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For the reason that the task of describing any scene in natnre is difficult in proportion to its rarity, and tliat we derive our con- ception of the same from the comparison it will bear with other works of nature, and for the further reason that Niagara Falls is unique and totally unlike any other scene on the face of the earth, it is a most onerous task to produce such a pen-picture of the Falls as can convey to the minds of readers who have never seen them an accurate idea of their grandeur. Many minds have essayed to reproduce Niagara literally, many i)en8 have recorded the impres- sion of visitors respecting it, without even faintly describing it ; for there is no known rhythm whose cadence will attune itself to the tremendous hymn of this " sound as of many waters," neither will blank verse serve to rehearse its attributes in song. The best specimen of the latter was written by a gifted poet who visited this locality especially to set forth its beauties in verse, but who recorded only the following words: " I camo to see I / I thought to u!nuds of vapors atterhorn has nest rainbows mn look down lizzy altitude. s are brought md France on beetling cliffs, glish channel, re brought to- a river which, their mighty t look without the Ancients, tual stop in its •lently turned ig a veritable portion of the posing forces, jr resources in ng line which tt she reversed nee and awe of om die skies, gh trees at the id from above; providing an almost Inconceivable avalanche of waters, she allows thcuj to be observed from below, as if pouring from the clouds ; and in the coldest seaHouH, without the aid of heat, a mighty cloud of vaiMir rises, and, condensing in the form of ice on all the sur- rounding scenery, forms a fairyland of scenic ellect which is as weird and strange in its conception as tlie works of enchantment. Yet the mind of man has refuHcd to be sulxlued by the grandeur here displayed, and ba« calmly proceeded to utilize the very edges of the cliffs for the purpose of suspending bridges to act as con- necting links between the two countries which the river seems solely intended to separate; and across them thetrwi horse deliber- ately conveys the products of human industry to and from each land! There is no point on the earth's surface from which an entire idea of human existence can be more adequately conceived than from the center of the R. R. Sus[)en8ion Bridge, which in the distance appears as a mere web between the two cliffs, although solid and substantial as man's ingenuity can make it. There, suspended in mid-air, between i)recipices enclosing a terrifying chasm, through which rushes the mighty flood, it is im])0S8ible to stand without experiencing that feeling of entliusiasm connected with the assunii)- tion that the creation contains no i)Ower too great for human con- trol. Yet, when the heavily-laden freight-trains cause the fabric to tremble, the possibility of the breaking of the Bridge seems so near and total destruction in that event so certain, then the feeling of exultation is necessarily allied with that of fear, recalling the idea of standing face to face with eternity. This, briefly and terse- ly, is the locale of Niagara which is at once a village and a city, for the reason that it contains such grand and interesting scenery as well as splendid manufacturing establishments and triumphs of human skill, although it has not more than 4,000 inhabitants ! A proposition has sometimes been made to convert this place into a park to the exclusion of manufactories. It is probable, how- ever, that the various industries of the future will be able to draw all the power required from the river above the Falls,' without in any way marring the scenery of the latter ; and that while in the years to come, this village may grow to be a city, teeming with ife and activity, its value as a health resort will be in no wise abated. THE NAME NIAGARA. The word Niagara is a household word all over the world. It is applied only to the locality, and is to-day the synonym for the iil r deal waterfall. It is of Ituliun origin, for the IndiaiiH om;e in- habited airtliiHroiintry, and iniH'h of the nomenclature of WeHtern Now York Ih traceable directly to them. Niagara is MupjM»Hed Ut be borrowed fron» the lanj^najie of the IroiH, an^ults w were th lown i This carried when I virtuall; After years o York p sidert^d, time of 1 The d ment. I•^)rt Eri Aligns cstablisl river an arrived ; Xnother sclaer's and refii were tot chief ev( Late i: and des Niagara Hur})rise( the j)eo Indians, aid, and Lewistor her 20 ar P'arly i >^cott, Ga tidiaiiH otKH) in- itnrr of Wt'Htorn k iH Hii|i|H>He(l Ut 11(1 iiH'unH " Tlie ilie, for it v\uh iiit iiioHt iiii|H)rtiint » tiivo tlu) tribal ndupiH, iltiroiiH* by the luiiiu' of uIIh to iTiiiul the iiaiiu^ of Olio of the FallH wc^ro (ir chief village IroquoiH 8otith ), and at peace kvhoHe wijjfwaniH I'llinv; the name ; the more eom- 'ronkn by other it lan^na^e ; for sr tribe, thon^h veil aH Niagaras r location. 1 by the more ality beinji an Mr lands, hered tofjether hers, but they descendants to ith this section nberless. From le lonj? Fren(!h 812, its borders ually strength- Q River. Forts Krie, NiajiJira and MissisnaKa <»n the < anndian, and Fortu Porter, iMi Porta>;e, S^ults were both bloody and destructive, jis ncitliiT party, even were they so dis|)osed, cotdd always repress the Indian nature, au shown in the determinati«ui to burn and scalp after a battle. This «'ont«'st between French jinove, com- across the he Whirl- a of shale id upward die of the the Rail- For the le present uspension I to Table i.. FIRST VISITED BY WHITE MEN. We do not know when white men first visited Niagara, though after the discovery of the St. Lawrence in 1534, any of the traders and adventurers who sought this region may have done so at any tinie. Jacques Cartier, in his description of his second voyage, 1536, speaks of a cataract, but he never saw it. Samuel Champlain, in a book of his voyages, published in 1613, indicates a waterfall on a maj). In 1G48, the Jesuit Father, Ragueneau, in a letter, speaks of the cataract, and locates it very correctly, and on Sanson's Map of Canada, 1G57, it is indicated. Du Creux, in 1660, in a work, " Historiae Canadensis," indicated, Niagara on a map, but he did not describe the Falls, and it is doubted if he ever saw them. The first description that we have is that of Father Hennepin, published in 1678. We here quote a part of his description, and also reproduce his picture of the Falls, which was the first known representation of Niagara. "CHAP. VII. A description of the Fall of the River Niagara, which is to be seen be- twixt the Lake Ontario and that of Erie. "DEtwixt the Lake Oritario and Erie, there is a vast and prodig- ^-^ ious Cadence of Water, which falls down after a surprizing and astonishing manner, insomuch that the Universe does not af- ford its Parallel. 'Tis true, Italy and Suedeland boast of some such Things; but we may well say they are but sorry patterns, when compar'd to this of which we now speak. At the foot of this hor- rible Precipice, we meet with the River Niagara, which is not above a quarter of a League broad, but is wonderfully deep in some places. It is so rapid above this Descent, that it violently hurries down the wild Beasts while endeavoring to pass it to feed on the other side, they not being able to withstand the force of its Current, which enevitably casts them headlong above Six hundred foot high. This wonderful Downfall is compounded of two cross-streams of Water, and two Falls, with an isle sloping along the middle of it. The Waters which fall from this horrible Precipice, do foam and boyl after the most hideous manner imaginable , making an out- raeeoufi Noise, more terrible than that of Thunder; for when the Wind blows out of the South, their dismal roaring may be heard more than Fifteen Leagues ofl". 11 i !; 12 - s ■3 b 2 el M o to d V M a C3 )il The River Niagara having thrown it self down thi« incredible Precipice, continues its impetuous course for two U'agues togetiier to the great Rock above-niention'd, witli an inexpressible rapid- ny : But having passed that, its impetuosity relents, gliding along more gently for other two Leagues, till it arrives at the Lake Ontario or Frontenac. Any Bark or greater Vessel may pass from the Fort to the foot of this huge Rock above mention'd. This Rock lies to the West- ward, and is cut off from the Land by the River Niagara, about two Leagues further down than the great Fall, for which two Leagues the People are oblig'd to transport their goods overland • but the way is very good ; and the Trees are very few, chiefly Firrs and Oaks. From the great Fall unto this Rock, which is to the West of the River, the two brinks of it are so prodigious high, that it would make one tremble to look steadily upon the Water, rolling along with a rapidity not to be imagin'd. Were it not for this vast Cat- aract, which interrupts Navigation, they might sail with Barks, or greater Vessels, more than Four hundred and fifty Leagues, crossing the Lake of Huram, and reaching even to the farther end of the Lake Illinois, which two Lakes we may easily say are little Seas of fresh Water." The Rock above mentioned was a huge bolder or mass that was found on the river bank near the foot of the mountain, and just above the village of Lewiston. Hennepin was the priest and historian who accompanied Chev- alier Robert da La Salle. This leader ascended the St. Lawrence built a trading post at Fort Niagara, visited the Falls, built in Cayuga Creek on the American side, 5 miles above the Falls, the Griffin, 60 tons burden. August 7, 1679, she set sail, the first ves- sel that ever floated on the Upper Lakes. She crossed Lake Huron, but on the return foundered with all on board. THE NIAGARA RIVER. The Niagara River, one of the shortest, but one of the most famous rivers in the world, is a part of the system by which the waters of the Great Lakes are carried to the ocean. Its entire length is only 36 miles-22 miles from Lake Erie to the Falls and 14 miles from the Falls to Lake Ontario. The Niagara River is me.ely one link in the chain which con- ducts the waters of Lake . perior to the Atlantic. It is called the Niagara River between the two Lakes, Erie and Ontario 13 i i !i iin 14 I H i w o 00 * ■"' J When it leaveH T^ike Ontario, it is the River St. Lawrence, which is 7(X) miles long, and falls into the Gulf of 8t. Lawrence. It is part of the boundary line between the U. S. and Canada so decreed by the treaty of Ghent in 1815. By that treaty, tlu; boundary line runs through the center of the Great Lakes,' and through the deepest channel of the rivers. By this means, over three-fourths of the islands in the River, including all theiniport- ant ones but one, belong to the U. S. Of these islands, there are in all 36, of which Grand Island is the largest and Goat Island the most famous. In its course, the River falls 336 feet, as follows: From Lake Erie to the Rapids above the Falls, 15 feet; in the Rapids, 55 feet ; at the Falls, 161 feet ; from Falls to Lewi8ton,98 feet ; from Lewis- ton to Lake Ontario, 7 feet. Its sources are, Lake Superior, the largest body of fresh water in the world. Lake Huron . " Michigan " St. Clair " Erie . . 355 miles long. 260 320 49 290 160 miles wide. 100 70 15 65 1030 feet deep. 1000 " 1000 20 84 Several smaller lakes, with one hundred rivers, large and small, pour their waters this way, draining a country of more than one hundred and fifty thousand square miles. This is the drainage of almost half a continent, and whose remotest springs are 2000 miles from the ocean. With such a supply, it is not surprising that the volume of the Niagara River is never noticeably diminished. Through the mouth of the St. Lawrence, more fresh water pours into the ocean than through the mouth, probably, of any one river in the world. ^ The River, over the American Falls, falls 159 feet, and over the Canadian, 165, the difference being caused by the greater accumu- lation of rock at the base of the former. The Niagara is never frozen over, but it accumulates more ice than any other river in the world. ^ From records kept, a rise in height of water of one foot at top of Falls, will by actual measurement, raise it 17| feet below. The River, within 4 or 5 miles of the Falls, contains some of the best fishing grounds to be found anywhere. On the surface below the Falls., the current, when the water is smooth, runs on an average about six or seven miles per hour. Sailors say, about 30 or 40 feet deep it runs, at least, 10 or 12 16 I 10 H knots. And this is the reason, we think, why saw-logs and other bodies phmping over the Horseshoe Fall are not seen until they come up at the Whirlpool, a distance of three miles. There is a tradition that there is a periodical rise and fall in the level of the Lakes, embracing a period of 14 years. In 1843, 1857 and 1871 the Niagara River was very low. March 29, 1843, a heavy gale from the West caused the highest water ever known. The water rose 6 feet perpendicularly on the Rapids. On March 29,1848, a strong East wind drove the water back into Lake Erie. The heavy ice was wedged in at the mouth of the River. This dammed the water up, and soon the River was nearly dry. The rocks under the rapids were bare, and people walked and drove over them. The Falls, of course, shrank to a mere nothing. The next morning, the ice was forced out, and Niagara resumed its sway, but the sights and the experiences of that day were novel ones. The average depth of the River from Lake Erie to the Falls is about 20 feet. In some places it is over two miles wide. At the narrowest point, near the Whirlpool, the current is above 40 miles per hour, and at the widest part, about 4 miles per hour. Between the Falls and the Whirlpool, the depth varies from 75 to 200 feet. At the Whirlpool Rapids, it is estimated at 250 feet ; in the Whirlpool, at 400. But it should be recalled that this is the depth of the water alone. The mass of stone, gravel, shale, etc., which in one way and another has been carried into the chan- nel, lies below the water and above the original bottom of the Gorge, which, therefore, is probably as deep again. Various esti- mates have been given of the amount of water going over the Falls. A point 300 feet wide below the Falls being selected, the depth estimated, and the velocity of the current known, it was estimated that 1,500,000,000 cubic feet passed that point every minute. Another estimate says 100,000,000 of tons pass through the Whirlpool every hour. Judge DeVeaux estimated that 5,000,000,000, barrels go over every 24 hours; 211,836,853 barrels an hour; 3,536,614 barrels a mmute ; 58,343 barrels each second. NIAGARA PALLS. The Falls are in latitude 43° 6'^ North ; longitude 2° 5^' West from Washington, or 79° 5'''' West from Greenwich. The Horseshoe Fall has an aggregate length of over 2,000 feet; the American Fall, about 800 feet. 17 Hennepin speaks of three Falls, the third formed by the hnpe maHfles of ro(rk situated where Tahh; Rocrk stood. These roeks were of great extent, and the water l)eing ol)lijred to flow around them, formed the third Fall, and this Fall fell inward and at right angles to the present Fall. Seventy years later, 1751, this thinl Fall hml le are often jnizzled to see the River above the Falls flow- ing West, knowing that (Canada is North of the U. S. and that the Niagara's course is North. This is caused by the position of (irand Island, and a glance at the map will ex{)lain it. In 1858, the Prince of Wales visited the Falls, which were lit up by (!alcium and colored lights i)laced along the chasm, and as near as possible to the Falls themselves. The effect was grand, and has never been equaled. The Indians, it is said in Judge De Veaux's works, have a tra- dition that two human beings, yearly, will be sacrificed to the Great Spirit of these waters. Whether any reliance can be placed upon the tradition of the Indians or not, it is true that almost every year has proved fatal to some one. The Indians used annually to sacrifice a life to the Great Spirit of the Falls, choosing the fairest daughter of the tribe to guide a white canoe, filled with fruits and flowers, over the dreaded brink. At fli-st sight, strangers are sometimes disappointed. Either their expectations have been raised too high, or the grandeur of the scene surpasses anything they anticipated. The second view is frequently more expressive than the first. The longer the visitor tarries, the more he enjoys and appreciates. The Falls, it is true, when seen from above, do not appear more than 50 or 00 feet high ; but let the visitor go below, if he would get a coirect impression of this stupendous cataract. Ten times as much water goes over Canadian as over American Fall. The spray rises up in the heavens like smoke, and can be seen for a long way, especially when the rays of the sun are upon it. Judge Porter said lie had thus seen the spray at a distance of Km miles. 18 If the wind is up the River, tfie viow of the FaUn is not ob- Htructed, hut if it is l>lowing down the Kiver,it is dirticidt to get any view of the Falls. In 1840, (fuU Island, South of (Joat Island, contained two acres of land. The storm of 1847, and the continued encroach inents of the Riv(!r, cut it all away, there being hanily a trace of it now. The view of the Falls at sunrise and sunset is particularly grand. The moonlight views of Niagara are indescribably weird and delicate, and it will repay the traveler to journey far to see them. Solar bows, formed by reHectionof thesun on the spray, can be seen on any bright day, when the visitor is between the sun and the spray. Lunar bows, seen at night, are formed in a similar way, by Lunar beams. The spectator must be similarly ])laced. The roar of the Falls can be heard a long way if the wind blows toward the listener. It has been heard at Toronto, 44 miles, and at Buffalo, 22 miles. Wlien the wind blows from the listener, the roar is hardly heard, even when one is within a few feet of' the cataract. A loud roaring of the Falls is said to indicate rain. The rain winds come from the West, and a West wind brings the sound over the village. Niagara Falls in Winter is a scene that no pen can describe. The ice bridges are simply accunnUations of ice that till the (iorge below the Falls. The ice is often 30 feet thick, and its surfm^e is, of course, as uneven as it is possible. These so-called bridges can be crossed with safety. Sometimes they extend up and down stream for luilf a mile, and several AVinters it has been possible to walk on these bridi^'es up the center of the River, clear past the American Fall, and to Goat Island, mounting the Biddle Stairs, or returning by the same route to the Ferry Stairs. Many people have taken this foolhardy journey. The ice that collects on the trees is formed by the spray freezing layer by layer, and is very hard, and pure white, and glistens in the sunlight with exceptional brightness. No such ice scenery— on the banks for long k-Mes, on the River for ice jams, on the trees for delicate and fantistically shaped ice tracery— can be found elsewhere. VILLAGE OP NIAGARA PALIS. The Village of Niagara Falls was incoriwrated July 6, 1848, under the General Act of New York, passed in 1847. It has a noniilation of 4,000. ':0n both sides of the River it is estimated that tiie'average annual number of visitors to Niagara is 400,000. It is located in 19 H 3 11 what iH known m the Milts Strip, a Htrip of land ono mile in width alonj? tho whole lonKtli of Niagara liiver reHerved by the StaUs in ItH early HaleH, and H(.ld by the State alxjut 1800. AocordinK' to the State diviHionH, there were about 100 lots in the strip, lot No. 42 I being located at the Falls. ( After the freedom of the United States had been recognized, a j: dispute arose as to who should own that part of Western New York ;! lying West of Seneca I.ake. Commissioners finally gave New York I the jurisdiction and Massachusetts the ownershi]). It would seem \- that the land was flrst sold to Phelps & Gorham, and as they par- tially failed to fulfill their agreement, Robert Morris acfiuired it, and afterwards sold the Western part to the Holland Land Com- I»any, though the Mile Strij) was not included in any of the above sales. The part purchased by the comjjany is known as the Holland I^nd Purchase. The village was originally named Manchester, and now it seems likely that in a very few years it will be worthy of the name. In 1877, it was first proposed to tnake an International R«;8er- vation here; to have Canada buy certain lands adjoining the Falls and New York State certain similar lands; to restore them to a state of nature, and thus keef) them forever. The report of the New York Commissioners in 1879 recommended that the land represented by the shaded part on our map be so reserved. New York has passed a preliminary bill, appointed commissioners, and a survey is now in progress. Numberless accidents have happened at Niagara— suicides, mur- ders, drowning, over the Falls, etc. One or two accidents are si^ecially mentioned in this work, but it would be useless to give a full list of even known accidents. The number of those who have taken the fatal plunge at night, unseen save by the " Eye that sieepeth not," can never be ascertained. Some years there will be no known accident; again there have been twelve in a single season. A famous accident was that of July 19, 1853. Early in the morning, a man was seen on a rock in the A merican Rapids, midway between the Falls and Goat Island, ii. u ,)\-i to be a Mr. Avery, who in crossing tiie river had beea i^riAst. nto the Rapids and liad caught there. People flocked irom all over the country to see him. Boats and ropes were lowered. Several boats were lost, and two sank near him. Food was sent to him in tin cans. A raft was made and lowered, and reached him safely. He iii.t. '>t' ^f. and PP'7«»d ^b^ ^r\-r\ac> Tt- -.j.-^o. a^~i.^.3 A- *ii T A boat was lowered and touched the 20 l8lar%\ \n cavjglit there. ! in wijrnized, a ^ew York Jew York )nlt it was necas- sary to get her away. There was but one route. But who would pilot ?ier? No one but Robinson, and he agreed to deliver her at Lake Onti rio, and h ; did Two men v/ent with liim, and on the date above they started. In the Whirlpool Rapids the boat was terribly battered and her smoke-stack turn off; the men being knocked down and powerless. When she reachcMl the Whirlpool, Robinson seized the tiller, and before she was sucked into any of the eddies, guided her into the outlet, whence, through the rushing, dashing waters, she sped like a bird and reached Lewistim and quiet waters in safety. Rol)inson is said to have received 1500 for his services during the 20 minutes intervening between leaving the ferry stairs and the arrival at Lewiston. Robinson and his two companions are the only men who ever passed through the Whirlpool alive. The village is a splendid manufacturing j oint. Its location is central ; water-power is plentiful and reasonable. The village lias all modern improvements ; taxes are light, and there is no debt of any kind. Railway facilities of all kinds and over all roads are unsurpassed. Raw material can be received by water via the Erie Canal from the East, and via the Niagara River from the great lakes. The Hydraulic Canal in this village was completed in 1855. Tills canal can be cut 100 feet wide at any time, and will then furnish unlimited water-power. The ca-ial was bought by J. F. Shoelkopf in 1878. Since then its basin lias been enlarged, and a huge penstock oi shaft, 50 feet square and 100 feet deep, has been sunk down into the rock. A tunnel connects the bottom of this shaft with the Gorge below the Falls, and thus 3,000 extra horse-power has been attained, and this pov/er,by belts and ropes, is transm.itted long dintanccs in all directions. Niagara, through her hackmen, bears a bad name the world over. These men are not as bad as represented ; neither are the 22 great majority of them swindlers. As in every other business, there are bad ones as well as good. The worst feature about them' is the way in which they follow i)eople and importune them to ride. They seem to have no comprehension of the meaning of the word " no." If the State ever makes an International Park at this place, they will doubtless establish a special police force, and a special court of justice, and will control the principal streets^ as they would be the avenues leading to this Park. When this becomes an accomplished fact, that class of Niagara hackmen who are now so obnoxious will, under the sha^le of stern law and justice be forever crowded out of the place. In dealing with them, make a definite bargain in advance; stiimlate exiu-Uy as to tolls; the names and nimiber of the points of interest to be visited'; the time to be occupied; and that there are to be no extras, and there will usually bo little trouble. We api)end below the rates of fare allowed by law in the Village of Niagara Falls, N. Y., for the use of carriages : EATES OF FARE ALLOWED BY LAW, FOR THE USE AND HIRE OF CARRIAOES WHERE NO EXPRESS CONTRACP IS MADE therefor: For carrying one passenger and ordinary baggage from one place to another in the village, 50 cents. p]ach additional passenger and ordinary baggage, 25 cen's. For carrying one passenger and ordinary baggage from any point in this village to any point in the Village of Suspension Bridge 1 dollar. ' Each additional passenger and ordinary baggage, 50 cents. Each additional piece of baggage other than ordinary baggage 12 cents. Children under 3 years of age, free. Over 3 years and under 14 years, half price. Ordinary baggage is defined to be 1 trunk and 1 bag, hat or bandbox, or other small parcel. For carrying one or more passengers, in the same carriage, from any point in this village to any i)oint within 5 miles of the Unulz of the village, .It the rate of $1.50 for each hour occupied, except that in every instance where mvh carriage shall be drawn by a single horse, the fare therefor shall be at the rate of 1 dollar for eaiui hour occupied. ■£i 41 H L-Jii-i PREFATORY. In the preparation of this entire work, we have endeavored to tell fully and plainly what there is to see at Niagara Falls and in the neighborhood, so that our Guide may be used by all coining here as a means ofselecting points of interest to visit, and after- wards taken abroad to show to absent friends what has been seen. Keeping that object in \ iew, we have inserted many fine cuts illustrative cf the Falls and vicinage, and believe that our efibrts to assist our readers in this particular will be widely appreciated. The maps accompanying this book have been specially prepared for it and will be of great service, as tiiey point out the relative position of the different points of interest. In order to proceed regularly in our task, we have placed the various points ofinterest in the order in which they usually are and in which they always ought to be visited— the Goat Island Group coming first in the category, as it is indisputably the finest piece of property in the world as a Summer or Winter scene. By following this arrangement visitors will see the whole of Niagara to the best advantage, in the easiest and quickest way and with the least needless expense. 24 ndeavored to Falls and in ly all coming it, and after- lat has been d many fine eve that our 11 be widely ally prepared the relative e placed the ' usually are Goat Island >\y the finest r scene. By of Niagara to nd with the Map ol Uoat l8laiiil. 26 POINTS OF INTEREST. I Bridal Veil Fall. GOAT ISLAND. The " Goat Island Group;' so called, is an estate consisting of u large island standing on the verge of the cliff over which the Cataract pours, and dividing the River in such a manner as to form from its waters two Falls— the one being known as the " Ameri- can" and the other as the " Horseshoe or Canadian Falls," and in- clndef* several other smaller islands, notably Bath Island, lauui Island, Terrapin Rocks, Three Sisters Islands, and ten others not yet accessible by bridges. 20 isisting of u r which the ler as to form the " Ameri- lUs," and in- nland, J.inni 11 others not Originally, the first man who had any right to name " Goar Island, called it very properly " Iris Island," and it ought to be known under that appellative. It owes its present singular name to a local fact. In 1779, a Mr. John Stedman, having cleared a portion of the upper end of the Island, placed some goats (notable among them an aged male goat) upon it. During the ensuing Winter it was impossible to reach the Island, and the animals were killed by the cold. The people named the Island after the repre- sentative of the flock " (?oo< /s/awrf," a cognomen which has ever since adhered to it. These islands were originally owned by the State of New York. At one time it was proposed to establish a prison and at another time an arsenal at Goat Island. In 1814, General and Judge Porter bought of Samuel Sherwood a paper called a Float, given by the state as pay for military services rendered, authorizing the bearer to locate 200 acres of land on any of the unsold or unappropriated land belonging to the State. Part of this they located on Goat and other adjacent islands, immediate- ly above and adjoining the Great Falls, their patent bearing date 1816 and signed by Daniel D. Tompkins as Governor, and Martin Van Buren as Attorney-General of New York. An early record says the Island once contained 250 acres of land ; at present the group contains some 65 acres. The area of Goat Island is sixty- one and a half acres; its circumference about one mile. A strip about 10 rods wide and 80 rods long has been washed away on the South side since the first road was made in 1818. Long before It was bridged, it was visited from time to time by persons to whom Its attractions were of more importance than the peril of reaching it. The late Judge Porter, who visited it in 1805, found names cut in the bark of a beech near the Horseshoe Falls with the subjoined dates of 1771, 1772 and 1779. The first bridge to this group was built in 1817, and reached to the head of Goat Island. The next Winter the high water and the ice washed it away. In 1818, another bridge was built, but lower down, on the site of the present one. This was repaired frequentlv till 1856, when the present iron bridge was constructed. The foundation consists of oak cribs, filled with stones and covered with plates of iron. The superstructure is of iron, and consists of four arches of ninetv feet sj»an each, supported between these piers. The whole length of the bridge is three hundred and sixty feet, and its width is twenty-seven feet. Of this a double carriage way occupies sixteen 27 iJ ^1 11 n and a half feet, and two foot ways, one either side of the carriage- way, five and a quarter feet each. Visitors often aslc how the first bridge was built over the Rapids. A suitable jner and platform was built at the water's edge ; long timbers were projected over this abutment the distance' they wished to sink the next pier, heavily loaded on the end next to the shore with stone, to prevent their moving. Legs were framed through the ends of the projecting timbers, resting upon the rocky bottom, thus forming a temporary pier, around which a more sub- stantial one was built. These timbers were then securely fastened to this pier, cross-boards were spiked on and the first section was done. The plan was repeated for each arch. Goat Island w^s, in ancient times, one of the favorite burying- grounds of the Indians, and yet preserves traces of their funeral rites. It was particularly revered as the spot where chiefs and noted warriors were buried. The entrance and toll gate to Goat Island is portrayed below. Tolls for the day, 50 cents each. Season, $1.00. Reductions to excursions. Goat Island Toll Gate. Crossing the first bridge, from which both up and down stream is to be had one of the grandest views of the Rapids, you reach Bath Island, some two acres in extent. A few rods below and near the Falls isChapin Ishmd, so called because a man of that name in 1819, while repairing the bridge, fell into the River, but succeeded in reaching that Island, from which he was soon rescued. Cross the next bridge and you are at Goat Island. 28 of the carriage - sk how the first er's edge ; long distance they e end next to is were framed upon the rocky eh a more sub- then securely I and the first arch. orite burying- ■ their funeral ere chiefs and ayed below. Reductions to down stream is, you reach low and near that name in 3ut succeeded scned. Cross ^eUhe^oi i! ' "•"" "'.™ •" y^-'riRht-by taking this route you t^ctatr.tr'"'"^*''"''' '""^^''" «""»<"■'= "'"«' '" which to ap. {^TJr^T 7\r:"^"'"""^ ""f"' ™'"™"y- Advancing Z vi^s^f «'""'"'• , '•" ""■"■'* ^"" ■•"'"* ""<^ «f the most charm- ing views of Niagara, ilhistrated on next page. i- Approach to Ooat lei.ud. Descendmg the Stairs, on What from its shape is called ^^ Hog^s Back," you stand next to the Little Fall, beneath which is the famous Cave of the Winds; and crossing the little bridge a tyour right, you reach Lnua Island. ^ 29 I i ii From the further point, protected by an iron rail, we see the most desirable, near view of the American Falls and Rapids which are so close, that it is possible to dip the hand into the rushing tide passing over the verge. Here, too, one gets an ex- cellent view of the debris of rock and shale deposited by the action of the torrent at the foot of the American Fall, and also a fine perspective of the Gorge below. American Fall from Goat Island, This spot is called Luna Island, because the Luna bow is seeu here to the best advantage. It has often been remarked by strangers that this Island trem- bles, which is undoubtedly true ; but the impression is heightened by imagination. It was while climbing over the rocks directly under this Island that Dr. Hungerford, of Troy, N. Y., was killed in the Spring of 1839, by the crumbling of a portion of the rock from above. This IS the only accident that ever occurred at Niagara by the falling of 30 , we see the and Rapids and into the gets an ex- by the action i also a fine '"^S^;, bow is seen sland trem- ) heightened this Island, le Spring of bove. This he falling of On the Northern shore of this Island, a few feet above the brink w a spot of mournft,! memory. On June 21, 1840, the family of Mr. Deforest, of Buffalo, „i,h a friend, Mr. Chares Admnlf were v.ewmg the scenery from this point. The party, inTne »p.nt« were about leaving the Island, when Mr. AddinUon J ™nced playfully to Miss Annetta, the little daughter Tm^ deforest, say.ng " I am going to throw you in," at the same tVme fr! f> .Kn,? ."'' "'^^ <>""« water. With a sudden impulse of fear, the child sprang from his hands into the River. With a Bridge to Luna Island. shnip'';!^i!-''''"';^ '"^'', 'P'^"^ *^ '^""^ ^"^' b"t b^f«r^ those on ^ore had time to speak or move, they had passed over the preci- fn the rLVTyf ^^^ V'™""^^ ^^^^ ^^""^ ^^e same afternoon n the Cave of the Winds ; and a few days afterward, the body of the gallant but fated man was likewise recovered and committed (.ciouaiij that ever occurred at the Falls. As you leave Luna Island, stop a moment at the foot of the path before ascending, and see the so-called profiles, formed by the 31 and almos't nZtrA^^Z^^ '""""' ^"" '""" " ""^ ^ JmZ t^:" "'"" "'-"^ '"» "'«'^ —■"""« "ke„e«; throe Ihey are secured to the solid rock by ponderous iron bolts, and are said to be perfectly safe. The perpendic- ular height of the bank at this place IS 18o feet; the staircase itself being 80 feet high and consisting of 90 steps i^roni the stairs to the river there is a rude pathway; but it is seldom trav- ersed, except for the purpose of ang- Img an art which, at the right time of the year, is here practiced with the happiest success. Shortly after their erection, the well- known Sam Patch, whose diving pro- pensities made his name a household word, made his famous leap of 100 feet into the liiver in 1820. Midway be- tween the foot of these stairs and the Canadian Fall, he erected a scaffold 96 feet high, from which he made his successful leap. He repeated it successfully the same year, then went to the Genese Falls at Rochester, and jumped, and was killed. He never rose to the surface after he jumped, and his body was not found for some days and then miles away. ' No charge is made for the use of the stairs irom the foot of Biddle's Stairs, two paths lead in opposite •A Biddlc Stairs from above. ikeness to three 9 from above. m opposite above, and i« more. iffl™r'r.*r"i^'""''"' "^ "»<'<"' f™" muilt. But It will repay yotir trouble fop next page, which ,8 not obtain, le cls„. "Ot of the stairs, a few minutes' walk ^.n«syo„tothe.*lebratedCave„f the Winds, or as ,t is sometimes called JE«. low, you are in the very center of Niagara. The old Terrai)in Tower, also >""' 12S feet long and Fall, fell with a crash of thunder. The next day another a triamr |.o.vcr. Between the two portions that had thus" fallen, stood^a rectangular projection, about 30 feet long and 13 feet wide exSnd! 36 i I Ameriean Fall from below. 86 ng from the top to the bottom of the precipice This ma™ loosened from the main bo■« ^''"- «he drew 18 teet, and tiled with water as she went through the ranids Z she went over the brink without touching, the deZ of t^e water was proved to be 20 feet. "^ ^ As you roach the top of the bank, the path directly in front will lead you through the wood back to the Bridge, but you Z X ^^^" |nu«hifyoutakeit. Turn- ing to the right, you follow the edge of the bank for about forty rods and reach a small stone monument, directly in your path, mark- ed with a cross on the top, set by "the surveyors to ascertain if the Falls recede. This is the best point from which to get a correct view of the shape of the Horse- shoe Fall. Go on a few feet further, and soon the view shown on the following page, bursts upon you. This, the South side of Terrapln^Tower. the Island, is specially montionable from ^0 facl ihat it aff! °/ oTsrpeThr "'^ '-^'- «-<^«- ^^ ™ -hTr!^: which open up an entirely new scenp Ti.cT "7^^ '") ^^^^' ^^^ o^tr^fr^-^^^^^^^^^^ warmest da^s of I^Tr; :Hh"etS'C;ier 07^11:^ the cascades under the brideres formpri L fV "^^^^^enery; over the ledges of rock, ^.^r^:::^:^,^; :Z:^r^^ 37 ! f. 11 of the great Falls ™""""™ '*"«»«' "^ «■ spray similar to that Silttli'rtrberhriS' "'""^ " ''•^ ^-^ <" '"^^^^ i^wrf^'by's 'T't: '^ 'r "f '™"" "«' ^-"^ ''^ '*-< Three Sisters from below near this spot on the Tslnnri a«/i T ,^^^^^^' He had a hut nowP.«Apa*':^Lth^irtrei"t:^^^^^^ it was unfrequented, he diCted tl' 1":^ h: mi^'r M™ lous, of danger. At thattime.a«.u.i,„f kA Tl. ?!'•.'^"°' "Wiv- extended fronr Terrapin Bridge ■eighfi.irt;"::;-;::'';:.:?;^: 38 le continuous Goat Island i^enty feet in imilar to that of the Third t Sister Island sight. It is Falls, used to mplished, lad a hut ti what is any one, ill manu- Lirs when ot obliv- Bs square )recipice. On this he has been seen at all hours of the night, pacing to and fro »rthout the slightest tremor of nerve or he iLc/ of step Sometimes he was seen sitting carelessly on the extreme end ^f the timber-sometimes hanging from it by his hands and feet Iwding this life were never known. He was drowned while bathing near the foot of the Park Railway, in 1831 His bodv was recovered, and is buried in Oakwood Cemetery, Najra F^J When you get back to Goat Island, you can return to the BriC View on First Sister Island. woods T. K f ,. ^ "'"*' *"'"«' ^'"•'Kh* '''"""I 'hrough the y^tlJl" • "T'- '° ^" "'" ""'«•■ "«"«. »d to do this you turn to your right and follow the road directly East Here one sees how it was possible for the island to have LS^d wTriT/.'^^' <■- « "" -'-"s up between the c,™u Th.-r ,'"■' u"" V ■ "*''* " '"'^"' "*■ W"'*'- no' "ver four feet befor^theR M ^°*\"!^I"'^""'^ '"' P-P'« to visit the Island before the Bridge was built. w rent on either side, it i, a motM .i 7\T '^™"'" '"'" "'« «■■■- rougl,, too 8l,allow and trrLTn ''"''""' "^ "'« «">*"■■ i« too hi" lK«t at all. ™'"'' '" ""»»' ""e oamman to manaRe better prepared phyrically to enl^lr '""'"J ■""■ ""'"' ' ""^ » • the be«t view,, a^ the sun isat "1/, \^T' "fu """^ "" ^^ ««' fles the scenery without bli ,2;" ^^m ?"*"''"" =*"" «"'"- ti'izt — « '"='* *■-« ^■-'- -'nLT:arh~r;:: ^ooi^LtTt^K.^fd,'' °s :ir,^ rh ^^^ ™"' - -' ^ - water. Situated a^t the f^^ oTL^ 1?" te '"path rii i! Bridge to Third Sister. :meir::;:^Iir''^ ™-""«Kapids through thetreesand on^::rsidt'a:d:^:h;r:T'', :'"■ -* » horrent o, water of the Islani in a nanulc urinrri^i ^ ""'"^P"''" ••apabilities mated. No other known "t^Tf "7 '■^" '""'•'"y "« "^'i- horse-powc-r. A eana" eut th^o,, h f "'* '"■'^'' " "'""ber of dams on each shor wo ti ^t h "^"'^'' ^"""^ wings or heretofore. ""'' P°w« hardly dreamt of GeologicaI]y,too,thel8landi»aminp„f.,- ,rk ■ -,. -"Wing exactly the eo.positio„^a„"dd;°o?rr;:CrSr I in a boat, ito the cur- i^ater is too I to manage earlier, the rer ; one is all you get 5 and glori- )rtant, it is seen from you get a spring of h to it is ees and f water bilities be esti- iber of ings or imt of rn cliff shores show the action of the water «n^ \ while beneath its trees and nWUd Z • *^' '"'"^^« ^^ '^^ P^^, aHuvial deposit by which gelSlT ''''""' "^' '''' «^«"« ««d wlnle Niagara was^nmingC^^^^^^^^ *^^^ -^- ago. location, the whole of the enti e ^.^2 f 'f " *^ '^' i^^^«*^"^ submerged, the Niagara River be nt!i ! "" ""^ ""'^^^ ''^' shallow stream. ^'"^ ^ ^''"^^^ ^^^ comparatively ~page,asl^^-r^r^^^ view from Third Sister. and animal life that are fnnV. i Ju Petrefactions, of leaves the vegetable l^Z X;i',t"' ''^ "°'<'"^' °^ '"« '>-'-^- "'' near the le,l.e. about' iVo fS ifn?'- ^r'ltt ''''*^''';"-" """"- ' of l,a,.d „to„e, „.„,„, b-,„e«tone;;,!;tet;i "aH.'"'""'' '■'""'•""^■'' 41 It 18 covered with a grand old " forest primeval," containing many trees now withered and decayed, but which have stood sen- tinel over this scene for hundreds of years. This is an almost unique bit of virgin forest, and it has been the policy and pride of Its owners to thus preserve it. In Winter, these trees are the roost- mg places of the crows, who come here nightly and in thousands from all over this section of the country No sportsman is allowed to carry a gun on this Island, as it would endanger the lives of those who are promenading through It. The cottage near the Bridge is the only dwelling on the Island fh.M T '^^^^^^"^^ resortandstudy of botanists, whodeclare that they have found on it c' . : o ditterent specie, and kinds of plants and trees. It is also s.. ' it contains a greater number of valuable species of the veget;...e kingdom than the same area in any explored portion of the world. ^The scenery from the Island by moonlight is a rare sight, and should be enjoyed by all who have an opportunity to thus visit it In Winter the Island scenery is magnificent, for no matter' which way the wind blows, the spray reaches some part of the forest where it congeals on every twig and limb, in that glittering Sheen, and that glorious ice foliage, which is unmatched elsewhere Taking the Goat Island Group as a whole, it may be said that ^hey essentially form what is understood as " Niagara FallsJ' as they ?idjoin bothcataracts, and afford all the most desirable views here. PROSPECT PARK. Next^in order comes this well known property, now embracing some 12 acres, and owned by the Prospect Park Co The land Hdjoms the American Fall, with a frontage above the Fall of some 4U0 feet, and along the gorge a still longer frontage. It comprises what was known as the old ferry, which was pri- vate property, and which used to be free to all, but in 1872, this company purchased, enlarged and improved it, and charged admission. From time to time, adjoining lands have been ad- ded, till it now embraces all the land between Canal street and the River, extending from Rap- Ids street to the New Suspen- sion Bridge. 42 Entrance to Prospect Park. containing *^e stood sen- 3 an almost and pride of re the roost- ti thousands sland, as it ng through 1 the Island who declare nd kinds of ter number same area sight, and lius visit it . no matter art of the t glittering elsewhere. ■ said that Us,'' as they 'lews here. embracing The land ill of some vas known :h was pri- hich used I 1872, this enlarged d charged »e to time, * been ad- ces all the Jtreet and 'rom Rap- V Suspen- 43 Its Main Eiitran,* i» a tastv rtn.,-t„re at tho foot nf <■ , Mi-eet, and is here nortr«TO,l t. T , . ' of (awail brink of the Falh hS'lv Tp" "' '""'' "' "'«' '^''s" "'"l View, Which i^^::^/z'^'::i^r'r''"^"'':r """ A>y some dOO stairs, or bpff^pr Hf ill ;« „ . ^ n.ilway,wede»cend;>h waet ;,:^''"^^ lowered by water power, „y trs o^;, Wntl S^S^TeW' rnnning around and over steel wheels AttLTt , ., '""*^ way are the dressing ro,jms for thtlo:! , !f "^ "'" ""'''"- wint.r » K "•"•™''™ B"d8'* "nd the roclcs near by isformrd eaA ;": iiuferro?^;^ ^^it:' ->''*<•- not entirXr hiBh ■ On the ton, f *.^ ■,; °^ mountain has been 100 feet o^^n fo™ 4 fe^rrh/ek^ "^'"'"""^^^ ^^^ "--« -,n too, the ice itZ "'■";''• *f"™'">' » ^own on opposite page. ricfe\fpTern ::^'2^ t^^f d"^ ^"'""f ""'^ "- frrand, in fact the view f™„ the el e. fT"'- "'"' '"' """^ '« the American Fall is leZ 1 n /. " """ """* "PP"*'"* ^^^^^=,-1 should not be missed. The annexed view is the one seen as the boat lands at its Can- ^-^^1^ adadock. There has been a ferry ^^^^ here for 75 years, and no acci- ''^ dent has ever happened. On the table-land above, which forms the Park proper, every aid of science has been used in pre- paring the means of passing time pleasantly, a handsome Art Gal- lery and Pavilion have been erected, while the beautiful Elec- tric Light, thrown through white and colored glasses upon dancing Horseshoe Kails. foot of Cawad t the t!(lge and iiimandH a fino ivein illustra- mo stone wall rge. on an inclined are raised anfl 300 feet long of the stair- Roek, as the le end of the far as his in- from which, 3ee the Falls cane Bridge, ne can get a ts base, formed each entirely dis- )een 100 feet n too, the ice ;e. )w boats the the view is nd opposite is the one s at its Can- been a ferry id no acci- ed. )ove, which ', every aid sed in pre- assing time le Art Gal- lave been Jtiful Elec- )ugh white >n dancing i-s I Viinv of Observatory. 45 46 fountains of water, and called tho Electric Fnnnfoi ^ a magical effect seldom witneJpd %u *^'*""**^'«' i^ve at night each evening by the irtricrit Jh ^'T^' *'" illuminated Fall and Kapids are a2 m^ w'^T i'uJ ^^«* ^'^ *^« ^°»«"«»n Of artificial Ls I^ tht^alu^l^^^^^^^^^ f « -"It enjoyable park, and a. such well worth a vtit The o^ ""1 the Company are, H. Nielson, President ^d D J^^ f Secretary and Treasurer. * "^^ ^owcsend, The chaises for admission to the park are For f h« a. ok including railway 50 rpnf^ . f«, *u a , * ' *"® ^^^t ^5 cents ; for the evening-^ter^^^^^^^ feny, 60 cents ^^'^^ ''^*'' ^«°^ »»id return by tin^e Jumped fnto't^rirr^^^^^^^^^ out. He was swept downward anH^i!! ^ ^**®' ^''^ ^^^^^ hewaslostjbutLutsTfeeifro^^^^^^^ feet from shore he suor^Pri;7,- .!• ^^' **"** while about 60 .uM„7e zr^ et.-:^ r,ef -;:5 ate- ""--'^ NEW SUSPENSION BRIDGE. were carried over on the W r^^j ' if. *• ™« ^^^ fopes bridge suspended s;!'"*^..',"'''''.'"'"' *"« '™«^' ^^™ . .ho. end oAhe oehl^-U^^I^'^tir. ^aZ Height of bridge a™rwX^90 fl n ""^ *"'' "' "»« *»""»■ 13 times aa m„*ch asTnCnvTrm^L *• " ""S""* °' "=^»'' upon it. I,« towem are IM feet h"^ '?;='""*"r "^ P'"*" each way, 25 cento *''• ^'■'S<»: Each person, one geto „„f „, the blti'^ I tl'Z:"".-'! *^ Clifton Hoie,' though personally we prefer' thrX'"' "^ '""^'"'"i of Miagara. edgeoftheKans,^avie:o?;htrgivtrnX;'' "*" "'* 48 a O 3 o TAIILK HOCK. Cannula Hide, ubou't 10 ro.rsti w ti.e ^t^ '''","' "'" '"'"^ «" ^''^ Tlu.fnrm ann(.„.sio„H of ruble Ho..k woro originally vorv 'argcM,„tth.yw(.recl,an^^.dby to 40 feet ,n width. Deee.nber •M8-«, three unmense portions, ' ^alJ,foll "withashoek liko an oanhnuake." In the sun.nt o" 182^, another lart^en.asH fell oft- •;»«I.Iuno 2f5, 1850. a pieee 200 [J'et lon^r and (JO feet deep fell »'o last pieeeof the table. Th(»se' whow,.shtogoun'l and guides obtainec to pass nn« r , ">: '""I'll >■"" and in (he mM.ll,. , r Vi "" ™P"l»"ishing feeh l,ie own littleness and de^^nd^e ""■™">''in«« ".an 40 point wo have jLtdescribedlthe. St """•"'* ""'"'' "■" BURNING SPRINGS. for about a „i,e, withll^rn^^i^^^^T.^tll'.r 7'"' by beautiful Sus- pension Bridges erected in 1878. Tfie scenery here is grand, each turn bringing you to some new feature or bit of nature; but the main at- traction is the Burning Spring, which is on the edge of the River and where the cur- water otheZrtht,rrT°f'''" «'«"* ^f'"'- ^he gaa and when iromfta^tfetu^'tlT^T'''''"''"'^ '■^<'™8™ exhibited in a darkened rtn t etot L T ™'™' '"i "'^'^ '^ about 4 feet in height. oZe, of H^» ™"' "P "■""'' '" to visitors and are said to ,i/ '"'"'°"'' '^'"<"' "« «''<"• This Spring consul of a i^r. ''"'''' '™''''^'"'" I'^P^rties. appearance of the fiamP if t ^'*^\"S^^'«o «hown. From the InrL „«., ,.„,!._.;'' "''!"^. .'^ w«»^^l be just lo sunnoso th.f — E,- «i.^i viuiuiuic coal lieids exi^t nnri«,. *i • • ■ at some future time the „7..,!^;^""1"' 5'"! '"■"1"'''>'; =»'<» natural 50 forces of the current' may be used to develop that interest. The admission to the whole is 50 cents. On the bank above, near tliis spot, July 5, 1814, waa fouglit the bat- tle of Chippewa. We append two cuts of the bridges and scenery about these beautiful Islands. ,„ ^'-'^^ Island and Pagoda. T, . . WHIBLPOOL, CANADA SIDE. iJnving back along the edtre of fho i?- '^ion Bridge, and 2 miles n^fafon^T^f' ^^'^ *^^ NewSuspen- the Whirlpool,Canada s dr>^,f,f,tf r 1^\"' '^^ ^^"«'' ^^ --^* From here one looks down^nt , v^^'^'f ''^' boiling maelstrom, aw^y from him winds tl^N-Xlr^ ^*"^^ ^'^^'^"^ beyond. You can descend bv^t 1'" ^^'^ ^" ^^^'^^ ^^^tario frrand views, both of the Ranidri%h ^'-^t^rs edge, obtaining and a so of this wonder/ul basfntts^f '^^^ '''^' ^^" Whirlpool "ment is visible on a clear dav 1^5* •'"''"' ^^^^ ^^^^^'s Mon- We present on follovv^ng ,1; Admission, 50 cents. wh^^;::;::^,;;fto^^^::V!;^p^^«-^^^^^^^^ ^^idgo, ■. «i •TitaKes of cool, shady wannest pS^'^;U,fC'^ut ^'^ ^"f "" "' ^'^ ^"" "^ ^^- they have a oenilW i ' .^^"V '''^" ^'*'*"' "^^ ^^'"e"^"^" «i'Je y a peculiar charm in the fierce glint of the sunlight I! r I I S] it! as m iia eflec opin tone eithc Wl ■ ]>as8 < to |)a llie F 02 O inm^ ^ illuminating the crests cf the fli^od ami in fi,^ rolling river allows vi 1^'^^ el; 1/ In """"■ "''''"™"^ "' "'« as to recall vividiv .,":",''''"*'' ''<'t*«™ t'lo natural forces "Mai.lof the Mi„t" „„<,er t^^cln '„ ' f c: ft tZ'r'' navgated t.,. Rapid, and paase,l safel,, b„t ,/ot':! .o ,t ^^^ Wliirlpool Ra,,i,i,, Anieri,..,, SM THE WiriKLPOOL. i '■ - '- •« r ine I'alls uverv Jioiir nnrl fKof ^u.-.. ,.., ... . •'" ^ M'lantity IS compelled tlie Falls, wliere the steep cliffs to a point about 2 miles distant from course of .l^e river t„r„s abruptly at'anangi commotion in ife "X be" "" *"■"" ■""«' "''"^ " ft-'Tul to 40 feet. It is a8aiiin»l.i« .1, I^^ '° * '""8'" of from 10 spectacle of c^ntenW^atn™ t^' "Tr""""" "»»"•<'" ing from the P.1U proper 1™/?' T*"^"° *'''»■ ^o^^nd- nver «„ed by the CZ he " Fat r^f wl'^" .'""^"'' *»"» checked by its rock-bound barrier ,«Ll/i,T'^' "" ^''''""'y passage arround the pool from wM^T f """'^ " "^^^^ having made the entirrdre^tldont !' ^"" ««<»P« only after over and under the everJSi^"!^ '^„^" ''^ •>--« th™„,h, uary of the channel proper ""cession of waters in the est- thrrdrr^Li;3::;::r;rd idrrt ""- "r ^^ '-^^-o the statement that it reve'rTth u": o drof^hf'""'" """' the axiom says, " water finds its ownlevel " H T ™ "''''''' level, but is forced and sustained iv^i', """ "'"^■" «■"•« "o pool being actually the s^rt o'a eWe "' ""' ''^'^ "' "■« At the outlet of the Whirlnnni fT.« • ' . and a strong man can tCw a stone froT' " ""'/ '' "^^ ""''«'. The Whirlpool is a vast b^in J^TJT T ''*"°" '" «>« "ther. tioned opening at righ anZ wUhT *"' "'"> »» "'-P™Po'- is to the rightL you have your blckt TV"^^" ' ^'^ '"^"'"g tively narrow. The pooUsXtfn „„*"•!''' ""'' " """P^" mentioned, by rocky cliflsjSlw T- f ^^' "*"« ""« "Peking river a. qoi^ smooth afd ^rp' diS "tZ h '" ""'"^ '"^ this pool is nearly circular, and togeth^ wit? ,^ " containing very picturesque scene But «^TT ""* "**«' ''"""s « acknowledged that many are dTsan J^! f" i*^'^ " ""■«' be The outlet seems inadeqLte but hT "'"' "" «PPearance. years. The old outlet as Soil- '^^'^ T"""'^ ^"^ thousands of almost opposite to whC t^'X? »'«"»'.■« »"" to be tn^ed trace of what once was all tZ,,'?'^ .'"V " '^ «"»P'y "-e Lake Ontario and overLrT ^ l *^ '"""' *« ""^ «>" to location. In bygone agesThLh' '" *' ''o^' "f "« P^sent Jeptb of the wlirrpoTi 'eno^r ZT^ '''''^ ^^^ mmense " is boiling and eddyin^ncerlttT '."'^ ""'^""" long are drawn into eddvx «„aL a '™*^*""i"y- Logs twenty feet r^ Its wate. retit: ZlZl'^Cll'jl f "^ '"<« «"ip's ">n..cssomeUmes«„ati„the waiter fortwoonhre-XS se who have never U8t cause a fearful id in these narrow height of from 30 lot afford another this. Descend- less torrent, this ers," is suddenly «ake a ceaseless scape only after passing through, aters in the est- terbe imagined ' obtained from hings in which 3 water finds no e suTface of the ^ 25 rods across, >n to the other. 1 an ill-propor- > ; this opening nd is compara- 7e the opening ies facing the sin containing water forms a ff it must be s appearance. thousands of to be traced is simply the '■ river ran to >f its present lied up. The and suction fs twenty feet d like ship's never quiet, onths before Uiey are drawn into just the right eool on the American side i« firstrt'edtl';r^^ ""^'-'^^^^ erbhshmen nrst started by the liberality of Judge De Veaux in 1855. The college is one of the finest institutions of ite class on thin continent, and is shown to visitors on applicaW Tom i grounds a z.gzag path permits a near inspection of the ^tv flood as It passes through the pool, for a remuneration gSo the funds of the college, of 50 cents. ' ^ ^ As a large sum of money has been expended in the effort to SZer: If^Z 1 ^'^''''r r ^^^^'^^"^'' obviatin Xtl 1 aan^ers of falling from such a height or of descending to the river edge the charge ought properly to be regarded as of Httl^ accoTnt 57 NEIGHBORING POINTS OF INTEREST C:.?:riiroi':: -'Xr "-v^ "»"»"^ -■' -y tl.e i alls Of ,1,„ ,,,.„id„ „, ,r„? ■''",f'°'» »i.ieh the l,e«t vieu. ,ff But the Falb ,,re „ the clt! r •^'" '■'" ''" "htained. »hall aow note a,, th:^^^ mf '"i;,';?:™'"''^,'"''"''''^'''-' "« ^ Krtioh have either a hstoLo " "■'"'"" "' "l""" -'0 We shall tiret take the aZ2 I f '"""ercial ii.terest. «>.";-coto it« mouth, an. IgUeTer,,,"' ?''."''' ^'vor, from its »"«. each place, and we ,hln .1 " "'"^ in-Wents connected the Canadian siie. •"' "'™ '"•"'■•"''J "• « "ke n,anner wUh !..,«. 1 , ^MEKK-AN SIDE. . ^I'ffaH at the source Off ho p; . "■ P^nt of populatio , ,rt "h i^'S" '"^i"" '«y "f the Union the Western tenninus of X ,'?*''", '*''*"• '' '« f-mous a« I^aatern port oflake navittion/;'' ••.'""' "'-^ "« 'he cl,ief from the Falls. •'"Wtion It ,8 atuated ahout 22 miles Sm^vth^f V*' *'"'""•'' "fBuflalo, where in IKi-r .. »niyth, of V,i:gi„ia, collected ahout ^<,.T " ^""^ Alexander h« bombastic circular, askinVllCetT '"f,"' """' ™^P"'"leeh of it the late Major Mordeca M Ntr of n""™' ' "" ""' I'^nd, tha the "City of Ararat," as a ,, ace ifrtf . ^"'''' '^"'''l^"'"^ to built fci-ael. In 1825, he even w„r;'!fff,"'««'=attered tribes o «;n.d great pomp, and to ere^t f „™ "^ ">" <^«™e'-stone the occasion. The monument! sHIiTr™' '° """"nemorate preservation. *"' '^ ^*'" standing, in a fair state of ^p^irh^itrtreir^' r -i --- ^-o- •'»eof.a.ane,5m,lesabovethefalls,at the mouth Of ITEREST. simlly meant by tlie best views of obtained, territory, and we us of about 20 •ial interest. ^'ncr, from its Jents connected te manner with y of the Union It is /{imous as o as tJie diiof ^bout 22 miles en. Alexander resp(mded to Jn's honor and *fla. Nothing the force was from Buffalo i2 miles in d niuch of it 3 Island, that ?ned to built ^red tribes of corner-stone >mmemoratc fair state of 'age, famous ■ica or next 3 mouth of f'ayufia Creek, was named after Chevalier Robert de Iai Salle, who at this point, in l(i71), built hin vessel, the now forgotten (Jriflin. At the foot of (rrand Island lies Huckhorn Island, with an area of abont 250 acres. Between these two, and about :J miles above the Falls, is an arm of the River called Burnt Whip Bay from a circumstance connected with the war of 1759. The garrison at Sfhlosser had already made a brave resistance to one attack of tlu; English, and were preparing for another, when, disheartened by thenewsofthefallof Quebec, they decided to destroy the two armed vessels containing their military stores. Accordingly, they brought them to this bay and burnt them. Portions of the vessels are visible under water even at this day. Just below on the American shore, 2 miles above the Falls, is Schlosser Landing, the end of tbe Portage from Lewistui. This terminus was gradually fortified till it became a fort called F()rt de Portage. This was burnt by Joncaire on his retreat in 1759. In 1761, Capt. Schlosser, of the British army, rebuilt it stronger than ever. He named it after himself and died there. Here in 1837, the Steamer Caroline was attacked, set on tire and sent over the Falls. The patriot movement being put down in Canada, the leaders established themselves on Navy Island. Visitors thereto being numerous, the Caroline, a small steamer^ was brought down from Buffalo as a private venture it was be- lieved, to serve as a ferry or freight boat. ' The Canadians, think- ing the boat was chartered by the patri.^s for offensive operations against Canada, at midnight, December 29, 1837, dispatched a chosen band of men under Capt. Drew, in 8 boats, to destroy her. As she lay at Schlosser dock, she was boarded by these parties. Those on board, crew as well as some who, unable to get l>eds in the little hotel, had got berths on board, were attacked. All but one escaped to shore, he being shot dead. The gallant band hav- ing thus succeeded in their attack, set the vessel on fire, towed her out into the stream and let her drift. It was a grand sight. A mass of flames, she floated down the River and entered *the Rapids, but before she reached the head of the Island, the water conquered and extinguished the flames. The smoke-stack, it is said, still lies at the bottom of the River near Schlosser. The old stone chimney on the river bank, 1] miles above the Falls, was built in 1750, and was the first stone structure erected in this part of the country. It was the chimney of the barracks of the French Fort, called "Little Fort," which was burnt by Joncaire, when compelled to retreat in 1759. It was re- 69 b'ult two years afterward as an r t'himney now s^^nwo • " «'Ounct to Fort ^..»,i / "ow stands in excellent ....« . * "" '^tnloHser. THp Next con.es tj,e Falln « h... ^"^^^^'''VHtion. ^^*^ , 'A'^^ree n„ killed. oZ two "'" "^^ «'"^«' below ""^ ""^""^ ' ^t^WoHser. The '<' before. '^meri(;an8iMe,i8 *«"» in the hunk *vt'rhaiiging tiiig '« top of whicli <' the "Bloody ^*' to a bloody inginto it, when they etachment »e French e first in- d wtigons 50 j)oop]e " "u nag man (the same who put the Ronta upon Coat Islan.l), who spnrred hi. Lome and ran the «a„ntlet of bnllel^ to a pl«.« of safety Ju" ^"^'■'"'r '"''"'," '*''«"-™«''" '» 7 'nil™ Northe.it from the talU. Driven from their original «eats in North Carolina this r>be came Uj New Y,.rk in 1712, and became „,er«ed n he "Z ™™r;e t;T"-, '" '."" '-"'""""y W-. -t of them avored the Engh«h, and part re.,.aine.l neutral. Th.«e of the lusearoras and OneidaH who had been allies of the Englid, eft (mtarioto the British garrison at Fort Niagara. In the Snrinir part of them returned and part of them took possesTio *f a S ribe of the SIX nations. The Holland Und Com,«i,y gave h.m 2 square mi es more, and in 1804 sold thom .,:,2fl Le^, this foZ ...g the estate upon which the Tuscaroras are now located. As tbe home of that anoinoly, a civilised Indian, it is one of the curiosU ties of this locality and well worth a viit The bluff or top of the Mountain, « miles from the Falls, so geo- ogists U, 1 us, wa., the old shore of I^ko Ontario, a fact whTc^ eems to be undisputed. Near here are the remai™ of old Fort .rey Lewiston, 7 miles below the Falls, was named in honor of Sa i; ilT f '"■ T"*- " '' "' *'"' '""t »f ""= mountain li inentcment of the Portage whose upper terminus was Fort S hlosser, and which passed over nearly the present roads, a Zl of which ,s still called the Portage Koad. Up the mountS side here was built Oic iii^t railroad in the United States TZ built entirely of wood, the rails being broad and flat. The car ran on runners instead of wheels. It was raised and lowered by a windlass and carried heavy goods up and down. It was a rude work, but answered its purpose perfectly 14 miles from the Falls at the mouth of the River, stands Fort fwT'ln';^^'' ;r V'*!;"*«-l - '' fading post b^ La Salle in 1678. In 1687, De Nonville built the fort proper for the prose- cution o a war on tl-. Iroquois in defense of the Indian alCof he Western country. The next year it was abandoned, but in 1825 was rebuilt in stone, by the consent of the IroquoU. The SheF'^'"^''""''"'?""''"'^"-* '» "''■>■ -'^^ aft- the now „ TT It. ™"?'^.''™-J " t" Sir William Johnson. It is ^o-,. „„„,», n io^i, Morgan, of anti-masonic fame, was said to have been couflned, and whence it was claimed he was taken to be drowned m the lake, about a mile from the Fort. 61 I P«"".K them to r„i«, u,;, „;,;,„'"*• "'" """"I' l*»i«gor« a„d .on- ■My ■^\ im, the .lecM^atX of tl';.'' ' 7"' "' "'« "■""»• <>•> '■.».la..,l wa» f„„gM here tl , ,^", " «"r l«tween the ir, s. „,„, wou,,rte,l hein^.|,800,the A„ericr„ r- '"'''" '" "'"'"'l ""J The viHuKo of Dru i,mn„ i, ■ "* "<•'""""«. ■ • the Ka,,„, alld ,, ir.',:™:' * ',^ o^f Tt""".'?'^ '"''» ^^-' «"'" !■;' «• It i« a imn,i«o,„„ «haft e™l ' l 7'''"' " '"""" ^"'"'^ the of ' "'""k'" interior of the base. ' ™' ^'"J'^' *"-'"'g from the ' The Susjjension Bridee tho .i • i hereabouts, *as at QueeSlon hS, "'it l' "'f '?"' ^™">uilt wae a graceful structure. A terrMe J»l» t """" '" '^S'- »■«' loosened its guys, leaving it a dTriin ? "'' ''^ '''""'"'•y and very paying investment,1t;astf2„nr'- ^ " *"»"«™- Qneenston, a small village in«f ii t> - culled in honor of C:!"^^:^^""' "'"' ''^""^-"*' -- The village of Niagara, near the ruins of v . .. according to Marshall, thkn -i-v ^h ^''''^ ^^°^g«' ^s older , -iidji a,i3 Bfcttiement on t^- •- ■ ^ 62 iiastern bank. ciarterH of tlie I'uIIh. In the >attle of Chip. h^ Viilh. On t'lo n. S. and in killed and i. lie West thmi mond. t'H below the the memory "it momiment lewtroyed by was rei)laccd ?l»t, the base ing the oar- tlie iwdestal, w by lions' tone, 75 feet 1 ea])ital 10 ess of War. l>y Brock's ? from the * ever built n 1857, and adway and as never a ment, was \ is older, Jrn bank. P3 a cllT' 1 !, T ^ "^ '^''^^"'^ °^ *^'« Lieutenant-Governor ol Canada, and the first session of the Parliament of the Upi>er Prov- ince was held there. It is on the site of the village of Newark burned by General McClure in 1813 i>itwaik, C^rl^^^ "'?^ of the River, and just below the village, is old Fort in f«;rT?'''^ ^I *^' Americans-Gen. Dearborn commanding ;^« I K ^«« ^^«*'«ye^ by Gen. McClure the next year, and has never been rebuilt. Fort Messissuga, now only used as a Summer camp, is just below. finlp 1 f ' ^^'^ '"^ "'^ ^"*^^ ^^>^' ^«d /and locks just finished, nms almost parallel with the Niagara River, 8 miles West ADDENDA. The magnetic declination at Niagara Falls is 2° 26' west A new bridge-the fifth one at or near Niagara-is in process of erection some 300 feet above the present railroad bridge ^:::x' ^" '"' ''"""^^^ ^^"-"^^ -' '- --^ ^- -"-^. Various estimates place the number of years required by the Ms to have cut their way from Lew.ston to their present locat on at from 35,(K)0 to 72,000. The latter number is prZ> rbtt " ^^:lt' '"'' ^^' ^' ^^^^ ^^^'-^"'"^ limestone over which th^ The Iroquois was the name given to the confederacy of tribes which ban SUGGESTIONS TO VISITORS. These constitute Niagara Pnll o,.^ •* ean see everything named a»t'^ °'"^ '"'''^'''»»'' "-ink you you eome to see N^Xll^ZiZ "' " '"'^ -"l^'^e. If lect from the outside plLesanvfh ''',"">' ""*■" fl-^*. "'«■• «»- to spend a week here, and oSl^'f" ''"-^o- If yottare«„i„g N-a^ara, one should stay thattn "'o two them. Take in one ef the If; f, ^"'}- """"" P'^'^ »' «'"e at ing you will appreciate tt„°\,l a^ f"': l'"™ ""^ ''''y- By .o do- ■ you have been beaten out of vonr ^ ""' «" """>' f<"^««K "-at a very expensive plaee '^ '"""y- °'" """ Niagara is sueh • Al: sr;ht:t :^:„'di •'"'^^^^'' «•« ^^"^ '^- 'oundinR country he w^l| ,1 1, , '"' """^ons into the sur- ■'•>t>.e should »"« dually prices, etc., etc.-is an en^rm: L o.t*''' r'^'" '""' """^^O"™ of n,oney in a day, but, on the Xr ha^d n™" ''*"" " '""^^ ^^ oxt:SLt:r::rZ;^---~e terms given to .^-■«->oy.:ut rtr:;,r ;■; ""•^"■•-^ "> ^^••"--"«. -- ?s. , and in con- n't think you expense. If first, then se- von are ^oing I understand »t to the two 'Y of time at • % so do- feeh'ng that a:ara is such Falls them- nto the sur- excursions 't the Falls, nt, but not wonder of pas at any bargain at »1 state of >e usually •utrageous large sum ne, and at views of given to and see- nada, he J that if side, no per hour Hf. <,l,™,i.i I ""^<^ » «» charge more than IM.50 Tot to LoM^uXtrZTj'"'''''^'' '"'''' "" "" "« ■«^--. he endeavor, to doL rfu^W 'n ".r"?'""'''' '«'■'» '<«^^ <« '"•n- A„ygenHemZ'„^l!l ^," 'f "''^''toge 1« taken of the above advi"c.X?;JS' ""„"'" ""^'"^^y "^"^ ""^ '»"»« avisHt«NtZl"ui' ''°™'"''''°'^™'''''™ '•««°" to regret IN WINTER, two,,ieture«^„tt'ri' „„ll '"""''' ""'' ^""^■■' f" these In ^"r>«^<>r^:^l::^::^^Zl' """"'*^' ""*■ the water which in ,, ^"'¥*'^^^'\"^>' ^^ "^e deep green color of lint then th g 1" "' .Z^'' J, "'"T" '"," """"'^ ^^"o- trees are all tovere 1 with " f '""y ""'ke^ up for the loss. The un,ler their load, oft, » ' "'"'«"' '*""""« ^^ '"-^'king white as marhinid'a^TdLffinr"?; ""'%""': '""''"" ^ '" - the narrow part of the »i„ f ?, ?; "" ''"''«^' *">''* «"» formed at eari:[:^u/r;.:,rj^rVd''r,"°""'^r'^ hanging from the Innks n^, r m , ' "^ '^'"^e icicles ...Hko it'a unic' e pSt: wtfn ,T ' °' "'"• """' ''•>""""« to i'8"ally is daring o, r mTi «, i ,■■; """"^'^ '" *' «'•'"»'. •""' " wortl,avi»t ovenTf o,e h?i7^ '""/''""'''■^ ""»"■ " )« well - Niagara h JZ! iThaX^rSt ^. S J^Z ™" both as to faithful ^.^,^>^ ^^^ ^^ZTZTi^'"''- exactness. "'-''^"''•"^'*- '" ""''l''. ■» reproduced with a wonderful IN SUMMER. thfs::;!;!';:^;'rr :sr r " «■« "-"- - "- of v™nda,,,fr„n..a[fsia„ri.;::e:t:;T;;-c::'s^^ 07 ' and also those views to be had on the way to the Burning Springs are unsurpassed at Niagara. ' During the Summer season, there is plenty of amusement to be found by those who wish to spend a few weeks here. The fishing in the Iliver, some two or three miles above the Falls, is most excellent. Black bass, muscalonge, pickerel and perch abound, the bass fishing being especially good. Boats and tackle can always be obtained, also the services of a competent boatman, one who is thoroughly acquainted with the current of the river and the best fishing grounds. At the proper season of theyear,ontheRiver,andinthefiurrounding country, there can always be found enough good sport to satisfy those fond of hunting In fact, Niagara is in the center of a territory where wood-cock, all sorts of snipe and duck abound. / \ 6« Si)ringB, mt to be re. The Falls, is i perch ats and tnpetent rrent of pason of ere can hunting cock, all / INDEX. PAOE. Descriptive, 3 The Name Niagara 6 HiHtorical, 5 Geological, g First Visited by White Men, 11 The Niagara River, 13 Niagara Falls, 17 Village of Niagara Falls, 19 Points of Interest at Niagara Falls 26 Goat Island 25 Prospect Park, 42 New Suspension Bridge, 40 Table Rock, 49 Burning Spring, 60 Whirlpool, Canada, 51 Whirlpool, Rapids Park, 51 Railroad Suspension Bridge, 62 Whirlpool Rapids, 53 Whirlpool, 56 Ou*side Points of Interest, 58 AHEKICAN BIDE. Buffalo, 68 Black Rock, 58 Grand Island, 58 Tonawanda, 58 La Salle, 68 Burnt Ship Bay, 59 Schlosser, 59 Old Chimney, 59 Devil's Hole, 60 Indian Reservation, 61 Lewiston 61 Fort Niagara, 61 \ CANADIAN BIDE. Fort Erie, 62 Niivy Island, 62 Chippewa, 62 Lundy's Lane, 62 Drummondville, 62 Queenstown Heights 62 Brock's Monument, 62 Niagara Village, 62 Fort George, 62 Welland Canal, 65 Addenda, 66 Suggestions to Visitors, 66 Memoi-anda, , 70 Map of Niagara Falls, 7.3 « t | |i H » in . ^ M W . ■i^Si^ r "Gazette" Printing House, NiAQARA FALLS, N. Y.