^. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I itt lii |22 ^ I4£ 12.0 m 1.25 III U^ III 1.6 < 6" > Photographic Sciences CorporaJion 23 WIST MAIN STIIIfT WiBSTER.N.Y. MSM (716)872-4503 ■^' : The triumph obtained by Canada, at the Paris Exhibition, for her splendid display of Minerals of all descriptions, tells its own tale. The grand Medal of Honour, awarded to Sir William Logan, the Canadian Provincial Geologist, by the Jurors of the Paris Exhibition, will do more in calling the attention of European capitalists to the vast mineral wealth of the country, than the most elaborate description of its distribution and extent. It was a prize won in a strife where all were strong, and tells of rare industry and success in bringing to light the hidden wealth of Canadian rocks. The principal Economic Minerals of Canada, are stated by Sir W. Logan, to be : — , METALS AND THEIR ORES. , "\ ' Magnetic Iron Ore ; Specular Iron Ore ; Limonite (Bog Ore) ; Ti- tanifcrous Iron ; Sulphuret of Zinc (Blende) ; Sulphuret of Lead (Galena) ; Copper, Native, Sulphuret of, variegated ; Copper Pyrites ; Argentiferous do., and containing Gold; Nickel j Silver, with Native Copper and Sulphuret of Silver ; Gold. 4 MILREU 1227 95 • • • • 159 • • • • 24 * • • • 17 • • • • 28 • •• • 54 • • • • 81 • •• • 13 12 liU- • • • • 56 • • • • 56 nby 29 ■ • • 25 • • • « • • • .... 1876 ii NON-METALLIO MINEBALS. Uraniu , Chromium; Cobalt; Manganese; IronPpitcs; Graphite; Dolomite ; Carbonate of Magnesia ; Sulphate of Barytes ; Iron Ochres ; Stextile ; Lithographic Stone ; Agates ; Jasper ; Felspar ; Avanturine ; Hyacinthe ; Coramdum ; Amethyst ; Jet ; Quartzose ; Sandstone ; Re- tinite and Basalt ; Gypsum ; Shell Marl ; Phosphate of Lime ; Mill- stones; Grindstones; Whetstones; Tripoli. BUILDING MATERIALS. Granites ; Sandstone ; Calcareous Sandstone ; Limestones ; Hydraulic Limestones ; Roofing Slates ; Flagging Stones ; Clays ; Moulding Sand ; Fuller's Earth ; Marbles — white, black, red, brown, yellow and black, grey and varie- gated, green. COMBUSTIBLES. , , ■ Peat; Petroleum; Asphaltum. Many of the Mines are now being actually worked, and the " raw material" only waits the application of capital and skilled labour, to reward enterprise and industry. on, for her tale. The Canadian ?ill do more leral wealth ibution and and tells of wealth of by Sir W. Ore); Ti- of Lead Pyrites ; th Native FISHERIES. -'--■ ■ ---■ The Fisheries belonging to the Province are attracting much atten- tion, and will no doubt prove a productive source of wealth. They are inexhaustible, and are now subjected to a regular system of licensing. Inspectors have been recently appointed, and every endeavour is being mado, to preserve them, and encourage their increase. They are, but as yet, in their infancy, and a brief statement of them is here given, shewing their extent and their value even in the very limited use of them now made- nSHERIES, L.O. Lower Canada possesses, in the River and Gulf of St. Lawrence, an extent of coast of 1000 miles, where the Cod, Herring, Mackerel, Salmon and other fisheries are carried on successfully. Whale fishing is also carried on by vessels fitted out from the Port of Gaspc. Average season value of whale oil has been about $27,000. The Cod fishing is carried on along the whole shore of Canada. The Herring fishing principally at the Magdalen Islands, in the Bay of Cha- leur, and on the coast of Labrador. The Mackerel fishing at the Magdalen Islands, along the coast of Gaspe, and in the lower part of the" River St, Lawrence. 12 There are above 70 Salmon Fishery Rivers in Lower Canada, which the Government are now fostering, with a view to enhance the commerce in this valuable fish. The latest annual catch is 3,750 barrels. The Bay of Chaleurs alone formerly exported 10,000 barrels. The number of boats belonging to Canada, fishing on the Canadian shores, is from 1,200 to 1,500. Nearly 100 Canadian vessels are employed in the fisheries of Canada. The number of fishing vessels from Nova Scotia and the other Lower Provinces, fishing on our shores, is from 250 to 300. The number of fishing vessels, from the United States, frequenting our shores, principally for the Cod and Mackerel fishing, is from 200 to 300. Quantity of dried and smoked fish yearly exported from Canada 846,567 Quintals. Quantity of pickled fish exported from Canada... 118,257 Barrels. Consumed in Canada, above kinds 75,000 Quintals. Quantity offish oil exported from Canada 100,218 Gallons. Number of Seal Skins do. do 12,000 Quantity of Salmon taken in the Rivers of Canada, 3,750 Barrels. Quantity of Trout and Halibut taken in Canada, 900 Barrels. Total fish productions, valued at $942,528. Note. — The take by vessels, other than Canadian, is not computed in this table. Square and manufactured Timber is exported in large quantities from the different ports of the coast of Gasp6. There is also found an abund- ance of wood of the best quality for ship-building purposes. The lands in the District of Gasp6 are composed of a light but fertile soil, producing all kinds of grain and vegetables. There are millions of acres of those lands which are still in the wild state and covered by beautiful forests. The population of the District of Gaspe and of the north coast of the River and Gulf of St, Lawrence is 32,000 souls. The District of Gasp6 alone could contain and support a population of more than 100,000. The Inland Lakes and Rivers abound in fish. FISHERIES, U.C. The merchantable fish products derived from the Lakes and Rivers of Upper Canada consist chiefly of White Fish, Salmon, Salmon-Trout, Herring, Lake-Trout, Speckled-Trout, Sturgeon, Pickerel, Bass, Masca- L| 4 thd I ''i^> cat 1 13 ida, which the commerce in \a. The Bay the Canadian s of Canada. J other Lower jquenting our 1 200 to 300. r Quintals. r Barrels. ) Quintals. J Gallons. ) ) Barrels. ) Barrels. computed in ntities from 1 an abund- The lands , producing es of those 1 forests. oast of the kpulation of longe, &c. Inferioi kinds also abound in the smaller lakes, tributaries and streams. The extensive area, great depth, clear cold waters, abundant feeding banks, shoals and spawning grounds, of the principal Upper Canadian Lakes, render the fish found therein numerous, of good quality and lai^e size. The annual take of the different species of fish is carefully estimated at $380,000 value. This produce is variously disposed of, by export, fresh and cured, to the neighbouring United States, and for domestic sale and consumption. Eeady markets are found, both at home and abroad, for any seasonable catch. Tracts of arable land, bordering on the great Lakes, are still at the disposal of the government for sale and settlement. Rivers of ion-Trout, PS, Masca- HER FORM OP GOVERNMENT AND CONNECTION WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 4. Canada is a colony of Groat Britain, but is as free and unfettered as an Independent Nation. The wisdom of the Mother Country has en- trusted to Canadians the management of their own affairs. The Governor of Canada, who is also Governor General of British North America, is appointed by the British Crown, and is its representative in the colony. He nominates an Executive Council, who are his advisers on all matters. There are two Legislative Bodies, called the House of Assembly, and the Legislative Council, the members of which are elected by the people. The Legislative Council was formerly filled by nominees of the Crown. The system of government is that of legislative majorities, and respon- sibility to electors, in imitation of, and as similar as possible to that which exists in Great Britain. All public offices and seats in the Legis- lature are open to any candidate possessing the confidence of the people, and holding a certain limited amount of property, and being at the time a British subject. The elective franchise is nearly universal. Every man paying an annual household rental of 30 dollars (£6 stg.), in the cities and towns, and 20 dollars (£4 stg.), in the rural districts, is enti- tled to vote. Aliens or Foreigners can acquire and hold lands ; and when naturalized, which takes place under the easy conditions of three years' residence and taking the oath of allegiance, they 6njoy the' full privileges of natural born British subjects, in electoral and all other matters. 14 The British Government maintains a small force in Canada and the neighbouring Provinces for protection against foreign invasion, and for the maintenance and preservation of the fortifications of Quebec, Kingston, and other places, in the event of a foreign war. While, therefore, the connection of Canada with Great Britain secures her against all foreign aggression, she enjoys the largest measure of political liberty possessed by any people, and exercises entire control over her internal commerce, laws, municipal institutions, taxation, religion and education. All her internal relations between government and people are those of a distinct and inde- pendent Nationality ; her external relations are in a measure controlled by the mother country ; but, as an instance of the liberality which dis- tinguishes the latter, Canada has been allowed to make her own arrange- ments with foreign governments, in Europe and America, for the con- veyance of mails and postal matters between and over the continents, thus enabling her to assume, even in her foreign relations, the character of a Nation. Such is the connection which exists between the Imperial Government and her Colonial Offspring. It may now be said that it is the earnest wish, and even the aspiration, of every true Canadian, that this connection may grow to a more intimate union in all com- mercial relations with the people of Great Britain and Ireland, and in all sympathies which can draw fast and sure the bonds of friendship be- tween distant nations of the same origin, government and blood. I 111! THE CHARACTER OP THE POPULATION OF CANADA. — HER CITIES AND TOWNS. 5. Canada was once a French colony, and until it was ceded to the British, possessed, exclusively a French population. In that part of the Province which lies to the north and east of the Ottawa river, and which is called Lower Canada, the people are chiefly of French extraction. West of the Ottawa, or Upper Canada, they are, for the most part, British. The population of the Province is now about 3,000,000. In several parts of the Province there are large colonies of Germans and Dutch, and some Norwegians ; and it is probable that not less than 40,000 of these nations are already settled here. They are highly prosperous. The rise and progress of cities and towns in Canada afford a curious and most instructive illustration of the expansion of the country, the development of its resources, the increase of its wealth, and the activity Dada and the Eision, and for bee, Kingston, therefore, the ist all foreign y possessed by mmerce, laws, 11 her internal [net and inde- ire controlled ty which dis- own arrange- I, for the con- tttinents, thus iharacter of a the Imperial said that it ue Canadian, in all corn- land, and in iriendship be- ood. CITIES AND leded to the part of the and which extraction, lart, British, several parts Dutch, and 100 of these i a curious ountry, the he activity I and energy of its people. Montreal is the largest eity in Canada, and con- tains about 80,000 inhabitants ; Quebec ranks next, with about 65,000 ; Toronto, third, with 50,000. In 1831, Montreal and Quebec contained a population of about 27,000 each. The history of Toronto foreshadows the history of other towns in Canada. In 1842, a period so recent that most will remember it, Toronto contained 13,000 inhabitants, in 1852, 30,763, and in 1850, 42,000. Toronto is situated on Lake Ontario, and may be considered as the type of a thriving commercial Canadian Port on one of the great Lakes. One more example will suffice, and that one is taken from the centre of a fine agricultural district : — London, in Upper Canada, coutained, in 1850, 5,124 inhabitants ; its population in 1856, exceeded 15,000, a nearly threefold increase in 6 years. These startling instances of sudden growth, are by no means exceptions to the rule ; other towns and cities are not deprived of their population to swell that of more favored and prosperous communities, nor is the country drained to feed the towns. On the contrary, the progress is general; increase is the rule throughout, both in cities and rural districts. Every where postal communication is complete ; the most distant hamlet has its post-office, and the number of offices in Canada is now about 1,650. The electric telegraph passes through every town and al- most every village in the Province, and the number of miles in operation at this time is 4,046. The approach and arrival of a steamer or sailing vessel at Quebec is known very nearly at the same moment in every town of the Lower and Upper portions of the Province. All improvements in the Arts or Sciences affecting the commercial or industrial interests of her people are quickly introduced into Canada, and, with numerous ele- ments of adaptation and progress within her reach, she eagerly avails herself of the practice and enterprise of other countries. The great and unfailing source of this steady growth, this quiet but ir- resistible onward movement of Canada, has been immiqeation ; the infu- sion of new blood, the adoption of a new and prosperous home by tens of thousands from across the seas and beyond the frontiers ; a home which, with all its immunities, privileges, and hopes, is offered, requiring no other return than a strong arm, a willing heart, and a confident self- relying trust in the future, and in the happiness and prosperity of your adopted country. This invitation, though feebly proffered hitherto, be- cause not coupled with the positive advantages which Canada now enjoys, 16 has succeeded in winning to her shores and fortunes, within the past twelve years, a full half million of stout and trusting hearts. THE LAWS AND MUNICIPAL INSTITUTIONS OP CANADA. 6. It is no exaggeration to say, that the Canadas enjoy more thorough rational freedom than any country in the world. The Laws of England were introduced into Upper Canada in 1791, and prevail subject to the various alterations made from time to time by the local Parliament. The Laws of France, as they existed at the con- quest of Canada, by Britain, prevail in Lower Canada, subject also to the alterations effected by the local Parliament. The Criminal and Com- mercial Laws of England prevail there, as in Upper Canada. The Par- liament of Canada have, and exercise entire control over the Province ; the Imperial Government never interfere now, unless (which scarcely ever occurs) some great national interest is involved. The Municipal system of Canada is admirably adapted to the exigencies of a young and vigorous country ; its success has been com- plete. In order to comprehend it, it is necessary to state that Upper Canada is divided into Counties, forty-two in number ; each county is divided into Townships ; so that, on an average, each township is about ten miles square. The inhabitants of a township elect five " Councillors," the Councillors elect out of this number a presiding officer, who is desig- nated the " Town Reeve ;" the Town Reeves of the different townships form the " County Council ;" this Council elect their presiding officer, who is styled the " Warden." The Town Council and County Council are Municipal Corporations, t possessing the power to raise money for Municipal purposes, such as making public improvements, opening and repairing roads and bridges. Repayment is secured by a tax on all the property in the township or county where the debt is incurred ; but no by-law for raising money can be enforced, unless it has been previously submitted to the electors or people. . Each corporation possesses the power of sueing and is liable to be sued, and their by-laws, if illegal, are subject to be annulled by the Superior Courts of the Province, at the instance of any elector. '-■,., ",,.-:.;..•;;,;,:/ , ,..,, ;.; . , ,<. .v,; -,<■ Each Township Council has the power to provide for the support of common schools under the provisions of the school law; to construct roads, bridges, watercourses, &c., to appoint path-masters or road-inspectors, nol anl bel wl vil I Co 17 thin the past NADA. aore thorougli ada in 1791, ne to time by 3d at the con- jeet also to the lal and Com- a. The Par- he Province; rhich scarcely ipted to the has been com- e that Upper jach county is ship is about Councillors," who is desig- nt townships siding officer, unty Council |e money for (opening and on all the rred ; but no [n previously ses the power j, are subject le instance of support of |to construct -inspectors, &o. The County Councils are charged with the construction and repairs of gaols and court-houses, roads and bridges, houses of correction, and grammar schools, under the provisions of the School Law ; to grant moneys by loan to public works, tending to the improvement of the coun- try, and to levy taxes for the redemption of the debts incurred, subject to the proviso before mentioned, namely, the vote of the people. Villages not having a population over 1,000 are governed by a board of police, and are styled Police Villages ; possessing over 1,000 inhabitants, they become Incorporated Villages, and are governed by a Council of five, whose Reeve is a member of the County Council, ex officio ; as soon as a village acquires a population exceeding three thousand, it becomes a^town governed by a Mayor and Council, and is represented in the County Council by a Town Reeve and Deputy Town Reeve. When the number of inhabitants exceeds 10,000, it may be created a city, and is governed by a Mayor, Aldermen and Councilmen. All Town Reeves, Wardens, Mayors and Aldermen are, ex officio, Justices of the Peace. In Lower Canada the same system prevails, and though it has not been as fully developed as in Upper Canada, it is in rapid progress. EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN CANADA. 7. Upper and Lower Canada enjoy separate School Laws adapted to the religious elements prevailing in either. Each Township in Upper Canada is divided into several School Sections, according to the require- ments of its inhabitants. The Common Schools are supported partly by government, and partly by local, self-imposed taxation, and occasionally by the payment of a small monthly fee from each scholar. The total amount expended on common schools in Upper Canada during 1858 ex- ceeded £208,627 stg. In long settled rural districts each school section is now distinguished by a handsome brick school-house, furnished with maps, authorized school books, and elementary philosophical apparatus. The salaries of teachers vary from £130 stg. to £40 stg. in country parts, and from £280 stg. to £75 stg. in cities and towns. All common school teachers must pass an examination before a County Board of Education, or receive a license from the Provincial Normal School, empowering them to teach, before they can claim the government allowance. The Provincial Normal School for Upper Canada is a highly e£fective and useful Institution for the training of teachers, and annually sends forth from 100 to 150 young men and women, who, having been uniformly 18 instxuoted in the art of condaoting a school, and oommnnioating know- ledge, are gradually establishing in Upper Canada a system of common school education of great promise. In 1842 the number of common schools in Upper Canada was 1721, attended by 65,978 children ; in 1868 the number of schools was 3,866 attended by 293,683 children, and the average time during which the schools were open was 10 months and 6 days. This astonishing increase in so short a period speaks volumes for the condition and progress of ele- mentary education in Upper Canada. Each school section is governed by an elective corporation, styled School Trustees, and is supplied, partly at government expense, with a small Library of selected literature. The number of volumes which have already been distributed for this purpose amounts to 532,893. The Free School system is gaining ground in many parts of Canada ; the principal it involves implies the support of common schools, open to all, by a general tax, and the non-exaction of fees. Any school section may adopt it by the vote of the majority of its inhabitants. Separate Schools for Roman Catholics are sanctioned under certain regulations. The Grammar Schools and Academies are 121 in number, with 5,530 pupils. They are intended to form a connecting link between the Com- mon Schools and the Universities. Teachers must be graduates of some University ; they receive an allowance from government in addition to fees. The amount raised for grammar-school purposes in 1858 was £15,123 BterUng. Besides a richly endowed Provincial University, supplied with a com- plete staff of highly competent Professors and Lecturers, there are several other Universities and Colleges in Upper Canada in connection with dif- ferent religious denominations. The standard of education adopted in some of the Canadian Universities assimilates as closely as possible to that established in the time-honoured Institutions of Great Britain and Ire- land, and the ranks of the professorial staffs ore generally « 'pplied from the same unfailing sources. All the expences of a full Un; ^ersity course in Toronto, need not exceed £60 sterling per annum, board and tuition included. To the Provincial University, and to the University of Trinity College, in connection with the Church of England, scholarships are at- tached, which vary in value from £18 stg, to £40 stg., per annum. These are awarded [at annual examinations] to successful candidates competing for them. 19 inioating know- tern of common lada was 1721, tools was 3,866 iring which the aishing increase progress of ele- ion is governed supplied, partly iterature. The !br this purpose irts of Canada ; schools, open to y school section ants. Separate 1 regulations. ber, with 5,530 ween the Com- iduates of some in addition to in 1858 was ed with a com- lere are several iction with dif- :on adopted in jpossible to that 'itain and Ire- applied from L versity course [d and tuition lity of Trinity •s are at- The educational statistics of Upper Canada may be thus summed up : — I in 185R there were 'n actual operation 12 Universities and Colleges ; 121 Grammar Schools and Academies; 255 Private Schools; and 3,866 [Common Schools; making in the a^^egate 4,254 educational institu- tions, teaching 30G,G26 pupils and students, and costing the country, in [great part by self-imposed taxation, £803,200 sterling. In Lower Canada a system of education in most respects similar to '(hat which has just been described exists, and is rapidly obtaining favour I among the people. The Superior Schools there arc of a very high order, 'And many of the Seminaries attached to religious houses are well endowed >nd amply provided with efficient professors and teachers. ' In addition to the Laval University and McGill College, the Educa- 'tional Institutions in Lower Canada are thus classed in the Keport of the Superintendent of Education for the year 1858 : — Superior Schools 10; No. of Pupils 438 Secondary do 170; No. of Pupils 25,224 Normal do 3; No. of Pupils 213 Special do 2; No. of Pupils 57 Primary do 2800 ; No. of Pupils 130,940 Total No. of Schools. ... 2985 ; Total No. Pupils. ... 1 56,872 Total of Contributions £91 ,879 Sterling. The increase in the number of pupils was, in 1858, 7,188 against 6,557 in 1857 ; and the increase in contributions since 1856 amounts to $52,632. ^very year will witness great extension. The cost of a full course of superior education in Lower Canada, is even less than in Upper Canada. per annum, tul candidates RELIGION IN CANADA. I 8. Among Canadians there is perfect toleration in religious matters. \While, however, all religions are respected by law and by the people, .^jthere are strict distinctions jealously preserved between churches of dif- f Jerent denominations. The Lower Canadian French, are distinguished ,- for social habits and quiet religious zeal ; and in no country, not even j^ngland or Scotland excepted, can there be found so uniform an ob- Bervunce of the Sabbath in accordance with strict Protestant views, as in ifUpper Canada. ^ The prevailing religious denominations may be thus classified according Sto the census of 1851, from which an idea may be formed of the present f strength of each leading religious body : — Church of England, 268,592 j 20 1^'' Church of Scotland, 75,587 ; Church of Rome, 014,661 ; Free Presbyte- rians, 93,385 ; other Presbyterians, 82,733 ; Weslcyan Methodists, 114,- 839 ; Episcopal Methodists, 49,443 ; all other Methodists, 52,449 ; Bap- tists, 49,846 ; Lutherans, 12,107, &o. &c. An addition of 50 per cent to the above numbers will give an approximation to the relative strength of each denomination at the present time, January, 1860. In Upper Ca- nada the Roman Catholics form about one-sixth of the whole population, and in Lower Canada about five-sixths. AGRICULTURAL CAPABILITIES OP THE SOIL. 9. A reference to the display of cereals and other agricultural produc- tions made by Canada at the Exhibitions of London and Paris, might be considered sufficient to illustrate the remarkable adaptation of the soil to their growth and cultivation ; but bo limited a notice would leave t'lo questiun of permanent fertility still unanswered. When, however, it is known that the area in which the astonishing crops of wheat are raised, for which Upper Canada is so justly distinguished, extends over three- fourths of the present inhabited parts of the country, and that the pre- vailing soils consist of rich clays of great depth, the question of perma- nent fertility resolves itself into that of husbandry. In the valleys of some of the larger rivers of Upper Canada, wheat has been grown after wheat for twenty years ; the first crops yielded an average of 40 bushels to the acre, but under the thoughtless system of husbandry then pursued, the yield diminished to 12 bushels to the acre, and compelled a change of system, which soon had the eflFcct of restoring the land to its original fertility. This system of exhaustion has affected its own cure, and led to the introduction of a more rational method of cultivating the soil. Years ago, when roads were bad and facilities for communicating with markets few and far between, wheat was the only saleable produce of the farm, so that no effort was spared to cultivate that cereal to the utmost extent. Now, since railroads, macadamized roads and plank roads have opened up the country, and Agricultural Societies have succeeded in disseminating much useful instruction and information, husbandry has improved in all directions, and the natural fertility of the soil of the old settlements is in great part restored. The average yield of wheat in some townships exceeds 22 bushels to the acre, and where an approach to good farming prevails the yield rises to thirty and often forty bushels to the acre. 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The following brief enumeration of the means of communication between Liverpool and Quebec, and between Quebec and any part of Canada, or the Northern, Middle, and Western States of the American Union, will serve to convey some idea of the combined facilities which the completion of the Grand Trunk Railway of Canada, the Great "Western Railway, and the unequalled system of Canadian Ship Canals, confer upon Emigrants in their progress through and in the northern part of the American Continent. An emigrant starts in a sailing vessel or a steamer, from Liverpool or any other European port for Quebec. In a fortnight or a month, accord- ing to the mode of conveyance he adopts, he lands in Quebec. He may then proceed by railroad or steamer to Toronto in Upper Canada, or to any intermediate locality ; from Toronto he may pass northward, a dis- tance of ninety-four miles, by the Northern Railway to CoUingwood, on Lake Huron, and then by steamer to Chicago and the Far West ; or he may go by the Grand Trunk j.«,cilway or the Great Western Railway of Canada to Detroit, in the State of Michigan, and thence by rail to any part of the Western Union ; or he may proceed by rail, or by rail and steamer, from Toronto to Goderich, or from Toronto to BuiFalo, and thence by rail to any part of the Eastern or Southern States, or by steamer and rail to Ohio and contiguous States, or west by steamer or rail to Chicago and the Far West. A Table of routes and distances is given at the end of this Pamphlet. riJ-rT:, ,• ;^'i :'^ In cases where expedition is required, the traveller may proceed from Portland, in the State of Maine, where the Great Eastern steamer is to land her cargoes, and where, for the present, is seated the Atlantic Ter- minus of the Grand Trunk Railway of Canada, and reach Toronto, in Upper Canada, by rail through Montreal, in twenty-five to twenty-six hours. And now that the wonder of the world, the Victoria Bridge across the St. Lawrence, is completed, the distance between the Atlantic at Portland, and Toronto, in the heart of the Lake Country, a distance not less than 625 miles, is often accomplished in twenty-two hours. Once on the Lakes, magnificent steamers, unrivalled, even in Europe, for size, speed and equipment, traverse hourly these great inland waters ; and the choice of routes, either by water or land, is almost everywhere now pre- sented to the traveller. Such is the unparalleled system of railway and steam communication which brings, through Canadian waters or over M'l ' 28 : Canadian territory, the great Far-West of the United States within six- teen days' travel of Liverpool, London, Antwerp or Paris. The inipor- portance and value of these routes are best estimated by the fact, that over them, as preferable to to all others, now pass the mails from Ger- many, Belgium, France, and Britain, and the United States, under arrangements with the Canadian government. The Emigrant who desires speed, comfort and freedom from exactions, should endeavour to reach the Port of Quebec, wherever may be his destination in North America, whether it be in the United States of America or in Canada. The success of '•' the Canadian" steamers be- tween Liverpool and Quebec, has established the superiority of this over every other route. Vessels sailing to Quebec are under rigid regulations for the protection and comfort of all passengers ; and, once in Quebec, the emigrant, in his long journey westward over Canadian routes, is nri-^jr the strong protection of the Canadian government, which saves him from extortion and pillage, and the cost of travelling long dis- tances does not in any case exceed three farthings a mile in Canadian steamers or over Canadian railways. From Quebec, by one or other of the routes to which attention has been directed, he can with more speed, safety and comfort reach his future home in the United States or in Canada, than if he had landed in New York or in Boston, or any other part of the United States of America. , TRADE AND REVENUE. ^ 13. The general Revenue of the Province is derived from customs, government land sales, revenue from public works and minor sources of income ; government or provincial taxation never reaches the Canadian in a direct manner, and if he choose to limit his wants to the simple necessaries of life, and clothe himself, as tens of thousands do, in home- spun, — the stamp of domestic industry and frugality — indirect taxation will only meet him in the articles of tea or cofifee, each of which cost about one-half as much as they do in Britain. The only taxes he is called upon to pay he has the opportunity of voting for or against ; his opinion, in other words, is taken as to whether the tax is just or neces- sary. Such tuxes are for school purposes, road-making and bridge-building in the township in which he lives, and by which he benefits to a degree often one hundred-fold greater than the amount of money or labour he is required to contribute. ' . - = - )r neces- 29 The Commerce of a producing country like Canada, drawing its wcaltb from its Agriculture, Forests, Mines and Seas, is fairly represented by statistical tables of exports and imports. The following tables, compiled from official returns, will show the direction in which the industry of the Province exerts itself. The exports for 1858 and 1859 are thus classified : — ' 1858. 1859. Currency. Currency. Agricultural Products £1,97G",100 1,8.34,949 Produce of the Forest 2,361,932 2,415,990 Animals and their Products 61 5,G91 947,376 Manufactures 81,344 121,808 Produce of the Sea 179,574 204,356 Produce of the Mine 78,706 117,128 Other Articles 28,134 27,683 £5,225,781 5,670,203 Estimated short returns from Inland Ports... 360,761 416,151 In addition to these items, we have the value of Ships built at Quebec, amounting to.... 185,910 105,391 Giving a Grand Total of Exports of. £5,772,452 6,191,745 The Tonnage employed in the transatlantic commerce of Canada, and with the Sister Provinces, amounted, in 1855, to 419,553 tons; and in 1859, to 641,652 inwards; and in 1855, to 451,241 tons; and in 1859, to 640,561 tons outwards The following Statement shews the number and tonnage of Canadian and American vessels, distinguishing Steamers from Sailing craft, employed in the carrying trade, and passing through the canals of the Province : — No. Tons. ' J^;. Tons. Canadian Sail, 6.33 ... 66,903) ,--., ta'tik Canadian Steam,... 88 ... 7,812 J *^^ '" '*''^'* American Sail, .... 553 ... 98,753) p. no inron American Steam,... 35 ... 8,091 j ^^^ - ^^^^^'^^ Total 1,339 181,559 The following is a Comparative Statistical View of the Commerce of Canada, exhibiting the Value of Exports to, and Imports from. Great Britain, her Colonies, and Foreign Countries, during the years 1858 and 1859:— s Value of Exports. 1858. 1859. Great Britain £2,224,653 1,994,189 North American Colonies 240,107 210,119 British West Imlies 1,756 United States of America 2,9S2,523 3,480,579 Other Foreign Couuiries. 60,108 88,952 Total • £5,507,391 5,778,095 Value of Imports. i 1858. 1859. 3,073,872 3,696,521 103,844 95,439 133 3,908.895 4,398,229 183,021 198,468 7,269,632 8,388,790 k CANADA AS A FIELD FOR REMUNERATIVE INDUSTRY. 14. The motto of the Capital of Canada is " Industry, Intelligence and Integrity," and her emblem is the Beaver. These three qualifications are required by all who desire to make speedy and honorable progress in life, and when possessed and exercised they can not fail, humanly speak- ing, to command success in Canada. There are no monopolies, exclusive privileges, or great and impassable gulfs between grades of society, such as exist in Britain, to check or arrest the progress of the honest and in- dustrious man. Many of the wealthy and respected people in Canada, landed in her terri- tory without a friend to receive them, or a shilling to provide for the wants of the morrow ; and there are thousands of new arrivals who throng the quays of Quebec during the spring and summer months, to whom the future seems doubtful and dark, but who will most assuredly find themselves a few years afterwards, enjoying the luxury of well-earned independence, with ample and increasing provision for declining years or a growing family. Canada offers a market for the produce of the world ; and, in the bold stride which she is making for greatness, she challanges competition and rivalry in its commerce. Every necessary and luxury of life, to be ob- tained in Europe or elsewhere, is procurable in the Province. o < Pouads Currency when multiplied by four are converted into Amcric.in Dollars, 31 fmports. 1859. 3,696,521 95,439 133 4,398,-2i9 198,468 8,388,790 lY. iitelligence Eilifications )rogress in nly speak- , exclusive iety, such }st and in- 1 her teiri- ide for the ^ho throng to whom redly find rell-earned g years or 1 the bold tition and to be ob- na Dollars. CO 00 '5 Cd O S3 n ^ 1 1 ^ ■a c a ^ ft !« 6C« >> S ». fl 41 ^.4 t >i- S- ^' .p. t^.2.' 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'^ 1--5 TT CO . • • • > ^ • • • [f Q ■< S'. < ■r Month, th L'oard, a -.s : : ^5; .i : : • • • • f. '-o ■ O — 3 ft. ^ ^3 r3-3 -3-3 H : ' *^ u o ^ o o 'S> "» ■»• r ,f-3 >5 t^ O « * -r 15 "^ m CD I 1 . »0 ■* TT «© On a^ ng \n « .^ ^ .^ ..^ * "5 3 o J< c " •^-3 . . «) oj • < C>4 «- 5 O ♦- ♦J ^ ii •** w ^ "c ■= »: X "2 -a «C as iQ s; 55 3i . en • -r o • to • — -3 -3 .,• T3 ns •■* '- - - t S '/■ tn to r»' m • ^ .. M M -O •^ t 1< s^ cc CO . 1< , . • . ..... ...... . • ■ £ : »> • . ¥ 4^ « • -3 • V • . p ■■'-.' ■r. • • -= •.:i • . T '5 . . "5 -n d . ; ' d '- *£ ir. ' 1 i 1 y 2 •y : «. ^ ' o • 0- 5" rs ' ^ flrj a) w TV 3 •' i 5! «» = 3 3 to - T 1i JJ 111 r G -■1 - 5 2 COM 02 5c i) - 3 i 2S - si ■J 33 i 1) .tJ c ^ >n >o . .y -n "v" / «3 •r* M O O — 5 CO - i 3 "^ ./ 'i O 30 ■/! M lO : a • ^a •ca - "> : 2='1 i 7- •'5^ i S S n i* ■-" — -™ .a ^xrP- It may however bo remarked, that at present the country offers Wf little inducement to mechanics and labourers, unless possessed of sufficient means to establish themselves in the villages or country towns. The emi- gration to Canada should consist of persons desirous of settling on land. LAND REGULATIONS. In addition to the Free Grants, Government Lands are sold on the following terms : — Lands are sold either m bloc, or in single lots, of 100 acres, to actual settlers. Lands en bloc are sold in quantities varying from 40,000 to 60,000 acres, at 50 cents (about 2s. sterling) per acre, cash, in Upper Canada ; and in Lower Canada, at from 18 cents and upwards, according to situa- tion ; on condition that the purchaser cause the block to be surveyed into lots of from 100 to 200 acres each, on a plan and in a manner to be ap- proved by the Government ; and that one-third of the block be settled upon within two years from the time of sale — one-third more within seven years — and the residue within 10 years from time of sale. This requirement will be dispensed with as to any portion of the land which at the last-mentioned period, is found to be unfit for settlement. The settlers must have resided on their lots for two years continuously, and have cleared and cultivated ten acres of every 100 acres occupied by them before they can get absolute titles. . . Lands are surveyed by the Government into lots varying from 100 to 200 acres, and these are sold to actual settlers at 70 cents an acre (about 2s. lO^d. sterling,) cash, or one dollar, (about 4s. sterling,) in Upper Canada; and lOd. sterling, or twenty cents and upwards, in Lower Canada, according to situation; one-fifth being paid down, and the balances, by annual instalments with interest. Absolute titles will be given to the purchaser on payment in full of the price, and on his having resided at least two years on his lot, and cleared and had under cultivation ten acres of every 100 acres occupied by him. Free grants of 100 acres each are made on Government Roads to actual settlers. These Roads are marked on Maps, just issu6d by the government, in red. Townships for sale en bloc are marked in deep red on the Government Map. 3 J4 I REQIMRF.I) OUTFIT. The f()llowinan and his wife, and tlireo young children — and also a list of articles required by Hettlers ^oin;:; into the Bush. The prices arc attached at which tiiey can be purchased at the ViUages n(;ar ihe Settlements. The total capital required is about JC58 currency or .C47 sterlinjj;, althoui^h very many have succeeded, and are now independent who had not £10 in the world upon their first settlement. PROVISION? NECK8SARY FOR A FAMILY OF FIVE, HAY POtt ONE YEAR. 8 barrels of Flour, at CI 1 r>s. per barrel £U 2 " of Pork, at £:U 5s. " 7 10 80 bushels of l^tatoes, at 2«. per bushel 8 30 lbs. of Tea, at 2s. Gd. per lb 3 15 1 barrel of Herrings 2 , J " of Salt 7 G Cost of Provisions £35 12 G SEED. 20 bushels of I'otatoes, at 2s. per bushel £2 3 " ofWlieut, at 7s. Gd. " 12 6 10 " of Oats, at 2s. " '" 10 Cost of Seed £4 2 G OTIIEH NECESSARIES. 1 Axe £0 8 9 - • 1 Grindstone 7 6 1 Shovel 1 10 ,.. 2 Hoes, at 3s. Gd. each 7 3 Reaping-hooks, at Is. Gd. each 4 6 1 Scythe 5 1 Inch Auger 5 1 Inch and a half Auger 7 6 1 Hand-Saw 7 6 2 Water Pails, at Is. Gd. each 3 1 Window Sash, and Glazing 5 1 Bako-Oven 5 2 Pots, at 5s. each 10 " ' ; ,v 1 Kettle 5 1 Fryingpan 3 Carried over £4 5 7 39 15 Wit 35 lironfjht over ,£t 6 7 39 16 1 Tciipot 2 G 6 Siiiiill Tin VcHHelH, ut 4d. each 2 3 Jjiir<,'o Till Dislios, ut 2h. (id. each... 7 U SiHwnH, ut 2d. each 10 (I Knives and Forks 5 3 I'airHof'lilankt'tH, at£l Tw. pi-rpair . 3 15 2 line's lor Quilts, ut 2s. «Jd. oacli .... <) 5 2 pairs of Sheets, at 3s. per pair 1 Smoothing Iron 2 1 Pig 15 , £10 7 1 Total £50 2 1 Add, one Cow 5 Hay for do., 1st. year 3 £5B 2 1 Currency. Or £-17 Sterling. 18 5 Routes, 1), stances and Rates of Passages by Railavay ard Stea- iMKR, from Quebec to all parts of Canada and the United States. By Grand Trunk RaiUvay, daily, from Point Levy, or by the Mail Steaincr every afternoon at 4 o'clock, transhipping at Montreal to through line of Steamers to all Ports on the St. Lawrence and Lake Ontario. PLACES. CANADA. Bunie .. I5olIevilI<- Ki'ockvillu Uiiglilon . £iniii])toa Berlin ... Bradford . a FARR BY E 2 G. T. Railway oil Stkamer. REMARKS. .•Sa fH Stg. $ Cts. 6C.5 26^. 8(1. 6 r.o By 0. S. ct. 11. R. from Toronto. 38y Ms. 4d. 3 50 *i G. T. R. do. do. 293 I28.4d. 3 00 it do or steamer. 41(1 I C.S. (id. 4 00 K do. do 522 •22s. 6<). 5 50 II do from Toronto. 662 2os. 6 25 (1 do. do. 544 248. (> 00 II Railway do. 36 BouTES, Distances, and Rates op Passages, &c. &c. — Continued. I PLACES. CANADA. Bowmanville or Darling- ton Chatham COBOURG COLLING WOOD Cornwall Colborne Gnnanoque Guelph Gait HAMILTON Hamburg KINGSTON LONDON Lennox ville, E. T MONTREAL Niagara Napanee Newmarket OTTAWA CITY, (Byt) Oshawa Owen Sound Oakville Prescott Paris Perth PORT HOPE , Peterborough , Richmond, E. T Sherbrooke, E. T , St. Cathariues Stratford , TORONTO Trenton Whitby "Woodstock , Williamsburg Windsor St. Afidrews, N. Bruns St. JoiinB, N. Bruns. . . , 457 CtO 431 693 236 417 323 550 670 639 676 340 615 123 168 537 867 542 335 467 C30 518 281 565 880 437 459 96 120 660 589 500 400 471 687 260 631 629 676 FARE BT G. T. Railway OB Steamer. Sfg. % C(8. 189. 289. 183. 28s. 10s. 178. 14b. 249. 2Ss. 208. 268. 158. 27? 11 9. 3d. 48. 2d 169. 249. l-l9. 183. 29s. 208. 129. 23s. 13s. I8s. 22s. 4s. 88. 22s. 26s. 208. 159. 198. 208. lis. 283. 6d. SOs. 408, 60 00 50 00 60 25 50 6 CO 6 75 00 60 75 75 75 00 60 00 6 00 3 50 4 60 7 25 5 00 00 75 3 25 50 50 00 00 5 50 6 50 5 00 3 75 4 75 6 38 2 76 7 Vl\ 9 00 10 00 REMARKS. G. T. R. G. W. R. from Hamilton. G. T. R. or steamer. O. S. tfe. H. R. from Toronto. G. T. R. do. ' G. T. R, or steamer, do. do. From Hamilton by G. W. R., via Harrisburg. By steamer or G. T. R. " G. T. R. from Toronto. G. T. R. or steamer. G. W. R. from Hamilton. G. T. R. via Richmond, E. T. do. do. From Toronto by steamer. By G. T. R. O. S. A. H. R. from Toronto. P. &. 0. R. from Prescott ' G. T. R. or steamer. O. S. A. H. R. from Toronto. ' Steamer or G. T. R. do. do, G. W. from Hamilton. By Brockville