''^^ *"^ ^' ^o^^d not do a Ome thing to save /ten" ,»t^f"' ^^^^"'»™' Pr»»'i of our freedom, and proud of our ha™« Bet free those of the African race which woL found on Briti* nwToTI ""' f '.'r' '""" ™ America received the inhe- ntance of slavery. And the Abolitionist, of the North should he wa™ed of the fact that nothing but harm to the slave ha. "ye grown from fte,r ,U-j„dged, however well-meant, efforts. M« ^jud,c.,usly . not „«t eruelly the abolitionists- sole tactics hTe been to remmd the planters of the Sonth that their slaves bel ^ e^d :rthr" " """''"' "■"■ *» ^'^ muu^'z possessed of the.r own principle of right, viz., MIGHT. Like Locke ofold they have held this.Ianguage'- 'nght „Un U mn,to break hi> chains on the h.ad ofU, oppressor We of course cannot but object to the prinoiph of slavery and so would the great majority of the planters of tl^ South Sut they, as well as many others, do not see it a matter of such nrer. mg .mportanoe at the present moment, or until some IS amehorafon of whit, labonr in Europe i attained, C^LZ^Til 264 APPENDIX. |i 1 ■ . f •, ■uidcr wWch n,e American TC «««:proo.ment evils, tries woul,] „i,|, totHli ,? '"""■>',P'';'''n*^»Pi»' « both co™,. "."mble opinion, oflh" „!k J f c Southern States of North A " "-"r""'""' '«'''''"•■ I "sited circu^tances of ale ef„„trL: r^V™- """ '" "«' f«™l^ "» 3afe„ gee ,„, ^6;^ ^ t^, ':'Z° '' ^'""^ °^" ""■' «MVKS. As Englishmen we are „tX\"! ^"T™ "'' ™« against ^iavery «hich would in l! ^ '"^ """^ "» ''» n""!' Northern States, althou!h ^ f.^T/'r "'"'""""'"» "' «"> forget that the SuthI State .a„!7 ',' f ' """ »"= ^'""M "»' tion " of Slavery. lUs hn ' " * "' ''"'' ""'"• " I™«'»- point out the g,^at b Zl TrTlT"'' """ ^ ™"''' '">'' States to be, that ha tL^'J?" ,:'°'"°";* "' «"' Northern hands, and made a eompaetwiftl ^ "' °"' ''s'^i'-"'"-"'. "taken agreeing ,o slavery bX a 1! 7- T'"'°'' "'"' a^er solemnly legislatures of the'sbZ ,S Z °,'° 1^" ^"°8^"- *» *» most unconstitutionally a^^weU !,' \ '"'\ '"' "''"'?'"='> »". -to the South, thus Ltyir a" ilt t,rf iv"™'' «"''™* proposed by them, all the whCt I Lt .1 '""^ " disunioniste. Instead nf «...] ' '^^^'^ unionists and ta the abolition! tir^tl ^tth' IT''' f .""'^ """'■'" ™« «I»" Northern States to -i e nofe L „ f ^ '"""^t"™ of the consider they have made a „1 . "'"" ®"""» ">«' they I»™ittingtl,eslaverrsllai„l"::j '""^ ^'^ «'« South, in United Slates, and ;K]« ,K , " f """' '-'"""itution of the convention an iml*.,ita M ''"™-''°''«"« States will hold , Northern States «ill v" uhet TV^ " "» "^^^K'," th^ abolitionists mighT hen I r , °' """'' " ""»'"^»'»'^- Th.. infiuenee on thf pub i "; iiit^,: r: • '""l '°"'!' """ '^ '"- Hon of slavery throu.* the «1 1 ,' ■" '""" ""'''•^ "■'■ «■ -.bacicn.i-o?;r'j;t;'r^^:-;::- :>r APPENDIX. thJItV'" f""""™"^ (i' »PP«a" to me) should do is, to riv,. SIIm 5 "°r """ *'""''°" "f "'■^' *e South, eft ,0 De eaucated for freedom "-each being free at the ac^e of iortv or earher if bom ifto,. 18«a „ i i • ., . " ^"^^^ty> the burden of r ^^,^^/"d being then in .. position to take wie Durden of the aged and infirm, and of tlie vounir at thr .v. n juhlee of freedom. Any better meas. e than' ,7ealot be^^^^^^^^ b"o 7!r7"'"'"'^"'*'^"^ '''' --* ^-"bi« flow of hum ; blood with then a possible failure ; and indeed many practTcl Wropists hold that . more sudden emancipation "^-oddo »oo.. ado„W M ' ' P'"" "' """""^ipation is not very " th™'!:t ." S; u'""'' ""': '"""^^ '""^ P'"™ "' «' "'^^c« to discuss the re-or-anization of the slave trado Frtion of the lo,9 All 1 it "'■"' '° ''"'"■ -•"^i-- P^"" . l«a« to Miwi, hte e" .I'T ™' 'TT'"""'' ■"™'- «»d there see„,s „e ™od « n' H, ° " "'" " ■'■™'"* '• popuhtic, of the IT„rie° «, , ''■■™'"" """= "'^y ">e v-hole me benefit V dd ht „ U : ? 1'"'!^ °°' "''"'"'^ '"''"■ "'« '»'■•<'«.• 266 AVVKNDJX. I a sum M would probably set them clear of peouniarv diffl., l, :*''• -d P"' *em b the best fosltjLZ7ZLm7lZ new arranffempnf Ti,^ ^ vr i , , uupeiuiiy on the hundred dS ar, for 2X ^y *™''' '^^ *" Shveholders a ■ would in tt a~rltl'^T' ~"™' ""■ ^M-which to the sum ortr:;fci :Td:;r"' tii^'-T " portiou to its pop" at '^.'^^^ «"= '-"»■■»»' i- Pro- «.incipieri;t:;c^;:^^^^^^^^^ .e excha„p„g „f commodities, exteudiug only to ZZ^JZ v/i>i].j[ A5 WJ1.LL AS METAL MONEY* fru ' ""■ ""> Refugee, currency U^, fr„„ bei Jt 't,v( t" ""'^ °"'' ?''"*"' '«»orant ^fes, which, /„. a, ,il 2T^ r ""' "'^''^^^^ »■»■»»■ Monetary System. ^"*' P™''™" "o-ej- under riatever indeed the whole obieet of « • „. ^mediate object of calC t e !« ". '™'™ <'"'^"»'' ""> more Parhament, and the Pro fee '„ 2"';" ° "' *'°'^"'"'™'. 'tc' opened to the fact tUilmwmi n/'' P''"?'''''' o/- THE QUESTION op i aLv^t„ ^''^ ^^ MONEY Ami. ONE QUESTION OR pr,"™ ^"E IN RJJality BUT THE ONE iBEIJ^^a TOE soSor*' SOLUTION OF Ia». at she™, the d p^deL.of "'' ''^ ™^^ 0™ER «"P%»«,^ and permanent PC ,el '"""'"'" ^'"^ P-^^'a' ««««3, i?,/„„„ „,. ,1^ ^,i^^r^' 0" <""■ getting a lt„„tu. "•"■unpatriotic lo„Wo, 1?!^:!ir'"''-:''°'' '" '"™''«<' i" ^ J AITFNDIX. 269 f A ^fl^zyff. Bj our present theory of monev in n , ^ represent adc the mtemal transactions of tie countrv or iJLTu taons, ./ W,u.A ae circulation is ,Ke ,nere cvidenee. I ^12" currency, hke the air wo breathe, should be a thing e,L ore.™! or cmm..aa; m'«....,, tha^ would be our independence If Z in sustaining our phydcal life. ^naependence of the air 270 APPENDIX. THE INTERFERENCE WITH OUR MECHANICS OP PENITENTIARY LABOUR el*:: rri- es.7Sf f-r r -™^" - that 80 great a cubo to o,,r!l! i ^""''""'""•y '"'«", believing turc the felon ,a,„„r ean be t™ , V .d, fo"" T "'"* ™""*'"- which it will only competo .iti, ^ t',,!" "*°7' ";™"'*» most practical loyalty n « (\. , i" • ° ' ''" '"""'■ »' *e Canadian, ^..i.^Z^-^'^tt::'"^ 'a °" •'° """ "" •"•"™' .iMe, to .-ecurc for the hbour ^rV 1 ^f"""™- ""''. if po»- those enjoyed by tL%l^eZ:I m":"- '"'™"'"«"^ '"?-'"<» One snpi^oHty^of Ca^Z S cro:rr„*S ■ ff ^^T ' from slavery ; and before very lono- 1 ,„JV' i ."' ^"'""°" the other proud boast, that the labotr „f ,c, M T -^"'"^ "'*• liable to bo reduced tu tbo p' " , "'""'""'^ "" '°n««f to the standard of faveV J3^T !"„ T''^ ""."'"l' ""^™'^ "-^ the last Jotting in Posterinf „ " °"'^ '■*'' ""^ '■'«"'«'■ •» *at »/«. (h-o^v^rsisrSisi: '"' ''• *»■'"« r^^^- ^^"' ™ "»»« ^ the has for an immense lenfroS^ '■''''*='°"- ^k" ««» ™te party, not f™„ any Zpatt w « tT ""'' '" ">" Democratic because they were oppoCI bXeTt v*! T' r*""'"' ""' deny the Roman CathLs e^a, l^: .:Z:^iZ^ Z^ APPENDIX. 271 rics OP ittempt te I believing ded in the manufac- 3 iron,) in st, as the 5 prevent t^7 if poa- perior to i States, freedom 'ing also 10 longer ore tharn eader to shewing sar) the become^ le main md for I have iblican ngthe to the ^Jthe n vote cratic iy but as to lound md palnohc the.r v.ewa on Iho ,nM .^uestim of national industry- U.e absence „|,ich at home had been seen to be the eursTof Ire and, and the cause of hor people's expatriation. And the question of labour has been sacrificed by church ques- hons m the Bntish Empire also. I„,,ecd, the bane^of the Brits, Empire ,s th.s lamentable fact, that, though in Snm tlc^at people's quest™ is the first question of our pohtics ,•„ til!?-, not so. Of the Members of the English hC"' Cofom": thuMs ave from Counties or constitueneies »;,ere the ClZhaZ hon.s the /..(question at the hustings, and where the que i„ "f at all on the elections. THR PEOPLE'S OUPSTrnxr 7. . xr THEREFORE, NEVER AS A MATTm OF fSe m«' CtrS8SED, EXCEPT IN APPEAlUNCriN ENGLAND for nothing is seriously discussed in Pn,.l,-a,v,l ^ vruAixu, which affecl the Hustings. 'ZtZ^^lTT """"" it was prior to ,84.1, the'church part^: ZfZ ^^ 7Z party ha.u,g thought only of their own self-interests, l*,t & « » «ece„ar/; to hep off „al,„„k among tU pm.ulLthZ entirely lost the confidence of the masses in P„„l/i t , . Scotland. This fact formed, in mTrH: .t^'^^t^ fore,^ party ,n England, or Manchester schooC ,„° propose Id mtroduee ,dea. the very contrary to those held b; this deserveSv hated because selfish, ch™, who were plainly t^ld tha? thTn„ T question would be the question of the ChLh, if ^ey ^ ^ Me go«l care to popularize themselves indMdualy. The ,t elltt SUPPOSED TO THINK ONLY OF THEMSPr vp« a mS ALWAYS TO BE AGAINST THE PEOPLE THE LARonS QUESTION, IN THIS WAY, WAS SACEIFIC^n to ™S CHURCH QUESTION, AND IN ENGLAND MUST «n REMAIN WHILE THE CHURCH OUFSTTOW !^n l ®*^ THE QUESTION OF THE PEOPLE'S IZ A vmJI™°^ THE FIRST QUESTION IN Ssh PO mo^™'™ OTHER WORDS, UNTIL CHURCHISM AND SoTisM 272 AITKNDIX. 'N BECOME, AS IN THE OLDEN TmE, CONVEBTIBLH i.ave m. I ,1 the ciri,ta,STf 1 , ."' ""T'" """ " "■'«'" FIDE IitEE 'I'UADFfvTrrrn £","'' ' '""• '^VEN BONA FOR THE EMPIBE Dn~rp?y™ "^^J^ SUITED STANCES AND INTERESTS A^n'lf,,'^''^ ™ ^IRCUM- OBVIOCS PROVIDENCES 'itn..'™ ^^ ™1= MOST OBTAINING OP OUR HECr'pRnn™ ™''''" IS THR THE UNITED STATES THE m^^L™''^''^ ™H EMPIRE WOULD HAVE BEEN ml,','r"°'^ ^^ ™E FREE TRADE BFING IN pffT ,^.^"™CED ERE NOW, CIPLE TO THAT OF EMPirf^' V f •^T''*^''^ ™N-' mting every dirty ci,iM off ti.e street Z\ w'°'''k '"^'"^ '" own child, her on children t),. IT "''"S '""> '''« hei not long feel towards h el. iJS'" -'"f P™1»oer,, will -ill Uicy be slow to expre,, thei W ^. ""' '^'"'^ '^''"''' ""' the ailk weave., aud 'Jo ,"' "^^ '» '". P»P"I- ftnndcr- .he murderous effect offte F e ifS '"".'"° *" ™"-''''™ our own people's employment V' •^'"' '""'''""^ withdrawing ;-en,aH'. STARVATION FROM VVANT OP r'-ui,**^^^'^ PLAINLY, NOT HAVE BEEN WARDPn ."^I-OYMENT COULD FACTS OR OUDINArV c7uc!rT«r!A'? '"™ ^'J'^™ OP AS WHEN SIR ROBEirr pffpI ni^^^^ '^"^ SAMB IN THE DARK IN IFrKf^^.r.v?^™"*°IPI'ED LEAP Andany^ 'i „;i;t f^"""N. WAS COMMITTED TION 'hTs BEET'^REvSSsor'?/^^'^''^^"^"- dential discovery of gold in Call .^f^^^ ''^ "■-= P™^ EVEN ALL THIS ALTOGP™pn T^ ^''''"^'"'- ™ILB POSSIBLY, ONLY TPMPnp . u,^ UNEXPECTED, AND BEEN ENOUGH VRA2t»n,?^*=^«S' "^^ NOT m MOST ARTI^lZlZ-^/rEA^BOVE^^^^^^^^ RRTIBLB introdticod t it might J^ BONA SUITED 'IRCUM- EMOST S THE WITH F THE SNOW, ' PRIN- rsists in like hei ers, will lild, nor mdor — —when (rawing iulti])lj lerself, as M-.ia d not, NLY, )ULD E OP AMB EAP PED. )LU- (rovi- ILH ND, fOT NG IS APPENDIX. 273 UNEASINESS fN-^^fi. r : ^^^^'^ ^^^^ TO MONETARY UJNbAblNESi rj^ THE LONDON MONEY MARKET?* IN CONCLUSION, Irreciprocal Free Trade is . n. , . ^^^^^^E, and that our but I n>ay a^ain iCLce 1 2 ' T '^^^'''' "/i'^^^^^i'-./.c^ece; in India of mT Tar! " w /"* '"'"'^'''^ ""^ ''^^"^ ^^^^ures "i xi uu, ot Mr. Jamea Wilson, formerly Free Trirl^ VA\^^ i- .u London ^..n.m^««, now Chancellor ofY T^ t , ""^ *^* quote the follomn^ from IdsTt 1. f K / " ^'^^^^-l^er, and delivered at a publfc dZer jv t Tw\^^'' '"'^'^''^ ''^ ^a, Hawick, in Scotland " T^^^^^^^ ''"^"^ ''' '^' "^^^^ P^^^^^ .NOKKSTOOB, .HE COMMON C ^kT::." "'^'' ^^"'^^ lu ALL ALIKE — AGRICULTURE CAN- -ne Ways and Means 0/411:1^'"''^^ •*''»' ^-" P"t into «y hand. Pincott & Co., Philadelphia. M p'a^^ f fh " ""• ''"'"^'"'^ ^^ •^^ «• ^'P' «Ay A« „,Ao must remit for goods 211,1' -^'f^^' = " ^^^''^ " '"' '""-« re.u^ or silver at a fi.e, .Je, mI t r'C'lf ?^'" ^"""'^^ ^^^''^ ^«- ^"Z. A« arf.a„^ag, ,, „„4, ^ ^^ remittances in It ^""^ "^ ''"""' *^ *" '^"'^ ">'• ti^ns. ,^ .o„n/ry co./rf drairTZ '^''"^^odities. Under such . .^u/a- ^U^ut,a,in, Ze VridZe^^Z^Z^''^' ^7 '' ^^ ^''" Mderstand that there is no other vav to u ^''"^-^'^^ farmer can well the labourer. Under our present sZ^L ^ . "'^P'-"ductire rich to care for is an export demand for C::rdi:7: r; 'TZT "" "'^''" °^ °°' '^-« low, because Ae gets more wheal far h; ' '^ interested in seeiig it out. When keeping right the Fld^Exciris'" '' "' ^^^°^™ ^^^^ ^^'^^ gold and increase the quantity of ft k! ,/ ""^^^''''J' '° '"wer the price of Bee his interest in pushLreZrl ' d -f"' ''" "' """"^y' ^« ^-'^ then Isaac Bcchanak. ^ ^ "'' "'^ *="'*'"''8 in'Porta of foreign labour _ ( ^. » ^^, ..-.ft, .SU ^"t>^^% IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) /. i.. V M?. Y fc l/j ^ f/- ^ "^ 1.0 I.I 11.25 £ US 12.0 JA IM IIIIIM Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 O Yj w ! wfp ir f I! i 274 AJTENDIX, Not prosper without manufactures, and the best guaran- tee FOR THE prosperity OF MANUFACTURES IS THE PROSPERITY AND PROGRESS OF AGRICULTURE." Mv. Wilson's iDoral courage, ill not allowing his personal consisiency to prevent him taking the course he now sees right in the circumstances, cannot be too much admired ; and the disingenuous course of those who accuse him of having imposed a new tax on the Indian people, in putting ten j 3r cent, import duty on cotton manufactures, is being seen tnrough. It was the wcurring of the debt of India that imposed the tax, and the putting on customs duties is a mere preference of one's means of levying it to another. As regards the same thing in Canada, truth compels me to say, that in this deceptive mode of allusion to indirect Taxation^ by which customs duties are attempted to be here also made odious, the Ministry of the Province have been as much to blame as the Opposition. Like Mr. Gladstone (see especially his late humbug speech against the patriotic interference of the House of Lords about the paper Duty) and the Free Trade enemies of India. Messrs. Gait and Brown persist in pandering to the popular ignorance, by representing customs duties as a tax on the people, instead of as a mode of collecting an already existing public bur- den (the interest of the provincial debt^ which they know wel! could not be collected in America in any other way, not even at the point of the bayonet ! Bat the immense amount of misery already in this Province, arising from direct taxation in the Municipalities, will insure Canada against a repetition of this transparent humbug, even if the protection through Customs duties, in 1858 and 1859, was not seen to be WHAT ALONE HAS PRESERVED THE PROVINCE THROUGH ITS LATE TROUBLES, AND GIVEN US THE HOPE OF MORE UNINTERRUPTED EM- PLOYMENT FOR OUR POPULATION IN THE FUTURE. Canada has the honour of having been two yeare in advance of India in this patriotic and truly loyal movement.* Elsewhere •The Folitical Economists are acting a most disloyal part, who would allow Canadians to have anything to envy in the United States, or leave them any longer open (truthfully) to such taunts as the following :— " Though the ratio of the increase of the population has been greater in Canada than in the United APPENDIX. m -whose transactions Zeheen^ T'Y ^""^^'^'^ ^^^^^^, the expression of TholjcX '"tI:^ t f " n^'^^^'^ of labour^ is, if ^ell understood' , J */^** ^'^'^ '*" ' ^''^^^^^^ for all who win pretend tg ^^ ;/ *|- ^^ole futu.^! Spectator, of 30th July of ««!? ' . *^^ ^^'^^^^^ ^«% protection a. follows :_ "' ^'''■' '^''"^'^'^ ^^ -i<^ory fl J ^^ THE VICrOKV KOR PROrECTION ^ CANADA. " The successful resnif a* fV,«^ «. citj,, having f„. to obieltte * f' f^'^*"'' """»'>»■• f« "hew. what oaf be acoor;^! ^rutV l?"*'^" ■■'^*^' ranee, and the untiring efforts of 11. "'^'''ra'oed perseve- will be remembered wil whluaho^tr/"?'*"'.'" *^ "»'^- I' met by a portion of the OppoTiSon ° ?" "■' """™™' "« " to scorn, and denouneod iCa Mlfeff T ° '"'"''"^<' "o '»»«<• sy*m of proteetion, highly dtt* men ff',', *"/"»'»"' ^ e;.ploded country. In no wa} diWatj b^T '*" "*'-o* »' ""e the friends of the IvernTC"/ 'rt™ .""^ --"ed, Meetings were convened in va tL pt J V! '"""^' '"""''• meet,„g „f delegates finally took 2'* L ^"'""■•'' ''"' " necessary eourse of action L decided on mT V" "''°'' "" movmgspiril of the laudable ent„,™- "i^- ^"ehanan was the blessings of IV.. r.«^, ^jf, E„l„1 ^H r';-'"^ '""• ''"^^ ^*^« enjoyed the' time. Whenever we have attemped t^ \ ' ^' ^-^^^ '^"'J' «' P"i of he With the comforts and necessar^s mt\Z:'''''^ '' °" own'inalt^ people; and during the intervals o LT i7r"T'' ''''' ''''''^''^^- ^'^ foreign goods, we have relapsed again „to T' ''''' importations of rmcr, while the CanadiansLve b! n erta!!" H " '"'"'"^ ^ ^-t- by Free Trade, as to be unable to get sufficl? ^'''^''"''*"^' ^'^'^ ''"'Pt «° Poor downs of prosperity and bankruptc; in st " "'''l''^ ''^' «^«° '"^ "P«' nd ---. Pablishea b. Charles ^c^^^TX; ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^ ill 276 APPENDIX. ;rf.^ U contend against, yet never faltered for a moment, and he now finds his efforts crowned with success. Had not the movement in favour of encouragement to native industry been started, we would not to- day have had the satisfaction of congratulating Mr. Buchanan and. those supportmg him, upon the success of the efforts made to give a stimulus to home manufactures. Some three or four journals, among them the aiohe and Leader, laboured most mdustrioualy to thwart the aim ^f the Association, but they soon found that it was useless, for the feehng of the country was with the Association, and the Government wisely yielded to the i-ressure from without, and conceded the chief demands of the Protection'sts. The Tariff waa altered to suit the views o^" those advocating the important change, and the country must eventually benefit largely by the Wisdom displayed in giving the necessary protection to home mdustry. By a decisive vote of 68 to 28 the tariff passed the popular branch of the Legislature, and the good effect of the policy adopted by the Government is already beginning to shew itself. We hear of confidence being imparted to commercial transactions; new manufactories are talked of, and those at present in operation have decided to sell at reduced rates. The increase in the protec- tion to printing paper has induced the Messrs. Buntin to redw, their prices four per cent., and we have not the least doubt that other manmacturers in different branches will follow the example. Confidence has been restored, and it now only remains for the Government to carry through two important measures, the usury and abohtion of imprisonment for debt bills, to render the victory complete. There can be no question as to the good effected by the policy pursued in commercial matters.— The Free Traders, so called have been worsted, and they have probably learned by this tune that their nostrums are by no means palatable to the people of ttLT!!?'^""^^^* ^^ "^^^^ '^ "^^^^ capital, and A CHECK UPON THE DRAINAGE OF MONEY FROM THE PRO- VINCE, and this we are in a fair way of obtaining, for the Tariff ^1 reduce our importations, and retain within the country one half of the amount expended in purchasing goods which we can manu- facture ourselves. This is no trivial boon to a country like Canada ; besides our markets wiU speedily discover that, in a full marM etutiea are no taxes. APPENDIX 277 SO For the victory so signally achieved in behalf of protection to W manufactures, we are unquestionably indebted to the member lor this city, who instigated the movement, and through his His detractors have been silenced by his success, and Ltead accompbshed what no other man in the Province had the coural to attempt. All honour, then, to Mr. Buchanan, for what he hS done in the way of stimulating native industry, a.d It the sme i^e giving an impetus to the trade of the country.'' THE ..TIMES" ADMITS PATEIOTISH. TO BE RE8T0HED AS A ..KATIONAX. VITAT ITV." c^d von ™ i„1^: l^;?^;'^^^- yoars, during which no one bountios ornl . T^- ^S"'"'"" «» ^y » word in favour of 'ZthesanTri; 7 "'"' "'"""" "-^'"^ overwhelmed with e? THERriS r^Tt-'^ T "' "■" "■»" ^"^rkable ever reoord- tecHve dntiee werTlithlt? ™*"' '"'''" P"*" **' «■* P™- woek aftZ t T ''f ™"^ ""■ re^n-w. they have been lectured everv Mar 1 ' ™u ."""T" ""'' =™-"«'' P^-^i"" " Zdfo^tfi j'^?'"'""' '^*^ Government the people were circumstance/ Th. T^^ extent, under much less oMusable c rcnmstances. The Indian producer has not merely the stanle »f ".g of a more expens,vo freight, and the existence of a p^Hata B„ol.1,°*"°" '"'"°"'°' "" f"""""- «• ""'"Ubl. «„=,_,„„ li Ul i B ■' I, h 278 APPENDIX. ft% recognized, but for the moment a curiouB ccmbinpZ Tcx^ oumstances prevents that result. The nartv l.ifh.T ? •' nent on free trade a.e sllen. and Z' !::VtCrZ7Z must be accepted until a better is given, consistsbthe" ct ^ the measure has proceeded from their own bor^v tk % Uvea, o„ the other hand, are m^^^Z ^J^^.^^l ^:^-- then- exploded v.ew8, of which at a fitting time theylui doTtief make some use ; and, finally, a large sectfon of the mereant^" oom mumty, annoyed at what they coneeive to have WenTfLT oa,. bestowed o, Manehester interests in the W Cy. I^t avow that they are triad to spa fKa Mo u l ^^-a'-j', openiy J* Au J .- ^ . ^ ® *"® Manchester men hit bv a bnlt tSTgI^a™.;?'. « ^"^« "'^ FACT uSaiNS nSt;,!^ „^ BRITAIN, AS REGARDS THE MAJORITY OF THE PEOPLE OVER WHOM HER SWAYEXtS ^otectS? '^T. °"^ ^^^s. a^^'e™!' „•/ ""Tr/tf "^^ "'"' *" A°«>™»n corroboration of my Recinro- ty and Zollverein views, in the following Report to the's oX cannot do better than append it here. The fact that the writer does not nofce the farther rise of Tariff which occurred i^ mt Tariff BstUl eons,d=rably less than the American, while the Ameri^ cans with very different patriotism than Mr. Gladstone's, a^Tw proposmg to mcrease theirs:— »« ""w APPENDIX. 2^ THE CANADIAN RECIPSOCITY TREATY.-A PLEA FOR ITS EXTENSION. B.=rOBT or .AMES W. T«.0« TO TH. S.CKEr^y OF THE TEEA8B.V. .< ™ " SiiNi Paul, May 2. .nrestigated by the people from the records and documents published eL p rrbT"'- „«^"-7 ="'-"' 'liP'o^-y a»d puMcatir,, «6e treasury department are carefully studied whenever regulations of commercial interest are agitated. >^g"laf ons , J'.^t''! '"'°°''°° ''*' '■'"""'"y •'"on "ailed »» the recinrocilv S Amir "^r''";'^'' "'"^" "»" '"^ »"«* P"-^- ^ the di,ZT f ' 7 " ""P"'"'' "f ""e «''««■' interested in :t:;rotr'^fv"~ en E.clprocitv,„r Recllc»lL V 1^ "'''°" » '" '"""«' "f *»»«- reftrwce ,0 .»' „Th.r J ' '" ^'""""'' '''°"''' '""'»°' imlSnfdi,T" f ""^ '"'"' "™' '^'•»»' Britain withdrew ver, St t teTxr Is oi :: ™'r r- = -"' *'- "■"-"^ nies Tr„«l .k ' T . „ ''™'"' *" N"* American colo- Ser p M 4To„r. tf • ?^'""' ""' '"^«^'' """-»■ foreign growapafd a ta'f «!«"«' "'"• ""'^' """ "''• »f ir^^r I. . "y "' fifty-«re shilUngs per load Th. amce ImV'So'V.*' '"™'?°' """"^ "' *= '""'o government amce I«49-S0-have recognized the principle of colonial self- If * i| W 280 APPENDIX, the nwrketo of Great Britain "'"""' """^ '" ISs/tJ"*^^ ''"'™°"' "' *" 'o^Proeitj treaty of June 5 ig ttets'Thr' 1"""™' °' *"" ^^"y 4ute-d™ii: coast '"''« ""^ '«'J'«»» «« <*« north-eastern AtUnUc "At the conclusion of the neace of l7flQ *k ^ . . the United States anH r,w tj x ' *^® *^®**y between cans ' to teke fish onl r ."^ '*^P^^*^^ *^« "S^* ^^ Ameri- «ea, where the Labft^t« of ^.7°'''.""^ "" °*^^^ P'^^« ^ *^« and the liberty TfiVh !^ . ^ ''^°*"'' ^"^ ^««« "««d before, British fitlnused^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ti^e coasts, Tays Id cr ks of J T".'^' -t'^^^' "^' ^" America.' ^ '**^^' ^"*^h dominions in coasts irhlr^f^^^^^^^ right, fish all along the marine leagues of LT . America, but not within three harWa^Cnot?^^^^^^^^ '1 1 ^"^^ '^^ ^^ «-^ ^^^^ and sneiter, to repair damages, or to obtain provisions or water commodore were sail^!^. ' ''^ ^^°"'^ ^^ ^ ^"^^rican involving all the horror^of war' ° '"°"«'" "° » '="'^"" " The first article of the treaty was oecupied with an adjustment ?• f APPENDIX 281 ^f this fishery question. It waa agreed that ' in addition to the liberty secured by the convention of October 20, 1818, of taking curing, and drying fish on certain coasts of the British North Amenca^ colonies therein defined, the inhabitants of the United m?^! .f r^ '° ''"""^'^ ^^* *^^ '""^^^'^ °f h«r Britannic majesty, the hberty to taJce fish of every kind except shell fish, on ctr T' S°^ "^T '°^ ^" ^^^'' ^"^*'"^«' ^d creek of €an^a New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward's Island and of the several islands adjacent thereto, without being restricted to any discance from the shore, with permission to land upon the Zr M T? ''*,"'. "^'"" ^"' *^^ ''''-'' *»^-eof, and also luChefrlst ' ^ ^'"'^ '-' ''' ^"^^^^ '' ^^^^ *^- -^ and "The preamble stated as a prominent motive to the treaty a fis'hW n r ^"^*^«^ °^i«-derstanding in regard to the right of fishing on the coasts of British North America.' The sfcond article secured a smiilar privilege to British subjects on the eastern TrLTi'^dr ^°' "^^°"^' ""'''' '' ''' "^-^ P-allelTf is'^ wf ? ^''''^ ^° ^' '^* '^^"^^ °^«^«^g«' (December 2, Skr A tX'""'^^^^^^^^ *" '^' '''^'^ ^ ^ MEASURE OF PACIFICATION, while expressing his satisfaction with its com- mercial operation. His language is annexed : the 5t?of 'j'^^ll'rV^' ^^*'^ ^*"*^« and Great Britain, of the 5th of June 1854, which went into effective operation in 1855 J- u a jdrge Class ot our citizens in a pursu t connectfld to no inconsiderable degree with nnr r,of . 1 ^o^ected The exporfa of domestic articles to these provinces during the exceeding those of the preceding year by nearly seven million ifl w I : i 281 APPKNUIX dollars ; and the irnporte thorofrotn, during the same neriod ro,ahZr"'' "'"",'•""»'"' ""•• "'"W'Mon "ftho treaty «au„gt„ tl.ird«rt,d.l . ,' ■"■^ 7'" "' *"""""""" I'"'"™ tl'e first a„d btote , "l"l« **»nl„« «„„„ ,,rovi«i™ «hid, !,„; ,.,^voa WneS cmlto„ur|,i-„v,„„ia|„cigi,|,„rsj W..tS ,,t tl,. U,„t„,l .St„t„, J|,„ ,.„^,,^,_^ ^,, ,„„; Mie same nght apoi, Lako Mioliifrau. uw?rtl 'Ir "1"^ I'T"'"?'' "' ""■•'""' '<""■'"" i» P™'»My founded .Tdl "^t'. *'■ "^'""^ ""• P'oduclH enumemted to a o » J ."'"«"'" «'■-"■ """ l™*- of fte British ' i™rp. A%^;',' ! ,'^'"'"'' ™P°"«™ly. frco of duty. /RE UNorMM nf ' '"■^^""'-'''''^ ^'*' ™I« STIPULATION OlUTuf A ,?n Su^ ^'"^^''^ PHESIDENT PIEUCE CON- Ztlmt "/'■ '^''™''''^ '" '«*'"• Successive secre- ex^t^a'. ''■'•""7 '"'7 '"«•■" "o-*"' "o tabulate the progress of year t^r, fir , °""'''*""'o »'»"»>'°>" « made t„ ineludc the tobe «17,b4o,15S; merease of «a,«n,2o2; excess of ox, wt^ tocreld tSI- """ ™'' "■" ^"^ "' ""> '^""'y. Canada has. JL 7 A t'p-L'iT^^r "" ~»nablo ground for eompkmt 'IAN ABA ?R™^?n ^hf" INCLUDE IN THE FUEE LIST e" E lY ARTICLE NAMED IN THE SCHEDULE OF THE TRFA IT^ AND, AS TO THE MANUFACTURED ARTICLES^wh/t if^ APFBliroiX. 288 >mmcrce is Sfn ^^^ ^"^ '"^ ""M'^D THAT THE PKOVINCES NtTFACTri fJ PM n i /^- ^'^'^'^^ CANADIAN MA- with t ^^""^^ "'"^' '''''«""°; t»^« P»hlK'. lands aa rS^l'^"^ ™ ''"^ RECIPROCITY TKEATY IS ?0 S^fA? r^^'f J'^''^"^'^'* ^NU AMERICAN tUfes ESI ECIALLY IN IlESPECT TO MANUFACTURES Articles. Manufactures of wood Manufactures of mahogany Wax, bees' Refined Sugar Chocolate Spirits from grain, whisicey Spirits from grain, other Molasses Vinegar . . Beer, ale, porter, cider Linseed oil . . Spirits turpentine Household furniture Carriages and cars Hats . . * ' Saddlery Candles . Soap . . _ Soap, perfumed and fancy Snuff . . ' Tobacco, manufactured Am. 1846 30 . 40 30 . 30 20 , 100 100 , 49 30 30 20 20 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 40 40 Tariff. Rates of Duty. 30 30 24 24 24 15 15 24 24 24 24 15 24 24 30 30 Can. Tariff. 1858. 16 . 16 15 !2,50 perlOOlba. 16 I'^c. per gal. Specific; 50tol00c.pergftl. Specific ; 4c. per gal. Specific; 6c. per gal. Specific ; 8, 25, l2ic.(Vids) 15 . W 20 20 20 24 • • • . 20 Specific; $1,25 per lOOlbs. 20 Specific ; 10c. per lb. Specific; 5 7i, 10c. per lb. (according to value.) i a It r p • 284 Laathflr Leather, booU and iboM . Oablcri and oordaga Oiinpowdei' l".- ■ ■'■'■'■ Lead Iron— pig, bar, naili, Ao. ' . other maoufoot^red agricultural ImplemenU Copper— in pigs and ba.s maaufaotures of . Braai- In piga ^nd ban . manufaciures of Brass and Copper wire and cloth Medics.! preparationi . Medical druirs . Uotlons (averaga duties) . Hemp, marufacturasof , Wearing appnrel . Barthonware Combs Buttons ... Brushes and brooms Umbrellas and parasols . Printing materials Musical instruments Books and maps Paints . . Glassware . . , Tinware ... Manufactures of pewter and lead Manufactures of marble Manufactures of India rubber Manufactures of gold and silrer liaf Artificial flowers Lard oil , Manufactures of wool . hair fur . ■ • goat's hair silk . worsted . hemp . , . ^ flax The average c' ad vaiortK duties 1967 18 about 21 percent., under the €ent. *iPPICNDIS. . 30 " . . . . H 80 " t4 . 35 '»•... Fm. 30 " IS . 30 " • • . . Free. 30 '» 6 . 30 " • . . . 8 30 " 6 . 30 34 "Spade«,Ae. . aO 6 * 1 . 80 »*.... 30 6 '"' • . . . Free. 30 '*••.. 30 30 2* 5 . 30 " • . . . 30 ao " 16 . 35 " • . . . IS 3C " • . . . . 18 . 30 " . . . . as 30 " 16 . 30 2* . . . . 18 36 " 18 . 30 2* • . . . 30 (Brooms, corn, S. ; 60c. per doz ) f 24 \g . 20 " • . . 18 20 ^« ao . 10 ® • • . . Free. 20 ^» 15 . SO 94 • • • . 20 30 2* B " . . . . 15 . 30 30 2* 20 . 30 2* . . . . 20 16 " 20 30 2* • . . . 15 30 2* 16 . 30 2* ■ . . . 15 25 ^» 15 . 30 2* . . . . 20 25 19 ao '>.\i 1« • . . . 20 25 19 IS 20 !«•... 16 30 15 16 in force under the American tariff of Canadian tariff of 1858, about 16 per t' I lil: 1 APPENO t. 19 . M fnt. . IB Fnt. 8 8 6 30 8 30 Free. 30 8 30 18 18 18 38 18 18 . 18 30 >cr doE ) . 16 18 . 30 . Free. . 18 30 8 18 . 30 30 . 30 15 . 18 18 . IS 30 . 30 30 . It 15 . 15 Uriff of It 16 per '2u " ()urmanufa.iuror«d.j,and thafc Canada ehall resto.-e tho .cale ponalljr of ita abrogation. W4KN IT IS 0f tho Canadian tariff of 1858 unnn our o^port, of manufactures V It wont into operation A 'stT 1858, consoquontly tbo exports from the United States of ZlL' artielos for the year ending June 30, 1858, a. compLed wth^^^^^^^ exports for the year eudin, Ju.e 30, 1859 will eXb 'th Im parative operation of tho former and the existing tariffs : ■XP0UT8 0, liAN..rAOTUR«S FROM TH« UlllT.D BTATM Ac. Of Articles. Adamantine and other candles Beer, ale and porter, in casks. Books and maps Bricks, lirao and cement Brooms and brushes . Buttons Cables and cordage Carriages, railroad cars, parts of, Combs Copper and brass, manufactures Drugs and Medicines . Earthen and stoneware Fire engines and apparatus Gunpowder Hats— of fur and silk " of palm leaf Household furniture Manufactures of India rubber— shoes " " other Iron — bar castings . nails . pig manufactures Jewellery, real and imitation 1868. $10,006 6,809 60,304 . 31,547 6,518 . 3,108 18,494 • 24,681 1,127 . 60,803 74,965 . 9,889 6,900 6,020 47,087 . 1,741 183,666 707 20,863 . 21,331 62,734 13,209 23,260 614,439 6,617 TO OAV n\. $S,415 2,707 160,034 26,.i77 4,149 28,433 20,449 12,824 60,611 68,529 9,350 ),200 137 116,571 679 136,766 169 13,048 10,852 41,918 11,136 18,240 697,713 15,914 *« ill li Ui. 286 APPENDIX. Lard oil Lead • • • • Leather • . . . " manufactured— boots and shoes Linseed oil . Manufactured tobacco cotton— printed, &c. It 9,160 1,407 259,563 242,450 9,568 6T0,466 30,009 duck other . «iass, manufactures of Hemp, manufactures of— b«ga " thread other Marble and stone, manufactures of Pewter and lead Tin . Wood Molasses Musical instruments Paints and varnish Paper and stationery . Printing presses and type Saddlery Salt . Snuff , Soap . . , _ Spirits, from irinin . liioliises other materia's of turpentine Sugar, brown refined Trunks and valises Uubrellas, parasols, &c. Vinegar Wearing apparel Total white, other than duck 30,994 1:170 148,240 . 69,4 70 4,986 14 . 1,868 86,622 737 7,166 . 184,691 58,568 ■ 72,607 31,193 65,341 15,694 1,805 155,872 2,490 7,511 94,741 2,125 3908 94,630 17,447 10,620 1,379 1,287 14,059 1,277 872 216,436 211,147 7,854 1,205,684 34,197 47,132 4,284 398,177 85,232 2,050 335 1,941 53,883 76 15,451 45,146 51,510 104,534 27,193 78,825 1,771 911 201,835 63,909 5,7 mwc protection to domcxtic manufarfiitwH.' " INSTKAI) OK AnU()(JATrN(J TIIM HK(!II»1U)0ITY TKKATV, Wlul. NOT TIII5 (JOVKItNMKNT CONCUril IN TriLSSliO(5ESTION,ANI)l»ROlH)SEITSENLAIU}KM|i;NTY " It ia inaistod that tho frontier states are hontilo to the treaty, and in favor of giving notice of a wish to t(»rtninate the same. What IS tho evidoneo of suoh a disposition V Do the New England st^vtes desire to involve their fishing interest.^ in the eml»arrasH- ment.s from which the treaty relieved them ? is tho coui»try at large disposed to incur again tho risk of hostilities l)otween American and English cruisers, which wiis innuinent in iHrilJ-T) 1 y What evi- dence is there that the lake sUtes would he satisfied hy a surrender of free navigation u|K>n the St. liawrence river and the canals of Caiiaila ? " In respotise to these and similar .piesti(ms the following extract of a i-cceiit article from tljo Detroit Tribune is pertitumt: " ' We do not know what effect tho treaty has iiad upon the lake states, but it hius certjiinly pn)duced no such disastrous results upon Michigan, Undo\ibtodly, Canada derives more advantage from it than we do, unless we offset the opening of tho direct trade be- tween tho lakes and Euwpo against the very general advantages it has conferred upon them : but it has driven no manufactories or m»- it ill ooiM- ito (Vuuulii (lolIarH for I'H, (liflkiult Mmu with titoniativo triuK^ and «ni(»val of of IJp|>or addrosB to Manii- 'wt>f>n the fin, each i«'A otJicr, nni IN MKNTV a treaty, 10 8amo. Kiigland iharrasH- at largo can and lat ovi- rrondor mals of extract ho lake ts upon from it ,de bo- ag08 it or ma- AITKNIXX 291 r^rhZr '"'"• ""'I'z "' '■" ■»• ""^ •" '*. - >•'■-»« -o i..™ 2 a U>ry .^porafon of tho treaty, and oxpn,H.o« Hur rL^^^^d aiann at the m.vromont in favour of itn abrogation. to Oald ""rt lin'r'';" ".:^"f '^"'"^ ^' ^'"""««" -^-'faoturen to i.ana.la. t will n.rthor diustrato tho intoroHt^ which are now onnooto.1 w.th thin Bubjoot, to append tho,e articloTrf exir^ H nt Hh A,n.nca which are tho natural product, of the J^d States, for the year en« «'" Coal, '^■»'" 1»9» Cotton, . "fl898 35-040 MBh.driedorsmoked,*. *.'.'. * " ' ' JJJJ , "9 FiHh, pickled •^'■^** ^8-3"9 Ham and bacon. . . " " ^I'Z] *'*93 Hemp, . ' ««•'»* »««-43r Hewn timber. .". ". ^'IH ^'^ O.herlumbe . . . JZ '?' » Hides. . ,^y^^ 23-7tf9 • 474,366 1-650 AI'PKNmx. ""'»"'•• B441B4 Horned Oattlo, ... . , ,.„« „„„ Horse,, '^"" ""« *'''."« Hop,, . ""■'"'° "aoiv ,,','■ 118e4 2 942 Indian Oorn 4?,„ ,o« ' Tndlunmeal . . . ^l' f ' Lard, . . «"'" ''»»»9 Mulei, . «^'«" =»«««3 Pork ^■•''^O Potat'ooa, ".•.*. ";tl ««^«" ft-„,„.', 27 344 0012 R^e '■''' 2»'-^0 n ,' \ 31*989 10127 HoBln and turpentine, ^g.,,.^,, ,^.^^3 Ryo oata, Ac, (small grain,) 103 052 6G90B Sr'.r ^'^•2«8 2000 HKln and furs, nn.nKK Tallow, ... ZZ **■""" -, , , 118013 68071 llZlt'f «•'« n.^To mZ'no.r:. ■.".■.•. \:iTz .r'l' «r„„, ' l'eG0fl4« 2962171 ^°'*' 224881 "Tho report upon comraorco and navigation rotuma $894 131 to Canada, and $162,046 to othor provinces, as tho value of 'raw articles many of which would dotibtloss be included in the free list of the treaty ; but the object of the foregoing statement is less to exhibit aggregates than to show how every portion of the country is mtorestod in the trade, which has grown up within four years under the encouragement of the policy of reciprocity. THE LATE ATTACK UPON THAT POLICY CAN TiV TRACED EXCLUSIVELY TO ONE QUARTER, THE SHIP PING INTERST OF NEW YORK AND PHILkDEiillir" AND THE LINES OF TRANSPORTATION BETWEEN THOSE CITIES AND THE WEST. Pennsylvania, ™f cannot share the sentiment, for coal and iron, with the manufac' tures of the latter, are prominent exports to Canada; while the other manufaot,iring interest, both of Pennsylvania and New- York ^gpm largely from the consumption of their products in the pro-' Tincos. But the importing and railroad interests of the two states ire apprehensive of the competition of the Grand Trunk railway APritWIMX. 298 Htaco8oan,>omaucedt.,yi^^^ ^ Ihe foregoing oonsidorations have boon sujrco^tod hv fh„ documontary ovidenco bofbro mo. THRRE MrY ,Tf' o'r"^« FACTS THAT WOULD WARRANrOTHFFl rnJm^? IICULAIILY THE llEl'OUTS OF THP TirpAaTiDv DEPABTMENT. ARE WITHOUT EXCEPTION a r^^ ™ vmmcATioN 0. the mSZ':: tv^Z, " Still if thoro is neoosaifcy for roviaing, let it bo in the direction of the prmcplo which the United States has always advald-^e don,, not restriction of commercial intercourse. uTT, xr " James W.TAiLCR. Hon. IIowkll Coh ,, SecreMr,, of the Treamryr OANADIAN RBCIPnoOITY-RmRT OP HON. I. T. irATCIl. To the Editor of Ox ifeo York Timet : Jlli'' /,"•*'' J- ""°" ^oomp^m bis special report to Con- grew on the worku,^ of tho Be„ip„„n ,j, ' .^ ^ "^ wLf L ' ^^ ;' "'"' "'" '"a"'^""" i' ""-ermse would. When tho abrogation of a friendly treaty between neighboarini^ "■ally and pohUcally, „ broaehed, it should not be based upon tbe mag,„ary g„ev»no= of a section only of the 3,000 mile f^nti* extondmg fro™ tho Atlantic to the Pacific Ocea^ ; b "tikonto"' the „t f '"f*""."' "' --P™""-- -» unbiassed Wew" the ont,ro frontier and careful examination of its varied interest^ It « quite easy for Mr. Haic. to recapitulate the enorm^rk creased trade and traffic of tho six yea'rs since tho ~J. 294 AI'l'KNDIX. into offoct, ati.l imagine all tho rovonuo that woul.i Imvo aooruod hml tho ol.I (lutioH boon imposod, aiul alno tho largo balance in tHvour of Canada in oxohango of products, &o., &o. Hut it would mvo ro,,u.rod nuich loss labour and far fowor figuro« to havo oalcu- atod tho amount of tran.actionH bad tho <,ld States must not complain of legitimate com^ Afl'KNOIX. 295 pet.t..>,. n, tho oarryi„K and pannonKor traffic ; for, inrloo.i, hHouI.I thoy m a ..atu,„ ««., fit t. a.lopt tl.o ..arrow ,..i...lo.l policy a^ai.. I ZTuTl u ''^ ' ''""'^' '" '"^^ '" '»"'^" '" i'"l»rH'...lo..t a position •« tho [J,uto,l HtatoH i.. ovory particular, oxcoptinK who., tho \UM StatoH Markot .. hotter tha.. that of Kuropo for BroadHtulTH ; a..d noth,„« would to,.,l Hoonor to dovolop thoir ow,. .-ohou.-ooh i„ ...anu- factur.„K all k...,l« of agricultural i,..plo,..o..tH, &c., &c., ir.ntoad of patro,„z,„K tho.r .,.Ko..iouH noighhourH. JJo«idoB, with tho aid of Hr. .Hh oap.taI, thoy would at o,.co punh forwa.d thoir oo.».eotioa ll llod K.vor cou..try aud tho I'acif.c hy nulroad, aH thi« moaHuro partakoH of hoth local a,.d r.atioual i„.porta..co, a..d would bo hastened hy a..y hucI. actio.. aH roco,„rr,o..dod hy Mr. Hatch. Hue. a courHo, howovor would ho a..ythi,.g hut a po,H.lar inoaauro W.th tho ma«HOH on o.thor Hide of the lino, a..d need not ho feared. "W. II. M," I am anxiouH alHo to give here tho rollowir.g article from the la«t !::Z^Z^'TT' ^^'''' •^"•^' ^'^^^^'> '' "'-^ tho lowered tone of tho troo r..a,lerH .n E..gland, ^A« adoooale. of the con.m^er vs tJic prod,inar, m if all comurmr. who ro.p.i.-o the care of parhament are ,.ot producer,. " Give a dog a had name and hang h.m, ,H very w.Hl .lluntrated hy the way people now regard what thoy see ... the Kconomkt. SontoncoH, which at one time would have ho^u th.,ugl.t oracular, arc now feit hy the operatives or pro- ducers to he un.n.tigatcd hlockheadism, such as the following, from the article now (juoted : " " The ohjcct of Industry is the benefit of the consumer." "We all under the civili.od system of tho division of labour, work for each other. ' Witi, l,aira„ «j,„ my r™.k,» will «„„ that the fatal error of thi, art,clo a, „1 all article, a,,,! speeci.e, on Fr«e Trade or I'olHic^ hconomy, ,H that tl,e writer, a„.i „„eaker,, either through ignora^e r ,lo„g„, overlook the oirUcMy i„j,„lam y,«.,.™ ./pa^ JH- they do „o ad,„,t that it ,„ake, any .natter whether ^11 „ ^ iTr ;"' '"":'■'"'"'- !— I"!".'" *« ™t obtuse praeti^a ra tt U^7 ""," "r '""" '"" "'" """""""'y -" *e forme ' ./.. „.. ...npioyrruat uj our own ptupte to the 298 AfPRNnrT %ame extent. While all must see that if wo bn^ papm- from an English papor-raaker, ho takes in return British ccrnmodities, while ;f we buy paper from a French paper-maker, he takes gold in return, the shipment of which sots no British industry in motion ,• but on the contrary is a death blow lees or more to every workinc; man, as removing from England the basis of the circulating me. dium— Ai« means of employment and payment. In a word, though theoretically Britain would place the foreigner r^i. no better footing than her own producer, practically she would place him on a much better footing. I repeat that their motto (for, worse than Robes- pierre, they have no principle on which you can attack thom, but only a want of principle or political atheism,) that of Robespierre : —" Pdrissont les Colonies, plutfit qu'un principe." FREE TRADE IN PAPER— PROM THE LONDON " KCONOMIST.'' " There is no doubt that Free Trade is one of the most uni>o. pular things in practice in the world. Abroad it is unknown, and on that account it is unpopular. But in this country we are in the iiabit of repeating its maxims ; we have been so for many years ; and yet even here fresh occasions perpetually arise which show with how httlo distinctness the subject is apprehended, and how little hold It has upon the popular sympathies. In truth, popular sympathy is apt to be opposed to it. Its fundamental maxim is opposed to that of the multitude. Most men sympathize with the producer. He is a visible person ; he does ' good to the nation ; He employs labour'; he presses his claims for support upon the public ; he often has and always seems to have much at stake in the maintenance of protection. On the other hand, the Free Trader attends exclusively to the interest of the consumer, and no one knows who the consumer is. He is, so to say, an invisible person ; he employs no labour ' ; he consumes for his own bene6t and not tor that of others ; he la:ys hold on no imaginative sympathy. The Even .f the foreigner took payment in British labour, there would be a los- to Britain of one half the employment, if Britain could grow or manufacture the article supplied by the foreigner.-IsA.o Buchanan "^-""'"'^cture APPENDrX. 297 in practice would ava^ fnnt ^ ''^ ? farthing which no one yo„ throw .an, p.™„„, J I i^^/rfVh rri;''t^'"r' scene of misorv whpro *»,«,.„ ... ^ . u world,— yoii make a rag8. In ^ny/a««?, the paper-makers are straining every nerve Z obtain a nrolonfrafinn nf ^u^ ^ x- , . ^ uvtry nerve to »,«. K '"^""^"p^'"" 0^ the protection which they have A Tini fao.„rh::Va:ro':s: '"''-'-'"° "-"««, .he .a„„. of the 14,91 r oi,rd„t?' A ";' " !."'"' "-^ <■"' "'<"'"""" ivrr Totf' "^' -"-^ -c- ' vr; <:: *o duty which ft is pr„;,edi* ( riheT""' " 'T ""^ *^' oppressive than that which i, „„wt h^ I .''° T''""" " '™ duct, their argument lil V • """"''•' <"' *" ''ome pro- show; Z Mr G adsto '"""""^ ™«™'- '^''""^ «" >■"« But we m„,7h. ^r/™""'' "o '"''>'=' "■<'"' '» "» inJ™«oe. In reahty, the paper-makers rely on their se^on^ o»^^--=~- i -ti 298 APPKNDIX \'f' Thoy say, if forol;■"'"»»!« to export p.p„r ,„ tw,, „„„,., J U wdnL„ • ^, ,"''''' """'"P' will «oon cutiroly coasc " ""modiatoly .l.,„i„i„h, and IV. HOME MANUFAC'TUKfiS TlIK rut/B POLICY FOR CANADA. ZiKer fr u j /""> 10 niuiam Lyon Mackenzie, Etq., M.I'. jeot L enl^dalrZ 'f " "7'-'-- »f Canada; thaf sub- expe„ses"thego r;„.tt'bvt°"; """'^ '"' "'» "'^'^ ^'.nlyontbereSarX^^^^^^^^^^ Jr."^^"^' causes a scarcity, consequently a^e in 1? ■"• . " '°PP'^ duties are added to the oaTl a ™,\ P""°' ''>' ''''i'='' 'ho dant supply or 'lut it the 1 1. rV ' """ "™'™^'-- A" "b"™- «« fall Xn the" du ea t ;^'l:'„:7 "f"'' »-« *» P™e market. ^ "^ ""^ P'oduccr to get into the 300 APPENDIX. f I In another case, whenever circumstances give to one or more persons a monopoly, then usually the duties are paid by the con- sumer. A3 a general rule, competition tends to diminish prices. To secure this competition sometimes requires duties to be levied on the more powerful Foreign manufacturers, without which they would crush your domestic manufacturers, thereby maintain a monopoly, and charge their own price to consumers All parties are benefitted by placmg the producer and consumer near together; every man can, by reciprocating with his neighbour, pay him easier than he can raise money and send it abroad to a stranger. It is the fecility of obtaining the means of paying for an article that makes i^ cheap to the consumer. In order to aid the consumer in paying for his goods, it becomes necessary that the revenue to support an economical government, should be raised by a tariflF so apportioned as to give encouragement to the manufacturers of such articles as we can produce or manufac- ture with advantage in our country. By so doing we induce the investment of capital in machinery, which will enable our manufac- turers to compete here among themselves and with foreigners too, by which means the foreign producer must pay the duties into our treasury which we levy, in order to get into our market, which duties lie cannot put on the cost of his goods ; consequently the price is not increased to the consumer by the duties. I know of instances where foreigners, manufacturing articles similar to those made in Canada, have not only paid our duties on their goods but freight and charges also, and afterwards sold them at the lowest prices they would have taken at home, which proves the wisdom of so apportioning the tariff, for, besides foreigners replenishing our treasury and .t the same time affording their goods to our merchants, and through them to the consumers, at a lower rate than they would have done if we had perfect free trade in those articles, or no duty at all, it is plain that without some en- couragement our infant institutions would have been prevented or crushed, thus leaving our consumars entirely dependent on forei-^nera to charge us what they pleased, and add costs of freight, &c.° You remember that we were very anxious to have Reciprocitj APPENDIX. 301 inth the United States. Whv ? "R^.^ for the produce of our Foreste F« /o '''^*'^ ^^'^ "^«^ket want their market ? BeTle' ifwTs^t t'tlT '' "' "'^ ^'^ ^^ was It so ? Because they encoura J!k . " °"'" °^- Why But free trader, affirm hat t^f 1 " '"''^'""^' '^^'^ ^^ ^^ «^^ Americans paid the dres on ot urbrL^^^' *^^ ^'^^-^ '' ^^^ for Reciprocity ? Let them pa/theTr d^fe"' / ^'"^' "^ '''' produce come to us free. TiL faetw !l '^ ''" ^"^ ^«* ^^^'^^ exported our produce to the ulited V^'rv f ''^'" ""^ P«Me Treaty] .e, [he proj^ P^our W^f " *'^ ^^^'^^^ out our money, ^ ,, ,, tL^^l^^/^^'t '" P'^'^^' *°^^ •aw «< a^«m. ^'''^ '^^''*'' Treamry, and never ■nulttplied the power ofrton'.f T"'"' i""--' '«'«' »» ».«ufact„ring, that II^TT' ™^ ""'™^'' *« e^e„,e rf duties are aSost LL iTp j^! 1 'r"° °™P^««™- market. ^ ^ " "^ "■« Producers, to procure a % which we do not produce tolT^ ?°'" "^ *" «"' "^^e^ Toa, Coffee, Raw Suga^MXatldlT ™T' ™'' »» «=«. ™ these articles are i'n iZuT.l^^J^rul T'"' ^"«™ charges, and are paid by the Canadian c^stt; ""^ ^.^'^ »" pohcy would require them to be admirn /*'»''» ™e nearly so. admitted free from duties, or 4'"^"tor ett: rit" ^■^^*" *» ^^^ --> l>i» 50 or 100 cents ^Tda; held J T''" "*' '■^'^ '»- who is worth millions'^ r7jntnt1,r '".?'"' .''"'^ »" «>« »"> on those articles, but if the Go™ *' T- T' *°°'"' •>» ™'*''«'> '"^ T -kero their funds wou d ZZ T"?* """^^ '» ""-er "*• '°"' °" foduoave and ,.ith le,8 waTsr. "T """''^ ""^ '-"P"*" ft-" from dutv tt, • T ' " ™^ proposed to lew a d„h, r ■'^' ^ P™" PO"- '■ami »hen imported ; a 'great er/Za rail ,hT ''°"^'- "° *^ I-'™' farmer one dollar on his barfe] 0^^ ' ""• "'•'' '»™g the tax induced brewem to establish C ' ""' "'"* ""= "'"'l^ : the Pwo from six to seven dollars, IT REmrrpr-n "■ '"' ■■'"™« the «f ^ M mar,, besides coSalU^f n^ ^^^^^ >»'» of affording a home market for all S .f f" """"'"■•'J advantages could raise on their farms and ^ Je , itTT'' "■^'' f""'""' P'oyment which enabled them tob ° l*/ *^ f^^^S ^^n" em- »any foreign goods, which otherwi e\" /o"" "°""''"°'' '"' . But, .t is sometimes said, then Xt? ""*' ''"« '^"■'O- ■»oby.ous. Itistopreven thef„rel:r°^'^' ™» ''««on beer .n order to crush our infant w^rftsH T ""'•'°'»« "^ an article which cost him four i2Tt ,?" ''°»' "»' ff'o jou benefit but with a view ,„ ind:L^fyTii:i;''r f"™ "" ""- "onopol^ pncss after your „eighbours"rr» ^^."^''^"e you hi, Aga,n, ,t ,s asked, if the Tariff does 3 • ™' ^■•'' '^"''"'^^i- benefit is it to the manufactlr" t'' ^ '^P™^' »f "bat a^ngements ; by it he can keen cL> ! '''"' "^ ^^e his quently can give the best workme'L Z , T''"^'^'""' ^'^ work than when onlv occa^ion.r ' "'" ''° ">»« and better benefit of the Tariff 1,°:^^^.^^ ^ ''"'''''' «■» »^ price, bjr which he saves freight "^"f'^^"' <^an keep a stead, »d can suppl, the oonsum" '.^nlrr" " m """ ^'"'"^'^ What I have said in reanect 1^ '"ourable terms. which we can -anufacturf: t "atrr ifi^ "^ «" -«='- I^ady A., whpn .,«.;« u «^"vctniage m Canada. who tofd be;:':: ?bu;th":*;rr*^ "^°" "^ ^^^ ^ ^'fle- ^ tad, A. rep,ied,fhe coS tafe^T '^'^7 '""'"*« ■ asked with aatonishment, how Jtb i tf °° t^ "''^'Per- -.3.a.kedw=3renXr;:'t;Sef I ii ' . lii li' I 804 APPENDIX. answered that she could make it herself, but could not earn the pence to buy it. Suppose an old lady [perhaps blind] to be amusing herself by knitting stockings and mittens for the family, how much cash could the husband or father pay out of his chest, to be sent out of the country, to obtain those articles cheaper, than to have them made by the employment of the lady ? How unwise it is for a farmer to pay cash or run into debt for anything which he could make in a rainy day ! The policy must he very bad which deprives our people of employ- ment. Shall we encourage our own children and our own people, or strangers? Shall we catch and tame our own water-power, make it industrious, spread wealth, prosperity aid independence all around us, or shall we refuse to develop the resources of this noble Province ? A large proportion of our people are Agriculturists ; how shall ■we best promote their interests ? Shall we add competitors with them in the market for the sale of their produce, or shall we induce customers to buy and consume their produce ? Shall we provide them a domestic in addition to their foreign market for everything which they can raise, by encouraging the manufacture of such articles as can be made with advantage in the country, and which will increase the value of every acre of land ? If all are farmers, who will be purchasers and customers ? Let us reflect on the great advantage to the farmer to have a home market. Is it a benefit to have the butcher from the neigh- bouring town come to his door every week and enquire for fat animals, and give the farmer his price in cash for them ? Much better than for the farmer to leave his farm and drive his animals io market, where the cattle arrive in bad plight, when the owner is obliged to take just what he can get (what he would not take if the cattle were at home) rather than be at the expense of taking them back to his farm. Which system will bring the greatest profit, and most increase the value of his farm ? By encouraging the tanner, your neighbour, ho can give you from four to six dollars for your ox hide ; if you have not ^e tan- APPENDIX. 805 ner you may be obliged, like the South American, to sell your or iude for the same number of shillings ^ 1 11 ' '"'"^ "^''' ''^^''"^^^^ ^^^^ ^^'^^ ^ the express desire of the ^J^-ovw'' fhere; and >uld bo far ^'re control received a >e interest W farit« ^ them. I the con- ' the con- od thera- the same oater the y will be govern- the pop. 3 which ture of far the ised by it ma^y- affaire i S3ri- srand e two >n an adu9J| when rad- land ihy and thu9 inal the ier- fer- wn ed 't, APPENDIX. 809 oniil svllf A^"""^ '''r'* ^ ^'^'' ^"^'^y abandoned the col- onial system of trade, as m that year the corn laws were reoealed Sat th« H ff !-7T ^'"'^*™«- I^ ^^ "«*' bow. till 1848 that the differential duties imposed by the Tmnen WuZ permitted to import whence and how she pleased, which was still further promoted by the repeal of the naviga'ioiCs in 1849 Bmce which date Canada has enjoyed the priv' We of entirely controlhng her own trade, and her omi customs dues' ^ 1 have, therefore taken the year 1849 as thai when noliticallv Canada was entirely entrusted with self-Kovernrart and In h^ ^ap at that date, the principles of Free^IVaTTe^t' Sly a^u'd The protective colonial system of Great Britain having. h^An Turd'C hef fi7/ *'^ ^"'P*^^' theXcS itTf Tccess uno7if«?'^r ' '^'*''' T^ P"^^'^ ""^'^'^ dependent for success upon its continuance, and many other commercial interests SrodSt^vrv^"^- ""'';'; '^^^-"dinand unexpeetedt^^^^^^ produced very serious disasters; and in 1849 Canada found her- "ed^ A"*ff '''^l'^"^'«" ' ^"PP^^*^ commerce, and depe- .lated credit. Apart from these financial difficulties directlv traop able to the altered policy of Great Britain, it must be remSed ttJ2ronV37'?^.rn!f r^-f^/-- the shoO^fTel L luroances ot l«d7-8 ; that the Union had bioutrht face t^ faoA th^ opposing infiuences of English and French Canada whict tt e h^ deaif wfth ""^ '""' prosperity of the country, had to be Under such depressing circumstances, the only hone lav in th^ fact that people had at last the management of their^own aff^™ EncSnn/P'°'' '^^'' r^ P^°P^«- Canada accepted th; Tl cy of to those which concern it. S ,nd "'-..,'''!.^™'P'««' ""l™" -.- oui,.„i tinu niui ai guvcrnment ; alter- 910 AI'PKNhft. ,. In aooordanoo with tl./pr y^ « I'f'":"*"'"/' '»« ^rndo. n»forino,| and ..xtotwlod tin. mw m; . /• '''""*''"««' ''"« alHo boon an.i rural ,Ji.stnct« ''"'"•"«•"" '»* t''^' t^'nant vote in the .ountioH e.oS::?Sl ;;!:^^^^^ >f -.nnutod tin,o ^^r »Po.. v,>tinK 0X00, ,t on hJw I , t ' •'; "'r' V''*'^'''*"*' "'» «''««'^^ tiHliousandunoo/tain Tin lu S" '^^ *''*'''*''»"« ^'^"^ »«>tf> the duration of an olootion to two d """"^ ''"'"'"""^ '')^ "'"'tinK syHtjMn for tho trial of oont'^^T/llXit ^''^^^^ h tii: ";is£s;r:;f':i!;';:i,s;;;:'-/^-V'^« ai-hoonro^^nnod boo.i d.vido(l int,. fortyH>^.d,t oLlrni • • ! • ^'"' P'*'^^'»«« '"^^ mend.or. Twolvo ir7. 1 7^ . [ ^""' ^^'^'^''^'s, each roturnin/r ono office atlor oi^ht ^^ ^ ' :^ ^'^^^ 17 ^" •"' ''''' "'«^ ««> -"^• «tion; and i^s oxt.oot.d | a "thoVl l^'-n'? '"** '""''^^'^ ^'^ J'««"- in a «roat do^^roo .iouro fn>m 1 1 o -f '"" '*" *" ^'^^'''•"«'' '^ '"'(ly and abloto tnko a cal , n l T "'*\""^'»'"y oxoitoniont of politics by tho (}ovcrnor-(JonoraI ''''"'rarM, and may he dissolved and afto; a lon^. and p^ ^ctcV t ?T'"'f.^''"""^"^ "'l^'*'/ question, essentially ot' a Sif'2f'''/'^'^ '^^™'^y 'lifficulJ the adherence of iWliamenl ''"''• '*^'''' h ''^^" ''^'^'^ ^ ft crnmcnt.is to provide for the complete sev" LAI'I'KNOIX 811 rftnco of ji tho localities interested. The system thus inaugurated, was from Mmo to time amended atf circumstances showed tho necessity, until finally, in IH.OB, the whole of the laws relating to munciijalities in Upper Canada, wertj revised and consolidated into one statute. A sunilar measure ban likewise been prepared for Lower Canada, and was distributed through tho province during the last session of the provincial parliament, preparatory to its being considered and finally passed m the session now approaching. Tho general features of the municipal law of Unp(!r Canada, and which, with some modifications Huited to the different state of society in Lower Canada, may be stated as the system in force, throughout the province, are : — The inhabitants of every country, cit^, town, and township artj constituted corporations, their organization proceeding wholly upor* tho elective principle ; and provision is made for the erection of ucw nnmicipalities, as tho circumstances of the country require, by their separation from those already exiating. A complete system is created for regulating the elections, and for defining the duties of tlio municipalities, and of their officers. Their powers maybe gener- ally stated to embrace everything of a local nature, including — tlie opening and maintenance of highways ; the erection of school- houses, and the support of common and grammar schools ; the pn>- visionof accommodation for the administration of justice, gaols, ic, and the collection of rates for their support, as well aa for the oav- - - - t r .112 AI'f'KNDrx If ' mint of pnuy f„ 'jt"'K mcal loKKslatioM, an.l luu. iJ , ' fr '^^ '^^^^ « tiood from t.Iu> nocvsaity of ,.„nv,;,V ^ ""' «''"^^'"'i' logiHlafcuro IPPor Canada to thi" f^^; '^ ' 'V";^''' '•'ttontion ha,l boo.^ivea in Miool. .n Upper Canadaf ["«'': ''V '^'''^^ ^'-lu'rinton out of H «^.dop„tod hy the (w rm tt r;^r^"'^""^^ ombofed"-'^ ^^••""ination, the rcS Tf ,;" "P"''*'^^' •^"- ^"'1 af«)r AITKMUX 8in •nt of |.;,l„„„ti , '" 1 '""'"'"'.'"'! """I" t" 11"' .SupcrinC "«Hof UH„funKK,kK,,n„rm r ;';''/"'•' ;''''f'<'nr.t«n(lont. Libra- pn.vid.n^' tit iriHtnictorH for ., '" ''''"^"*"'«- , '''»»• tin* F'Hrp(m„ „f Havo boon ."Htui,iiHi,,/:.t'o:;;;;;r'VT ''"'''' ^"'•"''^' '^•f-«j« tu«l training. *""' '""'^'' ^"^"-t' '« «l«vot(vl to their offoc- P^'viHion iH nutdofor U !^tl ,i2^:, f'yr''^ 'H.'-n-Hootarian, hut «cj'onlH; but th„y d(. not 7. pit "r.*'^ ^'Htholic Hcparato "duration, fu liwc-r C^a • nw . "l/'"" '"'■'^' '-''^"^ '•'^'«^' ft> tjie cduoatiou \h rnaiulv in tbr llPT ?'"'' ''"n-soctarian, yot ''!■« roHult of tbiH ZtomllTi ""'' '^^'^''^^i^^ provision. t^« last report TilTZ ^. ''V'"""""' "r. by statir.^ tbafc bv J" Lower Canada tie o^.'un '"''''' ''^'''''^'^ «oho'ar«.^^ ^act that, ,u.til afW I84V Lrbt;' T'". '■^^'"'^^'^"^''"' ^-'" '^^ vine, the French Canadian no ,! L '"'' '''y ^'^^^''^^ *<> con- tanee of education ^C^^en 1" ^'""•"•^' "^""^ ^^^* ''"P'>" groat repugnance to th inSSt of tho""'^"""'^'^^^ «^'"^«d * Jo n,,unta=n the aystem TvT.rJrV'^^^^^^^^ been entirely overcome . mi -^ very peat efforts, this feelinrr has Hon. P-J-aChluveau 'A"^) T^^"" ^^'^f ^'M'orintendonce o? £ results: 2,800 shoT 180 )ioser'r' ^'^ ''''' ^''^^"« *'"« ^'"^^ ng "a;:;:^:? ??^^'^^^ "' ^" ^'"^^ progress harbrn"m;d:2rfft::;f;-;^'^ ^'"^^^•^^"' ^"^ '-^"^ -al Bcbool system, when tl e e wa^ ttaJl sS'^ '^'^' «^'"«"'" >"Shcr class of instruction\bT t f, "'''^^ '" connection with it a • which are now very gen ra,lvt?b^^^^^ T^' '[ ^'™^'"'^'- ««ho^ «! and also, to a more Hm ited fxtnt in "/o ^'"r^^'f ^^^'' ^^^^^^ are also supported .y g.n^^S"^,^^- ^^ ^^ ^^^^ 814 APPENDIX. L^twits TZ" '"^''^ ^^*' '" '^^"^''^ "^ *^« '°«*J rates ments of fh« nnf p ^T'"*'^' numerous educational establish- sc^:::t:^^:^^^s: ''''''''-' ' --'' -' ^^- - vZtlZ?ToZ!'' ^>«^«^Western Canada consist-of the university ot loronto, non-sectarian, which is very lareelv endowed ai.wijr oonaition. ihe University of Trin tv Collejrp wh'ioh '.a oTtets'S" ^'t^'^ ^'"^^^ f Englantf an%Vittity Church of sS^'^" "'^ ^"^"^^^ of tl^« °^o«t Thf cTer^v Tl '^"'*'^ ^'^'^ intelligence of Lower Canada, the land oTunn/rrT'/''" T .^PP'-opriation of one-seventh of th: su olfer^-^^^^^ ThV'Trrcla^^f ^*T ''' sessed originally, by the Church ^f'Sn^K.^™'?' ^""^ P*"'" eve?7 casT th„ Z-ir ™'°°^' '° <'™P™">«<' fte question ; Ltin at Th. T. -w 1*''*.«'»' " final settlement could be arrived Ait de^LW''"'^','"'"''* "■"■«■• "■« »"*»% of an ImS ttinVltHS! n "T'"'^. '"P"!?'"" of «>« State from all cTnec to ?h: taSf exwL"sH„r;'^^ "^f.^ commutation equivalent precluding LowC Canldf f^^^ ^"^ '"^ ^u^'*''' ^"^ «ff««t«aUy Snd wealtliSwrso stlSr^^^^ •" f' ^"^ "*" P^P"'^*^^" North America Th^ Frfnch (^«nT"^ !" ^ '""''^ "*^«^ P^* ^f system for vea-^ • W T« <^anadians had grown up under this their intelligrc^^ndm/ucr^^^^^^^^ *^^" ^'^ ^-^'^^-d if ^11 « I AI'l'|f,NI»IX, ''"•''•«vi.^od |,v t) 'o fn ' a I. I ''V- T *'•' '"'"""".V ^"^ ""t '"•'^'•'>''t in it. T in ,Xn " ^ ''^^ '"'-y '""' "" i"""0(liato rally. A social rovn „ -^^ ['O.O )0 f,-o,„ t|,o provi.ioo irnne- oxoftomonf.SloL, ':''■? ;';••*" *'"'? ''•^"" 'I'-ioti;, a,,ul without P'-'^vinoo ai.,1 vot thi^ rv 1 "";'*«'«' >«1 I'J'OKroHs of tho Lowor i«vi.. a.ul wa.tol .1 ^ I ;T ll ' ^^''^'^'•""'7'^ <>f (^Hua,la,« J »■ '"'0 i>,>int in tho whoh 1. ,L r ' ''""''"' «""'^- ^f* t^oro bo should o,uvw ;; «t oS ?f J^r'^'f '^"li'>»»' • '*'«">•' '"'oo, or uwhvulual wrong. receive fixtn, (Jovon^nt i^V^ ^ • hi I'^r"' *"r '^^ '^"''*^ ' "'^3^ »«^«'es^<'ary for thoir >" hro T. i ''^■''''*^»'" ''» "^^'•'y point wanlo,i L thoir frio. 1. . > '"*""^''' 'Institution, thoy an for- fmm tlu. rau s am m.;s?l''7-^ '^''' ''' '"'^^^" ^'' P-^'^^"* thorn -0 - much oxi"'CTc>l''"'""^ ^" ^'''«'' «-y ~tho price of onlinarv lan,nn ^l / f^ '"■" """'*' "P"» "'«n>, on credit. To oSlo^hlr^o n 'f ''' ^'^ '^'''''"« (^ '^""'^O if <^*'t«hli8h united ott 1m fw ^''T"^'''l r ^'"'^" ^'"'nmumtios to for sale at 2«. t^r it ^ f '^^^^ '^1 '*^'i^«« '^^''^^ are offered = "'^> " 13 withm tae power of *l'VKNl}IX) 81T ""00 of Holm„|„. ^"" '*""'"'*' ^•«taMiHl,mont and inaintcn- ^TUMMi. No furthi ox,,; lit , r Ia'"'^'!;''''''' "« '* ""^y «'« wnnt« of tf.o pcoplo. IJ,„|o,. 1 ,T ' ' "" ^'"' ''"•^'''t I'.cal "7<7 to UtocUoMt of al,« t i r ( ml '"' "'''•^""li''<'-.. of ,„.blio ; l..i« produ,.,,! U.0 nonntntt: 1 ;;:,:;!:''? ^"'/- F''"'-. and protoction and pr<,por -nar^.^InK n . "^j., T'; T'"''''"^' ''"• ^^'^i'" Hhort a timo in oporatio,, to „on, it J ' \ "^ "' ^'''^ '"'"" ^oo bu U,oro can b„',.o do..,,fc tl. wj,' 7'" ^7'^«"'^« '^^''i^'vcd ; public advantage, OHpociallv 1.^1^?"^ ^'''' '^'^ ^"-^"^^""^ fiHlH^rioH arc porfoctly inoxbaustilX . , i '^'^""•"""«, wfioro tfn; ^I'on, r..o,n tl.0 Hcvm-ity o . ! i^^ Pr'>Por MuporviHion ; and JoF'ondcnt ,.pon tl.om/ A I rdv? ' !■' '"''''^^''^'^'^h an, .r.airdy Provi.lod, an/l a r.ovv un^ w^l'r' " f ''"r"' ^i" »'"rcby f^ ^ I" attending to tl.o ^i at nl o 1 ^r V''^' ''^ '"'''''^>'^- turo have ,^t n<>Kl«ctod tlw.Ho t . ^ t„ 1 h T"^''"'/''^' '"«'«'*" rest p nlarUhropic mindH. Tl.o car ofl.ml • ""'' '" '''''«''''/ '"*«- attonfon, and adn.iral.Io any n ^'T V'r;"-'''^^«'''^'»''«h «'oy receive the n.ost HkilfnlCd Vmr ./ I / '' ^'' *'"""'' ^^''^''^ Canada, a local rate provide! ?"r / ? '' ^^^ '"«"*• In Upper but legislative aid is rooui ed L, thT r V^' oxpcnditire; With an equal sum for similar ins it ir.'""/ "^ '^'"'"^ ^^'^M As regards criminals, a iVo" S' P '^T' ^''^"*'^^- to whom a long period of sorvi 1 i« ri'/ "J"r^ '''''''' ^^one touaht variono ♦l,!^^ .A Horvuiuio is attached : thev ^.« *u„-_ _ a...=, «„. .ompeiied to contribute to the" co^r^f '-1 .lis AI'I'KNIMA H Uioii- <»w.. n.a.ntonanoo. T\mv labour Ih let ..,.(, by rouliftol to fr«>loflio.M., tkM. I.v oin|.lo,vnioul, iMi.l U.o .uH|uiHiti..i( 'nl' U„. knew UMlgo ol i.o,no ha.» iu.liR v,ii,\„>ato ooi,tn\o,„iMit ol ,Mi,„ii,alM. No,^l„v« Hoi.M,oo boo,, wholly ovoHoolvo,!. ..('.,i,n,la having had. wuoo )MI. un.lo,- tho nMo M.,|.o,i„l.n.|o„oo „r Mi,' Willimn I n«aii Ml.8.. a HVMto,natio jioologioal hm.vo.v in \w^ivm, whiol, I,i,,m alivmlv boon ol tho g,valo,Ht v„l„o I., tho pi-ovinou, whilni it liiu* ,„iolo no too:,,, oonlnlnilionM to tho hLm-K of |<„owIo„o,<,l ,v|,o,l« ot (ho goohiaioul m„,vov i\i' V.mi\ih\ \n\\' bo appoiUo.l to m ovolonoo of tho v.il,i,> and ovloiit of t.bo«o,-v,oO|uM>lo,',nod; whilo tho.l,s|,|„v olnpoonnonM at tho London and Vt\v\^ o\h(K,t,oio4 mnply do,n..ns|ia(o«l itn |.,-i,olioi,l oh',,i,olor Tho 'i;.»,>>nto Ob.-.o,vatorv i* hIho w,«II Known to,- itn vabiablo oon(,",b„(,onH to aHt,-o„o,u,oi,l and n,oto,.,o|.,gioal soioiM-o ; and that at Quoboo ,» also \^w\\^^ ,n|u do,.o,vod notioo. My npaoo will nob bowovov. ^HMiuit n,o to ^l^ „io,o than notioo tho laol thatHooh iiiMti* tutiojw o\i.4. auil !Uvval„o.l and |,ro„,otod in Canada. aHi),-dinK ovtdonoo that tho |.ih\^,vh8 of tho oonntry w not onnlinod wholly to matoii:,! objov't>«*. Antong othor rotonns whiob bavo oliaiactorinod tbo lo^inlation of Canada -luring tho \y,\.< ton v.m»,-h, tho oii„,inal law has boon oar«,- fullv vovvsoil and a,nondod ; whilo in lt|,,,o,- Canada, whoiv lOndiHh law p,vva,ls. tbo j.,Hn'Oi>d„,gs of tbo oo„,Ih havo boon gioally Miin- nbliod, and Mtr.pnod oi' toolntioal tlillionltics ; in thin lonpoot' lully koopinj; ivju'o \v,lb tbo lo^al ,vlo,-,nH of Kni^land. In Lowoi- Cainv- kU, tbo wbolo plan of j,»du'oar8, boon njodiliod and Krcatlv rodnood. '' Tbo whole stAtalorj law of Canada h.i8 boon oonaolidatod iuto tJmH> vobnnos. a work of ,mroat labmiv a,id oorroaponding value. ^ For tho .lobiov vuont of tl.is iuiport^nt work, tho pi-ovimo is dooi.lf mdebtod to tho lato Sir Jamos Mtioaul^jr, ox-Chiof JusUoo of Cowuwi AII'DNKIX, flio i!!"t.\;i;i::;';:;:;!;i;,:!i";;:';':'f '•■"'•• I"" «"^ Imtnor.!, will, »J,. .-o.lill.HUo,, of II . | Z.l l"' "'^':'' ''^ ' "•'' III (Im> l'.MP./Mi„^ (.I.H.'rvnlioiiR I |,„v,. or.lv l.,>-... , i ( A ll....'.mMl. r.-lM-,,...ril,.. |.,^i.|,,,,,,r..:''^ ' '',''"■ """";K""'""U.r ..Hial. iHlnmn.l. ..1' n,r.,n„at<.ry pri«onB iuul „.... • • . ^jioIh ; •'^ « "" '""' H"i»«'rvifliion cf Til.' fir..iriol,i.,ii ..rH(!'mn(!o ; , ''"' '■:''•"•'" "(■ U... (iri.riirial mio ; , ''""'''•P''!i'''''i''n.,rf,|,,MMvilln,vv«; '•••<-onH,,|,,lai,io,,ort|,o«tal,.,l,,,Iavv; an.I Canada occur,jo« a p««iti,., "1^.,^ A '^ • "" ''^"^""• tho ocean at t,o (lulf J^f Ht L\l ' '^T"''^J'^' ^^tcnrling froni W08tornm,>«»»f ♦!.„ "A/, r^- ^'l^rwH^o (/, Lake Sunnri/Vr ♦»,* " '^ ^"'^ *""^ '"'^«*' '^^'^ ^ivor tit. Lawrence formi^' m n2o AITir.NDIX tho ^'m>hnru;o of Mioho lak.>fl, (i,„|H if It.nn. nf ;';'.,;': rr'n "" '"•"""''"•• •""•^"f oouM roih-l, (ho soalM>a, T.. *^ « "ol, lor.Mg,, Inulo ,^^^^^^^^^^j^^^^^,^^»g" .luuv... tho ,t,,,gn,t.,.lo or (ho p,i.o t<, ha l.u.hino'(^.n,al. huilt hv nr.„i. /;'''•', ii"?""'"' ""•'' *''« a shan^ of, ho (ra.io of tho ^M-oat laLw ""I""'""'" "* "^^^'"""K ed tho ofVorh (<(.;.. •'>< '^nsmn ot oonunoroo, inoroa*. tho HH^ « 1 t , ''^r *H>'n"Muuoat,on botwoo,. tm« dintriot and iviji „«v a "" ."'^''^- '^f^'P ^>'Ws takoii undor Lord Svdonham in wu u) prx)mot« tho onlarKcm<*it of tlio WoIInn.l p„.,«i „^ i *u. Ai'i'K.wrtix f|21 bo v^cMM. ..Ico ( Mario „„,| Mc.,.,,ro„,l. tI.o«o workn wo „ vf^Z 1' froiti Mi(> (!fnf,«.(l HUiiw ihrmnh (kuwh Jo«H,.| „ ,u,,v,K,.f on or vo««.,Ih of HOO Umn fro,,,' M,. o I rwE BuUhn fopoal of I,,, con. Iaw«~ru, admittodly r,(,c.««nry moa«.,ro orJU,000,000c mot hy Hinnhir oflortH on tho part of ( hmuh ^ Rxpononoo ha a minim.un. The K Law ronoo on the other hand, wan renort