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Mapa, plataa, charts, ate., may ba filmad at diffarant reduction ratioa. Thoaa too largo to ba entirely included in one expoaure ara filmad beginning in the upper left hand comer, left to right and top to bottom, aa many framea aa required. The following diagrama illuatrata the method: Laa eartea. planehaa, tabieeux, etc.. pauvent itre filmte A dee taux da rMuetion diff Grants. Lorsque la document eat trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seui ciieh*. ii aat fllmA i partir da I'angla supAriaur gauche, de gauche k droite. et da haut en baa. an prenant la nombre d'Imagea n^maamin. Laa diagrammes suivants illuatrent la m^thoda. 12 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 MiaOCOfV RESOIUTION TBT CHART (ANSI ond ISO TEST CHART No 2) ^ r^?PPUEDjyHGE I I".^ ^'"> ""'" street (716) 288 - -.geg - Fo, NIV % : ^952 cri!.uiXX}lCAI. SURVEY OF CANADA ROBERT BELL, M.D.D.Sc. (Cantab.), LL.D., F.R.a { MINERAL RESOURCES OF CANADA BULLETIN A.PA.TITE (Phosphate of Lime.) R. W. ELL.S, LL I). F.R.S.C. -/// OTTAWA rKIXTKI) 1!Y .S. K. UAWSON, PRINTE TO THE KING'S MOST KXCELLKNT MA.n. ,TY 1904 . yo, 881 I •:,*' ■ • » • APATITE. By B. W. Ell8. Apatite or Phosphate of lime is a mineral of wide distribution, occurring in several forms and at widely separated geological horizons. In Canada, its occurrence may be described under two heads, viz., those which belong to the crytaliine rocks of what is styled the Lau- rentian system ; and those which are found in fossiiiferous strata of Cambrian or Cambro-Silurian age. In several of the earlier reports of the Geological Survey attention was directed by Dr. T. S. Hunt to the latter class of deposits. These are found principally in the form of phosphatio nodules in certain limestones, shales and sandstones at different points in the Ottawa valley as well as at places along the lower 8t. liawrence. They were held at the time to be of considerable economic importance, when properly prepared, as a valuable fertilizer for certain soils of the district. Practically no attempt has ever been made to demonstrate their utility in this respect ; and in view of the great abundance of the mineral apatite in certain parts of the province of Quebec north of the Ottawa river, as weil as in some portions of eastern Ontario, their commercial development will probably not be attempted. Apatite as found in the crystalline rocks came markedly into promi. nence as a source of mineral wealth about thirty years ago. It is found in connection with certain rock masses which traverse the gneisses and limestones of the Grenville series and which have long bten regarded as forming the uppermost division of the Laurentian. The mineral is of varying colours, generally a sea-green, but sometimes red, brown or greyish-white, and is generally in the massive or rock condition known as " rbck phosphate " but sometimes occurs as a finely granular material when it is known as "sugar phosphate." In the process of mining, the former is more readily hanrlled as it can be extracted in clean condition or in such form that it can be easily cobbed from the enclosing rock ; while the latter is easily broken up, and though of Cfjual value with the massive variety, is readily mixed with foreign substances, and is therefore apt to be classed as of lower grade Oiinii" ni Oi)r:iiiii' |>ho..|jhatr. Cryitallitn- apatite. OKOLOOICAL SURVEY OF OANaHA Hiotoit of (1i-veUi|>iiieDt r„,„|H-,t.on. Ap*tite hu a hardnew of 4|. to 5. and in compt-ition conMit. of pliMphate of lime 90 to 92 per lent, with Uu»riock.i-. of all -.'.ict, sometimes reaching thout.nnd» of tons which are dintrihutMl in a grejii-h green pyroxene ; and «» crystals in a mairix of ca'.citp, either pink or white, which forms an integral portion of these inti usive mannes or dykes. The presence of apatite in the Laurentian rocks of Canada was first announced by Lieut. Ingall. in 1829, as occurring near the Liivre river in Buckingham township ; and it may be rpniarked that in this area some of the largest and most valuable mines ..i this mineral were subsequently located and worked for a number of years with great profit. Little attention was however attached to the discovery at that early date, and for i.jarly half a century its economic value was not realized. In the Geological Survey Report for 1847, Dr. Hunt referred to the presence of the mineral as occurring in the township of North Burgess in Ontario, in rocks of similar charhcter to those in which it was found in Quebec. Mining in the district uid not however commence for ma-v year-, the Bur.ess deposit being first open' d by quarrying about 1860. From this date to 1875 the annual output from the Ontario mines was scarcely more than 1,000 tons annually, the mineral being for the most part obtained from shallow surface pits, though on lot 10 range VI, two shafts were sunk to depths of 134 and 75 feet respectively. In the province of Quebec phosphate mining was commenced in 1871, when a few tons were taken out near the Little Rapiiis on the Lievre river apparently ic Buckingham township. Development in this district was however much more rapid than in OnUrio. as the value of the mineral was by this time much better knowc, while the deposiU were much more extensive. In 1878 the output for this part of the province of Quebec amounted to 3,000 tons. Eight years later this had increased to 28,535 tons, valued at 1^490,331. The largest ou» put for the province of Ontario was in 1889 when it reached the amount of 3,547 tons, valued at ^38,833. This in 1894, the last yee.' in which figures of production are given, was reduced to 1890 tons valued at $10,560, while in the province of Quebec the output subsequent to 1891 also rapidly decreased and in 1895 the exports amounted to only 260 tons valued at |2,500. The chief causes which led to this (llltalii Houtherii Rtateii of Carolina, UeorKia, tVc. At the chum uf the industry in Untario and tjueljcc the amount of the luinornl in tight at the principal mining centred had ■hown no appreciable tiitninution. The country rocks of the apatite bearing nrran, Uith in Quetx'i' and a«-«uii. I eaatern l>ntario, ai fr ctically the xame. They connitt nf gni'i** of""'"' various colours, wroetiaiet garnetiferou^, red, grey and i>lack, with whii'h are aMSOciated beds of white quartzite and cryittallint^ linioHtono, the laiter forming the highest member of the Urenville series in Quebec, These rucks are intersected by nuruerous veins and dykes, aomotiiuea reaching inasseK of hirge dimenitiuns, compriHing dialmse, pyroxene and granite, the latter iiicluding pegmatites in the furiti uf dykes sometimes of considerable size. The pegmiitite is more lecent than the pymxene since it cuts the latter in nil direcHons, tind tids in turn is intersectease dykes. 1 hese features of intrusion are seen at most of the mines throughout the Lievre or Huckingham district as well as in the township of Tenipleton and Hull nearer the Uaiinoau, Similar occurrences are always found in the apatite dis- tricts of Ontario. While the area of the Grenville series of rooks is of great extent the An n^ n.,itl> portion which carries workable deposits of apatite is comparatively"' "" ''• limited. Thus in the province of Quel>ec the mines are practically contlned to a belt in the vicinity of the Lievre, in the townships of Buckingham and in Portland east and west, and further west in Teni- pleton. Of these the most extensive and valuable are found in a well defined zone which extends nearly parallel to the Lievre, beginning a short distance north of what is known as Chalifoux landing on the west side of the river and continuing with some interruptions to the vicinity >he High falls, a distance of about five miles. On this range so of the largest mining areas are found, including the Roes Mountain and Crown Hill, the High Rock, Star Hill, Central Lake and High Falls deposits. On the east side also a number oi' l-.ge mines are located beginning with the Etna, Squaw hill and the Emerald on the south, which are situated about nine miles rorth of Buckingham village, and extending northward for about eight miles, including in the northern part such important mining centres as Little Rapids, the North Star, ai others in the area between the Lievre and Tamo lake. In this belt the occurrences of the pyroxene are well-defined but the masses in the aggregate re not so large or so continuous as in the hill on the west side of the river. M..lr III |>yi *- i-iiliiti ri|iliice• - '■ "- . Jr- i*'Lzr ir I'tr ttt' ""^'- ""- rivers, as ,,t the Bhiekburn and at Battle APATITt 7 lake the inKuciation o( tho intcii and apatite with the cklcitA in (rt><|Ut!nt. In the*' cftswH fh») ialiit« in KDnD-tininH ah „t pntiiKly rejilacwi hy th*- H|>«til«', ui»l tho iiiiiii, which eUewhuri' is tound in tin- former uh h vein lillinK, oocuni in l*rg«« hiiuihi'h in tin- latter. Similar iiiterchun«»'i» i>f 'ipstiti- and calcite at vein matter are olMer\cd in Ht-vtral ut' Ihu Out ario minfft us in the Sydenham di^triot. Thin cl«*<' anxooiition of thu tiiiva and apatite hat Ijcen ret'eirmi tu in thn Hulit-tin on Mica recently |>ul)ii>ii)ed. In the mHtfrii proviiue* of Sovu. Scotia and New Itruiiswick and in \,,i.tit. that part of Qiielicc, east of tiie St. Liwreme rivir, no roikii carrvinL' '""•*""*' '" , , . . . / " 1 iiitiiri'i .nil' ihis vaiioty of apHiito liave Ix-i-n found. Wldle in tliti two |>rovinrc» ','i'»- tirHt named thi'ic ar« nuite lar^;!' lueus if the try»titlliiie unt-iss and lime.ttonet which are re;{iirded at tho e.niivalent», in pint at leant, •,» the Orenvillo dories of (.^ueln't- and ( )ntiirio, .similar conditions mn regards the >."currence of tli' 'ntuin range in so far as these have \treu ".xamined, this mineral has not yet been reported, although depoidi- .if mica are known to occur at several joints. These are howevei related t« the granitic intruitions of that area. The crystalline apatite of the old rocks of t/uebc and Ontario is , always touni. \n;\uy cases the pre- sence of the apatite in iiuaiitity, even in t! pyroxene, is in many ' cases due to the action of other dykes of jitt. .it.- and diabase which frequently are seen traversing th«. foi ner, and i.i lose association with which some of the largest deposits utkVf, been opened. The assertion has been made by some that apatite sometimes occurs with the ordin- ary gneiss as well as in the pyroxene, but of this we have no evidence in so far as the Canadian deposits are ooncerned, where in every observed case it has been clearly established that the mineral ocvuri" exclusively, as regards the workable mines, in connection with the intrusive pyroxene, and even in such cases as occurrences in calcite this vein matter has no relation whatever to the altered limestone, >]uartzite or gneiss of the I.«urentian rocks. (.•II. Origin t >r){Hnif as • >l>|M)gi>d to i(rne not only from their .1... i. f. ». g;;.rX :iur?HT,r'''r''' '"i™™p«.""' .M. d.ve,u. o;irr.r.Trrt 3t '"t'""' '-"'■ the presence of the mineral in th. ™";<=«ntre8. Thus as regards APATITE 11 in the pyroxene which have been loosely called limestone by niuiiy mining experts. So also as regards itn presence, as sometimes statt d, in the gneiss where the pyroxene is found in small quantities dissemi- nated througij portions of the ordinary greyish variety, no apatite has ever l)een found unless us mere indications. As regards the occurrence of the limestones themselves, while now universally considered as a portion of the altered sedimentary rocks of the Grenville series, various other opinions have been lield from time to time by eminent authorities some maintaining that all the calcareous bodies are of similar orijjin and aqueous in their nature, while others, many years ago, including Emmons, Mather, .Vrc, can.e to the conclusion that the cry.stallino limestones themselves were to be accounted for as really igneous rocks. Whether these deposits are found as beds or veins has long formed a subject for discussion by many writers. The investigations made in 1892 93 by the writer led to cerUin conclusions which may here \>e briefly stated. Formerly many of the apatite bearing dykes of pyroxene were regarded as true veins though their occurrence as traversing the crystalline rocks, gneiss or limestone was clearly pointed out ; so that it became the custom for some years, in describing the presence of the mineral, to assign its position as occurring either in the t'orni of true veins or beds only. Of the former kind its presence in small dykes of pyroxene where it is always found in or near the edge of contact i^-imm^ with the enclosing gneiss, was so regarded, as also the cases where it J',",'',™,',';,,.. is found in connection with calcite which formed the outer portion of these pyroxene masses in many places. Where the mineral occurred in connection with the larger masses of the pyroxene sometimes in deposits of great extent following along irregular lines, such occurrence was held to pertain to the ued type, on the supposition that all the containing rocks were true bedded strata and formed an integral part of the gneiss and limestone formation. From the manner in which the pyroxene occurs when in large areas, as is often the case in the mines along the Lievre river, this heory as to its bedded character dues not hold, as has already l)een indicated from the statements of others already quoted. In many places the associated rocks are displaced to a considerable extent ; in other caseg the mass of the pyroxene, as seen at a number of openings, has not reached the surface but appears to have pushed up the overlying gneiss or ({uartzite, forming a dome-shaped structure of clearly intrusive matter in which the apatite occurs. 12 'iKOLlHllCAL SURVEY OF CANAI-A cli.ii.ii.ter •■iii'l tuica. I\..k.t.v ctiiirnct«»r. in«f strata tl K '^"' ^"'•°^'"« "-ents made in the overlv minerals, it lyle sa d Z l "'''''''• "'"' P^'^-^^-^^ ^'"' «'"- true veins, andLve blen .o re. "i STn """^ °' *''^ ^^''*"- °^ ol>server. of the dL^ t aVa'l ' ' ?""" '^"' '^ "^''^'- '--^ tl.eir presence to 4re;l„"' ';jr"T "'7-^^PP--"y o.e ■matrix or filling; in whfcThV.r '*'""' '' "^''^''^^ '^e of cases this cafe tel veni 7 '" '""''''''"^' '^"^ '" "^ ""^ber pyroxene ery!: ^r ' c^t S InT '"""f "''^' ^"^ ""^'^ ^^^^ well defined' oot or han j^jtalls the Ltr b "'^^ J'^^^ ^^^ "° with gneiss, while the fornfer'L .ed bv^e h7 ''. t''' '""'""^^ itself through which for a short ^^2 e'^the e .l.r^'Tn^^^^''^'^: minerals are disseminatpri tk- < . • 'crystals ot the several with other n^iner: oeelnee sH'^:'" '°""'! '" "°""^'='- ELevir township in OntariolT ^ I ^ '''""°''"' ^''P^^''" ^i ciiorites whioh llttrhold r "' 'r^'^' °°"^'''^''^ ^'^'^^^ *''« blende rooK, asl>e S ^0 ^Is "^r ^"^ T ""'"^'^''"^ ''-"- a depth of several inch"' ' d.ssem.nated in the foot wall to in ;:e"r;L;s:;rtirs:^^t~-^ -^ -- - went to the dumn .- fe '"oustry the mica was removed and mine. l,.v. I,.™ Tnv.* d ',„! " '°"' " ""^ """ '"■"("■«» •umber of th. „„rroet ,„? ' ''"'"* *'""''"«• "i' • ■- -. ."».^-r r;;':r :;::;r:r." r-r "• '- .«:rro::inJLxi'^r^,-:t,- cite .nd mica. ,i„e ih, „„„„. „, „,. ,' '»™ "'"i o«l- »..=.mie.b.i;_rr;:r^p:-.,^^.;;»,oj».^^^^^^ APATITB 13 conducted was made at a comparatively small cost and at the prices which prevailed some twenty years ago produced a large margin of profit. Such deposits sometimes continued downward to a great it were cross courses, often widening out at the junction int. considerable pockeU Perhaps the strongest feature is that the no- called vein will often continue to follow the face of the cross dyke lor a considerable distance laterally and frequently right up to the surface. I am quite unable to account for this unless it has heen by the refusion caused by the igneous etfe-t of the last incrusion, the great number of apatite and pyroxene orysUls near thd surface strongly favouring this view, together with the burnt appearance of the rocks at the surface." Can. Mining Review, March, 1893, p. 43. A somewhat close study was made by the writer in 1892-93 of all the known occurrences of apatite of commercial importance, north of the Ottawa ; and from this c rtain facU then ob.served oiav be stated. Outside of the area in Quebec, enclosed by the Gatineau 'and Lievre rivers, and the deposiU in Portland east, no deposits of economic importance were observeent of certain point, then observed D.ay be of interest as viewed from the geological standpoint, and a, illustrating .ome of the views already briefly stated a,H to the actual occurrence of the apatite, and its relation to the containing rock The country rock throughout consists of greyish, sometimes reddish gneiss w,th .juartzite, and occasionally thin bands of crystalline lime- stone. The generally regular strike of these rocks lhrouf,d.out r e area has been fro,,uently disturbed through the „ge„cy of the intrusive masses of gabbro or pyroxenic diorite which is sometimes seen in large masses ,u places with a capping of the gnei.ss, such contacts being well exposed in severol of the laige pits. Ciouii Kill mini'. CROWN HILL. At the Crown Hill, the gneiss and quartzite are in places ..uite rusty from the presence of quantities of pyrite which have been deve- lopea along or near the contact of the pyroxene or of the pegmatite dykes. The quartz of the latter, which with a generally whit- felspar makes up the mass of the dyke, is often of a peculiar lilac blue tint The apatite is found in the pyroxene, which does not follow the lines of stratiHcation of the gneiss, either as small irregular pockets near the hard granite, or in some cases along jointing planes. Some of the intrusive rock has the aspect of anorthosite without gneissic structure. In a couple of pits which are situated about midway up the slope of the hill on the south east side in a mass of pyroxenic diorite, which has burst through and displaced the gneiss in contact, there is a cro.s dyke of diabase and the apatite is found near the contact of this with the pyroxene rock. In a third pit near the cre.st of the hill a well defined vein-like occur- rence of apatite is presente.1 in the pyroxene with a course of N. l'5 K. It cuts across hornblende gneiss and is associated with a gre'en pyroxenic diorite or gabbro, and in the upper part with a two foot dyke of the peculiar diorite known as concretionary or " Leopard rock " This weathers a dirty white and shows well the concretionary structure APATITE IT on the weathered Hurfucei. The apatite sendx off small spur-like veins from tho sides of the main deposit which has a thickness in plates of 12 to 14 inches. Near the crest of the hilt the apatite-bearing band is apparently cut out lietween the diorite and the " Leopard rock ". The quartzite and banded gneiss in the vicinity has a strike of N. 75° W. vertical. ROHM MOUNTAIN MINE. At the summit of the hill at the Ross Mountain mine, the plant of which was removed some years ago, a def p pit was sunk in a rock composed of felspar and the bluish quartz, which cut the pyroxene, and from along the contact a large amount of pockety apatite was extracted. Here a small mass of calcite occurred in the pyroxene in which were masses of crystals of apatite and pyroxene out there are no beds of true limestone nor any stratification visible in these rocks. About 75 yards south r,f the old engine house the rocks ure regularly banded gneiss and quartzite free of diorite intrusions and showing no truce of apatite. In a second pit of the Ross mine east of the engine house, sunk in a hard dark-grey pyroxene which presents the asp«-ct of a true intru- sive nia.ss and is well jointed in places, the apatite occurred in a series of pockets which yielded a large amount of the mineral. Just west of the pit the gneiss and quartzite strikes N. 15' E., with a high dip to the .'^outh, and this is cut by small diorite dykes which follow the planes of stratification. One hundred and fifty yards north of this the apatite occurred in chimnej form in a hard greenish pyroxene which carried the mineral in detached pockets without any indication of l)edded or vein structure. Similar pockety occurrences were seen on the north-west side of the hill towards High Rock in an opening about 100 feet long. Here the gnei.ss strikes N. C0° W. vertical, the dip of the pyroxene dyke is S. W. <70. At the west pit of the Crown Hill mine near the end of the old track, a large pit was sunk in a mass of pyroxene which was cut by pegmatite. The pyroxene cuts across the gneiss which strikes N. 60' W. vertical, while the course of the dyke is N. and 8. with a dip to the et-jt of 60 degrees. The pyroxene is a hard dirty-green dioritic look- ing rock. Crossing the ridge to the old track the gneiss is rusty and is cut by pyroxene and pegmatite and in the former are the usual pockety occurrences. The gneiss, which has a N W. strike, ie pushed 2 — Apatite tain mini'. 18 riBOLOfilCAL lUKVKV Of CANADA Off to the wuth-went ^ if by the mtru.iv.. ,„*,,, .„d the apatite impregnate* the pymxene to u dintunce of 8 to 10 feet from the line of contact The occurrence, of apatite in .iet«che,l ,«ckel, a-efre.iuent at a number of piu in thi« area and the g,.eiH, U fre.jurntly very rusty from the pyriten which acco„,,.„,ie, the con.act. Ti.e presence of the apatite in often first ir.dicatwl by ,„mll paiche. of the ...ineral whui, wmetnueH Mwell out into large nm.mn yielding nmnv hundre't of one of the ilykcM, and thnie occur with local thickenings which have h<pth. ThcNtt })ocketN thin out at the sidcx and show Nmail HtriiiKcrs as Hide npum or dykeia, on either iiiile of the excav- ationn. A ihini pit at this place in sunk in a heavy rnain of Kreyinh fiyrox- ene which cuts n runty hnrnlilundic and (iuiirt/cise ^neiM!), the edges of which have l>ccn ht-nt upward along the xide of the dyke for xoveral fe. t, tln> ajwitilo occurring close to the contact in the form of chimney- like p owes it* presence to deepseatt^d ogencieM. Ilinil FALtJ MIKE. HiKli KalU iiiiiii-. The most northerly of the mines of the group is known as the Hi(/h Falls. The country rock is theuNiial risty ;;neiNsiind (juart/ite witl. a consideriible dcvelipnicnt of crystalline limcMtone to the east in t'lO direction of the Lii'v re river. The usual presence nf the pyroxene in lars,'e niiusses is here seen with intei-sections of the pegmatite as at the other mines already described. At the mine itself, which is on the east side of the ridge aliout a mile west of the river, the rock is a dark pyr- oxenic diorite like that at High Rock, and the apatite occurs in detached chimney like pockets. At the most northerly pit the gneiss strikes N. 40' E. and dips S.E. <70\ The apatite at this place does not follow the run of the gneiss, but in this and in other pits to the south west the excavations h:ive a course of N. L'5^ W., the rof)f slop- ing to the west at an angle of I-") degrees. Towards a lake known as Bowman's, there is an intrusive mass of purple grey colour resembling anorthosite which cuts the pyroxene, and the gneiss does not appear. Portions of the dyke are rusty, and the apatite occurs in chimney-form, at one]ilace extending into the hill for al)Out 20 feet but downward to an unknown depth. The apatite occurs as usual in the greyish-green pyroxene in close proximity to the other intrusive mass. There is no indications of any bedded structure either in the pyroxene or in the apatite, or of a vein structure in the latter, and on the sides of some of the pits small quantities of apatite an ..ttached to the mass of the pyroxene showing the rock to be impregnated quite extensively at several places. APATITB SI NOHTH RTAH MINK. AnioiiK other intere»tiiij{ pliice* wh.'r.< llie apiititfl Hit» can be N,,ril,sut w.-ll iitu.li.«l may »» M,»'ci«lly inentu.n«d l»i.» North Star mine ..u the '"'"•• eoMt si.l" of the I.iivre. Horw th.- miiiin« has \»^n .arrieil on priiui. piilly on or n»ftr th« crest of the ridg" at an elevation of about fiO.) fet't a»Kiv.. the river which U four niil.t to the wont. An th.- M.-pll. of thf -hv-petl Hh.tft is in the vicinity of GOO f.'.-t the Imtton. of tl>.- work ingH are iibout at the river level. The country --.kW is a n.l.iiHh an.l Honietinies Kr.-yiMi j{n.'iM, with a HtriUe of N. 1"'^ NV. anil an fast dip of sixty ilej{ri«.s. This is traver- sed by tlyk.'* of several kin.ls. A ' the south end ..( the an-ft an open- inK has iK-en nu-Je in a mass of Kreyish pyrox.-ne in which a little tipatite is visible. Kurth.-r north a larg.- veinliko, in placs p.«;kt.ty, deiK>Mt is s.-en in the pyroxene with a north west cour».. goin- down nrariy vortical, and the gneiss in the vi.iniiy is m.i 1. infrsected by granite dykes. Ascending the hill northerly towar. Is the hoisting plant, the strike of th.! red and grey gneiss .h.m^jes to north and south, with a liii,'h eivst dip, and a pit is seen wherein tlie excavation tl-^ pyroxene occurs as a round chimney-like inas« alx.ut 10 feel in dianietei', the banding of the -neiss following closely around the ie«ss of the intrusive rock, on airsiib's. The apatite occurs alon',' the outer /one. .lust to the east of this another dyke of pyroxene breaks throu;,di the gneiss along the line of stratification or banding and this carries small tributed at different point, sometimes occur- rin" in immense pockets, whde the connecting portions are often reduced to small strings. This condition of development appears to 22 OEOLOOICAL 8URVET OF CANADA prevail throughout. At the north pit the structure is a dome-like mass of the pyroxenic diorite which carries the apatite more or less disseminated, the pyrcxene having the aspect of an intrusive body which has burst througii the nurrounding gneiss and tilted the latter from it in both directions. A r,iniilar structure is visible in several other pits, independent of the main mass of the pyroxene. In some of the smaller pits the apatite is associated with crystal of dark mica. Along a series of pits still further north a similar displacement of the enclosin-j gneiss can be seen. In places where the apatite is found in large bodies side spurs of the mineral are given off on either side, so that the conditions of its occurrence appear to very similar throughout the entire extent of the pyroxene development. Mica crystals aie developed in the apatite near the outer contact, similftr to occurrences of this mineral in calcite in the Oatineau district. SALEITE MINK. Salitt. niiiip. In this mine which is near the Li.Are river, the .lunrtzite and gneiss are cut by green pyroxene and this in turn by white pegmatite, antl the presence of the apatite is near the contact of the two intrusions. I.ITTLE nAt'lDS MINE. Of a somewhat different type from the North Star mine is the mill.''. ^''''"''*' I^'ttle Rapids mine, which is about one mile east of the Lievre river at the locks about 12 miles above Buckingham village. This was one of the first mines opened in the district, and mining was cairied on by Mr. W. A. Allan in 18S,3, and continued for some years. The country rock is the ordinary greyish and quartose gneiss which extends from the river shore eastward, and is cut by numerous dykes of diorite and granite. Where comparatively undisturbed the gneiss has strike of N. W E. with a N. VV. dip of .JO". The pyroxene dyke in which the mine is located is large and has a direction of N. IC K. with a dip to the east of 80 degrees. The width of the .apatite bearing position of the dyke, which is near the contact with the gneiss, is from three to five feet, and crystals of mica are developed in the lower por- tion near the pyroxene contact of this zone. The west side of the cutting shows a wall formed of the banded edges of the gneiss and fjuartzite, and in the mass of the dyke are pieces of the gneiss which appear to have been caught up in the outflow. Dykes of pegmatite cut the gneiss and the pyroxene, several other dykes of the latter APATITE 23 flllM > illilW occurring in the vicinity, in met of which the apat.te - -"'l;^ J'^^^^ workings r..ache.l a depth of al-out 220 feet, ami ihe y^M oi ^V>^t^te laSe, the deposit Le that of other places varying m th.ckness at different parts of the mine. At the upper London mine which li s to the north of f^^-^ occurrence of pyroxene and pegmatite dykes cutt.ng an.l a te ng he gneiss is seen, the strata of the latte, being hent over and d.placul Ing the contact with the developn.ent of pyrite m many plac along the n>argin. The apatite occurs as a contact depos.t near the conuct of th,. pyroxene and the gneiss. A similar occurrence ot sharp definition l..t Jen the pyro.ene and gneiss .s se. n in the other London ...in which is on the side of the rid.e near the Licvre, and u> he open cutting at this place the presence of the apatite near the contact can be well studied. THE AKTNA, SQUAW 1111,1, ASD F,MK.RAI,D These three mines form a small group near the Lievre river whiclA_^^^^^ when worked were an.ong the largest and n.ost unportant^ tn the .hs^ ,, ,-1 trict. They occur near the crest of a ridge in winch the developn.et^ • of the pyroxene and other intrusive rocks are largely ^l^'/^yc'l. The apatite'fre,uently occurs at the intersection of the later dykes w.th t e pyroxene, and frequently a considerable development of 1>">X - ^^f Sen in the latter in wh.ch the apatite is found w.rh n..ca crysta s. The ,ar..e developn.ent of apatite here is pr-bably, - -^ *'- ^-"P "' ^'""^ on "the west side of the river at H.gh Rock, e.c, due to the presenc of the intrusive masses. The shaft at the Aetna reached a dedth of 1:^0 feet in 1S93, or at about the close of the mdustry .n th.s a.ea. The apatite is often found along the course of some one ot he d.abase dykes which tV,r,ns a f,.ot wall and carries n.asses of pyr.te near the cont.act with the pyroxene, and occasional very la.-ge crystals ot apU.te .vere here found. The nan,e of '• Crystal pit " was g.ven to one ot he principal excavations fro.n the fact that the pit was at tn-st sunk on the !nass of the crys-al itself for some feet. Siuular mo,les of occurrence are seen at several of the other mines in tins vicinity. , ,,. ■ „ „U.,it a,.iil to hive a depth of 300 feet was (;i;,spiw At the Glasgow mine a shatt s.iut to IVN. > 1 „,• „„.,Hte "''"•■ sunk in pyroxene near the conta.a with the gne.ss on a bod> ot ap.itite with a reported thickness of five to six teet. ^u,all .,uantities o Pink calcite occur at intervals through whicii mica is disseminated with apatite and pyroxene crystals. The intrusive dykes are numerotis, and intersect the gneiss in all directions and the apatite is usually found in t .nches or pockets in these as elsewhere. 24 GEOLOGICAL 8URVKY OF CANADA Philadelphia mine. Mi'Lan-n mine. Mode I if occurrenee of apatite. Priest C'rei'U mine. At the Philadelphia mine the cros.s contact of the pyroxene with the gneiss can be well seen, the course of the former being N. 40' E. with a dip 8. E. 35', while the strike of the gneiss is N. 20' W. with a N. \V. dip, the intersection of the dyke with the gneiss being at an angle of about 60 degrees. Both red and groen apatite are found in this as at several of the other mines in the district. At the McLaren mine adjoining to the west, the gneiss is nearly ttat as if thrust up and overlying a mass of pyroxene which is in turn cut by red pegmatite, in which the felspar has a purple tint. No mica was seen at this place. From the above descriptions of some of the leading apatite deposits of the Lievre, which might if necessary be greatly extended, the following conclusions may ^c reached. 1st. Where apatite occurs in large masses of pyroxene, which has i)een shown to be clearly an intrusive rock in the gneiss, and where this is cut by later dykes of pegmatite or diabasp, the presence of the apatite is in close relationship to the occurrence of the later intrusion. 2nd. In the ease of many of the smaller dykes of pyroxene the apatite occurs near the outer zone or in contact with the surrounding gneiss and is sometimes associated with mica and calcite, though not always so. In these cases the apatite frecjuently assumes the crystal- line form, and the conditions approach those seen in many of the mica mines of Templeion and Hull. 3rd. The ind' t ions of the intrusive nature of the pyroxene in the gneiss, and of the later intrusions of diabase and pegmatite both red and white, are so clear as to warrant the assertion that when apatite is found in these rocks its presence is not due to organic agencies but to conditions belonging to the period of intrusive action. To the north of the apatite belt already described there are several localities, such as the Priest Creek areas, in which apatite is found at several points and attempts have been made in former years to work some of these deposits. Apparently no great amount of success attended such efforts, and the present depressed condition of the industry, together with the distance from a convenient shipping point has interferred with their practical development. From the report by Mr. Obalski, for 1S89 90, it will be seen that the mineral has been re,"ognized in this direction in the townships of Bowman, Bi;.^/;,rthe largest producer in notably in the Blackburn, which fo, >- s -a^ ^^^^ ^^^^i„„ the district, this feature is ^P^'^ .;;;:; 'ularly operate,! as of the mine as a producer of apatite it h,v^ been _^^^^^^ ^ica mine. In this respect the occur-.nc.s of he.e ^^^^ _,.semb.^;^-;--— Iont.rio. T:::Z-:I:tduringtl.p.d of apatite mining, the .....^^^^ pj::;al mimng areas comprised the fo.lowing :- ,, \rr Tpmoleton township, la aauui"" The i^ackburn lot range X^, Temp « ^^^^^ this mining area included lots < 9 an , ^^^^ ^^ ^ ^^^ The McLaren, lot 8, range XH , h- i 7, .>. , K 1 lots 4. •"), 6, range VII. . . ' . I Co largely engaged in milling rather than in mining Lomer, llohr iV Co., largely eii„ g directly. Jacksoa Rae Phosphate Co., W. .1 lot 0, range X. ^^ ^ ^^^ Canada Industrial Co. (C. Lioi^U ^ ^-M 1^ y> ^^-^ ^ ^ ; ^^^j. 9, range X. (Post Mine) Soc-te 1 ran.ase , lot 3, r.. . ton to large areas in the Li-vre district. .• r 1 .ts 6 7 ranc-e XUI (Battle Lake mines) ; and AnMo Canadian Co., lots b, I, ran « v lot;9:41,42,4VU,45.56,TempletonGore. Templeton and Blanche river Co., lot 6, range XL . s • lot 3 H 1. 4. and 7, range VII ; lot . , range X. The Oner area, b. \ lot .), ^-i- .j . Miller mine, S. I lot 2, range XII. Murphy mine, S..> lot 12, and lot G, Gore. Several of these mines were opened 1^^^:^^ ^ZX 1880 to 1886. From --<>;;'- ^^^J^ea J nuler of these 26 OEOLOfJICAL aiTRVKY OP CA.VADA m.ca and calcite, the apatite often cccurring in the form of crystals ; but m .orne ca.es notably in the Blackburn nm.e, the calcite is largely rep ace\\ n^'liiit. WAKEFIKLD AND HULL MINES. H.^r*:';!.""' ^" '^^ •^^"''""•" P^--''^" «f tf'« township of Wakefield especially in ranges I and III, occurrences of apatite are fre,,uent and have bi^en worked qu.te extensively. Among the principal deposits are several m the v.c.nity of Wils.m's Corner, all of which may be classed as contact depoHts, the mineral occurring for the most part widi mica and calcite. Among these mines may be mentioned : — Haldane's mine, lot 12, range I. Moore's mines, lot 17, range I, nnd lot 18, range II. Wilson's mine, lot 17, rr.p- ,^. (iemmill mine, lot^ 2; , .:.< 24, range V. Harris mine, lot .'50, range I.V. .Seyhold mine, lot \f<, range II. Other mines in this district which have been opened and worked for mica to some extent show also the presence of apatite occurring in the crystalline form in calcite. " In the township „f Hull, Mpatite deposits are found at many places, usually associated with mica in the same manner as the occur- rences i„ Wakefield. Among the most in portant ,,f these may be mentioned the following, which for some part of their history were nnned tor apatite and partly for mica. The 8cott mine, lot 15, ran<'e X. Prudhomme mine, lot 9, range XII. Davies mine, lot 9, range XI. Gow mine, lot 10, range Xil. McLennan mine S },, lot 10, range XIV. Barbers mine, lot 16, range XVI. Minis ill Hull t(j\\-ii^lii|j, APATITE 27 Browns, and Fortin-G ravel mines, the former on lot 19 range VII, the latter on lot 18. Haycock mine, lot 17, jango X. Connor mine, lot U, range XI. Snow mine, lot U, range XII. These are all on the wps-t side of the Gatin.au river. On the east side in Hull township may !;e meutioned :— Wilson mine, lot 1:5, lange XVI. Chubbuck mine, lot 1 2, range X V. Burke mine, lot 1, range XI 11. Vavasour or Geinmill mine, lot 10, range XII. Webster mine, lot lU, range XIV. From an examination ..f many openings n.ade in thes,. township., A,..m.. j. from some of whi.h considerable quantities of apatite were taken ... ,,,,„„, t^o earlier years of the industry, it may be stated that, for the most part, the mineral occurs in the crystalline forn> associated with nnca crystals in cakite near the contact of the pyroxene with the gneiss. Occasionally the apatite is foun.l as pockety masses n, the pyroxene itself as in the Uivre district, but the size of such pockets is nowhere so iraporiant as in that area. From the economic standpoint it may be .(uestioned wheth.r (he mining of apatite from mines of this cla.>.s can evr be permanently p-otitable. The amount of calcite and other rock whroh forms the vein tilling necessary to be extracted to ob.ain merchantable aputUe in ciuantii V is la-ge, and in so far as the exploitation of tluse d.-poots proceeded "some twenty years ago, it was found that only the largest of these cou.a be mine.l to prof.tab'e advantage. Many of then, were opened by shallow pits and abandoned, ..thers reached .lepths along the cakite filling of 150 to 2C0 fet% drifts being carried al. ng the run of the pvn.xene, but all were .ong since abandoned. Heveud were mined subse,,uently for mic^ -ii-d in *ome cases t^.ts is stdl pursued as in the case of the Vava.our niine and others, in whi.h case the apatite extracted with the mica is saved and sol.l as a by-product. In some of the mines along the Gatineau which are opened on large masses of pyroxene as at the Cascades, the N.llie and Blanche, the Cassidy mine, .tc, while mica h..s .een found in large pockets occurring thus aftei .he manner of the apatite pock.-ts along the Lievre, but small indications of apatite itself have been found. The is OEOLCMilCAL SURVEY OP CANADA Output f(ir tin sc ana". reason for this is not (|uite clear, nince there i» frequently thi- same wcurrencos of diabase and granite dykes in Imth areas. Usually however at all the mining areas in the Templeton and (latineau dis- tricts the two minerals, mica and ap itite ar • closely associated. While the total figures of the output from the different mining centres north of Ottawa are not available for pui>lication aa regards the different mines, it is clear that, by far the j-reat bulk of the out- put for the fifteen years for which mining, returns are furnished came Irom the large group of mines in the LhAre district, an.l that the o.ily truly large producer outside this area was the Bh.okburn mine in 'i en.pleton. The output from the Hull and Waketiel.) areas afjgr.-ated but a few thousand tons as compared with the total recorded output for the (Quebec mines of l'70,00U tons between the years 1878 and 1894 both inclusive, and a total output from the mines of eastern C)ntano for the same periods of only 24,707 tons. Ontario (l<-|Kjhita. Uenfrciv ti'Wll.«lli|). MINES IN ONTARIO. Apatite mining commenced in Ontario at a comparatively early date. As far back as IS.iO a shipment of 100 tons was m^ide from the mines in the township of North Burgess ; or alK.ut 10 years Ix-fore actual mining operations were commenced in the f.rovince of Quebe.. The mining centres in thi.s province may be described under three heads as regards locality, viz.: those of North Burge.ss between the IJidean lake and the town of Perth ; those of the county of Renfrew • ami those of the Kingston district, which includes the township, of ISedford, Storrington and Louglilwrough. In the county of Renfrew- the apatite deposits are practically confined to the townships of Ross and Sebastopol. Of these the mines which were opened nearly 2.5 years ago are the following :— Elliott's mine, lot 7, range I, Ross, the mineral occurring in dissem- inated crystals in caleite, with other cry>titls of pyroxene, scapolite and titanitc. Cole's mine, lot 13, range VI, Ross, apatite in crystals in caleite. Park's mine, lot 23, range XII, Sebastopol. crystals in caleite. Meany's mine, lot 31, range XI, Sebastopol, in crystals with pyroxene in caleite. Smart's mine, lot 31, range X. apatite in crystals in caleite. Turner's mine, on island in Clear lake, apatite in crystals in caleite. APATITK 29 All these deposits are clearly of the vein type ; and while in .nost cases are of Hraall economic value, except as mineral locaht.es, tro.n several of the opening-, notably in that sou h of E«anv,lle, a ar«e quantity of apatite was extractef the crystals l.-,ng of larg- size Nowhere was there any in.lioation s.en of the large pockety deposits of the massive variety *ou...i north of the Ottawa. In the Hurgess district, the occuru-nces of the mineral are fr.M,..ent and in some of the mines were nuitc extensive, so that this area was an important producer for some years. The n.ineral .s found b-.th m the contact vein form and as pockets in the mas. of the pyroxene when such dykes are of good si/e. The greater nun.ber ot the openmgs which have been made in the rocks of the district arelu.wcver sut.k on the vein or contact deposits. In (Jordon Hroome's report, 1870-71, an.l in Vennor's rep.rt. 1^7.•i x ,,,. 74 a largo amount of detaile.l information as to the working ot th- North Burgess mines is given with full descriptions of the numerous openings in the several areas. The greatest number of these are found on range VIII. from lots A, to lot 7, on the north side of Otty lake. Mining operations were carried on at intervals on lots 11 and l. range VII • on lots 9, 10, 11, U', 18, 19, 20, range VI ; on lots 1, 8, ,», 10, lb, 19 oo 01 ran-e V, which include practically all the known deposits in 'this township. In the township of North Elmsley to the ea.st apatite is found on lots 25, 20, 27, range VIII, and ..n lot 30 range \ I. In South Burgess it is found on lot 2, range IV. It is not necessary to repeat here the various descriptions of the several areas in this district as contained in the reports just mentioned. From the details there given at the date of the workings, as well as from recent examination it is evident that the occurrences in this area . are similar to those seen in the Wakelield and Gatineau districts rather than to those which occur on the Licvre. While mining trom 8ur' - pits, at slight expense, produced r fair amount of high grade apatite, mostly in the form of crystals, it was found that the expense of sinking shafts an.l driving drifts was usually too great to warrant long continued operations, so that while the surface openings were verv numerous, mining cradually , 10, 11, 12, 13, 1.-,, 17, range IX. Lots 7, S, 10, 13, (Foxtoi. mine) ; 19, 24, range X. Lot.s 8, 9, 10, 15 24, range XI. Lots 19, 22, 24, mnge XII. Ix)ts 24, 25, range XIII. TOWNSHIP OF NORTH CROSIIY. Lot 19, range II ; lot 20, range HI ; l„t 21, ranfe X ; lot 29, range TOWN.sniP OF oso. Lot G, rang-! I ; (St. Gujrg- Like mine.) Lots 1 and 2, range V : (Crow lake.) Lot 1 1, range \I ; lot 4, range VIII. Cliai.u., of til.--.- Ji')H)>it». TOW.V.sllIP OF HlNCHl.VDROOKK.. Lots 29, 30, rarge 1. (Kagle Lake mines. Boyd Smith.) The above list eomf-riscs most of the mining areas in the Kingston district. In some, as on the Boyd Smith property, the apatite is APATITE 31 dUtrict. l.ut in the greater "^^'J J^;;;;:^,, ,,,,eticaUy M.nilar a„a caleite. The country r^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ " Jredai.^nei.s. wU.. ..n.e throughout, «7-' "«;*; 77,,'^, L .raver.ed by dykes of pyro- ^ua,t«U, and h.ne.tone. a of whi ^^^^ ^^^^^^, ^^ xene, diabase and ,>e^mat,le Several ot t ^^^^^^^ depths of o.er ^..O feet .. ^t 0.-0.. nd H"" ^U. . . ^^^ ^_^ ^^ ^^ ea.e. th.. work d^o was 1^1-^-^^^ though ,o„,e .uite put was appaivntly from tli. try ^^.^^^ large deposits of the nmHS.ve variety, Imlh rul extracteiv.1i>tiliani mine, of the full iti- At several of the mica .nines, nolal.ly the ^)'''" """ " ' ro,.Uo,l At several „,„ worked for apatte, (the Siiutli ami l.a- j ,|,„„t. (Jeneral Klectnc Co.. formerly worked tor p ^^^^^^^^ ^^ cey) some interesting f-tures were oWrved^ e^. ^ ^^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ occur sometiu.es in the mass ot the ry^"^^"« „,,ociated with the lUter in the same manner as in the calcUe. 1„ ,„any of the localities throughout the district the '1-"^;'^;^;';^ in m.iiij ui "" ovion,ivc ininins pwnt, ifna mineral was not suthoient to warrant '"> -^*"" ^^Z \,^ ^l, ,,y U.e work of drilling and ho.st.n, .a. ; ^ ^,^;J;;,,^„ .,.„J,y ,,e r' '^'TL i;;:r::^r iLil^U::^:™ U.eirre«u,ar farm work t:::;:^t:::;rtnsideraf amounts of U,e mi.... ^ ratively simple manner ; but when ^»-;-J; X; ^ ^w s alLndon. yond which this process was not pract.cab tl. ■ V ^^_^^^_ ed in favour of some n>ore ^^^I^^^Z^^^^^.^^J. the calcite the apatite crystals were very ^»"''^y ''';'[ .,^,,,, f„; , Uu.e ; but their extraction w.vs rendered possO^ "^^ '^ a:ss,.nnnated th,- ex- .-hen, as is often the case, thej -"; ^^^" " .^^j,,,. ,,.,„,, „f p,otit pense attending the mining was such that all pos,i was eliminated. 00a02M79M 32 OKOLOOICAL HURVBV Or CANADA theie local! tiM wu n«ver •uHicient to warrant the expenditure of muih capital in their development. Ad an iiluvtration ot the rive and dt'cline of one of the leading min- ing induitrirs of the province of iiuu\mc and nantern Ontario the fol- lowing fiKure» token from the H..iK.rt of the Mining branch of the De- partment for 1895 may be given* The period extends from l«7s to 1891, b IHKII 1.SH7 lh«H IHMIt 18110.. .. mn mrj IWIH.. .. 18SM.... J8!I5 Ontakki. Tiiiw. 8:.'4 1,M2 i,:iH7 2,471 .'MM fO 7tiH 4M 04* 705 •i.iil.-t .%517 l,» J,5Bl 1,W>1 l.'JIW I.'.IHO •-1!,74ti 12,r)44 n.iiiJO io,atio 82,748 3,470 2M 280,000 Valiif «l!).-|,8;il 101,170 175,<>)i4 I82,3,«» ;t02.lil!t 427. ll» 4i.'),:i,'iO 4!HI.;i31 ;«7,l!ll 424,!M0 2tW,:-Ui2 478,1140 3»18,018 141,221 ;■)2,38»