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R«tum diractly to Main Circulation. f^T AND U^^ Their Manufacture and Uses in Eitfope. E. NYSmOM, M ^ CANADA I ) K « » A U T M E N T OK MI \ K S MINKH HHANCII Hon. \V. Tkmim.kman, MiMsrKK ; A P. I,i>\v, LI. O , Pkii i v MiNrsifH; K. Haanki., I'm. 11., l>iRiri,iK. PEAT AND LIGNITE TTieir Manufacture and Uses in Europe. BY E. NYSTROM. M.E. OTTAWA, CANADA. 1908. Ui Ottawa. 1 tili M«v, 1!K)7 8lR, ^.mareinNtriictcdloprocwMliit tluM'iirlicst niomnit to.SwtM|,.M. .\„rwuv lurid, Dpnnmrk, (ierinuny, Hclland imd Iroland, for tli.- i)urp..se <.f stud' - and ri-portinK upon the I'eat Industry in tlu-s.- ((.iintricH. It will be vom Finl inK an duty to familiarize yourself with the methods, proresses ami machinery em- ployed in the commercial production of fuel from ,)eut and lisnite and such other exploitations of f)eat ho>{8 an lead to eoniniercial pHnluits. This examination is undertaken in the interest of the I'eat Industry of Canada, and it will, therefore, l.e your duty also to ascertain all facts relatinjt to costs of production; to procure jihot.^'.aphs, drawin^r.s and plans of ma- chinery and apparatus used; and ohtain information reKardinj; patents issued to the different inventors of processes and machinery, the countries where they have l)een issued and full particulars thereof. You are further instructed to visit the Peat Laboratories (,f such coun- tries as have established them, familiarize yourself with the metlKnls em- ployed for determininK the value and chuss of peat, and report mx.n these methods and the apparatus, equipment and arrahgemcnt of these laboratories. Yours very truly. EUGENE HAANEL. Erik Nystrom, Esq., M.E., Mines Branch, Ottawa. Director of Mines. r.i < >i I i\\ \, March A'lth, MMIS. tint, III ciniiiiliimr'c with vimi' iii-lniitiinis to iiiM'siiifatc imlilstiii'N ill Kiin.pc I l>f>; t.i .snl.mil the ai(iiiii|paii\ ini.' r •at ami lignite 111 this r.|i(irt the iiifurmalioii lollcc^-.l ilmiiin my visit.s to the i a hirue aiiMiiinS <>< iiifuiiiiatiuM nl.taiiinl lioiu vaiiniis pul.li- raiKili!* oil thrso siilijccts, is iiicorpoiatrd, The roporl also inchidi-s ilcsd'ptions of som,. of the pfoccs.-cs used in ('ana(hi, and, whi-iicve. possiMc, diagrams or photos >ho\\iiiir the consiruriion of the niarliinm- -iscd and tiif iii..|ho.is .-niploycd have l.wn .scnircd and iiiror|)oralcd in llii' report. I have the honour to lie. Sir, Your ot .■diciit servant, j:. xv.sthom. Dr. Ef(iKNK Ha \m:i,, Directo- ' Mines, tHtnwa. vu TABLE OF CONTENTS. P.UiK. Introduction l~o CHAI'TKR I. Okk!I.\, Occukuk.nck, Classification and Usks ok I'kat <) i:i t'HAI'TEH II. (.'oMi'osrnoN AND Calohikic Vai.ik of I'kat 24 i- CH.Al'TEU III. Manufacturk of Am Dkikd I'kat Fiki 1,S-1-«J General ReqnlnmnitKfor a Succeii.sful Pent Fuel Manufacture. . . 19-20 Preliminari/ Work •m-ot Puiiiiiiny Mnchineri) •"]•".> Methods of Manufacture .,7) , ."„ I. Cut I'kat .,.^ .^.^ a. Cut Peat Dug hi/ Hand •Ki--}S At Sparkaer 24-2.5 At Moselund .^c At TrianKel 25-20 At Huspelnioor .>(j .\t Uauhliiif; ''G-"'? At Heruau .,■, -At Feilenhach .,g In ()l(lcnl)ur<; .,o In Russia ,,i, l>. Cut Prat Dug bij Marhinen/ 2S-;{1 H. Dolbei-ft's Cuttini; .Macliinc 29-.'{0 Peat Plant at Ostradi ^Mi-M Sjtenal Dri/ing Arrangements M-AA II. .Machink Pkat .3;}-r'<) 1. .Ma( HiNK Pkat Manifacturkd with Additional ^^'^■r™ 34-57 VIU a. Manufactured Without the Aid of Machiticnj. b. Manufactured With the Aid lion of Indiridiml Pi at Plants Sweden: Tests with Anrcj) s Machine Xo. 1 ]{. at Stafsjd Tests with Anrep's Machine No. 1 1 P. at Stafsjo Tests with iSvedala Machine No. 2 at Stafsjo 1'a(;i.. ;u 34-57 ;i4-:}(i :!(;-57 8() .•5(i-42 42-43 43-4o 45 47 47-51 51-55 55-5() 5()-57 57-109 58 58-84 59-()4 04 G4-73 73-70 7()-77 77-S2 82-83 83-84 84 84-09 02-94 94-0<) 9()- 99 99-102 102-120 102-103 103 104 IX IJussia flerinai Koskivara 1()4-1()S i^f- ()l'>f l{)S-l(i'i ^'■'^™1'"1' 100-110 J^'^'N" Ill Ill 112 ly : ]{('ut'rl)or^ 112-114 I'cilcnhacli 114-1 15 ''/■i=""-'''l 115-1 l(i I-;iisal)Ptht'eliii lUi-li'O ('(ipucltiix o/R. DoPm-ffs I'(nl ['lanls. C lists (if I'liuds ll'l 122-127 Alij(i, ti Anderson's (A. Anrcp's) 1 2:5-1 2ii A. Ill inon's Apiimxiwittc Cost of I'roihwtion of Marhih< Forninl I'^ot FikI iiiidtr Cahdillnn Coriilitlons n-ith Ann p'n Morhinr Xo. 1 Ji. Conifniwd with Mnhaiiicnl 'rniiisjiovlotlon (iiul .Inhohson's Fi'i-l,l /'nss 127 12S-12(t chaptp:i{ IV. MANCFAcrrm: ok I'kvt am, Li,;mti; Hhkhkttks I)r;iiii(/ AjijiariitKs Nt(>ani I'lato Drier. '■Si'luilz Drier. . . . Cooliiii/ Ajiparatiis. . . Hrii/iirttiii;/ I'll SSI'S. liriqiiittiiitj I'titnts. . . . J'ifil liriijiifltrs 1:50- i:52- 1:54- i:5ti 140 144 144 1. Nature nf tiie l?on 2. Priie of the Haw .Material .'?. Steam or Fuel Consumption for Dryin;:. 4. I.aiiour Cost . , 5. Cost of riant. . ' (). Total Cost of .Manufacture 7. Comjietition witii other Fuels 147^ Ciiiiiniiiui I'liit ilni/iiitltMiiHiifii-tiiri ]4s_ The Welland Plant ,4s- The lieaverton Plant ]-,,,_ 170 1.50 i:U -l.T) i:!(> 1:?!) -14;i -14S 144 14(i 140 147 147 147 14.S 57 50 X Page. Manufacture of Briquettes Without Air Dri/ing the Peat. 157-1 70 Drying by Pressure 157 Drying by Heat 157 Kerriiine's Method of Drying Peat by Means of Eiectnc Energy 157-159 Electro Peat Coal 159-160 The Ekenberg Wet Carbonizing Process 160-170 CHAPTER \. Peat Powdeh 171-172 CHAPTER VI. Pe.\t Coke 173-190 Coking in Heaps 173 Coking in Ovens 178-17(1 The Hahnemann Oven 173-174 The Wageninann Oven 174-175 The Lottmann Oven 175-170 M. Ziegler's Peat Coking Process 176-188 The Oldenburg Plant 179-181 The Redkino Plant 181-183 The Beuerberg Plant 183-185 Bamme's Peat Coking Orcn 188 The Sahlstrom Process 18S-189 SchOning & Fritz Process 189-190 CHAPTER VIl. Uses of Peat Fuel for He.vti.nu, Steam Raisi.ng and Power Purposes 191-229 For Domestic Purposes 191-192 For Steam Raisi-nu 192-200 /. Plane Grates 192-193 Air Dried Pe.at as Locomotive Fuel 193-194 //. Step Grates 195-190 ///. Half Gas Furnaces 197-198 IV. Peat Powder 198-200 XI ^^^-^^^^ 2()U--,. a. Peat Gas for Heating Purposes 2()l-'>()6 For Boiler Firing .,(,3 In the Iron and Steel Intlu.stry 2()3-L'0G For ]}rick and Lime .Manufacture 206 For Glass .Manufacture ',()q b. Power Gas [ 20G-229 Producers for No\-BrrrMi.\ois Fikls 20S-215 Dowsg:i Plants •'()S-'>1 1 Bonier Plants .,| !_.",., Taylor Plants •>r'-'"l4 Kntsch Plants " " •'14 Kiirting Plants 0J4 Producers for Bituminous Fuels 21")-219 The Mond Producer 210 Kortinji's Lignite Briquette Producer. . . 216-219 Peat Gas Producers 219-229 Korting's Producer 220 Skabersji) Peat Gas Power Plant 220-222 Burangsberg Peat Gas Power Plant. . 22:5-224 Pintsch's Producer 224-22o Luther's Producer 225 Ziegler's Producer 225 22(i Frank »t Caro"s Producer 226-227 Riclie's Producer 227-229 CHAPTER Vin. Manufacture of Moss Litter and Peat Mull 230-240 Manufacture of Moss Litter on a Small Scale 230-2:51 Manufacture of Moss Litter and Peat Mull on a Large ' 'S'c«^« 231-240 Tearing Machines or Disintegrators '>3l-'53-) Peat Mull .Mills "030 o-^ l'^''^.' ■■...'.'.'.'.'.'. 233-236 Description of the Moss Litter Plant at Y.xenhult . 233-239 Properties of Moss Litter. 240 XII C'HAl'TKK IX. V I'sr.soF Moss LiTTKU AM) I'kat .Mii.i, ankOthkk I'kat rii44 Peat \V()(»I ACi;. L'4.-) L>41 242 242 24:5 24:5 24:{ 244 24.> 24.') 245 G f.N KH A I, C< ).\( LfSK )\s 24() 247 IXTHODUCTIOX. Canada, like all northern countries, possesses larne area-s of peat Ix.gs which are distributed practically'all over the country. The foilowini; table' obtained from the bulletin on peat by Dr. R. Chairners, of the (ieolosicai Survey of Canada, pves a summary of the peat aretus in Canada and the average depths of the bogs. East of Lake Superior the figures are at least approximately correct; west of that thev are largely estimated Province of Square mile. to 8 )i to 10 to 10 Dr. Chalmers states, however, that the above figures are undoubtedly too low, as up to th ^ present time no systematic investigation of the peat bogs has been undertaken, and most likely many bogs have 1 .,t been recorded and included in the above estimate. It is evid , however, that the bogs in Canada cover an enormous area, which at ; .cent has been very little utilized either for fuel manufacture, agriculture or reforcMation. The area of the peat bogs suitable for the manufacture of fuel and other peat products or for agricultural purposes can, therefore, at the present time not be e.stimated, but considering the similarity of the peat bogs in Canada with those of northern Europe it is reasonable to assume that a large percentage of the Canadian bogs will prove suitable for either of these pur- poses. An idea of the immense amount of fuel contained in the peat bogs can be had from the following calculation:— one cubic yard of a drained and settled bog gives at least about 250 lbs. of air dried peat, containing about 'J 25'; moixtiiro. A lioj; wild an jiveriijip il<'|)tli of six foot .iftcr (iniitiajiP rontairis, thcrofore, por acre 1,210 ton.s* air (iriod peat, ami per s(|uarc milo 774,40(1 tons, (viual in f'liol value to 4;{0,244 tons of ordinary coal, iissuniinK that one ton of coal is e<|uivaioiit to 1 S tons air driod pent, whicii has ucnor- ally heoii foiinil to lie tho case. In many ,s :(.tiiti,!i4(i l'«»0 2.4.«t.7t)4 4.:U0.>.t(il li'Ol 2.jl(),;«l2 4,<).V..02.") I'J02 ;<,()47,:W2 ■).712,0.-).S l'»0:i .{,011.412 7.77t).717 l'»(>-» 4.05,i,!tOO 9.10.S.20.S VM:> 4,17r,,274 S,0()2,8!»(i li'UO 4,V.t.-,.oM 8,:iOU,:u<.) 1 ..'>7 »,:(.'>.". I,4.')7.2,4(10 I,(i.'>4,4()l l,lt:t:t.28.< I.2,4.->1 l,4.')0.7l:! 2,27,5,01,S 2.004. KiT 2,200,8ti:i .■>,(i(17,0, 108 .'■).S74.08.- 0.4<.tO..">0!t ti,()02,!tl2 7.!l2:i.',».-)0 7. (rji, !»:{<• 7,(r28,(i(i4 10,401.22:i l2,o<>:i.:{7i lO.:i04,:io:t 2lo.:t8ti 22,j..")02 2_' 270.547 :f;io.i74 414.4:« 4.S!I.'>48 .').->o,88:i 008,041 O.")0,201 747. 2J1 5.'i,742 .•in.tiOH 4.").,5")0 44.717 08,;{49 27.5..5->9 204..550 42(),;il7 r>44,12.{ :m;V4.')0 489,180 The quantity imported is steadily incrca.sing, notwith.standing the increase in Canailian coal i)roduction, indicating the impo.'-'-ihility of .supply- ing the interior provinces with coal from the east and westerly provinces on account of the heavy transportation charges. The values of the imported coal given in this table represent only the amounts for which duty has to he paid, if dutiable, and not the price which consumers have to pav. * 1 ton=2,000 llw. t Compiled formerly hy the .Section of Mines of tlie tieological .Survey Department nd at present b> the .Mmes Branch of the Deiwrtinent of Mines. <'(>\-r\ll>Tlc>S c.K ("dm. in ('\.\M)\. (■altnil:ir Caiiacii.iii liiiixrlcil Year. Tim.-i I'on* mm. INU7. IN!t7, ,o:tj, ,UJ7. .(177 .II7H ,.">»■.' .lilit ,7:i."> ;t,i-.'i.t>i:. .•!.J7-l,!tHl 4,(i'»'.',:itil l,:itil,")(in »,.si().Ji:i .■>,,ti.'),!i:i.s .V t'.»l,.s7() (i,!t0'.t,(ij| 7,:i4:i,h»o 7,H!t,S,!t()(l Tclul lijli-* ."»,.S4."),.")ll 7.7J4.ji:i s,:i.'.i,i(i;. !t,7.".',.>s77 10 .Ml,'..!.-.! ll.."H)7,li<).'> l:i,(>(Ml„s:U ii,;i7ii..)»i ij,;ii'(),4(i(i l'i'rcrlltaitr> Cailaiiiaii. •Ij.l 47 . .( 4S.0 17.0 47 S .">()..". 51.0 ;■>.'. '.' 4e present time on an average i)rol)al)ly not les.s than .■;;2.(H), and the fuel bill in .such a ciLse is some 15 milliim dollars. The growing value ui the forests for other purpo.ses, such as for lumber pulp and paper mills, adds another reason for the development of our peat resources, e.specially as peat for fuel purposes is fully comj)aral.le and even superior to wood. Several attemi)ts have been made in Canada to manufacture peat fuel, but in most ca.^es the results have been financial failures, which have caused a certain distrust among capitalists and the genera! public in everythmg connected with peat and the utilization of the peat bogs The cause „f these failures has, in some , a.ses at least, been due to lack of know- ledge of the peculiar pro[)erties of peat and the attempts in most ca.ses have never passed the experimental .tage, very little peat fuel ha.ing been placed on the market. The imp.,rtame of the fuel question is so evident, however that every effort should be made to bring about a succes.sful utilization of our peat bogs. In .several European countries peat fuel and other peat products have been manufactured on an economical basis for a long time and u.sed both tor domestic and industrial purpo.ses. The writer was therefore ...iiunis- sioned to proceed to these countries to investigate and report on the processes and machmery used and collect such other information as would be of value for Canadian conditions. Tho Kuro|)oun lountries where pent fuel is used t.i u lonsidenil.le extent lire: Sweden, X my, Denmark, Finliind, Uusmu. (lerniany, Austria, Hol- lanii and Ireland. In rnOHt of these countries larj^e industries for the manu- facture of miws litter and peot mull are also eslal.lished, and the e the cheapest and most practical method of dryinn- The cjuestion )f econom- ically removinn the water from the peat substance is the main problem, and a ureat number of more or less impracticable methods have been tried in Europe and nmch money lost, but the question of successfully utilizinu the peat boK^• is l)einK steadily carried forward by means of new inventions and labour 8iivin« appliances. The interest displayed by the various govern- ments and assistance given in some form or other has also had a stinudating infltience on the peat industries in these countries. In tho countries men- tioned, with the exception of Russia, Holland and Ireland, societies rec .vinp yearly grants from their respective novernments have iieen organized tor the purpo.se of giving information and advice regarding tne manufacture of peat products and the cultivation and drainage of peat bogs. These societies, through publications, lectures and experimentation, do :t very valuable educational work, assist manufacturers and furmers with investi- gations and advice and also do a great amount of good by criticising the proces.ses and methods invented from time to time, which in man* case- prevents the useless spending of money. On account of the large population in Europe, land is naturally more expensive ihan in Canada at the present time, and the question of cultivating peat bogs in Canada will probably for some time to come be of minor im- portance, although in certain instances such I'ldtivation would even now undoubtedly tie a paying proposition. In the United States the reclama- tion of bog and swamp lands for agricidtural purpo.ses and rtforcstation i.s receiving much attention and several lar-re drainage projects are at present under consideration. The increased value of such drained land, which in its original state is practically valueless, would in more populated sections of Canada probably pay the cost of such undertaking just ius well as the irrigation projects carried on in sections where water is lacking. Further- more, the beneficial results in climatic conditions due to proper drainatre are points worthy of attention. The European governments are generally a.ssisting in such drainage works when large areas are affected, and thereby also assist incidentally (he peat indnstry in those localities, a.- tiie drainage of a bog in many c;u>;es involves a heavy expenditure for which no immediate returns can be expected. A (In .,lc.l ocownt ..f Iho !i«M.tunrp «ivi.„ tl>.. |....... „„l„Mr^ l.y ti.e different Kiirojtpuii jtcivprnnu'iits is hi-rcaltrr niMn. •SW l,l)l..N. The ccml pnMlucti.... in .Sw..,ioM i> inM;;„i(i,.unt. aii.l tli<. .,.;,! ini.iP.I m nt mfermr .,ual.ty. Thi. .ountiy i.. rhereior,.. pra.-ti.aliv .|..,M-„.i..,u „n I'.reinn i.atums for ii. .upply of .omI. T1... .,,„..tio„ „f ,„i|,,inK il.« ih-ui I...KS, which ocTur in al.un.hin.c, hu> .h.Tefor.. ,n later vrars re.oive.l n.uch attention fr. the K«'veininent. an.l the nia.n.' i.ture <.f wat fuel uum litter and jieat mull is steadily )jr"\viiiK'. The government now .-mpjoys one chid enuineer, o„c ..nKineer and two !«„,u.ty • \)vt N„r«k.i MyweUkal," in Chri.tiiiiiia ri-rrivos a yenrly urnni ol s,(HK) krntior. I)k\\i\mk. This r..initry pnM.sr.s.s,..H no cual dcp.>sit> and vcrv l.-w lorcsi^. The uw> ..f F«"fttfurlh larirest peat in(Uistry in the world, with some I, :{()() machine peat plants in operation. The p.-ernment itself r.wns and o,.erates a numher of Mi.h plants an.l also a lar^e peat cokinj; plant erected at Hedkino at a co.st of U million marks. J A committee presided over l.y the Minister of Atrricultiire de.ided in HXM) that- 1. I'rivate persons should l.c allowed to work peat Ik.us owned liv the povernment. •J. Assistance shoulil he j;iven for investigations ,)f the peat lio};s. ;{. Instninions in the simplest methods of working the peat Lo^.s and in the u.se of jwat products should l,e jiixen to peasants. 4. A.s.sistance should he j:lven to facilitate the transportation oi peat. 5. The railway tariff .or peat should he lowered. 0. A fund sh.ild he . taldished from which peat manufacturers could oiitain loans on easy terms. * Ti)rv(lrifl ill Kan i.i in. H. la.uic. >,y J. (i riiaiilow t 1 f mark I'J.") , , -its. t 1 luatk -IM rcrit-s. 7. iVimantM .Mhoiilil («. allowed to w..ik (k-hI Im.ui- .,«tifi| l.\ tli,. m.wm- nieni, payiiij! a Vfurlv rent "t (t ».'» (i '.hi iv».rtiment. .>|k'< iaily ln)ni a tnilifiirv (».mi m m,'w. m aiuiouH to iiiukt' l{u«ma iti(l<-|M>ii uoviMiinii'til plaiit« at a . o,t of .>| :{7 ^h'v ton peal • ok.'. Tin- j;ov.TniM.-nt l,uys, if di-iml. tins , oko at a pnr.. ralnilatiMl on tho l.asis of 111,. fii,.| valiif of Ncwra-tlc coul ill ^-J 41' (kt ton, .o that ihc (K-at cokf is paid more or li-.s.s uccordiiiK uh ii is inferior or Mi|M'rior in fuel value to thM standaid. The pro.luetion of peal fuel in |{i|.«ia wa.« s,,nio four niillioii ton, in |«K)L', ami it is yearly imrea-iny tiKK.MANV. In Cermany tlie peal (piesiion is of less importaiire, on an oiint of ih,. eoal anil liKiiite resoiines. hut in .ertain parts of this rounlrv a very exieiisive peat industry has l.een estal>lislied, and murh n-edil is due several (lernian inventors of imicliineiy and proresses for the utili/.atioii of the peat hous The (Jerman (loverninent operates several expenmenlal farni> f,,r moor cultivation and aives a yearly ■;iant lo the so.iet.\ "Neirin ziir :orderun« derMoorkultur im Deutsehen Kei.he" in Merlin. In .■eitain disiiirts the railroads have a .s|K.eial tariff for peat and linnite, and in other disiri.ts ranals have been Wuilt ami cheap freights llierel.y made possible. Al SIKIA. The e.xperimental far:,i at \iennM has h ,1 since IIHJI a special hramh for moor cultivation and peat mar aclure. Other e.xperimental farms are e.stahli.shed at Sel.astiaahe-, l.ail.ach. Klacenfurt, Adniont, .Ster/.ini:. etc., where free education is pveii in moor cultivation and peat mamifa.ture. The society " Deutsrh-Osterreiriu.sche .M.M.rveiein " has its lieadi|uarteis at Staal) bei I'ilsen. Holland. Ill Holland jieat fuel has been u.sed lor centuries, an.^ at present the production is ..ver one million tons per year. The worked out peat bo^s are e.xcellent for airricultural purposes and anmi.ally about I. (100 acres of .such land are irained. During the last fifty years some L'oO miles of shippini; canals and .-lOO I"''^"! "L'.""'"" ''"""'■■' ''"^'*' '"'^" ''"'" '''''^ '■"•'*' "f ed. By the evolution of oxygen, atiueous vapour and carbon dioxide there results a nuiss which contains a large and increased proportion of carbon, a little hydrogen and a little oxygen in a combined form, generallv as a vellow- browii ulmin, but often this is subse.,uentlv converted bv oxidation into the hght brown humin. At this stage the vegetable matter is mainlv a mixture ofjdiuin, humin and spiral fibres. The last stage, the instruction of the * Peat, its use ami manufacture. 10 spiral fibres and nu.rc rosistant tisMip, is niiuii assisted by tiie foinbiiied action of frost and moisture. Frost disintegrates tlie fil)res and the black mould-like substance absorbs so much water that it becomes water-logged and smks to the bottom of the pool or li(iuid which it is in. With the ac- cumulation of this matter it becomes subjected to pressure, to slow carbonisa- tion, and to permeation by bituminous and resinous substances, and after a time becomes what is known as peat. " In ord:r that the process may proceed as above ou'lined free access of air must be excluded, otherwise the residue will be gradually o.xidized and only the inorganic ingredients left. In the ca.se of a peat bog, however, the material is immersed in water and the free acce.ss of air excliuled, resulting as above outlined in the gradual accumulation of peat, which becomes richer in carbon contents at a rate dei)enaing on the rapidity of the humification process. The older the peat is, the better humified or riper it generally is, dependent, however, on the vegetation forming the diflferent peat layers. In many cases tlie vegetation or ne and the same bog has changed from time to time, probablv ' pendin" on different heights of the water level, and in such cases pooriv humified layers of peat derived from a vegetation more resisf-nt to humification than the previous or later vegetation can be found imb. d in a bog with other- wise well ripened peat. As a rule, however, the upper lavers of a -rowing peat bog, con.se(|uently of younger age, are less humified than the deeper layers. They have a comparatively light colour, small specific gravity and low fuel value. The deeper layers and older peat bogs generallv contain a brown to black, heavy and well humified peat, ami the deepest laver a brown- ish black, den.se peat, containing very little of still recognisable vegetable remains, and which has the highest fuel value. In many peat bogs a bottom layer of earthy black material is found, which contains no rerognisable vegetable remains and when dried crumbles to pieces. "The formation of ))eat is dependent upon a special combination of climatic and to[)ographical conditions. The principal factors are: 1. (irowth of acquatic and moisture loving plants. 2. A sod or sub-.^oil which will retain water at the surface. o. Sufficiently Imiiiid atmosphere to prevent too rapid evaporation 4. A temp..raturc high enough to allow a profuse growth of vegetation, yet low enough >o clu^k too rapid a let ay of vegetable matter. Hogs generally occur in shallow depressions h- ing a dav bottom, or when the water rests on permeable matter like sand this overlies'an imperme- able sub-soil. The water must be still, but not stagnant no,' >ubject t., the in- fluence of rapid currents of water. Hence, the bogs generallv (Midnate in a lacustrine area, which gradually becomes filled up with silt and a,|natic l)lant^ .-an! .^o 'r-.econios fitted for the \egetation characteristic of peat. As a con.se<|uence of this, bogs are most prevalent in lowland districts, but they 11 may occur in mountainous country when drainafre is imppdoil so as to form local accumulations of water. Humidity is a very important rotrulator of the distrihution of bops. Wooded moors favour the -rrowth of mosses, owin^ to the air there heinu: more moist than in the open country. Hence it is that the bops in l.>w-lvinK areas seldom have trees buried in them, whereas in mountain bops trees are i)lentiful, the prowtli of the moss beinp favoured l)y the fallen trunks damminp back the water so as to form pools. " The peat bops are penerally cla.-sitied as hiph bops (Hochmoore) and low bogs (Niederunpsnioore). High Bogs.~~The vegetable matter forminp the.se bops is jirincipaliy made up of the remains of mo.'i.ses. heath plants and of forest residue. On account of the moisture absorbinp ju-operty of thesphapiia in particular, these bops are like enormous sponpes, retaininp large quantities of water, which furthermore favours the prowth of this vepetation. Under favourable con- ditions these bops may attain considerable depth, especially in their central parts, where the drainape is less and the prowth of the moss more jirofuse. In numy instances these parts are on a hipher level than the rest of the bop and often from I.t to 50 feet or more in depth. Loir Bog.'<. —The vepetable nuitter forminp these bops is made u]) of the remams of plants requirinp more nourishment than the plants forminp the vepetation of a hiph bop. The jmncipal vepetation on low bops is prasses, sedges, reeds and rushes. Low bops chiefly occur in localities which are occasionally or periodically flooded. In a preat number of ca.ses the conditions under which a bop has been formed have chanped from time to time, resulting in different "vepetation and in peat of different (pialities. Bops of this nature are classified as niixe.l bogs (Uberganpsmoore or .Mishmoore.) The (HiTerent cla.sses of pe;>t are divided into t wo larpeproups*:-!. moss |)eat,andll, pra.ss peat, each o. ■■. ,ich is subdivided into smaller proups. I. Moss I'kvt. 'i'his group is subdivided inl'i three sm.-i,.cr proujis: ' .m.ified, but generally ha.s little cohesion. This is improved bj atho' ,,i mixing and pulping proce.ss. The content of ash is from O to O yl . Wl m well humified and properly treated it gives a good fuel of com- paratively high fuel value. Part of the vegetation forming these bogs is always made up of spagnum an.i on limy ground by hypnum, in which latter case the i)eat contains a comparatively large amount of lime. It is always rich in nitrogen, and under these conditions suitable for agricultural purpo.ses. 11. — Grass Pk\t. This group is sub-divided into three or more smaller groups: a. S,« /Va/.-This peat is principally formed by the remains of such plants as phragmites, scirpus and equisetur,i, often mixed with the remains of menyanthes, nymphtea, etc. It is easily humified, but always contains fragnients of roots not humified. Generally it is mixed with the remains of fishes and bird, and contains c.msiderable amounts of nitrogen lime and other inorganic substances. The content of a.sh is from 8 to ' UW, When well humified, it is a soft plastic mass, from which a heavy and compact j)eat fuel is obtained. h. Carex Peat.-Veat of this class is formed by the remains of the large variety of plants belonging to the Carex family, generally mixed with the remains of mosses and other plants. The composition is " ver^■ variable In 13 some cases a heavy, dark and roinpact peat fuel may I.e obtained, luit in other cases the peat is porous, li^ht and of little cohesion. The content of ash is also variable and depends on local conditions, such as floods, when silt and sand are deposited, in which case the content of ash is very 'hiRh. As a rule these bo^s are well suitable for airiicultural i)urposcs, but for fuel manufacture only when the content of ash, which varies from :i to 25'' is low. '" c. Eriophorum I'lal.^-Vcui formed principally from the remains of this plant IS the best raw material for the manufacture of i)eatfuel. When well humified, it ^ives a black, heavy and compact fuel, ilrying comparatively rapid and containinj; a low percentage of ash, 0.75-4';;. Less humified peat of this kind has been used for the manufacture of different fabrics, on account of its strong fibres, but neither the products nor the economical results seem to have proven satisfactor\-. 14 CHAFTi;i{ II. COMPOSITION AND CALORIFIC VALUE OF PEAT. A ilruineil peat !>()>; .still c.mtai.i.s lar;;,. (|u:itititios of water and as a nile ..nly ]<) to 15% ..f dry peat sul.stiuice. Ti.e raw peat is therefore air .Irie.i and eontaias after such ilryini;, if pmperly conducted, from lo to 2n';{ moisture. In many cases a higher content of moisture is found, i.ut if"the peat is to be used as a fuel for ordinary purposes the moisture should not be allowed to exceed a limit of 25-.W;, especially if used for .l,m,estic pur- po.ses. The following table* iniblished by Prof. Kla.son, of Stockholm, Sweden, Kives the avcrape conii)osition of different kinds of fuel. to<:et her with the mean calorific value of the absolutely dry and ash free fuel and the average percentage of moisture in its air dried state. t'oinposition. Wood. Peat. Curbon jJ.O HydroKPii (j.-j Oxygen 41.7 Sulphur Nitrogen o.l Caloricst .(((OO Moisture L'0.0 .18.0 ."..7 60.0 \.J ■)70() 22,0 Lignite 06.0 4.0 28.0 1.0 0(HNI 2r>.o Swedish I'jigh.sh (.'Oid. Steam Coal. 78.0 81.0 .->.! 5.2 11.8 11.5 0.8 I.O l..i i.a 7r>oo 8000 lo..-) 7.0 The content of ash is variable and is considered low if le.s.-; than 0% and hi.ijh if more than S'X of an absolutely dry sample. * 'rckuiskTidskrift, 18%. (■entirade'(i:8="K.)"''" "-'"'""'' '" '''""' ""' "•'"I'""""-'-' "f ' ^>i- ■-' -" ll.«) "f water 1- 15 Tho fdllowiii}; .scale* is used l.y tin- jiovornment ciiuinrors in Swc.icii for cotiipiirison of tho cJitToN'tit (|ualilics ,,f .ihsolutcly liry |)c;it : - I'lirl vnliic Cul. i«T kg ahdiit . H.T.r. per 111, :ilniiit. ('•iIitciitK of :i,sh '',' ahdiit Ahsorliing propcriv ',r iihimt . . . , " . \:!( Id ".i.*40 IliKll Avini Low V'lTv Imv I7IM) U(K) 7!).>0 aviTugf cimipanitivclv lii;;!, \,.ry liij-h ■> N 11 averaKf l:fO(l II low very lnw 1000 "too Anaht.-irs of I'tal. For .■(.iniiion purposes the contents ,,i ;,sh, inoistiin', coniluistible or organic suhstunce and the cah)rific value of a peat fuel are the most impor- tant (letcrminiitions and in most cases sufficient. If the |)eat is used for metallurgical purpose.s (peat coke) the contents of s.dphur and phos|.horus are of itnportance, and in other ca.ses the content of nitroiien should also he a.scertained. The followinf; table drives tiie ciiemical composition of the drv peat sub- .stance from bofrs in difTerent localities:— „ , 100 I'arts Urj' Peat Contain.s I cat from l^'arboii IIyilriif;oii NitroKcn Oxygen CappoRct Ireland. 51.0."> 0.85 :i't 55 KulhcKta'n, " 01.04 0.07 :iu.40 Itiilipstown, " . 5,s.6<) 0.1(7 1.45 i .'jj s.S Kainrn>t(iii, (icrmaiiv O'.'. 15 O.JU 1 Oii ' •>7 ■'() .N'icdcrinoor, " ' 47.90 5. HO ' |> sO "'",''"'7- ■■ '"•«4 5.S5 0.05"' iJ. 71, ^{•liopHocli, •• 53,,-,<( -,,110 ., ;| .ji, .;,, <;run,.«al.l. ■' 4!)..S8 0.50 I Hi 42'. i' laspclinoor. •• jg.O.i 5.7L' :J5 :i5 lvoll)crmiior, " 5,S.51 (i.l7 :r> 'i' '.'""•,""': "'"-^j ■» "i^ :io'25 ■■^"'.■"''■"t 54.13 (i.45 :i.j,42 ii 54.50 5.!)5 ;i;».49 ''S 34 5 70 40 90 •'■' :« 5.31 159. 30 •'" 14 5 95 30.91 58.20 5.73 30 01 Asl. 1 .83 1 .99 ■> .70 :i .Ml 2 .00 8 .10 3 .72 8 .43 4 .21 4 25 1 89 .3 OS 1 78 9 97 7 10 8 09 .Miilsiurc in tlie air dried peat 10.0 10 7 17 20 15 M 15 iX) * Torftjanstemannen.s verksamhet, 1905. t HaiLsdinp, Ilandbuch der Torfgewinnuiig. t Svenska niosskuhurforeninsens tidskrift, .May, 1905. Iti The foll„wiiiK ta'.'!-,s jilu sonic r.-sult.s of the Ueterniinations usual iiiadc for I'oiiiiuerciui Mniposes. .Sf ? — --2 » I St- * s = o =' c .- 5 '; s ? 3 ; 'i = = = 3 s d i liil! i i M e i 1^ i i i I g ■^ *- *_ i< s . I a ^ .2 C'^ 5 'i S ^ 5 >; ti ^ = ~ o - '■ — 'T o .* O .- .■« .-5 o .-5 ,, •^ .c .-: .■^ S r-i r? ,5 .T !^ ^ ,T5 X 'x S H 3? J? X 5 -^ S 3 s s? i o r. M r^ fi ri r: .t « .-i i/j ^: |jj .s i I >- ~ *• I- '^ re 1^ s: — — -; -; -s « '-^ r>- r^ t- t- -c -^ -o o it f., 2 E r, ^ 7i -^ % 11 Ti Z r^. \2 li ^ 2 — , . ^ ri — ?i n -r ri r? -^ t.'j > * ^, ^, ^, ~, '4 ^ ^ -a n -^ z ~ ^ B; i. ■ »^ ^ »-" - £ a C 17 Tlir awriiiio composition of ■>- .s;,ni|,l,.s was: •Moist iir<> Ash .........[ Cotiiliiistilile siilpstuiKc ■■i -27 ,. ,J!"; '■''"•■"'';;=;;';'- ;"' ""• '"i.inai s.„„.i..s ,«.,), us .■o„„.„,s of ,„oist,uv, o,.'.5.{ M. I .1 . |icl' III, ''''!'■ '■!;'"'"'"• ^■"'' '■ ""• 'l'i'''l suM|,i..s v.n,.,| l„.,w..on l.o:;() A7l(i Mvciamni; .),:>(i(i .•alorics |)(>r ki;. or !). I7s H. -I', C. p,.,. n, I'.'iit Kii.l from I'ciifiiiirk.* Ash. ' 'rmiiiic ('.•iliirific value •iphMr, N„r„«..n. ^»i:;:;;:,,., M„i„„„, ^'^^'^-'pi-^iit. il.i pcn'trilat'e III nidi^rure oaliirics. Hjiirnkacr l-viiiri'ii . . k.ir.-nr. . . AvclviiM riiii|>triifi . . I Umiit S|iarkacr "•■niiiiK i' 'I'ij i 1 Ml S MO 10 ,S 1 SO 1 1 ly.i (IS J traci' S. 10 .■> (Ml I J 72 70 (i'J lili 70 lij 10 (IS ,J0 74 10 (id ill! 70 00 7M.40 2.-> M7.tO M(iO(l MJSO M.-.7I MMMO MMIM M(i44 M-),S2 'I'lK- f..llouinu talil,. i,Mv,.s til., .o.npositio,, of so,,,,, faoailia,, -....ats anaiysc.,1 liy tlio Moreau of Mines. Toronto, and l,y the (leolo^.i.-al S.lrvev U(.I)art,iie,it, recalculated for coniparison. i'cal Iriiiii WcllaiHl I'crth . . Mriickviljij lidiKJcaii \i'\viiij;iciii, . I'liiic.' IMuaril Maiiil •■^Ic. Tlir,('.«c. ... * I'ruiii MoMl,la,l(.|.,|Mly. l!Ml7. Muist lire. .>.i S.Mj Ash. ; L'ombdstililc .Siili>taiicc. :( .-,s 71 ,._. 7 L'll ,,7 71 X M (i(i so 7.0M .17 '.17 "!« 71 OS -" ^-' 7 J IS '■' ■">ll si (it IS CHAITKU III. MANUFACTURE OF AIR DRIED PEAT FUEL. Till' main pn.l.leiii in the manufacture of pout fuel is, as \mn already l,ei .stute.l. the removal of the water in an ecmoniical maniu'r. A fullv saii>|;i lory solution of tlii.s proi.lem has n<^t yet I.een reached, a.s the methods* so f employe.l on a larger s.ale depend on weather conditions for the drying' the wet in'ut. The sea.son during which a jM'at Ix.n can be W(;rked is^ ther tore, comjjurutively short and varies from !M) to 115 days. This makes tl labour (piestion at least in .some l,.culities a difficult one. (Ireat improv luents have, however, been made in the methods u.sed and new macliinei and labour-saving apj.liances invented, which considerably decrease tl number of men rcpiired, increase tiie production arul deliver a peat fuel , better .piality. The manufacture of peat fuel, where conditions are favourable IS, therefore, even now an undertaking; which, if properlv conducted, wi leave a re:Lsonable profit. Numerous methods have been tried, involving the expenditure of hivy amounts of money, in attempts to remove the water by mechanical appliance or other artificial means, but most of the.se methods have failed entirely . proved unsatisfactory from an economical stimdpoint. \o attempt will 1 made to describe all the methods tried or tho.se which from time to time hav been advertised as havin- solved the jieat (piestion; only tho.se which ji present a.-c used to any extent or are of special promi.se or interest will b dealt with. A drained and .settled peat boj; still contains from S.') to»()', moisturt •ind on account of the pecidiar nature of peat in its natural state the content ol milant Is in operation. 19 a ,H.uf fuel with in.r,.as..,l fuel value jht v.,lu,n.. .oui.l l« eeono.ni.allv m.u.u.- lartur.-.!, HilHT l.y l,n.,u.>tlinK, vtahuuuiu^ un.l l.ri.,uHtirij:, .-..kiu^r .„• a. a IH.w.lor.H tuel w.niU! Le ol.tain.-l whi.l. in nuw.y instun.es coul.l laxoural.lv «'tC Wlt'l CKill. ■' Anoil,,.,- way ..f utili/ii.K (!„. ,„..,. ,m,k.s ,„, a lar^.-r seal., i. f,.,- tl„. .Irvr luent .. el,...ti,r ...i.-iny. Th.- ,,„vs,.r plants sl,„ul,l then l-e lo.atHl at the boK«, when the l.ulkin.ss „f the air .hie.l peat fuel i.s „f le^s eonHequen.^e Ihe nM.tl,u.l.s at pre«. etnpl..ye,l -n a lar«e s,ale (uv the ma.,ufart„r,. i:at Fuki, Mamku II hi: Ihe first c.m.liii.)n for a su U.-r .,r „„„.,. is ,|,.sind.l... espe.iallv when a large output is desire.l aiul machiiuTy emplove.l, oth.'rwis,- a .■.,r',si,i,.ral.le area re.pures to he worke.l, whi.h n.-rssiiates fr,.,,uent movi„..s of ,|,c ma- ehin.'ry an.l transportation arraMgem..nts, eni,-.ilin,u !..>.> of ,in,c ,u,d imrciscd cost. A wet hog fre,. from n.ots and trees .•.■!» s.,metim..s l„. ,.|„.aplv worked .y the employment of suiial.le machinery for digKim: the peat out of the 1,,,.. I'Ut ..s a rule a .irained I,,,,, is more ..asij.v w..rkcd. Whenever roots and tre.^' are plentiful the mechani.al ex,..vator is not suitahl,. an,! such ho^s require sufluient drainago. (lood drainage ta,ihti.-s are, theref.,re, fav.Miral.le In many ca.ses it is not necessary to drain a hog to the hottom, hut the surla.'e mu.st he well drained, in order that us .solid uround ;is po.ssihle ni.iv he "IXaine.l for the workmen and animals t.. walk on. an.l the lavin.- of tr'icks tac.litated. (),.casi,,,nlly the water i„ a h„. i, a.m!:a-d up durin.rtl,.. uinier ■n "nler to pr.,tect the peat from frost. l>eat whi.h has heen frozen hard generally loses its ..ohe.sive properties an.l ea.sily .anihU-s t.. pie.es, makini.' It less smtal.le f.,r the manufacture ..f peat fuel. The hou should he carefully •ill U'Vrll.Mi. ttlicii'liy trini-p.iitali..ii is fuiiliiiit.-il un.l a iM-ltcr s|i..||M'.| prat I ol.tailicl. Any ii-u..,iiali|i- atrxmiit .| i ,,ii ihr iliaina);i' ami lf\rlliim tliclM.ai-. ihfivroir, L'rn.Tallv \M.|U,,,.nt and pas', in I lif li.ns; nin. Tin- .ilainai;!' n[ tlir 1,,,^' ^IhmiM Im' tiunr at Ira.-t mil' Vfar pif\ inns |,, lH-l.'iiininii..|- nianula. imintr cpfiaimn,, Jt, ..nlcr tunivc tlii> I.Mjr iiriii< tu mm tliiwn. i;\|M'iicn«r has shown that \( hrii a newly >lraiiif)| I...;; iniitaiii |K-at i.f K.MHJ ipialily uivcs p,.r ii,l,|r xanl alMnU _'(M) ll.s, ,,f air diicl |M.al w 25' , inuiMinf, ihc -ami- Ih.i; alter one year ^ives '.TiO ||„, and alter two ve ;{(K) 111- or Micire per riiliir \ arrk l,y contrait-, payin« the men a fixed si per I.OIIOpie.esof peat or per .iilpic' iinii of r,iw pe.'it dm: out of the hoi.'. I'l(l:i,l\ll\ MO WnliK. 'I'lie tii-t Work to he imderlaken after a lio;; in a >iiitaliie loeality h lieen found is the iiiM — i ';.!i, i,d -■mu\.:ul. of -ame. The area is dividi into xpiares with sides of I.lo :ilH) feet , aii.l al earh rorner of these s.piai samples are taken from dillerent depth,. -I'!,,' instrument used for this pi 1"'^'' sli"i'ld 1 f such coii.Mructioii that samples can lie taken from ai desired depth without l-eim; mixed with material from any other depli If the samples from the same d.'pths are of uniform character they can mixed together and a Kcner.al sample madr-. I.m if they IIIC ti. -I'lllc • iililMiiiilii; ■l| |M'.ll Willi •r Iwii ycai'i ■f'lllllVCcI, M" (■ than iliiit iir lllf liii;;. ' nr IIIClliiiil intact niv in iiilll|i<'triit lalilf >ii|M'i- il tiaii-i|Mii'- tist'ii(toiil\ . 1 fi\<'l| MINI ucalitv has is ilhiilcd 'sc M|tiari'> )i' this |)iii- Iroiii ariv KT depths, icy can he itcrially in he cmiicnt action (if a crs shuiihi < the ciilic- thcditTcr- Id then he the drain- irKi.md the siirrouiid- lip dryiiii: reiiclies. «!■""! lriinH|H.rlutii.n iirran»i('iiienl?« are ..f j-reat inipuiianre. A |.,Ti,ia- nent track or aeiiul iraiiiwuy is tr<'iiei'all.\ used fn.ni the hnu t,. the >l.ire iuMiM'x or loitdiiiK station and on the l.oi; it-elf liuhi p.,iial.le tracks are used. I'l MI'INc. .M \( lUM.K^ . .\ l.oi: not suflicienily drained h\ .litrh-s ,.•,„ j,, „,„,, ,.,,.,., ,,,„i|^ |„, (^,,|„ dn \<\ puinpinji an to he rai-d |, .^etieralh •.riiali, p.T- inittinn the use of very .simple piin.,,nu: niachiner\ . The pump mostly u.sed is the waler-screw >liuwn in rii: I. Ilu- .appara- tus is of .simple construction, has a liii;li efh.ieiirv and is verv siiiiaMe in l.uos wh.Te the water, as a rule, is full of dirt, pieces ,,f wood or other -uh-ian.rs. Fiti. 1 I'loM-d W.il.T.M r.M. which in other pumps would cause stoppai^o .-md repairs. The « ;,ler-s(■I•ew consists of a cylinder or half cylinder in whi.l, a screw rot:,t<-. .\,i ,,pen scijw can l.e used at an inciinali.,n up m al.oin :;() . and a .■|o,c,i one up to 4.-)'^. In the former case it slnmid make 70 ,S() revolution, per minute and 1.1 the latter 40 .".O. The pilch is, as a rule, made the same a^ tlu' ,,uier diameter of the screw. If only a small amount of water needs to he pumped, the water-screw is o|)eratC(l hy hand, otlicrwi.se some mechanical arrangement is used. Jn many cases a windmill is quite suitable. The following tahlps* j-ive the approximate |)umpiiiir capacities and power re(iuircd for different water-screws. * llausding Handbuch der Torfgewiunung. Closkd VVatkh-Schkw. No. 1 2 :< 4 ;5 8 10 12 15 . Inside (liuiiu'tcr l'.>W.T of cyliiitier. r('i|iiircil per ( apacity ppr iniii. 1 foot liftiriK hciKJil. h. p. iiK-lius. cubic ffct. 1-1.4-15.2 15.2—10.0 10.0-17.2 17.2- IS.O lit. 12 20. 4S ■M.7H :tS.84 0.(M> 0.08 0.10 0.12 o.i:{ O.IS 18.0—18.4 19.0—21.2 21.0—22.4 40. ()1 OK. 1.5 ,s:i . xi ';{ 22.8—24.0 104.10 o.:io 0.40 20.0—27.2 141.21 Oi'KN \V,\ri;n-S(i(K\v. No. Inside diain. of half cylinder. inches. ■20.4—24.0 22.0—25.0 25.0- 2S.0 28.0 -29.0 20.0— .^.(i • il.O :i4.0 :i4.0-.i5.2 Capacity per niin. at 50 revoliitions. cubic feet. I'ower re. 44 :e oMest and simplest manner of manufacture and has •'f^-' ""•■'' ' ' centuries. It is still used to ti f;reat e.\tent both u Jrelarid • id on the Continent, especially hy country people dijisinj: •'.'••• 'V,!! fu'i supply or (.peratinir on a snudi scalp. This method can he enipioved ii, every drained hoj:, irrespective of its dei)ih or area; the decree of humification and the occurrences of roots and stumjis, however, affect the cost of production. The work is carried out in the followini; manner: The Ixi^ is hrst thorou.irhly drained; afterwards the dryini; held is levelled and ilrained hy small ditches ahout one foot wide and ,S() to (iO feet apart, as shown in Kiu. 2. •m - Jmriiif^ riti.B - I'li;. J — Mcilnnl o( l)i;iin.ij;i' '//////. The surface of the hoj; is divided into .^(piares. each of which ucuerallv is worked hy tw en. one man cutting the peat and placin.i; it on tlie edt'e of the workinir trench, and the other loadini: it hy hand or with a pitch fork on a wheel harrow or truck and transporting' and layiny; it out on the drying' held. In c Cjovernmont. ^^wkus ^i'or'^o'r. Ihnr.mL-The method used at Hparkaer is the one .enor.ll emp by.,. ,.e peat is cut ou, of the bog in brick-shaped pioc^:: ^r^ .l^ "' 1 .g. .1 I ho vertical ,■„, (a) ,s nuulo with ti,o knife-sha,,od spado, Fig, , Fig. 2) fiy.4. M..llunl ot Culti,,^. Peat and Tool, used .-.i Sp.ukaer, IVnmar.. wUhT''*,"'!/'"' "? ^p"' " '"■'•■'■ ''"■''^'- '■'- '■■ ^'■"' <•- '-'•-•"^'" -.s (c) held and eft unt. they are partly dried, when they are turned on edge -^ .^ho. n ,n iMg .. They are later piled in cno-shapod heaps, see Fi^s N and t J.dh.t .,ntd sufficiently dry or with ,5-.,),; m!.isture.' The di-^^.i;:' iJ ir Um ';^^^"""f '•."' --« ''•'<"■» 1" X '•- X 3 inches. The labour cost t^lTXT '': '"^Tf transportation to drying field an.l laving out wnrb i r " V '''""• ''^ ' ""■"'"- "'"' '•'''"•- =''">"t •'■> ''ents. The latter work .s done by .vomen and children. One air-dried peat brick weighed on 25 Ftjf.6. 1 an avor.Mjrc. OS Ihs., .n.akins the .-..st of pnnhHti,.,, of surl, peat S(. ,.ent. per ton ol 2,.)0U lbs. Better hu,„i(ie,l an,l h.-avier pea, is relatively eheaper. F.S.9 F,9.7. Fiq. a Peat Hricks ,„nu.cl, .ais.-d .„ul pil.nl in h.-aps .;,r drvi„K, Sparka^r, IV,„nark. as ,he n,e„ are ^ronerally pai.l for the nun.i.er of ,he peat l,ri<.ks pnniu.ed irrespective of then wei-iht. ' '""•"• ^lo.dund, />.».„■/,•. -The tne.hods an.l tools use,! at this plare were su,n ar to those use.l at .Sparkaer. The din.ensiot.s of the peat l.riUs .„ wet ..on mon. were 2 x .; 4 x . 2 inches and the average weight when air-.lried .'iHH.t I lb. The tnen were paid 20 cents j.er 1.000 pieces lai,l o„, f„r drvin,. Fi^ 10. I'oal IVi.ks rais.-d atui slacked al Most-lund, LXMiMi.-iri •<1 for turnini: and piiin.^r in heaps :. cents, ,naki„. the cost of production per ,,. „ ..nts. When partly dried, the bricks .ere rai.ed a ' sh.': ^ ^lJ-^ I') and afterwards stacked as shown in FiiT. 11, Triangd. liraun.dnn i,,, ^V .,«..,,/.-- The n.etiiod u..e,l for di.-in.^ the poat IS shown in Ft, 12. The vertical cuts ,a) and ,1„ are made ;iti. !he f'^-lZ. Rs-a Fig. 14 Mellu.d ofCuilinK IVat and TooN used a. TrianK.l, Go, c? MSi 26 spade-sh.'ipod knife, Fijr. 13, and llio horizontal cuts (c) an.! (d) with fl spade, Fif;. 14. Four l)ricks, 1-4, were hfted toiiether, placed on the edj of the trench and transported as usual to the drying field. The diniensioi in wet condition were 12 4 .\ !'. 4 .\ 4 inches. The price paid j.er 1,000 pes bricks for di<;};in<; and laying out for drying was 2,') rents and for the drvir work 12 cents, making the cost of i)roduction about TjO cents ])er ton. wit these prices a ;;ood workman made about .'!>1 . 10 per day. Haspdmoor, Barnria, Gcrmav i/.—Tbe niethotl employed for dififiinK tl r-at is shown in Fis. 15. Two peat bricks are cut out and lifted tofietlu with the same spade. Fig. Hi. The consistency of the peat wa.s such th: "^ b Q Tl Method of'e'utiiiij,' Puat ;irul T.h>U u^.-d ,u I I,i^ii,'Iiii,hm . t th" bricks could at once be piled, as slu,wn in Fij:. 17; later these piles wen replied with the uj)per bricks now placed underneath. When sufficientb drj' the bricks were stored in sheds or stacked a.s shown in Fiji. l.s. Thi %./7 Ti^.16 Peat piled ic ..eaps for dryin^r and stacked at Haspelmoor. Germany. ditnension.s in wet condition were 14 x 4 x 3.2 inrhe' The price paid pei 1,000 bricks for dijijrinj: and laying out for dry ins was 20 cents. Rnuhling. Bavaria^ a, w,th 24 i.ncks in ea.^h pile, and afterwards replied around a pole stuck in the gro.ind, with 4> bricks in each pile After some ten weeks they were stacked as shown in Figs. IS and 2,1 V ;■. market price at Haubling station, about 3 miles Irom the bog, « as S2 ;{2 per ton. %. 2Z. F,g.23. Teat piled in lioaps for drvinK and stacked M Raublin.i;, Gcunany. lio-nau, Bnraria, Gn-m-ma.—Thv method used for di. .-in- the ncit -i. well as the tools ...ployed, and the dryin,^ au,i sta.kin^r were done in a manner similar to that employed at Raubling. Th,. production per man and dav was \.i .i cubic yards of raw peat, which is ofjuivalent to 4 cubic '-H^ of a.r-dr,ed peat -ontainin., m'/, „,,,isture. The price paid per cubic vard air-tlried peat was 22 cents, making the cost of production per ton SI IS as t he weign . per cubic yard was about ,S70 lbs. 2.S FiiUiilmih* lUiniria. (Irniiaiiii.— Thc cost of |)r()(liiction at I-Vilonlinr' is SI ,40 per ton iiii-diicd peat jiiiil witli cost of dniina^'e and fioneral pxpcnsf includi'd, .SI.?.-), Tiic market price for lots of 10 tons loaded on cars n Aihiinjr, a mile or two from the lioj;, isS2 _'."> to.'!;2.4() per ton. Ohhnbimj, (irrmani/.-ln tliis jirovince the cost of production averauf 65 cents jier ton air-drie.l peat, and '.rith ^r(.„oi'al expenses indudeil S? ceirt- The market price is SI. 20-Sl..-.() per ton loaded on the l.oats u.sed in thi part of (Jermany, which is well traversed hy numerous canals. f^f- 24. Xlotliod of cutting I'cat .iiid Tool used in Russia. /(•(/.ssfV/.— The tools used in Hu.ssia are similar to tho.se shown in Kiiis. 4-0 13, 14. 20. 21. In certain localities the method and tool .shown in Fij; 24 is also used. The vertical erally u.sed in undrained l)oi;s whi( h arc c(.nii)aratively free from roots, trunks and stumps of trees, and in drained l.o-s when a lar-er production is aimed at. In this latter ca.se the lioirs nuist •ilso he free froiP roots, trunks and stumps, which, if thev occur hx large numbers, seriously interfere witli the working of tlie.se machines. Cutting machines are also u.sed in comhinalion with the mixing and pulp- ing machines u.sed for the maiuifacture of machine peat, in which ca.se they are preferably oj.erated i)y a mc.tor of some kind. .\ description of such a plant is gi\-en on jiage 72. When u.sed for the manufacture of cut peat, the jieat block cut out bv the niachitie is, by means of a hand-spade, divided into bricks of suitable size, which afterwards are air-dried, as previously described. The cutting machines mostly u.sed in (iermany are made by the firm H. Dolberg in IJostock. Other manufacturers are: A. Heincn in \arel: Bart.scli it .Mit.schke in .lasenitz; ('. Weitzmann. in (Ireifenhagcn: W. A Hrosowsky in .Ja.senitz, and .Jaehne k Sohn in Lands! ndsberir. te mac! are^l of similar construction and the description of (> le of them is sufficient * Hausding, Handbucli dor Totfgewinnung. L'i) The construction of ii. Dolhnt/' .•< rnttiiiy means of a rack and pinion into the l.og to ihe desired depth, when a cyliMdricai plate, see Fig. .'C. operated i,y a lever arrangement, cuts off the peuti)lock and holds it in place while it is lifted to the surface. The guide for the rack with pinion and turning wheel is .s,.(urelv mounted on K. 15i>llnTi; -, Ciilliiij; Maihinc. a triangular stand, provided with wheels which can mil on li.ianl- laid out on the hogs, when it is desired to move the machine. The guide is movahle on a frame, .so that a fairly wide trench can he cut out. Two men arc recpiired to attend each machine, one man operates the cutting tool, and the other cuts the jjeat block brought n\> into suitaiile pieces and loads the.se on wheelbarrows or trucks, which are generallv ir.oisj„,ried iiy a third man to the drying field. A small cutting machine made by the same firm, which is pressed down .■uid lifted up by hand, is shown in Fig. 27 together with the spade ii.sed for ■■■■■■I m««m ;jo .lividinK the ,K.at l.lo.k int.. .snu.llor piores. Thin upparatuH is miiuMv „s, m shallow, utulrained l,„^r,. „.|icn ...ily u .small (.nulu.-tion \h desired." Fl.;. j-j-K. Ilolber^js mimII Cuitinj; Mrtidin,-. The prices and wei>;hts of the.se machines* and tiie .lepths to whi.l tiiey can work are Riven in the following table: — A| prt>.ximate weight. Price. Price. Ills. marks. S CuttiiiR machine for 2 neters = ti.O feet deep 1408 565 135 (iO '« li 2.5 3 3 . 5 4 4.5 5 5.5 •> = 8.3 1419 578 13S.75 " ,^ = 9.9 1430 590 141.60 .. — 11.5 = 13.2 -14.8 -16.5 -18.1 -19.8 1452 14 13 1J9G 1518 1650 605 620 638 t'toi} 700 145.20 I4S.S0 153.12 157.20 16S.{R) (i.5 " =21.4 < " -23.1 Each machine is sujiplied with a key and a cutting spade. The .smai! machinr sl:.nvn in Fi-. 27 weighs alnnit 44 ll.s. and costs oO marks^$12.00, ^'^«' P^'^^ l.riquettin- phmtf at O.strach has 20 of Doiher-'.s cutting ♦ At R. Dolbcrg's plant in Rostock, Germany. T Report by Mes.srs. Larson it Wallgren. Priet. S 31 i.mchines nt work duriiiK the season. The bo^ is uiulraine.l and hiw a deptli ol 10 to l;{ feet. Kaoh machine is attended to l.v three men and produced per day, on an average, 12,000 peat i.ri.k.s of -iimensions 2x4x4 inche.s The horiz.mtai cros.«-secti4,a g*w«.a. ' j--f: titke-^ LJy ' sf-u' ■' Kli. (I — .\m.-p\ nniiii; Slu'il. II. MACIIIM: I'KAT. The l)ulkincss „i the nit poal, its (■ciiri|)ar;ili\cly small liii'l vaiiic |,cr unit iif vi.liiiiic, its (i<.|.."nii..i„r r.n lavduniMc weather ((iiHliiiotis lur .jryini; and the ease with whieh it NVIIM Al.l.llluNM, WmkII. l-i, U.n,„j„rt,n:,l,nll„n,tlh: „„l oj marhn,, r,,. Ill sn„„. l,M-,Jili..s, u I "Illy a MiK.ll .|umilitv is .|,.«iinl ur tin cai-ital availahl... (In- |«.al is trral without atiy >|«.,ial ii,a.l,ii„-i-y rillirr l.y luaiiiial lal-ur ..r will, lu.rM.n. Ill the lniiM,.r ras.. ih,. u,,,k is carri,.,! ..iit in th,. t„l|„\.i„i; timiiri.T- (1 mat. iliu, tl,.. |...al nut nf t|„- hn^- and tlal„|,|..,s I, ,vi,|, tl„. a.Mitinl. nf u„ "11 III.- hnttnl,, nr Ih,- lr..|Mh In a liii.k |.nin.L'.'. tthirh Im- lat.-r shnvrls i, a I'lii, tin,,, whi.l, aiinlh.'i man Ina.ls it int.. a wh.-..llmrrnvv aii.i tnin.nnrts In the ilivilli; lirhl, whcr,. it i, ,iuiM|.(M intn lii.,ui.|s. Ill the iatt.T ra.sc a r.'.latiiiulai Irniiuh iiia.h- nut nf l.nanls is rrct "'""" •i.i f"i ItIuw Ih.. surfar.- nf Ih.. I,n«. Th.. iH.at i„ th.. n.-iLrhlMmi-h I iliiHwii ,|nwn mm this tmu^'h ami vvat.-r a.Mr.l ,\ hms,. i-i,|,i..n l,y a mui I'-iy tiam|,l..s ami mix.-.s tli. p.-at, uhi.h, ul,..n iva-iv, ,s lna.1,,1 intn a .•, ami .hawii liy Ih,. horse tn lii.. dfyiiiK field. Un. M„„Hf,ui„n,l ,nth Ih, ,vd „/ machi,„rn Th,. ma.liin.. mostlv u.s, i-msisis ol a v..|ii,al .ylinrl.T op a hofiznntal half .vlind.-r, in which a shi |.r..v.,l..d with kniv..s ,,|ac,,l in the form nf a s.t..w thn.ad n.tates. Tl raw |„.al, tnt;,.ther with wat(.r. is f,.,| in at nn.> en, I. Hv m..ans ,,f th,. r t.itim; kmv..s the |.,.at is mnre ,.r l..ss lh,.rnuKhlv mixe.l ami pulpe.l at Miov.'d tnwanls th,. olh,.ren,l ,.f th,' ,yliml..r, wh..feil leaves the ma.hiii,. •i li"i.in;:em„us ponid-e. This p,.al pnrrid^',. is ,,l smalh r plants shnwih ■linrt into whr.,.ll,arfous.,rtrm'ks and linamhtfo the drvinKfi..|,l. At lar^ plants ,t ,s first |,rnui:ht l,y means „f ele^at,.rs nr ,-onvevin« apparatus son,., kimi to a larfje Imi, from whi,h it is ,„nveni,nllv tapp,.d as n-piir. into dumpinj: ears ami l.i-oii>rht to the .Iryin;; li.l.l. The wnrk of tnamifa.'turinL' ma.him. p<.at is properlv .livide.l into fn, differ.. Ill pro,..ss..s, whi.h ar.. as follows: I- KiKKinu raw p.'at out of the 1.,,- and transport in- it to the plan _'. The mei-haiiicii treatii,ei,t i.l ihe p,.at. :i. Transport, I ti,„ to ||„. drMU', h.-id ami layim; out f,,r .Iryinj;. 4. Dryini; work. The power requiivl for th.. ,,p,.raiion ,,f the ma, hinerv us,.,! for troatin iii(> ].eat IS furnished ar small.T plants l,v animal power, an,l at lai-<>r plant l.y meeham.-al .n,.,nrs, usually a lo,.o,nol,i|,., hut ^-asoline and ,.l,.,.tri,. m. arc also tised. lint or AKli\\<;i:Ml;\Ts at Sm ai.i.kh I'i.ams. The L't'iii'i-al arranKements at such plants are shown in Fiir. .{2 an. I'late I. The raw |.,.at is duir fnmi the trench .'a) and thrown into a hin (b pl..<'Pd at the side of th.. i.ulpim; ma.hinc (c). From the l.in it is fed int, the ma.-ii.ne with ad.iiti.mal water sui)pli,>d hv the pump (e) Some- times the bin (b) is omitted an,l the peat duj; out thrown diroctlv itit..tti( niachim.. The pulped pe;; runs into a bin (,1), from which it is loade.l int. I \ I •^'"■"1 l''-ll I'l "'I :.l \l,ui>.,HLl, SU..1, ; U'.nkilii; Tr.'iH h ,il Ok.u-r. l>iMlMi,irk. ^■■' PSi 35 fiG. 3i — General arranjfements at a small IVal Plant. wheelbarrows or cars aiul transported to the drvinK fiehl. The .urfa.e of the boR ..s generally too soft to aUow a horse to walk con.fortablv l.otnls are therefore laul down as shown in the figure. The shaft is brought to rotate by means of a simple bevel sear in the same manner as a threshin- machine ami the pump (e) is broujrht into operation at the same time l.v a .rink placed at the further end of the shaft. These small plants are either placed on the boj; and moved at the rate the bog u worked out, in order to reduce the transportation of the raw materi^il to a mmimum, or else pla.'ed convenient to the drvinj: field, when th.- raw peat has to be transported to the j.lant. In this latter case the pulped oeat ma.ss >s fienerally first conveye.l to a bin, from which it .an be ....nvenientiv tapped into dumping cars or carts. p. T.^f'."!''*''' ^'-'^ ''' ''"•"f«''' "" "'f ''0■i"^' fiol.l into large m.,ulds see ■ l-ig. .«, (hvided into rectangular .sections of desire.l dimensions. Hv means of wooden scrapers the peat rna,ss is levelled and ma.le to fill up ,he mould any e.xcess being scraped into the ne.xt m..uld. .\fter a few minutes, «enerallv It) to U the excess of water added has run away, and the peat bricks an> Butfic.ently solid to allow the removal of the mouhl. The legs (b) at the b-,ck of the mould are of su.^h length that the shape of the peat bricks is not "in.- 36 paired when the tnoukl is lifted up in front and drawn forward. When .sufficiently dry, the peal bricks are turned and later piled in heaps, as .shown in Fi}rs. 8 and 9, stacked or stored as previously described. With 4 to G men and one horse a production corresponding to 5-8 tons air-dried peat per day can be obtained. This method is the one best adapted for a small production. The ma- chinery employed is simple and inexpensive, and the peat fuel produced fairly well pulped and mi.xed. Ahu.xngkments .\t Larger I'l.wts. The ireneral arrauKemonts, methods of workinf;; and machinery employed at such plants differ considerably in different localities, and in order t( illustrate better these different arranjiements. individual descriitions of some of the more important i)lants are <.Mven. Sparkaci; Denmark. —The peat bogs at Spark; ' ■ ,een worked foi many years, and at present nine different peat plan i m operation. Tlu season during 1907 was exceedingly wet and unfavourable, but, neverthe less, 14,1)45* tons of peat fuel were produced. The ilifferent plants at Sparkaer are all of similar construction, but o different capacities. The methods used for digging, transportation an( drying are also identical. The plants and methods used at Sparkaer an under the prevailing local conditions very practical, and their introductioi :s largely due to Mr. M. Rahbek. The Okaer f /((rt^— This is the largest plant and was built in 1884, sine which time it has beer, in continuous operation. The plant was built on solii ground close to the margin of the original bog, which, however, since that tim has been worked out to a considerable extent. Level, sandy plains, free fror trees or other obstacles to the wind and in tlie immediate vicinity of the plan; are used for drying fields. The drying conditions are, therefore, exceedingl; favourable, which largely accoimts for the success of these plants. Durin 1907 tlie production from the Okaer plant was 3,850 tons peat fuel. Th capacity of the plant is about double this anioimt, but at present it is nt worked to its full capacity. Figure M shows the general lay out of the plant. 1. Digging and transportation of the raw peat.— The bog is sufficientl drained, cf)ntains well humified i)eat and is free from roots, trunks an stumps of trees. The upper layer to a depth of some four inches is throw into the previous working trench, which at the rate the bog is worked oi is brought under cultivation. At present the bog is worked to a depth i 8-9 feet. The bog is mnncctod with the stationary plant by a railway, which gradually increasing in length. Close to the part of the bog which, at tl * Mosebladet, Sept., 1907. I'l.xTi; ;; >V<»fc' t.'.ci I,. I Traiispoil ol K.<\\ r.Ml, uk.iiM, IViini.uk. I'l.ATi; 4. I'l'.it I'l.iril ,11 ttkaiw. D.'nrn.irk. I'i.ATi: 5 3 Oumpinjf C.•^r^ for I'iil|),-il IV.il, Okair, Oi-nniaik. Plate 0. IVat Hi-aps al Okai-r. Denmark. lime is beinK worked, aside tracit (see also I'iatc 2) is luid down, so that the hojj is attacked from two tracks about 25 feet apart. From cacli track a trench 25 feet wide is worked out. The rails are laid on old railway ties, which are placed close together on the boj; and a little above the water level, --==.=-r:r?Tnnxi IT i: 'V 3 ! I , I •■"'G. 34 -Sketch plan ol llii- I'eat Plant at Okai-r, IVnmark. in order to enable the horses, whicli are used for the transportation of the raw ])eat to the pltmt, to walk comfortably. The peat is duj; out with the spades shown in Fi^r. 35 and loaded on wooden cars (see Plate 8), which can be tilted either to ri-tht or left ami hold about 4 cubic yards of rtiw ])eat. Each car is hauled l)y one horse between the bop and the plant ami is tittended 38 n ■ Fu;. ^^5 — Spjuifs iis»'d Hi OUacT to hy a Ixiy. For (li^rjriiiK the peat and Inadinj; it (in tlio cars six men u pinployod, and for tho transportation, two liorsps attoncled hy two hoys. O t'xtra man cleared away the surface layer and attended to the road heds. 2. Mechanical treatment of tlie peat. —The mixing and pulping of the r: peat is done in a 25 feet loiif; and ahout 2 feet wide and deej) hex, .see Fi;;. I- in which the shaft supplied with the usual knive.s rotates at aspeedof alH)ut revolutions per minute. The necessary water is supplied hy a small centrifuj; pump to a tank, from which it is hrouvihl to the different parts of the machi and reKulated hy the man attending; to tiie feedinir. This man also attends the tiltini; of the cars loaded with the raw peat. A ^reat part of tiie load fal when the car is tilted, directly into the machine, hut that which is left has to raked or shovelled info it. Tracks are laid on iiotli sides of the machine (s I'late 4) so that when one car is emptied a full car is iirousiht up on the oth side and the empty one liauled iiack to the hoi;. The puljied peat, which h tlie consistency of porridge, runs from the machine to an elevator whi conveys it tf) the loadinii Ian (see I'late 4), placeii at such a height ahove t ground that it can conveniently Ix? tappeil into cars. The elevator consi: of a wooden trough pr from the engine. The power required is furnished liy a 2()-li.p. steam engi attended hy one man. H. Transportation to the drying field and laying out for drying. — T ]ieat porridge is loaded into steel dum]jing cars (see I'late 5), iiolding ah( ij cuhic yards. The hin is provided with holes in tiie hottom at suitai distances apart, which are opened or closed hy a simple lever arrangemei peiiiiitting a very rapid loading of the cars. The time required to load cars, trans|)ort them to the drying field on an average J mile distant, unlo and transport them hack to the hin occupies only 10 12 minutes. A ])ermanent track is laid from the hin through the centre of the dryi field, dividing it into two parts. The peat is first laid out on one side of t track hy means of a portalile track some 800 feet in length, and wlien t whole .area is coveretl this track is moved over on the other side and t work continued. As a rule, the peat has ample time to dry hefore the sai 30 ^ I ,()()() hricks per hour or pile up -'.adO in such heaps. Under favourable weather conditions the dryinfrdown to some 2")',; mois- ture is accomplished in about three weeks, but usually aloiifier time is reipiired. The peat biicks when dried are ;renerally loailed on larye wa>:non«, brought to the nearest railway station, about IJ miles from the boc, ;iiid loaded on railway cars. If they have to be stored at the plant, they are piled in larire stacks as shown in Plate 7, but the cost of stackiiiK las then to be added to the cost of production and stacking is. therefore, avoided if possible. At .Sparkaer the working' .-eason jienerally lasts about 115 days and starts as soon as the frost has sufficiently left the firound. Ap])r()ximate Cost of Production. and Kac fore During the season I!t07, which as previously stated was exceedinirlv wet short, the daily production (KU hours) avera<;ed Sti.OOO peat bricks, li brick weighs 1 1 11 )s. when air-dried. The daily production was, there- 47 :{ tons. The number of men employed was: — men, diggin,g the peat out of the bog. 2 boys and 2 horses for transportation of the raw peat to the plant. 1 man. clearing; tlip surface --f tlie !••••;:. 1 man, attending to the puli)ing machine. 1 engineer. 1 man, 1 boy and 2 horses for transportation of the j)ulped peat to the drying field. 4 men on the drying field. Total: — 14 men, 3 bovs and 4 horses. 42 M (H) Cl'lltH 44 4 4 7 ."id Till' men wi'H' iiKwily paid l>y cnntnirl, luit on an uveraxe they were «u to niuk«' ^l.'.ifi til ^lA'h'i |H'r day, nr .say $1.. ')()*, and the boy.t 75 centM. ^ siiminK that tho coHt nf u ImrKv is (10 cen's per day, the total ciwt would lie: For dijmiin;, pulpiiiK, tiaii.s|)iirtaiiuu Per I)ay I'cr Ton and laying out: 14 men at *l oO jK-r day. ■i lioys at !?>0 75 per day. . 2 2'> i liiMsen at ^r^i' tiO piT day. . 2 4(( l'"or l»ryiii« work: ri cenls per I. (KM) pler<'s. . . lai The surface of the bofi was used for drying field. Each pl.'int was run wit! S h.p. Kiisoline enjfinc. The C(jst of production during the summer H)01 was in detail as follows: Per Ton. 4 men dii;j,'ini; the raw peat out of the bog. 15 72 centrf 1 man altcndini; the pulping machine :M(2 " 1 en^rinec! 4 Itl " 1 foreman mi the drying field 4 41 " 2 helpers " " 'A drivi-rs 1 bn\ ricaning moulds ',i hor-es (lasoline and oil Turning the peat bricks. Heaping " Stacking " M!';.-r!!.".!!e!!i!-i \'.i-.rk, track hiyini:, etc Interest, amortization, etc. . . . , .\(lmii.i;-trat!on Loading on railway cars 12 27 Total . or in round fiiiures .$1 .50 per ton. * This tigurr 's probably too high. / So " s 11 •• 1 27 " s .s:< " 5 !»0 •■ 4 .91 " 4 91 ■• 12 7;{ " 83 47 " 12 27 " . 24 57 " 12 27 '• 12 27 " 144.85 I'l M I 7 ' T IV.il M..ik ,il S,,,,il,,,,.| . I>,iiiii.,rk. I'lMI. S. ''>Mi i ml .11 IK-i iiini;, DiTiii..! k. FW ?,■; I'l.ATi; motivi' at lleriiinji,', nfiim/uk. I' \Tr, 10. Moiikl Lil'tiTH; ami Moving Htninat IIitiiIiii;, Diinii.ii k. At-.*- i 43 The price obtained was $2.00 per ton, leaving a profit of 50 cents per ton. The weight of one cubic yard wiis 594-(il() lbs. Herning, Denmark.— The nietliod.s and machinery used at Herning differ considerably from those used at Sparkaer. At Herning the .urface'^of the bog is used as a drying field. The bog contains well humified peat of good quality and is worked to a depth of 7 to 8 feet. The machinery used for the treatment of the peat is mounted on a movable platform, and is moved on the edge of the working trench at the rate the work proceeds. The transporta- tion of the raw material to the plant is, therefore, avoided. The raw peat is tlug out from a trench (k) about 80 feet in width, thrown into the long screw ctmveyor (a), see Fig. ;]9, where water is added and con- veyed to a Dolberg peat machine (b). This machine consists of two horizon- tal screws, which rotate against each other, mixing and kneading the pulp ^^=.=:^ ti. Screw conveyor. I*. Peat machine, c. Verticil screw elevator. J. Bin. <•. Cars for transport to drylnfj field. /. Locomobile. ..,'. Track lor the peat plant. /(. Track to dryin^j field. /. Wall left, to keep back water in trend t. VVorkinff trench. /. Pump. Fig. 3g--Skelch Plan of the Peal Plant at Herninjf, Oenmark. 44 mass. A full description of tlie DoUierK machine is piven on pa«es ()4-(i From this machine the peat mtiss is conveyed by a vertical screw elevator ( to u large liin (d), see Plate S, placed above the i)latform. The i)ower requin is furnished by a IG h.p. locomobile (f), mounted on the same platform as t peat machine, bin and elevator. The platform is provided with wheels ai moves oa rails (ft) laid down at the edi;e of the trench. These rails are tak up and laid down in front of the plant at the rate the trench is worked ai when the i)lant needs to be moved. On the side of the plant a portable tra (h) is la.d down for the transportation of the peat mass to the drying; fiel This track is made in .■sections which are easily moved when the end of t working line is reached and the plant has to be moved back and anotl trench started. The peat porridge is tapped from the bin (d),' which has two spou into two large wooden cars (e). .see Plate !), which also shows the locomoti used for hauling the cars back and forth between the plant and the drying tie 0-. one siile of the drying field a permanent track is laid down, .see F 40,- .\nd by means of a portable track any part of the drying field is readii Fu.. 40— HrMnjf Field at HerniiiK, IX-niiiark. On each side of this portable track two large iron moulds are used. Th moulds are made of i inch sheet iron and divided into 500 rectangular spa about 7.2 X 3. tix 2 inches in dimensions. They are too lieav> to be mo' by hand labour, and a special mechanical lifting and moving apparatus therefore used for this purpose. I'l.MI. II. I'.-.il l'l;iiil ,it MoM'liiiul. n.'iim.irk. I'l.vii; l_>. \\:t\ I Mo-..-iiitu!, K-rmjik. 45 This apparatus, see I'latc 10, consists of a douiijp winch nmiinfod on a nK)vai>le truck, which is provided witli two loii« ix-ains on eacji side, witii chains and necessary bloci re- mainin}; mouUis are liftetl, nu)ved and placed heside the two fiisi ones. Hv this arrangement two men are sufficient on the dryinj; held for a daily pro- duction of 10U,()()() peat bricks of the al)ove dimensions. These moulds are stronger and need less repair than tlie wooden ones. The u.'-eful area of the drying field is decreased by the areas occupieil liv the jrortable track, which uuist be taken into consideration, especially where only a small area can be had for drying purpo.ses. The drying of the ])eat is done in the same manner as previously at machine, which is placed at such a height above the ground that the cars used for transportation of the peat porridge to the drying field can conxeniently be loaded from the bin placed underneath this machine (see Plate 11). The raw peat is dutnped into two .screw conveyors, which convey it to a Dolberg machine, where it is mixed with additional water and kneaded. From there it goes into the bin placed underneath. The cars used for the transportation of the peat porridge are .shown in Plate 12. 46 'j^_r"i_r*ij'T.rT\-rAj''\_r^. B (/I •J 0Urlt <■oii.Mru.tion 1^ thos.- .loMTil,,.,! ui H.-rimiK. TIh. apparatu.- usv.l t\n lifiiim uii.l (iioviiiij till- inoulds i.H als.. similar to that ii.Hf.l at H.-riiini;, lail of iiout.T <-ofi.structi.)(i and ma.l.. entirely .,f iron, ...... I'jalc IH. 'j-h.. dryini; work i.- power .- furni. III Ion.- The plants .1. Tilu.,! al o\.'. ttnh the e.\ceptioii of the Staf.-j.. plant, are •II h..ate.l in .lutlami, Heninaik ami in this I.M-ality the price ..f l.itumim.us coal Was on an averaue >> I .:;, , From this l.in the peat porridge is tupped into (lum|in- ■ • • <*■ and transported to the .Iryin^' fiel.l. which here is the surM'. ■ . ■., moulds and drying pr.ness u.-^od are the .same as those ein|,!.,v. .,,t The con.struction of the l.artre used an.l the arrangement ..i f, ,....,.,..,, , Whi.'h it carries arc shown in Fifi. 42. When the first tren.di is stioted. the surface layer is rem.ne.l an.l a hole .luj: ..f the .limensjons ..f the l.arne to a dei-th of al...ut tiuw feet l.eh.w water level, whi.d. is .sufh.ient tok.>epit Hoaf n^. The bar^e is placed in the hole and when the machinery is started the peat firM AiK out is thrown into the pulj.in^' ma.hines .-V aiLlH. wh.'ie waterisad-le.l. Tlie.se machines are of the same coiistniciion a.s that descriLed at Hparkaer. The peat [.orridj-e lea\ inji these machines is, in the plant sh.iwn in Fi«. 42, also put through an additional machine C, which .lelivers it to an ele%"it..r. The power required f..r this plant, whi.li under nor..,.-il .•onditionH I-l- :t capacity .if 17 to 22 tons air-.hie.l peat per day <.f II hours, i.s 4 h.p. furnished IflMhe locomohile. The elevator 1) c..nvcys the jieat porridi:.- to the hin K, * I'rom (i. von Feililzen, Svenska Mosgkulturforeningens Tiilskrift. VMi, 'i..'iile ■ are ■he •'■I'.ii. •■■■:•. Jii) '''he .'.riwa".. ":ip"Tv' 4H 49 we Viii. 43, from wliicli it is tupix-d into tli^ (liiinpinj; curs !•'. A imiii of six curs is hauled l)y one horse to and from the (hyiii}; field. Tiie peat in front and on the side of the har-ie is dim on I, as shown in I'if;. 1,{, until some four inciies ahove water li-vei, when walls (a) are left to keep out the water while the lower layers are clut: out to the desired de|)th, in this case aliout three feet Ix'low the water level. '■'>•• 4,i Skrli li I'l.ill ol till- I'. Ml I'l.iill ;il .\,iin,isi'il. ili'iilll.il k When the peat, in front of the hartre, lias been removed from such an an'a th.at (he l>,ar;;e can be mo\cd half its letmtli. the walls (a) are du:r <'Ut to 8Ufii( lent depth and the harjie and bin moved forward this distance Simul- taneously a.'< (he peat in front of the baifje is removed, the peat on the side is also removed. The >:re.itcr distance the bar<.'e can be moved in a strai^dit line the better it is, a.s less tim(> then is consumeil in moving tracks and jilant. When the end of the workini: line is reached, the bar;;e has to be drawn bai k to the bejtinnin-,' and another trench started. I 50 Fig mixinn struction i„ 44 shows a plant of the same construction, but where the adcUtior \ r in FiB 42 has been onutted. This snnphfies the co F.... 44 -FioMl..K' IVai l-ant at Aamos.-n, Oenma.k. I'' Ml i: a w III. Iklmhiis I'. Mr I'ImiiI ,it \\ I'sl l.Miip, ^wcilrri. Tf' -SP!«"<*^ r m 51 The number of men employed at each of these plants is as follows; — 3 men for (lijjjting the peat. 1 engineer. 1 man and 1 horse for transport of the peat mass to the drying field. 3 men on the drying field. 1 man for digging and removing the surface layer. Total: 9 men and 1 horse. The men wfic paid 'JO cents per l.OOU peat bricks laid out foi drying. and for the drying work the people employed were paiil 5 tents per l.(J(K). Tlie weight of each air-dried brick averaged S2 11). The labour cost per ton (not including the horse) was. therefore, 61 cents. In 1900, which year was more favouiable for the manufacture of peat fuel, the total cost per ton at the bog (not including interest and amortization, was 89 cents. The air-dried peat w;is loaded on cars .shown on I'late Hi, which were hauleil by horses to the station at V'edde, a distance of about 5A miles. The cost of loading, hauling and unloading on railway cars was about 25 cents per ton. The price obtained f.o.b. \ edde Station was $2 42 i)er ton. The price of coal was about $4.50 |jer ton in tiiis part of Denmark. The necessary machinery for peat plants in Denmark, using any of the methods previously described, is manufactured by Skive Jaernstoberi eg .Ma.skinfabrik, Skive, Denmark. West Torup, JSweden .—The method and plant u.sed at this place have some interesting and labour-saving arrangements. The plant is constructed l)y Th. Ekholm and made by Hessleholms Mekaniska Verkstads Aktiebolag, Hessleholm, Sweden. This plant was included in the tests of different peat machinery- made by the Swedish government in 1903.* Tic plant, see Plate 17 and Fig. 45,consists of a 19 h.j). locomobile i)laced on a truck H movableon the same rails as the peatplant proper E. This latter <()nsists of an elevator 1), pulp machine, bin, pum|) and transport arrange- ment all placed on one and the same truck. The two trucks were moved by lever arrangements. The elevator D is a side elevator con>tructed as shown in I'late 17. Its lower part, some 10 feet in length, is made horizontal and follows the bottom of the working trench. The workmen employed for digging the [leat, con.se- 'luently, do not need to lift the material, which is a great advantage, and the 'luantity of peat dug out per man per day is thereby greatly increased. A disadvantage with this methf)d, however, is that peat from the different layers of the bog cannot be thoroughly mi.xed in the ele\ ator; as the upfu-r layer has first to be thrown down and so oii with each layer in succession, resulting in a luel of different composition and irregular (Quality. The lower part of the * Meddelanden fntn Kunifi Lundlbnikstyrcispn No. 7. yoar 1904 52 Fu.. 45 r.-at riaiu al W.sl Torup, Sw.hKmi. and parallel to the workir,^ trench. ■iH'"^ Kui. 4(1 far l.y rjiisinf; the lower part of the shorter side, which is eitsily done by a lever arranfieiiiont. Where dryiii;: conditions are favo\iraiile and the area of tlie dryini; field smull, the peat [)orridf:c is run out in a tiiick layer,which is made more compact by tranipinK.and when sufficiently dry is cut into suitable pieces. The work- men trampiny; the peat mass have stiuare jneces of wood, see Fit;. 47, fiu«tened ^■iK• SI Tnimpinn .ind (.'uiiinn Tools u-M-d al W.-M Toriip, Swiilon. Ill tlieir feet and also pound ihc niiiss with the wimden tool showii in Fisr. In. Alien the ma.ss is sutiiciently dry and comjiait. it is cut into suitable pieces with the tools shown in Fiss. 49-51. These ()ieces are piled (,ii top of each other in rows about U Un't in heijiht. They are aftei wards re; iled and at last piled up in the usual conical heaps. Tliis !netlii)d, althoueh coiiiiuuti in Holland and some part> .f Ciermany. is nf)t much used in Sweden ws,asaBe^M>':'.. •' ^m^£^ ,. Sweden the peat ... . laid out in u thinner i.vyer. about 4 inche. in thickness. The n.ethod ti.en ^-^^;;^^;; Z:^::]r.^u. n.ade of .,oards. The peat porridge .s ^''I'l^'V' ", ' 'd 4 'n-^he. hi^h. The Ira.ne h.« ^ fi,. 52, 2. 1 feet lon«. • ^^^^^^^^^^J, Z^e. apart at the other end. a handle at the front end and 15 *«»'^;";'" ^,,,, f,„„t end ... lifted up and When it has l>een fdled -\ ^^^ »tn " n. l.-.-den knives at the other the fran.e drawn forward its "^^ ^^f ' .,, ^,, afterwards cut in piece, of end then divide the ma«s mto row wh c U .^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^ __^^^^,^^.^ suitable length. The dry.njj of the iK^.tt F,o. 5.- Pe.. Mo...a,nK Vr.-.n,e a. ^VeM Torup. Swrden. • I ••i-o nf tnick for locomobile, The price ..f the Ekholm peat P»»"*; Z"'' j;^ ^'^ "^ Hesslelu.hn Sl,485. transport'car, 500 feet of rails and anchor tru.k. f.o. MPr ■ „ ^f n 10 h I) locomobile is S1,04U. 1 foreman, 3 men f<.r dipcing the peat, 1 manforloadinjrandtrau^Mori, 1 man for unloading o„ the diy.n,t>ehl, 1 engineer, ^ '"'''''''■• • u. ,r ■'! 1 feet and a depth ^ TUe trench worKed out had ^^^^Z;-;^ ^;i,^ ,„ . . feet in fro, or. feet. When the Ve'^^^X^^^'^^^^^ ^'^ ^^"^ "'^^"' ■""^■^"'' '\ of the elevator, a (xroov;> ^^;-,-'- „^,.,,,,„ i^, ,vith the exception of distance, The ,>eat leit .ehmu u .us then t ^^^^^ ^_^ ^^^^ ^^^.^^j, ^rrow wail, which was '-';/';- 7, /.^.^^^.t were du. out fron, the tren. During the test 322 cubic > ads ' ^ ^ ;,„. ,„„ie 4U. .ub..' yar.ts which witn the water added u. the ulpn.nM.1 peat mass bud out on the '^^^^''[^^^^^ ,,„., ,«ut 9. 09V. ..i 'i^- i- The raw peat contained 1 1 bi ,- -"i^' ' substance. The time re'2 feet, was only '^-'-H minutps. The time reat sulw stance or 1S7 \ J- 24it Ihs air-dried pent with 25'.; moisture, the ;<22 cul.ic yards dugout would l.e e^iual tu 40 tons air-.lried peat, or a produ.ti.^u of 20 tons pel day of iO hours. The power requir*Ki to operate the plant dunnfr the tei-t wa.s '.) IT) h.p. and the locomobile used of 1<,» h.p '«. therefore, sufficient for every en.erKency, The fuel used for >team raising was ordinary air-tlried peat contaminB 27',, n.oisture and 4 T",. ash, and i.ad a .■alnrific value of K.oOO ral. |)er k«. =ti,:iOO B.T.L'. per Ih. The fuel consumption was 12 s Ihs. per hp. hour. The condu.sions of the comnii.ssion were, that this plant is only suitable for well drained hogs, which are comi)aratively free from stumps with h depth of at least ()-7 feet and containing well humified peat. The prices of iieat fuel and coal at Hessleholm were respectively $2 30 and l?4 70-S4 !M) per ton llpfndamJlollnml.—ApTnrWval and successful method for the workintr of the un.lrained hogs in Holland htus been introduced by N. van lireemcn of Haar- lem. The bofis irc, as a rule, free from roots and stumps of trees, which is a necessarv condition. The machinerj-, which is placed on a 11. .tin^ iron barj;e, ci.nsists ol on.- or two cutting machines, pulping machine, elevators and l.icomobile. The cutting machines are placed in the front of the barge and consist of rectangular frames with sharp edges. The bottom is provide,! with two large valves, which open up when tuf frame is pressed down and .'lose b> the weight of the peat when it is lifte.l u].. The frame ..r frames are lowered and raised by means of racks and pinions. The peat lifted u]) is drawn out of the trame with a rake and falls directly down i>.;o the pulping machine, where it is mixed with water The pulped mass is transported by means ot an elevator to a long steel channel supporfd from the barge. Here it is mixed with :aore water and run out )n the surface of the bog in a trough made by wall of loo.t, but when left 21 hours most of the ad.htional water has run away, and the thickness .liminished to about hidf. The ma.^s is then solid enough to retain its shape and the walls r.re moved forward. in «o. H.' 5 tons mr-.ln. .1 ,h..uI Iht .m '< ^^^^ ^^^^^ _^, j,^,,,,,,,.,;,,,, average .l-Lth oi • to . h-et >«»« ,' ^ ' J „ ^ . .h,,HH) f. o. 1. Ito.n.nb.n. M. .. W,.nu.. also us.. >'>--;- ^r;;^^:;,,. ., ., „in.. ron,...l pe., in thb .•:,- - raw ,..-at '-^^ ; ' ^ s.hli.k.y-.. n.a..hi..e. N-. l.„. I,v n.ea.,s . an ol.n-ator onu > 1 • ^ .,^,^ ^^ ,,,,,..,, „„ pallets in the UHuM n-nner .>.. -hn' I ."' the .iryinu fieUl. , ,. ,,,,il luiniifu-a pout srlls In An.^t., ,:.... I-al lu.l ul.> fro. n • ^ ^^^^^ ^, ^^^, ,_^^^,,^ ,,,„„ i„ .„.allor .,u-..iti- for S .uM.u p.r • •*' J^ ;^^^ Tins in ..luivaU-U „,.. ,.„.,.. vanetios of pea, for , .uU. ,- ;^2\.^,^,^ vVhen .-uM i.. lar.e to--. M)p.'rl n for til- tonmT an.l M. ..(Mor ... quantmos the pri.- .^ "^^ 'y ^\ZaZ "Znw.U^ fuel, n..txvithBta...li..« IVa, fuel .s largely ..sed jn »"»- ;^;„ ^, ,,,.,,t *4 00 per -o... t>'e .■......--'- «•>-'>-- ^' ;•""'• ;''"',:,. ,,,„, ...a at this pla..e Is pat- „MP... '>'■;- "'7-^;::;;: 7. aSehn. .t ..onsis,s of a ..-e- ented and ..onstrueted hy * • ^^"^ ";' ;. ' ,. „,,, ,„ , ..onveyor. The ••onveyor chaniralexcavat..r,Nvh.ehdehvers h( r.v v U ^^^^ ^ ^,^^ ^^,,^^ tin.^ ,he peat ,o a n.lxiu. and pulp.n. -. - , al J^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^,, i„, ,„„„. I )urin.u the spn..:: and earl. . ^^^^^^^^^^^ ^.,„,,.,.,.,„ {.n-the.,,a,.ufa.t...eoM.,aeh....-tor...od, a., b ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ ,,_^. .,.^, ,„1 , a,.vi..e for .he spread.,,, ut '" ^i;, J j , .J ,,„ra-ter is full) (M are .■o...l.i..ed ^•''\,'';': . J',,, „ J. n.i-120. During the latter par deseril,edi.Uh.-..ext,,ar.o ,h,.eh.p P-u^^^^_ ^^^^^^ .^^ ^^^^.^^ ^^^^ „,^. ,„„„ .,f ,l.e sum.ner. and u.it.l the f o. ;,'-.,. ,^.,, j,, ,„is pa.M ..f the .'hapte, f,..,ure of peat fuel l.e!on..n. to th < ^> ; ^^_.^ ^,^,.,^ ^^^,..,. .,, „,, , .t. The a.ld.tional eonveyor ='-' M' "^^ '" , ^^.,.,, , ,„,,„..a, 'Ihe pe: channel, 40 50 leot Ion,, supphed ^ ' J ' \„;^, -, ..,,,n,„.l w,th uater a„ ,„a.s leavln, the pulping .naehuu s - x d ^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^ .^^^^_^ ^,_^ run out i..to a trou.h t.. a ^I'-'l'tl'" '^ ; .,:,,, ,„un, n.oss in o.der ,oke. of the peat ...ass i. kept ..overed , U 1^^^^ .^.^,^ ,, „„., „,, ,.. « it fro,,, freezing. A plan, of *'';': ^.y,.^,,,!,, ,,rds of raw peat per d« crdin, to the inventor, a eap.ie.ty yl L'"'" " j^ Th,. power re<,uired ,o o,,erate the phm .s • > • ^ .^_ ^ ^^^ ^,^^, ^_^^,^^, ,„,,„ 'rhe,>eatnta.- '= -^ ^•^'^'^"•' "J X"!: he.nv and .on.pact. an-"f-^""' ^^J^ " ..kini: phu.t located a, the sa ^:f T:e;:;:r::;.^-r,Leo...parat,ve,yfr^ «tuiM|i.s fi tni'ii, wlii.li explains tlir .^ati.Maftury U'lrkin;: anil tin- hiriic in- puciiy of lliiH plant, 'I'lic wi'iulit i>f nnc ciil.ir yanl of |M-:it I'licl liiiillilffU'turi'il l)y (lic-f ii i'IIhkU is from 4(MJ lo 7;;(l lbs*., as determitHMi liv llir .Swi-ilwli IVat .Soiii-ty. 'J.— Mv "INK KollMII) oil IMIK«»KD Vr.\r. This niclhoil of iiiixiiia, |)ul|iiiii: ami ^liapini ilic |M'at wilhoiii ativ extra .uMitioti of water is the one cliiillv eiii|ploye.i, and is iindouliteiily more -mtalile tlian the (processes pfe\ ioii-ly described, especially when the -urface of the boi' lias to be Used for drvinu' Held or v here dryinu' , (it'.ditioiis are less favourable. The raw peat is, as a rule, mor«' thoroiiKbly mixed and pulped by the machinery employed, |K"rmittin« the manufacture of a i;o()d fuel from lil>rous and less humilied peui A plant for the manufacture of machine lor d peat iiin-i»is of the mixuii; and pulping plant and appliances jiiid arranu'emeiits for the tr.atis- poit and layiii!; out o' the pulped peat. The mixing and |iMlpin« platits used are, as a rule, movabU- on rails clo.se lo the working trench. The traa-^portation f>f the raw |M'at any ureat distance i- thereby avoided, and by usinir the surface of the boj; in the immediate \icinity of the trench as dryinii field the Iraiisporlatiou of the pul|>«"l, wet |ieat m:i.s.s is reduced as much a.s possible. The width oftla drying field should be such thai the peat mamifac- tured from a certain lenu'th of the trench can be laid out the same h-imth on the drying field, so thai the di^'ililiK out of the trench ami the layinu' out on the dry ins; fielil keep pace with each other. s,J The dryint; fi«'ld nHpiires to be well drained, in onler to facilitate dryinu and transportation. The methods used for drainaue are similar to those (le.-cribed on pa;;e 'S.i. The working trench for each plant should be as lorn; as jiossible and always of mvh a lenu'th that when the end is i-ac hed and the plant is moved back the peat laid out at the bei:inniiiir has hail suliicient lime to dry and be reiiKived. when a new trench can be started. The walls of the wiirkim; tren; and laying out the peat for dryinu, difier considerably, but the dryiiu; work is prac- tically Ihe same and is done in a manner similar to that already described : in the first part of this chapter. MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART (ANSI ond ISO TEST CHART No 2) ^S*^ '653 fast Mom str^i '■^ (^'6) 48^ . 0300 - Phone ^^ (7161 288-5989 - Fo» iUi 58 . • i„to the details of the machinery and methods used, a Before cntennj? mto tie (ieiaii= few general remarks -;";'; '"^tv exceptions, dug out of the bog by hand The raw peat is, with %erj lew i ^^^ ^ machine. A and thrown into the elevator, -^^ ^^X'L of the greatest value and practical mechanical excavator --"^^ "^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^ut so far no such apparatus niateriallv decrease the number of men requre^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^ hus been invented which ha« P-^;^^ ^f ^^ °^,^ ,„ excavator is undoubt- .tumps are plentiful, and the -"J "^^'"j^, ^"^.'ee from roots and stumps edly an excoodingly difficult P-W - " '-,*; ^^^, ,pp,,,tus belong the mechanical excavators are q;" « « « ^^^^^ .-.o.^ly described and mostly Dolberg and Van Breemen cutting '"'^^'""^^ P 120), and the exca- used in undrained bogs, a Strenges mac^-e ( ee p ^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^ vator invented by Schhckeysen (see page 04) ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^ ,^^^ the bogs contain numerous -« f ^j ;\^ 7, p„,e differ in shape in difTerent elevator in the same direction. j^^^^. jj. obtained, With a side elevator a better f«-;^ » ^ ;X,ti.,n il which the plant the trench being dug out m «teps Fjajel ^ '-^^ ^^^^ ,^ ,,, ,,,, elevato, is moved, see Fig. 68, and ^^.' ^'^'^f^JZin L side only, that they ar< are that the digging must chiefly be done cm o ^^^,,^,^t\y b in the way ^'\^^: ^:: ZZ;t;:t:":i fgre-r rumber of men, o made long enough to allow the 1 J j^ ,,e obtained. for veiy deep bogs, w^en a ''-^^ P^J^^^^j:; ^^ench can be worked, th With an end elevator, see ^' '.'^,;. ^^' ^J"^^^ .^,.„,ent of more men, an ^^, is done on both sid.. P-^-^rnoU^^^^^^^^ to the same degre when the plant is moved th'^ el^J ^t°^^^ j ^^^^^ ^s a rule have er The larger peat plants, espec.a - ^^^^J" ^^^^ ,,,,^ it. pallets convey elevators. The carrying part ot the ele^al he raw peat to the hopper of the peat :-^^ ^^ ^,^ ^,, ^,, ..i The peat --''---F^ ^^^'^^^1 enteT T^.e main object is a number of different machmes ^^^l^l^^-^::^, ,,.paet fuel is obtain, mix and pulp the peat that a homj. _ The requirements of a first-class ";-';"; %^.^,^ ^ easily accessible 1. Simple and strong construction, with . I 2. Large capacity. constructed that roots 2 machine, causing «t"PP^^!^f%^"*Vralements is undoubtedly The machine which best fu f Uy^e- reqmr n.en.^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^ Anrep machine. ehl^Ay -f ^^ ^^^^apacity and of m^^^ man machines aie, as a luic, construction. 59 The more thorouKlily the raw peat is mixed and pulped, the more it shrinivs durinj; this process and the more honiof!enous and sohd is the product obtained. The shrinkage is naturally greater for filjrous and less humified peat if suitably treated than for well humified or fat peat, which in its raw state is less porous. A peat machine consists of a cast iron mantle, with or witliou>, fixed knives, in which one or two shafts provided with knives or screw threads rotate. The raw peat is more or le.ss thoroughly mixed, kneaded or pulped, pre.ssed forward to a mouthpiece, and leaves the machine as a contin"ous band, which is cut in suitable lenjrths. The mouthpiece has one, two or three openings of rectangular cross-sections and is either placed with its centre line coinciding with the centre of the machine or making an angle with this line. The peat bands leaving the machine are taken up on pallets of suitable lengths, loaded* on special cars and transported to the drying fiekl. .\ short table supplied with rollers f.-n ilitates the transportation of the pallets from the machine to the cars. The first peat machines of practical value were invented by C. Schlick- ev.sen and R. Dolberg of Germany. In la or years a number of other machines have been invented, of which some are superior to the improved machines at present manufactured by these firms, but others are not. C. Schlickcyscn's Machines. — These machines are at present manufactured by the Rixdorfer Maschinenfabrik (formerly C. Schliekeysen), Rixdorf, Berlin, Germany. The first machine manufactured by Schliekeysen in 1859 was made with a vertical shaft provided with knives in the same manner as a brick machine. The raw peat was fed in at the top, pressed out through the mouthpiece at tiie bottom and cut in suitable lengths. One or more horses were used for the operation of this machine. The production of such a machine was small and a few years later machines with horizontal shafts and larger capacity were constructed. These machines were suitable in bogs containing well humified peat comparatively free from roots and fibrous peat, but where this was not the case the peat wa.s not sufficiently pulped. Schliekeysen has, therefore, in later years invented catching and tearing apparatuses, which are placed in the feed hopper to the machine and greatly improve the (juality of the peat fuel manufactured. These apparatuses can be removed independent of each other. If the peat treated requires more or less inten- siv-> mixing and pulping, a number of ,ne.«e apparatuses are installed, so that the machine can be made suit.able for the treatment of different classes of peat. The construction of this machine is shown in Figs. 53-57. The .aw peat brought up by the elevator (see Figs. 50 and 57) is dumptd into the feed hopper, where it falls on the catching and tearing apparatuses shown in Figs. 53 and 54. These apparatuses consist of two cranked shafts * By newer inventions, described later, the transportution to the drying field is done in a different manner. 60 Kis'. 54- V'K- 5.V ScLlickeyscns I'.-at Macl.ine No. 3. F,,;. 55-SchlkkeysenS I'eit Machine No- 3- 61 Kic. ^(>— SililicUeysfii s I'fJil Min liiiu- with cml oliv^ilor. (2) and (3), which turn in opposite diroctions hko a rollinj; mill, tlic lower one alt the .«anie time revolvinp afjaiast a irear roller ( 10). The peat istorn to pieces hy the cranks and thrown airainsf the -ear roller, which furthermore mixes and pulps it. The iivin- roller tin -ws it on and between the win-s or knives on the shaft (4) which with its ca.M iron covering; and mouthpiece constitutes the main part of the machine, Tlie knives on the shaft (4) are placed in the shai)e of a screw thread and have sharp ed-ies, cuttin<: ajrainst fixed steel bars inserted throu.iih the cover (see Fi-. 54). These steel bars are easily accessible from the outside and can be cluuiiied without stopiiins the machine. The shaft makes SO revolutions per minute. Tlie peat mass is ajiain mixed in this part of the machine, kneaded and pulped ami forced toward the mouth- piece, which in most of Schlickeysen's machines has three o!)enin,u:s. The raw peat fed into the hopper and pres.seil down by the cranks would result in the jammin-; of the machine if too larire a quantity was put in. In oi'iler to prevent this, the machine is provided with a special arrangement actint; as a safetv device in the followinj; manner: If the overfeedinj; is so -reat thai the receiver (4) cannot absorb and treat all the material pressed down, the -ear roller (10) throws the surjilus material directly from the lower crank (3) toward the opening (18) in the hopper. This openin-, which ex- tends over the whole width of the hoi)per, is usually i)artly closed by a balanced disc roller han-inu in front and consisting: of thin discs (17) con- nected with the nave (Ki) turnin- on the shaft (\'y). The teeth on the -ear roller (10) iKiss between the discs (17). The elevator is either nnule as an end or side elevator, see Fifis. .')<), 57, ,ind consists of a half cylindrical iron channel, in which the chain with its pallets runs. The lower part is carried up by a frame movable on wheels. 62 I'l.MI, is 'J ■a ^ o Si'liiii-ki'\ stMi's 1\mi 1 av.iior ■ 6:1 Tlie tirtn luumifactures tlicfie iiiiicliiiips in three sizes, tlie \\ei«lits, prices Mild cupac'iiies i>f which are niven in the l'(.!h)win)i talile.* I."? I '11 X ri I.*'-?" St u u i? S V = ^ s - 5 =1 ^ S si-rs 1= ^ I ?i ■'* ^ I'l 'I- ^ rf ^t X - 7 k 1. i — .= ■ ■ i «5 .■- S "^ s i S S -2 '— _ - r . 1 i ■- • T. • •• — t- 3 T i - ri ■^.t; -^ >% ;^ « - J£ H -< 3 C S-i ^ ^ u / X . X X ri -^ ■< l'''^ : .i = =: ^ 1 5 -r -^ 5 11: — — •3 O * Obtained from the catalogue of the firm. lit .,■ .pi »■ :•'''> '';\'";"':":;:;";;:'t!;:iN:: ■::::i:::- :*x;r™;:::;;r'- .;::;;;::::-'" --'- - ., „„,„ ,„, |,.vrlli..u atrl -tuinl- raising. 1 .nun un.-uan.u I" il'- !'.'11<"^- 1, nan .•....!..« tluM-'li" -..1.1.1.- l..n.,l.>. ._. „„,„ for l.^iulinn I.ull.'i> .m rars, 4 Uii'M ior tmu-\>'.n n-a-hi,.- was .n ;:..U ana prefevaMy ..pera.ea '>y-; ;:,.:; „,,,.,,., .as .Inn,,.! i ,vhu.h shouia b. sum.-.ent . 'rM; . .;■;.:;,, p.„,al,lo t> ..U .n the sulo .„ean. of a -•hute .nu, aunM..n. ' ^1 ;,, „4 ,, ,.,.1.. foot per nunu, the excavator. Th.s ■"->;>;': ;^^;:^ •,,,... i forward uhout - - feet. . .,,1 aurinj: the san.e t..ue the llaut was . •'^ ,,,, ,onstruction is shown m Up. -N am lat. 1 ^^^^^^^ _ ^^^^^^^^^^ ,„ ,„„. fee f.o.n roots ana ^tu.-M- -nl^a f; ,„,,iUties are that ,,t.sta..torv work, l.ut where th.s .s noU^^' !:, J ..Ejection with this . ,:l.,.. wouhl i.e ohtainea >'>" ;- -' ) ;^;, ,1,, i. L in the ho.. 'I e.vator i. furthermore -J^^^^^,^ ,,,, ^Uen put to worU .n .ts n nKU'hine only ex ■a^ .'Its ■> t .m. .^^ ^^^ ,,„^ °""r ,,„».o. ,„.chine 1. ,.,.«.K U» »-j;^ ^S'L*^ ti.» ivohiilily <1" are that ii" ith this ex ; liOfl. Till i ill its iiex' l)y the i: / • ; \' OStlX fi 1. •>' used in Gi r- ijifta votatiii.: S, iiiude up ' ' Ylti. 5H Scliliik-ysfii ■< I'rat Kxi avalor. iiiteiehanneiil>le ([uudraiits. The thread on "tie shaft pusses between that on the other shaft, \vhercl)y the peat material is mixed and kneaded, duriiii: its movement towards the niouthpieee of the machine. Hoots :ind lihres :ire not cut or pulped in a, machine of this construction and in cases where the jxat contains such material, stoppages are freipient and the work Interrupted durinj; the cleaning of the machine. These roots and fihres twist them.sehc- ariiund the shafts and prevent the movement of the material towards the mouthpiece. In bogs containing well humified peat free from roots nd liiires the Dolberg machine works satisfactorilN-. Machines exactly similar to the Dolheig machine or witi cry >hj.'l ' alterations are also manufactured l>y the folhjwing firms: — A. Hcincn,* \'arel, Oldenburg, Ciermany. iSugg (k Co., Munich, Havaria, Cierniany. (jebriider Stutzke, Laup'^.jurg, in I'om., (iermariy. Jaehne & Sohn, Landsberg, a. VV., Germany. In order to be able to treat more fibrous peat, Dolbcrg manufactures a machine (see Fig. (I.t) in which a certain number of the (piadraiits foriuing the screw threads are omitteil. The sharp ed:.'es of the remaining qujidrants then cut and pulp the peat to some extent. He also manufactures machines in accordance with the Anrep patent (see page 77) where the shafts are supplied with knives (see Fig. 67) revolving against fi.vcd knives placed in the cover. In these machines the peat is more thoroughly cut and puliird. The tlifferent machines maiuifactured by K. Dolberg are: ' This firm also ma. ifactures iiiat-hinea uf Jiffefcnt eonstruetiun. =ee page- '"-' 66 rt*:':';::r^^t':a:> ,.,.,........ *^«S3EL^. **a*':'\-«»«t: |.„i. ,., K. Polb.T>; s IV'X M»^hi..i- No- .V a. Lrirks Of the .li.n.nsu.ns 4 x 4 x S iurhc^ = 128 ruh. iu.he.. Muchim- N... 2 ..p. -at...! with t^v,. lu.m's. '1 l,is murhinc. see Fi,s. as u .la.ly ..>,..,•.!> ot 1 s,.M)() ...,(«li ,M>iit l,ncks(,nlival.ov(Mrni:cn>i"!is. Fk.. (.o R. nolborK's P'^'at Mm. l.i.u- No. 2 (e> tt. I l«:if ^ 1 4r I -2.'), (It II' Kii.. hi K, IXilbiTK » IV.il MiiihiiK' No. j (iiiieruT ). .Machine .\(i. la, operated 'i a nuiforof 4 — (i li.p. 'I'liis iiiacliiiic. s<>i! i'ijrs. rii | on. has a duily lapai ity nf ;{0,()(K) ID.UdO FIG.6E l-U.. Oj- K. Di.lber^fs IVal Machine .\i 1 (r'Xleru)r). ()S Fii.. 63- 3_K. no,,...-.. V.aMac>.,. No. .. (.".-''■>• The shafts make 70 revi.h.t,o..s 1- peat bri-ks of the abovo chn^n^on. The sha !;:inute. l)ian.oter of puno> >n ■ ^^ ^..^^ h,.. Machine No. lb, oi>.Ta,(-.l \Mt" Fig. u4 ,,_U.no,ber..reH.Mach,„eNo..>U--o.). (ill lutions r'l I'm;. (15 K. DdllH-rj;'-. IV-at Marliiiii' N.'. ili (intiTiKiV Tills iiiacliitic. see Fi,<;s. (14 aiicl V,.'t. Iims ii daily cMiiacity of fi( l,( )()()- SO.dOi) rat hricks of the above ililiiensiims. The shafts make UO revolutions per liinite. Diameter r)f pullev '_'.') iticlies. PIO ©fit. Fu'.. 66 - K. nolln'ij,''s IVal Mailiine No. ic (exterior). 70 S^::s:rc« ^v?t: a S" p£. - -«— F.c. 67-R. DolberKs Peat Machine No .c (interior). Ti,o slvifts make 270 revolutions per peat bricks of the above dimensions. Tlie shalts make Minute. Diameter of pulley 30. 8 inches. , nprl with , . X- 11 „„ri ir 1VP always combined witu The two latter machines, Nos. lb and Ic ae aiwa> Plevitors which bring up the raw material to the feed hopper. three openings are also manufactured if desired. a or Prices and Weights of the Dolberc; Machines. Numlior. / proximate weight. Lbs. Price. Marks. Price. Dollars. .VpproxiinatP capaeity pt'r day air-drioU lur.t. Tons. 3a 2 la' lb Xc , 33 feet long chain elevator witli driving apparatus 2,15() 1,122 2.:i54 2,ti-lU 2,480 ,s7.j ()20 9.')0 IJtiO llOJ i:v2 210 149 228 37'> 280 ;{.52 - i5.2S 7.92--ll.(M> 13.20—17.00 20.40— :i.'>. 20 2i'..40— 3.". 20 Flii. 6H — K. DolbiTK > I'eat I'lant with side olevalor. Fig. 69 — R. Dolberg: n Peat Plant with end elevator. 72 u- a nn.l the cutting machines (les.Til.ed on page 29, Besides these machines and the cuti n ^^^^^^^ ^^^^^.^^. ,^^ D.,U,er, also n,anufactures euttm, mach ne. ope^ra ^^. ^^^^ ^.^,, ,, combination with his «>''^'='""^■;?;,J^^,; " The arrangement of su.^h a plant undrainod hogs, contammp suitable peat. is shown in Fig- ""• F,o. 70-R. Dolber^fs I'eat C.tinK Machine .., n.M.r power. The cutting machine, elevat.. and peat .dm. ^^^^^^^^^ supported at one end by a "-■^-"^"'^ j! ";, "' The >a go also carr.es barge floating in the trench already ^^ffj^l^J^e p.^ver required locomobile or some other kin.l " ;::;f;\ ^p ^^uachlne. The cutti operate the cutting machine, «'«^ '^^^^ ""^^ J^^^.-.i^ed on page 29. but machine is of the same <^°"^t'^;f'™,^,'f^""',he cutting machine is c, larger dimensions. The peat lock lifted up b> t h c u ^ veved to the peat machine by the ^^^'^-^''-J^,. ;.",/,„, operated by ha, steam or other power has four ^'"-^'^^ "j^;' , \.,,.hine andloco„,ol and for the attendance of this machine, eleatoi, pe.it onlv two men and one engineer are rc.,u.red. ■ Plants of the above ^1-cription are in J.at n^ ^ -- .^. ^^,^^ Posen, at Samter in the same P-^''^' ^^ ' ^^'^j, ij^capacitv of 80,000 , . Svcnska MosskulturfOremngens tidskrift, 190.V m 73 The construction of this machine is shown in Fig. 71. \'ery few of these are in operation, however, and the firm itself considers them less satisfactory. Fli^ 71 K. OoIIht^' > AiKonijitic I'fal Cutting Machine. .1. Ilcinin'x nimhlnrs. — These machines are manufactured liy .\. Hciiieu. Masciiinenfalnik und Eiseufiiesserei, Varel in Okleni)urfr. C.erniany. Fig. 7i—^. Heinen's Peat Machine Nos. T. 1 and T. 2 of Polborn type Tiie older machines, manufactured by Heinen, see Fif;. 72. in two different L-i7,es f)!!!n)!>or^ T1 and T2), are prai-tic.-diy the R.ime as the I)ol!)erir«iiachiue 4iown in Fij;. ()3, and are suitable for well humified peat free from roots and I tilires. In order u> l>e !il>le to treat fibrous peat, -Heinen lias combined these iiiacliines witli apparatus for niixinR, tearinj; and futtin« the raw peat. His machine, No. T '_' \V, is shown in Fi-js. 78-7.'). Fic;. 73— A. Iloinens Peal Machine No. T. 2, W. Fu.. 74. '■""^- 7.V A. Heineii s Peat Machine No. T. 2, VV. 75 III the feed hopjier to the niiu-hiiio (see Fit's. 74, 7.">) are two sliafts, a iind 1), provided with niixinj; winns, wiiich mix and tear tiie raw peat. Inderneath these shafts are two oilier .•■iiafts, c; and d, provided with knives, uliich revolve against fixed knives, a. inserted through the walls, lliese kiiivc:* cut and pulp the jwat before it enters the lower part of tiie niadiine, where it is a^ain mixed and kneaded hy the screws e and f. The two upper shafts, a and 1», are each made in two parts, joined at the center and the two lower shafts, c and d, are accessihle tiirounh the niovaltle side plates, in which I he fixed knives are secured. The lower part of tiie machine is also easily accessihle; hy removing the bolts, m m, the upper parts of the cover can \>v lifted up. The knife or knives, r, in the mouthpiece of the maciiine are easily lilted up by the handles, if this part requires to be cleaned. Any of the pairs of shafts with their knives can be removed or replaced independent of the other, ,so that the machine can work with only one pair. ii' desired. The machine is well constructed, every part easily acce.ssible, and delivers a homojrencous and well pulped peat, but naturally is somewhat complicated. In localities where the area of tlie dryins; field is very limited, a speciallv lonstructed mouthpiece and loadim; table have been introduced by Heineii. The construction of this apparatus is shown in Fiij. 7f!. Klii. 76— A. Heinens Peat Machine .\o T. 2, with .Mixing .Xpparatiit, spe.ial .Mouth- piece, Loadiuj; Table and Elevator. The mouthpiece has three openings, 4x4.4 inches, and is supplied with M. cutting wheels, as shown in the figure. Instead of the usual rolling table If machine is supplied with a short inclined table made of narrow steel !:it(>K. which .ire kept wet, in order that the jwat bands may move easily and il stick to the plates. The peat is cut in suitable len?;ths, taken up on trays the end of the table, carried to the drying field and placed on end for dryinjr. 7n Tl.e elevators numufa.tu.e.l l.y Hoinen are shown i.. Figs- 7<1 an.l 77 for his miichini's Nos. T 1 luid 'I-'. j CcrniuiiN The Heirien .nacliintM lire use.i at a nuinhe. ot H-it l-ian . 12 tl") 17 0") tons, witli Ki men. ,i.l iS. "■« --■■ M,,.l,i„o, N... TJ u,„l TL- NV Uav.. » ,Ul.v (10 l"..;-) -;■!««'>■ "' *•■»'"'- ^"'"?,;r;£;:':';;:s.;;-srT"w^r.. >.,. »p -■- Fk;. 78. L. l.uclifs I'tMt Machine. Fii.. ->)■ ml I'l.Ml. I'.l iuaii\ vo. Tl put t(i .v< TiiliU- 4t),0()t) elcvalc JllUl 1.. I. .•liiiili rt ttliich if* of liirKor tliunieter ut tlic feeding prul. In this wiikT part tliP ftlmft i* •'iipplii'd witli kiiivi'((, which rotiito ujiiunut fixed kiiivrs ph»(»>d in fho wiilin anil with part of a mrew thrt'Uii. In the narrowt-r part of tho cyliridiT tht- shttft is Hupplied with u continuous utrew thread, in which a «pur wlicei ro- liitcH iw shown in Fig, 7M. The ohject of iU\n wheel is to kiH-p the screw dean :ind to assist in niovinn the |)eat mass towards the inoiithpiece. Only a few of these machines are in oi)eratioii untl no sjieciai ailvantau'es are (taine ^ this construction. .1. Anrrp'a ,UocAi>ic«.— Tiiese machines aie at present manufactured l)y .\lij.)rn Anderson's Mekaniska Wrkstads Aktiehohiu, Svedaia, Swedeti. The Anrep nuiciiines are, as Iwis IwH-n said previously, those which liest liiltil the re\ IV.il Mai him- «iili i»o ^li.ili" U"i'->i"i)- The .■upu.'itv (.{ tlu'xe nui.l.ines Is from 40 t.. (iO t.ms |..t dny. 1„ n.arhiiH's uf tliis .■..iwtni.tion th.- pt-at iiiu:-.* is in.-ir thoroutil.ly pnl|K-' ,1,..., in a l)oll«-r« inucl.in.". Tl.c .■..nstru.tion is si...pU-r Hum in the hci.lu'k .•VMM; tin.l Hoiiu'ii niiicliin.-s, iiikI Ik- ipaciiy liirucr. • Anrep's nmd.ines ..f the ulun.- mnMv 'nn uns .us has urn. prevumsh .taKMl, nmnuiarturcl uls„ l.y H. ' Mlhorf:. in Restock, a.ul I. y a nu.nher „ Uui^siaii firms. .,. e .. ■ \ .1 The elevator use.l is uhvays a,, en.! eh-vat..r. al..,ut .?.. feet ... lenKtl. The imver en.l is rarrie.l up l.y t\v<. whwls resting on l.ounls. An Anrep peat phmt of the construction usually e...|.loye,l in Kus.s.a : shown ill riate 10. ,• , • .1 1,1, The later niachines constructed by A...cp, wh.ch are .lisplacn^ the old. ones, have onlv one rotating shaft. These .,iachin.>s are at pn-s, • • -.an, facture.1 in two si.es: No. I H and No. II H, hy Ahj..rn Anderson. N duh Sweden. Marhin,' So. 1 //.-This machine as at pre.^ent niamifa.-tured is show in Fills. S'J S4. The feed hopper is made narrower at the top and NMdened out tow. -.r. ,he machine in order to prevent the peat n.a*s fro.a lor.u.nf; a., a.-.h, win. otherwise frequentlv occurs with one shaft machines. The cvUnde.-, in. which the shaft rotates, is made with two diflere .liameters ."•onnected lu- a conical part. In the wider part l.elow the fe, hon„er the shaft is provided with six .louble knives of the constru.t.yn shov in L Sn. Tl.se knives rotate against the six fixed knives inserted ihrou, the l..ittom of the cylinder and act as half bearings f.,r the shaft. I he hx as well s the rotating knives, in this part of the machine .are each of the sa, patten, and of exeeedinsly strong construction. In the com.al part of t cover the shaft is s,.pplied with a screw thread which, vMlh ii.s two sh. edges , cuts against the fixed knives on either si.le. The narrower cylmder three fixed knives inserted through the bottom and two throug.i the t. Ml.. M4 .:-.:^-^ 1^ ■J:.-TOiii^;^Ji=Sln Kiii, Hi. .^ "^ -^ i^-::-.:^ A. Anri'ps I'e.it Mailiiiu> No. I. H. uliiih liittpr with tlie two corresponding: knives through tlie bottom form full licariu^s for the .shaft. The shaft is supplied in thi.s part with two knive.s and a double screw tlircad, which, if de.«ircd, can be .substituted by fi.xed and rotatini; knives, in I .ise the peat reijuires a still more intensive pulping. In Iroiit of this cylinder is i.'lacefi .1 conical part wliich carries the m.-nithpiccr nf tlie ruaclune. The >liaft in this conical part is provided with a double screw thread, which presses the peat mass towards the mouthpiece. 80 Vu.. S5-Ko,a.iM^ nd fixed knivs in .lu- Anrep IVa. Ma.l>i„.. l-ho knives rotating u.uler the feed hopper have hill-shaped points, Ihere it is caught up.in and cut aguin.t the hxed kn.ves. Th.' shaft n.akos about 2(10 revolutions per minute. \ue.,Mnu.hines fibres and roots have no opportv.n.ty to twst luMn- in llie^e niaiMiiit. ,11 .,,,1 .)„> np'if mass is exceedni}j:l\ selves aroun.l the shaft and cause stoppafzes, an.l the peat .na,.s well pulp.'d and homofieneous. ^^^^^ Kvery part of the nuu-hine is easily a..^s ^ ,^i, " , ,e turned .: ^""';n:':o;;;m...tion of tl. ,....1,1.. is simple and stron, and permits ..f '"■''Vh:'ei:v:;;::r and romn. table .hieHy used are shown in Fi.s. S.l and ^ The n n^r s.^ealled .Ira, elevator, without any speeud y-^y-;^-"'^ 1 It is nnde of channe beams and iron platen, i returninn pa. I ol the (iiasn win » i ^^ ^^^^^^ the elevator, uhi" g iirruiii^ - iiti's. Tc torn unii' 1 :h.; treni I'lNit riant with Anrep-Swdala Peat Alacliim-. The roliinj: table is placed at an angie with the centre of the jieat machine, >Uipreby the cars freiierally used for the traiisjioitation of the inachined peat :irc itinre conveniently Itiaded. The rollinji table is substituted by a belt conveyor when the new inothods isoc later) of transportation and layiiij; out for dryini; are eni|)loye(l. Wi iW vilF^T^^ ;>v^: hi^^rwr" ii»:^ S'> ^, , rulo thee n.achines are operuted l.y a 42 h.p. .notov. M is also .uin;Lt ;u'u>e ....ration of u nun.ber of accessory apparatus, cles.u..e.l '''"■'Tho production ,>er day of 10 hours .ith this machine and with the usual n.ti>^ ^ tnsporution^nd laying out is about ^''f---';- j;):^^^ r::S:-,^^^^;;t:uucua,.e ...,, for .oto. . f. o. „. ....... 4 400 kronor, al)out SI ,190. Machine \o II U-The construction of this .nachine is the san>e u, ■ ! . naduneNo IB hut the dimensions are snndler and the nun.tH. pnncpe - "'^ •^^°.;^ ^^^ ,r,e producti.n. per day of 10 hours v,.th 1 tin d U.e u::a. methods ^ transportation and laym, out to, vin is about .3 tons. A 34 h.p. tnotor is .enerally en^plo e . The nrice of a phmt indudin- a con.pletc niachn.e ... II H, ouhna.> .out^;^e::T;V2'inches, roUin. tab. and ^-^— '^--^ — - on a truck large enough for m..tor, .s 2,8' kronor, about ^Ml , . o 1 , V. o TliP 'ibove rin also manufacture peat ma Svedala No. 2. Kir,. HS— SveilHl.i I'l-al Miuliim- No. -'. , i"„ v« T\\o homx-r (a) tiu-ns on hnii: The construction is shown in Iig. t<8. ihe l.opixi i ; and for some distance m the ryliiuai ^^dU a screw ur_ ; Ireil has a sharp edge (d) which cuts against an edge (c) ^^^^^^ I'linder and l.i inches long. In front of the screw is a single kmfe (h) lT}^HI^ lut.-^ iifiuiiist tlic sharp edges on the arms of the UMiiiiu' (e) shown in rig. SO. The peat mas.s is pressed forward between the anus of tiiis hearing and on the other side is cut hy tlie rotating knives (i), sliown in Fig. !H). In front ..!' liiis knife is a double threaded screw (k) wliich })resses out tiie peat nia.-T, r..iK The motors most commonly used are locomon.n. , fi„« „ „,„e "'^'■"» ;^ J^,;'^,f „,„', . „„,„l,r ..t P».t n,»l,,„e. = ■:;:;;•;;":,::?; i:rep„i.|>- ,^^^ .. ..» .en^.- ... ; an' attend to the locomobile can be avoided. The plattorm. move7, uiiumv Fij.92>. =3 F,^. 95. SJ Kiiivf- lor (."iilliiiK I'l-at. Kit;. <)() — Arrangement lor Cutting; IViit. The arranfrcincnt - of sucli n jilrtut in a (b'uint-d liof; with a I )(ill)crfi one-horse I ppat inachinc are shown in Fifr. OS. In nndraincd l)o>rs a tiittin}; machine iilcscrihed on pa,u;p 20) is ii.-^ed for tiic ciittinjr and hftin-r up of the raw peat. dryin;i fi. !ii J Is are u^"'> | •■"■• 97— ^^'''•■•'1'' '">'«• liT tr.-insporl iil IVat I'iilii'ts to ilryiiij,-- tielj. '*,^.#«F^i«.-^. 8^aCr'^>, ^'""'^it., ,.Ki. 98-tleneral arrHnnement at a Dolberjf IVat Plant with a one horse I'eat Machine (in a drained bo>{). FIG. 99-General arranKements at a DolberK IVat IMant with a one horse Peat Maihine (in a wet bos'). othenvise the ^ixme arrangements, see Fij;. 99, are employed. At larger plants cars running on tracks are generally used. The«e cars are either made of iron or wood and constructed for three two or one row of peat pallet^. The weight of the loaded cars should nm be too great to be easily movetl by one man. The cars chiefly v;sed are shown in Figs. 100-103. Those with two or one row are more conveniently loadcl and unloaded and better liked In- the workmen. -W^fXTji Vj, .N7 u Flii. lOO — R, OolberK - >-.ii lor Iransport ot IVat I'allets. a -%^7S■. -^ Fu;. 101 — Su^fff & Co. car for transport of I't-at I'allcts. Vt larsi": or tlirt V loukl IV I ire show u Iv loaili'l ^^tx' ^ W^— 31 — T 1 Flci. 102 — Anrep's car for transport of Peat I'allct-. with Peat Machine .\o. I. B. ^ifzl!i±^ Kn;. 10,1 — Anrep s car for transport of Peat Pallets with I'eat Machine No. II. H. llie inetiioti.s ustMi fur tiic tniii.sportation of the ioatlcd cars to tlie (iryinj; 111 and the traii.sportation of the empty cars hack to the peat machine are mierous, but tlie following; are those principally eniploveil: 88 In Cierinanv, whero the i«at inmliines usimI ^MyvMy have a t-nipar- ativplv small production, or so.ne 20-25 tons uir-.lried peat |>cr day of hours" the n.ethod shown in Fis- 104 is often en.ploye.l. In this case only ri i- 1 l^'l — 1 S— <* — "— t' — !t rt-i.TTiW ....L-.J|| rHH .■:,.^.-ir • '^ "^ '[■ " "^^~' Drainaffc ditch New Drying' Field nraina^t* dili'h Prvinif Fii'ld being ciivereJ Hrainatrr ditih Prying Kield Awered p,C. ,04— Method of transportatioti to and from drylnjf field and arrangements on the box, employed in Germany. I^PJOEBCSTF^^.^ (iiic |i(iit;il)lt' truck with ii sliiiit >i lueihod ;il!c ws only a very liniit«'(l niimlier of cars to lie continuously used and is, therefore, less suitalde for a hirj;e production. The metliod usually em|iloyed in (iermaiiy is shown in Ml's. lu.") 107. FUi. 105 — General arr.iiiRfini'iits at a Diillierj.' I'eal I'lanlwitli I'eat Machine \o. I. b. or I, e. (in .1 drained bo^). til .'. .-ffl^' :"-i3r>i^i.«Tta?-.'=*5cr!i'(^»i:OTr!f:^^ IK) Kli.. .07 -General arranK.-mei.f. at a DolberK IVat Plant «ilh IVat Machiiu- No. I. b. and Cuttin({ Macliiiie for Molor-powi-r. The i)()ital.le track is hiiil down its 11 rerttingle with round corners, so- called round track, which permits the cars to bo moved continuously in one direction. Hv this method any desired numlier of cars can l.-e employed, but ti-.e distimce which each car lias t.. travel is considerably increased and necessitates the employment of more men than otherwise would be required for tiie same production. Fi-' H).') shows the fienoral arraiu'cir.ent at a Dolberj; plant, with a peat machim- No. 1 b or 1 c, in a .Irained i).)^. Fi-. KXi is the same in an undraine.l bojt, where cuttinj: machines for ho..J power are used, and Fifj. 107 the same in an undrained bof; where cutting machines for motor power are used. 1 he track is made in sections of suitable len-ths, and when the area of the dryim: field has been covered from a certain po^iiion of tiie tracks at two sides oi the rectangle, these two sides are moved and shortened the required lenjith tind the laving out continued. The laying out witli roun.l tracks is also done I's shown in Fijjs. IDS ami l()!t. , , .... In Russia, Sweden, etc., the method with parallel tracks, shown in I'ls: no is chieflv emi)loved. Hv this method the distance which the empty .•ars have to'travel is decrca.sed to a minimum. The peat bricks are first laid out at the greatest distance from the workin- trench, and as soon as the drvin- field in front of one section of the track is covered, this section is removed (he .ll.laiK.-,d. When Iht; w!>o!e width -.f the drying' fiehl is covers! from the track A, the curves C, I) and E are moved to their new positions, and the peat now brouuht out on the former returnins track B. Instead 01 the curves I), the use of which requires that the track should always be moved s^wn in t i-*M'-r.-.'"^iT ■ ill"'' '■!'" 'i " '* *^ 'y- ' *'^ I af k.^ '-'^'int-l||[nii^[1tl^iiiiii _ iirti ^: ■ i ii| ^p s.n ! ..Jl nj wiijw w u g W i m i H« J^ » iii »| i » i"«1 I .,1, 1 mmmmmmafltiimmmm ' !W. ^-■■"■"' ix"?^?^*---^.-' i• : V»^-» ; -St; ■ Kiii. loS — Tran^po^l.•ltion and layinjfout for drvinj; wilh rounu track (I?, pt-at brii'ks laid out) Fig. log — Transportation and laying: out lor drying with round track (D. peat bricks laid out) uj^V%=u^^:-'v; 'ili'yV'i^yffl^.iv., .^Mm^ixdr i».' ^^-^'^- .miM'mw^.m:j^ t Fro. 1 1& -Anrf|i Svedala Peat I'lant with tran>porlatioii by hand on paralU'l tracks. exactly the same distaiicr. otlicr arr:iiiconi«>iits are eniiiloyed. One of these is shown in l-'in- 111, and consists of a i)ortal)lf frame hiid across the two tracivs. This frame carries a low truck witli rails for the empty iK-at cars, which are pushed up on these rails and moved to the other track. Occasion- ally a .simple iron plate is thrown across the two tracks and l)y means of this plate the empty cars are easily moved from one track to the other. Anreji's round tmrk with mcchuHifal tranKportat ion. —The peat cars are by this method (see Fig. 112) transported by means of an endless cable driven by the same motor as the |ieat iiiachiiie. The niunbc: of men otherwise required for thi- tran.sportation is hereby avoided. The platform of the peat machine and motor is provided with two rope pulleys, one of which is driven by a chain and chain wheel from the motor '. J4 KUi. iij — Anrep S\edala Peat Plant with lable transpoilalion on round irailc. '-.^^■V^Ii-JSUfR w -mm^-^ifi 94 uiul (oupleil or uncouplca l.y moans of u friction (•oui)linir. The .•ul.lc, (• :im i.age 54. The field pre.-s consists of three parts (sec l'late24), a front part intended tor the recei)ti(.n of the ).eat mass, a middle part for levelling the ma.ss to a layer ,.f uniform thickness, and a thii d part for cutting this peat layer in parallel rows. ThP front part consists of a rectangular frame, which is provided with, a wooden roller below the front side and ..pen at the opposite side. 'Ihe midlilc ill front. The l)!ick i)ait is also comiectod willi the iniddip part in such a iiiiinner that it is inovalilc in a vertical direction and coxcrod m the same iii.iniier. Melow this rover 14 vertical jjlates, .'5 inches in height, are placed, "liich cut the peat mass to this dei)th. When the press is haided forward, these knives cut through the peat mass and by means of wooden knives iihiced behind and pressed down by sprinirs tiie nuiss is divided into 15 con- tinuous rows. The covers to the liack and miildle parts are pres.sed down by ■'•riiht:-;, as required. The peat rows laid out by tlie press are cut in suitable lengths by tiie tool ^iiown in Fig. 115. ':>rBa^ '^^•©^Ttw 96 Tlie press is moved only in one direction, i.e. .towards tlie working t cncli, otlierwi.se the hiiulinj; arrunKement becomes too complicated. The cable used for hauling the press (see Fig. 114) is fastened in a rini; connected with the front side of the press by two ropes of equal lengths. From there it runs over a pulley held in place by two anchors, and to a winch at the motor. Fii;. 1 15 — Tool for Culling Peal. When the end of the line is reacheil, the press is loaded on a low truck ami brought back to the beginning of the next line. One man is generally employed at the press for levelling the peat dumpe.l into it, another man for" cutting the jwat rows in suitable lengths, and a boy stationed at the plant for signaling to the engineer in case the press require^ to be stopped. A similar arrangement is also employed when parallel tracks instead a round track is used. The arrangement in this case is shown in Fig. 1 1 By this method the peat bricks laid out on the dr\ing field obtain a be> shape and the dirty work of loading and unloading the pallets usually ei, - ployed ir. avoided." The production is considerably increa.sed and the cost lowered on account of the less number of men employed. .1. Korner's ananyomnt for transport to the dnjing fu. /.—This apparatus consists of a number of rolling tables (see Figs. 117-119 and I'late 25) placc.l on wooden supports. One side of the table has rollers turning in one direr- tion.and the other side has the same turning in the opposite direction. A num- ber of such tables are placed in front of each other until the further side ..I the drying field is reached. Each section is about 20 feet long and is easih moved. The rollers for each section are turned in their resj^ctive tlirections In means of a chain running on the top and underneath every second roller, a- shown in Fig. 117. The chain is driven by a pulley.which derives its motion from a bevel gear operated by the shaft placed underneath. This shaft is driv( n direct from the jieat machine and is supplietl with special couplings for each section. These couplings are constructed in such a manner that the dilleiv..! sections of the shaft have about 8 inches play in a longitudinal direction ai>..l also permit the different sections to make certain angles with each other. 97 iim mm mm m 1 liUliiliMiiliiiliiiiiljll KiG. 1 16— Anrep Svedala Peal Plant with cable traiisp.^rlaliun on parallel tracks antl field press. fiffi; .^ ' ns I'li;. I JO — Ciniplin^r to A. Kbrne ^ IVat Conveyor. The construction, which is covered by a special ^tent, is shown in Fig. l-'i The rollers on the tiiWe .-vre placed a little inrlined (see Fis. 118) in order tii; the usual pallets carrying the peat bricks m.iy stay on. The peat is cut in suitable lengths when it leaves the peat niacliine :iii transported by the rollers on one side of the table to the drying fi.>ld. ! ! 99 rt.i|ity pallet.s are placed (in tlio otlior side of the lahlo and transported hack lo ilie plant. The ])allets can naturally oe taken off at any desired [xiint, as -ii.iuii in Fij;. 121. When the drying field furthest from the plant is covered, ilic section.s coverinfi thisdistance are uncouplec' and moved to the ne.\t line,' a- >lio\vn in I he figure. twORKINCi TRENCH ^IG. 121 — ,A. Kornor-, Peat Conveyor and M.-lhod of layinjr out lor liryinK. This arranfienicnt can he used even where the surface of the hoi; is fairly uneven and hy its employment tracks and men reeat. T!i. sheds are maile with triani;ular .-sections and with a ratln'r small an'.:■- 1 tics, ■ r re sliowii ;!. -at. Tlv- iiiflle at :i,' IS const r Il- ls; facili ii- Km. 1J4- l.',ir lor transp.Ml i.( MiirJ \\-,u. Flc. 1..5 Car for Ir.iiisiHirt of driod l\.,ii. I' Fu;. ij6— C;.r l\ r iraiispoft lit drii'd IVat. 102 Km 1J7 Car (it iiiiii-.|nirt i>t diu'it I'imI. nKSCHIl'IKlN l)K ISDIVIDIAI. I'KM I'l.ANTS. ^-ilnfxja.—Thi' coininissidn. apiKUiitcd liy the Swc.lish ( loverniiient \„ tost iliffercnt |K':it iiiiuliincs, uuuU- in wm tests at the above place will, Anrei)'s niachiiies Nos. 1 H aii.l II M. aiul witli Sve.lala No. 2. The tests lasted during two days. 10 hours a day, .•' later special tess were made in order to ascertain the niaxiinuin capacit> plants and iKi' suitability of the ix^at ina.'liines for treatment of fibrous iK-at plentifully miNc with toujih roots. The raw iH'at contained on an averafre 11 (i' , at bricks were loaded on pallets ami transported and laid out -n the drying field by hand on parallel tracks, as descriUMl on pafic 00. 7V.s7.s- »•///( .\niii> Machine So. I H.*-Tho construction of the machine \< <;iveti on ])af;e 7S. The mimbcr of men employed w;ls as follows: 1 eni:iiieer. 1 helper, HI dii;f.'crs, 2 loadinir the peat pallets on the cars, fi transportin;; the cars to drv- inrfield, 4 unloadiiifr and laying out the peat for drying, and W boys atten.!- iuir to the iiallels and cuttins: the peat— total, 24 men and 15 boys. During 20 hours 704 cubic yards of raw peat were duj; out from a trenrh 19. S feet wide and 7 :< !'eet deep. Tlie locomobile used was of 42 h.p. ar : was supplied with winch and .able for stump pulling. During the trial iH' stumps were pulled up without any interruption in the work. No chokiii- occurred in the hoi)i.er to the ix-at machii e and all the material brought up by the elevator was easdy treated in the machine. The interior of the machitu' \vas after the trial perfe'ctly free from roots and fibres. The iieat was cut on "the rolling table into pieces 12 inches in length, ami the pallets were ti feet long. The interior dimensions of the mouthpicc were 4 84 x 5. 31) inches . 2.'?. 94 s.). inches. Each peat brick contain.a. therefore, :511 li cubic inches of wet peat and e.adi pallet .\ 311 .:} - ^ 1,S<" cubic inches. The cars used (see Fig. 102) for transportation to the dr\ mi field were each loaded with about 30 i)eat i)allets. The peat bricks wcr. unloaded on a 20 feet wide strip of the dn-inj; field on the further side of th( exterior track and when the strip was covered this track was moved 20 lec back from the interior track. The carrier shown in Fig. 1 1 1 was ti.sed for ih. * Anre|)'s iiuicliincs «cro at that time niaimfaclurc.l by Mmiktcll, Kskil.stuna, Svvc! n \ I'l.Mi; •_'<>. iiient I'l ici> will, •ial toi- and il" ly inixi '. ilrv |H':'i (1 out ■:. iU'liiiic - icllicr, 'HI rs t trial i.'.i ) <'h()kiii;l OU^ilt ,1' ' liiachiiii' Ath.']. I'.-.il M.uhino \o, II. \\. m SliUsj,,. .S«cil,-i;. niitli, -X'A DUtlipi' '■ ontaiii' 1. .^ i,,s(;7 s he dnin,' 'icks wilt' ;ide of ilie ed 20 K'l' cd for b' la, >«■(•(; n. hi:! Ililll.'liortiltioll III' the ciil> 111 III line innk I., llu' hiIht. Dwiin!; the liiiil till' iiMiks wci'f iiiovcil fl limes, ili,. tii ciiiiivd lor each niuvitiL' l.cini; .'),'; !llillUll'«. The rtrxt (liiy .Vi. !':.•() prai l,ii,k.« I'l i S.S7() pallets \M>rf lanl ..iii ..n ilic irviiif; fii'l.l anil iliiiiiiii tlic M'cutul diiv iM.TM) Inmi H,ti:j() |mlk't.-i, total Id.*), (MX) peat lirii'ks iliirint: :.'0 Iicmii>. or (i;«l (),{ cul.ir \anls. 'riu. area coviTcd on tli<> . In ins lit'lil was tl.iUl I .i.|iiarc \ unls, or 10 i iil.ii- yards per KM) xpiarc yanl.H. TIk- raw peat treated per man and day (1(1 hours) was l."> ',:, cul.i.- yards. 7'i| cul'ii' yards of raw (u-at* produrod I'M) ciiliic yards ol marhinc prat, llic iiiliiitioii in \oliinii' tlirouKJi the nKHliaiiical trcatiiicnt was, tlicrcforf, I'l .".' , . Tlic raw peat ((iiiiainrd 1 1 (i' , dry |icnl -iiliMancc and had a specific uci;;|ii ol I (I. Calculatiiii; on air-dric'd peal wiih 2.')', moisture, llio prt)- luclion per da\ was .')1 ."i!» tons. Ihirins; the .-pccial tests madr, the proiluction durum half an hour iimoiiiilf.l to .",1 ;i!t culiic yards of madiinf jicat or .">,s7 s culiic \ ards per dav '1 II) hoius, whii'h would cipial !M tons air-dricl peat uith L'.V , moistuiT. l! Is naturally not possiliU> to oKtain such a pidductioii duriiii; a iMmtinuous vwrkiuK, hut it clearly demonstrates the lar:;e cai.aciiy of ihis luacliin.v The test made with (ihrous |)eat and touuh pruce rooi - shou, i| that the uiachine wu.s fully ahle to treat micIi material. 7'i.s/,s irillt Anirp Marhim Xo. II li. TJie arrani;ements at this pjaiit arc shown in Plate '_'(). The numlicr of men was as follow>: -I eiij;itiecr. I helper. H diu'iier-. i Inaditm the peat palieis on cer , ."> transportin'i ih 's lo the dryin.: field, 2 iinhiadini; ami layim; out il ■■ peat for dryimr and -loys atlendini; to the pallets and cuttilij; the i)eat. Ihe machine used was of older construction and not provided with the later improvements. A 2.") h.p. locomobile furnished the power. I'urint: 20 hours 52>* 34 cubic yards of raw peat were treate.l. The interior dimensions of the mouthpiece were l.!t2 .\ , ■).:{() inches. 2ii 37 sipiare inches. Kacli peat pallet was 52 S inches in lenpfh and the peat was cut in lengths "I 13 2 inches. The cai-s used for transportation (see Fii;. 103) were each Idided with about 25 peat pallets. I'uring the trial 67,220 i)eat bricks- 452 5 cubic yards, were laid out for (iiyini;. The raw peat treated per mail and day (10 houis) wa.s 15 04 cubic yards. The reduction in volume throuL'h the mechanical treatment wa.s 1 ) 35' ; and the daily production 34 37 tons air-dried peat, with 25' ,' mois- ture. During the special test i.,ade, the production during half an hour :!;';:• untud to 14 8 culiic yard.^ of iaachine peat or 29(1 cubic yards per day of 10 hours. Thi.s machine also treated fibrous peat and roots to satisfaction. * Including tlic volume ooou|iied by tlic tree sturn|).. 2- Thin ninrliim- wiw drivi'ri l)y u •-'.') Ii.p. eltxtrir motor, Imt in or.l.T to loinimn- tin- rt'i^iiltH ol.tiiinc'.l the inimlxT of tncti I'tii- ployi'.l i.H a>«iiiM nunilKT of men ftnplo.vi'd \u.M \r..\v Iwfii; I cn^'inwr, 1 lifli«T, s .iiut.MTx, I ioa.linu tho [K'lit pullris on ••ur-i, •'- ininnportinij llic cars to tin- trial r)(i5 H cuhic yar.ir^ ..f raw jx'at vvt-re treatfil in tin- ni;. chine. 'Ilic interior diniei Mons <>( the iiiniithpie.-e w.-re ") _' \ I <.ts iiiciies IT) M» square inches. i;ach 1*111 pallet vvus 54 inii.es in leiiKth :'nd the |h':ii wart cut l>v the knife shown in Fic. !••) Iiurini: '.'(t hours 7S,'J2(l peat Wricks from ir>,ti»4 |wat pallets were lai.i out for drying. The volume of the machined |)eat was JHT !I2 cul.ic yards The raw (x-at treate.l i>er man and day (10 hours) wiw 1 1 75 cubic yurd- The reduction in volume ihroutih the mechanicid treatment wiw ViA',',, and the daily pnMluctioii U2 tons air-dried peal with 25',' moisture. Durinu the s|MMial test made, the pnuhiction for half an hour amounted to 22 \^ cuhi<' yanls of machined (K>at or 44:i cuhic yards |ier day of lU hours. This machine occasionally re«iuired deaninp, and after the test with the fibrous material were found i ts and fibres twisK-d around certain iiarts m the nuichine, othirwise il was ^atisfactnry. Kodlvara. Sirul,n. In -idtT to ascertain the possibilities of mamifac turins! jieat fuel in the northern |.art of Sweden, the Swedish ^iovernmeii! erected n xiH-rimental plant at Koskivara, situated at (iti^' ;{',1' latitude.* * Hcpoii by III' Swclish Uepartmtiil "1 .\Kri(altiinv lu:. riic spiwon (limii« wliiili iiir-tlricil |«';it lut-l tan U- riuitiiifiutun .1 lien- \ = 5£ " '-■' ^. I-- I. !•• '■; t-.- / l; — I X r r n ; — ! — ?i " *" -; — I ■ I 1-1-1. IT- XC s c • — I- X fih-M ri ri — r: -c -r: — — *i r: — ri 1- I- !■• K~.^. < 7. ?. c l2^. r-'y.'^. = ». >. _ KKi Tlieso Hcures arc a little le.ss favoiirahle than under normal conilitions, hut the peat niaiuifactureil liad suflTicient tinio to dry. The arransionients on the l)Of; are shown in Fiji. 12S. This plant was in operation durini; IIKKS \'M)'y. l-lii. l.'S -I'.-.il Hu); ,11 Ki>ski\ar;i. Sw.uUmi. Tlio peat machine used was an Anrep iiiachine No. 11. H, driven by a '.' ) h.p. locoinohile. The transportation and layinp out of the i)eat bricks were done in tl •' usual way, with the jM-at pallets loaded on ears run on a parallel track. DuririK 1904 tho plant was in (iperatiun Ironi .June ti to July .'. and the results olitainod ai'c jtivcn in the fullowinf' tal>le:— ;i|-' i '% ! .. .'. ^■'ii i J •; § I r: — — I.— s 1^ — ^; 1 r — ~ X — X rt I - .; z.-n ?i ?i C r — r- ri »': I- * — •~- -^ ^ - i - t it tr - •- ' — < — ^ — — ~ -r-^""" ~ — — :J2u] 108 Tilt' drying work |M>r ton air-dried peat costs 3.46 cents for turning the peat bricks, 8 . 82 cents for piling in heaps and for transport, stacking or storing 2o cents, total: 37.38 cents. The total cost ix>r ton, including all expenses, amounted to about $1 .50. Considering that the plant only had a small production, this figure shows that peat-fuel, even where the season is so short and drying conditions less favourable, can be manufactured on an economical ba.sis. St. Olof, Swiden. — The peat plant at tlie above i)la(e is one of the most modern plants in oix'ration in Europe. The area of tlie bog is about 155 acres and the de])th 1_'-15 feet. The peat is of a good ((uality and contains very little asli, as seen by the following analysis made at the laboratory of the Swedish I'eat Society. I'eat fuel from St. Olof: Moisture 24.61';; Ash 1.20^; Organic substance "4 . 1'.*', , Calorific value in bomb calorimeter: Dried sample 8,!»17 B.T.U. Dried and as!i-free .santple 9,061 Original sami)l( 6,046 The bog is partly drained by ditches and otiierwise kept suiliciently dry by a waterscrew, wliicli works very satisfactorily. It is worked with two IX'at machines, one on I'ach side of the working tiench. The drying field is drained by coveretl ditches in order that tlie surface may be unbroken. These ditches are dug in the manner shown in fig 129. The large surface sods are first cut out and again put back when a drain about 6 inciies square has been dug. Kii.. 121) — nraliiaKe ilitih lur dr\ iiii,- field, St. Olot, Swoilon. The peat machines used are: one .\nreii ii'achine No. IH. ii'ade by Abjorii Anderson. Svedala. Sweden, and one machine manufactured by Munktell. Kskilstuna, Sweden. This lattiT firm formerly manufactured the machim s ci tiie termination of the contract continued to manufacture jM-at machines slightly changed from Anreji's jiatents, but the ciianges made are no improvements. The Anrep (Svedala) machine No. IB. (see I'lates 21 and 22). is oiH'iated by a 42 h.p. locomobile, whicii also furnishes the power required to oiH'rate the mec'anical arrangements for t!ie transjiortation of the miiciiined peat to tlie drying field, the field press and stump i)ulling apparatus. The spades used for digging the raw peat are shown in Plate, 21 and the mechanical transport arrangement and field jiress in Plates 22. 23 and 24. ■| mi; l'I I 'I. ATI: L'2. 111 . ri.ATi; 23. I'r.Mi: Jl. Jaki'lisoii s I'ii'lilprvss Hi Si. 0\ol, Sw.'di' iima/fBtsK^ssf^ \jSk' »»^ • l'r.»Ti 25. rTT" I'lVlK 2(i. 109 and IS further described on paprs 94-95. The ears used arc common dump- mg cars made of iron and holding al)out 0.8 cubic yards. The niacliined peat Ks conveyed by the belt conveyor and dumped into the cars, which, when hlled. are cl:nnp«.d to the transport cable ami hauled to the fiel.l press, shown iti Plate 24, and further described on pages 94-95. The production of this machine, u.sed with t lie arrangements described averaged during the season 1907, per day of 10 hours, 55 tons air-dried peat (about 25% moisture) and occasionally the output reached 60 tons. The number of men employed was as follows; 1 engineer, 1 lieljH'r 10 diggers, 1 for loading the cars and clamping them to the cable, l' for dump^ mg the peat into the field press, 1 l,.velling the p<>at in the field j.ress, 1 cutting the peat laid out in suitable lengtiis, 1 for moving tracks, etc., and one bov for signalling— total: 17 men and 1 boy. The dimensions of the p<>at bricks in wet condition were 8 x 5 .x 5 inches and each brick air-dried weighed 1.3-1.5 lbs. The Munktell machine was combined with a jieat pallet convevor 660 feet long for the laying out of the peat bricks on the drying field (see Plate 25). This conveyor, invented by A. Kiirner, is described on pages 96-97. The engineers were paid 95 cents per day, the rest of the work was done bv contract. Labour cost : — u'gmg, transportation and laying out tie machined peat for Cents per ton. trymg Turning the peat briiks Piling the peat brick.s in heap: T ■ansportation and storing tie dried pip.ss, which is used for the manufacture of moss litter. It is thoroughly (trained and the peat used for the manufacture of peat fuel is of good quality, i)'it tree stumps are plentiful in the bottom layer. The bog is worked with 110 two [x-at macliinps, om- an Anrep mat-hinc No. IH, witli iiicclianical trans- portation on parallel tracks, and Jakobson's field press; the other an older Anrep niarliiiie with two shafts and the usual arrangement for transportation and laying out for 'drying, described on page 90. With the latt<"r inachiiic the daily production, under normal ccmditions, averaged 40,000 jx^at bricks of the dimensions 5 x 5 x 13.2 inches in 10 hours, which is equal to about 44 tons air-dried i)eat with 25';; moisture. The volume of the raw peat required per ton air-dried peat was about 7 cubic yards. The number of men employed was IS men. 4 boys, 1 engineer and 1 heliH>r. The labour costs (not inch.iding engineer were) : per 1,000 Per ton, cent.-. {)ieces, cents For digging, transportation and laying out 60.8 55.3 For turning the |X'at i)ricks 2.7 2.5 For piling the [x-at bricks in heaps 4.6 4.2 For transportation of the dried ix'at to .storeliou.se 16.0 Total "SO Fur stacking (when necessary) ^-'^ The men employed at tlie Anrep machine No. IB were 16 men, 1 engineer and 1 helper. The men here were paid 7 cents per cubic meter of raw peat dug out and treated, th.e engineer and help«'r 0.54 cents, which would make the labom cost per ton as follows: Per ton. cents For digging, transportation and laying out 41 . 1 For turning the jx-at bricks 2 . o For piling the [X'at bricks in heaps 'i ~ For transportation of the dried ix-at to storehouses 16() Total 63.8 The spjides used for digging the raw peat had sciuare edges. otlitrwi>.' the tools and methods used were the same as those previously descrilted. Thr [X'at bricks were i)ilcd up in heaps, as shown in Fig. 130, which was the methiM chiefly employed in Sweden. Klii. ijo — Peat heaps al Vxenhuli, Sweden. The price [XT ton |K-at fuel f.o.b. Vxenhult station wa.s S2.35. .At Emmaljunga anil a numiu-r of other plants in i>weilen Anrep niachim s are also employed. The methods used and the labour costs and production !',t these plants are practically tl;<' same as those already given. Ill 67a/s;'o*.— During 1901 an Anrej) machine witli two sliafts was at work ill this bog. Tlie daily production averaged 47 tons and the cost of pro- duction was in detail as follows, per 1,000 i)ieces=l,000 kg. or 2,200 Ibf*. Per ton, kronor Ddiggers, at 0.0728 kronor 0,655 12 men for transport and laying out, at (),072,S kronor .0.874 ■-' men for loading, at 0.0728 kronor 0. 145 ■; boys, at 0.0364 kronor y 109 luigineer, at 2 . 50 kronor i)er (hiv o . 054 lleljier, at 2.00kronoriK'r(hiy 0.043-1 Turning and piling i)oat bricks 014 I'^t^'^^king 0. 14 -0.28 Transportation to storehouse 45 Fuel for loconiojjilc qc) 88 Oil , .0.03 -0.58 Total 2.74 kr(inoi-=74 cent? To this must ijeadiled: I'er ton. kronor .Amortization and repairs 0.45 .Administration 45 ( Icneral exjien.ses 45 Loading on railway cars 0.45 Total. 1 .80 kronor =i 50 cents. The total cost of production was, therefore, $1 . 24 p«>r ton. Russia.— The peat machines used in Russia are chiefly Anrep machines of older construction, with two shafts. Up to the present time, some 1.300t of these machines are employed. The new machines with one shaft have also lately l*en introduced. The largest peat industry in Kussia is centered around -Mo.scow, notwithstanding the fact that the climatic conditions are compar- ■MvfW unfavourable and the working season short. The frost in the ground u.> a rule does not disappear before the end of .May, and rains during the sum- mer are frequent. The bogs generally contain a large number of roots and tree stumps, and require, therefore, strong and well constructed jieat machines. The mouthpieces on the Russian machines have 5 2 .\ 5.2 inches Ulterior dimensioms, and the peat is cut in lengths of 13 inches, each brick weighing, air-dried, about 2.75 lbs. With the old methods of transporting the iieat pallets on cars on parallel tracks and laying them out for drving, !iii- F>roduction per machine per day of 10 hours varies according to the nature * Ucport by .Mps.srs Wallgren & Larson. < .Vccording to .\. Aiircp. ,H' 112 of the bog, between 40-t)0 tons air-dried peat. The number of men employed per machine is about 80, of which 12 are differs, and the drj-iiii: work is done by about 15 women per machine. The cost of productiim per ton peat fuel, including all expenses, slackid on tlie bog average.s Sl.;i."j to $1.40. Iicu€rb(rg, near Munich, Germani/.—The boj; located at thi.s place fur- nishes the raw material for the peat coking plant owned by der Obri- bayerisci;en Kokswerke and erected, in accordance with .M. Zie^ler's pat- ents, close to the bo<;. The bog is chiefly a so-called high bog and contains, with the exception of the surface layer, well humified peat of good quality. Roots and stumps of trees are fairly plentiful. The area of the bog at present worked by 1 1 peat machines is some 175 acres, with an average depth of 8 to 10 feet. The main drainage ditches and arrangement of the plant are shown in Fig. IHl The p.at machmes used are of Heinen's, Schlickeysen's and Dolberg's con- strvotion, with side elevators. Heinen's and Dolberg's machines have their mouthpieces provided with two openings and deliver the wet peat with cro>- sections 4.2 x 4.0 inches. The peat pallets used are 4 feet k.ng and hoM six peat bricks each. Schlickeysen's machines have mouthpieces wiili three openings. The spades used for digging the raw peat are shown in Fig. 132. The peat pallets are loaded on cars in three rows, which are trans- ported to and from the drying field on round tracks. The average production for each machine for ten hours, employing 14 men, is 22 tons air-dried peat. The cost per ton peat at the coking plant wa.< .<;i .20 tt, $1 75, and the wages of the men were on an average S1.25-S1.50 per day. Each peat machine was run by a 20 h.p. electric motor. The electric energ}- was developed by two dynamos each of 128 K.W. driven by two locomobiles, which were fired with peat or with the waste ga.-ies from tlic coking retorts, and placed in a separate building close to the bog. Tic peat machines worked day and night, with two shifts of men. During the night electric Ughl is used, both arc lamps and incandescent lamps beini; employed. Usually four arc lamps for each machine were suflBcient. These lampsused the direct current of 440 volts which supplied the motors IriviiiL' the peat machines. The location of the circuit which follows eacii working trench is shown in Fig. 131. The wires are hung up on poles, and at everv 105 feet connfctions can be made with the motors to the various peat m .- chines. The employment of electric motors instead of locomobiles is undoubte(i'\ a very practical arrangement at a plant where a number of peat machiiu- are working. Each locomobile requires an engineer and a helper for carr\ - ing fuel and water, and the employment of these men is avoided where electric motor.s uie used, tlie foreman for each maeliine attendmg to t'i' switching on or off of the current. Furthermore, an electric motor is vnv much lighter and runs more quietly and with less vibration than a locon ■>■ MIe or a f:as..li„f. e„Kinp. whirl, is soineti.nos used. Ti.is is imm.rtnnt in l.o;:s when- tl.c walls of tl.e working trench have a tcnciomv t.. rave in or I rack. 3 Fn.. i;,i — IVat h-.,f ;,l Kimi.tIxtj,-. (J.-rniain . wr--?*^ 114 Short handle lonjf handle Fork long blailf thiirt blade pn;, ,32— Tools used for dijfK'iK l"*^** »» BeutrberK. Ciermaiiy. % Fvilenbach, Bavaria, Germany.— This bog is a high bog with an area ..| 740 acres ami a depth of from 10 to 50 feet. The average depth at present worked is 21.5 feet. Part of the bog contains less humified sphagnum mo>-, whidi is used for the manufacture of nuws litter, otherwise the peat is well humified and of good quality, a.s shown by the following analysis:— Peat fuel from Feilenbach: Carbon '*^\'^!^ Hydrogen ^ '^'^ " Oxvgen and Nitrogen 29.G2 " Ash ^ l^'>" .Moisture 14 7:i" Total 100.00'; Sulphur 0.1:5 " Roots and stum])s of trees occur, but not in very large quantities. The 1' 'l: is well drained and tiie drying fields are drained by small ditches 2.(1 feet m depth and about 'M) feet apart. The bog is worked by 9 peat machines of Dolberg type, witli side eli- vators, manufactured by Sugg and Krauss, in Mimich. Each machine i-r Plate 27) is run by a locomobile of 10-18 h.p., and with 17 men gives m average production of 22 tons per day of 10 hours. The men are distributed as follows:— 1 engineer, 1 helper,* o (hgg< ;<. 1 putting the peat pallets in position,* 1 cutting the peat in suitable length .* 2 loiiding the peat pallets on cars, 4 transporting the cars to and from 1 :f drying field, and 2 ludoading and placing the jx-at bricks on thr dryi':>: hold. The spades used for digging were the same as those employed at Hci v- berg, and the transportation and laying out for drying were also perforn -i * At Fcili'iiliiioli this work wan done by women. Plate 27. 1 area i ■! present tu nu)>-, ,t is well IV.il M.uliin.' al l-filciilviili, t'.>Mni,iii\. I'l.xTi; L'S. Thel' -' () feet 111 side eli'- line i-'f gives .11 (lif;j:< -. lenpth . From ' I' ,P drvi' l: It H(M - erfuri; '1 r.Ml Mailiiiu- ,11 Tn.inj4.-I, t'.iTMi.iii\ 115 in a mmilar nmnnor. The n..,ull>,.iero. to tho nutrhin.-s ha.l ,uo ,.,K.„i,.«s 10 .„, lu-s ,„ wnith. Lad. pallet ..ontuinea .i p.at hri.k.. of ,|„. ,li,n,.,,Mons ■* x 1 « X 17 .5 iiiclioN, The men wore pui.i 1.1 ,„a.-k.s per \.m, jK-at pallets nm) peat l.rirks la.d out f.,r ,|ry.„«. Of ,hi. amount they tx.eive.l o„|v I,., L.^k. each pay day an.l the l,alan..e. .. 75 marks, was held l.aek "until the season w.ts over and then paid only to those who had ren.ained the tin.e a^^r 1 „p..„ follows':'- "'"""' '"'"' '"■■ ^'^^' ^""'"' '"'■'' '"'•' ''"•" ^^=" ■li-<'ril.ute.| .us Engineer at 1 2fi marks li.KKers at ',»7 " Pallet placer .at 4(i " Peat cutter at 4»J - Loading men at I ()7 " Transportinjimenat O.ft-l " Unloadinjr men . at KS Hel|)er at () 5(i " 1 2fi marks 4 So ■• () 4(i " 4fi •• 2 14 ■• ;i 7(i ■ 1 7(i •• 50 '■ Total 15 25 marks The peat bncks weisheti, air-drie.l. on an average 1.75 ll.s.. which would n.ake the cost per ton a,r-,lned [K-at, layed out for dryin., al.out .{ n.arks 7' ..ents IncluduiK all exj-enses, the cost per ton f. o. I.. Oher .\il,li„j; station wis ..ve.> ,us $2.40. which is exceedingly hi,h. The n.en n.ade, o,? an aver.l" a little over ^l AH) jx'r day. The dried peat was brought from the l.o^^ to the railway statio,, l.v nieans of small locomotives on a narrow jraujied railway The yearly production at this plant averatjes ]5.000 tons and the price ol.tained i)er ton peat fuel f. o. 1.. Oher .Aihliui; u,.ts .s.{ .5,, ' The price of coal in this part ..f (ier.nany was SV, 20 ,„ ^,; -,„ ,„,,. ,„„ Triangcl. nmr Gifhom, Girm,uv,.--m^ l.ojr has an area of some ;{ 000 Mcres and an average depth of 13 to Ki feet. It is owned l.v ".ler Xord.leut.- Chen lorfmoor Aktiensesellschaff (.A. ]{impau of Mraunschwei.). Kverv l'i'>'t of the 1,0K not used at present for the .nanufacture of peat fuel mo^'s i' tor or i^at mull is cultivated, an.l the results obtained bv the n.ethods en.- pl'-ye.l nave been exceed! n,i:l.\- favourable. The bog is a high bop with a surface layer of ;j-4 feet of sphagnum moss "h.ch IS iised as a raw n.aterial for moss litter manufacture. The .Iraina-^i H acTomphshed by a large .litch cutting through the bog an.l bv side ditcheV -■ that .t .8 thoroughly drained to the bottom, which is use.l for .Irvi,,.- field •r .-rought under tultixulion at the rate the bog is worked out. .A pernianent '-•a.k of no.mal gauge is laid down on the side of the main .l.-ainai:e ,lit,-h "Hi the ,H,at tuel and other peat p,-odu,.ts n.a.u.facture.l loaded .lirectlv o,i' >"lway cars, avoid.i.g any reloading at the station. ID'. At prf'sriit twii plants U>r llic iiiiuHifui-turo of intw.s litter iiiid |)eat niiill ami Id pcjil iiiiichirii-s arc in a<'ii\. Tlie power Is ilevi lopeil by two tnuisforniers |i|ikeeil in a liiliMins: elo;«> to the spot where the |)eivt ttiachines are wi.rking. The current is here transformed lo .■)(M) volts and delivered liv a stiitahlo circuit to the different motors. The hollers in the power |)lant are tired with a poor .|iialit> of |M'ii,t fuel and refuse on step >;rates. Tile |H'at machines use:. Some of Heinen's machines with two shafts and driven l>y loeomo- l.iles (see Plate 'JS) were also tls4'd. The nuiehines were working in trench's at rijiht .-.nKles to the main dniin- a>;e ditcii, ahout 1,IXX) feet apart, and on hotii sides of same. The numher of men employed at each mucidne was as follows: - 4 diKRers, 1 hoy (JUttinf: the [M-at pallets in position, I man cutting tl . [vat in suitable lengths, I loading tlie [x-at jnillets, :? transporting the cars lo and from the d-yinu, fiehl and .\ unloading and placing tlie jH-at bricks for drying. Ttital. 12 m"n aii'i 1 boy. M the machines run by locomobiles ont engineer ami a 'lelp-r v ere also employed. Tiie capacity of each nutchine* witli the above number of men was 4.0(10 \n-M l)ricks of 4.S x 5.2 x 10 inches in wet dimensions ]H'r hour, which eor- r.'sponds to :?,74() -;?,0«0 lbs. air-dry peat, or [ht day of 10 hours 1S.7-1'.>.S Ions. The method descriin-d on page 88, was us«.d for transporting and laying out the [H'at bricks for drying. The labour cost lK>r ton air-dried |H-at stackeil on the bog iiveraged ftS rents. Part of tlie IHi'.t fuel pro'liced is mamifaclured uito ()eat coke, which s,.||sfi)rS0.00to$10 (K)i>erton. (). Striii;l(''> I'((it Plant nt Elimhithf,) anil motor (.17,) an placed on a strong movabh' truck (7.) also supplied with a fram(> work (see Fig- i:}3 and 135) which partly carries, by means of cables, the spreader (6) ami coii vevors. Tlif- ronvryor <-nnvii- sists of two double cylinders, one pair placed above the other, and eacli sup- plied with two shafts provided with knives and screw threii in the ustuil manner. The (n-at first pa.sses through the upix-r cylinders ;ui>i froii there is passed through the lower one. A !)elt conveyor (3) tr:uisporl-» the nia''l ined |)eat to the spn-ader ((i). This apparalu- consists of two frames (»<•«' Figs. l'X\ utid Ft4) placed at an angle of 145° and covering a width of mMiic (Hi 70 feet. The frames are supported by adjustable wheels (sec I'ig. 140) and su|>- plied with a platform or carriage (20), which regulates the thickness of the |X'at mass laid out. The p<'at deliven-d by t ho belt conveyor (5) is distributed over the entire width coveretl by the spn-ader by means of the two conveyors (0), (see Figs. 134 and 139). The spreader !^s well as the conveyor for the raw p«'at are fastened by means of cables to the truck and moved forward simultaneously. The re(|uired power is furnished by a 45 h.p. motor (17), which is gener- ally a compound locomobile. The wholo machine is moved forward by motor power ami the excavator, iM'lt conveyor and conveyors on the spreader are driven by nutans of telescojt- ing partly suspended shafts with universal rouplings, so that even if the differ- ent [)arts of the machine are moved somewhat ai«»rt from each other, tl e working is not impeded. The machine is operated as follows: — When the excavator has r^^ached the edge of the trench, its motion is automatically sfop|)ed and the plant i;* moved forward 14 inches, whereby the biicketa are made to excavate this length of the bog. The excavator is again brought into ofx-ration and the work continued until the excavator reaches the inner side of the trench, when the plant is again moved forward and so on continuously. The capacity of this plant is said to be some 1,(XK) cubic yards of raw peat per day of 13 hours, equivalent to 110 tons air-drieat layer spread out by the inachine is cut into bricks of the re- quired 'liiiun:-!on- in I'^ngth and width by :'. .Hj^'cial cutting macliine. a!.s<' patented by Strenge. This machine (s«!e Figs. 141 and 142) consists of two or more circular steel plates revolving on a shaft and is ojx-nUed l)y means of cables (G) and a double winch (1) driven by a motor (2). Il<» . -3 It 9 O I 120 The iiidtor of 0-S li.p. is iiioiintrd on the .saiiic truck (3) !is tlio wiiici wliicli it drives. On the opposite side of the peiU hiyer wliicli is to i)e eiit i- anotlier truck carrying a roiK' pulley (7). around wliicli tiie cable runs, .-.. that the nuttinj; rTiachine can work either from one side or the other. Wlien the cutting machine has traversed the distance between the tw^ trucks, whi('li are movable on rails, the shaft is caught by two forks (4) lurniiii :)n pivots and the ('Utters are automatically lifted up above the jx-at layei At the saiTie time the driving gear is automatically stopiH'd and the cuttiiii machine is held in ])lace i)y a brake preventing it from cutters are tlien slowly lowered into tlie [X'at layer and again started in an o[)[)osite direction to llie previous tut. The distance between the two tracks, when cutting the jx'at longitn dinally, is usually 132 feet ami when cutting it cross-ways (55-70 feet . On. man stei-rs the cutting macliine by means of a handle (o) placed on tlie shall .\fter tlie [x-at layer has been cut l)y tiiis macliine, it is cut by han.l (see Figs. 14:? and 144) in suitable thickncs.ses and rai.sed up for drying, a- shown in the figures. The mimber of men retjuireil to attend the peat niachiiir and cutting the [K-at is 13 to 17. FIG /'" -■ ^^— — . -*- — :==B^ , '. ^"1"1 - "I IL-ji . Later the |)eat l)ricks are piled up in 1 caps and dried in tl e usual mani:- by extra laliour. .Vceordiri!; to information received, the ensl |H'r : on air-dried |H'at at t' bog, including all expenses, amonnlcd to alxtut 70 c< nls. when the men iiia^ about !81..jO [H-r day. Loaded on liarges at the canal, \\\ ich cuts throii: the bog. the selling price w.as f2.2() |)er ton. .Most of t he |)eal fuel manufactured by the iriet hod desciiljed on piige .' i.s Usccl ;is HA material in llie |M'al-rokiiig plani erected clo.se !•> the boi; Elisabefhfelin. 121 R. Dolhinrf! I'ail Plnntu* willi llic miiiilMT of men aiul tin Minits Kivrri in the following t;il,|,.s have tlic followinj; cainicili, lontiiiiiinj; \)t-M of Miitiiblc i|ii:ility: - nrrniiKc- > ill l)oj;s In Dnilnai lidijs. (Tiif raw prat du<:, out of tlic i)oir with spa.lcs l.v liaml,') Diiily I'r...liicli ,-.. t .ia Is ■.'."i,(KHI S.l n ,;t ■_> !0 llltMKI l.i.,-) IK.O la iill SO.IMKI 1,(1 MI.IKIO -7 .•«> lb L'7 .it; ic Wlicclljarrows or cars on [•orlablc trarks. do Carsoti port- alili' tracks, Klivalor cal diiR out of i!:,. l,,,}r with ciittiiiL' in.aehincs.) I'aily I'rodnclion Pieces X 1 X S iiielies. Tons approxi- iiiatf. I'l l-MHHI l.o ,-). I .'."i.lMHI SI II .; 111. 111)11 l;{..-, is. I) >^II,IM)II MI.IKMI MIIKIII :iii .ii; .'tli 1 lansporl Transporl of .\ iniibcr Nun lier of raw machtned 1 f 111. 11 Motor o nialen il to peal lo ilie n- (Hired mac line llic peat drviiiK A iproM- recpiiri'tl inachine. lield iiiate :!a \\ licelliarrows \\ lieelliarrow s - 1 liorse orcars on orcars on porlalilc portable lrack~ iracl;,- la lio ( 'ars on porl- la'ole tracks. do. i ".ars on port able 1 racks 1.' 1 1 ■J horses 1 nil p. 111 ' AceordiiiKto I! Dolberir ' According.' to the Sae,li..!i I'eal Society. 122 Cost of Plants. The cost of tlip difTprent appaiatiis required for the treatment of tl r peat varies considerably, depending on the methods ustnl and the inacliinei -, employed. The main point, however, is to employ a machine which delivci- a well treated material, and in most cases the best ami cheafx'St fuel is |)r' duced by the best constructed machine, altlmujth these machiiies, as a ml. are more expensive. The machinery employed should afao I* suitable for the production aimed at, and as a rule the larger tlie (■apa<-iiy of the p«':i! macliine, the fewer workmen are rei|uired for ^t certain prtHluction and t! ■smaller is the cost of prodiK'lion. [n tlie following, detailed i-ohIk *«■ jtiven of the inachinery and apprinil u • requireii at plants where the Anrej) riuichines N'o I B af» — M tons respectively of air-dried iM'at. ♦ Acponlinc to Abjoni Andcr-m, Svciial;!. Sweden, t AcodriliiiK tl) A. Il.iiifii. \ ;iri'l. ( ■crinany. 12:5 '_< is •r Vi .T5 I- — .= - ! .if i 1-22 i is" ^_^M 3- r ■= a" 1 c c Vt 7 3 i ^ 2 •f _ n 3 O g I .-irt ■5. X 3 .5 i 3 rf-S-i k^ -. * I ^ X ^ -G . 5 2? £2-5 J!-''5 = if' J-r ;-r r - w i X c g s c.i 5--ta,2SK; = i ^r^ - "* :^ "-r ' "n « - 5fi i ; ^ _^ A _ r £ J f /; 124 ' r 5 :i I- ."^ ,5 5 i I ■; 5 ! ^ t? « X .-• I: S ! x^ 7t t> i 5 i II I' c - 1^ 2 5 5-1 '^ 5 1- -^ X — v*. >- ' — A ■_ /• X ?? ._. r ^ — '■ ■- i — -' f ^ i u '' = ; £- :^ ^ ^ i 15 .BS: i i 3 ^ —-e^ 12.^ ■1 ^i t I MS Si "»■ •■5. 1 t. fj (i fj i tfH.5'^-^ i = i :-i5'?- - - *- ? ■c-z >^-. 1 2 12 -■ ¥. 126 5 a S 2 -.1 |2^ f-"5 E S 3 c* i j= 5-3 /: a _ ^ SJl E; X i T,20- is i. : s I. 1 .=5 .? 3 = '■^ S »c 3cri c 3^ »c Crc C C^ \£ -iri ^1 -■ fi * :« r* :« » a; £ 3 i=3 «i pj . V tx X 'N ■X ^ •r ^ -oif: X ^ s — *« 7i := • ri L.* Z V- ll I c :^ s /- •* 4- r P .x:-= bt-r^ ==:'= •-=.= = « 2 5 "S ='c'£ — — t-1 i ft. " ,1; _■ ' — J fc = =~ * S'5 S " CJ X ;x5i: t 5,; t^'- -^ 'C * t2« S."^ c J. a:. t 6 1 £ ;l 5 5.,s — = J 5-= c = II I i mc^M 127 I'ricc list o/j>cat/u,l machinery mnnufmlnnd hj .1. Hrinm Maschinen /abrik, Varil, Oldnthiirg, (ivrmanii. I'lants irilh jnat marfnm Xo. T I (see description pa(,'e 7;j). The machined peat is transported i)y hand on a traci< with one sidina on 'Mrs witii peat pallets, see i)aKe SN. Teat niacliine No. T 1, with one mixing apparatus, 20 feet Ions elevator, mouthpiece, rolling tahle and reserve parts Spades, ties, i)eat pallets, pails, fools, etc Hails for [H-at machine, etc, I'ortalile tracks for transportation of the machined peat to drying field, uhoiit ')(«) feet (includinK sidin>r) ■i cars for transport of the peat pallets. . I*. L'.tKKJ 2()0 INO 520 ■ :«H) (i,2(H) Production with l.i men, i:{ 17 tons air-dried peit in 10 hours. Plant.s with jxat machin, Xo. T 2 If, (se.' descrijition p,-,L'e 74i. ■Ihe machined peat i.s transported l.y hand on a .r.,.k will, „„.. -idini; on Marks. with peat pallets. 1. _'.)() .•{.-)0 2.")() (;,"»() 4(M) ■.\,sr,o Peat machine \o. T 2 \V with two mivinsr aj.par,. tuses, :i;i feet loiiu' elevator, etc Spades, ties, peat pallet.^, cii-.. Hails for peat machine, etc Portable track.s, al.out (ifin leet (inchnlin;: -iihritr) 4 <'ars f(jr transport of the [*- it puliei -. . Locomoi'ile of ,S- Hj li.p. "T"'"'' <),7.")() Production with K, men. 2t; :;i tons air-diir.l i^-at in in li.mrs. At a pn.pd-ly .■quippcj p,.,-,t plant the .hicl peat i,~ iianspoM..,! on cars •■ ■minu: on i)ortahle track> on the drying Held aiul fn,n, iliorc o,, lo ■, p,.,-- 11 :uH'iit track to loa.liui: station or storehouse. The c..«t of these iicms I ^: lies naturally with the lenjrths of the tracks r-,|uired and with other local I'Miiitions. 1 mark =_'! ccnt.'^ 128 Al>iiiiixiiiMlr Coat oj I'liiiliiftiiin oj Machiru-lormal I'lat Ftitl uu'l- ('nnuiiiati (JonditioiiH irith Annp'K Machiiu \n. I H romhinnl icilh Mtrhaniral Trannititrlutiitn uml Jtikobson'n l-'itltl Pris». As-iiiinin);: — The ctifit (if a Ixij;, which after drainasic has an avcrajre depth of !t feet, to lie >>1(J per acre, the cost of a .=)()() acre l)o({ i.s .«r),(HH) The cost of main drainajre (if the lioj; to U- . . :{,()()() Tlie I'on to lie worlced In two |H'at tiiachiiu'!*, each with a (hiily production of tH) tons air-dried fx'at, the cost of two such ])eat machines with necessary a|>i)liarices and arrangements is in Sweden >!l(t- (KMJ and aHowinj; 2")' ; lii^lier ]irice in Canada i:{,2.")() Tracks ani; store-iiouses for dried peat 4, (MM) i)ormit(.nes anil hoarding house for workmen l/M) Working eapital and unforeseen expenditure 10,250 Total capital reipiircd $:{7,(MM) The season suitable for the manufacture of air-dried peat fuel in southciM Canada is prohahly as lon^; as in any Kuropean country, or on an aver.i .■ alxmt 100 workinj; days, (from the time the frost leaves tho L'round uiml some time in Auirust). With two peat machines the yearly produi'tion should, therefore, amount to 12. (KM) tons peat fuel, when the work is proceeding: under normal conditioi'- A bote of the iussunied area and a'.erace depth contains raw materi.il i- r aiiproximately 1M)0,(MIO tons air-dried p<'al fuel, and witli a yearly production i 12,(MM) tons would liL-^t 75 years. |(ei- iiMi. I'.nfU machine re1 M). the ''ost [ler ton air-drieil peat laid out /or dryinji is 51 cc 'I'he dr\in5; work of raisinj;, piling:, stackinii "i- storinu' tlie peat, for which bovs and women a;e usually emi>ioyed, costs in I'lurope mil more tlian 25 cents per ton. Init a-ssumint: 'iouble the cost in Canada, this v.nul-l amount to 50 cr \~-umitiL' further tluit I i \tr,i men are employed for draimme and leNciliiit: "f tin- df\ iiiirfields and for\arious other ;obs. at SI .50 |MM' ihiy (ir per ton . 5 1 !■■ - makini; the tioal laliciur charire': per ton air dried peat ."^I l)ti. 1- uel and I'il for !i» omobile and macliiner\ 4 n Iiitefest 5' .' . .iinortizatiut) 5',. Id', •■! tin; cap'tal ^:,7.(H)(' -ir Si. 700 ... il " - Illlfl' I2!> MMintpnance iind rrpaiiN ..f inarliinw ami iMiildin-s I'd' , ,,t• !^l^,7.'»() (irs.{,7.')() I'cr tl*. U V( ntH. 10 I'cnt-*. •>i2 (K) Will 1. a ->\m-i |,n.,. „| S2 .V, ,„.r tun I .. 1, l.^uliiii; -ia!i..i.. a v.-arlv pn-lil nl NUMN) ,|„,„1,1 1,,. ,,i.tr,i„.>,|, ,,!• ;, total itlflv-l , ,f i;{', ,,„ (1,,. assuiiiod ' .■i|)ital. iiiitiii'i a\i'r;i < 1(1 iiii aillolli: idilioi- mal I ctioii per ii': .") 'I 4.. ;;i n 'J* i:racticiillv identical iiml u pimi' coii.sirtK'ted fur the iiiiinufai'turi' of <>ic iif tliewt' |iriiihicts is, with sidiie imitDiitirtaiit ..Iterutiims, also Muitiil'lo for the (iiher. 'I'he mat. aacttirr iil' IJL'iiitf lirii|iiettt's ha.H iii( iei'iiiaiiv. reu'^hed vrrv lui^i' liroportions anl inon tli:iii KM) pi iiit.'** with more than S0() liri(|tiefte pre.— i air at preseni in i(|nrati(iii in tiiat ctmntrv. The prudiK'tiun ved. Korm^'rly the fine material wa,- li'ft in the mines or on thi' waste diim| - arid only the lumps, amoiintin>r to . me I *>' ,' I'd' ,' of the m.aterial uiimM. were used. At pies«>nt all the lijjniti mined is used, and as a rule the liiii- material i.- transported li\ means of aerial tramways to tin- |ilants, where it is used for steam-raisinv; in sperially con.-trucled tire-ho\es or else hriipietlc'l The li^rnite, as it comes fri'Su tiie mines in Ciermany, contains from 1^ to (>:." ; moisture, and the cost of same viu'ies from 2:.'-l l)'> imirks per cuI'h vard. The wei^iit |M'r cubic yard v. uies Let ween 1,07'-' 1 .2:{7 llis.. and from ;{ til to 4 24 cuhic yard-i are riipiired per Ion hriipietles, de|)cMdinn on il^ conlenl of u.oisture The averafie price for the raw lif;iiite at the liricpiettinu' phitit- is t) "It ii.'i marks per ton. I'l'al of jiood iiiiaiilv. i.e., heavy and well huimiied, when dried to soiim' .")!)', moisture, is \iiy >imilar to tiie liu'iiiie as it comes from liie mines, aiii with the successful iinprovemenis made in tiie liricpietlinu plants for licnii , the idea of tr'Mtin;: peat in the same maiiiicr is ne.-u- al haml. The liulkim - of the air-dri<'d peat, which ;iiakes it expensive in handlin>; and shipping:, h the irrcalesi (jlijectioii to ils more general use, and as eail\- as ISoli e.\perimei,i< for the manufacture of pressed peat were ciiricd out in I'li'.'land l>y (iwym r and later at Ilaspelmoor in (ieimany, liy K.xier. Hy this method the surfar.- of the lioir wiis harrowed and the [K-at spread out in thin layers to dry. VVIici partially air-dried, the peat was hroudit to the l>ri(piettini: plant where it pa.sseil throuf;h snitaMe sieves and was further dried \ieaiii to 12-1."',' moisture content. The dried material was pre.s. at pf.-s.i.l .los..,! ,|„w„, an,l a;, far iw .... I... l..arn,..l n..,„. ,.f ,h..s,. phmfs hav.. U.-n ^.■rv s,.....,.,s.st„l fn„„ an ......nun.- I'al point of VI. .\v. I'h.. n,ani.fa.tur..of ,„.at orliunit.. l,ri.pM.tt..s is as f.,l|„w,s- Tl... raw inat.-r- >l .s l..-.M.Kht to tl... phint an.l .1ui..ih..1 into a .•.■....pta.-l,. for an ..I..valor wl,i..|, ■uM'Vs It to a l.opjH.r on a rolling ...ill. s.-.. Kin, H.'.. wl...... il is ,n,sl,..,| to « nar^.. pow.l..r. 11,,. powder is pass,.,l ..v.-r a sifv,., allovNi.m ,.„K tl... line i"» a.iton.ati.-ally transportod to the l,oil,.r plant whirl. > ..nerally .s„pphe,l with strp-;:rat..s. Tho (in.- ,„a„.riai (M„ali..r than 4 i"; las) IS transporte.1 l.y ni.-ans of an .-levator to t|„ .jrvinir appa.-atus ahove -^''='■1. a .•..rta... amount of raw n.aterial is always s,.,,,-! in ras.. of stonoa.'.-s ■ Mio nulls or .lisint(>f;rators. . . 1 '^ ■ The ....ntent of moisture in the raw material is ascertain..,! dailv in order - i! the dryini; ai.paiatiis may I.e regulated a.Tordin-dv. MICROCOfY RESOIUTION TEST CHART ■ ANSI end ISO TEST CHART No 2i ^ ::fPPLJEDjvyGE '653 Eosi Mo,^ _,„„, ("6) 482 - OMC-Pho-,, (716) J88 - 5989 - Fo, . 132 Thr (Iriihif/ njipnratus pinploypd !ire of two kinds: stouni plater drier and Schulz rotatini; driers, of which tlie former are the oldest. The construction of a steam plate drier i> shown in I'ijis- 14(i-14S. It consists of hollow cast iron ])lates, n, i)laced ahove each other, in which steam of I 5-2 o atmosphere-; pressui'e from the steam enjxines and tiri(piettinf; presses is let in. The dia- meters of the i)lates are about Ui.5 feet and their number from 20 to :v_'. depending on the contents of moisture in the material to lie dried. In the center of the plates is placed a rottitina shaft, W, jmividcMl with tirms, a, cairy- infi scrai)ers. r. which move the materiid from the center to the circumference on one plate anK- '.Si. usetl for dryiiiij is let in tlirouiih tiie u[>per hollow trunnion and suri'ouii ;- and heats the tubes. In front of the upper end of the cylinder is a feeding * .\ccor(iinf; to (i. v. Ilciilcnstiiiii, .\. Larson and .M. l^kmhiTi:, |ii'rti'ctly dry peal v/m be briqucttcd al)ove I(M)° Centigrade to tirst-cla.«s liriciuettes. .ippanitus for the wet material, which runs slowly throujih the ttjl)es. Tiie foedinj: is reirulated in such a manner that the material leavinir the tuhes has the re(niire(l amount of moisture left. In ortler to facilitate the drying, a small amount of air is let in, which passing through the tubes in the same direction as the material to he dried, facilitates the expulsion of the moisture. The new apparatus of this construction have cleats, scv Fij;. 1.53, i,, the tubes, which stir the material when the cylinder rotates bringing the different parts of same into contact with the hot walls and with the air. The cfliciency is thereby increased some 2U',[. Fui. 15,^— Tubes in .Scliul/ Drii-r. The condensed water is collected in recei)tacles placed at the lower end (if the cylinder and by means of pipes (see Fi-. 1.50) connected with the hollow lower trunm-ii conveyed back to the boilers. Neither the steam plate not the Schulz drier are covered to prevent radia- tion. Thcair,which is heated by the heat radiating through the walls, pas.ses through the drier and facilitates the drying process. At the peat bri.iuetting plant at Ostrach the air was jireheated in an apparatus by the waste gases Ifom the boilers, and the hot air wa.s drawn through the tubes bv means of a fan. The Schulz drier is made in different sizes. The ones chieflv u.sed for lignite have a diameter of (J .", feet, length I.i feet and have 343 tubes with a heating surface of 7,(ifiS .square feet. The average production per 24 hours IS about 52 tons dried material with 12-18';,' moisture, when the raw material contains about 50* j moistuie. The steam plate drier permits of an easy regulation of the • .v material put in. Samples can be conveniently taken at any place during the drving and the evaporation per unit weight of steam is larger than in the Schulz drier without cleats. The latter ajiparatus has less movable parts and needs, therelore, fewer repairs and in tho.se i)rovided with cleats the evaporation per mat weight of steam is at least as much as in the steam plate drier. They are. therefore, gradually replacing the latter. A large experience has shown that in plants where superheated steam IS used for the engines and the driers are provided with cleats, 3, 34 lbs. of ste.iiu are required for the operation of the plant and for the evajwration of 2 2 iiis. moi.sture from the wet material. During the the loss eaused l.\ the dust, such us eliamliers where the dust can collect, washinjr it down with finely listrihuted water or steam, in wiiich case the residtim: material i< pressed in filter presses and afterw ards used as fuel. 'Die dried material is conveyed to a storerooiu in tiie ijiii|uettin^' pan of ihe plant hy means of i)elt conveyors, screws or elevators. The niosi usu.il arranirement up to tiie present lime has heen to jilways have enoufrli drid material stored in this room to last d\ninj; N-IO hours liriquettinji, in order to he aiiie to run the presses contimiously in ca.-;e the drying app.iratus should need to he sto|)ped durintr a short time. The advantage is also {:aine receptacle is further mi.\ed, and in th(! larm recept;icle ■:cts time to ce constructs in the same manner as the .steam |)late drier described, but without any steam heating. The objection to this appaiatus is the larjie amount of dust jir-- duced, necessitatini; the installment of special ajjparatus to prevent or decrea-r this loss. .Another ajjparatus which is better is a so-called shutter aj)pariti> which consists of a number of horizontal sheet iron plates, with their imur ends bent in obtuse anjiles, placed in two vertical row.s. The material ilc- scends .slowly in thin layers and cannot iret outside the apparatus. The rooiii •in which the apparatus is placed is well ventilated, but without any artifici:ii dr.aft. The material in both of these cases is cooled and water evaporalrl. which increases the efficiency of the jilant. .After the material is dried aiil cooled in this manner, it ,s;oes to the bri(|uettinji; pre.^s. The jinn!^ig used in Eurojie are all of the same open tui)e constructi-ii and direct coupled to a steam en-rine'^- as shown in Fiii. l.")4. Till- jiress and enpne are built to^ellier in a strong f'-ame and betwirn tlie two is placed a sironj; crank sliai't, iirovideil with heavy fiy-wlieels ai-1 outside cranks, by means of which the motion of tlie (ylimler piston is ( c drivinj; the press plunder, which is guided by a stroni: sruide. Tiie plumrcr :- provided with an interchan>reable "nd piece and runs in a die block made "i strong cast iron. The die (.see Fig. 1.1.5) cr)nsists of an open tube made of stcrl or special cast iron jilates a' out ."-I feet in lengtii. The interior .section of ti ,- tube forms the section of the briquettes. The tube has a slightly laruvr * 1'rcs.sc.s tiriven by In-ks or gear wheels liave, at tiie experiments made in KiinM '•. proved to be entirely unsuitable. l.<7 I.JS 1 I'Hi. 155 — Sortion ol' Briqiu'ttr Prt-ss, r hes, (leppntlinj; on the iiiatcriiil ti i,200-2,0()() ;ittiiosi)hevcs 01 IT.H' 1- (•ross-sectii)ii nearest tlie liopper, ius .sliown in V\\i. 1."), wliich to some cxtiu can lie rpjrulated during; the work, in order to suit the material lirifiuetti 'I The ])ress piunfier fits perfectly into the wider section of the die and when it i- pressed forward the material fed in l>y tlu," feediii;; a])par:.ius is pressed in one l)ri■") tons per 24 hours. With peat it is safer not to count upon a larger production than !" ■>■ '.^'.^ and 44 tons for tiie respective sizes of the pres.ses, and the numiir- "i briquettes per minute 80-100. Dried peat is not iis heavy as lignite aul .ivo. tljereforo, lighter Kn,,,...,,.., and if ,h,. v.l,...i,y is „...,.. ,r..u.- ,h.„ irniiT^ """""" ^ t.,„..s „.„„.... „.,,„.., is .„,...,,. The large presses r..,,uin. ul.-ut l(,o ind.n.U.l I,.,,., us,- l,i«h .urssure s ...... ..n. out off a, 5.m;.,' ; ., „,, „,.ke, ar.l requi-i ;^S 5 l,.s s, I „ H.d ,.a,e.i h.p. hour. The s.ea.n in the l.oiler is su .erhea.e.l to :«U • ' i .•a.le an.! has 1„ atmospheres pressu,-e. The an.oun, of stean, reouir if i-- ,.n.ssure and :,ot superheated stean. i. used, n,ay rea.h JZ pc' The [.oilers used are generally Cornwall hoilors with lar^e stean, don.es " .o fresh stean. redueed ,o 2 atn.ospheres pressure is son.e,in.;s us..., .Usunnn« that the raw material contains s,.,.h a pen^enta^e of n.oisn.re at .t .s neeessary to have the exha,.s, stean. of L' atn.ospheres press, . .s pressure eorresponds ,o a ten.perature of ,2P .en.i.ra 1, I „' 1..- W.1I I. a difTerenee of 2P for the evaporation of the n..^^ w 1 al , „o c , te,..perature). The latent heat of the stean, is utilised aii'l the heat economy is on the whole verv jiood * The l.riquettes leaving the press are pressed out in i.on ..hannels ..f ,he M m,. ..oss-seetum as the hri.,u,.ttes and eonveye.l to storehouses or lo .d.l :; theti t' '" '"'T.'" ''''' '''•- '"•"'"•■'•'^^ suffi..i..ut-,u„.. o ..oo 11. nil';.'" 7 '"'"' >'•'---'" •^P-— I'-ft l.e,we..,. for air ..ir-u- iiiinn and further coolin!;. The hriquette. arc made in difTerent shapes: don.esti.. I,ri-,ue,tes. see " -half or one-tiurd as h,. as the forn.er. I„.t the sa.ue weight is pro.iu.ed t e same tm.e and ,n the san.e press as ,h, n.estie l„.i.p,.,tes a 1 J I'C.His only on the shape of the plunder head. ^; -■' .n I..^ lo9. and those u.se.l for indusfial l.ri.p.ettes in Fi.s l.i.) and I'unn^ the press work the n.ass as it .on.es fron. the die hea.l ..onsists > •-" o. three parts: the.^e s,„.k together, due to the heat and pre.ssure hut - -.n a.s ..ooled, .separate into the individual briquettes. '■"■■■ '-0.,«),> X IS,-, + ( 4,s7ru)' IsV, 71-/ I ■' ■■^"■•'"> ""il""'». ll..-.v.-.,p-, per k-. If !-iK. iV'. D PiimoMii ISiii|iu'tii'>. i <■ i.V». r__;j mi I 'K- IS'- Fitf. isX. PitVirrnl Sli;i]H'-> i;oi -IkmiI. TIh" iHiwcr riHuiiicil fur a |il;mt with "iic |>rt'rii per tun late d icr ' The material too coarse to pa.ss throufih the .sieve I is conveyed hy sliu. .; to cars M or .some other conveyors, and generally used as fuel under il iniilcrs. Aficr pa.ssing throufih the drier, the dried materia! is c:in\r;t * IJy Zcitzcr Eisenjjiesserei und Maschinenbau A. G. Ill . IS«. JTT -ECL :.] i i " ' i / I-; -x ij?^c>.^ drn-iT^ ?jT'"T^'"'^ . 10(1 iiri ■ line |Frc • \ (■(!, :{s 1> lie (■(i>i .\i. I'ailu ' riiiL: I'l: '.' y lor ,. :,• cliiiiciil ic-i'llx-i ■• one sic :: Iz (liic •'. ■ IliatCI ;,:l er A of :;ii' suffirii'l'l; ; to thr . \r- eiriatiir 1', ir (1. I ' '' le mail - ito (I -ii : " by sho.^: I. under :i:f ; (Mir. ■ Kl.;. 162— IVa, KriHuollii.K' Plant will, 0,w I'r.-s, aiul Si.. Hi ;i|,|l' rii,,.,. o .!,e eevat.>r h i,y s.-rew ..unveyor H, wl,i,.|> nr .s i, u,, .1 „Mnu ■ri'<>r 1 to tiie scrcu conveyor U. The .li.ta- uhi.-h rl,. „rio,i iK.s to travel is made as long as po.sil.lo in onl.T to jrive it un.e ... .„. '•':t.nn« the liopper W to „„. press X. Tlu- drier is I.rn^Hl..i .W,, . ^I""" ^....veyed l.y shnor I to ears and used as fuel. After pas>,n. tinou.i 'the dried n.atenal ,s conveyed hy screw conveyor I'.to a cooliu, ap, '■'ie diinmey to the drier is provided with i.: ' n • I ^fore arjte lit. the ,i, 1^1 and utilize it fur f partitions in order t( uel purposes. 142 ^MhM 4 « dl Kli;. if).l- IVat Hriiiiu-llinjj: I'laiil uilti Oiu- ^I^•^s aiul Sihulz Drier. Accdidiiij; t, with u coiitt'iit of innisturo of iiO .'>.' i.i "jo tons [XT 2-i liotirs, or a yoariy jtrodiHtion of Iti, ')()() tons lifrnite li.'ifiiicl Tlic inacliiiiery and appariitus necessary for a plant with one pr" steam plate drier, and the cost of the same f.o.h. Zeitz, are j.'i\en In'"-' Marks. 2 boilers :>:>:'. fe<'t in length x (i ti feet in diameter, with ,S(il) S si|. feel heatinn surface, ;ind testr^d for 11 atmos- pheres pressure H,S2(i _' Katies anil acce>Miries for the boiler.^ 4,10(1 2 apparatus for superheatinj; the steam ,'i,7()() 2 Duplex .steam pumps 2,4()(! 1 '■ pump ],().")(l 1 tank for hot water 71).") 1 2,Ut)l) 1 tank for ronline water IT.'j 1 complete conveyinti apparatus and crusher 2, 21)1) t4.'i iJ •til 111 111 -I of ")() ,M . ■\< ■KlUCll' lie pr Marks l4,S2li 4, 100 ;i,7()o 2,400 1,0.")0 71m •_',000 17.' •_',-_'()o 1 n\p\t> I :riit(,i 1 «'lcvut(>r I rntiitiiiK Mi(.\(. SIllHlt.-* I (iinvcN or . . Iron tiiii.Htriiciion.s I M I illlr^I ciillccloc <';iiii pluto drier wnli -ji, |,|mi v^ HI (i I' ''<•! Ill ili.'iiiictcr I rl I iiipiii('\' with il.iiii|n.r>, I'll'., lur till' ilriiT •iti'ii.'il II "• JM. i|>('« lur vi'iiiillatidii, fti 1 ••-(■ri'W i'.iii\i'\,,i'fur ilii. ,1 I •■levator I'.ir the ilried I Ni'reu- I'oiiveyor to tl I l.rii|iiett" im'^s, with hopper, etc, and > I iMi'iii!.' around the press I water trap i -teel screws for the press i lar,"e press hhiek Reserve p.'irts for tlie press team engine ')00 teel ihannels for the 1 I injector for holier, etc. •xleaiu eiiKiiiP complete >riipietie.- .Shaft .Safet inu. pulleys, etc., with.'Ut heliini: y ajipliances ipiiiK, valves, f tl ml lar: or." iti 1 accessorie.' Com and iiihinin- fur pi|)es, eti r ciiannels, etc. instructions for the pl.'int liii't iron, cast iron, d I'lirs, stairs, eti Tot.'il murks Iron consfrui'tion, etc., for hoiler 1 louse Tot il marks 1'" this must be added freight, d I..i7.-. '■|.V>() J.:ilM) l,:j.Vi l,.'i\(l 1.07,'. I.L'CO f^..*»(M( I, .'(H) .ilil) "i70 fiSJ ."lO I.ImO :!2.-. n»,."((M) :;.■■-( 1 00 loo 47-. i,ii:!o 1,20(1 l.,"(«) 7,000 Mill Olio :>.ooo I.. ■!,•)() I.Vi 14. ."00 S.-'idS IO'!.-MI, 1 .)0 0,120 00 l and 'lal of 22.-,,(M)O-2,-)U,00() miscellaneous material. uty, cost of erect which will [irohably hr inn and cost of l.rick nark.s, or 54,000 (lO.ooo i! 11; iiiir I he cost uj) tl 144 I'kat liiiUjui;Tri;s.- The successful lUiniufncturf (if [H'tit bri(|ncttcs is il( [x-ndcnt on the following factors: (1) Tiicniiturcof tlicbo«. (2) The price of the raw iiatericl. (3) The amount of steaiTi or fuel reipiired for dryinfi. (4) Labour costs. (0) The cost of the plant. (6) Tlip cost of nianilfact\ire. (7) ConijH'tition with other fuels. (1) The nature itj the Ixi;/. — .\ bri(|Uettinf; plant is, as has previously lie( ii shown, an exjK'nsive undertaking, ev.ii if built %»itli only one press.* Ti i boj; where the plant is to l)e located nnist, therefore, bo of such extent tl;;ti raw material for at least 20 years can be obtained. The peat nuist be wdl humified and lieavy, give at least 330-340 lbs. air-dried jH'at (2'}'/, nioistun ) jxT cubic yard and not be too higii in ash. The ])eat bri(iuetting plants so far erected all use cut |X'at as raw material for the briciuette manufacture, since it is more porous and easier to crush and disintegri'.te than tiic tougher machiiu- peat. Tile peat is air-dried down to 40-50% moisture before being brouglt to the briciuetting plant. To dry it more before crushing is not advisable I'li account of the large amount of dust which then is produced, endangering tl c iiealth of till orkmen, causing a greater loss of material, and in certain case-; giving rise to explosions. \ plant with one l:',rge jiress has a yearly cai)aeity of 13,0()0-13..">0() ton- bri(|uettes witii about 15';^ moisture. This production would recjuire OO.DOii -93,000 cubic yards of raw jx-at or about 10 acres of a bfig 6 feit in depiM after being drained and settled. The fuel required in the plant for tlie boili is is additional. The bog must, tlierefore, liave sufficient area to jirovide enfiugli dryinL' field and. as a rule, ti'.e same field can be used tliree times during tie seascm. .\ well laid out plant should liave a year's .supply of p<^at on hand, in order in be independent of unfavourable weatlier conditions. The peat s! ould ,J>ii be protected from freezing, since when once frozcni it is hard or iiiipossihli to briquette. (2) The price nf the raw material. - T\ v manufacture of cut pi:',t on :i large scale is not likely to prove a suitable ivetl'od in Canada, on aceouiii "i the large number of workmen riMpiired during th.e short working season, i.nl in cj'.ses wl'.ere this metliod is usetl the different layers of tl.e bog should 1m' mi' uniform ([Uality. Sueli iiogs are undoutitediy few, and irac! ined peat, wi i ii the different layers of th.e bog are nixed and a uniform product obtaini il. i> proliably ((uite as suitable. .Assuming the most favourable case: that a ! ug containing [leat of suitable (piidity and comparatively free frou' roots and i re stumps can be had, and that th.is bog is worked with irccl anical excavai^rs and peat machines run with ek'ctric motors, such as O. Strenge's ivaclii'S, * Tlio sm.illcr tlic plain pniiluctioii IHT ti)ii priuluot. I.e., tilt,' fewer presses arc used, the larger is tlie i" 145 The amount of dry ,vat sub.tanco roquirod for a plant wi,l, ono pre.s and^H capacuy of 44 tons bri,,uotto. p.. 24 hour., Ls aLut 1S,,K,0 ton.M^:; of ravs peat per day of lO hours, which Ls equivalent to 110 ,on. drv" ,h.. t subs ance, when 1 eubic yard of raw peat i. a.sun.ed to give only 220 b L substance. The i^at needs only to be air-dried ,lown to 50- ',. o.s u n-S .he workmg season can undoubtedly be extended to 100 dav inM case The cost of the peat is calculated as follows: 14 men at $1 . 50 j^er day at the ix>at plant S'l oo Fuel for a 45 h.p. motor.* oil, etc '";i 00 Total 24 00 llOtonsdry peat substance is equal to 220 tons with 50% moisture, making the cost jier ton pt>at with 50% moisture « 11 Drying work, ktc. Turning and piling at 5c. per 1 ,000 peat bricks. These 1,000 bricks with 25%, inoi.sture (w.-ight about 1.7 lbs. per piece) contain 1,275 lbs. drv peat sub- stance. The cost per ton peat, with 50% moisture istlierefore Foremen and administration, $2,000 per vear for 40,000 tons, per ton with 50% moisture . " o 05 Mamtenance of drains, levelling, repairs, etc., S3 000 per year, per ton with 50% moisture. ' o os •Amortization of the i»at plant with tracks, cars,' etc., and maintenance 8% of tiie cost (about ?i:5,.500) or $1,080, iH^rton peat with 50' ; moisture '(•'•> 000 tons) ■ jj ^j. Stacking and transport to tlie plant, p<.r ton o ■'() Amortization of the bog, which drained and levelled 15 assumed to cost $50 per acre. .About 20 acres of the bog is worked out yearlv, representing a capital of $1 ,000, per ton peat with 50% moisture 0:i One year s interest on the i)eat stored, etc., per ton o . 04 The total cost of one ton peat with 50% moisture is, "" '"^ t;ase, at the briquetting plant '$ q . 60 „,.,*,!';;'' '';'^";^^' P-" «';'-" -d electric motor., the ste.am co..s,„np,ion is a, ,he ,.:!,":;':" 2-':^ ^^t ^ P" '' "-" -d -'" '^ »— " P-r 1 .... fuel, .he fuel 3 - l.bo tons per d.iy. With a price of H.M per ton fuel i" cost IS $2.47 per day. 14() Each ton of jwat briqiu'ttt's witli IS'^ moisture rcfiuiros 1,700 lbs. (lr\ peat substance to which must be added the loss caused throiijih the escay)inf; fine dust, amounting to some 5% or 85 lbs. making a total of i,7.So ll>s. or in round numbers 1,800 lbs. The raw material re(iuired witli 'M^,l moisture i> therefore 3,600 lbs., and the water to be evapon.icd jH>r ton i)ri(|uettes i- 1,600 lbs. (3.) Steam or fuel consumption. — E.xtensive experiments have shown that with a Scinilz drier provided with cleats, and wiien suiK'riieated steam is used for the engines, the amount of steam re(|uired for the running of tin plant and tiie drying of the peat is 1 .52 lbs. for 1 lb. evaporated water. Tin amount of steam reciuired [X'r ton briquettes is in tliis ease 1.52 x 1,600=- 2,432 lbs. The amount of steam generated jx-r 1 11). peat fuel with 50',,' moisture can now be calculated. Assuming that the peat when |K'rfectl\ dry and free from ash has a calorific value of 5,600 calories ])er kg., a content of hydrogen of S.S'/y and a content of ash in dried state of 4' ,' . With 50'., moisture, it then contains 2'',l ash, 48';(;, organic substance and has a calorifii value of 5,600 x 0.48 -(54 x 5.S x 0.48 + 600 x 0.5)*-^2,238 calories jxt kg., or in round numbers 2,200 calories. With 10 atnK)s])heres pressure in the boiler corresinmding to a tem[X'r:i- ture of 185" centigrade, superheated steam of 385° C. (350° degrees in tin cylinders), 60';o efficiency of the fuel and feed water of 110°C.,tlie steatu produced per kg. jieat fuel is as follows: 1 kg. steam of 185° C. contains 606 + 0.305 x 185 =-= 063 calories Through the super-heating of the steam is added 0.48tX200 96 " 759 The feed water of 110°C contains 110 " The amount of heat reciuired per kg. steam is therefore (149 " With 60';t efficiency of the fuel, 1 kg. peat with 50'/^. moisture then produces 2 kg. steam (or 1 lb. peat, 2 lbs. steam). 2,432 lbs. steam were required per ton bricjuettes, wiiich correspomis to 1,216 lbs, peat fuel with 50^1, moisture. The amount of raw material required pei 1,000 tons briquettes is ccm- sequently: For briquctting 1,800 tons at 60c. per ton S1,0S() For fuel (i08 tons at 60c. per ton 365 Total Sl,445 *'\V^€x8080+(H— (1) :!4000— (,9 U + w) 000. In the above formula .){)00X0^^ =CXS080 + (H— O) 34000 and 51X5.8X0. 48 + 000X0. 5=(9 ll + w) GOO; ll=weight "f s hydroeen. \v=weight of water contained in the fuel. t The specific heat of steam=0.48. 147 (4.) Labour cost. — K.\| that this cost per 10 tons liri(|uettcs leiue in the lignite liri.iuettin}; |)iants 1 IILS SllOWII with; 1 press, 84. 54; i> p , per .nukes 40 cents per ton hri'^ett" " ' "^'- >-'^'- ^ •^"•'««'' "'-'' ..St o?^r;::f"'" " "" ''"'' """ """ '-^ '^ ""•-'>■ -'•'-'-• •" ^.e ((i.) Total cn,t of mann/<,rl„n,~Vor one ton briquettes. IS tons peat for briijuettinsr, at (lOc. per ton .-51 OM 0.008 tons peat for fuel, at (iOc. [.er ton. . •« Hrupiettinir costs . . . ,, ' . . : I) ()() Amortization and maintenance 4,; '^'".''' s') 4s «"■, m round numbers, ,S2..50 per ton bri,p,ettes. The capital requiret! is: Bofi of 4(X) acres at -S.iO per acre ,s"o 000 •2 peat machines with nccessarv appliances at ,,.«^-^-0«-, ■ 27,000 nquettmgplant -, „„„ \\ork.nK capital ,,„„„ "1'"'"' >;i;w,ooo This capital should bear 0',; interest to the shareholders, an.l for sinkin. a us, e C, about 4^, , a total of 10', ; , an.ounting to .S13„500, or about si 00 !- :: ss^:;- j::- -'-' -^ ^"" "^'^-"- ^"••- ^-^ ^^-^ ^-"^ ^''- (7.) Competition irith other fucls.-The effective fuel value of common c me peat wuh 25- moisture is, on an average, «,(m B.T IJ .e T B T u'"' r'T "■'*' '''~' ""'^^"^^ ^"-'« ^'•-" ^he sa„, "e^; .. -.0 B.T.U. per lb. The cost of the latter, if onh the fuel value is taken ". o consKlerafon, should therefore be onlv about" In- higher in rdr" '-pete wuh machine peat. It has previously been shown that tl e o 148 machine peat with 25% moisture ought not to exceed §2.00 per ton, and in such case the same fuel value is obtained about 50% cheaper with ma- chine peat than with peat briquettes. For industrial purposes peal briquettes, consequently, cannot compete with machine peat. The value of a fuel depends not only on its calorific value, but also tm the way in which it burns, the nature of the a.sh or slag, and the ea.se with which it ignites (the latter especially for domestic purposes). .Machine peat ignites sooner and burns better than the briquette.*, which have a greater tendency to fall to pieces. The briquettes occupy a smaller volume for the same weight, have a nicer shape, and are less liable to absorb moisture thati the machine peat. The weight of one cubic yard of machine peat is, on an average, 577 lbs., and that of one cubic yard of briquettes 1,320-1,485 and. in exceptional cases, 1,650 lbs. The transportation of briquettes is there- fore cheaper than that of machine f)eat. In comparison with coal, l.G tons briquettes are equal in fuel value to i ton of ordinarj' steam coal, and in order '.o compete with coal, the prico of the latter should be about S5.60 per ton, which price, so far, is reached only in exceptional cases. In comparison with wood, the figures are as follows: Wood with 30% moisture has a calorific value of 5,040 B.T.U. per 11 1 and in order to compete with the peat briquettes, the price of one ton wond 5 040 (sawed and cut) should be ' x $3 . 50=$2 . 33. 7,560 One cubic foot of soft wood weighs about 23 lbs., and one cub. foot if hard wood about 30 lbs. One cord soft wood (128 cub. feet) should therefore cost S3. 42. One cord hard wood " " " " S4.47 in order to compete with briquettes at $3.50 per ton. From what has been said it is e\ndent that the economical results it briquetting peat which is not carbonized are doubtful. The cost of manu- facture given here for a plant with only one press are possibly rather hvz\.. and could probably be somewhat decreased, but before a briquetting pl;uu is started, the various local conditions should be carefully investigated. ^- ' Can.^dian' I'e.\t Briquette Manufacture. — Most of the attempts nun ic in Canada to manufacture peat fuel have been the manufacture of i>c:i! briquettes. The methods used and the machinery employed are fully dc- cribed in Bulletin No. 5 of the Bureau of Mines* of Ontario, from whirh the following is mostly obtained: The two most interesting plants weref those at Welland and Beaverti i;. The Welland plant. — The method here used to obtain the raw mater; li for the briquetting plant was to harrow the surface of the bog and ('\- pose a thin covering of peat to the action of the wind and sun. J l!}' * Now the]Department of Lands and Mines, Toronto, Ont. t Al preueut not working. X The same method was usf<1 'ong before in Bavaria and abandoned. 149 harrowing the ground tuire .,„ each ,„.ra.si.,n. . lavor „f pea, f,„n. M „. o mH.es deep ,s exposed. When dried down to a water . .nte , ,f , .; and brought to the bnquettu.j,^ plant. Under the l,e..t ,• lition. hrid. .unh.gh temperature and strong wind, a laver of harrou ! t' fZ to U mches deep will dry fro.n 80- to 45^-; moisture in al.out Jv Hr disinl "ra'e^ T '"/"'''^ "'T ''''''''''• *''"' ^^^ ^''-'"^t' " •'-'' -"1 later ..integrated. The dr.er used at Wellan.l is known as the Sin.p.on drier It cons.sts (see F,g. ,04) of two parallel revolving ..ylinders ., 'fe '; '•-'■'.-*> J J Fig. 164— The Simpson DrliT. C. Exhaust fan for water vanonrs n p.. ■.. Klevator fron, convevor .., top ' lind.-r K c'nf'" "^""'^^""K '"" •">d .vlinders. I. Feed chute to top cylinder flom eiel • tor FT ■'°'' ^'''"r'-""''"'- ^'•- Feed pipe. •AnKle iron lifters! M. F>e box \ hi .v"''. 'T*''' ''V'"'''"'- '^- '-""er cylinder. I". Driyinjr chain, sprocket »yheels. R. liucharKe pU'"'" '-'''"'" '" ^■^''■^^■>'"-- a c ,ron hf ers for st.rr.ng the peat more effe<.tuailv as the <.vlin,ler. revolve fhe space between the upper and lower cylinders is occupied^ a convevor l.nder, then through the intervening compartment, and finallv thro...rh upper cyhnder, from wh.ch it is discha,-.ed into a chu,e 1 i „. o he trer '\^'"^^^'^^^°!-- ^^^« --"-^-tion gases fron. the fire-l.o.xin n he dner never con.e into actual contact with the peat, passin. fi,-„ a.^ou and along the lover cylinder and second con.partn.ent, and th ,.ce . o t he a^er eonta.mng U.e upper .^nde,., the peat L,ei.;g heated UtlX U ' ^..^ the v^ater ^•apours given ... oy the drvim: pea,. The upper cvlinder nakes three revolutions per minute, and the lower nine, a c ,"e , pe. upying 20 minutes in pa..sing through the drier fron, one end ,o~, ,e Hhe J !'e mechanism ,s operated by spro,.ke, wheels and chains rhree tests to determine the efficie..cy of the Sin.pson drier were ,nade tut 3,006 lbs. peat containing 42.64'-; water wore n.j.u.e,. .„ o ..^„ „,_ ...juuning 24.;JH<,, water, with a consumption of 12N lbs. woi.d (bhi^k^sj '^ lutl. l.n.e, 2 hours .}< minutes; average temperature of drier mf Fahr \m In tlio spcond tost, 2,1 1<> 11m. peat containinj; 40 38'"^ water woro reducrd in ;{ lidiirs and '.i2 niinutps to 1,4*)1 ilis. containing 17 tM)',' water, and in the third test, 2,7'>2 llis. peat with a water content of .'i4 o!)',' were dried down in 2 horn and 20 minutes to l,1t2')lt)s. containinj; 2.'). '.Hi''; water. .\ rather damp m.xture of air-dried roots from the peat lioj; ami screenii)f;> of sticks and moss from the air-dried ]>eat was used as fuel in the second test, and in the third only roots were u.sed. These expeiiments prove the inefficiency of this drier antl its small ca- pacity. After passinj: the drier, tlie jieat was conveyeil to a disintecrator, the object lieinj; to jiro"'()te further evaporation and cool tiie peat. From the disintegrator it was conveyed to a storajie l>in at tlie press. The pres.s u.«ed was the one known as the Dickson press, sec Fifis. Wt't and lti(>. ''his press is of the open-tube type, and works in accordance with the (ierman lijinite presses. The interior section of the tube is the same all throu«h, unlike the (ierman presses, and results in looser and lijjhter britpictte.'--. The construction is, however, much weaker, and the punche.< are driven l)y belt and gear wheels, which probably are the main deficiencies of this press. The hriquefte.s made are of cylindrical shape about 2^ inches in diam. The capacity of such a double press was, on an avorai;e, 17..') ton.< per day. The workable depth of the i)ojr was only about ^ feet, and for some years the plant hius been closed down. The Brarcrton plant. — The methods and m.achinery u.sed at this plant for the workini; of the bog, as well as for the subsequent treatment of tlir peat, are invented by Mr. A. Dobson, of Beaverton. The hog is about 2i feet in depth, well drained, free from roots and .stumps and comparatively solid. The pt>at is dug out by a niedianical and electric- ally driven digger, which travels slowly up and down one or both sides of the area under removal, the excavating dei'ice working in tlie side or wall of the ditch. It consists of a platform 7 feet wide by 10 feet long, mounted on 4 wood faced wheels, the front pair being the drivers and measuring 33 inclu- in diameter and 18 inches face, and the rear wheels being 22 inches in dia- meter and 18 inches face. A 10 h.p. rleetric motor operates by belting aii'i gear wheels all the machiner.y, and at the same time propels the carriage forward at the desired speed. Overhanging the ditch on the right hand sid.' is the combined excavating and elevating ni.echanism which is free to swiiic in a vertical plane about the upper sprocket wheel shaft, and may be rai.sed i r lowered according to the depth of cut to be made, the maximum depth beiiiL' 4 feet. It consists of an endless chain which travels down the outside and ii;' the inside of the elevator box, and is set alternately with a row of cutting tecti: and a sharp edged plate. It serves the double purpose of scraping off a thin slice of peat and elevating it to a conveyor running across the front of ll <• carriage. At the opposite side the distributor, a partially hooded padd!.' wheel revolving at a high velocity, catches the stream of fragments and shov- ers them over the surface of the bog to a distance of 30 to 50 feet, or as far ,i> 151 Fui. .65-The n.^kson Peat Kriq.ieltini; I'r.'vs. a I !a JO. B n i-i i i 1,1 ^ Fig. 166— Die Block to the Dickson Peal Press. 152 the tramway rmniiiig lmd«.„dbnck.,v„rk allow, „f „„obs(r„rte cylinder n cliikin near, at the ClvmI sjx'fd of IJ rcvohitioiis jkt iiiiimlf, lit wliicli rati :i cliarKf of fx'at will pass through it in 20 inin\it( i. Tlu> drier was under ohst^vation for tesi jMirposes duriiiK part of a dn} andtlu! results ol)taiued.eal('ulate(l [x r day of 10 hours, gave: Weight of :i;r- dried peat charged into drier 2!),H00 llis. containing ;i4 21' ,' water: weiglit ni p*'at discharged from drier. 23,000 lbs. containing Ut Vy\% water; weight ..f water evaporated G.:i(M) lbs. Hlocks >f crude air-dried f)eat, containing :i I' , water, were u.sed as fu<'l at the rate of 3,145 ll)s. (ht day. The discharge lUiH- from the drier empties into the sIkh' of an elev;i!"r which curries the dried [X'at into a large galvanized iron Iioijiht or bin iiih r- posed between the drier and the bri(Hietting press. The pres;* used is also constructed by Mr. Dobson, and is a resisiuiii. block press, see P'igs. 169, 170. In the Dobson pr.'ss, friction is almo>t . ii- tirely eliminated, each die previous to being re-charged l)eing oiled to pre\ . n- friction of the jX'at against the die wall in the stibseiiuent exjuilsion of il> bri(iU( tie. The large number of dies employed for each ininch keeps the Uui- peralure low. The bri(Hiette is allowed to remain in the die in which it i^ formed for one cycle of the system (about G .seconds) and is then subjecte.! \v another compression by a second briciUette, being formed on top of it Immediately after this it is exjK'lled and the second block takes its jil.ri Tlicre are two punches in each machine, and to each punch a die b! "k containing eight snugly fitting dies. The dies are heavier in the li vir end where the compression takes {)lace. The base block against whicl, '1' briquettes are formed, remains rigid, anless for any reason the strain exi. • <1^ the working pressure, when a set of spiral steel springs, on which the 1 ^'ik rests *akp= up the exce?? pressure and prevent'^ any lireak.ige. '1 lie down thni^t vif the punches is imparted by two heavy eccentrics t r'l with roller bearing.s, and with each stroke of the punch, the die block is f" tie ]M 0.. h n lilt. IVfS 1 nil :. .f il .;,' t of : 1- .■inl.i n: Cijilll "I nfi :!!', ("IcVti'Mi in iiii'i- sist :■.;■'. iifi>i , II- prcwii- 11 of 'll tllC t. II- ich it i^ cctf; ti' p of it tS Iii:.(v. ip 1)' nk l.Acr hirii -b PXC. -ii- he 1 ' .rk ics i'.: '■»'': s l''':i('i. Fu;. 16.)— Tlu- Oobson IVat Briqueltinh Press thn,,,«l. o„P-ei«htl. of a n.vol,„ion. Working i„ ,1,.. n.-xt cli,. ,o ,1,.. ,..,„,,„„. . m.> ,s th.. r..l..Hs,n« p,.n.-l. -.vhi..!, px,.Is th.. fini.sl,...! ,.ri.,n..„... vh.l.. h nl ....onvs a„ o,l ,swah whi..h cats ,1,.. in.si.l,. of tl. ,li.. Ji,h a f.hn of rolPun, to l,.s..„ „,.. fpi.,ti..,. ,,„, ,,,„„.. „,., „ _,^ , r . tt .. The two puneh syst,Mn« of the ,.ress a,, reeiprorallv, a stroke l.ein. ur I at every half revoh.ion ..f ,h.. eeeentrie shaft. NV ,, each clown n ke ,h,. eotnpress.nK puneh forms a l.ri,|„e„e on top of the one previous)" "I" ■" the .sa.ne c.e. the ,lisehar«i„« p„„,.h exjn.ls fro,,, the next d ■ ti, i o t' ; ; l.nquette, an.l he thinl .lie re.vives its e„atin, of .,,1 f.,,,, the oil swab . . foot ^.ar wl,eel o„.rat„>Ml.e eeeentric sh.aft. The n,aehine is stea,lie.l ' oavy Hy.wi,ee! o,, each o. these two shafts, and r,.ns ,„ietlv an,i « th - "I" 'ttes Twenty-five i,n.,„ettes wei^h about 10 lb«., consequently tl" -.put of the press ,n 10 hours is about 12i tons finishe.l fuel ^ r^-l J Lw"'""""' '" "'"""■ ""■ """•■""" f^'''"' -^^ ^« ''■''•• 'i-tribu- Hriqiiettinp press and elev; lor 2;i 1, d Tram car '. /; ' Excavator ^ ,, Drier, disintegrator, eonvc'vors, etc ,,[[ 15 .< \M e®m Fill. 170 -Oif Hlnck ami Ki-d ti> the Dobsi.n Pn-s-.. C. Ri'sist.incf block. D. Briqui-ite disvh.irjff lioU-. E. HoU- (or n-movai 01 t dinarily plujf^f.-il. K. Dios. ("■. R.ilihi-t. M. F'lir il.impiiij,- bolts tor the boil. tif rod-, Mipportinj; the wbolo. K. Hold-down bar for dii- hloiks. I.. Die M. Splu-riial buttons. .\. Springs. I'. One bar b,'t«ri-n rrsistanti-- bloik and R. riiiK-h. S. Expfllin>; piinih. T. Oil swab. L'. IVat Uriquetti-s. W. Recipi levf r. J. I Mir bUvk.. The main ol)jt'( lions to the methods ;tiid machinery used at Beuvc are: — That durinR eontinued rainy weather the work on tlio boy. is ii rupted, and where a htrge production is required the excavator or excav:i' have to cover a very h^rgc art>a. In a bo^ containing a greater nnmhi ; roots and stumps, the work of tlie excavator.s is prol)ably less satisfacli and tlie surface of the bog retiuires a very careful levelling, whicli incre^ tlie cost. The drier has a comparatively sn.all cai)acity, and expltwion- liable to oeeur. The press is oru.nvted by belt ami sreiir wlieel. which ■ in most cases, liable to break, and the pressure on the briquettes is less ; in the open tulje type. Regarding the cost of production, no reliable fif;' are obtainable. Ion iii- 'ly, art- M 157 11. .•..n,.nu<.u.^ ..rH.ra,io„ .„ f,»r. ' ''""' '"" '"''•" «..wi,ii.m ,1 . ,„„ „,.„ 1!:;,,:;:;;,;,",::,' ' '■■' " • ■■■'■'■■y-' <- >" j. Nr.M-„CTn,t OK il„„u>;TT.., „,TI„„T A„,.„BVIV.. TH, J', .J 11,. :lr r;:;;j:;':;s;\;:-;'- :: ": »"■■'-"« ■'' - -i' », „„. n,™., "•:,';:,",; 'vr,™ tr, ." ■■:• .": ";•; ; "'. •"'■ r::'r "-""--rt:::;j":r.,r;::,:,r-; 7S" Tl,n . , •''''•'••'a««'J tl». content of nioistur,. to some iiT, the peat held about 60' ; ;iu)istiirc Tl„. ,„>r.; ii i- . "^^''^J""- I .0 plants whore this method was introdured a.v, howvp dos..d down --al year, ago an.l probably the econo-nicai result, wen- le^ :I:;:,i;;:;" Krrrtnne: mcthodof drying j^al by means of , Urtnc nu rg,j*-A plant wheie tl'i> '..ethod was employed was ere.-te.! b^• ru.,.,r,.v.-= r' P n ■^li.uenzelmoor near Tilsit ' '" ' .'ntan-UHke :.t * Report by A. Larson. Tekni.k Ti >,krif, Xo. 42, y.,,r V.m. 1,5S Tlic l)()j;. wliii'h is a low oiu\ cniinot Ih- ilniiiii'd, litis iiii iircn of 3,700 acii s and an avcranc depth of 11 . o feet. Tlio surfacf layer eoiisists of si)liagiiii!;i moss with a depth of 1 . 3-3 feet ; the dei'iXT hi> frs are eoniparatively free from roots and tree stum])s. Tiie surface of the bofi, wl.ieli in most eases is wati r- soaked, eannot be nsed as drying Held and the surrounding eountry is swampy and less suitai)le for air drying jx-at. On this aeeount, the following methnl. by which the air drying of the peat could at least be partly done away with, was introduced. The surface layer of sphagrnim moss was first dug out in the ordiii:iiy way, ai.d brought to the plant, where it was used as fuel under the boilei>. An excavator, * fitted with a "gral) scoop," was used for digging the pc: t. Tliis excavator was i)laeed im a barge floating in the tretu'h worked out, ami the [H'at was loaded into other barges, which, when filled, were brought to tic plant and unloaded. During 24 hours about 1,300 cubic yards of raw ]hm coiuaining !)0 02' ,'. water were excavated. .\ steam engine of (i h.)). furnisl i d the re(iuired jiovver, and each shift consisted of two men. Sullicient fuel Imi the engine was obtained from the roots contained in th.e |)eat. The bar;;. - used for the transport of the peat were provided with jierforated iron bottoii s, and during the transport to the plant, Jiart of the water contained in tiie pc :ii ran off, .so tiiat the jx-at, when unloaded, contained about 89';,' water. Tin IX'at was then conveyed to a disintegrator where it was torn to pieces liti.i mi.xed into ii hoiiKjgeneous pulp. From the disintegrator the mass was coim \- ed to a large tank, from which it was tai)ped into the so-called "osnid/' moulds, by means of hoppers with valves. The moulds moved on roll. is. and coii:d easily be brought under the hopjx-rs. They were made of w 1 with interior dimensions 37.2x80x2 inches, and provided with bottom- of Hue brass wires, on which the peat ma.ss rested. During one minute I "i "f these moulds were filled. The moulds were loadi;d on ears and transpni;,.! to sheds, wiiere they were placed in rows on racks and an electric curreiii of 30 anqx^res and 220 volts per row (l.")0 moulds) was passeil through. I i. brass net in the bottom of the moulds acts as cathode, and a 0.3 inches tl i.k iron i^late of the same dimensions as the interior dimensions of the monM:- as anode. The iron plates are hung up by chains and can be raised or low. rod by means of a lever for each '■ction. When one section is filled with moiiM- tiie plates are lowered on t( of the peat mass, and at the rate the hv.U'X sinks, tiie former follows. I'er mould of 76 f^q. feet area and 2 inches deiith, a current of 3 vol- i> re(|uire(l during the summer, and 4..') volts during the winter. Each rov. nf moulds requires 10 h.p. and as 13 rows are always under drying, one ■■'•\\ being unloaded and one filled, tiie total power required would be 130 h.]). ili'' water starts to run off as soon as the current is put on, and after 4 hours '.< . n the current is switched off, the content of water in tie peat is brought d wii toSO' ; , instead of about iK)' ,' when the process started. The moulds w ' iil: ♦ M;iiiuf;ietiin'il by Mciik t*c llainbrock in .\ltona-Huinl)urg. ir)<) luMrr then arc ready aro liiadrd ■at is dumped, eonveyed to a hrHiiiett on ears, and transported to ai 1 ili\ator where tl Till Ijriiiuettes are eonveyed to a M lUettinKliress, and pn-M(l int., i. to the drying oven used for waste steam from the engi "lleriV: I'feifTer'sd i'ii|nettei eomiiioii and hricixs). Tl ryinfr oven (similar le oven IS leafed with tin piettes [XT 1 Ih. stea ni; till IS said to evaporate (J ,S 1|,; when taken out, held about 70' t" make the briijuettes of tiaiisportation. iri(|Uette ■ of wat( iTe left di water in tl 'J"li( iniif; J4 .SO hours, and ueii a strength thai tliev object with the drvii staiH iK w;is indlini' The bri,|uettes were then dum,.ed into buckets and transported bv u,c..ns .. ...^aerial tramway to air dryiti, sheds, where ,l:e final dry!,., was d.:;:'b: The methoat ;• passed forward into a long die, whf e it emerges in the form of briquettr-;. several charges being in the die simultaneously, so that it is kept sometimp under pressure. Th -iquettes are delivered from the mould of the dies tu a revolving table frc. >vhich they are deflected by means of a scraper on to u belt conveyor, which carries theniinto the stores. A plant of this descriptimi was in operation at Kilberry near Athy, Co. Kildare, Ireland. This process in its main features is very similar to the method invented by Kerinnes, and can hardly be considered an improvement. As to the cost of manufacture and other details very little is known at pre.sent; the nanie given to the product produced i.s entirely misleading, no coking is done, ami the product is not likely to be in any way superior to the common air-drie.l peat bricks manufactured by the usual methods. It is also questionahlo if the co.st of the electric energy used will be paid back by the small amount of moisture evaporated, and that the change in the structure of the peut, effected by the passage of the electric current, is as great as claimed. The Ekrnherg wet carbonizing process. — This process was invented by Dr. \I. Ekenberg, of London, England, and as far as can be judged at present, is the iim^t promising process for the conversion of peat on a large scale into fuel. By this process the raw peat is moi-e or less thoroughly carboni.'cd (depending on 'he temperature used), which results in a fuel of higher calorific value than the u-* al peat briquettes. The drying is done entirely by artificial means, whereby Liie working .season is consideralily increa.sed, and in some cases can be extcii'ieil over the greater part of the year. Extensive experiments with this pro' t-? have been carried out during 1904-1907, and the different apparatus i: I'd and machinery required are now- claimed to be fully worked out. The ] T"- cess is covered by patents in all civilized countries (in Canada No. 84.'i2.o \eai 1903, and Xo. 8SS73 year 1904), and is at pre.sent owned by the Internati' 'uil Carbonizing Company, Ltd., 81 Cannon street, London, E.G., England. In order to carry out the experiments on a sufficient scale a phmt '.a? erected during 1904-1905 at Staf.sjci, Sweden, for which purpose the Swcli-h Government assisted with 20,000 kronor. m^m ■5! Kil rcniaminj: mass is increaseJ (Jiboii in the :i:,;S*"»"- "■' "« -■»'-»' * :^:^.;■;t:,:^::;;::,ir 1 .lie H.111.S. in tlie wet rarbonizins; process tlio I'lr.rp i„,ii- f ^"-•ves as a heat condnHin. ,„ediun, all...in, u sho ■ „ 1 ^1 vw i- I T "; '-iium is fluid Lot water Carbon.z.n. he.ause the .harrin. The effect of the heating at tlie temperatufe of I7n° ,.«„,; i ^'uiiiposition of pcMt. '■..H.Mii.. Ily.ln.i;..!!, •"^iT'i;;,.,, '■ ~ "ri""' "ween.. . .\rii'S|i(.rk(; Tl ' Raw peat A .')»!. DO :>.'.H) 0..-)!) .•iJ.ljS Wet earhdiiized p.vit. A Raw peat \\v{ carlxini,!.',! ri"at. li IJ (id. JO ti.OO 0.40 :! . 7i I il-'to .),■) .")0 .").7o i r.i o.:!i :il.l() ■i . 20 .■|i;io .).s.,50 .").!M) I .■-'{) o. i:i :io.27 ■ '< . 70 .')!»! 10 102 The analyses show that a rokinj; has taken place, and to a higher dej!;re( for peat A, which wius better humified than peat B. Pressure Tempc ra- .\Kh Calories in tlin' after per kg. after \\v\ Peat atmos- degrees wet pheres. eentigrade. earbonizing carbonizing Well humifie cs 3 54 9 7ti 5 (18 •) This table shows tiiat at hijjher teniperatuie (with correspondinfi iwc- sure) more water removed and the fuel value increased. Even at 37')- temperatiire (To at-ii.) very little gas is developed. The followinfi experiments weie made with peat fr.iin Stafsjo. calorific values were determined in air-dried samples The No. 1 ' Temperature ' degrees centigrade Product obtained Ash 7c Calorie.- per kg. 1 R nv pe itf. 150 8S" 87 78.1 79.4 80.7 79.3 79.4 78.2 74.8 80.0 86 ' 90 SO.l 79 . 5 80 . 5 71.3 70.1 72. () 73.0 70. 5 1.84 1.92 2.25 1 91 2.11 2.22 2.20 2.15 1.7(> 2.43 2.35 2.97 2.93 2.92 2.97 3.05 2.72 2. 78 2.89 2.84 2.35 2.47 5571 5698 o 1,50 5599 3. . 4.. 5. . ISO 180 ISO 58511 5907 5909 6.. 7.. 8 200 2(K) 200 6123 6149 6281 220 612S 10 . 220 5980 11. . 12. . 13 R. i\v pe It U. l.iO 150 18(1 54.)- 5553 5510 5759 14. . 15. . Hi. 17. . 18 180 180 200 200 220 5801 5783 Mm 578:( 561ii 19. . 20. . 220 220 5995 607.-. In a laiioratory screw press well hi' has been pressed so that the pn-sed c. wet carbonized '.-it 1S()°) ir: '. (.-nlv :?()'' mo' ture. The 163 ... the pre J, ealTXeat. ' " ""' '" '"'' "°"*^"'^ "^ '-'-"- PresHurc used itniiwphprcH. 1.1 1.5 .•{.0 0.0 14.7 ■■M.H «)..( !»0.0 14;<,7 ;.'L'o.o J87.0 10.7 10. .■u..i 0.3.0 97.0 156.0 232.0 •ilO.O 1.5 1.4 0.5 % Moisture left in the peat colte. j Raw peat A. Pressing lest I. ! Jo^' '^"'•t'onized at 180° ( Vntigrade. i r«^''r?ff^^"i'"'"'?'=?'" "'P carbonized mass. Calorifi^ ""'r "^ ^^V''^ "'■'» '»'i calories r.er kg Calonfic value of the carbonize.! peal 5^81c1.1ories Product obtained 78.891 of tl,e raw poat. j Haw I'oat A. Pressing test II. m^QcJ' I ""'^l*^ ■'' 210° Centigrade. ri\rM '^'7?"bstance in the carbonize.l mass CaloriH^ "^^ir "^ y"'/^"- ^^' '^^71 calorii^por kg per Ku "" '^■^^•'-^"i^^d F-eut 0215 ea!, ''t of the raw peat. 10 .1 to -> 112 5 178 JO-i {50 per Kg —..-... .vu i^ai o^io calories Product obtL Raw peat B. Wet^arbonized at ISO" Centigrade. (■:,in/L "^f "^^J-""."^^ '" '^^ carbonized maiis. Calorific value of the raw peat 5452 oalorielper ke '°Skg ' "' ''*-' '^'**°""''^ peat X 'calories Product obtained 79.8% of the raw peat. i-ure dL not de:::^^ f^.i':,;;;;".;'^';^ "'.--;•!- -^" "i^her in.'hor pressure increase... ''" '''"""""■■^ «* <^'>tainins The dried peat obtained contain.s ahoot V ,,i, , i- ^^'•"■> the same fuel value as ordinary co,! ' "" "'' ""'' obtain a thoroughly pulped and homojreneous peat .na..s a \M sporial pulping; niacliine was cunstructed. This iiiacliine is un Ann-p macliinc. wliere tlip n'outlipiecf is removed ami a steel plate inserted in its place. T!,r ste.^l plate is provided with a ninuher of holes, the total area of which is wpiil to the free area of any section of the machine. In front of the steel plate ;.- placed a rotating; knife, whicii keeps the holes clean and cuts any fibroii:* material not previously pulped. This machine proved (piite satisfacti"\' and delivered easily, with alxiut .")() h.|).. :{/)() culiic meters* peat mass pei' ^ hours. The power reipiired is furnished hy an electric motor. The pulped peat ni;i.ss is trans|)orted to tlu; plant in dumi)inf; cars, juiii deli''ered to an elevator which coineys it to a larf;e tank, holdini; enouuli materia to keep the plant runninji for six i!- hardt in Wolfenhiittel, (iermany, was first tried. This ])ump jn'oved vtiv satisfactory, even tit HO atmospheres pressure, and a larjrer jiuinp of the saiii' construction with a capacity of 350 cubic meters* per 24 hours was therefi re set up at Stafsj(). After a few minor alterations had been made, this pui!]- worked to satisfaction even with a peat mass containing 15' ,' dry peat su'i- stance, anc' it was found that the valves worked better and more quii'ly with a thick {)eat mass than with a thin one. The peat mass is broujiht to the pump from the tank by means of ;i specially constructeil elevator. The principle of the apparatus used for heatin;; the peat mass is shnun in Fiji. 171. It consists of a system of double I'ipes, one outer an. feet. 165 :nner pipe (d) towards tl,e . t o ", VT: T" .'""T ""'""''''' ^'" >■' that an even pressure i« ahvavs „ iL im. oTuTI T ■ ' "':"""'■' t. . the re<,nired temperature fro,., a reUx ,u '"''' "^ ''"""''' 1-ated durin, its pa^rfr^ a ■,.. i' «"..""? f;"'-'^"' i— 'luently ')Kus., a Kreat par of vhi * ' ^^ ^''^ '-■ ''"^ '"^"' f"-'"" ""^' '""«••*"« ) " Kjcui purl oi wiueii IS traiixiii Hfi( t<> ti.,. : ■ r- « fro,„thefirei„tl,efire-l,ox,ul.ere t s o test - V Tl'''" ',"""' ""'^ '"" ture of sav 155° cenfi-rri. . t? '""''^t- ' ''o peat l.as tl.ere a tenipera- in. process takes pi I . ; '' ''"'''""' ^•'''^'' "''"•' ^^^^ ''^''••'"'"i^ masses should have Ihes-^r^ef^^ '""!' .'" "''"'^'^ ^''^^ ^^e in and o„t,oinK lon.^ enough VV^H h '""'''7^^"'-'-' '^ t'>«^ Pipe« could prarticallv he n.ade f.nperature of about 80^ 2h 'T ^^'^'' <'«" «"'«<''"« P^at .na.ss has a n.ai is ahou 10° It .^^'^r-'^- -''en the temperature of the in,oin« ^iK.wn that per ,neter nhfe n T ■"' "" " ''''"" ••^''''''" ''''^■•' '""'•^he'- -de.easLto.::L?;^s:-ri^-:s;:r"^-^"'" The heat economy in the wet carl.onizin« oven" at Stafsjo was as f<,llows: In the oven ,s utih^ed of the .alorific value of the fuel. 70-; Through radiation, etc, is lost 7^' The waste gases contain 23C^ The carhonized peat is conveyed to a filter p,-e.. t whirl, ".f ', ,• , ■ 'iPin<: imnroved so tl,..f +u^ . , , l'"-s%T unKU at i,'psent is -oisture^ontent rllt T ' '""" ^''''''"' ""^ ^''''''' ''- "''-" 559^- - ... ... COS. of p„,,„e,i„„ „„d „„ p„,m; 3":; ,1 .e,!:*''™' """"' q«...le, shall ,l,e„ 1,0 nroZe "„ 'j i ' ''f.".*'"^ '•'" '"" '" '."■ pn. .« are required "• '" "■'"'■'' P«l.«''i.." ■> l.ri.|.,..lti„B * lMeter=;j.3fppt, -.iili^,;rT'l;;^^l;-;^!^y:;<^;^tTi^ '"^ 'r «- -- ^- -«"=">■". but U>ti I'owcr Required. f) I'ulpinp inacliiues, cuch with a rapacity of at least HSO tons pul|)C(l peat per 8 hours, or a total of 2,100 tors per day, ea>li of 00 h.p <■{{. H.r. mo Transportation arrangements on the bon and at the plant '' 00 "Hrie pumps" with elevators, each of 2't h.p. (K) k^.'are re(juired. in. trT.rSn '■!'"" ''?'^"T ""•""" ''*^'- ^"'1"^"^^ '"■■• -^ '"""^' '-rr-poMd- ng to 1%,500 kiz. wet oarl.onize.l dry sul.stan,.e, indudin^ the fuel for the boilers, hut not .ri.ludins the fu.'l for the ..arl.onizinK oven.s. ^Experience ha.s shown that 71) calories per k^. are lost per k^. peatMuring the,rarhonu.nK process. The raw r>eat contains on an aven,,x. 12 5'; dry peat suLstan.e in drained l.o«s ,.f averase quality (in Sweden). ' With a |em,.erature of l.W(V„t, in the carbonizing oven. ,S(i-9()'-; wet carl.on.zed dry substance is .,l,tained per 100^,, drj- substance in the raw peat. This carbonized dry substance has a calorific value of at leiust 5(100 calories per kg. ' AssuminK that 85% of the dry peat substance in the raw jK^at is obtained as dry .•arl.onized substance, then 1,000 kg. raw peat containing 125 kg dry peat substance produce 0.85 x 125 ..= 106 kg. carbonized dry substance.' Experience h.aa further ..hown that the heat efficiencv of the fuel in the oven IS <0-S0';, or say 70',;. Through radiation, etc.. "is lost 7';, and in the waste gases23?c,or. assuming these losses to be 10',; and20' ; respectively, there will be recpiired per 1,000 kg. raw peat, "" '''•^"^ ^. i,s k„ ^tv car- , . , 7 X. 5,(100 "■ ' lionized peat with a calorific value of 5,(100 .alories per kg. The carbonized dry substance which is obtained fro.,, l.uoo kg. raw peat is, then, 10(1-18 =^ 88 kg., i.r., for 1.000 kg. carbonized d,y substance are , IN X 1,000 rcqiured ^^^ =.. ixio k-. fuel of the same quality. The hf.,t ,.UTied away by the waste gases m,.„ the carboniziug oven i> 2 X 20.-, X .,,(100 229,000 cah.ries per 1,000 kg. briquettes. In order to pro.luce 19(1,5(J0 kg. briquettes there will bo .•equired 10(1500 - 19(1^^5 X 20.5=- 2.W,782ki:.ca..b.mi2ed .iry substance, which co,Tos,,„nds *" 0..i 'x fM2.5^ 2,230,;JOO kg. raw peat per day. The waste heat available for the dr^-ing of the pressed cariu.nized peat 1^ as follows: — ' '/ -i ':^< '5"*i„ ItiS Till' uiinte gtiw's from the fuel used for liorttinn the Imilorw cinitaiti, ir Ofeorilunrc with the uwniriiptinn mnde, .JO' , of the heut valui' >f the fuel, or 4(l,.'>(K)x S.tiOO X U 7S,1L'(I,(H!() .•iilorie The wimte K'wes from the citrhonizini; ovenn ruiituiti MM'. Ti X 2()r, X 5,ti()() X It 2 4.'i,l l(l,4()() TotJil .. V2.i,2W,M^) AiTorilinK to Huushriiml ('Diw Trcwktien mil Luft utid Diimpf," pii^e .'14), if the temperaf lire of the outer air < .'^aturateil with moi.-tiire i- 10° cent., and the tenif)eruture of the air iixed for dr>inK also { ftaturuted witli steam, is at the hejfinninj; 1(K)° rent., then 82,205 calories are rtnuiired for the evaporation of 1(K) kjr. water. Cdnsefpiently the above 12l{,2.'{t),4(K) pulories are capalde of evaporatini: — '"' ' =^149,800 ':". water 82,2ti.') The 2.'{1,7()() kii. exhaust steam contain .'>(MI x 2;U,7(M) 1 l,'),s.")(),lM«i calories latent heat, of which at least 70',' can l)e u.sed for evaporation ni moisture, i.e., for dr>inK. Hy this heat ' ^ ''" " =- 12(),7(H) k;; water can \>e evaporated. *'■*" With the total waste heat 270,500 kji. water can therefore he evaporatcil The total carbonized dry substance per 24 hours was 2.'J0,782 k^., aihi the briquettes produced 150,000 kj;., conswiuently the fuel consumption i< 80,782 kc., or ;<7' ;. In order that tl'e available waste heat may be sufficient to dry the wIkiIc ma.ss of carbonized and pressed jieat, this ma.-s can c(...i.vin 270,.')(MJ k.' 270,5(M) X 1(K) ..,.. r ■ water, or =,)4' , of moisture, m round nijures. I he content 2;{0,782 + 27ti,500 of moisture in the carbonized {)eat must be mechanically pres-ol down to this pereentafre in order that the fuel consumption given ab(i\e may lie correct. The consumption of raw |)eat wa,s per day 2,2."50,()(X) kj:., or per 200 days 440,000,000, k;;. correspondinj; to 440,000 cubic meters per year. In a drained bof: with an average depth of 2 .") meters (8 2.") feet), this production corresponds to an area of about IS hectar (44 5 acres). Assu- ming the price of the bog to be 500 kronor per hectar, the yearly cost is 0,000 kronor, or 0.30 kronor per ton britpiettes. Cost of digging the peat, with Ekholm's elevator: Elevator with motor, etc., costs about .'!,000 kronor. lO'f amortization i)er year of 200 days kronor 800 5*;^ for repairs " 150 5% interest " 150 Total " GOO or per day kron( r .'1.00. Kit) With Kkh..!,,.'. .lrvH...r V) .ul.i,. .nH.r. .,f nuv ,k.u, ..,.„ I,.. .|u« ..,.. ro n .1.0 1...,. ,K.r n,a,. .n,| .lay |.;,.,.h ,..,., pUpin, .na.hino ..f .'Ll^, ..,,1,,.. ..^ ;;;->; — '--.... ,. ..a, .. ,o ,. r ai„... ,i,,... nt3.V)l.{ kronor 1 ..r of'r "I '|'«.'''""^-.-^'r"-'''"^' •" ""> •■X|>orio,.,.o .,l„aino.l in tho lar.o nun.- o of!. „.tehnquettm« plants in «;,.,.„„„„, tho total labour ....i at. phmt . . thr.e presses ,s 1 44 kronor per ...«K) k«. l.ric,uottos; in this ..J th^ '-r .,( th.- lahowr mpurod f..r tho wot ,arl,.,ni.in.' ovens an.l tho filter prosse. m.st So ad.le.l. n,akin« a ...tal ..f al,..u, . ,H, kn.n..r per I.tKitl kZ Amortisation of ,ho plant. etc.-Tho .-ost of a plant with a voar- .apacity .,f 30,0(.., tons t,ri„uette.s woul.l prol.ablv l.o about .K.C- nZV " ""^ ■' "^'"'''-' '-^ '--'-^'•"- *'^'^- i"t,; a....ount,. With 5, interest. 5^< an.ort.xat.on, 5^; f.,r n.aintonanoe, and .V ; further .unort.zat.on on o,.rtain n.ach.nes. whi-h oonstitu,.- about ono-hfih of the •'■ '•"St. or F of the whole cost, a t..t:.l of Hi' , . o.,ual to -Mi.O,,,) kronor !- year, ,. reaohed, or .r 20 kr.,nor per t..n t.n.p.ottes. .V.l„„nis„.ati.,n oa -'I untorosoon expen.lituro o;.,. be ..>,in,ate,l at ;«),()(,(, kronor per voar ..r 1 kioii.,r pt-r ton bri.)uottos. ' " ' The cost por ton bri.p.ettes is. then;* Hn. lliM Aim. A ■ ; : allv th.-s i-'iii;: ;iml transport iif "Mir cost lit pl;.nt. . . 'irtizatioii. iiiltTest. t-tp :;iiii.^rr.,i„,ii. .-it. . . . r^i raw pc'ii. Metric ton Icronor 0.:{0 l.'.i;{ •-'.00 ."..20 1. 00 0..i7 Ton of 2,(100 Ib«. dollars 0.07 0.48 0..X) 0.80 0.25 0.15 Total. . • n.i eeono.iucally prcss.-d ,)„„„ ,o al,„ut 55'; irK.i.tu, ' ■ ' • I.n>sse.s ,s „ot ■riv.-n in this ...stiiuatc l.y Mr. .\ Ur^ it(HI •Ih.. at can l.c puwiT ri- nicdianie- ,nirt'd for 170 In lioi;^ wh(T<> the iliKKinK uf the |>«>ut can b>e done with mechanic^kl oxravutorx, thi* ciMt i)f this itetn in coiiitiilerahiy docrcMcd. AfiiinlitiK to Dr. Ekenl)erK, tlie <»)Ht |>cr ion tiri(jiielte8 in li fm 'on pro(iiicii>K 2<),(KH) to ;{(),(J(K) touH |>er year is as foliown: — H.*(l. The raw |x>ut in thc! liOK lincliiiliiiK fuel ur*e(l ill the fut'tory). . 8 \Va^!ef^ for excttvation and transport of the raw peat to the fact.iry 2 VVapes in ttie factory 2 .'( {depreciation and maintenance of plant . 2 Administration and sundry expenses 1 4 Total cost of lirii|uettes per ton H !* * I nhilliiii: 24 oi'iilw. !^^!U^ te-..Z. ^S!.: .■-CT.,: ■■'jU,^ 171 fllAITIiH V. PEAT POWDER. A i,..|h„a f.,r th.. nianulmtur.. „f ,„.r,i .h.wI,,-, uhirl, P.r,«.r...* ,„„.i,l,.r ot the |);.t.-iiis not y..t LfiiiK lully ctituhlislietl. Tl... raw M.ut.-rial for th- procoss i.s ,.ut ,„.at whirl, i. partiallv air .Irio.l and a terwur, M ..rt.li.-.ally ,h-i.Hl an,! pulvris,.,!. The raw poat is U.f, m the .-FH-n dunn. .he wint.r ,„ fr,..zo. whi.l. in thi. ...... instead of h..i„« injurious t.. the peat, ,nake.s .t ea.s.er to pulverize, an.l furthermore allow, the ho^r to ho worked .hmnu' a much lon«er perio.l than i. the rase in the .nanufactureof common air-dried peat fuel. The peat powder manufa.tured l,y this process does not ahsorhmoLsture. and ha. about the same .spe.itie weight a« eoal. The cost of n.anufaeture, includmn all expenditure, will not exm-d s2 ;(.-. per t-m, an.l th.. .„-, of ,. plant !i<10 000, (not iriehidm- ho- .'.nd arranirements on same) The firiuK with powdere.l fuels ^ives a hi^lu-r fuel efTi,.ienov .m a.Tount ..f t '6 mtjmate rn.xture w.th the air used for the ..o,„l,usfiou, ,u,d th.- possil.ili.v reKulat.t.K this supply of air to an a, nmt as near as p.,ssit.le to that whi,.h is i.o.,ret..ally r..,uire.l for the ..ondmstion. Th.- firi.r- with powd..r..,l fuel is urthermore smokeles.s, ami re.|uires l.-ss a„..nti„n ,.u,d skill than the firu,.^ in the old way. Coal pow.ier h.xs been u.se.l for a loni; ,in,e, espe.'iallv in .■ement tnanufa.- turmjr plant.s, but in or.ler to ^ive sati.sfa.-tory .■ond,ustion, it n.ust be ex.^ee.l- jm^'ly hne. wlueh nuT<..'..se.. the cost considerably. IVat powder, on the other iian. . Ks more porous, and ijrnites at al,jw..r fen,p,>rature, wh.Tebv a cou.plet.. '•ntnbu,stu,.i .an be obtained without crushinf; the peat so thorou^hlv A fur- ther u.lvantaf^e with the powder i.s that the temperature can be easilv ,,,.„- luted a.sre.,uired, and if desired, a ver>- hij;h temperature ...n be ol.aine.l I unns: the year 1907, experiments with peat powd.'r wer.^ , arried out mider the supervision of l'rofess..r Odelstj.rua. ..f .Sto.klu,ln,. .Swe.ien, in a >.rnace used for n.eltinj; crucible steel. In re.^.rd to the r..s„l,s obtaine.l, 1 rot. Odel-stjerna ."iays: 1. The fuelis very easily ignited in the firA-box. but no dan-.-r of self iiinition; which is often the tuels, need be feared. iso wit! ;ier piiwdcTf.; aiid r-wnu-u ii.-u moisi *Professor R Gson (Melstjeri.a. Stockholm, .Sweden .ind Cfu.t li.i I' Will.m.,, fl ; .f bnemeer to the .SweULsl. Department of .ViieultUR. ■^"'> '-''P'"" 1- U.Ul«n.o. ( l„rf 172 2. The combustion of tlic fuel i-iii he easily rofiulutcd so tliat tlie ash is always free from any unhurnt particles of carbon, and so that the carbon and hydrocarbons in the fuel will be at once completely burnt to carlioii dioxide and water, thus fiivinj; the highest temperature with either a weak or a ^tronL! oxidizing; flame, (the former with just enoujjh air for the com! ' .- .ii, ; 'id tin latter with excess of air). The combustion can also be s. i 'f:ulateii i! ■ t ])roducer jras witii only a small percentajie of carbon dioxid anr of coin;);!!' tively hipli tenij)erature (lijilit red iieat) is formed. This h -; i;, ■■ is iher. c.r ried to the furnace room proper, where it is burnt to carbon <.: . i '. ;-.<('. -vat-T, there giving the highest temperature. This (miducer giLs can be usetl i<>r reduction or in reheating furnaces where the heated material imist be kepi from oxidization and then afterwards burnt in other furnaces. .i. The change from oxidizing to reducing flame, or vice versa can l>c very easily and quickly done. 4. The quantity u( the fuel and the required amount of air can at any time, and in either of the above c;ises, be exactly regulated as r(>()uircd; and in case no change is required, no attendance is necessary after the valves* are once regulated. 5. The powder gives the highest tem|)erature which can be employetl in furnaces with a considerably less consumi)tion than can be obtained with an> of the other solid fueLs, and it can be used for the nieltim; of gla.ss, ca.st iron, steel, .soft iron and other metals. The right temperature is more (juickiy obtained through the combustion of the powder than by the okler methoti.-. ('). F'urnaces for using this fuel are considerably cheaper to erect than thf).>e designed for the u.se <>f other fuels. ♦In tlie appanilus aUo invcnicd by H. Ekolund. 17;; CllAl'TLlJ \I. PEAT COKE Tlie oldest nietli , . . , . "";' "'" ••"'^'"^^ peat, which is .still us,.,l t.i so„,e CKPnt i. -.km,' ... heaps .n ,ho sa.no manner as that „se,l f.,,- the n-anul-u'tu,; „.' W.an.oal. Later, ovens of difforent ..o„strtK.,ion, i.t.t .iiscontinnous i he ..,«■ at.on were etnployed, in.t at present tin.e ..okin, in retorts, whi.h op , -"'."uously, and wi„..h are ...nd-ined with apparatns for the savin. , l.y-produets on a .•onmier.-ial scale, are tnostiv u^ed The raw njaterial t.sed for peat .oki... isair-drie.l tnaehine peat, and the l.e or pt ped, luun, ed and ash free tl,e raw peat is, the Letter s the al ul the coke pi-odiiced. luamx ("oKiNc; i\ Heaps. This method is still ttsed at Trian^el. (lertnany. The ai.-dried machine ..■at ,s eu n. lengths, of al.out 2 feet, which are rai.sed on end in the ck lH>aps. 1 he heap.s are 20 feet in dia.neter, ahont 1 1 feet in hei.ht, and fa ach heap about I, tons peat coke are obtained. When the heap i pil , ' he peat ,s first covered l,y a layer of dry ,rass and then with I ,.o eri, ' o^ in.es, 4 ...ches th.ck, obtained fnm, fortner operations. The ..okin. is .h.ne ... e.xaetiy the .same mantier ;.s that followed when coking wood in hea... .nd ii'q.iires about two weeks. ' ' ' The manufacture of peat coke by this n.etho.l is no, likelv to be ...ud, used on account o, the difficulties and uncertainties connected with it Tins '"ethod is also tnore e.xpensive and wasteful than .'okiiur i„ retorts, CoKixii i.\ ()\t:\s. Discontinuous coking in ovens is not tnuch n.ore advantageous than ...k.n, tn heaps, but the attendance is easier, the proee.ss is independent of leather condit.ons, and son.e of the by-prod,..'ts can be easilv sived M ,|„. [..esent time very few of these oxens a.'e it. operation " ' ' ne/l„hnn,,ar>noven*.-^Th\s ove,.,see 1%. 172, consists of a cvlindrical ;l..-.tt w,th the bottom raise.l, as shoun in the fi.ure. .An openiu. ic) dosed "y a., .ron plate, .s left on one side lor the re.uoval of the .•oke. and on the -li.er side is a pipc(r)m oommunication with the condensiuf: apparatus The ■'"er p.art of the shaft is provi.led with three rows of holes for a.hnittance of ho nec^aiy air. and in the renter of the siiaft is phu.-d an .ron pip,. ,K, pro- '■ "i-l with holes (a) at its b.vse, through which the .gases ,.an e.s'ape. When *IIaiisilinKai!(l I.,irs,iM i(: WallKri^ii's ri'iiorts. KiG. 172 — The HahncmHnn IVat Cokinjf Ovon. the shaft is filled with ])e:it. the latter is isjiiited on top. the shaft opening is then closed by iron plates and the cokinu; process res^idated throu;;h tlie dif- ferent air holes. The Wagcntnann oroi*: — This oven, see Fit;. 17:^, consists of two cones (A) and (B) separated by a jirate (8). The upper cone (A) is (i.fi feet hifiii and the lower one (B) 1.0 feet. On one side of the latter is a pipe (I)) serving as out- let for tar antl jrases. The coke is taken out throuRli t'-f )i)enini: (K), whieii is at the same height as grate (S). The cone (A; " from al)ove with Tlu- VVajjenmann I'eat Lokinjj Oven. ♦ Haiisdinp and Larson & Wallpren's reports. peat which IS .sn.ted on t,,,.. When the peat is hurni,,. the „po„in.r is ck«ee of poorer .[ualiiy is use.i for producinfr ,he necessary he^t, The widest part *Haiis(iiiig. i7f; of the oven or retfirt i.s (1.24 and the narrower pari 7 t. feet. The retort i- heated l.y the Rii-se.s from the prate (a) and the prates (I)). The pases from tin prate (a) are drawn throuph cast iron |)ipes (r), wherehy tlie interior of tin retort is heated, and the pases from the prates (!)) circuhite around the thin wails (Ji) tliroupli tlu" canals (m) and thr- are tlr. employment of the waste non-condensable pases, produced by tl..' dry distillation of the ()eat itself, for the peneratioii of the necess.ary heai. the roiiti-Mious workinp of the retorts used, and the savinp of all valuable b ■ products. The [)ateits coverinp the Ziepler process are owned by " I)f-r Oberbaycr i.- =-r>^:3 SfctiiMi A-H. Krunt \iow. Sfction L-I). Fijf. ,;8. Section E-F. Section G-H. I'la M. Ziejfler s I'eat Coking R, S Ketorts. 17S licriituiT ill ilic ) 'Inrts tli<'ii]>clv<'s rc'irlics soiiio COO' iciitiurailc. 'I'lic licni (■fiiil;iiii('(l ill tl ;r:is('s (JOO to ;{0(P ('ontifirade) rosiiliiiiK In mi the i Ivy iji- tillation iif the peat, and (■(illcctcij tlinmjili the pipes (i) ami (k) is usccl \,,v drviiiL' tlic aiiiiiHiniuiii siil|)liat(' and ai'ctatc i>t' lime (part of tlip by-product- in the vossc!.- ill and (ni). Tlic ri'loris are cliarircd willi poi't, wliirli, if t;ood coke especially fi.i nietalliiri.'ica! |uirposes is desired, must eontain little ash, lie well jiulped, aipi not contain more than 20 to '2't' , moisture. At first, extra fuel is used. Imh after 4.S hours >utficient iion-condeiisaMe irases are j^iveii otf so that peat firiiiL; can lio tliscoiitinued and the fiases ignited. The air necessary for liie coiiiImi- lion is previously heated hy pas.sini; it around the cast iron liopi)er8 foriniii- the liottom of the r(-torts. and at the same time roolinf: off the eoko in saim- Wlieii the process is in continuous operation, tlie coke is hourly drawn off from the hoppers into air-tif;ht steel cars (n) in wliieh it must he left umil thoroughly cooled. After each withdrawal of ( oke, fresh peat hrieks ;iir charj;ed throuirh the feed boxes (c). The operation thus becomes a eontimi- ous one. The water vapours and j;ases j;enerated are drawn off by an exhaust f;in (())* and driven throufih an air cooled pipe contienscr (p) where the tar and iir water conden.se. The non- condensable ijases are by moans of another f ii forced back to the oven where they are used for heatin;; ilie retorts. At ;i plant with a number of ovens more fjas is obtained than is rer>- I'eat ("oke. Hiirh I.nW Carbon S7.S' ,' Calorific value, Hydrof;en '2.0' ,' Colories per k,i; 7.SS!t 7 >"') Xitrofren \ :V ; H.T.U 14.200 14. n!') Oxvfien 5.5'/,' Sulphur 0.:V'/c Ash S.2% I'eat coke is used in blast furnaces, and for other metallurfrical purpc'-(>- ♦First pussinfi tliroujjli the vessels 1 1 ) iiiul (m) as fdmierly desiTil)e(l, l'i.\Ti: 29. I..AV mst f)!W I7» I'livvilcrcrl nofif ciial i, ,|s,.,| (,.,. i,,,,. i .■ Aiialy.sis nf |',..,| Mali- (• Carl Hill INdnim'li Xitrojreri < '\\ Kcn . Sulpliiir A>l, ■•■i M»', Cal "lilic \ali (• . •""oniiitivi's and I "iU'i-s and burns with I Vat t; "■ !•■< ncarh- of ti lilUilCi- coiitoiit ic same coiiiiiosition as tl lilt sill stances aro ..Ktainod, sucl I-ifllit oils, which can 1,(. used iiianufacture of oil .ras. ■■•■"-tc;l,ydisfi||i„i;,,ndrc(ininKtl It' liKnitc tar, Imt ha.~ 11' tar a nutnhcr of didV cithor for il'nininatiiiir piirpos,., or for thi Heavy oils whi.di aic used for h,l,ri,.at I'arafFin, phenol and asphalt. nij; purpose- Tar Water.— Tl •'I'lihol, which iiiil methvl al 10 tar water cont, are manufactured int iins: aintnonia, acet colloj. <>: aninionniin sulphate, c acid an.l methvl acetate of 1 ■■ire m o: L'p to the present time three t)l peration. [ilants wiuij.ped with Zic-ler's cokinj; I mo nvens 77(( Oldrnbunj I'la nrg I'lanl, OMniburg, German;/. -■ ivons of the older type an.l a coniol Th IS plant (see Plate 2!)) h; proi cniment hv a ( ucts. This plant was investigated ommission, with Mr. L. ('. WolfTas.l |)lotei)lant for thesavini:ofallthi »"1 on hohalf of thcl'ru.s.sian(! "f the re.sults ohtained is fiiven l,el rnian. An ahstract^* Th, peat n.sed diirin-r the Carl iriion. H\dr( iRon irii;;en . fT the trial contai noil (. ' 'xvjren. 3 49' A t Asli lur. ■Siilpl ^n calor ■ios per kg. or 7X25— in (ii h.t.U *Zeitschrift <1ps \-ercincs 1), cutsc licr Iiigi ;cnicuro No, LM, year 1<«J4. ISO Of .'iTti liiii.H- KM)',, pfiil were dlituiiu'il. ItiH 7 lims pCMt iiikt- I.")7 1 " I'CMt coke L',' S " tar •_»•.!• •■ tiir Witter 17'.* i " tar Wittor :i'M '■ >;asof< 2i:{ 1 " caso () :V_' •' loss Tlie 25 H tons tar olitaiiicil jiavi-: 11 (i tons liclii oils hoavv nils .... piirartin plietidl :! U IS 7.ti s LN 1 ' , (a.s liicasiiri'il) •27 ;{ ', (ttlicii ilricil) 1 ,•) ' , iti >; < , (ii,>< inoaMirodi :\\ 2 ', (not diluted) 57 a ' , (a(S iiioasurcd) :{7 ' , (without air) 05' , = 2 0' , = 7' =- \V 1 5'-; ■^.\:,v asphalt. . =-0. The 2t)!t tons tar water ohtaiiied fiaic — 1 S tons methyl alcMihol =().;14'^; 0.9 •' aiiinioniu =0. 16^,' (1 ,() " sulphate of aiiiiuoniu — 0.31'/f) 2 5 " acetic acid -=0. 44','; (2 S " acetate of potiussiuni - 50' ,' ) Water and loss not ascertained The nnn-condensable >;a9 had the followin.n cotnpo.sition:- V(U. . . (). . . N... CO.. •(•' mark.s s s;i mark- .ij ()!t •• 2 (M .. M ■.',!■, ■■ I'l I.-. • • ti ,s.' •■ II 27 • • ."iti SJ ;{ sii .. i:. »,-) • 1) !H> •• !l .■),■> • (1 !H) " TiM'.l :{H 07 If :>> ll>S. niU » IIh. |i.ira([iii .'•f llis. iiIichdI. , . 1 llw i!«|)lialt . . •i *> Ills, tncthv I ali-.>lii>l. . li 2 lliH, aiiiiiiimiiim siilphafc. . 10 ll'.-i. acetate nf liirie. In this estimate the n.sts of the raw materials „se,l i„ ,|„. .he.iural part . .1.- p .tU are m. m...„.,e.l, nor the amortizati.,.. ., the peat tnachi ^s < U ., I ut the value of the l..v-pr.Ml„..,., if th,, ahove prices are .,|.tai„e,| «h.M.I, more than cover all expenses an.l the ,.at coke itself he obtaine.l free _ln (.ormany the Lest peat coke suitahlo for mefallurd,.al purposes «.|l.s oo.. marks per ton. an,l eve,, at higher prices: fine, and p..,.;. grades sell Horn j(-,{(, marks per ton. The Rerlkino /V«„/.--The Un.ssian (;„vernn,e.,t l.uilt in 1001 at Ke.lkino a peat cok.nK ph.nt w.th 8 ovens, sec Fi,-. 17'.. ac,.onlin, to the Zie^ler -sten,. The ohject of this .ant i.s not s„ n„.ch the n.nnufacture .^pea "oke .« that of half coke for use as fuel in locotnotives ' 'Accord My Till' I cat l"iu li'loimiriL' I" llii- planl, >vv In;. |mi, |. ...hk. H.iMmi am in PNti-nt, itml i^ wcrkril 'iy .'o .\tir('|>^ pi-ut iimi'liirio. ii- ohnwii in llii- (iiruri Thi'sc riiai hiiH'^ |i|im|iiii' a vcarlv i|(iaiilil\ nl' [icMt rirrrc»|iiiriiiinL' I" tlii.fiin toll- air-iinc.j peat, wlmli in :!IM) i|a\- is inkrd m tfic cnkiri:: |iiani. l-'li., iSii I',.,, I lion al K.'JUiiui, Ivussia. Thp following' rcsiiits of a K-I d' )."> days liiiraiidii ,,ii NM,r twin rctoil- uiTc civcii li\- .( Iviri.-i'JK'w, ilirccKii- >. _', Tlic ilailv capacity j.cr dVcii is a liiiic liiiihcr when iiiiinufactiirii'j petit ciikc. and a little lower wlicii niaiiufactiirinir half coke, than was claiinid l>y the inventor i|'.) s and ■_':» 7 tons air-dried peat respecti\clv). •'!. Of the \vei::ht of the peal Used liti' , wa- olitained /is peat coke, atii when m.-mufacturitij; half cuke, U 1,S' ,, dependin- on the c ontent ,,f luoisi- lire in the peat. I. The re.siilt.s ohtiiineil dcnionstraled tlie fad that wiili low pi'lies ^ the l.y-prodiict.s the value of these still paid all e.vpen.ses and the coke :r. half coke were olitain"d free. The aiiionnt of t.ar and tar water ohtained when iiiannfactnrini; !• coke was 1 ;ir, and _'!•', respect ively.t *llaliscliti!; tArconliiit; to l.aixm and \Vall>rrcii. iS.-« ■i 9" ■' **- is:{ 'I'lic l:ir water itaiiicil: .Motli\ 1 alcoluil , () -JO' , f ""'• '"•''' " ^<'' ;-''-n-os,,.,n,li,„ ,., , ■>:, , ,,,,„„ „f ,„„„ ^""""""' " >^^';-'-m.s,„,„.|in, ,o ;i ;!„., anin.uniuM, >ul,.l,a.,. '>»•• l'""n.l hMlf ,.ok,. l,un,t u.uler a s,a,i„„a.y I-oIUm- evapura,..,! ,i,i;ill,s water, and in a IdCdinDtivc iHiilor .").7(; ll,s. I., tl.e stationaf.v l,.,il,.r will, difT.Mvnt fiiHs tho t„ll„wi,„. results wet-e I 111. W(l(l(l, . . .,11.,,.,, , 11 ,, • , , pln,||„(.,| :i Jl ll,s. steam 1 ll>. J{iissian coal (Don) .. d (;; |i,^ •■ I II). iiricnietted coal . .. - w, ii .. , ,, < III Ills. 1 ll>. l.eat half coke ■• (| ,;;ni,s. •• Tlu IMry i,hu.t.^--m. ,.la,„ i.s ,|„ |,..„.,, ,,„, ,„„„ ,,,..,i,„^. pe;it coking' plant so far erected. The h,« at which the plant is located and the methods n^ed tor workin- same are already descrilied on p.iires 112 11:5. The .okin^ plant .onsi^ts of two twin ovens for the tnannfacture of peal roke, nvo h.alf coke ovens, an.l a cn.plete hy-pnulu, t plan,. .\ ,Jeral phin o, the works ,s shown in Fis. ISI an.l a view in I ,te ;iO Ihe p,.at hricks used have a confnt of n.oisture of 20 2:,',. and latelv .Mr. /le.ler h.as worke,l out a process l,y which the lu-at , tained in the w,,s,e .as..s iron, the ovens can he ntili.sed for a preli,nin..,rv- drvin,^ of the pea, hncks. Ihe process >s thereby n>;Hle more indep,.ndent of weather conditions Miid the output and quality of the coke improved. The ovens are in principle sitnilar to those shown in lU's. 17.; 17s ■nu> deliver ,n LM hours on an avera^re S S tons of peat .-oke per ove,. I he two hall ,..ke ovetis consist of circular re,orts, al.out -10 fe,., j.i.d, '" winch the peat is dire.-tly hea.e.l l,y ,he waste jrases fron, the coke overs' hMch oven produces in LM hours about l:! 1.", tons half eke. lU-product pl.'Hit.-- Thetaran.l tar water. .•ond..nsed in the pipe c„nd,,„.,,,, ,,,. ,„|,,,„„, i„ .^ n^e l,as,„ plan.d helow the lloor o, ,he lir.t r,„„„ in the .ar water distillin. -mldin.^ (15). rrom here it is pumped into tanks phu-e.l .on,e Jo feet .mLovc <■ l.>..r of the second roon, w!„.,,, ,|,e t,.u- is .separated fron, the tar wa,er II." latter runs .hrect into an appa,-atus wheiv i, is „-e.-„ed with lime and the acetic acid recovered as acetate of lime. The atnmonia imd .ncthyl alcohol are collected together and „-eated w.th stean,: the volatile amtnonia is treated with weak sulphuric aci,l ..„d is obtained as ammoninn, sulphate, an.l tl,<. methvl alcohol as '.W r',w ""■'h.vl alcohol. The .solutions of a..et,-.te of lin,e and ammonium sulphate .re dned in the vessels ,lescribed on pa^e 17S. The tuethvl alcoh„l is refined ■■•• •«'„ alcohol m tnc ti.ini room of ,he buildinfr. In tins room are also l'l^"'-l a hir^e water tank and a filter appara.n.s, by means of which ,he bo. water is eleanetl. " 184 c® Fig. i8i — Peat Cokinjf I'l.-int at Bouerber>f, Germany- A. C'okin>f ovens. B. Building for tar water distillation. C. Buildinj; for tar dislili tion. D. I'aratlin plain. E. Electric power station. IS.-, The. tar sc,,arated from the tar water is ..onvoycl l.v moans c,f a pipe to the distillin;; ap,,aratU8 piaco.l in the tar .h,-tilHnK b.iil.lins ((') These apparatus ara heate.l fron, fire l.oxes pla..e,i in a separate roo,n. The ..om- .ustion gases escape throujrh a hir«e rhininey, with whi.t, the fh.es „f two ar«e locomobiles are also ,.onnec,e,l. Another chin.nev, son.o .iO feet in he-^rht, IS nsed when the distilling apparatus are cooled hv air circulation. By the distillation of the tar. whi,.h is done under 0.8 inches water vacuun,, the h,d,t oils are first obtained and collected as raw oil. then the ■Khter para hn subs.a,: .„d at last the heavy paraffin substan-^es, which an,.facture of .■ar.,on,s and ele,.trodes. The fras developed is forced by n.eans of a vacuun> pun,p through the chimney, or used for heating the distilling apparatus. In the same building a small e.xperimental plant with a retort capable ahout 2Z0 lbs. tar, i.s mstalled. The lighter paraffin substances are pumped into a large tank placed in H sepa .. e bu.hhng (I)), where they are separated from the water which poss.b.y ha.s been conden.sed. Fron> there they are conveved to tanks placed m a eoohng room, where the paraffin slowly crystallizes." This proce.s.s takes about 8 days, and when ready the contents of the tanks are t.pped mto a mashing apparatus, where the mass is bu.Ken up The .solution ,.s filtered off and mi.xed with the light oils previously obtained ma large tank. The paraff,, .scales are washed and dried several times in order to obtain a good product. Esthnatfd ro,t of plant ami cost of manvfaclure. A 4-oyen plant.-The cost of .such a plant compl..te is, according to Dr. Otto K. Zwingenberger ♦.Vccording to former e-stim-atc by M. Zi,.«!,.r. (he different ito.ns are in ( icnu.uy Coking Plant : Building Brickworks for ovens Iron construction Boiler and appiiratu.s Freight and erection .\ir drying chambers :i».00() marks. -10.000 •• iia.ooo " tl,0(K) 11,000 L'0.000 " Tar water distilling |,lant Paraffin i)lant Peat machines and power station Buildings, etc Working capital 220.000 24,000 3:(,000 ,S0,000 200,000 Total (iOO.OOO isi; TIio cost (if the air-(lr'u'(l i)cal is ciilculatcil liv liiiu ti) lie as i'dllows: — * I'm; iiu-n (ill 2 sl'ifts) at si. 7.") jht day SL'TH (Ml 12 foremen (in 2 .shifts) at !s2..j() jjer day 'MiAM Daily wanes s:}():{.()() 7 peat machines at si ,7()(j Si 1 ,!I0() (Id Assuiiiiiif; that the jX'at machines arc wnrkini; 1(10 days durini; the sea.-oii. and (hirinj; that time jn'odiice .Sli.OOO tons air-dried i)eat, the total cost of the lu'at will bo: — - \Vaf;es at the peat machines .s:{(),:{00 Kepairs {'.\' ', of the cost of the machine) X'u I'ower lo run tiie machines 1,20(1 1") men liiniim: and stackiiii; the peat 2,(i2ri 1") men for transportation and storins: 2,(12") Loss of interc-i in months 1.4()() Total $;W,oO" or |)er ton jieat si.OSt A 4 o\en jjlant treats per 24 hours about lUO tons air-drieil ])eat, aid with the value of the by-proihicts as ^iveii lielow, the total ■ hie of the-i' are: — !)()(J Ills, ammonium suli)hate at s;? ()7 per 100 lbs. o27.(io i:i20 lbs. acetaie of lime at 2:'.") " 81 (i2 (i") fiallons methyl alcohol at 70 ju'r ualloii 4.") .")ii 2S() -callous liulit oils at ().07A - 21 ("i 9.") gallons heavy oils at i)A)7\ " 7 IJ 71.') lli'^. paraffin at AYXj per lb. 2(;M olOO lbs, creosote oil or cabolic acid at 0.02J per lb. (!!),7."i 440 lbs. asphalt at 0.004 per lb. 2 2ii Total S2:)l ii:; Deductiiii; 10' ,' for sale expenses 2:5, o:i The actual value of the by-products is •S20S Oil *.\ssuniiiiK 'li;it tlip same peat inacliincs iis ii,.ii'il at Hciicrlicr}' arc cmplDycd, aiul tli:'' cacli willi It iiicii produces :iO tons air ih-ieil peal in ten hours, hieli i.s prol)al)ly ratli'r liiuli uitli tliese niacliines. tThis estimate docs not include tlie cost of tlie Ixik, its amortization, etc.. and );encr,il expenses, and uid(vs local conditions are specially favouralile. tlie cost per Ion air-dried pcii delivef.i at tlie fokiiiji plant, i- ; r.^hahly n<--arrr".*I :">(! In: ''...-t"rop<.,,uinntlu. ,.„ki„«an,hl .i..,! plant ,.,.,•, lav ■ix men at sl' p,.i- ,|;iv . '-' I'lircnicii ai s.') p,.|- ,l.,v. . I chciiiist at ss per dav. Niilphiiric aciil and linie. . Int. and depreciation on sjOd.ooo at IT)' ;[ lot) tons air-dried peat () Cost of ;« tons of peat coke iir per ton coke .S.'J.O.V the ;osl',i'n;' !"'=';!'-:'"''7""'''-'-"'fsucl. a plant is ahont S27o.000, and ulZ:i prodnctton ,n the cokin, and chetnical plant in thiscase is as •■)(■> men at S2i)erdav. 2 foremen at -S") per dav. I chemist at .'^10 per day. '"Sulphuric acid and lime. Interest atid depreciation. .SI 12 Oil 10 00 10 (10 I.") on Tost of^;«IO t,.ns of air-dricl peat, si. os per ton !i^.i m .S2 (M) (ieneral expenses Total exiH'nditure \'alue of li3--prodiicfs :i \ 20s . Cost of '.)<) tons peal coke, per ton coke .soor,. SI ;2! too (124 OO .s.") 00 As.> inmn, that the air-dried peat costs s|.50 per ton, the li^ures are- lotal exjM-nditure. . ^._-. ,„, \- 1 ,. , , S,.).T 00 \alueotl,y-produc,s ,.^^ „„ Cost of i)!l tons i)eat coke. "'•. jior ton coke s]:A2. si:ii (!o 'i"n^<^yVLt:ZZZ:i. ""■'•^"'« '" '^"'""^ '-- - rallicr lu'irli, and c.iil.l im INS In the case of the manufacture of half coke, the cost of tlie plant is nearly the same as given above, hut in such a case, about 4.5';[ of the wcIkIh of the peat is obtained iis half coke. The economical results of a peat cokinj? plant of the above ilesiriptioii are dependent on the prices and market of the by-products producetl. These liy-products have at present at least in (iermany, a ready market and coiii- iiiand (jood prices. Bamme's Peat Coking Own. — This oven is similar to Ziejiler's, but differs somewhat in details. Bamme also uses the non-condensable jia.xyp'ii iV NilniKin. Siil|]lmr. . . . A»li. ... Muistiirc. . I'.iliiiilii' v:iliii' ( 'uliirics iMT kii. HIM Ili.tH) I . .i.' l.si ■j:i . M IU.')7 7:!()-' m liii .) Id IS IJ (1 -'S .t l:i 1 II ii7' i.'l 1.' .'■.'" 1 I'.i 17 J.I II i:i :urrf) li.". !S 1 us IS w I ■J I 1 liii; ■j; 1 ii< 7J A plant (if the aliovo ile.scrititioii Im.s liccn crccttMl at CaioliticiiliKist near Stettin, (ierinany. wliicli has a capacity of 77 tuns |«t l'4 liours. with ") hydraulic presses. The cost of .-such a i>laiil is estimated to i)e :UM),(KM) marks, and the cost of manufacture per ton liii(|uettes. indudinj; all e.\|iendi- ture, about !) niark.s. 191 rilAI'TCIf Ml, USES OF PEAT FUEL FOR HEATING, STEAM RAISING AND POWER PURPOSES Ion I),.Mi.>Tr< l'ri(i'n>i:s. l".'Mt fu..|,.an. MS M rul,., he uso.l w,tl, satisf.,.,n,.y .tm.!,. i„ ,„v xtove ^^ luM|- u.M.d ,.an l..Mrs,.a. sud. as for in.s,an,.eJ,Hd.,.lu.>, and l,.^.,i,,K s,,.v... W ith hoat,,,^ stovos th,. results are still Letter ,f the s,„v,.s aie suital.lv .•.w.s,ruete.l. One „f the first suitahle heating st.,ves for peat fuel use, - . .0 uas eoustruete,! hv A. H. Heck, Denn.ark. see Fi.. Is.', an,! later m... others have heeii iiivente,|. '^".ii Fli;. iSj— Rech > Peat Stove. The oneVhieh at present i.s eonsi,lere,l to he one of the best on the nuuket in Sweden is tnanufaeture.i at Ankarsrun, * .Sue,len, in .lifTerent si.es an,l with nion. or less exix-nsive ext,.ri,.rs. The inferior of this sfove, see Vi^. 1S:J, is line,! with s,H.,.ial l^i.ks pro- vided with air channels, always insuring' a suftieient anmunt .f .^, -'^r the -oitibustion, and thereby preventing explosions, whieh are son. ti-„es ,; -ible in other stoves, es,x>cially if the fuel used contains a ^ro„ a. .,f <;nl ♦Aktifbolagpt Ankjirsruiiis hriik. I!»J Klii. 183— Ankiiisrum's IVat Stove. FoK Stkam Uaising. 1. Plane Grates. I'liuie , .'atcs for jK'Ut fuel, which requires less air for its conibubiini- than coal, should liave the grate bars placed closer together liian is the ca.- with jirates where coal is burned. Bj' tliis arrangement the amount "i iinbnrnt jicat })articles passing through tlie grate is greatly reduced. The distances between the grate bars vary, de{X'nding on the (|ualit\ "i the peat used, between 0.32-0.><0 inches, and the average height of ili peal layer on the grate, between 8-10 inches, in exceptional cases, 12 incho. The iieight of the fire-box should I^' at least 24 inches. The total grate area, when burning 100 lbs. peat [)er hour, nuiir* be ;.■ least 5 scjuare feet, and the free grate area J of the total. If iiroi)erly attended when using sufliciently dry jv^at fuel, very littli if any suioke is produced, which is an important question in c(i-tain localit ics. I'eat contains, as a rule, very little sulphur conipareu Mth coal, aini all iron-work which comes in contact with the hot gases is therefore not so quickly destroyed. im T,M' followinK n.snit. ar,. uivn l>y M,.s.sr... I.i.rM.n & Wall^nn. Hoilcrt.--! at I iM-NirKur factory nt (itvst.n.l. Sw..,|,.ri. Kljrl 1. 1 >!' 111! I ., V"'' !'"■ l-r l.'liKth l.mir .V I, nip |,n.ir A ."' ■"I""-'' of „,„,,,,. "■'•' Ux>< 1V..,| t',„,, LT.-l''' H;iI.T mal,. •If'"' ,,r,,, irtlti- "^Wcdisll .■.,;ll Hill,.- In. Inn i;iii;li-'lic..:il S. V.irki Kni;li~li. •,..■,! N \\,,|,,. I'lMf tr.iiii I,oIhtihI riKil Ills II..S o IS 0 O.i.-, S.l 7.') s;. S."i I. -7 l,.l.-> J lis ' WJ l^:.,„„.. ;it.-.| «:l(i r |..-r ll,> I'tii'l 7 IM» '.I. Ill s III .-> Ill I II. (•..;ll |.n,„N III I'lll'l V:llni. tnll,, pi'nt It II. >l IIIIM'.I Hllh (■u:il I II. i'....l (■iprn«- |.(iii,|- iii liii'l Mlllll' III lh.1 |N':lt il HUM il "ilh It- I.HIl »rll{lil r...'il ll'-^ |..nt ll.v |i. :,| I :ls I SI 1 ii.-| I Jl I I.J I i:. .10 Tl,.. r,..s,i! s .sIm.w flut, l.v ,„i.vi„K „.a, a.i.l ,.„al in th,. ratio 1 1 ,|,, f„,| vali.,.oftl,..,K;itintl,is,.i,s,.i,.i„m.:»..,.,iM.„„. ir 'n 111,, .si.^ar fa-tory ai Kar,.al„n,i. .^u..,;..,,. 1 II,. ,„„ ,.va,H,ra„.,l il..l,a.i,n,Su,.,i..n. Ilh. ,..a, ..iu 4 .{_ lbs. .s,..a>., o. 0- < atn„..spl,..r...s ,in..s.s„r.., atul J II,. ...rdifT.-oal 7 H lb.H. .. ..a.n of , 1„. .am,. pr,..s.ure, or 1 11.. ....al .-onv.spon.ii,., „. 1 . 72 IIh „ , . n,.,,«..,,if,.r.,n,,..,,i ,,,„„ Air.lnrd p,atasloco,no,ar /«./. -Air-lri,.,! ,H.at , h.„h ctt and .„a,.luno h'a l,a.s ,,revio„.sIy h,.,.,> u.s...l ,o .„„„„ „.„„„ ,, ,.„.„„„„;,„ f„„, „ ";. . .-« , no .,...ial rroubl.. wa. ..nconnfr,..! i„ «..„in, „p sfatn and k ..p I .. .u.FK.u.nt pr..s.s.,„., . ho u.s,. of ,..at a.s f uH for Io,.o,.,o,iv...s l,a.s in0..r , a .v «figlit 1.S at least t wire as larg,. as that of coal. In Su-,.d(.n peat fuel was introduced in im-VM2 on ,ow, of the Kovrn -.n, railways and tlu- intention was ,0 Kraduallv incn.ase the u^. L .na f 1 n.st,.ad of ,.oal a. 1..ast for slow freight trauis. The exp,.rin;l rLad. '■ nons,rate.lt that rK.at fu..l could be us,.d without anv'^p,.^!! ll^,^^ ■n the .•onstruction of the fir,.-bo.x, but on account of ,...> bnii^iJ...., ^1 ^ , ■'■"- (en,ler had to be enlarge.l, and when firing by hand'nvo' stoker' w^re -,u.red. One lb. ,.at produced on an average^ , .S lbs. :u2 1 t I 'lieres pressure. «iiiiu» •Page 451. tBy E. von Fricsen. I.'j riif |iilliys ii i> n\zm~r t I 771- = —/: Ij"i «« i ^ I ri ^ ; p -• '5 - => -I r 1^ 'l -I - >« ' - 5 n '- *! 2 s r 1' ; 7 s: ;;::*» ;j ;: ^ >'. 9; E ■ t = c i m ■X. sri-r -ri i^ >> 11 ;i 5.5 v.-s — s ul- — ?i rr - - .; i- z *l kniiKi — -7 ^l■llI^<. // Sl, f, liniti:.. St..,, „.a.,.. ar.. n,o.-.. ,.(li,.i,.Mt ll,:,„ ,,|,„.. .,,„„ ,,, is:(iilc, sinviliist, ciiv y 1. 1. 'I - irh |'-':.t. A -^t.'!. unite s*^. V\'i IM.,„,„i,t,| o li II,.. si,.,- "'>• >"-'lii ut I., aflimspl,,.;.... piv.siinv peat pf... ^u,.,,,] I 196 Kk;. 1H5 — Locomobile with Sti'p-ijrate, Ironi M. Laiiz, MaiTiilii'ini. Gi-rni.-iny. 1 ■i't^ii--''*^-~----yir')''^^'^e4Si • l'#-' ■■>■- I!t7 ///. Iliilf a, IS l-'unuicK. .m.l l0d.o,.ar,o,,s are at hrst f„rn„Hl. Those am lairr .nixe.l witl, uir a..i:;;;;:i:t;:;;:;:;:::;i;;:i;;:..*^ =.-.■... Ihe U-st known Imil.lers „f su.l. furna.es in (;..rn,anv a.o C |{,.i,.|, i„ Hannover, and tl,o fir.n of Koil„,an,. .^ \ oK-k,.- in M,.,.nl,„r.; luo ol ,ho furna,.,.s l,uil, i,y l{..i,.l, are shown in \^^.. ,s7 ,s,s Th,. "."I .s ..har...l through ,he door ,T) or ,hro„.h ,h.. hop,.,.- i,. ,-,, ,,s,s , U> down on he ^ra.e ,s,ep, in. lined plane .rate or a ,.o nhinaUon .,f l.o MS i.rehea.od n. .iu- shaft ,A, where ,he n,„is,nre and n,.,s, of ,he . ' ro . -'f er It ha.s deseend..d on the .rate is let in -hn.u.h the door ,K) The «a.se.s trotn the iue on the lower par, of the .rate atv nnxed in .oa, > M, wi ' IK- .ases prev,„„sly driven ,.,T, The a.l.nittan.e of thes.. .ase' is r Kt^ -y ho da.npn- ,S,. The air neeessary for the ...Mnplete eon,!,,, ,i ^ ""•■'i t hron, the valve a , and passes hrst thron!), a .-hannel ,." ICL 1 .s preheated, a.ul a, th.. same tin,., cools tl,e wols Tl.e l„„ i , ::^"-';"^'""v?^' ''•'-p-MM)andisn:;.,wi';;, :;:^r 1/ .),, carhoii dioxide, an. .{' oxven with •, ,iv.,i-. r ,■ - •iM ' "-*.>i- otitaincd. Kciliiiaim A \ dicker's furnace, see Fiji. I*^!*. is "f a similar constriHtinn Oil the u|)|ier part iif the urates, llie fuel is partly uasified, anil im the Idwer. completely. Tlie f;a.ses frmii the upper part of the jjrato are mi.xed on their way to the ininier with preheated air in the space left liy the fixed lirick wall and the mo\alile froui wall shown in the fiirure. This front wall can Ke mo\ci| up or down. tlierel)y rcu'ulatiiifi the amount of fuel let down on the lower part of the urate. Fui. |S() Ki'iliiiatiti Ac X'nIktTN M.tir-i^.is Kurnace. Several other furiuices of more or less difT(>rent construction are in opera- tion, and a LTeal advantaire is that peat of poor (piality and peat refuse can lie used. I v. I', (It I'iiinlir. The v.'ihie of jieat powder for lieatiiif: purposes has already lieeiiic- ferrcil to (p;ures 171-171.') and at a test made in Stockholm* the followint; figures were olitaineil. 1 II). peat powder with 17', moisture eva|)orated ."> 27 ll>s. water in the same hoiler where 1 lli. Newcastle coal evaporated ."> (i7 His. With peat powiler;{ .") lbs. of steam and with coal 2 41 llis. were olitainci per scj. foot of heatiiij; surface. Several ai»|)aratus for powder firiiiji have heen invented. F. de ('!mii)'s ajiparatus is shown in Fifrs. HIO-Hll. The powder i- .V inraus of a >ii!iicai screw ;C; in ;he hottorn iiio nopjicr til a rotating sieve (D). Here it is fiiielv divided and intim.itel ,1 wiii *I{cpnrt hv I.arsuM iV: \Vi paKc :i:{H. 199 KlCi. i<;o-K. di.- Car !|)\ PoHiler-firinj,' Apparatus. hli;. iqi- F. dc Camp -.^PowdiT-tirinK Appa.ali.s. 2(KJ air drawn in by the fan (A) and forced into tiic fire-liox or conibustidn space through the pipe (a). The coniial screw ((') is driven by Iwlt und conical pulleys as shown in the figure, and by moving the belt towards one side or tlic other, a slower or greater velocity i^ obtained. Tlio amount of powder fed can be regulated to some extent by tliis mean, but in onler to be able to better regulate the feeding, a movable plate (k) is placed above the screw. Tiie amount of air let in can also be regulated. hi f^ZD Kit;. 19J — Sctiw;. izkopf^i t*owder-ririii^ .Apparaliis. Fig. 192 shows an apparatus constructed by tjchwartzkopf, and s(!vei:il others could be mentioueil. FEAT (;.^S. Peat is employed at a large numbft- of plants as fuel in producers fort! generation of gas, which is used either for heating, or for power purposes. 201 A. I'kaT f'lAS FOH Hl.\TI.\(i I'lHI'oSKS. The pnidncoi-s used iti this case iiiv of the r.iimiion type; :i vertical shaft provided with a phiiie or step -rate at the l),.tton., and an air-ti};ht feed box on top. The fuel hed is kept at sucii heiirht, tliat the earlxm dioxide develo|)ed, where ttie air for the (•oiiihustioii enters tlie pnMhu<.r. is reduced to monoxide on Its upward way. Such peat Kius is ii.sed for lirin- h.iilers, anod iieatinK jras contains aiiout: — 25',' Carhon monoxide. S% Hydro-en. 2*^7 Hydrocarbons, o9'; Xitrojren. ii'o Carbon dioxide, and has a calorific value of 12H 14.'. IVT.C. per cub. foot. Hy Kasifvinfr the dry substance .i ,■ foil,, wins fuels, gases of the f,,ll(,w- iiiS ciitnposition are obtained. f CO. H... C!l4 !' T ' r-jir .-:;h • s ♦Hausding, iKigr 414, and followuifi |mitws. t.\«-rt)riiinK 'II Zi'sjlcr. T'^al Kiitnitp Coal 1 .-.' , III- •J'JC ••• 4 ■• 57 " "12 ■ (il- 14 • l>-- (V loit' ; io«>- ; 100'; lii' , l.io' , 140' , -'1)2 Sliowiiij! timl ii >i:is can 1)C proiliiccd frotii peal with the same caldiilu Value as tlial pnidiiced from lijctiilc or coal. Tlic |)cat used contains, liowcvci as a rule, some '20 -W', inoisiiirc. wliicli decreases the caloiific vahie of the j;:is. and sometimes necessitates the ei-iployment of condensers for the removal of the wa'er vapours. In Sweden the first peat and wood j;as producers iisc.i for the };i''i''''!i''<"' <>f heatitig i;as, were always provided witli coiiden.seis, liu: it Was found that very Httle was siiineil tlieiehy. My the condensation of the lieavy h\ drocarooiis as well as of the water vapours the calorific value of I Ik (;as was diminished and the sensiliie heat of the gas lost, ::tid it was found thai practically the same heatiiif; \alue was obtained when the gas was used with- out condensation. The watei' resulting from the condensation was aN" dillicult to dispo.se of, as it could not lie let out in rivers or lakes on account oi the impurities it contained. .\t pluius where the hy-produc-ts, tar and ammonia (as ammonium sul- phate) are recoverect fiiiiiu ;/. The jilaces of the gas [)roduction and gas consuiii|ilioM can be .se|r;ii ated, thence one |)roducer or a battery of producers can fni nisli fuel to a lai j;i number of furnaces; a long distance between producer and furiuice is rathi i an advant.'ige, as it cau.ses the comitlete condensation of steam in the pi.i dtu'er gas. /(, The po.ssibility of burning low grade fu( Is not suitable for griite fiiiii<: *l)r (). Natrd. Klcclro-rhciiiical ami Mi'talliirjric:it iiuhistry. Sept., 1!K)7. tl-'or tlw coiiiliustioii of tlic gas only a vcr,v sli);lii excess of tlic air, tlicon>llcally i' (|iiin'(l f(ir the cdiiiliuslioii, iiccils to hv used. \\ illi iirate (irinji about twice the rc;as. !>' Kiissia. with ,f. A, Stru2an,nv's |„„,lu..,.r, 1 II,. ,„,,t |,r„,l,„.,..| » s,i .-, //< th, n-„n nn.l sl,rl in,lusln,. i'.-at has I,,..,, us.mI f,,,. n.anv v,.,,r. in Mv...l,.n a.nl .„ c-rtai,, parts of (Icnnany an.l Au-na for the «,..„■,.•.. i,in or.,. f.r opon h.-arth an,| rrhoatins fwrna.-.-s. At ...-rtain plants ,„.., is us..,l ov- .•l..sm.lv l,ut at u.h,.r> a tnixtur,. „f ,„.at. uv „| and ,.„al „r ,„.„ an,i ,.,.al ar. ('nip|(,\('.|. A rnnMno,, type of the pr.,.lurer used in Sn,.,|en, ..nnstni.t..! I,v l'r„r Odelstjerna. is shown in I'ig. lici. ; I ! t ■^ ^J ■-^ .- 'S. id Kl(i. IQ,,— 1V.„ r..>. Producer a! K.,hKvv=, !,>.„ \V\.^^^, Suva.,,. 2(>1 Fn: loj W. Bildls I'rnducer wiih .\;itomalic Food IVvice. Fig. 194 shows C. W. Bildt's producer, with his patented autoni.iin' fcod-dovice. This producer is used at quite a number of plants in SwciN << Mild tiie United ^^tatc.;. It is in most cases fired with coal, hit peat can ;! ' be used. The fuel is continuously and uniformly distributed over the charjrini; area, and a gas of uniform quality is obtained. L'd.-) The foi,i|H.siti()ri iif the Ras |>r.H|iici. I *xyK(ii. . C.'irliDii iiicitiiixiilt'. llydroaiMi. . Mftli.iiii-. \itn'j;iTi. :; . 1' ; .( ■ 1 :i' (t 1 • :«i 7" JH.l' US' 10. tj' 7.(f .").«• l.-).S" .'.J . s ■ Kin. in.-, sliows Hil.lt '.s produc.Tcotul.iiHMl uitli a ifl.i'atiii- luinace. Tin- l!Mi shows a rovfilx-ratinn ftirnacc fiml with i)r(Hhicfr l'ms* Kui. 195— Hildls rrodiiier lombiiu'il willi R.-luMtinj; I'urn.i. e. Klii. iqf)— Roverberatory Furnace, Kin-d wilh Producer-Ka-,. " The change from direct firing to gas firing consists mainlv in the addition ■if the gas (.roducert and recu[,erator between furnace ami "chimney. The recuperator con.sists mainly of a system of fire clav pipes (e, 1) wiiicliconnect the flue (i.) with the chimney (E). This pipe system is built into a wider channel Mirl>stlich(';it nltliccwcaiiinn (jmm's.iiihIi'mii i- - till' heal l.ii'k t,i tlit- t'liinacr iIiikukIi (lie (•haimcl:^ aiii| with tin- lixt air cliariilH'r (I,) of tlu> r»'cii|iciatnr. I.\ .n, "lits or air rliaimcl.-< (T). Iti tlifsc air ^lil- wliicli arc arriiMKcl tlirouuliMul tli. widlliofthc furnace arch, t lie air is lin>iij!lii to a still liinlu'r toiiiiicraliirc. Tlm- at tlic lire hriduc hitt |ircMliiccr (fas i^ mixcij with hot air, causing a perfect cciin l>tisii,,ii. Ill wnrkiiiji with a rei|iicinn Maine, the ci.iiil.ii.stinti is nearlv -umU,- li'ss. Il nets perfectly sninkeless hy the fsedfasiijiht excess nf air. .V sa\ini.'ise(Tecte(| l.y I he hi(rh«T teiiiperaluic ul.t.iihcd l.\ the reciivei\ of the heat in the recuperator, liy reduciiijj the radiatic f the (ire place, Ia «fM»t>.\act leKulalion of the liriiiK, liy the perfect coiiiliiisfiuii and l.y the lonjici life of the firehrick." Fur hrltk and linn miiniijiiiliiri . iVat fuel is largely used, especiallv ii, (Jennany* for the manufacture of these products. Tlic oven mostly cm ployeil is the " MotTiiian HinKoven " which gives very satisfactorv results u, ■ peat (iriiii;. 1 iji, 1!(7 shows a lime kiln, with half jias firinji. suitable for ,, smaller production, and I'ii:. lOS a lime kiln fired with pro.lucer gas. In thi- lattert the fjas generated in the producer pa.ss«'s through chaniicKfi to the «;.- dislrihiiting due (g). from which it pa.ss«.s through vertical channels to th.^ gas inlet o|,eniiigs (i), Heing under pressure, the gas is equally distril.uic.l o\'"r'iie entire area. The air for coinhu.stioii enters at (d'). alisorlw the heal s'oiO() ;t. -ho lower part of the shaft, and is highly jirehealed while the huriicd in.itei'.a' is cooled at the .same time. The air arrives (on account of the hi-:li ««'in(M.'iature) at the place of combustion at a certain pressure, which |ireveiit- the .Irawing in of excess air, and effects the uniform di.strilnition of the an as well as of the gas. The comliu.stion of the producer gas with the hot air i- taking place I.etween and above the gas inlets. That part of the pioducci gas, which ri.ses upward immediately at the inlet openings, does not meet the aniouiit of air necessary for its combustion, which, however, is introduce! above the gas inlets througii the air inlets (o). This air enters the shaft at , 1 ri.ses through (m,) is distributed in the (hail! els (m,n) behind the tirebrii-k liniiii; of tlie combustion zone proper, and tiiiallv enters the shaft through o|ienim;- (o). By means of this arrangement, the firebrick lining is air cooled from tin outside and tiie rising producer ga> completely burned by this air. For i/lass Willi II jacliin. The u.sc of peat gas as fuel for the manufactuir of glass is. aci'ording to Hau.sding, su|)erioi and cheaper than other fuels mi. Ii as wood and coal, /i s.avinp of :{()-40' ; in the fuel cost beins; obt.iined. Ii. — (lAs yim I'nwKK I'tarosKs. Ill later years the (juestion of ga.sifying the fuels, and utili/ii.'j the ga.s 111 jias engines, has received con.sideraiije attention. The etlicicii. *Ilaii'^clin);, patii' I.'i4. ti;iciiri.- •' ■">"' I (of \()luilii' CO C'H4 C,H^ h! o o.oir' N 48.itM" Dowson's idea was taken up and further worked out l)y most of the p:i> PUKine'manufacturers, and the plants were generally called iJowxon yan plaitt- The ujiial construction of such a plant (as constructed by the lias motoren falirik l)e\itz) is shown in Fig. 199. ♦Sun ion pia plants liy E. UnJjctutick Teknisk TW-tkrift, No. 47, year 1906. I. .■)7' IT) 07 ■ ;n ■ .n • is.7;r ^rmsf. misms^mm'- 2IH) Ki<;. ,.^, Oowson Gas-pro.hu-.r l'la„l (l.a. .M.-oronlabrlk Oeut/) lor A.uhra.i... ..r Coko. Tl ic principnl ;!ii!)ar;i!!!-; arc: \ pra=i trap (C), a scrul)l)cr (I)), and a sawdust filter K). Tl -licet iron slic 11 of iiali I'.nilcr ii'.;, ii \uilci- If iirodticcr consists of a The layer of coal is carrird ii circuiar or siniare cross-so, ti,,n lined with fire-|.ro..f hri^'ks 14 > I'v a irratp, I el ow ulucli ,.s an air-ti.L'iii .isli lit. 2IIJ 'llif t'fcd 1mi\ fur till- idiil i.> dl' iIk' usual (■iiii>tni(ti(m witli ;i iiidvaMc ((Hic, ariy water. 'I'lic small toiler prodiin - sfeatii of about I atiiio-splieres pressure, wliicli is passed tliroui;li the spiral pipes (F), iiiul tliere superheated. From d') it passes throui;h a ste.'.i. Mower ((!) into the ash pit of the producer, at the same time drawinj; in the air ro(iuired for the coiiibu-stioii. The liiii^w jiroduced in- the decoiu])ositioii of the steam ai.d the parii.i! (•oml)Ustiou of the carhoii with the oxyfreii contaiiuMl in the steam ami aii psiss tlmnij;h jhjm' (H) to the water trap ((') and from there to tiie lower |ian of the scruhlier (I)). On their ui>warii way in the -cruhlier, which is fillci with ciike or laths of wood, the }:ases are met liy w.-iter let in through the tn|, of the siTuliher. 'I'liey are then cooled and freed from any solid substain i- brought from the producer. l"roni the upi>er part of the scrubber the jra.sc- are forced throu^rh the saw;as holder, from which the engine is supplied. In ordi i that the producer may always produce the amount •,)f -las re<|uired by ihi enjrine, ami neither too little nor too nnich, the ti'i^ holder is coimected widi the valve (I) on the steam [lipe from the boiler to the steam blower. Tlic connection is made in such manner, that, when the holder is full, the vab. is closed, and wlieii it sinks, the valve opens, steam and air are then suiiplii'l to the producer. f;as is fjenerated and the holder rises. If the engine is not workinjr the valve (K) is closed, the valve (L) to iIh' chimney ojiened, the supi)ly of steam shut off and the door to the ash pii opened, when a very slow combustion in the producer takes ])lace. When the producer is afjain started the boiler is fired up, the door to tiie ash pi: closed and steam put on. At first a gas containinj; a larjie ])ercentaf;e <<{ carbon dio.xide and steam is produced, which fia-s is allowed to pjiss out tiirou-h the chimney. The valve (L) is closed and (K)openeil when the coal in thepio- ducer is sufficiently hot and a uood gas produced. In order to test the i:a-. ihe pipe (11) is provided with a valve and a jzas jet (()). This is opened an i the gas ignited. When the gas burns (piietly with a blue flame if anthraiiic is used, and with an orange yellow flame if coke is gasified, the gas is of suiiaMi composition. With different producers of this constructioi. a gas of the followini: (oii'- position and calorific value luis been obtained. ( '( ) , CO. II.. (11^ X. . Cal. rilU V llUf nil ir f,,.. HT.t p. 1 II III l\ Hcljjiiiii 1 il'l'lll:)!! 1 ni'lisli 1 la." nlliriicill- aiUl racilc mil lir:H-iti- cck ii.:v; !I.O' ; 7 . ■_" , l.S', lot Iti.li •• IS.."- L'll.s-- L'7,ii ■- 2i.2- !*•■ J " IS. )•■ 7.0" i.'.o ■ "l^o- II li ■■ ■J.O' 4.-).!l" .■>:!..-.-' I7 - .'is i;-- 11.1 1J:{ \M) i:i-j "-1K**.*j.' 211 111 pr.Mlu.Tr 111. 77 <-ul,. feet ws were ol.ti.in.Ml |,,.r 11,. anihni.ite One II.. anthrarite, with the a.^.sume.l ,al..rific value .,f 14 IMil M T C per II'. ;;ives (•(,nse(iuently l,y the (■..inlmstinii ,,f the -a.se.-; 1 1 .,-,r)() JS.T.r. The ilistrihiitinti ..f heat in the pindurer is as tullows:— Calorific value (i£ the frases IVroiiietric heat l.iiss ihrouiih radiatinii 1 1. •").')() H.T.r l.oso •• 1. 11(1 ■■ SL' ..' il S' IK, 10 •• I,,,,.; The alu.ve .leseriptio,, sh.nvs that at a l),,uso„ ,,hm, ,i„. ;,i, ,, ,, ,,„, ,.,. -hicer .,s supplie,! uruler pr,..ssure, atul the j,as „,r the ..„uife i.s als., utuler pressure. In ..r.l.-r to a,ro,„,,lish this, a spe.i.al l,„iler (in-.l with extra tu..| an.l a .•.„„paratively l.-r^e j:a.s holder are re.,uire,l. Thes,. apparatus ur.k.'. the plant eo.nj.lirated an.l rej('ctiiij; tpotli mi the Haiijrc- I'.i ln'iii!; tin' asli diiwn in llic ash pit. Tlic asii caM also l>c I'ciriiivcd, if r ((',). '!" lie front piece ih is attached to the side of the ash pit. 'Che stmni formed pas-es throiisrh pii^ (Ci) to the cylinder (H) and froi 'here througli pi|K' (■!) In the cylinder (K which is open at its lower end. When the ennitii- ir;iw< the s;as. a paHial \aii!Min is developj'd in li producer, air is admitted tlirouali tM- nyx'uiiii! (Ij, and sleani from i K) throiiL the opeiiini: lietueen I K land (I,). It-*- air and steam are mixe'l and drawn ini the riii;r-sli aped space (.Ml, and piifs frotn there throiifih the li.nruu cylindiir:! space (X) where they are preheated, into the ash [lit and linaliy inio the pro diicer. The uases de\eloped pass into the cylinders (O) and (!'). 'I'he-i cylinders are partly filled with water, and provided with plates placed in /,i;;/,ai: The fiases are tin reoN forced to travel a loiiir dist;inr part of (()). The fiase- pa.ss from (I') to i(^). where any water, which possibly is lirouj.dit alonu, i- roino\-ed and from there through the strainer (R) to (S) which serves as ;; jiressiire I'lpi.-ilizer. .\ny i:as holiler proper is not includeil in the plant When the prodmer is started, a fan is used to draw the air through The cover iW) is put on, t' i bottom I V) turned around, and the char^re falls down in the producer. Hy this construction no special boiler or j;as holder are necessary. A few years later, a similai producer, also for anthracite, was con.^i riiii. i by Til )liir for .a (i .S h.p. engine. The ^as plant was ])ut up riose to the l:;i- enuine. and the whole occupied onlv ,i small sjiace. The ])rincipal jiarts of this ])lant which is similar in arran;;enient to th.: of a Pintsch lou ( he jrrate. w here it is mixed with air .■mil drjiwn throu. : the proiiucer. When .-i la rue .-i mount of pas is produced, the amount of sic.: v >ia SeiiiTal«Mi IS ciPiToiMirHliiiirh- larsif .'m,! wl pnidiK'cd. the aiiidunt ,,\ stoain •■11 "iiiv a -iiiall am I'lieratcl j. Mriali. .-n that rl si.oatii rcijuirod is auloinatically fcgiil:,) KUiu! (it ias IS (• aliiMiiit lit I'll li\- the lifi'iliiccr it- I Tlic |i;irtl\ cdolcil i;:is<'s [);,s> iViiiu ((') 1(1 (I )), whicli, w hen flic (Mi^iiio i- n^i Vurkiiijr. is filled wilii waliM-. llicrciiy (■■.illiiiK out tlic |ini(luc(>i- fniin the i;a- circuit. Fri)ru (D) rlio S'l^i'^ i'as-: tiiroU!;h the sctufihcr (l-'.i ami .sau(lu>! filter rC). 'I'lie CAiperiNieiil^ with suction y;as |)r<)ilucers carried out mi a small scale •\ iSi'nier and Tavlor were coiitiuueil in lltdO 1!M>1 on a larjjer scal( li\ llie lirii. Julius I'intscli in Herlin. (leitnaiiy. I'inlnc/i's priHliicir pitnit (see I'iu •_'()1 I I- -iniilar to Ta.\Ior's. l>ul includes also a rinj; cooler (1') and a jiressiuc ei|Ualizer (11). W'lr.'U the iirodiicer is st.-irted a Ian i- ii>i'd to ili'aw in the nccessar\' aii', and I he :;a>es at iu'sl developed are all. '>\im| tn escape tiirouf;li pi|ie (K). he first plani luiill l.\- I'ir.isc 1 v\as 111' "-'p h. p. and vvor ked satisfactc t'roin 1 lie start. ne success a ttaitied li\- I'inlsch resulted hi the constniction of suctioii y:a> jilants li\- nio>t of the inanufaci urins; linns of tjas engines, and at pre~eiii sucii.in L'as plants .are niamd'act ured liy ;, nunilier of lirnis. liir. ■JUL* shows the nmsl ruction of (leliriider Kiirliinfx IIanno\cr, ( ler- niany, power «as |)lani foi- anthracite ami coke. Fu Kurt ini,' i;,is-pnHlik iM- i'l.mt Ifi .Am lir.n ilr or I'clii' he fuel I'onsutniPtioli with the suction fias ilatits i- sonie 'JO'; |( at ienilance is (i.a the Ui.wsiin platit.- sier .ami the plant simpler and i-e(niire< les^ -pace I han u it |. ■-'i: 'I'll.' r.,ll,,ui.ii; tM!)lc Hives some .M.ni.arMti vc rosulis fn.in cloctric i.,nv..r |>lMiits usiiis; f;;is nr stcMiii iMiuci- iluring liM)."> HlOlJ. V , , Ciiparity T<,t:il K \VI r~ K.U >,,,„,■- Cun-.iii.nli. Nam,. „l plun. of rn^mf K.W. l,..„rs ,„.r II.. i.nulun,! nl .'ilTr 11 || pnjduccd cn.'il |inic|un i| i,r nil piT |..T mark Is W . hour '..'I rrtlls OMMCPS fit riii'iini — All-l!alr>t|.,ll Cl.ol-llial, , • Iratiscc. . . . Ncuroiic. , . SclionliiTi;, , Srlinrtz , Solicrnliciiii. \\ illMl'llilrri Niciicrliromi I'aiisa.. . Tliuni. . Ak.'ii. . fi'!s rnrliri' I ot'i;."i I ,,t j;, 1 1 IS !■_'_> I of KHr.'oi (,(i j|j;,:i.-i ■-' o| .-,(1 7i,17l< -'of, Ml lii.-,,;l\ -'of 10 i(ii7:;s -• of s(i I 17.-,,..-, -' of .")0 I.>77n> JofSd lliliils.-, (I. Ill (I l.i (i.:!s (I. Ill (l.liS I). I.' II. Ill 1 1.. is Iti.s IS "I l:{ 111 10.. 'j Stiinli I ;»/,;,, .s „ ,//, nill.lliisr Uitn. 1 of ijo r,.-,r,ji (I 10 lofiV) lofloll l'l!l.-,(lil ,, o|, -'ofi;(i 7s'ioi o.i'is -ofsii ii.'on I). or. 10. ,s 10 10 1.-. II l:i II (CI II li o ll!l II la IJ 0. II 0. 17 II. lis 0. 1.' Ill the plaiiK .-u far dcsnil,,.,!. ,,iily iioii-hituiiiiiiou.-i fiid.s . fuels. suHi as low jri-tiilc enals, liKiille, peat aii.l woii.l inv [...'.vei- purpnses. several pniilucers uith the necessary apparatus have in later years been iiiveiite,!. I'ldiDici.iis i-i.i{ Hrn.MiMii s ^'^|:I.^. i;ver\- fuel cunsists of earhoii ami conipnuiHls i.f carhoii. h\iirnpen ami nxygeii, ur ('-|-(yi,/).. [ ,, ' When the fuel is heated or .casille.l. Ihe hydrogen e.,nil.ines uith (•.■irhnii to fiirin hydro.-ariions, and tiie oxyfrcn ai.-o with (•.■•.rl.,,n to form i-.ni„,n ii:,,n- iixiile and dioxjije. The diiVerent hydn.earhons are Innned in acrordaliei' uith the f<.li,.uiii<; iorniula.; — If in tlie.se f,,riiiu]:e. dilTci-ent \ allies of n .are suhstitnled. dilTerent ^.-.ses ^i''«' nl't.-nne.i. The hipher „ is, the hi-her ,s the nieltinp ami hoilinu poini oi ilie correspomliiiii hyilrocarlion. If a fuel rich in hv.irne.irl.oiis (l.itumim.us) is gasified in a producer as construcle,! for anthracite or coke. t!ie hydrorarhon.-, are dli\en off. and mixed 111 the .•o,,ling apparatus and scrnl,l;ers uilli the i i rinaiient ua.M- tVoni the fuel. 'I'lie tar. parathn and water vapour.- are here coiidei,.ul.staiic<-.-(, tin- cukf or ina- torial ill the sfruhUMS is coated with same, and tl.e sciuIiImms are piadiiall\ eli()key a numher of other firms in (ierniany. (ie'.iii.ler Kdrting had. up to March Hjlh, l!)(M).t l>uil( <:; lignite tiri(|uetie producers, represent iiiu' 4.4(10 h.p. This jiroducer is a suction gas producer (when the gas is used for iieatini; purposes and pres.snre is reipiired, a fan is used t.. at about half the height of the .shaft. The upju'r part of the >liaft is jirovideil with a chimney, in which a gas burner is built in. The gas burner draws the ga.ses directly from the producer sliafi through the openings in a ma.l\ on account of the combustion air there pas.sing right through the grate .iml the fuel bed to the outlet, without any cliaiige in its cour.se. The coml.usiinii gases from the upper hre. on the other hand, on account of the luntectioii wall placed in front of the gas outlet, must change their course, Mv reguLi- ting the supply of air admitted to the lower fire, the upper fire ami the tern per- *Tlic Uninncr. .\I.n„l Ci , :inii-K.)iislriiktiiPiii>n, 217 ..iii \ W t Flli. ^o , — Kiiilriiij's l.iijnili- Miii|iifll,' l,.i-,.|)riii|i,> ,M. tun. .levelope.1 the... -mi, !*■ resul.t..,!. -,,, ,1,„ ,|,.. r,d,. t..n,,,oratur,. w .,!,- t.-nn..,l f„r tli.. ,l«.„n.,>,.sin,m an.l .■unil.uMi.m ,,r ,|„. I,v,ln.c;irl.uns ,|rivcn „(T trniii the ficslily p|i;ir)Il.|l lilKjUPttt's. Tii(. l,nquetT,.,,n„lucens. ,„, ;„•<..„,„( oi it, ronstrurt,,,,,. u,.|| suii,.,l tor e..,.t,nu„u. o,...,.tinn, an.i th,. ash and ,slaR f„nn..,| ,■;,., h,. r<..n.,v..,| ,..,Miv anil witiiuut :.iti.rniptinii in tho w,,ik of the producoi'. Theclicmical process in the [ir.Miuccr i^ as follows:- The pn-ress at tho l„wor (iro ,.s the sanio as in a .ok,, prodii.-.-r Tl„. fuel IS unt.,! in ih,- wpp,.,- p^rt of th.. pnM|u,-fr, heat.',! «, thai th,- ti-,^.. 'if,, dnvon ..fT, and ..okod, Thv .ok., is I,,,,-.,, hv tho a,,- a.i.ni.tod thr,.u.di tho KHlte -,,; f(),. uhioh is ,-vdiu-od tu CO ,,„ i,s uav .„ t' o cas uu.i..t Th.^.sho- finni the liri(jii("ttp,s arc liglit ami iMiwdciy, and < accouiil the ImiIIoih of tlip ash |iit is ('(ivoroil witli water, Tliijt water vafxnirizes, and a lerlaiii utiiount of water vapmir i!< then tlrawii thniujili the prDdiicer. 'i'he watei vaponr is deemnposed by the hut rarlxin and hydrogen and CO are fornieii. The i)r()ress at the upper fire is different. A part of llie carlmn is liere burnt, and so niucli lieat develupeil that the cunipounds {'^ "„*'.- are driven off as hydmearhons and free oxyiien. The oxyjien takes part in the eonihustion, and forms ('(X,. Tlie hydroearKoiis arc defoin[)osed and |)artly form earhon and hydrofjcMi, and partly cail'on and CHj. Till- carlion is l)urncd to ^'^},, and the hydrogen to HJ). (11, i- a permanent i;as which, to a ccTtain extent, increases ih'j v:due of the jias. Tlie upper liri' is naturally the hotter, as the atmospheric oxyiien here is it) action, ami ihc fuel l>ed on top is always so hot, that the CO, .itid H .O f.'rmed are re.luced to CO and H, (pari of the II, O is derived from the mois- ture in 'he fuel.) The f;as from the up|ier part of the producer conseut Ky 'li- decomposi- tion of hydrociu'hons, tlie citse is different. The hydrocarlions are of tun kinds, exotheri/iic and endothermic. Exothermic hydrocari)ons are such which, when clecomposcd, innsumc heat, as for instance, CH4. Hmiothermic are su<'li, which whi'U dccouiposeil. develop heat, as for instance, '2 C_.ir. CH4-t-C.,. It has heen found that the efficiency of the proilucer a> well :is the t'ln- perature of the irase.-. is sjiirhlly different when different liri(|iicltc- .•ire usci This is explained hy the differi'iice in com]>osition of the exothermic and en- dothermic hydrocarlions contained. The foliouinu' tahle nives some typical an.alyses of iiirnite Kiic|uettes and tlie L'as produced i'roiii same. HuiyiKnic .\n u.vsks. hricli ! liraiinscliui ii; liiclxTl,, .\l(iiil:iii I Halle) II :iii ."...">(■, 1,01 ^ n 1(1. !M) l:;.ss i.;is l.u!t -t.(Mi .'.:!. :iS l-'.sl .'..7'.i I .0(1 I .•,.-, .-,1 7:: l:r'r.' r.'.(H) I. '.17 -.7:; IN.:;.' I.' .'S S.S_' Ij. 1 1 <.i.;i(i w ():i 70 I Mi ■_'l . I.' ri..'>i; .0.", ir, sj 1 1 I'lus Plate 31. I' I. mi: :Y2. '^WW •-xsu^^,: 210 •iv-) An VI »>(►■ Uri. |l|l'ttl'!l fniii (•(», HI, Illlr V:illli' nil I.: rUh M'H'kMiU 1 1 lIMMlcr i Ijltlnitl). Illnll ! Kill ilil'iiiiii I lloIlM II Tr.ii.|.|l iiii«ttx» uiiif.iry IJi.Urk. \|, .■li .It nillM.TllHI'iif ). Ilulln » '.' 0.-.'ll.» n.,* I I n •* (I .' Hi ;t II H J fl Hi •-• lit..-. J s lot !<• I) I li >< I III. 17, 1 1.-, J. I O.'I.VO Is.U I II 1 >■-'!• I. ".I Vt .1 II.-, Vil |:i-i ■•'•li UJ •>'.'. I l.'H ii :> ij.i /'<((/ (ia» I'lniliiniM.' An produceri-. (iciiniilcr Kurt of plimts M. fur in c.|icratii.ii. OtI iMJinui'actiiri! fjoat y.is |.r.H|ii(rrs K'liK-i I lie linns uhiih i 111^, in ll.innovtT, Ills iTcctnl il naiiufactiirf iicai tra> ic t'rcaUwi nunilxT iiT firnw which aUu cxiwrinn ni wid Mr m.ich In Knirlaiiil tl HI-IK, anil ()l..-rl.a.Vfri>.ho Kd, Jiiliii.i rinisrh in Hcrlin. (,. I.uti I I If linn. I.iinil kswi-rkc, Mi'iiitIkT'; iii«'<|iic,ii,,n lias JKH'ti token up Ky tiir P.iuit-<; "11, and in I iiiMcf l.v ( )nipai.'-nici|c«;;iz. II Kichr in I' in (Icniiaiiv. :i> < '■ ■!■!>( ira- ? ^m.^^mt;:m^^ Fui. .'04 K..iiiii>;, iv.ii i;,-,s.i I'nHliit- MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART 'ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No 2) ^ ^:JPPLIED_liyHGE_ Ir jS^^ (716) 482 - 0300 - Ph.ne ° ^^ !2f) Tlir Kint'nii] I'rot (ias Producer is ;i sucti'iii i;as proilucor, and consists, see l'\\i. 204, of a liifjh shaft with a jiratc at tlie liottoin. The u])|)er i)art of the shaft is provided with jirates on two sides, aned to the iias outlet, the fiases in the ])eat producer are drawn from the top of the i)roducer fhroujih the pipe shown in the fijrure and pass tojiether witli air tiiroufili the jrratc at the bot- tom of the shaft. The liydrocarbons and water vapours are, on their upward way throu<;h the hot carbon, ass first throufih the scrubbers (2) where any ash particles brouirht alon<: are removed by the water. The upper parts of the scrubbers are filled with fafiots in order that a larfie area may be ob- tained. These must be chanaterial used in these filters, sawdust or similar material, is also changed once each mon-'i Ihe frases now pass through a pressure equalizer (7) and to the gas en-ine-^ The g;is engines are also of system Kurting (see Plates .31, 82) and make ISO revolutions per minute. The electric generators (three-pha.se) are directly driven by the gas engines, and generate an electric current of 8 000 volts. ' 222 Diii'iii;; Dctolior 7-!t, lOOti, a ciiiiiiiiission coiii])().seti of three nieniluM--, 1 :i.").s •> •.i :ii).1 :<:! . ■-' 4 r,.u; li.H4 7. Si .").r,i ti.02 .3s!44 ()2.8li (•.3. 19 59 . 29 ti2.0S 2S30 3110 3120 2S2() 3(J.3() «;54 9.S2 H).9() S.ti5 S.S4 90.4(1 90.18 89.04 91.35 91.10 6. 7. S lis. 7 4990 50(J0 4895 1) 35. 1 494 ") 10. 11 31.9 2<).(1 2!».2 5005 1' in 3'>.4 11 30. J 32.3 Av erage*. . . 0.49 til. 23 2»i80 9.58 90.42 4905 Analy.ies of Gas. No. 9 10 Vol. (/,, CO.,. .. CO. . .. O C,H4. CII4. . H. . . N 10.5 17.2 0.9 2.8 lalcii- (A) C'al'" rk's per eiil). iiieicr. late.l. (H) Calorics (ler cub. iiiclcr. dctcr- iiiincil hv Jmikcr's calorimeter 0.8 .50. •■ 10.4 18.5 0.8 2.1 5.0 5.8 50.4 9.4 IS. 8 1.3 1.9 5.5 0.5 50 . 10.0 17.0 0.9 0.4 0.0 0.3 58 . 8 9.8 20.0; 0.0 0.2 5.. 5 0.5 .">8.0. 9.0 !1.5 0.0 0.3 5.7 0.3 9.2 20.3 0.0 0.4 5. 2 O.S 58.1 9.3 19.9 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.0 58.2 9.7 20 . 2 0.0 0.4 t;.5 5.3 .57.9 9.0 20 . ! 0.(1 0.3 5. .'1 0.7 5S.(I 14M 1440 1420 1180 1210 118C> 1170 900 970 1010 1270 1220 1200 1290 1210 1140 1070 Average A + B = 1180 calories per cub. meter, or 132 B.T.U. i)er cub. foot. During the trial for the determination of the fuel coiisiunption, gas enuiiic Xo. 2 was run hours and 1 1 minutes. The loail on tli(> engine was on an average 120 h.p., and the fuel consumption 1.014 kg. peat. The peat used had, as shown in the previous taljle, '.i2.'.V,',, moisture vit!i a calorific value of 2.9S0 calories per kg. (.■),:)(I4 I5.T.U. per lb.) The fuel consumption per effective h.p. hour was 1.37 kg.= IM) lbs.. and the working of the plant as a whole was found satisfactory. ♦.Average of samples Nos. O-IO. Svede!!"l!v'H '''"'' r'""" '" '''" ~"" '""' ""^ "'''■''^^ ''^ ;i^mz^;^ Kit,'. JoH. Peat-gas Power Plant at Bi rancskrro, Swedkn. At this ,,lant the -as engine ..f (iO effective horse power is „.e.: for the opera.,,,,, of pu,„j,s and hoists in the .nine in .i,e vi.-inity A l.rake test nnule early in 1904 jjave the fuilowi„,r .-e^nits-- hftecf,ve lip oq q liulicated h.p ,S2 .'-i Consumption of fuel. . i .•> i„ _ •> ■,' n a- • , . ' t I- Ki;.-- _'.4(, lbs. per effective li.p. hour. 224 The ])o;it uspil ((iiitainccl; Moi.sturc :{<• 71' ; Asli 4 :{S' ; ('iiiiilmstililc siiiisttiiii'o ").") !ll' , aiiil Iki'I a caldi-ific value of 2,t)N!» caliirios per kilogram- 4,.S4() M.'IM'. per \\<. Tlio iiiecliaiiical efFicioncy of tlio jjas eiijiiiie was Si ;{ ' ,' . Calorics consimu'd |)cr li.)). hour, :<,U12- 11,027 M.T.L'. Tilt' |>ro(lucor wa.s y:uaraiUeP(l to havp NO' , cfficiciHy, aiul the fias ciiiiiiic fruaraiitced to consuiiii' not more than 2.4()() calories - !»,,')()4 IVIM'. per h.p. hour with full load. Ml' ; of ;{,()r.' is e(|ual to 2.409 calories, or !t..")l.") H.T.I'., which show- that the jinarantces were ciuried out. The followinfi results were olitained durint: two months run: — Total firinji 1,404 hours. (ias enjiine workinf; 1,()N() " • Producer kept hot, jras engine not workiaj;. . HS4 " The total fuel consumption wa.s 107,f<()0 Ih.s. peat with ahout 25',' moisture. While the . 225 The produrer is sai.l to work uoll, h,u peat witl. higher roni.nN moisture cannot t)c u.^ed. 'i'rii(ni.> a.Luthvr in JJratinschweiir lias erected omp nont „. i . • .. "" - - '" '^" >■■ Ti» c,.:;;l.;;;: ::";,;;,:i;;'„s':; JO.^ I'inlMh i;,is-|i.„Jiui-r lor Diiurii rious I'lii'ls. Germany al.so i. u.sed for lignite briquettes, could not he obtained hut at . tnal run at Ofenfabrik Kofner. in Nymphenbur,, with a LueT; plant anthracite produced, ^^^^i:^^^^^:^ Z^LZCZ^. Z permanent ga.es in the producer, but the tar and paraffin subtrees a e the producer shaft i. nade narrower some distance above the grate in or.ler ; wi't-h:;:? v^-^" *'""^'' 'r "-"^^ ^^-^ -^ '"^^ ^haft and nouon : edu e The t^T ""'■""' "^ '''■'"" '^'"■^''^'^ ^^-""'^^ P^^- through un- Tstrm blowL'^^"'"''''" '"^ '-^ '"^^^^'"''^^ •"•^'-^- ^'"^ ^--- ">• -ans of The producer has a large grate area, 80 sq. feet, and can, accordin-^ to ^legler, produce 1,694,880 cubic feet of gas per 24 hours A plant wuh this producer is in operation at Scheleken, Gern.anv and he gas produced is said to be free from tar so fhnt fK^ "*''^'"'»n3> ana without trouble. ' * *"^ *^^ ^'^ ^"^'"«' ^'"'"'^s modiM'""""* '° information received, the construction of the producer ha. later been 15 Fli;. iio — M. Zio.itu- N I'l'.U (la. -produci'r. The idea witli tliis producer ■ »-• ' 'cover the l)y-pro(hicts, tar and ammonia, contained in tiic guse.' " ji same in tlie erf;. Germany, and iiis associate, Dr.' ■ " Dr. Caro, on the ba.sis of ti .id process,* lias worked out a new nietiioil for fjasiiyinf; i)cat in a mi.xturc of ;;ir and .sui)erheated steam in excess. Tiic process lias been tried with Irisii peat at tiie Mond worlds in Stoci- -• ''-•■•-.,t,„.a,w,.n.«a>iM...luMl,.-ul,„l,.. Tl,.- ..,„ mH,,,, .,,,1,.. .Irv FK-iil >iil,>iai,.r was as l„||„ws- ^ Asli \'il;itilc.siil'staiicfs ,'* " ' Xitroucii '•' ^1' Total carlxin . . '" ' I'll •>'' -i' , lixcil carlioii ■ . .. vvitli a s oi ;;ii.s was ohtaiiifr I jriviri" 4n) li I, l„„,v ;.. . tor each t„n wat.T-froo |„.at. ~ ' "•" "' -•'•' '^^"-""■■^ 1:' this plant the e.-st ni the treatnietii „f )(,() „„,; „,• „„.,, ,,,„ , , . , -..■..It t:::::L r:^:::-::^ r ::;„:;;;::-"■;>"'; pr..fi., ,,,.e,.i„lly if i, i, ,„„»,,,.,„, n,„ ,;■,;„ "r"'" " =' ■n absolutely pur,. .■„„,iui„„;- " ""I'''''"' '" "" =»» '■"O"-'- as a rule for tl Tl ic gasification of wood, luit al Tci-t jias producer plants constructed .0 wood or peat is charjjed into a nuinlwrof placed in a furnace, and heated from the outside. Iso suitai)le for i)e, developed is pi th. ;iced at tlie low le cai« iiHica.M'ij (•iii.iiiiiiil>ly ill i;iiln|)c, ulicic ii - mh Miilai;(-< I'cH' llii> ihiiiiom- liaxc lii't'li clfillv lie lisliatt'il. I'cnl iiinll wliicli i- .ihtaiiicil :i- li\ ■pruihicl iii tin- niiiimfiicturi' nf inn-' litlfr. i« mUo hir>;cl\- u-imI U(- laicr ili'fcrilxMl. Mns- litter is liiiinillarlillcil I'liilii the >|>iiai;timii peat, \vliieli iiiii^t lie a« lillle liuiiiitietl as ]in>sili!e in (inler in he Miitahle I'nr the ininilfai'tiiie (if lii-l class moss litter. Park. •!( lii|M.se(l peal is less suilalile ; ■einiiit nf i|s coliiparativcly small innisture alismliitiji prn|ierlies, .\ simple. |iiaelical test* to iletermiiie the (|ualily nf the pe.al is tise fnl- Inwiiig: .\ niece nf the peat is siiueo/cil |.\ hand, ami if niily cli'ar water is sipieezed nil ,aml the remains consist of imht .ulniired iiii(lecnmpns„,,.„S.MI """''■"■'M"^.'.:ill.Tl„.,l,j; l„-.,|li:l,t In tl,.. plain. ,- l,r,l pa-... I ll„- || ., ''■^"„,n ,ua.-|„.„.. ...•.|i.Mn„,«,.at,.,-, «l„.n. ,|„. |,|„.,, air i,„„ ainil Hmmi," tu- pn"'...va,...,tMU,a,„„aiit„f,i,ulli,ai-„„,nM..|. Tl,.. pn„iu.., l,-,„„ ,i;. '''","■ I';';;'"' ll;''""*^!' ^' ^i.'V. il tl„. tu„ p,.,„h„.N M.para...,! Tl,.. I,,,..,. • ii.'l I, mil ar.. alti.ruaiiU p . „ti. l.al..-. n. r.„nn„ \l„rh,„.. \ H l»iHl,t,.;;,,,t„rs a„.l p,-..,„., .,f .li.||,|v ,l,ir,,,,„ ,, „„, ,u,.|l,„| f,,„„ ,||,„.. >'';'""l;,Hur...l l.y tl,.. alHiv.. ti,.|„s aiv al.,. ,„a.,ufa,.. :.,..,1 1. a nuiiil,... nf othc',. tin, IS P, li.ith CfTinaiiv and SwimIci,. FIG 213 FIG a.-* H. !i U. l\-ll>r,.u s .Moss l.au.r DiMilU-Kral,-, l,.r H.,„.1.|,..«,t. .•I'liMsis of twii (tn.in> pn.vi.lpil witii tpc'li. .'iocities afiaiii.st cac.h ,,tl„.r. Tj,,. tc^.th on tl nis inaiiiiiii. which mtat.. with ilifTeront v ,.} 232 (Iruni which rotates witli greater velocity are alternately bent us shown in the figures, to right and left. The teeth on the other tlruni are all in each row in the same jjianc, and intersect between the bent teeth on the first drum and keep them clean. The price of this machine, f.o.b. Hostock, is 14.") marks. Fig. 215 shows a disintegrator for hand power, manufactured by A. Heinen. The rotating sieve siiown in the figure can easily be removed if desired. The price, f.o.l). Varel, is, with sieve. 400 marks, without sieve, 325 marks. I" Hi. 215 — .\. Hi-int-n's Moss Litli-r Disintoffr.itor for Hand-power. In l'"ig.s. 21() _1'.), a number of disintegrators by different manufacturers are shown. The machines are made in different sizes of different capacities. In ca.ses where more nmll than obtained from the disintegrators is re- quired, special peat mull mills are u.sed. These mills can be fed either with the dried peat bricks, or with the litter. Flii. 2ib — ^A. Heinen s .Moss Litter Pisi nle),'ralor lor .Motor-power. 233 R. Dolber^^ s Moss Li>ter I),si„.oKrator lor Molor-power. K.G. ...^-Abjorn Andersons Moss I.i„..r Disino^rator for Mo„. .pow^-r. Figs. 220-222 .how .liiTerent -•on^trurtions .,f sucli mill. wl,i,.t, I,, prim-iple are the same as a common cotToe mill. " " """■^' "'"'1' '" llie Uttu or mull ,s pressed .low., to ^4 of its ...•ishial voh.M.e ...1,1 i., the in l4"S 2m""' ''""'■ " ''""" '" '■■'- ---*• =""' '' '""- f'"- -""'■ I—' A.^n-//./.„ ./ ,/. i/„,,,, ;,v.r Plant at Ynnhult. S,n,l,n. This phmt is o«nedj.,a..o-ope..a..ve society of la...low..ers a..,l far„.e.-s* i.. l^n. *.Ska.iska Lan.lt.nM.UHTis Anilrlsiorfstro-fOrrMin-. •-':; ! Fig. 220— a. Heliieri!, P,-,n Mull iMill. Fijf. 221. Fiff. 222 K. Dolbeix's IV.il Mull Mlli>. ^ss Fig. 2^3— Moss I.iiu-r H.ii,-. Fig. 2.,-.M,v,^ I i,,,.,. jv ilaiiJ' |Hi«fr. 236 -^tv^^V Flit. 225 — M01S Lilter Press t\ir Motor-power. •jjL-r;^' Fig. 226 — Moss Litter Press for Motor-power. The bog supplying the raw material to this plant is some 500 acres in extent, and contains little humified sphagnum peat with some smaller areas of more humified peat near the margin of the bog. A ditch about 5 feet deep, with a width at the surface of 3 . 3 feet and at tlie bottom 1.6 feet, is ilug around the bog in order to drain the working trenches and the surrounding surface area. The working trenches are started 66 to S2 feet si'mrt. and run parallel across the whole width of the bog. The work of digging the peat out of the 237 bog Legins in the autumn, and continues until the require.! quantity is ciui: out, or until the frost .sets in. The work is carried out a.s follows- - In the hues staked out a 1 .0.5 feet wi.le strip on each side of the line is dug out vertically. The peat is cut in brick-shaped pieces of , he aopn xZ e 1 mensions 12 x 10 x ;J inches. The trendi is four peat bn.ks in Ivi.lth ten n a^pth. Seven peat bricks in depth are lifted up .nd placed in rows b> he digger on the edge of the trench and from there thev are laid out on the surface of the hog by another man by means of a fork, at such a distance from he trench that some .r 5 to 5 feet remain uncovered. The three lowest l^ucks, which are of a looser consistency, are cut out and laid out on this space without any further handling. During the first year this work is pai.l o at the rate of 3.45 cents per cub. yard peat dug out. The second 'a fo lowing years the work is continued with a strip 1 .6.5 feet in width on ea.l, side of the first trench, but on account of the setting of the bog (about I foot) on account of drainage, the bottom of the first trench is also tleepened this cLs^tance. The work during the second and succee.ling years is pai.l for at t li3 rate of 3 . 2 cents per cub. yard. The peat laid out is left during the winter, and until suflicientlv drv to be handled in the spring, when the bricks are turned an.l .ai.sed with Uvo bricks against each other. This work is pai.l for at the rate of 0.0 cents per cub yard peat measured in the trench). After being dried in this manner the bricks are piled up in conical heaps, as shown in figs. 8-9. and left until" sufficiently dried, or with 20-30' o moisture. The cost of this work is S cents per cub. yard, measured as before. The dried peat is either stacked or stored in small she.ls on the bog The stacks or sheds are placed on every third working .section, which is pro- vided with permanent or portable tracks, for the transportation of the peat to the works. Light carriers, about 4 x 8 feet in dimensions, are use. for carrying the peat to the stacks or sheds. For stacking 2 cents is paid, and for storing in sheds 1 .S cents per cub yard, measured in the stack or shed. Occasionally the peat is loaded directly from the heaps into cars and brought to the plant. In this case for loading and transportation 2 4 cents per cub. yard IS paid For loading and transportation from the stacks or sheds to he p! int 1 . 6 cents per cub. yard is paid and for the moving of the portable tracks 0.3 cents per -- -d. The moss litter plant is ; ie.i with 4 presses (see Fig 2->7) AH the necessary machinery is made Abjorn Anderson's -Mekaniska ^'erksta.l hvedala, Sweden. The peat cars brought from the bog, are, by means of hoists, brought up he elevated racks (A), to the storehouse, where the peat is dumped At he bottom of this room are two conveyors (B), which bring the peat to the earing machines (C) The disintegrated material, by means of elevators (DUs conveyed to the rotating sieves (E),* where the hires are freed from a,^ p*,^U^'tofeer' • '"^'^ '^ "^""'"^ "'^^ «'>^* '"'"• ^"^ '^o peat mull and moss litter 2;w Fui. JJ-. — Moss Litter I'lant witli Four Pn-ssos. tlie mull, and fioni the sieves througli shoots to the presses (F). produces Kach 175-225 bales per day of 10 hours. The dimensions of the lire 40 X 2S x 20 inches, with an average weigiit of 150-105 Ihs. per hale. The pressing work is paid with 0. 10 cents jjcr hale. The hales are brought to the railway .Nation at Vxenhult i)y means u-rial tramway (G), and loaded on cars. The power fur t!\o I)ress bales )f an boilers are fired with peat refuse, sawdust, etc. plant i- supplied by a .50 h.p. .-,teuiii engine, and ti •i.xTK ;«. Moss I.i„..r I>|,,„1 will, Four IV,.,s..s, ILimwcI.,, Sw.-.I..,,. I'latk 34. Moss l.itt.., I>la„l will, Ko,„- P,vss..s, ll.„u...l,,, .s„...l>„. Mi) Tin- cist of I n„l,icti.iii at tlii- t>l;irit \\l,',-l> 1,., , i Xr""""""'^- .- "-.;:':; ';:;;;,s;:. ';;'-"•:„; '..-J::™::v::;::;;r^:,;;i;:::r---« It'o sa.,1.. sui'iety .nvn.s anotli.T ,,!„„, of H,,. .,„.,. ..•.■.•„.i.v , i Plates ;{:j and :{4). ■ <''l':i''it\ (-howii n ImH. J-JS shows a iii.iss ' "■ »™.'":-"::::2M;;r^,:;;L:'n™-:''' rrrfTTnrri^njrL^ MG. .'i8— .Moss Litter Plant with Two i'l 240 A very lar^o number of riuis.t litter [iliints Imt been crorteil in later yi arj< in Sweilen, Ntirway, (lerinuiiy and Holland, and thin industry at present has a very proniininn outlook The Helling price of the moss litter as well as of the peat mull naturally varies, but is, at present, on an averuge loadeil on car* at the plant : In Sweden for moss litter 2() 25 cents per ItM) lbs. In (li;'niany for moss litter 15 "22 In (iermany for peat mull IK ;J5 I'rojMrtits of Mann LiUer.—WcW air-drietl moss littt • (about 20' ,' mois- ture) absorbs more moisture than any 'ither bedding tnaterial. According to tests made by theSwedish peat scwiety:* Sawdust absorbs 2J-5J times its own weight water. Straw absorbs 3ii-4J times its own weight watec. Moss litter absorbs 8-10 times its own weight water. Moss litter also absorbs gases, especially ammonia and carbon dii)xide. •Svenska iiiufutkiilturfiirpiiingen, Jiinkoping, Sweden. 241 CHAl'TKH IK. •'■■-':— .r":^;:;:::r:, J • •"^■-■- l«''>> - al..„rl, f..ul'sn,.|li,i' " t^ , r n'''"'*' '"''''•'''''• '""' ''^ l""" ^traw. an.| it i. olairncl 1 ' ' l^ ^^' ""' ^^ """• '^ ''''''' '-'-^ "' I'Wy, hu.s M very hooofi.-i. .ff' •■■'■'"""" '" '''^ '"•^i"f^"-t'vo ,.,■„- I (K! >\vc(lij(h peat WM-iftv ,. t- ■ ;::;;r -'— .-^ ixr^ni,;;;™;,:;-;;;-:: ■Moss litter manure Straw manure " ''**''' ''^'*- "itrogeii. Sawdust manure 0. 157 mZ •;:'" sti;r ;;;:;!:;r'""7" 'r"'^-'"- »'»-.» '-•;;«-7 ..■«^^ i.';'';v»:::::s„::''' - "•"■■■ '- "-'■ ■\ utter, which w th •)(»'■ t^, : . "■»- l"tii\ . weight moisture. ahs.'rL with " ""'"" ""' ''"""' '" ''"'- "'^ "-' •W>',' moisture. ,. . 40-; •• '^i ""'e«"'< own weight uater. 50'; '• ;;; i\ •• ()()'; •• '' ■■• 70''; " "I* Mo^s LitUr for Insulation and Parkin,, Pnro,,.., M r 242 iiIiiiiikI wiiti'f pipfH Id k«i'|i llu'iii fri>rii fiM-xiiiu mihI mm a ihvit fur minli'ti |ilaiil.« (ImiiiK III)' wiiilj-r. A Ijivit oI moxr. Iiiiit llim- iVi-t thick in ilii- ln'il nivciiiiK ('>r Hf lu'iip", -mil i* ••« iilx.i usitl us tilliiiit miiH-rial in liuililiiijfi. Miif*H litter i^ a IikIiI uiul I'la.xtic packintj iiialfrial. ami is ailvaiiluKi-oiisly ll."*'!! fur tilt' jiarkiliK of f^w:* alul siirli \vari>.^. Miiinijiiiluri liy "icvfral invcnturfi anil invi-wti- (latiirs. Tin- inctliixl usi'ij was as fiilliiww: 'riic peat was lu-atcil ilmiiiK a sin. it- er cir Imipcr pcritxl iimlcr proiscuri' with cliluu'd sulpliiiric and. in unlcr ti> convert the cellulose into sugar. The acid juice wa.^ nei'tiali/.ed, hliered and the liipiid fermented with yeast. When the iVrnieiitation was readv. the ,'ilcohol was olitained l>y distillation, Kxperinients made l>y II, von I'eilitzeii in l!S!t7 gave as an average .'> .VS' ; of the weight, uf ali-ohol from water-free peat, 'the ex|>eriments also de- iiionsfaled tli.it the alcohol (plitained from more huiiiilied peat was less than that olitainetl from the uiidecon!|)osiMl moss In I"H».') a plant war* in o|H'ration in Denmark, the method employed l)eing invented I M Heynaud who u,sed a specially cultivated yeast f.ir the ferment at ion. The same method wa. introduced in Swiilen, and Millie t>xjM'riment,s superintended by . government ollicer were ti'ade with financial aid from the government. The ,Hphagnum moss used contained (>•_" ; moisture, or per UK) lbs., ;{,S 11 )s. dry peat substance. The peat was heated in a large copper vt's.sel with dilute sul|)huric acid for 4.') minutes, and U'ider three atmospheres pressure. Ilach charge con- tained 4!t.'j lbs. moss litter, '.tit gallon of wuter and " S2.') gallon sulphuric acid of ordinary strength (Mi° IV-). The juice was neutralized with chalk, and after the sulphate of lime hail settled, it waspa.ssed through a slime separati.r. and the liipiid was fermented with the special yeast obtained from !"rance. .\fter :< ."> days, when the fermentation was ready, the alcohol was distilled. The amount of ulcohol obtained was I) »>3 () (17 gallon [ler 1(10 lbs, dry peat ,substance, or on an average, (t (i.'j gallon The cost of manufacture is approximately estinuited by H, von Feilitzen as follow.s: — Cents per litre alcohol. Mo.s.s litter ;M) Sulphuric acid at 2 4.Sc per litre 1.7 Chalk at ().4c per kilogram 0.5 Laiioiir, yea.st, amorti/ation of plant, etc., »f i<-;>--'» 3.3 Total 10. 5 cents per litre or about 47 cents jier gallon. /'"// Miillf„rS,ni,li,,,, /' 21.1 IV I' 'I riii/iiiM... "till (.1 a ci.i-taiiM'Xtciit |, ,|i,i,,|,,,,,,.„ I,: ,1 . • , *'■• "-"r"' '"■"■■ '".■.:r;:v;:,:::':j:;,';;T,;,: '■'■'-" ■'•"■• .«"..l-/'r;'i,.; ;.;:'::;■;:;:: ;::;-;"«,-' '•'-' - 1 <-■■ " -'i ..v;;,.: :..■:'„;,;,;::"■"■■ - - » - ''":-^:"t::t':i;;:r;,,,'::;::^''r'ri™''r •"- '•„ "- >■"■<' ■" '"- ....ii ;i.,;,;,„ ,;;;:X' "" '"•■" ,,';,,: "■ " >■ '"' I '■■"■- ....■1 1.™.™.. ,. „.„ it ...'"iiVl"""' ',""'■""■' "' ••""•"'"■■<••"•'- l-«l "".!.*«- ...n.i. „,„i„„ "r ,;:„',"' '.,:;:;■■:;::;::;; ■• "'■"■■ ■ - .-"' ' - 1«- 1 he priicc.s.s inveiiti>il In- l» \ '/ .. i ■ <■ , ■ f""-"'-. i„ s z:!x:,J::A t';::z:::! ^ "^ " «- '- hw,or i,„„ ^ t'„t z ^:: 7 ;'""■' '"• • ' "^^"'■' '- i.\ v. U. HjorliiiK & F. I', f the maimlai'tiirc'r iif tli I r paper n.akinir. Otiikk I'i;.\t Phodict.s. )ts have 1 iopli.iru,.. vafrniatum) fur the nianu- Tr.rlilr l',„l.~^\ nu,„l,er .,f atten.pts hav,. been n.a.l.- t., utilize tl.e tiln-oiis p.'at iorm(>d of tl.e boj; ...itt..,. ( Kr: tai'tiire ..f yjirn f,„. weavini; purposes '•"Ih- .L.th mad.., is, when n..w. .p.ite soft an.l ni.e. but d..es not wear well It is ■s ... a<-,-ou,.t of its .lisinfctiv.. p,-operties suitable in hospitals an.l .such a.'es. *lij"rliiif; ;iii,l (Jissiiijr. 243 Tho (■••(.nomic results ol.iaincl in fl,i. , ^-e l.eo„ pn.„,isi„,. ,,,,,,,,,,, ,:.:\ ;-;''■;'■ t;^ ^lo not a,,...,. „. plants s„ far ercM^tci. • " '""' '" '' •'■^' •" ■-''v.'ral „f the invo,!Mirt:i,a^:';:;;;. J:,:::, ;;;-f "•••"'•'■ -", .>- « ,,...„, <" On-'i.'n is l.es, knnun. ' '"" ""''''">'"' ''>' •'■ HeMunerli,,. -" '-lt::;::^;j;; ■;;;;i.^;;:.i;i-^^ --.■ .. s,.,.a„„„ ,, 'J-'"' '•-'i.m. n.ass Hurin, " n . ' T '""" ""' •'''"■'"''"'-' -Iphate. <-"-! .lnnn« the p.vssin., . ," ;r^"'"f ' ^'"^' '" ""■ -Uer !s ex- 'n...s<. I,,,„.ks are then h.i, on shl i T -"/'"^"•"-■''^ •- '-"'H-i. '""'l-'''"'"''' -f about ],S° Centi!". e I L f-^"'f. '■'-"''-• "luwe a norn.al 2m (lENKHAL COXCLUSIOXS. Air-dried Piat Furl. — The results (il)f:iiiie(l witli the methods proviouslv (loscrihed dearly deinonstrate tliat the iiiamifucture of air-dried peat fuel, if properly coiidiicted. is, in Europe, a sound business ])roposition. The con- ditions in Canada, at least in the southern parts of the interior provinces, are quite as favourable for the manufacture of peat fuel as those in Europe. In fact, tiie dryinsr conditions are more favourable on account of the warmer and ionjier summer. The methotls and machinery to lie employed for workirif; the bogs nuist in each individual case, be determined by a thorough investigation, as to draining facilities, nature of the bog and lo'il conditions. The neglect of these important factors in Canada is pro bly one of the rea.sons why the utilization of our bogs has so far mostly resulted in failures. .A method and niachin which in a certain bog may work quite well, may. where conditions are i. erent, ]>rove entirely unsuitable. Of the European methods described in this report, the digging of the peat l)y hand without any mechanical treatment (see pages 22-;{.S) is not likely to jirove accejjtable in Canada excei)t for a snuiU production for domestic u.se. and for the manufacture of moss litter. The method of adding water to the peat in the pulping and mixing machine (see i)ages 34-57) is a method to be recommended where .suitable drying fields can be obtained, or where only a small production is required. Thejieces.sary machinery and other appliances arc comi)aratively simple and cheap, and when the peat is well humified, a good fuel is obtained. In the majority of cases, however, the emiiloyinent of peat machines (see pag(s 57-129) i.s more suitable. Where the bogs are com])aratively free from roots, trunks and stumps of trees, the employment of mechanical excavators is a great advantage in such well tlrairied bogs, the machinery and method invented and used by O. Strenge at Elisal)ethfehn. Oldenburg. Oermany. is probably one of the best. (See pages 11(1-120). .Most bogs contain, however, a great number of roots and stumps, and in such ca.ses the advantages of the mechanical excavators so far invented are doubtful. The most suitable machinery and methods for such bogs are those inventeil by A. Anrep. (See pages 77 S2. 02-9()). I'dil and Liqiiiti' Briqurttrs. — The numufacturo of peat bricpiettes (.see I)ages lli()-]4S), which are preferable for domestic use on account of their higher fuel value and cleanliness, is, as far a.s can be judged, in Europe not a very lucrative undertaking. The increased fuel value does not cover the extra expense of artificial drying and briquetting. 247 T!ip ])ri.cess iuvpiitpil l>y Dr. M. Kkcnherfj (the wet ciiilMiiiiziiin process (see pages 1(10 170) where the |>eat is more or less fully carlM.iiized and its fuel value tlierei)ye(jnsi(lenit)ly increased, is, however. i)n>niisinji and isatlracl- ing much attention. The manufacture of Jifrnitc hriijuettes, on the other hand, lias reached very larjje projMirtions, in (lerniany. an>' tliese methods. I'lat I'oinlir. -The process for the manufacture of peat powder lately invented hy H. Hkelund (.see pages 171 172) is claimed hy experts to work sati.sfactory. The advantages of powdered fuels, es|)ecially in such industries as (v'inent making, arc evident, and for certain localities in Canada, of great inii)ortance. I'dtt C''>Av.— The economical results obtained in this industry depeml largely on the market and prices of the by-products obtained through the d.y distillation of the peat. When these can be disposed of advantageously, the manufacture of peat coke is (juite fea.sible. The best method invented for coking peat is the one inventetl l)y .M. JCiegler (.see pages 17(1 ISS). r.sv.s of I'ldl for Htatimi and Stiam lidixing.— Vent can be u.sed advan- tageou.sly instead of wood in any suitable ajiparatus. In fuel value one ton of ordinary coal is ecjual to 1.8 tons air-dried machine peat or 2.5 tons wood. With peat firing on step grates, 1 lb. peat produces 4 . (W li)s. steam. With ])eat firing in half "as furnace, 1 lb. peat produces .i . 7() lbs. steam. With peat firing in gas producei', 1 lb. peat produces 4 . 70 lbs. steam. Pint Gns for Power PurpofKx.—'Uw most rational method of utilizing the peat bog.s on a larger scale is undoubtedly through the erection of power plants at the bog.s. (See pages 219-229). In this case the bulkiness of the i>i.i* fuel is of less consecjuence, and as the peat in the gas producers em- ;.!' yed can be u.sed with some 40-45' ; of moisture, the drying conditions are of less importance. I'eat with 2.5-80' ,' moisture is, however, desirable when- ever jjossible to obtain. Moss Littir -'nd Pait .Uk//.— The manufacture of moss litter for bedding and packing purjio.ses (see i)ages 280-242) is a rapidly growing indastry in Kurope. and on account of the large moisture absorbing property of moss litter, its use for the.se purposes is greatly to l)e recommended. Peat mull is al.so used with very satisfactory results as a i)acking material for fruit, eggs, etc. (see page 248). and for .satiitary purjioses. Othir ['scs oj Putt.— The manufacture of textile, paper, alcohol, etc.. from peat (see pages 242-245). are. as far as at present can be judged, only in an experimental stage.