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Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Stre filmds d des taux de reduction diff^rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul cliche, il est i\\m6 d partir de Tangle supdrieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haul en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n^casraire. Les dfagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. ) best 32 X 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 ■'^l^ » I ) ■ • - Manijai. t -■ {■.,■ * ' ■ ■ '' ' or ^'■"" '■ . »" " ■^ Knginekhs' jCalcdiations. ;- ' D. McY,ATj(:?r,TT,AN Smith. i^^-f I "M V '!»>JV L'iV .t^' -&U»V-i' •a^-i.' /..;rVA% -A:^>: •-■•; vi»-' « ifj:^ / "ELIOrypE «« l-itlKO CO., •03T0N, M*9S. /'U V N I j A I (I,'' NBER,S'('AJ,('[TLATfo\S. (.'I McLaughlan SMVni, Si. John, ■ '' ''•' ADDKD MUCH IXTKRESTf PKKPAHKJ) IM) n..Mi>|!.i:; J*' iin \rreon Life AND Works m.sm Ma, ',:iii.. ST, JOHN. N. li.: •V BARNES AX!< CoAiiM vv rV ')i/**!,* E]^ TO W ASKE '1 •I'SrON, MASS. MANUAL or ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. BY D. McLaughlan Smith, Late Clerk of Steamboat Inspection Office St. Jolin, N. B, ' TO WHICH IS ADDED MUCH INTERESTING AND USEFUr INFORMATION. TABLES, DRAWINGS. Etc PREPARED AND COMPILED ' BY THE AUTHOR. ALSO A Sketch of the Life and Works of Wm. m. Smith M e For Thirty-two Years Steamboat Inspector of Maritime Provinces. / ST. JOHN.N. B.: PRINTED BY BARNES AND COMPANY 1886, 555 IS5!o Entered according to Act of Parliament of Canada, in the year 1S86, by D. McL. Smith, in the office of the ^linister of Agriculture. 880/47 AFFECTIONATELY DEDICATED «, TO MY FATHER, WILLIAM MORGAN SMITH. \\ PREFACE. 'pHE AUTHOR, after many solicitation, tvom ta^o^hfi! T /'^ public, now, tl,e s.ibject-matter taught by him tor years to his pupils, of en-i„ee? ing, having for several years been teacher ofe,' gineers- calculations at St. John N B "' dei™is' rf ,i: -'"'""i"^ r^ "'<' "^« "* «'Si"«e''S SDectk,n tn i f •"^ *''t ^°-'"''' »* Steamboat I„. Tclrrn';;',^!'^ T^HTu of con^.etency, and contains the' rirf^r \;:^i:4 t!^";?;^ ««' km f questions usually prelented to cand fates Wer loT^fP''*-"'' if'' «P^'™''» exaniinat :» ?oCei„eer, Zt •"P'^""""'^"™ matter of interest cix^riTtbi"? "°'^^' ^■'^•"■''^'^' 1"-'--. the',"tr«ier:'c™ t I^X ''"•^'•"^?'• ''^■'''''"-g Canadian cert fimetWT'" *-™'"""'*"'° ^™' « before, beside? niany-'^S th Autho^?" '"""^"^ articles and methods Authors own rules, engineeriifg Twe gUr" se ^ t'l'lt' *f" ^'T 'Useful for study. selected list of works St. John, 1st November, 1886. ^ ^^~^- ^- rt MANUAL OP ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. TABLE OF CONTENTS. PART I. K';lSSo;^;;lJ^,f^S.ith, M E., Frontispiece. Air, Wate, Heat an" Co'^Kk^,^ """' ^"""'^ '>'^^«- " • ■ Itelat.ve Vohnne of Steam and Wa'ter with Taui A Chapter on Coraljustion from '' sL,'.^ It , • ^''*'' Specimen Papers on Coaland Co.nt tTof ''^"^' " " " ' M.seellaneoas Calculations for EngiZT' i .' : ! A Short History of theSteara Engine! PART II. Inauirnnil Address. etS^t?SS^:iS^""«"-' ■■■ ■■■■■■ Square and Cube Root, , ' „, ^ ^ PART III. [For list of Plates, Drawin Paqe 5 7-17 16-19 20-27 28-3!) 30-78 77-123 124-129 133-150 151-102 153 153-15-1 157-159 183-1 SS lGO-236 188-189 237-240 242-245 247-250 250-252 253 254 2S6 207-370 271-335 32G-335 330-340 341 343-346 gs and Diagrams see Index i>age 346]. 5 I I valve 3 lbs. 8 oz ,' Viilve ;^U)s. 6 oz," read ERRATA. For "G}ororiii"mul "Gowric," • " " Surgeons " read " Surveyors, " "infusion' inversion," ^^ . " "produce" " "production, " 330000 read 30000, ..... Insert a comtna ( , ) alter conduction, . For . 537.") = ^\ read . 4375 = ,V u ""VY-eifrht of lever 24 lbs. 8 oz. " Weight of lever 24 lbs 8 oz. , Same sum, ior 20 (2.3 + 41) read 20 (25 + 4), For 5G60 read 57G0, " 4(530x82 read 4636x83 " i-»x 33 x4r)3 read 15x33x452 ... ,."' j io " "14 "answer; in the flexture give j,neatest diameter, read 12, Circumferential tubes v h x No. tubes it ■ — — 144 Circumferential tubes x L x No. tubes , = rli3. . . . . read 4_4^ X 100 For =08% 144 4 read - -IJxlOO =68% 4 Paqe, 250 207 160 in 31 11 30 36 37 31) 3!) 31) 40 73 203 For "member" read " number" of blades, .... ^ • - ' volume, page 315. Page. 250 2«T 1(50 VS 31 11 30 read , ri'ud 13, 30 37 3!) 3!) 3S» 40 .... 203 .... 253 Act (1882) of iiiiiy be found known: ') = "Act" this I 4 THE Q^AUFICATmsjHAT^^^^^ ENGINEER JJE shouM be able to write a good legible haad and under- , f "^ "'" fl"' fl'-' '"les o£ arithmetic thoroughly, deei- oTbe'r TT' !'r"°"' "'^'-tion. proportion, ,'„„r , oubtf root, Eucli.l and drawing. Uo should nnderstanfl the construetion, prineiple and use of auoh mstruments as Bourdon steam, vacuum and water ga...es thermometer, barometer, and the salinometer thei," "'" '!l°""^'"^ ""'™"""' '"""Nation and corrosion. bo 1 , «p,„ , „,„ ,^^ ^g^^^ ^j _^^^^ _^_^^ suddenly hborated from a high pressure. eng!netd"'.' I""" '"°*'="^ "' '""' '^P»'-» "« ""^^ '<> Zelon '""''■ " '"^' °' ™-«-"^' - ''^^ 'aid up for anftht""?,"."'?"'"'"'' °" »f "'*°="»». ite Pnnciples, thorn a,r"'°' "' *»^-°« ''"'^^' "■"' '"« -an, of calculating them, also the meaniug of the diagrams. san« hi""" ""'r'""' ™'^-'-"°"- and how to explain the same by means of drawing diagrams. wofkintTf"^ '='""''''»""""• ^rfaoe condensation, and the woiKing of steam expansively. I I I r hi weig Here thos( abov WitlK ledh Torri and c Air in the attem atmos Pas heigh I air din The the ai; weathc It is li; when northe] The that is oxygen An o air in t That ordinar' lighted," in watei glass, ar enclosed until it i nitrogen MANL'AL OF EXOINEERS' CALCL'LATIOX.S. AIR. weight nor elastic force a^cienta that air had neither He?o^1ste;l5? incUtton ?' ''^"•?'"^' ^'^ ^-^'-^ of those accustomed To^then^^ sin no edthrf ^^Tl'^ "^^' ^^"^ above Its ordinary level inthe nnmn f, k T^ ^''.^^ ^'^^«'' ''^^e withdrawn the air from that n,.^^ \^\%^^,^^ the bucket had led him to the conclSn thaf^ \„y*''?'? f ^^Aections soon Torricelli was the ho o" due of rnnJ''^ '•'=' ^"? ^'^ ^ispupil and of finding out the relative ^eighrof ai^"^ '^' '''''''^'''' int^X^^lC'^^r'fi'^ over, direction, attempts have been madi^ n T^'^ ^^^ ""^ ^"^^"ce. Man^ atmosJ,here into uL like stenm '"^ '^'' '^''''' ^'^'^ ^^ 'hj heiWSLT^^^^ of the ^'Ti;:"X^^Tti:r^^^^^^^^^^^ the air, which ig heavS 5. f„ f ^"^^'''^ ^^ ^»^« ^e'"ffht of weather or when contra^fwind "blow irfoJ''?^' '^^''''y It IS lightest when saturated w.UvaDoJfo^^^^^^ any locality, when contrary winds blow it ntI!T ^^^ ^^'"^ P^'n^, or northern climf tes the vari:tiins7r?g eSt'"^ '''''^'' '^ oxygen to foSflhs of'nil'ogj^'' '°"'^^''^'^ '' one-fiftK ordinary combSf may be shown T'"'"'*^-'" ««PPorting lighted, in a bell elas". wIVfv, , ^'^ ^^ covering a candle in wate'r to prelfa fuT her 8^?J„Tn/^?' of the^glass resting glass, and as the enclosed ox 'en '^fthpt'' '^ '^'"^ ^^^'^'^ *''^ 5 I I |i i 8 MANUAL OF EN0INEER8' CALCULATIONS. One cubic foot of air, at 33° R, weighs 1.20 ounces. Air rushes into a void with the velocity a heavy body would acquire by falling in a homogeneous atmosphere. Air is eight hun- dred and forty times lighter than water. The atmosphere A heavy body falling one foot acquires the velocity of eight feet per second. ■^ cigm, Velocities are as the square-roots of their heights; therefore to tind the velocity corresponding to any given height, ex- pressed, in feet per second, multiply the square root of the reignt in leet bv eight. .JrUVKl''- ^'\r \=V-^7,720 = lGG,mx8 = l,332 feet per second. This, therefore, is the velocity with which common Zl^JSSi::''' '''''' '-' '''''' ^-^ 1- --"^«^ -- The thermometer, when first invented, about two hundred years ago air, spirits of wine, and oil were made use of; but all these have given way to quicksilver. Fahrenheit is used in England; Reaumur and the Centi- grade therniometers on the continent. The thermometer is on tlie principle of the expansion and contraction of ciuicksilver. 1 lunge It into boiling water, it stands at 212^ and 33° dMrdiit^/r"^-^""^- ^^^"^^" '''''' ^'- «p- - Zero (0) is extremely cold; 32° freezing-point; 55° for tem- perate heat ; 76° summer heat; 98° blood heat'; 112° fie'^e heat; 170 spirits of wine boils; 212° water boils; A of aa inch in a yard is ^j^ for 90° Fahrenheit. ^ " iVIercury is fourteen times heavier than water ; therefore, if the pressure of the atmosphere will balance thirty-four feet of vit Vr.Tl" «">y,^"l^°ce ^ part of that height of mercury, viz., a little more than twenty-nine inches. In the barometer, if the air be dense, the mercury rises in the tube and indicates fine weather ; if the air becomes lighter the mercury falls and indicates rain. Standard altitude in ^WSffi''"'''^- be ween twenty-eight and thirty-one inches; the difference is called the state of variation. •NS. ounces. Air would acquire is eight hun- e atmosphere s atmosphere, 3city of eight its; therefore 1 height, ex- 5 root of the ,332 foet per hich common ninute; some two hundred use of; but d the Centi- lometer is on quicksilver. [2\ and 3^° le space is 55° for tem- 113° fierce Is ; ^i„ of an therefore, if •four feet of of mercury, ury rises in 3mes lighter altitude in one inches ; MANL-AL OF E.VGKVEKH.s' CALCULATIOKS. I WATER. sidercd. pie&cnt i)aper, the first will be con- is also found i.f TcomLe ],'"'' >"^l'0'-ta„t duties; it nature. Chemically cons foL '" r"""'"' ""^ ^-^goUble about made up of oLZXf'u^Z^'''y,^%^ ^^^"^^1 ^' thirty.fivo pounds of car o .m.l l.-n l'"""!^^of vvater and of his daily food is waier "'^'^S^"' ""d that five-sixths required to form wateV " °''^ i"""^' <^^ «-^Tgen, are an7tei;?;i;^*t:sis'xrf ? ^^^' ^^- ^^-^-^ four times heavier than air ^^^^^Irogen, and thirty- hibitS^'S^xpl^iL'^^^^Sf ^tS is^^" '^^^^ ^« - derived from the re-arraniemcnt of --?, '"I'^o^ed to be an angle of G0°, or 1-^0° tSecloL?^ ''"•'"• "^ Piiniclea in than when in a fluid statP.nii °"^e^'.^-^;i»'""g more space Water, being almost fnnnrn ^'"^l^^'^ting confinement great po'wer, Jl fn Brama,rKdnuHo n "^'"^^^ '' '^^^'^^^P^ draulic ram, whereby K strenJthf n ^n ''''' ''^"'^ '^'^ 4" andothermaterialsare tesfp/ nSi .1^ ''''*'''''' 'Anchors, iron that require force ^' '^""^ °^^^^^' ^P^rations performed liqSs"n'd%tds?re"ifLr7:;r'^ ^'- r^'^ «^ o^her ounces and the ImpeS Inon Jna? V^i^^'' «"« thousand or ten pounds. ^ ^'"""'^ ''"' '^"'^^^''^d and sixty ounces, ■one-hS"pt nt Tnf thp' ' h"'^"' ^°^^ «^ ^^^^^ ^^ «i-^ty-two and tank, or bd er multh. ,Wl k ^' • ?"^'"^^ ^" ^^et of aliy waLr- weight of ^^Te^XiSedt^^^^^^^^ /vln t h e the number of gal ons! There are 6o ^^^ ^'^/^^'^ ^^ '«" g^^es •one cubic foot. ^^® ^^-^^^ gallons of water in 'T '"'"1 pass *^" out the .'^f- '■'' tJio ? > the ' root ill n height "i^reat (i2 ') if "> feet. JIAXLAr. OF KXfJIN'EERS' CALCULATrOX.S. 11 HEAT. ordinary |)ui7)cses and thoohnvV • ,^ '""'^'^^ "'^'^'J ^^i" J I' "I'l ■'ts un(i tiio other for scienti o l^^llior.^ water be raised one do^rio 1 ""' ''^''f^''' ^''^ P«""ds o two deerees ^ ""' ""' ""® i'^""^ ^^ "^''ter be raised exSiob^'s^llift^^i;!^'^;^;^'---^^ of the sustained. 01 >. e degree Fahrenheit; n one io?„do^"Lr^'^.^7'''T' pounds; one dep-i-po Pon^;^..„,i • i^"""^* "^ water, i,:i foot- foot-pounds A F?.n^b W ' !" °"' 1^°""'^ «^ ^^''^ter, 1,389. En/sh Jhe'nK^ Jnit"sf I'tr' ""' " '"""^^ ^^^^^^ ^« f«»^' vibrat^:|?n all C'' wi^^^''^''^ '^^''^ «t«'"« '"oving or T << «» 13 COJlCUSTIOxV. ^^hen intensely heae^f^^^ '^ ^^^^rogenlf S? ^l^^l^^eu, pi'oduoed bv L^,u- .. become Juinijir.n^ ^^^' ^^^ bodies united, and^;he?'tr''?" /'^^> « Wn'^Lr^r ''^« ^^^^^ i' - Carbon exists I^'p ^r*"" ^^°"' '^""^^ ^t deg..ee/"^ the temperature of 14 50 "^'ouSds'f ^^'^"^ ^t ^^le volatile nrodn.f . "^^ '^^ter one evolved in +t ^^'"biistible a nr? -"'^ ^^id gas. of a te„r'aVdT,';'ri°" °"-" -i oh t^f iSV °^-'» gen and carbon nfKTP*^««d of such ttn..?f °^ ^^^t^e flue combined wrthovvcin' ^"'J ^'' ^« i^ave^notC^ "^« ^^^^ro! yerted either into^f"^ *"^ conseouentlv hf ^^^ ^^PPhed or ts gaseous charapfi''"'".'^" ^^^^onic 3 .^?J^«°t been con- •black body and 'ast.^.^'^d '-^turns to h eieSeVil^'^Sen loses . ^'tuminous po,S'^ir°'»es visible, ''''"^^tary state of a ~;S^;//-3PberLr is re- An insufficient sim.T . "' '"^P^^' t^is J >NS. his velocity ifc one degree of f^eat, and ifc e substances 'nee tb the to oxygen, ^il bodies the heat is said to be »«s state it ^^ in soot. C'ent heat Water one "■e hjdi-o- ' are ole- carbonic ounds of s. 'I'odiiots the flue ' hydro- plied or en con- 'n loses teof a ■aseou 3 state. is re- y this MAXUAL OF engineers' CALCULATIONS. MECHANICAL EQUIVALENT OF HEAT. la- The mechanical equivalent of heat is the ouantitv of heat TZf *° 'T ^^' temperature of one pound of water one fnf fnAf°J-T" '^'!t seven hundred and seventy-two pounds one foot high ; or the weight of one pound descendinrseven hundred and seventy-two feet is equd to one degree of heat • ^^^?^ 17''' ^"?^'ed and seventy-two foot-po?nds is what 'T"'?v,^''\"^.''^'^°^f"^ equivalent of heat, the number ex presses the whole work due to the quantity of heat whTch !s able to raise one pound of water one degrei of heat thei'tntact^'^Hr^ ""^J^"'' '1 *^-" T^'^^^^s which prevents- tneir contact. Heat and mechanical power are convertible forces. The force of the heat that raises one pound of water one degree F. will 1 ft a weight of seven hundred and sev^ntv- two pounds one foot high. The power of a weight of seven hundred and seventy-two pounds descending one £ if Lplied to a small paddle-wheel turning in one pouSd of water wil bv friction, raise the temperature of the water one degree FaJi^ renheit A heat unit is the amount of heat ?hat raises a pound of water TF. or that lifts a weight of seven hundred and seventy-two pounds one foot high. nunaied one heatTnif ^'""^''i^ T^ seventy-two foot-pounds equals srenX ?io^pZnds"^ ""^ "'"^^^ "^''^ hundred\nd 5tion, 14 -^'AXL'AL OP E.VGIXEEI.S' ^^-^'-Cl'LATroxs. carboi they y'^ich exfstsTn he 4- '."'"^"""^ o^ carbon "\^'P«»d<^" ;>/• g.-Hphite r('i)td?na?:%*^^^^ ^'^ ^he diamond- ?Jf '"^'^ .^^"••^e there are m-inxr o i: -^ <^'^'""coal or I'lmv: 1 1 '.'"'^ ^'"fnbaeo f.'nelJ, and in wha iv5 T^-^-^Jatile, soHd dpvlf^ "'f ^^ ^^^''^^s th^t on being I .oni? ^^ ^y ^'ffer the.'^jri"^ ^^^^e and "nite with ft TnrlV ^^^'^ ^"thenreSn /^'■^^''^^^fais; bituminous coi] i= i. ^""niinat- ?f hear, nifistui^ and i,.f r^^ ^^ «'> and mfder^Tr^-^ «^ «J«^^ ^'^ general, it ilcTlF^f Pressure. Like !« 'J'?,^"fl"ence ^vith smal pronor?fn^ ""'"i^ ^^ ^^^bon andll/'^''^^^ '"^tter, quantity of em thv,.^'''r°^'^&en and n^.-nJ^''*'^^" ^ogethe^ Ui oxs. ™ it by com- « consists of d ashes; and ages, but a]l now ]et lis >mpose ooaJ: vervabund- c'l have life n? 70 to 85 Jimestone, (dependent 5onic acid, into three plumbago, 'f this ]asfc ove foiTjs taste and 3e in this; ^gen they oxide of f carbon, 'd either n them. 'tiJJation •"minat- ti which of slow ifluence matter, >gether 3ertain ken of s away } inor- 311 tact MANL'AL OK EN'GINEEUs' CALCULATIONS. 15 ■with the air, that is to say, when subiected to a destructive distillation, the volatile hydrocren is all driven off in combina- tion with some of carbon, either as a gas or as a tarrv liquid, and the residue, or coke, contains only carbon contaminated with inorganic matter of the coal. Anthracite or hard coal is supposed to have been formed like soft coal from slow decay of vegetable matter and then to have been subjected to some sort of natural distillation by which It has been deprived of all the hydrogen, nitrogen and --cygen of the original wood. It is thus a coke formed by natural agencies. "^ Oxvgen is the most widely spread and most important of all the elements ; was discovered by Priestly and Scheele 1774 It constitutes one-fifth of the atmosphere; eight-ninths of the weight ot water, and at least one-third of the materials com- posing the solid crust of the earth ; it is a tasteless, colorless, inodorless gas. Combustion is simply chemical combination, and when the combination is violent, sufficient heat is developed to produce hre : the affinities of oxygen are remarkably strong, and it is capable of entering into combination with everything in nature except Flourine ; therefore fire is generally oxygen enterinff into combination with the body burning. In the fires in our houses the oxvgen of the air is combining with the coal, which is carbon, to form an invisible gas, carbonic acid gas, which passes up the chimney; hence, we say that oxygen is the great supporter of combustion ; of course com- bustion wil be more violent in pure gas than in the air when it IS diluted with nitrogen. Xitrogen is the chief element of the air of which it forms lour-hfths. From being an element of nitric acid, Chatal gave the gas the name of azote from its inability to support life It exists in almost all vegetable and animal nature. ihe simplest method of preparing nitrogen is to deprive air ot Its oxygen by passing it through a porcelain tube containing copper turnings which is surround-^d by red-hot charcoal. Ihe heated copiDcr combines with the oxygen and the nitrogen IS received in a gas-holder. ^ Sulphur is a yellow mineral, solid, which burns with a blue mme, giving off suffocating fumes, and is found mixed with the soil in many volcanic districts ; it also appears in combina- tion with metals, etc., forming a large class of ores named sulphides. Sulphur is brittle, without taste or smell in its native state, but when rubbed emits a peculiar odor. IT . 16 ! ! ! ( """" "^ ^'-'"■=««' c.ao....„„,. The f 11 • — -^^Aixoxs. Element. j . Ash ••• 3 ^ G ni ^* air WiixTs IS ,u'^^''« "= ^^'^ b«rn th^f f° ?S^ °^0-) must be portion of one h ,,'/'.''''"' '''■' "^ he coaf'tl^'^^^'l °^ *'^^ pound of coa] h f • ""^ ^"^ ^% cub^ w\f'^^ ^" <=he pro- of air. ^ ' ^"^ ^^3^ one pound of coal for eiX. *^^^ *^'ce The hydroffPn .; eighteen pounds so mucKorf e" .SoTh "^ ^ ^ ^<^^ P^rt of heat h„^ .. amount of heaf f,l? .i^^'^'^ Mrogen in coal wl' .^f ^^^re is noxs. ive table of the- cotch. I The Mean. 81 1 H H 4f )0 J 00 jogen mixed f O.) must be xygen of tlie ^ in the pro- ir for every d that twice :een pounds fc as there is ■the greater aally. The st known, at Britain, tern slopes > Virginia, great lake on extend- ^'ever, and t of Great sits form- nce, show ^■a Scotia, Qd on the he Island I has also long the 3IANUAL OF EXGINEEKS' CALCULATIONS. 17 S'eYofth^' nSS'''""' ""'''''' '''' '^^^"S ^^° ^«Ke-- TABLE OP PKODUCTION OF COAL IN DIFFERENT COUNTHIES DUJiINO SEVERAL YEARS. Name Country. i Yearisro. Tons. Year 1871. Tons. Gre.it Biitain. ) ' Ireland .' .' .' ; [ 112,000,000 117,352,028 United St-ites ' 28,000,000 Germany 26,744,000 . J^rance 13,ii0!»,000 . .'.] '" Belgium 12,943,000 .... ' ' " Austria 4,100,000' K»8«»a I 588,000 ...;"" ?Pa»n- ! 550,000' .... Canada i i Year isre. Tons. 131,867,105 Year 1880. Tons. 63,500.000 42,161,000 18,825,000 14,000,00o| 6,000,0(10 2,200,000 750,000! 1,032,7131 Year 1881. Tons. 1,338,391 The probable quanity of coal in the coal fields of the United Kingdoms is about 146,480 millions of tons, of this 90 207 millions of tons in fields and probable exists'under the (per- mian) and other superincumbent strata 56,273 millions of fiefdTetf ''!/i-wnPr^5^'!,P'^"'°^/^ *^« exhaustion of these nelds, etc, at two hundred years from the present time. IT 18 ""'•" "' --""-• -uo„.„,„,. THE RELATIVE VOLUME OF STE« .. Again, the relative . i ^ ''^ *'^"': air under a simil.. "etper second, and Jklt « velocity •ncreaei J,° Tr^Z ''™™''«' '« about "50ft..f *""'"« *"'» ''s%o Le Ic T: " " "'^'^ ""' -"^ ^air: noxs MANUAL OF ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. 19 ^ND WATER. . of steam gen- ivided by that ijotient of the ing voJume of temperatures »f a cubic foot spheric pres- ' or io a unit * mechanical ot high, squal to the ^m is about er, equal to tne velocity flowing into per second, nty atmos- >rated into J of steam TABLE OF THE i.H^scHE, TEMPEUATURE. VOLUME AND -MECHANICAL EFFECT OF STEAM. Total pn'SHure in pounds per square inch. Corresponding teinperfttiu-e. 1 102.9 2 120.1 3 141.0 4 152.3 5 101.4 16 212.8 20 228.5 25 241.0 30 251. G 35 2G0.9 40 2(J9.1 45 270.4 50 283.2 55 289.3 60 295.0 65 301.3 70 305.4 75 311.2 80 315.8 8/) 320.1 90 332. 100 • • • • Volume of steam compivssed with volume of water. Mechanical eflfeet of a cubic inch of water evaporated in pounds raised one foot high 1739 1812 1859 1895 1924 2086 2135 2175 2209 2238 2204 2287 2308 3327 2347 2305 2397 2411 2425 2438 2404 IT 20 MAM UAL OJ.' EXOINEEUS' CALCU LATION-S. A CnAPTEK ON COMBUSTION 7 '■"•" """' " "»""—■■ ^' - - -. 0. . :.,.. O.K., „.. > other substances, such as ^nlnh. ^^^''«^«n ^'th oxygen r develop heat when un ti„g%;i^fcVn"^hP^'^P^'^'*°»«' ^'^'^ purposes carbon and hydro Jn 1?^^^®",' ^'^ ^«'' our practical , Tn fact, hydrogen is a ^vp.r- "'f **" ^^ considered, although forni,ing1,ut a very 'ma ,T'.^r' '?^"^«"^ ^^ ^"el, coal the fuel mo^t i„ usra/a ^mbS bl^ ""'''''' '' ^^'^''^-ry the fuef, but i/we sLy tS Uor el^' ""'^^ the composition of supply twelve pounds^of air we sha ITV ^"'^ ^« «^"«t tXUir^^""^^ ^^ «^-Vof ct^dS :ivt citit%Y^^^^^^ be developed by th. fch^rifnot^Avd:S^^^ reasons why we do not reach tbri?Jj ^"* '^ere are many are as follows : ''^ ^^'^ ^'«"^t in practice, and thej chfS7on^s?[uftloS'iLH' ?r^^iy *?^ ^^« «««! ^s to it. SEcoND.-ImSes fonnS^ thereby ,ts calorific power, affecting the actSquLtUy o^^ pu e co".?-"^^'"'^ > '^' ««-^> Thikd. -Imperfect or inoomTSlL ^^u" apj given amount. FouRTH.-i8 of heSl fh.?'"^"'*^°? °^*he fuel, metal of the boiler. "" '^^ furnace, the fire, and the utiliS\lh?c'reafc?onTd'raV'' " *'" ^^^^^- ^"-^ or less chemical aTalSrhe^7aS;{^ ^^^ --'ts of ^uel, e.pressed i^'pounroTwr V^p-^/^^^^^^^^^^^^^ i ^- ATION'8. ON". '• A. Smith, C.E., M.E.> I to be due to the 1 with oxygen ' osphorous, alsa for our practical considered, ement in fuel, ght of ordinary 3h air must be ete combustion, ontained. composition of fuel we must entJy near the spend upon its. ('eloped by the Bicient to boil 'ature of 213* lere are many ;ice, and thej 3oal as to its ific power, in the coal,, riven amount, of the fuel. » fire, and the more or less 36 results of JUS kinds of !l evanoj*afP(i i 4 I MANUAL OF ENOINEBHS' CALCULATIONS. 21 KLVD OF lUEL, E. me carbon incom])letely burned CO , r ^ — ^)lete]y burned to CO" . * " from wood, dry '^- ^ from peat, dry". ..*.'.'; Jf Coke, good, dry 12 Coke, average, dry . . 14 Coke, poor, drv ^'^'^ Coal, anthracite '. l^-'^ Coal, dry, bituminous," bVst ^^^'^ Coal, bituminous 1^-^ •Coal caking, bituminous," b"est.'. H Coal^ Ll.nois (from four mines near"st.Loui;)".".";.:.:;:J5 JVut, dry. .".".".'.*.".'.' 12.1 Peat with one-fourth "water ^^ >V ood, dry 7. 5 Wood, with one fifth "water ^"'^^ VVood, best, dry, pitch-pine. ".".■.".■. ,^« Mineral oils, about 10 22.6 temperature; witeri a. rl 1ft wh?o It:''/"."'™ "' '"'sh 'o™,„g ,tea™. a„a even a:~'„t "^^S;:!^:^ g heat which passes c "" " " e a re-combination r ;;;onan,ng water into sZr'^^^r^^^^^ f^^^^y^lS^Si^^^^?" '^ --"7 lost with the kinds o'f coal a? splitTn tJe fife In't '^^^'""^"^ .^'^^ ^"^^^ vented bvwetfcinafi,o«n, ," ^^^^ cases this is pre- when on^the fir Yt weEnd'c:^^ '^ tcgethe^tm -als^t;:^tS:^S'rd'i^Elsbu.e^^^ PT^'^^ ^^^^ ^'- ^-t the anthracites, which 1V?>!^"/1''^^^ ''''^'' »<^^^ i" val„e oxygen, thereby absorbin7hp.ifvvhW° '"^o J^Jdrogen and nace ; in the laS Sni . i • P'""''"' ^^ ^'''o-" the fur- wl.erebv the bni?n/.il!!ll ^.-^^'".^'"^tion may take place. in ch eby the heat of decomposition i place, s given up, but that used gv -rp™pS,:^r;;£,«Stt„5s— jl^'lf T ^ N 22 i^li by weigiit/ °"' "' °' S""-! coal, or onlCltol °! i""'°'^ "stafpri -^ tt i^'^^ produced is 14 'ion ,u , carbon. The- " vohini^ of tZ "* '">""^3 of carC ovm'"'''™' ™'*i"« '• ;vij.w;SLT ■' """"^ "-' "'z r,tS' aS '!l >TIONS. TJio Illinois coal' iias mrelv been, best coals. .of coal, and the 'c foot, cf/nui to '.df)' iiarcl-wood "SIS the practice 1 rating fuel in found when dry d. Corn-cobs 'ghfc of Illinois r of good wood '??s, and this nkine's Steam. f nic acid gas I'd and two- >f carbon are ^on, making ■as, and the "c acid gas ig that due 3on, equals e imperfect equals heat It of o.70a ond pound^ 3es in fur., erj great, c oxide gas: sufficient, MANL-AL OF FXOIXEKRS' CALCULATIONS. 23 ; making »ev.„ and oac-ti.',,! VoZ.f 'iftS o .cifl ^'^H^ Kivm; additional heat ot donWe the amo' , ue to tfi'e Co T 2* '""'''■"■ "' ^™'^-"^"»' c.u,,.,-,,„,„,,. 't 18 found that tlfif. /'"''-T'^J t''»t of tl.c' . v ,', ^'''' '"^ » external air^bn ff'\- ^^"'i'^'-^ture of u^^ ^V^''^/'^^'^ <-''^al were arl'mi.r, ^^^^'-^''g'lt pounds of .; * f^'^'^^'^'J t''^^ cvterQiil uir. \V\tul i ' ^^ ftljout r>.50°P r , ^ {'"'tj- 5>f temperanre is no? ''■'''^'^'«'^'""^1 c^ke l',cl ' T'^ -^''^ ^'tuminous and ' ".^f."cconipanied bv so.-im, . " "'^*''"'"i? and complete fin t"™ '' s»l>l>lio.l will ° "^^ ""I 'I'" ?i>o„t'i3";'"r'"fte°' ""■ I""- !«""/'; :!,';■' 'r,™"' -""■ "•"" <'f tl.o Ijoiler '"•'.ace. To fi,]i; ';"«"i«'mtion need •'^'« "f lu-at. It is '!'f t'omniiinicated "•' '•aistvs its fom. ^:''\'''y, the sumo ;'^''f"f tliosumo ""'f t'lc mi ruber ""'■■^ "f ^Ms lit a ;'<"nialair; but ' t'lJlt to supply '*y griH from 50 't 'sfrom nino- ; to twejity./ive '• (dbovej tho P*-''' pound of ; «f the foi-ty- • [aliovej tho "ch fi loworino- loss, but with unction of the b'J'eiit waste, with ono-Jialf \ by the hout. etvveen the '"|«er burns li'" through ■hough the >al, on the on a high ntact with MANUAL OF EXOINKKHS' CALCULATIONS. 35 the iron of tho boiler, and any deviation from these conditions produeos smoko und great loss of heating power ; and hat wh.le with hard coal too great a draft on I'y wastes a snS <'at carbon. 100 NATIONS. "OMliUSTlON, rbon. 2es. ^J ('arburetted ;^each of v^hich "'^operpropor- 'J introducing ^cooling the ^/^at a high ' by prevent- ?en furnishes ^r]>on, there- '^ = Imparts J cubic feet \^y 12635 *!'" require 5 cubic feet ' feet of air ^ numbers, ' per cent.' ' and five MANUAL OF ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. 20' 80 parts of carbon requires 2527 cubic feet of oxygen. 5 hydrogen. 12G35 473 cubic feet oxygen for hydrogen. 5 hydrogen. 2365 Then, 23G5 12635 15000 cubic feet of air reauired for fhA combustion of one hundred parts of coal. "^^"^"^^^ ^^^ ^he- n. -80 MANUAL OP E^VOIXEEHS- CALCLr ^A.TlOm. !; 1 IS ^^«««me of decimals with th.- «^«-^mei ^^^'^*^«»- equivalent /.action, ^ne- tenth, Decimal. .J^«e-hundredth .1 ^^actioj^. '^»e%S. i==°»e hundred and tw.. ;^^2°^^ ^^^ •7854 y i „ -7854 'Sr^"'^- . circulai- inch. <-:^--^.,-=- / '^^^^ difference 'LATIONS. ftothafcr«di«,en. ng savages, they ^ fraction : Tut TTiVrr TToinr ndfchs f.^ ('IS)'! a;;d ^-'^^ i an/^'^^^ ^ •••(.5625) ,9 •• (.75) f inch; JfANUAL OF EXOIXEEliS' CALCULATIONS. 31 The difference between a circular ^r decimal-^ inrh nn^ „ trT.T^ ^V'^'i ^"'^ ^"^^ ^^'ff^'-^n^e isa^quLe with one formats diameter and a circle with one for its^ diaml^er ; "o 4 ; 3.1416 : : 1=7854:— The constant number or multiplier for the horse-power of an engine instead of using .7854 to multiply with anSo ?a •equat ZLVT'^'r'?^;^''' b;/3ooJS;;hich'win -e2g?ne; etc? multiplier for horse-p.wer of an Example: 33000). 78540000(. 0000-^38 66000 125400 99000 264000 264000 Then we find that in the calculations where .7854 is used tn £ „ P-^ Vt^ ^''l ?^?^^ *° ^i^ide with, the same result win -be attained by multiplying by the constant multipllr 0000238. J^MERICAN RULE FOR THE PRESSURE ALLOWABLE ON BOILERS OF GIVEN DIMENSIONS. tfoimd'S:;;^^^"-?^^ ''''^''?^} ^*> *l^ ^^« ^^^^^^^ tensile strength jound stamped on any plate in the cylindrical shell bv the thickness expressed in inches, or parts of an inchTdecimalM tnl l!^'?u^y ^^\^^^ ^•*™«*e'' (expressed in inches) he sum hnLr^ *^' number of pounds allowable for sS rfveted boUe 8, and for double rfveted boilers add 20 % (fwen vter fTT^' II!-; 32 pi 50000 lb.. fo„.:,„ -. . ^ ^• '^000 lbs. tensile strength. 6)50000 ^T ,°"f t'^th of plate. •'io thick ncsi. 4^000 2H2 .__ riveted boiler. '^'- ^^^ ^oubJe -0 Talc «n1nTpUT^'^^-*«-'^e strength ^"d 43" diameter i of 6)60000 3^ (119 lbs for 3,ngle riveted and 140 . •— ^^'- ^«"We riveted boiJer ^^'^ 40 21 ]90 189 MANUAL OF ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. BRITISH BOARD OF TRADE RULE. 33 otU ?e.l dk£Trx ^^""^ '"^^u^". "'^'•'■•^^ °" ^ ^i'-^"^^'- boiler 8)300040 45080 2 144)!)0100(0^>0 804 370 5i88 880 804 36 020 .70 100)438 20 6)438.2 73 lbs. working pressure per square inch. Taking tensile strength at 00000 lbs. per square inch inrl a i of an inch plate, 42 inches diameter l.oil2r; find p-es'i^re that may be earned according to the above method. 4)00000 15000 2 42)30000(714 294 ..GO 42 180 168 714 .70 6)499.80 83.3 lbs. working pres- sure per square inch. T 34 / / "anieter; 50400 8)-io2800 uioo 2 J'im8WQ(Gl2 8C4 180 144 612 .70 6)mA0 360 288 71 A I wnX-''^''^'^ inch working pressure. 7:3 ^S^J^t^'L QUANTITIES. '""r pounds. Onl „ i '°" "' salt toil f , ' ">s-. equals «"Wo inches make oS °\^% ™'« «ths"w"'f^8'-» ^«'- "■ako one onbio yard"' "'"'"= '»-"; '«4v-se "et e,tb,o''fee' A Short ruJp fn,. au steam pressurp S ""^ ^^<^^o of ^ains of . -"o o? re-^pt^-So, and Sf/^HS'^^'? ^— wiB proper ^•^^ = ^.^7bestratioofe.pa..on. « st'-ength r Plato, MANUAL OF EXOINEERs' CALCULATIONS. 35 S' square? ' "^^^® ^''^ ^^ required to break a bar r 1 32 :: 4,500 ;: 4,500 9 1)40,500 40,600 lbs. per square inch ^'•k'ng pressure. practical pur- ?aIJons equals '^ghs ten (10) •: !T^>ghs one * J?S;, equals ,^ejghs sixtv- ^Jbs 1,7^8 a cubic feet diaSf ' ''' ""'^^^^ ^^ ^» "•- ^-" - inch by six inch 6' 6' 36 6 31G cube of ball. .1377 constant number 82G3 1377 SJ754 ^0.7432 lbs. weight. lbs.. 3,,„wi„|a litffol'efalfu'ait :fa%r„'St?„f '«^ Rule : I" ''.add 37 to the proper 8X8 = ~ '''^'" OP ,« ^ ^ Jbs. and spindJes. 6 430 70 lbs 4 58x.7854=:i5r)o.,,. O'O "^'^^^ area of valve 9 540 »60 Jbs. 9 16 985 Ibg. T'^en 15.9)985.00(61.0 lbs . 954 ^ ^••' ^f>s- pressure^ 310 159 J5J0 1431 79 A f CO reduc-,. pressure 65 r!K . , - 65 50 U ^^ -is ;; 9.90 ^28^ lbs. "Sr-s-fistt,-.. 30«X.7854 23,2 -X58X5 =. i'!?301 3.3000 125 J-o compute /^ho ^- ^. .85 =^ 9.3(,. ^Y- ;^ 8 inches apart « JiJches apart. Vo-^' ULATroNa ^AFKTY-VALV*:. 'so t'^ ^'>' '0 lbs.. '« -^ Jbs. and spindJes. )f val ve. ^^^'^•^ n^s. pressui, t weight of 990' )S. = 2' 2' MANUAL OF ENOINEEHS' CALCULATIONS. 39 2'7rnll"i1- "'''. ^""'If' P''r"'*°- I^'ttmetor of cylinders boinir 2.i and4r) ; length stroke 33'; diameter cntnkslmft 8'^ ^°^ Itulo : Sd-'-15SD -^ a = 4930 or. and 5000 •SU' D dia. L. P. cylinder, II dia. of II. P. 5630 X 8« -15 X 33 X 4A:.=^527232-10023?f "^''' = 87.3 lbs. ; the answer. 17457 Required the area of a circle the diameter of whioli is 1 (D) pro^dtr'^"^^'^^^ "'^'"^ 'y circumference aud halve the shall designate by H the GrL?limt Pn\l x """^u' ^^''^ ^^ truth of tlio above rule ^ ^° * ^""^ ^^^^^^ t^e Here R. = ^, or| ; the area ,s i x ^, or ^1^ =. .,854. dia^nletorronelnch a"i.'''' '' '""^ '^^ ^' ^ ''-'o -hose ..7854 is called a decimal of an inch nr ts^ ^ • i . circu ar inch, a decimal inch, or a circular inch I.T f •* all calculations containing area, etc. a '4 3 u"l6 • 1 - '7I? If you double a number vou incrpaao ,fa o-^ f sm^"'-^'"'""*''' '"^ *"""""■■» 'or torsion and flexure quotient 0? th'e "fbe 7\h d'LVeZX'i "hf?- ■"'""' '"? "■e result will be the required diameier.' '" "'™°°' '"'^ i \i a 40 '^-^^^L OP .^o,^,,^^, <^ivide it bv thi « t diameter due ^n a ■■/ '-"■'-l-*e; + etc. . To calculate (l,o ' ''I' lAtlX + «'«• ■ocli of the LL. ° pressure that ;= , ' ' '»'4ib8. weight of ^/^'^^tJi of iever 30 ^3.75 lbs. weight '"''-^^^^^'etc: 30 lever 137.50 The weiffhf k • "^^^^^ iws. (valve. ^OULATIONS. '^eter due to fl^'''^^ ter. ^ flexure, JcuJate the diameter th,^,^ ^^ ''^^ effort tJjJs ru]e gives too d*f i6 d* + etc. ; d*f I +®*°- '^^l^ per square «ehe8 diameter :h Of iever 30' etc., lever, etc.: ^ss'jre per sq. valve. fong and 6 ibs. (vaj ve. MANUAL OF ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. « ■spindle, lever and spindle, etc.), and the area of valve 19 6350 •^hat pressure, persq. inch, of steam would be on valve. Weight 113.7625 lbs. or little over 112J lbs. 16 lever 6765750 1137625 Fulcrum 6)1804.2000 SOO. 7000 02 lbs. effective weight. Area valve 19.6350)393 70')0(20 lbs. pressure steam per sq. ^^-^^0 inch on valve. Formula WxL+DW FA — P., ^ivfdeVfSm 2f'^^''^ ^T ^'''' ^^^ '^ead weight and ■uiviae oy tulcrum and area equals pressure. lull each stroke: ' *' ^° ''rotes per raimite, f 7>.t?rr;:rkT„fprLr'^ ""■ *' """'■ '^^^ ^-^ 7x7-6 = 43 fxj^ 6+1 = 7x7 = 49x100 = 4900 = 114 lbs. (nearly) lenltf6'^9^'pl^;r^^^^^^^^^^ - « A- 37" in diameter, 6'.9"+l = 7'. 9" = 7.75 x 37 = 286.75 90000x3-8 = 33750 x 3-f-8 = 12656.30 13656.30-336. 75 = 44 lbs. per sq. inch. 43 MANUAL OF ENGINEEKs' CALCULATIONS. .ra^e'SaU't^^^^^^^^^ ^'^^meter fro. the- the area will be just half J if 5 sq fncher"^ ^' ''^""^"^ ^''^>- .7854)12.5000(15.91 7 854 46460 30^70 71800 70686 12140 7854 3286 15 01(3.98 diameter of valve. 69)691 621 788). 70 00 63 04 690 . ^,5 5l"«i''e feet c/raHe surface = li>4 =0 • 1 tnch diameter of valve. ■' ^ ^^^ ^q. inches area == 3.98 BA.K,KK'S HULE PO. CAPAC.V OE EEE. P..p (,,,,,,,,, o/LTC^An^'^^t^^^ P^--.. blowin. engine should be of such caoacitv ., ! I-i P"'"^ "^ '^ ^^nS to two and a half times the Set fJeS of w?''^'^' ^•'''^'" '^^"ble engine according to *^^ '^'^^^'' required by the .08285 2^875~ ^ "^^^^ ^^'- ^ -0^^046 cubic foot. Temperature being 257° nresmirn ^-^ 71 lu square foot, ratio of cii -off 2 87? V^ ^aLT'^^'''^ ^^^- Per cubic foot in pounds hpnH,; *'"' "^^^^^ ^<^'>ht of a swept through^by th; piston .I'T/r'^ of '^'' P«'* «"bic foot cubic foot rJeai/effecti? prosrflS^VT ''''' ^^--^^^^^ 2629 lbs. square foot - 33000 -19 ^-rn'' -"1"^''^ '"^h or "^'t rM'^ ^-^'■»dicated i?'rsIpow;V '' == ''' ^"^"' ^^^^ .0288?7J^^i1l^fcijg--;i Wpower per hour:_ ^^^IS^^^l:^^^^^^^ capacity of the off or pumped out Xlhi.^r'/''^'""'"^'^"^^ is blown weight ^of salt. S ine in Srs'^rn • ^o^^tains ^, of its rtse much above double tL st eT.th 0? thp"'7 ""^ "''"^^^ '^ "t'^engtii of the ordinary sea waterj MANUAL OP ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. 45 SOME EXEKCISE IN DECIMALS FOR PRACTICE AND EXAMPLE. quotient nevPr comes, as i = .166666-caIled a repeating tl r r'i'" -'' '"' '^^^ ^ •« ^^"«d - repeater, 'some^ tune nstead of one figure repe; ing itself, as above, vou wHl find two or more as | = ^,857142857. This is called a circulating decimal and i. ..liloo .142857. Bring |^ to a decimal. 1 = 3)1.0000000 Bring ^^ to a decimal. .3333333 or .33. ■ 4)100 .25 Bring {f to a decimal = .9375 4)15.00 00 4)5.7500 .9375 answer. How many eighths are there in .114 -^^f^^ = -912 = near ^ (one eiehth) How many sixteenths are there in J98 -answer 3. Tw u- , -198 X 16 = 3. 16 8 or a little over -X Multiply .00072 by .0503 == .050036144 ^' Multiply .0002 X .00101 = .000000202. lo reduce 8 inches to a decimal of a foot. itULE.— Add a cypher and divide by 13. 12)8.00 .666+or .6 Eeduce 7 feet 7 inches to decimal of foot equals 7.583 feet. ^o?H«^^"?4?'^^?'' ^''''"'' throughout the stroke, stean. wur«i.jg c-\paiiBively. ' 44 MANUAL OP ^GINEEils' CALCULATIONS. ,ir-"in?Ef^°L..!«.^1'"i"ed into the cylinder at Cut oij'|"-*T 3 ""^"um to be perj TJien, ^ - ^ ^"^ ^'«« -4 decimally expressed. 2"are inch, aboVe tr^atn'oiphVe'lJ'"'^^' '' '' '^^- P^r stroke required, the mean pressure Ln /' '''V^ ^^ ^^ t the 8ti.ke.^s^pposing the vacuJmt'be pXt'" ''^^"^'^°"' ^^e lbs. 40. 80. SO. 80. 80. .0. .1. .05] Value of ordinates 1 1 Ll^rJ^^ «»* Off are each = .1 = .05. except first Gi 53.33 . . . 45.71440 40.... 35.55 . 16.... .5 = .4^5 == .«-=.4-^6 = .7 = .4-j-7 = .8 = .4-^8 = .9 = . 4-^9 = ■10 = .4-M0-=-:;i=; .08 . 060060 • .057143 .05 044444 03 -10)613.59440 r Value of ordin- j ates below cut off j found by divide ■ cut off decimally expressed by num- bei- of deifree of cut off. 61^0944 lbs. mean pressun 15 vac. + 65 lbs. steam = .768253 Jnch. 61.460340 lbs. mean pressur 80 lbs. total pressure per sq. epersq. inch throughout stroke. NOMINAL HOKSE-POWER 548x180 „^ ~»0~-*"«N-H.P. will s.'ea™* ™' ™^ "^ "» B"««» Admiralty f„.p„ad,e. • lbs. per at I the lout the MANUAL OF ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. 45- iooOpSunds^'"^^''^^'""''""""^^'^'" ^^''^^^ "^^ ^^ e^'^eed- 608 X. 7854x50 158 ^ 7854 ^ 2000 40 Bolts. Tensile strength: If a bar of iron one inch square is torn- Sreak a bJr Srr^'' "^ '' ''"'' "^^'' ^'''' ^"^ ^' required lo- 3.75 X 3.75 X 51520(— 2240 x 23) = 7245021 lbs. ITow many cubic feet of water will be extracted in an hour- ly fpvr"' P""?P ? '".I ^'^"^''''^ ^"^ 10 inches strolTe, mak?ng H%IZ "T* o *.' P.TP '^''"S * f"" each stroke. ^ 32 X .7854 X 10 X 2-f-3 x 60 x 18-=-1728 == 29.45 cubic feet of water extracted by this size pump in an hour How many gallons of water are required for a steam boiler per horse-power, per hour, say a 60 lbs. pressure. etc thirtv'rsolThf ^^^l^'''^''' Philadelphia, at te.ts, trials, etc., tnuty (dO) lbs. of steam per horse-nower per hour was wT. ^r'^^^tandard. This is^a little less thanSf a gallon but It depends much on the character and condition of the engine through which the steam is worked. The quantitv (^) of a gallon and even one gallon in a very bad engine. STAYS. A boiler 10' 6' long 9' 7" wide, how many stays IV diameter will be required, each stay to bear 6000 lbs. per square Tnch steam pressure 24.34 lbs. ^ square incn,. 10' 6" = 136 9' 7" = 115 14490 24.34 6000)352686.60 Area stay 1.769)58.78 !'( '1 ' 'I 46 MANUAL OF wvnrx OOQ^ ." " ^^ ber of sta va *° ^^» tre. on iaj. ^'"'^"^"^ «"owed !^^ S'!"are inch. P®^ 29169 fiULES FOR T3g j^^ ~~' ., cooo D2xV or . As the speed of th^ .• , «000 ~" ^^"^^ ^-H-P. ♦'e square^'.",";'* ,'!'" diameter nf t ''^a'fs fiules for .„ • ""^-Powr. "^ ^O- »r bj 3a ^-l!!fl:^ctaa, era., p,,^. area '"ns. from centre ^o centre. P ENGINES. ^^oc^tj piston. J5 of stroke tn of stroke, es nominal '«% by the P. add to ft > or hy 32 StOD. i^er. MANUAL OF ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. HORSE-POWER. 47 ing and somewhat novel. ue interest- SOper coot, down to l,«i per cent. ; or -i t„ f * ' -"^ ''""' ^r.ttniZSr.l'S. K?±li!.!?,?,^» "P»» - "any I era! way." «i „ i ;. • — i^""<-i vi. iiu untfine uenends nnnn elements, th,s question cannot be Lswered in a ine "ThJfnr ^"g^"^^i" g^vo, say, 18 horse-pol r -lif,-/ .u ' T^. ^''*= '*^«^^« a number of engines ditions that will yield in theory, 18 horse: ' engines and con- ^ h » t> § 2 |?i £^ i^S »•" o i S^ sS. m * s 7.7 l^.o ] MEAN EFrECXIVE PRESSURE. ■dSOOo. il ns when the area of pi.t.on i. »,p J.™j ?_ °" - «che., and it, Bpeed in feet per mVnute, t"het.catled "So? 48 III Of horse-power" m i • ^^^^^i' nations. in an hour. ^'^ ^° '^ second, or 1,980 OOoih '""''''^' o^- 550 = 3009 foot pound^,^^,^ 'nehes = 136^7 "f''^;»«h bore ^«'"8e 14.7 ^qual . r, 33000 X GO ^'^^ '^orse-power if pv... a • pressure beino- H>« f"^ *^o formnJj^ ,tu • , ® ^^ made wi>fi Jiaap « c X- ^ "'® oi^e bv whiV^iT A r * which sivos tu^i "^^ 4TION8. fctive pressure in, Of the engine. ^ O-T' IS the power jni'nute, or 550 's- one foot hi^h /lbs. per square am, at 213° p \ bore raise 14 7 >'n^ 14. 7x1367 '"nd of co^, ^^ on, to carbonic ot UOOO X 773 ^ Jn 1 hour. ^ Fr^L'fiS, ETC.. ^8^, give the on circular n the Jongi- '•ap, shall be 'lare of the Jgth of flue Vn inches, . 2b in lbs.-! 'g^ormuJa; CSS of the ace or flue "'f square formula, ade with lie lowest ' guided: MANUAL OF ENOINEERS' CALCULATIONS. 49 able, according to "S. li I Act '8'> " P'essuie is allow- 3' 3' 12 39''X5+1 = .25 = squared 00000 constant 234)22500.00(96.15 lbs. pressure per square inch. 30 = (3' 3") _6=(5+l) 234 Divisor 1440 1404 300 234 l-v>GO 1170 90 2nd method. 8000 •5 = r 39)4000.0(] 02.5 lbs. 39 100 78 or, by fractions in following manner- I 2)90000 220 95 25 3' 3" J = 2)45000 39'X6 = 234)g"50":^(9G lbs. pressure per square inch. Pressure. 1440 1404 36 h < 1 60 'I ;,.]; Second E„ , "™ "'"■•'■'i.-.Tro^e 6'9* 1 .375 ^ 1875 noooo ^"fJ method. HOOO .:m 40000 56000 ^4000 ^7)30m^0(8l Jbe. 40 37 3 il825 11470 35500 28675 08250 57350 109000 114600 D«v>T ^^ '"«h condensing •formula -^J____ '^<^-8 nonjinal "e> or I ,ng|, ^"fJ method. «ooo ..'J 75 40000 rmoo ^4000 3_ pres. 40 MANUAL OF ENOINEEBS' CALCULATIONS. 51 iow"pres8urryS Jt« «^"-« «' the (D«xN)+d2xn = nominal horse-power. 30 D d N n bTZIZ Jf t\^'''''''^ cylinder in inches. ^ ,Tk ?^, ^'^^ pressure cylinder in inches Number of low pressure c yJinders. ^ JN umber of high pressure cylinders. low^X^u'rT'V^indTa'o'Tnc^r^ ? '°"^P^""^ «"^^"« be, inches: ^^^'n^er dO inches, high pressure cylinder 17 30X30 = 900 17X17 = 389 30)1189(39.6 nominal horse-power. 90 289 270 OWER. ' applied to le diameter, ' equals the condensinir noQiinal 190 180 10 NOMINAL HORSE-POWER. powe,/..e.n. engine T'°: ZC^'^! IZ^rlVZ^l thr™mtod'L^P'^wi'",'''<'«"'P?'-' »' '"U work that foand. ou the sqnare moh, and the's^" 'oipS'e'q-a^to T 4 52 ^"'•niii,„t„ «... . -VTTONS. smmm ««od"^ P'-^-^^nre and ,"> «dem,ute i,loa o? ^^ no' t"r^''"^'«"« ^'«'" '' eond, ,,;«i;^| « o«Iy Nsed when ''« conimodity. a I ^^^rtain nominu? n«^i>JunoC 7 t^vo niHnufac- -veroondonj;^ y.^ /^f> inches in ^^" f'er the same e different kinds '«tor of cylinder « n«n-condens. J d ameter, is fn^t is capable 'Jen a pressure equai to 400 l^Sh cylinder ^^^^n inches, ensin;? steam ' « 37| horse- = *o at Jeast Pressure and ^gineers for *ne square ?ether, and ?'ne whose '" pressure oree-power ^'orking to 'ssure and MANUAL OF KXOINekh's CAUfLATIONS. 53 «om.nal horse-power as^h^.^iXi^i^^d^l^lalns uS'^^'"^' 2J -ine engines in ^^T^^^^^ -^^-;::V^^ For ordinary condensing engines, JN = number of cylinders. D8xN Then, = nominal horse-power. 30 For compound condensing engines. D d N n number of high pressure cylinders. Then, (D2xlV)+d2xn 30 — nominal horse- power. HOW TO CALC...XK X„. HOKSE-POW.H PKOM OHAXK S. H.ACK. diam^Terread/fit-e'^ratTisTtt's^ --^' ^^e of coal will be consumed npr ? v i"''^®'- ^°^ "^^ny tons Tvill be indicated? ^'^ '^''•^' ^^^ "^^^y horse-power •consiL'ertore&for"^ '^^ '^^^ ^-^^^ ^ ^^^^ ^^ coal is that 2A ponnd- 'f I'l i ff -"^ ^^''^^ ^'^^h of flre-bar« ind " ^ " "~ ^^ ""^^ ^'-'^ ^oar equals one horse-power. ' ~ 11 ^li h ijl! Si •M. H. P ~~^o7/^i 1^8. per hour. 325 = 3 ft. 3 ins. o 9.75 3 ^S'''"' per day. 97000 5800 5850 3j^^!f^0Ibs.perday. I 8)21780.00 8.i^0(109.i„aicatedh„r,..p„„er.. 230 225 50 60 A f Sto'^f °^ '^^^ per day. Anewer;/*/^^ lbs. perhonr. ( f^3:^0 Ibs.'^per day! U092 mdicated horse-power. PBBSS™ ,,,0... 0^ COMB.SXXOX BOX. ^^en the top ofeo.hustion Chamber, ho.es, orotherpar.. MANUAL OP ENGINEERS' CALGULATIONS. 65 of a boiler, are supported by solid rectangular girders, the £ rrf /•''*«"> ""^l'^ '' "«^^ by the Bofrd of^Trade wHl be useful for finding the working pressure to be allowed on the girders, assuming that they are not subjected on the, or i?J^^^l I temperature than ordinary heat of steam and are further sustainea by hanging stays as provided by section ll SffnSf fu''"? '"^ Tl °^ "combustion," that the ends are C X ds X T W-PxDxL — = working pressure. W P D L d T C = C = = = width of combustion box in inches. = pitch of supporting bolts in inches. = distance between the girders from centre to centre in inches. = length of girders in feet. = depth of girders in inches. ■■ thickness of girders in inches. 500, when girder is fitted with 1 supporting bolt. 750, when girder is fitted with 3 to 3 supporting bolts. 850, when girder is fitted with 4 .supporting bolts. W . ! ' il mtm; The working pressure for the supporting bolts and for the plate between them shall be determined by the rule for ordinary stays. ^ ^ Depth girder in inches, 5; thickness of girder 2 inches, width of combustion chamber 36 inches, distance between girdexs o mebes, length of girder 3 feet, pitch 8 inches:- h il se ''^'^--^ OP ,^,,^^^^^, Then G ^!1^J!^'J^'^ 36 = 8 = 28 24 = 112 'SG 000 __f ^5 ,JJ6 60000 108 34000 i396 300000 ^ ;a 51840^ ^^ ^^'' pressure. 81600 72576 00240 829U 72960 72576 384 I-ATIOJ^S. f ■ :) 'epth Of girder. ;ocb m oombus- ^> or chanih^„ lire. MANUAL OP ENGINEKK8' CALCULATIONS. 57 . What quantity of water will a feed pump deliver ner hour- sze of pump 3 inches diameter and 14 inches stroke a'i strokes per minute, i full each stroke: ' ^^ ?^,^«7"^X-'^^?^=7-068G area of pump, ao S.^''®''' ^ ^*=^S 0<^04 contents. 5i ft. =5.5 length of grate surface. 3 feet diameter grate surface. 10.5 sc]. ft. grate surface in one furnace. 2)33.0 sq. ft. of grate surface in boiler. 10.5 area in sq. inches for safety-valve. Area of safety-valve: .7854)10.5000000(31.0084 15708 7020 7854 06000 62832 31680 31416 264 V31.0084(4.58 ins. diam. of valve. 10 85)500 425 908)7584 7264 320 , ^bbreyiated:-5ix3x2-f-2--.7854=V21.0084-4 58-or U HOW TO CALCULATE THE THROW OP THE ECCENTRIC, The size of steam port and lap of valve beine ffiven rr sm S8 f^ - aistance apart 'nf k J^ = length of fa^s "^ ^^'•«- « - dep h of bars. - t/uckness of bars Then, i^!?^d^Xt Or, i?i^^><8^XJf p WHAT IS po,VEB. A machine or steam en^i.. ■ ^ ^^ * ^^^^ain = JJe d^teTe/o? TJ'J ^"^ P'^^^ds. 8000 ^ "^'^o^ an inch. S D d = c = ^' etc., H^hich is: 'ar cross bars for 'fessurs and? ^^ a certain 's made im I'mula;— Jes. I • be five- '6 spiral iteeJ? Pnge r,8. ' ( h imi III F C m th MANUAL OF ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. USEFUL INFORMATION ON HYDRAULICS. 69' PnMp?nnL'°°*' ^^ ""n®^ '"^^'S''' ^^^ P°"°itch. -'^f'C^ fi owarea of -| Wvet >"""^ber'of.itte. .6250 25000^ '^'';r^r'p«'-ed ^'^^soJid plate. 50796 56250 mi MAXUAL OP KNOINEERS' CALCULATIONS. CI V^UfTl '^^''^'^/'\''? g?'^^ through the brace first and last .in 1 If It (loos not hold, the crowfeet won't keep the he id in If bo.ler-mnkers would adopt some one safe rule and wo k 1^ use that pressure to work by. x\ow f 1" i^lTl ' P^:"^^"''"' or braces, wecan putthen/G^,rt 'and b 2' "i^e'.u'e of 6 IS .3*,. and that multiplied by 150 irives Unn ihl' square inch, and as the squire of one incl? round i« ItW' wcnild^have the brace aboit right-tha'f^; Sfro.^ "^'go^d^ on^lir^s: tZt^.ri^!;^Lls^:^:^^:^tK z^i -^^^^ more in the whole boiler. Tl erf are other HmL " ""^ w.ll see braces put close togeth^rTbout he e rj'or IZ measure how much it came out, but put five more brace ' on each head, where, if I had had common sense I won hi, saved four braces, or two or each he-id- h f V ^''"^'^J^^^^ understand that there ^as^s much iiie neaH '" as there was in the middle, to the sc are [nch Th. S"^' certainly stiffens around the heel ani a li ?le awly fro^T but unless ,t is properly done it does not strShen b [ }nX^l "''''''■ ?°"^' fl'irige-turners may be seen knock ing the flange in and out about a half dozen times before it when fbTfl'"^ ^'- '^ r.'^u^^"P because it is too cold Even when the flange is cold they take a heavy sledge and drive L ?h« f£r ^l ''?• " ^^'' ^'^^ '^''^^' ""der this usage '? 8 the fault of the iron or steel, ^<-: those hpid^ will {f« . back to the mill and others had i-i theinil^ce Ti " ^JuT^ to replace stuff that won't stand workingf The gta^Jtc^Z ;■'■ fj, !*v ; rr »0Q I aiC FEET OF STEj^w hour by a nair nJ ! "^"-^ ^nbic feefc o/ «- from t;,o beginning °^''' *^^« ««t-off bSfng'f J/^j^^^^"^^^^^^^ 42" dfam. Hi 168 j3^,64sq.ofdiarn. 8820 15348 1385.4456 area. l''^85. 4456 area. 42 revs. 96981 1})3 55417834 65115.94^3 ^^r^r m. ^90695^.5920 ^ <=^Jce stroke. oj^::^'^=^363680 •^1255f^527360 ^3281 84353. 7280 164092176.^ 2 3^8184353.738 cubicin«. 328184353.728 ^lATloJfS. '^ ""'i oe uai^a per «? '-evolutions Z forty.tH.0 inches '^ i of the Btroke MANUAL OF EXOIKEEUS' CALCULATIONS. PIND THE WEIGHT OF BOILER PLATE. 68 ^^Longth i„et 9 iache, x wicUh 4 fee! « inches x thick- Length 81 inches. Width 54 '• ( 6)1640.25 324 405 4374 3 ( 6)273 375 ( 4)455.625 28 ] . .__ / 7)113-3 8)13122 4)16 1 1'640.25 4. 7i cwt. qr. Jbs Srr ^l"^ation of water, and a good condenser should add S?v,^''^.^'^'''lP°""^.« ^^ ^be effective result of the pressure! ^ Ll fi ''''*''^^. ^^. "'"'^ °"^ °^ *be surface type is, i whi^h ^« ' '^'"! ^r*^ ^^^'" being used over many times, which is a great advantage when pure, good, soft water is scarce, and the objections are chiefly'biause it is apt to cause corrosion in the boiler when animal oils are used in the cylinder and steam chest, etc. fnr^If •^^•*'^- ''®" i*""^^® ^^™^' ^be weight of water is necessary lor the injection of a jet, to maintain a good vacuum with a medium temperature. v»i.uum, wicn a The greatest gain in using the condenser is largest when the f.lZ.T"' '' ^'^fi'^' The gain depends upon the effective p.essure mean and back, before adding condenser upon degree trTn^he^cSser' ^"^"'^^ '' '^^'^ ^^^^^^^ ^ h a Su„.._E„gi„, .,„ . , *' '" "■"to, a„4 .3580 ^Ta^^ method: ^^ ^^''^''''' <^ouneoting rod ^^-X4X50x80x.0000.38=i2!i . Sum second -^v. ■ ^^ ^ ^^' ^^^ "* ^^'• ^n<5hes stroke I'K^'''^ ^8 inchp, ^- 1433 179 .3323 9 = V81 S««o«W of bolts. 90000^00 ^6565600 3434700 'lead bolts. Under. ' MANUAL OF ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. 71' sq.Dcljdr X. 0001571 XP Formula: area of bolts. Or, taking the Canadian standard, 6000, 256x130 = number bolts. COOOX.0625 7— = 9.8 or say 10 bolts. How to cahuilate the diameter of a stay. hv^S fTv. • T^""^ ^''^ ""^ ^^^ surface in boiler multiplied ?L« ti ^"!J^ ^ V" >"«^««' •^•^ide this by nuXr row stavs p us 1, divide this product by number stays Zs 1 IZ multiply by pressure and divide b/soOO, or 6oJo T allowed prfsZ^o^ '^alZ "V^^ ^^^ '^"^':^ f««t «f flat bottom, a s:r5ro'afiow^^"^fEr/ii:g"i:;^. >"^^' ^ ^^^^ ^^ -- «^^y« 180 square feet flat surface. 144 744 744 186 (7+1) = 8)26784 (9+1) == 10)3348 6.000 allowed by Canadian law, to each square inch of iron in stay. 334.8 30 pounds pressurt'. area. 5000)1004.40(2.0088-^.7854 = J.56(1.6 diam. of stay. 44000 40000 40000 40000 28)156 156 :i ' 78. MANUAL OF ENGINEEBS' CALCULATIONS. Or, 1004.40^6000 •= 1.00073 area stay = 1.13 diam. stay. PSxP Varea formula: — 1 ,. p Q „ , ^ == aiameter of sfcav. •K. b. constant .6854 ^ Formula Kide: FJat surface ms q. inches^No. vow No. stay Xpres. 5000 " •-=area stay. ^^ Area of stay-..7854, the square root of this is diameter of tuSr '" '"''"^'^'^ '^' '^^^""S «--^«^^^ for boiler from the Kule-formula- ^™l«besxhx No. tubes _ ~^ - H. 8. Tube=3"=9".4248 circumference of one 3" tube 120" length of tnbe=10 feet. 1130.9760 45 tubes. 56548900 45239040 144)508040800(3,53.4307 „,■ 353^ „, feet I.eating surface. 769 720 494 433 620 576 442 432 1000 1008 I'll MANITAL OF ENGINEERS' CALCULATrONS 3" diameter tube=em-^2 Circumference tube. ^f = 10 feet length tube. 125GC40 02834 753,9840 71 tubes. 7530840 52778880 U4)gSi7«(37I .,. feet heating aurfaoe. 1033 J008 272 144 28 8 THE CIRCLE. I»ie"-'«P>S;'o7^ t™„„e e,„a,. the circle milt%°io"by'o wf "'"'"'' "'"""' ""= '^'''"cter of a the Xtr-flSpirerbfcfS''" ^'"""^ "» --umferenoe „, «amera'U',t?pB"i^1'S,"" '"™^'- ^' " --'c of the onc-hllfTaltLde.'"""*'" """"' ">« •»>=« n,„ltiplied bv Jhe^area of a„ ellipse e,„aU the product of both diameters ■onct-xth';^! alameS"' °'"^' ''" '"^o^ »">«pliod by 73 74 mM Ipif iHi' II i' I. I MANUAr, OP KNOIKEEBS' CAtCULinom circ,t£r "^"* "■» "™^-' 0' the diameter and ""IJpS V^^l^c!'''"^^''""'' »- «P»e „, the diameter pli^by'S:,!''"* "■^«'°»™ »' '"e circumference mm. ""![ip'Sb%.°/m.'''''"' '''"■•"« ">» ""'■o of the diameter J- fie diameter of a i surfaee multiplied by o'mir'^"''' '''' ''^"^''^ ^^^^ of the SQUAKB AND Cube koot 1. A square number n,nl{!-.7 j l °' ""mbers: product w'ill bea "X ""nle;"" "^ " """•«> "™ber, the •inotient il'a"q„a"r''" *"''°'' ''^ » «l"arc number, the ^„8. A cube number multiplied b, a cube, the p,„d„„t ie a a otbe^ '""' """"'" O^Med by a cube, the quotient will be tl» 4'ap'iS!"t"^:;t°'<,?S?„^I '•^- " ™™P°-'^ -mber, but >f the root ia a nrimL „,, ^ '" '?'*««'• «l"''re factors- TTtirvninS-Htt^'-ior- -- ^^ multiply by the sn„a?e nombc';. VT^ '"'"'^•' '' 5, we may square whose u„,1c pe'r^tS b^ cllr, """ ""^ "''»"'« period will bo ci,,hers "^ P"""™ ""°*^'- «'be, whose*^ Li^ by 8. fud' tSSnc^^dmrrj'^!-? ■» =' "^ -Hiplied the number is not a cube ^ "'f'""^ on the right, TO ™„ ™. S.UAB. HOOT OP A KHMB.a. '^r»^°S"l'g'':t?i;:"un'i;'X'"'° >=»'°^» «' '- tbe peap^tfS!\i:r„'i?;-:e''tf ??;^^ '^ ™°"-^ - Subtract the square of this Sure from t'l!:^ ^^"V" "•= ">»'• to the reminder an„e.v the nTn^'iZlVoZt S^Z't' meter and e diameter nee multi- 3 diameter >ot of the e himself nber, the nber, the duct is a fc will be number, * factors; mnot be we may another tiply by Jse unit iltiplied ' i-Jght, MANUAL OP ENOINEEK'S CALCULATIONS. 7» Example.— Find the square root of 101G0G4. 1,01,00,04(1008 2008) 016064 10064 CUBE ItOOT, ETC. Remarks on the method of extracting cube root-- of two ned in e root, fie left; lend. TABLE Comparing the natural numbers with the unit figu squares and onhps n^ fu^ a ..i '• '' "&" res of their SS^st^^ieottS:"' '^'' ---"-^^"^e Numbers, Squares, fin Kino 1 1 3 9 4 16 25 04 125 36 49 8 64 9 81 100 5 216 343 51^ 729 lOod W' !l 76 "•"W^WMliNIa ON „,„, ,,„ ^ Jfc 's said, on ffood « 1^? -f ^^'''^'^"- "^ *^® l-tSSferf:^"-/-^^^ .,, American best, ' .. J^ t«os. American ordinary '' .. o?^"«- rj •^' '^i tons. ^ome experiments hv \r r, ^^ tons. OtfS. 'S8 PrBIiE. ion of fibre is fibre is from tons. ■eat when the ^ with 24 tons was uniform ; assume the ' 24, and of au(l within R) oTo of the '!• plates are ''G of other strength of • • .25 tons. • • • 20 tons. •31 tons. ■ -27 tons. ire plates, 're plates MANUAL OP ENOINKEH.s' < VLCILATIONS. 77 TABLE8. Name. Platina, Antimony, Bismuth, I in, Lead, 7Ai\c, Cast Iron, Wrought Iron, Copper, MELTING POINT OK AIETAL8. Ftthr. 4593° 842 to 955 487 to 507 average 475 uverjige f)22 7; Aiitlioiity. J. Lonthian liell.. J. Loithian Bell. J. LiuiLhian Bell. J. Lonthian Bell. f ir>n^ . '^' Lonthian Bell. 278G j r-2-^012 white ) „ .„ ' ^^. ^ ) 2012-2192 grey f louillet. ".052-2733 welding heat '^ •■ average 2174 ^ ' 722 Pouillet. DIMINUTION AND TENACITY OP WKOUGIIT IBON AT HIOH TEMPERATURES. ° (Experiment at Franklin Institute, mo. Johnson * Reeves, Com., 271° 290 313 31(3 332 350 378 389 390 408 410 Fall ■jn° 520 G30 732 Diminution p.c. of maximum tenacity. Fahr. 0.0738 0.0809 1.0899 0.0964 0.1047 0.1155 0.1436 0.1535 0.1589 0.1627 440° 500 508 554 932° 932 599 624 626 1154 669 674 708 1245 1306 niminution p.o. of maximum tenacity. 0.2010 3324 0.3593 0.4478 0.5514 ;ooo O.wDll 0.6622 0.6715 0.7001 IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I l^|28 ■ JO ■^" mm 11:25 ill 1.4 2.5 12.2 18 1.6 ^ /a Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. I4S80 (716)872-4503 ;\ r<\^ <^ i.v ^ ^ A „v ,% s^ X. ^ nil ^,1 ' 78 )fk MANUAL OF ENOINEKKS' CAU ILATION X o X o o o CO H X v. o ■.wjioq JO .i.)],^iinMi) Kaqoui aoi m S. GO O CC »0 J> lO to »0 coQ6xc6^-^^-^Olre CO •^ iO O t» 00 >— I iO •.Liltoq .III .I9)<)IIIR|1) 1 ^ 1 ^ O CO i> CO o" o* oD o — ' CO r-i CO O Ci Tt( ;o 1(0 CO 32 ,-:?' 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U|tl|P saqoui 88 m Si o UO 00 rt £- 00 lO CO CO ■jaijoq JO ja),«uiu!p Baqoiij 08 OD CO CO 00 ifS 1/0 wjamljo-siii III ajBirt JO ssaujiomx lO CO rH as o? rH 0<_ CO r^_ CO Tji CO O CO oj <^^ CO «3 1-1 od 1-5 (N ■TiCO "+ (?? CO ■* >o CO ■N O CD as >Ci CD (N CO "+ n''"»i!S«^^'-j|!H»<«;*«i'tf-i J> 1^5 iS »0 *> ?-• o urs «> CO -H 110 CO o CO lO o o CS O "^ 00 ^^ r"> r-i 97.07 109 146.51 195.3 »o o O OT o o O i-H lO o — --H — O^ U5 O? CO 43 rH lO CO — t CO t- CO — I I— I — M CO « 1-1 O lO >^ CO o ■>* ^» -^ C5 lo -I I— ( tH O? lO o * ?> o o >0 — 00 i-i o? '^i CO --C i- H 1— ( CO ^ CO 1—1 ■W CO o ci oi o D CO lo CO -1 "-H 0< CO :> w: '^< o -I T-i r^ CO 5 O O CO 5 1-1 X t- ' O? Oj CO 3 lO o o ) r/ o o J r? CO -rt* O f? o 'o -1^ .o o o f^ ;^ ;;; r^ •'• *^ «^ «! « CO •qoai aiuiibs j^d I o • ■ ^ •. ■': ": «= f- CO w ic £- a.nissrjjj S r; ^ 'O ?OCOOO «Ol>0000 r-ii-li-irH ^'"«'«5'^'^COeOCO od ■ ■ a X5 H^fi- X v» ^. 80 MANUAL OF ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. TABLK OF AREA DIAMETER AND EQUIVALENT IN INCHES OP ROUND IRON. Decimal equivalent in parts ofan inch. — Diameter of Iron. Area. .0625 .135 1 <( .00307 .1875 .01227 .25 .3125 B tc .02701 .04909 .375 .4375 .5 .5025 9 (( .0707 .11045 .15033 .19035 .025 rV -5 '< .2485 .0875 8 U tt .30079 .75 .8125 ft J 3 << .37122 .44178 .875 .0375 1/ 1 5 (( .51848 .00132 1 "16- .09029 FllACTIONS AND EQUIVALENT DECIMALS. Fraction of inch, j Decimal value, § and i + <( tV .40875 .4375 .40635 M =-40625 .375 .34375 .3125 .28125 Decimal value. .25 .21875 .1875 .15625 .125 .09375 .0625 .03125 MANUAL OF ENGINEERS' OALCULATIONS. TABLE I. TENSILE STUATX OF IRON AND STEEL RIVET lUKS. 81 Purtieu.'ars. 01 x M c a a oiSi-c H f-. ■= a 0. G:;>5 ;307 0. 00 G.rs o.sr U.84 0,75 0.44-^ 10.15 10.18 Diameter in incheSj o G!i5 Area in square inches, .. . ..' o 30^ 1. Breaking strain, tons of 885' ^ [:ij>40 1bs! 8.84 *;• 8.00 Breaking stress per sq. in., ^8.83 22.2H 1^2 0O Reduced diameter, ... o •?«•? nlnr X'tL Reduced area, .....;:• o 00^^ o'm' o'fo? Reduced to o;iginal p. ct.! 30 '4^ ' 144 ''' A, ±. ongation i)er sq. in., 0.343 Ji, Jilongation per sq. in., 0.200 ^, Jilongation per sq. in., 171 tic o 75 0. .„ i 0.442, 0.70 i 0.90 I a .a "3 . r 0.75 0.443 0.70 9.00 0.41G 0.270| 0.2441 440 0.278 0.238 80 ; 0.25 22.17 120.05 0.531: 0.515 0.222; 0.208 50 47 0..J43 0.225 0.105 0.437 0.250 0.179 The tensile strength was 30 no pL/ ^'^""^'Y^ ^^'^'^ P^^^e. for iron; .he dueinfy Lis:- ^ '''^' "^"'^ *^'* ''^^^ ^han TABLE II. ___^HEARINO TE3TS OF RIVETS, IRON AND STEEL. Diameter of Bars % inch O.OIM. Area sheared In Tons of 2240 lbs. 1. 2. 3. Actual Shearing Strain. lorkshire Iron (Taylor's). ... 1 1 825 1 orkshire Iron, l{ ^^ Yorkshire Iron, 1. Steel (Brown), . . 3. Steel,. ' 3. Steel, ; ; ; ; ; 11.6 11.575 13.45 13.65 13.725 B2 MANUAL OP ENOIXRERS' CALCULATIONS. TABLE III. Iron. LoiiK Axis, No. 1 (., No.2 ^-^j? ^^°-* 0.017 Short Axis, 0.588 0.587 0.583 0.586 0.583 0.588 0.586 0.581 TABLE IV. SHEARING KIV'ETS. (Hivefs I inch diameter: Holes xi i,,rh ;„ ;• . shenrp,! ~ioi '" *' "^ diameter: Area naeareil, ./^^ square inch.) 'laterial. | Kindofworlc. ^"^onB of saio lbs. " Sliearon i ; o," ~ piece. Average »nearper - — • — — — __| I sq. inch. Yorkshire Iron iHand ,40^ <( ,t jtlyaraulie | 15.435 Steel iHanS' I ^^'^^ I 1^46 j 2O8 Hydraulic 10.330 pteam | 30.4 | 19.485 | 26.3 The pressure on the heads of | rivets, i^o"^^^ Steam n vetted, i^ounas.— Hjdraulic stationary*. 82.380 Hydraulic portable, . ...".■ 86,360 ^ower light blow,. ... 44,018 i'ower heavy blow, '■■.■. 69,384 deferring to the following table:- ^^^'^^ ONS. S.J Steel. ^xiH. Short Axis. G 0.583 7 0.588 6 ; 0.586 6 0.581 nefer: At ea Olbs. Shear per sq. inch. 20.8 26.3 ...82,380 ...86,360 ...44,018 ...69,384 .115,640 MANUAL OP ENUINKEKS' CALCULATIONS. 83 TABLE V. SHEAIUXG STEEL RIVETS. (Hivels I inch diameter: Holes }| inch diameter: Area sheared .7 Jf 2 4.) Kind of Work. Steam rivetter Stationary hydraulic. Portable hydraulic... Power light blow Power heavy blow . . . lifter. U b c a b a b c a b c Actual Shear Average. ,Tonof2li4<) "**"=• lbs. per sq. in. TABLE VI. SHEARING OF STEEL KIVET3. (Rivets I inch diameUr: Hole. || inch diameter: Area sheared .7434 square inch.) Number. Pressure on rivet head. 1 3 4 5 6 7 39,922 83,133 84,542 88,299 Actual shearing- Tons of 2240 lbs. Average. 18.4 18.75 19.1 19.337 19.775 19.95 19.05 19.05 84 MAN... OP EX0:.VK.HS' CALCULATIONS. TABLE Vir. RIVET TESTS (Rivets « inaJi diameter- Hoh^ i • 7 ,. Kinil of work. Steam. Hyilr-lif. Hydi-liu Power. Power. Enffineers, who made numerous ll^ American Board of on Aavy Yard, are as Sl/ows ^il^ ""fu^' ^* ''^^^ VVashing- ;; Report of the Bureau of ^1 x.^ ^® ^^bles from tfe Department, 1879 ^ ^^'^"^ Engineering" of Naval ^!l!^^!!!i![i^^l^T^ SCREWED THEREIN. -^^^^^^^.A^^Jil^OLT^SCRE;VED TIIERIN. K riveted to cone heads. ) ' "~ K nuts are used. Projection of head. | Diameter of base o7; "B^^itiT^fth^ an- V cone. If nular bearinff surface. V ■A" Dislied out to a shajie of 3NS. (tmcter: Area Power. Powt 3088:) 30885 -t'^JO 253» _2£8__12G0 n Board of ie Washing- OS from the " of Naval HE IX. )lt projected. 1" 2 ¥ m. Ml out to a laiw of 1 » ;t2" •1" o M P3 S n < H MANUAL OF ENGINEEHS' CALCULATIONS. 85 <0 00 SB 5? 2 iM ►- 1'- 2 ® ~"~< O C5 ■J^AI.I .t.Hl UO.II V'AJ.I JO ^sl ; 00 I • • • T^ • • • CO ■ •peaiiaijH sjg.Au. JO jaqtiinvj " I Mll'l'tt JO i|.)m |~ .wii iioii.),is ■ I S U.10) jo i[i;(jq^l-' •inP!-\^ UI i|ou! ~ .iaae}Ki(|pi|()s $ B 1; -^ •£ V2 iM I-) C5 c: "* ..: ..r » S 2 ,^* ft' 2 '-^ '^ 59 CTs ^' ■*■ t4 SS 2 S ■? "^ o '" o Q i~ o"m" "^ '"' "-I r-( 1-1 fi 1-1 © o < a 2 ^ IS <=• s8 11 a; ■eSujaAy 'siaAijj |gg - OC aj r-H 5 rs ■w oc - -H C5 O ' « T l^ ■: cc © r: : 1* c^ t^ §88 c>i ?i rt 11 Ml 'C X X i-t o o'o OO :: X c; lo §8^^^ _ p 5 o _ ;-^ !;• '~ >~ t~ t- SS8S8S 'X c;i x -2 S S IS t ^ *^ '-S Q — '— « X i~ 55 8 88888" — 1- r* "2 T I* '- t^ t>- r: o '.o ■— — 5S t- '.i X •sa^Bij ,888" 888 X t^CD §2222© . © o o © o :^ 52 ji I, 5 S w r-J 5^1 It: l^ ,!^ 1^ -^ i~ X X i>; •U85(OJq MOJJ 82 2 "5 © 5 * ooo , a © — © o © O /C iS l.■^ O • ,. tM X O »* t^ t-- r-< t- r. CC rH .^ — ^. '^ ^-( .J .•88888 • C5 jH X © L- 1, t-. -, 00 =-. s t; — T^ !!■! i-H 82 222 2 = © © © © o S * '^ '^ ® '^ ^ °'5 o m SEE C C C OS 3 C ■ p ■3 i CO fa B .— ■* -.2 "^"E p."E si c'5' o ^ o iB " u C3 K . - - M 7 I— lC/5 a;; 3 - - "?- 'S > ^» i*i„ ^ X -u & i: ^ > >-l« 4)" 2 13 1"' 00 •jaiiran^ r-t » 4 CO Th *^ ^ t-x) 3;oi-iNco a O B 3 S S 2 2 2 !S 3£ t-xosorJ l-lrHr-li-irHr-lr-tf-(i-liHf5N (MM e^^ m MANL-AI. OK KN.UNKKHs' VMVVI. ATfONS. m vnovoimos .sTUKNOT.r ot- lai- ., 01 NTS, KTO. £?:;'^ri^^-"s™c.3..^.. . ^or Diameter of rivets— *> 07 ^n • 1 For double rivetted lap joints: Di 'diameter of rivets — -) 91 ^n • t i'itch of rive -yVj^'ii^^ '"■''""'« «^ P'"te. "vtfcs—j.oi duimeter. conch'Z' waTtha? wl th^'eel^.^.ir'"?" *i>'"^ ^''^ hole. The '">'! pitch for sinfflo r v^? S f ^^? :'"^ ^"'^ets the diameter eAcI.ule their use for lon^S- 'T ''^'"^^ ''^'' «"ch us wo„M f^'" half inch ;iateV?K f^^^^^^^^ ^'^"^ ^i^'^ ^ e ^i^^r5?;;S^;,l^J:^,- ^CH)0 P-«^« te„sile, and the )NH. MANIFAL OF KNdlNKKK's (A 1,(1 I.ATfONS. 87 KTO. «^i-oiigth of vols, aro as ns are: — to. »o1p. Tho diameter /IS would 'itii more too large ed. The izo given ^0 of the and the li(' following tal)l(Mnndo ill Li-cd., Knglaiid hvM.iv |.'vfK ool and n-on as given in " Knginoiring" IH !„ '1^ ^7 lioir exiiorinu.iifu * ° 'f^< •', hu account 01 a 8tl their experiments TAI.I-K OF TIIK imnVHOrAL op NUMMKUH, OU TMK Ko DKCIMAL FOU A FrjACTlO.V, 1 TO T"), I' IV am; NT Frm-l ion niiiiil)i-r. I n ti I I II I t t I I i I I .') I 1 I I t >-> 1 I )l I 1 1 I 1 A 1 I II I ^11 2*1 I' s's ^4 1 2(1 lU'clriml or roclproi-al. :{;{;j;j;{;{ .uv8,')rii . 1 2.'* .1111111 .1 .()()()!» 1 .()S.'{;};}4 .0:(i!':>4 .0714:^!) .ow,r,(J7 .W,->') .0:)8H5»4 .()0,"»,")0,j() 05 .04701!»1 .04r)4f; .04347 .04l(iGG7 .04 .03840;^ Krnc'tl,'•)!» 'V ."> (1 .OI7n.')7 .031:>,-) '1 T .017.V138f) .03()3(; r,'H .0173414 .O^!*") .-,'.1 .01fW;()7 .0'4H'):-> fl'o .oi(w;(;(;7 .0;>7778 r.', .01(;3!»3 .0-,'7oa7 «'2 .01fJ13!> .0^031 -)8 1 ll .1 .01.-)88 . 0:^5043 1; 1 .0I5'i>f. A)-2'> 1 () .'i .OI.mS .0:i43!)l 1 , .01515 .o:^3^^.(; rt't .014!»058 .0;^333;J!) 1 II M .0144!»3 .022t:iH 1 1! !l .01471 .(m-z 7 n .01438f> .O'j 17394 1 .014085 .0;il,->7(i(i 1 * •> .01388 .0:> 18.33 t\ .013(;08 030408 Vi .013513 03 ,1_ .013335 01()fi08 . I, MANIJAI- OF K.V(UNKKU!S' rAI.( UI.ATlONs. AKEAS OF .7l !»;{.85 !)(>.{!!> 100.14 I0;{.2!) 1()(».42 ■ llOO oO ■ 112.71 1115.85 i'll8 !><) 122.13 125.27 )128 41 j J 31. 55 134 70 ,'137.84 j 140. 98 144 12 s .0 1 o .0 .78.'»4 3.1410 ■i ■i la.M 19.tt!} 28.27 88.48 ao.2« «:ioi 78.:,4 05. 03 113.0 133.7 l.W.O 170.7 2U1.0 220.0 254.4 283.0 314. 1 34((.3 38t),l 41. -5.4 453.3 4)K).8 530.0 573.5 615.7 0(!0.5 700.8 754.8 804.3 855.3 007.0 963.1 30|1017.0 371075.2 381134.1 39, 11 94.0 401350.6 411330.3 43 1385.4 43 1453.3 441520.5 45 1590.4 S 6 7 8 o| 10 111 12{ 13 14' 15 16 17 18, 10 20 21 23 23: 24,' 25 20 27 28 29 30 31 33 33 34 ^1 .0133 .1)940 3.54(1 7.009 13.30 30 03 , 39.40 30. NT ' 5 1. HI (i5.39 HI (.51 07.30 115.4 135.3 150.0 179.0 304.3 33(13 35N.O 3H7.3 ' 31N.1 I 35(».4 384.4 420 457.1 495.7 530.0 577.8 031.3 600.3 3.7 700.9 810.6 801.8 914.7 009 1025.0 1083.5 ,1141.6 1303.3 1364.5 1338.3 139;!. 7 ! 1400. 7 j 1539. 3 11599.3 .0490 1.337 3.970 8.395 i 14.18 ; 31.04 30,07 4I,3H i 53.45 I 07 3»» I N3.5I i 90 40 , 117.8 I 137.8 159.4 ! 1H3.0 3(»7.3 333, 7 301.0 I 333.0 354.6 388.8 434.5 401.8 500.7 541.1 583.3 030 7 671.0 718.6 707.0 816.0 868 3 931.3 975,9 1033.1 1089.8 1149.1 1210.0 1373 4 1330 4 14O3.0 1469. 1 ,1537.9 11608.3 .1104 ; 1.4H4 4(30 i N 046 , I5.(»3 33.60 31.01 '. 43.71 55. ON 00.03 Ml. 54 101. 130.3 140.5 103.3 IN,-) 310,5 337. 1 365. 1 304, N 330.0 3.")S.N 393.3 439. 1 40(i.(i 505.7 540.3 5NH.5 033.3 077.7 734.6 773, 1 833 3 874 9 938, 1 983.8 1039.3 097, 1 1156,6 1317.7 1280.3 1344.5 1410.3 1477.0 1546.6 1617,0 .100 1.707 4.008 9.631 15.90 33 75 33. IN 44.17 56.74 70. N8 N6,59 103. N 133.7 143.1 105.1 INN.O 3!3.N 310 5 36N.N 30N.(l 33O.0 30:{.(i 397.0 433-7 471.4 510.7 551,5 593,9 037,0 6N;{ 4 730,0 779,3 830,6 HN1.4 934,8 989. 8 1046.3 1104.5 1104.3 1335.4 1388,3 1352.7 1418.6 1480.3 15.-5.3 1636.0 J .3008 3()73 5.411 1(»33 1 6. NO 34.85 34.47 45.66 5N,43 ■} .441 3.405 5,030 n.o-t 17.73 NN.OO lIKi, I 13.5.1 i4.5,N I67.!» 191,7 317.0 343 9 373.4 303.4 334.1 307.3 403.0 43M.;{ 470. 3 515.7 556,7 599,3 643,5 6N0.3 736.6 7H.5..-, h;{6() KNN,0 041,6 996,8 1053.5 1111, H 1171.7 1333.3 1396.3 1300.8 1437.0 1494.7 1564.0 lti34.9 35.9(1 35. 7N 47.17 6013 74.60 90.76 ION, 4 137,6 l(H4 170 N 19I,H 330.3 317 4 376, 1 300 3 33H, 1 371.5 40(i.4 443.0 4NI.1 530.7 503.0 (iOl.N (149,1 095.1 743.0 791.7 H43.4 N94 948.4 1003,8 1000.7 1119.3 1179.3 1341.0 1304.2 1369.0 1435.4 1503.3 1572.8 1643.0 i .6013 3.761 6-1.91 11.70 IN. 60 27.10 37.12 48. 70 01. NO 70 58 93. HS 110.7 130.1 151.3 173.7 197.0 333.6 350.0 379.8 310.3 343.3 375.8 410.0 447.6 4N,-,0 535.8 567.3 (il().3 654.8 700.9 748.6 79N,0 848.8 901.3 955.3 1010.8 1068.0 1136.7 IIW.O 1348,8 1313.2 1377.3 1443.8 1511.9 1581.6 1653.9 90 MANUAL OF ENGINE KHS' C-'AU'L-LATIONS. SPECIFIC OHUTTV Axrr. , n.wiTY AND WEIGHTS OP VARIOUS SUIiSTANCESw Name of substai; ice. WEIGHTS. ftiifeii Per cubic foot, Water, pure I „., ., Water, sea ( ^'^'^ Wrought iron::: . ■.•;■• JP Cast Iron... '; *?J Steel . ' 4o0 Lead.." 490 {popper, roiie,i..::::--j lit Brass, rolJed. . ?*? Sand.. ; ^'^■^ Clay... ! 98 jiricku'ork,*comnVon::*' j|o Bnckwork, close joints 40 I^iniestone . . '' ;,T^ Glass.. i 1G8 EJne, white:: 1 -"S!! 5 "P. .yellow... .f Hemlock... ^'? Maple . ^^ Oak, whit^: ^2 Walnut. i *^0 41 i Per square i foot, |1 inch thick. Per cubic inch. Specific gravity. ONS. SLIISTAJS^OESw Specific I gravity. ich. ' 187:;i. 187;^. 187:i. 1871. MANUAL OF EN0INEER8' CALCULATIOxXS. COAL PRODUCTION OF TIIR WORLD. 50 • • • -^'^^'^t ^"taiM l:>3,;38fi,758. ••••E;;?"^^ 15.000,000 1870 :::iSr '''''''''' 1870 Prussia. . 0.443,575 180^ "Pomd ^;3,;3io,m i'>i'»nd 112,500 18'>7 Russia 186i> Spain. 18C8 India. 1800 ^50,5 503,0o^. 547,971 22 New South Wale? '..'.'.'.'. })1U,U Total leports 2->(' 9'Vi 91a Chili,China,NewZea]and,PacificC^asUc.;e8timated^':80;l'000. Total of the World si^:]];^ ANNUAL MAKE OF IRON AND STEEL IN THE AVORLD. TEAR. 1872. 1873. 1871, COUNTHIKS. Great Britain, TON8. 0,741.929 United States 2,095,000 isfi Germany j ,.004,802 8n A T"'"- •••,■•„ «52,505 187J : : : : : : ::.'■■ tiiH-!^^ ''"^'' unnguy 4.:>4,gog 187v' Sweden 1872 1872 . 1870. 1871. 1872 . 354,000 T , 322,000 • Lnxenburg 300,000 7,^"a. ADVANCING KIGIITII. HY AN •000] ns( 4 •0007fi7i .4 •oo;j()(]s 1 •0]«r:.>4. t I .04!)(is: ■1104-1: .„ I .loia-j i I .i!t();}r) •^'48505 •^ooroo • wiis; •51848? .ooi;}oi) • l8o4 .!»i)40:;J . I 1.484!) •+ I 1.7071 2.07;J!) ^^4()r);{ :;.*.:oi-.> 3.1410 3.5400 y.uroi 4.4;}oi 4.!>U87 41 1 !) 5.!);iOG j i 04918 7.oos(; 7.00!»0 8.^!)58 8.!)40:> 9.0211 |11.(M47 11.79;};} 14l80;j 1 T) o;};} i.").9()4;} 10.8002 17.7200 18.0055 10.035 - 2(U)VlI) ;21.0470 I :22.0907 ' 2;}. 758;] ! 24.8505 25. 9fi:;} 27.1080 28.2744 2!). 4044 .■50. 0:07 31. 0101 3;j.i8;}i 34.4717 35.7848 37.1224 38.4840 39.8713 41.2820 42.7184 44.1787 45.(i0;}0 11. 1; 47.1731 ! 48.7071 I 50.2050 I 51.8487 I 53.4503 il3. 55.0884 50.7451 58.4204 OO.l;i22 01.8025 030174 05.3008 07.2(108 0'9 02!);} 70 8^2:] 72.75!)!; 74 00-21 7 •.s ■i ■■}. ■i I fiittni. I Area. 135.297 137.887 140.501 14.3.139 , 145.802 4- 148.49 , •* 151.202 III- I I53.f)38 150.7 159.485 102.2!)0 105.13 .. 107.99 4 170.8V* , •! 173.782 15. I 170.715 179.073 18.\05o 185.001 188.092 191.748 194 828 197.!)33 201.002 204.216 207.395 210.598 21;}. 825 217.077 220.354 22;). 05^ 220.!)81 230.331 2;}3.700 237.105 240.529 24.3.977 5J47.45 10. •1 •M I 4 'NS. rciNO BY AN •i ii 4 •5 4 i i s J 37.887 140.50] u:iv.H) 148.49 151.202 ir)(j.7 I5f.).485 1(>2.2!)({ 1(;5.13 107. no 170.8 V* 17.1782 170.715 179.073 18.\G55 185.001 188.092 191.748 194 828 197.933 201 .002 804.21 G 207.395 210.598 213.825 217.077 220.;354 223. G5r 220.981 230.331 233,700 237.105 240.529 243.977 247.45 MANUAL OF ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. 93: Areas of Circles, From ^^ to 20. Advancing hy an EigJdh.- (Continued.) Diain. 18. 'I ii i 4 19. 4 ft •If Aroa. 250.948 254.47 258.010 201.587 205.183 208,803 272.448 270.117 279.811 283.529 287.272 291.04 294.832 298.048 302.489 300.355 310.245 Diani, 20. 21. •i •i A •i 32. •i •* •I Area. 314.10 318.099 322.003 320.051 330.004 334.102 338.104 342,25 340.301 350.497 354.057 358.842 303.051 307.285 371.543 375.820 380.134 Diani. Area. 384.400 388.822 393.203 397.009 402.038 400.494 410.973 415.477 420.004 424.558 429.135 433.737 438.304 443.015 447.09 452.39 Dlam. ■h •i ■t 1 . •> .0. •M 4 25. 4 •i •,l 1 •2 •i 4 20. Area. 457.115 401.804 400.038. 471.430 470.259 481.107 485.979' 490.875- 495.796 500.743 505.713 510.700 515.720 520.709 525.838 530.93 ;l rl' 94 AIAXUAL OF EK0IXKE«S' CALCULATIONS. IRON BIVETS. WEIGHT PER loo. Length under head. DIAMETERS. f 1.895 2.067 2.238 2.410 3.582 2.754 2.926 .'J. 008 3.269 3.144 3.613 3.785 3.957 4.129 4.301 4.473 4.644 4.816 4.988 5.160 I 5.332 5.504 5.676 5.848 6.019 6.191 6.363 4.848 5.235 5.616 6.003 6.402 6.789 7.179 7.566 7.956 8 343 8.733 9.120 9.511 9.898 10.29 10.67 11.06 11.44 11.84 12.23 12.62 13.01 13.39 13.78 14.17 14.56 14.95 9.66 10.34 11.04 11.73 12.43 13.12 13.81 14.50 15.19 15.88 16.57 17.26 17.95 18.64 19.33 20.02 20.71 21.40 22.09 22.78 23 48 24 17 24.86 25.55 26.24 26.93 27.62 100 Heads. .519 1.74 4.14 16.79 ' 17.86 18.96 20.03 21.04 22.11 23.21 24.28 25.48 26.56 27.65 28.73 29.82 30.90 31.99 33.08 34.18 35.27 36.35 37.44 38.52 39.00 -10.69 41.78 42.87 43.94 45.01 i 26.49 27.99 29.61 I 31.13 32.74 34.25 35.86 37.37 38.99 40.40 42.11 43.67 45.24 46.80 48.30 49.92 51.49 53.0.') 54.61 56.17 57.74 59. -SO 60.86 62.42 63.99 65.55 67.11 8.10 13.99 33.27 33.15 Length of rivet required to -of round bar. make one head « l^ diameters 'MS. 9.3 55.2 1.4 57.9 3.0 GO. 7 5.6 03.4 7.8 06.3 9.9 08.9 2.0 71.7 t.l 74.4 J. 3 77.3 U 79.9 .5 82.7 .6 85.4 •8 88.3 9 90.9 93.7 1 96.4 3 99.3 4 101.9 104.7 6 107.4 S 110.3 3 li:;i.9 ) 110.7 1194 131.3 133.9 130.6 n 33.15 lameters MAXL'AL OF ENGINKEKS' CALCULATIONS. AVEIOIIT OF WKOUOHT IKOK. (TBAUrWiNE.) ' IF; 95 Thickness or diameter. I''. (Jeciiiials of a foot. ' ^ .2004 .2708 .V813 .2!H7 .3021 .3125 .3229 .3333 .3438 .3542 .3046 .3750 .3854 .31)58 .40C3 .41G7 .4271 .4375 .4470 .4583 .4088 .4792 .4896 .5000 .5208 .5417 .5625 .5833 .0042 .6250 .6458 .6067 .6875 .7083 .7292 .7500 .7708 .7017 .8125 .8333 .8750 .9167 .9583 Weight of a square foot. Lbs. 120 3 131 4 130 4 1415 140 5 1516 156 6 161.7 160.7 1718 170.8 181.9 180 9 192 197.0 202 1 207.1 212.2 217.2 222.3 227.3 232.4 237.5 242.5 252.6 202 7 272.8 282 9 293 303.1 313 2 323 3 333 4 343 5 353 6 303 8 373 9 384.0 394 1 404 2 424.4 444.6 464.8 Weight jier foot square bar. Lbs. Weight per foot round bar. Lbs. 32 89 25 83 25.57 27.94 38 37 30.13 4126 32 41 44 20 34.76 47 37 37 20 50 57 39.72 53 89 42 33 6731 45 01 60 84 47 78 64 47 50 63 08.20 53 57 72 05 50 59 95,99 59 69 80.05 62 87 84 20 66 13 88 47 69 48 92 83 72 91 97.31 76 43 101.9 80.02 106.6 83.70 111.4 87.46 116.3 9131 121.3 95.23 1316 103.3 142 3 111.8 153.5 120.6 165.0 120 6 177.0 139 189 5 148 8 202.3 158.9 215 6 169.3 229 3 180.1 243 4 191.1 2479 202 5 272 8 214 3 288.2 226,3 304 2.S8 7 320 2 251.6 330 8 204 6 3713 291.6 407 5 220.1 44.5 4 349.8 485 380 9 96 MANUAL OK KXOIXEEHS' C.CVLATlO^s. Zinc, Lead, Tin, Copper, yeJlow, red, *Foi-ged iron, fSteeJ, *Ofist iron. LINEAR KXPANSIO^T OF METALS. Forioc. For I" Kahr. .0000122 .0000174 .0000111 .00000677 ■00000633 •000006IG Between 0° and lOO" f • 0.00;i04 * 0.00284 0.00222 0.00188 0.00171 0.00122 0.00114 For a change of 100° Fahr'i'h T'''^ -'^^OO^eiG c^^ond 1 foot.'' Similarly:'^ ba'JlJolVT ^*^'^: >ong will ■0(uS foot, or .81;J6 inch. ^ ^^'^'^ ^^"g ^ilj eftend the Sr "elpttV?f^;'r" t.^' ^"^?"^" ^ I^^t't^ we have «° -d 100° 6., and 0° ancr3bo°T' 'bo, P''^''""'" ^^'^''e ^ Iron ^'■""' "" to 100° c S'^PPe^-' 0.00171 ^^-00146 liatinum, 0.00884 0.00188 red heat -. .')<)o" c ' ~ .00714 ■ .01071 .0l2d0 From a5" to 1300" nascent white = 13750 r .01250 .01787 .02144 Iron, Stee], Cast iron. Iron, Steel, Cast iron, ^"'•'"C. i.Fahp. .0000143=0000080 .0000214=. 00001 19 .0000250=. 0000139 .00000981=. 00000545 .00001400=00000777 .00001680=00000983 Iron, Steel, Cast iron. , „ From ."iOO" to 1500'^ dull red to white heat ^'lOOO^C difference. •00535 •0000053.5=. 0000030 "ooSO't -00000714=. 0000040 •00893 .00000893=0000050 From no f„ .„„„ ._ '^Wi.^<;. Iron, Steel, Cast Iron, ♦Laplace&rlavSiiier From 0^= to 100" 100 Iter ct. 03 91 " 25° to 525° 117 per cf. 175 " 205 " tRanisden. ^■'>° to 1.300° 80 per ct. 114 " 137 " •"'00" to 1500» •44 per ct.. 58 " 73 « ONS. MANUAL OF ExVGINEEUs' (;ALCLLATIONs. 07 .00000677 .00000033 .0000061G ■75' long will will extend 3tit, we have >m between I 300" C •014(; 10188 0018 Jiist iron at follows: " Fahp. 000080 000119 300139 )000545 )000777 •000983 00030 00040 00050 a FORGE )133. '" to 1500» per et- WKKillT OP FLAT l!Al{ IKOX. PER FOOT. Thickness in iiiflies. 1 1»T lbs. C] 1 31 i lbs. j lbs. I «.V 1 3(J 2 73 4 lo' 6|J.42 2 84 4 2UI lbs. 5 27 5 47 1 iV a 7 il 47,2 !)4'4 42^ 5 Oo! 71163305458 7|ilo8;3 1G4 74 7| 10313 20 4 90 8 jl 083 30 5 05 1 ^4 3 47 5 21 1 170 3 58 5 30' 8i «.i «| 1 843.08 53 9 |1 90 3 7!) 5 08 91 1 96:3 90 5 84 n 2 on 4 00 00 9| oil 32 53 0.74 95 7 10 7 37 7 58 7 70 lbs. , 58 84 7 10, 7 30: 7 03, 7 90; 8 10' lbs. 7 90 8 21 8 531 1 li lbs. 9 21 lbs. 10 53 1 lbs. I lbs. { lbs oro, 13.1015.7018.42 58 10 !)4|1;m;8 10.42 19.10 , 9511 30 14 iil 17.05 19 90 «?4|0 32lll 70114.7417.08 20oJ 9 10 10 08112 21 15 20 18 32 21 37 24 42 ;.^«J[Sj2;;4 15 7818.94%2 3^^^^^ A i K^ Sy-^ (Xi 10.3M9.57 22 84 20 12 lbs. 21.05 21.88 22.73 23.58 ■4, 8 -' 10.10 II 78113 48 " 8 0810 42 12 1011:3 80 8 94 10 7412 52114 32 9 21 11 or, 12 89;i4 74 58113013201510 10.84 20 20 23 58 20 94 17.37:20 84 24.32 27 79 17.90 21 48 25.00 28.03 18 42 22 10 25.70!29 47 18.95 10 m lOj 10| 11 lU 22.75 20 52 30 32 23 38,27 20 31 16 74110813 0315 5819*47 8 0010 0012.00il4 0010.00l20 00 2 10,4,32 481 8.03110 79 2 21|4 4l|0 04| 8 84|11.06 2 20 4 53,0.79 9 051132 2 32 2 37 2 42 2 47 2 52 4 04 951 4 74 7.111 4 84 7 20 4 94 7 42! 0.20,11158 0.4711185 12 95 15 11117 20 13 20 15 48 13 58 15 84 13 90 10 21 U 21 10 58 0812 1014 52 10 94 f 89!l2 37(14 84 17 31 17 08 18 10 18 52 18 94 19 30 19 78 ^ 05 7 58{10. 10112 64 15 10 17 68 20.20 2105,25.20:29 48 33.08 21.58 25.89 30. 21 '34. 52 2C.52;30.9535.36 27 10 31 0836 21 27.78i32 42 37 04 28 42133.15 37 89 29 00 33 90 38 74 24.73 29 09|34.0; 39 56 25.26130 32|35. 30140 40 22.10 22 03 2:mo 9" 38 24.20 98 MANUAL OF EX0,XKKHS' CALCULATIONS. jr.VHLB OF nvPEUBOLIC L00AH1TIIAI8. Number. Logarithms. |l Number. Logarithms. ! Niimbi>r. | l • H)G;;>030 •1988508 ■2070HI • •-'.341117 .5i;j!)oi,ii> .•:i ■3*^70317 •5^851789 ■•'^001045 • 3074846 •3148107 .3:220834 .3293037 1.7-> .3304722 .343of<07 .350f;r)f)8 .3570744 .3040431 .3715035 .3784304 .38.i20<>4 .3920420 .398770; .4054051 .4121090 .4187103 . 425 V! 077 .4317824 .4382519 .4140858 .4510750 .4574248 .4637340 .4700030 .4702341 .4824201 .4885800 .4940902 7752 .500 .^^008 175 .5128230 .5187!t37 .5247285 ..5300282 •5304933 .5423242 .5481214 .5538851 .5596157 .5053138 .5709795 .5706133 iOgarithms. •5822156 ■5877800 59.'}3208 •5988305 ■0043159 .0097055 ■6151850 0205; 04 9384 •0312717 0305708 •0418538 •0471032 •0523251 •0575200 ■ 002(i,S79 •607829,3 0729444 078(1335 683(i9(i8 0881,340 .6931472 • 6981,347 7030974 . 7080357 ■7129J97 •717S397 •7227059 75485 NS. I. ! 1 I^ogaritliniK. •0822100 ■ 5!)88;Jf;5 ■G04;jir,!) •«ioi8o(; ■G•■lr^u:i8■i ■(m-2717 ■(iliG->7(>H •«47I0;}2 •Cos;} 2 '.I .i'>mr,t^7i) M782'.y,l .(i7:i(J!) l-5l7;j->-,^« 1.5H),-ii;{o 1.5->1G!)(»0 1 52:J8800 1.528jr)(J8 ' i.o;347h;j l.o'J(KSa7;i 1.6390151 154115!)0 1.0432981 1. 545432,-) 1.04:502") 1.549087!) I 1.55I80S7 . 1.5539252 ■ 1.5500371 J 1.5581440 1.5002470 i 1.5023402 !i 1.5044405 ji 1.5005304 \\ , 1.5086159 o l^:ioo I.'JoO 1000 S,'{0 4S8 ;50!» yn; I4S 111 85 70 HEXA«0XNUT.,KFOrLAU«,,,s||S,UAH.XUXS. KKOn^AK S,.KS. 5 t I 1 1 If li If 2 2 00 4) C S It ITT Iff ' « 1 lA If If H u X u 2 I f!4 1 li 1 .'i Ai 17 •S2 •-• 1 ;<2 i) 4 ? < 3 2 U ' 10 :i 1 6 11! • W .1 4 I li :t .s 7 I li .1 4" -.4- 1 H U 8000 4-.>(;o 2500 ;>I80 !)()() 880 •■>n5 :iv>4 150 100 00 7;;i 4:} 4 i 1 H 3f 1 I .1. 4 B A" H f 4 I ii 1^ 1 ^^ li n H n u o a JO » .'t 2 M !!• f I' n u 1 B i^V 1 .V ' liV I o o N 6 "1 () M •J f t 1 l.i u If !^. 6080 3540 2050 1380 f)40 050 410 270 215 140 05 72 45 32 m loa MA-VL-4L u/- KNoiNMCUs' TAIILES or BUiBM •\'' 'f-.XTrONs. *Vlli' syLAttB lue Enuniernted Sizes. .871 39, ,oni 41 44! 45. (i^i 4!). ":^:^KH*TOW«^0^p,„^„^,,.^^^ « In." .0 . «^uy •m'i3i. 88;139, 8?145. .r5J150. .50(157. immi 13184 19(195. 87(209 50^19 58;;^37. y8i'^7.;v. 44 140.5(1 1^148 37 12 158 7(j I'i7.ii5 •«^M74.88 ■75 204.:^/ 5 ■Mi •310 r,o liU Cl :m 72 •m m ycG n :J70' ):> ;{84 r, ;i98 H 4-U 454 !;> 485? 4 510 r, 538 i 5G6 ) 1 594 J"f No. In 1680 114a 580 4 ro- sso- 360i MAXir.VL OF ENOINEKR.s' CAI .ci;lation.s. 103 m-l-KM „K srAVOAU.. S„H.. „on.KU TUHKS. ^.L.v welded Amoncan Chan.., r.on UoU.. 'Vul^o.; sU.ul.ni Hi U'.i ai. «IOIt«IH, TAKKRH * CO, 7 H U 10 Inch. 0. «.■)(( l.lUlt i.:m l.r»(jo I 1 W)4 a.(»r)4 2.788 «.<'13 3. 202 n.r,]2 3.741 4.341 4.73 5.(J!)f» fl 6r,7 7.«iJ« «(M5 9.578 Iiioli. ().()73 073 0.0n;{ ()!).-) O.OKH 1)01)8 0.1. 'I) 0.101) 0.10!) 0.111) 0.110 0.111) o.i:io i;)o 0. 140 0.1,-)1 0. 1 73 0.183 0.1 on 0.314 4.713 5.41)8 «.38;{ 7.0(1)) 7.8,14 8.((!j() 1).435| 10 3101 10.01),-) 11.781 13. ,'»((() Il4.1!t7 1 15. 708 118.841) [21. 091 35.i;J3 38.374 31.410 7.173 7.9,-7 8.743 9. 403 10.3-rs 1 1 03;{ II 7.-.3 13H3;j 14 818 17 1)04 30.914 33.08!) 27.0.55 30 074 2.183 1.909 1 ()98 1.538 1.390 Itii'li 0.575 O.90O 1.390 1.911 3., 5.5(1 3 314 4.01)4 5.0;{1) n.08:j , 7 135 I 8 iJ5Tl 9 (In? 10.993 14.130 17 497 25,509 34.805 45.795 58.391 71.975 i 11.0451 13.,500' 15.904 19.(;;}5 28 374 38.484 50 305 03.017 78. .540 : Lbs. 0.708 0.9 1.350 1.005 1.981 2.2;}8 2.755 3.()4r> 3.:ja3 3.958 4.372 4 590 5,820 0.010 7.330 9.34« 3.435 5.109 8.003 3.18 Noiiilnal niaiut'ti.j. Hi WUOtrOlIT IRO.V U-KLDEI) ITI.K.S. EXTRA STRONG. r- Actual out- Tiilekni'8.w side Dial 1 Extra Stroiijf, .405 .100 .54 .123 ,675 .127 .84 .149 1.05 .157 1.315 .183 l.«(} .194 1.9 .303 2.375 .221 2.875 . .280 3.5 .804 4 .821 4.5 .841 Tliiclv-iu'ss, Double Extra Strong .298 .314 .364 .388 .40(J .442 ..5(i() .608 .642 .682 A o 173 173 117 5 89 6 73. (> 01.3 53 1) 46.7 41 8 37.8 M6 31.8 39 5 37.6 36 3 34 3 33.0 31.8 30.7 19.7 18 8 I S. 17.3 16,6 16 O 15 4 14 9 14 4 13 9 13 4 13 13 7 133 13.0 11.6 11.0 10.6 10 9 6 MANUAL OF ENGINKElts' CAI.CULATIOKS. 105 TABLE OF THE COMPAUATIVfi EVAPORATIVE POWER OF DIFFERKXT KINDS OF rOAL. Name and description of coal. " 'Iter evaporat«id The best Welsh "^TllTu . ,, .^ 9.49;3 lbs. Anthracite ^^ , , ,^ Pittsburs: i, . «^ oO ** Average, small, Newcastle " ^ q^> ., Pennsylvanian .........'. 10^45 " Coke, from gas works ^'j, ,, Average, large, Newcastle ... -f'J;,-, .. Derbyshire u ^,2 '^ Northumberland (."^.' ,< Wallsend Elgin \"" ^' ^^. ,, Slievardagh (Irish Anthracite) ...,] o'.c^r^ .. Conception Bay, Chili '."..[, „ CHEMICAL COMPO.SITIOX OF VAHIOrs KINDS OF COAL (lUUTIS.,). Name of elements. NorthumlieHan.1. S'th Wales. ' I^„ca«hire. ! Scotch. — .9 i Semi - biluminoiiK -M S 3 -So I :mS ■an a o n 3 3 2] il o c . u 3 ,k a. 3 Si 3 i iCB.3 i .3 ' Welsh. 2 • — 1. o o o 3 be c 5f o ; J3 ; 41 ' ^; s ^-^ 2* c S j S 3 _ 'K 5 . =s 5 •a _• «S 1 C3 i 3 .U O » J3 3 o CC J^^r''"" «4.8 H2.4 S6.8 HS.8 92.3 «2 fi WH Hydro-en.... r,..", .^ 4 5 4.7 ;5 i 59 5 J ?"P>»»' 1.3 1.!! .!» ].H ... H Tn ^■^'' __'_!_" ^'^ ^- l-^ ^'^ 2.'^ ■^"^"i i«<» 100 100 loiT" looT'ioo" loJT' £[^^y' «' ' 7o i 85.0 j;a 84 "or IT "eiTl I 80.1 fi.o 8 1.0 1.4 2.4 Ma) , 63.1 8.9 7 ' 1 " 9.8 «35 91.44 3.40 .21 .09 3.39 2.64 100 ilOO 100 0.) 30 I 92.9 106 MANUAL OF KNGINEEHs' CALCULATION'S. C. 210= 321 2oG 2G1 370 COLOHS OF UiOK niFFEIlEXT v.^^„,vo K,v iJiON CAUSED liY HE VT Fahr. 410°... Color. 4'jO ^ale Yellowr. 4;);} ' " ' Dull Yellow. Orimson. 500 525. 700. 800. 900. 1000. 1100. 1200. 1300. 1400., 1600. 1600. . 50-.* .080 ( pears'. "''"' ^""^ *^^" 'i'sap- pears fCom Ked. ^mmences to be coated with a lieht 9S2 ' r. °^ ^^ ^•^L^'^; ^««^s a good deaf of , !,j,,^ Becomes nascent :^:; Sombre Ked. f *^" Nascent Cherry. • • Cherry. •Bnght Cherry. . . Dull Orange. • • Bright Orange. • •White. ■ • Brilhant White, .160? .183^. .2012. .2192. .2372. .2552. . 2732 , welding-heat. .5^912 ."■; j- Dazzling White f" f.s. MANUAL OK KXCINKKUS' CALCULATIONS. lor IIKAT. Co/or. •ale Yellow., •nil Yellow., rimson. 'e; between es to bright then disap- ith a light >od deal of i deal more and can be ling-heat. TABLE OV TOTAL HKAT OF ( OMHUSTION OK FUEL AND VIR REQUIRED PER LIL FUKU H. O. Charcoal. From Wood., From I'eat. .. c .0.93 Coke. Coke, good " middling. " bad.... .. Coal. Anthracite Ory Bituminous. OM 0.88 0.8;^ 0.915 0.90 0.87 0.80 0.77 0.88 Coking Cannel jo.84 Drj- I Dry flame jo. 77 Lignite 0.70 i>i'y l^eat 0.58 Dry Wood Oil 0.50 0.84 0.85 0.9:3 0.8.'} 0.035 0.04 0.054 0.054 0.05 0.052 0.050 ().05;i 0.05 0.00 0.10 0.15 O.OSiO 02 O.OIG 010 O.Ofi 0.054 0.08 0.15 0.30 031 0.94 0.88 0.83 1.05 1.00 ^ 1.03 i 1.03 I 0.95 : 1.075. 1.04 j 0.91 I 0.81 j 0.66 ; 0.50 ' 1.53 1.49 ■ H. 14 13 14 13.3 13.3 15.7 15.9 15.4 15.3 14.35 16.0 15.15 13.05 13.15 10.0 7.5 33 7 33.5 13500 11000 13030 13700 11890 15335 15370 14800 14790 13775 15S37 14045 11.10; 9.0 11.38 13.13 13.06. 13195 10.33 11.73 10.58 11745 9000 7345 31930 31735 9.30 7.08. 6.00 15. 65. 15 65 108 iiirl MANUAL OF KXCUXEEUS' CALCULATIONS. 'i-i^N«r^E STHLXOTn OF PLATE AND K.V.T lUON. <»y Dr. P'aiibairn.) Description of Iron. Mean Mp,,,, 'I'r'w".*^ Iiiviikinp ■wviKht in weiplit in (ton.sj,e,;s„(,, „s'-per.",l I'l across i liljrc. I in. witli fllHC UlHmate elongation. Lowmoor iron, (?p. o^ Laneasl.in, boiler ,, hue... otattoi-dsli ire iron €harcoul bar iron Best Best Staffordshire i. -on' G880 << The best Staffordshire Common •< Staffordshire rivet iron J-*owmoor " .4 Staffordshire " <« Bar of the same, rolled" cold i; .' Sfaffo.-,l,hire bridge iron.. Aorkshiie " »< plate, per sq. in ... . [ tiiir^t^"^ staffo;d.;i;.e rhe^erybe^tAmorican-boHer Ordiiiary American boiler "nHi Good average boilerplate..^. ' ).U«.0(]1 2tiA33 n.8l5 20.096 I J n.:m ■iSA02 1*0.005 2G. 700 :i!7.357 20 801 20.040 20.503 37.956 21.249 22.290 ■i-s to ^ 20.745 24.474 24.027 25.582 -2V and ^J^ tV to 5^ tV and ^Jg A and ^'3- 19.815 19.015 W •i i and i'HOPOimoxO.P^HTS OF ENGINES. ^, «. AY//>._Modern engines .ork to four to five times '^^X;j---i"-ters oTa sq-Irfo^o?"""'^ P'"* ^^'^^ ^^"^^ '^ twosquaf^feet""'-""^^"'^^'"^' '"^^^^^ equal to about twenty- Coal burnt. — Coil hnrnf pounds por s,|„are t„„l ll^XZr Tl'.M "''"",' '° "•""" »«««» MANl-Al OF liNOINEEKs' CALCUUTIONS. 109^ ™icLd trilo? '"" """•''-'"'" "»"■«'» P» l>o,„. per of Sf,St,7„S^ °'J£r''"'''i "^ -«" •'-"^ ton is good. ^ '° tourteen pounds. Jn pracMce »ud „ot Joss than oneZlts.oams^^o ''''"''''' "" "'""P"™, aiuare ".Sd/of ■-"'" *'="°"''' "'■'='' »' ""bes e,,nal to ten eeef "„t*Str'"" "^ "^"^ ">» ""-^S- 'Vml to f„„r. fo*ev:;:r"Mt7tT°„f'S™'T"'''''l.'''''»lfsqnaroi„ch inch equal to one NHP * '"'■'''™ ' 'hree-eighths square out twe„ty.t«°'i ; " °' r-.P^S'"?.-""--."? -Sine lor a liigh-pres(«ure (non-condens>-ng enS ;; ;; ;T to Lri '"' " ^''^H ^/m/i!._Size of Slfarnm .?! f J"^" "'^"'''''^ '"^''^S. one^ „th di™l.fteL's:..tVT„'£.'' "'"^ "- '"- tlmnlt'sTaa "^ '"° '""'"'' "^ <"'<'-'l"'"-ter diamotor loss di,p|;/;;rt^;';r„"';,rsU?';fpe'° "'»■■' °™-""'-'' "- offh*r;:!^,S°cSde ™' »^»"' o"-'™'!- tl,e dian,ete,. oigteih^f :riy;:Ss3:tt"" ""'-"''' -'^ "- IHii iTEIHOOS OP ,™omo THE MEAN PRESSUKE THBOUOHOUX THE STROKE WHEN ,VO»K,NG EXPANSIVBLV .3 noo"ir'7kl\^^^^^^^^ °f «'ea™, it to which, la the priueiDlG M fi IfrnT ^;.^'^^'»^"e ^.-iw, according regard to^teun^rt may L g vt in J^^^ P'^^«!.«°d if a given weight ^f stea,^ be S to tv s'^^jr^^; J' " chan^ng ,ts temperature, the elastic /orcl^r.^^f.?" ^ao m the .averse ratio of the volume it is mad^t^ occu;; ; 1 iil 110 MANUAL OF ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. ;'!;l': i^our or more differPnrmlfT i • ^' ^^^ ^o on." f^impson's Rule is : (f- euS'uto;!^halJ'':t£d r --^-ofeoual parts, twelve parts ; if cu toff "t « ^ «»e-qiiarter, one-sixth etc fourteen parts; if at ^^^'^1^ SZl \' '' '^'^^^ ^ pl-fnt^tVr n ^^l^fe^ expansion the pressure per sqlLreTncI lo' /h!'"^l^'^'''^«' nnd calculate of the stroke; by Marriotte's law ' ^"'"" "^ '^^^ division ^'^^^, tr;;;;^^^ -r^l^-^es in pounds, per twice the sum of the odd pressures -thin .7"" P'''''"^^' ^nd by one-third of the distant betweVn,h"' *^''" '""^ Multiplied ^yh.ch the pressures are taken will "it?.'"''''^''^'^'^'"^^'^^ sively per square inch of the are-i of^fiL ''^.^^«'•k doneexpan- and one-third this sum is the tot.l 1, '"'?" '" «»« s^oke, ,. (4 To this add the total pies i e Sf' '^"""^ ^^Vmsion. divide the sum by the number of na, f« ,ni-!f ? .«^P«"8'on, and '8 djv.dcd ; the result is the whoKorV .? ""''''^'^ ^^^ ^^'Hnder srokc. The method bv usTn. h^.^ 1°'^^"''"^ » s'ng'e ^aperian curve) is probably^tLe^sfct ' ^'^'''^'^^^ (^^'e '"(3) %fnl If 'r'" P»n.io„'t^l'a'^;^,r''»^'. "" »'"-= of 'eipan^l-ol'Vo wrh'° dVr '-''.iTe If V'"'* °' '"^ ™'- .ncrcaae of effloiency d„o to exp"nsi„^' '"'"" ™P^«°'» 'h" i*; ■'^'"allyrau tinlvthi8rpalll^ /Qv k xi by (8). whicl/gives the mean TreS^^^^ m pounds per square inch P'^^'"*^^ throughout the stroke an ^P^^-^ir^^C^^^^^^ vou have by adding one to the hyperS n lo^iiL "''V*" ^^ ^«»nd expansions, and then dividinTthe snl.fTu' ""^ }^^ '•^'ative sion. " '^''^'"S ^^^ sums by the relative expan- ^H i 'N8. pressure will on." mining "the rking expan- equal parts, le-sixth, etc., at sevenths, 3h expansion ud calculate ich division pounds, per •ess u re, and I multiplied ve points at ioneexpan- one stroke, expansion, msion, and lie cylinder ng a single thms (the e distance is cut off, >er square ' the ratio >sents the obtained he stroke you have be found relative ^e expan- S o n H O i-i MANIAL OF ENGINEERS' CAL CI L.XTIONS. Ill I O US .O .c .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 «d s .0 § fi l: § 2 -* fj f^ 2 °> «^ 'o > f CO ro ?^ i-c JO CO ■CO Ci o CO CO -^ 3 !>: 2 I*! t^ "^ ^? -^ rf ;;> e, >!, 00 .X X ?^ i"^ S [2 .^ ^ r^ P § J5 ^ S ^ § Is § ;j -J JO o § ? *-^ '5 25 ^ o 5^ S ^ -; ^_ v.. .. ci c: C5 cs X X Qc -> o o o o o o d O o o I "^ '^ f-H I— I rl 'Jv^ 1"^ X) a c3 s ■+-' e8 « («! t> Ol X> C8 «H (U «r .£3 0) -M ..^ p n3 (h a GO CJ -a m -u C S ci a, ^ H t>0 a> 00 •73 a a o 0) 3 0(3 c3 O 9i S (n 00 CD 03 a. H o .;5 O O) »o 3V <1> J3 bo 2 n ^ 03 ^ QO 00 IB S « ^ * r^ 3^ 9i »o <-. • 1— 1 ^ CO 00 TJ k, i^ CO a> • to u. Ol 03 .4^ c3 CO fcl n -C 1 H S 1 c4 « H o, ;2; a 00 10 a. o 2 3 00 00 03 E be t« 113 -^'•VNUAL or EmiSEKHH^ CALCL'LATIOXS. iPi If r. '■' Rule using cipniiBion table : (1; Divide the Iciiffth of thp i.ti-„i-„ i o ',. |mt„n movea before the steam is r.,,ff^i''° ^'"""'^o "» express the revive expansion it ',^„S4»' ""' 'I"""""' wiU the full pressure' of stefn^ p„ ' I" '11?"'' '"""'1"^ '" 'V cynnOer; tbe pro.U,et wil, ^^^^"Zr^.Z^l^'^d "■ 1. ^, 3 4, 5 0, ,, «, i'™f,;" 1 5::„^to"i;e,° """"■''■' "l/4i':'e.^ret7''° °' '^•'"'-■°" '° -"-'-rif it is not -!'k t,!^"'^;,';!oli^','sr V^^t"' """ f ^^ " "•- "> Old i nates. ""- ^'*'"*^ ^fe'i""e m tlie column of (-1) ^it^tSt ^^^^^^" ^'^^ «-^)^^°- the line ^nvo.i pre'sur ; t ;"^-e: a s^ '""'^'J''>' '^ '^V the ""•oughont the stroke '''" ^''^'■'^'"''^^ «" "^''^ P'ston STKExVGTir OF MATKKIALS. (From Appletc's '> Applied Mechanics/ 'j -rx:tr;ij{ ;rsUra;i';:'?,:/;r»'» ''■•^"^"> °^ -* t"st meUings ; specime, u,X oue" , in'?llr'i: "''"""' '""''' ..ent,t»s_pers,„are-^inei;-'i;ir:ft;;!;:7t„^^^^^^^^ i>oL^prs7:!:xt;s':'nV:t,f rnf ';■ -f -"^^ ^- ron from t,venty.four to twenty seven „?.i/^ T ' "'«' tweutj-three tons, nbont o e tl t " '.,!!' ?? '"J' "™'J '» J]'? NS. distance the iuotiont will Itipliers the "Jtiply it by entering the ' per sfjuare il rule : lie numbers ?r. . if it is not iw a line to ' column of ve the line I, found us ucccssion ; ^' it by the the piston th of cast lare inch, 8. ultimate Bfteen to quarter, 3lled bar s ; rivet venty to length- 3 ton by ameter"i )ut the sectioa MANUAL OF ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. 113 t'Sr'"'^^^' '^' --fif^h of Ultimate tensile strength n?at:;^altLt.^S^^^Si^entv"a1f' f>5'^«^ 'y -^ piece of iron is finallf broE hv L? k"^ '"Z^'"'"' ^^' ^' » forvvard, sobyapplyin^rundpr«f7- "^'"5 ^''"'^ backward and win be finallf bffinViuf a '^S fif ' ;« ?"^ material it suffice to break it at once. ^^'' '^''^'" ^'^^n would The elastic strain of iron if wrnnrri,<- • • . to one-quarter its ultimate strelfh^i^ "•?"' '' {'^"^ one-third the material might be pi^^ed^ vi'thS ' ""-^ -'^ ^'"^ P«'»fc provuigitisnotusualtomketheui^^^^^^ '"^'"'^' '^"^ '» twice or three times the Sin/nJ «.^ ^'""''"u''" "'^^^ '^^'n considered runs no risk of stra nfufthe '' f" •^ ^T^ '^ '« adequate to the detection of ace Sf nHl fl ''^'''•*^' ^^"« '^ is The tenacity or tensile strength and fL'- l^ '""^ '^^'^' pression or crushing strength of J. ^ 1 ® resistance to com- the following table • ^ ''^''°"' inaterials, is given in fection. Wrought iron bars mnniT^ ' " plates : I S ^''000 Cast iron, average. i , ^" 37000 ;• " t„„gh!„ed;.v.v.:;:::i ,'«?,"o Steel I j 100000 I i 1130000 I 36'0000 BtrJ^t^ ^^;:Xrtti5:^^,r^ ^ff-Cohesive inch, 53.486 (mtan) ; length KubleHvpf 7-^^ ^'' ^^"^re section to the plate thvoufh cen fro 15 • J^^f J"^^^ of equal in pounds, 53.635 (mean .stln'fH,"''^',' ^'■^^^'^''^ ^eigh to the proportion o( co„,4,r,?t oarbo»'^ ° '°°'' "'"""•^'''« The .troogth ia th. sao.o lo.,>^.,Zr c^swi. ; a™ea,i„« if . i I' Ml 114 MANUAL OF ENOINEERS' CALCULATIONS. reduces the tensile strontrfVi «f o^ i i . two t„„, : ,„■„„ ton," ™«* ™ inch fi .£ """, "",''■"-1"'" "> .M quarter „,„UiJ,.to .;;;,:;f;;j^;/"^^^^^^ SOME USEP,;. K«o«XEDOE ABOUT MAR,« „„„,E„s (r.oX'.'lcrTo,^r' "' "" "'•'"" »"»-'' t«„.y p„„„,„ fl.MaS"Sfro::„tf'^'° """'™ «-'y »'i--e f«t„, of «t;;';:;'t:,' "' "'" '•■*"« """ ^vpo^'e 5.c6 ro„„ds ;;.n.Uo, ™,„L. abof,frS;::;^:t-rJ- a per MILD STEEL. not perhaps of the inost nrttin. ^'p^ h«se experiments are be of interest as aC2 U^ i'.f^fe^ character they may which do not appear to b"e SneraHv wol ?^ ''""" phenomeni understood. For the nurno^! n7 ' ''"°''''' "^ thoroughly billet of steel o sift Si?v mLffl'?'"!;' ^ ^ammfred process, was rolled to hi for^' oTab^/^,'!^ SH3mens-Martin inch square. Some drillings were ta J /"^ seven eighth analysis, and gave the following results^ "'" ^^' ^°^ Carbon Silicon 'Sulphur Phosphorus . Copper Manganese., Iron . 0.192 . Trace ■ 0.040 . 0.048 . 0.021 . 0.430 . 99.269 100.000 if I J 1 I ,u ■ ^i loiit are bra^s MANUAI, or EN„,NEE1.8' CAICULATIONB. II5 tlic (losirecl foi-m for testing-! ■"'" '"''™= "■•"■« '"raod to o.-.??narytr„siIctcst"" '""=''"" '» ""> '=Jl'"1™al form for ^ep\hnm£,!Si:ifZ:f. '™""""»'^ "> ■•"-""to the P-'.n:i,;?,;M^™7ti'"; 'St^' ,t:^«' >"-" /.as boon •rnaxiniuni Joad. "^ ''''""'^ approaching tlio test were marked carefnllv wiT ■'^^' ^'"^'"'^^y t« specimens of mild ateel witho,.^ ,/J. i 'i ^""^'^' or punched force of the rnetui/ Tl e ' xc " t^'^'^.fso of the cohesive ever, easv to understuul'Xn t .e'col o- ;?'''/""^'° '\'>^^^^- r.su.c J flovv of the metal^^r^''^^ nui^T^::^tS'f:;-„f-,,i^no change visible to the first application of a modora e S ^?ln «? '''""'"'" ^" ^'^« measured with finc-noin p .[ Jf^ ,- ^^'■"'"' ^^^n when punch marks pla 7e g /ttche li^Lr^^'f "l^. '' «"« ^^"^''e- not yielr perceptibi v the hVn^ !f -^ "^^ •^*^'' «Pecimen did strokes of the p, mp and ho mn '"f.^T "'"J''^"^ ^^'^h a few testing machine 7a; run SutQuS f^"^'"'.? ''V^^'' ^^^ ^^e order to counterpoise t e tension on ^f ho""" *'^' ^"'''•""' ^^ a strain of near]} fourteen tons nor = specimen. Under of .01 inch was observS but tEn ^"'"'' '""^^ "" extension yielding or weakness in the spcimen TheZ'i'^"/ ^"'•^'^«'- floating, and would have continupdVn J ^^'^^''^-''^^^^'^ed period, balancing the tension of fonr^ff . "" ^^^ V' "^definite When the strain^irSeased tol^!^ on the specimen, the bar suddenly elongated and tL«r-'^^^^ and-a-half tons,, fifteen tons, the weight on th««-l^^^"^ '°"''°" back towards the fufcrum i ordtr //["^ having to be moved the tension. That port a whirh h' '" equilibrium with relaxes in tension (in t° ,s cas^Ifi ^ specimen suddenly commonly termed\he XCic iS^^^ *«"«) '^ extension, amounting to one twn nlVi."'^'}^"^'' ^"'"e little inch, usually takes place be£ iM/i?:^'^'"'^''*^^^ ^^ microscopic extensions which tfkfinl ? fV' ''''^^^^- '^^'^e "elastic limit" are of cSd^r..hii^- .° ^'^"'^ the so-called very fully described by To lor K^ntT ' 'I' ^'""' ^'"'^ paper on the results of exnerimpnf^ • ^ "."■ ^"' admirable the Institution of M^K rEtgin"eer'1C?r't '^ limit was passed, the tensilp a ?«;. /^ter the elastic fluctuating slightly, but rsint frn^ a/'^^"^"^ increased, previous higheft stiaiHf emfteen ""'" '^^ MANL'AL OF EKOINEERS' CALCULATIONS. H^ fcuta graduul c]i,nin„tio,fo ^ " Ll 'V'"',"^ "' '-"I'ture, maximum «imin wu8 borne a sim " , l''*^ ''h« "f'^^'' the a reduction of strum as tl .il ntl- ^'^''""gl» "ot so largo inay be observed /o^eve at errf"^ "'r"'° ^''"^^''^ "'"^t tost if the c^xto;Ksion ll. i\ ,nu, i,/":;:^.^^^^'"^ «tage of tho tjiking tho i.idications of tcS ., . \'"*^"'t""f- When sion of tho specimen it was' 1 *''"»^«ter at each exten. ^o'-king the pump HO socm as o«;i."T "'r^"'-^ ^" ^-^'^^^ attained. Jt was notice? ^".2^ , '"''^ "V^""'^'"" ^^»« dropped at once, and the str rim • i"",^' f^ "'^ steelyard square inch in the <•, urse of fnl "'l''^ '^^"'"^ «"« ton nor would sustain t/ws 1 gl t?! ' ed:cedT'' i '.'^•" ^'"-^ ^i'^«''"«» t:rno without further e tension On "' ^l^'-' " ^""«iderablo aga.n, the tension roe ran dv to /? ''*""'","^ ^''« ]>"'»PS ^'hen the pumj.s wer?ston dln^ J^ «a'"e load as ias on slowly as iefori. The an "is Sn''" ''^"t'""'^^ to increase ?f H bar to tension is mad m, of hv. ''""".•;'?''' '^"^ roaistanco »8 the pure elastic tension of ^L^^^^^f f^tiMos, one of which frictional or othe'ros iTco ,v ^0]/^ Inn?*^ V'' '''^'' ^'>« in passing each other to tiUo IT. ' i?lec"Jes oxporionco is l.y far tho larger ouantitv ^PM ' P^fl^mns. The former of tho diminutioVo ?mi?whp? H.r"^'' ''^'^'^'" the reason momentarily stopped t!L!" • ^"■'^'''' ^^ extension is or motion of the' Eieles tho^^S ^■'''^^''' '^^^^^^'^on and the strain decides to tL pw'"? \^'^'tmce vanishes, The maximum strai Is 35^on^n ' ^'"''^'" .°^ '''« "'"terial when the speoin.en"ha'd'l^ngal^d"onTrutV^ 18. <5 per cent., the spction-il ,fyo« u ■ "'^'-^-'lalt inches or •Sm souare inch^ reduction of .ni'm^ '^''"'"'^ '"^'^''^ to per cent. As the malZ,Tl-^L tl' ''''? ^'^^^ ^'^''teen section, it follows tha Recoil est lo «h. •"''""f u^^ *'^'« ''^^'oced tons, or about eightet^ nor cent - ^^'^^^ ''^^-'^^ .per square inch o^f the fg naTare?'' Thr u^' '^"^'^^ ^^'''^''^ of the specimen, as is well kno'wn -^^'^."^'^""ate extension diffe.x.ntportions'of its lent h and k T'' ^""^'^^rably in the fracture. The oxtSo^ I « ' •^''''"''f '^''^atest near .periods of the test! aUhZh thp h^' "'''^,"''"' ''^ ^i^^rent diameter. It does not t^k?ni.r ^^' '? P^'-fectly uniform in the length of tto ^"Tfor ntfce'wj; f""'°"f^ throughout tenth of an inch tho «nn^fJl • ' ■ *^" extens on of one- near to one e^tth'^dESr^bernr \'^:^^^^^ to give one the impression tlmthlP-^^?^^^^''' tending m any other part ^ r,'l:'^"_ !? ^^^ ^'"" '' ^^aker there t.b«n . - P^rt. Juung the next tenth or two-teuths of'au 118 MANUAL OF ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. Illtifii 11'-; ^'^^s^S;^J::::!:i^^z^- -/-- ^-^- pan, s. wards the bar may el6nffate at thp nH. extend further until t^e ar^er na -M^^^^^^^^^ '^''^. '' ^^>» "ot manner. In Table No 3 thfre iffL r'"'! '" ^ ''""'^^"^ the smallest diameter dm- nt! f ■^""'" for the position of foregoing remarks °^ extension in illustration of the taklsXt'thrLXsSti^^ "^-^' -^--n- bourhood of the sm;ileXr fhpl'"f '''i^"^-' '" ^'^^ "^'^h- reduce, but the tensile stmln'llV^"^^^ elongates, diminishing slow" at firs T^'^'' ^' '^'' ^P««'°^en point of rupture is a?pr3ed i^ C?^ "'"''" ?'^P'^^^ «« ^^e often a difficult matter to Sr'i ''^' f° ""^P'^'-^ ^hat it is nietal inimediatelv beforfn' m^^^^^ exact strain borne by the the strain diminisHp'iflnr;? T ' In the specimen I^o 1 28.35 tons ju^; bet-e te^n^f^'^T ''''^ '^^^* '"^-"-^'^ pent. The sectiona' area alfo drvi""^^." '^"^' ^^ ^^-^Sper inch to .5541 square inph ^'^^^aecreased from .8168 square the contraction^ oareatoeVn"'^^"" '^ ^^'l'^ P«'' cent^ Z diminution of strain fno??i- ^? 'P a greater ratio than the metal become; t^;,?/;r^f4f£7 in thebehaw per square inch of red uced\refdi,'''f'i^^.''"°*^««>'^e force maximum strain is pa'sed on ?h« "'''^ .*^""'^^'> ^^^'' <^h« largely until the bar rfracturedTr°-'^']:' ^'^ increases marked manner in Table No i ThT 'i'' ''^'^r *^ ^ ^^ry maximum strain is -^Tq o + / ,® eohesive force at the 45.21 tons. SoLl/ptf4 °°: 5 at the ^^^ °^ '^' *««* i ' of recording in tables ^ffrSf' ^^""^ followed the practice "tensile strength peVn^rl' ^['' ^"^'^'^'^^ ^^'''ned by them. quantity is mifidfnrSS'^^^^^^^^^^^^ ™-' Th^ that are not coincident ^^^L !.'^^'- ^^ ^y ^^^ "se of two data, not on the area a^the momen? thf """'" '^'^'" '« calculated? MANUAL OF EKGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. H^ aJdtSi^fuTe^ttvTfl:rn•^ V ^^- «^ ^^e hardest maximum Tad ^Accm-dfnf^n .'k ^''^J?'?"^ ^''^^ ^t the is 51.16 tons in thiwlfnt • T!^*^ ^^ calculation it by the author Se^xtenTnoS"'*^ tons determined was ^.20 inches equarto 2T? 1 «f «'^en on eightinches sectional area ^asTsa pe. cenT anS th J?' ?"^^«tion of was silky in appoaranoo Th! ,' T '^® fractured surface rupture of thSecimpni, In ^^''.^ /^P^^ded in producing aria of the TrregS fil e aS^^^ - '1 ^-''^^'"''^ ""^ '''' line marked "tens^lp Sr.tn , ' ®".«^o^ed by the thick inch-tons, or 135 1T5 innh ".. n i "^"^"'^ '"'^''•" ^* '« 55.85 inch-tons or 14 630 iSA'S 'V'^"^' ^,^ '*f" '^"^''^^^ ^^ 6.98 specimen. ' ^ch-pounds for each lineal inch of the med^antaTwork i^!l: '''- ^"'''^^"■'^ "^^ ^-^ -^-'^ating the '«=* P, ^, where .=the mechanical work, P=- the strain in pounds reduced to unity of section, P being le tension in pounds, and K the area of the specimen in square inches, and l, = i the corresponding elongation reduced to unity of length. ^ pared with the rLu N r J i t ""^rl ^"'t?^ ^'"^^""t com- experiments on stee and !!- h ^ " '^ -"'^'''" '"" ^'' mechanical work 15 6-3? fnrTA 'I /' ^''': ^'^^"^ ^^e real actual experiment ThnWn?*-^ of length determined by material of the specimen ZT^^ ""^"'^ ^^^^ ^' ^^^'^ct if thj Another .a»p1e of very^i^ ing^Uw '^^dV'^oTrb^; I / ( K l ? L If 9 ^ " ^ff 120 MANUAL OF ENQINEEIiS' CALCULATIONS. S III ' 1 thirty-one tons ner soiirrrfnA i?^ ** '®"^'^e strength of The mean of the hree sof nu .'^f'' "j' ^°r">'^ ^^=8??, C coefficient; and th ^was eo„h>^^^^^^ gives .90 as 'the testing some Siemens steenh/^-T, ^ ''"'' '^'"'^s obtained in thirty!two tons p^r soS inch TH^ ' *'"''^" ^^^^"g'^h of change in the appeSce of a t, rnV^"^ smooth and brigh /when tested L ?n f ^ specimen, finished surface loses its beau U^uIbHiau^Cstrr.'^r'- Theexternal appearance, becoming roii Jl to ttn .. f^ '''f^''''^' '' ^'"^^ted frictional resistance fothf^aHitrsS T^ "^"'''"^ ^^'"^ diameter. Examined ..nSl.?^-."-®^ ^^'" measuring the number of bh nt p ^points nSf ^^"^ ^^"^' '' ''''"^^^^^ ^ surface ; under the mip^n.^n.^?"'.^''^"'^ outwards from the somewhat like'th^fSroTgr 'rn""^^"'"^ ^^P^^^^^ is -ril^^o'ftst'L^S^^^^^^^ ^'^^ ^-«i'e strain tion of molecul ; TnSy be of int'pT T'' '''^l^^' ^^ P^^i" experimenf A specimen of HnT ^'^ ^."*?^^ "^^^ following strength of .]o.35rnpe"lre?n.h' ^*«^^ laying a tensilf per cent, on a length of ei'SnchiSfhr? '-''^'''^'? thirty-two having diminished toli!?^ onsVn/ fh'"'" "'^ contracted 51.6 per cent nf \Z ^ ^- i specimen having stopping tlie pumps tftrlfnll"'!'''^'^"^^^''^^- On tension,So.44'toTchfdiffrnce 1 3I Zt f '""J^^^^"^' fnctional resistance of molecules AUhn! 1 '.u''"^ '^"^ *^ was so near the point of ruptSre ;n/ '^'' /-^"^ specimen afterwards found to be only 18 S fn '' ^''^^'l'^ ^^^^ ^«« sustained the strain oflo Ttons d„Hr%^'S^'^' ^P^"^'"«" any further extension tak ng place ifir^K ^"'•t.^ithout men could be made to vie d i? vt^! f a^^' ^^^''''^ ''^^ speci- the strain to 21.70 tons^ or neLTvtfr"^ ""T'T'^ ^^ ''^'^'^'^ specimen when the puis we'^ln^^^^^^^ ««^^^s «" the coliesive force of anv narf nnltr .^^r/ f^««^'m'»gthat the same. temperatuL a.fd^oth t^d S ^?5^^^^^ remains the evident that if, by any rm"Z iZi% tu "§ constant, it is be altogether premied ti om w^Mr^''^ ^^'' '"'''^ ^^eel could and the^ensile streS tZZl^ ^1 T ?^"«''°» ^^ ^'^^> exerted over the whofe of the ortin2]"'i '' ^^^f cohesive force no elongation of the snpnimln f . l,^'^^" ^^^'^ ^^nld be s^quare i^nch would be nS ed'from f,"'Vr'\''T§''' P«'' ft is almost impossibirto PnHVoT "" '^''"^ ^"^ ^^-^^ ^ons. MANUAL OP ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. 15>1 ^admit Of but a small reduction of area, and the tensile stren^^fh t7lroln^:'V:rr' r"^ - WecimeVoTthe ^rS"? J iorm, IS lound to be very largely increased. ^ proposZn" ThtZZrf^Ti^' ^1^"^*''"*^ '^' ''''^^ °f this Seter of onp 17/^ ">'^'"^'''«^j Portion was turned to a 1-1 nK. i ^ *^"^ three-quarter inch for a length of ewht dtlrl^'! i '!f '^?'" .g''«^J"^"y increased, as shown in the aiagram, at each extension of ,i- inoh nn fn An ±(i t square inch, when the specime.Vb"rokfsuXenIy the fr'tul^^d and sSkv""^ '^^^'^•'>' ^'■^'^^'^"'"^ appearance'at tl c nt'ro and s.lky near tne circumference. The shortness of th« divfdolf f P'!?,"',^''^^'"'^^^ ^'^^ observat on by orS na V wa" :: hed^ndf^fil"^-'^ P"''^^ ^^'^«" the elastic S .^te^»^.^^^^^^ both the elastic limit and the diminution of load aftor fhp Ten7Z Tr r'1 "''>' ^« ^°"« ^V extending the speci! TmLfhr r '""'^^ '^°^ ''^*^' ^""^ ^y the aid of a suitable ernsira/the=enrof SuS'^r ol^S"^; ^^ great as toL.se a small SrSon VsS per'ceituT the S''brl:T I'^ll ''"-^f P--ti«" of tL specin en ; a^d hSe can be no doubt that the extraordinary hiirh percent .^[0? ar rirtt'''''"^'^'^'^ ^^ '' ^'"^^^^ ^ r^duc^lo. of sectfona area in the grooved part, is to be accounted for bv the nVpf« sS^d^p^i^/o^r ''' '''''- '-' - ^'^'-^ sidTint^'trieTon^^ The cause of the difference in flow and the increased tenacity theoiv - ?lf y '"!" "'"^ ^' ^^P''*'"^^! by the following of dnJfiln ^^t ^fi'^"?ent or single chain of molecules or atoms aL w , metal be imagined to be submitted to tensile te^t and let the length of the chain be eight inches. Under ension each molecule would become separated from i.- neiH bcr "o iar as their cohesive attraction would permit. On Sng 122 MANUAL OF KKOIKEKHS' CALCULATIOKS. 'ts Doi^hbor would bo r ir?H^ •n''^ ^''"^•^ ^« separated from total of the numerous exteni'^.u'"."" ^'"'^"tity, and S would probably not exceed OS Lu ''l^''""^^'^'^^^^ Paces chain (eight inches) This evt.n"'^ ''^ ^'^^ ^"^^ '<^"gth of tho J'mi t of elasticity, beyond whil"''°".^°"''^ i-epresent the rei? 8 rain borne under tEfeatettr^'*"''' ^""'^ «»«"«• The |he elast c hmit, the coSsl^^'t '" S^^^''^^'"'"'" """"^^ ^^ ;,■ tl'c extension were pushed bovomVI^- r "" • '""^^ strength: tliereabouts on eight inchn« 11"*^. ^'' ^''"''^ ^^ 0.03 inch or breaR, but each broken Son of H^'V"^- '"'^'««"'«« vo"S indication of permanent^set Vn ' ''?^'" "'^"'d show no nj' d steel rr^4 be regl ded as^vT^^" '^''"^'"'^'^' test-bar"? molecules, euch link having tl o nif ."'^■^/^^''^^ ^^ chains of' ension, of leaving its own^pfe? "i""" ?""^t)^' "»der hi4 be ween the two nearosH nk. ni ''"^ taking up a posit on cfles. The chains o7moloeulp«l"" ,f J"l"''»g chain of n olo" e ongated by the add iTiono^^^^^^^ ^mo timo reduced in number Thi i ' ^""^ '^"^^^ ^''^ *^t thi a specimen is an uidication Yh„^ V"''."**"6"t elongation of hm occurred. The d octioi of ZV "'l^ "^ ^'>« r^olecule. from the exterior to theh terim- ^^u^ ""^ ^'^« molecules is jn diameter Each ch^i " ^ti; ZJit' ?««'"^«" JiminiThes to 00 cfipab e of bearirr thJ a^ST'egate may be sunno^nri ?3 if ic had not becin ;^e lVf^"'.^''?J ^« '^ tested aloTe o2 ;ng molecules ; but 1 ie?Ss "'a %"'''''"" '' "^'^''^o'- total strain carried bv the who 1 mn ^^''"' "^ ""'"ber, the than jf the flow of the linkll '^'f J""'^'* '^« '-"Pture is less prevented. Fora simile t k' ?'• T.^^cules could have been "^'}^ chain, having a tensii; ^sfr'" ' '."' ^2^^ ^^^^ °f o'dinar? divided into a hundred em nl i ?^ *'^ ""« *««' may be their combined ten^'on 2v L'"^^^' ^^ *«» ^^et, ^hTclf by hundred tons; but the cKin bed^'h^"PP«'-^' ^ ^««^ « 0'^ twenty feet long, the unite /tren\^r„^^^^ each oity tons. In the caon nf ., *. . ^'^" °* the fifty parts is onlir each molecule, however is n?!-' '^T'^'^ ^^ ductHe mater i'^ longitudinal direc ion hn?,> ''"'^ ^ ^'"k of a chain n a f'tuent link of S^ni'aJVh.rin'^^'^, 5^ ^^^^""^^^ - « "- of course, the transverse -til •"' ^",^'''^«t'o«S' mcludiuff MANUAL OF ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. I33; TTrrerSS!^!^^^^^^^^ -fee and are free/ the transverse molecular olLf"- /," ^ ^[^""'^^ specimen, the ring of exS metat^^ ^''?' ^"^ ^^'^ ""^ted to strengtli to resist theTransvp?." . • '" /u"^ ^^ ^^ sufficient will bo so slight that the ten^l .''""'.u'^^'^^etion of area the specimen will approximte to ttZ^t^ l'«^«q«are inch of Akhnnrri. o , ; "i"!^'".^' V''"^^ to the cohpsive force. me., ;'et' he^^lSn IT''''^ '' break a grooved speci- inchUwingtothe s oXL ^./"^^"'■e '' «« small (0.09 mechanicafVork done n b' aki^l' h"'T^'^ P'''' '^^' the units of work done in break inJ^tZ ll ^'' ^' '^'''"•"^- '^'^e nch^ons, or about one-twentietli^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ '"'' ""'^ ^•^»- in breaking the eiffht-inoh nv^nii *'^^®"®^^>' consumed were applied to tlfeso snp.Sl ^V''''' ^P^cimen. If tension weight'iLvh.gat i^v IcitrtZrJ.r""' "^ " '''y ^^''"'y required to briak thp In„n? ^' ^^ '^^^V'^^' ^"^''^y of the blow It 'must not jfsuX ed tSV?"''^..^" '' ^f '^ ^^«"ty- under any eircumstL^c ^l?etoovini of'^ T"^;^ '^r^-^^' a view to ffain etrprmH, ^"^ shoving of a bar of meta w th, specimen Kng a flnsvel^ro^' '• " -^'^ cylindrical test. in the grooved pa?t TovflS ?h """^ '", l^ "'"'^ ^^'^^^^'^ break tion-that is! on Lo.:^^^^^^^^ "rf ^' ^^ "i ^ '^^^^l eondi- internal strab SeSpZ^"^''^^ ^^l^'''^ ^'"^'n ""due that large and abruirvlfy^- ''^r"'^ '^ad one to observe of machfL1y%r poSTirs'tnlo^''^' dimensions of pieces vibrations, should CavoidP^ '^'^?}''''^' f"bject to blows or etc varying in dimensiC fn di JentZ s'sho'Jld"!! '''^''Ti and not angular This ia o .vTo • 1, ^ ts should be rounded impressed upon those who ir!""' *''^Ao«n"ot be too oftea in metals. ^ ^'^ ^r^gagea in constructi- work. 124 MANUAL or ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. Is I A SHORT HISTORY OP THE STEAM ENGINE. ^religions anSS rites '"'' ^^' marvelous in the idolatriuf isfetToTentio'n\r.f"^^^' ^^""* ''' *« ^50 B. C to have been iSe t,l fre e'rrel to\T' ^'."""^-^ '^ W^-« as Homer and PJato ^"^ned to by such ancient authors th^f^S'^J^: -^t:i.;^ ;^S^^^ ? h^« knowledge of ■useful are a five ensim mL' ,Z ; ^'V^ ^"^""g the most all of a crude and primithSvl! T/^^''' '^°*^ ^'e^'" engine, the invention of theTrst rotiv /^^^'^ ^"^3^ be credited with motion to machinerv Ijf^ "^ ®"^'°^' ^^P^^le of giving cylindrical vSwfh at r^^^^^^^ ^'''T\'^ ^« ^ l^o^ol •of which was freeW stpendedTZf/"^^ ^°P' «" *J^« ^nd holes on one side of an a?m thp 1 -"^'^^ ^^'^ ^''"'s, with the air produced the?otat?on of the 2b.' '"Tu^ ""' ^^^'"^<^ for^^Z::',^nt'^^^^^ ^''^'-'^ -^« "- 0^ -ter and heat proJefc^^faSa^^^ f — , and and made three miles iTer hm; T "^^^ "i^out 200 tons, one of Hero's style of engines ' ^ "'"' ^'"^"^^^ ^"^^^ by concil^faTLVVrf Rr'all^r trT'/'/T^T ^-^^-^ ^y its "rented the ^mokeS as siilln^^^^^^^ ^7, ^'''^""' ^^bo ilso hot air ; he lived abS the S" J57 ^""''''^' ^^' P^»^^^' °^ yeil^S^ri^^J^i ^:d"^f ^^-^ -^ -en " Sill? V^^° -P?ovem:nt onte dog"" ' ^-^-^-Pit, iJeCaus and Ramsay ' ''^'"'' "^ ^^^^^ «»a«et. ! I MANUAL OP ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. 135. a pipe in his mouth. bWinff a iet of 1 "'''"' •''' ^°""' ^'t^- to|&;^^^^^^^^^ f - l^^O, n.ae use of s.a. were i^ae/e^iorl^^^^^^^^^^ inventort Papin flourished about 1680-1707 Vn .u • the steam digester: and to rprrnlil. /u ^'^*' *^® mventor of the digester He inveX .n^^ 1 the force of tiie steam in valve. ^ "'^°*'^ ^""^ employed the steelyard safety, producing a vacuum in r^t pipes- Tn d .o*^ ^V'' i?"'"? ^^^ continuous two cylinders were foTn'p^? ^'\T^l' ^^« ^^^ion cock, which alter^telv one3/ J rT*^^' by a two way and the atmosphere ^^'""'^'^''^^^^^^^er with the air pump, thi?g!'b\t7blt"ed'hi' ow^i ir r"r ^- ^ -auisite. for the Elector of Saxonv tSlw^" ^'nPf^'"^^ ^avar/s, engine. ^^axony , this was called the Elector's. he wa^thtfirsUo s^rmarclnTll^r^ ^^^ '^ f^^^ --Is; boiler, and in which he^fceeedJd^ '""' *"'^ ^^ ^""P^^^^' revolvfull^'""'' ^"^^"^^ ^"'^^^t ^^^ Havre by steam- ^teamtgTnTf hiT^LSlT?, '^ ^'''V'' -^P-ving the- with the^xcep? on o? poui'n^co'lTt't '^''' ^^'^^rlyied! produce a rapid vacuum cacvf stmt ff •"'' '^^'l'^''' ^° admission valve and con8t?up\inn n?" ,.^6 improved steam Savary that it is rPlated ?h,f S ^i ^is boilers. It is of force ind condensatbno steam ?ronf?''"^ ^Jscoveved the empty being thrown on .finf'^V^'"^ ^ask not quite too£ ft off ti fiTand immerseS it?^ I^^^'"' ^^e^n he Which condensed the s.=::f^^^^:;^;^;^ lever. At first Newcomen «,)nnf»j S . .''*™ '"' balance oylinder having X"7od waKternX £"' ""] " '""."^ waa more rapil, with i«c.e. JX't froli'ih'e':41Sl''"1f^o: :i26 MANUAL OF KNOINEEIts' CALCULATIONS. i\y by hand' until a yoiZ ad SnnH "'"'' ^'^''^ »" «Pon«d Higeniously connected fhm\vitht1«^.'"° ?^ ^'^^ '"^''^««' catches, 80 as to open thT wT h n oh 1""' , ^^- '^'"'"^^ '^"d the means of introducing tl e le f ac ?^ S"^''^^' ' ''''« "^'^^ Dcsaeuleir imnrnvnri «j„., V *<^" 'g 'ift»(i gear. {"•oyed fheZnTj:a";etc.''^Sol.r'&'r7^^ to the high-pressure steam eng.C ' ' '"'"''"'^ attention waif ^^o'^'mlSr^'tipf \^^^^^ -,-^-no to raise water forced through the stem of nf l"'«Pelled by a jet of of the water, same as Fitch in 1788 "'"''^ '^'^"^ ^^^ ^^^^^co the^tteraCl'Llw'bCtlo"'. «- *"-".^h through the tubes. '^ '° "'^« "^^ sluggish vapour acting. " ^^^^6 and injection cock self- act^i-n/^t^X- t^pro;etshipf %^ ^^f^^ -^"^lo produce rotation by rachet wheels aidod iw ''' -^1^° ^«« *« to move a central paddle-wheel in If ^ » wcght, whereby alternately thiuist againsUhloSn/^^ two poles in shallow water. gionna by a double crank axle experimental engine of re£«e„o„'" '" ""f ' . **»'«'"™'^ luurter pounds It water by one pCd „f T„T'°''/'^ ''"'^-»- e even t.mes more water (or con/en°"n.' th.T ' """^ '^"""^ steam; its best effect was produced wL Senmtmg the pounds above the atmosphere Fl!i * '^''f"""' »' "'gh' .relative steaming value o( Sent Sals "^'^"^'"^i the bei„rtreTrin'ci5!ri SoTowt' T^ ''^rr^'"' - Smeaton inclosed the Are and^-^SlieJ-tr/uef bj'^ ^ in nf r ti.: pS^^rfecs'^a' %r ■" '--°"™ m Cornwall, England bv BmH t!. '/' Sj'«"ai-ds adopted .«ow in »ndalouf e'nlineJby" ^°„r,SlrT"''' P»'»^^ The d,st.ngu,shed and -r^d-reno-Jn'^dtShauicaUngiueer, MANUAL OF EN0IN1.;kh,s' CALCULATIONS. . J27 Watt, was born at OreenopV \r, i^'jn i v i England, after a mo reuccessf 1 1 in'd 'ifn il f «'>'n'""«I>am, '"•ne. At Glasgow, in 175'« T Jl^^ i -^ ^'^''' '''^""^ ^'g'^ty- friend, Dr. Kobison as o'tbo 1, r 'r '' «"?S««t,on from his wheeled carriages^burfor a tim? 1 in ^'"" ^^ "^^'^"^ *« P^-^P^l success that astonish" d the w''^,^ "1' '"/ ""fi^'^^ ^^^^-e, with a •clearing mines of water ' '"'^'''^ ^^ '^PP^^ ^^eam to sta^p:^d^?n-:tlL"riras'if T7 rr ^t'^^ ^- ^- inventor. ' "^ " "« ''"^ been the original comfelKahf4n?deTt"r7'Gy l^'T ''" "'-^^/'^ ^-^ a .oparate condense/to NelvconJn?: <^!^ ^ «"«cepf"lly added acting cylinder was added 1ml fn "•"« ne and the double open and close the seam n!!i conical valve was used to a'Hl in 1784 he Lis l^'^'f^''^^^^^^^ from the beam; arrangement b7le?^:^:^S^,ect'H5"' P'f'^ '?'^^'«»' «» piston rod; an/ to guard aSnt T'^"''^ '"°^^°" «f the affecting the mot.C of ^tj f L^ n^"^W throttle valve worked hvfLn ^'"^' ^^^^'^ introduced the %-wheel. 'KseShlllif "'?•"' ^°^^ ^'th he so regular in i s wo, Idnl nif ""'^t'?"^ ^^de the steam engine Pickfrd mlielZ^'^A^^^^^^ and in So engine. wUt, howe4? comliST,? H¥. ^'"^ ^° *''« ^^eam of his design unfJ^LnL^^^!^^^ ^^'^^ ^^^ crank was part but he invfnted Se'r *d^,^^, t"\f^ '"' '' ^'« ^^^r^^'^e" planet rotary, foi us/ Hn. 1 ^°^ *^'^ Purpose, the sun and patent. ^' "'^ '^"'^'"^ the existence of Pickard's to mac'hity! m^^g^S '""^ «^-- -g-es given to part ,"0! lyWaU \^'Z\r\'''^''''' A^i^l^ were a beautiful as well as Lpf n ;. ^ -^ ^^^ ',fe^'" ««g'"e became as Smcaton, iTornbloTei CnH -'v T^^' f °^ ^^le rivals and others, often Sti^^f hi "'^^?^^ Wasbraugh, seeking to evade them Wa^f*^u-'^^l'^'^^ °^ ^'' Patents «; ably associated hi^tk"it^^:tr|inc""^ '^^ ^'"P^^'^- prolSat^ewT-oSZl^l^^'^^^^^^^ of France, or forward motion^ J?^^^^^^^^^^ S^ve « backward In 1776, Wasbrauiji of K , ^®7o\«tion of screw, to propel ships ra^Twlrn^i'-^ ''^^^ °^ ^^tt's, proposed with tfie screw ' '' ^' ^"^' °^"^« ^y steam-engines -iK sCtttie^raot ryTeTntelStiS^g^^"'^ ^^^^ H0K.B.0WEH, 1781. Patent^ed':iS;^s^a;rangementof i'. 128 MANUAL OV KNGINEErts' CALCULATIONS. I Vi i ( u to heat it forCSr ^n 8)?hV «^ ^^^^«^ of his engines b? fit £ onp If h ''''^'^"'e^ ^he practical use afterwarlsiSaLat ^ "^ ''''"^ on a rough wagon and ES.;" ■-"• ™s;ft;'s':,i: 3.-; motion^ meSic Sston 1^ '"^'^ ^° ^"^^^^^^^ P^'-«"el' Svmfngton's neslectcd sle^mh™^ ''"1»'"5"«1 "limsdf with neglected W tba n^tiln vtu^ -" .?"}'»'' '=™W>'a.ioD -cie^o,,,-" h„sE ir^r; wi",'rf^et'';:'„g!tsr'er'wit 7 feet d """""'' "^^^^^^^"^' -~o.. ,,, do„ble-aS;ong!nes.'°°' ^'"''^"^ ' ^^"•'^'^'J by o„o of Watt'. Bupo^:;'Sc^;^;jSS°t K7 ^^^^-^^^ ^or their si.o those of any other nation On 'f^''^^'/' ""^^ «Peed, ovS where steam navigation for hirnu,^'- ""'^'°"' f«'' '"^s anco many smaller velols averagh /aoo''"? T^r^^^^d. besi^s. service/that averaged about she" m'£l??^"'^°''^' ^°^ «»tside , Stevens, 1804. w.th r Wof*^ ^" bour. half ineh cylinder anTnineinehe/sSo"?' "'A ^«"^- «»d-a- from a boiler consisting of eiXv nn„ i ' ?"PPJ>cd with steam of^o ,nch in diameter mdt2Z^^^^^^^ 'Vr' ^"bes ^. J-, U. S, A., propelled a stoampl ?^' ^ -f "' °^ ^^oboken, screw, on the principle of the smoke itl' '"^''' ^" ^'^^' bv a boiler deserves notice from f l« . -"f "^ ''''"^«' ^he tubular tubes, being simila^ to the modtrnZo': T^ T^^'^'^" o^tt Ericsson, 1853. In ^nSn?^?^ i"^'"^^'^^ boiler, steamboat, ^ithgre,l\fi^^^^^^^ ^^tary engine consumption of fuel. '^ '" ^^^ ^^^^er, but a very Im-ge wifh'a^Sr S^-kfcon, built a larger boat where it plied wfth ^re^t «t^^^^^^^ it tofm^ From the earliest acconnf= f.fi ^^® Delaware. the steam engine cove; "a per oS ^^^^^^^ rotary has beeS left in the reW bv ft °''' ^'^°^ 3^^^^^ > thl The first modern engine w^g \t 'TT'^''^ '^Sine! mechanic. Watt; to Cuynot and TrinfvT^ °^ ^ Scottish locomotive; the 'first mSn tvnVn? «/'^ T ^^"^ ^^' ^^^am S/m.ngton, a Scottish mechanio?«n i f ""^^^ ^^« built by steamer by an American FS'on' and it'/' f ^^^"^^^ "^^^ to the Scottish engineer Bell ' ^ ^''^^ °°*^«^' steamer will berund v'eTitferSr i°V'^'^^^-« ^^ ^-k, which Thurston's work^"Thp n ^ fnd instructive reading Prof Clark's -Steam and th«%?« ""^^ °^ ^'^^ ^^eam Enghfe ''and tain all tUtTnZitl^^:^^^^^^^ crn- principal names in the Legoing acioLt '^^^^^'P'^^^^ «f the i mm PART II. ^lilft t U I •e: ■i i MANUAL OF ENGINEEK8' CALCULATIOXS. 133 INAUGURAL ADDRESS T- ?; ''- '-''- -' '- -- ^^ - --. 3.00,. .. ..: . . , Z^I^^'^nV^^^^^^^ first, is to get which we will proceed tHork 11 "^^^•^^'^^^neering, to everyone ,,i„ have what ma^be caRp/f ^ '"^ ^^'' ^^"^er : which will be simply a bWk-bont fn ^T'^^^'P'^ce book, work pertaining to engineer nT ha? tf 'V^^ arithmetical knowledge is necessafy • aTd^' I'lt n ^^""'^ ^"^ elementary formula and rules, then'we w'ill n?^^^''' ^ ^«^ words on jnd questions required by Taw for .^ofn";?-'" the calculations for a Chief Engineer's pLchment C^?S ? '"? °«^^ ^o pass all the work necessary to Cs «nv ^ ' ^^''""^ ^'"^«^^es present, that is the highest ..rn^.^fP^'.' °^ «0"rse, as at Engineer" grade asX'S %b«'''-^'^°^ "^ "«Pecia pointed out and specified according Sfr,"?'°r ^'^^'' ^^11 be tion requisite. according to their class and examina- then calculations of eeneraUntlllT' ''"™ been obtained "P; and after you hafe fomed 21 '?' ?« ""^ »"'" ^etS ■»"^e-™..e, ace, -cccentt Paddi^^S, l^^^Stji 134 MANUAL OF ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. (• i H S^iltXfe^L^'t'b^'^J'u'^^^^^^^ -^^-«^-> and' lectures I hope to he 'able ^ ^L f '* V^^ ' ^^ * ""'"ber of properties of'matedals of con^trttrn i'^^'^'T'^ ^^^^ ^^^ steam, and the elements rPlR?' knowledge, supported by chain""^'^ to be the defined tread web and h .,'n ?i • '"^'^ '' of steel with well where it is molt neeSed and evP.•?^''P^^ -^'^S'^* ^^ '"^taUs physical tests. ' "* ^^^'^ ^'"^ subjected to the finest engLe'S^t trpaTtwlnL^V' '' '' "^^ ^« the age of and mastefy of the^p'^Ses of "If"''? ^"^ '^' ^'udy science; tl/e ability to exXs tho^ •"'^'^-''/^'^ Physical- dear descriptions, and t^annlv to fy,^°f ^" ^'^^'"^^ ^^d- problems in machinerv and h«n^- %f ^"*^'°'' of practical^ qualities to be combS w th ta^folft' "'• '^' '"''^''^^^^ mechanical engineer practical experience in a good^ Bame'step7f^:m^i±:Jf ?,°renTh*^ '^'^ --' -^ the. must be taken at ^me t mA^ n ^ 'u""""*' ^^ ^^'lowledge intelligent men ; butaHitreXrJ ^" ^.^o wish to become then stick to it 'and ha f ' he t^K^^ '''' ''^^"°"'^' '^^"^ MANUAL OF ENGIXEKIW' CALCL'LATIONS. I35 very ^rotS' of'ioor/\"^ ^,?^ 'j'^^P-'"^ "«*«« o^ the same fs Edwards Rankino fvL'^'rl'' ^Z ^n«t«"ces, the works of Bourne 'C^^frk etc mu 1' ^f'^'"' ''^'''^^' ^"^^^^' K^P^''' impress on of f^cts adrWi ^^ ''°"'''"'. P''^^"^^ » ^a^ting bined on the ni?n,?'nf fT. ^^ ^'"""^ ?''^^"«« ^"d theory com- them ""^ ^^ *^' ""^'^^^^ that understandingly reads ttri ^etro^eCd'tv^' jev!?'? T "^ .^- "^1 fo was made elea? to our m nd V-'^^*^ important and recommend, for however weH i' ■ . , ^'^ TT C'^. ^^^^^'^ tainiug other men'sthmirfc v, '^ ^^ ^^ 't"*^^ ^ooks con- the habit of thTnSLW^'' T^^" T- ^'"'^^ ^e are led to importance and bvkl^^^^^^^^ of the highest grit advT;.tage 6f SraiZr,r ^''' ''''' ^'l^V^^ condensed form fhLn fi • " i • -T^ ^t our command, n a MiS ha ren sn?d i 'l^l""'''^ ^'' the most important.'' tion, and tK? working at'l?.d'"''^'"^ '''^r P'-^^ticil ed uca- though no one will d!nv Z ""'^ '•"'. '""" ^' hard facts, and thini fronrpjj;! a Tn'ot d?rand'sTin'ltilf' '"" '' '' ^ run awiiy with tlia Mo- tl, ,f .1 ""''^^HiH. still "o ono must things are not pme i™1 il. "'«»■«'« al exposition of many this S twl ■ ™ •" P/""''""'- The tme dis inoHon is -i"i' 336 MANUAL OF LXOIVPii-pc' ^w ^A(,iXEEKS CALCULATIONS. the properties of the mnHr^'^i'-^^^^ '-^"^ observatin on actions which take pL^ f n ' ^^''''^ ^'^ "«ed, and on the reduced to a science then L^ ''^'' °^ machine , have been yo longer confined to , n^ndrnZs?'"'?' *^^ ^"^'^ -^''^ "es of previously existing evamnleT' h .'"/"'^'^^"^^^ts in detail ^c ence practical rulefare7efc^"f ^'■"'" ^'^^ Principles of ^Jnng the machine to thTn i l-^^^'^^^'^S not onlv how tn eons stent with the avaihbl m"?'^-'"," ^^ ^''^^test efficienct « «o l^ow to adapt ft toanfiorSiin^^^^^^^ 'f .^workmanship, b{[t different soever from tho^se ,^,inh '" «* ^''•^"n.stancesVhow Wnen a great advance biff . ^^^^^ Pi'cviously occurreT gress, empirical p,^"^';es 4. n"'. ^^^"."^'^^e by sciLdfic irol results in their detail" ^^'"" ""'"'^^ '"^« Pla> to nerfectThe resistance and vefoctyLV"^^^^^ '" ^'^'^'^ « io? ^ndaveryintcrestin/s idv .Lr^''-^'"'^ I^^^t; this you wHl &?' ^'° '^'" ^^"o^v^ that actbn «nf ''^' command a fair t.o„^l to ,j^ force witiwh.Vh r™'''"«' '^ «taply proZv }he power of an en/ne isThii„'°°-*' '"''•' P^se/togethr-' ti>o usef.,i «rk performed bv ?f ' *^ '■'""'''''' »» ">o?fleot i, "-power, m-Ui'^K^tCet'!:-;.^ '"' effeet'ireqtlirL" I'll MANUAL OF ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. ,37 thJte/o^;^^':^^^^^^^^^^ to-night Win bo appao;%Vht"t t^^J^'^t'"^' ^'""-^^^ by the atmosphere at 60° is 14 7 nonnl / inean pressure of the airsingfrom water at ts bS^n ^^' • " ''^^'' '''''^'' steam of the atmosphere! wh ch is li P^". '' 'T^ ^« the pressure which is eq liva'eut to 1 lit ^ ^''""'^' P^^' ''i'''''^ inch.) ^9.0J>12inc2es ntegi^? J dTtM '^ ' ''^"i"" ^^ "^^''^"ry ^t 2ir p. The 2ir is no thp n?r''"'', ^'''^' "''-^ter boiJs heat in the steam, but simn v h ^'tal number of degrees of thermometer and wLh^r/ ""i "^^ich is indicated by the J^now th^lo TaL tater fx^^™^^^^^ ^^^^t ; for wVaH point requires a certa^timii''' ^^-GO^Aug to the boiling and wekLwfur?he"hat"vhenl::'t^ '""""' «^ ''''> ^t does not all evaporate at once but tl?or l?"""^""''' *« '^°'' on gradually all the time hennp IkI / , ^''^ evaporation goes It is niuch'Veater E tl .f ,1 •"' r^^l^M'^d toevapoTate freeing to the bo'hi g poin tl is^pl';' ^ ?''' '' ''^"^"^ the oif somewhere and must be in 1 .^"^ ^^'t^ '""^t have gone a tent heat. When^Ke steam ;! ' '*''""' K"^ ''^'^ ^t is termed latent heat becomes ,1 nf '^ reconverted into water, the large amount of water S^^uiid to i'' '^^''^' '' ^^'^'^^t b^ the the shape of steam ^ ^ '"^ condense a small amount in Jing t' trptafu^e" Is'^^Safir.^ that necessary for pro- of steam. ^ ^^'^tuie, is what is meant by the latent heat at «?t;r.s:i''^et^rjs: ?"»""' i 'f^^ ™''^ of^wator ,..„. the foczi..^ X^l^F^^Ttt^Uli^ >«oS%fllt';if £: ?r,|?;°l-?'M» "-t and ..„„„t decreases. A cubic inch nf ' as oiie -increases the other ordinary atmosphe ic pressure TZ' ^'^^T^'^^ ""der the o»e cubic foot, and evS a m.H?°''.''''/f "^to, say nearly raising of 2120.14 pound?oTri't^?'''n''^l'^^^ to thi feet of steam, at the iressnTn/ ?i* ^'^^^-^7.2222 cubic one pound. Pressure of the atmosphere, weighs }pllft/sll^^^^^^^ is about the atmosphere: when attn »f ^^If^sion power equalto flowing into air under ho L atmospheres 1780 feet ; when *o 160? feet ?or Jwenly^'^rS" " ''' '"^' ""'' ^"'^^^^ "« 138 SIANl'AL OF ENGIXEEHS' CALCULATIOXS. veld " ?o'tet \rif 2 7r.lf ^-Tf ""^ ^^- ^^ - «on. steam is condensed ts Sin. J*^ ^'^^' '^' ^"^ ^^eu the not taken to Jemoiethi^^^ ^ If means were condenscrofastrmenaL fr^fTn^"^'''"'^'* ^'"'^ the and obstruct heT oJSafoL °h ?, ^" V'^ "-"u^ *'^« ^^I'^der, ordinary means o{ remov n? ii ^rU !".^^^''h«*f ^^'ng the quantity of it alwavs romnfn. • ^^i,^"' P"™P » certain volumes^f wafertsTb^oTe" olume S^i^"'^"^^ ' ^^^"^^ treatTt^U t?h:f!feel^^^^^^^ ""' \'f ^"^^'^^^ ^ -tend to mend to your con derafonf.''"'^ T"'''' ^ "^^-^ ^^com- elementaryf advanced and tp'^u^^P'^^^ encyclopaedia of ''lV»larVurtr''i«tued nn?n m''^"'"''^"' ^^"e'^ the volumes, by CasseU & Comlv nv ? ^^^ ^''^f' ^' ^^^^ bound work intended fo, those X w^'hT^K^' ^"^ ^^^ York ; a and therefore its specTaT ntn.Jft "" •''""'' self-educated, who will find their vocation i"l-^"^'"^^^ """^ mechanics the multitudes oTinteTestbJ tbil^' •?* ^''" ^^^'-^^^t^" '« they master these thev may ldd hS f '^' Y'i^^' ' ^"'^ ^^e, of the " Technical S2r"W^^^ additional volumes ;o^,etudy and re^ere^T^J^l^ ^^^^^^^V^i Pa^! ^r^S ^^StSr ^^ ^^^^^^^ - '-^t ^« ^om its enrbfe Ttf deTeStaS^ th"''^^ ^-f^^^^^ ^^^^ -" becomes latent when "ce iseotLti -^f "^'^^ °^ ^^^^ which steam. ^® '' converted into water, or water into of "w't^ be"'';red"™ It'To' It Tr'; ^"^ '^' ^ P-"^ amount which its tomnlrntnl • • ^ ascertain exactly the assume that it is fl^^f rrfsrii^'n^^'^ '''^ '^^ ^^'^ remove this vessel and substih f! l ""."^ J''''^"^^- ^^^ ice at a temperature below 32° F .-? f"*^'"'"^ ^ P°«"d of placed in it.^ The Lmp^ature wiirL^^^^^ at that point a trifle ovpp wZ • ^^ ' ^"^ ^^'H remain which tiLtLice willaH brmi?A™'!iT"^''^ ^^ '^' «^d of amount of heat ieceTvedt evIdSv snffi?-'^? '^''■' "'"^ '^' of water a little over 14ylo° S / '"?/'^»t to raise a pound still only 33°. This amount nfl T.^^'^\ ^^^ ^^^ ^^^ter is latent. Let the vesselstm ,°! • *^' ^''""'j^^^ b««" ^^"dered MANUAL OF ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. I39. itj'PlS/f"°'^ '° ^? ^^°"*^ ninety-five minutes, or nearly five and-a-half times as long as it took to rise from 32° to 212° ^^^o^^^^tfe temperature of the steam hasat no"ime exceeded' \jT OaXloU =or, nearly 2000 . show^fn^'lS Th?'«r' '^ rr"" ?' ^y ^'^^ arrangement snown in 1 g. id. The steam which is given off is conduotpd hv glass tubing into a vessel, A, filled with a given weiVhtsav five and-a-ha f pounds of water at •\9° A*f°.. weignc, say water in A wil/boil, and then it w 1 b^ fotnd thatTne roun? of water in it is just six and-a-half poundrshow nrthat one T^\^^i ^^^^"^ '>^« been condensod,ld the iaten?leat vi " ft?n l?.if ''' ""TK ^^^"^"^ ^'^' been sufficient to raise five and-a-half pounds of water 180°. " It is this large amount of latent heat in steam that rpnripra It so useful as a heating agent, for it must be ren^en b ij^t^S «o,?l?''""^* be destroyed or annihilated, but £ rendered sensible again vhen the steam becomes condensed. bee/ptnLt^re^^^^^^^^^^^ Meat and eggs have been cooked by beinrplS in alea^od r^i? etct " TheT ""T^'% 4 ^' "^ -^ ' « iiu evil enects. Ihe temperature of the r bodies Pvpn ha« tiiem. Ihe reason of this is now, however Hpai- ■ tv^n i.^„r instead of being employed in rais n^rhe tmpeiVtnre th^ ?t into'v!'^'^^'*^ in.premring the pe^rspiraSS convex n^ ^ into vapour and in this way the whole of it is evnpnrlprf 'rulartCrper^r ^^"' ^ ' ^^"^^ ^^^^^'^ andThe'i>«r''' \' '!i'' *'^^ ''^'' ''' ^'^' ^^ the water'arounJ ftt'sti ToLyis^'i bero:i2°^f7ur;"-^' '' ^"'"' forms, the rest of th?rtertni a on'c"e^Ko ^IhaVSr" e"2 ''Sfao't^V'V^^'"'! ^"-^^ ^* wateVis given off'aslt lowly We e tnot ?nr fhf'P^''"'-"^'^^ " ^^^^ °^ ^'' ^^^'^^ «« water hn^^nUfi.^'"'' provision, as soon as any mass of mass of ?op "h.?/° ^^' temperature of 33° it would become a- k?pnf hi^f ' J^?°'^ ^- ^'^ P*^^^«^^ as it freezes gives out its latent heat, and thus raises.the temperature of thf reS. In the same way, were it not for the latent heat of stPam, fl 140 MANUAL OF EX0IKEER8' CALCULATIONS. Ih vertfd into steam wit , «, IZ ■ ',""" ''" ""mciiiately con «.ini.owdor, .i„oe a ,b io i„' h n? '"T >^"""'' "•«» tlft S te|nj,tl^:^,^;;f3 t;'"-;\f'^w«,s .owe. the soliibJe salt into water .ml -^i n ^^'^" ^^ throwing gnmn . dnce, on a ther::i;^jr^^l!^y obsorvr, the offfctro- «i'nng liquefaction is tii rn e^lfn A'''^ absorption of lieat fj-^'ozing luixturos for the f)io'jnoH ""^ V^ *''« Preparation " those, two or more substance wMoM ""^ '"''^'^^'''^J ^«Jd. In for each other, and of wS. onit i ^'V'^ '' "'"^^'"'■c'^l affinity together, and durin<. the « >b^^^ " '" ''' '^^'^' ^^« mixed lH>at ,. rendered latent ^"''°" ^ considerable amouni of ^vhicp^:fgJ^fS/«-tures have been used, one or two of uttainable. '^ ^vas the lowest temperature -tert;d;S'V^fli^r «-'-;' ^^ '^ -^^" vessel of n^^xture of six parts of^'s', In '^^ Tt'^ ^' ^^'*;«^''> froze' A amnion,.,, and four of d 1 te nf^. • '""t' ^''^ ^^ "''trate of g'ea^r reduction of temperat^,,e"^^'^ "''^' '''^^ ^^»«« ^ still f^f;, -^r^^rrs;:^rV::bjf[r^"^ t,. temperature of Rubbles of steam are produced .tier l % f ^' '^"^^^^ ^^ s exposed to t)ie source of heat t 1'p^, '"^ ?/ *^^' ^^^^^'^^^ ^hich A idently agitating it as tiiev burst V/-' ''"^^' ^^"' ^'^"^^' ebullition commences is that a u-L" i i "^ P"'"*^ '"^^ which this becomes sufficient to overcome h^^^ ^'^"^ tension of the steam and hence, if this pressuL Z!,*i'^ P'^j^"^ °^ ^^e atmospher" be^raised. ^ ^''""'^ be increased, the boiling point wm tbis ??oS/t;? vvi?^: the '>^ ''''''' '' ^^^t«r is said to be 212° -ay be increased,'anlTm:crhivLr^P^^'^^^'/'^« P— e Tbe apparatus usuall, emplo';gL&-;re S^S MANUAL OF ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. Uf tightly by means of a Tcmv B A !fif^ °^ T^'f '' ^'^'^ «» v;ded,8o as to allow The •l'''n?X elastic forco becomes too ™t ^Tn fV^' ^'^P^"' ^^^«" its greatly exceeding 212° may be attain P^f /'^ * temperature "" "^c tf ti^''"?'^ f o'eSinrofuS:."^ ^"'^^^"- tnentally. Pour some wator i.^^ S' f^"'^ ^''^^^d experi- spirit lamp untiUtboir; wh 'the st' '" • ^'^^^ '' ^^^'^ ^ remove the lamp, and cork tho flrt rTi'' ''""'"^^ freely minutes pour a stream nf .n^ *'? *'^^"^- ^^ter a few ebullition wi^l^mmeZtpfv ?J^ ""'^'' °" *''« °"t«>'Jo ani expelled the a^Vr u. n fpa 'Sr/r^l .'^^^ «^^""^ ^^"d eatery vapour 'of tl^sanr ension tL^''"iS ^^'^ ^''^^ condensed this, and thus a nL-ST„; ^^^ ^old, however, the pressure diminished iunn ''^""'" ""^^ produced and begai to boil. "'°'^"'«^^^'^' ^'i consequence of which the water rende?d"larenr ''C^^'t^t. ^^^'"^' ^""^^ ^-^ - (frequently used in hot weaTher/ t.^^'T' ""^^'^ ^°"'es, contents sloivlv percolates ThfS ""> "^ P°^"^^°" ^f their from the surfacerabsSnf L" f ff '^ ^??. ^"'^ evaporates to convert it into vapmir ^ ^ ''''''^^ *'^^ '^'^'^^^ Quired eenl^'iotofVoSd'^'iirif a? oJ^ '^ ?^"^^f ^ «" *^^« ^and, a felt more distinctly f the hrd''J'°'^"','^V^"^ ^^'« ^'" be of air driven over ii- La !^ ^ ^^^^"^ ^^out or a current -me thingocrs ^t'o Tle'sVeVtent S wS '^'^T'-'-- The- application of this fact is now i^L.- ''^^'- ^" important finely-divided ether sprav ?sTlnwn "' '"'^'''^' ^ stream of " and by its rapid evaSinnntn? P""" ^7 P^'^ «f the body looKs Sll., L^S^rntTaXTed ^^^^ ^^^ °^ ^^ ^-?^l frozenVtoTnTSaVon''^^^^ ^^' ^^'^^ -^^ be- strong sulphuric add Js p Kd ide'r ^iT. ''''''^' ^"^^ ^'^^^ pump, and over it is supported a thin ,^ A.? "'^'^'i" °^ ^'^ ^^^ mg water. As soon asTe air fg exLnitr? ' V^^^^i^" nse, and the vessel would sipp^nvK'^®'^' ""^P^"'" begins to-. did not the acid absorb it^rfS ^'T' '5^'^^^ ^'^h it, portion of vapour lowers the Sml f ^^'""^^V ^^«b fresh, abstraction of%eat rn"ti?nV?h7ll7Int^o1 it^o? t?^^ ^*'i MANUAL OF KNOINEKIJS' CAI.CULATIONS. mm im m ;' I IKifS boil wi "Soiuo vapour Is ^iven off at temperatures far bolow th^ ilh'lf ^'TL ^-^V''' '" ^"^^' ^« '^'^^^^ .i.ore or les charged ith It. Ihere is, l.owover, a certain limit to the amonnf,; can contain at any temperature, and if, when iJis f^.llv charged the temperature fall, a portion of the vapour ..ro^ cipitated in the form of rain. The point at wl.,-pi,E ^ m the air begins to be precipitated ircalledS"! dew S^^^ and the temperature -f this denonds imnn f»,« ^ 1 ', vapour present. When on a clea? ntht Jn" oILTZ'' '^ •cooled below this point, the »,ir in coKt wfth t£l i"'"? Its moisture, and They become wet Sdew IW Sosi s' as^wni be seen, form on those objects which radiSJe lleatS " ^\ IG shows the instrument used for ascertainincr H,n dew point. A glass tube has a bulb blown a each end^ and -one of them, A, is partly filled with ether SlZhn boiled and the tube^ seafed while the vapour wa issu n^so that no air is present. Inside this limh ;. „ i i- 1 ., ^' ^° meter; theoth?rlimb,B,isw?aye7a;i w^^^^^^ ^tthe" s now dropped upon this, and by its evaporatb lowers the temperatui-e. A portion of the ether in A, thereforrdlm, over, and Its temperature, therefore, diminihe Tkowise A It sinks, the bulb IS watched, and die thermometpr S ^f ^i moment when v,.pour begins to f^rm Tir To 2ke tS^ more clearly visible, the bulb is often made of black Sass An ordinary thermometer on the stand of the inSmfn? «\ he temperature of the air, and the differenc t w?e^ he Z 'L«5«"f '^''^ "° ^^- .^/ '^'^''' °f pressure and cold evera^ gases have been liquefied. Carbonic acid whpn «v»;«'o i f in-essure of about t^hirty atmosphe?el becom'^^Tli rdtnd'i? this be allowed to escape into the air, it freezes W its own evaporat^n and becomes converted i'nto flake? resembHn^ snow. When these are mixed with fifhpr fin ^ resemDimg very rapid, and an intense d:gre";;!j cd'd's prSd°l"tha? mercury may easily be frozen bv means of jt^^'^^"^^^' «« <^hat Another effect of heat is toDrodurelitrhf n..^,-^ a affords an illustration of this fa'c" tril^ri^i^gTL^^^^^^ •chemical combination being the source of the light Sals too, when exposed to a higli temperature become lum nous' A low red heat is usually assumed at from lloTtTl300° wS a dazzling white of 2500° to 3000° as it increases ThfiJt however, great difficulty in measuring the rhfgh emperatures s^etiS emtto^r^^rpo^^^ placed about hWan inch apa??Kj ^SX^^VtS^^ MANUAL OF ENOIXKKHs' CALCULATIONS. 143 wire, it will re, der it Snl .^ T'' ''"''".^ ** *'^'" P'^tinun, light will be iSipLrl ! • ''' '^nd a considerable amount of serves in fnof o^ „ «u i. '"cticeptea. ihe alum solution been intercepted. """'■'"' """'gl' "'e luminous rays have heat. We see thus fJi«f Ti,,; , • ^ "^'^ non-luminous to learn hoTi."m"ay be o'„rv««T^"'''t' ''*^'=" »' '■°»'' ""d mechanical equTvYlent oflfeati Si? TS; 7° ""f "r "■« .doptel^jthlZS"'"""' ""' «'™»«^-"heTioe,s onr^l'e^inl' wUh 1 nlZ «»' '"»,™? "sectional area of of moving up and down Sout ft °ii " *"-,",«''*• »"" «"P''''le posed to^eii^h flf"°r ", i!?"'/"?'™' A'' ■ " ™ght sup, .oches fro. ?he " bo-tto-n.ni.rair t ng ^^^rirZtit, t^l U4 MAM-AL OV KXaiNIKRH' CALCULATIONS. Ii»^ mm'' '"cl. If. Hum., tl,oton.,,;ra urrL i^ ,,r;r' '"'{''t'onal «ir wil 1)0 doiil.Ipil r„ h, 1! ^,, '"-^ » ^.lio voliimo of l.oat. a,ul tl.H V ."k r ns o;?;; "^ ■''' ''T ^""° ^y ^''^ tho uir ubovo it >vl,W.| fn,n h!: " '-"."'"^ '''" piston and while tho tompomt'uro ;?;! f ' Wo' d 'n..^ r.^.'ff Pj"-' poraturo is V, ono ounce mn.^ hVmi.jl 1 1 li ■ ""^ '^ ^''^ tern- Btutionary ; if ,; two"oun"':! and sol'" '''' '''''''' '"^ '^^^I^ ^^ bo viaZv\}^r[:'^::Xf^^ --^ pure now theao two oxneHnionfV T,! *''" '"'"^■- <-'o'"- the tenipomtnro, tho'm.«^ ''''isod ncrcased;intho;tho?oKLvo?,Mir^ ,'''"'^ ^''^ ^«^"»'o The same urnount of arL bon -^T-'''" kopt constant, temporatnro ; but a Tffo?o„t n , r?*^ '".'f '^ ^" ^'»*^ ««'"« required ; fo,' invostta m show A^l^ "^^ ^''''^ ^'''' ^^^^^ combustible .nateriaKu.r re.mim il"^ '1.''" ^'"'^'"^ «^ «"y constant, U.n ffra ns Ji f w,l ^^'- ''^ ^^'"'"c '» ko./t then, has been employed n rj^^^^^^^^^^ "^'^^ f ^''^ -^i^^ g'-"'n«> been converted into woil ^ ^° '^^'^''^' ^^^ ^"^ thua ^rlZTa 'St T^;^r Sm^ Zu'^'"' «^"^- ^-t - double the space • mrl j" .^"^P^^^ture, tho air will occupy 15 lbs. =nmbs 'it win,: I i^'nTJ^ ^" \^' «'"-^"«« i« 144x other words, perfo Led w.L^f'^ V-" ^^«^>''t one foot, or, in The woightWX'^JbfcL't ofT?si"f^^^^ foot-pounds. be explained shortly thfi-imonnf Vi f °""ces, and, as will to an} temporatui7woiirrv r^ii^'n .^ ^° '•"'■«« t»"« the same timperatui^ he a^hlvinl V^ ^""''^'? °^ ^^^^' '« water. The otal amount othlll f^ ''' u^^f^l^^ ^^^^'^ ^ho by the air is sufficient to rip o-fn ''''''' Y^'""^' J^«« ^'eceived is the same as raisngn^n^and a ")?,?' '^.^'"'^ f^'^'' ""^^^^ this amount ,4 2 V is as evnl^int;^ k P°"'''^' ?"^ ^^i^^ee. Of back the air while thPv!of^^ .''^^^^' employed in driving -Nor^lV of ni le and?^^^^^^^^ *° 'T-'^'' temperature. ^ Eeightofonefoot. ^D^^^H.^Ii t^l^ ^^eJ^^.^t 111!; Hi" MANUAL OF KN(UNKK.,.s' r.urviATlOSH. U5 taken an tho M»antify reZS fn ?i ''""'' '.""^ '« "«"""y grout amount of lioat mSced v ^^ ''''?' ''« ^*^"«'d^ " ' io substunccH. A pound o cS.u7f combustion of van ■ « •".its of heat, an,/ thu/~^^ weight of near,, .Ooiron^ro^^llr, , ^tTf o^" 'S^ ''^ ^^''^^ ^ ahouli^tKn^ti^^n^;^ tho^l^^hat n.oan, which on u biMghts^ ri; nerld i:^ .^n ^'' '?\"^ ^''^«"»'« •''^y''' «ve thermal u?nr e" mini.S ^ i' '"'''^'^ ^" in.l.ort about placed so a. to ..eeti';: t'hm \ e .e"dlrii;r T. "' ""'r^'' practical results have, howovei hn,.,, 1^^ ^"i ^^ ""portant these results, and uttemntsluv^.i "'''.' ^' •'''^^^ claimed for ti.oir macS he ^^^ oTtSin nTtl '■ '? '"'° good account. ' tuining this force to " It IS, however, scarcely nrobablp Hmf ;« . point Of .e., the, would^bi u^l^l^ t^.^ ll^tS^ZS o^^l^i^!^z::jlt^^^ ^^« f'-^ - -« to power of heat engines \^\7...i'^ on^nva\ source of tho furnish the efergCenabs^Iantfc^ '^'' ^""'^ ^^'^'"^ acid, and so to form carbon an poLk ?/ecomposo carbonic are afterwards uSd as fuel! ^^'"^"^tible compounds thuL Having been associated with engineers fm- onv... i business, teaching etc T wii \!^T! \ loi several years in heart, and will do evemhinlni^' ^'""'^ ^^^«"' welfare at and promote Leir pS s fn thS? T'' '" "1>^'^"^«' ^^^^'^^^ is one of the most useful inT^.i/- ''^''T. P^'^fossion, which ashonourable.Tall the its & ^^fnnelligent, as well I will bring this eveninl's ddrL, f^'^'^'l °^ V^ ''^^^'^'• a few leisurelnoment k tche from tL\t'%^^ ^'^'^'"^ ^°» British engineer Bessemer nn^/LT i ^ P? ''^ ^'^^ celebrated an arithmfticri'^ronrcrandlfi^^^^^^ if^ ^^ termed interesting, showing vou hp nm.u \1 V A **''' -^ ^ope> find trivia, ,„|eo.. .3 ^JaTirr. ZVo^fS'';;;zz 10 146 MANUAL OF ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. ill I if;. eteel-making, and do with world-renownpd nm^u fi other engmeering enterprises eonnecTed wi I his iame' '"'"' again to this jw TgrJ\m onl^lZ^'f '" ">°"Sl>' b»-* a billion 0, s/conds ifad L f 2i™ S/od &,';''{',"''? "'"' days, twenty-two ho^ifortv I '"?' ""^"^ /™''»' »evont,on imagination to arrange this nnmhlr 4^ • ■ "^ ^^y '» this purpose I would s?Le a s ZS I"a Suia^h'- '?' /•"- "8 put one on the eround „„^^'S"^^^^'^™'^'»i object. Let reach twenty feet if hei-Lt Then F^ 'S"' '"""^ ^^ ^^''" similar columns in cLePorLrf -^^ "s place numbers of making a soi t of wal twe,^^^^^ k'T'"? ^ '^''^'^^^^ ^'»e, and edges of the coin m^ine^w^ "^k' ''^r'"^ ^^'^ <^he thin to each other, and fZfnL^7tlf^ T"' inning parallel then keep on eSdinSp l.ii /' ^ ^^^ '*^'^^^' ^^ must miles, and still vveshan hlflU f^Tu'"'' "^y' hundreds of It is not til we have extendpS 'J^'^'''^. "^ *^« ^e^^ired number. tance of ^SSCrmtTthal^^'strh;;^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ \'- our billion of coins presented for inspection gr;;!rd;t^L'g'iTrnSt;^ni;f " t "^'."p™ '•>'' every link in close contact TW J i ^^^^.^ golden chain with land'and sea, mounrntnd vail y de^^^tlTS"'' ^''' '>'' the equator and returning round 'thtln^hf ^ T' -'T'"^ through the trackless noJ.Tu rlf southern hemisphere, equatfr, then still on and on^Kfr"' """^ '^'^•" ^°^-««« ^he point, etc.: and Uen 1 hivlH^"''''^"Y^*^ °^"' starting iround the VholetiJLTthe earth' wUr,n V^^'^f" ^^^^^^ ning of our task wf ^Tnof ^ ?, ^®. shall be but the begin- tha? 763 "[mt'-ounTthTgot'" uV^T'"''''' '""''"^ "^ '^«« uuuu me giooe. If, however, we can imagine MANUAL OF ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. I47 ttlT^^^SSl^t^'sS ^ ''f ^"^ -^^ one band round the globe fifty [^ ^e't sfv t? ^''"?'^ ^ ^^^^'"^ represent one billion coin/ Lch nnL-\l Z"^^'' ^^i^ will line, would reach a fraction over 18 30^'^ 'V^ ''It ^^^^^^^^ •of It, if estimated at a mnrtor nf '^ "''^®'- The wei|ht would be 6.975,447 tons Sph 5 ^^ °"°^^ '^^^ sovereiln, port no less than ^l^^sl^pfeadi^wlnf^";'^^ tons. Even then there wonirt« ''4"" '^'^i'^^ «^ 3,000 representing C4,08l,92o1o7erdlns ' ''''^"' "^ **^ *«»«' -tor a measure of height let n',^°"g" ip 'tself inaccessib e to mv vounjr fripnd^ we fortunately have its base clearly marked outT h^e metrop- olis. When In.go Jones laid onl the plan of Lincoln's Z, MANUAL OF ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. 149 precisely the same dinTensions as ht hl?'?.!,^'^^''^" ^^"^ of Meas.uing up the front wLns'o7^2r.l?.^P^^ Py^^-id: above the cross, we shall h-iJoVtlt a ^V?^^' standing up ^vhich is precise y equ to th,! 'f^? "'^ '". "'^'^"^^ ^^ ^99 feet, let us imagine thir fnnr , *'^^ ^''^''^*^ Pyramid. Further top of this^ flag iff each oTrto'"' ■"''^' '" ^^^^^^ ^^oTthe corners of the fouar^ Tnf,. ^ .'^^^''^'nat.ng at one of the four we shall thin Z^a'^er e^^ufin^^^^^^^^^^ "^"^ ^^ ^^« '--" the same size as the orilinT Thl vvLf ''^ Py''ami'\ exactly these di^agonal ropes i1 e^ial to 79 881 Vl^/? V^'^T^ ^^^^hi J occupied by one solid ma s of coal it wntu "'^''^l^.^eet, and if tons-a mass less than oL fifufmrlnf fi.''^"^^^" 2.781,381 year (1881) in Great Britain ^ ^''^ '^^'''^ ^^'^^d last ^^^^^>J':.^ti:::!:^,^T:^^ - -^^ another accomplished by human labmuThl ^°»?ff»l to have been at Carnac, with its hundred column,ST'^^''"/'°^I^'"^'" and over 100 feet in height, can iot fai o"^'/' Y " ^'^'"^'^'^ I'nag.nation of all who,^ii the^i mfnl^''^'^'^ impress the w-^:^g>c colonnade. It may be inSr^f '^f' "'^^ "^^''^^ the 8>ze of column and wha extent of .n^"^ ^f ^'"^''t^'" what struct with the coal w^ ifi • , ^^'^nnade we could con- bed this ver Tear Let u^tT''^^ '?-'P^"^^ ^^^"1 its sojfd seventy-fiv, feet "n dU.m Te35o7fi?-^^i'"^^ ^«^"-' years production of coal would su^ftvlfn " '?'^^^*' ^'^«" «"« 4,511 of these gigantic columns wb .h ■. ?^H "° ^^^^s than o«n diameter "apart, would ?om'"'^',;^ ^^'f '^ «">-V at their extend in a straight ine to adistTnn. nf """i'^^'.^'^'^h ^^o»ld form fourteen of these tS I am - ^ "^ 'T ^'^^" enough to placed upon each Sr woifld vp^ f''" ? "^"«' ^'^'^h. if ^ "But /here isyet anothrla wo Vn^''.''"^-^ °^ ^^^ f^'^t- hoys will not fail to rememKrni ""^ anticputy which our they have all heaToTtTeJft^^^^^ erected more than 2 ooo rl,,.^ . '" ^^ ^''"'a. which was the Chinese Cph-e Th^^ 'T ^^f''"'^^ *^« Tartars f,-om 1,400 miles, is t/ent^ fee hilCu^^ 'f ^"^^ ^° ^ distance of contains3,o48,lGO,cKHL"of^^ year's production (1881 of e' , 1^4 iS'^'f^^ Now^ouHast Tio i' ?}^'r' ^" ^^"Ik to buiid a walU fiJo ,'^f '•"'^,'^ ^^^^' 100 feet high fnr*^" r.no ^'- 7 i . ^^ ^00 miles in ]pn"^h g'^ tor.,-one feet eleven inches thick-a mass'not li- 150 MANUAL OF ENaiNEERS' CALCULATIONS. only eqiial to the whole cubic contents of the sreat China wall but sufficient to add 346 niiled to its length " ^hese imaginary coal structures can scarcely fail to impress, the mind of youth with the enormous consumpdon of coT and when they are told that in many of its appl cations the use ul effects obtained is not one-fiftS of isKec capa- bilities, they will be enabled to form some idea of he vast 2?f "'"'^f ^^' ''*'"°'"'" P^*^bl«™ ^hich calls so oudlyfo solution. They must not, however, fall into the too common error of supposing that the electric light by supersedinffirto thrZUlt'^' r\'^ '''^ J" theSroLtEf'li^h or that the dynamo electric machine will largely reolace the steam engine and boiler. Although coal is stifl our St a-en? Ihat Si? W Th'" '^ ''f'' r'''^ ^' "-^^^ not be^ forgot en that Sir W. Thompson has clearly shown that by the use of dynamo electric machines, workeii bv the falls of Niagara motive power could be generated th an almost „S ted extent and that no less than 26,230 horse-power so obtSd could be conveyed 300 miles by means of half inch copper vTre with a small loss in transmission, what a maqni vista of legitimate mercantile enterprise this simple factCnsunfor wJt'hTA^"''^- ^^^^ '^""fi "" »"^ ^' ^"«« conne'^Lo Jdon with one of our nearest coal fields by means of a copper rod TLl''^^ m diameter, and capable'of transmitting 84,S2o. Wpower to London, and thus bring up coal by wirf ins'tead " Let us see what is the equivalent in coal of this amount of P?.ffr. TT- '^^'''""^'"^ ^^'^^ ^^^h horse-power can b gen eratedby ne consumption of three pounds of coal per hour and that the enginos work six and-a-half days per week we 0T2 OOoTn^^Th r°^ consumption of " cJal eqSa To 1,012,000 tons to that result. Now all this coal would in the case assumed, be burned at the pit; worth six shS ling." per ton for large, two shillings for small, less than one-fourth cost linZn ''and"1'T.; ^^'? ^""^'^ immensely reduce the costTa London, and of the motive power now used in London and at the same time save us from smoke and foul gas. A one inch copper rod would cost £533 per mile, and if laid to a col iery ipl?« fL^''^^ ^^' '""^''"'^ ^^ ^'' P^^ «^"^- ^^ first cost wou J beless than one penny per ton on the coal, practically con^ veyed by it direct to the house of the consumers. ^ f ? I t China wall MANUAL OF ENGINEEUS' CALCULATIONS. 151 QUALIFICATION OP CANDIDATES FOR CERTIFICATE. »lnoh the aX»;t re°ides ' '"''*"""■ °' "'^ "i^'""' i" mechanic in son.e wSC °' "/|,""'P'''J'"<"""? i™™eyn,an CoSiflSritt tro^lL'!! '"'■ " *^°"'"> CI-3 Engineer's l™ not serve a apnren, celhrn^;^"' I'V" °' "S"' ""-J ^l>o A candidate for Third Class T^n„;.,....v n....... . iiave served apprenticeship of not less than th ree years in a III —1 .,>.• 152 MANUAL OF ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. marine engine shop, and been employed on the making and repairing of such engines; or, if hi has not s^ ved^such nSF W fh'^'P'.^ ™"'' P^*^^^ '^'^' he has been employed for wc^-kshon on^he m.k^f''' '%" J^^'-neyman mechanic .^"0^0 woiksliop on the mak-ng and repairing of such en^ihe^ • in either case he must also have served twelve mon hs ki'the h/lZ r^" '^ %«*^«?boat as engineer on the watch he r..ust be able to give a lineal d-^scription of boilers, rhe methods of staying them, and the rt.^uisite .tr.n^th of tlu. isevml nart^ tne metnoc of lining the engine, set nfr ii^f, cccenf'icndensa- ;or may MANL-Ai, OK' EXGIKEEKS' CALCULATIONS. 153 RULES FOR ESTIMATING THE NOMINAL HORSE POWER OF MARINE ENGINES FOB ORDINARY CONDENSING ENGINES. Then />= Diameter of cylinder in inches. ^=Number of cylinders. 30 • = Nominal horse-power. FOR COMPOUND CONDENSING ENGINES. ^= Diameter of low-pressure cylinder in inches ~;t , ^ ^^ low-pressure cylinders. "r/;?v vflf^ '^'gh-pressure cylinders. ^" ~~ = Xominal horse-power. ARITHMETICAL DEFINITIONS, SIGNS AND QUANTITIES. +3 plus, and more, signifying add minus, less, signifying subtract. lultiphed by, as 3x2=4 • ^ ov : divkled by, as 6-^3=3,' or 6 : 3z=2, or 4-2 • ^.+. means che product of 6x4 is to be added to I Is' ff 164 MANUAL OF ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. the product of 3X2. and the sum of the products to be added! 48, sign of the square, read " the square of 4 " • /o, per cent. ' Diett^ ''''^^^ '" ^^"^ ''°''"^'* ^""""^^ ^^ ^'^^ ^^°«^ wbere they Base the lower, or side upon which a figure stands • the foundation of a calculation. ^ ' ® Concrete number, used with reference to some particular object or quantitjr, as 640 acres, 500 dollars. P^^'cuiar Circle a plain figure comprehended bv a single curved f "m i?s centr'e!'"""-^"'""' ''''' ^''' '' ""*^'^^ '' fquiSant sphi'rr^"^^"^''''^' *''' ^'"' ^^^^ «°'« ^'•°»"'^' ^ circle or Cylinder, a body bounded by a uniformly curved surface Its ends being equal and parallel circles. ^ ' Cube a sol:d body with six equal square sides. A oroduct Sif th^e 7:l''^lT' ^"^ ""'"^^^ ^^'^« ^^ itself,iTx^^^^ T)lied'intn''i?Li?'^%°""'^^u^' ^"^"^'ty ^'"^'^ twice multi- Fi fo^i • .. '^'1 produces the number of which it is the root thus 4 IS the cube root of 64 ; sign V gove^rnment7' ^^' '"''"'^ '"'^'"'" °^ *^"^' authorized by con'ISdTna^S"" '^" "^"^ *'"^^ ^'^^ ^^ ^-^^ ^- Discount, the sum deducted from an account, note or bill of exchange, usually at some rate per cent. ' fr^ofilTfy!'''''''' w' """^^^ P'^c^d below the line in DFrTM'AT "'; '^i (seven-eights) 8 is the denominator. its denom' nator!"'' ' " '^'^'"'^ '^^^"^ ^^'^^ ^'^'^ ^^ 10 for Decimal Currency is a currency whose denominations, increase or decrease in a ten-fold ratio. «enominat,on» Dividend, the number to be divided. divi2r\l]i! ""'"J'"'- by.^hich the dividend is to be divided. A common divisor, is a number that will divide two or more numbers without a remainder Diameter, a right line passing through any object Multiple, a quantity which%ontains another a certain number of times without a remainder. A common mumi^ot two or more numbers contains each of them a cerLrnumber MANUAL OF ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. I55. 3 and 4. ' ''^ ^^ ^^® ^^"'^ common muUiph of i.nl?;S;,r^^^^^^^ or a collection of units. A two or morrrntegmi fuet^^^^^^ ^' '^^°^^'^^' orseparated into Notation, writing numbers. Numeration, reading numbers. m/mber bVttSr^^'rpntr^"'.' ^'"'^'"^ ^'^^ multiplying a thus, 3X3X3 the ZvollTf'? -^ ^^'^'^^ ''"^'^ «« a facto^r^ of a poviJ^ ?8 tl/e numbe denotinlYn"'''' "^ 'V- '^^' ''P'^^'^i is^epeated to Vro.^\^rXf!'ZT^^^^^^ ^ hence! 'rc/^rYa^^Jht'^"^^''^"^^''^^^ -■-^™=> r per ant f, ^„rflftiett X'''''^ " °°'^-h»nrtredth part of it, i Specie, coin. o.-d«c?n5^™"' ■'"^'■■'^^ »' »■■■»'"'■■» regularly ascending Spb'S^ "Vj""? has length, breadth and thickness dis'aUt'^fro'm the ien",:"'"'' '™"^ ?»'' »' *^ ""SS equally T^nt""™ "Z*"™ r'* ""•«« sWes. naSteSogSr' ° '"""°'' "' ""'»-'"»' ""d denomi- Unit— A unit is one thina. ZprT'''' • \' ^°P °^ ^ I^^^^'^id or cone. ^ERo, a cipher, or nothing. ^amr^rSitit' it'ircIileTth?"^*^^^^ 1 as a distinctive diference or remalider in n„if- f- T' '"' substraction, division, the qZTent ' "^"^^'P^'^^at'on, the product; ia I'-J \~M i& 166 MANUAL OP ENOIXEERS' CALCUL VTIOMS. TENSILE STRENGTH OF PLATE IRON. (By Mr. Eilwin Clark- Brittannia and Conway experiment.) No. OF fUTE. 1. Plate 11 inch thick, necl 1^ long, selected as had iron ; fracture brightly and crystallic brittle, broke readily with a blow from a hammer .0 up .5 3 M S CQ 22 From same plate Igi IS 3. Plate l inch thick, neck 6 inches, selected ) as bad iron, containing 2 laminae of crys- '• talline metal, one-third of whole section. . j 4. Plate i inch thick, neck o inches, eelected ) as good plate; about ^ of the section crvs- V 19 talline ' j 5. Plate i inch thick, neck 4 inches, iron per- ) fectlv uniform and fibrous, supported t!"'^ I weight 15 minutes j 2] Tl 6. Plate {f inch thick, neck 5 inches, iron good, 3V of the section crystalline 7. Plate i inch thick, neck 5 inches, iron fibrous 18.0 8. Plate i inch thick, neck 50 inches 19.0 9. Plate I inch thick, neck oO inches lo.y 10. Plate I inch thick, neck 7 inches ^0. -^ 11. Plate } inch thick, ;.:uk 7 inches |i9.G 13. Plate i inch thick, neck 50 inches 18.7 B O it = go. 1- 4 (t riu z\ iV a'f .^ i-1 ^4 tV Vi. ^he' fibre ^^^ ^^^""^ ^*'^ ''"°'' '^'^^ '^'^'^" '"^ *^^^ direction of MANUAL OF ENGINEER^' CALCULATIONS. 157' VIVA VOCE EXAMINATION OF ENGINEERS told r ' '" ""' '"""^""'>'">« of a feed-pump, coDcia-ly y.-Oii what principle C ■ a feed-pi,mp lift water » pl4T.f '""™ "''"""■'' ""' '"=' 'he' water ?„ follow the- of fhrSk ill've^p"*"' P™ '-«'' °" ^ P'-n-P by derangement on't'oFb'Jit'; wwch ;,^Iu™rth°/ "■ •, '"" ^'"" ""> ""ok and why P ^^^ *''' "^'^"'^°'^ ^"^ mudplates be placed, ^" A n rJ? ''m ' '"'-'"'^"^ ^^ ^ «"^-f^ce blow-off ? or dirf, .n order to nrevenV h.'i T ^"^ supersulted water the plate.. ^ '"' ^^® ^leposition of salt or scale upon lZ?ia;f blow n/? ^t^Z '^T^^ *^« "^^i^ Wow-off be ^ boiler. ^'"'"■''^ ''^^"^^ b^ Pl^-^ed on the bottom of a boitf 'P^''^ the manner of cleaning the scale from a boi^;:S£r;ffmS^£'|j;"^;^ l"^,^low the water out of the and knock off Tseale noon thp,?^^^^'""^^^^ hose and force-pilmp ^ ^ ^''^*^^'' ^"^ ^^^^ out with, <2.-How often should a boiler be cleaned and scaled ? ;U',V :i|! m\ »«ip ( " ' i ! • U8 MANUAL OF EXOINEEUS' CALCULATrONB. ^.— As often as required ; itshoiild, if possible, bo attended to once a week, so as to keep the scale off and the iron from injury. *i"iu ^.— What are the dangers of not keeping the boiler clean and ■well scaled .'' ^.- Scale will collect and burn rhe boiler, as the water will Tiot get to the iron, the bottom of the boiler will decay soonest the furnace tubes and uptake wear out before the other ^ -What often causes boiler explosions, also injures them, and in what wav should an engineer guard against them '^ ^1.— A defective boiler, and carrying too high a pressure and not keeping the boiler clean inside and out, getting steam too quickly from cold water, etc. Care, attention, knowledge and experience. ° Q. — Exphiin what foaming and priming are ' yl.— Foaming is when the water becomes very much agitated caused by mixed or dirty water ; priming is When the steam and water mixes and go into the engine. oti?""^^^^^"*^ ^^^^^ °^ ^^^^^^ i-equire more watchfulness than , ^.— Badly constructed boiler will require the most watch- fofmin ^^ ^° ^^'^^^'" ^" ^ ""if'^i'ni height, and prevent ^.- What danger may there be in raising the safety-valve •of a boiler suddenly ? o j ^.—Raising the safety-valve too suddenly is dangerous, as the pressure being relieved on that particular area the rest of the steam rushes to take its place, and escape by the outlet carrying water with it, may injure the boiler by its action. ' ^.— What make of boiler primes badly ? A.— A boiler with bad circulation, and not enough steam q.— What height of v/ater should be carried over too of heating surface in a boiler ? ^ stvfe7f k)Tr^^^ *° "^°^ '"^^^^ ' °^ ^°"'''® '^ *" depends on . ^:—}^^?:^ ^8 the danger of coming to a wharf with a foam- ing boiler ? will"fSuoo?ow^^^ ^^ ^^^" ^^® engine is stopped the water ^.— When your boiler is foaming how do you find what ■water you really have in boiler ? J ^ wiidt ^.— Stop the em ,ne and the water will come to the level of "What IS in the boiler. i MANUAL OF ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. ] r,r, ^ngtlo??"' ""^ ""'''' '^' ^'«^« «'• t'-ycocks to decoivo the ing long c-nougir ^^'"'"gstoj'l'ed; try-cock by not blow- packing glunds and drain cock Mw. oT '""' ''""'''' ""'^ e ipt.cal tube, connected it one c'ldn a «?'"" ^""^" '« "» other to H i)ointer. ^ "^^ " ^^^'^^^ P'Pe and the AZllZllifT ''J^ "" ^"^'"« "P f"-- the winter ^ engine, i>'Zttir;'::i;u-^';rd"L"d f s> ^^'^"" ^"""p-^« «' place ; empty all pipes ^ ^''"^''' "°^ P»t in a dry cylinder centre. ' '''''^^'' ''^^« »"^ ^"-'•e ; start from Izfl^^Z'^'^^'f' °J netting the eccentric ? cra,.k ; and itoo„„oot'i„'^1«n' ,tr;," „P'? '""' '"'» '" cratk J;'[ ''e f Tntt'ltSr ^S^tPT' "'^J^ "■- '- of will show if l„.ng tn,e ' <''"™'""=<'' ''•">» crank i,in y.Uel'''""" '"'" •' "'"^ '»'■ calculating the area of safety. ^''I'^^s^'^^StlS^t;.:^^!^. ■'" " H"' " «<."a™ iZ^rL.T'^ niStel''' '1"-°'' °' ">« eccentric ? onceiglith of an inch ?he M,"tTf K'' """ '"'?''' '"P of val„o two and a quarte. inchos "" """"""" "°»1'1 "qi^al etei-engi'nov""™""' '»■•'» c«fc"'a'o the hco-powor of a E.t7le;fo.f J'/.fo^l?'^,"^ 4o"'o&f""" ,"• "P- faorse-power ; .0080238 eoual S S'^nno -^.^? ^'1"«> to 370 .7854, so save multiplying^ by ^85^ ^-^- "^^ ^'""'"^^^ e— How would you w?rk an pntn« V*^u"^. ^^ ^'^^OO. and foot valve. ^ ^ ®"^'"® ^'^h broken air pump A. — High-pressure. 160 MANIAI. 01- tKGINf KH.-,' C.A l.( I'LATIONS. ENGINEERS' EXAMINATION. dredtW''^^''' twenty-five hundredths by twenty-five hun- The above ponderous calculation is still on the examination paper for engineers for Canadian certificates to work out Notice IS hereby called to it, to explain that its former use that of trying, by its calculation, to gauge the applicant's knowledge of multiplication of decimals, is now neaHygone inVro,rrf;n^''1\"'"'^P'i'"^'"^^'-^ "«^ understand and woik their calculations by decimals; Secondly, having been in use as a set calculation question since 1867, it hal been handed from one to another, and so every engineer, or applicant, knows the "dodge" of prefixing the cypher to the kft hand side before pointing off, whether he understands multiplication of decimals or not. Example: .35x.25. .25=twenty-five hundredths. .^5 " <' " 125 50 .0625 six hundred and twenty-five ten thousandths. fi,.^,'''if"~^?^'Pr -^^ ^''''"•g'^ t'lere were no decimals and to tLTf??« i' '"'"'? ^'°"? '" ^^'' P^'°^"«'^ a« "'any places tL muTtiplTer. ' ""'" ' " ^' ' " ^^^ multiplicand and Examples: 5.63 X 0005 =.0002815 : .012 x .012 =.000144. Calculate the thickness of plate required for a boiler of given dimensions. See plate No. 1. This calculation can be figured according to the old rule of cs. y-five hun- ixaminatiou ork out. former use, applicant's early gone, understand 31y, having 867, it has ngineer, or pher to the inderstands dths. imals and any places licand and =.000144. I boiler of )ld rule of f(t!ic IM If II 4iii t I a u o t< Di dii . ^0 it wo MANUAL OF ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. 161 fr'^el^^l^^^^^^^ best manner is the pressure iillowable on shell of h?Z ?°.'? ^^cf ^'"^^ ^^^ Inspection Act of 1882 by infnsion S fK^ the Steamboat approved method, and the answer n^n 'J . ^^ l^'^ ^""^ "^^st using the radms/or half the Seter of fho\^^'''•''^ ^^ of dividing the result by a becausrnf fL- k*'^'^®'"' ^"^'^ad to a boiler. ^ ' ^^^^use of their being two sides Examples with answers proportioned: Diameter. 80 85 84 Pi-essure. 70 Thickness. A (.3152) A (•3541). A(.3152).- • 80:42::65.75=A . 85 ;42:;?0=A 84;42:;62.5=, 188 MANUAL OF ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. Calculate the thickness of plate required for a boiler forty- two inches diameter and 100 pounds pressure, made in best manner : 42 inches diameter of boiler. 100 pressure per square inch in pounds.. 60000 .70 4200 5 factor of safety for iron. 4200.00)210000(.5-f.2=.25=i ' thickness of plate. 210000 ^ Rule formulated : Inside diameter of boiler xpresst rex factor safety. double 60000 lbs. TSx percentage strength (.70). thickness of plate (two sides of boiler) -r-2=thickness of plate- required. Above sum abreviated: 42x100x5 60000 X. 70 =.6-J-2=.25==i ' plate. Ilii!r> Second method : 21 radius of boiler. 100 pressure. 2100 5 42000) 105000 (.25=i inch thickness of plate. 84000 ^ 210000 210000 >iler forty- ide in best in pounds. of plate. = doable 38 of plate te. MANUAL OP ENGINEEKS' CALCULATIONS. Foregoing method abbreviated : 21 X 100 X 5 167 60000 X. 70 =.25==^ " thickness. foS.'SSol&Se^r^^^^^^ Formula : (d-J-3)xFS T TSx.70 rnTSl ''■ ^^^^^ ''y the tSlreT^n Z acc?rrngTolTo??8Jr '^""^ "^^^^ '^^ ^^^ — r, find'thSesT:^"''' ''"'" ''^* ^''''''''' ?^«««-e 100 pounds; 7 ft. 12 2)84 diameter of boiler, in inches. 60000 .70 42 radius, or half diameter of boiler factor safety for iron, B.M. 210 100 420OO.0C)21O00O(.5=i ' thictoe»a of boiler plate. li\ mmi 168 MANUAL OF ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. By first method it would stand : 84x5x100 GOOOO X 70 .l'--2=-.5=i' plate. How to calculate the pressure allowable on boilers of different diameters and thickness of plate : amerent . Taking iron at 60,000 pounds, tensile strength, per square inch, and using .70 ; when made in best manner ?nd using for steel'' ^' ""^ '*^'^^ ^^^ ^'°"' '^"^ * ^^°^«^ ^^ "^^"^y 60000 X 70 X twice the thickness of plate Inside diam. of boiler in inches x factor ra'pty. ^''^'" ^^''^*^' '°' ISS^pIg^els! ''"^ ^'^"'*"°"« " of Sfc««vaboivt Inspection Act, The working pressure of a boiler is nrr'ved at bv a series nf calculations of the strengths of the various parts^ther work- manship, materials, and dimensions. Rule for getting the pressure allowable on boilers made in 5? 4^ inn''' WiVT""^-^' '•"'"^^ *o the proportioi! 42 : i::100 pounds, but defective workmanship, mater al etc require the rule given m - Act." on account of the difficuUv of applying the percentages for defects in the old rule of pro- portion for comparative strength. ^ Rule according to " Act," as adduced from Board of Trade Formula, and made to meet Canadian standard- Rule.— Tensile strength of iron in pounds, multiplied bv ?jin"^ru-P?'T'r • "' ^T^\ ^^^"^'"g the smaller percentage) then multiply by twice the thickness of plate in inches and divide by the inside diameter of boiler in inches multtnHed by the, factor of safety equal to pressure trrklCeHer square inch on the safety-valve, as a working pressure ^ Formula TSy.70x2T DxFS Being (Tensile strength 48000 lbs. x. 70 percentage of) j strength of joint x twice the thickness of plate. } i Inside diameter boiler in inches x the safety ) ( factor (whatever it may be). ' f MANUAI, or ENtMNEEKs' CALCDLATIOm 109 TS. Inlbg. p. c. 2T(^ In.xS) «0000 X 70X.5 ' 42' X 5 =100 lbs. pressure per square. I^= FS equals P j>^^r "^^'^ ^"^ '''' '»*""-' vide S. B. Inspection Act, D FS 1778000 3550 60 X 0=300)37338.000(124 46 or l^dl iKo 300 "v^^*-*^» or 1^4^ lbs. per square _ Jnch pressure allowable. 733 600 1338 1200 1380 1200 1800 1800 .ui^rjio^wtttetvsro^'^ ^^^^/'^-^ '^ "- ipressure ; ' ^""^ * ^^ diameter and 124.46 lbs. 60X124.46X5 60000 X. 70 IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I us 2.2 1 4.0 11:25 ■ 1.4 6" 2.0 m 1.6 ¥2 tographic ^Sciences Coiporaticn 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716)872-4503 5V <^ ^"'^ ^\ Wk\ 5* > •>'r\ ^ .<^ ^^^-^^..x* ,^ i/.A ^.% ^ fv \ % I I M 170 MANUAL OP EN0IXEER8' CALCULATIONS. 140)21000.000(150 lbs. pressure per square inch. roo 700 Diameter of boiler 84 inches, i inch thickness of plate. eOOOO^lbs. tensile strength of iron per sq. inch. Diam. 84' 42000.00 value of iron. _: f ^°"ble thickness because of the two- 420)21000.000(.50 lbs. p^sr/pt":quare inch. 'Hh?- Diameter 42 inches = 100 lbs. pressure per square inch. ;; ^0 «^ o'o 84 " 50 " 65 " u m^ »r square inch. MANUAL OF ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. 171 Diameter 78 inches r thickness of plate=.161 lb. pressure. 8* " I " " zWf :; R„^«„KK • . , 60000 X. 70 X 75^'^ aule abbreviated — nt. k ik= gg _ —11^.5 lbs. pressure. 60000 .70 84 43000.00 _J 1=^=.5X2 420) 42000.00(100 lbs. pressure. 420 00 00 AKi. ■ . . 6000x70x1 Abbreviated -_-^ ^^oo lbs. pressure. Second method for calculating the pressure allowable- TSX.70XT h ormula : ^p radius x FS 172 MANUAL OP ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. ■jV=.4445 42000=.-60000 X 70 8890000 17780 ■2)60 ^SO X 5=150)18669.0000(124.40 pressure lb«. per square inch. 366 300 6G9 500 690 600 900 yoo MANUAL Oh ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. 173: er square inch. divide by thirty, for condeLr/'" °^ *^« low-pre/su ^ and square the cyl nder, and 2?'^'''^''''''"-'°°'*' ''°^ '"^^°"« ««ty thousand tr&ei^ht'??„°''''T'' ■" '""»''», from boiler m inches multiS b„ fh^ f'''.'^''''''* ''3' Jw^eter of P-«« per s,„a.e ino^ Id^Ct^^ss '0/"^^. ^2??'^'° ■■everse of this proceeding, which gives: ^lUil^fT^ 0— What;, tk. , ■, 60000 X. 70 "3 , ^-Cas? '; n't ^tt »;«"S^a of iron and steel? E-^-.e.en tons, L,?'pKo»:i "^en^.r?/-.!^. ,«[ A:-&iro„'5?a''Z:'dr«'? °; T" »■» ='eel? m^leable iron 37,000 poCds V .^f^'-'""'- '"«i-''ta« tons; strength of steel s abont doi.'H« .^ i™ '."'"' "=« crushins 'trenglhs the strain ianLil, "' ^^'"''s strength; in afl great ranges, ^^^rii^l SZVreti"'"' '™ "" »'«»! hi' «- -wSat pressure fs allowed' ^uare inch on .ta,s? 174 MANUAL OF ENOINEEHS' CALCULATIONS. ..;^{Z:'\^i^ thousand pounds to each effective square inch of section of the stays supporting it." (;>.— What is the rule given in the Act for the nvpn. nt diagonal stays? (Canadian Act of 1882.) °' ^.— " Find the area of a direct stay needed to snnnnrf fi,« surface, multiply this area by the length of the diaStav and divide by the length of a line drawn at ?iyangles to the surface supported to the end of the diagonal stav the quotient will be the area of the diagonal stay fequired.^^' ^.-Give the rule for computing the contents of a pump" n'~wT^ -^ f "T? "^"^t'Plied by stroke in inches. ^ ^' V. — What 18 heat? u 1"~'?A^ property of bodies by which they grow hot and Q. — How is heat generally produced? ^.— By chemical, mechanical and electrical action. v.— In what three ways is it conveyed ? n'~Sl^?^^^.?^^°^' conduction and radiation. ^.— What 18 the mechanical equivalent of heat? ^.— What is a British heat unit? ^A'~I^^ quantity of heat which corresponds to an interval ^f one degree of Fahrenheit's scale in the temperature of one pound of pure liquid water at and near its temperature o? greatest density (39° F.) temperature of ^.—Explain the action that ensues when a fire is li£rhfp 2° Difference 1120 : 1019=101 unUslg pefcenT ^'^^^ hifprSr^Vhr a^^S^^^^^ -P-enced 'in maintaining to do more wo?k kreb^ ^f^r^i^^^^ ^ if 176 MANUAL OP engineers' CALCULATIONS. going faster the engines use more steam; if, in heatin^r « building, the radiators act more enereeticallv ^\th h?J * pressure transmit more heat and eoSse mor'e sT am.^'^^"^ (y.— What causes boiler explosions? -4.— Steadily accumulating pressure- stpjim ofr. /« i rom sudden contact of wate? iitlf red' hoT mk ,\:ie Si' Z/ereT"''"" '' "'*''■ '' ^^^^"^ "^^'^ iWrogen and' bone^?'' ^^'^^ "'^°"'' ^^'' P"'"'"^ ^"-^l framing occur in ^.-" As bubbles of steam formed on the hot iron of « boi er rise through the water to the surface, break W an^ scattering spray, a portion of water thus thrown up ufo tha steam room is carried along with the steam, mdu£eTmorl heat be supplied to evaporate this wato^ it increases tho volume caused by the steam condensed in the Ss in It upper portion of the boiler. This water carried with hf steam is said to be entrained with it, and is Sef 'priming' by many writers When the proportion of waer becomes fo large as to be evident in the action of the engine it is^allp? by some foammg This last occurs from dhtf water etc " ^.-What ,s the rules for external pressure on flues^ fht'^-T'^ product of 90,000, multiplied by the square of t e thickness of the plate in inches, divided by the length of the flue or furnace in feet, plus 1, multiplied by the diameter n inches, will be the allowable working^ prLure per ^11 inch in pounds, provided it does not excfed that fou^nd by the following formula: The product of 8,000, mu t p ied by the thickness of the plate in inches, divided by the diameter of sJua^^S Tn IZ^Ta::^'"''' ^"^ '' ''^ - '^-^ P-- per ' '^''.''® " "^''^ow strip of one end of strip oo^KirS?y oveTX' S^' ^'f^''"'"' "«d^et with a sharp pencil, maVk tKlf f ?'''P''^'''« ^'^e, then 80 proceed until the length nf 1^^^' ^^ ^'^^ mce, etc , and the first; then m asure ^fth a S ?''' ^''f ""'"^ «dd'ed ' ^ last pencil mark; divide th« hi h "" ^'^ ^"^ P^Pe^' to the multiply by the number of s'in^ n u.n"'"^'':."^ «P^«««' «nd average impelling pressure nor i, '•' ^,"'^ ^^e result is the manner to^get rlfst ng J ^s ur^e 'l^"t ■ ^'''''^ ^^ ^^0 densing engines to fin^d the Snf i ^^ '' "'"«' '« con- press^res separately. ^ '^'"® °^ ^team and vacuum ^^^^.^^ What is meant by a boiler of a given number of horse- oft te?;'erff' '^ '^^P^^'^''"^ that number of cubic feet ^.— What is mechanics? bodie." " '"^ --- ot toroe applied to a .nateri,, b„d, „ ^.-Force la ZSi!^ '"™ '" mechanics? , 'i.-Statics, a rest or ba^fnn! "^^^,^^">«« divided?^ having motion or veLcTty ' '"*^ ^^""'"•'^^' "^^^ing or i-Thr^eTdirs^'^t?' {Sr ''' ^^ere? power and resisting weight a^°«nSl^"'''"°' ^« ^^'^^en the When fulcrum is at one end and tS,« !; ^T^' ^^^^^^e- ^nd! power; oar of boat, nut-crackera pf. ^eight nearer to it than ^8 agam at one end, but po^fr^elrV ^'^l P«° *he fulcrum J2 ' - Pow.r nearer co it than weight, as in MM I 178 MANUAL OF EN0INRER8' CALCLLATI0N8. the^safoty-valvc. Compound levers are used to increase tho ' . Cx(T+])8 ^.-IJule given is -_.= working pressure in poundB per square inch. o""J'*"f '^"^^^ ^^ P'**^^ '" sixteenths of an inch- b=fMuface supported in square inches; ' ^=100; but when tho plates are exposed to tho imnact of heat or flame, and steam only is in contact with L pCon the opposite side, C is to be reduced to fifty ^ ^/~)V,\t^ '^ *^^ "''^ ^^'^ '^'6 area of safety-valves^ A.~ Ihe area of any locked safety-valve, or "the loinf areas of any locked safety-valves to any boiler, made or placed on board a?ter the passing of the Act of 1882,'sh.Tnot beless L'rr^j^rs^'^^^'^^^'^ ^^"'^^^ footof gratrsS: ali?w7d''on1i^;dirsV"'^ '^^ "^^ "^^^^^ J«« 'o be ^.-Formula given m Actis_---_==workingpressure. ^^=Width of combustion box in inches* P=Pitch of supporting bolts in inches:' inc^^, ^*^°'' ^''^^«" '^'^ girders from centre to centre in L=Length of girders in feet; d==Depth of girders in inches; T=Thicknes8 of girders in inches; boUs^used" '''' '^ '''' '''''^''^ ^^ ""'"b- «f -'PPorting ^'~^^!ll'"nf ^'^g'^^° ¥' the strength of joints? (Fitch— Diameter of rivets) x 100 • pijgjj ^ = Percentage of strength of plate at joint as compared with solid Dlate lArcaofnvetsxNo. of rows of rivets) x 100 ^ Pitch xthickne"sr;7^ -= Percentage of strength of plate at joint as compared with the solid plate. ^.— In what manner are steam gauges constructed? ^.-Steam gauges for indicating the pressure per square lire in pounds I'essure to be nngpressure. MAKUAL OP EK0INEER8' CALCULATIONS. J 79 by a Ifattened curved tube wh Th ZTtn T^' '' f.'-^««^«' ««• ««ctior. with increase of preZ?e ^^''"'"^ ''"•^"'"'' '" ^here ani'tw ^J^el?"^' '"^'^'^"^ ^''^^^^^ ^^o used for, and wafer li^e^TheTtest'Slir/^'l'^--^ Novels near the of water lies over the canL?"; '^V'"' J" T ""^^ '^ f»» g»"go to the direct action Tfhe C A ""^ ^^^^^ "^^*"' 4osc?d tliereof. The cocks are in numbpf^ """Z'^" «^^«"^ return Jn all being the common "number Tl?.^''° "'^' "'''^^ ^^^ ^O"'* at as high a level as it is thoSv ^\''mr one is placed fittings fn which the latter are il.^ "'f^' ^^^e bra.s with four valves, one between theX'f 1T? ^' P'-^^'ded of the tube, and one at each e"^-^^ '" boiler at each end can be cleaned by washing from.i^K^' ^'",' ^* ^^^ ^"^^6, so it run through it. The t "b^e is n^ptS •' 'f^ ^"'^ ^ '•"^ ^a" be and double nuts. SpeciaVy soft 1'" ^ '"' ^^ «"»" ^'^«hers great care taken not to somiraJe af ^^ \\^\^^ used, and break s sure to happen 7; shSt^n^ IfT '^ ^J'*^^' ^' « boiler It can be easily replaced "P.^^ wcl'*" ^'''"'^ ^''^m the Prof. Chas. Smith, C. F M E ^^^""^ Making," by 8team~b!ii:rs?'"'""'' '^ ««fety. Valves are generally used on vaf^er""""' ''''''' -^^'ght and lever .d spring «pop> tor draftTnetlTas'o^^t" 1?^^ « «--nt of air originated and to ihich ts uJl ^".^o^o^'ve with which it to boilers of the aame cl^;^^" a'^sidSiT.^'iiT'^'^^^^' ^^^^ be rapidly met. In the most simnlf i ^^". ^°^ ^^^am can the boiler to the stack, i? of ron?Jnn''/°;' ^ P'P" '' ^^^ from ?v tubes, which is terminated bv;-?°^' '*" IT^ °^ ^he flues, ;nch or quarter inch nipple sufflcintr' ^'*?u* ^J^'^ee-eightl twenty to ninety pounds in seveiinnf^'V^' ^^"^^ ^'^m power engine. Chimney used fnth;«"^' ^""^ ^ ^^O horse- diameter and twenty five feet l>h» T^ ""^^ ^'^^'een inches by Prof. Chas. SrnilCcXTk uTl l't'"^3^'"^'" f 0. E., comes to the following. Pnn«i-' • ^"gndge, M. jets and nozzles: 1. S,^S?«'i?'TK'^'■".«'*^^ 'o^lain iJuid on the other, and that bv rHv r ^J''^^'■^°^'o° ^^ one contact of the fluids U^ni fncr^^/^' ^t^ *^« «"rface - 1_ ...nch increased ror the same masses K)f m viiimf 180 MANUAL OF KNlUSEERs' CAI/JULATIONS. chimney, but thooffec slLlrir. ,'" ''J, ""g'hfning tho ^*~Shnn''*'K ^^ chomical constituents of coal? thc''a?.*''^*'° ""'' '■^'■'■"S''"' "'» "Wu would assist as in i^iiS?S--M-'"i"'«r^^^^^^^^ 10)1^00 1728 (iO)l'iO — ^^^Uoij{ir, the length of stroke of pump. ixyoo) ^a 1X3X30^ 475«)237o 5X5 ) 81 V15(3.8729 diameter of pump, ** take 3^ 9 C8)C00 644 707)5600 5369 ild assist as in lired for boiler MANUAL OF ENOINkKHs' CaLCL' 5.309 774^)23100 l.')484 7744f»)7fil(;oo 007048 04.559 3 J«X. 7854X1. 5= J 70. 89 LATI0N8. 181 contents of pump. 170.89m50000(19 53 17089 108710 J59J>01 95090 88445 00450 53007 3383 ^S.^p„.p:_3r dia.ete. 15 .troke, 20 revolutions per '•^"^l^^/in^J compound engi'ies"''"^' ^^^-Pressure or^ /VT''-u?t?rg^"^?LtpX °^ ^^-- -^P--veIy» 8t.-okem the cylinder/and a^FofvinV^fr' f ^"7 Point of tfc the end of the stroke; it saves steanfhf','^'-^'? *« ^'^P^^nd to of he engine while inc Sf ?h^ ^ffi^'^^^^^^hes th^ j,,^,; For instance, if the steam be cut off nf k'^'i?''^ ^^ *^e steam. be only half the ouantitv nf «fi ^* ^^^^ ^^^^^e, there wH more than half the potr et^^ but there wTll be expanding does some Wk and S -^'"'"^J'' ^^"^ «*««'» in earn IS cut off at half strokef^t will be'h'altn ^?''"'. " ^he sure at the end of the strot« Ju I "'*'^ *^he init ml pres- third of the stroke it will be one-S>^''. '^''' "^^y ^e; ^f at the well-known law of pneumatics -Tv,^ '°°"' according to «-^« vanos as the spaL i^^^th Sl^/^^^i^^ if 183 MANUAL OF ENOINEERa' CALCULATIONS. shows twentv-'^ight inches rtwo i/oh^f' ? '^®*°' ^'^^S® rated by eiatb/ l^l"? "f""/ '"[ce) the elBcloyT. 5l'~4 .f." '°'"'°' bj surface condensation? stellT by conSorwIS'!!' S "" '"ffru^^nt (or condensing denser in liL nf fh! ' ^^ *'.''''®^*^ '^ "^.ng such a con- condense thsYsot no ?milf -'''"T"' "^'°^ ^^« ^«"^»^«" i«t care of steaL' b^lfs and^ri^S;^"^^ ^^ ^'^^^^ ^^^'"^ '^« 2' Th« =f f/¥ principal parts of a boiler? staysf and cioSf ^''' ^"''^^' ^''"^' ^^^^"^ ^^'^tle, damplr,' i-Enfte1n^d 'h'h T ^k^"-^""^ "««*^ ^^^ steamboats?' furnace orl^^nToti've'boriert' boilers, or cylindrical double MANUAL OF ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. 183 SPECIMEN PAPER CillEF ENGINEERN EXAMINATION. "-^^^^^^^ S gajToT t;;^.:oS ^"^ '° '' ^°" ^-^^^ - water in the glass w| 4l«ngtrr4?„7£ot^^ ^J-^^^i-l chamber fitted and of a suction and a de ivpr? ? air-t,ght stuffing box plunger forms a vacuum be eat^' i^ ^ p-^' ^'^^ing ^f tj'e pressure in the hot well thin f^ ' '^^ ^'^'"o^Pheric or other ower or suction vaivH to the nuZ nh' T'*^^ through he Plnnger returns this valve shu^ramlH"'^''' ^"^ ^'^^n the valve opens and the wa er is fo SpS k *.^ "P^^^^ or delivery boiler. If the P«mp beco^ieslo hn{ ^^' ^^""-^^^ ^"^o the remains in the chamber and expands w'* "^.'{^"''l^^ °f ^'^Po»r thus destroying the vacuum ni? ^*^®? the plunger rises entering the pSmp A pumo ?ifff ''!"'^°^ ^^' ^afer from P'-'nciple, which isU.flZVJ.LT''' °" l^^ atmospher^ of everything. P*""""*' P«^ square inch on the surface P^^ifwhar^^^^^^^ ^' '^^ eheclc-valve will effect the the pump°ofpine^vlT^h^''f °°^''«r «tick fast to its seat and I the^SeTvZ^r'emiin'one r^^*^^^^ ^^ « reHei'X'; and If the delivery valve were ] Si v ^® ^^^"'"P ^'^"'d thump quan^ty of waterf '® ^^^^^^ ^^^^^ not throw the full f- i^Kft Stt '"^"-'-'^^nd mud-plates be placed on therefo^mX^tlS""' '""'''^ ^'S^*«"« the Joint, and i^ 1 Ped in upon the heated plates, an accumulation of scale, an excessive pressure. Thev are injured by eakage of water upon the pla'n from the out- trnt ^^*'"'^^".*^ leakage lu seams or rivets, galvanic action W.T. ^'Jf ^''^'^'- 'K' ^^'^^ ^"^ «»^den additions of cold water, sudden cooling by opening furnace or tube doors, and salting; these things should be guarded against by taking the SiT" '''".l,''^P•'r'"^'"^ '•^«"- occnrrenSe; suspending zinc mentioned ^"^ neutralize the galvanic action before (?.-What is foaming? What is priming? Is one or both dangerous? How are they controlled? yJ.— Foaming is a violent ebullition or disturbance of the when used? i, etc., out of nd how are )ne or both nice of the MANUAL OF ENGINEKRS' CALCULATIONS. 185 •dangerous^ecausrtheffZes 1 nn? J^'^ ^'^ times injecL SLlfpot: throttle-valvo; tallow is sSme- JerV^'l! ZllTnytZIXZ "■°-" ™f"„,„ess than suddenly, and why' "'""^ *" ^'''^'J'-™!™ loct^^tlro^srbonriaThTohT ""■ ?■*»■•'• -'^^ « small and the evaporation ?,Sh *''" ''''?u"'">' "' "»'«■• i' iSe'dV- S™t I- -''- tot sxrie^te---^^^^^ stat-w°hri;^fgh\'rwato'"st„i,S''r' """.''i p™^ ^'""y? heating snrfacell; a bo.Ter' '^ ''' '"""* °'"' 'I'" 'op ^anothTn o''r°too ctee tfte'V ''"^ "'''' "'""^'^ '"^ "'"^o '° °ne the'topo/heatiUgsuAce ""'' ""^ "' """" '"' '"'^'^ """^ foam];Sler''r^&';,i^ ,"""■'°» ""'' "I"' ™ter botr'teeaasifwhr';!;!; """i"*.*" » "ha^ with a foaming possibVdi^rmS "f„ h\ "t^rir«5o''''whii^r"'" "i:^ water lev^l may be found VJ.^I^l.t.Ss^^r^Si'nl o^sSiSSt- reaUy is Sr "net Wtf ? l"*^ f""" ""'"' """■ "'an there SLS&fssrt^dS:!;-,-?,-'; iii V-i 1 I 186 MAJfrjAL OF ENOINEEBS' CALCULATIONS. p.pes pumps, and any places where it mi'h ]odi. the of SSfg^t "oc'm"'^.' °' "°'"« »» -«'-• "-O 'he manner >? , also It the connecting rod is hung properly? trammels from another straight ed^e or tho aKofe rV;i lift mt/,'. N8. )laced so that ■ rises to the the glass, by i« thus clean- to the boiler, wire may bo urdon steam o an almopt B steam, the of a toothed pointer over one end, the out more or Jare must be in out of all lodge; the led up, and .lly tallowed bolts in the led by hand the manner ly through le, toc3ntre and beam, imp to cor- ank pin to ue to each slide-valve, advance of e is on top it of lead true in the jrfaoe, the gauge; in light edge allipers or t. If the its proper Pfim ISO. •Pflffe ISO. im iHi MAKUAL OP ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. 187 result of a certain pressure acMnfT"'' f "'^ »'°*^°«J or the- J.-What is theffirySe Itntric'?'" ''^''''y- ^.-Double the port and lap of vaTve brjen arpu^jl^^^^ -to port that had a re^'I^^Zl^Z^;iSi:^ -not be speedilv and if general repairs So TeSc^d Tht^'."'^^ ^^^^^^^^ be worked non-condensing by removW' rT«^ •^^'^ ^°^'°® oan and exhausting throuffh the sS -^^ t^^e a,r pump calves pump draws it^s water thXht^he tub^r 'V*^^ circulating jet IS fitted, it may be done by takinJ^A«^ especially if | olf and removing a number of 7, kL^ *^® condenser's door allowing the cirfuk^ng p[,mp ^ ?,?« ^tP'^V'^u''^^ J^^' '^^' condensed steam; the boiler ^?„«f hi I ,*^ay both water and ^.-What are the qua£don« t '^ V?" '^^^ "^^'^r. ^.-A first class eSeerhSllhH^^^^^ ^'.'-^ engineer? a second class engineer with not le J fl *?u ^salifications of ence on one or more steamboats of If f" "^'i?:^® ^^^''' ^xperi- horse-power. He must h« t^ ^^ ^®'^ ^^^n 100 nominal thickness of pW ressure S^'^'k?"* *° c^^oulate the- connections, joints tensK^/nT-^^^' '^'^^Sth of stays steel, the capJd?yV he fted-Dumn^i"? '^f^^^ °f "'O" and, power of enl^^ne from indicScS' ^Si^.'^^'^y""*^^^' c^c, and eccentric, must undflSan/ I ' ""'^® diagram of crank combustion, anrbe cZpetent to S^'^l^'- °^«' ^'^' ^nd engines and boilers. P®^^°' *o make working drawings of: 188 MANUAL OF ENOIXEERS' CALCULATIONS. ENGINEERS' EXAMINATION FOR CERTIFICATES AND HIGHER GRADES. "^'"^'^^^^^ iRS)°"^.'f n^ requirements of the " Steamboat Inspection Act, 7 7 .^t..^' ^* 1^ necessary for every passenger steamer ■(or freight steamer of 150 tons) to have an engineer, Traded according to the nominal horse-power, and whfre it sSs- nl«^l'^^''«l'''^. ^\*"^^'*".®"^'"®^^^^ a^'e divided into four l}%'ZLP^''^P^^^^,f^g^^cer,'' -Second class engineer," Third class engineer," and " Fourth class engineer.^ hpt?r""*''°"V°^ engineers, exclusive of " first class," will whZaf 'Ihf Z ^T by <^he r^s'dent inspector of the district, while at the port to which the applicant belongs or by the ■applicant going to the inspector's office ^ First class engineer must be examined by a quorum of or inll n^A'hl 1 ^j^^'™^'^ being present; the dates of the meet- ings of the board in the several districts are advertised yearly, etc but usually have, so far, occurred in September or October, and so on to December. ^ bv'^S in«i? ^? w ""^^ b/ ^^^ ^"'''' ^"y steamboat inspector by applicants that are desirous of trying for engineer's certificates, and the inspector will in return infS the applicant whether he is qualified, and for what grade- also when and where he can examine him. ^ ' fromrelTare'm'pby-s"^""" '' '^^^ recommendations tion^'n^Form No. 3? '"°"'' ""'' ^°"" '' ^°^^ «"^ ^^« ^-''- The examination will be partly viva voce, and partly bv examination papers and drawings. ^ ^ ^ 1«?/L^^^'''t!: ^°^^' * ^^'I^ ^^^«« certificate under the Act, 1S8A he can obtain a second class engineer's certificate, if he 3. MANUAL OF ENOINEEHS' CALCULATIONS. I8ft re-oxamin?d. FeosameLarnivf ^'^I'^r'once, without iing Any engineer XTas lanJr^'i"''''^"' ^^« ^o"'^'-^- 1883, or sfnce, can ..one; rd'rS vrthf' " '^^^'"'^'^^^ «^ making application on the correct fnrmn^ '"?"° ?'*'*'^« by five dollars, and proving l.o £ noT^«*"'^ ^'"^',"^ ^'^« ^oe of steamer requiring a licensed ei^nSer ""^^'"^'^ ^"^ ""^^ IFIOATES ection Act, fer steamer eer, graded it is neces- in assistant [ into four engineer," er." class," will he district, 1 or by the rum of, or : the meet- sed yearly, itember or t inspector engineer's iform the rade; also lendations the ques- partly by r the Act, jate, if he k i »^ .190 ilANLAL OK KNOINKKKH' CALCULATION.. s t' i CALCULATIONS OF STAYS. Calculate the urea of a direct stay, the pitch and prcssnro ■&i*„'jr™st? "-ofadhoctL, 4b<„ou„nr?hS Pitch* X Pressure ~~ =diam. of ntpy in square inches. Pitch being 8' and pressure 100 lbs. per square inch: what 18 the area for a direct stay: ^ ', wuut 8' pitch 8 100 lbs. pressure per sq. inch. G000)G400(1.066GG7 diam. of direct stay in sq. i. . 0000 ' 40000 3GO0O 40000 3t5000 4^"')00 ■MjOOO 40000 3G000 40000 42000 m^ lOKi. 1 and prcssuro 10 found by tho uare inches, ire inch; what stay in sq. ina. S^^li^i^^^^ '■".'/f v.in. Mi i ^^H^^Hi 1 ■il j ? ! MASUAL OK raoiNEEHs' CALCULATIOm ,„ ■thf L^ea.."''"^ "'' P™-"™ ^0 lbs. per .„are inch; what is 15 inch pitch 16 76 15 225 20 30000 30000 Pormular^j*''''' = "^ = Pitch x Pressure. 6000 7ZZ =dia. direct itule for area of direct sfav. q % pressure per square inch-'I^rr'^l!^^^'^ ^"•^ multiply l^^^^^'^^^^^^^ otel^^teen and-a-' iPressure per square^nchTeventTpounds' '" '^ ^'''^''''' ^^^ 2 inches diameter direct stay. ,7g^/^"are of direct stay. 18.5 pitch. 14 740 185 Supported-aoOO-surface. 70 lbs. press. 16 20 32 38 ~:~ 1«1300 lbs. actual ^.1410 area of direct stay ^pJ^^^s. on stay. !!!! ^^'- P'' ^'l- < according to Act '""•"" '^^•^t^Kri^^--«^a.sho.in. «taj Cu uc suiBcieutiy strong. 192 MANUAL OF ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. Proof. — Taking actual pressure on supported surface as 181300 pounds. 18.5 14 740 185 2590 70 6000)181300(3.0216 18000 .7854)3.0216(3.8485 13000 12000 Abbreviated 10000 18 5X14X70-J-6000 6000 -T-. 7854=^3-8485 = 1.96 or nearly 2 40000 in. diam. stay. 36000 4000 23562 66546 62732 38146 31416 3.8485(1.96 dia.. 1 29)284 261 286)2385 67306 2316 62832 69 44746 39270 5476 Proof.— Taking total pressure on stay, 18849.6000 lbs, 2' X 2' X. 7854X6000=18849. 6000 6000)18849.6000(3.1416 18000 8496 6000 .7854)3.1416(4 31.^6 24960 24000 (2' dia. of stay.. 9600 6000 36000 36000 •IONS. rted surface as HAXUAI, OP .XGIKEBKS- CALCULATiONS. J03 41'^ufa: X°:'|S. t"/ri'i,^^,f' ^ "- -'>- Pi'oh a„a 3.8485(1.96 dia.. 1 i284 261 12:585 2310 69 49.6000 lbs. 0(4 (2' dia. of stay^ 9x9=81x50= n-r ^• 0000~ '" ''i- ^"^^^es. diameter. •>^'* ^" toiler are two inches in or if direct stays at gte^'comnuf« U '''^^''' '^' '^'^'^^^ case multiply the area^ brienS 0/ ^ T^' ^""f ^^ «^"^«r divide the product by thVS h of » i' "^''" '^^^' ^"^ angles to the surface/supported ol! "'! ^J*^^ ^<= ^'ght etay, the quotient will ?e £ 1 J /"l °^ *^^ ^^'agonal required. "^'" ^^ *'^« area of the diagonalstay Diani. direct 2" stav— '^ lA-ia , -,. siay_j. 1416 area of direct stay l_3_length of diagonal stay. Line 9)37.6992 .7854)4.1888(5.33'^^^^ ^'''' ""^ ^^'^gonal stay in sq. ins. 39270 « Qq/.i o • T ^.^3(2 3 ins. diam. diagonal stay. 20180 23562 43)133 23502 4 13 2018 194 MANUAL OF ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. Calculate the area of a direct and of a diagonal stay the distance between centres ten inches, the pressure per square mch eighty pounds; twelve feet length of diagonal^stay! 10 10 100 surface supported. 80 6000)8000 .7854)1.3334(^1.69=1.3 diam. 7854 54800 47124 76760 70686 6074 . 1.69(1.3" diam. of direct 1 stay. 23)69 69 1.3334 area of the direct stay. 12 ^ Line 9)16.0008 1.77786 area of a diagonal stay. .7854)1.77786(^2.26=1.5 diam. 15708 20706 15708 2.26(1.5" dia. of diagonal 1 stay. 48980 25)126 47124 125 1856 1 )NS. onal stay, the ire per square nal stay. MANUAL OF KNGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. Abbreviated ; — 10xlOx80-=-6000-f-.7854— ^/lf!0 i q ^• 1.3334X13--9-- 7854-;;^^ 1 r]:^ ^'^'^- direct stay. . y . . r»&4_ ^2. 16=1.5 diam. diagonal stay. 102 X 80 ^'' T.Tr^^'^^'^^-^ ^^a»eter direct stay. 196 6000-7854 1.3334X12 0-7-.7854 — V3.3G=1^ diameter diagonal stay. iam. of direct stay. of diagonal stay. AREA OP A DIAGONAL STAY. 18^2/' pag^2i°V4tV^^'K"^ '^%':^' ^- I»«P«««on Act, in the following way »: ' ^''^ °^ ^^^^°°^^ ^^ays are found s«rZ!lu%wT^e1r:at^t1i'^r5^^^^ «"PP«^t the and divide the product bv thP ipnlfh^^^J ° r*^" ^^^^^^^^ stay, angles to the surface suDDortidfn^^* ^ ^T J''^^'^ ^^ ^ight «tay required." ' '"PP^'^^^^ '« the end of the diagonal 2" diameter of a direct stay. 4 .7854 16 20 32 28 3.1416 area of the direct stay. Length 1 °^'^ °* ^^^S°°«l stay. Jine 1.6 ft. )6. 2832(4 1888 196 MANUAL OF ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. Length line 1.5 ft.)6.283^(4.1888 area of diagonal stay. 28 15 133 120 132 120 120 120 •^^54)4J888(V5.33=2.3"diam. '27^^ A 5-33(2-3"diam. diag. 26180 4 stav. ^ 23562 " 43)133 26180 129 23562 4 2618 J .7854 = V 5-33; and the square root of 5 sq 7« 9 Vf? diameter of diagonal stay. ^^ ^'^^ *^^ """"" "' '"'"■"KEas' 0A.c™at,0S8. 197 CALOULATIOW IN BUTT-STRAP JOINTS ^h-Diameter of rivets) x 100 of ria^ . . . ^^ ^Percentage of strength »*plateat,o,„t,a,e„™pa„awiththos„Mp,»,e of strength o^rfir,'?''"''"''™ of plate. = ^"^ <=«"*• ^ ■""'" "^ <'°'»P«<" with the solid plate. . When markpd * fiio „n fr^'^lV^''^''' ^* '■'^^^^^^ i in- diameter of rivets=80 % ^;— ==80 percentage of strength of plate at joint al -n^pared with the solid plate. >'iMtii 198 MANUAL OF ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. 2^ equals 3.5 pitch. h " .5 diameter of rivets. 2.0 100 Pitch 2. 5")200. 0(80 percentage of strength of plate at 300 joints as compared with solid plate. (I' itm Rule.— Subtract the diameter of rivets from the pitch and multiply by 100, and divide by the pitch. ^ inS^^ ^^^MPi-E— Pitch q inches; diameter of rivets 1^ (4i-li )Xl00 (4.5-1.125)Xl00 7, = =75 per cent, of strenffth H 4.5 ^ of plate at joints as compared with solid plate- ^ , (P-t)xlOO Formula: =Percentage. Calculate the percentage of the strength of rivets as com- pared with solid plate;— pitch 3f, rivets f, and plate |": r^X. 7854x2X100 ~==87 percentage of strength rivets, etc. 2rxr .875X.875X. 7854x2X100 2.70X.5 .8752 X. 7854=. 6013 2 1.2026 100 -=87 % 1. 75 X. 5=1.375)120.2600(874 at. of strength MANUAL OP ENa,s.,„3. CALCU.AI.OSs. 199 ^.r5x.5=..3r5„.0^000(8r4 percentage „,,..„.eh „, 6350 5500 850 the thickness of pbte, ^ "" """ »' ">e pitch, multiplied by AxNv 1 00 Thent. ^'^^ " Pitch x7isr„;;r~'''"'- •^ : and P ^x t ' '"^ «="'"nple. thoS^atef *^"^"' °'^"»'^ "■") -cts aa compared with Example. — Pifph q i«„i, » . P'-.i™,Operclii-Stt;^-.^ti-^ ^'i^«^ ,„ ., .W.3XSX.O0 3 /° ■ — - — : — = 80% Pitch 3" ^5 thickness plate [^=-875«X. 7854=. 6013 area rir. 3)2.135 *«»gth of p'ir"„r^i„i M^compared with Lid 3 rows. 1.2026 p., , , 100 Pitch t, .__ 3 X. 5=1. 5)120.2600(0.1 7 130 of 8tgt£ riv'ts as 36 comp 'd 15 sol. plte I The lowest percentage is taken for strength 11 of joint. 200 MANUAL OP ENOINEEHS' CALCULATIONS. ho^tt:!;t?'' ''""^'^'' '' ''''''' ^-tt-etrup joints, made in rivets, as compared wftll^Hd plate!'' •"'"'* '^'' '"'"'"^^'^ «^ ^^''^'^Ll"^'?^^ T"'^^''i of rivets. • 8/5 diameter of rivets. 1.C25 100 2.5)1G2.500(G5 percentage of strength of ,l.ie at ;"'-".t as compared with solid platy. 125 125 3=.875 X .875 . .7854=.G013 area of rivet. 2 number of rows. 2.5 .5 J.202G 100 —1.25)120 2(500(90.2 percentageof rivets ^^^'^ compared solid plate. 77G 750 260 2G5 Jsfb^TZ %1'lt '„tr,''„°'" '"'Pf «»» A'='. "82, join.. noNs. P joints, made io nch plate; what also strength of ngth of , !'.ie at with solid plato. 3 l.:i02C, 100 i'Ots. .6013 area of ^ rivet. 3. ^ number of rows. .875 2.136 _;. ^^^^ ^•''^^^0.2(i00(80.1734ystrfln.n, • Si^m 'Jl_ '^^% strength nv, 70.834%strengthl5 of joints. — no 105 50 45 SO GO 3t. rows. 3-. 875 X 100 ■- = 70 7 3 ^° entageof rivets ed solid plate. .6013 X 2:: 100 — J^— =80.1734%rivet«. ^^^^t of Plate , of an t^ompared with the solid plate: * ^^ ^^'''^ ^"^ civets aa t, 1882, joints le plate, so 3 I 80 per cent, le will show: 3.75—1.125x100 3.75 pitch. 1.125 rivets. 3.75 ■=pitch 2.625 100 3.75)262_500(70..o percentage strength ^0^ Jo^ntcomparel solid plfte 000000 1 (;--« 202 MANUAL OP ENfJINEERS' CALCULATIONS. l^xUx. 7854x2x100 3.75 X. 75 — 71 porcentago strength of rivets. 1.125 » X .7854 Pitch 3.75 .75 thickness 1.9880 100 .f''^40(70.0G porcontftgo strength of" 'i rivets oomp'd solid plate. 1875 2Gv>5 *^-.5)l' 1 198.8000; 10(>875 19:2500 169750 22850 'ced^ttpi^h'pL^^^^^^^^^^ -« 'K ^'^-^*-' -^ jas joint corSPd^fth^ho^^Hd; 1 ^if^"^' being exposed to double shear. ^ ®''' ^^''•' ''''"^*^' 4i— li X 100 H ■= 75 % == 4.5—1.125x100 4.5 = 75 % 4.5 1.125 3.375 100 45)337.500(75 percentage of strength of plate at ^o_ joint as compared with solid plate.. 2;J5 225 igth of rivota^ go strength of' p'd solid plate. MANUAL OF ENOINEEUs' CALCULATIONS. 20* 1* X .7854 — .9940 19880 4.6 100 4.5)l08.8000(44.18xl.75_7rpcrco„eagoot 180 188 180 strength of riveta as compared with, solid plate. 80 45 350 350 If the riveta are exposed to double shear x 1. 75. an?plac°ed'at tu-1'rpitcl'.'nrf'^ ^" '^ 1"^'^ ^--«t-, peWntage ot strZAf'^' AtZ^^^^ "^'^^ as compared with tie strength of solid plate: ' ''"^ ''''^ 4— 4i X 100 ~==68%=_. 4-4.25X100 4.00 -=68%=1.5>5 lixlix.7854x 3x100 4)375(68, 7 percent. 24 strength of — plate at j'ts. 35 com pared 33 with solid — plate. 30 28 2 4 X = 61 % strength riveta. ft ,' ■M 204 MANUAL OF ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. •S sTrenith h«f fh^^^ °°' \°°^ ^^'''^> ^^at percentage o.t strength has the joint compared with the solid plate: 4. 125" pitch. 1.125 ^•1^S)3- 0000(72. 7 % of strength of 4.125—1.125X100 4.125 = 72% 28875 11250 8250 30000 28955 plate at joints as compared with solid plate. 1045 1.125X1.125 X. 7854=. 9940 3 29820 100 4.125 X 1 = 4.125)^0^(72.29 percentage strength of -<}8»75 rivets as compared with ~ solid plate. 9450 8250 12000 8250 37500 37125 376 for boilo?; page ^A S, ^ueV thelol"' ^^«»'"">""" with '.nlld'nl!?.'' p.""™'"?* of strength of riveta as compared plate S' r Sck. ™" """« * "' '"" ™»"' Pi'^hed 2A^ and riONs. 3h diameter, and what percentage olid plate: of strength of plate at joints as compared with solid plate. MANUAL OF EN0IXEER8' CALCULATIONS. dXnxiOO 205. d=area of rivets. n JT"^ Percentage of strength, n=number of rows of rivets ^ °^ ^^'^ets, etoT p=pitcn. t=thickness of plate. ^'^°°'*S^'^'"6^er of rivet. 3125 1350 3750 .390625 .7854 15G2500 1953125 3125000 2734375 age strength of 3ompared with ., see "Steam- regulations " as compared ihed 2^' and •30679G8750 area of rivet. ^ number of rows. .0135937500 100 ^•083+ X •375=. 78)01.35937500000^78 fifir ^^^ toww[){78M6 percent, strength of rivets as compared. 675 ^''^^ soiid plate. 624 519 468 513 468 457 468 It •ill ij :206 MANUAL OF ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. ^T^-i !f-l ^' ---X 100=70 %= xlOO = .70 7„ strength of -^tV f I plate at joints, etc. 3TV-l=H-|=|f-ii=iKH = tV == . 70 % IXfX. 7854X3X100 ^7^^~ ^^^ "^^ °/° «*^®°gth of rivets, etc. *.083 + , X.375 I^X. 7854X2X100 €r : 78 7^ Or %Vxf .635X.635X. 7854X2X100 3.083334X.375 -= 78 7„ strength rivets, etc. il:il. IJI: rioNs. ^0 7„ strength of ite at joints, etc. = .70% ! rivets, etc. ngth rivets, etc. Page 300. i r0 HANCAL OP WomuBHS' CALCULATIOKa 807 CALCULATIONS ON SAFETY-VALVES. J-ne area of any lorkprl oo/^/ , boaid after the pasung of this Ap^ «iin' ".*?® "r placed on a square inch for each square foot o.lf^^*^ ^! ^''' ^^^n half the boiler.... The boiler or inh wi^ **^-^/"''f*<^einor under every steamboat, be provided Wh/"'' 1"°'" '^^'^ ^ne, of which shall be loked^up and on^'open.''"'^''^-^^^^^^' ««« of Rule for area of safety- valvp. tt i* valve area to every square foot oTfrlVuS/"^^ '' '''^'y Formula: — =A; or G S y ^ - 2 ' "^ "^ « X .5 = area. Grate surface in sq. feet. 2 ~ area in square inches. ^aI»,1t?ie?oVi;rX::-'^'^-™'™ '«-»"» with Or— 3)23.6 square feet, GS. 11.8 square inches, area of safety-valve. 23.6 .5 11.80 finna'*« 'rsr-^-i- ~^ " ^^^"*5« area of safety-valve. li: 5 208 MANUAL OF ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. 23.6 area. Abbreviated :---=li. 8; or 23.6x.5=11.8 sq. ins. area. What would the area of the safety-valve be for a boiler with twenty-six square feet of grate surface: ^ 2)2G square feet of grate surface. Or 2fi V n il^ ''^"*''® ^".ches area of safety-valve. ur, ^bx. 5=1 3.0 square inches area of safety-valve. ^® Grate surface. — - = A., means =area. 2 .-. a)24 12 square inches area of safety-valve. Abbreviated : — Ov ^^tiir^^ ^1"^^'^ inches area of safety-valve. Or,' 24 X. ^5= it tt Area means area of safety-valve in inches. t=> V. safety-valve. " then. == " equals. BoIr'lo^T/adeS.^' ''''''-''''' '' ^^^ ^^^« - *^- British Calculate the weight required for the safety-valve size of hv^SJSrif "^^'P^^i^^^, ''i"^'® «^ t^^e diameter of safety-valve by .7854; then multiply this sum by the pressure on boiler IONS. 3q. ins. area, or a boiler with ^alve. -valve. Jr with twenty- r every square ve. ;y-valve. es. s the British valve, size of iler pressure safety-valve are on boiler ^^^V,L OP EKOINEEHS' CALCULATI0K8. ^OJ) KThr Sti;",^\r Z:^r.'7. ^^ ^^-^ -^^^ of the by the length of lever ecmaJsf hi ^ the fulcrum, and div 3e ball required for end of lc?ver! '"''^^'^ '" ^^^^^^ for the Formula :^!^^:!^^-D^^XF -=W. D^=Diameter of valve multiplied by itself. P=Pressure per square inch on boiler. DW=Dead weight or effective weight of parts. F=rulcrum in inches. I^=Lever in inches. ^_^j78a4=Ouo cTcnlar or decimal inch „sec. to get area of X=Sign of multiplication. -=Sign of subtraction. =means equals. pret™;7p°ordX;' ™'™.''?« ^°" ■-»»», boner ('ever, valve.fpSe etc flftvi? '"°'''/"""' ''^'■«'" »' P*^" a«dIe.erf„rt^.fl4'*h^*'f-';»P°^ ball would l« 116.88 pounds «/; m, """"'"^ ""^^^ "' ""« pounds, or a little over 116J pounds. 4 inches diameter of rahe. j^ Ifi inches sq. of valve. m 210 MANUAL OP ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. IC ins. sq. of value. • "^^3^ «350. C5G0 lbs. actual pressure. " 5 ins. fulcrum. ^^^80 15)1753.i>800(llG.8853+lbs. weight. 113 25 12.5064 area of valve. 15 40 103 402.G5C0 lbs. total 90 52 press, on ralve. 132 350.G5G0 1bs. actual pressure 130 128 120 80 75 ill 60 45 Calculate the weight required at the end of a lever twentv- one inches long, four inches fulcrum, five inches diameter of valve, twenty-five pounds pressure per square inch, effective weight of lever, etc., ninety pounds. 5 inches diameter of valve. 5 25 square inches. .7854 100 125 200 175 19.6350 ■r? t roNS. I pressure, um. fibs, weight. HA^UAL OP EKOIKEEfis' CALCULATIONS. ,,, 10.G350 area Of safety-valve. . f ^^'- ^''''''''' P'' sq- inch on boiler 081750 392700 lever twenty- 3 diameter of ich, effective 400.8750 lbs. pr on i^ 90 400. 8750 lbs. ess. per sq. in. on safety-valve. ^i^Csf:ir'^''^^-^^-pn.afety. ELeverSl inche8)lG035000(7a 147 133 136 75 63 120 105 150 147 30 21 ~90 84 60 63 actual les ful( ;357143 rum val ve. or 76i lbs. w eight. Abbreviated— ^X. 7854X25-90X4 3i ^"^H Jbs. weight. I' i 312 MANUAL OF ENOINEEKS' CALCULATIONS. required. ^ ' ™"^" estimate of the weight Formula, C^'^-^^S*) Ax_PxF^^ L To find the weight on the end of a lever: Short arm is the distance a. . . .b. Let P=Power. W=Weight. , t'ong ar; T""^ "'" ^^ '^« ^^«t-^« - • • -. Then W X Lis- p' ) ^T' '' ^''* °^ ^^^^« n^^ultiplied by S X p1w~ T > A ^^^^^ pressure. ^ -^ L X Wlp-S I ^^"^ of valve is found b, multiplying 3 inches diameter of valve. 3 9 inches square of diameter of valve. • < 004 9 7.0686 area of valve. ^ ^^3- pressure per square inch. 141.3720 lbs. total pressure on valve. 137.3720 lbs. actual pressure on valve 3 inches fulcrum. 412.1160 'I0N8. tho pressure per ide by the lever of the weight nee a b. nee a . ..0. Hiultiplied by b;, multiplying ccimal .7851 .,n ^ "^-^^^ or l.jj poundg weight. 30 112 90 221 210 110 1«0 '''""'■"^"'^''<-™—^xa.3o=.3, „..,,,, s; pressure of I of short arm . • . c) is thirty ilve. ^e^,' inch, live. ^alve.. fi » ■m- 214 MANUAL OF ENOIXEKHS (;aL(.'1:LATI0NS. CALCULATIONS IN PUMPS. The arithmetical examination of candidates for licenses as engineers, by the Board of Steamboat Inspection of the Dominion of Canada, consists of ten questions; two in relation to the feed-pump, one as an example of multiplication of decimals, two questions on boilers, involving the thickness of plate required for the pressure allowed, two relating to the safety-valve, its area and weight re([uired at end of lever, etc.; the remaining sums are the horse-power of an engine and butt- strap joints. I would advise the engineer student to learn these rules, so as to have complete knowledge of them, and work out every example, because these questions are requisite to pass the Board, and a complete and correct understanding ' f them is- required of every engineer. Previous to entering into a examination it would be advisable for the candidate to review his knowledge of the first four rules of arithmetic, decimal fractions and proportion, as it is the very best preliminary exercise he can take for to successfully assist him in understanding and working correctly any calculations that may be assigned him; also it would be desirable for him to study the rules of formula and signs as used in arithmetic, for fear that he may have forgotten these things from disuse, or their being crowded out of his mind by the more important every-day facts and difiiculties of his calling. Ques.—Calcyil&te the contents of a feed-pump? Ans. — This question consists in getting the cubic contents of the pump, ther-^fore the following rule may be devolved: Rule. — Compute area of diametei of pump, and multiply this product by stroke in inches; or, in other words, square W? '•! . SCALE lui ) roOT. SECTIOITAL DIRECT-ACTIITG PUMP. Paf/e 21U. ill sti CO] MANUAL OP EMGINEEKS' CALCULATIONS. 315 fw ®!!^°.• ?"TP' fi-J^* '^' multiply the diameter by itself), s?rokeTnln?L'' '''''' ^"' "^"^^'^^^ *^^^ P-^ucf by th^e S'ormula :— d^ x . 7854 x S=CP. ^;«S^fn'^.J'^"~9^'''".^**? *^'® contents of feed-pump, the diameter being four inches and stroke ten inches. ^ ^' " 4 inches diameter feed-pump. 16 square diameter of feed-pump. .7854 decimal or circular inch. 16 47124 7854 12.5664 area of feed-pump. 10 inches stroke of feed-pump. 125.6640 cubic ins. contents of feed-pump. Abbreviated as for the examination paper: 4'X4'x.78o4xl0"=125'' .6640 cubic inches contents of the feed-pump. Hjfr!^°^°.!?\^^^^^— ^'^ "contents of the feedpump," «S! 7V^' f««'i-P"'°P being three and-a-half inches, and conte t V ^^^^'P"""? ^''^ anda-half inches; what is the 3^"=3.5 inches diameter of feed-pump. 3.5 175 105 12.25 it I I 216 MANUAL OF ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. ia.25 sguare of diameter of feed-pump. .7854 circular inches. 4900 6125 9800 8575 9.631150 area of the feed-pump. 5 5 48105750 48105750 52.9163350 cubic ins. contents of feed-pump. Abbreviated— 3. 53 x . 7854 x 5.5=53. 916325 Or, 3^8 X. 7854 X5i=53j|. Third Example.— Two and-a-half inches diameter of feed- pump, five and three-quarter stroke. 2.5 2.5 125 50 6.35 .7854 2500 3125 5000 4375 4.908750 Fourth Example.— Feed-pump of five inches diameter and fourteen inches stroke. 6 5 4.908750 5.75 24543750 34561250 34643750 28.22531250 cubic ins. contents of feed-pump. 25 ameter of feed- s diameter and MANUAL OF ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. 317 25 .7854 100 125 200 175 19.6350 14 785400 len^'o 274 rvKiO contents of feed-pump. 4| (7-f-8=.875)=4.875 4.875 24375 34125 29000 19500 23.765625 .7854 95062500 118828125 190125000 166356375 18.6652218750 8.475 933261093750 1306565531250 746608875000 1493217750000 158.1877553906250 contents of feed-pump. I -^K 218 MANi: .L OP ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. Examples of feed-pump sum to be worked out: H H 5 6 6 f feed-pump. stroke. Contents. (4.25) (ih = (G.5) = 103.382750 (4.5) 7-i ==(7.75)= 123.25871250 (4.875) 8| =(8.475)= 157.131276 14 = 274.8900 18 508.9392 10 282.744 SIZE PUMP REQUIRED. To calculate the size pump required from the dimensions of the boiler, is a question that engages to do a good deal, and can onl^ truly be correctly arrived at by practice, trial, and supposition, from examples in use. The following rules or methods are given as ways to arrive at the approximate data for size; the best plan is to calculate the evaporating power of the boiler and to proportion a pump over and sufficient to supply the water used by the boiler per hour. The following rules are based on either the quantity of steam used by the engine, or the water evaporated by a boiler of givon dimensions per hour. These rules, tempered with practice and experience, may be found useful. Calculate the size pump supplying water to a boiler, supplying an engine with cylinder thirty inches diameter, stroke eight feet, making twenty-five revolutions per minute, cutting off at half stroke, pressure thirty pounds per square inch. In answering this question, we shall assume that the steam is always cut off at one-half the stroke; if the amount of cut off is variable the feed-pump should be proportioned to suit the largest requirement of the engine. 30 30 900 square of cylinder x .7854=706.80 sectional area of cylinder in square inches, oince the steam is out off at MANUAL OF ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. 219» half Stroke, engine uses steam in one revolution equal to the capacity of the cylinder, then 706.86 96 inches=8ft.xl3ins. 424116 636174 , , ^. 67858.56 cubic inches of steam, used per revolution. At a temperature of 30° above the atmos- phere, the specific volume of steam is 608, then 608)67858.56(111.6 or nearly 113 cubic inches of 608 water used in each revolution.. erience, may bfr 705 608 978 608 3705 3648 67 But provision must be made for loss of and by defective- action of valves, clearance in steam cylinder, leakage, priming- and brining; so that capacity of pump chould be about three' and-a-balf times the amount of water theoretically used in, this case. -' 113 cubic inches of water. 3.5 560 336 393.0 cubic inches of water per revolution, the- required capacity of pump. m ^i I; 4'i » Si 220 MANUAL OF ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. Suppose It to be a beam engine with the pump connected to beam at a point giving it half the stroke of the piston, 'then 48)^92(8.16 ^ * 384 80 48 330 288 32 .7854)8.166666(10.3981 7854 31266 23562 77046 70686 63606 62832 7740 7854 10.3981(3.22 diameter. 9 62)139 124 642)1581 1284 297 So a pump three and-a-quarter inches diameter, four feet •stroke, single acting, would be the proper size for this engine. Calculate the size pump for a boiler of given dimensions. toiler eleven feet in diameter, containing two furnaces each length of grate five and-a-half feet by three feet, pump •two-thirds full each stroke. > f i" 5.5 .3 16.5 2 33.0 (3.32 diameter. MANUAL OF ENGINEEKS' CALCULATIONS. 321- 33.0^8quare feet grate surface. eCO.Ocoal burnt per hour. Weight -^^ cubic ic.=62.5)6G00."0 lbs. water evaporated per hour. be tw^ofhiSVu?l"th' tiTt?f ^r""^l!f '^^ P-P to twice the quantity of wf/o?!' ^? ?^ ^^P^^^^ of throwing wowing 0,] er:?h^'o;t!t;y;™4Ve°r ht ^ 1^^' 105.6 3 3)311.3 60)70.4=1 full each stroke. ^0)140.^=doub]e capacity. 80)3.3466 .03933 3 for leakage, etc. Then: answer is, 3.6 ins. diameter. 10' stroke. 80 revolutions. .05866 1738 46938 11733 41063 5866 10)101.36448 .7854)10.136448" 13.90(3.6 diameter of pump.. 66)390 396 I i I MMi 222 MAKUAL OF ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. CALCULATE THE SIZE PUMP REQUIRED. Calculate the size pump for a boiler with throe furnaces 3 feet by 5 feet, allowing the consumption of coal to be 15 pounds per square foot of grate surface per hour. 45 square feet of grate surface. 15 225 45 G75 lbs. burnt per hour. 10 lbs. water == 1 lb. of coal. il cubic ft.=G2. 5)6750 lbs. water evaporated per hour. 00)108 cubic feet per hour. 70)1.8 cubic feet per minute. .0257 cubic feet per revolution. .1728 2056 514 1799 257 44.4096 cubic inches per revolution. 2 88.8192 double capacity for leakage. 2 ^Supposed stroke — of pump==14)177.6384 double again for leakage of boiler, pump gear, etc. .7854)12.6884 /v/16 15(4.09 diameter of pump. 16 89)1500 1521 MANUAL OF ENGINEEKS' CALCULATIONS. 223 Size pump V diameter, 14" strokp unA 7n ,.«,.^i i- 9oantity per revolution which briLsTto 88 SloT., v' Aol^--'*.'^*^"^'^ ^"Cheaper revolution of Dumo - 78*51- / r IS ; A^~ ^^'^^* square inches area 45 15 225 45 675 pounds coal burnt per hour. Allowing the high evaporative power of 10 nounds of water for one pound of coal, C75ylO— fi7^n t,^,?^ . 6000 5000 8 ' ^ 1 I 224 MANUAL OF ENOINEEHS' CALCULATIONS. . • . 00)108 cubic feet per hour. Revolutions 70)1.8 cubic feet water per minute. .0275 cul)ic feet per revolution. 1728 2050 514 1709 257 44.4090 cubic inches per revolution. Owing to leakage, stuffing boxes and vapour arising from, feed water, then increase the capacity to 88.8192 for the leakage, etc., and double this again for leakage of boiler defective pump gear and necessary water required for other uses, etc., which will give us 177.0384, then dividing this by 14, the supposed stroke of pump and by .7854, we get 10 15"^ and the square root of this is 4.09", the diameter of pump. *" c;t«:?o#*^ MANL'AI. Ol^ ENOINKKK.s' ('AIXLIATIONS. 225 HEATING SURFACE OF MARINE BOILERS. BuSace? '' ^''""^ ''''''''' '' «^"-« f««t to O..0 of grate Area through tubes i to ^ of grate surface Steam room ^ of water room. Funnel area j of grate surface multiplied bv Surface in square feetxeights ^^ ==Weight in cwts. TABLE OF VALUK OF ADDED i'KACTI0N=DECIMAL8. Fractions. Decimal value. .9G875 .y375 .906;i5 .875 .84375 .8125 .78125 ,75 .71857 Kractlons. ff.V i Decimal value. .6875 .65635 .625 .59375 .6625 .63125 .5 .75 .25 Si }'r< *" 16 326 MANUAL OF ENfllNk^US' CALCULATIONS. HORSE-POWER SUMS. CALCULATE THE HORSE-POWER OF A STEAM ENGINE. A horse-power is equal to 33000 pounds lifted one foot high in one minute, therefore the horse-power of an engine will be the area of the cylinder multiplied by pressure per square inch mult'plied by the speed of piston in feet per minute divided by 3M000. Example.— Diameter of cylinder forty inches, stroke of piston ten feet, twenty revolutions per minute, pressure of steam per square inch, pt per gauge, thirty pounds; vacuum twenty-six inches, as per mercury gauge. Calculate the horse-power of this engine. 40 inches diameter of cylinder. 40 IGOO square of the cylinder. .7854 G400 8000 12800 11200 1256.6400 area of cylinder in square inches. 43 pounds steam pressure. 37699200 50265600 11! 54035.5200 pressure per square inch in cylinder. 400 speed of piston per minute. 21614208.0000 ( ENOINB. d onefoothiffh engine will be per square inch ninute divided jhes, stroke of te, pressure of unds; vacuum Calculate the MANUAL OF RNOINEEHS' CALCl'LATIONS. 33000)mm..8 O0O,)(6r.4.07C, or 055 horse-power. ISU'iO 165000 164208 132000 322080 297000 227 250800 231000 198000 108000 Abbreviated — 40»X.7854X43(3Q H-13)X400 (10X2X20) 33000 ~ ^^^ horse-power. Jinute, presaL ot^^^t^' ot Xr^tt^'^L'^l^^''''' ^^ 10 mches diameter of cylinder. 100 square of the cylinder. .7854 78.5400 area of cylinder in square inches. 45 revolutions per minute. 392.7000 3141600 3534 3000 338 MANUAL OF ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. 3534.3000 7068.6000 4 stroke. 283744000 74 lbs. pressure. 1130976000 1979308000 33000)30933056000(63.4033 or 63* horse-powen. 198000 ^ 113305 99000 133056 133000 105600 99000 66000 66000 Second method, using constant multiplier .0000338; 10 10 100 4 400 45 3000 1600 18000 3 36000 36000 74 144000 353000 3664000 .0000338 31313000 7993 5338 63.4033000 horse-power. MANtTAI, OP EHGINEERS' CAlCULATIOlfS. 339 ^33000). Then ' -0000338 which is .0000238 =(.7864 rOjiiameter of cylinder in inches. . 4900 6 stroke in feet. 29400 30 double revolution. 883000 - ^^ ^^^' pressure per square inch. 4410000 1764000 33060000 ^0^ ^ constant multiplier.- - 176400000 6616 4410 534.7900007or 5341 horse-power of the engine. Formula: D'xSxSRxPxC. I)«=Square the diameter of cylinder. S==Stroke in feet. 3R=Double revolutions. P=Total pressure per square inch in pounds. C«Constant multiplier forhorse-powerwhichis.0000238. 230 MANUAL OF ENGINEEBS' CALCULATIONS. 33000). 7854000(. 0000338 constant multiplier. 66000 125400 99000 264000 264000 Calculate the horse-power of an engine forty inches diameter of cylinder, eight feet stroke, twenty revolutions per minute forty-two pounds pressure per square inch. *" 40 inches diameter of cylinder. 40 1600 square of cyKnder in inches. 8 feet stroke. 12800 40 double revolutions per minute. 512000 42 lbs. pressure per square inch. 1024000 2048000 21504000 .0000238 constant multiplier. 172032000 64512 43008 511. 7952000 or .111 AT, iches diameter as per minute^ MANUAL OP engineers' CALCULATIONS. Old method: 40 inches diameter of cylinder. 40 1600 .7854 6400 8000 12800 11200 1256.6400 area of cylinder. 8 feet stroke. 231 100531200 42 201062400 4021248U0 4222310400 40 33000)16889241.6000(511.7952, or 511| horse-power. 38924 33000 59241 33000 262416 231000 314160 297000 1716D0 165000 66000 66000 233 MANUAL OF ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. Calculate the horse-power of .a compound enmne • the fortTefZ^n^?^^'' ^'''''''' <^yl>"derfift?-nineinch^es, stroke «nrf^^q^7 f !•' "^"^ J''^''"''^ 33-3 pounds per square inch and 53.7 revolutions per minute; low pressure cylinder 10 7 inches diameter, and 12.75 pounds mean pressure per sou arl inch, forty-eight inches stroke. ^ ^ LP., 59 X 107 X 59 X .7854 X 33.3 I. H. p. in^ ^o.. ,. X 8x53.7^33000=1185 107 X .7854 X 12.75 x 53.7 x 8^33000=1492 Total indicated horse-power 2684 of c^Hndpt*" f «n ';°TTT'' ^/ ^° ^°S^°« ^«^^y '°ches diameter ?lSf « ' *®° ^^.®^ ^^^^^®' *^e"ty revolutions per minute Wm ' ^'""^' '''""^ ^''''^''> ^"^ ^'^'''t^^" ^o" "-^^ 40 X 40 X .7854 x 38 v 10 x 2 x 20-^33000=578 horse-power. Rule for calculating horse-power of an engine: Square the diameter of the cylinder in inches, and get its area by rauSplv! ing this square by .7854, then multiply the arerby the He {.y 33000 ^''''"'■'' ""^ ^°"^^' '^' revolutions7and diviSe Short rule, using constant .0000238. Square the-(?iameter thetvok[iin« "anffvT^^^'P^^ '^'' ^^ '''^^' ^'^ feet doute o«5 K ?L "^'."'^** *^® pressure per square inch, in pounds and by the constant .0000238. pounus, Formula: D«xSx2RxPxC=horse-power. Calculate the mean preseure of an engine 107 inches inch, 53.7 revolutions per minute, four feet stroke. 107 inches diameter of cylinder. 107 749 1070 11449 d engine ; the le inches, stroke per square inch, •e cylinder 10.7 jsure per square I. H. p. -33000=1185 ■33000=1492 e-power 2684 inches diameter IS per minute, irteen pounds 3: Square the 3a by multiply. * by the stroke us, and divide 3 the "diameter n feet, double 5h, in pounds. MANUAL OF EKGINBERS' CALCULATIONS. 233 3 107 inches 11449 square of cylinder. . 7854 45796 57245 91592 80143 89920446 area of cylinder. ^^•"^^ ^bs. mean pressure per square inch. 449602230 629443122 179840892 89920446 114648.568650 53.7 revolutions per minute. 802539980550 ' 343945705950 573242843250 6156628 1364050 8 feet stroke. :33000)49253o"^^:^^i^ °^ '492^ horse-power. 162530 132000 305302 297000 83025 66000 170250 165000 52500 33000 195000 198000, i Mi MAXUAL OP EWINBCRS' CALCULATIONS. D»X.7854xMl'xRx2S Formula : — . =hc>r.e.power. 33000 , i»«=Diaineter of cylinder. MP=-^=Mean pressure. Rr.r,.Kevolution8. SS»«Double tlio stroke. Same sum, by ti>e siifrt methcJ, using constant .0000238. lot mches diameter of cylinder. 749 1070 J 1449 13.75 lbs. mean pressure. 57245 80143 2^898 11449 14597475 107.4 double revolutions. 58389900 102182325 145974750 15677688150 4 ft. stroke. 62710752600 .0000238 constant multiplier. 50168520800 1881322568 1254215052 1492.5158908800 horse-power. Calculate the horS(>.nOWAr nt an ong-inA Krt :_-,!,>- j; i aebes diuuict-. MANUAL OF ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. 236. 59 diameter of cylinder in inched. 59 3481 square of cylinder in inches. .7854 2733.9774 area of cylinder in inches. 33.3 riiean pressure. 91041.44742 8 ft. stroke doubled. 728331.51936 53.7 revolutions per minute. 33000 ( 3)3911405.811632 ( 11)130380.1 1185 horse power of engine. Or, 59 X 59x33.3x42 x 107. 4 x. 0000238 =1185 H P. Example H P Engine: ro£T".° *^ '^''^^^ diameter, 10 feet stroke making 20 revolutions per minute, steam pressure 30 pounds per sauarfr inch, vacuum 26 inches or 13 pounds. ^ ^ Calculation: 40 inches. 40 1600 .7854 6400 8000 12800 11200 Steam 30 Vacuum 13 Total pressure 43 1256.6400 square inches in piston. 1256 square inches. 43 pressure. 3768 ' «' Mi «36 t( 1 ^^^^^H 1 ' ■^^^H ^^H ^^H i MANUAL OF KNGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. . . 376S 5024 54008 10 X 20 X 2=400 feet. 400 feet per minute. 33000)5>]G03200(G54§4^|=:H P 19H000 180320 165000 153200 132000 21200 Making 654 and a fraction horse-power. In this example ►the steam following full stroke and the engine exerts its rgreatest power. NOTES ON THE SLIDE VALVE. The area of port opening for any slide valve should be such that the velocity of the steam in passing through it will not ■exceed 100 feet per second. The accompanying table can be «used in determining the area: Speed of piston in feet per minute: 100.200, 300, 400, 500 Portarea=piston area multiplied by. 02 .04 .06 .07 .09 600. 700. 800. 900. 1000. 1100. 1200. .1 .12 .14 .05 .17 .19 .2 Thus for an engine with a cylinder 40 inches diameter, 4 feet stroke, 50 revolutions per minute, the port area should not be less than 1256.6 x. 07=88 square inches; and if the length of the port is equal to the diameter of the cylinder, its •width IS 88-4-402.2 inches. The width of opening given by the motion of the valve is frequently greater than the width •of port, so that the bridge between steam and exhaust ports should be wide enough to prevent a leak into exhaust due to •over travel. Rule.— Minimum width of bridge equals width of steam •port-f-i'- width of steam port. ^ Width of exhaust port equals width of steam port+travel «i vaive-T-2— width of bridge. iVTlONS. feet. In this example ingine exerts its LVE. 'e should be such ongh it will not iiig table can be , 300, 400, 500 .06 .07 .09 00. 1200. 19 .2 jhes diameter, 4 3ort area should ehes; and if the the cylinder, its pening given by than the width d exhaust ports exhaust due to width of steam »%..: am port+travel /'";?<.' ?36'. w^^^A^^ mm^ ^'(((/e .'.)';. fli Mi re ar da til liii wl on dri lea CO] wr th( tul hill aiK '] boi tha let int froi war war kno V thei out omi opei MANUAL OP EifOINEKR8' CALCULATIONS. Si37 DRAUGHT OF BOILER FURNACES. The question freouontlv arispa " Who^ ;« m,« •^BMmmmm ono way m one case and the other wiv in anoth.?cL " ° m thfl slahn■,^ ia o*. r ., '^'^""y> and all c:rcmation of air w^^inrisS?^^^^^^^^^ t»in!i.e':rh^e r,lis?hi:'oa'^re.''"™' "^ - "- the* s"i6ThiX"°p!;eS'tl''"C''''i' "n":' "S '.""? »1»»' out the Bit a5d S,rwl, T'".'■°"'•^"°"'''''''•'iro'>gh- opening^h:.„gh fr„nt--^rirth'eV:;SEi, rrth^gtrc^a'nt •238 MANUAL OF ENGINEEKS' CALCULATIONS. making a water cavity or trough at least six inches deep in the bottom of the ashpit. This should be kept full of water ■aa It has a great effect upon the temperature below the For ease and certainty of regulation, a damper placed in the uptake, as described above, possesses great and obvious advantages over any manipulation of ashpit or furnace doors Any one who has had charge of boilers fitted up in this manner •can readily appreciate the truth of this statement. , 1 here is, also, in our opinion, decidedly less loss of heat by inhltration of air through cracks in the setting walls when the •draught IS governed by a damper in flue than there is when the doors are used for same purpose; for, when ashpit doors are tigntly closed, the draught of the chimney will draw air in tlirough every crack and crevice in the walls, and this air ■cntenng the furnace at all points has a cooling tendeucv which It 13 most desirable to avoid. ^ tenaeucy The damper should always be so fitted and adapted to the bo.Icr that, when it is tightly closed as far as it can be bv the frii^lh^fJ'Tt^^ ^Tu operating it, it will allow sufficient draught to just keep the fires going, and carry off any coal gas which may be generated in the furnace. ihe foregoing relates more particularly to boilers used for power purposes, and those plants of such size as to require tfte constant supervision of an engineer or fireman With many of the small house heating boilers where the draught is •automatically regulated, it is deemed expedient by most steam •fitters to regulate the draught by the ashpit door THERMOMETERS. To change degrees of Fahr. to degrees of Cent.: If above freezing point, from the degree of Fahr., subtract thirty-two: multiply the remainder by five; divide the product by nine Ive td^'ivTdTb^re.' '"' ""'' ^'"^^-^"^' ^^^'^ ™"^^^^^ by To change degrees of Cent, to degrees of Fahr. : If above IhTZMrif !^'i^^ b^ "^"' .^°*^ ^'^^^^ by five, and add thirty-two If bolow freezing point, multiply by nine, divide ^LJol T^ '""^^'"^i thirty-two. Or, doubleVhe legree Cent ^educt ten per cent and add thirty-two, when ablve freezing irom th^ t "t *'^®®^'°g PO'nt, proceed as above and deduct MANUAL OP ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. 239 HOW SMOKE IS FORMED, .on '^?on 'Tn'thSSjS'^ ^' ^ correspondent in the Lon- Pl2d ou\Ver.Voi::?l^^^^^^^^ ^-^ coals are and the cause of this smoke i/nnA ^''''l'''^'''"'"«^^ately be easily understood thTtbeforPth'/'^ i° '''^' ^' '^ ^'" the fire within the3e tKow^. ''^'^^\' ^"'^ P"<^ »Po« and warmed the air above Inrfh^'T'^'^'^Lf^^^ near a^fife'anJ Tray n'ofbeTn?^"^/'""^ ^«^'« ^^'le «» or not burn coals^ s Sjow or won7h ^? ^^^ry one that we do therefrom. I can make thi^/^W ^ ^'t^ ^V -\^^'« S^'^' arising which will aC"aTi the in 0^^^^^^^^^^^^^ I'ghtjng of acandle! the candle tire is set to'tle S whichT?.^' ^^^i^^ting a small quantity of tallow hMl a\!^^ '*^ warmth melts directly \bsoiSd by he cai^ ^f}''^ *""°^ '' thereby so very finely snrffhffi^^^. -^^^^ °^ *'^e wick, and wick his hSnoulrto be ib^^^^^^^^^^^ "^''n*'^^ ^"^'^•"^ dissolved tallow to form the same in^n^ ^ '""^^l •^"^"t'ty of burning, combined wiS, tho nvll ° ^.f^'' ^''^ these gases the light of the candle A «imF" "' ^^^ atmosphere, give other Materials! but cod ctntaTn i ^'T''. '' ^^'"^ ''° *"«» cent, in weight of raseswh?pri?hT^^^^^^ they .et a liftle waf ^ 'The smalTfl' '^Tll^'^' ^' «««» ^ will tie gases be liberated «n ?htf ""' "^^^'^ ^'^^ '^'''^ rapidly the gases are consumed ' '* ''^ "'""^ "*««« ^^^^ Pa^t of pl^f^ Te c^atrnttloL^^i J^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^-^ "■ "- -^^-"^ or .ne r.smg gases, which they cannot sp^r;: 340 MANUAL OF ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. I II and therefore must condense, so much so that all particles are formed, which aggregate, and are called smoke, and, when collected, produce soot; but so long as these particles and gasea are floating they cannot burn or produce combustion, as thev are surrounded by a thin film of carbonic acid. It is onlv when collected and the acid is driven off that they burn rapidly. •' ♦*I have now shown that cold air is the cause of smoke, which may be greatly reduced by care. In the open fire-grate the existing fire ought to be drawn to the front of the grate and the fresh coal placed behind or on the back of the fire. Ihe hre in the front will then burn more rapidly, warm the air above, and prepare the rising gases for combustion. In this way smoke is diminished, as the gases from the coals at the back rise much more slowly than when placed upon the fare and the air partly warmed. The same process may be applied to kitcheners, thereby almost entirely preventing smoke after the first lighting. For stoves and boilers, warm air may be produced for the entire combustion of all gases " m SCALE IN BOILERS. In the experience of the steam user there is probably no one cause more prolific of danger or more wasteful of steam power than scale in boilers. The great saving in fuel and time is evident when it is known that a scale one-fourth inch thick requires an extra expenditure of sixtv per cent, more fuel, bcientific experiments show the conducting power of scales as compared with iron is as one to 35.5; consequently, to raise water in a bo,ier to any given heat, the fire surface of the boiler must be heated to a temperature in accordance with the thickness of the scale. To raise steam to a pressure of ninety pounds, the water must be heated to 320 degrees Fahrenheit in a cloan boiler of one-fourth inch iron this may be done by heating the external surface of the shell to about 335 degrees'. If one-half inch of scale intervenes between the shell and the water, such is the non-conducting power that it will be neces- sary to heat the fire surface to about 700 degrees, almost red neat, ihis excessive heat causes the oxidization of the metal, and it becomes granular and brittle, and is liable to bulge, crack, or otherwise give way to the internal pressure, with th^ dangerous lesults wFxich follow such conditions. After loag and exhaustive experiments, looking to the destruction and prevention of scale; the Ohio Scale Solvent noNs. : all particles are (loke, and, when irticles and gaaes bustion, as they tcid. It is only that they burn cause of smoke, open fire-grate ont of the grate jack of the fire, pidly, warm the ombustion. In om the coals at placed upon the process may be *ely preventing i boilers, warm »n of all gases." MANUAL OF ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. 241 deleterious effect upon the iron an'^n"?'- *^«^ ^' ^^^« «o remove all scales that have fS.S^ *.'?"^ '^ ^'" entirely completely resist the formation of iv "^' ^''}'''' ^"^ ^'» the mineral salts in the feed water in o^ T^ "'^^'' ^y ^«'ding it can be blown out through he blow ".'^^'r'^"^^"' ""^i! With tn.s preparation the dffficultv of n ""Ku' otherwise. ?f wells or from other sources i.l^r ""^ ^^^ ^^'^ ^^ter increased safety in the usTof boilers 2^'"'?"^^' ^""^ ^^e the consumption of fuel is aLrp^ fu ^ ?^^^^ economy in cost of repaii-s and extra time and i^h"' '"'7^ '^'' ^-dditLal also saving valuable time of emnlovp« ? '" ''^T'"^ «^t, and This solvent is a dry powderS^lf '"'^^'^^^ ^y delay, exposure to the weather. It ism vp^Ti^^ "ot deteriorate by of warm water and administered .1 til ^'°u^?^^ ^° ^ bucket through the feed water puC or al i\h'r^"'^^^''.^^^^t^-^'^lv'e, and costs only from twS to^^ S^^ t^^^^^^tSl 3robably no one of steam power lel and time is rth inch thick snt. more fuel, (ver of scales as lently, to raise surface of the dance with the ssure of ninety es Fahrenheit, lay be done by it 335 degrees. 3 shell and the ' will be neces- ses, almost red (I of the metal, able to bulge, isure, with the >oking to the Scale Solvent '^-iiDcjrfS' 16 242 MANUAL OF ENGINEEHS' CALCULATIONS. SUPERHEATED STEAM. It seems a little remarkable, saya the London "Engineer," that in the pursuit of economy of fuel, engineers have abandoned superheating. Years ago its value was well understood, and the superheater was found in almost all ships pretending to have good engines and boilers; but the boilers which in the present day are fitted with true superheaters may be counted almost on the fingers. The reason why superheating was given up is to be found in the fact that the thing was over- done. We have heard of instances in which the steam was so much heated that it would scorch paper, and did carbonize and rum the piston-rod packings. No amount of saving in luel could compensate for this. Another objection to super- heating lay in the fact that it appeared to exert a species of solvent effect on the cast iron of port faces, the edges of the ports becoming in time so brittle and soft that they could be dug out with a pen-knife. We have reason to think, however that, although superheating was a failure ten or fifteen years ago. It need not be a failure now, the conditions under which It can be employed being much more favorable than they used to be. What we are about to say on the subject is not intended to apply solely to marine engines, but to all steam engines which are intended to be economical. The conditions of application are more favorable than they have been; first, because more is known about superheating than was known, and there is consequently less chance of it being overdone; and, secondly, the use of very high pressures has led to the production of better castings than those pre- viously made. Again, asbestos and metallic packings are now available, which were unknown before; and, lastly, mineral oils can be used as lubricants instead of the tallow which alone was at the service of the engineer as a cylinder greaser Twenty years ago, when Mr. Adams first tried to use very high pressures— 150 pounds to 160 pounds— on the North London Railway, great trouble was experienced from the MAKUAL OP ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS 243 I? Wfc^^^^ Of the stea.. to be attacked in much the samf wl', "'^A''^ ""^^^^ appeared ?i«^"J ^«« used; but after a f' w tSs f '^."^^ superheated found and a system of castW i0°. A horse-power represents only 42.74 units per minute. The specific heat of saturated steam is .305, that of gaseous steam IS .475, under constant pressure. If we take the latter figure, then It would be necessary to superheat i pound of steam by 90°. If its pressure were eighty-five pounds, its temperature while saturated would be .328°, and 328+90=418, which would be too high for ordinary use, corresponding as it would to a pressure of about 420 pounds on the square inch absolute. The whole of the work would, however, come out of the superheat, and if the cylinder had a very thin liner, and was MANUAL OF ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. 345 tt^a' :ZZXref:l'7^J' '' ^^ *han probable superheating so far as this wp 1^,^^^ ^« ^f Arable to push steam "sers^the importanco^^^^^^^^^^ ^"^P'-ess "pon by which dry stLmC be admi?i°i /"!.'"'"' '™ngement engines; even a steariap fitted on fh..' cylinders of the engine will be usefu] It^i? nof Z "" '^""'T P'P^ "e^"- ^he ought to be that R i t! u° "^^ generally known as it boLs suppVsteLfwh^croonr- "".^ ^"°^/'^h locomotive eent. of moisfure in ^he sha e of inl"' kT ^'^ <^« ^^^''^ per this can be " knocked out "of sL rh'\^.' P'^"""^' ^ome of but in all cases where it is no!S^*^' "'" "^ ^^^^^P^^tes; ■drying the steam thorough!; sCSVSpt^d""^^"^^"^' ^^^ , 1 . '''■"oy the instrumei ♦; he of th fr' indLtor also1rfv1n"'^1'"'".P^'"P^^^^^^ 'e e:.planationofeverVthn/npif5J"'l''-^^ ^"'i ^ ^"» d.e8criDtinnnffj!!X?lI!?P''^*.^>»'°gtoitsus^^ The folk . "... .i.iuoi;v iuujcator l; . ,. , o.— •-- "ov. xuciuiit , ;np- iuuicator ,s taken from a pamphlet 248 MANUAL OP EN0INEER8' CALCULATIONS. ihc i.iinciplc and action of ndicators are so fiimnlo nn.i to most practical engineers now so weH uSstooTthati? oi tne paits of this instrument to reudilv ar)Dreci,if« fK aavantages accruing from its use." ^ appreciate the ihe best form of iu'.-.-am for an expansion engine is thnf hlwboirn'.?''''^^^ ''' '^"« eurve%hich s^caTlod S vK^ ^e W :^'''f ; ^'^^^^f tJ'« cut off, showing that ^ ance etc bu{ in 'n, '; ' """^ -P''^^" ^'«^^' ^'^h riiht clear- f^,^^'l, '.■ , '" ™*-"' c^s^s in pract ce it will fall short n*- in ,^ ^T^T^- '"'"?' ^^'"g ^ J'ttle below; if much below it t can tell !.r ^'"f ^" '^' f T^ ^^'^^- ^^ experienced engineer nn/q fi,/ ."^ ^^ , • ^^y engineers comparing their cards and the practical results under different aiTinffement if thpir thTSecTaTs'tvr^'^ '"^"^^^^^ "^^^ b« obtIS re^ rdi'g fonnrl Fn K 1 ^ l°f f "^'r^ "^'^ 'o be readily obtained or even Ind fi Sin/oui otfIZ''''f ff^T^ ^"'^^' '''^'' iufor'nlatlon Appleton's "Applied Mechanics," which woiks are now generally to be found in the libraries o every stuTeno^ marine engineering, but in this and other imSant subtc^f MANUAL OP ENOINt^Rs' CALCULATIONS. 249 ^T^^^t^^^^r:^:^^^^^ «^ f ^-.th into 2. With the «cL to w fch th2 indf 'r'-'- measure between the snapoR hi 1- ! '"^''''^0^ is constrncted, line to the upper oiUl nTfor h« '^?"'«^.T ^'^« "tmospheric until this crosses tl e Cn e • llitZ"" "^'l'^ ^^^ ^'^''^'^^ .Proc'ss for the arerbetween L „? '°- ,^'"^' ^'epear the expansion curve after ifhT *''^a mospf-nc line, or tho outline diagram '* ^as crossed this h.^ and the lowe? euro for each p,' '" 5 the Soke '^ *^'™' "" '"^ "<»'" P^es- not^f ;irc;LT';olS"zr " ■" 'i'^ "'"«-". " - separately ThP n«nni ^^®"'" ^"^ vacuum effects proceed t^.us- "'"'^ ""^^ '"^"^ expeditious mode is to whole double stroke ' °' ""' """'" I'^esu'e for the knoXdJeyZ'Lfc''^, "'"'£!' ».P°™°n »""' b'" little the eepaSe value of the ,te«rj.''',"« ""''"'"'"■ ""'^^ "=»»"' indicator diacrram 1 1 .^T.fV"^ """"T ?™' "^ '■•»■>" « .Jepart^entofth'^'BiLrirSL-'"'''"^^' '" "■" «'«"■» .ndfrom"Str^\%;S? ,-"'"»' '?/"^- !■ -a,, «re marked by he sSle '^ht ll-^^T;^' "("'*'' """ir liuej «n_he e.g:„e% tor trt^rril^nfoTatrJS'Ja'r then taken as the zero or datum line, and IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^^ 1.0 I.I 1.25 |50 i"^" ll^H 1^ 12.2 1^ u 1^ 2.0 m 1.4 11 1.6 ** V] <^ /^ "3 ^> '> :5 y Fhotographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 873-4503 \ iV % m. ^ # \\ - inventor, form or nunibpr nf ILnM i ° ^^f ^^^ "^med from they may all be rough?; classed as 4f.h^^ their shape, but banded. ^ ^ i-ia.bea as right-handed ' and ♦ left- P-^t^a'^l^^tT^^^^^^^ blades fornv port to 8tarboaS^l'fXh/nl1'nrPn'^'^^^°^^^'"^f'-o^ whose blades form pa^ of a left-ha ,d?dt'"'' '' /• ^''^P^^^r from starboard to p^ort of the stean'er "''''' '"*^ '' ''''^'''■ pro1.S^oTtinfcr;^stmLV^•^ -d. a left-handed crank should revolve in thelL ^i'- V^'''^^^^ that the actu)?^L^^o^r^lp^Zl^^^^^ between the words, ,t is the amountTthe wni 1 .^'f'^'^'°''^^«ther ^•evolving in water, a yield W T.?w ^°'*^ -'?'" ^^^^ ^crew expressed in figures as soWchVrcen^ "•"°""' '« the pitch multiplied by the numhlv .? ^i ^^^ 'P^^d clue to- 25 feet pitch, 50 revolutions lrn.1 7 "^'^V'- ^ '^'^^ speed (50x60x25--6080)then^srZ^^^ ^^^ ^^nota equals 1.3 knots slip, which wo^,id'bro f *"^^ '^^'^ ^^ ^"^^s ■354 MANUAL OF ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. divided by C080 is the progression of propeller per hour in inrf; J."''^ theamountof slipper cent, from 100; then say, as 100 18 to remainder, just found, so is rate o' proeressioT of propeller (1) to the rate of the slip. Progression of fnl;p^n''"J^ ''^ ^""^ the required number of revolutions it must take to advance at a given rate, viz. : ""'uhu .«,.!}?• T'""^ S'' numher of feet in 'the knots per hour bv multiplying the knots by G080 feet. ^ (2) Divide the product (1) by the pitch of the screw or NOTES ON THE PADDLE-WHEEL. The common radial paddle-wheel has the " floats" rieidlv fixed on the arms; with cast centres; arms of wrought S oolts with one end turned back to grip the back of arm Jhp other secured with a nut and waslfer.' Some paddle-wheel are made with a few cast iron floats for the purpose of counter balancing the weight of the moving parts of the endne The metal float is placed so that whin the centre of th^ reiffor'?L^d^""'"'."^'^r^^^'' '^' ^'-^"k has a sigh it /or^the downward stroke. A common radial paddle- wheel differs from a feathering-wheel, in having floats fixed to he arm with their face parlllel to 'the centre^of the wheel movP nnVvf^^^'r ^ paddle-wheel has its floats to oscilirte^or tTeh- face, wS''' ""^ ^'.' '' ''^''^^''^ ^^ ^'^ ««««"tric tha tneii faces, while immersed, are nearly at rieht ano-lps. i-n tha surface of the water. In a featheringVoa £re ?s^very li The 'centr^e 0?'^^' f T"^ ^« ^''"^ ^•>' ""« oonstrifction ihe centre of the wheel eccentric is forward of and in a horizontal line with the centre of the shafting. The work?nJ surfaces of a feathering-wheel are made of brass and aTe lubr^ •Gated with water by the wheel. "leiuun Disconnecting paddle-wheel engines are worked separately lTvrer'thir£"d:!}'".S?'ri^'^^ '^^'^ Ifrmoved levers, etc. ihis kind of paddle-wheel eng ne is very useful for tug-boats or steam ferries, as they are quick and handy .he'^fo^wtglir''^""'"^ ^^""^' ^ ^^^ '^ calcu Ay iTIONS. teller per hour in 100; then say, as 0* progression of (Volutions it must )t8 per hour by of the screw or 3nti8 the number MAMCAl, OP ENOISEEKS' CAICULAT.ONS. 856 shaft, moved is very useful Ic and handy. ■ calculated by 25G MANUAL OP KN0JNEER8' CALCULATIONS^. SQUAKE AND CUBE ROOT. Find the square root of G272Gi The greatest square in the first period sixtv twn ;. n.« the two both to the partial divisor iL^n if'.?/ ^""ex'ng nence 7y<5 is the exact square root of 627264. »'"uei. 627294(792 49 149)1372 1341 1582)3164 3164 Find the square root of 7.3441 t-ATlONSi. MANUAL OF EX0IKEEH8' CALCULATIOKS. 257 pterS'th"iXSenhere"^^ ^« ^'^ ^^ ^- decin.1 part of the original rcima]''' ''' '"^ '^^^^ ^^er the decimal liie square root is therefore 3.71. DT. sixty-two, ia the- : forty-nine fronv he rout. Wel)ring' of the remainder, o form a partial end without the ex the nine both, the root already fact the product, ext period, sixty- /idend, doubling obtained, for a (>, and annexing to seventy-nine, ;iply the divisor,. )roduct is 31C4,. 3 uo remainder. 7.3441(3.71 4 ice, we put one performing the ^8 indicated iui 47)334 339 541)541 541 completed dWisor'hfto^t'lfe hsfUZ'f.^l'' ^''^'''^ ^^ ^he exceed the dividend. Hence iX^^^ *^'. '^^'^ "^"^^ "ot placed m the root, care must bi^«^"^^ '" ''^"'^ ^« be when the multiplication Ts effected h/« *' "i"''''' ^^^^^er! the dividend or not. Thus fnVhS "l^ P''°^"ct will exceed of the dividend 334, the parLl d vi '^^''^^'' "^ ^^^ case times in thirty-three b if JSZ A ^^^^^°^ ^^u^" will go eiehfc than 'Vii „ "^ "{"Ke, out Since the orodup^ Sn^iq •° '^'s"'' than 334, seven is the next figure of Sip .w ^? '' ^^^'^^^^r Hero, adding a Cipher, .e'-^*LTthedeci.aUh„,.. 41.341560(6.439 36 134)534 496 1283)3815 3564 135160 115641 17 ^^^ 268 MANUAL OP ENOINBERS' CALCULATIONS. o.f:^rarir:;Ser-^^^^^^ not w„„u, ealleJ a complete ^qu.rV. I v^E To™™ of i,. Art 'l'""'!.'"'' """ "? """ "' "l""™ ""»■ of seven, spoken 7.0000(3.04 4 4G);J00 276 624)3400 3096 304 coKiar^^^^^^^^^^ of decimals can be obtained The integral mrfnfH,?? obtained is, of course, the square root o^tl^aiUt inte^ra complete square, which is leL than the given mrlber ^ The square root of a fraction is obtained bvtakJn., fv,„ square root of the numerator for a numerator a/ZiZ^ ^^"^ root of the denominator for a denominator 'x^fs f'ollorat T!£Ta^u ^°'^«\^?i'ft!o» that the multiplication of fracrions In^ ?v.'^"? ^^ multiplying the numerator for a numerator and the denominator for a denominator. When e"tTer tS numerator or the denominator is not a complete square in which case the fraction itself evidenflv hla «^ « ^ . ' instead of findin. an appro"ltTrt"t o^bo h numTatrrd ?f wnTlf ^k""'..'" T'T^'' and then dividing one by the other l^n to'^^^th^^spe llT ''' ''-''^''^ ^ ''^^^^^^^ ^^nn^il'T'^'' ^""^ 5^ '^"^'•^ '•°ot Of two-sevenths. ^^Reducing two-sevenths to a decimal, we find it to be roo?or28r7lt'8"5Vu^28'^ ^^'^ previous method the square root oi .^ad7i4^8571428. . . .to as many decimal places as we J the approxima- proceed ttim: two fiffhs «, ST T' °' '™fifth», we »ho„M root of .400000 etc to „.'^ ^ i> "»<' ">on find the BiZrl "o. follow th.t'£;,.':rhr„r,j;oSr„"n'''™» I' s frucfon are not oom|,lete eSuaro. tZt^Jt -if """""ator of a equaro root; for the div «i„7 Jt ■ "" ""> '"lot on has no ,„„ ' *?• "'""' numerator and dS„i /° P"*"' «/nares- seven, gms four-ninths tl,„ 1 °'"'""'°'' »« divided hv thirds. A fraction S £ re3u™d T'/^ "''''"> '» '«! doterm,„e whether it bo 1 co,n7erstl"o'r nT ' '""' '» .We Sltr olToima"' nt".""™"*^ '' "'■"i™'! to a corsider the ^,„wi„, r„,:r ?fct?."tr ^rr^^Hi .umVt\Y,i"!;:S,»;;hod one „,oro than half the Fmd the aqnare root of two to twelve figures. • • • o • ^.0000(1.41421356237 24)100 96 281)400 281 2824)11900 11296 28282)60400 56564 282841)383600 282841 10075900 2G0 MANUAL OP ENOINEEHS' CALCULATIONS. 2828423)100751)00 84852(i!) 15f»Of;;3lO 14142115 n(J41050 10970538 0714120 505(i84(; 10572740 8485260 20874710 10708961 1075749 Here having obtained by the ordinary process the first sevea^ Wo might extract the square root of a perfect square bv splitting It into Its prime factors, but unless the number is not large this would be a tedious method. Find the square root of 441. Following the method given in Lesson VIII., Art. 5: 3)441 3)147 49 Therefore 441=38x7», of which the square root is 3x7 or twenty-one. '» "^ a i, Observe.— Unless a number is made up of prime factors each of which is repeated an even number of times, it is not a. perfect square. re root is 3 x 7, MANUAL OF ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. 261 EXTRACTIOX OP THE CUBE ROOT. ^^^'^^^^^^^^^^ f-bor is the same of the sq.mro root we must con^nnl ''^^°''?- ^' ' ^he case without explanation nffiVn ^^"teKt ourselves with civinir extraction Re ^be'r o lu'^^'l *^"f '^' ^''^ ^^^^ ^oMh'o given number into periods of thferLf'^^^'^V ^^^'^ «« the point over the figure in th«,.nf^ !^^^^^^ ^^^^' by placinfr a third figure to tie L rind ?otL^'r^ then'oVerSy decimals). Put down for the fir«/ fi ^^^ /^f° '^ ^'^e^-o be any whose cube is the gTeateat onhn -^.^"^.^^ *^« ^^^^ the figure tract its cube from^S fiL tn-nV^ -^^ ^''''^'^' «nd fSb! period to the right of thfl r?n °^'^^""^'"& ^^^n the next number which wfshall c n aT"'^"^'!' '^"^ thus forminTa f. the part of «ie oo Tl4adv''it;.'J ^^^^ -l"are divisor, and then, havinrdSm,-. "u*^ ^^ ^^''^'^ to form a divisor is contained in id V S '^^^ """-^ ^'"^'^ ^^"^ hand figures, annex ?h L ouot en? tn .f '"^ I'' ^''^ ^^g^t already obtained. Then determ^nn f? '^^ part of the r?ot the following processes: '''''°''°'' ^^^^^^ I^ues of figures by Cube the last figure in the root. and'?he?Lf/;'^thirarionb^°?^ 5"^^^^ ^^« ^-tby three by the last figurJ ^n'th^Zr' |'? twn thei"?-'^ ^'^-^ ^'^^ '^ under each other advanmnor «„ u "°^^" these lines in order Wt Add tholk „™'an"| ^tracffh"^'^ """ P'"™ '° '»« dividend. Bring down fki ^"''J™'=' . 'tieir snm from th^ remainder, to foVa'^e^w&ndSth'^ ^'^ ^'^^^ «^ "- a divisor, and to find another S^nfl^'' F?''"^^ *<^ ^^^m same process, continuinr?hfi o» .^^''^^ ""^^t by exactly the areexl^usted. In de^S's' Ve^^t ber nf P«''^^« the cube root will be the samp «! "umber of decimal places in over the decimal part," ri fh«' ""°?ber of points placed decimal part. ^ ' '•' ^^ ^^« ^"mber of periods in the numTe?Ko\'rct'^„t'ro^^^^ *he given square root, an approximaHon ? ' u' *^^° the case of the nearness by addf^r^^Cr Tn^LT^'^ *° ^^^3^ ^W'f decimal places. ^ ' ^^^ finding any number of ^nltr^ll, ^''' '^ ""''' "'^^^"'-od by following the steps of I 362 MAI UAL OP engineers' calo ulations^ Find the cube root of 78314601. 78314601( 64 48)143.14 8 48 96 10088 5293)42266.01 343 6174 37044 376648n 460118 Placing the points as indicated in the rule, we observe that the cube of four IS the greatest cube in the first period, seventy- eight. Subtracting 43, or sixty-four, from seventv-eight, we get a remainder ot fourteen, to the right of which" we bring down the next period, 314, to form a dividend. Multiplyinl Uie square of four by three, we get for a divisor forty-eight! which will go twice in 143 (the dividend without its two right hana figures). We set down two, therefore, to the right of four as the next figure in the root, and then proceed to form the three lines according to the rule: Eight is the cube of two; Forty-eight is 3x4x28; Ninety-six is the product of two, the last obtained figure in the root; and forty-eight the divisor. Placing these three lines under each other, but advancinff SmS^T^I^ °"® fr° ^^^^^'^^ *^h« ^eft, and adding, wl get 10088 which we subtract from the dividend, 14314, leaving a remainder, 4226 To the right of this we bring down thf next period, 601, thus forming another dividend. Ihenext divisor, 5292, is3x422, and is contained seven tained figure in MANUAL OP BN0WEBB8' OALOUlAnONS. g63 6m istxt5,1r™' «"> '«»'%"e iu the root; 37044 is 7x5292/ whtclf'wl tbtr^t' fTom fhT^^^ .P'^^'^. we get 3766483, left. %eDce, 427 is the numbprwr '® !!°^ °,° °^«^"« Periods number to the given nurb^ldS than H ''^1?^ ^^ ^"'^ o^rg^lr^^i^^^ obtainedVo^r^'^tit ^It^SeToTt inay wish after tL original number fn?f1f ^^^'P^e^s as we the process according to the ^nS^IV ^ *^"''> continuing as may be required al an Im^r^ •' ^!- ^ ""^"^^ decimal place! In finding the cube Z^F^^T^^''''' *° ^he cube root completed ^J add ng^^^^^^^^^^ the periods must be Whpii fha n,-,u^ ^ "-'pners, if necessary. otleV^erTto^:^^^^^^^ the cube root be the numerator and denominff °* ^^' ^'"^"^^^ fraction which is the cube rooToftt'^'-'^'I'I'^^ °f the the numerator and the dpnnm^« ? ^^ original fraction. If when the fracti^is redted to ,>^^^^^^^^ ^'^^ Perfect cubes the best plan general' vwHl h« f T^ *''!"' ^^^"'^^ 9' ^bs.) decimal, and then to fin/fii u*° ""^^^^^ the fraction to a the case of mixed numbers ,Vefn.„Tt °^ *>* ?^«'"^«I- ^' fractons, in order to seeN^he^h^r hp' '''^"u^'^*^^'"P^°P«^ fraction has its numerator Rn?^ ^ .resulting improper cubes. numerator and denominator both perfect whTch the^lubetotl«p "'^ l^'^''^'' ^^^'^tion, gives W of But if, Vhen 87reduceT"the" nf ' '' °°^ ^"^ thfee-quSers are not perfect cubes th,'"^^ ^Tu^^^' ^°*^ denominator fractional part of he ^ixed nLh ^ ^.'"•'' *° '^^"^^^ the the integral part befoTft find f f ^° ^'^^^^'^^^ ^nd placing rule. ^ ^°^® "' tind the cube root of the above Pla^lfoftcimair'^' '' '''''-''^^ '^^ three-fifths to two 44f=44.6 44.600000(3.54 17G00 m 264 MANUAL OP engineers' CALCULATIONS. 37)17600 , 125 225 135 15875 3675)1725000 64 1680 14700 1486864 238136 desfr"*^ ^° °" *° ^^ "^°^ ™°^® decimal places as we may Observe.— Exactly as in the case of the square root, when one more than half the number of figures required of the root have been found by the rule, the rest may be found by simZ dividing, as in ordinary division, by the last divisor fh?fiL?I^*~^ ^'" ^^, ^^'^'"^^^ ^^^^ although twenty-seven, the first divisor, is really contained six timef in 176, we only put down five in the root. ' ^ h JinT'"'" 't ^^-f' ^''i examination, we find that six would be too large font would make the sum of the three lines which we add up greater than the dividend 17600 We must, therefore, always be careful to observe whether the ofZ^fl. "^'T '^ *^^ r^ ^"L^'- ^'" »«t make the sum of the three lines too large. The dividing the dividend withou Its two jast figures by the divisor is^not, therefore an infallible guide to the next figure of the root "*''^e'°'^®' ' -*ria I tt\ £ TI0N8. Cos as we may I are root, when ired of the root ound by simply i visor. 1 twenty-seven, in 176, we only that six would the three lines d 17600. We e whether the make the sum the dividend not, therefore, t. PART III. MANUAL OP ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. 267- SKETCH OF THE LIFE AND WORKS OF WM. M. SMITH, Esq. (First 8. B. iMpector .( the Maritime Provinces.) Scotland, and 'olivi;•'CI^o?°W^'f^°^^?>"b"^ grandson of Adam Smith and mJ/. m T^n'^' ^'^^^''^' ^'^^ on the parental sidfiln^^^°'^^*''^'"e, of Edinburgh. and Rosahanna Burns of Wafprfnr? ^'.? ^^^^^ descent, he was called after h's uncle WMh' "" q * ul "^^^^^^^^ «'de . "Cygnet," Custom llLrEdinl^T ®Sff "^'j'"' '' '^' Canada about the year 182S m tS^.^ • . ^^^'^^ ^^'^e to as draughtsman afd instructor nf?^'''"^'"'"'^ ^^ ^'^ ^^^her Land Office, at the Capital of W 'p"'^^^'^?' ^^ the Crown Mr. Smith, the Tbiect of o"- =1^-^ Brunswick, Fredericton. what is now know J as the Tin 1!'^ ^"/°xf '^ ^« ^ ^^^ool, while living at Fredericton hnV if '".'^ Z^- ^^^ Brunswick, to his own Efforts in p"?va?e stud v an1"?'v " ^' «^"'°'^ «^e« a subject, in any wario?nen^p3^--H 1"'^'^' "«^«'' leaving had mastered thorou|hlv alHts deSb ^'^.^"l^ess, until hi the above mentioned schooling hi '^"? ""'^^ exception of educated, especially in ^^^(,^^,^^,^7^ ^^^^ ^° ^^ ^'^Jf" his father moved ti St AndrL? '^'^"tific subjects. When "The Standard "AfrSmirh' *"" P"^''^ ^^^ newspaper, in 1833 became^n app?e"tt t'o'^Fn'r^V^^".^ ^- ^ ' ^"^ prietors of ''Duke sC on FounJr^S'S* ^°¥' P'*^" nianager of which was Mr Rn/Lrf ^ r^' .^t® mechanical land,^an expert for those day anS"l'h' '^ ^'^^^°^' ^cot- application of the steam whistTtnfh. Z^' 'i'^''^^^^^ <^^ the of now world-wide reimwrand n!^fn ^""^ ^i™' ^ machine serving four years with Mr FonlT f"^""'!' J^'' ^'"ith, after assistant engineer with him frl'' ^""^ ""^ ^'^'''^ ^e served as. the R,v«r !i. t'1,!'-!'^^'™^.". 'he steamer "John WarH".^ .^'?'^^: i'^j'P' after his time h Bo-fnnfVv - .T- ' *"^'' his time had pxpir^d Bo^ton to periect himself in his calling, and "engagecl on went to for four ■2C8 MANUAL OF ENOINEEBS' CALCULATIONS. Tears at Alger's foundry and machine shop, whore the first ■brass eannons for the United States navv we mannfXS m^etaf^'ltt' 'A'C™'"'' °.? "■%'r"°"» ■""-condSgBabMt foifjoCN!'i:sr'it'^,''i;r!'a,s„^rt'i,^rs^s^ . L S ' -^-^ l>y whom Mr. Smith was ani)ointed 'City of •engineer in charge; and after the second steamer' " Ladv Colbrook," was built, he became the superintenTnt en^hieer ZiZT^'' «^ ^he ferries, in which capacity he seved fourteen years Mr. Smith then went to A' ew York and ■entered the celebrated machine shop of Cunningha^n & Bellna > where he remained for eighteen months, to peS himself n "wtr'stt''-^^^^^ .f T"^' the' engines^' t e westein btar, " Pride of the North," and the extremplv Sent^'Torn IftT -""'''TK "^^i ^"^'^ "^^ "^^^bHst S St Johr^ ^ r^ *^' ''^°'' ^'•'^'' ^'- '^'"^th returned St John and i^Prlnf^ f^"'"™' °°' °^ *^« proprietors of the remained as fhl^ J^l "^ ferry steamers, at which business he Jif^aTk Tt ® '"f^ager until 1854, when he was appointed Wnmtt oFtht P'' ""'^ ^^-^^^ioK by the P^inclial PdmnnH T?i5 i -D '^''i."^®' ''"^«'* <^he hand and seal of Sir ^dmund Head, the Royal Governor; and in 1867 was annointed oSaMn'Slt; '' ^-^Sco]ia by the OrvS^enfof T^anaaa, in i862 he was appointed Steamboat Inspector for the Province of Prince Edward Island, by the Prinze Ed waS Island Government and Commission 4ned by the Roval andTll' Pr'^norp?"^;^ ]'''^^' then^lepYrate'coZv' 1873 Mr Smi h t.f^''^"^ I'Y^ '""^''^^ the Dominion in Mari'time PmvinI ^^^^'^^^^ . Steamboat Inspector for the Maritime 1 lovinces of the Dominion of Canada; in the year 187^ he was chosen Deputy Chairman of the Board of Steam- boat Inspectors by the Government. After thirty-three vears of continual employment as Inspector of Steamboats Mr ifT wast ve'ry'rv'"^"^' '^1^' ! '^Z^^^^' I's'^HTs^ffi^^i JloloT ^ , "^y P^^' ^s he had a very large district to travel over, reaching from Dalhousie, N. B., to iS-th Sydney Sine the amnnnLPfT*^ has its steamboat, the reader can ■if e^xtrl ffil •''^i'*''o"'P^^« y^^fly had to do, outside ttf^reStis o^X 'o-J^fo^^ir raTa'rinl iiTdX^Tthit^riS^crnr-''^---'^^"- MANUAL OF ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. 269' fi% ya"s^'t^^^^/,,/Sf?/ ^'^^ ^-^ked fo>- over present a ConsultTng Kneer S? 7 i.^''°S^n°"' '^"^ '« "t he time of a,,plyiL "ol- g'!' ^1*^°^,?' ^' ^^ Canada; at Inspector in Eastern North Ame^T^^T^: ^^« ^''« "^^est longest in service in Canadu '^™'''''^' *"^ ^y nine years the works^S^^^Sfe^^f,C't^i^Lti?e^ ^^^^^ --^---1^ professional manner- " '"""^ '^'^^ connected in a boiler and engine, furn shed and fiff/?^ ^''^^''^ P^'^"« for Pmce J^;iwar1lIslandTearn raviilt^^*; n' ^^"' ^uilt for the Bell, ' side-wheel steam er/LnaSni? ^f'^^'t'^y- " Heather and boiler, superintended during .ii^f t'- *'^' ^""' «"gi"e Lunt & Sons, for the St jSivt J^'^'J^'^S; built for E. first compound engine an inrlinij T"'''^' «^«o put in the combined; built in'iew B^^uSsiTckC^"'''"^''"^ ^^^^"^ers wheel steamer "Heather Sp' of P^-''°''%'i'^"^«'-- ^ide- passenger steamer, inclined Wn,.f ^'"'"^e Edward Island, engine, builtlor the B^fsh J?^^ P''^^^"^*^ steamer, beam Bermuda Islands, for the coreva^i'Jrnf T'"'' ^'' ««^^'^«« ^^ Mr Smith, unde; the inspectioTof R.?f- ^^^^ '^°- ^uilt by Steamship " Aloha ''d °f British naval officers. engine, for freight^feiness sTSfrf//;, ^^ f '. ^'^^ pressure p!;/.?''^;' P4ared plans 'etc^'""''"^^'^ ^""' ^-^g^^e and Saddle ferry steamer " Frank " fnr Tai a tt Summerside, P. E. I nlan„ 'f. ^""^ ^'^^^^^ Company, Paddle ferry steamer ''/^^"f'^OvSupennten^ bui/din^ Provincial Government, spScatinn^i''^^^^^'^ ^«'^"d Steamship "Albert '' S '.? xr' &^^' ^tc. tended building. Steamsh 'd'< 5^^' i^l 5" P^^"«' ^n^ superin- and boiler. Stern whedaJnmf' S"fferfn,'' plan for engine superintended engine bo lei irh^r^^ P'^°«' -"d -del, speed ten inots antu^^f l"!^^/-: ^-allick., .. JofnTl^/^^^^^^^ Of the City of St. Canadian Government for Tuumtr T*^ ^""^ ^'^ for the- and appointed as an expei t VZt' ^^ ^•^*''' ^^ ohoseu, before a select committee ;fthTHnnfP'';T''*' °" ^^«I oil Province of New Brunswick for f},n'® °^ Assembly, of the- for to govern the sale of coal Si ' ^"'^'''' °^ ^^^^^^^^^ a Uvt. - i±imajj ■270 MANUAL OP ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. Improved Foulis' applicAtion of the steam whistle to fna alarms and made plans and specification Sr house en Jn? whlH^'^r ^yr ^^ °^° ^^«^g"' ""d invented anfniSd whistle for these alarms. Furnished information to Gen se r' n'^Sion fo^J ^^P-^-^nt o^ United Spates co'ast service, in lelation to the construct ng of foff alarms- fior. Deuanne and Inspector Staples, of Po?tland%aLrU S visi ed St. John and interviewed Mr. SmiJh on tMs matter' Bu.Itbycontractalargeand powerful fogalarm for Government of Newfoundland for erection at Cape Race, constructed bv Fleming & Sons Superintended and made plan^f or over nine^ teen fog alarms for the Government of Canada. Made plans and specihcations for the lightships built for the Governmen of Canada, hat had steam fog alarms on them '''^'''"^^"t greeted the No. 1 dioptric Tight at Cape Sable Seal Island and also a No. 2 at Machias, Seal Island^ Made th rdrawin; and specification for a bronze (gun-metal) screw, twdve foe! diameter, weighing 9,000 pounds, for steamship ' NortheTn Light,' a Government steamer employed in the winter serviofl when the ice will not allow the regular steamerrto run Z screw proved a great success, anS is now perfect and stijl ^hlij!^^' . u""- °"® ^'"^^ ^' ^'S^ as 126 steamers; all of which have to be inspected at least once a year. This vear?v ortZ'i^^T? ^^^^ '^' P"^^*'^'^ «f 0«P"^y Chairman O of Steamboat Inspection, and to look after an v local marine • Wh' ''T, -^"^"^^"-"^ """^ successfully carried out bTZ f TesfarTuoirir""^ "'"' "^'^ '' ""'''''^^y ^^^ ^^^ *' ^^^^ '^^m* ATI0N8. tm whistle to fog for house, engine nted an improved )rmation to Gen. nited States coast fog alarms; Gen. d, Maine, U. S., h on this matter, n for Government 9, constructed by ansfor over nine- da. Made plans the Government m. ible, Seal Island, fade th^ drawing ;rew, twelve feet ship " Northern !ie winter service lers to run; this perfect and stil! tamers, more or steamers; all of 1!-. This yearly Chairman Board iiy local marine ied out by Mr. i for him to seek MANUAL OP EX0IKEER8' CAI.CULATIOKS. 271 45 VICTORIA-CHAP. 35. "^i^Ml^Z^, of ^aS?-^; -« ACTS KESPECX,.a AXD ..CEKSZ.0 OP KKSCH^f^plo^^.rol^^^,!-"" (Assented to 17th May, imi.) stet^t:rv?faL-nTtt'Lts'i^ «„ board or owned or registefed "> f' nnml ^°°^^°jo" of Canada? departing from or rrriv L Tt SZ ^T °^ ^«"ada, and Dominion of Canada. Her MaLj^K P°'^. *''' P^^''^ ^n the and consent of the Senate and w!f.^' H^^ ^'^^ the advice enacts as follows; ^"^ ^^"^^ «f Commons of Canada^ EXTENT AND APPLICATION OP ACT. boai In^p^^tton AcY \m'^ ^J «" purposes as - The Steam whole Dominion of Sn/"^- '^*" ^^^^nd and appL toX North-west Trit;L^^^^^^^ ment of ^thf lettliVTr'^lc?^''?^^"^^^^^^^^ in amend- lu^failed " An Act respectiu? J« T^"*' ^^^P^^^ sixty-five «nd for the greater safK' nVseLirh^'^.V^" "* Steamboat^' by the Acts thirty-second anTtffi !h^i\'.^''' ^ ^'"ended tfiirty-nine ; thirty-sixth Victor ait."*^ ^'^'^^"a' chapter three ; thirty-seventh ViS*' eSf'' i'''° ^"'^ «%- Victoria, chapter eighteen ftnTf' .°.®P'®^ thirty: fortieth twenty-one, ^hiohieh!rehT^^^^^^ 'Ct r «8 hereinafter provided) wSh J^J .{ *°^ repealed (excent pyision incon^eisteT^ith this Ac? ''^J Act.^nactrient ?r fc ,«f the amendments hereby mad; wffw^^"^ * ^''°«««- the said Acts which are herein re-eZnfJ'^ ?T ""^ns of in Council made under them as ^e S„^°? ^^ ^ Orders ^ *^® ^^'^em incorporated, all 372 MANUAL OF ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. which shall be construed as declaratory of the existing l,iw^ and all appointments made and all things lawfully done mZ amendments hereby made having effect as new law.' ^ ^' „J^ • ■ A^*^ *^'0 word "steamboat" includes any vessel, used in naviga ion or afloat on navigable water and DronellPd fucTuZlT T^'"^ ""' ? P^^' ^y '''^^' tho^ovd Cw^n r " word " vear " 'rr ""^f^'^T'.'^ "ny such vessel; and the first d„Jnf T "'''"' the calendar year, commencing on the December "''^' '"'^ '"^'°^ "" *^« thirty-firs! dSy of any port or place outside of the Dominion of Canada private ifse w? hn!ffT ^"'''^'' "''^ exclusively for pleasure or K! "^^/'thout hire or remuneration of any kind all tujr ireight boats) and under one hundred and fifty tons ffroas anS all steamboats used only for fishing purposes or the cfrryfnrof oe subject at least once m each year, and oftener if reonirpd under the same provisions and penalties for neglect as other 8 eamboats,-and except also as to the obligat°oTto carry one life buoy hereinafter imposed on all steamb^ts ^ ' APPOINTMENT AND QUALIFICATION OP INSPECTORS. 3PECT0RS. HANCAt. OP ENO.KBEKS- CALOr.AT,„x». ,--, of steam encinc^ im;i«-„ , "* «teumboHts/a„';r;,r «J - ,«4»^^^^^^ belonging to as hereniaftor ))iescnbod u, T *" ^"^ "'**'^'^' «"cl> inspection two of tl.o cert ficutes of '«,? "l ^"° ^" ^'^^ ^^v-iicr or muS i;e'-«"n or skilled pfurna "ot poir^^ "Iso a sT lie I .pment of steamboats, 3 Si ,?;T''' ^^'^ ^"'"'^ »» hiihhu. or construction of 1, 1 T'. ^"^ '"terested in the article or tliinL' liereinaf o, » •' "^ steamboats, or of unv mentrcMuiredbytWct forr"'''/"'^^ "« '""'t of the e , "i ,^ tooreonnected^wi[h«,e'lf:;t^^^^^^ of li's Act, and whose duty? '"^^^^'^''^'"^ to the intent and to g.ve triplicate certUi^tes of s.ul'"'^' '"*?^ inspection, . ^' In this Act thp nvn. • . '*^" "^«pecton: •nchules the stean o^Jn^'^Tu'^'^^'?''''^ rnachinery" or thing connected there.v" h ?n ?1' ''"'/ '^'^'^ P'^-'t thoSof steamboat, and any donkernnn''°^''^ '" proj.elling the and every part thereo „ If'^'Jj^^^^^" ^"^Indes th? h u I steamboat ciirrios tl ..m vf u' ^'"'^ '^"d rigginc. when Tii tackle and appl'ratu fo it^""-' ^"'^ otherboSts and t ! "1'pa.atus, other tin slm 7""^ ^' ^°'«ting them ! e^t.ngmshing iire anchors and^'hf"'''-^^'' in-eveSg or fans, fire buckets compasses «v^?' ^^dlasses and fan' hnnfo u '"«pecc the ' 1 ^ so lar a' 7. J^o person shall be appoS - ;- 'f'' '"^^ ^'• 1« appointed uu inspector of boilers and ql h m HANC.AL OP KNGINEER8' €iW!OULATIONS. insnector of the liulla und onur^rZ^i?^ l ''° '''^'"°5 *^'' »'i for tlio oflice, before a I oim! nfTi 1^ 'i« to his comnetency bo appointed by he Snor n''.!'?''?' ^''.'Pb.nlders t'o surveyor of a reco^nLd 8oc?e?v for H?o ."''•?' '" " "^•''^'^"^'1 dulv authorized to admimVm 1 ;. ' ^f T "">' I'^i'son eI..UI name theToinnann^B „(%',! '"''T ""!! "o™™" .nd^the^^inute^. of th^^rce^SifAtVS 211^^ plates "Srey^raytt'unon' '''1 '"^^ ^^^^^ ^^^ ^^ ^-^ regulations forMi'r'X/Sducf 2[ for^'f. '''''' ^^ inspection of steamboats th^VcS- / ^^^ *'^® uniform anJ granting liSes t^e'ngineers^l^^^^^^^ Z' t ^"^P^^'^°" as may be necessary under thS Act i/t)^''P"'P°'^' t me, repeal alter or rhS f!^ u ' ^^^ '"^^^ ^'"0"^ time to make otC in their ttj'f^ ''^'' f°^ regulations or shall comeinTo force af?er' thtT^ u'^'' '^"^ regulations Governor L 'ounoTbuf ^nt W^ bave been approved by the of the prooeeLT''rp^®^^''®'^''.*^^°P^<'« of the minutes shall beTar si.;- -./o;-' uZt ^^^J 'gf^ • ^^ "^^ ^^airman provided th8'^.^v,^^^^^^'^;°^^?f Marine and Fisheries ATI0N8, ho lins passed a |rd of Sfoumboat icct of l)oilor8 and )f tlio eume; or an ch yossc)!,-<, unless ;o his comnotenc}' al ehipbuilders to , or is a certified sification of ship- for either purpose of the lioard, or 3 case may be) a rily passed such 'esaid: appointed before as inspectors of his Act; : upon his duties fore any person , faithfully and lim by this Act. to be called the 1 the Governor srs shall form a fht to vote, and a casting vote; rd shall be kept 3rv year afc such ake rules and r the uniform s of inspection lOtherpurposi , from time to regulations or nd regulations pproved by the of the minutes the chairman, and Fisheries; iefore this Act il repealed or Manitoba and tories and the '"■'y'if n°d wh"l"''"'%^-l''»t<>r of Marino „n,I Fi.V,. INSPECTION GENERALLY mmma f-t. .""»?' -•« i» »ny Si°5-?-. ?"■'?' ''"■y or ether'? —a, report .o, ooc„r«L;r?irC-«X^^ 376 MANUAL OF ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. ill ^1 'f the same was last mspected, or to the proper inspector at the- port or place where the steamboat is, or first arrives after such event occurs; and in case of omission to give such notice the owner of the steamboat shall forfeit to Her Majesty two hundred dollars for every day during which such omission continues; and if the injury be to the machinery or boiler or revokeT ^'^'"^' ^^^ ^'^^"^® °^ ^'^® engineer shall be .12. Any inspector may, at all times when inspecting visiting or examining any boilers and machinery or the hull of any steamboat, ask of any or all of the owners, officers or engineers of such steamboat, or other person on board thereof and in charge or appearing to be in charge of the same, or of the boiler or machinery thereof, such pertinent questions concerning the same, or concerning any accident that may have happened thereto, as he may think fit; and every such person shall fully and truly answer every such question so put to him respectively, to the best of his knowledge and ability and every person refusing to answer or falsely answering such question, or preventing any such inspection or obstrScting of Jfort ToUaT ^^'^^' '^'''"' ^^ "'' ''''^'"^' '''''"' "" P*"""^*^^ 13. Any inspector of steamboats is hereby empowered to demand ot the owner or master of any steamboat bein? inspected by Inm, the production of the certificate of registry of such steamboat; and it shall thereupon be the duty of such owner or master to produce and exhibit the same to such IDSpGCtOr. 14. When the inspector finds it necessary to open up the hull of a vessel for the purpose of examining her condition, the expense incurred thereby shall be chargeable to the owner 01 such vessel. 15. The inspector may require that the engine and machinery under inspection by him, be put in motion; and any inspector shall be carried free of expense on any steamboat, which he shall desire to inspect while under way, and during such period as may be necessary for such inspection, and for his return to the port at which he embarked on such steam- boats for such purpose, or for his disembarkation at any port at which such steamboat touches on her voyage. 16. If the inspector who inspects any steamboat in the manner required by this Act, approves the hull and equipment of such steamboat, he shall sign a certificate according to the form A in the schedule of this Act, and triplicates of such certificate, signed by the inspector of hulls and equipment MANUAL OP ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. 277 •shall be delivered hv Vii"»« + ii. • tnachinery for the sanfe Sric? who' if'^hll^' fu ^'^^''' ^^^ •and approved the boilers and mJ^' ^^^ehas then inspected has also satisfied himself thatch? ^'^/^ *^® steamboat and of hulls and equipment is rue an^^^^^^^^^ ''''^''"'' equipment, and as to the number of 1"''""^ ^1 *° ^^« ^aid may lawfully carry, and as t^all thp?> f "^f"' ^'^' steamboat the said form, and that thp Ji,/^' P^'^^"^^^'« "mentioned in accordance with the requi ements Tf^ir ^ '! f ^'^^^* ^"^ in certificate in triplicate SSe^two^ '^^n the the owner or master of the stamLf i '"f , "Pl'cates to triplicate to the chief oSi of n„°f>~''^'^^'^*" deliver one o her he shall cause to be posted unZ' ^'f^T''^> and the ?Ias8, in some conspicuoirSt V,r''l^"'^.P'"*^^ information of the publ c and fb^ • ^^^^'^^'^at for the -cl.nery shall retain th^'o^S^r SSeTtlfe .^^uiJ^^ero? boJS;an?SitU^n/,^Lfur^^^^^^^ -^ ^^ ^^^ich the Act, the inspector of boi ers an? - "L'-P«^"«" ""^er this certificate in the form Bin ^bpi-i^'''*'^^®'"^ ^^^^^ sign a and deliver the duplTcates to tir*^ ''^^"^"' in duplicate, steamboat, whoshalfteli erone to th^"f-% Z ''''''' '^ ^^e and cause the other to be posfpd n. ^^'^^^^cer of Customs secyons o?^hif ActTb'ren Tfn'.rr''''' '^-"^ ^^^er Inspection and the master or Z '"'P^.^^or or the Board of ^Iso any dispute between an Tnl' *"/ ^°^ ''^^'"^oat, and Inspection and an engrneer n av hp^vff °' ?u*'^« ^^^'^ of to the Minister of nSif ^yA^'^''""^ .^^ ^'^^er party decide the same- ^ Fisheries, who shall finally with such particulars respef in^ thp,^ n' 't '"^'^ ^«™ ^nd ^8hall,from time to S vZr' f ""^ ^l^ I^F'^^'^^ thereof to the Board when requTe^. ^ ^ ^^'"^'^ ''P''' INSPECTION OF BOILERS AND MACHINERY. to 1 and^sot^ rne'ofTemlT^^^^ ^ T'' '' "—7 - •subject the boiler of every ^teSn^i f'^°"'^^ '° ^^^^^ pressure, and shall satTs?7him,St^ ^y hydrislatic ^"-.al nuals, that such boiler--isVSra5t o^glZTd" 278 MANUAL OF ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. i of a boiler made of iron Xf».„ ^T" I""^ '" "« "mo- without haviil first subiecfpSfh^^^ °^ ^^'^ ^«^' such tost by hfdS;?'^^ '' ^'^^'^ out of Canada: Provided Sys th ,f n "^' ''^^' ^^ '^'^^en declaration on oath by thrmakpr nV .^^1''^,'^ ^^'^'^ S"ch obtained owing to the death offt,/ , ^^^ ^°'^«'' cannot be 'deemed sufficient bv th^ ?nc ' ^^^^'' ^^ ^'^^ other causi practical boiler-muke^s who S"'' '^' ^^davit of ?wo report upon the qSv ^fth^ \ '?^,™'"« the boiler and ?>anship and streS 'shil ?f'"^.*'';'^'' ^" ^<^ ^^^ its work- ;,nspecting the bonf,bf deemed sl^ffi'^'T '° '}"' '"^P^c or ■dedaration by the maker of tl^^^^^^^ in lieu of'such 'Ca^a,thr.:;fkeV':frcrS^h:n^ .\°"- -^^« in the district in which it is be W Li °?u'^-^ ^^^^ inspector of inspection, and shall It 111 f- ^ ™/*^^' *bat it is open to his '"^31 ^^^^Sfl^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^'"' ^"'''"^'''^' or in part of b'ad'LKaL oI'L"uSsa??fn'^y1 '' ""'^^^ '" ^bole irom defective workmansh^;;~J-l^;-^-d^^^^^^^^^^^^ SAFETY-VALVES, STEAM GAUGES, ETC. ing\etS^rS^,*:fe:er;^^^^^ ?'^-^ or examin- Jjtnself that the safety valves attachpH ftf "'^.'^^' ''^'^" ^'-^tisfy ■dimensions, sufficient^in number woil '^ ?''" ^^ ^n'tabli working order, and onlv lo«S .' I nianaged and in good ■certified working pr?s ure and )T '° T.° ^^ or below the •order and cause one or mn- ^ ^^' ^^^ ^'"'"''' P'-ope" together shall be of sufficient diml^lo^' f%- valves, ^h?ch •steam the boiler can generate a?d nf "\*° discharge all the ^PProves, to be lockfd ^'^n^^r^^^^^^ ^ 282 MANUAL OF ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. access to the safety SlJ^u J. ° engineer is not to have- the contrary he shaV^^^^^^^ *'>« «'?*'" 1^ "ot up, but oa and the maVerof hTsteambtt'Zlte 1^7^^ "^ ^-^^^^^ sh^l be^su^stlnSv^m^Se ''"'T ""'"'''''^ '' ^^e boilers, attached to the bo fer hvT.l' •''"'^- ? T '^^^ «^^^" ^^ey be additiona security nuts andT^ mto the plate, unless, as an such attachnVent: ^"^'' ^^ "'^^ ''^ ^d ^'"^'^^^ by her'certi^ steam-gauge, so as to Snt tho ,t'?'' '^^'« ^^'th the safd be^ng seen and ascertained by Inv n P''''"'' *^^ steam from "^cur a penalt^y of two hund/ed/oCrf?"' ^' ^^^" "^^''^by the vie/of J '.'""^""^^ ^-^qnired b/ thi 1^^"^^^ °*^"««- «ball bTthlttrnT/^h"^^^^^^^^^^^ Xroa^ such construction and shall be Cfct" f"°f'" °^ «ball be of SAFETY BILGE I.>fJECTION.PIPE. condensfng7ngiJfp^'^h«,f .''^"^^og passengers and hav,V 27 No t , tJABEIED BY STEAMERS. wicnm the Domm on of ra«„^ -^ sea nom any port or nl-mo, place, on either of thelakes t^!'"': ^^Part ^''^"^ any po?t o? Huron, Simcoe or Superior of 0^??''^'^°^' Ontai^of Erie -thenyerOtta.a,^Sr^-^?--St.I^^J 1884 MANUAL OF ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. Manitoba British Columbia, or the North- West Territories, •or the JJistrict of Keewatin, which is at any place on the route ■ot such steamer more than one mile in width, with passen- gers, without having on board or attached to such steamboat, one good and sufficient life boat made of suitable mrtal, fire- 'proot, with air-tight metallic compartments at the ends and sides (except as hereinafter provided) according to the direc- tions of the inspector, capable of sustaining, inside and out- side, fifty persons, with life-lines attached to the gunwale at suitable distances, or having on board two good and sutficient life boats with air-tight metallic compartments as aforesaid, each capable of sustaining inside and outside thirty persons, with life-lines attached to the gunwales at suitable dis- taS- ^" ^' ^^^^ "^^^^ sufficient oars and other suitable (3). Tlie life boat required to carrv fifty persons may be ■considered of sufficient capacity if made of the following dimensions: — ° Length of keel, twenty-two feet; breadth of beam from metal to metal five feet six inches; depth from top of keel rp?l' of gunwale at bottom of row-lock, two feet nine inches: ihe life boat required to carry thirty persons may be con- sidered of sufficient capacity if made of the followinff dimensions: — . ^ Length of keel, eighteen feet; breadth between metal and metal, fave feet two inches; depth from top of keel to top of gunwale, two feet two inches. ^ , 28. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained m the inimediately preceding section, the life boat or life boats on board of or attached to any steamboat on any of the voyages of such steamboat, may have air-tight metallic compartments at the sides only, or at the ends only, or shall have them at both ends and sides, according to the directions oo '3'^fto^ by "'horn such steamboat was last inspected. 4 J ^o steamboat of any registered tonnage whatever shall depart by sea from any port or place in the Dominion of l^anada or depart from any port or place on any of the lakes or rivers mentioned or referred to in section twenty-seven with passengers, without having on board or attached to such steamboat, a good, suitable and sufficient boat, or good, suit- able and sufficient boats, in good condition and properly equipped,— every such boat to be provided with not less than SIX oars, and other necessary tackle, and to be of sufficient capacity to carry not less than twelve adult persons, exclusive •ot the crew of such boat, and to be of not less than seventeen MAKUAL OF ENOI^EEKS' CALCULATIONS. 28S tt^ folfcf^inl^X^nioVl^ 7"^'^'.^' --h boats to be in steamboat, tlPat^is Kv"J" '^'' ''^''''''^ tonnage of such J^or every steamboat bfless tbnn f^n . for every steamboat of fifty tons Inf''^ ^''"',' °"« «"«h boat; one hundred tons, not TsVth.in f^ "Pwards, but less than 8 eamboat of one hundrpd fi ^" '"^'^ ^oats; for evorv three Ijundred tons not «« than t^^ TrT^' ^"^ ^^«« "'2 lowermg apparatus compIeL an3V«ll ?^'^^' ^'-^^'^S' ^vith Provided, that in any c-i p w] „ ^^ ^'^^ instant lovverinir- two life boat., one of^hTot rboa't7m"°\^'^'^'"'^«^' ^^^^^ him-icane deck without, Hvif-!.,vu^'"'^^^ ^« carried on the condition, water-tS t' and ead^f ''' ''^"" ^' ^'^'^ ^"Vod masters of steambolits slmll Ztn IZ^l^^''^'^^'^ '^'^^^nl them in lowering and hand! n^ fT T, "^^"^^^^ '^"d exercise month; when wSod i u ed asfue^'in';^ ^?''f '^ ^«^«t once a sure steamboats, the covers of J ! Vt' ''^'^^'"^ «f '^igh-pres- wood covered with zinc; aTd eve y boat ^^n.^'^^" ^'^ ^^^^e of the steamboat to which'it beWsand of f ^""''^^^ "''^'"^ of gers shall be '-equired toliave on bn.^i" ^^^^"ty-five passen- steamboat more than two boats Tn addT H ^^^"^ched to such 30 Provided, that the M 1?., If'^i?'' •*« '' ^'fe boat, may authorize the use n ini ■? ?^ ^^^'"'"^ and Fisheries of different dimensiZ rom thSe sne^ff 1'^^ '''''' «f S- .nT' '\^nty-eight and tv^entrnin^h n/^.^° ''."'^'«"« twen such authorization being ZSff ? . ^-" "^^t, and upon boats of the dimensionssSffl J -^ '^'^" ^^ sufficient that provided and oarrfed o^ the^ste^l '\ ?'^' .^" thorization bt ization relates. ^® steamboat to which such author! ger's'whS^LtS^usel in^^f/'^^^ '" *^^ ''^^'^^So of passen navigation only, exc^ a^^^^^e^Slf :\^'^'^^^«' ^^S and twenty-n^ne of this AcTsS. ''"^'°"' twenty-seven good boats, provided with four nlf^u"^^ ^''' thai- two- capacity to carry not 1p« fl f^'^? ®^^'^' »"« ''g''t by which firo ra>KomnS;'r'!?'^' ^'-^'her artificial any statoroom of any ImlnTZl '''^^''^' ''*"*" ^e allowed iu Jeaat threr^at InVSn^ have at least four inches in diamfterTwn/^ 1^'' with chambers at one by steam, if steam can bo n^ ^ ''^^^^'''^ed by hand, and not worked by the ma n eLlo S''^'^ mdep.-ndent of an --one whereof shal^e pfi ^'ear^'i^^^ '^'''' ^y ^«"i stem, and one amidships S ,„ ^ '^^'"' ^^^ near the hoaeof atleasttwo-thi ds^helenMh nfft '"'^"^^'^ ^ell-fitted all times in perfect order clear? .•h«^^«"'bo'*t, kept at fens, with hU coupled and rrad//''^'^'^ ''\^^^'' «b«t''»c. P"mp and couplin/shall b/n^^^- j''^ '^mediate use; each chained to the^sum^ and eaeh^ of nff ^''5^ ^ hose-wrench dred tons grZhtf'ZT^''''^' °°' exceeding two hun- dispensed with, and in steamboaf, n/ '^^«,'"-P"mp) may bo but not exceeding five hSedtnnf*''''*^^ ^""dred tons, pumps may be dispensed wthbn^ f'T^ '"" ^^ «"^h ^"nd- sball be of such length as to ri„' u '^ *^^«e cases the hose steamboat; and in sf L'^ats wherr^'^T '' ''''y part of the such pump shall be placed whe^e^drecteabr,^"'"^ '« "««^' (9)- And in cases where an irnn V ? ^ *^^^ inspector; diameter to the hose caTried bv the 1. k' ? *"^^^ ^l"^! ^n a force-pump or pumns anS oy the steamboat, connected with length of t£ stefSoS^is or are" &'' ^T' or^e-half oUhe deck thereof, and provided w^'th L T^ ^'^'^ ^^^ hurricane not more than thirty Jeetfrom'iaPh''if?.P^'''^ "^ ^'^^^"^^s of of the steamboat-to which noS li\'''^'<>^ either end steamboat can be readiiv il^ f f ^ • ® ^ose carried by the that the hose sholZl'lLl:^^^^^^^^^^^ -ot be necelsaJ; to reach from some one of S „"^*,^ *^^» .^1" be sufficient steamboat: each no.r!.,°Vb- r '^ ' ^ ^^^^ ^""^ °' ^^"^ ^,^ ..,„11 b« providea with a stop valve or 290 MANUAL OP engineers' CALCULATIONS. ti^L!^^^' '° ^^\* """^ °f ™°''® °^ 8«<^^ ^ose attachments may be used, as may be required: ^ (4). In steamboats under one hundred tons ctoss one fiteam pump of suitable size, or if steam cannot be mployed «uffici^nt:'^""'P '^ '"^''"' '''' ^^^^^^ ^y ^«^^' «^«°^ b« (6^. In steamboats not exceeding two hundred tons gross unless the space forward is kept free to admit of ready access f orwaT"^ ' ^°''' '"^ ^^^'^ '''' ^^' P"°^P °>^y bJ pS r «ln .?''^-^ Steamboat of more than sixty tons, registered ton- nage, carrying passengers, shall also be provided lith a steam pony-pump ttat may be used as a fire-engine, to be worked «SfflT/'?"V^ ^Kl '^^'''. ^"S^'^^' Buch steam pony ?ump shall be placed on the main deck of the vessel, as near as possible to the engine room, convenient to the controlof the thf S Z^ '^ '^i T' '^' P""P ^°«« «J^«" be coupled to Sse?? /re Are-pumps, ready for immediate use in 43. Every steamboat carrying passengers on the main or lower deck, shall be provided iitg sufficient means convenient o? firfnf rif°^'''-^7 t^'^S '«««P« *° ^^' "PPer deckrinTaSe of fare or other accident endangering life. 43. On board every steamboat carrying passengers there shall be placed m some conspicuous place, fcLsibK all the nZ^'oL^ '°P^ ""■ '^'' ^"l"' ^""^ ^^ «^«^y cabin, sateroom and in other conspicuous places about the vessel, a printed fhrit K ^:ri^^ ^^^^ ^J^^^ "P ^y the owner or' maTr of the steamboat) showing the number of boats, with their capacity, and also the number of fire-buckets, axes and life- Kn7of 'S^ ?•"'*' °\^?.*/^ °^ '^'^ steaiboa , and he method of «4ju8ting such life-preservers to the bodv and a statement of the pfaces where such buckets, axes and ?ife! preservers are kept. The name of the steamboat shal be painted or stamped on all the boats, fire-buckX and floats axes and life-preservers. "ui^i^era ana noats, n,ait u^® Governor in Council may, from time to time, W? f *'' ""' "'Pt*^ ^"^f '^^^ regulations requiring sterml boats to carry chemical or other fire extinguishfrs and prescribing the number of such fire extinguishers to be carried by steamboats of different sizes and classes respectively i and such rules and regulations being published in the "Oanlda Gazette,'' as required by this Actf shall, while in force have effect and be enforced by the inspectors knd others LI? made 291 MANUAL OF ENGIKEERS' CALCULATIONS. ENGINEEES. •duties of aJe'nSeHnlT^t'.' T"^^^^ '' P^^^orm the •cate to the Boal? of Ins^tbn wL'^„f n^^P^^ ^'' ^ ^^^tifi! ■cause an inspector or iSS'^n '''•*" ^^an^ine, or shall the anplica/fc and the SooKaVh?? ^".' and, report upon his claim: and anv sn?h fl • .^ Produces in support of ^vhieh any inspecES ma^Sisttran^'-^f '^ "P^oath fiideration the Board of WrHnf ' ^'"'^ '^,."P0" fuH coni character, habits of life knowlp^l ^1 '''^''^^^ ^^^^ his duties of an engineer are au7unh^^ ^""^ experience in the that the app]ican?ra suitable and «% ^"'^°'''' *^' ^^'^^^ >^ith the powers and duties of Zj safe person to be entrusted <)f Inspection shall ffivehfm /I ^fl^l^^*'^''' *^e said Board ■the hand and seZflLi^^iZTlt' -f -'^^'^^^^^ "nder which he has been found ouaS' ^^^T^m the grade for «xcept that of a first-clLs ena n^.! ' f ?, ^h ^^'"^ certificate conditions, be renewed yeS^ jnay be so renewed by thrChairman irf ?h'^ -^'^^ ^^'' «°d themeetingsof thefioard- andf^?lT *^^ u^'^^""' between -applicant fhall pay the sum of LT5^,f"°^ certificate the renewal five dolfars which «hfiTr ^° L^' ^""^ ^^^ every peneral,aspartoftheConSlidS *^« Receiver that if the renorf nf ? i,^ i . "^^^ Revenue Fund; Provided ftnessofLTplttbSat'^^^^^^ Inspection is not sitting, irmav be Jn?K "^H ^>^ ^^^''^ c^ inspectors to the Chairmfl , n^^ ^u ^°^ ^^ ^"^^ inspector or Board, who may tSu2n ^rw ^' '^^PJ^^y Chairman of the to be in force only untKeff ^ ''l^'^^^^^ to the applicant and the fee pafd by h m shai ?o?1f *^ T'*'°f ?^ the Board then obtain a certi/cate from ^?a « returned if he does no ^2^"b"1 P«^4 ?-t&e^l^^^^^ ^«* if ^e obtainsit hy\L sa^S'fir^Tpr pS ^ft.^ ''^^^^ "^^^ ^« ^^-^ed •drunkenness, or upon the^ findin/ofc' ''^'' "nskilfulness or ■', n 393 MANUAL OP engineers' CALCULATIONS. prri'd'b^^ili^le't:^ ''' Board or from the Chairman a. ^oli^'o ^^ '''•!" ""J"^ ^^ ^^"^^"^ ^°^ »ny person to act in the^ double capacity of engineer and master on any steamboat. grades- '^"^"'^^''^ ^^*" ^® classified according to the following First-class engineers. Second-class engineers, Third-class engineers: ot% sttamboalr '"'"''' ''"" '^ ^"^^''^^ *° *^^« ^^^^^^ (3). A second-class engineer shall be qualified to take ex3 "I y ^'''^^'' '''^'^^'''' '^^ '^ «»^ «ther sLmboat! except a seagoing passenger steamboat of more than ona bundled nominal horse-power: (3). A third-class engineer shall be qualified to take charge of any passenger steamboat of less than thirty nominal horse^ ^^^^\ 7 I"^ ^''^. ^""^'^^^ steamboat except a seagoing steamboat of more than one hundred nominal horse-power: (4). Persons who hold certificates as first-class assistart engineers, or limited certificates as competent to take chaSe hnnE"^'/ ?*tr^^^' ^^' *^« y^^' o'^e thousand eight of thif Anf ''^\^^"^^\^^^' ?*^^°y ^'"^^ «fter the passLg>. of this Act, exchange them for certificates as third-class- naS^Ttl^r Pr ^"'■'"^ ^^^ ^'^*^^ fi^« ^«"^^«' ^hich shall be Eevenue Fund^""^'"''" ^ ^^'^ °^ ^^' Consolidated 47. It shall not be lawful for any person to employ another as engineer or for any person to serve as engineer, on any passenger steamboat, or on any freight steamboat of over oni hundred and fifty tons gross, unless the person serving or employed as engineer is licensed by the said Board, for the grade in which he is to be employed, except as heroin provided- 5L/i'^iiP'''°p ^^.j'^T"^ '^^" ^°«"^ ^ penalty of one hun- dred dollars: Provided however, that if a steamboat leaves a port with a complement of engineers, and on her voyage is deprived of their services, or the services of any of them without the consent fault or collusion of the master, owner or any one interested in the steamboat, the deficiency may be- temporarily supplied until others licensed can be obtained. ;o the following nploy another MAKUAL OP ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. 293 ■Rules for the guidance of Imnector, nf c/ . 4ificafe7h?rsVo'ttL%l\^^^^^^ Bot served an apprentSin o? ^Hesfr °!u'^^ °^ ^^o has marine steam enjine shon in^ k ^^ *^^" ^^ree years in a «nd repairing of S e Sines or ifT^l^^^^ ^" ^^e makW apprenticeship, he mnst /roveTbat ^ h^t' ""' '"''^^ «"e^ not less than three years as I ,•« "^^ ^^^^ employed for workshop, on the making «n/"''''-^?"^" mechanfc in some either caie, he musUlso f a," ,e3'""^ «? ^"^'^ engine ;7n •engine room of a steambnaf L ^^ °°® calendar yetr in the must have served four yea? a ZT^'.^"" *^^ watch; or he steamboat as engineer onXw^^^^^^^^^ m the engine room of a a description of boilers fJipiriii' . ^^^^^ be able to dve requisite strength ofTherseviYt^^^^^^ means of repairing them- he m^fif '^''' f""^ ™"«^ know the the engine, settinf thnceentrics InS""^ the method of lining valves, and also the cause of anv dp^l ^•'"'^^."^ ^^^ ^^^^es 0? tlTfi""^ it; he must write J le jrblflf '°^' ^'l? ^^^ "^^ans m' A ^^ rules of arithmetfc ^ ^^°^ ^"^ understand atlii;ielarsr^^^^^^^^^^^^^ as such in the engine ronir, J ! ^? ^^° ^^a^s' experience thirty nominal horf -p^wer as endn?>"'\"u^ "°<^ ^««« than (3). A first-class engineer shrif?''' ?!? ^^^ ^^'cb : J second-class enginefr w'th nof ?""' ^\ qualifications of •experience on one or more stp^n^h^ ess than three years' hundred nominal horse-nowp! ), °^*' ""^ ^°<^ ^^ss than one ■calculate the thickness ofEvi'- ™,"!*^ ^« competent ?o dimensions and constructionfn no ^"'""'^ ^°^ ^ toiler of g ven ««d also the ^^^^^oT^t ^Zllo?'^ ^fT^^ <^f «t^eam" thickness of plates being gLnT"'''' °^ l^° ^^'^^^ and •allowed to carry hp mnof k u,' *"® Pressure that it mav h,, its stays, conStionsfjo nts anJVfr^^'"^^*^ '^' '^ren^JJ o and crushing strength of ;!! ^?''^\ P^^^^^' ^nd the tensile tion; he mult beX to calcuTatX' "^''^ >;^« ««°S " the feed-pump, the area of Jl! * f required capacity of given dimensions, and the powe5 of 'thf f'^^^^ ^""^ ^ ^oile^ of of Its working, and to define thp-v^'°f ^'^'^ ^ ^'"^gram eccentrp«ooT„-j,„_i-.V, *^°P® ^^he position of f.hp n-o^u^-.'r -- ^Lo wurKing, and to define ff,o»,r-^-^.^™'" a diagram -eccentrics as ?ndicated by dW^^^^^ the crank and volumes of steam and wate/a<-,i.-5 '"?*^^°^^'he relative pressures, the chemical lotL^tnt^S'coal'TT'"^^^ ^'^^ -^h.oical equivalents, and the-quanlitrof iir r'^ulTd 'for 294 MANUA.L OF ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. its combustion: he must be competent to make a working; drawing of any part of an engine, and explain the operation of the engine or any of its parts in connection with the wholer he must be conversant with surface condensation and the working of steam expansively. 49. Any engineer who feels himself aggrieved by any order or act of an inspector may, within two weeks thereafter, appeal therefrom to the Board of Steamboat Inspection, or to the Chairman when the Board is not sitting, who shall submit the case to the Board at its next sitting; and the Board may confirm, modify or disallow such order or act; and any other person who feels himself aggrieved by any order or act of an inspector, may, within two weeks thereafter, appeal therefrom to the Minister of Marine and Fisheries, who may confirm,, modify or disallow such act or order. INSPECTION FEES. 50. The owner or master of every steamboat in the Dom- inion of Canada, shall pay yearly, and every year, a rate or duty fixed by the Governor in Council, and not exceeding ten, cents for every ton gross which such steamboat measures; and the owner or master of every passenger steamboat exceeding one hundred tons gross, shall pay an inspection fee of eight dollars for each inspection made imperative by this Act; and the owner or master of any passenger steamboat of one hun- dred tons and less, or of any other steamboat, shall pay an inspection fee of five dollars for each inspection made impera- tive by this Act: (2). And for the purposes of this section every ton of the gross tonnage of a steamboat shall be reckoned, and no- allowance or deduction shall be made for the space occupied by the engine room: (3). The amount of such rate or duty and inspection fee or fees shall, in each case, be paid to and received by the chief oflBcer of Customs, at some one of the ports in the Dominion of Canada, who shall account for and pay over the same to tha Receiver General for the Consolidated Revenue Fund, at such, times and in such manner as the Governor in Council, may, from time to time, direct. 51. No inspector shall make or deliver a certificate respect- ing any steamboat under this Act, unless the receipt of a. chief officer of Customs for the rate or duty payable ir respect of such steamboat for the then cun*ent year, has beeri prcu.iic8u. SiHci SuOWn «o niin^ nor utiiCow Hv *^J !%-«.w«,w«,j — j. [ONS. lake a working: a the operation with the whole: sation and th& ed by any order jeks "thereafter, aspection, or to 'ho shall submit the Board may and any other ier or act of an ppeal therefrom may confirm,. >at in the Dom- year, a rate or Dt exceeding ten ,t measures; and iboat exceeding ion fee of eight y this Act; and oac of one hun- it, shall pay an )n made impera- ;very ton of the koned, and no- space occupied d inspection fee ived by the chief n the Dominion* the same to the le Fond, et such* n Council, may, rtificato respect- the receipt of a- ayable ir respect year, has been MANUAL OF ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. 295 careful examination, that all the conditions and reouiremeuta of this Act have been fulfilled and complied whrbv and i^ to sSlle?off?nr??f'%''^'^ ''''^ mspectorsha^l "report suchmfpol^ f^''''^^^^^'^^^ °^ omission to pay ^ aforesa^ inl'Z' '^ .T ''''"" *° ^PP^^ '°^ «"«h inspection Sen C fn=i.f ^'''' ^^^J" T y^*^ ^^^"^ <^he date of the at anv Hmp i^J-*i,°"' ""^ ""^ '"^"'^^ *° «"b™it to inspection ownt or ?n««f.i'^ ;*"'" ^^ ^"'^^"'^ «h^" 'J^'^and of the re™n to thfnk h^"** Tl^ steamboat which he mav have reason to think has not been inspected as required by this rate or Ztl'T' y ""^''^ ^' "^^^ ^^'' ^«««^« ^o think the rate or duty mentioned in sect on fifty of this Act is dim ^haV'rh'i^f 'an '^'''^*'^" ?' '"^^ recefpt'and'certificate' n rPPPm? . i ' appertaining to such steamboat; and if such produced th«r'^'t'''v,^V^r«*'^' *° ^'' satisfaction, are not Steamboat ,nfn ff '^''^ officer shall seize and detain such anv mn«Uv ^l^^same are produced and exhibited, and suc\^ZS.n.f "'5^ ^1^ ^^^^""y ^'»P°««d i" respect of paid iTZt ^" • ^'!; J^^ provisions of this Act has been ?hlll ell «^ i'h «?f 'I'^w"^^.^* P*^"^^"*' «»^h chief officer or pena iPs in fr^'^* f"" *^' P^^^"^"*^ °^«"«h rate or duty Proceed as if ?hp, " u?^ °'''°"-''' ^"'^ ^^^^^ ^^^^ ^'^th the Customa Lws Penalties were incurred for violation of the PASSENGERS. numhprT!jliK-P^'''°? '^*"' '"^ *^eir certificate, prescribe the number of cabin or steerage or other passengers that may be t^diW^n ^- ''''^^°*' ^"«P««^«d by them^ ha'ving regard 'o the dimensions or tonnage thereof, or both, or otherwise howsoever-subject to appeal to the ^^nister of Marine and ^trTfrof rJ'f?r^^"''^«'^"^' ^^^ if such decision ct^ifiUrccoJdtg^^^^ "^P^^^°^«' *^«y «^^" ^^t- their limit fj-"^ inspector may, at any time, visit, within the ex^minffhff ^ *° ^'^V^*^-^ steamboat, and 'inspect and orTfitfi n'^""^' ^°*^ '' ^^ ^P'^^^'^ers such steamboat unsafe MinSir of m'^-P*'''"/'A^'. «^*" '•ePort thereon to the stelbL Hhall3 h"*^ ^^?'"''' ^^° °^^y ^i^eet that such insnS^ wt!?\" n 1?^ ""'^^^/^ ''"'' "°t^^ permitted by the inspector, who shall have made such report, or by order of tentron^?r~^-*-'^^i-''^A?"y.te??boat ru'n or „se7in con'tr:. Tennon or an uiuur oi tne Minister shall be liable to forfeiture I 'i ' II, 296 MANUAL OP engineers' CALCULATIONS. and to seizure by the chief officer of Customs at any port, and ithfi'/n ; the same way and under like provisions as goods liable to forfeiture for non-payment of duties. 5o. The master or owner of any steamboat in which a greater number of passengers than that allowed by her certificate is, at any time, carried, shall be guilty of an offence against this Act and shall, for each such offence! IpTtV.n^'fifl^/S*' exceeding five hundred dollars and not ess than fifty dollars-to be recovered and ai)propriated in the manner provided by section sixty-six of this A^t. oG. Ihe master or person in charge for the time being of any steamboat, who shall, wilfully or negligently at any tfme, allow to be carried, on board such steamboat, a greater rfumber of passengers than that permitted by her certificate, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor— and upon conviction thereof shall be imprisoned for two years in a penitentiary, or for a less term in any other prison or piace of confinement, or shall be ^nrf'^'^K ?A^''^ ''°.* ?''''®^.*^'°S '^''^ hundred dollars, or shall eulfer both fine and imprisonment within the above defined limits, as the court may order. 57. No tugboat shall be employed to tow any barge, or any boat, bateau, scow or undecked vessel having passeniers on board, unless suc/i vessel has been inspected by an inspector fn f Kn « rf f 1^>P?^*^°fc' and by him certified as provided in the Schedule C, hereunto annexed, to be fit and properly equipped to carry passengers on the waters on which sho is eo towed; and no such vessel shall, while so towed, have on board a greater number of passengers than she is certified as being fit to carry safely; and for any contravention of this provision, the master and the owner of the tugboat, and the owner and person in charge of such barge, boat, bateau, scow or vessel carrying such passengers, shall each incur a penalty not exceeding two hundred dollars, and not l"ss than twentv dollars, to be recovered and appropriated in the manner provided m section sixty-six aforesaid. MASTS AND SAILS— AND GANG-BOAEDS. 68. It shall be lawful for the Minister of Marine and Fisheries, from tine to time, by regulations to be made, repealed or altered by him from time to time, and to come into force as provided by the eighth section of this Act, with respect to regulations made by the Board of Inspection, to require that all or any description of steamboats above sixty tons registered tonnage, carryingpassengers on the sea coasts ot MANL-AL OF ENGINEEKS' CALCULATIONS. 297 and tho head of ?he Bav of M.^ "j^'J™" '^'"S'"'" Provinces of No™ SoSa Inrt w^i "S'^ *''* -'V"" '» tl>« tributary rivers flo™ ns bt„ th» .^ Brmiswick, and the lakes Jst of QueSeTa^nd o, .oyr ™; oHakeTS"'' "■■.?''^ one mi e n width on anv r.nrf *i; i , "^' exceeding steamboats, respectivdy^ha at all '" ' ''"'' "^ ^"^^ year, be provided witl a mast nr i, I ^"^ i'^'°"« °^ ^^e suitable for such steamboats fn/f "««*«'. a°d sail or sails, of such mast or rnt^A^e'r faiKS/^"'^"'^"^ provided SSanI 1S'':\'''''''^^^^^^^^^^ «hall be the sides in^^XlAernZ^e^^^^^^^^ «t from falling overboard^ andflff. "^^"F"" *° Passengers •or vessel shill, on stoo 'in^ « 1"^'?' r '"^^ steamboat •cause a gang-boai-d X^r^mly sLuVdt'^th^ landing-place, safe and convenient transif Tf Loo. . ,^^^^^^ ^^r the to be affixed to such gan™ ?in tSfnIUT'l-''' f'^"" ^*"«« sufficient lights. «*°s^^y (^i the night time) good and p4; .a aZ^,?;hn?|irti^,e7s„rlt"l» ^ spicuouslj, on such wharf or l«n/}in„ ^^i 5® ^^°^" Con- or turn thereof dtuW the wholf^f^^^^^ steamboat or vessel ia nr^L u- 1 *"® ^'^^^ that any thereat, a goodrdiufficfeSt"^ ^'^ ^^"^ ^^ «^«PP-^ of this iV'tL'S?hin t 'dZ '^^^\P^-«^-g sections WaWunsettil^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ fiteambott?scroXo7XTvZ,'' ^•'''/?^ '^''^^ «f «°y Canada, and any ow^er Jo^^^^^^^^^ waters of place, who offends aTaSThrfif?^' ?f * ^harf or landing- ■cf thisAct, sSbeTbletoa,,^^^^^^ ''^^'''^ «««ti«°« costs, and /n default of naVmcnFf*-^^^ °^ ^"^^^^^^ ^^"ars and of not more than tentv7avsl?pr^"r°'"^",'^^«^^ P«"od are sooner paid ^ ^ ' "°'^'' '"''^ P«"»^ty and costs or the own^rT^^c'upZoTa'r?^ ''^'^ ^«««e'. person commanding o^r in chS of rhi.'h 1^^'^^^'"'' '^^ with the provisions of /h«fi?fSl-.r'''^ peglects to comply ■this Ant/^gHl be ifaMA ' ^i°'?*^ '*'' "^^^«'b sections^i — , snail &e iiaule lor all damages sustained by any 398 MANUAL OF ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. I' person or persons from any accident arising from non-com- pliance with the provisons of this Act, or during su'-h time- as the provisions of this Act are not complied with— such damages to be recoverable at law, before any of Her Majesty'* superior courts of common law in the province in which such, accident happens. MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS. 64. If any damage to any person or property is sustained m consequence of the non-observance of any of the provisions- of this Act, imposing any duty on the owner or master of any steamboat, the owner shall, in all civil proceedings, and the- master or other person having charge thereof shall, in all pro- ceedings, whether civil or criminal, be subject to the legal consequences of such default: And any inspector wilfully, or through any culpable- negligence of duty, making or confirming any false statement m any certificate under this Act shall thereby incur a penaltv of two hundred dollars. t j 65. Except when otherwise specially provided, for every contravention m respect of any steamboat in the Dominion of Canada, on any one voyage or trip thereof, of any provision in tnis Act, or m any Order in Council made under it, the owner or master thereof shall incur a penalty of not more than two hundred and not less than tventy dollars; and anv inspector of steanaboats is hereby empowered to detain any "'steamboat on board or m respect of which the provisions of this Act have not been fully complied with, or of which the boilers or machinery or the hull, by reason of any injury or other cause, nave, in his opinion, become unsafe; and in case any such inspector gives notice in writing to any chief officer of Customs that any of the provisions of this Act have not been fully complied with in respect to any steamboat, such chief officer of Customs shall not grant any clearance, coasting license or other document for such steamboat, unless nor until he receives the certificate in writing of such inspector, to the effect that such provisions have been fully complied with in respect to such steamboat. 66. All penalties incurred under this Act may, when other provision is not made in the case, he> recovered with costs in ?u^"5*i?*'^ manner under the Act thirty-second and thirty- third Victoria, chapter thirty-one, in the name of Her Majesty, by any inspector or by any party aggrieved by any act, neglect or omission^ on the evidence of one credible witness, who may MANUAL OP ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. 39» involving loss of lifronnv «fl k ?"'® ?^ ^"^^ accident Of law, and mav adm?ni«fpr na^K ^ ^T^ ^'''"'^^^ »« courts the Boar\ Ld a ret™ o M LT't °'. '^' P'o^^im of .11 penalty. oo„^P™d:'r ?J'e°Sn^ J^Kj-^ »' lorM aa^d 'take^ffil'r'f''''''*!'''/"' *>" ""^ i-to. I ' , ! i I I 1 11 1 4 300 MANUAL OP engineers' CALCULATIONS. SCHEDULE A. Certificate for a steamboat to carry passengers, or a freight steamboat of or over 160 tons gross. owners Rnri .wneieor js(orare) owners, and ,g master, on this dav oi A. D. 18 . ^ OT, w5f J-fl"'f' °* ^®- ^''°'' ""^ register tonnago, as shown on her certificate of registry, being as follows: Tonnage under tonnage deck '^^^^' Houses on deck (naming them) Total gross tonnage . . . .' \ Deduct for engine room iRegister tonnage ','. ....... . * h}r&Ttf'^Tl^ inspector of hulls and equipment, do worthl fni^^'^*^ ^1' ^"l^^« ^" ^" ^««P««t8 Staunch, sea- worthy and in good condition for navigation that fne equipment of the vessel throughout is in conformity w'l he S"iT' K ' ?i "^'' ^^'r^'^^ Inspection Act, &S ' ' Se said steamboat having on board, properly placed and in f.ood order for immediate service: ^ ^ J ^^ "^ ^" l,"^^^ (Number) boats having a carrying capacity for SpSj for "^'person?''^"^ ^''^"'rT^ ' '^''^'"'^ ^ ^ 3 „ , persons, life-preservers: wooden floats; fire buckets; :?' • , lanterns; chemical firA extinguishers, and one life buov having a proper heaving line ?n^1?'^^= i°^-^ ^""^^''^ '^ t« be mj deliberate conv"ft in founded on the inspection I have ma/e, that the said stS iTkT 'T'^^ ^^y 5"" ^"•i equipment, may be emploZ on the waters hereinafter specified, without peril to life^from iZJT/vf""*'^"' r* ^' ^" materials, workmanship or arranr. ment of the several parts, or from age or use. ^ And 1, (inspector's name) inspector of boilers and machinery, do hereby certify that the engine, boiler aSd rthnrl7i?' '^u ?"^^ f^r^°«*^ ^^« sufficienf and suitable to authorize her being lawfully employed in the carriage of may be) without hazard to life on the route on which she is «aid afeamboH? t'T"^'"' mentioned; that the engine of the cam steamboat is of nominal horse-powe?, and that MANUAL OF ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. 301 her boiler can carry with safety pressure per srmare inch, and no more- ^°""^' *"' '^^''™ totu"n^;^ttL^eteef S^ ^^^^-^'^^--boat is permitted '^'^'^ons or period of time durin^^^^^ n.^m%, and the and for whicli the certilall^inlTt 'K^^^^ ^' '^ employee^ and fit to carry rCS^r^irr^^^^^^ more (as the casJviay IT) "'' ^^"^^^^^ passengers and no- ^^^^(oftimeand'place.) ^ g Inspector of hulls and equipment.. Inspector of boilers and machinery, SCHEDULE B. Certificate for afreigit bonf under l^n /.« or elevator, or like vessel. ^ ' ., own. r». are owners) ^„d is „.eer,tll' on^tS&^-»fr,- Tonnage under tonnage deck tons. S^l^f ^^ ^^0^ (naminff them) Total gross tonnage.. ^ ^educt for engine room ■Kegister tonnage ie) and may be so used w,>Hn ?^' ^^V''''' («^ as the case mat of the saidUmC) ilof "* "''"'^ *^ ^'^''. ^hafc the engin? and that the boiler of the 9iid /c/. "ommal torse-power safety nnnnJl// •^^^^'^^^^^O can carry with ?qua/e inch of steaTls ^Te' IT' ^^^^^^ ^-^^^ IS provided with onnifebuovlir^ ''°'"''''= ^^^ *^at ^ha attached and so placed as Hp 1 i°^/ P'^P^'' ^^^aying line- required. ^ ®^ *' *^ *^« ready for immediate use when. ^»te (time and place). q j^ Inspector of boife'rs'and machinery. 502 MANUAL OF ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. SHEDULE C. "Certificate for a barge, boat, bateau or scow, to carry pasaengera in tow qfa tug steamboat. I {inspector's name) inspector of hulls and equipment, laving examined the barge, boat, bateau or scow \as the case may be) of which is owner and is master {or the person in charge) on this A. D. 18 , do hereby certify that the said vessel is fit, safe and properly equipped in all respects to carry passengers in tow of a tugboat, on the waters {here describe the locality on which she is to be ■employed) and that she is provided with one life buoy having a proper heaving line attached, and so placed as to be ready ior immediate use. Date {time and place.) A. B., Inspector of hulls and equipment. 47 VICTORI * -CHAP. 20. JiN ACT TO AMEND "THE STEAMBOAT INSPECTION ACT, 1882," BY REDUCING THE FEES PAYABLE ON RENEWAL OF ENGI- NEERS' LICENSES. (Assented to lOth April, 1884.) Her Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the "Senate and House of Commons of Canada, enacts as follows: 1. The fee payable on the renewal of an engineer's -certificate, under section forty-five of* The Steamboat Inspec- tion Act, 1882,'' shall be one dollar, instead of five dollars, as mentioned in the said section, which is hereby amendad accordingly. Ty passengers MANUAL OP ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. 48-49 VICTORIA^CHAP. 75. 303 AN ACT TO FURTHER AMEND "THE rtb..«»« act!^ 1882." ^''"" ^^^^i^ono^ (Assented to «Oth JuJy, 1888.) Senate uid Uorxi of Commons of iTal""^ '?^«"' «' 'he 1. Section fortv-six of S,n Ifi r , ?°a' enacts as follows: *f ter " third-cC engineers " fn ?h«' ^ ?"^l^ ^^ ^""^^^ti^g words "fo^rtl^cla88enSe;^''^niK ^i^'. ^^b-section, thf as sub.section five ofZS^ectTon '^ *''"'^ *^« '^"^^i'^g «ecoU- enVnr/'to'?s?cKlarL"^ '" ^^« ^^"P^-^^ of engineer, on any freight steam^^^^^^^^ engineer or third-class except a sea-gbing nasseZp^ ^ftL^ any other steamboat hun/red nomiLl lioC-pofer but sha i '^ T"^' ^^^'^ ««« engineer on any steamboarrZirinJ^nn^^^^^^^ «« chief holding certificates. " requiring unrT^®^ ^^^P o^ the read, and muft S a leSe hlT\^' "^"«^ ^^ *ble to the construction and oU^ o f nt% ^% "^^^^ understand water-gauges and sSy-?S?e8^\e „n?f\ ^^^ wa*«r-pump, from gii -. -_ „vv,^, me loaminer; ' keep a boiler clean, and the jUaj uiCthods of 304 MANUAL OF ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. !i ^1 3. The forty-fifth section of the said Act is amended by- adding the following thereto as sub-section five thereof: "(n.) Any person claiming to be qualified to perform the duties of a fourth-class engineer may apply for a certificate as such to the Chairman of the Board of Inspectors, who may examine or cause an inspector to examine him and the proofs he produces in support of his claim, and any such examination may be on oath, which any inspector may administer; and if the Chairman is satisfied that the character, habits of life, knowledge and experience in the duties of the position of the applicant, are such as authorize his granting the applicant a certificate, he may do so, and such certificate shall be renew- able yearly; and for every such certificate the applicant shall pay the sum of five dollars, and for every renewal thereof one dollar; and the said sums shall be paid and applied in the manner provided in the first sub-section of this section; and the said certificate shall be subject to be revoked for the same causes and subject to the same conditions and consequences, as the license or certificate of an engineer of any other class- under sub-section two of this section. 49 VICTORIA— CHAP. 34. AN ACT FUETHER TO AMEND "THE STEAMBOAT INSPECTION ACT, 1883." (Assented to 2nd June, 1888.) Whereas it appears by a despatch from Her Majesty's^ Secretary of State for the Colonies, and other documents laid before Parliament by His Excellency the Governor General, that the Board of Trade of the United Kingdom have reported to Her Majesty that they were satisfied that the examination under the Canadian laws of persons applying for certificate* of competency as engineers on board sea-going steamboats or vessels propelled wholly or in part by steam, are so conducted as to be equally efficient with the examinations for the like- purpose under the Imperial Acts relating to merchant shippings inspection; MANUAL OP ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. 305 Acts, and are S To^e foTeft?^^ in the like manner- and'hZn!^'''- *^® "^'"^ reasons and extend the provisions of tto^r ^^l''^^ ^"^ ^« ^^vised to twenty-ninth daVof June oH^^ ^f^^/'and dated the eighty-two, maYin^thp^nln^ ?"'*"«'' ^'^^^ ^"^'^'•ed and granted Vthe'fetiVS rnTfc^^ persons ntendins to aot «s \tZ\f ^^'shenes m Canada ta «ea-going ships of the si Sr Ts ?f' S^Ty. '." ^^'^ ^"^'^'^ under the said Imperial A p^«fn-!f X J ^^^ ^^^" granted first-class or seS-ott ^g^^^^^^^^^^ ships; and in view of snoh pVtfla? •. • ^ea-going British the said -Siea:ra'ltt:Z2^\^^^^^^^^^ mentioned: Therefore Hm- Vf!- . . "^^' ^^ hereinafter and consent of thT^naS and Si ^ ^^ ^^^'^ ^h« advice enacts as follows: "°"'^ ""^ Commons of Canada, qualified xnide if as^ngt^er; s^^^^^^^^ 'T^^u'*^ ""'^ ^«"»d the Minister of Marine and ptifn^ ^^'^'''^^^^ be granted by Inspection and S L n ^''^^^^'e«' '"stead of the Board of Minister i^'sre"adtf1UVhaiZ:n"ortL'"sa-rR"^^'^ '''' -'^ such certificate in force at Ih.ffi/^^ ^^^^^^ and any Act, may be delivered .mhvfLV^L^^ 't' P^'^*"g «f this Minister; who may the eu^on^fv« ^^^f^ *t'f.'"^ **^ ^^^ ^'^id on parchment and/signrd'arh'^erfb; ^ted^^^" ^ ^^^-^''^^^^ thf; thtsS^l^rt; H^°7ad^^-'V^'"^\^^ '■« -^-^«^ • shall have the word "(wiJ^^ • ^ m Council shall apply, face and back, Tnd shallbe as n^^^'^ Prominently on its shape and form to ™=^ a- "^^''l^ .^^ possible similar in for theforeigrtradeXt^^K'"^^ ^^ competency Acts relatrnflo me eC sit L^ ^'^f l^ Trade un^der thl in consecutive order '''W°&' ^nd shall be numbered prfvioustrvicTafs^i'S^i^ ''^'"''^ ^^'^^^'^ P-^^ ^hat the- Kas been such'asl required bv^thr^/^rt^^'^^ l'' '^' «^'"« tojs-sus^pS^otrs^^^^^^ offences or causes and in like Ln„«. T- tr-« - ' ^'''' under tiie Imperial Aotit n^un^'r^T' ^,'^rtiui;a„us grancea g^ iperiai Acta relating to merchant shipping, all i i 't ! n; "if 'jhr<' ?fil ;?< f fli 1 1 Imi „ K |bh iL 506 MANUAL OF ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. the provisions whereof or of any order of Her Majesty in Council made under them shall apply to such certiHcates— ^r to be revoked for cause by the Minister of Marine and Fisheries under the provisions of the Act hereby amended. 3. Certificates of competency as first or second-class engineers in sea-going ships, granted under the Imperial Acts relating to merchant shipping, shall, after the time of the ooming into force of the order of Her Majesty in Council referred to in the preamble to this Act, and while" in force under the said Imperial Acts, be of the same force and effect in Canada as if granted under the Act hereby amended, but subject to be forfeited for cause, as respects ships to which "The Steamboat Inspection Act, 1882," applies, as if granted under the said Canadian Act. 4. The sections hereinafter referred to as amended are those of "The Steamboat Inspeotion Act, 1882." 5. Section nine is so amended that is shall read and have effect as follows : u \ iT^? Chairman of the Board of Steamboat Inspection, who shall also be the supervising inspector, may at any time inspect or examine the hull, equipment, boiler, and machinery of any steamboat, and if he suspects anv inspector of having neglected his duty in relation to such "steamboat, or in any other respect, he may call a meeting of the Board to investi- gate the case, or may himself investigate it; and the result of such investigation shall be forthwith communicated in writing to the Minister of Marine and Fisheries: he shall receive and examine all reports and accounts of inspectors, and report fully to the Minister upon all matters pertaining to his official duties, so as to ensure, as far as possible, a uniform and efficient administration of the inspection laws, rules and regulations. " 6. The first sub-section or paragraph of section sixteen is so amended that it shall read and have effect as follows: "16. If the inspector of hulls who inspects any steamboat in the manner required by this Act, approves the hull and equipment of such steamboat, he shall sign a certificate in triplicate according to the form A in the schedule to this Act, and such triplicate certificate shall be delivered by him to the inspector of boilers and machinery for the same district, who, when he has inspected and approved the boilers and machinery of the steamboat, shall make and sign in triplicate upon the same sheet of paper, a certificate according to the form A, in the said schedule, and shall deliver two of the triplicates of the said certificates to the owner or master of ^8, rules and HAXUAL OF ENGIKEEKS' CALCULATIONS. 307 tea^asX^^^^ to the Chief be posted up. framed anTpr^tecte/w °'^'' '" - sha„ , , ha^eXTas^K^" " " ^'"^"^^'^ t'^-' and^citifi^c^tmS and^';^^^^^^^^^^^ ^f the inspection, with such particulars Xfct1nli^^^"™^^"«»ch foVm and Inspection Board shall, ??omtiiAT;-^' ^^^ Chairman of the furnish copies thereof to th^rl"? ^ ''""t' ^^1"'^^, and shall . 8. Subfsection three f sectfonT" "^^^ r?q»ired." inserting the word; 'eu str^na/l f ^"^"'^ '' ^n^enm by words -accordin. ^^the eL^h^hTTu'^^l*^^ " ^^'^n (^). Sub-secti. ,- t eighth line thereof: (inserting the words'^" Jw/tf'^'^ seventeen is amended bv *he words - acZdL to '' fn ff "^^^ compared with " after (3). The firs pafagraph of'Jr'^^f""'^ ^'"^ thereof: -en.en is so ame^ndeTfi ^s^^:^^:^^^ when the longitudinal joints are wefS ^"^ /"'^ ^''''''''' that it shall re&£^^^ eie^arfolTs^"" '^ '^ ^^^^^^ it 111 ?5-:rav^::^^^^^^^^^^^ shall {e Sst';S;tad:' I^IT''''''^ '^ ^^^ toilers attached to the boilers by scr^w'S^ intn^.""'? f^^" ^^^.^ be thlJitS^ir^fC^'^X^^^ .amended Woled by^thrte:?^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^«y « --^ruction to be tested and proved by a„l°^p^l"!PrJ'pn^ valves inspector shall grant a cerdficate tS fn°/ ^^^'l^ "'*^' «°d °o boiler, or each goiler if more than n„o^ steamboat unless the provided with a saf^tr v^he ,' o»®' ^f such^teamboat.'bfi 808 MANUAL OF engineers' CALCULATIONS. pelfed ^^^"'^^"''° ^'^'^ ""^ ^^'^^^o" thirty-two is hereby re- veal!* K^*°^ life-preserver required by section thirty-five shall have a buoyancy equal to sustaining twenty-three pounds of iron immersed in water. F"»"i*a ui 14. The following provision is hereby added to the first sub-section or paragraph of section thirty-nine, after the words -in use on board: "-"and no coal oil lamp shall be hHv or n.r"- fl""^' ^^ ^°y passenger steamboat^n which nfV u^^f inflammable material is carried, under a penalty of one hundred dollars for each contravention of this provision nor shall an. coal oil which will not bear a test of three hundred degrees Fahrenheit without taking fire be used on any passenger steamboat." ^ ^ ««\^fl ?" ?^"^'^ of section forty-five as requires that the certificate of any engmeer shall be subject to tenewal, yearly or otherwise, is repealed, as is also so much of the said section as authorizes the Board of Inspection to grant anv such certificate, and every certificate hereafter grafted shall be for life or during good conduct, and shall be signed bv the Minister on^ZTr^ ^''^'''T ^""^ ?«r every such certificate g anted on the delivery up under section one of this Act of an unex- pired certificate, or on the expiration of the term for which any certificate was granted, the applicant shall pay one dollar, but the sum payable for the first certificate to an engineer of any class, or for a certificate raising him to a higher class af er re-examination, shall be as nSw, five dollars- and the ZlZZfX' '''' ^"' ''''''' " ''''''''' ^"' ^'^ 16 Sub-section four of section forty-six is hereby amended tnira-class engineers or as." haye'etfec'S fdlots'r " " '"''^''' *'^* '' ^^^" '''^ ^^ "52. Each chief oflScer of Customs shall demand of the wTr^f?'"!f' T "l! ^''?7 s'^eamboat entered, cleared or other- theVoSSf/f • ^''^^>^ '"."^ ''^'''' ^^' production of rpplin<- f Jt ""^ '°«P-« '^^ of such steamboat and of the sectb^n -Z nf'f rT? • °^ ''^' '^^^ «'• '^"ty mentioned in S n.;;-^^ f ^^'l ^''^'.''' ""^'P^^^ <*f s'^^ch steamboat; and if .Lf nffl '^^'^ u ?f ^ receipt are not so produced, then such chief officer shall seize and detain the said steamboat until andTaTfr*''"^"'!? ^°^ ^\^^^^*«'^' «°d any penalty incurred ofihf« i^V^r^'* on such steamboat under the provisions of this Act, has been paid in full; and in default of payment ?I0N8. 'o is hereby re- thirty-five shall hree pounds of led to the first nine, after the lamp shall be iboat in which indor a penalty f this provision, a test of three ire be used on [uires that the renewal, yearly the said section rant any such bed shall be for by the Minister tiiicate granted 3t of an unex- rm for which pay one dollar, an engineer of a higher class )llars; and the !d in the said 3reby amended is " second or ihall read and emand of the sared or other- production of it and of the mentioned in Tiboat; and if jd, then such jaraboat until lalty incurred bhe provision* t of payment MANUAI. OF EJTOIMgss' CALOUlinoNS. 309 shall deal with ZyoceeT^ Uhfi n.'' T'' "'"'"<''' »»* haveefet a° („&" '' '° "'""''^ ">»' " '"all read a„d passenger steamboats » I'fe-preserver to be used on read^nltttffei1s'5:,fot:^^^' '' '^ ^'"^"^^^ '^^' i^^^all SCHEDULE A. bJtfS.Yor'"'" '"' itZ^ ^0°iP"»-t „, the steam. (or owners) and ' ;1 „. ! , . " (»>• Te) owner ,._. ,A.D.,IS . '«'»««'er,„„th.s 'day of .hown o"nrScag„',-^S;,-^,^«trr°»- " Tonnage under tonnage deck '^°^s. Houses on deck (naminff them)::. lotal gross tonnage. . ^educt for engine room. .' ' register tonnage sea-worthy and in good condihnn f ^ '"^'P*'^^^ staunch, equipment of the veC th "ou^ ^.«;^'gat on; that the the requirements of "Th/.i/2?»Zl r '° conformity with the said steamboarhaviuff ouTiT ^""'^'f'^ ^ot, 'l882» good order for immeSteVe?vice ^^' ^'"^''^^ ^^"^^^ «°d in capacity for persons- ' r/''°^ (together) a carrying floats; fire fuSs^ I'fe-preservers; woodef ^np j;*« u,--- , ""^i^iiets, axes: i„„«^„«_- ._.j J' "vi^g a proper heaving hne attached; and Iff; % Hi; 4^ 810 MANUAL OP engineers' CALCULATIONS. that she has the fire-pumps, hose and other appliances for extinguishing fire, required by the said Act, and placed as therein provided, and in every way efficient and according- to the reqairements of the said Act; and I further certif? that the said steamboat is permitted to run on the waters between (/lere insert the places between which the steamboat %s to be employed in running, and the season or period of time during winch she may be so employed, and for which the certi- ficate is granted, and if she is a passenger steamboat, add • and that she is adapted and fit to carry (number) pas8en ".•;>,j«r', ^ !fm;'>-79:.'^ -*iV: ')=^-'vV ■^iM-:;b;rif o-, '.vrl*-' *.''*■'■ ''i^t'Vfei-i^-.iffn'fr' •t^-^Vt=->.i ONS. appliances for and placed as and according further certify on the waters the steamboat period of time ')hich the certi- mmboat, add: er) passengers \d Equipment, hineryfor the boilers and le, boiler and It and suitable le carriage of boat, as the ute on which lat the engine se-power, and Linds of steam the steamboat of hulls and d Machinery. or affect any mted in con- le passing of ■••1.. MANUAL OF ENOIKEERS' CALCULATIONS. 311 RULES AND REGULATIONS rOK THE -^----^4^-MB0,T INSPECTORS AND POR THE iJVbPE(TION OF STEAMBOATS. BOILERS. boL7compo?ed"ont1 S'' '^' *^^ ^^^^"^"^^1 I'^^^s of with all theS holes SrK'f^^ -'' best material with double but?.^tra..r ea^^^^^ of the plates they coTr' and al it ^'^'' ^ '^? '^■^*^"««« rivetted with rivets hlv[;,/«n ^ '®^"'' ^^ ^^^^"^ double seventv-five Wr cent ovp' fl.^ allowance of not more than the boilers havVbeen oi e ^^^^ and provided that period of constrfictfon X. t '"^I'^fon. during the whole safety. The tVns Ue stren^fl '. ""lU ^' "'^-^ ^« ''^^ ^^^^^or of as equal to 48S pounds ??,. °^ ^^^ '"^^l"*^ '« ^^ ^e taken and\2,000 poundracross he^^'^'n^^'lvr'^ 'J^ ^^^'"' conditions are not PonmLi i Jl" ^^^^" ^^^ above following scale, must be3L WK ' )^! ^^^•^'^"' '» ^he circumstlnces of each case °' ^^''^^'^•"g ^o the A .16 B .3 Q .y3, D .5 E* .75 To be added when all the holes are fair and good I iia^^eVfrb^t'?;;^^^^'^^^^ ro be added when all the bdles are fair and good i ;Lrbetfb"eX"^™^' '"^ ''''-' "^'^'^ To be added when all the holes are fair and good in the longitudinal seams but punched aftev To hP°f !'!^.'"t"^ «' being drilled!^ ^ ^^^^' .bf added when all the holes are fair and good bending"^"'"^''"^^'''"^* but punched beC To be added whon a" <^h" i^s-'-- - ^ * • r,r.^A ■ ii r ."■ ■ "«Jica aiu not fair good in the longitudinal seams. and '»; ' w }' 312 MANUAL OP ENGHNBBHS' CALCULATIONS. F H I J* K L M N St T U .1 .15 .15 .3 .2 .2 .1 .3 .15 1. .1 .2 .1 .1 .2 .25 To be added if the holes are all fair and good in the circumferential seams, but drilled out of place after bending. To be added if the holes are fair and good in the circumferential seams, but drilled before bend- ing. To be added if the holes are f^ir and good in the circumferential seams, bat punched vfter bending. To he added if the holes are fair and good in the circumferential seams, but punched before bending. To be added if the holes are not fair and good in the circumferential seams. To be added if double butt-straps are not fitted to the longitudinal seams, and the Raid seams are lap and double rivetted. To be added if double butt-straps are not fitted to the longitudinal seams, and the said seams are lap and treble rivetted. To be added if only single butt-straps are fitted to the longitudinal seams and the said seams are double rivetted. To be added if or\ly single butt-strap3 are fitted to the longitudinal seams, and the said seams jire treble rivetted. To be added when any description of joint in the longitudinal seat. ; is single rivetted. J^^ added if the circumferential seams are ntted with single butt-straps and are double rivetted. ^^ ^ »1 seams are not entirely MANUAL OP ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. 313 .4 A Yt 1. To be added when the boiler is of such a Ipnafk i cl^i'"" " ""^ ''""' »■- ''°' properly [To be added when the iron is in anv wav donhtf,,! meTJo^df- "^* "' "■» i»'"« '' '""nd b, the following (Pitch— Diameter of rivets) x 100 Pitch (freaof ^ivetsxNo^ rows of rivets) x J 00 Pitch by thickness of plate^ -percentage of strength of plate at joint as compared with the solid plate. = percentage of strength of riv- ets as compared with the solid plate, ft *."hefifZtrLtbip''oT''rt"'Y> ■— <• '«>' unsatisfactory. "°'^""""'='"P <»■ material k very doubtful or pell^nt^:^TuoTb;T,f ^ '*""^'« '■''" ""'"P'y tie to^he Ohai™a;ir|rS.''i:ru^':»'* be sub^Uted oii^imfereutial iam's il Lt!"'" °°' W^ '^ "» ""1 or by through boto- nor to^L'''™ "? «»ffloient)y stayeO »nd rouni part of "hell l^tliT' ,'t'"?;"''' "" ^""O fnrra--- ^t"*^" "1 BOeiJ, IQ Cvllndriftal hniloi-a r^itU ~- fnrnav;L.«, wnen such seams are double rivettedr ""^ 1 '■' 814 MANUAL OF EKOINEERS' CALCULATI0N8. ill Then take iron as equal in tensile strength to 48,000 pounds per square inch and use the smallest of the two percentages M the strength of the joint, and adopt the factor of safety as round from the preceding scale: (48,000 X percentage of Btrength of joint) x twice the thick- ness of the plate in inches Inside diameter of boiler in inches y factor of saf^t^^ ^pressure to bo allowed per s.iuaro inch on the safety valves. For steel plates of the best quality the tensile strength may in.a ;-""."' TH*^ ^^'^^^ l'^"'^^^ P^'- «1«are inch, using thi same factor of safety. , ° hnri^'^^b '^'*^/''« drilled in place must be taken apart and the outside ^^'' '^'^^^^^ countersunk from the Butt-straps must be cut from plates and not from bars, and i^nSf % f ^"""^ 'l"'''''y ^' *^« «l^ell plates, and for the longitudinal seams must be cut across the fibre. ftpp nitn'^h^^ ^°'^' T^ ^® punched or drilled when the plates n Lf hf f ^''' '^"''^'^ '"''K''^ P^^^'^' b"t when drilled in place must be taken ^part and the burr taken off and slightly countersunk from the outside. "g"--'/ ^hl^^"" ""'J^^f butt-straps are used and the rivet holes in X't^"4tover '^ "^"'' '' '°' ^'^'^^ ""^'^^^ ^h'^^ ^he of Th« nw"''*T ""i-'l^^t "^'^'^ °°t ^« 'ess than the thickness whPn tt ? ?^ which the shell is made, but it will be found when the plates are thin, or when lap joints or single butt- straps are adopted that the diameter of the rivfets should be in excess of the thickness of the plates. r.u,. distance of the rivet holes from the cuds or edge of the plates shall not be less than the diameter of the rivet stRvi'rJ if^K ^^^^ are^not truly hemispherical must be nrltnJi A% T "°^ theoretically equal in strength tothe fhe^r^hn^'t*^''fi^'""'^^" '^^y^^^' flat surfacis, but if fKfn^« ^^u"^*"^ ^'^*'*.^ '" strength tQ the pressure needed 8ouarp{L^*;^f ''? * f '*'° °^ ^^''^^^ P^^'^da per effective square inch of sectional ^rea. rJi^f^nfi*""' i"^'" remeniber that the strength of a sphere to mL l^t E^teiS S. ^°'^^ ^^^*™ '^-'^ MANUAL OK ENOmEKHs' OAI^rLATtONS. 3JS. furnace, one or more row«n? tLl \°' "l" l""""' """"■ ">» above the oent™Tthe"'ci;L°drXrt''^ '" "'' P"""" -» .ho2'Kt;rAS;;r„';i^sf^o1f:t '•-" «' ^°"- its diameter. '''''™ "* ">e measure of and\heS'ir1,f's^tebi7 "" ^'"■^i'*"' °' "■■' i-"'' substituted ^ ""^ P'"*"' "■"» ''*•«»» pounds is tI,o°st"eLTfl5;i'"'T'tK"' Pir' "■°""' '>'"'°»"*'' "•»' exposed to tl,ei:;°!t'o'"fSrorl'„,r "" "" """ """«' bo d?emert"be°lhe''mlf?''''' f'"'"'''' »' "S»«is inspection, w?ofe£S aX^us^ wrj'andtt''g^,^rrn/stnff? in"r t""? r bf^o^a^s^Sn'ird'ri'^J^^ l^-Tt^rp^laV^jiSjiThtet: sufficient siTh,Tt ,1,. 1 *'?».™'»eut lock-up safety, valve rf three inches diamett ''"" '"" •""""' '""» °<" '«"^- "'»» C The areas of diagonal stays are found in the following mfeiv'^Lrr^b/'rhf&rifiJ" divide tL product bi t£° teS °/ '>lf."f™'" »'»!'. «»t angles to le surface' suppor-teTi„7he%nronh7 d'LgTn'a 316 MANUAL OP ENfUNfiBHS' CALCULATIONS. LillHI !"TT U. stay, jje f|Hotient will be the area of the diatronal stay required. * ^ 6. When the tops of combustion boxes or other parts of a boiler are supported bv solid rectangular girders, the following formula, whicii is used by the Board of Trade, will be useful for finding the working prcHsure to be allowed on the girders, assuming that they are not subjected to a greater temperature than the ordinary heat of steam, and are further sustained by hanging stays, as provided by sub-section twelve of section seventeen of the Act, and in case of combustion chambc-s, that the ends are fitted to the edges of the tube plate and the cack plate of the combustion box: Oxd»xT =-Working pressure. (W-P)DxL W=Width of combustion box in inches. P=Pitch of supporting bolts in inches. _ p==Di8tance between the girders from centre to centre in inches. L=rjength of girder in feet. d=Depth of girder ir. inches. 'T^Thickness of girder in inches. C==Five hundred when the girder is fitted with one sup- porting bolt. '■ C—Seven hundred and fifty when the girder is fitted with two or three supporting bolts. C=Eignt hundred and fifty when the girder is fitted with lour supporting bolts. The working pressure for the supporting bolts and for the plate between them, shall be determined by the rule for ordmarv stays. 6. The flat end of all boilers, as far as the steam space extends, and the ends of superheaters should be fitted with shield, or baffle plates, where exposed to the hot gases of the uptake, as all the plates subjected to the direct impact of heat or flame are liable to get injured unless covered with water. 7. Donkey boilers that are in any way attached to, or connected with the main boilers, or with the machinery used for propelling the ship, must be inspected and fitted the same way as the main boilers, and have a water and steam gauge, «nd all other fittings complete, and as regards safety valves " must comply with the same regulations as the main hnilflra MANUAt OP EN01NEK»a' CA l.c U lATOK S. 817 3ile"e°r.'"""^ ''"™ "'"'" ''» ^^ "«» 'l'-> two inohe. atL ^rl^ZiVa,7th!:r''" ",^^'o constructed. superheater orTeamreceT^^^^ r «otweo.. each boiler and viz.: to avoid the faXe of S 't '^'t-' '^'f/' "^r"«' failure of one. The necks of HtL\ ■-','«", fhrough the as practicable. ^^^' ^' *'®^ «'»°"^d be as short Iea:tt^t'st'll!'rn?:ter.:i^.V'tn^^^r- '^''^^' ^' boiler must be fitted witlallthffi?!''''^ '' '^ ?y' ^"°»» there were only one boTler ^' "' complete as if fittings ''^"'^^" °""' ^"•^ have all the recjuisite direction of the iCrV «nH u arrangement unless by constants will be substituted for 90 000 ' following Furnacpa '^^«^?'i^^^- '^^.®^® ^^^ longitudinal seams are with butt strap ' 80 OOo'wr' ^X'''. ^'''^ ""^'^^ ^ut™ joints and ^ arSaf« Sf ^'^'«?. long tudinal seams drilled rivet 1 strans^io ooo I'k ^''\S^^,^ ^^th single butt- holes. ar^^si'nS ??w?T ^\^ ioogitudinal seams are single nvetted and fiffod i„uu a^.,ui. i butt-straps. ~" "' """''''' 318 MANUAL OF ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. Furnaces with butt joints and punched rivet holes. Furnaces with lap joints and drilled rivet holes. Furnaces with lapped joints and punched rivet holes. 85,000 where the longitudinal seams are double nvetted and fitted with single butt- straps; 75,000 where the longitudinal seams , are single nvetted and fitted with single butt- straps; 85,000 where the longitudinal seams are single nvetted and fitted with double (^butt-straps. 80,000 where the longitudinal seams are double nvetted and bevelled; 75,000 where the longitudinal seams are double rivetted. r and not bevelled; 70,000 where the longitudi- ^« An^^™^ ^''® ^^"S'e ri vetted and bevelled; 65,000 where the longitudinal seams are t single nvetted and not bevelled. 7o 000 where the longitudinal seams are double nvetted and bevelled: 70,000 where the longitudinal seams are double rivetted i and not bevelled; 65,000 where the longi- J.A n?A T™® ^^® ^'°§^^ rivetted and bevelled; bO,O0O where the longitudinal seams are single [ nvetted and not bevelled. \l STEEL FURNACES AND FLUE8. ojini "^^ ^,^'^f'^*^ working pressure to be allowed on plane ^ri ' '^^u^ ^^u'^'^f'' ?"^ fl»«« ^*^e» subjected to such pressure, when the longitudinal joints are welded or made formula: ^""'^^'^P' '^^^^ ^^ determined by the following thip£Lf/°f.? °? ?^'-^^^ multiplied by the square of the thickness of the plate in inches, divided by the length of the flue, or furnace, in feet, plus one multiplied by the diamete? in inches, will be th. allowable working pressure per sXe rfX^wrg^E'^^ ^^ ^- -^ --^ that^LTb? "^'^^l^^r ''- ''''^^'^' -^^^^^ p^- seams are single butt- linal soaras single butt- linal seams ith double seams are ,000 where le rivettedv Jlongitudi- i bevelled; seams are seams are 000 where e ri vetted the longi- [3 bevelled ; ! are single MANUAL OF ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. COHRUGATED STEEL FURNACES AND FLUES. 319 on plane to such or made following re of the thof the diameter er square found by SB of the ' the flue pressure male, and1rL^%'a7;Truf cT^^^^^^^^ tW'' '^' ™-^- found by the followiLCmnuS •^^'lu'^'"^ pressure is at the ends do not exceed sTxH^f^ ^^^^ *^^ P'^°« V^'' ^ are notless than A inch thick '"^ ^'°^'^' ^"'^ '^' P'^^-s 12,500 X thickness in inches ~M^anli^mit^M7bd^^^°'^'°^P'^^«"^'epersq^ inch. casYsh^SuK^brnftrel llTeVhJ^' ''r^'' ^^"^^^s the as it may be necess'^^^to make^^reducrn.'" ^^^«^^--t-«> CORRUGATED IRON FURNACES. part8attheendsdoSexceed«fv^^i'' P-'^"''^"^ ^^e plane plates are not less thanlS^thick I'n Z ''".^'.'^ ""^ '^' than that found by the Slowing formula: "°' ^' ^''^''' 10,000 X thickness in inches "Mean dianl^t^ThTT^^h^""^"'''''"^ pressure per sq. inch. INSPECTION OF BOILERS. and according to the workmaa«h,> IS! material ™' '""'"' i^\tkerrccS?,«;^e"'S;„S^l'"'W""'*«-™ working pressure shouklhpM' f "'^ calculate what the of the ^tfamboat ^S^p" ction 1^1^! T'^I '^^ ^^^^'^'^^^ factory the defects mSst brnvade good and thfl'f ^°^«f T This instruction anDlies en «nt^f i? f ^"® °°'^«'' rc-*=ested. water jackets as weKsboiLs^^''^''' '^""^ '^''^' ^^^ 6fficLtlytth^i?e^yfndc:^^^^^^^ *« -«™-e it examine it and abso^telvrefZfnr' . '^'''^^^ ^««"«*^ '^ can make an efficient exLtati;^ ^'""' ' '''''^'''' "»'" he . n,.,„^ ^, „„ „j3^ OQj^^^g^ ^^^ j^.^.^^^^ ^^^^ 'V, is ^ sm MANUAL OF ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. have been taken out of a ship for a thorough repair, tested by hydraulic pressure up to at least one and one-half the working pressure that will be allowed previous to the boilers beinf placed in the vessel to test the workmanship, etc., but the working pressure is to be determined by the stay power It^TauL^ir ^"' ^^""^^^' ^' ^'^^"•"^' '''■' -^ -^ ^y The hydraulic test should in no case exceed that provided by section seventeen of the Act, and it is never to be applied until the boiler has been opened up for examination and until the strength has been calculated from the necessary measurements taken from the boiler itself. ^ ani^;^ ^^6" a, boiler is partially inspected by one iifcpector and the inspection is completed and the certificate granted by another, if the inspector who witnesses the test of the boilers by the hydraulic pressure has an opportunity of examining them inside and outside after the test, such inspector shall determine the pressure to be allowed on the boile/s in question, taking care to inform the owners, makers or agents, and the inspector who is ultimatelv to grant a them ' pressure should in his opinion be allowed on 20. Cast iron must not be used for stays, and inspectors should also discourage the use of cast iron for chocks and sadd es for boilers. Particular attention should be paid to chocking and fastening boilers to the vessel. n. A pressure once allowed on a boiler of a passenger steamer IS not, under any circumstances whatever, to be increased, unless the inspector has previously written for and obtained the sanction of the Chairman. In cases where an inspector IS of opinion that an increased pressure may with safety be allowed, he should communicate with the 'ospector who last inspected the bo-ler, and if on learning the reason why the existing pressure was formerly allowed, the inspector IS still of opinion that it may be increased, he should com- municate all the facts of the case to the Chairman, but as above stated the pressure should not in any case be increased until the question has been decided by the Chairman. ^2. In fixing the maximum working pressure on steamboat ooiiers, inspectors are to assume one hundred and twenty-five pounds to the square inch as the limit allowable for a new steel boiler forty-two inches in diameter, made in the best manner, of the best quality of steel plates, at least one quarter of an inch thick, with all the rivet holes drilled in place, the plates being then taken apart and the burrs removed, the iiJMUXJSEERS CALCULATIONS. 33 J seventy per eent.%f the st"en!th i fv, "^ all the flat surfaces stayed in ?feb.,i t '^^'^ P^^^^' ""^ seams double rivetted, and thev Si '^'^lu'"^ ^" '^^ pressure of all steel bo/lers so So I .1*^° *^^ working less diameter, according to their «i' T?'^'''' *^^ Sweater o? standard, and in all sufh case^ the Z^ 'T^f^f ^*^'^' this the working pressure alloweTLr such bJ'P'^'.^ 't"" «^«eed one hundred and ninety pounds to on. h^'!,' 'P ^'^^ '^^'^ ot five pounds, using the Vater in tT^T^'^^ ^"*^ ^^enty- not exceeding sixty degrees V-.^ .f?.J^'*« at a temperature of an inch thick, in thrbest mannp, and ofl/^ required, and shall rate the workfn^^. ^''' '^"^^'^ boilers, whether of greater or 1p1^;1^'.P'^''"''® «^ '^" iron strength compared S L-^standaS i''^' •''".'?^"^ '' '^'^' the test applied shall exceSthrwo-kint^ '"' ^" '^'^' ^'^««s the ratio of one hundred "ndfifTc^^?''^''"^® ^'''^^^ed, in "smg the water in such tests at a fp^""*!' ^' °"^ '^""^I'ed, sixty degrees Fahrenheit and n^l n^''f"'' not exceeding factor of safety, for inferior wnrlLP^'u^''*^^"' ^^^^d to thf be^deducted f/Jm that pr^ssuT-e "''"'^'^ '' '^'''''^^'' ^^e to the. plate" tagTn^llJ^Sen'ti;:"?.^'^^^ ^-^''^"^^^ ^^-"gJ^ horizontally between the S when ^; ^' 'T^^ ^° ^^^^^ A horizontal pitch plus diameter ofrivet^^^^ pitch equals SAFETY VALVES. eve *; sSK "iESlTe "flu'e'l titlf ""''" "'^' "« "»"- of safety valves. S.,bae,,,,e„t eotioi f„X ^ "T '""''^'•-up area of any locked safLty valvem fh. -^ '"■'""'^' """ the safety valve to any boiler mZ o ■ „l!f i"'""," o' ""? '-"^ked ri'i^.f'''^ fi, Shan X^p' S ■'h",f''?'i.:'^^."'? 'u '■'"""' """ -" «™" »"rfaee in or under Ihebo'ilet 322 MAKUAL OF ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. f I 3 In all cases the safety valves should be upon the boiler or as near as possible to it. (1). Inspectors are instructed that in all new boilers and whenever alterations can be easily made, the valve chest should be placed dirotlv on the boiler, and the neck or pait between the chest and the flange which bolts on to the boiler should be as short as possible and be cast in one with the In any case in which an inspector is of opinion that it in rrp^itively dangerous to have a length of pipe between the boilers and the safety valve chest, it is his duty at once to insist on the requisite alterations being made before granting (2) Inspectors are to fix the limit of the weight to be placed on thesafetv valves and are to satisfy themselves that the boilers are ^n their judgment sufficient with the weight so placed. ° In new vessels no safety valves should be passed less than two and one-half inches in diameter, and for donkey boilers and boilers having less than ten square feet of gi ate surface not less than two inches in diameter. (3). Care should be taken tha;; the safety valves have a lilt equal to at least one-fourth their diameter, that the area of the inlef and outlet openings for the passage of steam be not Jess than the area ot the valve; where lever valves are used the distance between the centre of the valve and the centre onhe fulcrum should not be less than the diameter of the (4). The size of the steel of which the spring is made in spring safety valves is found from the following formula taken from the Board of Trade Rules: V SxD=d S=The load on the spring ia pounds. p=The diameter of the spring (from centre to centre of Wire) in inches. '^^JtiL'l*^'"®^®^'^^ ^^^^ °^ ^l^a^e of the wire in inches. c=8,000 for round steel. c=], 0000 for square steel. boiler or as MASUAr. OF BNGWBEB8' CALCriM.om 3J3 two inches, and the on?S!q- i , ^"^"<^e diameter is thirteen oompIetooils'SlhfoXaUt%""^ '' ^^' half inches lonff. Theworkinrri^ ?^ ^ '^ ®'®^'^n and one- one-sixth of itf breab-n7 tal wlln'rT'^J^^^^ just sufficient to break it at vvh,-ri^ hardened to a temper one inch. '^' ^'^ '^^^^^ ^oad it should deflf c just onThe';^W^"be"t^ ^- -I other spring the pressure loaT''*" '^^ • -^^ • -^^ ^^^*>«"ai area of spring at 700 pounds eo^:^3S^?^rSr:,ZtaTti?: ^'^i P-"^« then valves: ^'"^ conditions should apply to all safety -It Vh^e'b;nrro;tThtrd'^.r"/^°"y *^« pressure ^(*) The relieving power of th^i''«5? '^'. '^^''y ''^'^■ •valves should be twice the^pLl,- '^^^*^ ^^^^'^ or safety under full fires. ""^ generating ,;ower of the boiler ^^otl^t^^^^^^^ the full Jw^=va?y^-iS!S^^^ 25.-DUTIES A^D LIABILITIES OF ENGINEERS. • onh^^n'gi^e^L^^:;- thVr trviis ^^^^^ "p- «^opp-g steam m the boiler below the bS In ''/u ^' ^o keep thl certificateas prescribed Vfa J To oninTvf P ^^' inspector's dampers, and^when from^ici^ent Khl' ^°°'' ^^ ^^««« ^^e in ihe boiler has fallen below the rmfnfJf %T^' ^he water the fires immediately. P°'°*^ ''^ ^^^^^y, to put out th55^^.^^-7. E°g'neers shall keen fhp fi... >,„^„, ,.. , , tbc« .ouneotious in perfect co.ditioVrre^drfor'Tmm'dSe I#! 324 MANUAL OF ENGINEERS* CALCL'LATIONS. ■^€'H use, and when found unfit for use from age or othor cause shall report their condition to tlie inspector of hulls by whoin the steamer was laat inspected. Rule III.— Engineers when laving; up a siMuerin the fall or ;yhen finally leaving her, aro required to report to the owner and also to the inspector of the nearefvv dit/.dcfc any defects of, or injury to, tlie boilers and machinery by wbinh the safety of the same may be endangered. They 'shali also report to che i; .«,; tictor of the district at which the rite;ifner next arrives, my fKahUut happening to the boilers or machinery during ihe ,rip, and ui case of omission to make such report, the Ik-odso o(. tJie engineer so omitting shall be revoked. Rule IV.-The vhiei engineer of a steamer is held account- able by the Board for the proper care and management rf the boilers and machinery under his charge. He is, therefore in no case to absent himself from the vessel while on her regular trips, unless a competent substitute be provided to fill his place durihg his absence. Rule V.— Engineers on first taking charge of a steamer, and at least ouce a year thereafter, shall satisfy themselves by close examination that the braces, stays and pins of the boiler are in good order, and sufficient for the strain to which they may be subjected; they shall also satisfy themselves that the safety valves are in good working order and sufficient for the requirements of Rule 1, hereof. Rule VI.— Engineers are to exhibit their certificates in the engine room along with a copy of these rules when required to do so. Rule VII. — Management of boilers: 1. Getting up steam— Warm the boiler gradually. Steam should not be raised from cold water in less than four hours. If practicable, light the fires over night. By getting up steani too quickly, the boiler will soon be destroyed. 2. Firing— Fire regularly. Keep the sides up, and use the slice gently and as seldom as possible. 3. Feed water— Let the feed be regular and constant. 4. Glass gauge and try cocks— Keep the glass free and : the gauge cocks every fifteen minutes. 5. Safety valves— Lifi, -ach safety valve at lea" on" ^. g up steam. the fires by drawing ', Ui or Never use water. Lor ,• ter day, and always before g 6. Low water —Put c throwing ashes on Ihem should never occur. > 7. Blovving off the boiler— Po not blow off by stt othor cause,, alls hy whom er in the fall, epoif, to the dL;!,irict any sry Ijy wbich jy 'sitali ilso the riteumer e boilers or on to make ting shall be leldaccount- ement r f the therefore in 1 her regular i to fill ilia f a steamer, lemselves by of the boiler which they '^es that ths ient for the icates in the len required illy. Steam four hours, ng up steam ip, and use instant, free and > 3a' on" ju. g ': -xi or Lov :■ ter OP MANUAL ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. 335 IrfalToit '^ ^^' ""'*'' '"" '^ '^ P°^^^'^^«- See that the fires and frSTom tar^r '^^^'"^^ '^'^'^ ^°«'^« ^^^ «»t«ide ITn!in. if- i ^^^' ^^'''^^ ^^^^^ water in the furnace Sp fil«^^ P/"''"'"' '^''' *^« «^fety valve gently. Lowe; ^nd'theVaV/Cr"^' ^^^ ^'^ ^"^'^ -^- ^'-^"^0 : by 8t€;visi. 320 MANUAL OP ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. ,"! BRITISH BOARD OF TRADE RULES. AN ABRIDGED EXTRACT FROM THE "BRITISH BOARD OF TRADE RULES." inlLfnuin!lu'''- '^«<^^««a'T boilers are built under the Zuhe TlS irr"'?{!-'^^".P'^"''^' ^^^"^^i« this country ?u]e To^n^ ?• ^*''', ^^'' '^*^^ exception instead of thi rule. Locomotives boilers are designed by the superintendent ?heTew"7 "• \' ']^ country anS by th^e maXcturers ?a T?n«rH n^ T T • ' ^«'^«^«,?re subjected to the control of the Board of Trade in Great Britain if for passenger, but usually carrC ' '''°"^^°^ '° ^^'^^'' in8pLtion;only for freight tb jRnA"7l"^i^Y ^® ^^^'^'^ ^' *b« rule, in substance, of the Board of Trade for to determine the strength of shel of tith'all Hve'A'^/^"^^'^?f ^^^•^^^^ ''' "^^^^ «f '^^ best material: I>lwt„hi?K .f"'/"""'^''?: P^^^« ^'^^ a" the seams filled jvith double butt-straps, each of at least f the thickness of riveted wJ^b^'^ T'T' -""^ "" ^^' «^^°^« ^t le^st double «ivfnfv fi rivets having an allowance of not more than boitr/h/vir ''"^- ''?' ?'"^^" ^*^^^^' ^'^d provided that the boilers have been open for inspection during the whole period of construction, then five for iron and four^for steel nfay be used as factors of safety. The tensile strength of ironfs to ^rain Tnd^O^nnn*' ^^'T P"""l^ ^'' '^"^^'^ ^"^h with the be WpJ hv v:T Pr""*^' *''°'' ^^^ ^^*^"- The boiler must in itfl ^ ^y^'^^^l^ pressure to twice the working pressure, ;?p^m r'- "'' ^"? 1° ^^^ "°°^P^«te satisfaction of the Board onZl-T^'"'^ and boiler surveyor. But when the above conditions are not complied with, the additions in the ci cum«L'S ' r\^' ^^'^'^ '' '^' ^^«t«r five, according t cucumstances of each case: MANUAL OF ENGINEEKS' CALCULATIONS. 32T OF TJtADB. NOT MADE IS BEST MANNER. (British Board of Trade.) A 0.15 B 0.3 0.3 D 0.5 E 0.75 P 0.1 G 0.15 H 0.15 I 0.2 J 0.3 K 0.3 Reasons for such Increase In Factor. When all the holes are fair and in the longitudinal seams, bnt drilled out of place after bending. When all the holes are fair and good in the longitudinal seams, but drilled out of place before bending. When all the holes are fair and good, but are punched and not drilled after bend- ing. When all the holes are fair and good, but are punched and not drilled before bending. When the holes in the longitudinal seams are not fair and good. If the holes in the circumferential seams are fair and good, but drilled out of place after bending. If the holes in the circumferential seams are fair and good, but drilled out of place before bending. If the holes in the circumferential seams ^^^Jf^^.^^'l^ good, but are punched and not drilled after bending. If the holes in the circumferential seams are fair and good, but punched and not drilled before bending. If the holes in the circumferential seams' are not fair and good. If the longitudinal seams are double nv.^Lted lap joints and not double cov- ered butts. 328 MANUAL OT ilNGlJSKfiHS' CALCULATIONS. EXAMINATION Ol- ENGINEERS FOK CERTIFICATES OP COMPETENCY. \'h, 1 f (Under the " Merchants Shipping Acts, et( 1.10-4,) 1 flJy , Under the provisions of the " Merchants Shipping Acts, 18GZ, no' foieign-going steamship, or home trade passenger steumohip, ciin obtain a clearence or transire, or leeullv proceed to ■^'a from any port in the United Kingdom, imlesi in the case o. a foreign-going steamship of one hundred horse- power or upwards, the first and second engineers, and in the case of i, ioreign-going steamship of less than one hundred nominal horse-power, or a home trade passenger steamship, the first or only engineer (as the case may be) have obtained and possess valid certificates, either of competency or service appropriate to their several stations in surh steamship, or of a higher grade. i , "» "j. 2. Every person who, having been engaged to serve as first or second engineer in a foreign-going steamship of one hundred nominal horse-power and upwards, or as first or only engineer m a foreign -going steamship of less than ono hundred nominal horse-power, or in a home trade passenger steamship, goes to sea as such, first, second, or onlyjnirineer. without being at the time entitled to and possessed of such a certificate as the act requires, or who employs any person as first or second engineer in a foreign-going steamship of one hundred nominal horse-pr.'ver an.] ipward or as first or only engineer in a foreign-g. -r st.umship of less than one hundred nominal horse-power, or a homo trade passenger steamship, without ascertaining that he is at the time entitled to and possessed of such cerf ., te, for each offence in( rs a penalty not exceeding fifty poi^nds. 3. The certificates of enginners are of two descriptions. VIZ.: certificates of competency and certific i«b of service- and for each description of certificates • lere are two grades VIZ.: ' first-class engineers certificate ar '• second-clas' engineers certificates." 4. Certificfifes of competency wii be gi.nted to those persons who pass the requisite examinations and otherwise com, !./ with the requisite conditions. For this purpose ■examiners have been appointed by the Board of Trade, and arrangements have been made for holding the examination in the places and at the time named in the table marked A ihe examiners are selected generally from the engineer surveyors of the port, but no engineer surveyor is to undertake MANUAL OP ENOINEKR, ' CALCULATIONS. 329 Btrd"of TradT ^' """"'''' '^'''"^ instructions from the i:Eyn 7^%f J'''"*'**^''"/^^ examination is to be made on form tl' ^r^ ''*'"® '"^''^ *''e to be observed by engineers in ttakmg application to be examined, in payin/thrfees ani .Jn-aSfiS"^--^^' - ^" ^^^« caUof^pL^aTSnt QUALIFICATIONS FOU CERTIFICATE.^ ,F COMPETENCY. C Second-class Engineer. A candidate for a second- ZVXrVr^"''"*' '^^^'^ ^« twenty-one years of age; J,r« m"1* have served an apprenticeship to an engineer and prove that during the periSS of his aj prenticesfip he has been employed on the making and repa r ng of ergfnes foV :'lt%r' 'T"^ ^" apprenticeship, L muf t proTf that fori,, less than three years he has been employed in some factor^ ■ ^ork.hop, on the making or repairing of e°g 3 ingine roo^ or' "^"'' '^'° ^"'^ '''''^ ^"' '''''' ««^ '^ " he ^ngiie Joom.''*' ''""' ''''''^ ^' ^'^'*^ ^^"^ y'^'"' ^^ ««* ^'^ <^he thi^^meW «K';nVx;^^'gS^^:y^rs :ni rnnSr ^' *'^ '^'^^^^'^^ -^-' cocks, ^T^nd accfdpnJ^^f."'*^ xmderstand how to correct defects from •Sets ' ^^' ' *°^ *^' "'*"« °^ repairing such ^(e) He must understand the use of the barometer thpr mometer^ hydrometer, and salenometer. ^^'^^"^ter, ther- for iLr?«LH"'* '^l^"* *^^ ?*"'^' ^^«'^*^«' »°\' ' r &A .'1,1 ^«^* ti!' ^' 1''« \l-i li to tho qualifleation required for a aecoud-class addition engineer, («) IIo must either possess, or bo entitled to a fiist-class h£lZl '''''^'f'' of service; or in the event of 1 is not being so possessed or entitled, ho must have served for one Ifv tJ,T; i. " 'T.' "1"'^ engineer's certificate of competency. By this It 18 intfended that the same rule shall be observed In the examination of engineers who are not in possession of a firs -class certihcate of service, as is obtained ii the examina! nh li T'''"'^'"*^^' ''''•'■ "'""^ before the certificate of a ighei grade is granted cortain service in the lower grade s^Spf ♦>f?'°''T'^- . ^,^' examiners should therefoFe be satisfied that applicants for the finst-class engineer's certificate nave not only been in possession of a second-class certificate nPri.Tir.Ti"^''';u^"'^'^'^ '^"^ ^""'^ "^tually served for a pc lod of not less than twelve months in the engine room with a second-class certificate, in the capacity of a second engineer; and that their names have been entered in the articles of agreement accordingly. A\«lr. ^}^ '""St bo able to make rough work drawings of the different parts of the engines and boilers. dii^ran^^ '""^t also be able to take off and calculate indicator {(l) He must be able to calculate safety valves, pressure and the strength of the boiler. ^ ' P'^^^""^®' ie) He must be able to state the general proportions borne by the principal parts of the machinery to each other. yt) He must be able to explain the method of testincr and altering the setting of the slide valves, and of testini the farmess of the paddle and screw shafts and of adjusting Q-inL ^f- "^"^^^u '^^"versant with surface condensation, superheating, and the working of steam expansively. (/ij His knowledge of arithmetic must include the men- suration of superficies and solids, and the extraction of the 8C|iiflrG root, 8. An extra first-class engineer's examination is voluntary and 18 intended for such persons as wish to prove their superior qualifications, and are desirous of having certificate* for the higher grade granted by the Board of Trade. The candidate must be entitled to or possessed of a first-class eng peer 8 certificate of competency, and in addition to the qualifications required for a first class-engineer, n) He must possess a thorough knowledge of the con- struction and working of marine engines and boilers iu all !cond-cla88. I lirst-clttsa af hia not id for one mpetency. bserved in ssion of a exumina- rtificuteof wer grade Jreforo be certificate certificate ved for a ine room, ' a second sd in the gs of the indicator prosaure, ons borne er. sting and sting the idjiisting ensation, tlie men- n of the )hintary, ve their rtificates ie. The irst-class 3 to the the con- rs in all: MANUAL OP ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. ')31 OENEKAL RULES AS TO EXAMINATIONS AND FEES. a h" 'iT Tpifnl' ^'^Tv^^' "''" "''' ^-^"'"ination creditable, a 6CC oi questions will be g ven to wort nnf rr„ u \ ' report of ttf/'''' ^' ^'" ^« ^^^^^^^^ to have fffi A ^ t LT,°;i°""°°' ^'"' ">« '«« •■« has paid will Eorettned ^^posse In Af f 1 ^'t''^'' eng neer's certificate, if llreadr in possession of a second-class certificate. £1. ^ li. li tne appiic, a passes he will receive a form, Exn HM ^82 MANUAL OF ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. I .If W. •I' ■ 16, from the examiner, which will entitle him to receive his -certificate of competency from the superintendent of the mercantile marine office of the port to which he has directed It to be forwarded. If his testimonials have been sent to the registrar-general of seamen to be verified, they will be returned with the certificate. 12. If an applicant is examined for the higher grade and lails, but passes an examination of the lower grade, he may -receive a certificate accordingly, but no part of the fee will be returned. 13. If the applicant fails in working out the examination papers, he may present himself for re-examination whenever he thinks he has acquired sufficient knowledge to enable him ■to pass. But if he fails in the viva voce or practical part of the examination, he may not present himself for re-examina- tion until the expiration of three months from the date of lailure. CERTIFICATES OF SERVICE. 14. Every person who, before the 1st April, 1862, had •server as either first engineer in a British foreign-going steamship of one hundred nominal horse-power and upwards, •or who has attained or attains the rank of engineer in the eeryice of Her Majesty, or of the East India Company, is entitled to a first-class engineer's certificate of service: and every person who, before the above mentioned date, has served as second engineer in any British foreign-going steamship of one-hundred nominal horse-power or upwards, or as first or only engineer in any other steamship, or who has attained or attains the rank of first-class assistant engineer in the service of Her Majesty, is entitled to a second-class engineer's certificate of service. 15 Application for certificates of service must be made on the printed form Exn. 22, to be obtained free of char-^e of the registrar-general of seamen, Adelaide Place, London Uridge, London, or of the superintendent of any mercantile ■marine office. LIST OF EXAMINATION DAYS AT FOLLOWING PLACES. Bristol.— Second tM fourth Tuesday in each month. J^UNDEE.— Thursday iji eaqh week. Glasgow AND Greenock.— Thursday, held alternately of ^ach place. •' Hull.— Eirst and third Tuesday in each month. e service MANUAL OF ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. 33^: Liverpool.— Thursday in each week. London.- Wednesday in each week. ^Shields, NoRTii.-First and third Wednesday in each. SouTHAMPTON.-Fir^t and third Tuesday in each month SuNDERLAND.-The last Monday in each month. NOTICE OF ALTERATION IN EXAMINATION PAPERS. selZ'^r fhL^I^^ ^^J °^ February, 1874, all candidates pre- senting themselves for examination will be required to Sve irom foiri hm 15 A. " Elementary questions for the first examinations of engineers for certificates of competency and of masters and mates for certificates in steam." These questions are intended to furnish a record, to some exten to? the candidate's knowledge at the time of hisTxamination and also to induce the candidate to pay more attTiUo ?o his handwriting and spelling. ^nvnuon lo wr?it'n^°o™f'^''"'i^^ ^'°" ^'^'^'^ these answers will be wiitten contains also some questions as to the experience of gie candidate, to be answered by him in writing. ^A co^y of mu ^^ ^' ^^ contained in form Exn, 15 A ^ Iho viva wee questions on the practical mana..-emont of TZZrV''^ •^'"'^■' will renaili on the same Cing a1 at p esent. Examiners may add to their viva voce questions any c those contained in Exn. 15 A. The arithmetical questions on forms Exn. 10 and Exn. 11 will be cancelled, and forms Exn. JO A. and Exn. 11 A or other similar forms to oe from time to time issued will' be used instead. No further notice will be given of Ee changing on the arSh-o^^l' ''"'''^""' "•'" ^'' Pr«'«i««»ous exerlsef wHl not hP Pvni f -^ ^ engineering, and the candidate nVnnv nAV ^''^'V'' ''^'^ ^" ^'^^ questions, but only so many of them as he may think sufficient to satisfy the TJo'^A^l^^' ^''''''''' the required knowledge of arith! froand[;w^ -^ ^'' T'V^^f '•^'- ^^^^ arithmetics standard in^i T f ^^-^^ '? 'i^*^ ^'t^''^*^' '^ ^^''1 continue as at present to include decimal fractions for second-class, and to inc ude square root for first-class candidates. ^ J^irst-class candidates will be required to make from a copy, an intelligible hand sketch, or a working ordiw ng of some one or more of the principal parts of a steam enJne f,"'fi ^,,r-'.^n' "^'.'.°"'-'^Pf' ^" ^' necessar/dfmenfS ■n tigures, so that the sKetch or drawing could be workedi If "334 AIANUAL OF ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. &;i '^'''^ '' considered an important qualification for a if ;h f '"^T"'' ^!''^ «' ^^« ««"ding home an unworkable sketch to replace a break-down would be a piact cal f^fnrP m competency, will fail the candidate. P'^'^tical failure nf i.n'nuf"''"''^i''Il'l"^'."°"'^''«^e«'>ed to test the degree of knowleoge of this kind possessed by the candidate and ^s' wo?k ' Th';'"" ^""/"'"'^ ^'« ^''^'' I-s been gten to ^18 woik The examination papers for a socond-cla^f cerlifi cate will consist of questions^elating to the Ldidatel' experience in the construction and management of enS^^ of questions in elementary knowledge,^ and of a sft of engineering arithmetical questions. ' °^ The new questions for second-class candidates contain nothing beyond what is contained in the old set of Question? except that one of the questions requires a know?edffe of the weight of wrought iron. In additi'on to thLe examinat on neretotore. ihese alterations are not intended in anv wav fn remove from the individual examiner the entire resnousSfv P pir'a"? ILtafo'' any candidate. T^e^xSatS ELEM,^NTARY QUESTIONS FOR ENGINEERS. (a) Where and how long did you serve in works at thA '"a^ing or at the repairing of engines? ' ^^^ {/>) How long have you served in the stokehole? an^ln ^Z i^J^itli:/^" "^"' ^" *^^ ^"^'^ -^ ^t sea, •condensing, or non-condensing engines comnoun.ft i^nlZ tion for a n workable ;al failure he degree idate, and I given to iS8 certifi- a.ndidate's t' engines, a set of MANUAL OF ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS 335 ate for a thmetical diagrams stions for f a shaft strength off by a contain uestions, e of the tni nation tinned as y way to ►usibility nination afford a s of the various } at the at sea, Tved at surface trunks, se were 336 MANUAL OF ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. PEOCEEDINGS OF UNITED STATES STEAMBOAT ACT. RELATING TO LICENSED OPFICERS. Rule 42.— Before a license can be issued to any person to act as a master, mate, pilot, or engineer, he must personal v appear before some local Board, or a supervisin ' Eec'or^ for examination, according to the law; but upon the -enewai of such license, when the distance from any local Board or 8uperyising inspector is such as to put the person 1 ofding the same to great inconvenience and expense to appear in pefson he may upon taking the oath of' office bef-ore aiy Son authorized to administer oaths, and forwarding the same together with the license to be renewed and Gove^rnmen fee' to he local Board or supervising inspector of the district in which he resides or is employed, have the same renewed bv the said inspectors if no valid reason to the cont.rrv bo end o? thP if^' '"^ '^'l '^^^^ ^"^^^ «"«h oath to tintub office "' ' " '' ^"^ ^^ '■^*^'"''^ °^ ^^^ i^ their CLASSIFICATION OF ENGINEERS. Chief engineers of ocean steamers. Chief engineers of lake, bay, and sound steamers. L/hief engineers of river steamers. First assistant engineers. Second assistant engineers. Third assistant engineers. Special engineers. attlfnn!fr.f °''^'''"® ^""^"^'^ •^^"S ^"^'ien shall cany at least one chief engineer. •' stelmer.''''''*^"-* engineers may act as first assistants ou anj ^!g€ ^«i.*ss,«i;*iii*is«i EAMBOAT r person ta- personally inspector, he renewal 1 Board or loldingthe in person, tny person the same, iment fee, district in snewed by )ntrary bo i the stub e in their. lakes and; lall carry s on any MANUAL OF ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. 337 Second assistant engineers may act as first assistants on teamers of seven hundred and "fifty tons and under and second assistants on any steamer. ' ofTJ'Ji"*^r''?''"i'™fL'*''*^^' «e^o"^ assistants on steamers on any steamer?^ '"^ ^^'^ *°"^ ^""^ ""^'^^^ ^"^ '^^^ ^^^^ f„5T-"^ engineers may be assigned to act, in any cat3acitv and^'u^nder. ^'^ ^'' ^"^''«^^' °° ^'^^'^ers of 'one hundred tons Inspectors may designate upon the certificate of any chief engineer the tonnage of the vessel on which he may aJt and they may also designate any assistant engineer VspecLl engineer on steamers of one hundred tons or under, anrmav restrict an engineer to a particular vessel. ' P„if"S"^^''^-°'' «<^ef?^ers navigating rivers flowing into the Gulf of Mexico, and into the Pacific Ocean, shall be designated as first and second engineers. The first engineer 3 rank as a chief engineer. For steamers of one hundred tons or under, special engineers may be licensed, and may a? the ^FhSt Ul 'T'''''' ^' ''''''''''^ ^^ ^ particuKteamer First assistant engineers and second engineers may act as lo^^Z'ZTrTniT ^"^^"^^^^ °^ '''^^''' ^' ^^^'^^^^^^ grfle'Lnd'theSfn'l^/'"'^'' '•^"" ^' ''^''^'^ «« «f '«f«"or Srs ^^""^ '" ^''^'^ instance shall be five on^hund^rtrfln^ "^^jgation of every passenger steamer above one Hundred tons burden shall be under the control of a fiist- class pilot and every such pilot shall be limited in his license to the particular service for which he is adapted Special steamers not exceeding one b^Jr-d tons burden, and^may be authorized by the license ..rauted to act in charge S a watch in or near the pilot uouse. ■' ^"^ KULE 45.~When an original license is issued to a nilot whose route extends beyond the jurisdiction within v/hicfthe icense is issued, .t shall be the duty of the local Bn.rd !!?«! SUCH licence to refer it to the local Board of inspectors having 888 MANUAL OP ENGINEERS' CALCULATIONS. S^We^on."^^ *^' remainder of his route, for their endorse- This rule shall apply only to the seaboard, Gulf of Mevioo and rivers flowing into the Atlantic Ocean. ' itULE 46.--On all rivers flowing into the Gulf of Mfxmn (and their n'.utaries), where inspectors are ca led upon to extend a plot's 1 cense beyond the usual route for which "aid 'anUhl saTe- orThl ''^^ "7' ^'^ ^''"^^ fully sat fiet Un^y!^ 1 a\^ }i*^y ^.^y ^®^er such application to the Board of the district to which the extension may be desired on^^uToS. '' '''^^'^^"^ ^" endorsemenrS .^h'^ant Rule 47.— Inspectors, before granting or renewing a licensp xaZaS'"thatr.'rr ^'*^">!i' ^^^^^ '^''^'y th:nSes,'"by roZT^^^^^ - 'A !S 844 INDEX. ;i; Engineers : Calculations of Stays, ^ . . , Butt-Straps, - - - . . Joints, - - - . . Calculations on Safety-Valves, Calculations in Pumps, - - . , Eccentrics, ----- Engineers' Examination, ■ . , , Fees, --.... Certificates of Service, - . Examination days and Papers, Elementary questions, .... Examination and Qualifications for Certificates Competency, - . . . Liabilities of Engineers, Flues : External Pressure on Flues, • • . Calculated, - - - . Form and Construction, Grate Surface: Ratio of Heating Surface to Grate Surface, Heat, ----..- Horse-power, - - ... - 78 Horse-power, Canadian Rule for - - . ' Horse-power of boilers, - - . Inaugural Address, . . . Indicator, - - - . - . Inspection generally, - . . . . Inspection of Boilers and Machinery, Marine Engines : Short History of Marine Engines and Presssure, <- Mean Pressure, . . . Nominal Horse-power, - - . . Calculations on Engines, ... ; . Horse-power of - - - . . Calculations on Condensers, Proportion of Parts, - . . . Useful knowledge on - Grate Surface, Horse-power of Marine Engines, What is Mechanics, - - - . . Nominal Horse-power, - - - - 47 Pressure on Boilers : Direct Loaded Safety- Valves on Boilers, External on Flues, - - . . Table of Pressures, - - - - , - Flues, - What is Power, ..... Iforsc-power, Nominal - , r t Face. 190 197 197 207 214 57, 186, 236 160 831 332 - 333-838 334 of - 3"8-329 323 48 49 279 235 11 50, 47, 226 50 177 133 247 275 277 124 44 153 67 47 67 108 114 114 153 177 50, 78, 220 33, 38, 66 48 77-78 48 58 5'^ Face. • 190 197 - 197 207 • 214 57, 186, 236 . 160 831 • 832 • 333-833 • 334 s of ■ 3"8-329 • 323 48 - 49 279 225 - 11 78 , 50, 47, 226 - 50 177 . 133 247 - 275 277 _ 124 44 - 153 67 47 67 108 114 114 153 177 7, 50, 78, 226 33, 38, 66 48 77-78 48 58 5? IVDKX. QlIAMPrCAT'ONS: Licensed Otficers, For Knginecr, Candi.lates for Certificates liucstions 111 Exiiniitijitioii Piiixrs . Steiiin and Water. iWative Volunie of oteain, Meehaiiical effect of Steam used in Cylinders, Saf<;ty Valve Sums. S(i';are and Cul)e Hoot, iSteel for Safety Valve Sprin 330-340 INDEX TO PLATES AND DIAGRAMS, r Diagrams of Square and Circular inch, Plate No. 1, "Eccentric," " " 2, Marine Boiler, - "3 and 4, Eccentric, " " •■). Stays and Butt-Straps, " " 0, Safety Valves, " " 7, Calculation in Pumps, " '• H and !), Eccentric and Slide, Page. 30 58 100 180 lilO 20(t 214 230 IS, or ts Paoi. 68 19 74, 3.'.:^ 68 113 258 88« 325 287 288 239 240 42 45 247 254 !J1 1-825 27i-;n() 320-;j;J5 ;i:m-y4o Page. 58 1(>0 ]8(> litO 20(5 214