IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 1.0 
 
 I.I 
 
 
 2.5 
 
 1.25 
 
 2.2 
 20 
 
 U 11.6 
 
 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 
 Corpomtlon 
 
 ^^ 
 
 V 
 
 
 :\ 
 
 \ 
 
 V 
 
 
 73 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. M580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
 <«^>. 
 
 ^^^ "^Ji^ 
 
 
A 
 
 
 CIHM/ICMH 
 
 Microfiche 
 
 Series. 
 
 CIHM/ICIVIH 
 Collection de 
 microfiches. 
 
 Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques 
 
 vV 
 
Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques 
 
 The Institute has attempted to obtain the best 
 original copy available for filming. Features of this 
 copy which may be bibliographically unique, 
 which may alter any of the images in the 
 reproduction, or which may significantly change 
 the usual method of filming, are checked below. 
 
 I Coloured covers/ 
 V I Couverture de couleur 
 
 r~T1 Covers damaged/ 
 
 D 
 
 D 
 
 D 
 D 
 
 D 
 
 D 
 
 Couverture endommagde 
 
 Covers restored and/or laminated/ 
 Couverture restaurde et/ou pelliculde 
 
 I I Cover title missing/ 
 
 Le titre de couverture manque 
 
 I I Coloured maps/ 
 
 Cartes gdographiques en couleur 
 
 Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ 
 Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) 
 
 I I Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ 
 
 Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur 
 
 Bound with other material/ 
 Relid avec d'autres documents 
 
 Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion 
 along interior margin/ 
 
 La re liure serrde peut causer de I'ombre ou de la 
 distortion le long de la marge int6rieure 
 
 Blank leaves added during restoration may 
 appear within the text. Whenever possible, these 
 havtii been omitted from filming/ 
 II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajoutdes 
 lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, 
 mais, lorsque cela 6tait possible, ces pages n'ont 
 pas dt6 filmdes. 
 
 Additional comments:/ 
 Commentaires suppldmentaires; 
 
 L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire 
 qu'il lui a 6t6 possible de se procurer. Les details 
 de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-dtre uniques du 
 point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier 
 une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une 
 modification dans la mdlhode normale de filmajjo 
 sont indiqu6s ci-dessous. 
 
 D 
 D 
 D 
 D 
 
 D 
 
 D 
 
 Coloured pages/ 
 Pages de couleur 
 
 Pages damaged/ 
 Pages endommag6es 
 
 Pages restored and/or laminated/ 
 Pages restaurdes et/ou pelliculdes 
 
 Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ 
 Pages ddcolor^es, tachetdes ou piqudes 
 
 Pages detached/ 
 Pages ddtachdes 
 
 Showthrough/ 
 Transparence 
 
 The 
 to tl 
 
 The 
 posi 
 of tl 
 film 
 
 Oric 
 
 beg 
 
 the 
 
 sior 
 
 oth( 
 
 first 
 
 sior 
 
 or 11 
 
 □ Quality of print varies/ 
 Qualitd in6gale de I'impression 
 
 I I Includes supplementary material/ 
 
 Ccmprend du materiel suppldmentaire 
 
 Only edition available/ 
 Seule Edition disponible 
 
 Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata 
 slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to 
 ensure the best possible image/ 
 Les pages totalement ou partiellement 
 obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, 
 etc., ont 6X6 filmdes d nouveau de fapon d 
 obtenir la meilleure image possible. 
 
 This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ 
 
 The 
 shal 
 TIN 
 whi 
 
 Mai 
 diff( 
 enti 
 beg 
 righ 
 reqi 
 met 
 
 Ce document est filmd au taux de reduction 
 10X 14X 18X 
 
 indiqud ci-dessous 
 22X 
 
 
 
 
 26X 
 
 
 
 
 30X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 v^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12X 
 
 
 
 
 16X 
 
 
 
 
 20X 
 
 
 
 
 24X 
 
 
 
 
 28X 
 
 
 
 
 32X 
 
 
I 
 
 tails 
 i du 
 odifier 
 une 
 
 The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks 
 to the generosity of: 
 
 Glenbow- Alberta Institute 
 Calgary 
 
 The images appearing here are the best quality 
 possible considering the condition and legibility 
 of the original copy and in Iceeping with the 
 filming contract specifications. 
 
 Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed 
 beginning with the front cover and ending on 
 the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- 
 sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All 
 other original copies are filmed beginning on the 
 first page with a printed or illustrated impres- 
 sion, and ending on the last page with a printed 
 or illustrated impression. 
 
 L'exempiaire film^ fut reproduit grdce i la 
 g^n^rosit^ de: 
 
 Glenbow-Alberta Institute 
 Calgary 
 
 Les images suivantes ont 6t6 reproduitas avec le 
 plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et 
 de la netteti de I'axemplaire film6, et an 
 conformity avec les conditions du contrat de 
 filmage. 
 
 Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en 
 papier est imprimis sont fiUmis en commenpant 
 par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la 
 derniire page qui comporte une empreinte 
 d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second 
 plat, salon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires 
 originaux sont filmte en commenpant par la 
 premiere page qui comporte une empreinte 
 d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par 
 la derniire page qui comporte une telle 
 empreinte. 
 
 The last recorded frame on each microfiche 
 shall contain the symbol -^ (meaning "CON- 
 TINUED "I. or the symbol y (meaning "END"), 
 whichever applies. 
 
 Maps, plates, charts, etc.. may be filmed at 
 different reduction ratios. Those too large to be 
 entirely included in one exposure are filmed 
 beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to 
 right and top to bottom, as many frames as 
 required. The following diagrams illustrate the 
 method: 
 
 Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la 
 derniire image de uhaque microfiche, selon le 
 cas: le symbole — »■ signifie "A SUIVRE", le 
 symbols V signifie "FIN". 
 
 Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre 
 filmis d des taux de rMuction diffirents. 
 Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Stre 
 reproduit en un seul cliche, il est filmd d partir 
 de Tangle supirieur gauche, de gauche d droits, 
 et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre 
 d'images nicessaire. Les diagrammes suivants 
 illustrent la mithode. 
 
 irrata 
 to 
 
 pelure. 
 n d 
 
 □ 
 
 32X 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
.3 
 
 
 j4-.- 
 
 > 
 
 7a^ K, fn.- fr.^ W 
 
 SOME OBSERVATIONS 
 
 ON THE 
 
 Illecellewaet and Asulkan Glaciers 
 
 of British C.>olumbia. 
 
 BY 
 
 George and William S. Vaux, Jr. 
 
 From the Proceedings of 
 
 The Academy of Naiural Sciences of Philadelphia, 
 
 February 7th, 1899. 
 

 I 
 
 i '//■ / 
 
U1,J|LIU 911 
 
 t Gijt'yy^i 
 
 561. 3/Z 
 
 ^ y/.io.djs 
 
•J} 
 
 LlI 
 
 < 
 -J 
 
 z 
 
 CQ 
 
 :d - 
 
 
 < a: 
 
 -J 
 -J 
 
 _1 
 
CQ 
 
 
 ■f. 
 
 D 
 
 a: 
 
 1/ 
 / 
 
 \ 
 
 1899.] 
 
 NATiiiAi. s( ii;\( I's or riiii.ADi.i.riiiA. 
 
 121 
 
 [ SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE ILLECELLEWAET AND ASULKAN 
 GLACIERS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. 
 
 BY GEOltdE AND WILLIAM S. VAUX, Jli. 
 
 With but a very few exceptions it seeras to bo a rule at tlic 
 present time that all trlaciors are receding up the valley?; into which 
 they extend. Whether this will be a permanent leccssion, or 
 whether a period will come during which an advance will take place, 
 time alone will tell. That there has been a pennanent recession 
 the numerous moraines below the prominent glaciers bear ample 
 witness, but they also show that there have been many advances 
 between the jicriods of recession. 
 
 The glaciers of the Canadian Rockies offer many attractions to 
 those interested in their action, both on account of the newness of 
 the region iu which they are located and their marked .activity. 
 The Canadian Pacific Railway, without which this region would be 
 almost inaccessible, was first o))ened but a little over a dozen 
 years ago, and before that time it was practically an unbroken 
 wilderness. Among the most accessible glaciers from the line of 
 the railway are those in the vicinity of the Glacier House, which 
 is situated in the heart of the Selkirk range, at an elevation of 
 4,122 feet above sea level. With this point as a centre a score of 
 glaciers nuiy be reached. It seems to form a natural station for 
 their observation. 
 
 The most accessible, and in some respects one of the most re- 
 markable, is the Great or Illecellewaet (ilacicr, situated about one 
 and one-half miles iu a direct line from the station. The inunense 
 neve which feeds it, lies on the top of the range forming the divide, 
 and from it several branches flow down into as many valleys. The 
 Great Glacier is notable on two accounts: its freedom from dirt at 
 its foot, and the remarkable rapidity of the ice fall. One of the 
 first persons to make observations on this glacier was Dr. William 
 S. Green, F.R.G.8., who in 1)^88 spent some time in surveying 
 and exploring the region. He records that in twelve days the cen- 
 tre of the ice moved twenty feet, while at ihe side it moved only 
 
122 
 
 i'i;<)( i;i;iuN(;s oi' tmi: .\< adioiv oi' 
 
 [IS'.MI. 
 
 seven feet. He iilso notes " that tin.' snout of the glacier showed 
 evidence of retreiit, for there were two rows of hoiddtrs in front of 
 it. Tiie outer one, about si.xty feet from the iee, seemed to havt; 
 licen dropped tlie previous year; the inner row (Uirini;- the present 
 year.'" 
 
 Since tliat time the glacier lias been visited l»y a number of |)er- 
 sons who have located the snout as respeet.i certain marked roeks, 
 or in some other way, but in many instances the record has become 
 lost or uncertain so as to be of little value. At the present time 
 the glacier is rapidly recedini--, and from an examination of the 
 bare moraine and scrub below it, there seems to be evidence that 
 this has been going on actively tor a comparatively short period. 
 
 July 1(), l-SiSj — one year before Dr. (Jreen — we iirst visited 
 the glacier, and made u number of photographs of its foot (PI. 
 III). These photographs, after a lapse of over eleven years, make 
 possible an exceedingly interesting comparison of the jjosition of 
 the ice. At the ju'esent time there is a broad space of loose 
 boulders below the .«.nout, utterly devoid of vegetation. In i8.S7 
 alder bushes grew within twenty feet of the ice. The slope of 
 the ice was also very ditterent from what it is now. Tliere was 
 then a great mass with stee[) sides extending over the present bare 
 .space, while now the ice slopes comparatively evenly till it dies 
 away altogether in the stream. The fact that during eleven years 
 the alder bushes have not advanced on the retreat of the ice, and 
 that in 1HS7, when the photographs were taken, they Avere so close 
 to it, would seem to indicate that at least for a score of years pre- 
 vious to 1887 the glacier had not extended materially further into 
 tlie vallev than it did at that time. Taking; into consideration the 
 border moraine marking the position of the ice in 1 887, the alder 
 bushes which then, as now, grew up to the lower side of the mo- 
 raine, and which have increased l)ut little in size during the eleven 
 years, and the characteristic steepness of the slope of the ice, it 
 would seem probable that a period of advance had occurred shortly 
 before the year 1887. One very small moraine about 200 feet 
 from the snout of 1898 showed an insigniHcaut advance since that 
 period, but apart from this the motion of the glacier ai)pears to 
 have been only of recession. 
 
 ' Anioug the Selkirk (ilaoiers, hv W. S. Greeu. Maemillan & Co., l-<!)0, 
 p. 21!). 
 
 I 
 
iSil!).] NATriiAi- s( ii;n( i:s oi- |'iiii.aih:i,1'IIIA. \'2'y 
 
 JMiotoi^niphy ^eeiiis Id offer the iiio.st ^ati?<tjict()rv means of jitM-- 
 iiuuiently rccorflini,' the position of the ice from year to year. On 
 onr visit, therefore, to the ( !reat (llaeier in lH!),s, a hiru;-e roeli was 
 chosen on the sonth side of the trail, below the bridge, and some 
 five hundred yards from the iee foot. The 1S!)S test view was 
 taken from this position on the IDth of August ( IM. V). The 
 umal) moraine in the lower ri<,flit-hand corner is the one mentioned 
 by Dr. Orcen, and shown in the pictures of 1S87. The lar<j:e 
 rock marked '* E " was then partly encased in the ice, as will be 
 seen in the centre of tlie liSHT picture, and forms a most excellent 
 point for identification ( PI. IV). In conjunction with the photo- 
 graph a number of rani^e rocks on the moraine were selected and 
 marked for identification. The rocks " li " and " I) " on tlie 
 photograph were chosen because they were of unusual size, and 
 were far enougli fi-om the ice to prevent any movement. A line 
 tlrawn between them August 17, 181)8, passed eighteen inches 
 below the extreme snout of the glacier at " H." " B " is a large 
 rock, with a triangular black mark on the nortli side. It was 
 lettered with Venetian red paint as follows: 
 
 •ri6i-iI-ITIA 
 
 VI1I-17-'IH. 
 
 ■"I)'' is a yellow rock which has l)een split in halves. It was 
 marked on one piece, " Rock opposite lines with snout, VIII-17- 
 '98," and on the side opposite with a vertical line and two arrows. 
 The rock " (1 " was not marked, but nuiy be easily identified by 
 the photograph. Its highest point was fifty -nine feet to the nearest 
 iee on August 17, 189!^. 
 
 To locate the position of the snout, the rock " C," a long, 
 rounded boulder, was chosen. It was marked " ()()' 0" to snout, 
 VIII-17-'9«," and with arrows. 
 
 During the warm weather of August the rate of recession was 
 very rapid, and a few days made a marked change in the posi- 
 tion of the ice. October 21, 1«!»8, .Mr. Hugh B. Walkem, of 
 Vancouver, visited the glacier and compared the position of the 
 ice with the rocks marked by us, sixty-eight days before. He 
 found that the snout had receded forty-six feet in that interval, or 
 eight and one-tenth inches per day. 
 
 As respects the annual rate of recession it is hard to obtain reli- 
 
124 
 
 ri:<i( i;i:i)iN<i^ oi' riii: acadiomy «iI' 
 
 [|Hn9. 
 
 ul)l(' flatii nn :i fomidatiim. There are several roeks on the lUDraiiiO' 
 which l)ear marks or ihites as old as IS'JO, hut most of them are so 
 worn as to lie almost ille^^ihle. We found one, however, near the 
 border moraine above referred to whieh, if it had not been moved, 
 indicated that in Au5,'ust, 18!(0, the snout was sixteen feet al)ove a 
 certain mark. The distance from that mark to the snout in 
 August, 18!(8, was four hundred and fifty- two (4")2) feet, or an 
 averaj.fe animal recession of fifty-six (")(> ) feet, <lurin<^ the period of 
 eight years. There is reason to believe, however, that for a part 
 (>r this perioil the glacier remained more nearly stationary, and in 
 the rciiuiining years nwide up for the deficiency by a nmch more 
 rapid molting away. 
 
 The Asidkan fllacier being situated at the head of tlie valley of 
 the same name and al)out four miles distant from the Glacier House 
 is not nearly so easy of access for oiiservation. Its neve is con- 
 nected with that of the Tll'cellewaet over the ridge which separates 
 them, so that while they fiow into separate valleys they rise from 
 practically the same source. We are not aware that any work has 
 been done upon this glacier, as it is probably not visited by more 
 than a score of persons lu the course of the year. The rapidly 
 descending stream from its foot, which is joined l)y another from 
 the glaciers in the immense amphitheatre to the east, passes through 
 a narrow canon a (piarter of a mile below the .'■nout. In this cafion 
 there appeared to be no sign of glacial action, which would indicate 
 that the ice had extended below this point only before the formation 
 of the canon, A very large moraine flanking the glacier on the 
 west also pointed to the fact that the ice had not receded materially 
 in recent years. 
 
 The same methods were pursued here as in the case of the 
 lUecellewaet Glacier. A very large rock, the top of >v!iich was 
 smoothly glaciated, was chosen on the east side of tlie stream below 
 the glacier, and the test })icture was taken, August 23, 1898 (I'l. 
 VI). While it records the general outline of the ice, it does not 
 locate the snout, which seemed to be deeply buried in moraine. 
 Apart from thus fixing the position of the ice on this date, it was 
 impossible to draw any conclusions, as there are no previous record* 
 with which to make comparisons. 
 
 \ 
 
9r^ 
 
 ^. 
 
 in 
 
 < 
 
 > 
 c 
 
 X 
 
 o 
 z 
 
 o 
 r 
 > 
 
 n 
 
 m 
 ■X 
 w 
 
 O 
 -n 
 
 03 
 H 
 
 CO 
 
 I 
 
 n 
 o 
 
 r 
 
 > 
 
 o 
 
 > 
 n 
 > 
 
 o 
 
 > 
 H 
 
 en 
 O 
 
 •0 
 X 
 
 r 
 > 
 
 2D 
 
 CO 
 
 ■■0 
 
 -1 
 
 r 
 > 
 
 H 
 
i 
 
o 
 
 in 
 
 
 < 
 
 
 > 
 
 X 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 c 
 
 ?; 
 
 
 
 ■■^ 
 
 f: 
 
 73 
 
 T) 
 
 o 
 
 > 
 
 ^ 
 
 x 
 
 
 —J 
 
 o 
 
 •< 
 
 r 
 
 r- 
 
 > 
 
 .,-) 
 
 r^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^— 
 
 •t; 
 
 m 
 
 ^ 
 
 71 
 
 D 
 
 in 
 
 D3 
 
 O 
 
 ■< 
 
 ■Ti 
 
 o 
 
 CO 
 
 •/i 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 
 CO 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 r 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 CD 
 
 
 ■u 
 
 o 
 n 
 
 > 
 
 > 
 
 p 
 
 > 
 
 o 
 
 13 
 
 r 
 > 
 
 JO 
 
 CD 
 
 CD 
 
 13 
 
 r 
 
 

 Cf 
 
 
 $ 
 
 
 u 
 
 „ 
 
 <; 
 
 r 
 r 
 
 > 
 
 m 
 
 c 
 
 
 X 
 
 r 
 
 
 r 
 
 C 
 
 m 
 
 X 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 > 
 
 c 
 
 E 
 
 2 
 
 G 
 
 r 
 
 C 
 
 > 
 
 r 
 
 r. 
 
 > 
 
 fr 
 
 r 
 
 X 
 
 — 
 
 T] 
 
 p- 
 
 3) 
 
 n 
 
 C 
 
 (/ 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 -r 
 
 c/. 
 
 
 H 
 
 CE 
 
 ,t; 
 
 X 
 
 C 
 
 ■"" 
 
 n 
 
 ■"- 
 
 ?^ 
 
 — 
 
 
 cr 
 
 5 
 
 X 
 
 .c 
 
 
 00 
 
 r. 
 
 (2 
 r 
 
 > 
 
•J. 
 
 — < 
 
 V > 
 m C 
 
 r, X 
 r 
 r — 
 
 >■ 
 
 G > 
 r: n 
 :xi — 
 
 -1 ^ 
 •ji 'XI 
 C (/: 
 
 ^- «-, 
 
 :^ 
 
 Q 
 
 r 
 c 
 
 > 
 
I 
 
 r'l 
 

 r I 
 
 ^ 
 ^ 
 
 IT. 
 
 > 
 
 >• >^ 
 
 r Z 
 
 ■^ r: 
 cm 
 
 H IT. 
 
 X 
 
 c CC 
 
 - H 
 a — 
 
 - ir. 
 
 r 
 
 <! 
 
 >