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Maps, plates, charts, etc., mey be filmed at different reduction retios. Those too large to be eri^irely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames es required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, plenches. tableeux. etc.. peuvent Atre filmte 6 des taux de reduction diffftrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul clichA. il est film* A psrtir de I'engle suptrieur geuche, de geuche k drolte, et de haut en bes, en prenent le nombre d'images ntcessaire. Les disgrammas suivants illustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 Frontispiece. i^mtt)^^ //f'/z^ur/Z/ff Mvitmax^ ^ //rA^/jt^o/Mff^A^as^land^ THE ^mcp ^ til O R, "Vlagazine; A NEW, COPIOUS, COMPLEAT, and UNIVERSAL SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY. CONTAINING An accurate and cntertai'iing Account and Description of the feveral Continents, THands, Penlnfulas, Illhmufes, Capes, Promontoiies, Lakes, Rivers, Seas, Oceans, Gulphs, and Bays, O F Afia, Africa, Europe, and America; DIVIDEDINTO EMPIRES, KINGDOMS, STATES, and COLONIES. W I T H T H E Climate, Situation, Extent, and Boundaries oif each; and their feveral Provinces, Piftridls, Capitals, Cities, Univerfities, Towns, and Villages. ALSO, ^• The various Forms of Government, Laws, Religions, Revenues, and Naval and IVIilitary Powers, of the different Countries; with all the Caftles, Fortifications, Sea Ports, Harbours, Docks, Arfenals, Aquedudts, Roads, Public Edifices, Palaces, Churches, Mofques, Temples, Ruins, Antiquities, Natural and Artificial Curiofities, MoL'ntains, Volcanoes, Mines, Metals, Minerals, FofTils, Gums, Trees, Plants, Fruits, Flowers, Herbs, and other Vegetable Productions. '.rijcir Literature, Arts., Sciences, Trade, Manufadures, and Commerce. The Cuftoms, Manners, Genius, Difpofitions, Habits, Amufements, and Civil and Religious Ceremonies of the Inhabitants; with the Titles and Diftindlions of Honour peculiar to each Country. AND Plcafing and Interefting Defcriptions of the infinite Variety of Birds, Beafts, Fiflies, Amphibious Aniiiials, Repti!3f, and Infc6ts, L 1 K E \V I S I , An cx:i6l Account of the Coins, Weights nml Meafuies, of tlie vaiious Conntriesj with Tables reducing them *o the Value anil Stnndaid of Great Britain; a Cleograjjhical Index, containing the N.imes of Places, alphabetically arranged; a Biogra- j'liical Lilt of learned, eminent, and ingenious Men, of every Age and Country; and a Chronological Table of remarkable Events from the Creation of the World. W I I H A Concife History of each Country, from the earlieft Periods; comprehending an interefting and entertaining Compendium O K Ancient and Modern Universal History. To which arc prefixed, An Intugductory Treatise on the Sciences of GEOGRAPHY and ASTRONOMY; and their Relation to each other: With the Figures, Motions, and Distances of the Planets, agreeable to th'- Newtonian Syftem, and the Obl'ervations, Dil'covc.ic;, and Improvements, of Dr. Halley, Mr. FtRCUsot:, a'ld others. AND A New and Familiar GuinE to the Vfc of the Celellial and Terr?ftriai Globes. Uv Wn.LJAM FREDERICK MARTYN, Esq, AITifted bv the Voluntarv Communications of feveral Gentlemen of Dillin6\ion rcfident in the different Countries. A' V O L. II. LONDON: Printed for Harrison and Co. No, i8, Paternoller-Row. wmti^-iK^mi'^i'f^mMm^ jy% 0/0 if M CONTENTS. VOLUME THE SECOND. EUROPE.^ Page Europe in general -------.--- j B O O K V. CONTINENT OF EUROPE. Chap. I. TJUSSIA -- lo X\. Chap. II. Denmark -..____- 41 Chap. III. Sweden ------_--__ 71 Chap. IV. Poland ------___-_ loo Chap. V. PrufTia ------__«__ ijj Chap. VI. Germany ----__>_-_ 145 Chap. VII. Bohemia -----_.-..- 206 Chap. VIII. Holland --.___.___ 209 Chap. IX. Flanders ------__-_ ajo Chap. X. France ------>-_.-_ 244 Chap. XI. Spain ------__-__ 277 Chap. XII. Portugal -----_-___ ^oo Chap. XIII. Switzerland --------- 31 1 Chap. XIV. Italy - 328 Chap. XV. Hungary ------.-,- ^$9 Chap. XVI. Turky in Europe ----«--_ j68 BOOK VI. EUROPEAN ISLANDS. Chap. I. Great Britain -------«-, ^gg Chap. II. Ifles of Scotland ------..- 422 Chap. III. Ireland --------.«„ 42^ Chap. IV. Ifle of Man -------..* ^^i Chap. V. Ifle of Wight ---.->,- - 433 Chap. VI. Scilly Ifles ---•---_-._ 43 j Vol. II. a Chap. 42590 Pacific N. W. History D©pt. PROVINCIAU LIBRARY VICTORlAi ek C« A iv CONTENTS. Chap. VII. Jerfey ' - - ^^^l Chap. VIII. Guemfey ••-----,___.„- Chap. IX. Alderney - - - _ _ _ . _ _ _ Chap. X. Sark -------_.__. ^, Chap. XI. Iceland --------___ . -g Chap. XII. Faro Ifles ------____ .\^ Chap. XIII. Danifli Baltic Ifles .,3 Chap. XIV, Swedifh Baltic IQes .^ Chap. XV. Ruffian Baltic IQes V.^ Chap. XVI. Pruffian Baltic Ifles ^^^ Chap. XVII. Mediterranean Isles. Majorca - _ _ _ . .^ Chap. XVIII. Minorca ----_.-__. Chap. XIX. Ivica --------_.__ . . ^ Chap. XX. Corfica -----_,__ ... Chap. XXI. Sardinia -------___ ..^ Chap. XXII. Sicily -------___ ..^ Chap. XXXIII. Malta ^,, 444 Chap. XXIV. Zante ^ - ~ 44c Chap. XXV. Cephalonia --____.__ _ Chap. XXVI. Corfu -------_>, ..5 Chap. XXVII. Candia ----_.__._ ^^ Chap. XXVIII. Negropont -----____ . ,- Chap. XXIX. Delos ^y Chap. XXX. Paros -----_____ ..- Chap. XXXI. Patmos -----____. . g Chap. XXXII. Colouri ---.---._. . .g Chap. XXXIII. Nixia ------____ ^.g Chap. XXXIV. Cerigo - - . . ■ ^^^ Chap. XXXV. Santorin --.. ^^q AMERICA. America in general ------.-...^r, ■ BOOK VII. CONTINENT OF AMERICA. Chap. I. British America. New Britain . - - - . 460 Chap. II. Canada ............ 45 j Chap. VOLUME THE SECOND. v Page Chap. IIT. Nova Scotia __,------ 473 Chap. IV, American States. New England ----- 475 Chap. V. New York 486 Chap. VI. New Jcrfey 488 Chap. VII. Pennfylvania __--_---- 450 Chap. VIII. Maryland ---------- 4^4 Chap. IX. Virginia ___-----_. ^^g Chap. X. North and South Carolina, with Georgia - - - - ^qq Chap. XI. Spanish America. Eaft and Weft Florida - - - £o6 Chap. XII. New Mexico, with California ------ ^q^ Chap. XIII. Old Mexico, or New Spain .-----^i, Chap. XIV. T-rra Firma, or Caftile del Ore - - - - . ^i^ Chap. XV. Peru -----_ ^20 Chap. XVI. Chili - - - - 524 Chap. XVII. Paraguay, or La Plata - - - - - . . ^^6 Chap. XVIII. Patagonia .-----.., ^28 Chap. XIX. Portuguese America. Brazil _ - - . _ , «q Chap. XX. French America. Cayenne, or Equinoftial France - 534 Chap. XXI. Dutch America. Surinam, or Dutch Guiana - - 534 BOOK VIII. AMERICAN ISLANDS. Chap. I. Newfoundland -------;. ^37 Chap. II. Cape Breton --------.. >,j Chap. III. St. John's --------.. g«g Chap. IV. Bermudas, or Summer Ifles •-.-... c^q Chap. V. Bahama Iflands, or Lucays - - - - . , . ^^q Chap. VI. Falkland Iflands -.-.-.... ^^q Chap. VII. Terra del Fuego - -- - - - --. ca.i Chap. VIII. Juan Fernandes -----_... . . ^ Chap. IX. West Indies. Jamaica -----.. ^ .j Chap. X. Barbadoes --•-----... .._ Chap. XI. St. Chriftopher's " ■ 548 Chap. XII. Antigua ------.-.. - ._ Chap. XIII. Nevis ---,-..-.-. - .„ Chap. XIV. Montferrat ----------rfo Chap. XV. Barbuda -----...... JJ^ Chap. Vi CONTENTS. Page Chap. XVI. Anguila .-.---_.,.^p Chap. XVII. Dominica -- > ^^^ Chap. XVIII. Granaila, and the Granadines - - - - - ^^ Chap. XIX, St, Vincent's --------> f^j Chap. XX. Spanish IsLANDi. Cuba - - - - - - • - ^^^ Chap. XXI. Hifpaniola, or St. Domingo ---.-. ^^^ Chap. XXII. Porto Rico ^^q Chap. XXIII. Trinidad ------t-.^56i Chap. XXIV. Margaretta - - 561 Chap. XXV. French Islands. Martinico .... , - ^5^ Chap. XXVI. Guadaloupe ' ' 5^3 Chap. XXVII, St. Lucia ' •-• 563 Chap. XXVIII. Tobago - - - . - . - - - - - 564 Chap. XXIX. St. Bartholomew - - 564 Chap. XXX. Marigalante -- - - - - -- - 565 Chap. XXXI. Defcada - - - - . - - - - •- - 565 tHAP. XXXII. Dutch Islands. St. Euftatius - - - . ^6^ Chap. XXXIII. Curaffou - - - 566 Chap. XXXIV. Danish Islands. St. Thomas - - . . ^67 Chap. XXX'^ "t. Croix 56S Appendix. Difcoverics ---------569 Sandwich lila.Kls - - - -- - - - - - - 570 Northern Archipelago - - -- - - - - -• 573 A New Geographical Table. Publilhed by the Board of Longitude 576 Tables, exhibiting the prefent State of the Real and Imaginary Monies in Afia, Africa, Europe, and America; with their Comparative Values in Englilh Pounds, Shillings, Pence, and Decimal Parts - - rgo Table of the Meafures of Length of the Principal Places in Europe, compared with the Englifh Yard ----_--_ r 07 Table of the Weights of the Principal Places in Europe, compared with - the Englilh Pound Avoirdupoife ------.-^o^ A Chronological Lift of Remarkable Events, including a Biographical Account of Eminent Perfons from the Creation of the World to the prefent Time - - - - - - - .- - - - - ^58 ]::'_'.'. ANEW c -■ 1 - - - • ' ' ~ ' 0) f • I 1 ». :i1 "4 ■:f>M NEW SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY. EUROPE. THI S mod diftinguifhed quarter of the globe, which obtains the name of Alfrank among the Turks, and of Frankiftan among the generality of the Afiatics, is fituated between the loth degree weft and the 65th eaft longitude from London, and between the 36th and ^zd degrees of north latitude; extending about three thoufand miles in length, and two thoufand five hundred in breadth. Europe is bounded on the north by the Frozen Ocean; on the eaft by Ada, from which it is divided by the Archipelago, the Euxine or Black Sea, and thence by a line drawn from the River Don, the ancient Tanais, almoft to the River Oby in Mufcovy; on the fouth by the Mediterranean Sea, which feparates it from Afiica; and, on the weft, by the Atlantic Ocean. This, tiiough the leaftextenfive quarter of the globe, claims diftinguifhed pre-eminence over all the reft. The arts and fciences, which had their origin in Afia and Africa, and fhone with a dawning luftre, have now totally fct in thofe climates; but have rifcn with additional fplendor to gild this divifton of the earth. In Europe, the human mind has made the greateft advances towards all poiTibie perfedlion and improvement ; and both the ufeful and ornamental arts have been cultivated with aftiduity and fucccfs. It is true, Europe emerged later from barbarifm than the quarters already defcribed, and on the ex- tindion of the Roman glory relapfed into a melancholy gloom; yet the fmothered fparlcs of learning, which had lain under the ruft of near a thoufand years, being called into life by the Medici family, and fome others, whofe names ought to be evir facred to pofterity, burft into a refulgent light, which for ages has b«en incrcafing. T» PMhli(h»d 15 lh» A a" / Sun'fu / / ■ , Arctic/ CirrW / ■«-e-*i^. lr-'--\ ivV^-A: ■' jif"' -A- -^' \ V aWJOnet*. I X. ■^^ \6o <\ \ ^ A" 55 U*.! Orti'f H.Su ;-^'*:«-*.^^ -tf*^' \^ 5<' 1 Awvnnejt Bzs t fcJisrfA f1^_BM't W SiH/miirtu Ji/ona afr/m\ Laiia M'ennt f.Bri /^^ \ Ai»rf" i5 \iO '95 S E A^ /(<• BiWilh-a *S *• Art airfcti, It Hf ifou A- f? SrpTl.l/Bl. a\o 4 o ■,AJl*fI-*^-",ir"i:-,- Fi ■ 4 EUROPE. To account for all the caufes of the acknovvk-dged Tupcriorlty which this quarter now enjoys over the reft of the world, might perhaps be difficult. Some, however, arc obvious. The happv temperature of it's climate, and the convenience of it's fituation for univerfal commerce. The happy effeiis of a moderate climate, both on animals and men, are knowa bv long experience: a more fertile foil and warmer fun have ever been incitements to effeminacy and enervation. The human mind aUv.iys flouriihes moft, and arrives at the grcatcft perfcdion, where i*. has moderate difficulties to contend with, and where labour, commerce, or mental exci tion, is neceflary to fubfiftehce. Where the earth fpontanenudy pours forth her fruits, and only invites the inhabitants to pluck them, every appetite is gratified as foon as raifcd, indolence ufurps the empire of the mind, and the noblcft facul- ties of the foul arc never called by ncceffity into adtion. 7'he fituation of Europe, too, with it's immenfc variety of rivers and fea", render it ex- tremely commodious for the inh.ibitants, and tend greatly to facilitate the purfuits of com- merce. Thefe advantages fcrvc aifo as natural boundarips to check the progrcfs of def- potilm and conqueft, wiiich has always been f> rapid in the extenfive plains of Afia and Africa; and even the moll barren, uninviting rocks, which cover the fui face of this divifion, being fecurcd in thepofleilionof their owners by local and political defences, alVunie a more plcafing profpcd, and become d-jarer to the natives, than the moft luxuriant fpots, where property is precariou«, and pcfkilion accidental. Though nioft of the European governments are monarchial, we may difcover a thoufand little fprings, which do not txilt in lefs poliflicd regions, to check the force and foften the rigour of ablblute power. In proportion to the number and prevalence of thefe checks, the monarchies of Europe dililr fioni one another. But befides monarchies, in which one man only bears fwav, there are in Europe ariftocracies, or fzovernmcnts of the noble-; and tkniocracics, or governments of the people. Venice furn'ihcs us with an inftance of the former; Holiand, Switzerland, and fome of the Italian ftates, with examples of the latter. There arc likewifc mixed government^, of which (Jreat Jjiitain is the moft nmarkablo inftance; wh.rc theco,nity of the laws, and the freedom of the fubjtct, arc more reli^ioufly cbferved than in any other region of the globe. According to the n'oft authentic furveys, the continental divifions of Europe will ftand as follows, beginning with the liioft noilhern. A '■ '.! ; C O N T I N E N T mi E U R O P IE. CONTINENT ov M u R r E. Countries. Length. Brcadih. • Capitals. DlltdliLC of fiint- tVoin London. Diltance,-. amJ bi;inr,r;s h.on. LenJon. Religions. It li'.ii.i ii;oo I I'D I'ft'.-rlburp 2 4 A.M. 1 140 N. li. iri:ek Church .\or\v:iy 100C3 300 Beruen 2.1. .\. M. ^-40 N. jiJihcians IJciiinark 24.0 i«o Copenhagen T ,-0 A.M. ';oo N. K. jLuth(-l■all^ I Sweden 'f.oo . t;oo Stockliolin I 1 A . iVL 750 1\. |l.iittT. r.iiiN Poland 700 6S0 W ai (aw I 24 A . 'Vl . 760 h. 'ap. Luth.anii Cai. King of l^rulii.i's Do- minions Uncertain Uncertain Berlin 59 .A.M. 540 E. Luth. and CaL (it'iiiMtiy f)00 ^00 \ ienna I ,- A.M. 600 i;. 1 '.;p- Luth.aPu C:::. Liolicnii.i ^t>o 2io I'rai^UL- 1 4 A.M. 600 t,. 'apiiU lioliaiid ii;o 100 /\niliprdan» J iS A.M. ih'6 E. Calvin ills I'ianiJers 200 200 Bruilel.s \b A. M. 180 S. n. 1 I'apiih 1' ranee dOO 500 Paris 9 A.M. 200 S. E. jPapills ^p.u^ 700 500 Madrid 17 P.M. 800 S. IPapiUs I'ortutial 300 100 Lilbon 38 P. M. 850 S. W.'Papilh Swiczfiland 260 100 Bern J 28 P. M. 420 S. E. (Calvin, and Papiftr Naples 280 120 Naples 1 A.M. 870 S. E. ' % . Paplfls Mahomet, and "Greek Church. I'opedom 240 !20 Rome S2 A.M. 82V, S. i',. t'iciljnont 140 qS I'urin Milan '55 70 Milan Montii-rrat 40 22 Caial Modena 6? .^9 Modena Parnaa 48 37 Parma Mantua 47 ^7 Mantua Cienoa 160 2? Genoa Venice •75 95 Venice .I'ulcany n? 94 Florence Hungary 300 200 Buda I 17 A.M. 780 S. E. 'Danubtan Pro- vinces 600 420 Conftantinople 1 58 A.M. 1320 S.E. ' Little Tartary 380 240 Caffa 2 24 A.M. 1500 E. L Greece 400 240 Athens 1 37 A.M. 136© S. E. ^ ISLANDS - 'O N 4 I H , EUROPE. ISLANDS OF EUROPE. Names. Chief towns. In the poffeffion of. In the Atlantic Ocean- Great Britain London and Edinburgh ' Ireland Dublin Anglefea Beaumaris Man Douglas Stilly No Town > Great Britein Wight Newport The Hebrides, or Weftern Ifles Duart Orcades Pomona Shetland Larwick In the Northern Ocean — Faro Ifles No Town 1 Iceland Skalholt 4 Denmark In the Baltic Sea — Zealand, Funen, Alfen, Falfter, "■ } 1 Langland, Laland, Femeren, Copenhagen, &c. •Denmark Mona, fiornholm Gothland, Oeland, Aland, Ru- ' gen, Ofel and Dagho Wilby. &c. • Sweden. Ruflia Ufedom and WoUin Prufiia In the Mediterranean Sea— Ivica Ivica 1 Majorca Majorca Spain Minorca Port Mahoa J f Corfica **■ Baftia France Sardinia Cagliari Sardinia Sicily Palermo King of Two Sicilies Malta Valetta Knightsof St- John In the Adriatic Sea— Lufiena, Corfu, CephaloBia, Zant, Leucadia Venice In the Archipelago and Levant— 1 1 i Candia, Negropont, Delos, Pa- ] ros, Patmos, Lemucs, Cerigo, Santorin, &c. J 1 Candia, &c. •Ottoman Empire. i ^■/''% fl Having EUROPE. r Havifli' thas given a general view of Europe, it's kingdoms, ftates, and iflands, it may not perhaps be uninterefting to exhibit a fliort (ketch of it's general hiftory, and the means by which it aflumed it's prefent political appearance. On the total extindlion of the Roman empire, from which sera we fhall deduce our re- fearches, the Saxons, a German na.ion, made themfelves mailers of the more f.rtile pro- vinces of Britain; the Franks, another German tribe, poflefled themfelves of Gaul, or France; the Goths, of Spaii.; and the Lombards, of Italy and the neighbouring provinces. At this time, almoft every vcftige of the Roman policy, jurifprudence, arts, and litera- ture, was loft; and, for near a thoufand years, Europe exhibited a melancholy pidlure of gloomy ignorance and Gothic barbarity. Literature, tafte, fcience, and the feveral arts which polifli and adorn human life, were fcarcely known ; perfons of the higheft rank could neither read nor write; and the human mind, negle£led and uncultivated, funk into a tor- pid infenfibi'ity. The fuperior genius of a few great men, among whom we muftnot forget to irrlude Charlemagne, and Alfred the Great, in vain endeavoured to difpel the chearlefs gloom ; they, indeed, gave a few rays of light; but the fhades of ignorance were too powerful for their utmoft efForts^ and returning darknefs fettled thicker on Europe than before. In thefe ages the feudal fyftem was introduced, a new and a Angular form of govern- ment. The chieftains of the barbarous tribes, who led them on to conqueft^ parcelled out the lands of the vanquifhed among their principal officers, binding thofe on whom they were beftowed to follow their ftandards, with certain proportions of troops. Thefe officers imitated the example of their head; and, in diftributing portions of their lands to others, impofed fimilar conditions. This fyftem, though admirably calculated for general defence againft invaflon, foon degene- rated into tyranny and oppreffion. The nobles reduced the great body of the people intoaftate of actual fervitude, and even deprived them of the moft unalienable rights of humanity: they regarded them as flaves fixed to the foil which they cultivated, and with which they were transferred from one proprietor to another. Every offended chieftain met his en&> rr.y at the head of his vafTals; and the kindred and dependents of the aggrefTor, as well as of the avenger, were neced'arily involved in the fanguinary conteft. The monarchs of Europe beheld this ufurpation of their nobles with concern; and, to moderate the violence of thefe haughty defpots, they adopted the plan of conferring pe- culiar privileges and immunities on the inhabitants of certain cities and towns, foas to abolifli every mark of fervitude in fuch places. 7'his acceffion of liberty made a happy alteration in the condition of mankind: it rouzed them from that inadlive ilupidity into whirh their wretchednefs had thrown them; and induftry and commerce began to revive and flourifli. To this revival of the fpirit of commerce and adventure, feveral other caufes eftentialiy contributed. The holy wars, in which almc^ft every nation of Europe was enga^ ged, opened a pafTage to the Eaft, and gave the crufaders a relifli for fuch precious com- modities as they perceived might eafily be derived from commercial exertions. The Ve- netians and G''noefe foon began toeftabljfh a regular trade with India and Egypt; and to di0einiruite among the other nations of Europe, to great advantage, the feveral imported articles^ ! I' if B t: U R O P E. articles. Duiing the thiiteenth and fourteenth ccnturic?, the commerce of Europe was wholly in the hands of the Lombards, or Italians, who were become the carrii-ry, manu- fa(fturcrs, and bankers, of every different kingdom; and, except in opening the eyes of thofe nations anionij whom they fLttkd,to a fenle of the advantages which ti:i;^lu he d. rived from an in-.itatioa of their condu»il-, they enjoyed almoll the entire profit of a nioiKipolizcd ■cojnmercc. During this period, the Danes, Swedes, and other nations of the Baltic, were funk in baibarity; and, infelting the feas with their piracies, obliged eii'Jity of the moil: co.ilider- able cities in Germany and Flanders to enter into a confederacy for their mutual define?, which was called the Hanfeatic League, This afl'ociaiion foon became fo formidih!'?, that it's alliance was courted, and it's enmity dreaded, by the greatcfl: princes of Europe. The Hanf.'atic merchants fupplied the reft of Europe with naval fteres, and eilabl:ilied Itaples, in which their commerce was regularly carried on. As Bruges in ?"lai d' rs be- came the centre of communication between the Lombards and Hanfeatic confederates, the adjacent provinces, from a fpirit of induftry and commerce which reigned among ihcir inhabitants, foon became the moliopul.nt and populoub of any in Europe. Edward IIL of England, to whom our commcicc is much indebted, afcribing the pro- fperity of thefe provinces to the true caufes, endeavoured to excite among his own fubjcifls a thirft for enterprize and manufactures; but the people of England, ignorant of the ad- vantages of their fituation, and of the fource from which opulence was dellined to flow into their country, had hitherto totally negleded commerce, and had not even attempted to manufafture thofe articles the materials for conftruCiing which they had longfurnilh- cd to others. This prince, by many wife and falutary laws for the encouragement and regulation of trade, and by allowing Flemifli arlifts and manufadlurers to fettle in his do- minions, gave an origin to our woollen manufafture, and laid the foundation of that com- merce, which hasraifed the Britifh nation to the firft rank among European kingdoms. The mariner's compafs, which had been invented fome ages before, as it facilitated the communication between diftant nations, tended to promote a fpirit for navigation and dif- covery. The Portuguefe had found a paflage to India by the Cape of Good Hope; and Columbus, who was endued with more than human perfeverancc and rcfolution, had added an entire quarter to the globe, by the difcovery of America. From this xra, Europe began haftily to emerge from it's ignorance and inaclivity. Thefe difcoveries were followed by the invention of printing; the revival of arts and fciences, under the aufpices of fome great and venerable names; and, laftly, by a happy reformation in religion. In thefe ages, the great powers of Europe were formed into one grand political fyftem, in which each took a ftation, wherein it has fince remained, with lefs variation than might have been expedted, confidering the infinite numbc/ of foreign wars and inteftine revolutions. The political maxims and principles then eitablifhed, ftill in fome mcafure continue to operate; and the ideas concerning the balance of power then introduced, or generally received, ftill influence the councils of European nations. Lately, indeed, we have feen a contrary dodtrine prevail. Several of the European powers have aflifted in detaching the dependencies of Britain from an allegiance to her govern- ment, and leagued kingdoms have endeavoured to crufli htr to annihilation. But may we nut E U H O P E. ^ rot afcribe this to jealoufy in the neighbouring powers, at feemg her become too mighty, and pofll'ffed of too extcnfive a territory? Arid may we not reafonably conclude that, had (he never afpired to be the queen of nations, Ibe never would have funk fo low in the fcale of political confequence? Befides the circumfcribing oceans and feas, Europe contains the German Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea, the Adriatic, the Black Sea, the White Sea, and the Baltic. The prin- cipal channels are, the Englifli, which divides England from France; and St. George's, which runs between England and Ireland. Bifcay is the only remarkable bay belonging to this continent; but there ate three gulphs, viz. Bothnia, Finland, and Venice. The chief lakes are thofc of Conftance, Geneva, Wenner, Ladoga, Onega, Lochabar, and Neagh; and the moft celebrated rivers are, the Danube, Rhine, Wolga, Dwina, Loire, Seine, Thames, and Severn. Among the principal mountains of Europe we muft particularize the Alps, the Pyre- nees, the Dufrine Hills in Sweden, the Grapach in Hungary, the Grampian Hills in Scot- land, and Snowdon in Wales. Throughout every part of Europe, except Turky, the Chriftian religion prevails; but, from the various conceptions of the human mind, and thediiFerent views in which fpecu- lative doctrines are apt to appear when feenby people of different pailions and educations, that religion has been divided into a number of fedts; which, however, may be all included under three general heads: the Greek Church, the Roman Catholic Church, and the Proteftant Reformed Churches. The European languages are all derived from thefe fix original ones: the Greek, Latin, Teutonic, Lcltic, Sclavonic, and Gothic; different diale£is of which, with other local or accidental additions, format the prefent day the baiis of tk« various languages of this continent. BOOK It EUROPE. BOOK V. CONTINENT of EUROPE. I I C H A P. I. RUSSIA. THIS mighty empire has Afia for it's eaftern boundary; the River Don, and a linr drawn from the Neiper to the mouth of the Don, for it's fouthern; the Nciper, the Gulphof Riga, and Finland, Sweden, and Swedifli Lapland, for it's weftern; and the Frozen Ocean for it's northern boundary. It extends from the 47th to the yzd degree of north latitude, and from the 23d to the 65th of eaftern longitude, being about one thoufand five hundred miles in length, and eleven hundred in breadth. Thefe are the proper and ancient limits of Rufiln; but conqueft and difcovery have added an immenfe extent of territory to it's empire; fothat now, when it is noon-day in it's wcf- tern parts, it is almoft midnight in it's eaftern. The Swedes, Poles, and Turks, have funk beneath it's arms; and whole provinces have been wrefted from their refpedtive dominions, and united to this great northern monarchy, which infinitely exceeds the limits of the moft celebrated empires of antiquity, even when in the zenith of their glory. As this very ex'^cnfivc country confifts of a great number of provinces, both the foil and climate muft be extremely various. Beyond the 60th degree of latitude, corn fcarcely ever arrives at maturity; and beyond the 70th, hardly any fpecies of fruit is produced; but in the middle provinces of the empire, the foil is fruitful, the woods abound with game, the plains are ftocked with cattle, and the rivers teem with a variety of excellent fi(h. In the more fouthern provinces, the climate is hot; and, where there is a fufficicnt depth of foil, flowers and fruits arrive at great perfcdtion, the earth is covered with verdure, and nature indicates a happy fertility. In the more northern diftrifls, the cold in winter is intolerably fevere, and the days fhort; while in fummer the weather is proportionably warm, and the days pleafant. At the winter folftice, in the latitude of Archangel, the fun rifes at near half paft ten in the morning, and fets about half paft one in the afternoon: at Peterfburg, he rifes at a quarter after nine, and fets three-quarters after two; while, in the latitude of Aftracan, he rifes about three-quarters after feven, and fets about a quarter after four. In fummer this order is reverfcd; and the length of the fhorteft day becomes the length of the night, and the length of thelongcft night the length of the day, at the fclftice, in thefe refpeftivc lati- tudes. And here it may be obferved, that the eaftern countries are more intenfely cold in winter, and hot in fummer, than the weftern, which lie under the fame parallels of latitude. Vegetation FuUiQud sa the Act atrvcukjr Harrifon t Cf Oct.i.i/St. % i.tijr HarriTon t CfOct.i.i/Bf. iS-^A RUSSIA. If Vegetation is likcwifc quicker, and the fruits fooner arrive at maturity; but, after a (hort fummer, of three or four months at moft, winter again lays it's icy hand on the ground, nips the lingering virdure, chains the rivers to their beds, and difcovers only one con- tinuous landfcapc of fnow. In this dreary fcafon, when the ftars, the twilight, or the aurora-borcalis, fupply the place of the fhort-livcd day, numbers are frozen to death; and yet travelling is performed upon the fnow, by means of fledges, with fo much expedition, that the beef of Archangel is frequently cat at PetcrJLurg, though thcfe cities are diftant from one another a thnufand Englifh miles at Icaft. The Rufllan Itoves, however, are excel- lently calculated to introduce any requifite degree of heat into the houfcs of the more opu- lent or refined; but the poorer fort of people contend with many difficulties, live hard, and are but indifferently cloathcd for fuch an inclement clime. Agriculture, though encouraged by the Emprcfs, is flill but impcrfeflly undcrflood in moft parts of RulTia; cxtcnfivc tracks lie entirely wafte, and the general population of the country bears no proportion to it's limits. Some, indeed, have calculated, that the number of inhabitants of the Ruffian empire, exclufive of the conquered provinces, amounts to fifteen millions: but as all accounts of this kind muft be vague, arbitrary, and uncertain, we (hall not even prefuinc to hazard an opinion upon the fubjecl. The foreign wars, which have extended the territories of the empire, and the grand projedls which have aggrandized the names of fome of it's fovereigns, have certainly been unfavourable to population; and it will probably be fcvcral ages before Ruflia is as well peopled as the more fouthern countries of Kurope. The principal river of Ruflia is the Wolga, (in Latin Volga) one of the largeft in the world, rifing in the Foreft of Wolcanfki; and which, after a courfe of more than two thoufand miles, falls into the Cafpian Sea. It is navigable for large {hips at Iwer, a town not more than forty leagues from it's fource; and is fometimes fo fwellcd by the melting of ice and fnow, as to occafion dreadful inundations, and many fatal difafbers: it, how- ever, fertilizes the land through which it pall'es in a wonderful manner, and in all it's long and winding courlb has not a fingle cataract or obflruiStion to navigation. By this river, to'>, the city of Mofcow preferves a communication, not only with all the fouthern parts of Ruflia, but likewife with Pcrfia, Georgia, Tartary, and the countries bordering on the Cafpian Sea. The Don, or Tanais, is the next river that claims our attention. It rifcs near Tula, in the Iwana Olfero, or St. John's Lake; and, dividing Europe from Afia, runs from north to fouth till it's conflux with the Sofna, when it dire»Sls it's courfe from weft to caft; but, after many tedious windings, it again takes it's firft dire£lion,and falls into the Sea of Afoph. This river in it's courfe approaches fo near the Wolga, that the diftance between them is not more than eight Englifh miles. Between thefe, the late Czar under- took to form a communication; but this noble project was defeated by the irruption of the Tartars, and has never fince been refumed. The Nieper, or Borifthenes, is likewife a very confiderable river, which rifing from a morofs in the Foreft of Wolkonfki, forms fevcral windings through Lithuania, Little HuiTia, the country of the Zaporo ColTacs, and that of the Nagaian Tartars, and at lafl - difcharges t% EUROPE. difcharges itfelf into the Euxine or Black Sea, near Oczakow. This river has no left than thirteen water-falls within the fpace of fixty werfts; bur, during the fpring feaibn, when the floods are out, veffels may be hauled over them. Thefe capital rivers, befides n»any others of inferior note, abound with filh, render tbrt time withou: any iflue. His fecond brother Iwan being almoft blind and dumb» Theodore, before his death, had nominated his younger brother Peter to the fucceffion, who was then only ten years old. This diT- guftingthe ambitious Princefs Sophia, Ihe f«und means toraife a dreadful fediticn among, the Strelitzes, who then formed the Handing army of Ruifia; and, replacing Iwan in his D birthright, 14 EUROPE. birthright, (he cxerclfcd the government herfelf with unparalleled feverity and barbarity, putting to death all the Ruffian grandees who were either related to Peter or fappofed to be in his intereft. At length, her two brothers were joined with her in the adminiftration j but, finding her fanguinary meafurcs meet with continual oppofition, fhe formed the in- tention of efpoufing Prince Galitzen, a man of great fpirii and addrefs. To open her plot, Sophia placed this prince at the head of an army which was fent intoCrim Tartaryj but, Piter being now feventeen years of age, and aflcrting his birthright to the throne, he w:-.' joined by the Strelitzes, who defeating or deftroying Sophia's adherents, forced her to retire into a monaftery. On this revolution, the vaft elbte of Galitzen was confifcatcd, and the following curious fentence was pronounced, as his perfonal punifliment. ' Thou art commanded, by the moft Clement Czar, to repair to Karga, a town fituate under the pole, and there to continue the remainder of thy days: his majefty, out of his extreme bounty, allows thee three-pence a day for thy fubfiftence.' In 1696, Iwan departed this life, and Peter I. or, as he is more commonly called. Czar Peter the Great, became fole regent; whofe various adventures and brilliant exploits, both in peace and war, would compofe a voluminous hiftory. Though his education was originally mean, he aflbciated himfelf with German and Dutch artifts; and, by means of La Fort a Piedmontefc, and General Gordon a North Briton, raifed and difctplined a re- gular body of troops, intended to counteract the power of the Strelitzes, which was now become dangerous. To thefe two gentlemen Peter committed his affairs, and fet out on his travels as an attendant to his own ambafladors. AtDeptford and Saardam he worked as a common carpenter, and acquired a perfe£l knowledge of fhip-building and navigation; and, returning fome years after into his own country, fraught with the wifdom and policy of various nations, by means of the excellent difcipline introduced among his troops, heat laft exterminated the whole body of the Strelitzes, except two feeble and reduced regiments. He gradually rofe from the loweft to the higheft ftation, both by fea and land ; and thofe de- feats which he fuffered fcrved only to animate his ambition and extend bis knowledge. This great prince had no regard for rank, independent of merit: as a proof of which, heefpoufed Catharine, a young Lithuanian woman, who had been betrothed to a Swedifti foldier; be-> caufe, after long cohabitation, he found her pofliefied of a foul congenial to his own. The many illuftrious victories which Peter gained, both by fea and land, are among the meancft glories of his reign: he applied himfelf with the utmoft affiduity to the cultivation of com- merce, arts, and fciences} he raifed his fubjeds to the rank of a civilized nation; and, by every exertion of power, prudence, and addrefs, {hewed himfelf one of the greateil princes who ever graced the annals of hiftory. The happinefs of his reign, however, was difturbed by the dangerous practices of his fon; who, being accui'edof deiigns againft his father's life, was tried and condemned to die*, but a (every as it is faid, prevented this fentence from being put in execution. Upon ihis, Peter ordered his wife Catharine to be crowned with great pomp, af-H to be recog- nized as his fucceflbr: which was accordingly performed; and, on his dem; i, flie mount- ed the i&uflian throne. She died in 1727, after a glorious reign ^ and was Succeeded by Fetcr RUSSIA. IS Tcter II. a minor, grandfon of Peter I. Many domeftic revolutions happened during the i>iortand unfcttlcd reign of this prince; who, dying of the fmall-pox in 1730, and in him the male iffue of the line being extinft, the Ruffians fet afidc the order of fucceffion which Jpeter the Great had eftablilhcd, and filled the throne with Anne Dutchcfs of Courland, Ijcond daughter of I wan, Peter's brother, though the Dutchefs of Mecklenburg, hereldeft filter, was then alive. Her reign was profperous and glorious; and though (he accepted the government under limitations derogatory to her dignity, flie broke through them all, ali'erted the prerogative of her anceftors, and feverely punifhed thofe who had impofed them. She died in 1 740; and, by her will, nominated John, the fon of her niece the prin- cefs of Mecklenburg, who was then only two /ears old, to be her fuccefibr; appointing Count Bironto be regent during his minority. This appointment was difgufting to the Princefs of Mccklenburgand her hufband, as well as unpopular among the Ruffians; Biron was therefore tried, and condemned to die, but his fentence was afterwards changed into perpetual banifhment to Siberia. Upon this the princefs of Mecklenburg and her hufband aflumed the reins of goverii- ment; but their adminiftraiion proving, on many accounts, difagreeable to the Ruffians, the Princefs Elizabeth, daughter of Peter the Great, raifed a formidable party; and, in one night, (he was declared and proclaimed emprefs of all the Ruffias, and the prince and prin- cefs of Mecklenbure;, with their fon, were made prifoners. r The reign of F.lizabeth was in glory inferior only to that of her father: (he aboIiHied capital punifhments, and introduced into civil and military proceedings a moderation be- fore unknown; and, having illultrioully finifhed a war with Sweden, flie replaced the na- tural order of fucceffion in her own family, by declaring the Duke of Holftein Gottorp, vrho was lineally defcended from her eldeft fifter, her heir. To this prince fhe gave the title of Grand Duke of Ruffia,and called him to her court; whv°n he renounced his preten- fions to the crown of Sweden, his birthright, and embraced the Greek religion; marrying a princefs of Anhalt Zerbft, (the prefent Emprefs) by whom he had a fon, now heir-ap- parent to the Ruffian throne. £lik.abeth enjoyed an uninterrupted career of glory; (he rofe victorious over all her enemies; her alliance was courted by fome of the greateft pow- ers of Europe; and (he died, in the zenith of cunqueit, on the 5th of January 1762. Peter III. Grand Prince of Ruffia and Duke of Holftein Gottorp, a prince whofe con- duA has been varioufly reprefented by hiftorians, Cucceeded Elizabeth. He mounted the throne with fevcral peculiarities and attachments, which were rather inimical to his popu- larity; but he might probably have furmounted the efFe£is of thefe, had he not aimed at reformations among the clergy, which even Peter the Great never dared to attempt. His memory has likewife been (tained with the charge of feveral domeftic irregularities, which bis fpirited emprefs could not eafily brook: but, whatever might be the rcafon, certain it is that an univerfal confpiracy was formed againft him, at the head of which was his own em- prefs, and that he loft his crown and his life almoft at the fame time; but whether by vio- lence, or a natural death, has not been clearly afcertaincd. The reign of Peter III. wa» too (hort to allow of any proofs of a capacity for government: he was unfortunate in his prejudices, and might have been criminal in many of his adlions} but his fate was fuch as entitles mmm /■ i6 EUROPE. I entitles him to our pity, and in a great meafure obliterates the charges which have been alledged againft him. On the depofition of her hufband, the emprefs aflumed the reins of government, by the titleof Catharine II. in 1762; and, whatever right (he might have to the exercife of royal- ty, ftie has fliewn that her ambition did not exceed her abilities. For fuperior addrefs, ge- nius, and intrepidity, the arts of peace and of wrar, fhe remains an unique in hiftory. Her glorious atchievements againft the Turks are too recent in the memory of mankind to be infifted on here; her love of learning and the learned, her munificence to merit, and her penetration in difcovcring it, incontcftably prove her worthy of the exalted ftation flie fills. At this time, while every internal regulation that can contribute to the improvement t the credit of her people, is carrying on with unwearied affiduity; while her councils ad- monilh or awe the different powers of Europe; flie is ready a fecond time to draw her iword againft the Turks: and the nations around, with anxious expedation, wait to fee whether hoftilities will commence, or differences be amicably adjufted, between thefe rival . nations. Catharine II. has iffue by her confort a prince named Paul Petrowitz, born in 1754, who has been twice married, and has three children. Having given a fliort hiftory of this country, and a charafter of it's feveral fovereigns, we ftiall now proceed todefcribe it's inhabitants, their cuftoms and manners. Before the reign of Peter the Great, the Ruffians, as before obferved, were hardly ranked with the civilized nations of Europe; but that great prince, with a happy temperature of mildnefs and feverity, performed wonders in bringing them over to a more polifhed way of life. In their perfons, the Ruffians are of a middle fbture, well-fhaped, and comely. The vulgar are exceffively attached to ancient inftitutions; and many of them chufe rather to fubmit to the payment of additional taxes, than coriform to fome regulations which go- vernment has thought proper to adopt for their improvement: among thefe, cutting their beards ftill meets with a powerful oppofitton from many of the lower clafs. The Ruffiaa women, who confider a ruddy complexion as the very effence of beauty, are extremely ad- dicted to painting; and even the poorer fort will beg money to buy paint. The common people, in their drefs, are exceffively mean, being generally cloathed with long coats made of ftieep-fkins dreflcd, with the hair turned inwards; while their legs and feet are fwaddled with coarfe cloth, fecured by cords compofed of reeds, with fandals of the fame cheap materials. They wear caps lined with furs, and fecure their hands from the cold by double gloves. The women of the fame clafs, cxclufive of their petticoats, wear fhecp-fkins like the men ; while thofe of a higher rank of both fexes drefs much after the Englifh fafhion; but all ranks wearcroflcs on their breafts, which are put on at their baptifm, and never laid afide during life. The Ruffians feldom neglect bathing twice a week, for which purpofealmoft every houfe isfurniftied with a bath; and, what is remark- able, as foon as they have left the warm water, they often fally out naked, and roll them- felves in the fnow; which viciffitudes of cold and heat they confider as invigorating to the <;onftitution. Before a Ruffian welcomes his gucft, the »ifitori5 obliged to make the fign of the crofs,. and 1 ^ ^ to w ^ >.£ 1 RUSSIA. »7 and to bow to fome picflurcd faint, which is Co placed as to be vifib!e at coming in. In vifits of ceremony, the men and women ufuaUy ialute with a kifs; but the refpedt of the lower clals to any perfon of elevated rank is (hewn by proftrating themfelves before the party. The houies, both in towns and villages, are ufually formed by laying one beam of wood above another, fafttning the whole edifice at the four corners, and filling up all the crevice$ with mofs: the building is afterwards covered with ftingles, holes being cut in the timber for doors and windows, A large oven, or brick-ftove, is commonly eredted in the houfes of the peafants, which generally fills a fourth part of the area: and over this place, which is flat at the top, and boarded, the whole family repofe; fome on the floor, and others on fhelves round the room. The furniture of the meaner fort cc.ififts only of two or three benches, a table, pictures of faints, and a few neceflary domcftic utenfiis. Fifh.is much more generally ufed than flefh among all ranks of people in this empire; as the fafts occupy near two-thirds of the year, during which they are abfolutcly prohi- bited by their religion from tailing Rcih. But notwithftanding the narrow circumltances of the common people, and the abftemioufnefs their religion enjoins, they are extrava- gantly fond of fpirituuus and other Urong liquors; for which, indeed, the fevcrity of the climate may in a great mtafure apologize. According to fome writers, even the ladies are fo far from beiiii;; nlhnmcd of indulging themfelves to excefs in this odious vice, that they frankly acknowledge their having been very drunk, and return thanks to their friends for making them '"o. Travelling in this country is performed with cheapnefs and expedition; the poft- roads leading to the princij^U towns being exadlly meafurtd, the werfts marked, and the poft-ftages fixed at moderate diftances. In fummer, poft-horfes are ufually employed; but in winter, when the fiiow becomes fufficiently hard, pcrfons of rank travel in fledges drawn by rein-deer, which are excellently calculated for expedition. In the internal parts of Ruflia, however, thefe fledges are drawn by horfes;and the fledge* way towards February becomes (o well beaten, that a journey between Peterfburg and Mofcow, which is 400 miles, can be accomplifhed with eafc in three days and three nights. When her Imperial Mrjtfty travels, fhe is drawn by no lefs than twenty-four' poft-horfes, in a kind of houfe, containing a bed, table, chairs, and other conveniencies^ for four peiiplc. The Sclavonian language forms the bafis of that of Ruflia ; but the latter is enriched with many words from the Greek. The alphabet confiits of forty-two characters, principally Greek as they were written in the ninth century; but, as this did not exprefs every par- ticular found, recourfo was had tofcvtral Hebrew letters, and fome arbitrary figns were invented. Different dialects, however, prevail in different provinces, the principal of which are thofe of Mufco\y, Novdgorod, and Archangel. The eftablifted religion of Ruflia is that of the Greek Church; which was firft intro- duced by Olha, Great Dutchefs of Ruflia, about the commencement of the eleventh cen- tury. The external part of this leligion confifls in the number and fevcrity of it's fafts,' in which it far exceeds the Church of Rome. Wedneldiys and Fridays arc faft-days throuj^hout the year. But, befidcs thefc, and the ftriit oblcrvancc of all othtr feafons and £ days %z EUROPE. day» ufually dedicated to religion in other parts of theChriftian world, a number of fefli- vals are enjoined by the civil power, when all public bufincfs muft be fufpendcdon pain of the fevereft infliftions. The Ruflians deny the Pope's fupremacy, and difclaim the worfliip of graven images j and yet are fo abfurdly inconfiftent, that in their private devotions they kneel before a pidurc of our Saviour, the Virgin Mary, or fomc particular faint, whom they confidcr as mediators. Their churches are full of pidtured faints; and, in their public religious wor- fliip, they retain many fuperftitious and idolatrous cuftoms, fuch as bowing, croffing them- felves when they pafs by a church, and proftrating themfeives at the entrance; and, if confcious of having contra£tcd any impurity, they forbear to enter the door. Even ringing of bells is confidered as an aft of devotion; for which reafon the capital towns arc fupplied with a great number of them, which are almoft inceflantly chiming. Divine fervice is performed in the Sclavonic tongue; which, as it differs much from the modern Ruffian language, is only underftood by the clergy. The vulgar know very little of the Bible; nor are any great pains taken to inftrudl youth in the principles of their reli- gion. Strmons are feldom delivered in any of their churches, the whole fervice confid- ing in abundance of ceremonies, prayers, malTes, and finging; which laft is the peculiar provinccof the chorifters, the congregation being prohibited from joining in this fublimc aft of devotion. Every large village is furnifhed with a church, and an officiating prieft; and the towns are crouded with religious ftruftures; but the wife and politic Peter the Great fup- preffed all the dangerous powers of the dignified clergy, declared himfelf the head of the church, and left the pricfts to depend for a fubfiftencc on the benevolence of their hearers. Before his reig:i, a great number of both fexes were (hut up in convents; but he prudently ordained, that no perfon fhould be allowed to enter on a monadic life under fifty years of age: however, a greater indulgence has fince been granted by government, in permitting men to become monks at thirty. The performance of the rite of fpiritual ablution is accompanied with a variety of fu- perftitit>us ceremonies, fuch as conjuring the unclean fpirit to get out of the child, and make room for the Holy Ghoft; croffing his forehead, hands, bread, and back, with con- fecrated oil ; putting on a clean (hirt; and then pronouncing the following words — • Thou * art as clean from thy original fin as this fhirtl' In Ruffia there are two metropolitans; one of whom refides at Kiou, and the other at Toboliki; differing from the bifhops only in their titles, the archbifhop being fuperior to them. All ecclefiaftical matters are under the direftion of a council, inflituted in 1719, called the Moft Holy Synod. Subordinate to this are two others; the firft of which has the management of all the ecclefiaftical lands and revenues; and the other executes the regulations made with regard to the Separatifts, and the taxes impofed upon them for en- joying the privilege of wearing their beards. Thefe Separatifts are called, by way of con- tempt, Rofkolniki, or Schifmatifts; but they ftile themfeives Starowierzi, or Ancient Be- lievers. The clergy are all reftraioed to monogamy, on pain of deprivation and difgrace; for RUSSIA. «^ for (hould an ecclcfiaftlc marry a fecond time, he immediately lofcs his benefice, and finks into obloquy. But though the Greek Church is the eftabliflied religion of Ruflla, in the conquered provinces every pcrfon is permitted to profefs the faith in which he was brought up. Full liberty of confcicncc is given to fc£larics of all denominations, Jews and Jefuits excepted: and even a great number of the RuiTian fubje£ls are Pagans and Mahometans. The moft laudable endeavours, however, have been applied' to promulgate the Chriilian dodlrines in the remoteft limits of the empire; but ignorance has yet in a great meafurc oppofed the defired fuccefs: the human mind, fu:ik in the wretchednefs of ignorance, with difficulty comprehends the fublime fcheme of revelation; and, probably, the beft method of propa- gating religious knowledi^e would be to communicate general indrudiion, to render let- ters and literature univerfal, and to pave the' way for the perception of particular do£lrines, by opening the benighted mind, and calling into a(Elion the dormant faculties of the foul. The marriage-ceremonies in this country are very particular; and have been thus de- fcribed by an intelligent and authentic modern traveller. When preliminaries are agreed on between the parents, if they are of rank, a woman, called the fuacha, is appointed by the friends of the bridegroom, and another by the friends of the bride, to fuperintend the nuptials, and to provide every requifite for the marriage-chamber; the nuptial-bed being formed of Iheaves of rye, wheat, barley, and oats, laid in regular order. The bridegroom fets out late in the evening, attended by his kindred and the prieft who is to perform the ceremony, for the bride's abode; where three difhes of meat are fervcd up, but neither of them are to be tafted by any of the company. After feve- ral preparatory ceremonies, they all proceed to church, where the young couple (land on a piece of t.ifFety, with a canopy of the fame over their heads: having there made an offer- ing of fried meats, fifli, and paftry, the prieft gives them his benedidlion; and, taking the man by his right-hand, and the woman by her left, he afksthem three times, whether they voluntarily enter into the nuptial ftate, and entertain that affection for one another which they ought. Thefe interrogatories being anfwered in the affirmative, the whole company join hands, and the prieft fuigs the 128th Pfalm; which being ended, he puts garlands of rue upon the heads of (he bride and bridegroom, faying, * Increafe and multiply! Whom * God hath joined together, let no man put afunder!' While the prieft is pronouncing thefe words, each of the company lights a wax-candle; when one of them prefents the prieft with aglafs of wine, who pledges the married couple; and, after a few reciprocal ceremo- nies, the bridegroom daihing the glafs againft the floor, and the bride joining him in tread- ing it under foot, they exclaim — * May they thus fall under our feet, and be trodden to • pieces, who (hall endeavour to fowdivifion or difcontent between us!' This ceremony be- ing ended, they return; and, after feveral other fuperftitious obfervances, the bride is put to bed, the bridegroom following foon after. After a proper interval, a fervant, who waits at the door, afks if the bufmefs be compleated; and, on being anfwered by the bridegroom in the affirmative, he immediately communicates his information to the guefts, when muflc and joy commence, which fometimcs continue for the fpace of two days. Inferior &-^j ia E ir R O P E. KM f;: tj '|!:; Inferior people, however, praftifc fewer ceremonies; tnd, indeed, the intercourfe be* twccn the icxts begins by degrees to render (cvi.r;il of tlufc ancient culbms obluletc. Polygamy is interdicted, on pain of death; but if th-'cmprefs proves barren, it is a fuf- ficicnt fanition for the emperor to cfpoufc another. Second marriages are far from biing cftecmed honourable in this country; a thiid marriage is feldom permitted, unlefs on ex- traordinary occafions; and a fourth is punilhcd with death. When a hulband dies, the widow inftantly colleds hrr kindred and friends; who, fur- rounding him, break out into the moft doleful lamentations. They then wafti him; and, putting a clean ftiirt orfhroud on the corpfe, with a pair of thin Ruffia leather fhoes, they lay it in a coffin formed out of the trunk of a tree; and, covering the whole with a cloth, fend prefcnts to the pricft, to engage him to pray for the departed loul ; and among the higher ranks, the corpfe is kept upwards of a week, during which the prieft every day fprinklcs it with holy-water, and purifies it with inccnfe. At length, the prieft heads the proccflion, carrying the piflure of the patron-faint of the deceafed, followed by four virgins, fdtdcd from his nearelt relations; after whom the corpfe is borne by fix men, upon th .'ir flioulders, furrounded by feveral priefts, pouring incenle upon the coffin, and finging pfalms,trt keep off the noxious fpirits; and behind follow a promifcuotis multitude of kindred and neigh- bours, without any regularity. When they reach the place ni . jiulturc, the coffin is un- covered; and the prieff, holding over rt the piifturc of the faint, repeats feveral prayirs, iu which this expreffion frequently occurs — ' Lord, look upon this foul in righteoufnefsi' In the mean while, the rtlations of the deccaftd continue their lamentations, till the prieft takes a piece of paper, figned by the bifhop of the place and the confiA'or, and puts it into the coffin, as a pafiport into paradife, after which the grave is doled. The duration of mourning is limited to forty days, in which three feafts are made for the relations of the deceafed, on the third, liintn, and twentieth days after the fune- ral : during this period, the prieft repeats certain prayers every morning and evening over the grave, which is for that purpofe covered with a fmall fhelter of mats. As the Ruffians deny Purgatory, thefe prayers for the deceafed may appear very unaccount- able! but it is among the number of their religious tenets, that there are two diftincl places where the fouh uf men retire after their final feparation from the body, and remain till the refurredion; the one of which is a pleafant and delightful abode, where they en- joy converfe with the angels; and the other a gloomy and difmal vallev, where only devils rcfidc; and that, while the foul is on it's journey, it may be diverted from the evil road by the prayers and interccffionsof the pious. We have before obfe> vcd, that Ruffia is indebted to Peter the Great for being enrolled among the polifhed nations v^f Furopc; and, indeed, before him, an univerfal ignorance ovcrfpread the empire; but that illultrious monarch fpared neither trouble nor expence to infpire his fubjeds with a talle for the arts and fciences; and, for this dcfirablc purpofe, he founded an academy of fciences, an univerfity, and feminary, at Petcrfhurg; befides a variety of fchools in different parts of his empire, inviting th learned of every nation and perfuaiion to fettle in his imperial city. Theli: wife and laudable mcafurcs have been continued RUSSIA. at continued by his fucceflTorS) for the Emprcfs Elizabeth ereded an univerfity and two fe- intnarics at Mofcow. The reigning emprcfii, however, exceeds all her predeceflbrs in the love nf learning and learned men; (he not only encourag *;, and even importunes, the fociety of the ingenious of every country, but fends fome of the moft promifing young men in her own dominions to be brought up at all the univerfities of Europe. From hence, Ruflia vill, no doubt, in time become celebrated for literature as well as arms. The empire of learning, indeed, is yet far from being univerfal; and, as there are only three uni> verfitics, Peterlburg, Mofcow, and Kiow, few, comparatively fpeaking, can reap advan- tage from thefe learned inftitutions. ButtheRufliansareby no means deficient in genius ( the productions of the Academy of Sciences at Peterfburg not only tend to difFufe know- ledge over their native country, but have been read with pleafure in foreign nations. Not only literature, but all the mechanic arts and trades, are in a progreHive ftate of improvement. Nor are thefe improvements entirely owing to the ingenuity of foreigners relidcnt in this country; the natives themfelves have been fired with an honeft emulation, and in fume inftances have excelled their in(lru£lors. Agriculture, in it's moft im- proved ftate, begins to be well underftood in feveral parts of this extenfive empire. The manufaftures of velvet, filk, linen, and woollen fluffs, are extremely flourifliing; and cop- per, brafs, iron, tin, flecl, fire-arms, ammunition, cordage, fail-cloth, paper, parchment, and glafs, arc wrought with fuccefs. The Ruflian peafants, however, unable to avail them- felves of the improved labours of others, are their own artificers, and manufacture every article their humble walk of life requires. When a new Kmperor is raifed to the throne, the metropolitans, archbifhops, and bi(hop$, with all the nobility and principal merchants, are fummoned to Mofcow againfl the day of coronation ; when the archbifhop of Mofcow conduits the emperor to the church of Precheftc, or Our Lady; where a fcafFold is eredted, covered with rich Perfian tapeftry, on which are placed three chairs, at equal diftances from one another; one of which is filled by the emperor, another by the archbifhop, and the third by the Imperial cap and robe. When the fovereiun enters the church, the clergy begin their hymns; after which the archbifhop offers up his prayers to God and the tutelary faints, imploring their prefence on that folemn day. Divine fervice being ended, the chief counfellor of the ftate takes the emperor by the hand, and prefents him to the archbifhop, faying — 'Theknezand bojarsac- * knowledge the prince here prefent to be lawful heir to the crown; and defire that, asfuch, • you immediately crown him.' Upon this, the prelate condudtsthe prince to the fcaffold, and feating him in his chair, touches his forehead with a fmall diamond crofs, at the fame time pronouncing a benediClion. One of the metropolitans then reads a prefcribed form of prayer; after which the archbifhop again bleffes him; and, ordering the two metropoli- tans to take up the cap and robe, ihcy place the former on the monarch's head, while the archbifhop pronounces— >' In the name of the Father, Son, and Holy Ghoftj' and then adds a third benediftion. After this, all the prelates approach, and each of them gives the emperor his bleffing. The Litany is then fung; at the conclufion of which, one of t'pe metropolitans walks up to the altar, ilnging, * God prefer ve the health of the emperor of all the Rui&as, whom he JP * hath EUROPE. ILllll r*'.. < hithofbi»lovfl)€fthoufN, tolls and cuftoms by fea and land, falt.works, ftamp-duties, lawurg. The high-admiral of Ruffia has the rank and pay of a general field>mar(hal} and the fleet is divided into three fquadrons, commanded by an admiraUgeneral ftationed in the centre, bearing a white flag and crimfon crufs) the van has an admiral bearing a blue flag with a white crofs; and the rear has another admiral bearing a red flag with a white crofs. Each of thefe fquadrons has a vice-admiral, rear-admiral, and throe commodores) and when an emperor commands in |>e>-fon, his (hip bean the royal ftandard of the empire, which is yellow, with the Ruffian arms difplayrd in the centre. The Ruffian empire in Europe has been divided into various governments, each of whiek includes feveral provinces or circles-, but at conqucft has been continually extending it'a limits, thefe political diftin£lions have frequently varied. However, according to eht latcft divifions tranfmitted us, they appear to be as follow, Kiow, Woranelh, Afow, Bielogorod, Smolenlki, Great Mofcow, Novogorod, Kiihny-Novogorod, Archangel, Wiburg, Peterlburg, Narva, Revel, and Riga. To particularize all the various nations which inhabit thefe rerpe£tive governments, would far exceed the limits of any general work; nor, indeed, are we furniflied with pro* per materials for that purpofe: even the Ruffian government is but little acquainted with (he cudoms or local fituations of many people who owe it allegiance. However, as the CoiTacs occupy a confiderable extent of country, and are lately become famous in military hiftory, fame account of them may not be unacceptable to our readers. The Coflacs are mentioned in hiftory fo early as the year 948; when they lived on Mount Caucafus, and were reduced under ^h^ Ruffian ^vcfnmcnt in loai. About tht commencemenf: ■nIIij J* EUROPE. commencement of the fixteenth century, the Zaporog Coffacs fixM their hjihitatiens on the fertile and fpacious plains along the banks of the Neiper. The Poles, forefeeing the advantages which would accrue to them from defending this people againft '.he incurfion* of the Tartars, took them under their proteftion in the year 1562, and Cipulated to pay them an annual fubfidy, provided they would keep on foot a good body of troops for th« defence of the Polilh dominions; and, to engage them by the tics of reciprocal intereft, they refigned to them the entire pofTeffion of all the country which lie? between the Rivers Neiper and Neifter, and the Tartarian frontiers. The CofTacs made fuch progrefs in the cultivation of that luxuriant traft of land, that in a fliort time many villages and populous towns rofe to enrich the profpeft; while they kept the Turks under perpetual alarms by their incurfions, but prevented the latter from making rcprizals, by feizing on the iflands cf the Keiper, and fortifying them for magazines. This alliance, though cemented by reciprocal interefts, did not long fubfift between the Poles and the Coflacs; for the former envying the latter the rich country they pof- feiTed, attempted to bring them under fubjeftion: upon which the CofTacs, fired with honeft indignation, had recourfe to armsj and, having applied to Ruflia, and even the Ot- tomar. Porte, for protection, a cruel and bloody war enfued, which for more than an age Vvas kept up v.ith the utmofl fury and animofity, and terminated at lad in ihc'CoiTacs re- maining unilitr the protedion of RufTia; and their former country being laid wafte by the long continuance of their wars, they fettled in the Ruffian Ukraine, upon their receiving alTurances from ihat court that they (hould be exempted from all taxes, and that no innova* tionfhould be attenptcd in their political conftitution. Tocompenfate for thefe immuni- ties, they ftipulate*! to maintain a confiderable body of troops for the Ruffian fervice. This treaty was foon aft«.r infringed; for, in lycS, Mazeppa, the Hettman, or Chief of the Coflacs, went over to Charles XII. of Sweden; upon which Peter I. of Ruffia refolved to prevent fuch revolts for the future; and, accordingly, after the battle of Pultowa, fent « ftrong detachment into the little iflands of the Neiper, to which the CofTacs had fled with their families and efFet^s, and inhumanly ordered them all to be put to the fword without diftindion, and the plunder to be divided among his foUiicrs. He alfo ravaged their coun- try, and fent many thoufand Coflacs to the coafls of the Baltic, where they were compc}- ied to fubmii. to the fevercfl drudgery. In 1722, the office of Hettman was abolifhed, b Jt reflored again in 1750, when the CofTacs elevated to this dignity Count Rafumowfky, privy- counfellor of the Ruffian Em- pire, prefident of the Academy of Sciences, and lieutenant-colonel of the Ifhmailow regi- liient of Life-guards; which eleftion was confirmed by the reigning Emprcfs Eliz-'^'eth, The internal government of the CofTacs approximates very nearly thofc ideas we form cf that of the ancient Germans, as defcribed by Tacitus. The captains and officers of the nation chufe a chief, who refides at Circafky, and holds his office during life: he alfo *&s as a fuperior over the other towns of the nation, each of which is formed into a fcpa- rate commonwealth, governed by an officer who is chofen annually. The CofTacs arc d ided into many tribes, but their manners bear a ftrong affinity to tne another} and, indeed, the principal diltinflion between them arifcs from local and accidental RUSSIA. 2J nccidental caufes.' They all profefs the Greek religion, are brave In war, and enthufiaftic ^vers of their original inftitutions. The executive part of the Ruffian government was firft regulated by Peter I. and put under the dire£tion of the following fupreme councils, offices, colleges, or chanceries. Firft, The Senate, or Direfting Council, which takes cogniy.ance of all domeftic affairs, receives accounts from all the colleges, ifiues out orders to the inferior courts, and is the fupreme feat of judicature, to which all procefles are brought by appeal, as their laft re fort. Secondly, The Holy Synod, or Ecclcfiafticr'. Cou:n;iI> which has the infpcdion and re- gulation of all afFairs relative to the church. Thirdly, The War College, which fuperintends the recruiting and cxercifing the whole Ruffian army, except the guards, which are accountable to the fovercign alone. This office likewife receives the taxes appropriated to the maintenance of the troops, and nomi- nates all the officers as high as lieutenant-colonel?. Subordinate to this college, are the offices of the General Commiflary at War, the Ordnance Office, the Military Cheft, the Cloathing and Viiflualling Office, and the Accomptant's. Office. Fourthly, The Admiralty College, which has the entire diredlion of all maritime con- cerns, and fuch forefts as are near navigable rivers are alfo under it's inf, eftion. Depen- dent upon this are, the Office of the General Commiflary of the Navy, which pays and vic- tuals the fleet, and keeps the money affigned for thofe fervicefj the Store Office, which has the fuperintendence of the magazines, and every thing relative to the equipment of fhips of war; the office which directs the Building of Ships, and provides the rcquifite materialsj and the Artillery Office. Fifthly, The College for Foreign Aff'airs, which difcharges the fabrics of the Ruffian minifters at foreign courts, and the expences and penfions of foreign envoys. This college alfu makes out paflports, and decides the difficulties and difputes which arifc in relation to foreign minifters. The principal members of this college are the chancellor and vice- chancellor of the empire, who call in the affiftance of the ccnfellorsof ftatc whenever any momentous affair falls under their confidcration. Sixthly, The College cf the Treafury, which has the dire£lion of levying all the public revenues, except fucn as arife from the capitation-tax and falt-works. The office which has the charge of the money arifing from the conquered provinces, is at prefent held at Pe- tcrfburg; but all the other departments of finance are at Mofcow. Seventhly, TheStateOffice, which ilTues out the public money, and gives the neccfl^iry diredions to the Chamber of Accounts; hence the Revenue Chambers both atPeterfburg and Mofcow arc dependent on this office. Eighthly, The Salt Office, which has the dire£lion of the revenues arifing from the falt- works, the profits of which are appropriated to the fovereign's purfe. Ninthly, Thf* Confifcation Chancery, which direfts the fale of all forfeited cftatcs, and the levying of all fines impofcd by the other colleges. Tcnthly, The College of Trades, Mines, and Manufafturcs; whFch are dillindt offices, G havin;^ EUROPE. m having the regulation of the naval cuftoms and tolls, and power to decide all difputes be- tween merchants and traders relative to commerce. Eleventhly, The College of Jufticc at Mofcow, fc.ne of whofe members likcwife coiifl i- tute a college at Peterlburg, which determines all iuits brought thither by appeal from the vanquiflied provinces, and has likewifc a conf.ltorial jurifdidliori over religious diillntcrs from the eftablinicd church. Twclfthly, The Feudal Chancery at Alofrow, which regulates every thing relative ta the eftates of private perfons, and rcgifter' their boundaries and extent. Befide thcfe, there is a Revifion Co' lege, which is a kind of check on the others; a College of Maf'iftracy, to which all the mzgiftratcs of the empire are accountable for their conduit; and a Privy Chancery, as it is called, which takes cognizance of all hofpitals,difpenfaries, dodlors, and medicines. In this complex machine of government the utmofl: regularity prevails; and, indeed, the rei"-nin<'>' emprefs has new-modclltd or reformed every department of (late which appeared inadequate to it's original intention. In this empire, neither birth nor titles give r, pcrfon rank, independent of merit; fo that many foreigners of mean extraction have rifen tc the greateft honours, and enjoyed the moit lucrative ports. Though all ranks art' or; a level, in rei^ard to the unlimited fubjctSion they owe their fovcrcign, the nobles bc'.iavc in a v:i- , arbitrary manner towards the peafunts, who are liable to be transferred, with their property, from one mnftcr to another. Fr>r deciding caufcs between private men, tbe Rufllans have precedents r nd written laws, which were firll publiflied in 1649; but havr been fiuce revifcd, altered, and enlarged. The procc's is carried on in a fummary manner, and the punifliment inflicted is o(tea ft verc, though not fo barbarous as fonncrly, owing to the rapid progrcfs which refinement has lately made in this countrv. In priv.Uf dil'putjs, when proper evidence cannot he aJdiici'd, the judge aHcs the plain- tiff if he w'll take his oath that the atl.ifr is exactly conformable to his rrprcfentation of it, or if he wiil refer it to th-' oath of the defendant. Whi.-n this point is adjuflcd, the pcrfon who is to fwear is brou.7ht bctore a pldture of fome f.rmt, where he is afkcd if he -A'W make oath upon the Hilvation of his foul. If he afTeiits, they giveiiim a fmall crucihx to kifs, and afterwards the picl^urc of the fainT; bu; thou::h this oath may bs taken with the hi'c([ confcience, fo mucn is the nradlice of fwcawnr difcoura-^ed bv the legidaiure, that the perfor laking it cannot be admitted to thecommunion for three years; and, if perjured, the mildcft punifliment is the knoutc and banifhmcnt. Hence judicial fwearing i;> .voided as much as pofliblt: anct if it were our bufinefs to run a parallel be- tween this and other nations in the practice of fwearing, we might perhaps trace manv of our own corruptions to this fourrc, of tendering oaths on everytrifling occafion; and man/ of &' Ruffian virtues to their abhorrence of a folemnappeal to Heaven, unlcfs when com- pelled bv nect/Tity. The commoi; puniflimcnts in Ruflia are the battogen, katze, and knoute. The pcrfon who is doomed to receive the former of thcfc infliaions, is ftripped to the fliirt, and laid upon the grou.id on his belly, one man being phiced on his neck and another on his feti, who beat him on the back wuh fuiall wandsduiin^' thcprcfcribc.l time The RUSSIA. 27 The kat«c, which was origiriiilly infliitcd on thofc who, in violation of a public pro- hibition, ventured to take fnuff", is perform'-d by fiittiiig the noilrils. But the knoute is the moft common, as well as the molt barbarous punifhment, thn.t can well be inflifted on this fide death ; and an inftancc of it, which was executed on eight men and a woman for felling brandy and t(b\cco without a licence, is thus defcribed by a very authentic hiftorian. The executioner's man, after ftripping them naked downto the waift, tied their feet, and took one at a time on his back. The executioner being' provided with a bull'- pizzle, to the extremity of which were tied three thongs of an elk's (kin untanned, flood at a convenient diftance, and drew blood at every ftroke. The men received twenty-five lathes each; when an officer, who had their fcntence before him, cried out, ' Enough!' The woman, as foon as flie had received fixteen lafhes, fainted away. After this cruel procedure, they were all tied together by the arms, two and two; thofe who fold tobacco having a fmall horn filled with it, and thofe who fold brandy a fmall bottle fufpendcd about their necks, and whipped through the city for near half a league; after which they were conducted to the fccnu of their hrft puniHiment, and then releafed. The feverc knoute, which is fomctimes ordered, ufually flrips the flcfli from the bones, and expofes the very vitals: many die under the executioner's hands; and, did not the Ruf- fians pofll'fs a degree of conllitutional infenubility, it is certain that few of them could- ever furvive it. Tor the ilrfl offence, a thief is only whipped from the prifon to the market-place, where his cars arc cut oft", and he is afterwards imprifoned for two years; but for a fecond tranf- grcfTion, he is doomed to undergo the fame flagclJation as before, and is afterwards banilhed into Siberia. Theft, however, is never made capital in Ruffia; but both the receivers and concealers are equally puniftied with the principal. Murder is puniflied with decollation. The criminal fufters a clofe confinement for fi^ weeks, and is luhfilled on bread and water alone j after which he receives the communion, and fubmits to his fate. Before the reign of the Emprefs Eliza' °th, v.'ho prohibited capital punifliments, penal infiidions were numerous and fevere. Even the enlightened and the wife I'eter I. ufed to fufpend robbers on the Wolga, and other parts of his dominions, by iron hooks fixed- to their ribs on gibbets, where they writhed thcmfeivcs to death, fomctimes to thenum- bcr of a thouiand at once. But though the feverity of the original laws is now much mitigated, the unhappy debtor experiences a treatment inconfiftent with humanity. He who is unable to pay his credi- tor at the ftipulated time, is put into the hands of an officer appointed for that purpofc, and has a certain term allowed him to make fatisfaction. If, at thj expiration of this period, he (till remains infolvent, he is conducted to prifon; from whence he is brought? every day to a place before the Chancery, where the common executioner beats him upon the fhin-bones, with a moderate-fizcd wand, for the fpace of an hour. He is then carried back to prifon, except he can procure fecurity for his appearance again the next day at' the fame hour, to undergo a fimilar chaftifemcnt. This is rignroufly executed upon per- Uiai of all ranks, fuhjcdls and foreigners, men and women] and if at lall the debtor is un- able- ■c% EUROPE. able to make retribution, he, his wife and children, are afilgned over as bond-flaves to the creditor. We (hall now proceed to defctibe the principal cities, and other remarkable places, in the Ruffian empire in Europej beginning, lor the fake of regularity, with thofe which are molt fouthern. Kiow, the capital of a government, is a confidcrablecity, fituated ontheNciper, and faid to have been founded by Kius, a Sclavoiiian prince, in 430; but this account fecms little to be relied on. Hiitory howrevcr informs us, ihat, in the year 1037, Kiow was de- clared the capital of all Rulliaj and, till the twelfth century, continued to be the refidence of the great dukes: after this it fell into the hands of the Poles j but in 1686 was again ceded to Ruffia. This city is properly divided into three parts, the Old City, Podol, and the CalUe of Pctflierfky, with it's fuburbs. Old Kiow is feated on an eminence facing the north; and, conformably to the moun- tainous nature ot the country, it is fortihed with horn-works. In this divifion (lands the cathedralof the Greek arc j^ :r f Kiow, H.ilit(h, and Little RufTia, who rcfides in the convent of St. Sophia; to '. and that of St. Michael, molt of the houfes in this city belong. Podol, the fecond divifion, is fituated in a plain on the bar lis of the Neiper, con- fifting principally of fhops, and the houfes <;f tradelmcn. It's magiftrates are independent of the garrifon, and receive their orders immediately from the War OfHce at Glucow. The Academy here is a fuperb edifice; and the Univerfity has a principal, two officers who fu- perintcnd the conduct of the (tudcnts, and nine profcflbrs, who are all monks, and en- joined to live ii; the moft abftcniious manner. 'Ihey read public lectures, and the lludents perform their feveral exercifes under them, as is ufual in rndt other univerfities. The caftle of Petfherfky {lands on an eminence facing the (outh; and, bcfides ma^-a- 7,incs, barracks, and other public edifices, includcsa rich and {lately monaftery founded in the eleventh century, having a number of fubterraneous vaults, in which are depofited feveral undecayed bodies, Aippofed to be the remains of faints and martyrs. The fuburbs of Petflicrfky arc large and populous, containing, bcfides private buildings, feveral con- vents and churches. Pultowa, celebrated for the decifive victory gained by Peter the Great near this place over Charles XII. of Sweden, is fituated on die River Worfkla, and has a regular fort. The burghers, till lately, carried on a confidcrable trade to the Cri.iiea, and through Poland to Germany, but it is now alnioit lofl. It is built principally after the Itileof the Coifac aichitecture, and contains but few ilructures of cminenet: however, tiie above-mentioned victory will for ever render it famous m the hilloric page. Woronefh, the capital of a government, is a large and populous city ft.inding on a river which bears the fame name. It is pretty well fortified, and is the rciidenceof a liovernor, and a bifliop's fee. Moll of the flrcets are covered with planks of timber, inllead of a pavement. To maintain his fovereignty over the Black Sea, Peter I. erected a large dock for the building of (liips which drew many new inhabitants and foreign artificers to this City, which Hill carrier oa a very cxtcnfivc trade. " Bathmut, RUSSIA. «♦ •«i Bachmut, a city In the government of Woroncfi>, is fituatcS on a river of the fame name, and is defended by a citadel and other fortifications, for the protedion of the Im- perial (alt-worlcs. The Salt-office at this place maintains a battalion of regular troops, befides a company of Coflacs. The furrounding country exceeds all the reft of Little Ruflia in fertility i and contains feveral fpots which, it is fuppoftd, would produce valuable ore. Bielogorod, the head of a government, was built fo early as the year 990, and ftandsoa the River Donez. This city is divided into an Old and New Town, and is a bifhop's fee, with three fuburbs. The Old Town is fortified with a rampart and moat, but the New Town is only furrounded with palifadoes. The government of Smolenlli has for it's capital a city of the fame name; which, ftand- in"- on the banks of the Nciper, is fpacious and well-fortified, being the refidence of the governor, and an cpifcopal fee. It is famous in hiftory for having been the fubjedt of nu- merous difputes between the Poles and Ruffians, to whom it alternately fell. Nifhnei Novogorod is lilcewife a large provincial city, fituated on the banks of the Wolga, at the influx of the River Oka. This town was built in 1222, and contains two cathedrals, twenty-eight parifh-churches, and five convents. It is an archiepifcopal fee, and hasfome regular fortifications. The trade of the inhabitants is very confiderjble, and their ftiops make a fplendid appearance: the city, however, fufFered much by fire in I7'5' when fome thoufands of the inhabitants loft their lives. Mofcow, the ancient capital of the Ruffian empire, and the Imperial refidence for many ages, is fituated in the circle of it's own name, in 55 degrees 45 minutes north latitude, and in 38 degrees eaft longitude, diftant about one thoufand four hundred and fourteen miles north-eaft from London. It's fcite is on a plcafant plain, on the banks of the River Mofkwa, which meandering through it's centre, contributes very con- fideiably to the beauty of the place. Several gentle eminences, interfperfed with groves, g; rde i>, and lawns, enrich the profpedt. Mofcow is built a good deal in the eaftern ftyle, ha\ 111^; few regular ftreets; and almoft every edifice of confequence is accommodated with a garden of no inconfiderable extent. There are fuppofed to be fixteen hundred places dedicated to religious worftiip in this city; among which are eleven cathedrals, and two hundred and feventy-one parochial churches, the reft belonging either to convents or pri- vate pcrfons. The bells in this city are extremely numerous, as the Ruffians have from the firft annals of their nation been vaftly attached to great bells. One of thefe is of a moft ftupendous fize, being four hundred and forty-three thoufand feven hundred and icventy-two pounds weight, and was caft in the reign of the Czarina Anne; but the beam on which it was fufpended being burnt, it fell, and was confiderably damaged. All the fuperior churches have gilt fpircs, and are magnificently decorated with paintingsj few of which, however, exhibit any traits of tafte, genius, or juft defign. The public edifices are very fuperb ; and, with the fquares, amount to forty-three. But the houfes in general are far from being well built; and as the ftreets are in general un- paved, they are neither clean nor commodious. This city is divided into four circles, the exterior including all the reft. The interior circle, or the Kremclin, which fignifics a Fortrcfs, contains the ancient Imperial palace, H I'cvcral 30 EUROPE. levcral plcafure-houfcs nnJ offices, a viaualling-houfc, the p.UtiarchaI palace, nine cathe- drals, five convents, tour parifti-churches, the arfcnal, public colleges, and (evcral other ftrudlures. All the churches in the Kremtliii are highly <>rnamentcd with gilt or lilvcred fpires; they are in the Gothic tafte, but the profulion of internal ornaments is almoft in- defcribable; the pictures of the faints, in particular, being loaded with gold, filvcr, and precious ftones. In the cathedral of Sobor there isafilver branch, with forty-eight lights, faid to wcigli two thoufand eight hundred pounds > the remains of three archbifliops are dcpofucd in filver {brines; and in a gold box is a robe brought from Perfia, which fuperftition regards as the identical garment worn by our Saviour at his crucifixion. The royal dult of the Ruffian empire of the male line is depofited in the cathedral of St. Michael; while the princeffes, with their conforts, are interred in the convent of Tfliudow. This circle is three hundred fathoms in diameter, and is furrounded with very high and thick walls, flanked with towers, and mounted with cannon, bcfides the additional defence of deep moats and ramparts. The egrefs from the Kremelin is over a magnificent ftone bridge, which unites it to the fecond circle, called Kitaigorod, or the Chinefe 'J'own. Ihis contains five ftreets, two ca- thedrals, eighteen parochial churches, four convents, and a confiderable number of noble- men's houfes: alfo feveral public edifices; particularly the Chief Difpenfary, from which the whole empire is fupplied with medicines; the Alinf, a fupcrb ftrudure; a Magazine, in which all goods are depofited till they have paid duty; aCudom-houfe; Printing-office; Court of Judicature; Phyfic-garden; and the Exchange, in which are fix thoufand hand- fome fhops. In this circle all commercial affairs are tranfaclcd; on which account it is principally inhabited by merchants, who carry on an extenfive trade to China, and other places. This part of the city is likewife defended by a rampart flrengthened by towers and bulwarks. The third circle is named Bielogorod, or the White Town, from a white wall with which it is furrounded. Through this divifion of the city runs the River Neglina from north to fouth ; but although fou.e noblemen, and many eminent tradefmen, rcfide in this circle, the ftreets are in general dirty, and the houfes mean: however, it includes no fewer than fcventy-fix parifh churches, feven abbeys, eleven convents, and nine public edifices; befides two palaces, a cannon-foundcry, two markets, and a place called Bafil Garden. At the Timber-market wooden houfes are conftantly expofed to falc, which may be taken to pieces, and put together again, at the pleafure of the purchafer. The fourth and laft circle is called Semlanoigorod, which inclofes the three preceding parts, fo that it's ramparts include an area of very great extent. Formerly there were thirty-four wooden and two ftone gates belonging to this quarter, but thcfe laft only now lemain. This circle contains a hundred and three parifh-churches, two convents, an im- perial ftable, an arfenal, a mint, magazine, and cloth manufaflory. Round thefe grand circles lie thefuburbs, which occupy a very large extent, and are built in the form of rural villages, except the German Quarter, which contains feveral handfome religious ftrudures. To the weft of this fuburb lies the palace of Annenhof, adorned with a beau- tiful gardcni and at a fmall diftance ftands the palace of the Czarina Elizabeth. The RUSSIA. 31 The population of Mofcow has been vaiioufly eftimatccl, feme making it amount to about an hundred and fifty thoufund, while others contend that it is much Icfs. Certain it is, liowever, that Mofcow has been much on the decline fincc the feat of government was reinoved to Heterfburgj and to this, lilcewife, feveral dreadful conflagrations, the laft of which happened in 1752, have not a little contributed. Jaroflawl, "hich lies within the government of Mofcow, and is itfelf the capital of a circle bearing uic fame name, is a large and well-built city, having a good trade, and is particularly celebrated for it's manufacture of RufTia leather. There is likewife a flourifh- ingmanufadure of all forts of linen and flowered woollen ftufFs; and fome of the public edifices are built in a flile of architecture fuperior to the generality in this country. The convent of the Holy Trinity is one of the mod remarkable places in thediflrifl of Mofcow, being the largeft and beft endowed of any in the Rufllan dominions. It Aands about fixty werits from Mofcow; and being built in a quadrangular form, in the old Gothic tafle, it is inclofed by flrong walls, ramparts, and moats, always garrifoned by a company of foldiers. The convent itfelf is fpacious, lofty, and elegant; the great church is extremely fplcndid, and has a (lately tower; befides which, there are nine others, and a grammar-fchool, within the limits of the convent. But what will for ever render this place remarkable in hiftory, is, that it afl^orded an afylum to Peter the Great, when the Strelitzes, fpirited up by his filler Sophia, had determined on his deilrudlion. Archangel, the capital of a government bearing the fame name, (lands on the banks of the Dwina, about four miles from it's influx into the White Sea, in 64 degrees 34 minutes north latitude, and in 40 degrees 12 minutes eaft longitude. This city is about three Englifh miles in length, and one in breadth; the houfes being chiefly built of wood, after the Ruflian manner. The citadel, where the governor refides, is en- clofed with a kind of rampart formed of large planks of timber; and, indeed, little elegance or tade is difplaycd in any of the edifices belonging to this place, either public or pri- vate, though it is a bifhop's fee, and both the Lutherans and Calvinids are indulged with their refpedlive churches. The Englilh, in 1553, laid the foundation of the commerce of Archangel; and the ad- vantages they derived from it foon induced other nations to endeavour to fecure a (hare of it. However, Peterfburg has entirely eclipfed it in trade, manufactures, and improvements; and in proportion as the one has been in a ftate of progreflive profperity, the other ha» (ufil'red negledt. In the government of Archangel a great part of Lapland is included, as well as the country of the Samoides, who pod'efs the coalt of the Northern Ocean both in Europe and Afia. Thcfe people have a language, religion, and cudoms, peculiar to themfelvcs; their complexions and dature are diliimilar to thofe of the Rudtans in general; and thejurif- prudencc of the empire has never been fufltciently introduced into this inhofpitable coun- try. Samuieda, however, produces the fined furs in all the Ruflian dominions, which are bartered by the natives for fuch trifles as ignorance can alone hold in edimation. Wologda is a large provincial city within the government of Archangel, and is the only place, except the capital, that defcrves particular attention. It contains feventeen hundred 3» EUROPE. hundred dwelling-houfes, ftvcnty-two churches, two convents, anJ a German fuburb. It has alfo two fuburbs inhabited by fledge-drivers, which arc pretty populous and cxtenfivc, and contain feveral religious ftrudtures. This city, which is the fee of an archbifliop, was once very flourifhing; but now it's commerce is principally confined to hemp, and matting made of the bark of lime-trees, which the natives convey in barques to Archangel, and bring back various articles ne- ceflary for domeftic ufe. Great Novogorod, the capital of the government cf Novogorod, is an ancient, large, and lamous city, feated on the River Wolcow, at it's efflux from the lake of linien. 'I'hia place, which ftill carries on anextcnfive trade, is the feat of the governor, and an archbifhop's lee. The buildings are in general mean, and iIl-conftru£tcdi and, except fome (Irudlures dedicated to relitjion, few of them defcive a moment's attention. This city, however, was firft built in the ninth century, by the Sclavonians, and was a celebrated ftaple of the Hanfe Towns till 1494, when it was (o opulent, that it became proverbial — ' Can any * one withftand God and Novogorod!' But Time, that brings the proudeft ftrudtures low, alTifted by repeated conflagrations and hoftile attacks, has now fcarcely left a veftigc of it's ancient magnificence. About the diftance of two wcrfts from this city, ftmds St. Anthony's Convent, on the bankof the Wolcow; where St. Anthony, the founder, was interred in 1147; ''"'' befideshis monument, which is ftill rcligioufly preferved, hisdevotees (hew a millftone,on which they firmly believe, and gravely aflert, he failed from Rome to this particular fpot. V^arious other curiofities, whofe origin fuperftition only could credit or report, arc to be fcen at the fame place. Having noticed the moft remarkable cities in Ruflia Proper, we fhali proceed to a de- fcription of thofe belonging to the conquered provinces. Riga, the capital of Livonia, is fituatcd in the 56th degree 53 minutes north latitude, and in the 24th degree eafl: longitude from London, on the north-caft of the River Duna; and though a place of no very confiderablc extent, is ftrongly fortified, populou!?, and commercial. The houfes, which are handfome, and principally built of (lone, are in general two ftories high; but the ftreets are narrow and incommodious. The Lutheran religion prevailing throughout the whole province, there arc a cathedral and four (uperb churches for perfons of that perfuafion, befides a fcminary called the Imperial Lycx-umjand the City Gymnafium, which are in a very flourishing condition. Thecaflle is an ancient ftrudure; butthe citadel is ftrong, and the two arfcnals are well ftored with arms. But one of the principal advantages this city enjoys, arifes from it's excellent harbour, which in rhc fummcr fcafon is much refortcd to by the Knglifti and Dutch, who purchafe amazing quantities of flax, hemp, mads, and timber. The Duna is generally frozen about the end of November, and open .igainby the mid- dle of March; fo that Riga has the advantage of an earlier communication with the fea than Peterfburg itfelf, where the Neva is ufually clofed fix weeks longer. The privileges of this city,which were originally very conridcrabIe,wcrc farther confirmed by the Czarina Anne. The fuprcme court of judicature for Livonia, and the high con- liflory. iU^' RUSSIA. 33 r: fiftory, are held in this city, which is likcwife the refidenceof the governor and general fuperintcndant. Riga was founded in the year 1200, and foon after inclofed with a wall. It has fufter- ed much by fires and fieges, and has often changed ii's rnaftcrs; but, in 1710, it wa» obliged finally to fiibmit to the triumphant arms of Peter the Great. Dart, which is likewifc a town of ronfiderable note in Livonia, was once a member of the Hanfeatic Confederacy, and is fituated on a plain watered by the River Embec, in lati- tude 58 degrees north. This city was built in 1030, by the Great Duke of Ruflia; but, in 1 191, it fell into the hands of the religious knightsj from which period it underwent a variety of fieges, till the year in 1704, when it was taken and plundered by the Ruffians, and a fliort time after it's inhabitajits were carried away prifoners of war, and the caftle and fortifications blown up. Since the peace of Nyftadt it has begun to recover a (hare of it's former confequence, it's inhabitants have been increafing, and many foreigners have been added to their number; yet ftill a variety of once noble edifices lie in ruins, and exhibit the moft melan- choly appearance. The prefent buildings are humble, compared with the ancient ones j and the inhabitants, though numerous, are in general extremely indigent. Revel, the capital of a government which bears the fame name, is fituated on the Baltic, in latitude 59 degrees 23 minutes, and in 24 degrees eait longitude; which, though not of very rxtenfive limits, is an opulent, commercial, and \vell-fortified city. The private edifices are in general neat, and built of brick; and there are fevecal ftately churches be- longing to perfons of different leligious perfuafions. The Imperial I'emii^ary is furniflied with four profeflurs in the arts and fcicnces, and a teacher of the Ruffian language. The magiftracy have a (hare in the tolls or cuitoms, which arc very conilderable, and the red: is paid into the treafury. For enjoying this privilege. Revel maintains a number of matrof- fes, and a company of foldiers. This city formerly made a diftinguifhed figure in the Hanfeatic Confederacy ; and, being favoured with a commodious and fpacious harbour, great part of the Ruffian fleet lies here in time of peace. Revel is furrounded with lofty walls, (trengthened with baftions, and a deep ditch; and has, befides, a caitle built on a rock for it's defence. Narva, which is the only other city of importance in this government, is fituated on the borders of Ingria, on an eminence by the banks of the Narva, which difcharges iifelf into the Gulph of Finland, about twelve miles from the city. This place (lands in latitude 59 degrees 8 minutes nosth, and in 27 degrees 25 minutes eaft Kngitude from London;, containing a number of i-legantly-builc houfes, and is excellently fituated for trade. In the market-place (lands a beautiful triumph?! arch, ereded in 1746, in honour of the late Emprcfs Elizabeth. The city is well fortified, and maintains a (hong garrifon.^ The chief articles of exportation are flax and timber. Narva has frequently felt the horrors of war; and has, in turn,fubmitted to different ma- iters. In 1 700, when it was clofely preiTed by the Ruffians, the. heroic Charles XII. raifed the ilege, after having defeated an hundred thoufand of the enemy with a handfvl of men. How- I ever. I'iM a 3+ EUROPE. ever, in 1704, the Ruffians again kfu ;;cd and carrird it by alTault: fince which time it has been annexed to the RiilTun dominions, but the inhabitants were continued inthcfull enjoyment of all their original i ii;hts and priv ilegcs. In the province of Ingria Itands PctirHiur.-, one of the capitals of the Ruffian empire, whofe prclcnt Icitc was ohly occupird bv tw.i fi(hing-huts, till inc year 1703, when Peter the Great havin-r conqui;rcd the adj lininj; country, the comTuxlious fitu^tion of this fpot for the Baltic trade induced him to build a town and fortrcfs, which piojeifl was put in immediate execution : his original intention, however, was only to make it a place of arms, where all kinds of military ftorts might be conveniently coll. dcd from the interior parts of the empire; inconfequence of which, boh the public and piivate edifices were only built ot timber, and neither the dock nor ihe town had any other defence than a temporary ram- part of earth. But the decifive victory at Fultowa, and the entire conqueft of Livonia, in- fpirtd Peter with more fuhlime notions; and, to gratity adifpofition which only gloried in furmounting difficulties which would have appeared infupcrable to any other man, he de- termined to make this the capital of his ( nipirc, and to perpetuate hi"- own name by con- ferring it on his intended city. No fooner was this defign formed, ihu.i Peter mdcred tho caftle to be built of llone, the Admiralty to be walled in, and all tne other buildings to be raifed in a handfome ftile, and with durable materials. In 1714, the council was removed to Peterfburg; and a range of noble edifices were erected for the public offices, which four years afterwards were removed thither: the princi- pal nobility, and moft opulent families in Ruffia, were likcwife enjoined to build houfes and lefide here. But private plans not anfwering the magnificent ideas of Peter the Gieat, he came to a refolution that the whole city fhould (land on the Ifland of Wafili, though many houfes had been already raifed on that of Petcrfburg: for this purpofethc flrcets were marked out, canals were dug, piles were drove with incredible labour, the ifland was fortified with iiftv-feven bailions, and the nobility were commanded to build their houfes a ftcond time; but the death of the emperor fufpciided the entiie execution of his plan, and deprived the world of one of the moft cnterprizing princes that cvi?r dignified a throne. The Ruffian nobility did not fecm to entertain rruch preuilcdtion for this rifing city; the furrounding country was far from being luxuriant, and provifions were dearer there thaa at Mofcow: btfides which, the laft-rrentioned city fcrTied to the generality of them to be better adapted for the feat of government, uy being more centrical, more ancient, and more commodious. Peterfburg, however, under fucceeding fovercigns, received many additional improve- ments; the grand defigns of the founder were amply executed by the munificence of his fucccflbrs;and it is now juftly ranked among the largeft and moft elegant cities in Europe. It ftands in latitude 59 degrees 57 minutes north, and in 31 degrees eaft longitude from London. 7"he fituation is plcafant, and the air faliibrious, though the foil on which it ftands is naturally low and marfhy. It is about fix Englifh miles in length, and as many in breadth, but has neither walls nor gates. Near Peterlburg the River Neva is about eight hundred paces broad; but not having every where a proportionable depth of water, mcrchant-Ihips are cleared at Cronftadt, and :m RUSSIA. jej- uni the men of war built at Petcilburp arcalfo conveyed thither by means of certain ma- chines called Camels. The Rivers Fontanca and Moica, which join the Neva at this place, contribute to the formation of thofc illands on which it (lands ; the city is alio watered by feveral canals, the model in this rcfpcdi being copied f om Amftcrdam. There is only one bridge over the Neva, which being conftruded of large flat-bottomed boats, unites the dock-yard to Bafili Ottrow, or Bafil's Ifland. Thefe boats are always removed before the commencement of the winter feafon, and laid down again in the fpring. Be- tween the other iflands the only communication is by boats, which crcfs the water at ftated times; however, there arc bridges over the Fontanca and Moica, as well as over the canals which interfcd the city. There are computed to be upwards of nine thoufand houfes at Pcterfburg, about fcven hundred of which are of ftonc, the reft being built with timber, after the Ruflian manner. There arc twenty Ruffian churches, befidcs religious edifices belonging to almoft every na- tion in Europe. But as this city well dclerves a more minute dcfcription, we (hall gratify our readers with an account of the principal places that attraft the attention of every traveller; beginning with the Illand of Peterlburg, which ftands both in the centre of the Neva and of the city. The Ifle of Peterlburg is formed by the Great and Littie Neva, and the Newlca, being about two leagues in circumference. The fort is of an hexagonal form, built according to the modern ftile of fortification, and defended with a great number of cannon. In it's centre ftands an elegantchurch, where the remains ofPeter the Great, his confort Catharine, and feveral other pcrfons of the royal family, are depofitcd in magnificent maufoleums. In the high and beautiful tower of this church, which is covered with gilt copper, hangs a very mufical fet of bells with chimes, made in Holland, which always play at twelve o'clock. Facing the Imperial palace, on oneof the baftions of the fort, a flag is conftantly difplayed, charged with the Ruffian Eagle. As this fort ftands in the middle of the city, it ferves not only for defence, but for ornament; and is occafionally employed, both as a prifon and an afylum. The whole ifland of Peterfburg is extremely populous; but the houfes, churches, and public edifices, are in general unworthy of a traveller's attention: however, there is ftill to be feen on this ifland the fmall wooden-houfe which Peter the Great ordered to be built, and in which he refided himfelf the firft time he arrived on the fpot where the city now ftands; and, that it may remain as a lafting monument of that circumftance, it is furroundcd with a ftone-wall, and kept in conftant repair. The I,ittle Neva feparates this ifland from Wafili, or Bafil's Ifland, the 1; rg'ft of them all, which is furrounded"with the Great and Little Neva. Thegreateft part of this ifland is covered with woods; but therf are twelve fpacious ftreef; of uncommon length, running in a diredt line, and interfered at right-angles by fix crofs ftreets, which are unpaved. The viftas from thefe ftreets are very broad and beautiful at both extremities, the largeft extending the whole length of the ifland. Oppofite to Peterfljurj; Ifland, and adjoining to the Hemp-Warehoufe, are the Exchange, theCuftom-houfe, and the Quay where themer- chant-Ihips unload. Contiguous to thefe are feveral exteflfive itru^ures belonging to the Imperial 36 EUROPE. Imperial Acatlemy of SciencfS, founded by Peter the Great !n 1724, wiih an endowment of more than twenty-four thoufdnd roubles annually. The fame monarch likcwife in- tended to erc£l an Academy of Polite Arts; but as no cftimates were made of the neccflary charges attendant on fuch an inftitution, the latcEinprcfs Llixabeth augmented the above endowment to nearly fifty-four thoufand roubles. This academy confitts of two grand divifions; the firft conftituting the Academy, pro- perly fo called; and the iecond the Univerfity. The members of the former devote thcm- felves to the difcovery of new inventions, or improving thofe of others, and have nothing to do with the tuition of youth, unlefs they voluntarily engage in it. The Univerfity has it's diftinft profcflbrs, who read ledures in the fciences, both in the Latin and Ruf- fian languages. A difference of religious opinions is no difqualification to a profefibr^ but thi;y are reftrided from propagating any doctrines pointed againlt the Greek Church. Amont; the edifices belonging to the Academy, arc the Imperial library, a mufeum, the printinghoufe, a bookfeller's ftiop, apartments for book-binding, letter-founding, paint- ing, and engraving, and the room where mathematical indruments are conftru6ied. Near this room is the famous copper globe of Gottorp, eleven feet in diameter, which flood on one of the towers of the Academy; with the towel itfelf, was almoft dedroyed by fire in 1747, but has fincc been repaired with admirable fkill. By afccnding a fewfteps, the globe is entered through a fmall door, and within ftands a table, with benches round it, on which twelve people may conveniently fit. The external furface of this globe rcprefcnts the terrcftrial ball, and ihe internal the ccleftial canopy. The other molt remarkable places on this ifland arc the Fire-work Theatre, raifed oi» piles, and the State College; near which laft place is a fpacious and elegant flruiEiure, formerly belonging to Prince Mcnfhikows, where the corps of cadets of noble families are educated gratis, according to their rank. The Admiralty Ifland is by far the moft magnificent part of the city, containing, bcfidcs a number of elegant private houfes and fuperb palaces, feveral publk edifices; fuch as the V'ii5lualIingO/ricc,theGallcyDock,aplacecaIledNcw Holland, and the Rope Walk. The Admiralty, or Dock-yard, is ftrongly fortified with a wall, and baftions mounted with a number of guns; and cvtry (hip entering the harbour is obliged to falute it. The top of the Admiralty tower is gilt, and makes a very noble appearance. Near this place ftands the Imperial Winter Palace, a large fquare ftru£lure three flories high, having behind it a fpiicious area, in which is a noble cqueftrian ftatue of braCs gilt, eredkd in honour of Peter the Great. Adjoining to this, along the banks of the Neva, are feveral other palaces; among which is the Old Imperial Winter Palace, the New Play- houfe, and a moll: delightful fummer-palace, which being built of wood, and only one ftory high, rclembles a picafure-houfe. Behind it arc feveral (tcne buildings, in which the officers belonging to the court refide : it is adorned with a fine orangery, and a beautiful garden, moft admirably decorated with grottos, fountains, and water-works, with an infi- nite variety of marble and alab.iftcr ftatues, brought from Italy. Two of thefe ftatues, rc- prefcnting Faith and Religion, appear to have their faces covered with thin tranfparent veils, and are much admired by connoiflcurs. The dock itfelf affords a double vifta; one *: RUSSIA. 37 one to the Kuflian church of the Arccnfion, the other terminated by the convent of Alex- ander Ncwfki, From hence the beautiful buildings on both fides the Fontanca have ade> lightful Appearance. 'J'he flrccts lyin^ behind the Admiralty and the Imperial Summer- p.-tlace arc very fuperb and magnificent ; but are much excelled by Great and Little Million Street, which ate embellished with the moft capital buildings. At theendof MiU lion Street (lands a curious difpenfary, belonging to the emperor: near which lilcewife lie the Imperial (tables, and the dwellings of the officers who fuperintend them; the church of the Swcdi(h Finlanders; the German Lutheran church, which is ahandfomeftrudure} the Mcnagcry, the Park, and the Elephant Yard. The Mofcovite Side, as it is called, (lands on the continent, and is in general very well built. In this quarter ate the Court Vidtualling-office, the Private Dock, the Foundery, the Fire-work Llaboratory, the Aqueduct, the Barracks for the Horfe-guards, a ftrudure called the Pleafure-houfe, the Italian Garden, the Mofcovite Jemfkoi, the German Lu* theran church, three RulTian churches, and the convent of St. Alexander NewHci, built in honour of that devout prince, in the fingular form of an eagle, but not yet comp leated. In the center of this religious edifice (lands a large and beautiful church reprefenting the Eagle's Body; the two towers, it's Neck and Head; the fpire, the Imperial Crown; and two fmall churches on each fide, the Two Wings. The remains of St. Alexander are faid to be depofited in this convent, for which the Emprefs Elizabeth ordered a filvcr (brine to be made. With refpedl to the modern palaces an ' other ftru£lures in this city, it is proper to ob- ferve, that they are in general in the Italian flile of architedlure, and full of windows, a quality which fcems but ill adapted to the feverity of the climate. It is impolTible to particularize all the various branches of manufaclure and articles of commerce in this very (luuriAiing city; fufHce it to fay, that this is the mart for purchafing all the commodities of RulTia, and that there is a ready vent (or all (uch goods as are wanted throughout the empire. Exclufive of RulTuns, it is difficult to determine to what nation Pcterlburg is moftin- dtbtcdfor it's inhabitants; and, indeed, the diverfity of nations and languages, falhions and cudoms, difcernible here, are truly aflonilhing. The citizens, properly Co called, are not very numerous, but the whole number of inhabitants areedimated at two hundred and fifty thoufand. The fplendor of the court is confpicuous among all ranks, who imitate it as far as their abilities will admit. As in other large cities, the morals of the people are very depraved; and the fufpicious vigilance of the government renders it extremely pru- dent for a ftranger to be circumfpe£l in his words and actions: foreigners, however, en- joy all poiTible liberty of confcicnce; b:tt neither the plans of government, nor the articles of the Greek religion, are fufFered to be the objeds of their animadverfion. In fummer, private csvffiages or bop.ts are the ufual methods of conveyance from one place to another in this extenfive city; but no fooner is the winter fet in, than near three thoufand Ruffians repair with their fledges to Petcr(burg, where they (land in every ftreet, and may be hired at the rate of five-pence fterling an hour; within which fpace the horfe, K if ;f li if ni %^ EUROPE. if required, w!l! go upwards of fcven miles. Moft houfekeepers have fledges of their owny and perfons of diftinftion are driven by poftilions. About eight leagues from Peterfburg ftands Cronftadt, on the Ifland of Retufarr, which lies in the Gulph of Finland, about two leagues from the coaft of Ingria. The town was built by Peter the Great, and is pretty large and populous; the ftreets are broad and well-paved, but the original plan has never been entirely compleated. The Imperial palace, which with fome other buildings makes a fuperb appearance on the Ingria fide, is now uninhabited, and falling to decay, befides two principal and fcvcral dependent RulTian churches, there is a Lutheran church, which ufed to be refortcd to by an Englifli congregation. This place is well defended by a furrounding wall, planted with great guns, a citadel, and the fort of Cronlhlofs, at a fmall diftance from the town, on the Ingria fide. Cron- ftadt is fnrniflied with three harbours, fill of them commodious, fafe, and capacious; the principal ox which lies towards the eait,. where the grtateft part of the Ruflian fleet is laid wp: indeed, this place was intended to be fitted up by Peter the Great for repairing his large men of war, by cutting a (lone-canal of an exuacrdinary breadth and depth, containing feveral ferarate docks; but this grand proveft was never compleated till the reign of tire late emprefs. This princefs extended the canal to the length of two werfts and fifty fa- thoms; the exterior fluice of the dock to the fea being four hundred and feventeen fathoms, and the water may be raifed to the depth of twenty-four feet by means of two large fluices. The canal, when full, is one hundred feel on the furface of the water, and at the bottom about fixty in breadth; the outward and inward wall, bo;h of the canal and mole, being hewn out of the folid rock. At the extremity of the canal is a deep bafon lined with ftona, interfediing the former at right-angles, and intended as a refervoir for the water of S:he c'>nal when the docks are to be emptied. This grand and beneficial work is unparalleled in any part ef the known world. Near the Gulph of Finland, and dire£lly oppofite to Cronfiadt, is the beautiful palace of Oran^nbaum, erected by Prince Menzfhikow; a moft nuignificentedifice, delightful!/ fituateJ. On the cisaftof Ingria ftands the Imperial feat called PeterhofFv which^fince the time of Peter the Great, has been continually receiving the utmoft embellifliments of art: the houfe itfelf cannot be ranked among the number of regular edifices ; but the beauty of the fituation, the elegance of the gardens adorned with fountains which throw up vaft columns of water to an immenfe height, the number of grottos, groves, and cafcades, all give this place a title to vie with Verfailles itfelf. The palace ftands on a hill about fixty feet high, having an extenfive and noble profped of the cities of Peterftiurg and Cronftadt, and of the Gulph of Finla.id. At a fmall dift- nee frc/.i Peterhoff ftand* an .'mperial palace^ built in the water, called Strelenhofif, which was ereded by Peter the Great,, wbofc (<\ lime genius conceived a noble plan for making this one of the moft fuperb palaces in the univerfe; but his grand defigna kave never been fully put in execution. la the vicinity ftand likewife the palaces cf CAtharine, Ai)ne> and Elizabeth, whicb occupy RUSSIA. 3^ lie /M occupy Tome of the fineft fpots on *he banks of the Neva, but are not very remr^-Vable for their architedture or turriture. In Caielia, or the Government of Wiburg, which country was Hnally eonfirmed to Ruffia by the peace of Nyftadt in 1721, arc fomc few placet of importance. Wiburg, once the capital of Carelia, anepifcopal fee, and the natural bulvirark between Sweden and Ruffia, is fituatcd on the Gulph of Finland, and has a convenient harbour, with an extenfive commerce. Peter the Great having obtained this town by capitulation in 1 7 10, added greatly to it's natural and artiRcial ftrength; fo that now it may be juftly confidered as a barrier of the Ruffian empire. Wilmanftrand, feated on the Lake Saima, was once a confiderable place, and the refi- dence of a Swedifh governor; b jt it is now principally celebrated for an obftinate battle fought in the vicinity, on thr 23d of Auguft 1741, between three thoufand Swedes and fixteen thuufand Ruffians j when the former were at length obliged to fubmit to fupe- riority of numbers. Fredericfliam, fituated on the Gulph of Finland, had formerly it's proper magiftrates, and was defended by a ftrong caftle, and furnifbed with a commodious harbour; but in the laft war between the Swedes and Ruffians it was burnt to the ground: however, it was af> terwards rebuilt; and the limits of the Ruffian dominions on this fide terminate very near it. In this government are feveral other towns; but none of them claim particular notice* except Kexholm, a ftrong town, fituated on two fmall iflands, at the influx of the River Woxen into the Lake of Ladoga; and Nyflot, ftanding on the Samian Lake, which is a modern town, built only in 1745; the caftle of which ftanding on a rock in ■„ river near the town, is extremely well fortified both by art and nature. This laft place has ftood fe- veral memorable blockades, and has alternately fallen into the hands of the Swedes and Ruffians; hut, by the treaty of Abo, was at laft guaranteed to the latter. Ruffia affords a variety of articles for commerce; and, as the exports of this country far exceed it's imports, the balance of trade is confiderably in it's favour. The commodities for exportation are fables and black furs; and the (kins of foxes,ermines, hyenas, linxes,fquir- rels, bears, panthers, wolves, martens, wild-cats, and white hares: alfo Ruffia leather, copper, iron, innglafs, pitch, tar, tallow, linfeed-oil, train-oil, refin, honey, wax, pot- afli, hemp, flax, thread, calimancoes, linen, fail-cloth, mats, caftor, Siberian mufk, foap, feathers, caviar, andfome medicinal drugs. The fiftiery of foals, morfes or fea-horfes, cod and ftock-flflij fturgeon, and falmon, are likewife important articles of exportation. The goods imported into Ruffia conftft principally of filks, cottons, and wooUen-ftuffs; fine linen, chintz, toys, brandy, wines, -;^ice3, and hardware. About thirty years ago, the value of exports from Peterfburg amounted to three millions one hundred and eighty- four thoufand three hundred and twenty-two roubles, while that of the imports was two millions nine hund:ed and forty-two thoufand two hundred and forty-two roubles; of which, the value of two millions two hundred and forty-five thoufand five hundred and feventy- 40 EUROPE. !li! fevfnty-three roubles was exported to England, and the value of the commodities im- ported from thence amounted to no more than one million twelve thoufand two hundred and nine roubles. The Ruffians were perfe£lly unacquainted with the manner of exchange till about the year 1670; at which time money was fo fcarce in Ruffia, that foreigners were obliged to barter rheir goods for thofe of this country. The foreign merchants then refided at Mof- cow, but kept faiSlors and warehoufes at Archangel : however, in 1721, Peter the Great ordered Peterfburg to be the feat of commerce; where magazines were erefled at the ex- pence of government, in which merchants depofit the goods configned to them. As in other countries, the merchants and traders of Peterfburg confift of natives and foreigners; the fOrnrtcr of whom may fell either by wholefale or retail; but the latter by wholefaleonly, and that to none but the natives. The foreign traders, in general, are only faftors, who areentrufted with large capitals; and who, without running any rifque, often amafs large fortunes. All foreign merchandize is commonly fold at twelve months credit; but the Ruffian commodities muft be paid for on delivery, except the natives find a difficulty in vending their ftocks, When they will condefcend to barter goods for goods; but, in general, they ^nfift on having a confiderable part of the value in fpecie. Lately, indeed, foreign mer- chants have dealt for Ruffian commodities by contract, and have even advanced money fomc months previous to the delivery of the goods; which negociations, for the greater fecurity of individuals, are entered in the Cuftom-houfc books. As early as the reign of the Czar Iwan Bafilowitz, about the middle of the fixteenth century, the Englilh enjoyed feveral confiderable privileges in trade; and, by a treaty of commerce concluded between Ruffiaand Great Britain in 1742, it was ftipulated that the Englifh fhould be allowed to fend goods through Ruffia into Perfia; but a Captain Elton, 2n Englifliman, having engaged in the fervice of Nadir Shah, the Ruffians put a ftop to this trade, in which they were affided by the inteftine troubles of Perfia. We, how- ever, ftill carry on an extenfive trade with Ruffia, and import all forts of woollen ma- nufadurcs, lead, tin, pewter, dyeing-woods, and various other articles; for which they take, in return, hemp, flax, linen, train-oil, pot-a(h, wax, tar, rhubarb, and caviar. Next to us, the Dutch carry on the moft confiderable trade to this country; and, as bills at Peterlburg are drawn on Amfterdam only, the traders of other nations, who give commiffion for purchufing Ruffian commodities at Peterfburg, arc cither obliged to procure credit, or to have proper funds at Amfterdam. No nation in the world fcems more inclined to commerce than Ruffia is at prcfcnt; but fo much chicanery and artifice prevail among the mercantile line, that a foreigner, in 'his tranfaftions with them, ought to ufe every precaution. Ruffia has fome weights peculiar to itfclf: fuch asa folothnic, which is one-fixth of an ounce, and of which ninety-fix make a Ruffian pound; a pud, or pood, which is equiva- lent to thirty.fix pounds averdupois; and a berkowetz, which is equal to ten puds. The • other Ruffian weights are fimilar to thofc of Germany. The mcafurcs of length are, the arfliinc, or Ruffian ell, c^ual to twenty-eight and one- ten ih •;f- t . .1.1 RUSSIA. At tenth inches Englifli} a werfoc, which is one-Axteenth of an arfliine; and a far/ha^ or fathom, which contains three arfhines. The Ruflian coins are, the Imperial ducat, which is of gold; and the rouble, the largeft filver-coin, whofe value rifes and falls according to the courfc of exchange: it's intrinfic worth, however, is about four (hillings and fix-pence fterling, or a hundred copeiks. The inferior filver-coins are halves, quarters, and tenths, of roubles. Of copper-coins, here are the copeik, about a halfpenny value; the denga, equal to half a copeiki and the poluflika, equal to a quarter of a copeik. But, befides (hefe coins, there are feveral others current in the conquered provinces; as well as fome foreign pieces, fuch as ducats, Holland rix-dollars, and Albert dollars, which find a ready circulation. CHAP. II. DENMARK. LTNDER this head we fhall include Norway, and all the other continental parts of / his Danifh majefty's dominions; giving an account of their inhabitants, cuftoms, curiofities, an^^ jurifprudence, as we proceed ; and referving only a defcription of the iflands in the Baltic, oelonging to this crown, for the infular divifion of Europe. Norway,'which obtains the name of Norge from the Danes and Norwegians, has the North Sea for it's boundary on the fouth and weft; Swedi(h Lapland and Sweden on the raft; and the fea called the Categate on the north ; being fituated between the 57th and 72d degrees of north latitude, and between the 4.th and 15th degree* ot raft longitude. The air of Norway is in general pure and falubrious, but particularly fo in the internal parts; and it is even faid that many of the natives tafte of longevity till they no longer regard exiftence as a blcfling. The climate varies according to it's proximity to the fea and northern fituation. At Bergen the winter is generally more temperate than at Hamburgh, Amfterdam, and other places of more fouthern latitude. The eaftern parts of Norway, however, are generally covered with fnow; and the cold fets in withintcnfe feverity about the middle of October,, and continues to the middle of April ; during which period, the largcft rivers are arreftcd in their courfe by the froft; and the very falivi no fooner drops from the mouth, thaa it rolls along the ground like hail. But even froft and fnow have their conveniences, as they facilitate the conveyance of goods by land; and the wife and bountiful Creator of the univerfehas beftowed on the inhabitants of this inhofpitable climate a j^reater variety of prefcrvatives againft the cold than moft other countries afford. Extcnfive forefts fup- ply them with fuel ; the wool of their Hieep, and the furs of their wild beafts, furnith theni' with cloaths and coverings for their beds; the innumerable flights of birds afford them dowA and feathers j and even the vtty mountains, abounding in caverns, kive as a flielter h. ' a^ainfii PuUiOwd u th* Act Pubkikcd u thf Art 4ir*rii,W^ HarriTw mni CTOn.x.Xft: 42 EUROPE. againft the fliarpnefs of the winds. At Bergen, the longeft day conflfts of about nineteen hours, and the (horteft of little more than five. During fome part of the fummer, the in- habitants can read, write, and tranfaft any bufinefs, throughout the whole night; and, in the moft northerly parts, the folarorb is perpetually in view. In thofe regions, however, in the middle of winter, there is only a faint glimmering of light at noon, for an hour or little more, owing to the refleftion of the rays of the fun upon the mountains. Nature, neverthelefs, has been propitious to the Norwegians in this refpetSi too; for, in the midftof their gloomy feafon, the (ky is fo ferenc, and the moon and Aurora-borealis are fo bright, that they carry on their fiflieries and other trades without any auxiliary light. The fhores of Norway are in general fteep and rocky, but abound in gulphs, creeks, and harbours; in many of which fhips may ride at anchor without any poflible danger. This being one of the moft mountainous countries in the world, the arable land is but of fmall extent, which obliges the natives to procure more than half their fubfiftence from the fea. Hence the villages are few, and the houfes lie fcattered among the vallics, and fome of them on precipices, which ftrike terror into every ftranger who approaches them. A chain of hills divides this country from Sweden, running from north to fouth through it's whole extent; fome ridges of which are perhaps the higheft ground in Europe: but, befides thefe, mountains every where interfe£t it's furface, from which rivers and cataracts defcend, which being only pafTable by wooden bridges of a very tottering fabric, render travelling here both terrible and dangerous. The rugged cliffs, impending rocks, and deep capacious caverns, which every where prefent themfelves to a traveller, almoft check the ambition of enquiry, and allay the paflion of curiofity. Yet the activity of the natives, and the rifks they run to recover a Ihcep or a goat which has made a falfe ftep, are almoft incredible: on fuch occafions, a pcafant never hefitatts to venture his life; he defcends from the top of the mountain by a rope fome hundred fathoms in length, with his legs over a crofs-ftick, till he fets his feet on the place where he finds his loft prop? v; when, faftcning it to the rope, it is drawn up together with himfelf. This dangerous expedient is generally ufcd with only one pcrfon to hold the rope; and inftances have occurred where the aififtant himfelf has been drawn down, and perilhed with the principal adventurer. When a man or bcaft fuffcrs the dreadful misfortune of falling down a very lofty pre- cipice, it is remarked that the air prcflls with fuch force againft their bodies, that they are not only deprived of all life and fenfation before they reach the ground, buteven their bellies frequently burft, and their entrails drop out. Within the bowels of (omc of the Norwegian mountains are fome beautiful fpecies of marble, and a vaft quantity of the magnet or loadftone; and the afbcftos has been fre- quently found, of which incombuftihie linen and paper have been fabricated. The ca- verns, too, which occur in thefe mountains, though not fo liable to obfervation, deferve the attention of the curious more than thofe in any other part of the globe: one of them, called Dolftcen, was vifited, in 1750, by twocler^vmen, who reported that they proceeded in it till they heard the waves rolling over their heads; that the paflTage was as wide and lofty as a common church, the fides perpendicular, and the roof vaulted ; and that, after ad- vancing DENMARK. 43 vancing a great way, they defcended a flight of natural fteps i but coming to a fccond flight, they becaiTiC intimidated, and returned. Norvtray formerly produced gold} but the expence of feparating it from the ore being greater than the profits, the mines have fallen into negle£l. Silver mines, however, par- ticularly thofe at Kongfberg, are extremely advantageous; and one of the many filver malTes which have been difcovercd is depofited in the Royal Mufeum at Copenhagen, and weighs 560 pounds. Lead, copper, and iron mines, are common throughout the country; as well as tb:>fe of quickfilver, fulphur, vitriol, and allum. Though this country lies far towards the north, it produces rye, barley, oats, peas, vetches, hops, hemp and flax, with many roots for culinary ufes, and a confiderable number of hardy flowers. There are likcwife feveral forts of fruits, fuch as cherries,* berries of difl'erent fpecies, and fome peaches, apricots, and grapes; but thefe laft feldom attain to a tolerable ftateof maturity. Apples and pears, however, are very plentiful, but are all of thofe kinds which ripen early; for winter fruit feldom comes to any perfedlion, unlefs aa extraordinary mild feafon intervenes. Befides the domeftic animals common to the reft of Europe, Norway contains many creatures peculiar to itfelf; among which we may enumerate the elk, the rein-deer, the hare of various colours, the rabbit, bear, wolf, lynx, fox, glutton, ermine, marten, beaver, and lemming. The elk is a tall, afli-coloured animal, in fhape fomewhat refembling both the horfe and the ftag: it is perfectly harmlefs; and, when conftrained by hunger, becomes tame and domedic: it's flefli is reckoned good, and taftes like venifon. The rein-deer, which have been already in part defcribed, will be farther noticed in the account of Lapland. The Norivcgian bears poflefs vaft ftrength and fagacity, are remarkable for never at- tackmg childi'cn, and are hunted by a fmall fpecies of dogs: their hams are preferred by fome to thofe of Weftphalia. The v'olves, unlefs impelled by extreme hunger, never prey upon cattle, and the na- tives are yery dextrous in taking them; by which means the breed is kept low, though it can never be quite extermina:ed, on account of the numerous caverns and holes in the mountains, in which they find an inacceflible (helter. The lynx, though fmallerthan the wolf, is more deilru£live to the cattle: it frequently digs under-ground, and undermining the flieep-folds, makes dreadful havock. The Ikin of this animal is both beautiful and valuable. White and red foxes abound in this country, whofe (kins are likewife much efteemed: they are remarkable for the fame craftinefs which diftinguiflies them wherever they arc found; and particularly for a method they have of catching crabs, by dipping their tails in the water, which the crab laying hold of, is dragged afiiore. The glutton receives it's name from it's voracious appetite; and fomewhat refembles a dog, having a long body, thick legs, and fliarp claws and teeth: he is fo bold and ravenous, that he will devour a carcafc much larger thanhimfelfi and, when full^ gorged, unburdens his 44 EUROPE. bis (Vomach by fquKzin^ himfctf between two trees. His (kin is variegated, and To delicate that he is (hot with blunted arrows. The ermine i!> a little creature, remarkable fur it's timidity and cleanlinefs} the value of whofe flcin is too well known to render any account of it neceflary. The marten is likewife hunted tor the fake of it's (kin. In fliape and fize this creature is almoil the fame as the large brown foreft-cat, only it's head and fnout are fharper, and it is of a much fiercer nature. The lemming is a moft pernicious fpecies of vermin, though not fo large as a rat; it's tail is (hort, and turned up at the end ; and it's legs arc fo fliort that they fcarcely keep it's body from the ground. The colour varies much, but the hair of all is extremely foft. About once or twice in thu fpace of twenty years (fays the learned Bi(hop of Ber- gen) they rufh in prodigious numbers from their fecret abodes, like the meUcngers of Heaven, to puniOi the neighbouring nations. The Rock of Kolen, which divides the Norl?nd Manor fron. .weden, feems to be their native place; from hence they march in fuch multitudes through Norland and Finmark to the Wedern Ocean, and through Swe- dilh Lapmark to the Bothnic Gulph, that they overfpread conftdcrable trails of land, every wiiere leaving defolation behind them. They always march in a dire£t line, carry- ing their young upon their backs; and, if oppofed by the peafants, rcfoluteiy face the ene>- my, barking like dogs. This calamity, however, is but of ftiort duration; for, onentering the fea, they fwim till their ftrength fails them, when they at once fink. With refped^ to the reptiles of this country, they are not very numerous, except in the fouthern parts; nor is the bite of any of tlie ferpent race fo dangerous as in warmer climates. The ornithology of Norway well deferves the attention of the naturalift. No country produces a greater variety of birds: for, befides the common poultry, it abounds with nightingales, larks, quails, partridges, flarlings, wrens, magpies, ftorks, herons, gulls^ owls, ravens, cormorants, falcons, eagles, and many others. The alks, a fpccics of birdo which build their nelts on the rocks, often darken the air with their numbers, and the noife of their wings refemblcs a ftorm; they are about the lize if a duck, and their flefh is much eftcemed. The Norwegian cock of the wood is of a black or dark-grey colour; his eyes are like thofe of a phcafant, and he is faid to be one of the largeft edible birds. The Norwegian eagle is of two kinds, the land and fca; the former is fo Arong, that he has been known to carry off a child two years old, and to attack fevcral large and powerful animals, as well as birds, on which he indifcriminately preys. The fea-eagle,. which is larger than the other, chiefly fubfiits on aquatic food; and has fometimes been known to dart on large filhes with fuch impetuofity, that not being able to difentangle his talons from their bodies, he has been draggt^d under water, and drowned. The great northern diver is a fea-bird larger than a goofe: it's neck is long, the up- per part of which, as well as it's beak and feet, are black; but from the brcaft down>- wards it is white. The wings are fo (hort, that it can hardly raife itfelf from the grr.und^ and It's legs fiand fo far back, that it is but ill qualified for walking, and therefore fel- dom DENMARK. *J rfom ventures afliore. This bird has a bag under each wing, ?n which it depofits a fingle egg, which is hatched in that fituation with as much facility 4iid fecurity as the eggs of other birds in (heir nefts on (here. The Norway blaclc-cap is a beautiful little bird, about the fizcofa wren, with a black and yellow body, white belly, and black head. Thefc birds are very numerous and tamei and lb fond of meat, that they enter houfes in fearch of it, whtre they are caught like mice. The Scandinavian feas and lakes abound more plentifully in fifh than almoin any other part of the world. Here arc whales of various kinds, porpoifes, fwoidfifh, fharks, ftur- gcoii, f.iimon, falmon-frout, tu-bot, cod, thornback, rock-fi(h, flying-fifti, whitings, carp, gurnet, flounders, mackari.1, hci rings, plaife, bream, anchovies, eels, and many other* common to the European coafts Some fpccies of fifh, however, merit particular attention. Among thcfe are the fin- fifh, i (pecics of (hark, about ten fathoms long, whofc liver alone will yield ftveral cafks of <-ii; the tuella-flviuKr, of the turbot kind, but valHy largfr, which has been known to cover a man who had fallen overboard, to prevent him from riling; the fea-devil, a fifli about fix feet lonn, which receives it's name from it's mondrous appearance and vora- cious appetite; and the fea-fcorpion, which is likcwife of a frightful form, it's head being enormoufly large in proportion to it's body, and it's bite is faid to be poifonous. But of all the extraordinary creatures produced in the ocean, the ink-fifh, called other- wife the fea-gnat, is none of the leaft, though it's fize geneially runs from only nine inches to two feet in length. The head contains two large eyes, and the mouth bears fomc refemblance to the beak of a bird; above which ftand two long horns of an otEtan- gular form, covered with a number of fmall piominences about the fize of a pin's-head.- Behind the head two other horn* projtft, of the fame (hape, but much larger. The body itfelf is round, a-ftmbling a fmall bag, and is blunt at each end On each fid'- of it are two fkinny membranes, with which the animal can cover itfelf; bur, what is ftill more extraordinary, the fore-part of the body is filled with a fluid offo fine a black, that it may. ferve to write with. When thcfe cteaturesare in danger, they difcharge this fluid; which' blackening the furrounding waters, renders them invifible, and favours their efcape. Any of this fluid dropped on (he hand, immediately burns like a caudic. The Norwegian feas are not only famous for tne variety and peculiarity of their fifli,, but they likewif' produce creatures whofe exittcnce has been for ages deemed chimerical. The fea-(nake, or ferpentof the ocean, is no longer reg.irded as a poetical illufion. One of thcfe creatures was (hot in 1756 by amafterot a (hip; it's head rcfembled that of a horfe,, it's mouth and eyes were large and black, and from it's neck hung a white mane. It floated on the furface of the water, and lifted it's head aconfiderable way out of the fea; between the head and neck were feven or eight folds, and it's entire length was upwards of a hundred yards. Thefe ferpents are faid to have a remarkable averfion to the fmell of caftorj for which reafon mariners generally provide thimfelves with quantities of this drug, to prevent their being overfet. In (hort, the peculiarities of this animal would exceed belief, , a the fa£ts lelating to the 1 had not betn attefled in the moft folcnm manner. M A very ^ EUROPE. A very rcfpcifbble writer informs us, that in 1734 a very large aiul friohtfu! fca-motiflcr rsi:V(l i'.filf ("'> hii;h .ibnvi.' the furface t'l thr fci, that it's head ovcr-foppc\i the 'n.iin-mall vf a (hip which was p.,;liiii; by; that it had a long (harp fnoui, bioad paws, :ii.il (pouted water liLe a whali-; thiit it's budy Iccincd to be as thick as a hugOicad, sind iVt fkin varie- gated like a tortoilc-ftnll. Mermen and merworpcn arc likewifc faid to hold their refidtnrc in tin. Sc.iivJinavian feas; but wc fhould perhaps be reputed dealers in the n'.i'villous, were we t>> rflitg all that has been advanced concerning thrm. The kraktn, o; k'Hven, fccins really to dagger all human belief, when we arc told that it's bulk exceeds a mile and an l..i!f in cir- cutnfercnce; and that, when it appear^ above the wntir, it ri lemblcs a number of Inull iflands and fand-baiiks, on which lifhesilifport thcmfelves, and lea-witds prow. \\\ arc informed that, in 1680, one of the young of this fpecies paiflied amonf: the rocks of the coalt of the parifh of AKti^hongj and that fiich a (tench iflu d from it's putrid budy, that the channel where it died was lendcred impa(rablc. But without venturing to pronounce whether the exifttncc of this creature is real or chimerical, we (hall ( nly obferve that many of thofeobjcdls which fall under our own fenfes would appear incredible to foreigi.-.rsj while the peculiarities to be met with in other countries, though undifputed by the na- tives, would only be regarded by us as fables calculated to amufe. The Norwegians are generally pi a good (lature, well-proportioned, and of florid complexions. They are characterized as being lively, active, ingenious, and bravej capa- ble of enduring the greateH hardfliips} and inured to cold, want, and fatigue, from their very childhood. The women arc handfomeand good-natured, po(re(nng the greateft funplicity and inno- cence; particularly in the country, where their manner of life, and themeannti's of iheir cftates, preclude the indulgence of vice, by denying the means of temptation. Every mafler of <1 family in this country is an univerfal arcizan; he fupplics his family with every ncceflary of his own nianufa(5lure, being hatter, hofier, (hoemaker, taylor, tan- ner, weaver, carpenter, fmith, and joiner. Indied, in the northern parts of Europe,cx- cept in cities, there are few who confine themfelves to one piofe(fion; and in Norway in particular, the meaneft peafant not only prattifcs all the mechanic trades, but has like- wife fomc talle for the polite arts, among which poetry meets with di(lingui(bed pre- eminence. Their fare is as humble as can well be conceived ; but, ignorant of the luxury of hap- pier climes, and tfteeming their own country as the mod defir;iblc in the univerfe, they never indulge thenftkl's defire of change,or pant for delicacies of which they never partook. Tofupply the place of bread or farinaceous food, they arc often reduced to extraordinary fhifts grinding the bark of the fir-tree, and incorporating it with oatmeal. Fifb, however, isthe principal fupport of the natives on the fea-co.ift; wi:h which fort of food Providence has moft amply favoured them. The catching (,f birds, too, arr\>rJ> manv of them a good maintenance; but it is impoffible to give ajuft idea of the fatigu- and danger they undergo in fearching for the birds in high and ftecp rocks, which they either aftwiid by climbing, or arc let doWn from the top of by ropes. Agriculture, DENMARK. 47 AgricuUarfi in this country, h but a fcrondary confjeratlon, the arable land being coitHncd to narrow fpots, amonr barren ruck<, ffiiccd by mountains: but the hufband. man feels a fatisfaiHion here which is unicnown in many climes; fur he docs not toil for un oppreflive landlord, but is fure to reap the fruits of hi, labour. His fttrile fields arc endeared to him by being his own; and when he eyes the impending cliis, he congratu- lates himfclf on his natural and political ftfcurity. The Norwegians who inhabit the towns on the coaft in fomc mcafurc affimilate their drcfs and manners to tho cftablifticd modes of the reft of Europe: but the ptafants pay little attention to any particular faftiion; their brecciics and ftockings being generally of one piece, and their waiftcoats having wide loofc jackets thrown over them, both of coarfe cloth. They wear flapped hats, or little circular caps, the feams of which arc adorned with black ribbands. They have {hues of a particular conftruction, without heels, confifting of two pieces, the upper-leather fitting clofe to the foot, and the fole be- ing united to it by a numb(.r of plaits and folds. But though the general modes of drefs among the Norwegians fiem to be accommo- dated to the climate in which they live, yet in many inllances they outbrave the incle- mency of th« weather, the peafants being ftlclom provided with any covering for their necks and breads. The houftfs are chiefly built of fir and pine-trees, the trunks of which arc only reduced Mrith an axe, to make them lie clofe. In the country, the dwellings fland at a confiderable diftance from one another, having their refpedive farms lying round them. The natives of all ranks are celebrated for their courteoufnefs and affability, particularly to Grangers. Hence a traveller meets with every accommodation gratis, and even his ac- ceptance of favours is regarded as conferring an honour upon his hod; The principal trade of Norway confifts in the exportation of mails, timber, deal-boardst oak-plankk, ropper, and wrought and unwrought iron^ feveral kinds of dried fifli, furt« and hides; oil, pitch, tar, allum, fait, and pot-afhes. The articles of importation may in general be confidered as luxurious rather than necefTary; among which we may par- ticularize wines and fpirituous liquors. The eftabliflied and almuft the only religion profefled in this country is Lutheranifm^ except in the province of Finmark, where there are ftill a confiderable number of Pagans, rotwithftanding the prodigious labour, hardfhip, and expence, which have been under- gone for their converfion. In the year 1607, a new hierarchy, or church-government, was eftabliihed, in which the Bifhop of Chriftiana takes precedence of all other ecclefi- adics. Subordinate to the bifliops, are provofts, preachers, chaplains, and curates, with feveral inferior church-officers. King Olave is faid to have been the firft legiflator of this countr.y; but fucceeding monarchs altered the laws of Norway, as they judged neceflTary; till, in the reign of ChriiUan V. a new digeft was drawn up, and publilhed in 1687, the fubftance of which is taken from Denmark, with only fome local and iifeful variations. The chief oflicer of Norway is called Vice-Stadtholder, who is prefident of the Su- preme Court of Judicature at Cbriftiana, the general uibuiial of all Norway} to which an \ 4« EUROPE. an appeal lies In all caufes from the inferior courts in this kingdom: with liberty, ho^ ever, to remove to the Supreme Court at Copenhagen. There are four general governments; two of which, Chriftinna -^nd Chriftianfand, lie in the fouth, and Bergen and Drontheim in the north part of tlie kingdom. The ecclcfiaftical divifionslikewife follow the civil; wnd, as the general governments are fubdi'idcd into prefectures or fiefs, the dioccfes ati fubdivided h.to provollibips and parilbes. The government of Chriftiana « the largeft in the fouthern part of Norway, and by far the richeft« It's principal rrity is Chriftiana, which is large, regular, and commercial ; where the governor and bifhopiefide, and the General and Piovincial High Courts are held. Chriftiana is fituated in 59 degrees 50 minutes north latitude, and in jodegiees 15 mi- nutes eaft longitude. In this government lies Kongfbtrg, a flourifhing fown, containing no lefs tha'i '■"n or eleven thoufand fouls, and famous for it'sfilver mines, which wfrefirftdifcovered in 1623; vrhen the town was immediately built, and n.j^led with German miners. In 1751* forty-one fhafts and twelve veins were wrought in the four revicrs of 'his mine, in whicli three thoufand five hundred officers, artificers, and labourers, are ufually employed. The rich ore is found only in difperfed ftrata and interrupted veins: fometimes pure filver is dug out of it; and, in 1647, fome gold was found among the filver. The mines are fituated in a mountain between Kongfberg and the River Jordal; but the filver ore extends it's veins for fome miles throughout the adjoining diitridts, as is evident from the new mines which have from time to time been opened in difFerent places,. and carried on with fuccefs. The moil ancient and rich mine is known by the fingular name of Old God's Blefling,, and has fometimes, within a week, yielded leveral thoufand pounds weight of rich ore. The a^onithing depth of this cavity ftrikes every beholder with terror and amazement, being no Jefs than one hundred and eighty fathom* perpendicular, in this ubterrancous abode, fires on all fides are burning, and continually ;ed, to mollify the Hone in purfuing the veins; and the fwarms of miners, covered with foot, and drcflld according to tht ir refpedtive em- ployments, exhibit no bad reprefentation of the idea generally conceived of the infernal regions Frederickihal!, fituated in 55 degrees 26 minutes north '"utude, is a famous frontier- lown towards Sweden, and famous for the defences it has made at various periods; but particularly for that memorable one in 1718, when Cliarles XII. of Sweden wa fiiot dead in the trenches he had railed againftit. Fr-derickltadt lies about 34 miles from the laft-mentit.jed "^lace, and is a confiderable- tow, the inhabitants of which iiade in timb.-. Fromit'snaturaifituation,.;nd the combined efrjrts of art, it is no' v deemed one of v.he moll important forticffci in Norway, btveral ' fuccjffive monar;.hs liave favoured ^twith peculiar mununitics, and been at unhmited ex- pence in coiopleatmg it's fortificatior.3. The general government of Chriftianfand lies on the fouthcn extre.uity of Norway,, and is bouiided by ih.e government of Chriftiana on .he north j und or tUccaft; fouth, and , DENMARK. 49 weft, by the North Sea. This province is in general fertile In corn, ind is watered by fomt confiderable rivers abounding with catarafts. The principal city is Chriftianfand, fuuated on theeaftern coaft, in latitude 59 degrees rorth, and is the reftdence of the general, governor, and bifhop. This city was built bj Chrillian IV. from whom, and the ftrand occupied by it's fcite, it received it's name. The houfcs are elegant, the ftreets broad, and the whole has an appearance of regular grandeur: the fituation is extremely favourable for trade, being furrounded on three iideK by water, while the other unites it to delightful meads and rifing mountains. The only other place deferving notice in this government, is the fmall town of Arndal, fituatcd on a rock in the midftof theRiver Nid: it isfurniOied with acommodious wharf, and the inhabitants carry or a very extenfive foreign trade. The greater number of the buildings ftand on the acclivity of the rock; and the church in particular poflefTes fuch a lofty fituaciun, that there is an afcent to it from the town by a vaft number of fteps cut out of the foltd rock. Many of the houfes are built on piles in the water, the fireets being formed by bridges of boats, which enable the natives to pafs from houfe to houfe. The governmrnt of Bergen occupies a large extent, including fcven diftri^ls, and an equal number of provolUhips. The country is populous, and well cultivated where na- ture will permit; but, being in general covered with rocks and mountains, agriculture has few opportunities of exerting itfelf. The capital, and indeed the only city of eminence in this government, is Bergen^ which, for trade, opulence, and population, is juftly entitled to thefirft rank in Norway. It is fituated in 61 degrees 1 1 minutes north latitude, in the midft of a fpacious valley, on the fide of a bay, called by the inhabitants Waag. This city is built in a femicircular form, and receives an almoft imp'-'^gnable fortification from nature as well as art, being encix^pailL-d on the land-fide by lofty mountains, whofe defiles are abfolutely tmpafTable to an cnrmy; and, towards the fca, the harbour is pioteded by various flrong and regular works. The religious and public edihces, with a number of private dwellings, arc con- fbu6led of ftone; but the reil are of wood, according to the Norwegian tade, 7'his city iormerly contained thirty churches ana convents; but the number is now reduced to four, three of wnich areDanifh, and one German. Among the public ilrudtures, the Caflle is remarkable for being a moft noble and durable piece of architecture; nor is the Cathedral School, founded in 1554 by Bifhop Petrus, and patroniied by Frederic II. greatly inferior in thefe refpedts. The Sen.inarium Frederici- aiiuin alio iJciervcs notice; being a noble foundation, where moral and natural philofophy, the mathematics, univerfal hiftory, and the Latin and French languages, are carefully taught. The Navigation School, too, was once extremely ilourifhing, but is now much fallen to decay- It is impotiible to enumerate al! the various articles of this city's trade-, but, in general, they cunliil^ of fiOi, tallow, hides, and timber, for which returns are ufually made in corn and foreign commodities. Beyond thia-lies the general governm'int of Drontheim, jthe moft northern province of Norway, aud by far the moU extenfive, as it reaches t» JLapland. A lan^c of iilands ex- N tends EUROPE. tends from north-eaft to fouth-weft, between which and the continent runs a large baji, called Weft Fiordeii. Among thefe iflands is ;i fsngular kind of current or whirlpool, callcJ the Moflcoeftrom, from the ifland of Mofkoe adjoining, in 68 degrees north latitude. The roaring of this current is fcarce equalled by the loudeft and molt dreadful catara dom (haded with a cloud ; but the winters are prodigioufly fevere, the wind blowing over mountains covered with undiftblvcd fnow, and the clouds being filled with icy particles. This dcfcription of fcafons, however, is applicable only to the fouthcrn parts of this country fubjedi to the Danes; for, beyond the 68th degree of latitude, the brumal cold is fo intcnfe, that the ftrongeft fpirits will {reeze clofe by the fire. From June till Auguft the fun is continually above the horizon; and, confcquently, during that period, there is one continual d^y : but in winter, the fun is invifible to the Greeniandcrs; and, during feveral melancholy months, they have only morning and evening twilight to relieve the tedious gloom. In the fouthern parts of Greenland, angelica, fcurvy-grafs,, wild rofcmary, and feve- ral efciilcnt herbs and flowers, are found; but fcarce a tree of any kind is to be fren, and only a few folitary (hrubs are difpcrfed here and there, whofe fhri veiled appearances indi« cate the fterility of the foil. What minerals the tnountains may contain is yetunknown: rocks of afbeftos, howeveir, are common; and fome mountains confift of an impetfedtly formed marble, which the na- tives form into kettles and other domeftic utenfils. A few animals are produced on the main-land, fuch as hares which change their colour, a fpecics of rein-deer, a variety of foxes, and fome white bears. The only domeftic ani- mals are dogs which never bark, and which are fo exceedingly timid as to be wholly unfit for the chace. Thefe matures, however, if not tamed when young, become very mifchievous; but, as their fltft> iscftcemed excellent food, the Greenlanders kill and cat them. They likewifc ufc them in thiir (lodges, yoking fomctimes ten of them together, and driving at the rate of fixty miles a day on the ice. Neither fnakei, nor any other venomous creatures, can cxift in this unpropitious clime} nor are the natives molefted with any other fpeciifs f reptiles, either noxious or difagreeablr. However, there are plenty of fowl, almoft every ipecies known in Norway bein^ com- mon to Greenland, befide» fome few which are p<>culiar to this country. The freih-water filb ate whoJefomc and deliciout, and the rivers furnifb them in great 5» EUROPE. great profufion and variety; but the feas of Greenland are ftill more prolific in fifli of al- moft evvry fpecies, particularly whales, which fwim in large (hoals. This fpecics has feveral diftin6l peculiarities from every other tribe of aquatic animals, their internal parts rcfembling thofc which belong to the land. They refpire with lungs, copulate like quadrupedes, bring forth their young alive, and fuckle them with milk. Whales are of feveral kinds, but they may properly be reduced to two clalTes ; fuch as have apertures in the head, and fuch as have lungs for refpiration. Some of the former have two apertures, others only one, but thofe who refpire through the noftrils are feldom feen. The firft fpecics may likcwifc be divided into thofe with plain and thofe with promi- nent backs. The flat-backed Greenland whale is thick and unweildy, it's head taking up one-third of it's whole bulk, and it is in general from fixty to feventy feet in length; the Ade-fins being from five to feven feet long, and the tail about three or four fathoms broad. When this creature is in danger, it turns upon it's back, and brandifhes it's tail, which it is dangerous to approach. The fkin is in general black and fmooth, but in fome places has a variegated hue: under it lies the rind, which is near an inch thick; between which and the flefli is the fat, which is fometimes twelve inches thick. The flcfli is dry, and extremely red, refembling that of a horfe. In the upper-jaw on both fides lie the fpicula, or whale-bone, ferving the purpofc of teeth, fome of which are eight feet long : of thefe are generally two hundred and fifty on each fide^ fo that the whole amount to five hundred. The tongue of the whale is extremely fat, and of itfelf is fuf- ficjent to fill feveral calks; but, notwithftanding the enormousdimenfions of the other parts, the eyes are no la:^er than thofe of an ox, and are feated in the hind-part of the head, and fenced with eye-lids and eye-brows. This fifti is remarkably quick of hearing, though it has no external ears; being furniflied with a black fpot under the upper-fkin, behind the eye, under which a narrow duft feems to convey the found to the tympanum. Thefe creatures commonly bring forth only one at a birth, though fometimes they have two. Their ufual food is a fmall black round infeA, of which the whale fucks in pro- digious fwarms, and afterwards grind* them with it's fpicula. The fin-fifh is equal to the whale in length, but not in thicknefs, and receives it's name from a fin running along it's back. This creature fpouts water even higher than the whale, and is extremely nimble as well as (Irong. Thenarval,orfea-unicorn, is chiefly remarkable for it's long horn, which grows ftraieht forwards from the middle of it's upper-jaw, curioufly wreathed, and terminating in a point. With this horn, which refembles ivory, it attacks thelargeft whale, and ftrikes with fuch violence, as to penetrate the fide of a /hip. 1 his horn has been fometimes depofitcd in the cabinets of the curious, and (hewn for that of the unicorn. The xiphias, or fword-fifli, is likewife common to the Greenland feas, and receives it's name from it's (harp-pointed jaw, which bears a ftrong refemblance to a fword. Thefe fi/hcs are of a flcnder form, but of confiderable length; and fuch is their inve- teracy againft the whale, that they purfue him with great eagernefs, and frequently dif- patch him. Among DENMARK. 55 Among the am phIbIou> animal'? of (jrcenlamJ, an- the morfc, and the fca!. The morfe, which is of the fizc of an ox, has a thick round head, (hort neck, and four feet: it's eyes look red anJ fiery, it's cars arc fmall, and from it's large noftrils it fpuuts water like a whale. It's fkin is thick and hairy, and the upper-jaw contains two lonp; teeth of the moft beautiful whitenefs, and more cfleemed than ivory. This creature pofTeflcs great intrepidity, and rcfolutcly endeavours to ovcrfet the bout whenever it is attacked. The fcal is about the fize of a calf: thefe creatures are of various colours, all of them having very fmooth hairy fkins. 'i'he old ones make a noife like the howling of a dog, and the young ones anfwcr thorn in tones which rcfemblc tlic bleating of lambs. Seals arc ex- tnmciy beneficial ; their flclh ferving the Grcenlandcrs for food, their (kins for cloathing and boats, their entrails and membranes for fails and windows, their ligaments for thread and cords, and their bones for a variety of domeftic uicnfils. In their pcrfons, the Greenlandcrs of both fcxes arc in general fliort, plump, and well-proportioned. The contour of their faces is flat, their complexion a reddilh brown, and their hair black and lank. Neither furgeon nor phyfician fmd employment among them; nor, indeed, are many diftempers known, except the fcurvy, for which fcurvy- grafs and a few other fimples are generally adminiftcred. The natives drefs themfelves in the fkins of deer, feals, and birds, formed into coats or iackets,vrith hoods covering the head and fhouldcrs, tight breeches, and large feal-fkin frocks, drtfl'ed fo as to repel the rain, thrown over the whole. A linen fhirt, however, or one made of feals guts, is commonly worn under this frock, toafliflin keeping the raia from the under-coat; and, fincc their intercourfe with the Danes and Dutch, the Green- landers have adopted the mode of w':aring worfted (lockings of various colours, with fhoesand boots of tanned feal-(kin, v/hereas they formerly ufed only feal-fkin dockings. The drefs of the females has little variation from that of the men, only they aft'eft more finery and neatncfs in the form. They braid their hair, tic it up in a very be- comi.ig manner, and generally go bare-headed. However, the criterion of female drefs confifts in wearing glafs-beads, corals, and pendants; as that of beauty is fuppofed to lie in making black llrcaks on their faces, necks, and arms, by pafling a needle with a blacked thread under the (kin. Difguftiiig as this cudoin may render the Greenland fair in the eyes of Europeans, the natives c(kcm it the moft bewitching embcllilhment; and areweak enough to afll'rt, that thofc who ncg!e»Sl this ornament will have their heads turned into tubs to hold train-oil, and be placed under the lamps that burn in the land of foi'.ls. F.vcry Greenlander has a fummer and a winter refidence; the latter of which is dug deep in the earth, and only raifed a little above the furface with ftone and tjrf. On one fide of this hut are the windows, which arc made of feals-guts drcflcd and fcwed together; on the other fide are benches raifed half a yard from the ground, which ferve as beds, the (kins of feals and rein-deer being ufed for cioathing. A large lamp is placed on the hearth, over which a kettle is fufpcnded, for the purpofo of boiling their provifions; and round the walls a numbei of lamps are kept perpetually burning, which afford a very to- lerable heat without any apparent fmoke. The fmell of thcfc .'.imps, however, with that O ei 54 EUROPE. of the various forts of raw-mrat, fini, and fat, piled up together in thcfe gloomy abodei, renders them intolerably ofFenfive to all but th; natives. In tlicfc winter retreats the Greenlanders continue from October till May, when they exchange tham for tents of » conical form, with double coverings, impervious to the rain. The principal qualifications required in a wife, are, fkill in domcftic affair?, and dexte- rity in making garments; while, on the other hand, nothing fo much recommends the luitor, as intrepidity, aiflivity, and fuccefs, in hunting and Hfhing: the Greenlanders, however, entertain a very delicate idea of marriage; and, in general, take but one wife. They are fond of their offsprmg tothemoft culpable excels, and think they can oniyflievi^ a fufficient partiality for them by granting unlimited indulgences. Fifliing and hunting conftitute the principal avocations of the men, their whole fubfift- ence depending on thefc employments. The boats in which they row out to fea, and which contain only one man, are extremely liable to overfet: they are commonly about fix yards long, but very narrow, and (harp at both extremities; being made of thin nar- row boards, fattened together with whalebone, and covered with feal-fkins. But, when the whale-fiftiery is the obje£t, the boats are made large enough to carry forty or fifty men; on which occafions they put on their beft apparel, from a ftrange notion that the whales would avoid them if they were meanly dreflcd. When they have found a whale, they ftrike him with a harpoon fattened to a feal-flcin line, the extremity of which has a whole feal-fkin inflated like a bladder; which, (hould the whale be wounded and dart away, by keeping above water, caufes him to be more ealily found. When he is quite worn out by lofsof bloott, and it is no longer dangerous to approach him, they dif- patch him with fpears and lance;, and then leap into the fea, and cut away the fat alt round the body. As the Greenlanders arc ;^rangers to trades, arts, and fciences, they have neither any knowledge of money, nor do they underftand the principles of commerce: to live is their only aim; and, as lite may be fupported at a fma!! cxpence, they are fatinficd with what the God of Nature has put in their power, nor make larger demands on his bounty. When they iillLmble together on feftive occafions, the Greenlanders exprefs their fociai joy by drumming, finging, and dancing. From their ve:y dawn of reufon they are ac- cultomed toaji unbounded liberty; and neither pride nor property has taught one to con- fider himfelf as fuperior toanother: hence little regard is paid to thofe ceremonies which are known in other countries by the name of politenefs ; yet they are free, open, and chear- ful, Jnconverfation,and leldom guilty of any flagrant a£ts of indecorum. Illicit love is fcldom heard of among them, though the intercourCc of the fexes is kept up without even the fmallert rettraint. Theft, rapine, and violence, the arts of fraud and decep- tion, an envious, cruel, and quarrelfome difpofition, with all the hideous litt of defedts which wealth and avarice are apt to introduce, arc fcarcely known by name. Commu- nity of pofleflion is no where fo univerfal as in Greenland; the aged or infirm are gettc« roufly fupported; and even ft-rangeis nfuaJly experience the myft cnj^aging hofpitality. yet DENMARK. 55 Yet thcfe peoplf, whofe morals in general would do honour to any rclicrion, have hut a vtry cunfufcd idea of a Supreme CJovcrnor of the univerfc; and they have fcarcely a w.>rd in thtir language to cxprefs fuch an Almighty IntelligMicc: notwithdntiding which, they profcf> their belief in the immortality of the foul, and arc of opinion that when the hand of death difuiiitcs thtm from corporeal matter, they arc immediately admitted into the land of fpirits, where hunting conftitutes the felicity of cndlcfs ages. However, they afcribc- j (upernatural, though not a perfect po^^'e--, to a fpirit whom .hey call Torngarfulcjof whoai the antjalcuts, or foothfayers, form very whimfical ideas; reprt- fcntiiig him under v,iri(ius tcrreflrul images, one of which is that of a bear. To this fpirit they aflign an ..bode in the lower regions of the earth, where conllant fun-fhini and plenty of game contribute to his felicity. They maintain, alfo, that a fpirit refiJes in the air, to whom they give the epithet of the Reftraincr; pretending that, by his pro- vidential care, ihey arc prevented from the commiffion of evil and the approach of danger. But of all the fuperftitious opinions this fimple race indulges, none are more fmgular than their conceptions of the cckftial bodies. According to them, the moon was once a young man, and the fun a young woman his fiftcr, with whom he was familiar in the dark; but that the lady, being defirous to find out her paramour, rubbed her hands with fool, with which (he ftained his white bear-fkin coat, and from this circumftancft they account for the lunar fpots. The fun, flying from the inceftuous embraces of her brothc, afcendcd the air, whither the moon followed her, and ftill continues to purfue,. without being able to overtake her. The admeafurement or computation of time is entirely by mmths, years and week» being entirely unknown. The firft month commences from the time the fun firft rifes above the horizon in winter, from whence the moons are counted, in oidtr to know the exact fcafon when the ftfhing of various aquatic animals, or catching of birds, ought ta begin. According to the Greenland fyftcm of aflironomy, the heavens revolve round the point of a prodigious rock, behind which the fun, moon, and ftars, retire, whrn invifible. Their language polVefies feveral peculiarities, which render it's acquifitu>n very difficult to ftrangers, yet it contains many elegant phrafes and fignificant expreflions; and it is not a little extraordinary that the natives pofllfs no coiucmptible talent for poetical cumpo- fjtion, though the frozen regions in which they live might naturally be fuppofed to damp, the afpirings of gcniu':, and toextinguiOi the enthufrdfm of imagination. Their poems arc principally of the lyric kind, the harmony of which depends both on rhyme and quan- tity, a fenfible regularity bAng obfcrved in the number of fy:l.ibicsof which their v rfes arc coinpoftd, and an evident regard to cadence even in their tiocution. Some fpecimen* have been tranflated into other languages; and neither the conduA nor the fcntiments of thefe pieces would difgrace the literature of more poiilhed nations. ThcDani/h Society for thePiopagationof thcGofpel have zealoufly endeavoured topro- mulgc the Chriftian doctrines through this country, and have not been unfucc. fbful in their objetSt. Mr. Egede,oneof their miflionarics, lived fifteen years in Greenland; and, with the aioft laboiioas application, made himfclf mailer of the language, of which he puhliflied a. didtioDary^ 56 EUROPE. Oi£lionary, and tranflatcd the Four Gofpcls into the (Greenland tonp;iie. By his felicita- tion, on his return to Copenhagen in 1736, a fcminary was founded in that city for tha education of able miflionarics. The Copenhagen Company engrofs the little trade of this country, the Dutch being rirohibited from coming within fcveral leagues of their colonies. The voii.mnjiiies ex- ported from hence are whale-blubber, whalebone, the fkins of rein-deer, bears, fcals, and foxes, which are barteicd for linens, coarfe woollen-cloth, cutlery, and various domcflic utenfils in copper, brafs,and tin. Returning from thefe polar regions, wc (hall enter upon the dcfcription of the conti> rental part of Denmark Proper, which confiih principally of the Pcninfula of Jutland, part of the Dutchy of Holflein, with the counties of Oldenbur;;; and Dtlnienhord in (Jcr- many. The illands belonging to thi.> government may be km in the infular table of Europe. Jutland is divided into north and fuuth, and is the Cimbrica Cherfonefus of antiquity. This large penmfula is bounded by the Baltic on the call; by the North Sea on the north and well} and, on the fouth, is feparated from Holltcin by the Rivers KiJer and Lewcn. It is computed to be two hundred and forty-fcvcn miles long, and an hundred and fourteen broad. North Jutland is the largeft of all the territories of Denmark Proper, and yields the greatcft revenue, though many parts of it arc compofed of heaths and moors; yet thcfc afford excellent pafturage, and maintain a great number of neat cattle, fheep, and goats. Thefe barren tracts, however, are principally fituated in the centre of the coun- try, while the other parts are extremely fertile, as is apparent from the immcnfe quantities of grain ufually exported from hence to Norway, Sweden, Holland, and other countries, as well as prodigious droves of horfes, oxen, and hogs; whence Jutland has frequently obtained the name of the Land of Bacon and Bread. Frefh and falt-water fifli are alfo very plentiful in the furrounding feas and lakes. The chief hays and gulphs are on the eaft £deof the peninfuTa, one of which is called the Clulph of Lymfurt, which flows from the Catcgate, ninety-five miles within land; befides which there are fevcral other inferior gulphs forming excellent harbours. The largeft river in Jutland is called Guden; which, rifmg in the government of Ar- hufc, receives above forty tributary ftreams; and, after having run a courfe of an hundred and twenty miles, falls into the Catcgate. The face of the country is every where diverfified with hills, covered with woods, and abounding in game. The air is in general extremely falubrious; but, towards the North Sea, it is fomewhat piercing and feverc. In ihi-ir pcrfon>, the Jutlanders arc robuft and hale, in their difpofitions refolute and daring, and in their fituation blefll-d with fuperior freedom to that of the other fubjedsof Denmark. Even many of the pcafantry poflefs freeholds, for which they only pay a fmall acknowledgment to the lord of the foil. The Daniflijanguage is fpokcn here with lefs purity and propriety than in the other provinces. DENMARK. S7 prevlncM, the Jutlander* being eafily diftinguifhed from the other fubje£ls of the Daniflv dominions by tlie peculiarity of their accent. North Jutland is at prefcnt divided into four general governments, or diucefes, each of which has it's governor- general and bi(hup. They derive their names from their refpec- live capitals; and, beginning with the moft northern, we fhail firll mention Albourg. This government includes a large trad of North Jutland, and is divided from the reft by the Gulph of Lymfurt. It's length is about ninety miles, and it's greateft breadth is nearly proportionable. Albourg, the capital,. is a large, populous, and ancient city, and in opulence is only in<> ferior to Copenhagen itfeif. |It is fituatcd in 56 degrees 35 minutes north latitude, and is well watered by two confidfrahlc dreams. Thiscity contains feveral elegant ediHces, both public and private V particularly a royal palace which wasere^ted by Chriftian V. but is now become the feat of the governor-general. The harbour is fafc, deep, and commodious, but the entrance is fomewhat difficult. The principal manufadlures of the place are woollen goods, originally of royal eftablifhment; but, for wantof the attention and fupport »f government, they are far from being in that flouriOiing (late which might be expeded. Indeed, this government owes more to the fpiritcd exertions of the amiable Count RonceU Icn, than to all the care of government: his miprovementshavedifFufed a fpirit of induilry through the country in which he lives; his encouragement ot commerce has augmented his own revenues, and been beneAriai to thoufands; and what Peter the G/eat of Ruflu was in public,, the Count of Ronccllen may judly be ajlowed to be in private life. Like him, he has raifed a town on his own eftate, introduced the arts among his tenants, and taught even the face of nature itfeif to wear a new afped. In this place we may remark, with the utmoft propriety, the extenfive influence of great and good precedents. Did the great but apply their talents and fortunes to promote kudable imdertakings and encourage the toil of induftry, they would not only difcharge their duty more faithfully to man- kind, but even be confiderable gainers by their benevolence. The next general government is Wibouxg, the length of which is near fixty miles, and it's breadth hfcy; being the lead of the four diftrids into which North Jutland is divided^ The only place deferving particular notice is Wibourg, the capital of all North Jut- land. It is fituated in 56 degrees 18 minutes north latitude, and jn 9 degrees 20 minutes eaft longitude; almoft in the centre of the country, near the Lake Afmild, which is co->- pioufly Aocked withfiflu This is one of the moft ancient cities in Denmark; but, before the Reformation, was far more populous and cxienfive than at prefent. It is ftill, however, an epifcopal fee, and the feat of a provincial court of juftice. T'he general govcrnmenr oi Arhufe borders on the Guiph of Wibourg, extending about fevcnty miles in length, and forty in breadth. The foil is uncommonly fertile, and the inhabitants annually export a vaft quantity of grain. Arhufen, the capital, ftands in 66 degrees 10 minutes north latitude, in a delightful' plain, which is bounded on one fide by the fea, and on the other by a lake. It is a. large, populous, and pleafant place, and contains a conAderable number of elegant public ftfu£luies. 58 F U R O P E. In this government flands the ancient palace of Scanderbourc;, fitiiated in a moft charming country, and encircleJ with wotnis and waicr. In this palarcthe Icings of I>rn- marli have occafionally rcfidcd ever fincc the eftabiiflimcnt of the Chrillian religion in this country. The general government of Ripen is about an hundred and forty miles in length, and fifty in breadth; being the moft extcnlivc of any of the four general govcriiniints, but neither proportionably populous nor fertile. The fill is, inJccd, in many phcci abun- «Jantly fruittul, but the whole province is interlpcrfed with hills ami barren walles. The city of Ripen, the capital of tlie government, is fituatcd in the 55ih degree 36th minute north latitude, and in the 9th degree loth minute eal^ longitudi, on the banks uf the Nibs-Aa. I'his was anciently one of the moll famous and ^ourilhing town< in the north: (hips reforted to it from a'moft every country of Europe, and it even poflelTcd the privilege of coining money; but the ravages of war, conflagrations, and other dreadful accidents, have ruined it's former fplendor, and entirely wafted it's opulence. There are ftill, however, fome fmall remains of trade; but the river on which it ftands be- ing now only navigable for fmall craft, it can never recover any confiderable fhare of commerce. Fredericia is a modern town, fituated on the Great Belt, and is the only fortified place in North Jutland. It's defign takes up a confiderable extent of ground; which, how- ever, is neither well filled with buildings nor inh ants; though Chriftian V. by char- ter, in 1682, rendered it an afyluin far bankrupts 01 every defcnption, whether natives or foreigners. Kolding, a fmall town fituated ontheRiverTrueth, is chiefly remarkable for it's caftle, built in 1248, but improved by feveral of the later Danifh kin^s. One of it's greateft fmgularities is the Giant's Tower, ereifted by Chriftian V. which has a flat top with a ftone baiuftrade, and is adorned at each angle with a ftatue fercn feet high. South Jutland, or, as it is now commonly called, the Dutchy of Slefwic, is bounded on the north and eaft by the Baltic and the Rivers Kolding and Skotburg, which feparate it from North Jutland; on the fouth by Holftein ; and on the weft by the North Sea. It ex- tends in length about eighty-five miles; and, at a medium, is about forty miles broad. In this country there are but few eminences ; and the foil is well watered and fertile, abounding in every neccfTary of lifp, and even allowing of a confiderable exportation. 'I he inhabitants of Slefwic are an afL-mblage of various neighbouring nations: hence the language and cufloms arc alfo various; but Lutheranifm is the only prevailing religion, although fome other perfuafions are tolerated. The Royal Provincial Court atGottorp cxercifcs fupreme jurifdi£tion over this dutchy, which is divided into cities, prefcdurcs, parifhes, and manors. The cities, however, have their own magiftracy, independent of the prefers, who fuperintend the collection of the loyal revenues within their refpcdtive diftrids. The moft confiderable place in Slefwic is the capital, which bears the fame name, fituated in a moft luxuriant country, on a fmall arm of the fea. This city, though of an irre- |»ular form, cojitains fcvcral fupcib ftrufturcs, particularly the cathedral dedicated to St. Peteri DENMARK. S9 Peter; and the famoUl convent of St. John, where only UJics of noble families are admit- ted. The Chriftian religion was firft eftabliflied hete in the ninth century; but, towards the ctofe of the eleventh, Paganifm was reitored by an irruption of the Sclavonians. How* ever, in a few years after, they were all expelled, the true religion was again propagated and confirmed, and the city in a fhort time betame a place of great refort from every coun- try of Europe. But wars and dif.illers have frequently been feverely felt, and Slefwic is now principally venerable for it's antiquity and it's misfortunes. At a fmall diftance from this place, towards the fouth, are fiill perceptible in many places the ruins of the famous wall eredted by the Danifli kings toprotedt them from the incurfions of the Saxons: this wall is faid to have been begun about the year 8oO; and, like Adrian's Britifh Wall, extended from fea to Tea, and was fo ftrong as to be deemed impregnable. Gottorp is principally famous fur it's cadle, the ancient feat of the Dukes of Holitein, and one of the nobleft palaces and fortrefles in the northern henitfphcre. This ftrudture ilands in the midft of a fmall lake, over which, to the north, is a bridge two hundred paces in length; at the end of whichapleafant walk leads to delightful gardens, adorned with every embellifhment of art and nature. Round this charming place is a park about four £ngli(h miles in circumference, plentifully ftocked with ftags and fallow-deer. In a fmall room, within the limits of the pleafure-grounds, is fliewn a kind of orrery, conflrulucl((ladt, ttzehoa, RenJiBurg, an4 Pimm. Gluclcdadt is a regular, well-built town and fortrcfs, fituated on (he Elbe. It was built in 1620, on a fpot of wafte ground, by the permiflion of ChriAian IV. who con- ferred many immunities upon it. It has a convenient harbour; but, being dt-flitute of fpring-water, the inhabitants are reduced to many difficulties for the fupj^ly of that nc- ced'ary element. The King's Regency Cuurt, and other offices connected with it, are held here; and what confiderahly adds to it's population and commerce, is, that people of all religions profefs the faith in which they were brought up, without moleOation. This town has endured fcveral fcvere fieges, but has never fubmitted to a conqueror. Itzehoa is an ancient and beautiful town, fiiuated on theRiver Stor: it is divided into two parts, the New and the Old ; the former of which is encompafled by the Stor, and a canal drawn from it. In this town are feveral noble religious ftruclures; among which St. Lawrence's Church, St. Nicholas's Chapel, and a convent for ladies of noble birth^ claim pre-eminence. Rendfburg is a frontier town towards Germany, extremely well fortified. The num- ber of houfes amount to about fix hundred, bcfides feveral elegant public ftrudtures. This town has it's own confiRory, and is adorned with a commercial college, eftabliihcd i«i 1738 by Chriftian VI. Ploem is almoft entirely encircled by lakes; yet, notwithdanding it's watery Htuation,. it has been four times wholly laid in a(hes. The ducal palace here ftandson a fine eleva- tion, and commands a charming prufpedt. To the wefiward of this palace, a garden and' park have lately been laid out with threat delicacy of tafte .ind defign;andan hydraulic ma- chine, pl.iced in the latter, fupplics the palace with water. There are likewifeelegaiU kitchen and plcafiire-gardcns; the latter of which, being formed on an ifland in the lake,, is beautiful and romantic beyond defcription. The counties of Oldenburg and Delmenhorft are both fituated in Gcrmanyi, but are appendages of the Danifh crown. Oldciiberg is bounded on the wefl by Eaft Friefland, on the fouth by the bifhopric of Munttcr, on the cart by the country of Delmenhorft and the VVcfcr, and on the north by Jevcr and Jade; extending; forty-eig^ht miles in length, and thirty-eight in breadth. In many places the (bii is abundantly fertile, and produces excellent palluragej but inothcis it is moorifh and wafte, and only valuable for the turf it yields for firing. The King of Denmark, on account of his projjerty in this county, is poncflTed of a feat and voice ii» the Wcltphalian College of the Courts of the Empire, and in the Diets of- tbc Circle of Wtflphalia. The capital bears tlie name of the county, and flands on. the River Hunts, which is augmented by the influx of the Haare, as it pailcs through this town. It is fituated in 52 ilegrees 8 minutes north latitude, and in 8 degrees 1 3 minutes eaft longitude. The town is difproportionably long, but extremely well fortified with walls and moats. The caflle is of a circular form, and very handfbme, and in it the ancient counts ufed to refidc. This place is divided into frcchuufcs, free inhabitants, and the garrifon. The free in- habitants DENMARK. 6r liabitanti are exempted from fuch burdens at the burgheri tre obliged to endure, » the quartering of foidiers and keeping watch, and are only accountable to the Royal Chancery eftabliflied at this place) but the burghers arc fubjefk to the town magiftracy, and the garrifon to the commandant. The county of Delmenhorft, which adjoint to that of Oldenburg, is of rery contraAcd limits, being only feventcen miles long and fcven broad. It's principal town is Del- menhorft, which is fituated on the little River Delme, from whence it obtains it's name. It had anciently a college of canons, but now contains nothing deferving parti- cular notice. The natives of Denmark are in general tall and welUbuilt, their features are regular* their complexions florid, and their hair inclining to yellow or red. In their difpofitiont, they are charaAerized by a noble author of our own nation, as being brave, courteous, and humane. The fuperior clafles poflefs abundance of fpirit and vivacity, and are na« turally fond of magnificence i; the moderafion of a few patriotic fovereigns, whofe love of their country fecms to have incrcafcd with the acquift- tion of abfolute power, has done much to repcople the moft defart fpots; and, in a few more ages, Denmark may again be as populous as in former times, when it's fupcrfluous inha- bitants were obliged to feek their fubfiftcncc on foreign (hores. ine Danifh language is a dialect of the Teutonic: but High Dutch and French KiC fpokttn at ccutt; ^nd the Englifli tongue has lately become extremely faihionable, being now taught at Copenhagen as anelTcntial part of education. In 1742, a Royal Academy of Sciences was inui^uted at Copenhagen, with a Royal So- ciety for the improvement and tpveftigation of Northern hiftory and languages; but thefe cftabliftiments have not as yet brought to light any eminent literary merit. Several other pieties have been fet on foot for laudable and beneficial purpofes; but the Danes in ge- neral are ftill in the i^.fancy of literature. A few great uaeies, however, have appeared Ml aftro; omy and medic!p.; fuch as Tycho Brahe, Boirichius, HoUberg, and the Bar- tholines* Btu the gtoor.i ->f ignorance is not to be difpelird by a few fttining luminaries; time and nurnberi can oniy cfFe& a change in talle, and render genius and fcience fiourifh- ing and fafliionabie. The Danes anciently paid religious veneration to the gods Fryer, Thor, Thyr, Oden, and Freyat of which Oden was the chief. Several freitleft attempts were made in the niddio ages to convert the natives to the doctrines cf Chriilianity; and, in 882, we find that Ebbo, BiOiop nf Rheims, preached the; Gofpcl in this country. King Haraid Klag, who implored the protediion of the Emperor Lewis, confentt-d to be baptised } &fd tcrera! churches were founded throughout his dominions: but his fuccellbrs being the inveimtark is divided into fix diocefcs; of which thcnR are four m Jutland, one in Zealand, and one in Funen; which are prverncd by bifbcpf, or rather general fupcrintendantu, «ppein«e4 by the kin^,. They are not diftinguiilwd from the inferioi' clergy by any other mark of pre-cmixience than a difli;rcncc of drefs aad title, having neither cathcdraU, fpiritual e<^'jrt«, nor the ieaft concern with civil af}airs: their office is to vifit the churche«! end feminarie* in their refpei^ive diocefes, to examine aitd ordain candidates for the miniftry, and to hold pro^-incial fyn^ds atftktcd times, where they prefidc, in conjunAion with the govtrnor of the province. Subordinate DENMARK. «3 Subordinate to the Hfliops are the provofts, of whom th-ere arc *n hundred and fixty in the kin-fdom, whofe jurifdi£tion rcfcmbles ihat of our archdi-acons; being a kind of af- fiftants to the bifliop, performing annual vifitations, fettling occafionai difputes, and cftablifljing and i-nforcing ufcful re^jiulations; next tothefe arc the preachers, or parochial clergy, whoic revenues arifc partly from tythes, and partly from the voluntary donations of their rcfpeilive flocks. A clergyman's widow is provided for in this country in a manner at once humane and uncxpenfive: the fucceflor of her dccciifed hulband is obliged to yield her the half of his firlt year's income, and the eighth part of it ever after during her life. The government of this country, till the year j66o, was one of the freed under the fun. Before that time, Denmark was governed by a king, to whofe elevation the mearieft fubjecl had a right to contribute his vot-: a due regard, indeed, was paid f> the family of the preceding prince j and his eldeft fon, or at leaft one of the regal line, was eledled, if he had not forfeited his ti'le to :hat exalted dignity by his conduct, or was incapaci- tated by mental imbecillity. The king's dignity gave him pie-eminence in th:: f.cld, and in the courts of juftice: but no revenues were attached to his title; and, unlcfx he had a large ellate of his own, he was obliged to live in the ftiie of a private gentleman. The race of Oldenburg, from which the ptcfent royal family are defc«r.ded, were fome of them brave and fpirittd princes, and had in a manner rendered she regal dignity bercditarf in their houfe; or at leaft the ftates tacitly acquiettcd in that form of government, toprc- ventthe dreadful ravage' Afifrng from inteftine wars and difputed fucctfiiofis; but arbitrary power had never been attcoiptc'd : however, ia the reign of Cbrillian IV. the nation wa> reduced to the moifi deplorable ftate by a fcries of unfucceftful wars, and the ticafury was cxhaufted by paymga nunrier(}Tur from the clcij^y and burghers; who, headed by Nanfon, fpeaker of the commons, immediately lo^r, and leaving the lords in « ferment, they adjourned to another [lacc; where, cunfultingon the mofl: ciFedual means of humbling the pride of the nobility, they entailed Slavery on their latdl poiterity, by making the king a tender of tfleir libcitieh and fcrvices, and furmaily requeuing him render the crown hereditary in his line. I'ne king; had n<>t patriotiini enough to refufe this alluring offer; he accepted their prafeffions with every indtcation of pteafure, and promifed them relief and protcdiion; the gates of Copenhagen were inifantly fhut; auui the nobility, finding refinance woiud be in vain, fubmittcd, with the bctt grace they could, to conErm what the commons had. 4>ne. Tiius iivvolacioo, which is only equalkd by vhat happened more recently in n rjeighboufing j-il M EUROPE. 'neighbouring kingdom, was tlFe^ted without blood or public commotions; and in four days time the kingdom of Denmark was changed from a (late bordering on ariftocracy, to an abfulute monarchy. But though the fovcreigns of Denmark pofTefs unlimited power, few inftnnces have yet occurred of ihcir abufmg thofe prerogatives with which they are invefted: on the con- trary, the adminiflration of civil juftice in Denmark is conBdered by many as a model for other nations; and that great ^nd wife monarch, the rei^^ning King of Pruffia, has actually tranfcribed a great part of it into the Frederician code. The fundamental laws of Denmark only fill a quarto volume, written in the language «f the country, in fo plain and perfpicuuus a manner, and on fuch ftmple principles of unalterable juftice, that the moll ignorant may underftand them, and plead his own caufe. No fuit can remain undecided longer than a year »nd a month; but the king has a right to explain and amend according to his own pieafure. His Danifh majcfty has few enfigns of royalty; his officers and attendants are not very numerous; and the unchriftian and profaJie ceremony of bowing f.he knee is never ufed in his prefence. His titles, at full lerigth, are, ' By the grace of Gorll, King of Denmark and Norway, and of the Goths and Vandals; Duke of Holftcin, Slefwic, Storman, and Ditmarih; and Count of Oldenburg and Delrnrnhorft/ The principal order of knighthood in this kingdom is that of the Elephant, or Blue R-bband, which is ~>( the highefl antiquity, and is only conferred on perfons of the mod illuftriout rank. It's enlign^ or badge, is & white enamelled Elephant, with a cadle on it's back, appendant to a blue ribband worn over the left-ihoulder to the right-ftde. The knights of this order wear a iilver ftar of eight rays on the left-bread, with the Dane- bourg crofs in it*s centre. The fecond order of knighthood is called the Danebourg Order, or the White Rib- band, which was inAituted by Waldemar II. It's badge is a Golden Croft enamelled, fct with eleven diamonds, fuCpended by a watered white ribband with a red border, and worn over the right-fhoulder to the right-ftde. The offices by which government is adminiftered are, the Privy Council, or Supreme College; the Danifh Chancery; the German Chancery; the Military Chancery; the Na- val Chancery; the Treafury, or College of Finance; the General College for the Improve- ment of Manufactures and Commerce; the General Ecclcfiaflical Colkge of InfpeClioni and the General Poft 0£ce. Every general government hat it's governor, who is always a perfbn of dillindlion, in- vefted with conilderable power in fpiritual, temporal, and judicial concerns. Subordinate to the governors are the prefeds, who are alfoof the firft rank; but their authority is very circumfcribed. The civil »ovcrnknent in cities and towns corporate is vefted in a bur- ^omaftcr and coum il ; but fome towns have a rcyal pieftdcnt, and the privilege of holding courts ot judicature. Ceiidcs the town courts, and thofe which every nocieiuan hat the power of holding in his DENMARK. 6S his own manor, there are three others, the Ting Court, Land Court, and Supreme Tri- bunal. Caufes are generally commenced in the Ting Court, both in the town and coun- try} which court is compofed of « headborough, judge, fecretary, and eight peafant^, who fit weeicly. From this inferior court an appeal lies to the Provincial Court, which commonly confifts of two judges and a fecretary, and is held in mod of the principal towns cn<:e a month. The other court, from which no appeal lies, is the Supreme Tribunal at Copenhagen, which is kept perpetually open. This court, where the law is filent or indeterminate, has adecifive voice, and uitimatelydcternunes controverted matte's. Here are no inns of court, or public focieties of lawyers, but it is in the option of any one to take up the profeflion of an advocate^ which indeed meets with little encouragement, as every perfon is permitted to manage his fuit, and plead his own caufe. Juftice is far from being expenfive in this country j and, as a fummary mode of proceed- ing is adopted, delinquents arc fpcediiy brought to punKhment. The judges are not only liable to be punifiicd for mal-pra£lices in the adminidration of juftice, but even to make reparation to the party they have injured by an unjuft decree. Thofe crimes, the enor- mity of which difgraces human nature, are feldoin heard of in Denmark) even robbery and houfebreaking are almoft unknown^ and treafon is a crime which fcarcely meets with a patron in an age. The revenues of Denmark, which have been increafing for a century, arife from three di(ltn£t fources} namely, national impofitions, duties paid by foreigners, and the rents of demefne lands. Every neceflary of life, and even fome of it's fuperfluities, are moderately taxed} yet thefc, with the duties on marriages, paper, corporations, land, houfes, and capitation -money, raife a very confiderable fum. The internal taxes, however, are very uncertain; as they depend in a great meafure on the exigency of the ftate, or the will of the fovercign. Cuftoms and tolls upon imports and exports are more fixed, and can be better afcertaincd. The duties paid by ftrrngers arife chiefly from foreign (hips paifipg the Sound into the BaUic, through the narrow fea and land. But here it mud be obfervcd, that the military and naval eftablifliments of Denmark coft inconceivably lefs than in other countries, where the pay is not only larger, but the expence of fubfillence much greater. The Danes, who were celebrated for martial atchicvcments from the firft periods of hiftory, feem to have loft their original charaiter, and wifely to haveexch.ingcd the laurel for the olive- wreath; yet, notwithftanding their avowed degeneracy in war, the prefcnt army of Denmark is rcfpedlable and wcll-difciplineJ, amounting to 30,000 men, in- fantry and cavalry included, in time of peace i but which, on any emergency, may beraifed to 50,000. His prefent majcfty feems likewifc ambitious of being ranked a« a maritime power, and of re-cftabliftiing the naval force of his kingdom. In thisdifpofition he is not only encouraged by the acknowledged excellency of his fubjc(3s in feamanfliip, but like- wife by having fuch a capacious fea-port at Copenhagen; and, by a regulation adopted by the fame prince, thirty-fix (hips of the line, with a proportionable number of frigates, muft always be in a condition to be readily fitted for fea. As every feafaring man is obliged once in his life to fcrve his king and country for fix )cars when called upon, and for that purpofe isrcgiftered, this fleet can eafily be manned on any emergency; and though in time of peace many of thefe regiftcred feamen may be abfent by furlough from their ofliccrs, there has hardly ever been a crifis known when it was neceflary to have re- courfe to any other method of raifing men. Would not fuch a plan as this be full as confiftent with liberty as prefling, which is pradtifed among us in defiance of law? and might not the Rritifti government imitate an example, which could not pofCbly be fo odious, nor unconftitutional, as the expedients they are frequently compelled to adopt? The natural produdis of Denmark are fir, and other forts of timber; black cattle, horfes, butter, ftock-fi(h, tallow, hides, train-oil, tar, pitch, and iron; to which we may add va- rious kinds of furf: and thefe articles form the bafis of Danifli commerce for exportation. The imports are fait, wine, brandy, fiik, and other articles of luxury, which are princi- pally obtained from France, Italy, Portugal, and England. The intercourfe between Britain and Denmark has of late years been progrcflively incrcafing; and our broad- cloths, clocks, cabinet and cutlery manufactures, meet with a ready fale in this northern kingdom. But the commerce of Denmark is not reftriflcd to Europe only. In 1612, Chriftian IV. eftablifhcd an Eaft India Company at Copenhagen, foon after which four fliips failed for unioflan. The original idea of an oriental trade was probably fuggefted by James I. of England, who cfpoufed a princcfs of Denmark: but however that may be, in 1617 the Danc> built and fortified a caftle and town at Tranquebar, on the Coromandel coaft. The perfect fecurity which the natives of Indiaexpericnced under the protedlion of this fort, induced many of them to fettle in the town 1 it's vicinity; fo that, in a few years, the Company found themfelves in circumftanct-s fufiiciently affluent to pay an annual tribute of 10,000 rix-dollars to his Danifli majefty. This Company, however, aiming at an inftantaneous acquifition of riches, in 1660 endeavoured to poffefs themfelves of the fpicc-tradc of Ccyloni but were repulfed and defeated by the Porlugucfc. In fad), their avaricious Ik D i: N M ARK. 67 avaricious conduft tmhroiled them with the Indians on every hand; and, had it not he^n for the generous affiftance granted them by a governor of the tngii(b E.iftliidia Com- pany, the fettlements of Tranqucbar mull have inevitably fallen imo the hands of the R jah of Tanjorc. On the general pacification of Europe, after the death of Charle? XII. of Sweden, the Danifli Eaft India Company were fo much involved in debt, that thuy were (/oligcd to publifh propofals for a new fubfcription, for enlarging their original capita' ftnci«, and for fitting out (hips, not only to diffi-rent parts of Indoftan, but lilcewifeto China. Two years after this, his Danifti majefty granted a new charter to the Company, with exteiifive privileges; and their trade is now carried on with great Cpiiit and afliduity. The Weft India and Guinea trade, which was formerly carried on uy charter, wa' dif- folved in 1754; and the fmall iflands of St. Croix, St. Thomas, and Sr. John, in the Welt Indies, belonging fo Denmaric, were declared to be tree ports: but in the yctr following the icing eftablilhed an African Company, with a capital of five hundred actions, every a£lion confifting of five hundred rix-dollars, which are (hared between thiitccn adven- turers, to whom the Fort of Chriftianburg on the Guinea coaft belongs. The Iceland and Finmark Company obtained their charter in 1746, and monopolized the entire trade of thcfe countries till 177 1. But, bcfidesthefc, there is a General Tiading Company, eftabliflied by royal charter In 1747, which enjoys many valuable privileges, and was inlhtuted on purpufe to c.\rry oa fuch branches of rommcrce as private adventurers were unable to undertake. It's capi- tal is one thoufand a£lions, part of which only is depofited; but, on any emergency, the whole may be eafily colledled. This company trades to France, Spain, the Me^literra- nean,the Baltic, and Greenland. An Aflignation Exchange, or Loan Bank, was ereftcd at Copenhagen in 1736, which ifHies bank-notes of difTcrent values, and which are allowed to pafs through ail the king's dominions as current fpccie. Sums, net lefs than a hundred rix-dollars, arc lent out of this bank, at the rate of four per cent, on dcpofiting fome adequate pledge. The capital ftock is only five hundred thoufand rix-dollars; but the ciiculation of notes is often to a double amount. There is likewife an Infurnnce Office for fhips at fea, fandlioned by royal charter; an inftitution as beneficial as it is praife-worthy. The current coins of Denmark are the rofe-noble, equivalent to eighteen fliitlingsfter- ling; the ducat, to nine (hillings; the rix-dollar, to four and fixpence; the net-dollar, to three (hillings; the rix-mark, to eleven-pence; the (let-mark, to nine-pence ^ andtheftiver, to a penny: befides which, there are fome copper coins of inferior vaiuc. . The weights of this country are the great and fmall hundred; the former a hundred an^ twenty pounds weight, and the latter a hundred and twelve: riierc is likewife a weight called a lifpound, equal to our ftone of fourteen pounds; arii the (hip-pound, weighing twenty lifpounds. Of meafures, the Dani(h ell is only about tWO-thirds of the cU £ngli(b; but the mile is almolt equal to fix of ours. For . 68 EUROPE. '"•'f U. ;fl I I fi All For the beft hillory of Norway we are indebted to Saxo Grammaticut, who wrrote in pure Latin, in the twelfth century, a time when the Roman tongue was almoft loft in other parti of Europe. Like thehiftorians of thofe early ages, Saxo made ufe of fable to .enliven his fubjedl; yet, divefting it of extraneous trappings and ridiculous abfurdities, we learn (hat the ancient Danes, like the Gauls, Scots, Irifli, and other northern nations, had their bards, whofung the military exploits of their heroes in verfe. The ancient Scandinavians, who inhabited modern Norway, Sweden, and Denmark, were certainly Scythians by their original; but how far the ancient Scythia extended, is beyond the ditcquifition of any geographer: fable and uncertainty involve not only places, but people, in fuch remote ages; and even the name of the firft Chriftian king of Denmark has not been handed down to us with hiftorical truth, the names of the com- manders and the commanded being fo blended together, that no precife idea of the whole Scandinavian hiftory can be formed. Thefe nations were continually removing from one country to another, (everal tribes or fepts united in expeditions both by fea and land, and the adventurers were generally denominated from their chieftains : thus the terms Danes, Saxons, Goths, Germans, and Normans, were indifcriminately ufed to exprefs the Inhabitants of the north in general. About 500 years, however, after the Chriftian aera, we learn that thefe northern hordes formed many maritime expeditions, and infulted all the fea-coafts of Europe; and that they fettled in Ireland, and became mafters of Eng- land and part of Scotland, about the year 1012; both which kingdoms ftill retain traces of their barbarous ferocity. Few interefting events occur in the hiftory of the kingdom of Denmark before 1387; when Margaret mounted the throne, and by her addrefs, affifted by fome pretenfions to hereditary right, fhe formed the union of Calmos, by which flie was recognised fove- reign of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway. Her refolution, courage, and addrefs, gained her the appellation of the Semiramis of the North; but her fucceftbrs being deftitute of her ftiining abilities and diftinguifhed qualifications for government, again loft Sweden, though Norway ftill continued annexed to their fovereignty. After feveral internal revo- lutions, which produced but little alteration in the fyftem of ftate, the regal power fell into the hands of Chriftian Count of Oldenburg, from whom the reigning family is dc- fcendcd, about the year of the Chriftian ai^ra 1448; and, in 1536, the protcftant religion was eftabliflied in this countiy by the wife and politic Chriftian III. In 1629, Chrif- tian IV. was chofcn head of the protcftant ftates which leagued againft the Houfe of Auftria: but though perfonally brave, and endowed with every mental qualification ncceftary to conftitute the hero, fearful of lofing his own dominions, he relinquiftied the proffered honour; on which the illuftrious Guftavus Adolphus of Sweden was elected to that command in his ftead. The Dutch having obtained a diminution of the duties of the Sourd in the reign of the laft-mentioned Danift) monarch, his fon Frederic IN. ton- fented to accept the annual compcnfation of 150,000 florins for the whole. After this the Dvtch, by their intrigues, prevailed upon him to declare war againft Charles Guf- tavur. of Swcdin; which impolitic ftep had well-nigh loft him his crown. Charles ftormed the iurtrds of Frederickftadt^ and, at loon as winter comnacnced, marched.his army over tiM 1^' ¥ DENMARK. 69 the Ice to ihc Ifl.uul of Funcn, where he furprized the I) inifli troops, took OJenzcc ami Nyhjrcr, and proceeded to invert Coptubngen itfclf. C.omwell the ufurpcr intcrpoftd, and Friderick defended his capital with great mugnanimity, till the peace of Rofchild; by wiiich, however, he was compelled to ccci • the provinces of Hailand, Blcking, and Sconia, together with the iflands of IJoniholiii, l]ahus,and Dronthcim, all in Norway, to the Swedes. To elude thcfc rigorous terms, Frederick had rccourfe to various fub- tcrfugcs; on which ChaiJes took Croncnburp, and once moic b' fiegcd Copenh-^gen both by fea and l.ind. The ftcadv intrepidity of Frederick, under fhcfe accumulated misfor- tunes, endeared him to his fubjctih; and the citizens of Copenhagen in particular made a noble defence till a Dutch fleet came to their afliltance, which beat that of Sweden, and relieved the Danes from the blockade. P'ortiinc now fmiled upon the efFcrts of Frede- rick, and the fate of war fecmcd entirely changed in his favour; and had not an Engli/li fleet appeared in the Baltic, he would probably have carried the war into Sweden itfelf. Thus countenanced, Charles a third time laid fiegc to Copenhagen; but France and Kngland both offering their mediation, a peace was concluded in that capitjl, by which the Ifland of Bornholm was returned to the Danes, the other ceded territories being co;)- Jirmed to the Swedes. Though this peace was far from being honourable to the Danifli nation, the bravery of Frederick, his contempt of danger, and his attention to the fafety of his Aibjcfls in pre- ference to his own, (o endeared him to his people, that a revolution was brought about in his favour, the crown was rendered hereditary in his family, and he, as before obfcrved, was declared abfolute. Frederick departed this life in 1670, and was fuccecded by his fon Chriftian V. who compelled the Duke of Holftein Gottorp to relinquifh all the advantages he had en- deavoured to fecure by the treaty of Rofchild. He afterwards recovered a number of places in Schonen; but fufFercd a fignal defeat in the battle of Lunden, by the arms of Charles XI. of Sweden. Chriflian, however, was not difpiritcd by this difafter; he ob- ftinately fought to regain the entire pofleiTi ;a of the dominions of his anceftors, but was at laft totally overthrown at the bloody bat:!: of Landfernon; and being in a manner de- fcrtcd by his allies, and his country reduced to the loweft ebb of diftrcfs, he fubmitted to an involuntary treaty prcfcribed by France in 1679. He afterwards became the ally and fubiidiary of Lewis XIV. of France, whofc ambition had forged chains for Europe; and, after a variety of fights, treaties, and infractions of treaties, with feveral northern and (jerman powers, his Danifn majefty died in 1699. Frederick IV. his fon and fuccelTor, after the example of his predcceflbrs, maintained his pretenfions to Holltein, and probably would have made himfelf abfolute mader of it, had not the Englifh and Dutch fleets raifed the fiegc of Toningen. while the heroic Charles XII. of Sweden, who was no more than fixteen years of ago, debarked within eight m-les of Copenh.igen, to fupport his brother-in-law the Duke of Holftein. The peace of Travendahl, which was concluded much to the fatisfa£tion am! intereft of the duke, probably faved Copenhagen from falling into the hands of Charles XII. But not- Withdanding this peace, Frederick was perpetually engaged in wars with the Swedes; and S while >d EUROPE. #i while Charles vras In exile at Bt-nder in Turky, he niaiclicJ an army through Holfteio into Swedifli Pomerania, and in the yrar 1712 took the tity of St.)dc. The Swedes, how- ever, overcame him with prodigious flau{;hn-r at the battle of Cradc(l)ufch, and laid the city of Altcna in afllcs. In revtngc for this infult and lofs, Frederick pofiefled himfclf of thegreateft part of Ducal llolflein, and compelled the Swcdifli gcneriil Steinbeck to furrendcr himfclf prifoner of war with all his troops. IJy a number of enterprizes fuc- ccfsfully atchieved, about the year 1716, the allies of Frederick began to fufpc£l that he Was aiming at the univerfal empire of Scandinavia. Soon after this, Charles XII. return- ing from exile, renewed the war againd Denmaik with the utmoll animofity and deter- mined refolution; and would probably lia\e annihilated this rival power, had he not met with an untimely death at tht ficgc of Ficdericfhal. His Britannic majefty then offered his mediation between Frederick and the crown of Sweden; in confequence of which a peace was concluded at Stockholm, which left the dutchy of Slcfwic in the poA'eflion of Denmark. In 1730, Frederick repofed from hisearthly warfare; having firft experienced the forrow and vexation of beholding his capital laid in afhcs by an accidental confla- gration. His fon, Chriftian Frederick, mounted the throne with every .ndvantage; and, like a pa- triot king, made no other ufe of his power, and the happy fituation in which he found public affairs, than in cultivating peace with his neighbours, cafing his fubje^ts of many oppreflive taxe«, and promoting their general happincfs and tranquillity. Having guaran- teed the Pragmatic Sanfllon, an agreement by which the fevcral potentates of Europe engaged to fupport the Houfe of Auftria in favour of the (^leen of Hungary, Chri(liiri» fent 6000 men to the afiiflance of the Emperor, during the continuance f.f the difpute to the fucceflion of the Poiifh crown. But though this prince was of a pacific difpofition, he was exceflively jealous of his rights, in the aflertion of which he had fcveral difputcs with ht^ neighbours, particularly the Hamburghers. In 1738, a difpute originated be- tween him and his Britannic majefty, .ibout the little lordfhip of Steinhorft, which had been mortgaged » the latter by the Duke of Holftein Lawenburg, and which Chriftian pretended belonged to him. In this contcft fomc blood was fpilt; but a treaty foon after followed, in which Chriftian perceiving the predileiSlion of his Britannic majefty for his German dommions, made a moft advantageous bargain, by ftipulating to keep up 7000 troops for the proteclion ot Manovcr; as a compenfation for which, he was to receive a fubfidy of ^o,cool. Two years after this, the fame tenacity of right had nearly cm- broiled him with Holland; for fome Dutch ftiips trading to Iceland without permiftion they were feized and conftfcatcd by his order: however, this difterence was amicably fet- tled by the interpofition of Sweden; in which kingdom Chriftian bad fo ftrong a party that it was generally believed he intended to revive the union of Calmar, and procure his fon to be declared fucccflur to his then SwcdiOi majefty. But whatever his views might have been in this rcfpect, uk: other European powers would certainly have rendered thenv abortive, as the balance of power would have been too much violated had all Scandinavia been fubjedtcd 10 one family, Chriftian Frederick IV'. departed this life in 1746, leaving behind him that moil honourable appellation, The Father of his People. Frederick lit K'ln the ifclf c to 'uc- t he irn- ter- met ?red :ha 1 of iced ifla- pa- und any an- opc Wan E to on, itcs be- had tian fter his 'e a :m- on, fct- ■•'y. Kis ght tcnv ivia ing rick ( : ''. 1 '^^'n 1 \ DENMARK, 7» Frederick V. his Ton, who had cfpoufcd the Princefs LouiHi, daughter of his Britan- nic majcfty, fuccecdcd him. This monarch improved upon his father's plan for the wcl- f. on the v/ci\; and Norwegian Lapland on the north: the whole extend- ing; IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) /> O ^ . V 7 >^ Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 yi'Pir MAIN STREET WEB,W6«,N.Y. 1458f •^^ ,>° 4ii^ 4#? INlliIiltirct •> flir Art dients) one of which we (hall mention, as it might be ufed in our own country, onfimi* lar occafions, with facility and fuccefs. They boil about a handful of hay in three gal* }ons of water; which infufion is extremely nutritious, replenilhes the udders of the cows with an amazing quantity of milk, and makes one trufs of hay go farther, and prove more beneficial, than ten in the common way. Several kinds of wild beafts, fuch as lynxes, bears, wolves, foxes, otters, martens, and wild-cats, abound in diiFerent parts of this country, which are hunted either for their flefh, fkins, or furs. Deer, elks, and hares which poflefs the property of turning white in winter, are very plentiful, and afford excellent diverfion to the hunters. Oomeftic and wild-fowls likewife abound} but there are few fpecies difierent from tbofe of Norway, al- ready defcribed. The keder is as large as a turkey, and exceedingly delicious} for which quality alfo the orras, refembling a partridge, is much celebrated. The Swedifli hawks, after being carried into foreign lands, have been known to revifit their native .^untry, one of them having been killed in Finland, with an infcriptio.1 on afmall gold piate fignify- ing that he belonged to the French king. The aquatic animals of Sweden are the fame with thofe in other northern countries; and are caught in fuch prodigious quantities, that fome kinds are falted and pickled for exportation. The train-oil extraded from the feals taken in the Gulphof Finland, fur- niflies no inconfiderable article of foreign commerce. But the mines of this country, many of which are excellent and valuable, conftitute it's principal wealth. Silver, copper, lead, and iron, are drawn from the bowels of the earth in amazing quantities; thelaft-mentioned metal fumifliing employment for near five hundred hammering-mills, forges, and fmelting-houfes. A r^old-mine, likewife, has been difcovered in Sweden; but it's produce is extremely inconfiderable in proportion to the labour required to purify the ore. One of the fil ver-mines is of prodigious dimenfions : it's firft gallery is one hundred fathoms below the furface of the earth; the roof is fupported by vaft oaken beams, and from thence the miners defcend about forty fathoms lower before tiiiy reach the inferior vein. No records are extant \vhereby the antiquity of this mine can be afcertained; but it evidently appears to be the work of ages, and it's produce is faid to be about 20,000 crowns a year. The copper-mines art alfo of great extent, but their product is uncertain; however, they are all loaded with vaft taxes and dedudionsto the government, which finds this the principal refource in every exigence of theftate. Thofe fubterraneous manfions are capacious beyond conception, and at the fame time commodious for their inhabitants; fb that the miners, cither from habit or intereft, often feem happy and contented in their hidden world. The ingenious and accurate Mr. Wraxhall gives a very agreeable and intereiling ac- T count (,; ill iiiiiiH i i^ij illy I I); irlf ^H 'I 74 EUROPE. count of his defcent into the iron mines at Danniora, which are celebrated for producing tlir fineft iron ore of any in Europe, and conftitute one of the moll important fources of na- tional wealth and revenue. In thefe mines the ore is torn up by means of gunpowdei ; which operation ispirrformed every day at noon, and is one of the mod tiemendous and awful that can podibly be conceived. The above intelligent traveller informs us that he arrived at the mouth of the great mine, which is about half an Englifli mile in circumference, in time to be prefent at one of thefe grand explofions; that the ftones were thrown, by the violence of the powder, to an aftonifliing height above the furface of the earth; and that the concuffion was fo great, as to fhake every objea to a confiderable ex- tent. When the explofion was over, he tells us, that, to gratify the natural paflion ot curiofity, he determined to venture down into the mine in a baflcet, notwithftanding the remonftranccs of the infpeftor, at whofe h )ufe he had lodged the preceding evening. « I am not afliamcd,' lays he, < to own, that when I found myfelf thus fufpended » between heaven and earth by a rope, and looked down into the deep and dark abySi ' below me, to which I could fee no termination, I (huddered with appreheiifion, and * halt repented my curiofity. This was, however, only a momentary fenfation; and be- ' fore I had defcended a hundred feet, I looked round on the fcene with very tolerable compofurc. I was near nine minutes before I could reach the bottom, it being eighty « fathoms deep. The view of the mine, when I fet my feet on earth, was awful in the ' higheft degree. Whether terror or pleafure formed the predominant feeling, as I look- * ed at it, is hard to fay. The light of the day was very faintly admitted into thefe ' fubterraneous caverns: in many places it wasalfo abfolutely loft, and flambeaux fup- * plied it's place. The miners were employed in boring holes for the admiffion of pow- ' der, feated on beams of wood laid acrofs fome parts of the mine, with the fame un- ' concern I would have felt in any ordinary employment; though the Icaft dizzinefs, or ' even a failure in preferving their equilibrium, muft have made them lofe their feats, and * dafli them to pieces againft the rugged furface of the rocks beneath. A confinement ' for life, in thefe horrible iron-dungeons, n uft furely, of all puniihments which human ' fubtlety has devifed, be one of the moft terrible. ' I remained three quarters of an hour in thefe gloomy and frightful caverns, and ' traverfed every part of them which was acceffible, conducted by my guides. The ' weather above was very warm, but here the ice covered the whole furface of the ground, ' and I found myfelf furrounded with the cold of the moft rigorous winter, amid dark- ' nefs and caves of i.'on. In one of thefe, which runs a confiderable way under the rock, ' were eight wretches warming themfelves round a charcoal fire, and eating the little ' fcanty fubflftence produced from their miferable occupation. They rofe with fur- ' prize at feeing fo unexpeded a gueft among them; and I was not a little pleafed to dry my feet at their fire, which were wet with treading on the melted ice. * There are no lefs than onethoufand three hundred men conftantly employed in thefe mines; and their pay is only a common dollar, or three-pence Englifti, a day. ' After having gratified my curiofity with a full view of thefe fubterraneous apart- ments, I made the fignal for beifig drawn up; and felt fo little terror when re-afcend- : «*j 1 * ing, '^ .* o til 5^ SWEDEN. IS * ing, compared with that on letting down, that I am convinced, in five or fix tiawt * more, I ihould have been perfeflly iiidiiFerent to it; and could have folved a probleoi * in mathematics, or comnofcd a fonnet to my miftrcfs, in the bucket, without any de> * gree of fright or apprehinlion.' We have been more copious in this extratSl than ufual, that our readers may form forr* general ideas of mines; -.vhich, though produdive of infinite wealth, cannot be behdd by the humane without the tear of pity. The Swedes in genecal are a ftrong and robuft people, capable of enduring great fa- tigue, and inured to want from their infancy: however, there is not only a great diver- fity of chara£ler among them, but alfo their general one as a nation has varied im di^erent ages. At prefent, the peafants feem a hardy race of men, heavy and plodding, pofleffing no other ambition than to fubfift themfelves and their families in the beft mas- ner they can: they are at the fame time honefl, fimple, hofpitable, diligent, and per- fevering; but bear not the fmalleft national feature of their heroic progenitors, who, usdor Guflavus Adolphus and Charles XII. carried terror in their names, and (hook the hafif of the mod mighty empires. I'he intrigues, indeed, of their fenators, involved tfaeni ia the late war againft the King of Pruflia; but they fliewed themfelves deftitute of either adlive or paflive courage. The higher clafTes, however, have not fo much degeneratol from their original character; they are ftill naturally brave, polite, hofpi^ble, jealouk of honour, and attached to their national intereft. Sweden is far from being populous ii proportion to it's extent; defart moors and barren mountains occupy large fpaces, trhen, induftry can fcarcely exert itfclf with fuccefs, and where a numerous population oottU not poffibly fubfift. Some ingenious Swedes have computed the number of iniiabitaati> in Sweden and Finland at about three millions; but all calculations of this kind mufibc vague, fluctuating, and uncertain. The employments of the vulgar, or the means by which they procure fubflftence, liie in agriculture, grazing, hunting, iifliing, and working in the mines. In the more Aor* thern parts of the kingdom they are compelled to ufe the humbleft fare; making a fort ct bread of the bark of feveral trees, which they incorporate with roots: in fpring, tfaejr Urip the bark from the firs; and, having pared off the exterior afperities, they dry it in &u oven, or place it over a wood fire, till both fides become brown, fwell,and undergo a kijad of fermentation; by which the refinous matter being confumed, they grind the whole 'uu.9 meal, and make it into bread. Neceffity, likewife, teaches this indigent people to make bread of a plant called m'i&, which is gathered during fpring in the morafles; and, indeed, the numerous expedieattt* which they are reduced to fatisfy the cravings of nature, would hardly meet widi credit in this land of lavilb plenty, where the mendicant would fpurn at the food which the ^ perior ranks in fome other countries regard as luxuries. Perfons in affluent circumftances, however, (who are few, comparatively fpeaking, in any country) live in an elegant ftile, and imitate the way of life of the more fouthern ca- tions of Europe. Xhe drefs of the common people is almoft the fame with that in Denmark; but t^e bnter m 1 ■ i 1 ' It: ^1 EUROPE. better fort we infatuated with French modes and fafliions, being extremely, and ofteit fatally, expenfive in their equipage and (hew. There is fuch an affinity between the Swedish, Danifli, and Norwegian tongues, which are all fo many dialeds of the Teutonic, that the inhabitants of the three king- doms can pct(e&]y underftand one another. From many Runic infcriptions, (till to be feen near the ancient depofitories of the dead, it is evident that the Swedes made ufc of that chdra£ler in the ages of Pagan idolatry. Several branches of learning have been cultivated of late years in this country with the greateft fuccefs. The Swedifli nobility and gentry arc, in general, more converfant with polite literature than thofe of other countries. The candid and penetrating natural phi- lofopher Hafelquift, who died as he was malcin^^ difcoveries in the oriental regions, will ever be mentioned with refpe ceflary to convey them to the place of payment. A maxim of the bafcft policy is obferved by the Swedifh government; which is, to en- courage manufadlures in preference to agriculture, in order to fupport the arbitrary power of the nobility, and opprefs the commonalty. By this means, thofe whofe genius leads them to adopt the military, naval, or learned walks of life, arc frequently compelled to fcek for employment in foreign lands; and the poor, unfed and unproteded^ either to drag out a wretched cxiftence at home, or to emigrate to other climes. To increafe this national misfortune, fmuggling, that bane of induftry &nd morals, fcarccly meets with any check from government. Moft kinds of goods may be purchafcd one-half cheaper than they can be manufaflured, owing tothis criminal fupinenefs of the ruling power; hence the merchants and manufadlurers are in general wretchedly poor, , and are often obliged to draw upon the merchants of other countries for the price of their exports before they are able to fliip them off. The eftabliflied revenues of Sweden arife principally from a cipitation-tax, demefnC' lands, excifes, cuftoms, certain tithes, mines, and law-fuits. Thefe taxes in the aggre- gate are computed to raife about five hundred and ninety-four thoufand pounds fterling; but, by fcveral late regulations of government, the revenues arc on the increafe. Two- thirds of the annual levies are applied for the fupport of the civil and military eftablifh- ment, and the reft for the ufe of the royal family. And here it may not be improper to remark, that the crown of Sweden has been, for upwards of a century, fubfidiary to France; from which rcafon the former has often facrificed it's deareft intcrefts and na- tional honour to the latter. The SWEDEN. 79 The chief part of the Swedifli forces is compofcd of an eftablifhco militia; the regu- lation of which was either invent d, or ncw-modclled, by Charles XI. The nobility and gentry furnifli the cavalry, anU the infantry arc raifed among the farms. 7'hc king's commiiBon diftributcs them through the various provinces, in proportion to the number of farms, and their annual value. Every farm of the yearly value of fixty pounds is charged with one foot-foldier, by which means the country is liable to provide for all the conu.ion foldiers} while the ofKccrs, both horfc and foot, are maintained by the king, who has appropriated for that purpofe fome of the crown-lands. Under this eflablifhmcnt there are twenty-eight regiments of foot, and fifteen regi- ments of horfe, who are all comfortably provided for, in a manner as uncxpenfivc as poflible. The foot-foldier, if fingle, boards at the houfe of the farmer, and is allowed cloathing, and about twenty (hillings a year; but, if married, he has a fmall cottage erected for him at the expence of the pcrfon on whom he is quartered, and is allowed hny and padurage for a cow, and land enough to fupply him with bread. Trefpafies and crimes committed by the foldicry, while embodied, are fubjc£^ to the cognizance of military law; but otherwife, to the civil law of the country. This military coiO^Jtution is ftridly kept up; and it may indeed be literally faid, that every Swedifh fuldier '- s a property in the country he defends, as it is endeared to him by the clofcft ties of b'ood and fociety : and though Sweden is now no longer free, yet it's military eftablithmciit is perfedlly con- fluent with civil libertyj to which a {landing army, governed by laws of their own, is extremely repugnant. As in Denmark, &>: fiilorsare of two clafles} namely, one order which is always ready for a£lual fervice; and another, which is but nominally fo, being only regiftered, and liable to be called upon on any emergency. The n^val force of this country, which once made a refpeftable figure againft it's enemies, is now in a poor and debilitatrj ' ftate; the fhips of war, which are Rationed at Carlfcroon, where are alfo the dock-yards»^ Aore-houfcs, and all forts of naval materials, are all in a wretched condition; and the port itfelf, which is defended by feveral batteries of cannon, and is fuppofed to be a very, llrong place by the natives, would make but a fliort defence if vigoroufly attacked by a few (hips of the line. The executive power is vcftcd in five great crown-officers, who prefide in di(lin£l tri- bunals, each compofed of a certain number of fenators; and when any of their places becomes vacant, the king generally confers it on the moft ancient fenator of the tribunal in which the vacancy happens. Thefe officers are ftiled, the Drotfer, or Chief Juftice; the Conftable, who prefides in the council of war; the Admiral, who fuperintends the ma- rine; the Chancellor, whoisatthe head of the police; and the Lord High Treafurcr, who ■ has the adminiftration of the treafury, and regulates finance. ■ The royal revenues, arifing. principally from duties on merchandize, were anciently (o > fmall, that they were inadequate to the fupport of a crowned head ; but they were after- wards confiderably augmented by the difcovery of the mines. Still, however, they were - too fmall for the fplendor of royalty, till the reformation, of religion took place; when-« Gufta^ ij 1^' 8a EUROPE. Guftavus I. having propofcd to the nobility to (hare the church-lands with him, which then took up above one-third of the whole kingdom, boldly fcized the grcatcft part of them himfelf, and united alfo with the crow.-' the right of forfeitures, which had trll then belonged to the church. The civil and political inftitutions of Sweden were formerly as various as the pro- vinces of which it is compofed j each of which had ftatutes and cuftoms peculiar to itfelf, rnaited as occafion required by the governor of the province; who, while the kingdom was cledtive, pofl'eflld very unconftitutional powers. This diverfity of laws was necefla- rilv attended with great confufion; to remedy which, about two centuries ago, a code of jurifprudence was compiled, and intended to be univerfal in it's efFefls. The defe£ls of •this compilation, however, are fo numerous, and the laws it contains fo few, that it is neceffary, in mod cafes, to call in the afliftance of the civil law; whofe profeffors having but fmall fabrics, are too often induced to pervert the current of juftice for the pecu- niary bribe. This corruption, indeed, would probably be more evident, did not each fu- perior court keep a check upon the lower, and the king's Rcvifion Court over-awe the whole; to which all civil caufcs, where property to the value of feventy pounds is difputed, arc appealable. In this court the king frequently fits in perfon, affiiled by the Prefident of the Chancery and a few privy- counfellors. Subordinate to this are three degrees of courts for the diftribution of juftice. Of the lowefl order there is one eftabliflied in every corporation, and alfo in each diftriit or terri- tory; of the fecond order, there is likewife one in moft corporations, and in every pro- vince; and of the third fort, which are called National Courts, there are only three, which are held at otockholm, Jenekoping, and Abo. From the lower courts all caufes of blco i muft be tranfmlttcd to the refpcdtive national courts, where they are determined without farther appeal. In each of thefe fuperior courts a privy-counfellor is prefident, and above half the aflcflbrs muft be gentlemen. Thefe courts are always open ; and, as they determine matters in a fummary way, bufinefs is difpatched in them with great expedition. Every bifliop holds a confiftory court in his refpeflive diocefe for ecclefiaftical caufes ; but thefe courts have only power to inflid fpirltual punifliment, being precluded from concerning themfelves with temporal matters, which muft be decided by the national courts. For the regulation of mines, and fettling difputes among the miners, there is a genera! court called the College of Mines, eftabliflied at Stockholm; in which the Prefident of the Treafury generally fits as chief. Law-fuits are as unexpenfive in Sweden as in any country in the world ; but, by a )ate conftitution, which enatSls, that all declarations, fentences, and ads, muft be written upon f/aled paper, the charge of juftice falls more heavy than formerly. Every perfon is pcr- n.itted to become his own advocate; and, in crinjinal caufes, is even compelled to plead in his own defence; the practice of the law is therefore far from being cfteemcd honourable, and is rather the refuge of want than the choice of opulence, 'Fhecuftoni of trial by jurits is fo ancient in Sweden, that their writers pretend it had it's SWEDEN. St it's origin among them, and was copied by other nations: however that may be, it is now every where difufed, except in the inferior courts, where the jurymen are for life, having fmall falaries annexed to their pofts. In criminal matters, where the fa£ls are difputable, or where the judges are favourable, the defendant is permitted to purge himfelf by oath; to which muft be added the oaths of at lead fix other men bearing tcftimony to his fuppofed innocence. Treafon, murder, double adultery (as it is called,) burning houfes, and other enor- mous crimes, are expiated by death; which is infli^ed by hanging the men, and behead- ing the women; to which burning, quartering, and hanging in chains, are fometimes fuperadded, according to the heinoufnefs of the offence. The moft honourable death is that of (hooting, which in ufually inflifled on perfons of quality. Thieves have been lately punifhed with a kind of perpetual flavery; for the exercife of which the numerous mines in this country always furnilh fufficient opportunities. This fentence, as it is more dreadful than any death, is attended with the happiefteffetSls; for, in proportion asthepu- niOiment is awful, the number of offenders is few. The barbarous and inhuman pra6tice of duelling is juffly puniflied with exemplary fe- verity. If one of the parties be killed, the furvivor is put to death, and their memories are branded with fome mark of infamy. Where neither are killed, they are both imprifoned for two years, and fubHded on bread and water during the whole time; after which they are obliged to pay a fine of a thoufand crowns each before they can procure their enlarge- ment. As private revenge is particularly difcouraged, the legiflature do not think the reparation of honour an obje£l beneath their attention ; and perfonal infults are referred to the national courts, who ufually adjudge recantation and begging pardon in public. All eftates, whether hereditary or acquired, dcfcend in equal portions to the children; of which the fon has two fhares, and the daughter one: nor is it in the power of a parent to alter this proportion without a judicial decree. Few difputes originate about the pro- perty of eftates, regifters being kept, in which all fales, alienations, and other engage^ ments concerning them, are regularly entered: and any purchafer who omits this precau- tion, runs the rifque of having his bargain fuperfeded, fliould any fobfequent contract take place. There are three orders of knighthood in Sweden; namely, that of the Polar Star, con- fifting of twenty-four members; the order of Vafa; and the order of the Sword: which laft was inftituted in 1772. The royal titles are. King of the Goths and Vandals, Great Prince of Finland, and Duke of Schonen, Pomeran, &c. Geographers have generally divided Sweden into feven provinces; namely, Sweden Proper, Gothland, Livonia, Ingria, Finland, Swedifli Lapland, and the Swedifli iflands in the Baltic; but two of thefe provinces, Livonia and Ingria, have been wrefted from the dominions of Sweden, and annexed tothofe of Ruflta. Sweden Proper is bounded on the north by Lapland; on the fouth by Gothland; on the eaft by the Gulph of Bothnia; and on the weft by the Norwegian mountains: ex- tending feven hundred and ten miles fiom north to fouth; and, at a medium, about two X hundred . i'.'i ill ;l'1f:j : 41 it. ^ ■;> '4. M Mi gj EUROPE. hundred from eaft to weft. This province contains many fertile fpots, though the face of the country is in general mountainous and rocky; and it ii well watered by fcveral con- fiderable rivers and lakes, which not only add to it's beauty, but likcwife to it's conve- nience and fertility. Stockholm, the capital of the whole kingdom, which is fituated in this province, is two hundred and eighty miles north-eaft from Copenhagen, three hundred and eighty- fcven weft from Petcrfburg, four hundred and fixty-five from Warfaw, and feven hun- dred and ninety north-eaft from London. It is partly infular, and partly continental) many houfes being built on piles in fcveral little contiguous iflands. It is commonlf divided into four partsj which, taken colleflively, maku one of the moft extenfive towns- in Europe. The ifle within which the greateft part of Stockholm is indofed is encom- paffed by two arms of a river, which iffue with vaft impetuofity out of the lake of Maeler; the water of which is a little brac'iift, owing to the vicinity of the fea, but it is neither infalubrious not unpalatable. About three centuries ago, only two or three ftfliermen's cottages ftood on the prcfent fcite of Stockholm i but a caftle being erefted at this place to ftop the incurfions of the Ruffians, and the court being removed to the fame place, it foon gained a confiderable degree of celebrity, and is now populous and handfome. The eaftle, where the court refides,. is a large and commodious ftruiiure, containing apart* ments for moft sf the great officersi. but it pofleflies few embelliihments any way worthy: of a monarch'^ p lace. In this city are nine large churches, built of brick, and covered with copper. The palace of the nobility, where they aflfemble at the convention of the ftateSy and where their- privileges, titles, and records, are depoGted, is one of the ftneft piles of archite£)iire in the kingdom; being adorned externally with marble columns and figures,.and internally.witb piflures and fculptures. The houfes of the burghers are principally raWrd with brick, except in the fuburbs».. where they are conftruftcd of timber. To prevent the danger of fire, to which many of the houfes, from their materials, are extremely liable, the city is divided into tw?lve ward$;.in each of which refides amafter with four afllftants, who, upon notice of any fire, are immediately to repair thither, and diftribute orders to the porters and labourers, who- muft range themfelves under the mafters of their refpedtive wards. The principal officer of the city is the great Stadtholder,. who is alfo a'privy^coun- fellor, and holds a weekly court, in which he is affifted by an under-ftadtholder and the baililFof the caftle. Subordinate to him are four Bucgomaflers; one of whom fuperin- tends the diftribution of juftice; another,, trade; athird, the policy of the city; and the fourth, every thing relating to public and private buildings. Thefe have all adequate faiarfes, and are exempted from the ufual impofitions laid-on theother inhabitants for fup- ■porriirg the government of the city. To defray the expence of a city-guard,., and of public buildings and repairs, various taxes are levied upon the inhabiunts, proportioned • to their rcfpe£live trades or fltuations in life. Stockholm is the grand ftaple of Sweden, to which all commodities of national growth lor manufadure are brought for exportAtiM) aad st wtuch the greateft part of the imparts IS SWEDEN. 83- is lantJetl. The haven is extremely capacious, and will contain at once athoufand fail of fliipS} having a quay near an EnglKh mile in length, to which theiargeil vefTelsmay lay their broadfides. One inconvenience, however, attends the navigation to the city; and this is, it's being fituated ten miles from the Tea, during which courfe the river runs very crooked, and different winds are abfolutely necelTary to waft a veFtl up to the haven. The City and Univerfity of Upfal, which ftands on the River Sal, forty-two miles Tforlh-weft from Stockholm, is the next moft important place in Sweden Proper. The antiquity of this city is unqueftionably great, and formerly the royal family refided there. A large river, annually fo hard frozen by the month of February that a fair is at that time conftantly kept on the ice, divides the city into two parts. Upfal pofieiTes no remarkable ftrudure, either for defence or the ufe of government}, but it is famous for the many fuperior edifices dedicated to religioi) and literature. The cathedral is a very Aately pile covered with copper, and contains many regal tombi. In thechapel behind the altar ftands the monument of King Guftavus in marble, between the ftatuesof his two queens; all of whom were buried in this place. This city was originally only an epifcopal fee,. but was created into an archbifliopric by Pope Alexander Hi. at the requeft of King Charles. Stephen, whodeparted this life in 1158, was it's fiiftarchbiOiop; from whom, in regular fucceffion, John Magnus, who refufed to admit the Lutheran confeffion at the Reformation, was the twenty-fixth. Since that time, the proteftant archbilhops have dropped that magnificent parade which the Roman Catholic prelates ufed todifplay; and are not only circumfcribed in their power,, but likewife in their emoluments. The Univerfity is governed by a chancellor, who is always a perfon of the firft ranks a vice chancelior, who is always the archbifliop for the time being; and a re£tor, chofen out of the profefibrs, of whom there are about twenty. The (ludents generally amount to about eight hundred; fifty of whom are maintained by royal munificence, and fome few others by the liberality of perfons of diftindion. 7'hofe whofe finances are inadequate to defray the necefliiry expences of education, fpend their vacations incol« letting the charity of the diocefes to which they belong, and which is commonly given in- fuch articles as are necefiary to fubfiAence. The ftudents are not conftrained to live col- legiately, but generally refide in private houfes, and commonly obfetve no other difcipline than what their -refpcftive difpofitions or finances prefcribe. Sweden Proper contains no other towns which claim particular attention. Only we muft obferve, that in this divifion lies Dalecarlia, the inhabitants of which are much celebrated for their integrity, bravery, and inviolable attachment to their king and country. Inhabit^ ing a mountainous and barren country, they are inured to toil, hardships, and want; bein^ induftrious from neccffity, and frugal from fituation. Numbers of them are miners; but there is fcarcely a man among them who is not an univerfal mechanic. Their language hat a great affinity to the Gothic dialetS; ai tbcnt as » perpetual almanack* The U' 1| 'H ''■mttmr:' ■ -?.*.M^J."f-.e*,'W^-''-»-"'^»'*' 84 EUROPE. The fecond grand divifion of Sweden obtains the name of Gothland, and is the moft fouthern in the kingdom. This is a fertile and champain country, producing corn, cattle, fowl, venifon, and fifli; and is bounded on the eaft by the Baltic, on the weft by the Lake Wetter, and on the fouth by the province of Smaland. The capital is Norkoping, which ftands about fevcnty miles fouth of Stockholm, on the banks of a ftrcam iffuing from the Lake Wetter. This town, which is large and popu- lous, carries on a confiderable trade. Calmar, which lies in this diftrift, is itfelf the capital of a province, and is fituated on a ftrait of the Baltic formed by the oppofite ifland of Oeland. This city, which \h one hundred and fixty miles fouth of Stockholm, is divided into the Old and New Town; the former of which is famous in hiftory for a deed executed in 1393, by which Margaret Queen of Denmark was recognized fovereign of Sweden and Norway. This tranfaftion obtains the name of the Union of Calmar. Erick, who fucceeded Mar- garet, founded thirteen prebends in this city, and raifed the church of Calmar to the rank of a collegiate one. After th- difunion of the two kingdoms, Calmar became a frontier town with refpeft to the Danes, who were in poffeffion of Schonen. It fufFered many calamities in war; but it's ruin was entirely compleatcd in 1547 by fire, which re- duced it to alhes, nothing but the church and a few private dwellings efcaping the violence of the conflagration. After this misfortune a new city, which is now large, regular, and handfome, was built within mufquet-ftiot of it's ancient fcitc. The artificial fortifica- tions of this city are not very flrong, but the natural ones render it almoft impregnabla. All the avenues to it are full of marfhes, or cut ofF by water from the fea, which abounds with rocks, between which are a vaft number of abylTes} fo that the place is almoft in- accefTible in boats, on horfeback, or on foot. A fuperintendant of the clergy refidcs here, who is honoured with a place in the public canfiftory of the kingdom. Jonkioping, a town fituated on the banks of the Lake Wetter, is diftant about Hxty miles north-weft from Calmar: it carries on a confiderable trade by means of the lake, and ftands ia a luxuriant and agreeable country; but is celebrated neither for it's ex- tent nor magnific ;ncc. In this grand di/ifion are feveral more confiderable towns, but the only two that deferve particularizing are Gottenburg and Lunden. Gottenburg is fituated on t^e Categate, on the fouthet;n branch of the River Gothelba ; which, difcharging itfelf into the fca, forms the harbour of the city. It is two hundred and twenty-five miles fouth-weft of Stockholm; and was built about the year 1607, '" ^^'^ reign of Charles IX. Succeeding fovereigns have conferred many cxtenfive privileges on it, by which it is become a confiderable mart, and carries on a large trade with the Dutch. It is a ftrongly fortified place; and, in 1644, refitted the utmoft efforts of the Danes, who endeavoured to reduce it. An Eaft India Company has been eftablifhed at Gottenburg; which annually fends feveral fhips to the coaft of Coromandel, Malabar, and China. As they have but few articles which they can export, except iron and copper, this trade may not appear to be very beneficial to the Swedes; but the fa£l is, that the greateft part of the goods imported are fmugglcd ^;kviil'>.,>.>4«4d»' SWEDEN. 8$ fmuggled into Scotland and Ireland, fomctimes to the amount of two httndred and fifty thoufand pounds a year;, confequently the Swedes reap confiderable advantage from this fpecies of traffic, while Britain fuft'ers not only in her trade, but alfo in her revenues. Lunden, the capita) of the province of Schoncn, fituated on'y a few miles from the fea- fhore, ftands oppofite to Copenhagen, from which it is diftant about twenty-four miles. It was formerly an archiepifcopal fee; but, in 1658, when the Swedes poiTcfled themfelves of the city, that dignity was transferred to Copenhagen. In 1608, it was adorned with an univerfity; which, among othereminent men, produced the celebrated PulFcndorfF: but this feminary having fince been fuppreflcd, and the place become only a bifliop's re(l> dence, it's ancient fplendor is loft, and it's population and buildings are diminiihed. I'he principal curiofity now extant is a clock in the cathedral of St. Lawrance, faid to be the work of Cafpar Bartholinus, which not only (hews the hour, day, month, and year, together with ?'l the feftivals; bu', when the hour is about to ftrike, two horfemen appear, and encounter, giving each ot' er the fame number of blows as the hammer is to repeaton the bell : after which a door opens, and difcovers the Bleffed Virgin Mary fitting on a throne with Chrift in her arms, and the Magi paying their tribute of homage, while two trumpeters proclaim the found of triumph. On an eminence near the city is the place where the ancient kings of Sweden ufed to receive the fufFrages of the ftates when they flood candidates for royalty. Finland, the next grand divifion of Sweden, is about three hundred and ninety miles in length from north to fouth, and two hundred and fifteen from eafl to wefl; and has for it's boundaries the Bothnian Gulph, part of Ruflta, and Swedifh Lapland. This country abounds in every necefTary of life, and even produces a confiderable quantity of grain for exportation. The Fins fpeak a language peculiar to themfelves, which is fcarcely intel- ligible to the Swedes of other provinces; the Lutheran religion, however, is in general prevalent among them. Till about the middle of the thirteenth century, this was a feparate royalty, governed by it's own kings; but, at that period, Erick XI. of Sweden conquered Finland, and annexed it to his hereditary dominions. Abo, the capital of Finland, and the only place deferving attention, is fituated on the Gulph of Bothnia, at the mouth of the River Aurojoki, oppofite the Ifle of Aland. The town is an cpifcopal fee, and the feat of an univerfity which was founded and endowed by the famous Queen Chriflina. From the information of a very intelligent traveller, we learn, * that this is the wretched capital of a barbarous province.' The houfes are al- moft all conflruAed of wood; and the principal mark of diftin£tion between the fuperb and the humble edifice confifts in it's fize, and the addition of an external painting: in other 1"^-"'^^^ the fame flileof archite(!iure is invariably preferved. The univerfity con- tains hardly a relic of antiquity, fcarcely a modern publication, that can en^iage the attention of any man who has the fmalleft pretenfions to literature. The town, however, ilcrives fome trade from it's harbour, in the vicinity of which flands a rock encompafTed by water; and, what is very fingular, no fooner does any (hip pafs this furrounded fpor, than the needle varies it's polar affeSioni from which a conjecture originates, that the rock contains a loadllone mine. ir Pafli ns w EUROPE. Im Failing over fn tliis place thedefcription of the infular divlfion of Sweden, we come to Swedifh Lapland} which, from the Angular inftifutions and manners of the inhabitants, claims a particular ihare of attention. Lapland, as far as yet explored, extends from the North Cape, in latitude 71^ north, to the White Sea under the Ar£lic Circle, and belongs to different powers. Norwegian Lap- land has been already mentioned, as included under the government of Wardhus: the eaftern parts are fubjeft to Ruffu; but by far the moft valuable and extenftve diftridts be- long to Sweden. To endeavour to point out the particular limits and dimenfions of each, would be a fruitlefs and an idle attempt; f-.fficeit to fay, that Swedifh Lapland com- prehends all that country which lies between the Baltic and the mountains which divide Norway from Sweden. Notwithftanding the rudenefs of this country, it has feveral local divifions, which obtain their names from the rivers in their vicinity i but, unlefs in the Swedilh part, which is fubjedt to a prefect, the Laplanders cannot be faid to be under any regular government. They are generally fuppofed to be the defcendants of the Finlanders ; who, being driven out of their own country, obtained the name of Lappes, which fignifies Exiles; but whether this etymology is real or imaginary, it appears highly probable that the firft inhabitants were compelled, rather by ncceffity than choice, to take up their re- iidence in this uninviting clime. Indeed, atfirft fight, we (hould be led to conclude,. that this country, efpccially in winter, was fcarcely fit to be the habitation of man : rocks and mountains, covered with everlafting fnow, occupy extenfive trads, and interfe£t the face of the country; while barren heaths and fandy dcfarts in general cover the reft, and fcarcely a fertile fpot prefents itfelf to relieve the furrounding Wafte. To heighten this melancholy pifturc, the intenfe feverity of the winter, the length of the brumal nights, and the immcafurable depth of fnow that covers this folitary region, might not only feem fuf- ficient to deter any human creature from fixing his abode here, but even to allay the cu- riofity of travellers: yet neither of thefe is the cafe; the natives appear to be fatisfied with their fituation, and it has frequently been vifited by ftrangers. M. Maupertuis, however, who was fent by the French king into this country, to determine the figure of the earth at the polar circle, gives fuch a defcription of the climate, as can fcarcely be read without fen- fations of pain. • In December," fays he, * the fiiow continually falling, or ready to fall, * obfcured the fun during the ftiort interval he might have been apparent. In January • the cold was increaffed to that extremity, that the mercurial thermometer of M. Reau- * mur fell 37 degrees below the freezing point. If we opened the door of a warm ' room, the external air, rufliing in, inftantly converted all the tepid vapour into fnow, * whirling it round in white vortexes. If we ventured abroad, the airfeenied to be tearing • oUr breafts to pieces; and the cracking of the wood of which the houfes are built, as if * fplit by the froft, continually alarmed us with an incrcafe of cold. The froft, which i« • always intenfe, fometimcs increafes by fuch violent and fudden fits, as proves almoft in- * fallibly fatal to thofe who ar£ fo unfortunate as to beexpofed to it; and you may fre- • quently behold people who have loft a leg, or an arm, on fuch an occafion. The winds- » feem to blow from all quarters at once, and drive about the fnow with fuch fury, tItstaU: ♦ the roads ate in a moment rendered iavifible; and dreadful indeed is the fituation of a per^ «fon SWEDEN. 87 * Ton Airprized in the fields by fuch a ftorm : hit knowledge of the country, and even the * mark he may have taken by the trees, cannot avail him; he is blinded by the fnow, and * in attempting to find his way is generally \o&. In fhort, during the whole winter, the * cold was fo exceffive, that on the feventh of April, at five In the morning, the thermo- * meter was fallen to twenty divifions below the point of freezing, though every afternoon * it rofe two or three divifions above it; a difference in theheighth not much lefs than that * wnich the greateft degree of heat and cold felt at Paris ufually produces. Thus, in * twenty-four hours, we had all the variety felt in the temperate zones in the compafs 0^ * a whole year.' No fooner, however, does fummer warm the air, than Lapland is infeffed with fuch fwarms of flies and gnats of various fpecies, that tbeydarkenthe fky; and, fixing on every^ part of the body which isexpofed, bice with unremitting fury, and drawbfood wherever they fettle. After this defcription of Lapland, it will appear much lefs furprizing that itfhould be but thinly peopled, than that it ihould be peopled at all. But notwithflanding this aggrc'* gare of ills, nature has bellowed on thefe unpropitious regions fcveral conveniences which mitigkw? their feverity; and certain it is, that the natives tafte both happinefs and content.. The mountains, which rife to a prodigious height, ferve to fhelter the plains from the vio* lence of the winds; and even their wild irregularity is entertaining to the eye, the alternate fuccefllon of hills and vallies exhibiting a delightful variety of profi)efts; and there are- tome particular fpots which in fummer are enchantingly beautiful. The lakes which environ the mountain of Niemi give it the air of an enchanted ifland i. romance: on one fide groves of trees rife from the bofom of a plain, fmooth and level as the walks of a gar- den; and on the other are apartments of different fizes, which feem excavated in the rock» by art, and only want regular roofs to render them compleat. The rocks themfelves^ are fo perpendicular, fo high, and fo fmooth, that they might be taken for the walls of an unftniffaed palace, rather than the effect of nature. From the experiments which have been made, it appears that thefe mountains are inferior to few in the richnefs of their ores and foflils: they contain mines of filver, lead, copper, and iron; but the/b can only be workeA during the fhort period of fummer, the winter froft rendering the'engines totally unfit for ufe. Beautiful rock-cryftals of a furprizing magnitude, and fo hard and fine, that, when polifhed; they refemble real diamonds; amethyfls, magnets, native-cinnabar,quick- filver, and other minerals; I ikewife abound in different parts of Lapland.^ Another advantage the Laplanders enjoy, is the delightful and luminous fummers which always fucceed their rigid winters, when the fun is vifible for feveral weeks together; a- phenomenon unknown in temperate climes. Even in winter, when the fliy is ferene, which is fohietimes the cafe for confiderable periods, the radiance of the fliort-Iived fun, the brightnefs of the moon, the twinkling of the flars, and the effulgent corrufcations 0^ the aurora- boreal is, afford a fufficient light fdr mofl occafions of life. No fooner are the Ihort days clofed, than fires of a thoufand figtires and colours illumine the &y, varying their places and appearances with a velocity pafl concitption. About the. middle of De- cember, the ingenious MiiUpcrtuis informs us, that he fair a phsenomenOB of this kindv -' ' wbtchji ;«, it i A K 8S EUROPE. H which, in the midftof all the wonders to which he was every day accuftomed, did not f..il toexche his admiration. ' To the fouth, a great part of the Iky appeared tinged with « Co lively a red, that the whole conftellation of Orion looked as if it had been dipped * in blood. This light, which was at firft fixed, foon moved, and changing into other « colours, violet and blue, fettled in a dome whofe top flood a little to the fouth-wcft of * the zenith. The moon Ihone bright, but did not in the leaft efface it. In this country,' continues the philofopher, • where there are lights of fo many various colours, I never * faw but two which were red ; and fuch are taken fur prefages of fome great misfortune. * After all, when people gaze at thefe phxnomena with an unphilofophic eye, it is nor * furprizing if they difcover in them armies engaged, fiery chariots, and a thoufand other * prodigies.' The mountains produce a variety of trees; but the foil being too poor to fupply them with proper nourifhment, or to permit them to take fixed root after they have grown to a certain height, they become languid and drooping, and are often overfetby the fmalleft blaft of wind. In the vallies, and along the margins of lakes, where the trees find a richer foil, pine, fir, birch, juniper, afpin, alder, willow, and feveral other trees, arrive at confiderable perfedionj befides fome wholefome vegetables and efculent roots. The pine-tree, however, is the moft beneficial production of t-he vegetable world ; as, befides a variety of ufcful purpofes to which the wood is applied, the bark forms the principal farinaceous food of the natives, and proves both a wholefome and nutritious aliment. Lapland has it's full proportion of beafls, birds, and fifhes : bears, wolves, hyaenas, bea- vers, ermines, martens, otters, hares, and foxes, (though fomeof them are juflly accounted noxious animals) when dripped of their furs and (kins, fupply the natives with doath- ing, and furnifh a valuable branch of commerce. But, of all other quadrupedes, the rein-deer are the moft beneficial} and, indeed, nature feems to have provided this crea- ture as a folace to the Laplander for the privation of moft other comforts of life. This animal refemblcs a ftag, only it droops it's head a little, and it's horns projed forward: in fummer it fubfifts on leaves and grafs, and in winter on mofs, which it has a wonder- ful fagacity in difcovering under the fnow. Indeed, the fcantinefs of the rein-deer's fare is almoft inconceivable, as well as the length of the journies it can perform on fuch (lender fupport. The Lapland traveller yokes the rein-deer to a kind of fledge fliaped like a fmall boat, in which, after being previoufly fecured againft the inclemency of the weather, he is laced down, holding the reins in one hand, and a kind of pole in the other to keep the carriage clear of the ice and fnow. The deer is extremely tradable in harnelfing, which is no fooner finifhed, than he fets out} and, continuing the journey with prodigious and unremitted fpeed, gives the driver little trouble in managing the reins. At night this ufeful creature not only finds it's own provender, but likewife often alTtfts to fupport it's mafter with it's milk. It feems to be diretfUd by a kind of inftin£k in the choice of the roads, and the readinefs with which it ftops when arrived at the place of it's deftination. In fhort, were we to recount every circumftance related by the cre- dulous concerning this animal, fiaion might well appear to ufurp the place of truth. The Helh of the rein-deer, whether frefh or dried, is a well-tafted aliment; the (kins fiorm excellent doathing both for the bed and the body; their milk and cheefe are fwcet and SWEDEN. ^ nnd nutritive; and their intcftincs and tendons fiipply the p!acc of thread and cordj;^- When they run about wild in the fields and woods they may be fhot as other :;arne; but the tame roin-dccr are always private property, and It-cured in the pollini on of th; i.r twiKis: indeed, in the number r.f thcfe creatures the Laplander's wclth is fjf poled to confill, and not in the extent of territory, or the quantity of gold. The mountains, woods, and rivers, abound with wild-fowl j themoft valuable of whick are the buftard, heath-cock, groufe, pheafant, partridge, fnow-bird, fwan, wilJ-gujiV, and wild-ducit; bcfides which, every fpecies of aquatic fowl, and birds of prey, that brce4 in the hyperborean regions, are fecp in Lapland in prodigious flights. The iiiheries not only copioufly fupply the exigencies of the natives, but enable &tvm to fell confiderable quantities to their neighbours} nor arc pearls wanting in theLupla^id river?, which are held in the higheft eftimation. The Laplanders are of a brown and fwarthy complexion, having black hair, brouJ face?, and hollow cheeks. Their fi2e is much more diminutive than that of the foutfet-.a Europeans; for this climate fecms not only unpropitious to vegetative, but IiktwiiV, m many inftance?, to animal life. The human race, in particular, feldom arrive at meuttj or corporeal pcrfiction; though fome indications of invention, fkiil, and addrefs, have been recorded of individuals. The upper-drcfs of both fexes is made of (kins with the hair on, (hapcd like a common frock, and girt round the waift wiih a belt; their breeches depend to tJoeir ancles, and their cap covers the neck and flioulders. The height of female ornament confids in a kind of pewter wire, with which they embroider the bofoms of their jackets, their girdles, and the edges of their caps. Neither fex have adopted the ufe of linen; nor is there any diftindlion between the drefs of the men and the women, but that th? latter is fomewhat longeft. A bag generally depends from their girdles, to contain their monej', rings, toys, a knife, and other articles. VVith refpeft to their modes of living and domeflic oeconomy, the Laplanders ccnlift of two diftin£l tribe;, the Mountain and the Foreft Laplanders. 7'he former take up their abodes among the mountains, and principally depend on their herds of rein-deer; the ]<^ttcr roam among the woods, and fubllft on what fi(h and game they can procure. Uoth tribes are efteemed good markfmcn} but, except to gratify the necefTary calls of nature, they (hew the moft perfect averflon to all mental or bodily exertions. Taken colle(aivclv, thefe people afford a phenomena in European hi(tory: inhabiting a barren country, they live contentedly without plowing, fowing, planting, fpinning, weaving, or manufac- turing; they have fcarcely any ideas of fubordination, nor have they ever felt the effects of civil broils, or foreign wars. The Lapland tongue is harfh nnd di(ronant, but feems radically to come from Finland. Learning has not yet made the leaft progrefs; nor do the inhabitants, as we have already hinted, pratSife any arts butfuch as are necefTarily connected with the means of fubfi(tence. The Chriftian religion has been introduced into this country by milTionaries from dif- ferent parts o£ Scandinavia; but the people in general are grofsly ignorant, and (hew few other marks of having embraced that perfuaflon, than thole of being baptized and caMcd ' .2 bv ' i' '4' EUROPE. by Chriftian names. Indeed, the majority of the Laplanders praflife as grofs fuperftition J and idolatries as are to be found among the moft unenlightened Paganr; and fo abfurd, that in general they are unworthy of mention, were it not that the number and peculiari- ties of their fuperfiitions have induced mariners to believe that they are rtcilful in divi- iration. Much, indeed, has been related of the forceries pra mate friends, are entirely difcountenanced. When a parent has determined to feleft, a bride for his fon, he takes him, attended by fome of his neareft relatives, to the ha- bitation of the intended father-in-law, being always firft provided with an introductory prefent cf brandy. This liquor is generally the moft powerful advocate, and the ready acceptance of it is deemed a fure prefage of fuccefs; but if the treaty be afterward* fufpended, or entirely broke ofF, the relations of the young woman are obliged to pay for all the brandy ufed during courtfliip. When the marriage is abfolutely agreed on, the parents of the bridegroom covenant to beftow a particular portion on him in money and goods, and the relations of the bride muft find an equivalent in furniture and npin-deer. The poorer fort, however, marry without any of thefe previous ceremonies, the relations of both parties ufually contributing what they can towards the eftabliihmeot of the new* married pair, without any particular ftip^uiaiions. The folemniaation of marriages is performed SWEDEN. •» performed at church i but the afTcilcd timidity of the bride, who muflfoiretimcj bedrawr; thithrr by force, it more curious than any rite of fuperftitiuusobfcrvancc on the occafion. Children are inured to hardlhips from their infancy. As foun as born, they are fccuicly laced up in little cradles; which, being fufpendcd in the fmokc near the top of the tent» are rocked by pulling two cordi dependent from the fides. They arc early initiated in the means of procuring a fubfiflence} but all ranks fiiew a rooted averfion to fending their oiFspring to places of mental improvement. The commerce of the natives is confined within very narrow limits; their exports confift of filh, rein-deer, furs, and a few other articles; for which they receive woollen-cloths, copper, tin, feveral forts of cutlery goods, fpirituous liquors, and tobacco. Their mines are generally worked by foreigners, and produce no inconfiderable profit to adventurers. The Laplanders carry the produceof their country to the Finland and Norway fairs, tra- velline in a kind of caravan with their wives and families. Some idea may be formed of the m.i.Uum of commerce they ufe, from confidering that fifty fquirrcl-fkins, or one fox- (kin, and a pair of Lapland (hoes, are eftimatcd at one rix dollar. No computation can be made of the public revenues arifing from this coiintry, the greateft part of them being allotted for the maintenance of the clergy; and as the Lap- landers, during thefummer months, are in an itinerant ftate, they pay certain tributes to the Ruflfian and Danifh crowns, in whofe dominions they fometimes fix their tents, though in general they acknowledge the king of Sweden for their rightful fovereign, and conform, to the Swedifh laws. With regard, however, to the fecurity of property and private rights, . few difputes have ever happened; and, indeed, the judges who hold particular courts have no other means of enforcing their decrees, than by explaining and recommending thofe unalterable didates of right and wrong, which are felt with full energy in the mQft un*- enlightened breads. Sweden is famous in the hiftoric page for being the native counti-y of the fierce and warlike Goths, whofe emigrations cficAed the moft fingular and rapid revolutions on the European continent that are to be met with in the annals of the world. Faffing, how- ever, over the wild romances of the Swediih hiftorians in the early ages, who dignify their native country with the title of the Paramount State of Scandinavia, which included. Sweden, Denmark, and Norway, we fliall obferve, that the introduAion of Chriftianity into Sweden, by. Anfgarius Bifhop of firemen, in 829, feems to prefent the firft period of authentic information. From this era, for feveral ages, the Scandinavian hiftory in ge- neral is confufed and uninterefting; being replete only with murders, maflfacres, and de- vadations; and that of Sweden, in particular, feems deftitute of all confiftency,.till about the middle of the fourteenth century, when it aiTumes an appearance more regular and^ veritable, and furnifhes topics of more ufeful and entertaining fpeculation. At this time, . however,, the government was far from being clearly afcertained, or uniformly, admini- flered; the crown was eledive; though in this eleAion the rights ot blood, and priority of birth, were r;>t altogether difregarded. The nobles pofTeiTed the moft confiderable gait of the wealth of the kingdom, which principally conMcd ia land ; commcjrce being; «th(K l^i II h 9* E U R O P K. cither imperfcaiy known, or totally neglciHcdi and even agriculrurc itfclf, which in a clim.itc not very propitious, and a foil n..t very luxuriant, might be conctivtJ to be abfo- lutL'ly ncceflary to Cubfiflence, was in n rmie and unprofitable Hate. The clcrgv, cfpcci.illy thofe of dignified rai.k, from the univcrfal veneration in which thry were hell Iw the hyperborern nations had n..-quirrd an influence in all public iilFairs, inconfnient with the nature of their oftic^-, and had oht.uned the poilimon oi fucli an immcnfc extent of territory, that they vied with the nobility in afflurnceand fplendor. Thcfc two ranks of men, enjoying all the landed property, foimed a council called the Senate, which de- cided on all public affairs. This fyftem of government wz^ extremely imfavouablc to rational profperity. The commonalty were continually engaged in the dill niions bef.vccn the prelates and the noble«, or between the latter and their fovereign. In defence of thcfe they were drained of the litt ;c riches they poffeffed ; their lives were often facrificed to gra- tify private ambition, or to revenge private injuries; and the whole country, from the un- lucky concurrenre of internal difafters, was expofed to the inroads and op, relTions of a vi- gilant and inveterate enemy. The Danes, from the vicinity of their fttuation, and the natural antipathy that fubfiftcd between the two nations, were always ready to avail them- felvcs of the diflcntions of Sweden, and to fuljed to their power a country weakened and exhaufted by it's own inteftine broils. In this deplorable fituation Sweden remained for feveral ages fomctimcs under the nominal fubje*flion of it's own prince, and fometimes united to Denmark: in either cafe equally infulted, humbled, and opprefled. About the ytar 1374, Margaret daughter of Valdemar King of Denmark, and widow of Huguin King of Norway, a princefs of an ambitious difpofition, and an enlarged and penetrating foul, reigned in both thefe kingdoms. By her abilities in conducting and exe- cuting the gieateft and moft complicated defigns, (he obtained the appellation of the Semiraniis of the North ; becaufc, like that illuftrious princefs, {he found means to reduce, by arms or by intrigue, an immenfe extent of territory; and, having projedicd the famous union of Calmar, became Queen of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, which in future was to remain utider one fovereign, ele£led by each kingdom in it's turn, and whofe re- fidence was to be divided among them all. Chriftian II. the laft Danilh king, who by vir- tue of this compad was alfo King of Sweden, by the moft barbarous policy attempted t ) render himfelf abfolute, and brought down dcftruftion onhimfelf and his views. Thj means by which he att«mptcd to efFcdtuate his defigns were as horrid as could well be conceived; he laid a plot for exterminating all the principal nobility in one night, which inhuman defign w.is adually carried into execution on the 8th of November 1510. Of all thofe who were qualified, either by rank or abilities, to oppofe the dcfpotic views of Chrif- lian, no one remained in Sweden but Guftavus Vafa, a young prince of the ancient regal line of that country, who had already on feveral occafuns fignalized his arms againft the King of Denmark. The prince was immediately profcribed, and an immenfe price laid on his head; and the Danifh foldiers, enjoined by duty, and ftimulated by the proffered rewards, exerted themfelves to theutmoft in hisdeteflion; but, fortune favouring his^na- tural dexterity and addrefs, he eluded. all .their attempts, and efcaped in the habit of a'pea- fant to the mountains of Dalccarlia. SWEDEN. n To enumerate all the dangers and fatigues thit young hero underwent, would far ex- ceed the bounds which we muft prefcribe ourfelves: fometimee he waa compelled to work in the mine* to prevent difcovery) at othera, the few friends in whom he repofed eon« 6dence, betrayed him to his enemies, from whom he fuffered fcveral miraculous efcapet) but, after furmounting a thoufand difficulties, and incurring a thoufand dangers, he tn- gaged the favagebut warlike inhabitants of Dalecarlia to efpoufe his caufe, and fight the tyrant of their country under his banners. His patriotic views were crowned with fuc- cefsi and Sweden again, by his means, acquired her former independence. The an- cient nobility being almoft annihilated, and every perfon who had a prior claim to the fovereignty removed by the cruel artifice of Chriftian; to reward a valour they admired, and a perfon to whom they were attached by the warmed ties of regard, the Swediih army created Guftavus firft adminiftrator, and afterwards kingi in which defignation the na- tion united with uncommon tokens of applaufc. The circumftancet with which Guf- tavus mounted the throne were peculiarly favourable, and fuch as allowed him a con- fequence and independence fuperior to that of any former prince. The maflfacre of^the nobles had rid him of thofe proud, haughty enemies, who had (o long been the bane of all regular government in Sweden. The clergy, however, ftill poflefled undiminiflied power, and of confequencc were extremely dangerous^ but the opinions of Luther be- ginning to be promulged, and to prevail in the north, gave Guftavus an opportunity of changing the religious fyftem of his country; and, in the year 1544, the exercife of the Roman Catholic religion was prohibited under the fevercft penalties, which have never yet been mitigated or relaxed. By thefe revolutions Sweden exchanged a Gothic arifto- cracy, empoifoned by religious tyrannies, (thr moft turbuUnt and th« moA wretched of all governments) for a regular monarchy, headed by a patriot king. The happy tffe6k» of this change foon became confpicuous} arts and manufadlures were now either wholly introduced, or materially improved; navigation and commerce began to fmile; learning and humanization quickly followed in fucceflion; and a kingdom known only by name to the reft of Europe, began to bear a confiderable weight in the fcale of political con- fequencc. Having fucceeded thus far, Guftavus next entailed the crown upon his iflue, with the voluntary confent of the ftates: and, after a glorious reign, died in 1559; white his eldeft fon Eric was preparing to embark for England, toefpoufe Queen Elizabeth. The only i£t in which Guftavus (hewed a want of policy and confideration, was in dividing his kingdom among his children, which in a manner entailed mifery upon his offspring. Eric, who fucceeded his father, by his miferableand caufelefs jealoultes of his brothers, drove them to the neceflity of taking up arms in their own defence; and the fenate iiding with them, he was depofed in 1566. His brother John, who fucceeded him, entered into a ruinous w.^r with Ruifia; and attempting, by the advice of his queen, to rc-introduce the Catholic religion into Sweden, threw the whole kingdom into terrible dif- tra£lions. His views on religion were totally fruftrated; and, after feeing his fen Sigif- mund elevated to the Poliih throne, he died in 1592. A a Charles, '■I 94 EUROPE. Charles, the younger brother of the dcceafcd fovereign, and fon of Guftavus, was Imme- diately chofenadminiftrator of Sweden; but being an aftive and zealous proteftant, hi« nephew Sigifmund, who was a virulent papift, endeavoured to drive him from his admi- niftratorfliip; in which intentions perfevering for fome time without efFeft, the ftates of Sweden pafled an aiSl, by which he and h family were excluded from the fucccffion, and the fovereignty was conferred on Charles. Through the practices of Sigifmund, who was warlike, faftious, and powerful, the reign of Charles was turbulent and uneafy : the Danes were encouraged to invade Sweden, but their progrefs was effectually checked by the great Guftavus Adolphus, heir-apparent to the Swedifh crown, and who was then a minor. This prince, on the demife of his father, which happened in i6i i, was declared of age by the ftates, though then only eighteen years old. Immediately on his acceflion, by the intrigues of the Poles, the Danes, and the Ruffians, he found himfelf embroiled with all his neighbours, and furrounded by difficulties, which at laft he glorioufly furmounted. tie nearly made himfelf mafter of RulSa, but the extreme tenacity of the natives to their independence rendered his projects abortive: however, herecoven J Livonia, and poflefled himfelf of four towns in the prafeclurc of Novogorod ; which, with a confiderable Aim of money, were confirmed to him by a peace concluded in 1617, under the mediation of James I. of England, Infpired by repeated fuccefs, and affifted by the councils of La Gardie, one of the beft generals and moftconfummate ftatefmen of his age, the ideas of Guftavus began to extend. His troops, by perpetual wars, were become the beft difciplined and the moft warlike of any in Europe; he was himfelf fond of military glory, and it is faid he entertained views of an ambitious nature upon the German empire itfelf: certain it is, that the princes of the houfe of Auftria were early jealous of his heroic and enterprizing fpirit. In 1627, he laid fiege to Dantzic; but his attempt failed by the fudden rife of the Viftula: however, his military character did not fuffer in the leaft from this difgrace; he was immediately placed by the proteftant caufe at the head of the confederacy which was formed to humble the houfe of Auftria. From this period his life was one continued feries of wonderful events and rapid fucceflcs. He took Riga, and entered Poland, where he was victorious: from thence he landed in Pomerania, drove the Germans out of Mecklenburgh, defeated the celebrated Auftrian general Coun: Tilly, who till then was deemed invincible, and over-ran all Franconia. On the defeat of Tilly. Wallenftein, another Auftrian general of the higheft military charaiSlei, was appointed to command againft Guftavus; and the gallant monarch at length fell on the plain of Lutzen, in the arms of vi&ory. Had he for- tunately furvived, a final period would in all probability have been put to the Auflrian grandeur. Guftavus Adolphus was one of thofe rare mortals, who unite the virtues that refine and exalt humanity to the abilities of a great warrior and ftatefman. His confequence in the cabinet and the field never appeared fo fully as after bis death. The names of Duke Bernard, Bannier, Torftenfon, Wrangel, and others, trained up by him to the arts of war, can never be forgotten in the annals of Europe- By the mof* aftonifhing difplays of valour and fuccefs, they maintained the glory the Swedifli army had acquired ; and, to- gether with the Chancellor Oxenftiern, who was as confummate a politician as he was a warrior^ SWEDEN. 95 warrior, managed the affairs of Sweden with fo much prudence and fortitude, during the minority of Chriftina, daughter of the deceafed fovereign, that ihe in a manner dilated the peace of Weftphalia, which threw the affairs of Europe into a new fyftem. Chridina, who was only fix years old when her father was killed, received an education fuited to her high rank and dignity; but her genius, though fine, took an uncommonly romantic turn. Defcartes, Salmafius, and other learned men, were invited to her court; and flie became rather a patroncfs of genius, than a protedlrefs of a mighty nation: but though fhe was an excellent judge in all the polite arts, and pofTeiTed the mofl polifhed tafte, ihe has been iligmatized as being illiberal and indelicate in the choice of her private favourites. Having early formed a refolution never to give her hand in marriage, in 1654 Ihc refigned her crown to Charles Guftavus her coufm, fon to the Duke of Deux Fonts. This prince foon difplayed his military abili; in his engagements with the Poles, whofe king John Cafimir he drove into Silefu, and obliged them to take an oath of allegiance to his own government, which they as quickly violated. Againft the Danes he was likewife extremely fuccefsfulj but dying of a fever in 1660, he left his fon and fuccefTor Charles XI. only in his ftfth year; a circumdanre which induced the guardians of the young prince to conduce a peace with their neighbours, by which the Swedes ceded the iflands of Bornholm and Drontheim in Norway. By the interpofition of Ruffia and Holland, all differences were amicably adjufted; and Svveder continued to make a very refpeiSlable figure in the affairs of Europe for feveral years. When Charles came of age, he received a fubfidy from Lewis XIV. of France; but foon after difcovering the ambitious intentions of that monarch, he entered into an alliance with England and Holland aj^rainft him. After this, h«« again firicd with France againft the houfe of Auftria; but, receiving a fignal defeat at Felin-Bellin in Gernr.any, a powc All confederacy was formed againft him. The eledor of Brandenburgh poflefTed himfelf of i^M Swedifh Pomerania, the Bifhop of Munftcr over-ran Bremen and Verden, and the Danes took Wifmar and feveral places in Schonen: they, however, were after- wards defeated; and Charles, by the treaty of St. Germain's, which followed that of Ni- meguen, recovered the greater part of his lofles. The kingdom being then reftorcd to tranquillity, he efpoufed Uirica Leonora, the Kingof Denmark's fifter;bjt,employing this interval of peace to the bafeft purpofes, he ftudied only taenflave and begjar his people, thathe might have an opportunity of rendering his power dcfpotic, and his army formidable. Theftates loft their power and their confequence; and the brave Count Patku!, who was at the head of the Livonian Ji puties, was condemnca to lofe his head, and hisri^ht-hand, for the boldnefs of his remonftrance in favour of his countrymen ; a fentenci which would certainly have been executed had he not faved himfelf by flight. In ii.ort, Charles rendered himfelf not only dreaded by his fubje£ls, but formidable to the othe.-' princes of Europe; and, under his mediation, the conferences for a general pacification were opened at Ryfwic. He ditd in 1697, and was fuccccded by his minor fon the il- luftrious Charles XII. This hero will ever be famous in hiftory for his uncommon magnanimity, more than tbofe qualities which ought to dignify a monarch. His fathet's will bad fixed the age «f i I II f6 EUROPE. of his majority to eighteen; but it wts fet afide for an earlier date by the polipy of Count Piper, who thus ingratiated himfelf fo far with the young monarch, that he became his prime-minifter. Soon after Charles's acceffion, the Kings of Denmark and Poland, and the Czar of Mufcovy, defpifing his juvenility, and forming a mean opinion of his abili- ties, entered into a powerful confederacy againft him. However, he boldly made head againft them all; and, befieging Copenhagen, di£iated the peace of Travendahl to his Da- nifh majefty, by which the Duke of Holftein was re-eftabliflied in his dominions. At this time the Czar was ravaging Ingria at the head of 8o,ooo men, and had befieged Nar- va. The army of Charlr:, did not amount to more than ao,ooo men; but fuch was his impatience to engage, that he advanced at the head of only 8000, and entirely routing the ff.ain body of the Ruffian army, raifed the fiege of Narva. Such fucceiTes, with only a handful of troops, made the Ruffians confider him as a preternatural being, or at lea({ a dealer in necromancy: they could not conceive it poffible for a youth, unpraAifed in war, and unfupported with a powerful army, to attempt, and to conquer, in the manner he did, without a reliance on fome invifible agent. Charles having thus begun his career of martial glory, marched into Saxony; where his atchievements equalled, if they did not furpafs, thofe of his predeceiTor Guftavus Adolphus. He dethroned Auguftus King of Poland, and fet up Staniflaus in his ftead : but he tarnifhed all his laurels by a piece of inhuman barbarity on the brave Count Patkul, who fufFered a death equally horrid and ignominious. In fbort, his name at this time carried fuch terror along with it, that he was courted by all the powers of Europe; and, among others, by the Great Duke of Marlborough, in the name of his Royal Miftrefs, in the full career of vi£lory. Yet, with all thefe martial atchievements. he can only be confidcred as an illuftrious madman. His ftubbornnefs and implacable difpofition were fuch, that he gratified them at the expence of prudence, virtue, and honour. In the battle of Pultowa, which he incon> fiderately fought in his march to dethrone the Czar, he loft more than he had gained by all his former victories; his brave army was either taken or cut to pieces, and himfelf forced to take refuge among the Turks at Bender. His frantic defence with only 300 Swedes againft 30,000 Turks, proves that he poflefled a foul divefted of every particle of fear; he was however obliged to fubmit, though the Turks found it convenient for their affairs to prefent htm with his liberty. Still, however, misfortunes had not taught him caution, nor had defeat cured his military enthufiafm ; for, after his return into his kingdom, he continued to profecute his revenge againft Denmark with unabating fury, till he was killed by a cannon-ftiot, at the fiege of Fredericftjal in Norway, in the year 1718, being only thirty-fix years old. The peculiarity of character which diftinguiflied this prince, is ftrongly depidlcd by M. de Voltaire. No dangers, however fudden or imminent, ever occafioned in him the leaft difmay, even when they have (haken the conftancy of the firmeft among hisfoUowcrs : he feems, in (hort, to have been a man divcft diation of his Britannic majefty, which was fo firmly adhered to by the Czarina, that the Jcing of Denmark thought proper to acquiefce. The prince-ele£l efpoufed the Princcfsf Uhica, third fifter to the King of Pruffia; and, ifl I75it entered on the pofteflion of his new dignity, which proved to him a fource of perpetual inquietude and vexation. Through a ftrange medley of affairs and party views, the French had obtained vaft influence in all the deliberations of the Swedifh fenate, and bad rendered them little better than penfioners to that crown. By the intrigues of the fe- nators, Adolphus was compelled to take part in the late war againft Pruffia; but as fuch a ftep was not only difagreeable to the nation in general, but likewife to the king himfelf, the Swedes never made fo mean an appearance in war: however, after feveral fpiritlefs campaigns, a peace was concluded, which left matters as they ftood at the commencement ot theconteft. Adolphus died difpirited, in 177I1 after a turbulent reign of twenty years} and was fucceeded by Guftavus, his eideft fon, then twenty-five years of age. The acceffion of this prince to the throne, with the prepofTeffions of the people ftrongly in his favour, prefented a favourable opportunity for extending the power of the crown, by reducing that of the fenate. Ariftocracy naturally and rapidly degenerates into def- potifm; the yoke of which is more intolerable to a people, in proportion as the oppreffions o. a number of tyrants ace more grievous than thofe «f only one. Guftavus found his B b people m'-\ 9» EUROPE. people divided into two great political parties, diftingui/hed by the names of Caps and Hats; the former efpoufing the intcreft of the court, and the latter that of the country. By the moft mafterly ftrokes of policy, and the moft profound diffimulation, he endeavoured to circumvent and deftroy the influence of the fenatej the army was devoted to his intc- reft, and his two brothers were entrufted with principal commands. While the king wasamufingthe fenate at Stockholm, in 1772, with the moft warm and fpccious profeffions of difintercfted patriotifm, an infurre^ion of the military broke out at Chriftianftadt, fet on foot by one Hellichins, a military officer commanding there, who juftificd the outrages of his party, by making a plea of the tyranny and oppreffion of the governing powers. Prince Charles, the king's brother, who was purpofcly in the vicinity, made this a pre- tence to aflemble the troops under his commandj whilft Prince Frederick Auguftus put iiimfelf at the head of thofe in the neighbourhood of Eftrogothia. Alarmed at thefe proceedings, the fenate could not conceal their fears; but the king, with the moft confum- mate diflimulation, exprefling his refentment againft the infurgents, and his zeal to fup- prefs them, found means, without fufpicion, to ftation the military force in Stockholm (o as to furround the fenate-houfe; by which he efteftually controuled the deliberations car- rying on there. In this dilemma, the fenate finding themfelves totally abandoned by the foldiery, who unanimoufly took an oath of allegiance to the king, and incapable of adling, Guft:avus was enabled in one morning to accomplifh a great and almoft unparalleled re- volution, and to deprive an extenfive nation of it's liberties without bloodihed, without noife, without tumult, and without oppofition; the people flocking together with as much vacant euriofity as if to behold fome holiday fport. The king then repairing to the Caftle, to which the foreign niinifters had retired, in- formed them that, with tears in his eyes, he had acceded to the mcafure of which they wf re witnefles, for the fecurity of his own perfon, the welfare of his people, and the maintenance of true liberty} each of which, he aflured them, was etjually in danger. Next morning he re- ceived the oaths of the magiftrates, the burghers, and the college of Stockholm, by which they were bound to obey him only; and a book was opened in one of the apartments of the palace, wherein thofe who were willing to take an oath of allegiance were to fubfcribe their names. The fcnators and great officers who rcfufed to comply were immediately confined; and foon after acquainted by his majefty, that they muft come to a final refolu- tion, either to accede to the new form of government, or quit the kingdom for ever. The following day being appointed for abolifhing the old form of government, and confirming the new, the king affembled all :he ftates in one grand council for that pur- pofe. Such decifive meafureswere taken for the accompliflimcnt of this great aft, that nothing was left to blind chance or the capricious turns of fortune: the fenate-houfe . and palace were early in the morning inveftcd on every fide with troops, all the garrifon was underarms, and cannon were planted in the great court of the hall where the ftates were deftined to aflemble. Being thus furroundcd with objefls of terror, it could fcarcely be fuppofed that any would pofll-fs fnfficieni fortitude to oppofe the pro- pofittons which were to be made to them, however repugnant to their feelings or their li- ♦ bcjty. SWEDEN. ^ herty. The king opened the fcene, by cntciing the hall in his regalia, hlmfelf making the fignal for filence, an office ufcuily executed by a fcnator, none of which illuftrious body were in the prefent affembly. Guftavus then harangued the dates in a long fpeech, in which he depi£)ed the depIor> able fituation to which the nation was reduced, by the two great fadions which divided the people; that by this means they were fevered, as it were, into twofeparate nations^ who united only in mangling their country; that ilreams of blood had been flied fome- times by one party, and fometimes by another, and that the people were always the facri- iices to quarrels in which they bad but little concern; that the only end of the rulers had been to fortify their own power, a id that all their deliberations had been adapted to that purpofe; that where the law was clear, the letter of it had been perverted, and where it had been palpably repugnant, it had been broken through; that thus the noblefl: of the rights of men had been transformed into an unfupportable ariftocratical tyranny in the hands of the ruling party, which was itfelf enflaved, and led at pleafure by a very fmall number of it's body; that the notice of a new aflembly of the ftates made every one trem- ble; and that, far from eonfidering how the affairs of the nation might be beft tranfadted,. they were only buHed in getting together a majority for their party, that they might be fcreened from the infolcnce and lawlefs violence of the other. The king then laid, or rather infinuated, a charge of the blacked dye; and this was no lefs than that the ftates were actually under foreign influence, and that the bafeft means had been employed to enflave the nation. Having finifhcd this addrefs, he made a folemn rTiunciation, on oath, of all abfolute fovereignty and power; after which he ordered the new form of government to be read to the ftates by the fecretary of revifion. This piece, which is of confiderable length, con- fifts of Hfty-feven articles, the moft eftential of which are the following: that the king is to have the fole eleAion of the fenate; that he is to call the ftates together whenever he pleafes,. and to feparate them alfo when he plea(es, after they h&ve at any time continued fitting three months; that the contributions are to be granted by the ftates, but if not voted within three months, the former are to remain; that in cafe of invafion, or urgent neceffity, the king is to be permitted to levy fome taxes till the ftates can be afTembled; that when the ftates are afTembled, tbey are to confine their deliberations to thofe fubjeds which the king lays before them ; and that the king is to have the fole difpofttion of the army, navy, and finances, and of all employments civil, military, and ecclefiaftical. To give validity to thefe new regulations, the king difmifTed all his old fenators, and conferred that dignity on fifteen noblemen, whom he knew to be attached to his intereft. His next ftcp was to encreafe the odium thrown on the ftates, by making them the caui'c of the famine which then prevailed ; and to evince his pternal regard for his fubjcds, he direfted that ten thoufand meafures of meal, of twenty pounds each, fbould be diftributed among the common people. The fubfequent meetings of the diet were produiSlive of nothing but abjet^ compll.nnces with the king's requifitions; they enabled him to raife extraordinary fr.pplics upon par- ii': k ticul ar . ,, I Tco EUROPE. ticular occafions, by the help of a fecret committee; and conftituted him both judge of the exigence, and regulator of the means of fupply. By thefe conceffions the king be- came virtually pofleffed of all the powers of governnicnt, and the ftates thereby feem irre- vocably to have fixed their own doomj for the royal will being now competent to deter- mine on what is requifite, and to fupply what is nccettary, the crown can have no real motive for convoking any future diet. The (hameful tamenefs with which the Swedes endured the overthrow of their confti- tution, and the lofs of their liberties, will ever remain a fubjeft of aftonifljment. They have now furrendered every thing that is moft dear to mankind, and moft valuable in life, without a fingle conteft. They have not only refigned the freedom in which they them- felves were born, but they have entailed flavery on their remoteft pofterity. May their unhappy fituation have a proper efFcdt on thofe few ftates which ftill retain any veftiges of civil liberty! May it teach them to avoid the fatal confcqiiences of party fpirit, and unconftitutional innovations ; for when national intercfts are facrificed to the gratification of the inordinate ambition of a few leading men, or when the venerable fabric of ancient legiflation is demolifljed to make way for the eftablilhment of modern doftrincs} that country, that people, ought to confidcr Sweden, and tremble! CHAP. IV. POLAND. \:.' THIS country obtains the name of PolHca from the natives; and it is generally thought that it's etymological derivation is from PoUf a Sclavonian word fignify- ing a Country fit for Hunting; the whole kingdom being compofed of vaft plains, which were anciently covered with woods abounding in wild bcafts and game of every kind. In it's original extent, before the late difmemberment, Poland, with the annexed dutch/ of Lithuania, was bounded on the north by Livonia, Mofcovy, and the Baltic Sea; on the eaft by Mofcovy; on the fouth by Hungary, Turky, and Little Tartary; and on the weft by Germany; extending from 47 degrees 40 minutes to 56 degrees 30 minutes north lati- tude, and between 16 and 34 degrees eaft longitude from London. It's greateft length is 700 miles, and medium breadth about 500; and had the form of it's government been as perfei^ as it's fituation was compact and favourable for commerce, it might have been one of the richeft, happieft, and moft powerful kingdoms in the univerfe. The air of Poland is fuch as might naturally be expelled in a champain and extenfive country; cold, but falubrious, particularly in the more northern diftrifts. The Carpa- thian mountains, which form a barrier between Poland and Hungary, are covered with cverlafting fnow, which not unufually falls in the middle of fummer ; however, the climate U ^^u f ,4 a i \ : l>uUUIw4 «• «•• A>t 4ir>rl«.b]r airriCw It Cf K«r. i.i/B* . t*CfK«r.t,7>' r(,m- POLAND. xoi U generally temperate and frttlcd, the weather being lefs variable, either in Aimmer or in winter, than in moll of the hyperborean regions. In Poland ate feveral lakes, fome of which abound in fifh ; but the moll remarkable of thcfc are the lake of Gopto, in t! ', palatinate of Byzcfty } and Birals, or the White Lake^ which lad i> faid to polTcfs the extraordinary quality of dyeing thofe who bathe in it of a fwarthy complexion. The principal of the Polilh rivers are, the Duna, called Cubo by the Poles, which has it's fource in RulTta, and after running through Lithuania and PrulBa, difcharges itfelf into the Baltic ^ the Memel, in Pulifli Niemen, which rifmg in the palatinate of Novo- grodec, and devolving itfelf through Lithuania and PrulTia, falls into the Baltic; the Weifcl,or Viftula, in Polilh the VVifla, which ilTues from the Carpathian mountains, and after receiving feveral confiJerable ftreams in it's courfe through Poland, at lall enters the Baltic; the Neifter, which rifes in a lake among the Carpathian mountains, and dividing Poland from Moldavia, falls into the Black Sea; and the Neiper, or Borifthencs of anti- quity, which has it's fource in the mountains of Budin in RulGa, and after a courfe of near a thoufand miles, difcharges itfelf into the Black Sea. Poland being in general a level country, is well adapted for agriculture; hence the foil is exceedingly fertile in corn, as appears from the vaft quantities annually fent down the Villula toDantzic for exportation. In Pudulia, Voihinia, the Ukraine, and the province of Red Ruflia, little culture or manure is required to produce a plentiful crop; and even in Great and Little Poland, where agriculture calls for fome labour and attention, the harveft amply rewards the toil of the induftrious peafant. Lithuania, Polilh Prulfia, and Samogitia, are likewife abundantly fertile in grain; beftdes which, the laft-mentioned pro- vince produces vaft quantities of Dax and hemp. The pallures of Poland are rich be« yond conception, efpecially in Podolia, where the grafs grows to fuch a luxuriant height, that the horns of the cattle are alone feen while they graze in the meadows. With refped to the vegetable produ(Stions of this country, there are herbs, roots, and garden-ftuff, in abundance; and alfo fruits of the bigheft flavour; but grapes feldom arrive at fufficient perfection to make good wines. The Polilh manna is coUedled, in the months of June and July, fronvanherb which grows very plentifully in the meadows and marlhy grounds. The Polifli berries, called kermes, are found adhering to the leaves, ftem, and branches, of a kind of ever-green of the oak genus ; and are always gathered in May, before they are fully ripjC. Thefe berries are of a fpherical form, as large as a pea, being fmooth, Ihining, and full of a mucilaginous juice of a beautiful red colour. From the moft attentive enquiries, naturalifts pronounce this production to be the neft of a fmall fly or worm, which pricking the bark or leaf in order to depoAt it's eggs, raifes a little tumour, which by degrees fills with a red pulp, impregnated with the numerous animalcula. Woods of oak, beech, pine, and fir, abound in Poland, particularly in the interior parts, where timber grows in fuch large quantities, that the houfes are wholly conftruCted with it. A variety of gems and precious ftones are found in this country; fuch as amethyfts, topazes, fappbires, rubies, agates, chalcedonies, carndians, cnyxcs, opals, jafpers, C c and ' .'3 31 Ji EUROPE. and rock cryfla!. It likewife affords Mofcovyglafs, talc, alliim, faltpetre, amber, fpar, quirkfilver, lapis-cu]aminari«, iron, lead, and fome tin, with inexhauftible quantities of fait which are hewn out of the rocks in large blocks. The Polifti forcfts contain plenty of uri, or bufF.ilocs, wild horfes, wolves, boars, elks, and deer. A fpecies of wolf rcfembling a hart, with white fpots on it's belly and legs, is peculiar to this country, and affords excellent futsj but the elk, which forms the principal delicacy at the feafts of the opulent, is at once the moft common and mod extraordinary animal of Poland. The body of this creature refembles that of the deer, but it is much longer and thicker; it's legs arc highj it's feet broad and cloven; and it's horns large, rough, and broad, like thofe of a wild goat. Naturalifts have obferved that, on difTeifting the head of an elk, it is generally found to contain fevcral large flies, the brains being at the fame time almoft totally confumed; and, indeed, it is a well attcAed obfervation, that this poor animal, towards the winter, is attacked by thefe infedts, which attempt, through the ears, to take up their winter quarters. This circumftance is fuppofed to afi«£l the elk with the falling ficknefs, which renders it far lefs difficult to be caught than would otherwife be the cafe. The Poles make a very refpeflable perfonal appearance, being generally of a good ftature, of a fair complexion, and a well-proportioned Hiape. They cut their hair fhort, and (have themfelves fo as to leave large whiflccrs; which, united with their natural ftately mien, give them great gravity of countenance. Thefe people have long been celebrated for perfonal ftrength, intrepidity, and longevity. They enjoy an uninterrupted flow of good health; and, by inuring themfelves to manly exercifes, and the ufe of the cold bath, acquire great bodily vigour. The nobles have been chara£lerized as open, affable, liberal, and hofpitable; polite to flrangers, rigid to their dependents, pun£liIious in point of honour, and vain, oftentatious, and magnificent, in their manner of living, apparel, and equipage: hence, though paffionately fond of li- berty, they fpend their lives in a perpetual ftateof fervitude to their profufion and necefll- ties. Poor in the midfl of a fertile country, they defpife the idea of impi'oving their fortunes by trade; and are perhaps the only people on earth who have provided by an ex- prefs law againft raifmg a maritime power. As to the vulgar, they are mean, mercenary, ignorant, and extremely indigent. But though thefe are the general leading features of this nation, it would be unjuft not to fuppofe that there are many, even in the lower walks of 'ife, who are diilinguifhed for t'^eir probity, learning, and humanity. The drefs of the Poles is in many /efpefts different from that Of other Europeans. They we'ir a veft which reaches dov n to the middle of the leg, and over it n kind of gown lined with furs and girded with a fafli, the flceves of which fit as clofc r s thr^ie of a waillcoat; and their breeches are wide, and made in one piece with their f^ockings: they cover their heads with fur caps, and inftead of flioes wear Turky-lcather boots, with thin foals, and deep iron heels bent like a crefcent. Their fhirts are defthute of collars and wrift-bands, and they neither ufe flocks nor neckcloths. They carry a pole>- axe, fabre, or cntlafs, by their f'des, on all occafions; and, when on horfebwrk, they wear, over all, a fhoit cloak co? ercd with furs both intcriully and CKternally. Perfons of POLAND. 103 of rank wear Tablet; others, the flcins of (ions, tygeri, and leopards} while the peafantt content themfelves with an unfhorn flieep-fkin for their winter drcfs, and in fummer with a thicic coarfe cloth ; but the ufc of linen has never yet been adopted among them. The drtfs of the women nearly refembies that of the men) but Tome people of fafliion of both fexes afFcA the French or Englifli modes. The Polifli ladies are amiable, fprightiy and witty, and paflionately fond of mufic and dancing; but they are at the fame time remarkably modeft, and extremely fubmi/ltve to their hufbands. The houfes of the Poles confift chiefly of ground-floors, thefc people having an almoft infuperable averflon *n living or fleeping above flairs. The dwelling-houfe generally fronts the gate, the kitchens and oflices occupying one fide, and the ftables the other. Wood is the ufual material in building, though there are fome houfes ere£led of brick or ftone, in the Italian flileof architedture; but the fined buildings in this country, though fome of them are richly furniftied, are deftitute of their principal ornament, having feldom any gardens or orchards, which even in lefs fertile foils are not often negle£ied. 7'hc habitations of the peafants are mean in every refpe£t, being only circular huts built with poles, and left open at the top to emit the fmoke and admit the light. They are covereo with thatch, or boards; and, as they frequently confift of only one room, the n (ler, his r'amily, and cattle, repofe in peaceful aflTociation. The inns of this country are few and incommodious, being only long ftables raifed with boards, and covered with ftraw, without windows or furniture} and having a chamber at one end for the reception of travellers, generally fo full of vermin, that a night's lodging among the horfes is deemed preferable. Foreigners are neceflitated tu carry proviftons with them; and, when in want of « fupply, they have recouri'e to the lord of the village, who forthwith provides them with the neceflaries required. The ufual mode of travelling among the Poles is on horfeback; and fo fond are they of this mode of conveyance, that they will not take the fliorteft journey without it: they are fo hardy, that they frequently fleep on the ground in froft and (o'l'^r without any bed or covering, or appearing to feel any fort of inconvenience. To the account which has already been given of the love of fplendor prevalent among the Poliih nobility, it may be proper to add, that when they fit down to dinner or fupper, they have their trumpets and other mufic playing, and a number of gentlemen to attend them, all ferving with the moft profound refpeidt; for though the whole nobility of Poland are held to be on a level, at having votes in the diet, yet wealth creates a manifeft dif- tindion, and thofe who are in indigent circumftances are. frequently compelled to ferve the rich. Their patron, however, in thefe cafes, treats them with great apparent civility, and permits the fenior to fit with him at table with hit cap off; and each of them hat a menial fervant to wait on him, maintained by the matter of the family. At entertainments the Poles lay neither knives nor foilcs, it being ufual for every gueft to provide himfelf prcvioufly with thefe necelfary implements: and no fooner has the company fat down at table, than all the doors are fliut^ and no intrufion is permitted till they break up. Thofc who arc invited, introduce their fervants into the fame room, and «l ,1 I I: / m 194 EUROPE. and even give them meat from their own plates, which they eat (landing behind thelrin»ftcc» chairs. The cloth being removed, the ladies retire, and the gcHtlcmen fit down to drinking and fmoaking tobacco. Bumpers are much in fafliion both here and iu Ruflia; nor can a worfe compliment be paid to an hoft than for any perfon to rtJuie pledging him. But to defcribe minutely the forms, ceremonies, grandeur, and (hew of the Polanders, would exceed the bounds of any fcienti(ic work; however, that the reader may (igure to himfelf feme adequate idea of thefe people, he may fancy them to include all that is faftiUir- ous and expenfive. When they appear abroad, the pomp of their attendance even cxpofes them to ridicule: the lady of a Polilft gr. idee, befides a coach and fix, and a great nunv- ber of fervant^ is attended by an old gentleman-v(her, an old gentlewoman-governante, and a couple of dwarfs to fupport her train. The figure of all their pomp, however, is proportioned to their efbatesj but as each perfon goes as far as his iricomc can poflibly afJbrd, and the nobility are precluded from trade, though not from fervice, on pain of being accounted infamous, many of them are thrown into very diftrefsful fituations, from which it is impoffiWe, v/ithout commerce, they can ever extricate themfelves or families. The Poles, when confidered as member* of the community, arc divided into nobles, citizens, and peafants. The Poli(h nobility h.ive, from time immemorial, redded in the country; but though there are different titles, fuch as princes, count:, and barons, the whole body is naturally on a level, except the difference that arifes from the public pofts they enjoy; hence aU who boaft a loble birth addrefs one another by the appellation of Brothers. Superior titles of lioiiour -neet with no fuperior refpedi, each thinking that of a gentleman of Poland to be the higheft didindion that can be enjoyed. Their privileges are many and con(iderable;and, indeed, fuch as are wholly incompatible with every ideaof civil liberty; partly acquired by the indulgence of former kings, but more generally deduced from an>- cient cuftom and prefcription. They poflefs a power of life and death over their vaf- fals, are exempted from the payment of taxes, and are accountable to none but the king, whom they have a vote in electing, and lay under what reftraint they pleafe by the faHa conventa; befides which, none but themfelves, and the burgherf of fome few parti- cular towns, are permitteu to purchafe lands. In ihort, the iwbility enjoy an indcpend*. fpce every way inconfiftent with a well-regulated government, and are fo power'uF ?nd defpotic over their tenants, that they afTign them over, with their lands, cattle, and furni» turt. Some of the Polifh grandees occupy eftates from five to thirty leagues in extent, and are alfo hereditary fovercigns of cities, over which the king has no jurifdidion. The houfe of a nobleman is a fecure afylum for perfon» guilty of the moft enormous offences, for none muft prefume to take them thence without free permiflion from it's matter. H.irfc and foot guards are continually on duty before their palaces, and march before them when they go abroad ; but when the nobles attend the diet, they difplay their utmoft magnificence, being frequently attended by five thoufand armed men; and i.idances are not wanting, where the" have decided their debates by the fword. When thefe haughty nobles have fuits at law, the diet, or rather tribunal, de- cides POLAND. 105 111 cidesthem; but the execution of the fentence muft be left to the longeft fword, the energy of jufticc being too feeble to force a compliance with it's decrees. Indeed, quarrels are frequently decided in this way, as the firft appeal ; fome thoufands of men being raifed on each fide, and a mutual occafion fought to plunder, burn, and deftroy. As to the peafants, being born and brought up as flaves, they never entertain any no- tions of liberty, nor are they treated as creatures entitled to juftice or humanity; for if a grandee murders the peafant of another, he is not capitally convi<5led, but only obliged to make reparation by providing another vaflal of equal age and condition. When a nobleman is defirous of cultivating a piece of land, he builds a little wooden hut fomewhet.-upon the fpot, in which he fettles the peafant and his family, giving them a cow, two horfes, and a certain number of gcefe and other poultry, with as much corn as is fufllicient for their main- tenance the firft year, and to improve fur their own future fubfiftence and the emolument of their lord. Thus, having no property of their own, all their acquifttions only fcrve to enrich the mafler: 'hey are indifpenfably obliged to cultivate the earth, and are inca- pacitated from entering upon any condition of life which might procure them freedom, or improve their fortune; and, befides, they are expofed to the odious, «nd frequently fatal, effects of the caprice, cruelty, and barbarity of their tyrannical mafters; who, having the full power of their lives and property 'n their hands, too often abufe it in the moft grofs and wanton manner, the wives and daughters of the unhappy peafants being fubjeft to the moft brutal treatment. One blefling, however, attends the wretched fituationof th^fe poor people, which is derived from their infenfibility: born in fervitude, and habituated from their infancy to hardftiips and fevere labour, they fcarcely entertain any idea of hap- pier tircumftanccs and greater liberty; and lookup to their mafters with a reverential awe, regarding them as a fuperior order of beings. Chcarful and contented with their lot, they always fhew the greateft alacrity to facrifice themfelves and their families for their chieftain, efpecially if he pays a moderate attention to the comfortablenefs of their fubfiftence; for one of their maxims is, that a man can never be very wretched while he has any thing to cat. In ftiort, the prefentftate o.' the Poles bears a ftrong refemblance, in many inftancfs, to that of Europe in general during the feudal ages; the grandees, as in thofcdays, poflefs unbounded power, while their vaflals ares' moft deprived of the moft unalienable rights of humanity. Such is the boafted liberty of the Poies; by which the multitude are reduced to the moft abjeft flnvery; while thofe who enjoy eftates, however fmall, exercife greater power over their dependants than is allowed to royalty in ftatcs where civil liberty is well un- derftood. With rcfpeft to the patrimonial wealth of the Polifh nobles, it Is either derived from landed eftates, a fhare in the falt-works, or from the revenues of the city of Dantzic which are eftecmed equivalent to an eftate in land. But befides this hereditary independence, there are royal and ecclefiaftical eftates; the former of which confift principally in ftar- ofties, which are in general difpofcd of by the king, as the reward of military merit; and the latter are derived from biflioprics, beneficjs, priories, and canonries, to which vaft quantities of land are annexed. D d This xo6 EUROPE. This country emerged from idolatry about the year 964, when St. Adelbert preached the Chriftian religion with fuch fuccefs among the Poles, as ever after confirmed '.hem in the belief of the true God •, though, in fome of the remoteft parts of the kingdo.n, we are told, even at this time, Pagans are to be found. Ever fince the above-mer.tioned «ra, the Cathc'ic artifice has kept the Poli/h government firmly attached to it's caufej hence the Reformation could never meet with the fanflion of the legiflature, and none but Papifts can rife to any rank in the ftate. However, no country has bred more deifts and free- thinkers than this; and the number of proteftants, confifting principally of Lutherans and Calvinifts, is very confiderable. But though thefe religious perfaafions are tolerated, fo tenacious are thcPolifli nobility, and the bulk of the nation, o'' the Roman Catholic faith, that perfecutions have frequently been commenced and carried on againft tUffenters from the eftablilhed religion, with all the fury of fuperftitious bigotry. The treaty of Olivia, which was concluded in 1660, in favour of diflenters from the national church, and gua- ranteed by the principal powers of Europe, was moft grofsly violated by the governing powers in 1724, when a public maffacre was made, under the fandlion of the laws, of a number of proteftants at Thorn. But though the Romifh bigots occaficnally cxerciiu their religious phrenzy on the adherents of the reformed churches. Jcivs, Turks, and In- fidels of every kind, are not only tolerated, but encouraged. When Staniflaus Auguftus, theprefent king of Poland, was elevated to the throne, having a mind above the narrov\r views of blind fuperftition, he endeavoured to liberate the proteftants from their oppreffionj, by reviving all the laws which at different periods had been made in their favour: but this liberal and benevolent intention ferved only to confirm the evil it was incciided to remed v; for the zealots of the church of Pvome immediately took up arms, exterminating the pro- teftants wherever they could be found, and laying the country wafte. The number of monafteries in this kingdom amounts to five hundred and feventy-fiv, and the nunneries toone hundred and feventeen; there are, befides, two hundred and forty- fix feminaries, and thirty-one abbies: and fome writers of reputation inform us, that near two-thirds of the lands and revenues of tiie whole kingdom are fcqueftced to religious ufcF. But, with all their wealth, the Polifli clergy in general are illiterate bigots, opinionated ?nd fuperftitious, and fkilled only in that fpecits of fophiftry called fchool-divinity, in an unmeaning metaphyfical jargon, and che frivolous diftindlions of fine-fpun logic. The monks are the moft profligate and debauched characters imaginable; often appear- ing drunk in public, and frequenting places of ill repute without apprehending any dif- grace to their order, or dreading the ccnfure of their fup :,iors, whofe own vices render them CvTually liable to contempt. After what has been faid, it may eafily be conceived that the clergy have a vaft iway in all public deli jcrations, that their immcnfe revnues give them confiderable weight, and that the ignorance of their flocks paves a ready way for religious tyranny. Poland contains only two ? hiepifcopal fees; Guefna and Lemburg. The arch- bifliop of Guefna, befides being primate, and during any inter-regnum prince rcf^cnt of the kingdom, is always a cardinal; and even the bi&ops enjoy greater immunities and privileges POLAND. J07 privileges in Poland than in moft other countries, though they are extremely remifs in the execution of their epifcopal functions. The Polifli language is a dialeft of the Sclavonic; and, on account of the vaft number of confonants it employs, is extremely har(h and inharmonious: however, the Latin tongue is commonly fpoken, even by thofe of inferior rai.k, though without the leaft regard to accent, quality, or purity of language. High Dutch and Ruffian are likewife underilood in the provinces bordering on thefe refpe^^ive countries. This climate feems very unpropitious to the growth of literature; though Copernicus, the great reflorer of the true aftronomy, as well as Vorftius, and fome other learned men, were natives of Poland. The contempt which the nobility have ever (hewn for learning, the vaiTalage of the lower clafles, and the gloomy fuperftition which pervades all ranks of men, are circumftanccs which have wonderfully retarded the progrefs of arts and fciences. However, under the aufpices of the prefent king, who is not only a patron but a judge, the fine arts begin to revive, the new philofophy is generally admitted, ma- thematics are ftudied, and natural philofophy is become fafhionabie. The Polifh univcrfities are thofe of Cracow, Pofnia, and Wilna. The firft confifts o." eleven colleges, and has the fuperviforfhip of fourteen grammar- fchools, difperfed i^h the city; that of Pofnia is rather a college of the Jefuits than an univerfity ; and '^' .t.a, though dignifiied with the name of an univerfity, contains nothing curious or in< tcrefting. Poland export<« none of it's manufactures, the commodities it produces being carried out of the country unwrought. The pride of nobility, and the bigotry of religion, are of infinite detriment, not only to the progrefs of arts, but likewife to the profperity of commerce. The Poles, however, export grain of all kinds, mafts, deal-boards, and {hip and houfe timber; pitch, flax, hemp, linfeed, hops, honey, wax, hides, horned cattle, horfes, tallow, leather, potaih, and other domeftic commodities: but thefe are coniiderably overbalanced by their imports, which confift of wine, fpices, plate, copper, brafs and ftec , with a variety of articles which luxury has rendered necefiary. The conAitution of Poland is fo extremely fingular, that we cannot trace the moft remote refemblance of it in any government either ancient or modern. Large volumes have been written exprefislyon the fubjcdl, but it ftill remains in a great meafure unknown. The republic, af f it '.'.illed, is compofed of the king, fenate, and nobility: the king is allowed to be the ; -^ n ; is elected by the nobility and clergy on the plains of Warfaw, who af- fembleor ' ■ 'r'tk 'or that purpofe; and if there be a refractory minority,the majority have no other contrc' J .ver them than that which is obtained by the exercife of fuperior vio- lence. Immediately «fter ihe king's eledtion, he figns the pa£la convenia of the kingdom, by which he engages to introduce no foreigners into the army or government, and accedes to fuch other ftipulations as the haughty and imperious nobles think proper to impofe^ fo that, in fafl, he can oii>; be regarded as preftdent of the fenate, which is compofed of the Primate, the Archbifliop of Lemburg, fifteen biOiops, and an hundred and thirty lay- men, confifting of the great officers of Ibte, the palatines and caftellans. This fenate is fiiled the Guardian of Liberty, the Judge of P-lght, and Pfote£tor of Juftice and Equity. It's members. If m U, u -!■ if i-'.m « 111 IC» EUROPE. members, except where the honour is annexed to any particular office, are noniinal<:d by the king; but they muft talce an oath to the republic before they are permitted to enter on the ex- ercifeof their fun«Stions. They are the natural mediators between the monarch and the fubjcd; and, in conjuniSlion with his niajelly, ratify all the laws palled by the nobility. The Polifh diet is compofed of the king, the fenate, and the deputies of the nobility of every palatine, and is either ordinary or extraordinary: the former is convoked only once iatwo or three years, and the latter by the king on any critical emergency; but onedifTent* ing voice renders all their deliberations jnefFedtual. Previous to a general diet, either ordinary or extraordinary, which can only fit fix weeks at one time, there arc three dietines, or provincial diets, held in different diftriils, to which the king fubmits by letter the heads of the bufinefs to be tranfadted in the general diet. The gentry of each palatine, who are privileged to fit in the dictine, then nominate their nuncios or deputies, who carry their refolutionsto the grand diet. This grand affi.mbly of the ftates meets twice at Warfaw, and once at Grodno, in rotation, for the convenience of the Lithuanians, who made this one of the articles of their union with Poland. The ten great officers of ftate in Poland, who are al 'i "itorv, are the two great mar- fhals of Poland and Lithuania; the chancellor of the kii.^ nd the chancellor of the dutchy; the vice-chancellor of the kingdom, and the vu. ancellor of the dutchy; thetrcafurer of the kingdom, and the treafurerof the dutchy; the fub-mai(hal, or marfhal of the courtof the kingdom; and the fub-marfhal, or marfhal of the court of the dutchy. The ftarofts are properly governors and judges in particular ftaroftics, or diftricls; but fonie enjoy this title without any appropriate jurildiilion. The palatines and caftcUans, who compofe a part of the fenate, are likewifc lord-lieu- tenants and deputy-lieutenants in their refpeciive palatines. • Such arc the general outlines of the Polilh conftitution, heterogenous in it's nature, and ineffeflual in it's Icgiflation: however, it is new-modelled by almoft every new fovereign, according to the pacla conventa impofcd on him at his acceffion; fo that nothing can be affirmed with certainty rcfpedting it, efpecially fmcethe late war, which occafioncd a total tiiflblution of order in Poland. But, notwithftanding it's acknowledged defedts, it ap- pears to be founded on principles which, if not ill applied, might be made favourable to public liberty, by reftraining the prerogative of the king, and by the infbitution of frequent diets a.id dietines: however, in it's moft improved flate, it laboured under incurable difor- ders; and the exercife of the veto, or tribunitial negative, which is vefbd in every member of the diet or dietine, is deflrudive of all order and goverm ;nt. The want likcwife of due fubordination .n the executive parts of th** conftitution, and the rendering noblemen inde- pendent of the laws, are blemifhts which will be the more difficult to remove, as they can only be done with the confcnt of thofe whofe privileges they would injure in the moft effen- tial manner. The whole conftitution, indeed, refts on Gothic principles, and that unlimit- ed jurifdiiftion the great lords in former ages ufed to enjoy over all Europe; and the only probable means by which it can be improved to the benefit of the kingdom in general, is by the introduction of arts, manufaflures, and commerce, and by a reformation of religion. Thefe great points obtained, the common people would naturally acquire fome in- dependence. m POLAND. 109 dependence, the power of the grandees would confequenly be abridged, and would ren- der them lefs able to maintain that controul over the public deliberations which is fo inimical to the community at large. The royal revenues of Poland are very confiderable; and though the king is limited in the political exeu of his jjrerogative, his income is amply fufficient to fupport him and his houlhold in great fplendor. A commiffion of ftate fettled a million and ahalf of florins on his prefcnt majelty at his acceffion, which are folely appropriated to his owndo- meftic ufe, as he pays neither guards nor officers of ftate. The public revenues arife principally from thecrown lands, the fait mines, ancient tolls and cuftoms, and the rents of feveral diftridts. A ftanding army in conftant pay was formerly unknown in this country, being juftly^ deemed inimical to public liberty; but, upon any emergency, all who were capable of bearing arms took the field, and followed the ftandard of their fovereign: however, in 1551, the Lithuanians, being harrafled by the incurfions of their neighbours, for their own fecurity, began to keep on foot a certain number of troops; and their example was fliortly afterwards followed by the Poles, who raifed an army to proteA their frontiers from the ravages of the lawlefs nations which furroundcd them. Thefe troops are now divided into the Cro-yn army, and that of Lithuania. The Crown army conftfts of a thoufand fpearmen, three thoufand nine hundred and forty cuirailiers, a thoufand light armed troops difciplincd in the Polifh manner, four thoufand dragoons, fix thoufand feven hun« dred and fifty foot foldiers, eight hundred and fifty matrofTes, and four hundred Hun- garians ^ all which, except the laft, are under the German difcipline. The Lithuanian army is compofed of four hundred lance>men, eleven hundred and ftxty cuirailiers, four hundred and fixty Tartars, two hundred and forty Coflacs, four regiments of dragoons, three regiments of foot, and a hundred and fifty matrofTes. The charge of thefe troops, in Poland, is defrayed by a poll-tax; but in Lithuania, other taxes are appropriated for that purpofe. But befides this fmall {landing army, Poland, on any prefHng exigency, is provided with another, which can be fpcedily raifed, and with very little expence; for, on any fud- den and imminrnr danger, the whole body of the nobility are fummoned to appear in the field, and this obtains the appellation of the Pofpolit' . This occafional army, however, which fometimes amounts to one hundred thoufand men from Poland, and feventy thou- fand from Lithuania, cannot be detained in the field above fix weeks, nor are thefe troops obliged to march above three leagues out of the kingdom. They are all mounted on horfeback; and it muft be confefTed that the Polifh hufTars make the befl appearance of any cavalry in Europe; next to which are the Pancerns. Both of thefe corps wear coats of mail and iron caps. The refl of the cavalry carry mufkets and heavy fcymttars. But, after ail, this immenfe body is extremely inefficient in the field, the men being ftrangers to all difci- pline, and too often inattentive to the commands of their general officers. The Poles are naturally brave, and might be made excellent troops by proper difcipline; indeed they have, on various occafions, particularly under John Sobiefki, made a mofl diflinguiflied figuie in arms, when they proved the bulwark of Chriflendom againfi the Infidels. How- £ e ever. „o E U R o p r. ever the political views of the Saxon princes who fuccccded that illuflrious hero were not to be anfwcred by encouraging a martial fpirit among the Poles, whom they perpetually over-awed with their eledloral troops; nor by introducing any reformation among them, either civil or military; the efFeds of which condua have been fatally experienced in nu- - merous recent inftances. , „ , j j /^ i /-. i- ThePolifh arms are. Gules, an Eagle Argent, for Poland; and Gules, a Cavalier Argent, for Lithuania. The only order of knighthood in this country is that of the White Eagle, which was inftitutcd in 1705 by Auguftus II. It's enfign is a Crofs of Gold enamelled with red, having a white border and four flames between the points, appendant to a blue ribband. On one fide of the badge is the Polilh White Eagle, with the white crofs and ekaoral fword on it's breaft; and on the other fiJe the king's cypher, encircled with this motto, * Pro Fide, Rege, et Lege.' The general geographical divifions of Poland have been ufually made to conrtft of three grand provinces, from which the marfhal in the diet is alternately chofen; namely. Great Poland, Little Poland, and the Great Dutchy of Lithuania, including colleaively the diftrias or countries of Podolia, Volhinia, Red Ru/Tia, Polefia, Mafovia, Samogitia, Pruflia Royal, Polachia, and Couriand; the mod confidcrable places in which now fail under our confideration. Poferan or Pofen, the capital of the palatinate of Pofnania, is a very elegant and com- paa city, lying on the banks of the River Worta, in 52 degrees 26 minutes north latitude, and is encompafled with a double wall and a moat. The caftle is a fuperb ftru6ture (land- ing on an ifland in the middle of the river; the churches, convents, Jefuits college, academy, and bilhop's palace, are likewlfcfin':; but the whole town is fubjea to frequent inundations. This city is the mod ancient epifcopalfecin Poland, having been founded by the Emperor Otho I. and made fubordinatc to the archbilhopric of Magdeburg; under which it continued till it was fubjeaed to the archbifliopricof Gncfna; befides which dif- tinaion, it enjoys many immunities, and derives a confulcrable (hare of affluence from it's commercial intercourfe with the Germans. Liffa, in Polifh Lefzno, is a fine populous town and lordlhip, on the frontiers of Silefia, which owe( ■*' ''rigin to a great number of protcftants removing thither from Silefia, Bo- hemia, Moravu, and Auftria, to which they were induced by a grant of religious liberty. The inhabitants carry on an extenfive and lucrative trade; and, being exempted from the perfecuting efi^eas of bigotry, they have built feveral churches, and are honoured with the refidence of the fenior-general or fuperintendant of all the Lutheran churches in Great Poland. However, in 1656, this town was deferred by the itihabitants, when the Polifh troops laid it in afhes; and in 1707 it was again deftroyed by the Ruffians, but afterwards re-built with great improvements. In 1772, the King of Pruflia pofl*efred himfelf of it by virtue of a claim fpecified in his manifefto publifhcd on this occafion; and the fame year he awed the nobility of Great Poland, by the terror of hib arms, to affcmbleat this place, and to confirm his (hameful depredations. Gnefiia, called Gniezno by the Poles, the capital of Great Poland, and the archicpif- copal POLAND. IfC cnpal fee of the primate of all Poland, is more venerable for it's antiquity than for the elegance of it's ltru(Sures and the number of it's inhabitants. A court of judicature, however, is held in this town, and a particular chancellor belongs to the chapter of the cathedral ; in which ancient ftruflure the body of St. Adalbert, the tutelary faint of the king- dom, is inclofed in a filver Oirine. Intheprovinceof Mafovia, adiftriftof Great Poland, lies Warfaw, the royal refidence, a town fituatcd on the Viftula, almoft in the centre of the kingdom, in 52 degrees 21 mi- nutes north latitude, and in 21 degrees 10 minutes eaft longitude from London; ftrongly defended with a double wall, a moat, and a ftately cattle. The private buildings are elegantly neat; and the public ones are many of them fumptuous, particularly the royal palaces, the churches, convents, hofpital, and arfenal. The valuable library of Count Zalufk, opened in 1746, and containing above two hundred thoufand volumes, is both an advantage and ornament to the city; and it will ever be matter of regret to the natives, and of aftonifhment to foreigners, that the ilrtt city of the Britifli dominions is ftill un- furniftied with a fimilar convenience. An academy for military excrcifes, and a literary fociety, have been fome years- infti- tutedat Warfaw: and both the general and provincial diets are held at the fame place; the former of which afl'emblies occafions fuch an amazing concourfe of people, thjc numbers, for want of accommodation in the city, are obliged to pitch their tents, and lie without the walls. King Sigifmund IH. firft diitinguiflied this city by making it the royal refidence, which honour his fucceffors have ever fince continued. In 1655, it was held by a Swedifli gar- rifon, who made it the rcpofitory of the booty they collefled in their depredations upon the Poles; but this laft nation laying ficge to it in 1656, obliged the city to furrender, after a fpirited defence, by which the greateft part of the plunder fell into their hands* However, Charles Guftavus approaching with an army to the relief of the city, King John Cafimir marched out againtt him; and, after adefperate battle kept up with unabated ♦•jry for three days, near the fuburbs of Praja, the Poles were compelled to retreat with the lofs of their artillery and baggage; on which the Swedes, after placing a fmall garrifon in the town, deftroyed the fortifications. In 1702, the Swedes, under Charles XIL again took pofleflion of this city, it happening at that time to be unprote^ed by any adequate military defence. Cracow, the capital of the whole kingdom, (though that honour has been difputed by Warfaw) lies in Little Poland, delightfully fituatcd in a fertile country, at the conflux of the Vittula and the Ridawa, in 50 degrees north latitude, and 19 degrees 30 minutes eaft longitude from London. This city contains a number of religious edifices; among which the cathedral dedicated to St. Staniflaus, formerly bifhop of the fee, who was aflaflinated at the altar by Bolef- laus IL claims diftinguiflied pre-eminence. In this cathedral the remains of St. Staniflaus are inclofed in a filver (hrine, over whom mafles are regularly performed day and night. The regalia of the kingdom is likewife depofitcd in this ftru£ture, where the kings of Po- land are always crowned, and their remains depofited. On the weft fide of the city lies a fuburb r ,x, EUROPE. fuburb with beautiful gardeni, near which the king's palace l« fituated, commanJing every local advantage: on the fouth ftde is the royal caftlc, founded on a lofty rock, near the Viftulaj contiguous to which is the fuburb of Stiadomo, which contains feveral cburchei, convents, and hofpitals, and is conneaed, by means of a bridge over the Viftula, with the town of Ca/imircz, built by Cafimir the Great, and which may be confidered as the fecond divlfion of the city of Cracow. The moft remarkable edifice in this part of the city is the Univerfity, confifting of eleven colleges, to which fourteen grammar-fchools, dil- perfed over different quarters of the city, are fubordinate. To the north of the city lie$ the fuburb of Klepaz, which is dcilitute of walls } but contains many ftateiy edifices, Iparticularly the church of St. Florian, and the biihop's palace. Taken in it's full extent, Cracow is very large; and, before the remoral of the court, and the other fubfequent calamities of war, was populous and flourifliing. The citizens enjoy this particular privilege, that no appeal lies from the city council but to the king alone; who likcwife is reftri^ted to adjudge all caufes relating to it, or it's fuburbs, in Cra- cow itfelf. The palatine of the city eleds the council, but cannot afterwards difplace a fingle member. However, with all it's immunities, Cracow is far from being in a profpe- rous ftate-, irre, peftilence, and the fword, having frequently ruined it's ftru ing ever refided in that country. Lithur.iiia, a large and plentiful province dependent upon Poland, is divided into nine palatinates, the inhabitants of which are ftill governed by laws peculiar tothemfelves, and Cain many feparate inftitutions. Wilna, the capital of Lithuania, ftxnd« on riie River Wilna, near the influx of the Wilika, in 54 degrees 32 minutes north latitude, and contains upwards of forty churches, principally belonging to the Roman Catholics: it is built on feveral little eminences, de- fended by a caftle, and adorned withan univerfity, a high court of judicature, a provincial diet, and a bi(bop's fee. Wilna has fuftered much from wars and conflagrations; particularly in 1748, when thirteen churches, the Jewifh fynagogue, twenty-five palaces, four hundred and fixty-nine public and private edifices, with a hundred and forty-fix tradefmen's (hops, exclufive of warehoufcs and granaries, were wholly laid in aihes. This dreadful cataftrophe was F f followed. !■• 1 .. t-" 114 EUROPE. followed by another next year, occafioned by lightning, which almoft confumed every ftru£\urc of confequence that had cfcaped the former dcvaftation; but fince this perioti, the churche* have been ma^jnificently rebuilt, and feveral palaces havcrifcn with additional fplendor, though the city in general ftill retains many internal marks of thcfe difafters. Grodno, thsfecondcityof eminence in Lithuania, an extcnfivc, elegant, and populous place, ftands on the River Niemen, in latitude 53 degrees 38 minutes north, and in 23 de- grees 52 minutes eaft longitude from London. This city contains many fupcrb llr uc- tures ; among which the New Palace, the palace of Prince Radzivil, and that of the Sapie- han family, attratSt the attention of every traveller. The private buildings are extremely commodious, and the public ones are in general magnificenti but the ftreets, being un- paved, are confequently dirty and unpleafant. In 1673, it was cnadled, that every third general diet fliould be held here; during which, the concourfe of people has been fomc- times fo great, that even the mod humble apartments have been engaged at a prodigious rent. The dutchy of Courland, formerly an appendage of Poland, but now of Ruffian con- tains only two cities of confequence, Mittau and Libau. Mittau, the capital of the dutchy, and the refldence of the duke, which is fituated in 56 degrees 44 minutes north latitude, and in 23 degrees 51 minutes eaft longitude, is very ex- ten/Ive, but contains few ftru6lures of fufficient elegance to attradl the eye of tafte. In it's vicinity ftands an incompleat palace, begun by the unfortunate Duke Erneft John, who with his family was fent into exile in 1741, by order of the Czarina Anne of Ruflia, to whom he had been formerly high-chamb:rlain. Under one wing of this deferred edifice is a handfome vault, in which are depofited the remains of the deceafed dukes in coffins of fine pewter elegantly decorated; together with thofe of a Courland peafant, who, with a heroic loyalty, prefented himfelf robe fhot, inftcadof one of the dukes, by fome noblemea who had confpired againft his prince's life. • Libau, a town fituated on the Bait c, has a good part, and carries on an extenfive trade, though an inconfiderable place to appearance, the houfes being built entirely of wood, and only one ftory high, except the Lutheran church, which is a handfome flruiture in the modern ftilc, with a flat roof and buluftrade. Above an hundred and fifty (hips i'.nr.ually vifit this port, which principally take in ladings of hemp, linfced, and other commodities which the vicinity produces. Polifh or Regal Pruflia is a diftinft political body, which contains nothing in common with Poland, except in acknowledging the fame fovereign, and being connefted with that crown in perpetual alliance. With refpedt to the towns of this province, they arc di- vided into the three great cities, Dantzic, Thorn, and Elbingj and twenty-feven towns, honoured with the title of Royal, though of very inferior confideration. Between thefe fmall towns an afibciation was formed under the government of the Knights of the Teutonic Ord..-: which union ftill fubfifts; for they unite in behalf of their common priviirgcs; form particular aflemblies, in which they confult their intereft as a com- munity; and rrcommend -their common concerns, in the general diet of RufTia, to the reprcfcntatives of the great cities. Maricnburgh, the moft confiderable of ihcfe towns, has POLAND. "S \\n the (]irc£lory; and this, with Graudcnz, Dirfhau, Stargard, and Konitz, are calidi Plenipotentiary Towns, becaufe ihcy are charged with the affairs of the other towns,which tho" lay bcCorc the direfloryi and the latter reprefent them to the deputies of the great cities. Thefc towns, however, are far from being in a flourifhing condition, having been involved in the general calamity that this devoted kingdom has lately experienced. Dantzic, a celebrated commercial city and fortrefs, fituated on the Viftula, about four miles from it's influx into the Baltic, in 53 degrees 9 minutes north latitude, and in 18 de- grees 35 minutes eaft longitude, is a large, beautiful, populous, and commercial place, built after the ancient manner of the Hanfe Towns. It is interfeiSled by two fmali rivers, the Radaune and theMotlaui the latter of which dividing into two channels, runs be- tween the New and the Old Town, and afterwards uniting below the city, falls into the V idula. The houfcs in general are five (lories high; which circumflance, added to that of balconies projecting tenor twelve feet, makes the ftreets appear difagreeably narrow: but as the inhabitants pay the utmoft attention to cleanlinefk in their way of living and habitations, and as many of the ftreets are planted with chcfnut-trees which afford a de- lightful (hade, the whole has an air of neatnefs, convenience, and opulence. The inhabitants are charadterizcd as courteous and obliging to (irangers, and faithful to their commercial compa£ts: their privileges are numerous and important; they vote at the election of a fovereign for Poland, their reprefcntatives have a feat in the general diet, and they have a mint of their own. In this city are twelve Lutheran and two Calviniftical churches, one for thofe of the Romi(h perfuaflon, and a college of Jefuits. The cathedral, a larr^e Lutheran church, dedicated to the Virgin Mary, is a magnificent and ancient ftruflure, containing all the crucifixes, images, and pidures, which belonged to it in the times of popery; and, among other curiofities ufually (hewn to (Irangers, is a curious piece of painting on wood by Van Eyck, reprefenting the Refurrecnion. The public buildings are proportioned to the opulenceof the city; the Exchange, the Council-houfe, Public Weighing-houfe, and Arfenal, are all well adapted for their relpcdlivedeftinations; the latter of which, befides a good colledlion of light arms, contains an hundred and fifty large brafs cannon of enormous weight. This city, which was anciently at the head of the Hanfcatic Confederacy, maintains it's own garrifon; and it's fortifications make a handfome appearance, particularly to- wards the fouth and weft: the harbour is beautiful and commodious, and the number uf (hips employed in bringing corn down the Viftula, and in exporting it from thence to foreign markets, are almoft inconceivable. In plentiful years, upwards of a hundred thoufand bu(hels of corn have been brought into this city for exportation; and, indeed, this commodity conftitutes the principal commerce of the place, though bees-wax, narrow tincns, facking, pot-a(h, pearl-a(h, pipe-ftaves, and fome other articles, are among the exports of this city. As early as 997, Dantzic was a large commercial city; but the New Town was not founded till the year 131 1, when the Teutonic Knights appear to have exerci fed fove- rcignty over the place, and by them it was iirft cncompafTed with a wall and a moat in 1343: however, 9^ Si ii6 EUROPE. towever, in 1454, it emancipated itfelf from the yoke of it'i oppreflive maftera; and* upon certain conditioni, fubmitted toCafimir, King of Poland } under whofe fucccflbrf it has fince continued, though in every new eleaion of a monarch it has ufually infifted on a confirmation of it's ancient exemptioPi and immunities. When the King of Pruffia made a claim on the fovereignty of the neighbouring coun- tries, this city and Thorn were exempted from his ambitious demands} notwithftailding which, he feized on the territorial property of Dantzic, and proceeding to poflefi himfelf of the port-duties of the city, he ercAed a codom-houfe in the very harbour, where he laid infupportable arbitrary duties upon goods exported and imported. Hiftory, indeed, does not furnifli us with a more ftriking inftance of the futility, and even abfurdity, of treaties, fo far as they are confidered as guarantees, or a£ls of fecurity, than the fate of Dantzic. Comprehended in a variety of general and particular treaties, it's rights and liberties fecured and guaranteed by almoll all the fovercign powers of Europe through a long and regular fucceflton of public afls, it might have been prefumcd that Dantzic would have been the laft city in the univerfe that could have fufiered tyranny and op- prelTioni yet I'uch is the inftability of all human affairs, and the flight dependence to be placed even on the adts of kings, that thofe powers whofe faith has been pledged to fupport it's liberties from infrad^ion, are the firfl to violate and deflroy them. Thorn, which is confidered as the chief of the three great cities of Polifh Pruffia, is Ctuated on the Vil^ula, fcvcnty-two miles fouth of Dantzic, in latitude 52 degrees 46 minutes north, and in 19 degrees eaft longitude from London. Herman Balcic, firft grand maftcr of the Teutonic Order, founded this city in 1232, about four miles didant from it's prefent fcitc; but in three years time the building was difcontinued on the ori- ginal fpot, and the inhabitants removed to the prcfcnt. In a (hort time after. Thorn be- came diftinguifhed for the many valuable privileges with which it was honoured i and when the Teutonic kmghts became univeifally odious in Pruffia for the oppreifion of their government, this was the firft city that formed the noble fcheme of throwing off the yoke «)t ftrvitude. To accomplish this great end, the inhabitants concerted a plan of liberty with tnc other great towns in 1454; and having, by a i^ell-diret?\ed force of arms, expelled the lyrjiu?, tue conttdtratcs put themfi-lvcs under the protcdion of Cafimir the Great* king of Poland, after ftipulating for the full enjoyment of all their original rights, privi- legfs, and immunities. This city is adorned with ten gate?, and is divided into the Old and New Towns, each of which had formerly it's refpcctive magiftracy, council, and police; but, in 1454, the whole was incorporated into one city, and cncompaffed with a common double wall and moat. With regard to the edifices, they are in general fumptuous and elegant; and the fircets are broad, regular, and clean, and for the moft part planted with rows of trees, which have a delightful effeft. The wooden bridge over the Viftula st this place may juftly be efteemed the mofl extenfive, extraordinary, and expenfive, of any in Europe: it is near two mile, n length from the one bank of the river to the other; snd the piles being driven mto the quickfands, the whole fabric of the bridge ftiakes whenever any carriages or borfes^or even a coniideraWc number of foot-paffengers, meet at once upon itj fo that a ftrangcr. POLAND. 117 {lunger, unacquiiiiitfd with it's eonOruciion, is apt to apprchtiul liiinfitl/' in the moft im- niiiiciit Jangei { and, iiidccil, the rapidity of the current, aod the \irgc tloats of ice which cvoy vernal fcafun beat againft it, commonly carry away a conridcublc part of the Aruc- turr, which is annually repaired at a prodigious c^p. ncr. I'horn experienced a finiiiar fate to that of Dantzic, in regard to the king of Pruilia's di-maudsi it's territories and revenues were fcizcd upon, cuduni and cxcifc-officers creeled at it's gates, and heavy exaiStions laid on the mofteflcntial nccedarics of life. Thus blockaded and plundered, the mifcrablc inhabitants were declared free; but at the fame time they were fummoned to do homage to the king of Pruflla for all the land they pof- fiHed without the walls. Under thefe circutnftances, furroundcd with an armed force, and in danger of approaching famine, the magiftrates and citizens behaved with a refo- lution and firmnefs which did honour to their courage; they returned for anfwcr, that they had already paid hooiage and fworn allegiance to one fuvcreign, and that they could neither renounce their allegiance, nor break their oath«, on any ^iccuunt or confideratioo. And in this laudable rcfolution they have ever fincc ilcd/adly pcrfcvcred. Elbing, the third city of eiiMnence in Poli(h Pruflla, which ibnds on a river of the fame name, in 54 degrees 21 minutes north latitude, and 19 degrees 15 minutes eaft lon- gitude from London, was founded in 1239. This is an elegant coiuinercial city, beauti- fully interfei^cd by the River Elbing, which materially contributes to it's convenience and cleanlinefs. The boufes are lofty, and built in the ancient tafle, being in general farnifhed with balconies; which, projecting a confiderablc way into the lect, give them ra'^er too narrow an appearance. The number of churches in which divine fervice is t med are ten; that of St. Nicholas, the largeft and moft beautiful of any in Pruflia, gned to thofe of the Romifh perfuafton in 1616. The fortiEcations of Elbing are by no means impregnable; yet it is reckoned one of the ftrongeft cities in Pruflia, and fome companies of the Crown army of Poland are always cantoned in the town} but the burghers keep guard at the gates, while a Pruflian garrifon bridles the fuburbs. In eccle- fiaftical matters, the city is under the jurifditStion of the fiilhop of Ermeland, as far as is -confiftcnt with the difference of religious perfuafion, and without prejudice to the rights and privileges of the city; but in matters relative to civil government* it is only fubjeA to the king. In 1703, Elbing fell into the pofleffioa of the Swedes, who laid it under con- tribution; but the Ruffians wrefled it from them by dorm. It was formerly mortgaged to the Eie£lor of Brandenburgh, as a fecurity for the payment of four hundred thoufand rix- dollars; but as the ftipulated fum remained unpaid, the King of Pruifia made this a plea for taking poflfeffion of the diftriit beloaging to it. Having taken a furvey of the principal places in the dtfmembered and diftra£ted go- vernment of Poland, we iball proceed to give a concife hiftory of the vhole. The records of Poland, during the early agea, are very obfcure and unfatisfadory : however, we learn from them, that it was anciently divided into a number of princi- palities, having little dependence upon one another, though generally acknowledging the fupremacy of fome chief prince. In 830, a peafant, named Piaftus, was elected to the fovcrcignty; whofe reign was To long and fo aufpicious, that every native Pole who G g has •j'-i • ii8 EUROPE. has fince rifen to fupreme power has been called a Piaft. From this period, to the clofe of the fourteenth century, we fearch in vain for a connefted chain of hiftorical events; ail is involved in darknefs and doubt. But, about this time, Jagellon, Grand Duke of Li- vonia, and a Pagan, being elefted to fill the Polifh throne, became a convert to Chrif- tianity, and exerted his utmoft endeavours to bring over his fubjedls to the fame faith. He annexed his hereditary dominions to thofe of Poland; which difinterelted condudt fo attached the Polos to his intereft, that the crown was preferved in his family through a lonw fucceflion of princes, till the male line became extinft in the perfon of Sigifmund Aufuftus, in I '^$2. At this time two powerful competitors ftarted up for royalty; Henry Duke of Anjou, brother to Charles IX. King of France; and Maximilian, of Auftria. The French intereft prevailed; but the newelefted fovereign had fcarcely been foated four months on the throne, when his brother dying, he efcaped privately into France, and aflumed the reins of government in that kingdom, under the title of Henry III. The friends of M- •■ ilian, upon this, attempted to revive their pretenfions; but the Poles in general expreJ • a predeliiflion for a prince who would fix his refidence amonf; them, conferred the crown on Stephen Batori, prince of Tranfylvania; '"ho, immediately after his ac- cefTion, meeting with fome oppofition from the Auftnan fadion, took the wifeft method to eftrbliO) the tranquillity of his reign, by efpoufing Anne, the filler of Sigifmund Au- guftus, of tbt; royal houfe of Jagellon. Strengthened by this connection, Stephen pro- duced a mighty change in the inilitary afFairs of the Poles, by eftablifhing a new militia, compofed of the Co/Tacs, a bi-ve but barbarous race of men, on whom he beftowed rhe ' 'krain, or frontiers of his kingdom. This prince died in 1586, when the Poles elected gifmuud, fon of John King of Sweden, for their fovereign. Sigifmund, after the dc- niife of his father, was crowi.ed king of Sweden: but, being expelled from that king- dom, as already mentioned in the hiftory of Sweden, a long and bloody war was car- ried on bet.vccn the Poles and the Swedes, which terminated greatly in favour of the for- mer; but their king alpiring not only to the throne of Sweden, but likewife to that of Riilii;!) he invo! iUti ihe Poles in a de^'.rudiveand complicated war, and was thereby fruftratcd in all his view?. 'rh<' Poles afterwards were engaged in a variety of wars with »U their ni iy,hbours, which were carried on with ditFcrent degiecs of fuccefs; and, about the year 1657, Ducal Fiiiflia, a province in Poland, was confirmed to the Elcftor ofBrandcnbuw by John Cnfiniir, the laft defcendatit of the ancient kings r.f Poland. In 1673, J°*'" Sobiefici, the Crown-general, a brave and fpirited commander, who had nnhly Aipportcd the honour of the Polifh arn^.s againft the TiKk*, was raifed to the throne of his native coii-'.t.y ; and, in i6;6, he was fo fuccefsfu! cgainft the Infidels, that he com- pel led them to remit a tribute which they had impoled upon Poland in the laft rcigti. Though Sobiefti had met with feveral undefer- ed affro.its from the Houte of Auftria, his public fpirit overcame the fen fe of private injuries: he entered into the lea^»ue form'-c' jgainft the Turks for the defence of Chriftcudom, and acquired immortal honour, by obliging them to raife the fiege of Vienna, which he performed with a dreadful flaughtcr of thi- enemy; foi a" I which glorious atchievements, and finally driving the Turk* out of Hungary, he experrnced an ungrateful return from the Emperor Leopold. After this, Sobicfki POLAND. I'l^ Sobic/ti returned to Poland, but had the misfortune to be fufpefted by the fenate of aim- ing to render the crown hereditary in his family: this tended to difturb the tranquillity of his government, and formed a pretext for the nobles to oppofc his meafures} however, no furmifes could tarnifh tho glory he had already acquired; and he died in 1696, after a glorious reign of thirty-three years. After Sobieflci's death, Pdand experienced the mod dreadful diftradions; many confe- deracies were formed, and different competitors for royalty were countenanced by different faflions, who Teemed united in nothing but the utter exclufion of the Sobieflci family. In the mean time, Poland was infulted by the Tartars, whu committed the moft horrid depredations with impunity, when her crown was in a manner expofed to public faie. The Prince of Conti, of the blood-royal of France, was the mr I liberal bidder; but while he thought his ele«^ion was abfolutely certain, the intrigues of the Queen Dowager in favour of her younger fon Prince Alexander Sobieflci, overturned the bafelefs fabric of his hopes: nor was (he more fuccefsful in her views; for the violence of party drove her from WarfawtoDaiitzic. A new candidate, Auguftus,Ele6lorof Saxony, now fuddenlyftarted up; who, after a pretended election, being proclaimed king by the Bifliop ofCujavia, took poflefTion of Cracow with a Saxon army, and was actually crowned in that city in 1697. The Prince of Conti, however, did not all a', once relinquifli his claim: he made feveral unfuccefsful efforts to re-eftablifh his intereft, but at laft was obliged to return to France, and the powers of Europe f-^cmed to acquiefcc in the eledltion of Auguftus. The be- ginning of this prince's reign was turbulent and difaftrous; he was driven from the throne by Charles XII. of Sweden, and afterwards reftored by Peter the Great: however, his power was not fully confirmed before the year 17 12; and, indeed, he always fwayed the iceptre on precarious md difagrceable terms. Naturally attached to their countryman Staniflau$, whom Chan?s had elevated to the throne, the Poles were perpetually forming plots and confpiracies ag-«inft Auguftus, who had no other means of fupporting his au- thority than by his Saxon troops. His natural fon. Prince Maurice, afterwards the famous Count Saxe, waschofen Duke of Courland in 1725; but Auguftus was unable to maintain him in that dignity, againft Pruffian tbrce, and Poliflvjealoufy. Auguftus died in 173.^, after an unpropitious reign, and after having exerted his utmoft influence to fe- cure the fucce/Tion to his fon Auguftus II. This proved the occafton of a war, in which the French king fupported tlie intereft of Staniflaus, now his father-in-law, who was re- tlefled to the throne by a povv«erful party, at the head of which was the prince primate;, but Auguftus entering Poland with a ftrong army of Saxons and Pruflians, compelled his rival to retreat to Dantzic; from whence he with difficulty efcaped into France. Au- guftus, however, like his father, found his crown befet with thorns; for, tc. ^jgh endowed wiih every qualification neceffary to conciliate afi«£tion, or to fit him Cor the exercifc of government, he could never gain the hearts of the Poles; and at laft hi<> PruHIan Majefty not only drove him front hi» capital, but alfo his el:6lorate; and he died at Drefden in 1763. Upon this. Count Staniflaus Poniatowflci, rather on account of his perfonal merits, and the roo'ed inveteracy the Poles had» cooceived ag^inft the Saxon alliance, than any pre- eminence. ^1 i 1 liculation, cleared feven millions of dollars. But, not fatisfied with bringing the miltnes ot indigence and famine on this devoted country, his next care was to thin it of it's inhabitair ,nd to people his own dominions at the expence of Poland: to efi^£iuatc which, he projcdc ' a new contribution ; every town and village was commanded to furnifh a certain number of marriageable girls, and their parents were enjoined to give each, as a portion, a feather- bed, four pillows, a cow, two hogs, and three ducats in gold. Thefe arbitrary edi6ls and exadions were continued with unabated rigour for a confiderable time; but, in September 1772, the Rolfian, Pruflian, and Auflrian miniflers, in the name of their refpe^tive courts, entirely threw ofF the m.^fk; and, by manifeflos delivered at Warfa;w, boldly avowed their intentions, and foon aftc: fpecificd the countries which they had agreed refpediively to appropriate. In the fpecificitions delivered by the court of Vienna, the Emprefs Queen accepts the countries contained within the following limits, as a portion equivalent to her pretended rights in Poland : all that lies on the right-fide of the V'iAula^ frvni the dutchy !:1 'i Hh Oli ki fm ^im i i I ■ !?: .Li;; m ,„ EUROPE. of Silcfia, above SaiiJoniir, to the mouth of the River San; and from thence, along Tar- nopol to Zamoifc and Rubrefzow, up to the River Bog; and croffing the Bog, and going along the proper frontier? of Red Ruflia, to where the frontiers of Volh.nia and Podolia meet at Zabraz; from thence in a dircd line to the River Neifter, including that portion v of Podolia which is interfcaed by the Rivulet Podhorze, to it's influx into the Nciftcrj and fo on to the bounds which feparate Pocutia from Moldavia. Not fatisfied with this, the Emprcfs Qtieen foon after extended her claims to the remainder of the palatinate of Cracovia, and to the whole of Sandomir, on the left fide of the Viftulaj and on the fide of Podolia, to within a (hort fpacc of Kaminieck. The Emprcfs of Ruffia, by way of indemnification and exchange for divers ancient rights zni jujl and tndifputabh prctenfions, feizes on all Poiifh Livonia; that part of the palatinate of Poloczk fituate on the right of the Dwina; all the palatinate of Witepfk on both fides of that river; all the palatinate of Mfciflaw.; the fuperior part of the palatinate of Minfk, along an imaginary line to the fource of the Druetz; and alfo the inferior part of the fame province, which extends to the other fide of the Druetz and Neiper. The King of Pruffia iffued his fpecifications under the title of letters patent; in which he claims the dutchy of Pomerellia, in Pomerania, as the lineal defcendant from the Houfe of Stettin, to which thefe diflrifts of right belonged. To this end he feizes all that part of Great Poland fituated on this fide of the Nottee; and alfo all the territories of Pruffia and Pomerania on this and on the other fide of the Viftula, which the kings of Poland have hitherto poflelTed under the name of PoliCb Pruffia, excepting only Dantzic and T'horn. Soon after thefe manifeftos were delivered, a counter-declaration was dr?wn up by the King of Poland, and the fmall remains of his fenate at Warfaw; in which, after a pathetic expatiation upon the five years of mifery and deviation wbich had ruined tiK country, whofe wretchednefs arofe in proportion to the interpofition of foreign courts, every argu- ment is enforced which reafon and juflice can urge in oppofition to the pre£ent upjuft and violent meafures; and the rights of the republic are refted upon long and uninterrupted peiTeffion, avowed and guaranteed by the moil folemn treaties with all the European powers. The queilion is then put. What titles the three confederate powers can oppofe to rights fo long eftablifhed and undifputcd? If they are Cities dug out of the obfcurity of ancient times, thofe days of momentary and fudden revolutions which erected and de- ftroyed, ceded and reftored ftates, in a few months or years; fuch titles, if admitted, would re-unite to Poland many provinces formerly appertaining to her, but which have for many years been occupied by the very powers who make thefe pretcnfions; and that, as it is inconteitible, all tranfadions whatever are annihilated by fubfequcnt ftlpulatior , and as all the latter llipulations between Poland and her neighbours diredlly oppofe the par- tition they now make, hence it is deducible, that the titles on which that partition is founded cannot be admitted without undermining the rights of every flate, and (baking every throne from it's bafc. Such were the powerful and unanfwerable arguments adduced by the king and fenate; but PRUSSIA. 123 but thefe neither produeed any cffe£l on the parties to whom they were addrelTcd, nor rouzed the other European powers to interfere in this difgraccful bufinefs. The balance of power, which has frequently armed Europe in it's fupport, when really in no danger, on this occafion w»s forgot, and the unhappy republic of Poland was left a prey to th u- pacity of thofe royal ufurpcrs. C IJ A P. V. PRUSSIA. PRUSSIA, the country of the ancient BoruHi, taken in a limited fenie, is bounded on the north by part of Saniogitia; on the fouth by Poland Proper and Mafuviai 011 thcead kty part of Lithuania; and on the weft by Polifia PruiTia ajid the Baltic^ but^tAcH in it's full extent, this kingdom confifts of various territories diflcminated over Germany, Poland, Switzerland, and the northern regions, partly derived from legal fuccefSon, but by far the greater part from war, violence, and ufurpation. The principal divifions of which this monarchy is ccmpoled, are Ducal, now Regal Pruilia, fuuated in Poland; Brandenburgh, Pruffian Pomerania,and Swediih Pomerania in Upper Saxony; Magdeberg and Halberftadt, in Lower Saxony; Qlatz, In Bohemia; Minden, Ravenfburg, Lingen, Cleves, M«urs, and Mark, in the datcby of Weftphalia; Eaft Friefland, Lippe, Gulick, and Tacklenburgh, in the circle of Weftphalia; Gelder>in the Netherlands; Neufchatd, in Switzerland; and part of Silefia, and the countries lately wrefted from Poland. In climates fo variou'-, and diftriAs fo difperfed, any general account of *hs Ox muft be liable to many exceptions; however, we may fafcly pronouACC that, upon the whole, it is favourable to health. The foil is fruitful in corn and other commodities; nor is the country by any means deficient in a proportionate number of animals common to the climate, fuch as horfcs, cows, fheep, deer, and game; bears, wolves, wild boars, and foxes. The rivers and lakes are amply ftored with fifli; and in the vicinity, and on the fliores of the Baltic, amber is found in amazing quantities, which is fuppofed by fome to be formed of an oil coagulated with vitriol. The principal river« in the courvtry, which, by the frequency and fuddennefs of their inundations, fpread dcfolation around, are the Viftiiia, thcBregcl, the Memel, the Paflange, and the Elbe. The population of this kingdom, in the year I75S> ^^^ computed to amount to fix hundred and thirty-Ax thoufand pcrfons capable of bearing arms; but, iince that period, Pruflia has received a large augmentation to it's inhabitants by emigrations from France, Switzerland, Germany, and other countries; advantages this nation derived from the public inftitutions of a religious toleran^y, and public encouragement to the ingenious of every fiation. The Pruffian nobility are in general defcended from the ancient Germans; and the peafants, who exhibit few peculiarities in drefs, manners, or diverfions, from their neigh- bours, are chiefly held in a ftatc of vaflalage to the king or nobles. With refpedt to the religion „:]::! ^ IF- aa4 EUROPE. religion of Pruffia, Lutheranifm is moft predominant; but that of every fc£l, whofe tenets do not militate againft civil government and legal fubordination, is alfo not only tolerated, but countenanced. Under the politic adminiftration of the prefent king, who fcems to have adopted the jufteft maxims of enriching himfelf, by beftowing the means of affluence on his fubjcdls, every art and manufadlurc is daily improving and encreafing; and the manufactures of glafs, iron-works, filk, cloth, camblet, linen, ftockings, paper, powder, and copper and brafs, are particularly flouri0iing. Being advantageoufly fituated for trade, the extenfion of which is promoted by a col- lege of commerce and navigation, Pruflia carries on a very confiderablc foreign traffic; and as it's imports are trifling in proportion to it's exports, the balance of trade in it's favour is greater than that of any other European country. The King of Pruffia is as abfolute a monarch as any in Chriilendom; but is too wife to opprefs his own fubjccSts, though he avails himfelf to the full extent of his power. His prefent majefty Frederick III. has new-modelled the form of government, and appointed different chambers of juftice for determining commercial and ecclefiaftical affairs. Thefe are all fubordinateto the High Court of Judicature at Koningfberg; and an appeal alfo lies to the Supreme Court of Appeals, where the chancellor fits as prcfident, and, according to the nature of the c^ufe, it may be farther removed to the Secret Chamber of Juftice at Berlin. The fupreme college in Pruffia is the Royal Court of Regency, confifting of four chancellors of ftate, namely, the Great Mafter, the Great Bufgrave, the Great Chancel- lor, and the Great Marflial; fubordinate to which are various other councils. The ftate council is compoied of counfellors of ftate, and deputies from the nobility and com* mons. But befidcs thefe courts, where negociations are carried on, or juftice adminiftcred, the meancft fubjeA in the Pruffian dominions may appeal to his king*in writing; and in- ftances are not wanting on record, where Frederick III. has refcued the poor from op- prcfflon, and with exemplary feverity puniflied the judges who have been convi£ked of polluting the current of juftice. The royal revenues arife principally from the produce of the excife, cuftoms, and fer- vices, nnd from demefne lands and yearly fubfidics granted by the fcveral ftates. Amber alone is faid to bring in an annual emolument of 26,000- dollars into the treafmry; but the aggregate of finance has never been ftatcd with any degree of authenticity, though we may lup!)ofe it is very confiderable, from the imraenfe charges this country has fuftaincd in it's wars. The military forces of Pruffia, particularly. in the prefent reign, have been no lefs for- midable from their difcipline than from their numbers; and it may jiiftly be afferted,that, for a fine appearance, military fkill, and adivity, the Pruffian armies are unparalleled in Europe. The body of cadets at Berlin- is a conftant nurfcry for good officers; and as neither intereft, fortune, nor honours, can procure a fingle commiffion, if diverted of thai) merit which ought always to be the paffport to promotion in every line, the Pruffian of- ficers are better acquainted with their duty than thofe of almoft every other nation. Every regiment formerly had -z particular diftri^affigocd it-, where the youth fit forbearing arms were PRUSSIA. 12 S were regiftered} ftnd,when occaflon required, they joined their regimeitt, where being in* corporated with veterans, they foon became extremely well difciplined: but his majefty, forefeeing the fatal confequences which would arife from draining his own dominions of it's beft men, towards the conclufton of the laft war, iflfued an edi£l, by which he en- joined, that all his regiments fliould be recruited with foreigners and volunteers •, and that the young peafants of Pruffia, who did not voluntarily adopt the military profeffion, ihould be left unmolefted. The peace eftablifliment, however, condfts of 175,000 of the beft difciplined troops in the world; and in war that force has been augmented to 300,000 men. Among this vaft army are eight fquadrons of huflars, each conHfting of one hun- dred and thirty men, who are all armed with a light muflcet and fabre, and cloathed with coats of a red coarfe cloth, ftrengthened at the elbows with leather in the fhape of a heart; their breeches being made of well-drefled flieep-fkins; their boots fliort and light; and their caps formed in the ordinary way, fo as ta ftand a cut. Befides thefe huflars, the king main- tains a fmall body of men called Hunters, who have the reputation of being the moft faith- ful couriers in his army; and, on account of their fidelity in dangerous enterprizes, fre- quently rife to confiderable pofts. The Auftrians are faid to have firft employed men un- der this denomination, who were ftationed among the ranks, and armed with pieces loaded with fingle balls, on purpofe to fingle out the officers of their enemy : to counterbalance which unmilitary and barbarous praAicr, the King of Pruflla was induced to take the fame method; but no quarter is granted on either fide when thefe Hunters are taken prifoners. The Pruffian foldiery are remarkable for the (hortnefs of their cloathing, which is cal- culated for many beneficial purpofes, though at firft appearance it feems to originate fron» frugality carried to a ridiculous height. They have new regimentals ufually twice in three years; but the Royal Guards, and Come few other regiments, are cloathed annually. The late king required the foldiers to wear white fpatterdaflies both in fummer and win- ter; but his prefent majefty, obferving the inconvenience as well as inelegance of this pra£tice, indulged them-with black ones for the winter feafon, generally made of fuftian, or a kind of thick linen. Theutmoft attention is paid to the very minutiae of drefs; and one unvaried uniformity runs through all the ranks. In (hort, the brightnefs of their arms, the unaiFeAed neatnefs of their drefs, and their perfection in the ta^ic art, exceeds all defcription; and nothing can give greater pleafure to thoTe 'who have any idea of the harmony of military motion, than to fee the Pruffian foldiers perform their exercife, which: is regularly gone through twice every day. fiut how much will it increafe the furprize of Grangers, when informed that a common foldier's pay in this country is no more than fourteen-pence Oerling a week; and that an army of an hundred and twenty thoufand men, on this calculation, cofts no more than tbi-ee hundred and Hxty-four thoufand pounds a year: fo that if we allow thrice that Aim for ammunition-bread, (which is always allowed them) the pay of officers, and cloathing the whole, docs not much exceed a million ftcr- ling; fuch is the aftonifliing force of difcipline and oeconomy! The titles of the King of Pruffia run thus: * Frederick, King of Pruffia, Marquis of * Brandenburg, of the Holy £mpirc; Arch-Chamb«rl«in and ElcAor, Sovereign and Su- :i-i;ii i i' II preme ii6 K U R o r I'. • prcrae Duke of S.lcfiai Sovctcigi. Ptince of Orange, Neufcluttl, anJ Vajcngin, iic.iici* As an elcaor, he poflcllcs the fevciuh place; as aich-chaniberlain, he carries the fceptre before the emperor at his coronation; and in the college of the princes of the empire he pofilflcs five votes. . r^ r The royal arms of Pruflia arc, Argent, an Eagle difplaycd Sable, crowned. Or, for Pruflia; Azure, the Imperial Scq>lic, Or, for Courland} Argent, an Eagle difplayed, Gules, with fcmicircular wreaths, for the Marquifate of Brandenburgi to which are added the refpeaive arms of the ftveral provinces fubjefl to the Pruffian crown. In this kingdom arc two orders of knighthood. The fir(», that of the Black Eagle, was inftituted by Frederic I. on the day of his coronation at Koningfberg, with this motto, Suum Cuique: the enfign is a Gold Crofs, like that of Malta, enamelled with blue, and worn appendant to a broad orange-colourcd ribband croffing the left-lboulder. The number of knights is reftriaed to thirty, exclufive of the royal family, the fovereign being always grand mafter. The fecond order, or that of Merit, was eftabliflted in the year 1740 by his prefent Pruffian majefly : the badge is a Golden Crofs with eight points, enamelled with aturej on ihefuperior point is the letter F. crowned on the three inferior points this motto, Paur It Aferite; and on the four other points, which form a St. Andrew's Crofs, are fo many ipiread Eagles in gold. This infignia is affixed to a black ribband* encircling the neck, and depending before. For the fake of regularity, we fhall exhibit under this head a concife defcription of the diiFexcnt cities, towns, and other remarkable places, in this uncompaA kingdom; notic- ing, as we proceed, the peculiarities of manners, foil, and country, where they are diflimi- lar to our general account. The capital of Regal Pruffia is Koningiberg, a cityfituated on the River Pregel, in la- titude 54 degrees 42 minutes north, and in 21 degrees 35 minutes eaft longitude; founded by Premillaus I. King of Bohemia, in the year 1255, when that monarch brought aiSftance to the Teutonic Knights againft the Pagan natives of Samland. It is properly divided into three towns, whofe boundaries are formed by fo uMny branches of the above river, over which there are feven bridges. The wboie is of very confiderable ex- tent, including a vaft coUeAion of houfes and ftreets; but neither are remarkable for their beauty, elegance, or regularity. An academy, founded by one of the earlieft Dukes of Pruflia, is the only literary inftitution deferving mention, and even this is in a very hum- ble Aile; but the Town Houfe, the Exchange, and particularly the palace«reAed by the Margrave Albert, are handfomeftruauxes; the latter being extremdy capacious, and pro- perly ornamented with elegant courts and gardens. The citadel, ereded in 1657, '' ^ regular fortification of a fquare form, furrounded with broad ditches; but the prefent King of Pruffia, (hewing little attachment to this capital of his dominions, die elegant or defenfive arts of architeAure are almoft totally difregarded: Koningiberg, however, ftill carries on a cor.fiderable trade in hemp and flax, though under the difadvantage of having it's fea-port feven miles diftant, at a place called Oillau. Liule Lithuania, a divifioa of Royal Pruffia, is a very fylvan country, and was almoft depopulated P R U S S iA. 127 depopulated by a pert ilence in 17104 but King Frederic William, by cncouraginn; a num- ber of foreigners to fettle there, foon recovered the lofs of inhabitants, and introduced ut thf fame time the fcicnce of agriculture, Which has now rendered this dillridl abundantly fertile in corn and other neceflaries of life. 'Memel is it's principal town, a well-fortified place on the lake of Curifche HofF, about eighty miles from Koning(bc-rg, which carries on an cxtenfive trade with ff vcral foreign nations, in 'flax, linfeed, thread, and hemp; but being entirely calculated for commercial purposes, it ptifleiTes little elegance in it's buiU* ings: however, it has a ftrong citadel for it's defence. Brandenburgh, the fecond divifion of the Pruffian empire. Is naturally aHerile country; but, under the'aurpices of the late and prefent fovereigns, has been much improved byeverjr means which the moft confummate wifdom could fuggeft. I't is divided into the Middle Marck, the New Marck, and the Old Marck; which together contain upwards t)f an hundred and twenty towns, and three thoufand villages, with nearly a million of inha- bitant*. Kuftrim, the capital of the New Marck, was only a fiihing-vIHage till 1537, when it WIS furrounded by a ftone-wall, knd otherWiie fo ftrongly fortified, that in 1631 Gufta- vus Adolphus of Sweden befieged rt in vain. It is fttuated in a marfli at the conflux of the Oder and Warta } and has an arfcnal remarkably well fupnifhed,and a citadel which i& deemed impregnable. The private edifices are neat and commodious^ and the public onec aie elegant and extenfive. Franckffort on the Oder, a city of the Middle Marck, is faid to have been founded bjr Sunno, a prince of tb Franks, in 1 146; who, expelling the Vandals, planted a colony of his own nation in their ftead. Orfferent princes, at various periods, have contributed to it's beauty, and conferred confiderable privileges upon it; particularly the EleAor Sigif- mund, upon it's acceding to the Hanfcatic League; and Joachim I. who founded an uni- verfity there in 1506, and fupplied it with Learned profeflbrs from Leipfick. This city be- ing of conflderable extent, has fpacious airy ftreet;, lined with houfes in a tolerably regular ftileof architcAure; and the commerce of the it^habitants is ftill very extenfive, though not fo lucrative as formerly. Franckfor: has flood the ihock of various ^'!Voluttons, and has cojifefled allegiance to different powers. . The Emperor Charles IV. put it under the ban of the empire, and the inhabitants were obliged to pay him down twelve thoufand marks of filver, to obtain a re- conciliation. In 1631 the Swedes took it by ftorm, and put all the inhabitants to the fword without diftinAion, in revenge for the mkfliacre of two thoufand Swedes, whom the Emperor's general. Count Ttflly, hiid barbaroufly butchered in the city of Bran- denburg: however, it was again rfcftored tu the Elefior by the pacification concluded at Weftphalia. Berlin, the next city of confequence in this diftrift, and the capital of all the King of Pruflia's dominions, is one of the mbft extenfive, beautiful, and populous places, in ail Germany; confiding properly of five town^, united under one common council or go- vernment. It is adorned with oMriy fuperb palaces, and other magnificent ftrudures ; the fi^reet^ in general are broad, regitlar, SiUdtlralght; and foiite of them very long and elegant, containing •i 128 EUROPE. containing fevcral large and beautiful fquarw, ind terminating in « variety of delightful walks. Tiiere are twenty-five churches, fourteen of which are Lutheran, eleven Cal- viniftical, and one Roman Catholic; an academy of fciences, another of fculpturc and painting, a college of furgery and anatomy, five feminariei, and two beautiful public libraries. This city ftands on the banks of the River Spree, which flows through it in two capital branches, in 52 degrees 28 minutes north latitude, and 13 degrees 44 minutes eaft longi- tude! furrounded on all fides with beautiful gardens and vineyards j and, by a computa- tion made upwards of two centuries ago, was fuppofed to contain about fix thoufand houfcs, and one hundred and thirty thoufand inhabitants: but as it has fince that period been rapidly incrcafing in buildings and population, it is more than probable that it is now thrice as large in each of thofe refpefls. The entrance into Berlin is airy and elegant; and in proceeding along the beautiful new bridge over the Spree towards the palace, the eye of the traveller is attraAed by a fine equeftrian ftatue of Frederic William the Great, which ■ s ere£ted by Frederic I. and is cneemed an exquifite piece of workmanfhip. Both the mai. and horfe are one entire piece, the calling of which coft forty thoufand crowns: the Eledor is reprefented in a Roman habit, fomewhat above the natural proportion ; and, on the fupporting pedeftal of white marble, is a beautiful bafib-relievo, reprefenting four flaves bound in chains to the corners of the bar. The king's palace, which was begun in 1^96, by Frederic I. is a (lately ftru£lure of free- (lone, ccnfifting of four (lories, adorned with fine cielings, large apartments, and the mod fuperb furniture} in particular, the quantity of filver manufactured into tables, (lands, luftres, chandeliers, and other kinds of ornamental furniture, is almoft beyond conception. Among the paintings which adorn this fuperb palace are the pidures of Charles V. and his Emprefs; the frames of which are of folid filver, each weighing fix hundred and fixty pounds: in (hort, fuch is the immenfe quantity of that coftly metal in the various apartments, that four millions of dollars might with the utmoft facility be realized, if the exigencies of the date required it. The public rooms of the court are elegant to the lad degree, but contain nothing ex- traordinary; and the private are generally furnilhcd with tables,, pens, ink, and loofc papers, which indicate the difpatch of bufinefs - lore than royal date,, and fplendid retirement. The ball contains fcveral good paintings; and the grand faloon is adorned with four pieces of tapcdry, reprefenting our Saviour driving the Money-Changers out of the Temple, his \Va(hing the Difciples Feet, the Miraculous Draught of Filhes, and the Lad Supper. The throne placed in the audience-chamber is covered with velvet embroidered with gold, in A very grand dile, though not profufely loaded with ornaments; but the date-bed, in which it is ufual for perfons of the blood-royal to pafs the fird night after marriage, is fuperbly mounted with crimfon velvet, worked with above two hundred cyphers of elec- toral crowns, all fet with pearls. The royal dables, which are fpacious and magnificent, are decorated with feveral large pidures of tlie fined hordes bred in the king's duds. The mangers are all hewn out of folid PRUSSIA. 129 fulid ftone, and the pillars of the ftands are of iroti'Work adorned with the King's cypher gilt. Contiguous to this building are noble apartments appropriated to the ufe of the niafter of the horfe and the inferior officer! ; who likewife occupy large rooms near the ftables, in which are depcfited a great deal of expenfive furniture and harnefs, par« ticularly the accoutrements of the horfe on which Frederic I. rode at his public entry, which are principally of folid gold adorned with brilliants. The Arfenal, which is one of the noblcft ftruAures of the kind in Europe, confifts of four grand edifices, forming a fpacious fquare, with four correfponding fronts, and a handfome portico at the entrance of each. The lower ftory is of rufticated archltc£lure, with arched windows; and'the upper is of the Corinthian order. Over the principal gate, in the centre of the building, is the model of Frederic I. in brafs gilt, inclofed in an oval frame; the Four Cardinal Virtues, of gigantic proportions, (land below, and feem to caft an eye of complacent approbation on the piflure; above which is his Majefty's Cypher fup- ported by two men; and on the fuperior pejiment is a beautiful baflfo-relievo reprefenting Mars refting on a trophy, and looking down on a couple of flaves chained at his feet. The whole edifice is covered with a buluftrade fupcrbly finiihed with noble decorations of trophies and ftatues. Nor is the arfenal lefs magnificent internally than externally; the rooms of the upper ftory being filled with arms arranged in the mofl exi& and pleaf*ng order; and the lower rooms ftored with brafs guns, while the walls and pillars are covered with cuirafTes and helmets. The Opera-houfe is an elegant modern fabric; the front of which it adorned with a noble portico fupported by fix Corinthian columns, having this infcription on the ar- chitrave, * Fredtritus Rtx Jpoll'mt tt Mujisy and over it a pediment adorned with bafTo- relievos and flatues. The fcenes are uncommonly fplendid, and iiniihed in an elegant Hile; and the galleries, which are three in number, are faid to be fufficiently capacious for two thoufand perfons. The columns which fupport the roof are difpofed fo as to throw the whole into a grand faloon, and the orcheftra is generally furniihed with about fifty performers. The entire cxpence of the opera is defrayed by the king; and, indeed, it is in fome meafure conducted fo as to render it fubfervient to the views of government. The predeliAion of his majcfly for the captivating fcience of mufic, and his own ac- quirements in it, have combined to carry this entertainment to the highefl degree of per- fe£tion. The fuburbs of Berlin are generally conflrudled of timber plaiftered over, which gives the houfes an appearance of ftone; and the ilreets are broad, flraight, and airy. The palace called Mon Bijou, or. My Jewel, a fmall elegant ftru£lure beautifully furnifhed, and fur- rounded with delightful gardens, which open to the river, is fttuated in the fuburbs. The palace of Charlottenburg flands about five miles from Berlin, and was founded by Frederic I. but finifhed by his prefent majefly in a ftile of the utmoft grandeur. There is a range of about ten apartments difpofed with the utmoft regularity, and adorned with while ftucco and gilding. The ball-room does honour to the monarch's taftc who de- figned it, having ten large windows on each fide; and, befides being finifhcd in the mod K k ornamental t ' i; f-tT^T -tr ^m 'Wi-«^^..^. 13© F. U R O P E. ornamental manner with ftucco and gilding, it is adorntd wltha noblecollcftioiiof bufts, ilatues, and fupctb pier-glafles. Brandrnburg, the city from which the whoTc cIr(2orate takes it's name, is pleafantly fituatcd in 5a degrees 25 minutes north latitude, and in 13 degrees 12 minutes eaft lon- gitude, on the banks of the River Haycli which, by means of different channels, not only divides the Old from the New Town, but likewife fcparates the fort from both. Each town is fubjedl to one common magiftracy, and contains two churches. The fort fefembles a fuburb, within the limits of which are contained the cathedral church, the houfes of a majority of the members of the chapter, and a riding-fchool in which young gentlemen are inftru«aed in horfemanfliip. The chapter is ftill kept up, though the biihop- jic is fecularizcd, and confifts of fcvcn perfons, namely, the provoft, the dean, the fenbr, the fub-fenior, and three other canons^ Frederic II. conferred a peculiar diltinflion oa thefe members, permitting them to wear a chapter-crofs of gold, enamelled with violet, terminating in eight rays. A fmall colony of French Calvinifts have cftabliftied at this place a manufaflure of cloth, fuftian, and canvas; and indeed the trade of the town is ren- dered confiderable by the navigation of the Havel, though, taken altogether, it is neither very large nor populous. The third divihon of Brandenburg, or the Old Marck, according to fome writers, obtains the name of the Galilee of Germany, on account of it's great fertility in fruits and herbs. Stendal, the capital of this diflriift, flands on the banks of the Uchte, ',n a plain en- circled by mountains. It is divided into four parifhes, with as many piiiicipa! churches, among which is the cathedral of St. Nicholas. The cloifler of St. Catharine was for- merly filled with nuns of the Benedidine order, and that of St. Anne with thofe of the order of St. Francis; but, upon the Reformation, they embraced the proteftant religion^ and had a domina appointed over each. This place is refpedlable for having anciently belonged to the Hanfeatic Confederacy, when it carried on an extenfive trade; but it's con- fequence would probably have been entirely loft, bad not a colony of French refugee* chofcn this city for their retreat, and introduced fevcral manufadures of public as well as private utility. Potfdam, which lies only four mi^es fouth-weft of Berlin, though in a different Marck, is moft advantageoufly fituated on a branch of the River Spree, and occupies a confider- able extent of ground containing many regular and beautiful buildings. The Flexor Frederic William fiift made this place a royal refidence; and in 1662 built the caftle, which was afterwards enlarged by Frederic I. and adorned with a (lately portal. King Frederic William made fome fplendid additions^to the beauty of the town; for which pur- pofe he caufed feveral morafles to be filled up and built upon, with a canal fifty paces in width, and two thoufand in length, which was carried on frona the Havel, through the centre of the town, to a branch of the fame river; this canal is beautifully planted on both iides with trees, and furrounded with well-built houfes. King Frederic II. added an ad- ditional ftory to the height of the caftic, enlarged it with two wings, and adorned it with pnocely apartments. The anciectftrudlures in the vicinity were dcmoliflicdi and, in their rooin> PRUSSIA. »3« roonii uniform spd fvperb buildings have been ereAed for the proprretort at the king's sx« pence. The utmoft elegance it confpicuoes in almoft every aparatment of the caftlc} and the quantity of filver utenftis and furniture is really prodigious. In this place thie king avoids the empty ceremonies of a court, and reftri ;;•>'. i ' 'Si 132 EUROPE. palace is a covered femicircular pafTage, adorned with column! on each fide. Thii beau- tiful palace is encircled on three fides with elegant garden*, in which are fevsral fine ftatues of the moft finiflied workmanftiip. Thcfe garden*, which do not extend above half an Englifr mife, are terminated towards the eaft by an Egyptian pyramid, embellifted with hieroglyphics; and, except in thefandinefsof their walks, they exhibit a« delightful a natural picture as can poflibly bt :onceived. Havelberg is feated on the Havel, by the winding of which ftreatn it is rendered in- fular, and has no other communication with the main laud but by three dr«w-bridges. This was an ancient epifcopal fee, founded in 496; the lal^ of the biOiops was the Eleftor Joachim Frederic, iinct whofe titr.', no prelate has ever bee., nominated to the fucceflion; but the chapter ftill continues, and in 1755 it's members were honoured by Frederic II. with the peculiar diftimaion of wearing a chaptcr-crofs of gold, en?melled with pur- ple, terminating in eight points. On the right-fide is feen the Pruffian Eagle, and on the four cr^rners the letters F. R. On the reverfe is a reprefentation of the Virgin Mary, the patronefs of the chapter, with '.he infant Jefus. This crofs is worn appendant to a white watered ribband, terminated with purple. Pruffian Pomerania has Polifli Pruffia for it's boundary on the eaft, Poland on ths foutb, the dutchy of Mecklenburg on the weft, and the Baltic on the north; it's length being upwards of two hundred and eighty miles, and it's breadth, at a medium, from thirty to fixty miles. This is in general a very champain country; the foil in many parts is Tandy, and ccn- fequently not very rich: however, the inhabitants not only raife grain enough for their own confumption, but likewife a confiderable quantity for exportation. Pomerania is watered by leveral navigable rivers, and contains fome fpacious lakes plentifully ftocked with falmon and other filh. This country is very populous in proportion to it's extent, and contains fixty-eight towns, which are divided into mediate and immediate; the lattC'' are immediately under the fupreme tribunals of the country, and chufe their own magiftracy ; nd the governing burgomafters of three capital towns of every province are honoured with a voice in the country diets: the former, on the other hand, are fubordinate to the king's agents or nobility, take an oath of Raciity and allegiance to their lords and patrons, attend their courts, and have their magiftrates appointed by tiiclr lords, and confirmed by the regency. On ih". c '.inftion of the family dukes of Pomerania in 1637, the ele£loral houfe of Branacnburg had the neareft claim to the dutchy; bui at the trr^ty of ^Veftpbali'i the greatert part of it was ceded to Sweden, with the reverfion of the whole on the failure of the male lint of the Houfe of B^.,denburg: however, by th.? peace concluded at Stock- holm in 1720, Sweden again rpimquiftied it's prcenfsons to feveral extcnfive territoricf which were annexed for ever to the crown of Pru33 fame town. The chnrch of St. Mary is much celebrated for the height of it's root, which is thnueht to exceed that of any church in Germany; befidcs w/htch, the churches belonging ao the Lutherans, and the German and French Calvinifts, are beautiful fabrics. This city carries on a confiderable trade in tammies, druggets, and fcrges, and has fcveral other flouri(hing manufa£tures. It is liicewife adorned with a college, founded in 1631 ; and a free-fchoo', which originally was a convent. Cammm, a fea-port town, {landing oppoflte to the Ifle of Woll'n, in 54 degrees 10 minutes north latitude, and 15 degrees 2 minutes eafl longitude, was formerly extremely inlgnificant; but fince it has fallen under the Pruflian government, it has been greatly en- larged and beautified; and from it's differ.ntfourcesof navigation, fifliery, and agriculture, draws a cunlidcrable (hare of allaence. This town was anciently an epifcopal fee, but by the treaty of Wcftphalia it wa converted into a temporal principality, and beftowed on th? electoral Houfe of Brandenburg; and at the Cime time it was ftipulated that, on the dcmife of the canons then living, the ele(5toral family (hould ht at liberty to abolifli the chapter . however, it ftill fubfifts, and is kept at the ufual place. Colb.ig, a famous and well-fortified town on the Pcrfante, which at a fmall diltance from thence falling into the Baltic, forms the commodious harbour of Munde, is a large and flourifhing place, and carries on an extenfiveand valuable foreign trade. It contains a collegiate church, a religious foundation for young ladies, and three other churches, with a Latin fchool. In the vicinity is a meadow furrounded by the Pcrfante, in which are fome falt-fprings; but, on account of the fcarcity of fuel, little fait has ever been obtained from them. This town was furiou'^y bombarded by the RuHlans, but without efFedt. Coflin, z town fitiiated on th«* River Wifebec, about ten miles eaftof Colberg, in papal times was much rcfortcd t by pilgi ims^ who vifitcd a ci Icbrated image of the Virgin Mary formerly belongin;;; to the place. In 1504, the whole town was reduced to afhcs by an accidental conflagration; and in 1718 it again experienced th-r like calamity: however, it has fince been rebuilt with additional fplendor, and now contains a confiderable num- ber of beautiful public and private edifices, chiefly raifed by the munificence of Frederic William, in honour of whoiTi a ftone f^atue is eredted in the centre of the market-place. Stettin, or Old Stettin, by fome reputed the capital of all Pomerania, is a large, beauti- ful, and well-fortificd city, fituated on an eminence near the River Oder, in latitude 53 degrees 36 minutes north, and in 14 degrees 26 minutes ealHongitudc. This place is the refidence of the regency, contains a College of Phyf.cians, with a Board of Health, a Chamber of Commerce inflitutcd in 1755, a Royal Seminary, and a (rcneral Superin- tendency of the Hither and Farther Pomerania. The caftle in which the above colleges are convened, the arfcnal, cathedral, and fome of the parochial churcher, are much admired for the neatnc's if their architecture. This city is furniOied with a commo- dious dock for fhip-building, and carries on a variety of manufactures; but tliu inha- bitants fubfift principally by their cxtcnfivc foreign traffic. The exports conlift of a L 1 VdlicC) >3+ EUROPE. variety of articles too numerous to be particularized} and, in a word, Stettin may be confidered as the centre of commercial exchange between Poland, Crermany, and the Baltic. The inhabitants of this city are celebrated for their affability to ftrangers, and th» bravery they have difplayed in fcveral vigorous fieges; particularly in 1677, when they held out hve months againft Frederick William the Great, and faw the greateft part of their city reduced to aflies before they would even deign to lifteii to terms of the mod honourable and advantageous capitulation. Having noticed the principal places in Pomerania fubje£l to thePrufltan crown, it may not be improper to introduce in this place fome account of Stralfund, though fubje£l to Sweden; as, in territories (o detached, and property fo confounded, {tri£t regularity cannot always be obfcrved, without being detrimental to geographical minutenefs. Stralfund, the capital of that portion of Pomerania which dill owns the Swedifli go- vernment, is a free city, fituated in a ftreight of the fea oppofite to the Ifle of Rugen, in latitude 54 degrees 26 minutes north, and in 13 degrees 22 minutes cad longitude. This is a ftrongly fortified place, furnlHied with an excellent haven which carries fliips into the very centre of the town; and the trade, both by fea and land, is lucrative and ex- tenfive. The private houfcs in general have a neat and uniform appearance, and the public ilru^liires are well adapted to their refpedlive deftinations. Charles XII. of Swe- den ennobled the magiilracy, and Frederic i. extended this honour even to the members of the council. This was formerly one of the Hanfe Towns, and made a diAinguiftied figure in that refpedtable confederacy. Stralfund has fuiFered much by the ravages of war; particularly in 1678, when it was fo furioufly bombarded by Frederic William, EleiSlor of Brandenburg, that it furrendcred on the third day of the liege, after the demo- lition of near eighteen hundred public and private edifices. The dutchy of Magdeburg has Brandenburg and Mecklenburg on the north; Anhale and Halberfiadt on the fouth and fouth-weft; Upper Saxony on the eaft; and Brunfwiclc Wolfenbuttle on the weft; being from fifty to fixty miles in length, and about thirty in breadth. This was formerly an archicpifcopal fee, crcded at the requeft of the Emperor Otho I. with fuhjeiSlion in fpirituals to the Pope alone; it's prelate being primate of all Germany till the Reformation, when the canons having embraced the dodrincs of Luther, chofe the Eledlor cf Brandenburg's fon adminiftrator of the archbifliopric; after which it remained in fccular hands till 1648, when it was ftipulatcd by the treaty of Muniter, that after the demifc of the then adminiftrator, the whole country fhould devolve on the Eledor of Brandenburg as a fccular cftate and dukedom, being efteeraed an equivalent for the Upper Pomerania, which by the fame treaty was ceded to the King of Sweden, Magdeburg, the capital, formerly belonging to the Hanfcatic Confederacy, and now the metropolis of the circle of Lower Saxony, (lands on the Elbe, about thirty-nine miles fouth- weft of Brandenburg. The antiquity of this city tranfcends that of almoft any other in Germany, it's name importing Maiden Town, which, by ctymologitts, is faid to be de- rived from the worfhip paid to Venus by the inhabitaius, till her image and temple were dcftroyed PRUSSIA. >35 ^cilroyedbjr the command of Charlemagne; who, being charmed with the ittuation, raifed St. Stephen's church, and adorned it with abundance of treafure. When tournaments were firft introduced into Germany, this city was the fcene of their exhibition; to which noperfons were originally admitted who could not prove the nobility of their extradion both by father and mother, and the purity of their own honour, parti- cularly with regard to the ladies. In 1013, Magdeburg was almoft entirely demoliflied by BoleflausKing of Poland; and, in 1 180, was totally reduced to aflies. It has at different periods been put under the ban of the empire, and harrafled with ^ variety of long and fcvere Oeges; particularly in 1631, when the Emperor's general Count Tilly took it by ftorm, after a defperate refiftance; on which the inhabitants were barbaroufly put to the fword, and the town laid in ruins. The general having ordered his foldiers to fpare neither age nor fex, they ripped up the preg- nant women, tore the fucklingsfrom their mothers breads, and ravifhed the virgins in the open ftreets; to avoid the eifedis of which (hocking inhumanity, the wretched inhabitants in numbers rufhed into the Elbe, or caft themfclves into the Are before the face of this brutifh general, who was fo far loft to every feeling that a£luates a rational creature, that in his cups he ufed to boaft of his wanton cruelty, and called this maiTacre the Mar- riage Feaft of Magdeburg. This city, however, has received great alHftance from the Brandenburg family, who have repaired it's fortifications, and ereded feveral beautiful fabrics; and, among others, a beautiful palace, which, for extent and the uniformity of the furrounding edifices, has few equals. The Elbe wafts merchant-fhips from various nations up to the quay, and forms an ifland before the town, which is united to it and the continent by two bridges, the pafTes being defended by flrong ftone forts. Twenty-four miles north-wefl of the laft- mentioned place {lands Hall, on the River Sala, a large and flourifhing town, celebrated for it's univcrfity, and falt-fprings which wjre difcovcrcd before the Chriflian arra. Frederick I. of Pru/Ha was the founder of the univeifity in 1694; which, from the time of it'> inflitution to the ycari744 inclufivc, had admitted twenty- nine thoufuad two liundreii and twenty ftudents, feveral of whom were of thehighefl rank in Germany i but from that period to the prefent, the celebrity of this fsminary has been rapidly incriafing. Indeed, for acaJemic difcipline, the abilities of the profeflbrs, and cheapncfs of living, few univerfitics can rival this, and fcarcely any exceed it. The magidracy of Hall poffcfs cxttaifive privileges, and exercifc almoft un- bounded power by conftitutional grants; but, far from being opprcffive or fevcre, their extenfive jurifdidion is principally applied to rcdrefs grievances, topiotcdtthe police, and to promote the general hzppinefs of the inhabitants. In this town are various manufac- tories for glove?, ftuffs, ribbands, gold, filver, and filk; which laft-inemioncd branch is in a very flourifhing ftate. Glauche, another town of fomc importance, lies fo near Half, that it has the appear- ance of a fuburb to it: however, it h under it's proper magiftrates, and is much celebrated for it's public fchools, (in which almoft every language andfcicnccare taught) it'sOrphan- buuftft ^^1 ( , .'. ij ■ ' 1 * :'■ f i J 136 E U R 0-P.E. houfe, Difp«nfary, Elaboratory, Academy, Mufeum, and Printing-houfes: the Orphan- houfe, in particular, is one of the nobleft and moft benevolent inftitutions in Germany, comfortably maintaining, educating, and providing for a prodigious number of thofe un- happy innocents, whofe early lofs of every parental indulgence cannot be fufficiently compenfated by the moft liberal aids of beneficence. The principality of Halberftadt is furrounded by Anhalt, Magdeburg, Brunfnric, and Hildefheim*, extending from eaft to weft about forty>two miles, and from north to fouth about thirty-three: and being blefled with a foil extremely fertile, and feveral manufa(^ures peculiarly flourifhing, the natives have but few difficulties to contend with, and few na- tural wants to be fupplied. The capital, and indeed the only city of confequence, bears the nanoe of the princi- pality, and is fituated on the River Hotheio?, in 52 degrees 7 minutes north latitude, and II degrees 15 minutes eaft longitude. This town makes a tolerably regular and beauti- ful appearance; the buildings are generally uniform, the ftreets ftraight, and fome ftruc- tures really elegant. In 1752, the furrounding walls were demoli(hcd,and the moats filled up and formed into a perfect level, which has been converted into a plantation of mul- berry-trees. The cathedral dedicated to St. Peter is an old, but venerable and majeftic pile, built with a very durable fpecies of free-ftone. The chapter is compofed of a provofl', a dean, fenior, fub-fenior, and fixteen canons, four of whom are of the Romi(h church, and the reft Lutherans: they were honoured, in 1754, with a chapter-crofs of gold, ena- melled with white, and divided into eight points; in the centre of which, on one fide, is the PruiTian Eagle difplayed, and on the reverfe the image of St. Stephen. This crofs is worn on a deep fcarlet ribband bordered with black. Halberftadt is the feat of all the ftate courts and offices; it contains alfo feveral Lu- theran collegiate churches and fchools, three convents of monks, two nunneries, feveral Catholic and Calvinifticai places of religious worihip, and a Jewifti fynagogue. The county of Glatz, another appendage of the Pruffian crown, lies between Bohe- mia, Silcfia, and Moravia, being on all fides furrounded with mountains, which render it very difficult of acccfs, even by the beft roads that can poffibly be conftrudtcd. This county is thirty-eight miles long, and about twenty-three broad; the furface is every where diverfified with hillii and dales, woods, ftreams, and meadows, interfperfed with towns and villages: however, it produces more grain than is fufficient for the confump- tiun of the natives, is plentifully ftocked with cattle and game, and well fupplied with frcfh-water fifli. Glatz is likewife famous for it's mineral fprings and warm baths. On an eminence enft of the River Biela, at a fmall diftance from the village of Upper Thalheim, the water gufties from the fiffures of a rock ; which fiffures were formerly fevcnty in number, in fome of which thcftream is equal inthicknei's to a man's arm. Nothing can be more beautifully pellucid than this water, though impregnated with a ftrong fuiphureous fmcll, and the degree cf heat varying in the dirtercnt filVures from nearly boiling hot to only tepid, and even almoft cold. 1 his country was ceded to the King of Pruffia in 1742; the capital bears the fame name. PRUSSIA. »37 namf, and is advantageoHfly fituated on the declivity of a hill, in jo degrees 36 minutes north latitude, and in 16 degrees 21 minutes eaft longitude. The houfes in general com- mand a fine and extenfive profpedl of the country; and on the fummit of the hill (lands the caftie, which formerly was divided into three parts, called the Lower, Middle, and Upper Palaces. Since Glatz fell into the hands of the Prufllans, the old citadel has been ftrengthened •nd beautified, and commodious barracks have been ereded, capable of containing a numerous garrifon. This city contains a college, two convents, and feveral churches^ and carries on a confiderable trade. The principality of Minden was ceded to the Ele£lor of Brandenburg at the treaty of Munfter, and lies to the weft of the Bifliopric of Ofnaburg, being about a hundred and fourteen miles in circumference. It is in general a fertile country; and the inhabi- tants, by applying themfelves diligently to agriculture, are not only enabled to anfwer every demand of domeftic confumption, but to fell confiderable quantities of grain to their neighbours. Minden, the capital, is a compact and well-fortified town, ftanding on the wtft of the Wefer, in latitude 52 degrees 31 minutes north, and in 8 degrees 38 minutes eaft longi- tude. It's commodious fltuation for trade and navigation, and it's brewery of a fingular kind of white beer much admired, fupply the inhabitants with the means of a comfortable fubflftence. The cathedral is a noble and fpacious pile in the Gothic tafte, whofe chap- ter confifts of eighteen perfons, partly Catholics and partly Lutherans, all honoured with a chapter-crofs Appendant to an azure ribband; which diflin£lion was conferred by the king in 1756. In 1529, the Reformation commenced hero with fuch outrageous zeal, that the chapter was compelled to quit the city; for which the inhabitants were put under the ban of the empire, and, in confequence, obliged to furrender their town tc Charles V. Indeed, this city has fufFered exceflively on account of religion at different periods. In 1628, Count Tilly took it by ftorm, and put near three thoufand of the inhabitants to the fword: it afterwards fell into the hands of the Swedes, who were invited by the Proteftant inhabitants to protect them from the bigotry of the Catholics; but, by the treaty of Weft- phalia, it was confirmed to the Elector of Brandenburg. This city will ever be famous in hiftory for the memorable battle fought upon the plain in it's vicinity on the firft of Auguft 1759, in which the Confederate Army commanded by Prince Ferdinand of Brunf- wic totally routed the French, the troops of the Allied Army, particularly the Britifh infantry, fignalizing their valour in an extraordinary manner; and, had the cavalry been headed by an officer zealous in the fervice, the vidory would unqueftionably have been as compleat as any recorded in the annals of war. Lubeck, a fmall town fixteen miles weft of Minden, was fortified as early as the year 1279; *"** enjoys many immunities, and a jurifdi«SHon over an extenfivc dif*ri able for the fertility of it's foil. The principal empli^ment of the inhabitants is fpio. ning and weaving linen, which is exported from thence to every part of Europe. Biel&ld, the capital of the county, ftands at the foot of a mountain on the banks of the Lutterbach, and is a well-built town, containing near a thoufand dwelling-houfes, two principal Lutheran churches, a Calviniftical church, a Popifli chapel, a Francifcan monaftery, an infirmary, and an orphan-houfe, with feveral other public edifices. This is the feat of the provincial diets, and was formerly a member of the Hanfeatic Confede- racy} but at prefent it is only famous for a flourifhing linen manufactory. Herford, formerly called Hervordcn, is watered by two conftderable rivers, the Werra and the Aa, which divide it into three parts. This town contains a large number of elegant houfes belonging to the burghers; and feveral celebrated religious inftitutions, particularly an abbey Handing in a quarter called the Liberty, which is an imperial, free, fecular foundation, the abbefs being ftiled Princefs and Prelate^ of the Holy Roman Em* pire, and having a feat accordingly among the abbefles on the Rheniih Bench, and at the dietsof the Weftphalian Circle. This foundation is Lutheran, and it's members are honoured with a crofs pendant to a fcarlet ribband bordered with filver, fufpended from the right-fboulder to the left-fide} on one fide of which is the Virgin Mary (landing with the infant Jefus, with this infcription, * Mtminljft tt imitari-f and on the reverfe is the name of the abbefs. The province of Lingen is fituated between the bifliqprics of Munfter and Ofnaburg; being about fifteen miles long and ten broad, enjoying a fertile foil, and producing plenty of pit-coal and ftone. On the demife of William IH. of England, this country, which belonged to that monarch in the right of the Princefs of Orange, was feised by the King of Pruffia, and incorporated with Teckienburg. Lingen, the capital, ftands on the River Ems, which is here very broad and deepi the city was once defended by a caftle and other fortifications, but they are now fallen to decay. At this place the Prince of Orange eredtcd an academy and Latin fchool, in order to fa- cilitate the converfion of the natives to the Proteftant religion, the whole country .being at that time over-run with Papifts. In the year 1674, the Roman Catholic clergy excited a commotion, which was fupprclTed by the Prince of Orange in perfonj after which, a Ronifh pricft was made liable to the fevereft puniihments, if he flept one night at this place without permiffion from the magiftracy. The dutchy of Cleves borders on the bifhopric of Munfter, the dutchy of Berg, the principality of Mors, and the archbifhoprics of Cologne, Brabant, and Gueidres; extend- ing about forty miles in length, and fifteen in breadth. This country is copioufly fupplied with corn, fruits, and plants; abounds in excellent pafturage; and breeds a conftderable number of black-cattle and horfes. It is intci ftctcil by feveral capiul ftreams, which afford plenty of fifh, particularly faimon, pike, and carp. The inhabitants are chiefly of the Romifh perfuafion; but both Protcftantl and Jews are indulged in the free cxercife of their religious opinions. Cleves, PRUSSIA. '39 Cleves, the capital, (in Latin Clivia) it faid to derive it's name from it's ridgy Htua- Cion, {landing between the Rhine and the Maefe, in a moft delightful country, {1151 de- gnees 15 minutes north latitude, and 6 degrees 4 minutes eaft longitude. The town is not very large, but pleafant, handfome, and populous, containing many beautiful ftruc- cures belonging to perfons of quality; though, it muft be confefled, the houfes of the burghers are proportionally mean. The caftle is fpacious, and advantageoufly fltuated on the top of a hill, being furniflied with feveral princely apartments devoted to the ufeof his Pruflian majefty when he vifits this part of his dominions. The River Hel, which glides along by the foot of the caftle, communicates with the Rbine^nd is navigable for fmall veflels from the very town. The beautiful park of Prince Maurice of NaiTau, as it is called, lies on the weft of the city; in which are many ponds, canals, fine water- works, grottos, and other rural embellifliments. From the adjoining hill of Sternberg may be feen the city of Utrecht, though upwards of fifty miles diftant, with near forty other cities and populous towns. The prince's houfe ftands embowered in a wood; and, among other curioflties, contains a noble colle£tion of Roman urns, and feveral other monuments of antiquity. Emmeric, or Embric, (in "Lzixn Emtricum) is a fpacious, rich, and beautiful city, piea- fantly (ituated on the eaft of tho Rhine, and is venerable for it's connection with the Hanfeatic Confederacy. A fmall garrifon is always kept up at this place; but the forti- fications, though once very ftrong, are now become ruinous and neglected. The gover- nors, with the majority of the magiftrates, are Proteftants ; but the citizens in general are of the Roman Catholic perfuaiton. Wefel (in Latin Wefalia) is the mofl extenflve, populous, and well-built town, in the whole dutchy, an ancient member of the Hanfeatic League, and an imperial city; but was favoured by the dukes of Cleves with an exemption from the contributions paid by thofe towns to the military cheft of the empire. It rofe to the greateft affluence on account of the concourfe of merchants who fled thither from the perfecutions in the Spanifli Netherlands, being at that time garrifoned by the Dutch, to whom it was mortgaged by the Eledtor of Brandenburg. In 1672, it was taken and fackcd by the French, but reftored to the Eledor two years afterwards. However, though this place acknowledges the King of Pruffia for it's fovereign, it ftipulated for the continuance and permanency of It's ancient laws. The citadel, which ftands towards the Rhine, is ftrong, and capable of making a good defence; and the arfenal is well fupplied with arms. The Calvinifts, Lutherans, and Roman Catholics, have their refpe£tive churches; befides which, there is a Lutheran academy, with three monafteries, an inftitution for Lutheran ladies called AverdoriF, and a commendam of the order of St. John. The principality of Meurs, or Mors, is furrounded by the dutchies of Cleves and Be'-g, the archbifhopric of Cologne, and the dutchy of Gueldres; being only about thirty miles in circumference. This diftrid abounds in corn, cattle, and venifon ; and, being wafhed on one fide by the Rhine, and intcrfe£ted by feveral confiderable ftreams, is well fupplied with plenty of 1 1 :-m i~':i ;■ m 140 EUROPE. of excellent fifl), and furnlflicd with the means of an ctfy communlcatton with other COUHtlicS. Mcuis has it's own peculiar regency, which condufls the general affairs of govern- ment; but thofe things which relate to war and police arc under thedircAion of the Tax- council, fubordinatc to the War anJ Demcfnc Chamber. Theonlv pl-icc defcrving notice in this principality, is Meurs, a fmali but well-fortified place, defended by a good citadel, and honoured with being the feat of convention for the provincial colleges. The county of Marck, which is bounded by the bifliopric of Munfter, andthedutchiet of Wcftphalia, Berg, and Cicves, is efteemed thelargeft in all the circle of Weftphalia. The foil is abundantly fertile in every fpecies of corn ; and the inhabitants, who arc a mix- ture of Protcftants and Roman Catholics, carry on feveral valuable manufa^ures. Ham, (in Latin Hammona) the capital of the county, is fituated near the influx of the Afle into the Lippe; and is a pretty large and populous city, furroundcd with ditches, ramparts, and pallifadocs, though dcftitutc of walls. The citadel, in which the comman- dant rcfides, contains alfo a gpmaftum illujlrey belonging to the Calvinifls, in which are feveral profeflbrs. This v/as formerly one of the Hanfc Towns, and even now carries on a pretty cxtenftve trade; but h.is feveral times been almoft laid in aflies, particularly in 1741, when near four hundred houfes were levelled with the ground: however, it feema to have improved with every calamity; for more elegant buildings have conftantly been created in the room of thofe which were confumed. Soeft, (in Latin Sufaturu) a city of confidcrable circuit, formerly one of the Hanfe Towns, contains feveral extenfivc courts and gardens, and is fortified with double walls, towers, and moats. The Roman Catholics poflcfs the cathedral, and twomonafteries} but the Lutheran inhabitants being moH predominant, have feven churches; and a celebrated Latin fchool, one of the three Archigymnafia, as they are called, of Weftphalia. The principal trade of the place confids in corn, great quantities being raifed in it's own territories, which are pretty extenfivc. Eaft Fricfland, which obtains likewife the title of the Earldom of Embden, lies in the circle of Wdlphalia, and is bounded on one fide by the German Ocean; but was feized by the King of Prulfia on the demife of the Emperor Charles VL the laft count of Eaft Fricfland, who departed this life without any iffue. The city of Embden, the capital, is fpacious, rich and populous, fituated on the north fide of the River Ems, fifty-five miles diftant from Bremen; being ftrongly fortified on the land-fide with a double fofs, bulwarks and baftions; and, towards the fba, by the river and a rampart. The Ifland of Nefla, which lies in the Dollart Bay, oppofite the city, forms a capacious and excellent harbour, fcarcely exceeded by any on the German coaft. However, artificial canals are fo conftrufted as to convey large veflels into the centre of the towH; and, by opening the fluices, the furrounding country may be entirely flooded, and the place rendered inaccefTiblc. Embden is divided inio three parts, the Old Town, the Faldeni, and the Suburbsj in all which the buildings ui general arc lofty and neat, and cvea !■ ■■'». PRUSSIA. Ui even fome of them extremely magnificent. The inhabitants are induftrious and cou- mercial} as well as jealous of their liberties, and fpiritcd in their juft fupport. The counties of Lippe and Tecklenburg, with the dutch/ of Juliers, likewin lie iji the circle of Weftphalia, and are fubje£l to the Pruflian crown j but neither of them con- tain any thing worthy of a geographer's attention. Upper Gelderland, or the divifion of this country appendant on Pruflla, is furrouaded by Dutch Brabant, Liege, Gulich, Cleves, and Cologne; being about thirty-five aulet long, and twenty-four broad. This country remained in the polTeffion of the Spaniards after the United States bai acquired their independency; but, being conquered by the allies, was claimed by the K.iag of Pruffia, for whom it was very commodioufly fituated j and by the treaty of Utrecht it wa* agreed that he (hould retain pofleflion of fuch parts of it as he at that time aAually occupied. The town of Gelder, from which the province receives it's name, (lands in a plain ou an iiland formed by the River Niers, which divides itfclf into two branches at thi^ place. It is well fortiAed, and reputed one of the ftrongeft towns in the Netherlands. 7'he cadle is extremely ancient, and was formerly the refidenceof the governors, having been built, as is generally conjeAured, by Wichard, the firll lord of this country; wbufe heirefs efpoufing Otho of NafTau, created count by the Emperor Henry IV. it remained veiled in his defcendants for feveral centuries: but his pofterity at laft failing, it came to the Count of Egmont, who fold it to Charles Duke of Burgundy; and, by an inter- marriage, it ultimately devolved on the Houfe of Auftria. Gelder has frequently experienced the calamities of war, and fubmitted to difFerenC conquerors, before it was finally confirmed to his PruiBan majefty, as mentioned abov'c. A few miles to the eaft of Gelder ftands Wacktendenck. This place derives it's prin- cipal firength from it's nurfliy fituation, and particularly from it's ditches, which may oc- cafionally be filled from the River Niers. At the commencement of the wars in the Low Countries, Gelder was taken by Louis Count of Naflau, brother to the Prince of Orange, who marched an army over the ice, which the inhabitants had incautioufly negletSed to break. Count Mansfield, the Spanifli general, furioufly bombarded it in 1588, and was the firft who ufed bombs at a fiege; notwithftanding which, the garrifon, aflifted by the burghers, made fuch a vigorous defence, that the Spaniards, after a three months ficge, were about to retire, when it was delivered up through the treachery of the governor. The principality of Neufcbatel in Switzerland, which devolved on the Pruflian familjr as heirs of the Houfe of Chalons, is furrounded by fiafil, Biel, Bern, and Franche Comte; and extends about twelve leagues in length and fix in breadth. The French language is generally prevalent io this diftriA; and the inhabitants more ftrongly refem- ble that nation in their manners, cuftoms, and inftitutions, than the Germans or Swifs. In many refpeds they are ftill a free and independent people, no refolutions being adopted but by the unanimous concurrence of the three eftates. Neufclyilel, the capital, is fituated at the northern extremity of a lake to which it com- municates a name, and is extremely well built, and adorned with feveral beautiful founuins. No The M ■ iff * ■;;: m f4l EUROPE. The vilegi government is lodged In the hands of fixty burghers who eiijojr very extenfire prlU es: the moft confidcrable of which confitts in being fellow-citizens with the Canton of Bern, which is not only the protcdor, but umpire in all differences which originate between them and their fovcreign; a clrcumllance that fccured their civil and religious rights while under a Popifli adminillration. The lad country we (hall mention, as fubjeil to Pruflla, is the dutchy of Silefia; which, partly by ccflions, and partly by ufurpations, is at laft almoft entirely fallen under the power of this crown; fo that it may with great propriety be confidered as a Prufllan pro- vince. It is furrounded by Bohemia, Moravia, Poland, Lufatia, Brandenburg, and Hungary; extending about two hundred and twenty- five miles in length, and about one hundred in extreme breadth; being divided into a number of principalities and lordfliips, the property and jurifdidtion of which areeither immediately veiled in the king, or deputed to the great lords. The inhabitants arc compofed of an afl'emblage of Germans, Mora- vians, and Poles; and are fuppofed to amount to about a million and a half, who are all allowed the free exercife of their feveral religious tenets, and fpeak languages as different as the nations of which they were originally compofed. Breflaw, the capital, is fituatcd on the banks of the River Oder, which waflies the waifs on the north, and unites itfcif with the Ohiau, purfuing a winding courfe through Old Breflaw. The Emperor Charles IV. made very confiderable additions to this city, which anciently was entirely furrounded by the above-mentioned rivers, but now extends a great way on each fide; and, including the fuburbs, it is no lefs than nine Englifli miles in circumference. The fortifications, though regular, are not very important; but the great number of fquares, noble edifices, and fpacious ftreets, contained in this city, give thfe whole an elegant and plcafing appearance. In the quarter called Dominfcl, which lies without the circuit of the town, (land the Citadel of St. John, the Abbey of the Holy Crofs, the Epifcopal Palace, and feveral churches; but to particularize all the beautiful public and private edifices within the entire circumference of Breflaw, would be tedious, and perhaps unintL-refling. BefiJes a governor :md feveral judiciary courts, this city has a Court of Exchequer, x War and DomainOfficc, a College of Phyficians, and aMint; and Frederick II. honoured it with the third rank among his capital cities, granting it precedence next to Berlin and Koningfberg. The magillracy and confiftory are both compofed of Lutherans, though other perfuafions are equally prevalent among the inhabitants. This city at prefent is the centre of all the Silefian trade, and carries on feveral extenfive manufactories. It firft fell under the Pruflian government in 1741; but being vigoroufly attacked in 1757 by a ftrong detachment of the Auftrian army, it was obliged to capitulate: however, in the tune year, the King of Pruflia again poflefled himfclf of this place, and made the Auftrian garrifon, which amounted to near eight thoufand men, prifoners of war. Brieg, (in Latin Brega) the capital of a circle of the fame name, ftands on the River Oder, and is not only remarkably well fortified, but is one of the largeft, richeft, and mofl elegant cities of all Silefia. The fuburbs are four in number, and occupy confidcrable extent. The caftlej the ancient leHdence of the Dukes of Brieg, was deftroyed by fire PRUSSIA. 'iM H3 in I74ii anJhiii never flnce heen rebuilt, 'f'he inhabitants are compofed of Lutherant, Calviniils, and Roman Catholics } who have their rcfpedlive cltablifhments for perform- ing divine fcrvice. The town of Schweidnitz, the capital of a circle bearing the fame name, is a ftrong fortrefs fituated on the little River Wiillritz, in one of the moft delightful fpots of aJl Silefia. It's ancient defence confided in a triple wall; but by the care of Frederick II. it was fortified with regular works of prodigious ftrcngth. The greateft part of this city was confumed by fiic in 1716, but t has fince been rebuilt with additional magniHcence. ThcAjflrians took it in I757« after a hot fiege of fixtcen days, during which infinite damage was done to the fincU ItruiSlurcs: however, the PruHians next year recovered it's pofll'flion, after a fiege of equal duration. Till about the tenth century the very name of Pruflians does not occur in the annals of Europe', and even after that period, the hiftory of this country, like that of the other northern king,doms, fciins involved in the clouds of fidion, and loft in the fields of iom:uicc. I'lK natives, however, from the carlicft ages of information, appear to have been a brave and wailike people, tenacious of their hereditary rights, and unfubmiflive to the neighbouring princes; who, under the fpecious pretextof converting them to Chriftia- nity, only fought an opportunity of fubjcdting them to the yoke of fervitude. In par- ticular, they defended themfelvcs in the moft rcfolutc manner againft the Polifli kings, who always beheld them with an ambitious eye; and one of them, Boleflaus IV. in 1 165» loft his army and his life in an unfortunate battle with this warlike nation. Their inde- pendence, however, was not always to remain inviolate: for, during thecrufadcs, the Ger- man Knights of the Teutonic order undertook the converfionof the Pagan Pruffians, not by arguments, but by the fword; who, in reward for their trouble, were to obtain the property of the country they were about to fubdue. A long feries of wars enfued, m which the PruHian Aborigines were almoft extirpated by the religious knightsj who, after committing the moft horrid barbarities, in the thirteenth century repaired the ravages they had made, by inviting emigrants from Germany to re-people the country. After this incredible eflufion of blood, the Teutonic Knights concluded a peace with Cafimir King of Poland; by which it was ftipulated, that the part now called Polilh Pruffia fhould continue a free and independent province under the king's protcdion ; and that the knights and grand-mallcr (hould poflefs the other part; acknowledging thcmfelves, however, under the Poliftj vaflalage. Thefe partial terms proved the fource of new wars, in which the Knights vainly endeavoured to obtain more equitable conccflions. At laft, in 1525, Albert, Margrave of Brandenburg, the laft grand-mafter of the Teutonic order, concluded a peace at Cracow, by which he was recognized Duke of the Eaftern Divifion of Pru/Sa, (tor that rcafon formerly called Ducal Pruflia] the inheritance to defcend to his heirs male, and on failure of male ifTue to the heirs male of his brothers and fifters refpe(£iively; Itill, however, to remain as a fief of Poland. Thus ended the fovereignty of the Teutonic Knights in Pruflia, after it had prevailed near three hundred years. Frederick William^ the Elector of Brandenburg, defervedly furnamed the Great, in 1675 had Ducal Pruflla again confirmed to him} and, by the convention of VVclau and Brombcrg, it was exempted \',i ■■ 1, I :l " . M «44 EUROPE. by Cafimlr King of Poland from the vaflalage it had formerly owed hiitij on which Frederick William and hi» fucceflbrs were declared fovcrcign and independent lordaof the territories at that time in their poflclTion. TheprefentKingof Pruflla, in the Memoirs of his Family, informius, thatthii prince bean his reign under the mod defpcrate and hitmiliating circumftances. * He was,' fays he, ' a prince without territories; an clcdlor without power; a fucceffor without inheri- * tancc; and juft in the flower of his youth, an age which, expofed to the boifterous cur- * rent of it's pafTions, renders mankind almoft incapable of dircdlion: yet he gave proofs * of the moft confummatc wifdom, and of every virtue that could render him worthy of •command; he regulated his finances, apportioned his expences to his revenues, and * emancipated himfelf from thofe ignorant or corrupt minifters who had contributed to * the misfortunes of his people. Europe in him beheld a prince whofe ailions difplaycJ * the nobleft foul, and the moft fupcrior genius; one while tempered with prudence, ano- * ther time bearing that character of enthufiafm which forces our admiration: a prince * who conftantly repaired his loffes without foreign fuccours; who formed and executed * all his projedls himfelf; who by his wifdom retrieved a defolated country; by his policy * and prudence acquired new territories; by his valour aflifted his allies, and defended his * people; a prince, in fhort, who was uniformly great in all his undertakings.' This magnanimous prince died of a dropfy in 1688, and left his fon Frederick for his fucceflbr. As the Proteftant religion had been introduced into this country by the Margrave Albert, and the Eleflors of Brandenburg had continued unihaken in the fame faith, the Proteftant intereft efpoufed their caufc fo much, that Frederick, the fon of Frederick Wil- liam the Great, was raifed to the dignity of a king, in a folemn afTcmbly of the ftates of the empire; and foon after was recognized as fuch by all the powers of Chriftendom. This prince, however, poflefled few ftiining virtues or qualities which do honour to the exalted ftation he filled; buthis fon Frederick William, who afcended the throne in 1713, (hewed himfelf a perfeil maftcr in political knowledge, to which he joined uncommon in- trepidity and addrefs; but he frequently exerted each at the expencc of that humanity and greatnefs df mind which ought ever to adorn a monarch's heart. He amafted fo much money during his reign, that his prefent Pruffian majefty found ample refources for pur- fuing the moft important plans; and, at the death of Frederick William, which happened in 1 740, was perhaps one of the richeft princes in Europe. His fon Frederick III. the reigning monarch, was born in 17 12, and began his reign in 1740. The early years of this great prince feem to have exhibited few traits of thofe fliining qualities which have fince diftinguiftied him: he was, however, ftrongly attached to literature and the polite arts from his firft dawnings of reafon, and always evinced a ftrong predileaion for Gallic breeding and delicacy of manners, fo contrary to the in- elegant models which at that time prevailed in his father's court. His father's uncon- querable ebriety, (a vice which the young prince held in the utmoft abhorrence) added to fome other unpropitious circumftanccs, determined him to quit his native country in a clandeftine manner, and to retire to the Britifti court, where he might Jive under the protection of his uncle George I. till cither the death of his father, or fome fortunate con- currence PRUSSIA. »4S eurrence of events fljoulJ remove every impediment to h!i return. But whatever might be hit real intentions. It is certain that he had concerted his intended plan with a young olHccr of the Gens d'Arm'cs named Kattc, and two others. The fecrct, however, having been difcovercd before it was ripe for execution, the Princ • Katte, and one of the other confederates, were fcizcd; and a council of war being alTcmbled, to enquire into the condu£l of the Prince's confidants, one of them was cafhiercd, and condemned to three years imprifonmcnt; and the other, who had retired to foreign countries, was out- lawed; but, with rcfped to Katte, the votes were equally divided whether he fliould be put to death or acquitted; on which the affair was of nectflity fubmitted to the king's decifion. When matters were at this crifis, Katte, in the moft pathetic terms implored the royal clemency, and had his folicitations well fupported by the intcroft of mnny pcrfons of diftin£\ioii: but all was without cffefl} the icing ordered him to be be- headed, and this fcvcre fentencc was accordingly put in execution. The prince, who hud been fome time under confinement, was foon after fet at liberty; but, that he might be fcnftble how highly he had fallen under his father's difpleafure, and atone for his oftcnce by a fevere though fingular puniftiment, he was compelled to efpoufc Elizabeth Chriftina of Brunfwic Wolfenbutlle, a princefs for whom he never had entertained the fmalleft degree of aftcdtion, and who was felefled for his confort purpofely to mortify and perplex him. The prince, however, well knowing that it would be in vain to on- pofc argument againft the rigid dictates of an arbitrary and implacable parent, fubmitted to this union with the bed grace he could; but thinking the claim of filial duty was fu/H- cicntly fatisfied by the external ceremony, he abftaincd, during his father's life, from the nuptial intercourfe. Thus fecluded from public avocations and domcftic engagements, ho devoted his whole time to literary acquifitions and ufeful fpeculation; hence he has acquired a fund of claflical and political knowledge which dKlinguiihes him above every reigning fovereign in the whole world. However, after his father's death, whom in his Memoirs he characfterizes as a monarch of the moft confummate abilities, he did an aSt of juftice to the princefs thus involuntarily forced upon him, by receiving her as his confort, and acknowledging her before the whole court; but though his Pruflian majefty has always behaved with a rcfpe^lful deference to his queen, he has never lived with her in habits of conjugal fociety. To give a juft charader of this illuftrious fovereign, is perhaps as difficult a tafk as ever was undertaken; and future hiftorlans will unqueHionably be much divided In their cenfurc andapplaufe. Perhaps no man ever pofTefled more fhining qualities and exalted virtues which were (haded by as many oppofite vices. In fome inftances we behold in him the father of his country, the avenger of the opprcfled, the liberal rewarder of merit and the munificent patron of genius; in others we are compelled to regard him as the haughty defpot, the unprincipled plunderer of nations, the fubverter of juftice, and the pell of the human race. Though diftinguiflied for martial prowcfs, confummate policy and great literary abilities; though univerfally allowed to be the greateft and wifeft of monarchs j bis general charadci cannot command our efiecm; and when we rcfled on Oo the |iii Ui : ' !!• ..H - 7i 146 EUROPE. the perfidy, rapine, and iniuflice, which have IhaJed his moft brilliant aflions, we muft lament that mixture of vice which deforms » fovcrcign who fcemed born to excite uni- verfa admiration. Frederick Wi'liam, the Prince R'^yal of Pniifia, was born in 1744; and, having been twice married, has iffue by both conibrts. CHAT. VI. GERMANY. THE empire of Germany, which obtains the name of Allcmagne from the French, aiiu Dcutfchland from the natives, is bounded by the German Ocean, Denmark, and the Baltic, on the north; by Poland, Hung;, v, -nd Bohemia, on the cafti by Switzerland and the Alps, on the fout.i; zmi by the d. ninions of France and the Low Countries on the weft: extending from 45 degrees 4 •.•> nutes to 54 degrees 40 minutes north latitude, and from 6 to 19 degrees 45 minutes caft longitude; and being, in it's greateft extent from north to fouth, fix hundred and forty miles in length, anil five hundred and fifty in breadth. This country poflcfies fcveral peculiarities which command the attention of every perfon attached to local difcrimination. It is the feat ot a. great empire, and of many dependent fovcreignties of diiFerent denominations, and under various modifications of government; it's affairs are blended with thofeof every other nation of Europe, of which it may be confidered both as the head and the centre ; and it's pr, and convenicncy, of thefe places of public rcfort, arc ftrong inducements both to the idle and the indifpofcd to frequent them. In the mineral kingdom, Germany poireflrs a full prr portion of advantages. Bohemia, and many places m the Circle of Aultria, and variouf, other diAri£ls, contain mines of filvc;, quickfilver, copper, tin, iron, lead, fulphur, nitre, and vitriol. Saltpetre, falt- pits, am! f.>!t-mlne>, liboumi in Aulhia, Bavaiia, Silelia, and the Lower Saxony. Car- buncles, amelhyfts, jafpcis, fapphircs, agates, alabaftcr, fevcral forts of pearls, turquois ftones, and the find! rubies, arj found in various parts of the empire. In Bavaria, Tyrol, and Liege, arc quarries of beautiful marble, llatc, chalk, ochre, red-lead, allum, and bitumen, v/uh a variety of foflils. Ir. many places {tones have been difcovered which have been fuppofcd to bear a ftrong refemblanc- to different animaU, human as well a« irrational; coal-pits arc difT.aiinated over aim .ft every circle; and thf terra figillata of Metz, a peculiar kiiui of earth, variegatrd with white, yr.llow, and red veins, is generally defi/;ed an univerfal antidote againft the cffeas of poifons. la their perfgns, tU Gtrtnans are generally ;all, fair, and vvcU-maJci but with n fpcft to GERMANY. HI td their charaQer, temper) and manner of life, there is a manifeft difference) an evident proof of their being defcended from ieveral diftin^ nations. However, honefty, open- neftt and candour, are allowed to be their leading charaAeriftics; to which we mayjuftly add hofpitality, fior which they have been celebrated from the earlieft ages^ Juliua Ccfai obferves that, in his time, their houfes were open to all ; that they efteemed it a piece of injuftice to affront a traveller, and regarded it as a ncceflary a£b of religion to protedl thofe who (hcltered themfelves under their roofs: and in thefe laudable qualities the mo- dern Germans do not appear to have degenerated from the example of their anceftors. It is abfolutely impoffible to calculate the population of this empire with any great degree of precifion, on account of the nuny feparate ftates of which it is compofed, each fubjeft to a different (^vernment and police} but if we eftimate the number of iohabi- tants at twenty millions, they will not perhaps be exaggerated. Both men and women are extravagantly fond of coftly drcfles, which are fafhioned after the French and Englifli modes < The ladies, at the mofl refpedable courts, do not differ much in their drefs from the mofi polite nations of Europe, only they are not fo much attached to painting as the French. At fome courts they make their appearance in the richeft furs, which are profufely decorated with jewels in proportion to the circum- flitnces of the wearers. However, the burghers ladies and daughters, in many of the German towns, drefs in a very different manner, and fome of them inconceivably fantaftic; but thefe peculiarities are gradually becoming obfolete. The peafantry and labourers fol-> low no particular fafliions; their employments, their circumftances, or their convenience, being their only guide in the article of drefs. In Wefiphalia, and indeed in moft other parts of Germany, the inhabitants fleep betvireen two feather-beds, having (heets ditched between them, which by ufc becomes a very agreeable praAice, efpecially in the colder months. Even the lowcft ranks experience a comfortable fituation, and hav; the means of an eafy fubfiftence. But the moft unhappy part of the community are the tenants of little ^e«°dy princes^ who, to fupport their own grandeur, fleece their dejiendants without mercy Th? tcrmans have frequently been reprefented as deftituteof proper aiimatior. in pro* portion to their apparent ftrength ; and, even in the field of battle, thej have leen faid to (hew rather a paffive than an a£live courage. However, when commanded by able ge« nerals, they have performed prodigies of valour} and ha/e exhibited the greateft proofs of military fkili, both in their ancient wars with the Inddels, and in thofe which they have mote recently waged with the French and other nations. Induftry, application, and perfeverance, are the great lineaments of the mechanical part of the Germans} and their performances in various branches do honour to their ingenuity, particularly in clock and watch-making, jewellery, turnery, fculpture, draw- ing, painting, and architeAure. Perhaps the greateft vice of all ranks is an addition to intemperance in eating and drinking, to which they ar: in fome meafure induced by the cheapnef's of their pruviflons and the excellence of their wines. But thefe praAices, which degrade the human race to a level with the brutes, and axe odious whenever in- P p dulged 150 EUROPE. dulgcJ to any confiderable degree, feem to be rapidly falling into diAife; and though a profulion of excellent difiie!;, and the choiceft wines, befpread the tables of the great, perhaps more liberty is allowed ihe guefts than in Tome other countries where fuperior pretenlions are made to refinement. On particular occaflons, fuch as marriages, birth-days, and chrifknings, the Germans are perhaps unrivalled for their focial difpofition, and the frequency and fplendor of their feafts. The German nobility are generally eftcemed perfons of the flricleft honour; but they arc all ridiculoufly attached to titles, anceftry, and fhew. All the fons of noblemen in- herit their fathers titles, a circumftance which greatly embarrafTes the heralds and genea« logins of that country: hence many founding titles having no hereditary eftates to fup- port them, their poffeflbrs are doomed to wear them as badges of fplendid mifery ; and generally adopt the military profeflion, as the only line in which they can employ them- felves without difgracing their rank. The pride of birth, indeed, is attended with many inconvenience;, even to thofewho have large eftates annexed to their titles; as they think the cultivation uf their lands an object unworthy the attention of noblemen, though it would in many inftances treble their revenues. Regarding themfelves as a fpecies of fuperior beings, theynegle£l to improve thofe opportunities which are put into their hands of fupporting their honour with reputation; and forget that indifpenfabte duty they owe their families and the community at large, in raifing their fortunes by laudable means, and contributing to the increafe of univerfal profperity. The domefttc amufements of the Germans are nearly the fame as in England; cards, dice, dancing, and mufic. In the fummer feafon, people of faihion frequent the rncdi*. cinal fpring!!, and drinic the waters; and in winter, inftead of the chearful firefide, which tnlivens our evenings, they heat their rooms with ftoves. As to their field diverfionf, they confill in hunting the wild-boar and other animalss, and in bull and bear-baiting. The inhabitants of Vienna, whofe time is principally fpent in luxurious eafe, as foon as the Danube is frozen ever, and the ground covered with fnow, take their recreation |n fledges of dilierent (hapes, reprefenting griffins, tygcrs, fwans, fcollop-flieiis, and other fan- ciful t'ubje^lsv This feems to be a favouiitc Jivcrftuii of the Udics; for in thefe vehicles they fit drefl'ed in velvet lined with furs adorned with laces and jewels, with velvet caps »n their heads, having the horfes, (tags, or other creatures by which they are drawn, orna- mented with plumes of feathers, ribbands, and bells. As night is the ufual time for thefc pleal'urable excurfions, 3nd fervantsconftantly ride before the fledges with lighted torches, the whole has a very grand appearance, and feems excellently calculated for the difplay of ofientation and finery, of which, as we hayc already obferved, the Germans are re- markably fonci. High Dutch maybe faid to be the mother-tongue of all Germany; but it varies fomuch in it's dialed, that the people in one province fcarcely underftand thofc of another: how- ever, Latin and French are fpokcn with facility by many of the natives; and a ftranger who is acquainted with either of thcfe languages may pafs conveniently enough through the whole empire. In GERMANY. »Si In this country are fix archbiflioprics, which are difFcrentlyr repre(ented by writers; fome of whom mention Vienna as being a fuSragan to the archbiOiopric of Slatzburgt tind others, as being an archbifhopric of itfelf, depending immediately on the Pope. The others are, the archbiihopric of Mentz, which has twelve fufFraganSj Tiers, three; Co- logne, four; Magdeburg, five; Slatzburg, nine, exclufive of Vienna; and Bremen, which has three. To fatisfy the claims of temporal princes, it has been found expedient, at diflTerent pe- riods fince the Reformation, to fecularize the Biflioprics of Bremen, Verden, Magdeburg, Halberftadt, Minden, Lubec, and Ofnaburg; which laft goes alternately to the Houfes of B^^varia and Hanover, and is at prefent held by his Britannic majefty's fecond fon, a young prince whofe amiable qualities have raifed the higheft expe£lations in his favour. Germany contains thirty-fix univerfities, of which feventeen are Proteftant, feventeen Catholic, and two mixed; befides an incredible number of colleges, gymnafia, pedagogies* and Latin fchools. There are alfo a great numbe. of academies and focieties for pro- moting the ftudy of natural philofophy, the belles lettres, painting, fculpture, architeAure, and antiquities; among which, as the mod eminent, we fhall particularize the academies of fciences inftituted at Vienna, Berlin, Gottingen, Erfurth, Leipflc, Diufburgh, Bremen, Giefer, and Hamburgh, refpeiSlively. The academics of painting at Orefden and Nu- remburgh, and the Imperial Francifcan Academy at Augfburg, are likewife much and defervedly celebrated. Of public libraries, the mod famous are thofe of Vienna, Berlin, Halle, Wolfenbuttle, Hanover, Gottingen, Weimaf, and the Council Library at Leipftc. In every fpecies of compofition, no country has produced a greater variety of authors than Germany; and there is no where a more general tafte for reading, efpecially in the Proteftant ftates. The produdlions of the prefs are encouraged beyond conception; books are multiplied without number; every perfon who pretends to literature is an au- thor; thoufands of difputations are annually publiflied; and, indeed, no perfon can be a graduate in a German iiniverfiry whi^ ha< not previoufly given a proof of his abilities in producing at lead one public difputation. The Germans, in almoft all their literary produ£lions, are uniformly prolix, dry, vo- luminous, and mechanical; ignorant of, or at leaft inattentive to, the valuable art of en- livening their fubje<^s,and blending the agreeable with the ufeful. Some modern authors, however, ought to be mentioned as exceptions from this general rule; in particular, Klop- dock, Rabncr, Gellert, Kleid, Gefner, Gleim, Gattfched, and Hagadorn, are diftinguiflied for the fublimity of their fentiments, and the mingled ftrength and beauty of their language. The Germans have written copioufly on the Roman and Canon laws, and reduced thofc dry and tedious fubj' . to a fyilematic form. The healing art has received confiderablc improvements from Sn.hl, Van Swieten, Storck, and Hoffman; Ruvinus and Ditlenius arc cclcbraud in botany; Heiiler in anatomy and furgery; and Neumann, Zimmermann, Pott, and M^-'rarf', have profccuteJ the ftudy of chemiftry with all poflible fuccefs. In natural »s* EUROPE. natural and monl philofophy, the reputation of LeJbnitx, Wolfiui.Puffendorff, Thomafiuj, and Otto Van Gueriche, is defervedly grear. Germany has liliewife h«d th« honour of producing feveral excellent political jiriiter», geographers and hiftoriansj and, in fcort, every prince, nobleman, or gentleman of this country, profccutes fome favourite ftudy with the fame ai&duity as if he expe^ed to be appointed a profeflbr in it. But, amidft all the variety of compofitions which have been ulhered info the world, and received with ap- plaufe, woiks of tafte, wit, and entertainment, are extremely fcarce, and have feldotn been attempted with fucccfs. The German plays, novels, and romances, are in general the dulled of publications, being deilitute either of fpirit, pathos, Ufte, or arrangement. In the polite arts, however, the Germans have acquired no inconfideraUe (hare of glory. They have produced fome eminent painters, architects, fculptors, and engravers. The firft copper-plate engraving appeared in Germany: Albert Durer alfo etched in copper before the art was icnown to the Italians^ and the art of making metzotintos was likewife dif- covered by Van Sichiem in 1648; or, as others inform us, by Prince Rupert. Printing, if not invented in this country, at lead was greatly improved in it; and it is univerfally allowed that the Germans firft knew the art of mttlcing gunpowder and great guns fcrvice- able in war. Handel, Bach, and HaiTe, particularly the former, carried the divine fcience of muAc to the higheftperfeAion; the firft of whom will perhaps for ever remain unri- valled in the fublime of mufical ccmpofition, though it is certain he had not the fmalleft idea of giving fuund a fentimental expreffion. With refpeA to mechanics and manufactures, the Germans at prefent make velvets, beautiful filks, rich filk and woollen ftuffs, linen, fuftian, ribbands, lace, embroi- dered work, and tapeftry; they alfo print cottons in the moft perfe£k manner, and are extremely expert in drelTing leather, and in every fpecies of dyeing. In fabricating every kind of metal into ornaments, veflels, tools, wire, and toys, no nation can equal them. Nor are they lefs celebrated for their performances in glafs cut and polifhed, lacquered ware, and porcelain; in which laft manufacture they exceed all the world. Aufburg is famous for it's productions in filver; and Nuremburgh for an infinite variety of ingenious and elegant w-n-i 1 wood, ivory, metal, itone, and glafs, which are exported to every other country. In point of commerce, Germany derives vaft advantages from it's fituation. Lying In the centr? cf Europe, polTcfling an extenftve fca-coaft, and being interfered by a number of navigable rivers, it can with the utmoft facility export the fuperfluities of it's home commodities and manufactures, and receive thofe of foreign countries. It's native ma- terials for commerce, befidcs the mines and minerals which have been already mentioned, are hemp, hops, flax, anife, cummin, tobacco, faffron, madder, trufHes, and a variety of exquifite fruits, not inferior to the beft vegetable productions of France and Italy. The German exports to foreign countries are, corn, tobacco, horfes, cattle, butter, cheefe, honey, wax, wines, linen and woollen yarn, ribbands, filk and cotton ftuffs, toys, turnery-wares in wood, ivory, and metals, (kins, wool, timber, cannon, bullets, bombs and fhclls, iron-plates and ftoves, tinned plates, fteel-work, copper, brafs, porce- lain, earthen- ware, glaffcs, mirrors, mum, beer, tartar, zafFre, Pruffian blue, and an im- menfe GERMANY. 133 n'.enfc variety of other inferior articles, The imports bear no proportion to the ex|>orfK, fo that the balance of trade may fafely be concluded to be vaflly in their favour. The revocation of the Edi£l of Nantes by Lewis XIV. which obliged the French Pro- tenants to take (belter in foreign countries, proved of the utmoft fcrvice to the Germjn manufaSures. Before that period, the manufadures of velvets, fillts, and ftutFs, were in the rudcft ftatc, but they have fince been brought to the greateft nratncfs and pcrfedlion. However, the Germans are not fo much addicted to commercial concerns as fome of their neighbours; and, except the Afiatic Company of Embden, e(labli(hed by his prefent I'rulTian majefty, there is not any capital commercial fociety in the whole empire; and even this company, by means of the heavy taxes impofed upon it, has been almofl annihilated. About the middle of the thirteenth century, many towns in Germany, and in other countries bordering on the German Ocean and Baltic, entered into a grand confederacy for the promotion of trade and navigation, which obtained the name of the Hanfeatic League, and the towns which were members of this union were called Hanfe Towns. This confederacy, after fubfiiiing upwards of two centuries with great commercial advantages, from various concurring reafons which proved detrimental to trade, ccafed in it's general cogency and cffc£t; neverthelefs, the towns of Hamburgh, Lubec, and Bremen, ftill retain the name of Hanfe Towns, and have a league actually in force between them, under the fan(^ion of which they conclude treaties of commerce with foreign powers. Ham- burgh, indeed, is the mod important trading town of all Germany, being more reforted to by the EngliOi and Dutch than any other. Frankfort on the Mayne, Leipfic, Nurem- burgh, Aufljurgh, Vienna, Fiume, and Triefte, are likewife principal commercial towns, enjoying in general the privilege of holding fairs, of which Frankfort on the Mayne has the greateft. It is proper to remark in this place, thit the emperor, the eleftors and a majority of the princes of the empire, fcveral prelates, abbefTes, counts, barons, and imperial cities, polTefs the privilege of coining money : but fubje£l to this limitation, that feme are entitled to coin only fmall money; and others, pieces of a larger value, and that either of filver only, or of gold alfo. But this franchife, however flattering to the vanity of man, is rarely claimed by many ftates, on account of it's attendant expences. Once or twice every year the mint- mafters vifit every circle, in order to examine the ftate of the coin; and, by a ftanding law of the empire, all the money is required to be of the fame ftandard, and of one weight and intrinfic value. The laft public refolution on this fubjedl was pafTed at a diet in 1737, when the common ftandard was declared to be that of Leipfic j but neither this, nor the many other falutary regulations which have been adopted refpeding coinage, have pof- fcll'ed fuflicient validity to prevent it's dcbafement. In Hamburgh and Lubec, accounts are kept in marks, (hillings, and pfennings: a mark, equivalent to fixteea (hillings and fixpencc (lerling, makes fixteen German (hil- lings ; a German fliilling twelve pfennings, an imaginary coin, five hundred and feventy-fix of which, or three marks, make one rix-do!lar. The current heavy money of this country is generally twenty-five per cent, better than the light current coin. Q.q At *1' 1 1- .{rif 15* E U R o p r. At nrrmen, they reckon by iix-«!olIars, grots, mid fchwars: a rix-ifollar, equivalent tfl four fliillings and lixpencc, makes one and .i half double; and three fingic Dretnen mark.", /'cvcnty-two grots, or three hjiidtcd and lixty fchwiiis. In all the cledloral countries of Saxony, at Naunibtirgh, Berlin, MagJcburj;, and Frankfort on the Oder, they make their computations by rix-dollars, gut-gfolchcns,and pfennings; that is, one rix-dollar is equ.il to an imperial florin and a half, or t\v< nty-foiir gut-grofihens; and one gut-grofchen to twelve pfennings. An imi>erial florin contains lixtccn gut-giofchcnsi a oiie-third piece, eight grofchens; and aonc-fixth piece, four gut-grofchens. At Frankfort on the Mayne, they reckon m lix-dullars, krcntzcrs, and pfennings; one imperial florin, or two-third piece, makes fifteen batzej fixty krcutzcrs, twenty imperial grofchen?, or two hundred and forty pfennings. Throu'hout all Silefia, accounts are kept in rix-dollars, filver grofchens, and pfen- nings: one rix-dollar contains thirty imperial or filver grofchcBSj forty-five white grof- chens, ninety kreutaers; an hundred and twenty grofchens, an hundred and eighty dreycrs, and three hundred and fixty pfenning';. In Weftphalia, Brunfwick, and many other places of Lower Saxony, reckoning ii made by rix-dollars, marii.-n-grofcliens, and pfennings; one rix-dollar is equivalent to twenty-four gut-grofchens, thirty-fix matien-grofchens, or twohundred and eighty-eight pfennings. At Cologn on the Rhint*, they reckon by rix-dollars, albufes, and trellers; and alfo bjr (fles and pfennings Flemifh: one rix-doilar current makes an imperial florin and a half, four head-pieces and a half, forty-eight Brabant ilivers, fifty-eight and a half Clcve (livers, fcventy-eight albufts, and an hundred and feventeen fetmangcr. 'I'hcabovearc the principal coins, eitherrealor imaginary, currentin Germany; anditis worthy of being remarked, that the rix- lollar, which at Hamburgh, Altena, Lubec, Bre- men, and fcvcral other capital town*, i-> worth four (hillings and lixpencc, will circulate in moft parts of Germany for no more than three fliillings and fixpencc. The German empire is cledivc, and a fokinn renunciation of every intention or attempt to render the crown hereditary in his f.imily is recjuircd of every King of the Romans-; though thcHoufe of Auilria, in confequence of it's fuperior power, has poflelTcd this dig- nity for fcveral centuries. The laws of the empire, however, make no limitation with legard to ftatc, age, nation, or religion, the cnoicc being always (eltlcd by a majority of the ele£tor«., ind declared by the Eledtor of Mentz within a month after the former finperor's demife, by means of envoys and rcfcripts to each eledtor. The ceremony of election ib performed at 1 rankfort on the Mayne, where the different eledors muft appear in perfoii, or depute their plenipotentiaries. After fettling preliminaries, foreigners of every rank are enjoined to quit the town previous to the day (ixed for the eledlioaj when all the electors prefent, with the plenipotentiaries of the abfentecs, make a fplen- did procefllon on horfeback, the three fpiritual elcdors wearing fcarlet robes, with cap* lined with ermine; while the lecular cledtors aredinflcd in crimfon velvet trimmed with vrmine, each being preceded by his hereditary marfhui, carrying a fword unfheathed before him. In this manner they advance from the Couiinl iioufg to St. Bartholomew's Churchj, GERMANY. »S5 Church; when, alighting it the gate, they occupy their refpe^live floats In the choir, foU lowed by a train of princes and counts of the empire, the fword-btaters (landing before their rcfpc£tive elcAors with their fwords drawn and reHing on their (houlJcrs. Divine fcrvice then commences : but till mafs is over the Proteflant clcdors are permitted to withdraw; after which they again return, and all the ele«^ors talcing a foicma oath before the altar to eledl the fitted perfon to fill the throne, they fhut themfclvcs up in the chapeJ of eledlion, which is a fmall vaulted gallery having a communication with the choir. When they have once more pledged their oath to accede to a plurality of votes, the fuf. f rages of ihe cledors are collected by the Eledtor of Mentz, according to priority; after which the Eleflor of Saxony aflcs the Eledlor of Mentz for his vote. The fmailelt ma- jority renders the elcAion equally valid with the unanimous concurrence of the eledors, and even the perfon elciSled may vote for himfelf. This folemn ceremony being concluded, the ele(5led, or his proxy, mud immediate!/ fwear and fubfcribe the capitulation of ele£tion, which regulates his power; on which he receives the felicitations and congratulations of the electors, and his rank is publicly proclaimed. An authenticated copy of the pa^a conventa of election, fubfcribcd by the perfon elc£led or his plenipotentiary, and confirmed by his feal, is then delivered to each of the elcdtors; while, on the other hand, the College of Electors prefent the elected with an inftrument ratifying their choice. Aix-la-Chapelle is the ancient feat of coronation, in which, and Nurcmburgh, the jewels of the empire are depoftted; but at prefent the coronation is always held in the town of eleiflion. The regalia principally belonged to Charlemagne; and, exclufive of various veflments, ccnfift of a crown, a fceptre, two rings, an imperial monde, two broad fwords, a fmall one, a book of the Gofpels, and various other articles. At the coronati6n, the temporal cIciStors, or their ambafladors, attend theele£led prince from his palace to the church in the following order: the Elector Palatine with the crown, the Elc£lor of Bavaria with the monde or globe, and the EletSlor of Brandenburg with the fceptre, walk firft abread; the Elector of Saxony carries the fword, and theEledtorof Hanover the ftandard. At the door of the church the prince is received by the three eccle- fufticalele -ij ™' ->. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) A i.O I.I IU|28 |2.5 2.0 iim 1.25 |||.4 [1.6 « 6" ► V2 'Y^'''' '> 7 '■^ '/ Photographki Sciences Corporation 23 WEST XAIN STMET (716) •72-4503 ^ •ss§ :\ \ -f'^ «^\^\ " S E A ■^^ _^^ ^-v_ I / »<»'''' ,),tf\jL^. ., , ^./ vi'^^H -Jv-lf// TrB2t s j\rlp\ f-jf ,■ u ■•a«n«j,t ^ J. -Jr JiB":: - 1 Viil>lilhr• CT TVVi.vB.l. »VV7i.i;«.5. GERMANY. »S7 cxa£lly ftmilar to that of the emperor^ and though he can only be faid to have a king- dom and a crown in rcverfiori. he is faluted with the titles of Majefty, Perpetual Aug- tnenter of the Empire^ and King of Germany. He bears a Spread Eagle with One Head in his arms, and takes precedence of all the other kings of Chriftendom. The eleflors of the empire are nine in number, of which three are fpiritual, and the reft temporal. Of the former is the Elector of A^sntz, who is Arch-chancellor of the Holy Roman Empire, and Diredtor of the £le£loral College; befides poiTeffing the privilege of being exempted from the emperor's controul, of nominating the vice-chancellor of the empire, and of appointing all the officers of the Imperial chancery. The Elector of Treves, who holds the fecond eo<;leriaftical rank, is Arch-chancellor of the Hqly Roman Empire in Gaul and the kingdom of Aries; but this at prefent is a mexc nominal diftinflion: however, be has the firft voice at the election of a King of the Romans, and conftantly takes precedence next t« the £le«Slor of Mentz. The third ecclefiaftical ele^or is that of Cologn, Arch-chanccllor of the Holy Roman Empire in Italy, and poiTeflisd of a fecond voice at the eIc<£tion of a King of the Romans. When the emperor is crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle, be has the honour of performing the coronation alone, but exchanges with the Elector of Mentz when that ceremony neither happens in his own archbilhopric nor in that of Mentz. The temporal eledlors are, the King of Bohemia, the Eledor of Bavaria, Saxony, Bran> denburg, the Eledor Palatine, and Hanover. The cleftoral King of Bohemia is complimented with the rank of being Arch-cup- hcarer of the Holy Roman Empire; and, as fuch, prcfents the chalice to the emperor: he precedes all other temporal electors, and in the ElcAoral College enjoys a third voice. The Bavarian elcftor is Arch-fewer of the Holy Roman Empire; and, at the coronation, carries the monde before the emperor, and ranks next to Bohemia. The Eledlor of Saxony is Arch-marfhal of the Holy Roman Empire : at the diets, and on other folemn occafions, he carries the fword of Rate before the emperor; and at the co- ronation rides on a heap of oats^ out of which he tills a fil ver meafure. He likewife ap- points quarters for the electors at diets; and, during the time of their fitting, has fupremc jurifdidiion over all the different officers of the empire. The Elc^or of Brandenburg enjoys the rank of being Arch-chamberlain of the Empire, carries the fceptre before the emperor, and prefcnts him with water in a filver bafon. The EleAor Palatine holds the office of Arch-treafurer, is Hereditary Protc£lor of the Knights of the order of St. John throughout the whole empire, ^nd poflefTcs the power of raifing nobles and gentlemen to the dignity of counts of the empire without the Imperial fan£lion. The EleiSlor of Hanover, in confequence of the Bavarian elector's being put under the ban of the empire, obtained the office of Arch-treafurer of the Empire, a title which he ftill r»taini. This prince enjoys the alternate fuoceffion of the fiifhopric of Ofnaburg, w^^h tome other rights and privileges annexed. The illuftrious Houfc of Hanover was raifed t« the cledoral dignity in 1692, by the favour of the Emperor Leqpold, to whom it had R r rendered mm • H^ 158 EUROPE. rendered the moft cflentla! fervices; but the elcftors of this family neithtr obtained a fe^t nor a voice in the Ele£lora! College before th* ynx 1708. Next to the elefloral rank, the princes of the empire, who are partly fpiritual, and partly temporal, obtain precedence; lome of them having been elevated to that dignity fince the reign of Ferdinand II. The fpiritual princes confift of archbifliops, bifhops, or princely abbots; dependent on whom are the Teutonic Matters, and the mafterfliip of the order of St, John. Among the temporal princes are an archduke, a confiderabie number of dukes, palgraves, margraves, landgraves, burgraves, and counts. In the College, or Council of the Princes of the Empire, are three benches,- namely, the Spiritual, Temporal, and Crofs Bench: on the firft fit the fpiritual princes, with the Archdukes of Auftria and Burgundy, but in fuch a manrrer, that Auftria daily exchanges the firft place with Saltaburg; on the fecon J bench fit the temporal princes collcAively ; and, on the third, the Bifhops of Lubec and Ofnaburg, when the latter happens to be a Lutheran. The Imperial Diet is compofed of the Emperor and the States, or their plenipotentiaries, who affemble to deliberate on fuch affairs as concern the whole empire, on a fummons from the emperor addreflcd to the ruling powers individually. This fummons briefly fpecifies the occafion of their meeting, and the moit important matters which are to be referred to their confideration. IF the emperor does not perfonally attend, he deputes a principal commifTary, an indulgence which is likewife granted to the refpedtive ilates; but their envoys or plenipotentiaries are required, before admiflion, to exhibit their credentials to theEledor of Mentz, who has the general diredlion of the ftates; and likewife to the prin- cipal Imperial commifTary. In their deliberations, the States of the Empire divide into three colleges, the EleS00 The Emperor, for Hungary ------------ 30,000 The Emperor, for Bohemia, Silefia, ;:nd Moravia ------ 30,000 The Emperor, for Auftria, and other dominions ---..-. 30,000 The King of Pruffia ---.:..---.-...- 40,000 The ElcAor of Saxony .............. 25>ooo The > ,■} J! 1!» ;: « ■■?■■ a |6o EUROPE. The Eleaor Palatine .-.*--i---*--* 15,000 The Eleaor of Hanover 30,000 The Eleaor of Bavaria a-. *-----*-*- r 30,000 The Duke of Wirtemburg .-.------.---- 15,000 The Landgrave of Heffe Caffel -- 15,000 Tbr- Prince of Baden 10,000 'i"hc Duke of Holftein J---. 14,000 The Duke of Mecklenburg .-__-------. 15,000 The Princes of Anhalt 6,000 The Prince of Lawenburg ------------- 6,000 The Dukes of Saxony .------.------ io,MO The Princes of Naflau -------------- iG,CaO The other princes, and Imperial towns --------- 50,000 • - • The fecular princes ----------- 379,000 The ccclefiaftical princes --------- 74,500 Total military force of the empire - - 4.53,500 By this computation it will appear, that the emperor and empire form the moft powerful European government; and if the whole force was properly dire£led, under an able ge- neral, Germany could have nothing td fear from th° united powers of Europe. But the various connexions of it's princes, and thie di'fFcfbnt intCrefts they incdrtfcquencepurfuc, render the power of the emperor of little importance, except With regard to the fdrcts ha can raife in his hereditary dominions. Which indeed are very rormidable. The Imperial Chamber, and that of Wctzlaar, more generally known by the nahle of the Aulic Council, are the two fupreme courts for the decifion Of thutts originating between thfe rcfpc^tivc members of the empire. The Imperial Chamber is compbftfd of fifty judgfes br aflcfibrs; the prefident and four of the bench being eleftcd by the eihpe^6r, ohfc by each of the eledors, and the reft by the princes and Imperial cities. This (upririte tbUrt, which at prefcnt is held at Wctzlaar, but which was formerly at Spire, has lik^wife cbgnizfliice of all caufes brought by appeal from the inferior judicatories. The Aulie Counti! brigihally was only a revenue court of the dominions of the Hdu(b of Auftria) but bs th and then to particulMiMthe moft remftricable places in each. •■M I 'I X. CIRCLf; (■.■■' ■ EUROPE. Divisions, Poraerania, N. Brandenburg in the 'j rAltmarck,( middle, fubjeft to Middle Marclc vate ngia, The dutchies of. 1. CIRCLE OF UPPER Subdivisions, r Prufllan Pomerania, N. E. \ Swcdifli Pomerania, N.W. , or Old Marck, W. ■Illume, luujvvk ivj I ■> KjibUK. iviarck theKingot rruffia. J t Ncwmarck, E Saxony Proper, S. ^ r Dutchyof Saxony, N, fubjcd to it's own >i Marquifateof Lufatia, E. eledor. J I Marquifate of Mifnia, S. Thuringia, landgra- l 'Saxe Mciningcn -x Saxe Zcits Saxe Altenburg, S. E. Saxe Weimar, W, Saxe Gotha,W. Saxe Eifnach, S. W. ^Saxe Saalfield. {Schwartlburg, W. Belchinger, N. Mansfield, N. The dutchies of|?''"'i"J'^<^'<:»'""''J«^.toP'"^*^.- The counties of {SH-;^X^T: Principality of Anhalt, N. Zaal-creys, or county. Voigtland, S. fubjeft to 1 the Eleftor of Saxony. J Dutchy of Merciberg, middle jfubjeft to the Eledlor of Saxony. SAXONY. \ f Stetin. J 1 Subje£l to their refpeftive dukes. Subject to their counts. Chief Towns. f Steti I Stralfund. 1 ( Stendel. Potfdam. J [ Frankfort, Cuflrln. iWirtcnburg. Bautzen, Gorlits. Drefden, Mei.'^em. r Erfurt, rubje£l to the I Eledor of Mentz. rMeiningen. Zerbft. I Altenburg. J Weimar. I Gotha. I Eifnach. LSaalHeld. (Sonderhavre. Belchinger. MansAeTd. \ { Ha"- Saxe Naumberg,' fu|jjc£l to it's own duke. J I Naumberg. T f Stolberg. J I Northhaufen. go he I f Deflau, Zerbft, I Bernburg, Kothen. Hall. Plowen. Merciberg. II. CIRCLE OF LOWER SAXONY. Dukedom of Holftein, N. of the Elbe. Lawenburgh dutchy, N. of the Elbe, " jed to Hanover chy, 1 fub. I • J Holftein Proper, N, Ditmarfti, W. Stormaria, S. Hamburgh, a fovcrcign ftate .Wagerland', E, Partly fubjcft f ^5i'» fubjeft to Holftein toDenmark, ,.V?"°^P; o . • ^ Gottorp. Hamburgh 1 f Imperial L^ubec J \ cities. Lawenburgh. Dutchy GERMANY DrnsiON's. SunnivisioNs. , J. r Briinrwitk Proper f Subjcd to the Duke of Brunf- Dutch}' ot I wolfcnbuttlc. \ wick WoUcnbuttle. f J Rheinftcin, S. J Subject to the Duke of Brunf- toinityot j Biackcnburg. L wick Wolfenbuttle. , . J Calcnburg C jj^bjcft to the Ek-aor of Hat Dutch.cs of J Grubbcnhagcn ^ ^' ^ „,- ^^^^^ ^^.j^j [ Gottcngen. C Duti'hyof Lunenburg, f Dutchy of I/imcnburg Proper. fuhje£l to Hanover. \ Dutchy of Zcll. Dutchyof Bremen. 1 f c i • xi . u 1 ,, 1 i-u 1 \ I Subiedt to H.inovcr. \ Dutchy ot Verden. J I J J ano- ttaiii. } II J I Dutchy of Meck- lenburg. Dutchy of Schwerin, N. fubjeft to it's duke. Dutchy ofGuftrow, N. fubjedl to ilukc. Rifhopric of Hilde- ') flieim ill the middle, !• iubjedt toil's biftiop. J Dutchy of Maedeburg, S. E. C c u* '^ . .u i' ,n /r Dutchy of HjXorftadl S. E. { ^"^J'^'^^ '^ '^' ^'"S oi PrufTu. 165 Chief Towns. Rrunfwick. Wolfenbuttle. Rheiaftcin. Ijluckcuburg. Hanover. (ifubbtnhagcn. Cjottcngen. \ I fiuncnburg. J I /ell. Bremen ,aii imperial city. Verden. Schwerin. Guftiow. [ Hildefheim, an inipcriJ ! city. ^ Magdeburg. / Halbcritadt. } III. CIRCLE OF WESTPHALIA. Nc'*'.hDIviiion.< unty, or Eaft Frieflandj fubjcdt to? p y^^_ of PriilJia. _ 1 Wcftern Di- vifion Embden cou dm. J Subjed to their refpec- tive counts of theHoufe< of Naflau, r Caflel. Marpurg. Darmfladt. Homberg. Rhinefield. \. Wanfield. ^Dillenburg, Dietz. Hadamar. Kerberg. Siegen. Idftein. Weilburg. Wifljaden. Bielftcid. Otweiler. vUfingen. f Frankfort on the ■ Mayne, an Imperial I tity. Erpach, £. Spire on the Rhine, an Imperial city. f Deuxponts, in the I Palatine. I Catzenelbogen,on the 1 Lhon, { Counties Division?, ■Waldec Solms Hanau Eyfcnberg Counties of i Soyn Wcid Wetgenftein Hatsfieid .Wefterberg Abbey of Fulda, fubjeft 1 to it's abbot. J Hirchfield, fubjedl to l Hefie Caffel. f GERMANY. SUBDIVUIONS. i6jr Subject to their refpedlive * counts, * Chief Towns. rWaldec. Solms. Hanau. Eyfenberg. Soyn. Weid. Wetatnftein. HatsHeld. Wefterbcrg. Fulda Hirchfield. V. CIRCLE OF LOWER RHINE. Palatine of the Rhine, "j fubjeft to the Eledtor 1- Palatine. ' J f Heidelberg on the Neckar. PhilipfburgjManheim, and Franlcendahl, on V. the Rhine. /-Cologn, on the Rhone. f Coloffn "» I ^°""' °^ *''^ Rhine. 'i;^";XS' I Mentl ( Subjca.o,hdr,efpeai«dcao,s. -! ^S."",'':! '111".'-. Triers, j Bifliopric of Worms, a l fovereign ftate. j Dutchy of Simmeren, 1 ' luke. J fubjetSltoit'sowndi Counties of < Rhinegravcfteln. Meurs, fubjca to Pruflla. VeldentSjfubjedtothc Eledtor Palatine. Spanhcim. Leymingen. 1 AfchafFenburg, on the I Mayne. t Triers, on the Mofelle. r Worms, on the Rhine, 1 an imperial ftate, Simmeren. /■Rhinegraveflein. Meurs. Veldents. Creutznatch' Leymingen. VI. CIRCLE OF FRANCONIA. f Wurtlburg, W. Bilhoprics of < Bamberg, N. (Aichftadt, S. Subjeatotheirrefpef ^ ^""^"back, N. E. 1 Subjedl to their refpeaive J Cullenback. ^ iAnfpacb, S. J margraves. lAnfpach. incipality Henneburg Principality of f 5,N. I Anfpach. Henneburg. Dutchy m 1 68 %. EUROPE. Subdivisions. DivisiOhfj. Dutchy of Coberg, N. ] fubjeft to It's own > duke. J Dutchy of Hilburg- ^ haufen,fubje£ttoit's I own duke. J Burgravate of Nurem- "] berg, an independent \ Hate. J Territory of the Great -» MarteroftheTeuto- ) nic Order, Meigen- ( theim, S. W. J 'Reineck, W. Bareith,.E. fubjeft to it's margrave. Papenheim, S. fubjcft to it's own count. Counties of \ Wertheim, W. I Caflel, middle. Schwartzenburg, fubjcdt to it's own I count. LHolach, S. W. VII. Chief Towns. Coberg. Hilburghaufen. ' Nuremburg, an Imperial city. Mcrgentheim. fReineck. Bareith. Papenheim. >■ .( Wertheim. Caffel. Schwartzenburg. Holach. CIRCLE OF AUSTRIA. Archdutchyof Auftria) f Vienna, E. Ion. i6. 2 a. Proper. f 1 ^- ^^^- 48- 20. Lints, J C Ens, W. fStiria and CilJey C Carinthia. Carniola. Goritia. County of Tyrol Brixen. Bilhoprics of i ?:''''"• J 1^^^^"^- 1 Trent. VIII. CIRCLE OF BAVARIA. {Gratz, Cilley, S. E. Giagenfurt, Lavenjund, o. E. Laubacb, Triefte, S. E. Goritz, S. E. Infpruck. Dutchy of Bavaria Proper, on the Da- nube. Palatine of Bavaria. ► Subjea to the Elcaor of Bavaria. Munich Landfliut, In- goldftadt, N. W. Do- nawe [RatifbonJ N. an impe- rial city. Amberg, [SultlbachJ N. of the Danube, fubjedl . to the Eleaor Palatine. Bifhop/icki m Divisions. GERMANY. Subdivisions. 169 Chief Towns. IJftiODrics of / F'^i'^ingC" 1 Subjei^ to their fcfpcfllvc j" Freiflingen. t Paflau. Dutchyof Neuberg, fubje£l 1 to the Elector Palatine. J Archbifliopric of Saltn)urg, 1 fubjed to it's own arch- I" bifiiop. biihops. J [ PafTau, E. on the Danube, f Neuberg W. on the Da- L nube. Saltfburg, S. E. Hallen. IX. CIRCLE OF SWAB I A. : of [ i. J Dutch/ of Wuitcmbcrg, fubje£l to the Duke Wurtembcrg Stutgard n/r r . r r Baden Baden Marqu.fatesof|jj^j^^O^^^,^^,, Bl/hopric of Aufburg, fub- je£l to it's own biAiop. Territory of Ulm, a fove- rcign (late. Bifhopric of Conflance, fub- jed to it's own bifliop, under the Houfe of Auf- tria. "I r Subjedto their re . J I fpcdive margraves } Stutgard, Tubingen. -"If Baden Dourlach 1 f On the . J t Baden Weiiler. J 1 Rhine. AuHiurg, an imperial city. Hockftet, Blenheim, on or near tiie Rhine. Ulm, on the Danube, an imperial city. { { { Conftance, on the I ike of Conftance. Principalities of Counties of Baronies of Abbies of {Mindleheim Furftemburg Hohenzollern. ISu bjcft to their fpe^live princes f Oeting Koningfecic I Hohenrichburg, f Waldburg 1 Limpurg. {Kempten Buchaw Lindaw. Imperial cities, or fovereign 1 itates. J r Mindleheim, S. of Aufburg. "i Furftemburg, S. I Hohenzollern, S. {Oeting, E. Koningfeck, S. E. Gemund, N. r Waldburg, S. E. 1 Limpurg, N. {Kempten, on the Iller. Buchaw, S. of the Danube. Lindaw, on theLake of Con- flance. Imperial cities. {Nordlingen, N. of the Da- nube. Memminghen, E. Rotwell, on the Neckarj and others. c u' ja * *i. rBlackforeft,N. W. H^'? ?A J Rhinefield county Houfcof Au.j Mar.juifateof^Burgaw \ I Territory of JSrifgow, on the Rhine. Uu RhinefieldandLauffenbcrg. Burgaw, E. Friburg and Brifac. A». I'r-' :.'. 1 i >i m. i I I ; Hi ^:i?ft EUROPE. As a defcription of the cities, towns, and forts, with the public and private edifices, forms a copious article with refpeit to altnoft every country, but particularly Germany, on account of it's numerous independent ftates, let it fuffice to particularize the moft confiderable and remarkable. Vienna, the capital of the circle of Auftria, the refidencc of the emperor, and the metropolis of the German empire, is fituatcd in 48 degrees 28 minutes north latitude, and in 16 degrees 20 minutes eaft longitude, on a branch of the Danube which feparates part of the fuburbs from the city. The fituation is as pleafant as can well be conceived, the country toward the north and eaft being an extended level; while on the fouth and weft a range of mountains, overfpread with vines, prefents itfelf, and the Danube, which is here of great breadth, divides itfelf into feveral channels, forming a number of romantic iflands delightfully covered with woods. The city of Vienna, cxclufive of it's fuburbs, which are very confiderable, is far from being of great extent; but it is generally allowed to be a ftrong and well fortified place both by nature and art, having a rampart defended by eleven ftrong baftions and ten ravelins very broad and deep, with lined ditches and regular outworks. The number of churches and cloifters, which occupy nearly one-fixth of it's whole extent, have in general confiderable plots of garden or other ground adjoining to them, and enjoy an agreeable fituation, though at the expence of the regularity and uniformity of the city; the ftreets being tiiereby in many places rendered narrow and incommodious, and fomc of the moft magnificent palaces cooped up in very difadvantageous and inelegant fpots. With rcfpedl to the height of the buildings, it has been juftly remarked, that the town being too fmallfor the number of it's inhabitants, the builders feem to have contrived to remedy that defeft by encreafing the number of ftories; hence the ftreets being apparently very narrow, the rooms extremely dark, and the fame houfe often accommodating fv.z or feven families, we in vain look for that attraiHingneatnefs which alone can give a ftrangcr a favourabl impreffion of the cleanlinefs of the inhabitants, Vienna it divided into four quarters, the Schotten, Wubner, Stuben, and Carinthlan. There are lixteen principal fijuares, known by different appellations; of which the Hof is the moft fpacious and remarkable, containing a beautiful ftone fountain, and a mag- nificent monument of gilt metal, erected by the Emperor Ferdinand in memory of the immaculate conception of the Virgin Mary, The metropolitan church of St. Stephen, a dark Gothic {IruiSlure, externally adorned with fcuiptures, is the moft remarkable religious edifice in the whole city. The roof is covered with glazed tiles of various colours; and the principal tower is four hundred and fixty Auftrian feet high, built of large blocks of free-ftonc clamped with iron braces, which render it one of the ftroiigeft ftrudlures of the kind in Europe. In this tower hangs a bell, the weight of which, exclufive of the clapper, amounts to feventeen tons and a half; it was eaft by order of the Emperor Jofeph, out of the Turkifu field-pieces which he had taken in feveral engagements. The internal decorations of the church are, a coftly high altar, a variety of relics and curiofities, and a magnificent marble monument facrcd to the memory of the Emperor Ferdinand III. - • • There ^"1 GERMANY. 171 There are four parochial churches, befides ten others ferved by particular ecclefiaftics; fixtecn cloifter churches, and eighteen cloiftcrsj among which are three colleges of Jefuits; a college of Regular Canons; of Auguftines; and of St. D- rothca; a Capuchin convent; a Minorite convent; and the cloifter of Bare-footed Auguftines, to whom the Impc;ial Aulic Church belongs, in which the hearts of the high perfonages of the Archducal fa- mily are preferved in filver rcpofitorics; and here the Emperor Ferdinand HI, eretSed a chapel to St. Apollonia, the patronefs of the teeth, in confcquence of a vow made when his fon Prince Leopold cut his teeth. The Imperial Mufeum contains an aftonifhing variety of curiofitics in gold, filver, ivory, and mother-of-pearl; mathematical inftrumcntsof the moftexquifite workmanfhip; fuperb piftures; antique intaglios; vafes of agate, jafpcr, cryftal, garnet, and emerald ; be- fides jewels of i' limable value. imong the moft Angular curiofitics, a demon, or fami- liar fpirit, i* ferioufly exhibited ; v hich, having been conjured out of a demoniac, was con- fined in a vial; but, in fa£t, this is nothing more than fome dark-coloured mofs, having a diftant refemblance of a human figure in miniature. The Imperial Library 'S an elegant ftrufture, adorned with the moft mafterly paintings and fculptures. With regard to the number and importance of the manufcriptsand printed volumes, this may juftly vie with the moft celebrated libraries on earth; and, in fome re- fpefts, it infinitely tranfcends them all. The number of manufcripts and printed books on almoft every fubjeftof human erudition, and in almoft every known language, is really jmmenfe: however, the boaftcd antiquity of fome of them is juftly difputed, particularly a New Teftament in Greek, in gold letters, on purple vellum, faid to be written upwards of fifteen hundred years ago. The Univerfity is a noble eftabliflimcnt, erefled for the accommodation of the Auftrlan, Rhenifh, Hungarian, and Saxon nations. An academy of painting, fculpture, and archi- tedure, was inftituted in 1705. The Therefian College, founded by the Emprefs Queea Maria Therefa, is a well-planned and ilouriniing inftitution; each member wearing a particular uniform, and paying for his board, lodging, walhing, and books, eight hun- dred fiorins yearly, with an additional hundred for riding. Among the moft fuperb and elegant palaces of Vienna, is that of Prince Eugene, a beau- tiful ftru<^ure, confifting of four ftories, with a flat roof in the Italian tafte. The apart- ments are fitted up with the utmoft magnificence, and contain, among other fplendid de- corations, fome paintings of ineftimable value. The library makes a very handfome ap- pearance; the number of folio volumes, beautifully bound in red Turky gilt, amounts to unwafds of fifteen thoufand. Befides which, this apartment is adorned with a noble planc- tar;um, by an Englifti artift, on which the revolutions of the heavenly bodies are accurately rcprefe»ted according to the Copernican fyftem. The palaces of Prince Lichtenftein are alfo much celebrated, the moft magnificent of which is fituated in the Herron Street. The front is richly ornamented with columns and i^atues in the Italian ftilc of architecture; and the internal decorations confift of the moft valuable pieces of painting> fculpture, and antiques. Among the produdions of the pejncily m m ':' 1 f -I ;! I .'1 I ;:l1 31 f 111 > vj l^l EUROPE. pencil, are ftveral works of Rubens; paiticularly fix capital pieces reprefenting the Hlftory of Alexander the Great, the value of which has been cftimated at twenty-four thoufand dollars; Hcrodias with John the Baptift's Head, by Raphael; the Building of the Tower of Babel, executed on vellum j and the Overthrow of Pharaoh and his Army in the Red- Sea, painted on marble. But, after all, Vienna is far from being proportionably magnificent: though thehoufcs of the "rcat arc adorned with all that is coftly in furniture, hangings, painting, and fculp- ture; thofe of the lower ranks exhibit evident marks of inelegance, meannefs,and unclean- lincfs. The poverty of the inferior tradefmen, opprefTcd bycxoibitant taxes and imports, is confpicuous in their drcfs, manners, and way of living . however, the ill policy of im- poverishing the manufaduring ranks feems to have flruck his prefent Imperial Majefty with proper force; and it muft be confcfl'ed, that the condition of the Auftrian fubjeiSts has been greatly meliorated fince his acceffion to the throne. Endued with fagacity, wif- dom, and humility, he lofes the monarch in the man; and, indead of placing dignity in that haughtinefs of demeanour, which for ages had marked the condu£l of his predcccffors, he defcends to the mofl minute examination of whatever may contribute to the happi- nefs, the wealth, or the profperity of his people. The pride of rank, a contagion univerfally prevalent among the great throughout the whole German empire, is no where more remarkable than at Vienna: indeed, the height to which they carry the pundilios of honour, expofes them to the ridicule of all fober and intelligent people. Mention has been made, by a very entertaining writer, of two ladies, whofe coaches met one dark night in a narrow ftreet; and being unable to adjuft the cere- monial of whofe coachman fhould back, they both fat with equal obftinacy till two in the morning, when the emperor difpatching fome of his guards, they were both taken out of their carriages exadiy at the fame moment, and carried home in chairs. Nor is this vain chimera of confequential fupercilioufnefs predominant only among the ladies; the other fex poflefs a proportionable (hare of the fame contemptible weaknefs, and often facrifice the native feelings of the heart to vain oftentation and an idle adherence to the minutiae of hereditary honour. On the faints days whofe names accord with thofe of the royal family, operas arc exhi- bited at-an immenfe expcnce; for the magnificence of the theatre, the fplendor of the de- corations, the richnefs of the habits, and the mufic of the orcheftra, furpafs any thing of the kind in Europe. Thefe are denominated the gala days; and ladies of quality, whenever they wifh to difplay the magnificence of their apartments, or oblige their friends by complimenting them on the days of their faints, give out that on fuch a day will be their gala. On this occafion, the feveral friends and relations of the lady whofe faint's day is celebrated, appear full-dreffed, with a profufion of jewels: the miftrefs of the iioufc, however, takes no particular notice of any individual of the company, nor does flie return the vifit, unlcfs on a fimilar occafion. The theatrical entertainments of Vienna were formHy truly ridiculous ; their plays being mere extravagant caricaturas, deftitute of plot, pathos, moral, or fentiment: but fome mo- dern dramatic poets have reformed the plcafures of the ftage, and produced feveral pieces which would do honour to any nation. Drefden, GERMANY, 17.3 Drcfden, the metropolis of the Eleftor of Saxony, and one of the fineft cities in Germany, is delightfully fituated on the River Elbe, in 51 degrees 12 minutes north latitude, and in 13 degrees 40 minutes caft longitude from London, in the centre of a fpacious plain furrounded by lofty hills generally covered with vines. The city, (land- ing on both fides of the Elbe, is united by a ftonc bridge fix hundred and eighty-five common paces in length, containing eighteen arches, on which are fome curious flatues and emblematical devices. Drefden is adorned with fevcral fpacious fquaresj and alfo many fuperb edifices, fix or feven flories high, which exhibit a grand appearance in general, though their eftc. > 1 1 n ■t ■ 1 ■ i i ;■-. If 5 i| ! 1 , t it ^ 1 1 \ 176 EUROPE. varn bein- fabricated into all kinds of ftuftV, velvets, ftockings, cloths, and Imcns. Thc'inhabrtants arc likewifcmuch celebrated tor dyeing filks, printing cottons, working in tapea.y, and painted cloths made in imitation ot tap.ltry. , ^ „ , „ This c.tv has three great annual fairs, which are much rcforted to by the Poles, Hun- carians Hohemians, I'ruflians, KngliHi, French, Italians and even Runians; who a.l bri,,. the produce of their rcfpectivc countries for falc, which from thence are d.fperfed, by nicans of navigable rivers, to the rcmotelt parts of the empire. . , . . Hamburg, the ancient capital of HoliK-in Gottorp, and now a free .mpcr.al city, .s ntuated on the north of the Elbe, which forms a commodious harbour at this place, m c, decrees 16 minutes north latitude, and ia 10 degrees 38 minutes eaft longitude fiom iondon. it's fitc is partly infular .ind partly continental, and polkllcs a territory ex- tending twelve miles round, in which are included many large villages and beautiful feats. The Itreets of Hamburg a;e in general fpaciousand handfome, though there are a number of lanes and inelegant alleys which dclhoy the fymmetry of their appearance. The houfcs arc pnncipally built of brick, feveral ftorics high, and in fome (heets have a magnificent efFea. The fituation renders this place naturally ftrongj but the cfForts of art have made it almoft impregnable. It's form is nearly circular, the circumference being be- tween five and fix miles. The walls and other fortifications which areexpofed to view, are lined with rows of very tall trees, which in fome parts intercept the profpeft of the houfes. The gates are fix in number; and the rampart is defended by twenty-three bul- warks, befides regular outworks, and adeep fofs. A noble line of external fortifications runs from the largeft bafon of the Alftcr to the Elbe, about half a mile above the town; and on the other fide of the bafon below the town, is the Star-fort, a place of fuch immenfe ftrength, that the King of Denmark, with a numerous army, in vain befieged it in 1686. The colle£live buildings of Hamburg are computed to amount to thirty thoufand, and it is furnifhed with fix fpacious market places. The religious ftrudlures, which are ancient, large, and beautiful, arc ufcd as thoroughfares during the day time, and in fome of them bookfcllers keep their Ihops. t^everal churches are adorned with lofty and beau- tiful fpires: the fteeple of St. Catharine's is formed of lantherns diminifhing gradually to the lowefi, which fupports a fpire of prodigious height ; and round the middle of the whole Is a gilt crown of curious workmanfliip. The organ of the church contains fix thou- fand pipes, and is reputed the beft toned of any in Europe. The fpire of the cathedral, with it's fupporting towers, is three hundred and fixty feet high. It's emoluments arc fecularizeti ; yet it maintains a dean and chapter, who, with the cathedral and the adjoining premifc?, are under the protedion of his Britannic Majefty, as Duke of Bremen. Hamburg is adorned with a well-endowed unlverfity, furnifhcd with fix profeflbrs. The fenate-houfe, Town-hall, and Exchange, are noble buildings. The Britifh refident and company have a handfome hall; and, indeed, almoft all the foreign envoys have commodioi'.s habitations. This city is deil-rvcdty celebrated for it's humanity to the poor; an hofpital for orphans has a revenue of near fixty thoufand pounds a year. Nor are the lick, the maimed, the aged, and the unfortunate, even of other countries, ncglefled; but, befides GERMAN Y. •17T l> fulcs hofpltal') for the wretched of every dcfcription, woikhoufts are creeled for thcem- p'oymVnt of fuch as are either unable or unwilling lo procure the means of fubftflence by their own private induflry. Haiiiburgh being fituated on a fine navigable river, and furnifhcd with an excellent h.irbour, enjoys every poflible convenience for foreign and domeftic trade, and may un- ijiieflionably be rankeo among the mod opulent and commercial cities mj the world. The principal merchandize exported from Hamburgh to Great Britain, confifts of linen; l^ncn-yarn ; tin-plates; brafs, fteel, and iron wire; corn; pipe-ltaves; .I'd almod every fpccics of timber. Thechief articles of importation arc the woollen manufailuresof Eng- land, the value of which, from the port of Hull only, is computed at above an hundred thoufand pounds annually; with Englilh ftoclcing«, and other nianiifaclurcs, to a coiifi- derable amount. The Knglifh merchants make a very rcfpi-dlalile fi;»uic in Hamburgh; they form a body politic.il and commercial, enjoy feveral valuable privileges, and are in- duljcd with a church and a minifter of their own. Upwards of two hundred Britifh vcfl'ds annually enter this pott, and a proportionable number from the other commercial nations of Europe. This city likcvvill- carries on ati extenfive whalc-fifliery in the Greenland fcas; and, in time of war, fits out armed veffils for the protcdlion of it's own trade: however, it always maintains a garrifon of two thoufand men; and, upon an emergency, could eaftly raifc fifteen thoufand capable of karing arms. The government of Hamburgh Is vefted in the fenatc and three colleges of burghers, being a mixture of the aridocratical and democratical : the principal perfons of the re- public arc vefted with almoft every a£t of fovcreignty; while the regulation of finance is folely entrufted to the burghers. The inhabitants are only fubjecl to the general laws of the Germanic Body; and, being entirely governed by their own magiflrates, have neither feats nor voices in the general diet of the empire: however, they pay an annual acknowledgment of 80,000 crowns to the Emperor for his protection. Criminals cannot receive fentence of condemnation unlefs they plead guilty; for which reafon there are five forts of torture ufed to extort a confeilion, and thcfe are applied one after another, in proportion to the ftrength of the evidence in fupport of the allegations. The judges poflefs a difcretional power of infliding the degrees of torture; and, on fuch occafions, they arc furrounded by curtains, that they may not be eyc-witnclVesof the cru- elty infiiftcd on the culprits. Objefts of compaffion feldom prefcnt thefflfelves in the ftrcets; a circumflance that re- flects no fmall degree of credit on the excellence of the police, and the munificent provi- fion made for the poor and afflidted. Even the lowcft artificer has fuiBcient encourage- ment to excel } for, on executing any curious piece of work of approved merit, he is im- mediately admitted to the freedom of his company, without fervitude, or any expence. The^',encral charadleriftics of the Hamburghers are, complaifance, ceremonioufnefs, and frugality :n their domeftic arrangements; but on public occafions they are liberal even, to oftcntation. Almoft every nierchant of eminence keeps his own coacbj befides which, Y y hackney- ■■\%. 178 EUROPE. hackney-coaches arc very numerous, a circumftance attended with many inconveniences in the more nairow and croolccd ftrecls. The common carts are only a long pulley af- fixed to a fort of truckle laid upon an axle between two wheels, drawn by men only, who arc linked to thefe machines with flings acrofs their (boulders. Among other pecu- liarities of the place, each lady is generally attended to church by a maid-fervant, with a bible fufpended by a filvcr chain from o-ic armj and, in fcvere weather, with a brafs ftove borne on the other. Both flrangcrs and natives of the bcft fafliion pals their focial hours of enjoyment in a curious kind of tavern kept in a cellar, the managemsnt of which is vefted in a deputy appointed by a fcledl number of the magiftracy. Within cannon-fhot of Hamburgh ibnds the beautiful town of Altcna, in a charming country on the banks of the Elbe; containing about three thoufand houfes exclufive of public flrui5lures, and upwards of thirty thoufand inhabitants. This town carries on a va- riety of manufactures; and, from it's advantageous lituation on the Elbe, it's trade is very confiderable, being the mart where all imports of ibe Danifti Eaft India Company iirc expofed to falc. Altena is remarkable for the calamities it has undergone. In 1712, Count Steinbock, the Swedifli general, having defeated his Danifh Majcdy, appeared before it; and, having fent a meilage to the inhabitants, advifing them to retire with fuch of their effects as they could carry of^', the magiilracy met him in a body, implored his favour, and offered 50,000 rix-doliars as a ranfom for their town. Steinbock, who knew he had only to prelcribc, infifted on 200,000; which enormous fum they promifed to advance, requefting only time to procure the money from Hamburgh: but, iluflied with fuccefs, this barbarous general would admit of no delay; the mifcrablc inhabitants were inftantly compelled to quit their native city; and, long before all the aged and infants could be removed, the Swedes entered with lighted matches, and fet every quarter of it on fire.. To increafe the horrors of thediflrefled inhabitants of Altcna, the plague raged at that very time in all the neigh- bouring country; and the Hamburg hers being obliged,, for their own prefervation, to (hue the gates of their city againft their diltrefl'ed neighbours, many of them periibed through want, cold, and difeafe. However, the King of Denmark, their fovereign, relieved them as far as pofSblc; and generoufly fiipplied them with materials for rebuilding their town, which is now more fupcrb and elegant than ever, having been adorned with feveral addi- tional ci>urchjs, a royal feminary, and fome other ufeful inrtitutions. Lubec, the chief of the Hanleatic Confedtracy, a fpacious, opulent, and imperial city, ilands at the confluence of feveral rivers with tiie Trave, upon which it has a harbour; being fifteen miles fouth-wcft of the Baltic, i.nd thirty-eight from Hamburgh^ in 54 degrees 31 minutes north latitude, and in 10 degrees 42 minutes eaft longitude. This city is encompafled wich wails, towers, moats, and ramparts; which being lined with trees, form a moft delightful walk, and have a very agreeable appearance. The houfes are all built with (tone, but are chiefly in the ancient flile of architecture: the Itreets are pretty ftraight and extenfive; but, owing to the acclivity of the fituation, are for the moft partftcep. The churches, which amount to twcnt;, ?xclufivc of the cathedral, arc G E R M A N r. 17 '? are beautiful and magnificent ftiuflurcs, adorned with ftntely towers and fpircx of tlic moft curious architedlure. The admin iflration of the city is veiled in futir bur^o-ma- ftern, and ftxteen counfcilors, who may be either men of letters, patricians, r)r tradcfincn. The burgheri, confining of twelve companies, have each a vote in the public deliberation';. An alliance ftill fubfiOs between this city, Hamburgh, and Bremen, under the ancient ap< pellation of the Hanfc Towns, in which character they negociate treaties of cuaimcrcc with foreign dates. The imperial city of Bremen is fituatcd on the River Wefcr, which divides it into the New and Old Towns, united by a fpacious bridge. On an atSiual furvey made fomc years ago, the colle£tive number of houfes appeared to be near five thoufand, cxcluftvc of the fuburbs, and that of the houfholdcrs upwards of ten thoufand. Thcdivifton called the Old Town is confiderably the largeft and mod populous, bcin^ divided into four pariflies, according to the four capital Calvinillical churches, viz. thac of Our Lady, St. Anfgarius, St. Stephen, and St. Martin. The cathedral which {lands in this quarter is a venerable pile; and under it's choir is the famous leaden cellar, re- markable for the undecayed bodies therein depufited. The New Town confifts chiefly of gardens and pleafure-houfes belonging to the prin- cipal inhabitants of the Old Town; it's flrcets being beautifully planted with rows of limes and wild chefnuts. St. Paul's Church, which is the moft magnificent ftruifturc in this quarter, belongs to the Calvinifts, of whom the corporation, confifting of four burgo- maflers and twenty-four counfellors, is likcwifc compofed. The merchants and iradcf- men have their elders, but are excluded from any (hare in the government. The trade of Bremen is very confiderable, and it's inhabitants carry on feveral extenfive manu- fa£lures. The city of Hknover, the capital of his Britannic Majcfty's German dominions, and thecleAoral rcfideace before their elevation to the Britifh crown, is pleafantly fituated on an eminence upon the Leina, an infignificant flream, in 52 degrees 29 minutes north lati- tude, and in 9 degrees 45 minutes eaft longitude from London. This city is furrounded with walls and regular fortifications, and the ravelins before the gates are well provided with cannon; but as nature does not feem to contribute much to it's ftrength, the place would fcarcely be long tenable againft a rcfolute enemy. The houfes are chiefly con- flru£ted of timber and clay, though a confiderable number arc handfomely finiflied with flone and brick; the whole number amounting to near twelve hundred, arranged in wide and airy ilr'^ets, which in winter are properly lighted. The Ele£tor«l Palace, which is fituated on the banks of the Lcina, was in a great mca- fure confumed by fire in 1741, but has fince been rebuilt with fuperior magnificence. It confiftsof feveral courts; and the apartments are grand and commodious, beir.g chiefly hung with coftly tapeftry. In this edificethe privy-council and commiflioners of war hold their meetings. The opera-houfe likcwife, and the theatre for the French comedians, are both within theprecindts of the palace; and, though fitted up in the ancient flilc, are commo- dious, rich, and elegant. A mounted guard always keeps ccntry, an open table is con- ftantly 'il'l I m i V- •4) i$o T. U Tl O P E. fiantly maintained, and the adminiftration is uniformly condu£lcd with dignity and pro- priety. During the winter, a play is rcprefented, and a concert perrormed twice in every week at the royal expence, to which all che courtiers, without exception, have free accefs. The Palace-church is a very f 'tndid ftrudure, and contains treafure of immenfe value, confiding of gold and filver plate, gems, and relics, colleded by Duke Henry, furnamtd the Lion, in his journey to the Eaft in 1171, and the fucceeding years. The New Town, which (lands on the other bank of the Leina, communicates with that already defcribed by means of feveral commodious bridges. This quarter is likewife for- tified; and, though of fmall extent, is extremely populous, and makes an elegant appear- ance. This is the feat of the eletSloral confiftory, and of the general and fpccial fuperin- tendency. In this divifion .are likewife feveral flatcly churches} and on the Parade is a large ftone edifice, containing the eledoral archives and library; the latter of which is one of the mod^ curious and fplendid in all Germany. Munich (in Latin Monachium) is a well-foitificd city on the River Ifer, in 48 degrees 22 minutes north latitude, and in 1 1 degrees 41 minutes eaft longitude. This is the re- fidenceof the Eledlor of Bavaria; and the palace and other royal buildings, together with the churches, monafteries, and other religious ftrudures, occupy near half the extent of the whole city. The Eledtoral Palace is an elegant ftruflure, confifting of four courts; the fineft of which obtain the names of the Prince's and Emperor's Courts; the former being adorned with brafs ftatues, arid the latter with a broad and beautiful flight of red marble fteps, which lead to the Emperor's Hall, a fuperb apartment an hundred and eighteen feet long, and fifty-two in breadth. In the Chamber of Antiquities are two hundred marble ftatues and bufis of Roman em- perors; with five hundred curious antiques, confifting of lamps, infcriptions, baflb-relievos^ iic. chiefly brought from Italy. Among the many ineftimablecurioflties in the Treafury, are a cabinetof many large pie- ces worked in cryftal, one of which is a ihip fome fpans long, with a pilot, and all the tackling, of the purel gold; a hill with a caftle upon it, all of oriental pearl; St. George on horfeback, of red agate, with his armour of diamonds fet in gold; the Bavarian family, each perfon cut out of a piece of blue chalcedony; a double brilliant diamond, of the fize of a common nutmeg; i larger of the fame kind, which coft an hundred thoufand guilders; a fet of buttons and loops of diamonds interfperfed with rubies; a ftt of diamonds of ex- traordinary beauty, colledled with incredible expence by the late eledor; an ivory clofct adorned with relievo figures of curious workmanihip, in which are preferved eleven hun- dred and forty-four Roman medals of gold ; befides many other valuable and beautiful ar- ticles, too numerous to fpecify. In 1729, the Palace, and particularly the Chamber of Curiofities, fufFered greatly by fire; and in 1750 it fufFered ftill more confidcrably by a ftmilar difafter. To the eaftward of the palace Aands the Arfenal; and to the northward lie the Elcdloral Park and Pleafurc- gardens. To GERMANY. iH To thewefl: of the palace ftands a beautiful edifice belonging to the mafter of the horfe, having four grand fronts correfponding to four ftreets, and univerfally allowed to be a confiderable ornament to the whole city. Near this ftru£lure is another eledloral palace, built by Duke Williamj which, however, is not remarkable either for it's elegance or magnificence. The Collegiate Church, dedi«ated to the Virgin Mary, is a moft fuperb building, edorned with a ftately monument of black marble, facred to the memory of Lewis IV. of Bavaria, fupporting fix large and feveral fmaller figures of brafs. This church is a great aichiteiSural curiofity, the pillars being fo contrived as to intercept the view of ail the windows, when obfcrved from a particular fpot near the entrance of the great door. St. Peter's Church is likewife a ce.. rated ftruifture. Nor muft we omit to particula- rize the Jefuits College, in which is a valuable library. The convent and church belonging to this religious order are much admired: the laft, in particular, is fpacious, light,and lofty; and, among other relics of fuperftition, contains a fingle joint of a back-bone as large as an elephant's, 'vhich is pretended to be part of the vertebrae of St. Chriftopher's back. The Roman Catholic religion, with all it's bigotry and unchriftian zeal, is univerfally prevalent in Munich, all perfons of other perfuafions being regarded rather as monfters than men. Hence the human mind being cramped in all it'r faculties, and fcientific improve- ments regarded as heretical innovations, we neither meet with men eminent for literary acquifitions nor mechanical fkill: trade and manufaflures are very circumfcribedi and the whole country, as well as the capital, feels the efFedts of religious intolerancy. Saltzburg, (in Latin Salijhurgum) the capital of an archbifhopric, and the refidenceof the archbifliop, is fituated in 47 degrees 45 minutes north latitude, and in 13 degrees 5 minutes call longitude, about feventy miles fouth-eaft of Munich; it is furrounded on three fiJcs by mountains, but on the other opens to a fpacious plain, through the midft of which the Salza devolves it's ftream. This city is computed to be about five thoufand geome- trical pacts in cirr^-mference, and is extremely well fortified ; the quarter adjoining on the right of the river being furrounded with eight baftions, and that on the left with three; bcfides th: additional defence of the Mountain-caftle, a fortification of ahnoft impregnable ilrength, in which i% the grand arfenal. Saltzburg is unqueflionably an elegant city : the houfe« are generally five {lories high; but the (Ireets, being narrow, and paved in the ancient tafte, are thereby rendered difagree- able and inconvenient. The Aichiepifcopal Palace is a fuperb ftruAure, containing an hundre'.! and feventy- thrce rooms, fomc of which are fitted up in a ftilc of extreme grandeur; jj-i Jcularly the arch- bifliop's apartment, the afcent to which is by a broad flight of marble fteps. Th? whole palace abounds with maflerly paintings, tables of inlaid marble, and fuperb fiones of vai'ous colours ornamented with fiatues. The new apartments, though not conftru6led according to the exad rules of fymmctry, are no inconfiderable ornament and convenience, the archie- pifcopal offices being principally contained in them. Fronting this part of the palace is a 2 a noble I i I \^ iSz EUROPE. noble fountain, eftecmed the largeft and fineft of all Germany, the figures rcprefcnted on It being all of white marble in the grotefque Ihle. The rcfervoir is an hundred and feven feet in circumference, exclufive of the fteps; and four large horfes fpout the water from their mouths and noftrils, though in fmaller quantities than the fiipcrior ftatucs, ihchigheft of which is ner-r fifty feet from the ground. The cathedral dedicated to St, Rupert is a ftatcly ftruflure built in the form of a crofs, having a noble front ornamented with four marble ftatues of St. Peter, St, Paul, St. Rupert, and St. Vcrgilius. The internal decorations confillof beautiful Corinthian pilafters; and a high altar "of marble, which, on grand feftivah, fupports a fun of gold fet with pre- cious ftones to the value of a hundred thoufand crowns, with a large golden crofs and four fuperb candlefticks of the fame precious metal. All the other altars are compofcd of beautiful marble of various fpecies, four being placed under the cupola with a handfome orffan over each. But the mod capital organ ftands over the principal entrance, confitting of three thoufand two hundred andfixty-fix pipes, the longcft of which is thirty-three feet; and to this grand inftrument belong four keys and forty-two rcgifters, of which feventeen move by clock-work. The New Univerfity Church of the Immaculate Conception of the Blefled Virgin is a fuperb pile, internally ornamented with beautiful ftucco-work. But one of the moft de- lightful ftruAures in the whole city is the archiepifcopal palace of Mirabella, whofe fine chapel conftitutes the middle part of the principal front; facing which ftands a Mount Parnaffus, with a Pegafus on the top, from which the water falls in agreeable cafcades. In this palace is a grand marble ftair-cafc finely painted; the floors are in general inlaid with red and white marble, moft elegantly difpofed; and the hangings are chiefly red embroidered with gold and ftlver. The gardens lying on the banks of the Salza are romantic and beau- tiful, containing a large aviary, and a rural theatre of verdant turf, with fome celebrated pieces of elegant fculpturc. At a fliortdiftance from this palace ftands Hellbrun, another feat belonging to the arch- bifliop; which is principally remarkable for the ftatue of a monfter elevated on a pedeftal, charg'-^ with the following infcription: * The original of this monftrous figure, called * the foreft Devil, was caught in hunting near Havenfburg, Matthew Ling being then *■ cardinal and archbift;op. His (kin was yelluwifti ; he bore all the marks of favage fcro- * city; yet never looked at any one, but fought the covert of obfcurity. He had the face * of a man with a beard, engle's feet with lion's claws, the tail of a dog, and on his head * grew a large comb like that of a cock. He foon died of hunger, as neither allurements * nor violence could induce him to eat or drink.* Nurembur^r, a large and beautiful imperial city, fituated on the River Pegnitz, in 49 degrees 41 minutes north latitude, and in il degrees 12 minutes eaft longitude, is the capital of a republic of the fame name; which, befides four other towns, contams under it's )arifdi6lion five hundred villages. This city contains fixteen churches; forty-fou eli- gious boufes; three hundred and fixty-five towers; an hundred and twenty-eight capital llreets; an hundred and forty-five fountains; and upwards of twenty thoufand boufes^ faid to be inhabited by eighty thoufand families. The .l«i m GERMANY. 183 The houfcs are principally built of ftone, lofty, fpaclous, and elegant, being externally adorned with piiftures; and the ftrcets are broad, clean, and well paved, but not ftraight. In the Hol'pital Church are preferved the imperial ornaments; among which is the diadem of Charlemagne, termed the Infula, made of pure gold, weighing fourteen pounds, and en- riched with diamonds. The fceptre and globe are iikewife of gold, and the fword of ftatc is pretended to have been brought from Heaven. The robe of Charlemagne, with which every new emperor is inverted, is of a violet colour, adorned with pearls, and pro- fufciy covered with golden eagles and precious ftones. The cloak, cope, ftole, and breeches, are alio adorned with jewels; and the flockings and bt'lclns are covered with pla'.es of pure gold. Ainon^i other cuiiofitics exhibited in the fame place. Is the iron head of St. Longinus's l.ince; and as the inhabitants are confcious the fame relic is pretended to be fliewn in more than ten other diffeient collection?, they ftrcnuoufly maintain the fpurioufnefs of themall; and, in confirmation of the originality of their own, produce the bulls of five fucceflive popes. The Arfcnal is one of the moft com pleat of any in Germany, having two large halls, each two hundred and fifty paces long, filled with an amazing quantity of arms and cannon; but the greateft part of them being of extravagant" dimenfions or antiquated conflru£lions, they arc more calculated for (hew than utility. The Public Library is kept in a cloifler formerly belonging to the Dominicans: and is faid to contain twenty thoufand volumes; and a variety of ancient manufciipts, themofl valuable of which is a copy of the Gofpels, with the prayers and hymns ufed itk the Greek church, upwards of nine hundred years old. The Town Houfe is a moft fuperb edifice of hewn-flone, having a noble front in a regu- lar flile of architecture, adorned witii a grand portal in the centre, and a number ef beauti- ful lvalues. In one of the apartments, deputies from the Circle of Franconia afTemble every day to deliberate on provincial affairs. Over the door of this chamber hangs a piClure reprefcnting the three brothers, John George, Frederick, and John Chriftian, who fo zealoufly fupportcd Luther in bringing about the Reformation. In the other princely apartments of this grand flruClure are a great number of capital paintings by the moft cele- briited artifts; particularly fomeby the pencil of Albert Durer, which are reckoned almoft incftimablc. The whole city of Nuremburg is 'livided into eight quarters, which a-^e again fubdl- vidcd into an hundred and thirty-one captainfhips. The principal beauties of the place arc the noble fountains, which are fpread over difFerent parts. One of thefe beneficial ornaments confifls of a large oval bafon inclofed within a fine iron baluftrade, having a rock in the centre, on the fummit of which four large dolphins fpout water, and fupport a large (hell, out of which rifcs a Triton, jetting a plentiful ftream into the air through hts marine trumpet; and from the bottom of the bafon rife four fmaller water-fpouts, which difcharge this element into thcTriton's (hell, through the hollow flopings of which it again returns into the bafon. Among '■' 'r m: .! I' ^'f '^ , * is, i84 K U R O P E. Among the various bridges creiSled acrofs the River Pegnitz, is one of a fingle arch, fifty paces long: at one extremity of which is a large fleHi-marlset built of hewn-ltone, having it's gate adorned with the ftatuc of a vaft ox in a decumbent poflure, with gilt horns and hoofsi under which is a Latin couplet, in letters of gold, to the following purport: ' Every * thing has it's beginning and increafe; but the ox you fee here never was a calf.' The New Bridge, however, is by far the moft beautiful ftructure, which coft the city an immenfe fum: it is adorned with two pyramids, on the apex of one of which is the Impe- rial Black Eagle; and on the other a Dove with an oliv-e branch in it's beak, with a Latin infcription to this efFciSl: • In paflingover this bridge, dedicated to Charles, pray that his * imperial race may flourifli while the waters flow under it.' It is impoffible to particularize all the noble mufeums belonging to private perfons in this city, which are well worthy the attention of every philofophic traveller. The Ana- tomical Theatre, ere£led at the expcnceof the city, contains an infinite variety of fkeletons of different animals, particularly of the feathered tribes. Nuremburg may juftly boaft of more numerous and Ikilful artizans than almoft any city in Europe: indeed, nothing can exceed their curious performances in wood, ivory, and alabafter; and, with regard to toys, it might be fuppofed there was a fufficient quan- tity manufaftured to fupply every nation throughout the whole world. But, however in- genious the artificers are, their trade feems much on the decline; a proof that, when utility does not form the bafis of manufacture, it's demand can never be of long duration. The Calviniftical inhabitants are but few in number; however, they are indulged with a paftor of their own perfurfion, who performs divine fervice in a houfe without the pre- cindts of the city. The Papiiis are allowed the public exercifeof their religion in the Teutonic Houfe; but the Jews are reftrifted to a village near the city, and are forbade even the liberty of entering it without paying a fmall piece of money for their admittance. The origin of the nobility in this city is as ancient as the year 1 198, when the Em- peror Henry VI. a/Hfting at a tournament, raifed thirty-eight burghers families to the de- gree of nobles. The council of Nuremburg confifls of thirty-four noble and eight handi- craft counfellors; the former of which are divided into twenty-fix burgo-mafters and eight ancient fenators. Thefe twenty-fix burgo-mafters are again divided into thirteen old, and as many young ones; and every four weeks one of each prefides. From the thirteen old burgo-mafters are chofen the feven firft counfellors, ftiled theSeptemviratc, who manage the mod important affairs, affifted by the fix next in fcniority, who compofe the Council of Appeal. Of the former, the three firft are called the Supreme Head-people, and are always imperial counfellors; the firft of which is alfo imperial bailiff and caftellan, his ufual place of refidence being the imperial fort. The eight counfellors chofen from among the tradef- men attend the council only at ftated times. Different courts are eredled for the diftribution of juftice, the recovery of debts, the re- gulation of finance, and the redrefs of grievances; and no city has a more excellent police, for preventing the commiffion of crimes, and fccuring the peace, happinefs, and pro- fperity of the inhabitants. The military force confifts of feven companies of foot, each of which, in time of peace, " > confifts GERMANY. 185 confifts of an hundred men; but in time of war that number is generally doubled. Bcfides thefe, which are called regular troops, the burghers form themfelves into twenty-four companies, of about three hundred and fifty men each, who arc all well difciplined, and capable of going through the feveral evolutions and the manual exercife with great regu- larity and a£livity. Mentz, (in Latin Moguntiacum) the capital of an electorate, and a city of confiderable extent and population, ftands at the confluence of the Rhine and Maine, in 49 degrees 16 minutes north latitude, and in 8 degrees 16 minutes eaft longitude from London. The houfes are in general in the ancient tafte; the Areets narrow and unpleafant; and the forti- fications, though begun in a very grand ftilc about the year 1 735t have never been entirely complcated. The Archiepifcopal Palace is built of afpecies of red marble, in a very magnificent man- ner, adorned with themoft beautiful apartments, rich cielings, and princely furniture. The cieling of the hall in which the Elector dines, contains, in different compartments, xhe hiflory of St. Martin, the patron of the city; and the tapeftry-hangings reprefent the (lory of ^neas and Dido. At the extremity of this apartment is a large and fumptuous cabinet of loolcing-glafles, placed in little gilt fquares; the bafes being adorned with feve- ral beautiful landfcapes, which are amazingly multiplied by the reflexion of thefe mirrors. From hence there is an enchanting profped of the Rhine, the Maine, and the delightful adjacent country. The Cathedral is a ftupendous pile of red marble; on entering which, immediately ap- pear the fepulchral monuments of ftx ancient archbifliops of Mentz, whofe ftatues recline againft the pillars which fupport the vaulted roof. On the oppofite ftde ftand the mau- foleums of the two laft Elediors, efteemed in this country finiflied pieces of fculpture, but which, if tried on the fcale of critical proportion and exaAitude, will not be found to con- tain any thing very remarkable. However, the ftatue of a Count of Lamberg, who was killed at the fiege of Mentz in 1689, is fingular in many refpedts. The count is repre- fented in white marble, covered with armour, in the attitude of one ufmg his utmoft efforts to efcape out of his cofEn, the lid of which he puflies up with one hand, while he fupports himfelf with the other againfl the bottom } he wears a full-bottomed peruke, in perfe£l buckle: and, in Ihort, the whole feems rather applicable to a triumphant than an inhuma- ted general. The treafure depofited in this place is well worth notice, confiflingof a grand collcAion of jewels, rich vefhnents, and other ecclcfiaftical ornaments, particularly an oftcnforium, valued at twenty-five thoufand dollars. The religious foundations in this city are pretty numerous, but contain few pecu- liarities from fimilar rnftitutions. The church belonging to the Auguftine nuns of St. Agnes is a very elegant fabric; and the Carthuflan monaftery, which flands without the city, is likewife celebrated for the beauty of it's church, in which ?.re thirty-two ftalls of a valuable fort of wood, inlaid in themoftcusious manner with ivory, valued at a thoufand dollars each. Guflavus Adolphus of Sweden befteged and took this city in 1631; when, among other valuable fpoiis, a mafly crucifix of gold, upwards of fix feet in height, fell into his hands. 3 A And I I.; 1 '..I ; -4 ! I ' i' 186 L U R O P E. And in i68q, Prince Charles of Lorrain, having formed a junftion with the Eleftors of Saxony and Bavaria, laid fiege to this city, which was reduced by the confederates in forty days from the commencement of the blockade. Treves, or Triers, the capital of an ele£loratc of the fame name, is pleafantly Htuated between two mountains on the River Moiclle, over which it has a fuperb bridge, in 49 degrees 58 minutes north latitu'Je, and in 6 degrees 10 minutes eaft longitude. The antiquity of this city is fo remote, that hiflory informs us it was inhabited by the Treviri Jont^ before the Chriftian a;ra: the ancient Roman emperors afterwards occafionally made it their refidcnce; and in the reign of Conftantine the Great it was reputet' *' e capital of all Gaul. Indeed, the remains of Roman architeiSlure fliil difcernible incontellibly prove it's former confequence. The Archiepifcopal Palace w.is handfomely rebuilt by the Eleftor Francis Georgc,and ftands near the cathedral dedicated to St. Peter; which laft mentioned ftru£ture is of great extent, and enjoys an elevated fituation. The other moft confiderable edifices arc, the three Collegiate, and the five Parochial churches; and the Jefuits colleges, monaderies, and nunneries, which are pretty numerous and rich. The imperial city of Cologne (in Latin Colonia Jgrippina) is one of the moft ancient and populous cities of Germany, lying in a charming country on the banks of the Rhine, in 50 degrees 50 minutes north latitude, and 6 degrees 45 minutes eaft longitude. The Ubii were it's original founders; who being taken under the Roman protedlion, removed to the weft of the Rhine. During the reign of the Emperor Claudius, a Roman colony was fent hither; and, from his confort Agrippina, this place received the name of Colonia Agrippina, fince contra£led to Cologne. This city aftbrds a delightful profpe£t at a diftancej and being fituatcd In a fine cham- paign country, makes a grand appearance on every fide. It is built in form of a creCcent, and defended by a ftrong wall on the fide next the Rhine, with out-works, half-moons, and ravelins; the number of towers being eighty-three, round which run three deep paral- lel ditches. A flying-bridge extends over the Rhine to theoppofite town of Duits; which bridge is fo conftrudled, that it is impofUble the large flat-boats on which it is built can be loofened cither by the efforts of art or the impetuofity of the ftream. 'I'hc Cathedral of St. Peter is a noble pile, having a fteeple two hundred and fifty feet high, from whence there is a delightful view of the city and adjacent country. Upon the principal altar lies, in a filver coffin, the body of St. Englebert, archbifhop of Cologne, who fufFcrcd martyrdom under Dioclefian: his ftatue, (of white marble) in his pontifical drefs, refts on a table of black marble, his head reclining on his hand; while two angels, of the fame materials, ftand at his feet,theone fupporting a crown, and the other a branch of palm, gilt. The ancient tombs in this edifice are fo numerous, that it is impofltble to give a minute dcfcription of each : but it would be unpardonable not to mention that celebrated one which has been erefted to the memory of the Three Kings, or Magi, of the Eaft, who came to offer prefents to the infant Jefus; whofe remains, we are ferioufty informed, were removed thither from Milan in 1162, when Frederick BarbarofTa ravaged that city. Vhefe bodies a pofitcd in a large purple (brine variegated! with gold, fupported by a pedeftal GERMANY. it7 line. pedeibl of brafs inclofed in a fquare maufolcum of marble: thi& maufoleum is ere£\ed in a fmall chapel behind the choirj and their Ihrlnc is openr ' every morning at nine o'clock, when thpfe kings are exhibited lying at full length. Abundance of miracles are attri- buted to their remains} and, among others, it is aflcrted, that during a great droiight.i.n Hungary, a number of people fct out on a pilgrimage from thence to implore the affillance efthefe three holy men> which they immediately obtained by a fpeedy fall of rain; in com- memoration of which, every feven years a body of Hungarians vifit their Ihrine, and are entertained by the magiftracy of Cologne in a handfomc manner for a fortnight. The head of each of thefe imaginiTiy Icings fupports a golden diadem, adorned with precious ftoncs of various kinds; %iid th ir names, Gafpar, Melchior, and Balthazar, are delineated irr purple charafters upon a little grate before the (hrine, ornamented in the moft brilliant manner imaginable with an infinite number of large and valuable pearls^ and various pre- cious ftones, among which is an oriental topaz as big as a pigeon's egg. A little above the (hrine are fufpended two noble cupc of gold, and a man on horfeback of the faqie pre- cious metal, votive pieces to thefe enfhrined monarchs. Oppofite to thefe are (ix large filver branches, with tapers of virgin-wax kept perpetually burning. In a compartment before the fbrine, are two Latin verfes cut in marble, fignifyirig that ' Here tbree.bodies * of the Magi lie entire, and no part of them any where elfe.' On the apex of the front of this fplendid maufoleum the hiftory of their Adoration is reprefented in bafTo- relievo*, on white marble; over the fculpturc is a large ftar, gilt; and in another part are fix Latin verfes alluding to their Three Offerings, and the three devotional ufes to be made of them* namely, tears, a pure heart, and prayers offered to Chriil from an humble foul. Upon the back cf the maufoleum, in bafFo-relievo, is reprefented, on white marble, the legend of the Tranflation of the Three Magi from Milan to Cologne, with an account of the pro- ceflion performed on that occafion. In the church of St. Urfula are Ihewn the tombs of the Eleven Tboufand Virgins maf- facred by the Huns at Cologne : and it is pretended that the earth here is rendered fo holy by thefe virgins, that it will not receive any other corpfes; in confirmation. of which, the tomb of a daughter of a certain Duke of Brabant is pointed out, who raifed herfelf up as Ihe was going to be interred, and remained fufpended in the air till taken down and depofited in the prefent maufoleum. In a fpacious chapel adjoining to this church, the bones of thefe legendary faints are hung up in the moil regular and decent manner; and among them are fome which appear to have belonged to children not more than five or fix years of age : but a celebrated phyflcian having declared, that among this collection of bones there were feveral of large maftiff dogs, and boafted that he could inconteftibly prove his aflfertion, he was regarded a: an heretic, condemned to pay a confiderable fine, and banifhed. the diocefe of Cologne. The collegiate church of St. Gerion is remarkable for the tapeftry covering it's choir;, and for nine hundred heads of Moorifh cavaliers,jthe companions of Gtegory an Ethiopian, prince and Chriftian, who were all flain on their march to join the Emperor Conftantine'i army: thefe are all ranged in fmall niches, between every two of which is a gilt foliage of carved work; and a fcarlet cap adorned with pearls on every head. In a corner of this churchb '■(''■' ; ll if «" :.v' a • t It, J IM EUROPE. church is ihewn one of the pillars of the fcaffold on which thefe pious martyrs were be- headed, a piece of fine jafper fpotted with blood about a foot in diameter. The church belonging to the Jcfuits is a very lofty and elegant ftrudlure, and contains the ftatues of the twelve Apoftles, and many faints, as large as the life: befides fome pic- tures; and treafure of ineftimablc value, confiding of gold branches, luftres, bufts, vafes, chalices, patens, cups, plates, and other facred utenfils in general, enriched with pearls and precious ftones. The Church of the Maccabees is adorned with their hiftory painted in eight compart- ments on the wall. The heads of thefe martyrs are depofited in the tabernacle of the principal altar, each fupporting a crown richly adorned with pearls, rubies, and eme- ralds. In this place likewife is fhewn the pretended head of St. Joachim, the father of the Virgin Mary; and that of St. Anne, her mother; with an infinite variety of other re- lics. The hiftory of the martyrdom of the Eleven Thoufand Virgins is alfo painted on feveral parts of the walls; and near the church is a well, into which they pretend their blood was poured, in contradiction to a tradition among the Urfulines, as has been no- ticed above. The Church of St.Pantaleon is adorned with eighteen compartments of paintings, re- prefenting the hiftory of that faint, who was a phyfician in Nicomedia. On account of his invioUble adherence to the Chriflian religion, he was put toa variety of tortures by the Emperor Galerius Armentarius. In the tenth painting he is reprefented as plunged into a cauldron of melted lead, from which, the legend informs us, he came out unhurt. In the two laft paintings, he is depicted as precipitated from a high rock into the fea, with a mill-ftone fufpended from his neck, but without fmking: his head being then cut off, we are farther informed that two fountains immediately fprung up, one of blood, and the other of milk. This church is likewife ornamented with the hiftory of St. Al- ban in twelve capital paintings; and behind the great altar his pretended bones are (hewn depofited in a beautiful filver (brine. The Church of the ApofHes is chiefly remarkable for a ftory, reprefented in painting near it's entrance; that of a burgo-mafler's wife, who being interred in 1571, with a va- luable ring on her finger, the fexton refolved to fecure this jewel, and to that end paid a nodurna! vifit to the grave; but was fo extremely alarmed when he found the fuppofed corpfe grafp his hand, that he made a very precipitate retreat. The lady, however, emerging from her tomb, returned home, and knocking at f be door, informed a fervant of the whole adventure ; but the fellow taking her for the ghofl of his deceafed miflrefs, ran in a violent fright, and told his mafler of what had happened ; when the gentleman imme- diately exclaimed, * that he would as foon believe his horfes were in the garret.' Thefe words were hardly pronounced, before an uncommon noife was heard in the garret; and 'the fervant running up, to his inexprefHble amazement, found fix coach-horfes there. By - this time the lady had obtained admiffion, and the horfes were next day let down from the garret by certain machines contrived for that purpofe. Abfurd as this ftory may appear, :it is firmly believed in this cityj and to this day there arc (hewn in the garret feveral wooden GERMANY. 189 wooden horfes, faid to be covered with the (kins of thofe who were exalted thither: and in the church juft mentioned is a large piece of linen cloth fpun by the lady thus rcleafed from the grave, who afterwards lived feven ) cars. The infinite number of curiofities celebrated by fuperftitious credulity in the beautiful and rich churches of Cologne, have tempted us to he unufually prolix in our defcription of them. From the ftories we have adduced, which are all regarded, at leaft by the vulgar, as entitled to the higheft degree of credit, may eafily be difcovered the weaknefs of the hu- man mind, when (hackled by religious enthufufm, and debarred the privilege of free en- quiry. Can we wonder at the prodigious influence of the Romifh clergy, when fuch legends as we have related meet with fo eafy a beliefi and when fpiritual cenfures would certainly overtake thofe who had either penetration enough to difcover their fallacy, or re- folution enough to expofe it ? The Town Houfe is a vaft Gothic ftru£lure, faid to be built after the model of the an- cient Capitol at Rome. The front is adorned with a baflb-rrelievo rcprefenting a man fighting a lionj and in the great hall are fufpended five capital paintings, with Latin in- fcriptiuns annexed, defigned to perpetuate the memory of the celebrated battle of Hockdet, gained, by the bravery and conduct of theDuke of Marlborough and PrinceEugene, over the French and Bavarians. The other apartments are adorned with feveral fuperb pro- ductions of the pencil; particularly a pidlureof the Laft Judgment, fixteen feet by eight; and a fine reprefen ration of the Crucifixion, by Vandyke. Cologne had formerly the honour of belonging to the Hanfeatic Confederacy, and boafts of having preferved it's liberty without intermiilion for numerous ages; but the calamities of war have frequently deranged it's government and interrupted it's commerce. The Dutch employ it as a magazine for their trade on the Rhine; and, becaufe of the advantages they derive from it, have on all occafions fupported it's independency. It is governed by the chapter and magiftrates; the latter confifting of two burgo-mallers and forty-nine counfellors. The Eledlor has likewife the privilege of nominating a judge in criminal caufes; and the city fwears allegiance and iwmage to him, on his acceflion, as long as he fhall continue to protect them in the uninterrupted exercife of their ancient rights and immunities. As a free and imperial city, Cologne has a feat and voice at the diets of the Weftpha- lian Circle; and at thofeof the empire, in the college of the imperial cities; enjoying at the fame time the firft place on the RheniHi Bench. It always contains four companies of foldiers; but, in time of war, is ufually ftrongly garrifoncd by the Emperor, or fomeally. Heidelberg, the principal town of the Palatine electorate, ftands on a pleafant fpot oa the River Geifberg, near the Neckar; in 49 degrees'36 minutes north latitude, and in 8 degrees 55 minutes eaft longitude; enjoying a falubrious air and excellent water. The furrounding hills are covered with vines, and the profpedt of the adjacent country is fertile and luxuriant. This town> though finely built, is of fmall extent; and is adorned with an univerfity under the fuperintendence of an academical fenate, confifting of three profeflTors in divinity, four in law, three in phyfic, and fix in philofophy. The firft pro* fefibribip, for teaching the law of nature and nations, was originally founded for the ce- 3 B Icbrated I ii I9<5 EUROPE. lebratcd PufTcndorf, who brgan his fyftein at this univcrfi^y, and afterwards liniftied it in Sweden. Among the principal beauties of Heidelberg, is one large handfome ftreet, with a fpaci- ous fquarc and uniform market. The£le£lor's Palace, fituatcd on the afcentof a neigh- bouring hill, which overlooks the city, was once remarkable for it's (Irength, and celebrate ,i for the beauty of it's gardens and grottos, but now bears the mod evident marks of war and dcfolation; and having been frequently deftroyed, and as often repaired after the mofl capricious deftgns, cannot properly be laid to be cither Gothic or modern. Heidelberg, however, is famous for it's Tun of uncommon magnitude, originally placed in a cellar under the tower of the Elefloral Palace; but, being emptied for the firft time by the French in 1688, was knocked in pieces: however, the Ele6tor ordered a new one to be made of rupcriordimenfions, decorated with a variety of devices; though itisftill inferior in Cizc to the noble tun of Koningftein in Saxony, which has been already defcribed. The calamities which this city has fuffercd in war, cfpecially from the French, are painful to relate; for, fince the difgrace of Frederick, Eledlor Palatine, is has been four times taken, plundered, and burnt. The Ele6\oral Library, kept in the chu; :h of the Holy Ghoft, according to Scaliger, might once have vied with the Vatican itfelf, and infinitely furpafTed any in Germany for the number of curious manufcripts; but when Count Tilly, the Imperial general, poffefled himfelf of this place in 1622, and put fome hundred Pala- tines to the fword, the moft valuable part of this library was fent to enrich the Vatican, In 1688, the French feized this city; but, on the approach of the Imperial army, contrary to the exprefs terms of the capitulation, they blew up the caftlc, and laid the town, with the Elcftor's palace, churches, and public buildings, in aflies. Heidelberg was again re- built; but again fell under the power of the French in 1693, w**^" t^e inhabitants were brutally murdered ; and even the ladies (who had implored the French general to fpare their honour, to which he had acceded, and ordered them to retire into the great church) were raviflicd, ftripped, and treated with every indignity, in the very place they were recom- mended to for flielter. The city was entirely laid in aflies; theeleftoral tombs were broken up; and the wretched inhabitants, amounting to fifteen thoufand, expelled the city in the night, when many died through want, or fell vidims to grief and defpair. TheEleaor,aftcr this, prevailed on the people to rebuild the city, and promifed them an' exemption from taxes for thirty years, with full liberty of confcience; but attempting, in a Ihorttime afterwards, to deprive hi: Proteftant fubjefls of the immunities he had before vo- luntarily conferred upon them, the Elci^nr of Brandenburg and other Proteftant ftates were obliged to interfere in their behalf. The city again fell into the hands of the French in 1709; when they laid the neigh- bouring country under fuch heavy contributions, and fo greatly impoveriflied the inha- Ltants, that fevcral thonfands of them took ftielter in foreign countries, j articularly in Engi^nd, Ireland, and Britifti America. However, after this, the city gradually began to .ecover itfelf; but the Eleaor, conceiving a difguft againft theCalviniftical inhabitants, who refufed to deliver up to him the body of the great church, which had been allotted them by the treaty of Weftphalia, quitted Heidelberg, and fixed his refidcnce at Manhfeim, a fmall 6E RM AN V. Hi K fmall town fituated near the confluence of the Neckar and the RhinCi '^ '.ce which timo this city has been rapidly verging to decay. Francfort on the Maine, honoured with being the ufual place of the election and co« ronation of the Roman kings, the feat of aiTcmbty of the Rhenifh Aatcs, and an ancient member of the Hanfcatic League, is fituated in 50 degrees 16 minutes north latitude, and in 7 degrees 36 minutes eaft longitude, in a delightful, falubrious, and fertile foil; and is divided by the Maine into two parts, diftinguifhed by the names of Francfort and Saxcn- haufenj the former of which is divided into twelve wards, and the latter into two. The fortifications are of a decagonal form, ftrong and regular; the ditches are deep, and plenti- fully filled with water; and outworks of amazing folidity defend the gates. The Town Hall of Francfort is a beautiful pile: the front is fupportcd by arches, over which is a grand apartment where the Emperor ufually dines aftci his coronation; the floor being covered with black and yellow cloth, the Auftrian livery; and the cieling is adorned with various hiflorical paintings of itriking beauty. In this edifice, likewife, is the hall where the Emperor is cleftcd, fuperbly adorned with mafterly piflures; particularly thofe of Efther and Ahafuerus; the Hiflory of Sufannah and the Two Elders; Dionyfius the Tyrant and his Favourite Damocles, with a noble Feaft before him, and a Sword fu- fpendcd over his Head by a flender Thread; Scfoftris, King of Egypt, with his Chariot drawn by captive Kings; Eginhard, Secretary to Charlemagne, and Emma his Spoufe; Scipio Africanus reftoring a young captive Princefs inviolate to her Bridegroom; and fiathOieba in the a£t of Bathing. The city ofHces and the Diet Chamber of the Circle of the Upper Rhine occupy the back part of this ftruflurc. In the archives is depofited the Golden Bull of the Emperor Charles IV. a parchment book of forty-three leaves quarto, comprizing the fundameatal inftitutes of the empire, written in Latin. The cathedral dedicated to St. Bartholomew is a fpacious edifice; but is chiefly remark- able for containing the chapel where the ele^ors, or their reprefentatives, fit at the elec- tion of an emperor; and another chapel where the deAed emperor is conducted in order to be crowned by the Ele£tor of Mentz, which in fadl is nothing more than an iron cloifter joined to the baluftrade of the choir, in fome refpe«Sls refembling a parrot's cage, and entirely deftitute of ornament. The clock belonging to this cathedral is perhaps one of the moft ingenious pieces of mechanifm any where to be met with. It confifts of three parts, or divifions: in the lowefl, refembling a calendar, are feveral circles; the firft of which /hews the day and the month; the fecond, the age and change of the moon, with the Golden Number; the third, the Dominical Letter; the fourth and fifth circles reprefentthe ancient Roman calendar; the fixth contains the names of the apoftles and martyrs, the length of the days and nights, and the entrance of the fun into the twelve figns of the zodiac; and the fcventh and eighth circles exhibit the hour and minute of the fun's rifing and fetting. In the interior circles are the divifions of the twelve figns of the zodiac, the four feafons, the moveable feafts, and other calendary information. The figures which ftrike the hours reprefent two ■( i •4 I()2 EUROPE. two fmichs with hammeri in their hands. This curious piece ofcloclc-work was firft put up in 1605; and, for near a century, did not (land in need of the lead repair. This cathedral is faid to have been built by Pepin King of France, and greatly enriched by his fon Charlemagne ^ but the Emperor Lewis, of the Electoral Houfe of Bavaria, deprived it of a conftderable part of it's revenues, out of revenge to the Chapter, who Tided with the Pope his enemy: it ftill, however, remains in the pofleiEon of the Catholics^ though the majority of the inhabitants are Lutherans. The other religious ftruAures are, the collegiate churches of St. Leonard and Our Lady ; the church of the Predicants, adorned with fome paintings by Albert Durert the Great Church, St. Catharine's, aod St. Nicholas's, belonging to the Lutherans} and feverat more appropriated to the ufe of different perfuafions. A feminary of divines inftituted by a Dr.Pridius, a Lutheran gymnaflum, with a library and a well-endowed hofpital, may be reckoned among the ornaments of Francfort. Exclufive of the fuburbs, this city is of a circular form; the private houfes, which are principally con(lru£led of timber, and plaifter covered with flate, make no very elegant appearance; nevertbelefs, there are fome handfome ftru£tures of a fpecies of red marble, and feveral ftately palaces, belonging to the nobility. The bridge, forming the communication between Francfort and Saxenhaufen, is four hundred and fifty paces in length; and over it's entrance is a grand gate, with, a Latin in- £:ription, in letters of gold, fignifying, that it was repaired in the reign of Leopold I. to whom fome very handfome compliments are paid at the expence of the city of Francfort. The Jews have a feparate quarter allotted them; with a gate at each end, which is care* fully fecured every evening, and the keys carried to the magiflrates. Thefe people make as wretched an appearance as their habitations, their trade is very circumfcribed, and their privileges few. However, they, as well as the Papilh, are indulged in the free exercife of their religion; and, indeed, the latter have many churches and convents belongmg to them: notwitbflanding which» neither the French nor German Calvinifts are permitted to have any place of religious worfliip within the walls, though Large furas of money have fre- quently been offered to the magiftrates to purchafe that indulgence. The fairs hefd at Francfort are famous all over Europe; and it has been catculated by no incompetent judges, ciiat ten millions of dollars would hardly purchafe the merchan- dize expofed to fale at jne of them. Francfort is recir'/ned the fixth. imperial city in the diet of ihc Rhine; and it's magi- ftracy are compofed of a judge, the bench o£ SchofFen, or aldcrmm ; the fecond bench.of the council, together with the third, being compofed of artificers md tradcfmen. The lafl is generally fummoned in matters of public concern, and to tiiem the regulation of the police is committed; but the foledireftion of important affairs is vefted in the two former,, out of whom two b urge- mafters are annually elcfled. The territorial property of this city contains a confidc.able number of villages, feats,, and farms; and the banks of the Rhine are covered with a number of beautiful gardens and vineyards, but the wines they pro- duce are not very remarkable either for Itrength or flavour. Paderborn,,an ancient city^and the capital of a bifliopric, (landing in a delightful coun- trjf» GERMAN Y. »"),? trv, in 51 dfgrccj 45 minufcs north latitude, and in 8 degree* 25 minutes eaft longitude, is chiefly ri-markal>!c for Tome Iprings which rife here and in the vicinity; the five largcft of which iffue from under the cathedral and fomc adjacent building*, and difcharge fuch a copious ftrcam, that they drive fevcral mills at twenty paces diftance. This cathedral was formerly enriched with the images of the Twelve A poftles in fine filver; but, in 1622, Duke Chrillian of Urunfwiclc carried them cfF, and melted them down into rix-dollars, with this itifcription, ' GW//r/'iW, the (trieli's enemy.' This city was formerly ranked among the Hanfc 'I'owns, and carried on a confidrrable tradcj but it's inhabitants now principally fubfift by agriculture and other rural occupations. At Melborn, in the vicinity, are three curious fprings, two of which rife not above a yard apart; the firft is limpid and tinged with blue, lukewarm, and impregnated with i'everal minerals; the fccond is gelid as ice, turbid and whitifli, and is believed to be a per- fect cure for worms; and the third, which is about twenty paces diftant, is of a tranf- parent greenifli hue, and has a kind of fubacid tade. Munftcr, (in Latin Monajhnum) a fortified city of a circular form, and the capital of r. bifhopric, is fituatcd in a mod delightful and fertile country on the River Aa, in 52 degrees a 6 minutes north latitude, and in 7 degrees 12 minutes call longitude. The houfts arc principally built in the antique tafte, but there are fomc elegant modern ftruc- turcs. There arc five collegiate, and fix parochial churches; a college belonging to the Jefuits; and a great number of convents, and other religious inftitutions, in general Ihtcly flrudurcs, and fome of thcin remarkable for thcagrecablenefs of their fituation and the beauty of their gardens. But this city is particularly remarkable for a treaty concluded here, in 164.8, betwcea the Swedes, the Kmperor, and the Princes of the Empire; by which a termination was put to a bloody war of thirty years duration. This decifive treaty eftablilhed the fortune of many fovereigns, the liberties of the empire in ger.cral, and the freeexercifeof the Prote- Annt religion; and upon the bafis of this grand pacification fubfcquent treaties in the northern kingdoms have in a great meafure been founded. Liege, a celebrated and well fortified city, (landing on the River Maefe, by which part of it is infulated, in 50 degrees 46 minutes north latitude, and in 5 degrees 28 mi- nutes eaft longitude, is the capital of a bifliopric, and famous for it's religious inftitutions and rich endowments. At the foot of a mountain, called Holy Wallburg, flands the grand Epifcopal Palace, which was confumed by fire in 1734, but foon after rebuilt in a magnificent and regular ftile. This city is furnifhed with fixteen gates, fevcnteen bridges, twelve public fquares,an hundred and fifty-four ftreets, a grand cathedral, fcven collegiate churches, thirty-two pariflies, five abbics for men and an equal number for women, thirty- twocloifters of both fexes, two colleges of Jefuits, a feminary, ten hofpitals, and a chartreufe. The ccclefiaftical endowments, indeed, are fo rich, that Liege is.cmphatically called the Paradife of Priefts. The cathedral dedicated to St. Lambert is of vaft extent, and contains an infinite variety of lelics, befides bufts and ftatues 9f gold and filver. The chucch of St. Paul is much 3 C celebrated ■M 194 EUROPE. celebrated for the beauty of it's ftruflurc, and the value of it's ornamentsj anc?, indeed, the religious ereftions in general are extremely elegant. In St. William's convent lie? Sir John Mandeville, the renowned and romantic Englifli traveller; and near his grave a.e preferved his faddle, fpurs,and knife. In this city feveral extenfive manufadlures arc carried on, particularly thofe of arms, leather, and ferge. The magiftracy have been very fev^rely handled by their bifliop^ for difputing his authority; and their town has fufFered confidcrnbly by the ravages of war, being bombarded by the French in 1691, and taken by the Duke of Marlborough in 1702. Ofnaburg, (in Latin Ofnabruga) which ftands in a vale by the River Hafe, in 52 de- grees 42 minutes north latitude, and in 7 degrees 38 minutes eaft longitude, is a neat and compact city, adornc i with feveral fplendid public ftru£tures, and encompafll-d bv walls and ditches. The private edifices, which are principally built in the ancient ftilc of architedurc, amount to twelve hundred; but the place is not proportionably populous. The epifcopal palace belonging to the Eledtoral Houfe of Brunfvvic Lunenburg is of an hexagonal form, adorned with a turret at each corner, and extremely well fortified, being detached from the town by a bridge. In one of the apartments of this palace, George I. King of Great Britain, expired in the arms of his brother Prince Erneft; and it is faid that in the fame room he received his birth. The cathedral dedicated to St. Peter is principally remarkable for containing the bodies of St. Crifpin and Crifpinian, depofited in filver coffins. The cathedral church of St. John contains nothing worth notice ; and the Lutheran churches of St. Mary "id St. Catharine are equally deftitute of ornaments or curiofities. Ofnaburg contains a college of the order of Jefus; a monaftery of Dominicans; a nun- nery of Auguftines; a commandery belonging to the Teutonic order of St. George, and a feat of the order of St. John; a Lutheran gymnafium; and a Jefuitiral feminary hcid in the Collegium Carolinumj befides three handfome hofpitals, and a Romifh and Lu- theran orphan-houfe. This city is famous for being the firft in Weftphalia that received the doflrines of Lu- ther. It's magiftracy, which are of the Lutheran perfuafion, pofl'efs almoft abfolute power within the walls; the jurifdi£tion of the blfliop being denied to extend even to the regu- lation of ccclefiaftical concerns. The principal trade of the inlabitints confifts in the manufadlure of linen cloth; at prefent in a very flourifhing condition, and attended with confiderable emolument. Aix-la-Chapelk-, (in Latin Aquis Granum) a free Imperial city, ftands in a plcafant vale, furrounucd by hills, woods, and vineyards; in 50 degrees 44 minutes north latitude, and in 6degrees 2S minutes eaft longitude; fortified with two walls about a league and a half in circumference, the interior wall being adorned with ten gates, and the exterior with tleven. Confidering it's extent, this city contains a furpriiing number of beautiful public buildings, baths, and other curiofl'ies. It was long eftcemcd the capital of the empire, and the proper Imperial refidence; and, during the fpace of five hundred years, the emperors always GERMANY. 195 «!viays received the rite of inauguration at this place: hence a part of the Imperial rega- lia arc flill priftrved in the church of St. Mury, confiiling of the Sword of Charlemagne, jHul a maiiufciipt copy of the Gofpelsiii a filver cover, giU. But though it's ancient fplemior is in a greiit mcafurc loft, it Uill claims the firft place on the Rhenifli Bench, in the col- legcof thj Imperial cities; and is allowed ihc ftcond among the Imperial cities which enjoy a feat and voice at the diet of the Circle of Wcftphalia. The majority of the inhabitants are of the Romifh pcrfuafion, the Proteftants being de- barred the public excrcifcof their religion within the territories of the city. The magi- ftracy bear the titles of Burgo-mafter, Sheriff, and Council of the Holy Roman Imperial City of Aix-U-Chapellci and the city arms are, an Eagle difplayeJ, Sab': j with the head, c.owii, fectj and claws, Or, in a field. Argent. Among the mod celebrated ftrudures which adorn this city, the Town Houfeis one of the moll magnificent, containing all the ftatues of the emperors fince Charlemagne; and many beautiful hiflorical paintings, among which is a capital reprefentation of the Refur- redtion, and another of Charlemagne conferring the Charter of Privileges on this citv. The fuperior ftory of this edifice confifts entirely of one hall of vaft dimenfions, in which the emperors ufed to entertain the electors and princes of the empire who aiUfted at their coronation. Oppofite the Town Houfcftandsa noble fountain with four fprings, on the apex of which is a large brafs ftatue, gilt, of Charlemagne in full armour; befides which, the city is uJorncd with twenty other public fountains, both elegant and beneficial. The cathedral, confecratcd by Pope Leo III. in the prefence of Charlemagne and three hundred and fixty-five bifliops, is a fpacious Gothic pile, having a fine fteeple adorned with feveral pyramid?, and crowned with a globe and crofs. This ftruflure is internally ornamented with a vaft number of brafs and marble pillars, gilt ftatues, brafs doors and partitions, and fine mofaic work. Over the place of Charlemagne's interment hangs a large filver crown gilt, ornamented with fixteen fmall turrets, furrounded with forty-eight ftatues a foot high, and thirty-two of fmallcr dimenfions, all of folid filver. Among thcfe arc interfperfcd forty-eight candlcfticks, which, on grand feftivals, hold no- lefs than four hundred and fifty tapers. Every feventh year, a jubilee is cekbrated; at which feafon the principal relics dcpofitcd here ere expofcd to view; particularly a gown, or ftjifr, which the Caihjiics pretend w • worn by the Virgin Mary at our Saviour's birth, made of a fpecies of flax; but as it is only flicwn from the top of a high tower, it is diffi- cult to fay of what kind of manufaiSture it confifts. Another valued relic is a coarfe linen cloth, which wc are told begirt our Saviour at the time of his crucifixion; a third isapiecc of the cord with which he was bound; and a fourth, fomc earth ftaincd with the blood of the martyr St. Stephen, curioufly cnclofed in a vcflll of gold adorned with precious ftoiies, on which the emperors were ufually fworn at their inauguration. At the extremity of the cathedral , our Saviour is rcprefented majeftically feated on a tb'.one, drcfltd in a long white robe \ and round the throne are the Four Animals depitSed in ijzekiel's Vifion. His Read is encircled with golden ftars, and underneath appears the fymbol of the crofs fcen by Conftajitine when he defeated Maxcrtius. The Twenty-four r 1 :li i 196 EUROPE. Elders. recorJed in the Revelation?, are likewiA; rcprefented, In the mod lively manner, rifing from their feats, laying their crowns aliJc, and proftratin^ thcmfelves before the throne. The v/indows of this noble edifice arc curioudy gilt, an<' the pavement is formed of chequered marble. Over the chief altar is a filver chelt ad jrned with gold, curioufly en- graved, in which the moft valuable relics are prefervcd. A pulpit, eredtcd at the entrance of the choir, is cafed with plates of gold and filver, adorn' d with precious ftoncs, among vhich is an agate of uncommon magnitude and beai'^} , the gift of Henry II. The altar of the choir reprefents uur Saviour's Paflion, in r Jatcs of gold ; and, in (hart, the quantity of trcafurc, facred utenfils, and ornaments, is really beyond conception, and mult give every obferver a very high idea of the magnificence and expence the Romifli devotees be- llow on their religious foundations. Btfides the cathedral already defcribed, there are thirty other churches within the walls; which, however, contain nothing very remarkable. The baths of Aix-la-Chapelle have been celebrated for numerous agcs; the three prin- cipal of which obtain the names of the Emperor's, St. Q^iirinus's, and the Little Bath. The Emperor Charlemagne was (o captivated witn the firlt, th^t he frequently invited his fons and favourites to bathe and fwim with him in it. The fprings of the two laft are fo intenfely hot, that they are permitted to cool ten or twelve hours before ufing. Thiy are ftrongly impregnated with nitre and fulphur, and fometimes cakes of brimftone and faltpetre of a confiderable thicknefs are found at the bottom. The tafte of :he waters is at firfl: unpleafant, and their fmell is extremely naufeating fo a ftranger Near the above- mentioned baths is a fpring of warm water, reckoned exiremely beneficial in chronical difeafes. The New Town contains the baths of the Rofe, S t. Cornel 1 le, and the Poor ; the waters of which are only modeiately tepid, but their qualities and effedsfeem nearly correfpondent with the former. Near thefe hot fprings lie many cold ones, by which their heat might be tempered to any degree icquircd; and, at a fmall expence, fomc of the moft delightful baths in the univerfe might be formed by their union. In the vicinity of this city likewifc are fcueral beautiful mineral fprings, fomc of which are converted into baths for the accommodation of the lower ranks, who frequently ufc them both for health and diverfion. In the city of Aix-Ia-Chapelle, a cor.fiderable manufa affirm,' that the place is covered with verdure, and is not diflinguifhed by any evident peculiarity. Conflance will ever be memorable in hiftory for it's councils. The firft on record was in 1045, when an afTembly of the princes, under the Emperor Henry III. put a period to the calamities of the empire by a pacification concluded here at a crifis when there were three candidates for the papal chair, whofe claims were all difallowed, and another ele£led by the title of Clement II. The Emperor Sigifmund fummoned another coucil at this city, in ]4I4> upon three rival popes, fupported by the different interefisof the French, Spaniards, and Italians, pretending to the gift of infallibility; when this council depofed them all, and chofe Martin V. in their room. The fame council likewife condemned the dodrines of John WicklifF, John Hufs, and Jerome of Prague; with the moft unchrif* tian zeal fentencing the two latter to be burnt alive, though the former had a fafe con> du6t granted him by the Emperor, and caufing the very bones of WicklifF tv. be dug up and burnt. To this council, diflinguifhed for it's numbers and it's bigotry, we owe that diabolical tenet, which would difgrace any religion, * That faith is not to be kept * w'th heretics, nor with thofe fufpeded of herefy.' T'lo Imperial city of Augfburg, originally called Vindelica, and afterwards Augufta Vindv-H'orum, or Rhcetorum, lies in a fertile, falubrious,and pleafant country, in 48 de- <:r .-i^ ?, j minutes north latitude, and in 10 degrees 59 minutes eafl longitude, between the j^ , t.' . .T ch and Weitach, which unite below the city. Augfburg is commonly divided intoi'iKjR '^I'-ts; and is furrounded with ramparts, walls, and ditches, and furnifhed with four large and fix fmall gates. Among the religious, literary, and benevolent inflitutions, we may enumerate the cathe- dral, fix PopifV rhurches, fix Lutheran parifh-churches, a Jefuits college, the abbies of Ulrich and Afra, three nunneries, a Lutheran gymnafium, the Imperial Francifcan Academy, and a variety of hofpitals for the poor, fick, and deftitute. The Town Houfe is efteemed the mofl fuperb of any in Germany, and was finifhed in {620. On the front, below the pediment, flands a Urge Spread Eagle caft in brafs, and 3 D crowned, I 1- j! i^i EUROPE. crowned, holding in his talons a gilt fceptre and globe weighing twenty-two hundred weight, ere£led at the expence of iifteeen thoufand German florins. The great portal is formed of a very beautiful fpecies of red marble, and is ornamented with a balcony fup- ported by two beautiful columns of white marble. The apartments in general are light and elegant, abounding with capital hiAorical paintings, bufts,and ftatues. The beautiful fountain of AuguAus ftands in a fquare near the Town-houfej and is com> pofed of a marble bafon, furrounded by an iron baluftrade of curious workmanfhip, with four large brafs ftatues (landing on the verge, intended to reprefent the four little rivers Lech, Wertach, Sinkel, and Source. In the centre of the bafon rifes a fquare pedeftal, at the foot of which are four large fphinxes fpouting water from their breads; and a little higher are four infants, each holding a dolphin in his arms, from whofe mouths flow copious Areams of water. The pedcAal is crowned with a brazen Aatue of AuguAus, laurelled, and accoutred after the ancient Roman manner. The next moA elegant fountain is that of Hercules, confiAing of a fpacious hexagonal bafon; withfeveral brafs figures, pa : :i>''\rl"one of Hercules combating the Hydra, a per* formance univerfally admired. The Epifcopal Palace is rather a mea:) fice, but remarkable for containing the hall in which the Augfburg Confeffion was prefented to the Emperor Charles V. The brafs door of the cathedral reprefents the Virgin Mary taking Eve out of Adam's Side, the only curiofity belonging to the Arudure. However, we muA not negledl to mention the An- gular device of the monks of St. Ulric to obtain money, which confiAs in their difpofing of a duft or powder called St. Ulric's Earth, and recommending it in the name of that faint, who, we are told, drove all the rats out of the city and neighbourhood into a hole liill vifible in the church dedicated to his name. This duA is dug up from the place of his inhumation ; but as the efFetSl afcribcd to it, that of deAroying rats, has never been af- certained by naturaiiAs, we are apt to fuppofe it derives it's value folely from fuperAitious credulity. Augfburg has always been famous for it's ingenious artizans; particularly in jewellery, clock-work, and turnery: the minutenefs and extreme delicacy of fome of their perform- ances in thofc branches of mechanifm exceed all defcription; and the low price at which the moA curious articles are fold is almoA incredible. The trade of the city, however, though Aill confiderable, is much inferior to what it formerly was. A remarkable peculiarity has been obferved by travellers in the variety of habits worn by the inhabitants; which are fo exadlly regulated by the magiAracy, that the difference of their religion and quality may in general be known by their drefs. The garrifon of Augfl>urg ufually confiAs of three hundred men; and the burghers are eAimated at fix thoufand. One half gf the council is of the Lutheran, and the other half of the Roman Catholic perfuafion. The magiAracy is compofed of forty-five pcrfons, of whom thirty-one are patricians; four are chofen from thofe who have married the daugh- ters of noblemen, five from the body of the merchants, and five from the commonalty. In the Imperial diet, AugAjurg pofTeiTes the fecond place on the bench of the Imperial cities GERMANY. 199 cities of Swabiaj but in thatof the Circle, it is entitled to the firft feat nnd voice. At this place a grand alliance was concluded between the Emperor, Spain, Sweden, and fom.- other powers, againft France, in i686i and in 1703 and 1704 it lufFcred much from the French and Bavarian armies. It ap, irs that Germany was, in the earlicft ages of the world, divided into many petty nations and principalities, under every fpecies of government, eledive, hereditary, dc- mocratical, ariftocratical, and abfolutej but however difunitcd by local and political in- ftitutions in private concerns, on any public .emergency thefe various ftatcs and kingdoms frequently put themfelves under the command of one chieftain or general, who led them on to conquer or to die. Such was the ftate of the Germans before the Roman conqueft. At that aera their children were deftitute of cloathing; and even the men, unlefs of the higheft quality, only fufpended the fkin of fome wild beaft from their (houlders, fattening it with a thong. Their food was the fimple produce of uncultivated nature; and their way of living was entirely calculated to promote perfonal ftrength and adlivity, to diveft them of local pre- judices, and to infpire them with a martial enthufiafm. With regard to morality and religion, they were .extremely ftridl; the facerdotal office was filled from the noble line; and even women were not debarred from the prieftly func- tion, whofe profelTors, of whatever fex,were treated with themoft profound refped by the laity. Lil^e the ancient Britons, they performed their facrifices in groves, the oak being ufually rele£ledfor an altar; and an arbour, formed of the boughs of oak and beech inter- woven, fupplied the place of a temple. Not only beads, but alfo men, were offered up to their fuppofcd divinities; however, thefe human viftims were generally chofen from among the flaves and malefadors. Firmly fixed in the belief of the dodtrineof tranfmigration, all ranks pofTefled an uncommon intrepidity and contempt of death; and, in hopes of animating a body of fuperior rank, numbers of them, on very trifling occafions, fubmitted to voluntary death. Such were the manners of the Germans for a long fuccefllon of ages; brave, rough, and moral; hofpitable to their friends, and to flrangers who fought their protedlion; but ob- ft>.'>a'iely inveterate againfl their foes, and jealous of their natural rights. The Romans, the conquerors of the world, could never fubjugate this determined race; and, when in the full zenith of their glory, were obliged to make the Rhine and the Danube the boun- dary of their conquefls. After the declenfion of the Roman empire, when the conquered retorted the injuiicc they had received, Germany ftill preferved it's original forms of government; and. not- withflanding the efforts of particular chieftains to reduce the weaker flates to fubjcdion, few innovations were difcernible in the German conflitution till the commencement of the ninth century, when Charlemagne, one of thofe excentric and original geniufes who fometimcs ftart up in a barbarous age, found means firfl to extend his military power, and afterwards his civil authority, over the whole of this empire. The poflerity of this great man inherited the undiminifhed power he had eflablifhed for near half a century; but being deftitute of thofe (hining qualities which adoraed their illiiilrious progenitor, the differeat ■ .1 200 EUROPE, different princes of the empire once more eftabliflied their original independence; and re- ' jedling the Carlovinian line, placed Arnulph, King of Bohemia, on the throne. Since this xra, Germany has ever been confidercd as an eieiSlive monarchy} though the preva- lence of arms and intereft have generally fecured an elevation to the throne, independent of fuperior merit and abilities for the exercife of royal power. The moft confiderabie fami- lies from which the Imperial throne was filled before the Auftrians rofe to fuch confequence, were thofe of Saxony, Franconia, and'Swabia. In the early ages of the empire, the moft remarkable occurrences were the difputes and animofities which fubftfted between the emperors and the popes: hence arofe the fadlions of the Guelphs and Ghibellines in the thirteenth century; of which the former efpoufed the Papal caufe, and the latter the Imperial; and both, by their virulence and inveteracy, difturbing the quiet of the empire for a long fucceflion of years. In thefe ages likewife the emperors were often engaged in war with the Infidels; and fometimes, as will ever happen in e!e£tive kingdoms, with one another, about the right of fucceflion. fiut a more material confideration prefents itfelf to thejudicious enquirer than an unin- terefting fcrutiny into remote tranfa£tions and party difputes; namely, the progrefs of government in this empire, which was in fome meafure oppofite to that of the other Eu- ropean kingdoms. When the fudden empire of Charlemagne tumbled to pieces, the dif- ferent independent princes afTumed their right of eledlion; and thofe now diftinguifhed by the name of Eledtors, though they had no peculiar or legal influences in nominating a fucce/Tor to the throne, being only the officers of the Imperial houfhold; yet by degrees, as they had conftant opportunities of promoting their intercft by waiting on the royal perfon, they obtained fo much influence and authority, that in the reign of Otho III. in 984, they enjoyed the fole and excluflve right of eled^ing the Emperor. Thus, while the dig- nity of the great lords, who are all originally allodial, or independent barons, was dimi- nifhed intheothcr European kingdoms; in Geunany, on therontrary, the power of the Eledors was raifed on the ruin of the Emperor's fupremacy and the natural liberties of the people. Frederick III. Grand DukeofAuftria, the firft of the line, was elevated to the Imperial throne in 1440; which dignity continued in the male race of that family for three hun- dred years. His fuccefTor Maximilian efpoufed the heirefs of Charles Duke of Burgundy, whereby Burgundy and the feventeen provinces of the Netherlands were annexed to the Houfc of Auftria. Charles V. grandfon of the laft-mentioned emperor, and heir to the crown of Spain, was elevated to the throne in 1519. During bis reign, Mexico and Peru were conquered by the Spaniards; and the Reformation begun infeveral parts of Germany, which however was not confirmed till the treaty of VVeftphalia in 1648. The repofe of Charles's life was continually difturbed by his wars with the German prin- ces and Francis I. of France. At firft, indeed, fortune fcemed to fmileupon his arms; but afterwards, one difafter fuccceding another, he determined to refign the fceptre of royalty, and folemnly and formally abdicated his crown. His brother Ferdinand I. who fucceeded him in the Imperial power, fecured the felicity 4if his reign by bis moderfttien in reli^ous mattersi and, by his addrefs, obtained the elec- tion it GERMANY. 201 tion of his fon Maximilian, who in his own life-time was declared King of the Romans. By his laft will he ordained, that if his own male-iflue, or that of his brother Charles, became cxtinft, his Auftrlan eftates fliould revert to his fecond daughter Anne, wife to tlie Elcdor of Bavaria, and her iflue; which deftination gave rife to the pretenfions of the Houfe of Bavaria, in oppofition to thofe of the Pragmatic Sanation, on the demife of Charles V. as will be mentioned hereafter. A great part of the reign of Maximilian II. was difturbed by internal commotions, and an invaHon erf the Turks; however, he de- parted this life in peace, and was fucceeded by his fon Rodolph. The repofe of this monarch was likewife interrupted by a war with the Hungarians, and the animofity that fubfified between him and his brother Matthias, to fecure whofc amity he ceded Hungary • and Auftiia in his life-time. Upon the dcmifcof his brother, Matthias mounted the Ger- man throne J under whom the Lutheran and Calvinift reformers raifed fuch commotions, as to threaten the empire with a civil war. The ambition of Matthias at laft reconciled thcfe religious infurgents: but the Bohemians having revolted, threw the Imperial com- miflaries out of a lofty window at Prague, and thus gave rife to a ruinous war which lafted thirty years; during the rage of which, the Emperor flattered himfelf that he fliould be able to exterminate both the Proteftant tribes; but they prevented the accomplifhment of his wifhes by a confederacy, called the Evangelic League, wich was counterbalanced by a Catholic League. Matthias departed this life in 1618, and was fuccecded by hiscoufin Ferdinand H. But the Bohemians offering their crown to Frederick, the Eledor Palatine, the moft powerful Proteftant prince in Germany, and fon-in-law of his Britannic Majefty James I. that prince inconfiderately accepted their offer, without reflefting on the danger of the gift; and being defeated by the Duke of Bavaria and the Imperial generals at the battle of Prague, he not only loft the Bohemian crown, but likewife the greateft part of his own clcdtorate, which was given to the Duke of Bavaria. The Proteftant princes of Germany, however, at this time, had many able commanders at the head of their armies, who conti- nued the war with amazing obftinacy: among thefe, were the Margrave of Baden Dur- lach; Chriftian Duke of Brunfwick; and Count Mansfield, one of the moft confummate generals of his age. Chriftian IV. of Denmark openly declared for the Proteftant in- tereft; and the French, who were averfc to the Auftrian aggrandizement, fecretly fup- ported their caufe. The Emperor, on the other hand, was provided with the moft experi- enced generals; and Chriftian, who put himfelf at the head of the Evangelic League, was entirely defeated by the celebrated Imperial general Count Tilly. Ferdinand profecuttxl his advantages with fomuch moderation, that the Proteftants formed a frefh confpiracy at Lcipfic, at the head of which was the celebrated Guftavus Adolphus of Sweden} who, after an amazing train of vi^ories, at laft loft his life, in the moment of vidory, at the battle of Lutzen, in 1632. Bu: the Proteftant caufe did not die with this renowned hero: the generals he had trained up in the arts of war continued to harrafs the Auftrian power.} till at laft a general peace was concluded among the belligerents, under the mediation of Sweden, at Munfter, in 1648, which at prefent forms the bads of the various poli- tical fyftems of Europe. 3 E Ferdinanii 202 EUROPE. I FcrJinanti III. fuccceded his father j the hiftory of whofc reign prefents us with nothing remarkable, Leopold aflumcd the reins of government in 1657, °" '^^ demife of Ferdi- nand III. and proved equally unamiablc and unfuccefsful in his government. He con- tended with two mighty powers, France and Turky, and was a lofer in his wars with both. France pofl'cflcd itfclf of Alface, and many other frontier towns of the empire; and even Vienna muft have fubmittcd to the Turks, had not the fiege been raifed by John Sobitfki, King of Poland. Prince Eugene of Savoy, a young adventurer in arms, and one of the Imperial generals, gave the Turks feveral figna! overthrows in Hungary. The empire, however, muft have funk under the power of France, had not that nation, by purfuing their conquefts with too much eagerncfs,and rapidity, alarmed the other Euro- pean powers; when a grand confederacy, confifting of the Empire, Great Britain, Holland, and the northern potentates, was formed, to check the farther progrefs of the French, and to counteradt the ambitious views of Louis XIV. who aimed at nothing lefs than the eftablifhment of an univerful monarchy. At laft a pacification was concluded at Ryfwick, in 1697, between the Chriftian powers; and, two years afterwards, the Turks confented to a cefl'ation of hoftilites, and articles of peace were figned at Carjowitz be- tween them and the Emperor: however, the Hungarians, fccretly animated by the French, and exafperated by the unfeeling tyranny of LeopoM, ftill continued in arms, under the proteflion of the Porte; but the death of the Emperor, in 1705, in fomemeafure allayed the ferment. Leopold was fuccceded by his fon Jofeph, whoput the Eleflors of Cologne and Bavaria under the ban of the empire. But Prince Lewis of Baden, the Imperial gencralj either through irvdolence or incapacity, badly managing the military affairs, gave the French an opportunity of partly recovering their loflcs, notwithftanding their repeated defeats. The Emperor himfcif was fufpe£led of a defign to fubvert the Germanic liberties; and it ap- pearing, from his conduift, that he expeded Great Britain fhould fupport the principal burden of the war, of which he was to reap the whole benefit, his felfifhnefs and inafli- vity difgufted his allies iu the higheft degree. He died in 171 1, without male iffue; and was fuccceded by his brother Charles VI. whom the allies attempted to place on the Spanifh throne, in oppofition to Philip Duke of Anjou, grandfon of Louis XIV. This monarch, after the treaty of Utrecht, for fome time (hewed a difpofition to con- tinue the war; hut finding himftlf unable to perfevere, he was obliged to conclude a peace with France at Baden in 17 14, that he might thereby be enabled to check the progrefs of the Turks in Hungary, where they received a fignal defeat from Prince Eugene, at the bat- tle of Peterwaradin; and foon after another of equal importance from the fame general be- fore Belgrade, which fell into the hands of the Imperialifts: however, the peace of Paf- farowitz, concluded the year following, put a period to the difpute. Charles being now liberated from the avocations of war, employed his leifure time in making arrangements for the extenfion and prefervation of his hereditary dominions in Italy and the Mediter- ranean. Fortunately for this prince, the Britifh crown devolved on the Houfe of Hanover; an event which gave him a decided fuperiority, by the connetElions fubfifting between George I. George II. and the Empire, The prefumption of Charles, arifing from this ., circumfVance, GERMANY. 202 circumftance, fo favourable to his intcrcft,occafioncd a rupture between him and George I. and fo unfettlcd was the political fyftem of Europe about this time, that old alliances were relinquiflied, and new ones formed repugnant to the principles of reafon and iiitereft. Without defccnding to the invedigation of particular v i^ws, fuffice it to obferve, that the fafcty and aggrandizement of Hanover were the principal aims of the Britifh court; as thofe of the Emperor were the confirmation of the Pragmatic Sandlion in favour of his daughter the late Emprefs Queen, he being deftitute of male iffue. Reciprocal conceflions on thofe important points rcftored a good underflanding between George II. and the Emperor Charles; and the Eledlorof Saxony, influenced by thehopeof oneday afcendingthePolifli throne, relinquiflied his claims and views on the Auftrian fucceffion. Thefe favourable occurrences, however, did not cftablifli the repofc of Charles's reign. To indemnify himfelf for the facrifices he had made in Italy to the princes of the Bourbon line, he had raflily plunged himfelf into a war with the Porte; and having loft that able and experienced general Prince Eugene, he was unable to fupply his place with a commander of half his abilities. But a feries of ill fuccefs awakened him to a fenfe of his indifcretion, and in- duced him to accede to overtures of peace, under the mediation of the court of France, which had at that time adopted a pacific fyfteni, under the adminiAration of Cardinal Fleury. To conciliate the favour of the other European powers, and allay their jealoufies, Charles gave his eldeft daughter in marriage to the Duke of Lorrain, a prince who could bring no Bccsflion of power to the Auftrian grandeur. Charles departed this life in 1740; when a formidable oppofition inftantly ftarted up to overturn the Pragmatic Sandion, the eftablifhment of which had been the principal obje£t of his reign. His Pruftian Majefty, as yet a novice in the art of war, entered Silefia, which he alledged had been wrongfully wrcftedfrom his family; and, with irrefiftible fury, carried all before him. The King of Spain and the Eleftor of Bavaria inftituted claims diametrically oppoftte to the intention of the Pragmatic Sanation; and in this they were feconded by France, though thefe different powers had individually guaranteed it. After an interregnum of confiderable duration, the Imj-.-rial throne was at laft filled by the Elcdtor of Bavaria, in 1742, who thereupon aft'umed the title of Charles VII. The elevation of this prince to the throne proved the fource of innumerable calamities • to the Empire. France poured her armies into Bohemia, where they took pofleftion of Prague; while the Queen of Hungary was obliged to purchafe peace of his Pruftian Ma- jefty, by ceding, in formal and folemn treaty, the moft valuable part of the Dutchy of Silefia to him and his heirs for ever. The youth, beauty, and misfortunes of this princefs, and the magnanimity with which ftie bore up under the preflure of accumulated loftes, touched the hearts of the Hungarians, into whofe protedion ftie had thrown herfelf and her little fon; and though this nation had always been remarkable for a difafte(5lion to the Auftrian family, they neverthelefs unanimoufly declared in her favour. George II. fupported her caufe with the utmoft firmnefs; and, at the head of an Englifh army, gained the battle of Dettingcn in 174.3, while her own generals drove the French out of Bohemia. At this time Charles VII. was compleatly wretched on the Imperial throne, and would have liftened to almoft any terms from the Hungarian Queen; but, con- trary 1 h\ -i1 204 EUROPE. trary to the advice of her fincercfl friend?, (he haughtily and impoliticly rejctHcd every over- ture of accommodation: which obftinacy furnifhed the King of PrufTia with a pretext to invade Bohemia, in fupportof the Imperial dignity; but though he made himfcif maftcr of Prague, and fubdued almoft the whole kingdom, being unfupportcd by his allies the French, he abandoned all his conquefts, and retired into Silefta. This event confirmed the obftinacy of the Queen of Hungary, who entered into an accommodation with the Emperor, that ihe might recover Silefia. In a (hort time after this, his Imperial Majcfty paid the debt of nature; and the Duke of Lorrain, then Grand Duke of Tufcany, and confort to thu Queen of Hungary, after furmounting feme difficulties, was raifed to the Imperial throne. The military operations of the Emprefs Qiieen againft his Pruffian Majefty were con- fiderably retarded by the bad fuccefs of the allies againft the French and Bavarians in the Low Countries, and the lofs of the battle of Fontcnoy. The King of Pruflia defeated Prince Charles of Lorrain; and his Britannic Majcfty, being difguftcd with the condu«^ of the Emprefs Queen, thought proper to guarantee to him the poflcifion of Silefia, as ceded by treaty. Soon after, his Pruflian Majefty, under colour of difcovering a fecret convention which had been entered into by the Empire, Ruffia, and Poland, to ftrip him of his hereditary dominions, fuddenly colle£ling an army, drove the King of Poland out of Saxony, defeated his troops, and took pofleflion of Drcfden, the capital of his cledlorati-. The war likewife was carried on, to the difcredit and lofs of the Auftrians and Dutch, in the Low Countries; till the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, in 1748, gave a temporary repofc to the belligerent powers. The efFedts of this treaty were but juft beginning to become perceptible, when the jeabufy of his Pruffian Majefty was revived by the Emprefs Queen's admitting Ruffian troops into Germany; againft which he protefted, as did his Britannic Majefty againft the reception of French fupplics. A coincidence in opinion on thefe two grand principles was the means of obviating all former difputes between the Pruffian and Britilh crowns, and the parliament of the latter agreed to pay an annual fubfidy of fix hundred aid feventy thoufaiid pounds to the former during the continuance of the war. Thefe new alliances being formed, the war broke out in Germany with greater fury and more deftruiSlive rage than ever. The Pruffian armies over-run Saxony like a tor- rent; and, carrying all before them, compelled the Eleftor 01 baxony to take flielter in his regal dominions. His Pruffian Majefty, upon this, was put to the ban of the empire, and foes were pouring on him from every quarter: but, with the genuine fpirit of heroifm, he rofe fupcriorto oppofition; and, though vidtor and vanquiflied by turns, with the affiftance of his allies, he ftill fupported his native charader of bravery and policy, in which he muft be confefftd to be unrivalled in his age. Brevity obliges us to omit many capital tranfadtions between the Freach, who were driven out of Hanover; and the Englifti, or their allies. Battles were fought after battles, without any decifive efFedt; and new levies were continually brought forward by the bel- ligerent powers, fufficient to repair their heavieft lofles. The effufion of human blood really GERMANY. 2*5 rrally Was prodigiouit and the fituation of the empire in general wretched beyond con- ception. The Riininns, who had leagued with the Emprers Queen, poflefled themfelves of all the kingdom of Pruffia, and were laying ficge to Colberg, the only port belonging to his PjurtianMajefty on the Baltic; while an army of 100,000 men, under General SoltikofF, was advancing toSilcfia. HisPruflianMajefty, whohad hitherto nobly ftood his ground, wa» now given up for loft by his moft fanguinc admirers: however, headted for fon\c time with a courage and refolution bordering on defpair; but was at laft totally defeated by the Ruf- fians near Frankfort, with the lofs of 20,000 of his beft men. He now became the tennis* ball of Foitune; and fucceeding defeats fcemcd to render his final ruin inevitable, every avenue to peace being (hut up. Berlin had been taken, and the inhabitants laid under heavy contributions. However, towards the end of the campaign, he defeated the Im- pcrialifts in one of the warmeft adlions he had ever fought. But ftill this favourable turn wii not attended with effefts of any permanent confcquence to his intereft: new rein- forcements were every day arriving; and his final deftruiHion was on the brink of being accomplilhed, whcnJiis moft formidable enemy, thcEmprefs of Ruflla, died in 1762, and let in a gleam of hope. George II. had finiflied his earthly career, in the zenith of viflory and of glory, in 1760, and the Britifli miniftry under his fuccefTor feemed anxious to bring the war to an ho- nourable conclufion. The new Emperor of Ruflia immediately recalled his armies, and Icflened the number of the Pruffian enemies: however, that monarch was fo reduced by a fucceflion of loffes, that the Emprefs Queen would probably have annihilated the Houfe of Brandenburg, had not the other German princes cautioufly forborne to lend their afliftance. At firft the Emprefs Queen rcjedled with difdain all terms of accommodation; but the vifiblc backwardnefs of her generals to execute her orders, and fome new fuccelTes obtained by his Pruflian Majefty, induced her to accede to an armiftice, which was foon fol- lowed by a treaty of peace, concluded at Hubertn)urg, which fccured Silcfla in the poflef- fion of Pruffia. The Grand Duke of Tufcany, and confort of the Emprefs Queen, died in 1765, bar- ing enjoyed the pleafure of feeing his fon Jofeph elcded King of the Romans the year be- fore, who now fucceeded him in the empire. This monarch, immediately on his accef- fion, difcovered numerous proofs of wifdom fuperior to his years. With a difpofition ftrongly attached to the arts of peace, he has neverthelefs been vigilant and ai^ive on the appearance of any commotion among the neighbouring powers which might afFcft the fplendor of his empire. He has availed himfelf of every opportunity that could con- tribute to his own glory, and fecure the happinefs of his fubjefts. By travel, he has improved an underftanding naturally penetrating ^fpotifm and tyranny, every generous virtuo is in a manner extinA, and a certain degree of tvorpor confines the exertions of the foul. Popery is the cftablilhed leligigti of the Bohemians} and it's obfcrvancc ii enforced with D9 B O H E M I A. 207 tr^ fmall dc|»ris ufualtnotto, in large charaflers, * Ejjipotius quam haberi;' that is, * To be, rather ' than fcem to be;' under which is a long infcription, enumerating his various and great difcoveries. Tycho himfelf is reprefented in baffo- relievo, drcfled in armour, with a long Xword by his fide, and a band and whifkers; his right-hand refts on a ceieftial fphere over his armorial bearing, and on his left is his helmet. The cathedral, dedicated to St. Vitus, ftands on the Caftle Hill, and is very rich in it's plate, altar, furniture, and relics; containing, amonj other valuable ornaments, a crucifix of Hungarian virgin-gold, weighing ten ihoufand duc?ts. Some romantic writers have defcribed the walls of St. Wenceflaus's Chapel, in tliis ilriifluic, «; entirely covered with jafper, amethyi>r-, and csrnelians: but though ev.'ry thing in that place is fplcndid to the laft degree, the whole falls infinitely {hortof this exaggerated account. Several other religious ftru£tures in this city are remarkably fplendid, and contain a vaft variety of valuable oblations and relics. In an edifice built in imitation of the Cafa Santa at Loretto, is a pyx fct with pearls of the fizeof an acorn; that in the centre, (hapcJ like a heart, 'eing of the fize of a common walnut; and another h enriched with fix thoufand fix hundred and fixty-fix diamonds, formed fo as to reprefent the Sun. This beautiful piece of workmanfhip is faid to have cufl two hundred thoufand guilders, and the artift to have been employed ten years before it's completion. A white tower in this city ferves for a ftate prifon; and in one of the rooms was for* merly a curious machine, in the (hapc of a woman, which, on the approach of any perfon, would embrace him in it's arms, and inftantly break his back, ribs, and arms; thepuniOi'- mcnt ufually inf.icted on flate delinquents. ?r.igue has frequently experienced the calamities of war, and fubmitted to different conquerors. Trade being much declined, the inhabitants are generally in indigent cir- cumftances, and their accommodations but mean: however, many people of quality make it their refidencej who being confined by the narrownefs of their fortunes from nuking any confiderable figure at Vienna, wifely withdraw from temptation, and adapt their ex- petices to their incomes. Olmutz, the capital of Moravia, and thcrefidenceof a bifhop, is a place of conflderible flrength, being wholly furroundcd by the River Mant. This town is populous and well- built, and contains twenty-fi,. churcnes, five chapels, fevei.' monaficries, two nunneries, a college of Jefuits, an univerfity, a riding-academy, fevcral hofpitals, 9-A anorphan-houfe. The fortifications arc regular and ftrong; and the manufactures of vtoollen, iron, glafs, ppper, and gunpowder, are all pretty flourifliing. The ancient hiflory of Bohemia prefents us with few circumftances worthy of record. The Bohemian nobility, as before obfcrved, ufed to tlcilthcir own princes, though fome- times :t lis •SOa -4M».; jL. rmn-^Mi'ti. jls BOHEMIA. 209 times the emperora of Germany impofed a king upon them, and at laft ufurped the throne themfelves. In 1414, John Hufs, and Jerome of Prague, two of the firft reformers, were condemned to be burnt by the council of Conftance, though they carried with them the Emperor of Germany's protection; and this dreadful fcntencewas accordingly put in exe- cution. This diabolical adl gave rife to a violent infurredtion in Bohemia: the citizens of Prague threw the Emperor's officers out of the windows of the Council-chamber; and the illudrious Zifca, colleAing an army of 40,000 Bohemians, defeated the Imperialifts in fcveral engagements, and at lad drove them entirely out of the kingdom. However, the difagreement of the Huffites among themfelves enabled the Emperor to retain pofTeffion of this country, though another attempt was made to exonerate themfelves from thejmpe- rial yoke by ele£ting a Proteftant king, in the pcrfon of the Prince Palatine, fon-in- law to James I. of England. The fate of this prince is well known: he was dripped not only of the kingdom he afpircd to, but a!fo of his ele£loral dominion? and, being driven from his native country, was forced to depend on the court of Eng'and for fubfiftence. The Bohemians have everfince continued fubjedt to the Houfe of Auftria; and, as the Imperial family have prudently forborne to treat them with fevcrity, this nation, though not much attached to their intcrefts, has not lately manifefted it's difguft by recurring to open refiftancc. . 1 CHAP. VIII. H O L L AN D. THE general name of Holland is ufually given to the Seven United Provinces, on account of it's being the largcft and moft opulent of them all; however, they are alfo known by the name of Netherlands, or Low untries, unqueftionably fo called from the lownefs of their fituation. Under the title of Netherlands, or Les Pais Bas of the French, are comprehended, in r general fenfc, feventeen provinces; the feven moft northerly obtainino; the name of the United Provinces, of which we are to treat in this place; and the other ten arc called Flanders, or the Aiiftrian and French Netherlands. The United Provinces, notwithftanding the diftinguiflied figure they have made, ami ftil! continue tomakc, in the annalsof Flurope, are no more than an hundred anH nity miles in length, and an hundred in breadth; extending from 51 to 54 degrees north latitude, and from 3107 degrees eaft longitude. Thefe provinces lie oppofite to England, at thcdiftanceof ninety miles on the caft fide of the Channel; and arc only a narrow Hip of low fwampy 1 > ^, lying between the mouths of feveral navigable rivers, and what the indrfatipab'' itry of the inhabitants has gained from the fea by means of dykes, which they have r-iiaJ, and ftill fupport at an incredible cypence. The air is confcq'irntly fojgy and gtofs, until •> G purilifii 4'i ililllllml m ttl' Ai) I ^ ...-■m-ticKbirjBit /■;>'■ lii-, .••■ f y >^ Edam ..•■' Jy^0 Jitr/iif/vint ■■■■"".■■■■""7li&, 1^ n»m r III I w*" ii~ii'i''i ' ,_ „ _ Hf^ifi iW«Boii« • ■■■• .'i ^ ^ItVTl O.V '^KJ'M S "^^ ffilnimiA ■'•^\ -"KyU . »&.// f'-., V^ i %■;; — ..a.u.. -; r*^--- ^*-' ^.i. n i A- /A V p n I r 4y z^'^' A / A ft: « .5 I'lilililliml H>th<- Alt .lirri-H lir Unrrilbn a "( <• ,\Tig-. i.i^il-, 77 aio EUROPE. purified by the1)rumal fro(l» iind all the harbours are frozen up. The principal rivers in the United Provinces are, the Rhine* one of thelargeft nnd fined rivers in Europe; theMaefe; the Scheld } and the Vecht. Tbcfe are joined in their courfcs by a number of fmall flreams and canals. But there are few,good harbours in this country; the mufl commodious, however, are thofe of Rotterdam, Helvoetfluys, and Flufbing. Amfterdam, indeed, is furnifhed with one of the moil capacious and fafefl ports in Europe, but is incommoded by a bar at the entrance, over which large vefTels cannot pafs without being lightened: this is a prodigious obflrudlion to the difpatch of trade. The foil is naturally unpropitious to vegetation, as well as to animal life; but, by the induftry of the inhabitants in cutting canals, and draining the marfhy lands, confider- able tracts are rendered fit for pafturage, and even fome for tillage: however, this country, in it's moil improved ftate, is far from afFordiiig a fufficient fupport for it's inhabitants; but the defe£l is to amply fupplied by trade and navigation, that with the grain imported ,they not only brew excellent beer, and diftil brandy and other fpirits for their own con^ fumption, butalfoexport prodigious quantities of each. However, with.all the advantages of artificial plenty, cheapnefs, commerce, and convenience, Holland is by no means a deHrable country to live in, particularly for foreigners. Neither mountains, riling grounds, flre;.ms, nor plantations, prefent themfelves to relieve the eye; but, on the contrary, a dull uniformity of profpe£l every where prevails; and the whole face of the country, when viewed from a lofty tower or fleeple, exhibits the appearance of one continuous marfh drained at certain intervals by innumerous ditches; and in the fummer fcafon, many of the canals, which in this country ferve as high roads, are no better than ofFenfive flag- nated waters, emitting a putrid effluvia. inimical to health in a very high degree. Yet it muft be confefled, that fome of the meadows are both beautiful and fertile; fat- tening a vaft number of lean Danifh and German cattle, of whofe milk fome of the moft excellent butter and cheefe of any in Europe are made. The country likewife produces turf, madder, tobacco, fome fruit, and iron; but all the pit-coal and timber, and ahuoH all the luxuries, and ev^n necefTaries of life, are obliged to be imported. The wool of the Dutch fheep is highly valued ; and the breed of horfes and horned cat- tle is larger fized in this than in any other European nation. With regard to the ornithology of this country, it is little drflferent from our owiH only it may be obferved, that (lorks build and hatch in tht chimnies; but, being birds of pafTdge, they leave the country about the middle of Auguft, aud return again in Fe- bruary. The river-fifh, in fize and fpecies, are nearly the fame as thofe common to. Great Bri- tain; but the fea-ifi(h are generally larger, owing perhaps to a greater depth of water. Though herrings never vifit this coaft, the Dutch fifheries in the northern feas are ex- tremely productive and beneficial ; fome years, no fewer than fifteen hundred veflcls have failed from the different parts of the United Provinces for the herring- fifhery, each veflcr capable of carrying from twenty-five to thirty lads; which, one year with another, may be cftinated at an hundred and twenty guilders. But though the eftiinates of $be profits ariitng HOLLAND. sur jirlfing froin the herrln^'fiihery differ, as the profits themfelves really do yery widely; ye.t ft is computed that, in a favourable fcafon, the neat gain to the proprietors of thctbj^^cs, aft^r all dedudlions, amounts to two millions of Holland guilders; a fum,wbiqbmid|>t h^ye been fccurcd to the natives of Great Britain, had the Dutch been uniformly and refolutely de- nied the privilege of fifhing on our coafts} a rcftridlion which found policy would cer- tainly havedeemed eflential to our national intereils. Notwithilanding it's uninviting afpedt, perhaps no country in the world, of the fame .extent, is better peopled than Holland. It contains, according to the moft authentic ac- counts, an hundred and thirteen cities and towns; fourteen hundred villages; and, on^ moderate calculation, about two millions of inhabitants, excluftve of the twenty-five towns, and the inhabitants of what is called the Lands of the Generalite, or conquered countries, and fcveral towns in other parts of the Netherlands. The manners, habits, and even the minds of the Dutch, feem conformed to their fitua- tion, and to originate from their natural wants. Their country, necefTarily preferved by mounds and dykes, is a perpetual incentive to labour; and the numerous artificial drains with which it is interfe«£ledj require a conftant attention to keep them in repair. Hence they are robuft in their conftitutions, and indefatigable in their application to whatever bufi- nefs they engage in. Even their natural commodities (their butter and their cheefe) are produced by an unvaried attention; and their principal food is earned out of the fca by means of their fiflieries, except the farinaceous part, which requires the toil of navigation to procure. Thus, to fupport life, they are obliged to labour; and their minds being uncorrupted by native luxuries, they hr.ve few temptations to indolence and e/Feminacy. The air and temperature of the climate incline them to be phlegmatic and flow in their difpofitions; yet they are irafcible to a high degree, efpecially when heated with liquor. Money being the only thing that can render life comfortable in this country, every con- fideration is facrificed to it's attainment; love and friendfliip generally vanifh before it's fuperior fafcination; and perhaps the very virtues of this people originate rather from the coldnefs of their conftitutions, than their heart-felt regard to religious and moral obliga- tions. They are, however, quiet neighbours, and peaceable fubjedls, unlefs their in- tcreft is materially aiFedled; on which occafions the valour of the Dutch becomes warm and a£tive, as has been more than once manifefted in their fea-fights with England and France. The bQors, though flow of apprehenfion, are cafily governed by fair means; the feamen are a plain, blunt, but rou£;h, furly,and ill-bred race af men, apparently deititute of pub- lic fpiiit, or fecial afTedhon; and the trading people are generally honeft in their dealings, and averfe to wranglings and difputations in making their bargains. Smoaking tobacco is ihe delight of the young and old of both fexes; and, as their thoughts are generally J>ulied on the accumulation of money, an unfociable difpofition is painted in their very features. But though the lower ranks, when inebriated, are capable of every fpecies of brutality; and though they have been known to exercife the moft horrid barbarities abroad, when compelled by intercft, where they deemed themfelves fccure from detection; yet, in their' general behaviour, the Dutch are quiet and inoffi;niive in theic own country, which fur- nilbes ' K s: 212 EUROPE. niflies but few inftances of murder, rapine, or other enormities. As to the habitual aJ- didion to drinking charged upon both fexes, it may in a great meafure be afcribcd to the nature of their foil and climate. In general, all appetites and paffions feem more circum- fcribed in this than in anyother country, that of avarice alone excepted. The natural dif- pofttions of the Hollanders do not appear to be airy enough fqjr joy or the brilliant fallics of wit, nor warm enough for theenthufiaftic emotions of love: fo that the fofter paflloni never flourifli here; and love itfelf is little more than a mechanical affetftion, infpired by intereft, convenience, and habit} the young men not being afliamed to own, and even t» boad, that they are incapable of feeling it's efFedls. But though we in vain fearch for the warm difplays of focial afFe£lion, or the brilliant e(Fe£ls of genius, in whatever relates to the management of pecuniary affairs, among the Dutch.thcyarecertainly the moft expert of any nation on earth; uniting to a confummate knowledge of procuring wealth the no lefs necelTary fcicnce of prcferving it. However Jlender his income, every man lives within it's hounds: nor is it ever imagined by this fagacious people, that the common courfe of expencefliould equal the revenue; it being one of their inbtcd maxims, that he who fpends his entire income, has lived thatyear in vain; the bare report of which brings a man as much difcredit among his neighbours as the moft vicious excelTcs would do in other countr'cs. No country, therefore, can vie with Hollyiid in the number of thofe inhabitants whofe lot, if not affluence, is yet above indigence; and where fewer failures and bankruptcies occur. In all ^hcfe leading chara£leriftics the women exa£tly refemble the men, efpecially in their natural indifFerence as to the warmer j)aflions. However, a change of manners ap- pears to be rapidly cfFc£ling; the rich traders and mechanics ftem now ambitious of aflimi- lating their modes of life to thofe of the French and Englifh; and their nobility, and high magiltratcs, who have letircd fiom the cares of office and the avocations of trade, rival thofe of any other part of Europe in their table, buildings, furniture, and equipage. The amufements of the Hollanders are not very dilfimiiar to thofe of theEnglilb. They are ihe beft /kaiters on the ice of ajiy people in the world; and it is aflonifhing to fee the crowds which cover the ice during a hard froft, and the dexterity of both the men and women (the latter often carrying a baflcet of eggs, or other country ware, upon their head?, to maikct) in darting along on the frozen clement with inconceivable velocity. The Dutch were formeily noted for the large breeches of the men, and the jerkins, plain mobbs, (hort petticoats, and other oddities of the women; which, added to the na- tural thicknefs and clumfinefs of their perfons, gave them a very grotcfque appearance. But thefe peculiarities of drefs are now only perceptible among the lower ranks, and more particularly among the feafaring people. Calvinifm is the eftabliflied religion of the country; none but people of that pcr- fi'afion being admitted into any office or polt in,the government, exccpiin'^ the army: neverthelefs, all religions and fedts are tolerated, and allowed their rcfpcclive meetings and alTembiies for public worfliip; among which are a confiderablc number of Lutherans, Papifts, Baptifts, Moravians, and Jews. -• The native language of this country is Low Dutch, a corrupted diale<3 of the German, and ,li HOLLAND. ai3 and even unintelligible tothofe who underftand the German tongue or High Dutch; how* ever, people of fafhion are capable of converfing in the French language, and many of them in EngliH). With rcfpriSt to learned men, Holland has produced Erafmus and Grotius, who are an honour to literature itfelf. Bocrhaave defervedly ftands at the head of medicinej and Grsvius and iJurmann are celebrated for their claflical illuftrations. Haerlem difputes the invention of printing with the Germans; and the magiftrates ftill preferve two copies of a book printed by Kofter in 1440, called Speculum Salvationist pretended to be one of the firit produ£lions of the prefs. The moft elegant editions of the claflics unqueftionabl^y came from the Dutch prtfles of Amfterdam, Rotterdam, Utrecht,- Lcyden, and other towns. No nation has made s. greater figure in controverflal divinity than Holland; which, by inlinuating itfelf into the ftate, had almoft proved fatal to the go- vernment. Nothing is more common than their Latin poems and epigrams; and modern times have produced a Van Haaren not entirely dcftitute of poetical abilities, whofe poems, in favour of liberty have gained celebrity, more from the fingularity of their author's being, a Dutchman, than from their intrinfic merit. But though we readily admit that Holland has produced fome men of real and elevated genius, in general the Dutch publications are mechanical and dull, and principally originate from their employments in univerfiticsj in church and ftate. In the fine arts, the Dutch have chiefly diilinguifbed themfelves in painting, though they are not deftitute of Ikilful ftatuaries. They have five univerfitics; namely, Leyden, Utrecht, Groningen, Harderwicke, and Franeken; two gymnafwrns, one at Amfterdam,. and another at Deventer; beftdes an academy of fcienccs at Haerlem; and feveral famous grammar- fchools in different places. Amone;the national peculiatities of this people, their mode of travelling from town to town is ..ot the leaft remarkable; being performed in covered boats, called treckfcuits^ dragged along the canals by horfei, en a flow uniform trot; fo that pafTcngers reach the dif- ferent towns where they are to ftcpprecifcly at the appoinied inftantof time. This method oftravelling, though dull and unpleafant to Grangers, is both convenient and cheap; and by means of thefe canals, not only an extenfive inland comni(;rce is carried on, but, by their communication with the Rhine and other navigable riverf, the productions of the whole earth are likewife conveyed, at a fmall t xpence, into various parts of Germany, and the Frcr.ch and Auftrian Netherlands. A treckfcuit, or pafTage-boat, is divided into two different apartments, called the roof< and theruim; the former for the accommodation of gentlemen and ladies, and the latter for the common people; who, during their paflTage, finoak, drink, read, or converfe, without interruption. In the vicinity of great cities, thefe canals difplay the amazing effetSls of an ex ten Ave and flourifhing r:ommerce. Paffengers and goods are continually going and returning; and their banks, for miles together, are lined with elegant country-houfcs, lituated in the midlt of gardens and pleafure-grounds, and adorned with figures, buds, ilatues, temples, 3 H and 'ii > ,M (■f I, r, .•«! ' i! i'f 'I ^ ii ' 1| I i i ti4 EUROPE. and other embellifliments of art, down to the water's edge. Having noobje£(s of amofe- ment beyond the limits of their own gardens, families, in fine weather, fpcnd a great part of their time in their little pleafure-houfcs, fmoalcing, reading, or viewing the paflengers, as they glide along, to whom they in general appear complaifant and polite. To enumerate all the articles of Dutch traffic, would be to write a hiilory of trade itfelf, as there is fcarccly a manufadture they do not carry on, or a ftate with which they arc not connciSleJ in fomc way of commerce. In the profi-cution of trade, they arc aififtcd by the populoufnefs of their country, the chcapncfs of their labour, and, above all, by their commodious water-carriage, by means of canals, which gives them a decided advantage over every nation of Europe. Indeed, the United Provinces may be conftdered as the grand magazine of Europe; and fomctimcs goods may be purchafcd there more reafonably than in the rcfpeftive countries where they arc produced. The Dutch Eaft India Company, inr poratcd in 1602, have monopolized the rich ori- ental fpiccs for more than an hundred y>.drs, and form the mod opulent and powerful com- mercial republic in the world. Their capital city in India is Batavia, which, for fplendor, opulence, and commerce, excels every other in Afia. The magnificence of the viceroy, who refidcs here, is infinitely fuperior to that of the Stadtholder; and it is faid that the Dutch fubjecb in Batavia hardly acknowledge any dependence on the parent country. Befides Batavia, which is the grand emporium of oriental commerce, the Dutch have various other valuable efl.iblifliments in India; but none more falubrious and convenient than that of the Cape of Good Hope in Africa, the grand rendezvous of (hips of all na- tions, outward or homeward bound. In fliort, fuch is the value and extent of their territo- lial acquifitionsin India, that when Louis XIV. invaded Holland with an aimy of 80,000 men, the Dutch certainly meditated, in cafe of being vanquiflied, to fhip themfelvcs off to their oriental fettlemcnts, to avoid the horrors of a French government. Exclufive of their fiftieries, already mentioned, and their extenfive foreign traffic, the Dutzh carry on a variety of domeftic trades and manufadures, fuch as delft-ware, pottery, toys, and tobacco-pipes; their manufactures of oil, ftarch, hemp, fine paper, fine linen and table damaflcs, woollen, cotton, and fiik, are likewife extremely flouriftiing: but it is greatly doubted whether their commerce and navigation are at prefent in the fame flou- rifliing ftatc as at the beginning of the prefent century; and whether the riches and luxury of individuals have not damped the general induftry of the inhabitants. Certain, how- ever, it is, that the late unfortunate war with Great Britain, into which they were plunged by the prevalence of French politics, and their own unprincipled avarice, will be long and fevercly felt in it's effl-dts, and perhaps never entirely overcome. Viewed in a political light, the Seven United Provinces fubfift in a common confede- racy: yet each province has an internal government or conftitution, independent of the other; and this government is called the ftates of that province, the delegates from which form the States General, in whom the fovereignty of the whole confederacy is veftcd. But though a province may fend two or more d.-legatcc, fuch province has no more than one voice in every refolutioni and before that resolution can have the cffeft of a law, it HOLLAND. a»S it mud be fubmitted to and approved by every province, and by tvtry city and republic in that proviace. This tedious formality, which can only be fet aflde in times of fudden danger or emergency, is often attended with difagreeablc confequences, cfpeciaily as unanimity in paflTing refolutions is required among the ftates of every particular province. Not only every province, but the principal cities and nobles, pofl'efs the privilege of fending deputies to the States General. Thus the number of the reprefentatives is very confiderable, and all arc maintained at the expence of their refpcdive conftituents; the deputies of Holland being allowed four, and thofe of the other ftates fix florins per day. The States General, or the colleftive reprefentatives of the United Provinces, though their power is limited, either tacitly or exprefsly, by this inftruftion, • not to fufFer the * leaft wound to be given to the fovereignty of that province which deputes them,' never- thelefs aflume the right of making peace and war in their own name, and likewife appoint and receive ambafl'^dors and other public minifters. The officers of the army and navy take an oath of fidelity to them; and fome of their members, or thofe of the council of ftate, accompany the army in it's motions, fit in the council of war, and regulate it's operations. Thus the States General appear at firft view to be fovcrcign and independent lords of the country; but, in general, they are only deputed for a limited number of years; and, though inverted with power to deliberate on the moft important affairs, they cannot con- clude any affair of importance without previoufly communicating it to their refpeiftive provinces, and receiving their exprefs confent, as has been already obferved. This renders their refolutions extremely tedious, and often tires the patience of thofe powers who are negociating with them. But though this dilatory method of procedure is attended with many inconveniences, it has fome advantages; fince it affords leifure for caution and mature deliberation, and is fometimes an unexceptionable pretence for protrading bufinefs, in order to fee the confequence of events. The affembly of the States General is always held at the Hague, without any proroga- tion; and the provinces prcfide weekly in their turn, beginning with Guelderland, which had the original precedency; then Holland, Zealand, Utrecht, Fricfland, Overyffcl, and Groningen. The perfon firft named in the inftrumentof deputation from his province is prefident for the week; in confequence of which he propofes the fubjedt of debate, col- lects the votes of the affembly, didlates to the rcgifter, and afterwards figns the refolution. At the head of the States General may be ranked the Stadtholder, who is Hereditary Governor-general, Captain-general, and Grand Admiral of the Seven United Provinces; notwithftanding which, his power is extremely limited by the conftitutlon, being fworn to obey the States General, and to regulate his public condudl by their decifions. How- ever, he is allowed the privilege of pardoning criminals, and of chufing the magiftratcs of cities upon a double nomination of their rcfpedtivc fcnates, with fevcral other important prerogatives. His rank and property give him a confiderable influence over the States; and though he has no voice in their aficmbly, nor any title attached to royalty, yet he poffcflcs more real power than fome European moiiarchs. The l\ i!!: ■'1 1 <■; J 1 ; '. m 1 ii » ■ 9l6 EUROPE. The Council of State eonfifti likewife of deputies from the feveral provincetj but it** conftitution is difFercnt from that of the States General, being compofed of twelve perfoni, whereof Guelderland fends two, Holland three, Zealand two, I'ricfland one, OvTryfTel^ one, and Qroningen one. Thcfe deputies, however, do not vote provinciall), but per- fonallyj and their principal bufinefs is to prepare cflimates, and ways and means for raifing the revenue, a* well as other matters intended to fall under the cognizance of the States General. Subordinate to thcfe two bodies is the Chamber of Accounts, which islikcwifc compofcd of provincial deputies, who audit all public accounts. The Admiralty poflefles a feparate jurifiliction; and the executive part of their power is committed to five colleges in the three maritime provinces of Holland, Zealand, and Friefland. The people in this country have no intcreft in the eleflion of reprefentatives or magi- flratcs; fo that the United Provinces cannot be faid with any propriety to be under a mixed government, or an union of the arillocratical and democratical powers. The title affiimed by the States is that of High and Mighty Lords, or the Lords the States General of the United Netherlands ^ and, in public addrefles, they are ftiled their High Mightineffes. The enfigns armorial of the Seven United Provinces are, Or, a Lion, Gules, holding a Cutlafs with one paw, and with the other a bundle of Seven Arrows clofe bound together, in allufion to the Seven Confederate Provincesj with the fubfequent motto, • Concordia Res parvae crcfcunt.* With regard to the adminiftration of j-ifticc, the proceedings of the feveral courts are regulated by the particular laws of the refpcdive towns and provinces where the a<5lion lies, the edi«Sls of the States, and the civil law. Each province is furnifhed with it's diftin£l tribunal, to which, except in criminal cafes, appeals lie from the petty and county courts^ and if the party caft thinks himfclf aggrieved, he may apply to the States of the province, who nominate certain peri'ons, learned in the laws and cuftoms of that province, to revifc the decree, and pafs a final decifion; and it is judly maintained, that equity is no where more impartially obferved than in the United Provinces. The public revenues arife from a kind of general excife, a land-tax, poll-tax, and hearth moneys the whole amounting to the annual fum of about two millions and a half fterling, of which the province of Holland contributes more than one half. Indeed, the taxes are fo heavy and numerous, that, as a certain ingenious author hath with reafon af- fcrted, hardly one thing, except the air they breathe, has efcaped taxation. However, for the encouragement and extenfioii of commerce, the duties on goods and merchandize are extremely low. 1 he provinces of Holland have hitherto been in a very flourifhing condition; and not on^y capable of anfwering the exigences of their own government, but likewife of lend- ing money to moft of the other European powers. The United Provinces, from their fituation, require a confiderable military force for their dcfenccj notwithflanding which, their army has never been put on a refpe£lablc footing HOLLAND. 91-7 footing. Every province maintAins a certain number of troops j but Germans and Swift mercenaries are occafionally called in to augment their armies. The peace eflabliflimrnt ftldom exceeds thirty thoufanJ men, eighteen thouHind of whom fcrve in garrifons; but, in timeof war, by means of foreign fupplies, '1. • number is proportioned to the fuppofcd exi- gency. The chief command of the army is verted in the Stadtholder, as captain-gcncralj but the executive part, cfpecially in time of war, is filled by the ficld-marflial general. The naval force of the Republic w.is fornicrl ' extremely refpedabic; and in fcveral wars the Dutch have difplayed the utmod bravery, joined with a confummate knowledge of maritime affairs: but, if wc may judge from their behaviour in the recent conteft, their military cnthufiafm is confiderably damped by a long habitude to commercial concerns; a proof that the arts of peace and war are naturally unpropitious to each other. Wc now proceed to a more particular accuunt of the different provinces, and of the principal placet they feverally contain. I'he province of Guelderland has the Zuyder Sea and Overyflel for it's boundaries on the north; the bifliopric of Munfter, and the dutchy of Clevc, on thccaft; the Maefe, on the fouth; and Utrecht and Holland on the weft. The air of this province is cfteemed the beft of any in the Republic; and the foil is pretty fertile, producing corn, applet an^ pears, in great abundance, and affording extenfive trades of excellent pafturage. The whole province, containing twenty-two towns and two boroughs, is divided into three diftrifts, Nimeguen, Zutphen, and Arnheim; each of which has it's own particular ftates, com- pofedof the nobility and the deputies of towns. The numberof nobility admitted into the legiflative power is indeterminate; fo alfo is the number of deputies which every town 1 .ay fend, though it is reftridled to a fingle vote. Nimeguen, the capital of a diftri£t, is built on fevcral little eminences along the River XVaal, over which it has a br'.dge of boats, in 51 degrees 52 minutes north latitude, and in 5 degrees 56 minutes eaft longitude. Being a barrier town towards the eaft, the fortitr- cations areftrong; but the great extent of the outworks requires a very numerous gar- rifon for it's defence. To theeaftward of the city, and within the walls, ftands an old burg, or caftle, called the Falkenhof, faid to have been built by Charlemagne; and the burgrave, it's pofleffor, is one of the moft confiderable nobles in Guelderland. In 1678a the celebrated treaty of Nimeguen was concluded at this place; and in 1702, it had nearly fallen into the hands of the French under Marfhal Boufflers,butwasrefcued by the Dutch general, the Earl of Athlone. It carries on a valuable trade with the dutchy of Clevc; and exports confiderable quantities of a white beer, for the brewing of which it is peculiarly famous. Zutphen, the capital of the fecond d'lRuSt of Guelderland, ftands on the banlcs of the YfTel; which here uniting it's ftream with the Berkel, divides the town into two part?, the Old and the New. The former is much the largeft: both, however, haveextenfivc fuburbs, which confifting principally of pleafure-houfcs, have been by degrees included within the circuit of the walls. This town is extremely well fortified, except in thofe quarters where the country may be tiafily flooded by means of the Berkel. Within the walls are 3 1 feveral & I 4 ¥ ii: m. 11 "Mr • Cl\ ii8 EUROPE. fcvcral pleafant walks, of which the ramparts themfelvcs, being planted with trets, form one of the mort agreeable. Zutphen is alfo famous for belonging to the Hanfeatic Confederacy; but t's .rade is by no means very confiderable atprefent. Ariihcim, the capital of the th'id diftri£l, ftands on the banks of the Rhine, at a fmall diftance from the place where that river and the YiTcl divide their ftrcams. Over tne Inr- mer of thcfe rivers is a bridge of boats; and before the Rhin -gate is a commodious har- bour of a quadrangular form. Tl»e fortifications of Arnheim are ftrong, and of great extent, having received feverai confiderablt dditionsin 1702, under the direction of .^at able engineer General Coehorn. The walls are delightfully planted with lime-trees, which afford a moft charming walk. The town is in general well-built; and in an an- cient palace within the walls, the Dukes of Guclderland formerly, and after them the Stadtholders of this province, ufed to refide. In the great church dedicated to St. Eufcbius are the monuments of feverai counts and dukes of Guelderland; but the other religious edifices contain nothing worth notice. Arnheim was taken from the Spaniards in 1585; and, about a century afterwards, full- ing into the hands of the French, fufforedconfiderably before it was recovered. Holland, the largeft of the United Provinces, is bounded on the fouth by Brabant; and on the eaft, weft, and north, by the provinces of Guelderland and Utrecht, the Zuyder Sea, and the North Sea. The fituation is in general extremely low; in fome places even beneath the level of the fea, from which it is fecured by dykes and dams, aiiJ iiiierfedcd by innumerable ditches and canals, through which the water is carried off at the time of ebb. The air of Holland is foggy, and confequently unhealthy; but the foil, from the f ff.iSs of cultivation, is amazingly fertile. It is equally populous, the number oi'mi-.ahitants being computed at me million two hundred thoufand. The houfes in this province are chiefly creeled of brick; and, for beautiful villages, and a g.rieral appearance of neatncfsand eL' gance, it is perhaps unrivalled. This province confifts of two parts, under one joint regency, called the States of Holland and Weft Fricfland, compofedcf the nobility and voting towns. The number of nobility is indeterminate; b'lt the original vr^mg towns were reftridled to fix, D -rt, Haerlem, Delft, Leyden, Amfterdam, and Gouda: however, William I. Prince of Orange, added twelve more; fo that now there are eleven in South Holland, and feven in North Holland. The States of Holland enjoy entire liberty of fpeech, and are only smcnable for their anions to the town which deputes them. They have four annual conventions, in Fe- bruary, June, Sf ^fembcr, and November. In the: three former fefl'ons hey fil' up the vacant emplovTc.".::in their difpofal, deliberate on the cvmmon affairs of the province,And determine pro' mcial difputes; ani 'n November they contrive ways and means for raif- ing fuch fupplies as hive been granted by the i!eputies to "he States General for the fcr- vice of the fubfequcnt year. The Grand Pcnfionary of Holland is a perfon ol the utmoft dignity ar i usportance^ 'hough HOLLAND. ai9 though he has no decifive vote; his proper office being that of propofing the fuhjeil of debate «o the AiTjnibly of the St-itts, c.jllcdtiiig the fuftragcs of the reprtfentativts, pro- liouiiciiig their rdolutions, di£lating th;- terms in which they are to be regiftercd, and lioeping the rc^iftcr itlVlf", and the great feal of the provincr. This dignified perfonagc is clciftcd by a majority of fuffrages in ihe AflVmbly of the States: his office, however, is only of five ytars duration i ar the expiration of which, a new clcdion, or a confirmatioa of the fj.mer, niuft be obtjined. For the adnunillration of juHicc there are two courts held at the Hague; the Court of Hollani', and C^e Hi;;H Ccuncil. Indeed, the provinces of Holland and Zealand are foilrictly united, as to have but one common high-court of judice, which is compofedof members chofen from each. Among the principal cities and towns in this province, we fhall particularly notice Dort, Hacrleni, Leyden, Amflcrdam, Rotterdam, and the Hague. Dort (in Latin Djrdrcuum) ftands on an ifland in the Mcrve, formed in 1421 by a dreadful inundation, which deftroycd fcvcnty villages, and carried oiF about a hundred thouf.ind inhabitants. Tr.c fituation of this city is fo ftrong by nature, that, though deititutc of fortifications, it has never yet been taken. The number of houfes is about four thoufandj which, however, are more celebrated for their uniform neatncfs and ele- gance rhan for any difplay of architeiilutal fkiil. The harbour is extremely commo- dious; iid the trade is very confidcrable, particularly in grain, Rhenifh and other wines^ and timber. Haerlcm, or Ha;!em, is fituated on the River Sparin, which divides it into two partf, and forms a communication for fliips between Fricflind and the different towns of Hol- lant' and Zealand. This city is diftant from Amfterdam about fourteen miics to the weft, and enjoys a cominun nation with it and Leyden by means of two extenfive canals. Tne lioufes are principally of brick, amounting to about cir^ht thoufand; few of them, however, are built in the modern taftc, or pofllf!, any particular elegance. The manufac- tures of Hacrlem arc filk and linen; which, with the bleaching of thread and cloth, em- ploy a great number of hands. Formerly, the inhabitants carried on a inoft aftonifliing trade in flowcrsj particularly tulips; but this vatn and expenfive foible, which was in- dulged in to the moft criminal excefs, is now almofbcxtiniE^. The honour of the invention of printing is ftrcnuoufly claimed in favour of Lawrence Cofter, a native of Haerlt^n; on whofchoufe, which formerly ftood near the centre of the city, was a Latin inlcription, purporting that he invented printing in it about the year 144.0. A ftatue of him was lilcewife ereded at the public expence; and in the Town Houfcis ftill prefcrved, in a filver cafe, »he firfl book that ifTued from Cotter's prefs. Haerlem is likcwiie famous for the cbOinate iiege it futtained againft the Spaniards 'in 1573, when ^^^ inhabitants were reduced to the moft deplorable ncceflities; and at ]aft» after a ten months defence, furrcndered on honourable terms. But the Spaniards, in» cenfed at their obftinacy, crutlly puniOied them, by a moft inhuman maftacre, for that valour which they ou^ht to have refpe£ted. Leyden (in Latin Lugdunum Batavorum) is fitUated on the banks of the Rhine, in 52 degrees ■ , 1- ! j| I' m -I i ?! t'n 1* •220 EUROPE. degrees 15 minutes north latitude, and in 4 degrees 10 minutes eaft longitude; being, next to Amftcrdam, the largcft and finell city in Holland, containing upwards of eleven thoufand houfes. The ftreets are long, broad, and regular; and the public edifices make a very handfome appearance. The Univerfity, founded in 1575 by William I. Prince of Orange, is a large and elegant ftru£lure. It's library is furnilhed with a vaft collcdtion of printed books; and is farther adorned with two thoufand oriental manufcripts, and a large fphere, adapted to the Copernican Syftem, which moves by clock-work. This uni- verfity has likewife an anatomical theatre, an obfervatory, and a phyfic-gardcn; and will ver this city, we (hall only remark, that ample provifion fs mr.dc for the aged, the infirm, and the unfortunate, of every defcription; the efFefls of which bene»olent policy are perceptible even in the ftrects, which are entirdy free from mendi- cants, who, were they to prefent themfelves, would be immediately conveyed to fome pro- per receptacle, and there compelled to work, every man in his own bufinefs, propor- tionably to his ftrength and ability. One charitable foundation, however, is too rc- maikable to be overlooked; and to this poor perfons of all nations may rcfort, who are gra- 3 a tuitoufly t. 1 ;! 1 i J 5 i, ii; ■■ 1 f , i f ■ , ^ ■I ' ■V ] f • ■ Wi : f* I'f ■■S Ui 222 EUROPE. tuitoufly provided with bed, board, lodging, and wafliing, for three dayt; at the expiration of which, they muft remove from thence, and are prohibited from returning in lefs than fix weeks, on pain of being feverely punifhed. This city, being in poflis/Tion of probably more than half the entire trade of the Seven United Provinces, abounds with merchants, manufa£lurers, and artificers; and in no country of the world is folongcreJit given, or arc fo few confined for debt, as in Holland. Whenever any tradefman finds his affairs deranged, he immediately acquaints the magi- ftrates with his inability to pay his creditors, and lays before them an exaft account of his circumfiances} when they immediately order the commiflioners of bankrupts to take poiTeffion of his efFedis, and exempt his ptrfon from all arrelts for fix weeks; which time is allowed him to compound with his creditors. In the mean while the commiflioners are employed in examining his books, and all letters directed to him firft fall under their in- fpedion. At the expiration of this term, fhould his creditors refufe to compound, and his failure appear to originate from lofTes and misfortunes, the commiflioners are empowered to fell his effeAs, and make a dividend; after which the magiftrates acquit and exempt him from all future claims, whether foreign or domeftic; nor can any creditor prevent this equitable procefs, when the failure is not fraudulent. Rotterdam, a targe and populous city, is fiCuated at the junction of the Maefe and the Rotter, in 52 degrees 10 minutes north latitude, and 4 degrees 26 minutes eaft longitude; and, next to Amflerdam, carries on the greateft trade of any town in the United Provinces. The river here is broad, and of a fufficient depth to admit (hips of moderate burden; but if they draw above fifteen feet of water, the-' arc obliged to take the way of Helvoetfluys to Rotterdam. The canals within the town are fo deep, that the largeft fhips can come up to the doors of the warehoufcs to load and unload. The principal public buildings are, the Bank, the Eaft and Weft India Houfes, the Arfenal, and the Exchange. Among the religious edifice*, is an EngliOi epifcopal church, whofeminifterhas an hundred pounds ftcrling annually from the King of Great Britain^ befides furplice-ftes, which are calculated to amount to twice as much. This city is famous for being the birth-place of Erafmus; to whofe memory a fine brafs ftatue is erected in the centre of the great bridge erected over the Maefe, or, as it is there called, the Meufe. The Hague, by far the moft beautiful place in Holland, fituatcd in a delightful coun- try, and blefTcd with every combined advantage of art and nature, lies ten miles north-weft of Rotterdam; and, being only furrounded with a moat bordered with a walk of fhady and lofty trees, is generally called a village. The ftrects of this charming place are fpacious and airy, and the houfes in general make a fplendid appearance. The number of car- riages, the parade of nobility, and the fineryof drefs, whic4i continually prefent themfelvcs to the eye, give a very different idea of life from that of the trading cities. The inha- bitants are fui>erlatively polite, when compared with the rcftof theHollandersj and, being accuftomcd to ftrangers, are perfcAly cafy in their manners and addrefi, in %^^ HOLLAND. 423 In the Higue, which may be regarded in the double light of a great city and a rich rural fcene, are nearly fevcn thoufand houfes, bcfiJes public edifices; many of the former arc large and elegant buildings. This city being the feat of government, and confe- qurnlly the refidence of foreign ambairadors, envoys, and other public minifteis, it con- tains fcvcral beautiful fquares planted with trees, which form very agreeable walks. The Stadtholdcrs occupy the ancient palace of the Counts of Holland, which has at different periods been repaired with fome very fplendid additions; and in the centre of the area, between the buildings of the palace, (lands the great hall in which the t.ophies cf the Republic, in their nuiiierous viftorios over various enemies, are hung up. In the vicinity of the Hague, which is extremely delightful, lies a handfomc pleafure- garden, (the Vauxhall of Holland) a place of prodigious refort in the fummer feafon. The province of Zealand confills wholly of iflands, formed by the many outlets of the Scheld; and is bounded on the caft by Brabant, on the fouth by Flanders, on the weft by the North Sea, and on the north by Holland. The foil is fertile, and produces con- fiderable quantities of wheat and madder; and though the air is generally t ftecmed thick and iafalubrious by the inhabiunts of the other provinces, yet no people have a more healthy appearance, nor fcem to enjoy a more confirmed flateof conftitutional foundnefs, than the natives of this province. Zealand contains eleven cities; and an hundred and ten villages, fome of them large and populous. The inhabitants are reckoned the moil opulent of any in the Netherlands, which is in a great meafure owing to their extcnfive trade by fca. The States of Zealand confift of fevcnteen members, the prcfident of which is ths (irfV nobleman of the province. Zealand has the privilege offending four deputies to the afllmblyof the States General, who hold their office during life, and are alternately dedled from among the magidrates of the fevcral voting towns, MidJlcburg, Zirkzee, Goes, Tholcn,Flu(hing, and Veer. Middltburg, the capital of the province, is a handfome, rich, and fpacious town, ex- tremely well toitificd, ftanding nearly in the centre cf the illand, in 51 degrees 47 minutes north latitude, and in 3 degrees 4J minutes eaft longitude, having a communication with the Welt Scheld by a canal a mile and a half in length, which is capable of receiving the largeft (hips. It is ado.ncd with feveral beautiful fquates; and fome public ftrudturei!, particularly the Town Houfe, a noble pile, the building of which cod an hundred and fifty thoufand guilders. It likewife contains feven Calviniftical churches, an Academy, an£ng- li(h, French, Lutheran, Mennonitc, and Popilh church, and a Jcwi(h lynagoguc. The principal and molt lucr;itive branch of commerce confills in the importation and export ration of wines. After a two years fiege, this city fell into the hands of William I. Prince of Orange, in 1574, and has ever fince remained an appendage of the States. Flufhing, a well-fortified town lying at the mouih of the Wellern Scheld, defends not only the paflage into that tivei, but alio that to the other ifle» of Zealand, and even into Flanders by fea. The harbour is large and fecurc, lying between two moles on thefouth- ealt of the Ifle of Wakheren, and two canals. A new harboMr was conftruded in 1688, at the general txpcnceof thcproviiiicc, fuificicntly capacious to.adioit a.flcet of eighty men ■ ' I ■ ^* ' f'l ! li'k I.' i ' t. i ! tJ l\: ; I '.! M ' \ 1 ■22+ EUROPE. of war. The fea flows the whole length of the town, fo that merchants flilps load and unload at their very doors. The houfes are in general neat and commodious; and Tome of the public edifices arc TTiagnfficent and regular piles. This city was delivered up to Queen Elizabeth by the States, as a pledge of their ndelicy, and as a fecurity for the money that princefs had ex- pended in their behalf-, but it was redeemed in the reign of James I. her fucceflbr, for an inHgnificant fum, by no means adequate to the debt. The province of Utrecht is almoft wholly encircled by Holland and Guelderland, and extends only about thirty-two miles in length and twenty-two in breadth. The air it generally cfteemed falubrious, and the foil abundantly fertile. In this province are five cities, and fixty-fivc towns and villages. It's ftatcs are compofed of the clergy, the no- bility, and the towns; the former of which are merely nominal: fo that they may be faid to conftft of nobles and citizens of the Calviniftical perfuaflon, though the delegates of the five churches at Utrecht, in the aiTembly of the States, ftill rcprefent the ancient clergy of the country. Utrecht, (in Latin Ultrajeilum) the capital of the province, enjoys a delightful fituation on the River Rhine, in 52 degrees 10 minutes north latitude, and in 5 degrees 7 minutes eaft longitude. It is of confiderable extent, and extremely populous, but can fcarcely be faid to have any regular fortrfications. The inhabitants conftft chiefly of tradefmen and -artificers; however, along the new canal, there are fome large and elegant gentlemen's feats. The cathedral dedicated to St. Martin is the moft confiderable religious ftrufture among the feven churches belonging to the Dutch Caivinills; thechoir of which, and a tower detached from it, are now the only parts remaining, the .efl ha\nng been deftroyed by a dreadful florm in 1674, and never fince rebuilt. The chapter of the cathedral is compofed of forty inembers, who purchafe their places at fix or fevv*n thoufand guilders a piece. This city is adorned with a famous univerfity dependent on the city magiftracy; the phyfic-garden belonging to which is particularly curious, and claims the attention of every Scientific traveller. ^Utrecht is farther remarkable for the memorable union concluded between the Seven United Provinces in 1579; and for a congrefs of plenipotentiaries which opened here from all the ftates of Europe in 1712; which, within two years, terminated in a general paci« iication. The province of Friefland, (in Latin Frifia) fo called from the ancient Frifians, a martial people, and it's former inhabitants, is bounded on the eaft by the River Lawers, on the fouth by Overyflel, on the weft by the Zuyder Sea, and on the north by the Ger- man Ocean; extending thirty-feven miles in length, and thirty-two in breadth. The air and foil of this province are nearly fimilar to thofe of Holland; particularly in the north-weft parts, which lie below the level of the fea, and are remarkable for their fine paftures, which fatten a numerous breed of cattle. However, in the more elevated diftrifts, wheat arrives at great perfeftion, and is highly efteemed for the deli- cate vyhittneA of the flour it yields. In the number of it's canah, Friefland may vie with HOLLAND. as; whh Holland, being interfecled by them in every part. It contains eleven towns, zni- three hundred and thirty-fix villages s the inhabitants of which ftill retain that uncon- querable paflion for liberty which diftinguiOicd their anceftors, together with their cuf- tcms and modes of living, even to the ancient Frifian dialeiSt and accent, which renders the language of the country people unintelligible to the other inhabitants of the Nether- lands. The principal manufadtures of this province are woollen ftufFsand linen; in the latter of which it excels all Europe, for the uncommon finenefs and beauty of the cloth. The majority of the inhabitants are Calvinids: however, there are many Papifts, and a ill!! greater number of Mennonitesj which is the lefs remarkable, as Menno Simon, from whom they derive their name, was born and firft propagated his doArines in thi» diftria. The whole province is divided into prefecture!;, each of which annually ele£ls two de- puties; who, with the delegates of the voting towns, compofe the college of the provincial- ihtcs. Lewardcn, or Leuwarden, the capital of the province, a rich, populou*, and elegant town, is fituated about fixty miles north-call of Amfterdam, in a very agreeable country. Both the public and private buildings are very magnificent; and feveral canals, running through the principal Areets, confiderably contribute to the convenience and commer- cial intereft of the inhabitants. When Friefland was governed by it's own Stadlholders, they reflded in an ancient flrufiure in this city, called Prinzenhof, which gave the place an air of fplendorand con- fequence; but this honour was loft in 1747, when William IV. was declared hereditary Stadtholder of all the United Provinces. Franeker, a town fituated on a canal about twelve miles weft of the place laftdefcribed, is principally remarkable for it's univerfity, founded by Count Lewis of Naftau. The halls of this univerfity are contained in an edifice formerly appropriated as a convene to the fraternity of theCrois; but we meet with no literary curioficy that deferves parti- cular notice. Harlingen, one of the moft populous towns in FrieHand, is fituated on the Fliewater, and furnifhed with a harbour fufHciently deep to admit fhipsof the greateft burden; but it's entrance being obftru£ted by fand-banks, it is generally found necefTary to lighten thefe vefTels before they can pafs. I'owards the land-fide the fortifications are pretty ftrdng, and in cafes of neceffity the whole country may be flooded; which, with dykes of prodigious ftrcngth on the weft, render it fufficiently fecureagainft any hoftile attempts. The province of Overyftel is bounded by Friefland on the north, by Bcntheim and Mun- fteron the eaft, by Guelderland on the fouth, and by the Zuyder Sea on the weft. The foil is principally marfhy and unfruitful : however, along the YfTd is fome good corn land; with plenty of pafturage, which, though inferior in richnefs to that ot the neighbouring countries, is yet valuable, from the circumftance of it's being the property of the commu- nity at large, and not of individuals. From the fteriiity of the foil, and other concomitant reaTonSy this province is lefs 3 L populous ' :m ^ ill i : i'' ' If i' ■ ' '■ I* n '.'i i I. i\\ ■i -M 11 J ' :H: ■-"f ■ 1 ■ l^'ii-v ■; .,.3 ill '> -1 ia6 EUROPE. populous than the reft, and contains fewer towns and villages. The Provincial States are compofed of the nobility and the towns, both of which have an equal weight in all public deliberations; but the whole number of reprefentativcs fent to the States General is con- fined to five, two from the nobility, and one from each of the three principal towns* namely, Deventer, Campen,and Zivol. Devcnter (in Latin Deventria) enjoys a delightful fituation on the banks of the Yflcl, in 52 degrees 25 minutes north latitude, and in 6 degrees 5 minutes caft longitude. This city- is encompafTcd with a wall ftrengthened by baftions, ravelins, and outworks; and, though not of great extent, is extremely populous and commercial. It is famous for hay- ing been an ancient member of the Hanfeatic Confederacy, and flill poflcfTes the privilege of coining gold and filver. In 1589, the Spaniards carried this place by treachery; but it was foon after recovered by Prince Maurice. In 1672, it fell into the hands of th?French without much rcfiftancr; who conferring ic on the Bifhopof Munfter,it remained in his poflcflion about two years. Campen, a large city and port fituated on the YfTel, is principally remarkable for it's wooden bridge over that river, a moft fingular ftrudture, fevcn hundred and twenty-three feet long, and twenty broad, founded on piles; but the piers are fo remote from one another, that it looks as if fufpended in the air. Though this town cannot properly be ranked among the number of fortreflcs, by it's being able to lay the adjacent country under water on any emergency, it has almofl every advantage of one. This was likewife one of the Hanfe Towns, and is privileged to coin money; but it's trade is now very inconfiderable. In 1672 the combined troops of France and Munfter having made themfelves mafters of it, committed the moft horrid outrages. Zivol, chiefly famous for having been an ancient free Imperial Hanfe Town, is fituated in a pleafant country on the River Aa, which at this place obtains the name of the Black Water. By means of a canal, it preferves a communication with the Yfiel, and by the Black Water with the Zuyder Sea, from whence it's trade is pretty confiderable. The fortifications are immenfely ftrong; and many of the buildings, both public and private, exhibit marks of elegance and magnificence. The province of Groningen is bounded on the north by theGerman Ocean; on the eaft by Munfter; on the fouth by the territory of Drcnthe; and on the weft by Friefland, which it entirely refembles in it's foil and air. It contains only three towns; but it's villag'-s amount to an hundred and fixty-fivc. It's political inftitutions are nearly fimilar to thofe of the provinces already defcribed; and the meetings of it's ftates arc always held at Croningen. This laft mentioned city, the capital, and indeed the only place of confequence in the whole province, is fituated in 53 degrees 28 minutes north latitude, and in 6 degrees 35 minutes eaft longitude, at the confluence of feveral rivulets which form the Hunfc and the Fivcl. It's extent was formerly inconfiderable; but, within the laft century, it has received many capital improvements and additions, and it's fortificationi are at prcfcnt in a good ftate of defence, Befidcs ■I 'm HOLLAND. aa7 11 '1 Befides a number of beautiful religious and civil ediBces, Groningen is adorned with an univerfity, well furnifhcd with profcfTors in the refpedlive fciences. The greateft curiofity we meet with in thii feminary, is an infcription in the library, fully authenticated, informing us that a cirtain fuldier lived there fixteen days after re- ccivini' a wound in the right ventricle of his heart. The fate of war has often thrown this city into the hand^s of different powers; but in the laft ficgc it underwent, (in 1672) the inhabitants made fuch an obflinate refiftance againft the BiQiop of Munfter, that the prelate was obliged to raife the blockade, after lofmg ten thoufand men. ^ Having briefly remarked whatever feemed worthy of notice in the Seven United Pro- vinces, we (hall juft obfcrve, that the Dutch are likewife in pofTeffion of the country of Drcnthe, bordering on Groningen; a diftridl detached from the German Empire, and after- wards put under the proteition of the States; though, on account of the fmallnefs of it's extent, it never could obtain the privilege of fending a reprefentative to the States General. Bcfides Drenthe, under the dominion of the States General are feveral towns and fmaril tra£ls of land difperfcd over the Netherlands, and ufually diftinguiihed by the name of Gcneralite Lands; by which is meant towns or diftritSls fubdued by the Seven United Provinces, and folemnly annexed to their territories by treaties and conventions. The Gcneralite Lands confift of part of Brabant, a dillrifl bordering upon Gueldcrland and Holland; the barony of Breda; the marquifatc of Bcrgen-op-zoom; the city of Maeftricht; and the little diftridi of Sluys, lying in the mod northern parts of Flanders. One of the principal cities in Dutch Brabant is Bois le Due, (in Latin Sylva Ducii) fituated in 51 degrees 36 minutes north latitude, and in 5 degrees 25 minutes eaft longi- tude, at the confluence of the Rivers Dommel and Aj, which after their jun<^ion ob- tain the name of Died. This city was firft founded in 1184 by Godfrey IIL Duke of Brabant, who having ordered a wood to be cleared and applied in buildin>• Aif .etherlands} which privilege they ftill enjoy, except in the Seven United Pro- vinces. '1 he noft valuable manufactures carried on in the French and Auftrinn Not'ierhnds are thofe of linen and lace; in which, notwithftanding the great improvements of theirncig'i- bours in thcfc refpcdls, tliey ftill remain unrivalled ; particularly in that lw proceed to adelcriplion of it's principal cities a (uWjcci w iiicli hn' forn-crly filled many volume;, when the Neihcrlands Wei.; as nr.eii celebruied for th'.- 'luniher and beauty of tiu-ir 'own^ as the fertility of the foil and the opulence of the iiih^-'iirants. Louvain, (in Latin Lyi::ri!ii:n) a town of great extent, in 51 dcprc-c; i:-, minutes iiorth latitude, aid 4 degrees 40 niihu'cs eiilHongituJc, fituatcd on the River Dy!e, was for- merly the capital of all Br. b ^ *, a.'..i a^Ci a v ry flourifliing manufaiflure of linen and woollen, crta'jlilhed ..searly a thv> conimtneeir.ent of the fourteenth cctuury: but the cioth- wcavcrs raifed a ilieudful iiifurrcifHon in J 382; and having been punifhed on that account, a coiifider..b!e number withdrew toEi;j;!?nd; nn which themanulad'.rcs began to dwindle, and the city itlV'.f to decay; w r has it .vr-r i'v.wc recovered it's ancient trade and fplendor, being now only fainous for iiV garden', walks, ;.i.d arbours, which occupy a confidciablc extent within the w.iils. This city contains five pnrochi.i! churches, ?\\ very noble ftruflurcs; particularly the collegiate church of St. Peter, whrfe princ ■ .1 fleeple was originally five hundred and thirty fi.tt hijjh, but which was blown down by a violent ftorm in 160 . A collcj^c of JefaitS, u F L A In D E R S. 23s Tcfuit', fifteen monafterlcs, and ancqualnumbcr of nunneries, Ileal fo within the walls. The cliu,' h hilonginjj; to the Jifuil's convent would do honour to the purtftagcs of architcc- tur . Ainona; the nunneries, that allotted for the Englifh is the UneA in ihc Low Couii- tric . i'i:J vfry richly eiKJowcd. Wc Imvc already m( niioned the founder of the univcifity of Lou vain, ntid the ample pri- vilesie'i ^^ith which thit fcminaty is inverted. Tite principal pcrfon in this univerfity is ihlcd Reilor Mognificus^ who is uKvays tlcdlcd from among the profcfibrs of the five facul- ties, nam.lv,diviiiity, the canon law, the rivil law, phyfic, and the liberal arts; and holds his place only three months, unlt-fs a frtlh defigiiation intervenes. The Town H oufc is a (lately fabric, built in the ancient tafte, externally adorned with a variety of fculpturcs and ftatucs, and internally with a profufion of decorations. In this edifice the magiilratcs afl'cniblc twice a week, who arc extremely numerou<;, confifting of tivo l)urgo-maU:ers, fcven aldermen, two recfinlcrs, fix fccretaries, and four treafurers; bc- fid'.sa council of twenty-one, eleven of which are county gentlemen, and the other ten deacons of trades. This city was attacked in 1542 bv a general of the Gucldcrlanders, but without fuc- rcf-.: about thirty ycari^ afterwards, WilliamPrince ot Orange bcficgcd it; b'lt the burgh- (rs, affilled by the ftudcnts, obliged him to retire. In 1635, it was again attacked in will by the French and Dutch: and in T710, the lirft-mentioncd nation h.tving cnt.-rcd the city by furprizc, met with fuch a warm reception from the inhabitants, that thiy were (Miged to retire in great confufion; in compliment for which piece of bravery, Charles V. of >S '>,in prefented tiicm with a golden key, which is Itill prefcrvcd as a curiofity in the Tdwii-houfe. However, the French at laft found means to obtain abfolutc pofllfiiun of- thi |)l,icc in J746,and kipt it till 1749. Biuflels, (in French Briixcllas, and in Latin Brtixclla) the capital of Brabant, and the iifidcnce of the governor-general of the Netherlands, is fituated on the little River Svnne,. Ill 50 degrees 15 minutes north latitude, and 4 degrees b minutes t?A\ longitude; enjoying an elevated fituation, and containing a vaft nunib^'r of beautifui i»rudtures. This city makes a noble appearance, and is fcarcely inferior to any in Europe: it is furniflicd with feven gates, which lead to as many fuburbs, and furrounded with a double brick-wall of canfulerablc ftrength ; but being upwards of feven miles in ci.'cuit, would hardly be tenable n:^ainft a rcfolute enemy for any length of time. The ftreets are fpacious, but uneven; and the hoiifes in general lofty and grand. The number of fijuarcs is feven; among which, that ot the Great Market-place is one of themofl fuperb in Europe. The Town-houfe, a nolilcpile, with a tower three hundred and fixty-four feet high, occupies one entire fide of this k|uare; in which ftrudlurc are fevcral ftately apartments, particularly that where the Urabantine States afTemble. Oppolitc the Town-houfe ftands the Imperial Palace, the entrance into which is by a fpacious court. This edifice is built in a grand but irregular ftile,ornamented with a num- ber of brafs ftatui s of the emperors and dukes of Brabant, and containing many pillars of ihefame metal. Behind the palace is a defcent, by a pair of hanging-flairs, into a beautiful parterre ■ -I tl : I ,1^ ; 7i6 EUROPE. parterre adorned with fountains and evergreens^ and beyond this is a park drlightfully laid out, III wliich every one is nt liberty to walk. The Arfcnal was formerly extremely well fupplicd, but contains at prefent only a few remains of ancient armour, with fome curious equedrian Hatucs. Near this Ihudure ftanJ the beautiful palaces of the Prince of Orange, the Prince of Ligne, the Dukes of Arcmbcrg and Arfcot, the Princes of Epinoy, Cubenpre, and Egmont; fomeof which arc adorned with noble coltedtions of paintings, and fuirnundcd with beautiful gardens. The Opera Houfe, built by the Duke of Bavaria in 1700, is one of the mod fpacious and magnificent edifices of the kind in the world, fitted up in the Italian tafle, with rows of lodges or clofets, which the nobility generally hire during the winter fcafon for the ac> commodation of their families and friends. That of the Prince ot Ligne being lined with looking-glaiTes, the company may fit entirely ftiut up from the audience, and fee the wliole rcprefentation, without being thcmfelves vifible to any one. The fcven parochial churches of Bruflels are vaftly magnificent; among which the col- legiate church of St. Gedula, built on an elevated fituation near the Louvain Gate, claims pr^-eminencc both for beauty and extent. It's internal decorations are very numerous andfplendid: and inthe choir are feveral monuments facred to the memory of illuftrious pcr- fonages ; the moil admired of which is that of Ernefl-, Archduke of Aullria, governor of the Netherlands. In one of the chapels are prefcrved, in a golden chalice fet with diamonds, three horts, which, the legend fays, were dabbed by a Jew about the year 1369, and fome drops of blood iflued from them. In commemoration of this event, there is an annual pro- ccfiion on the Sunday immediately following the thirteenth of July, when thefe liofts are carried round the city, attended by the regular and fecular clergy, the magillratcs, the courts of julHc- and even the provincial governor. Brufllls is alfo .tdorned with a Jefuits college; eleven monafterics; twenty-one nun- neries, of which two arc Englifh; a beguinage, or foundition of pious nuids; and Itvcril other religious inflitutions. In fliort, Bruflels may vie with any city in the univerfe for the beauty of it's fituation, the goodnefs of it's company, and the cheapnefs of it's provifions. In one of the inns, or cating-houfc':, a ftninger has the advantage of dininn, anytime between twelve and three, oil ieven or eiiht diihes of meat, for Itfs than an Engiifli fiiillinii:. 'J'he wines likewife are proportionably cheap; and a coach may be hired for fixpence to any place within the wa'U. Bv means of the canal, travellers havea communication twice a day with Antwerp, which tends much to mcret'.e the refort of company toBrullels. AiT.iMig the peculiarities of this place, it may be obferved that the carts of thofe people who r '.1 fuiits iind other hortulane productions aredrawn by dogs round the fireets. Ano- ther fin;^ular cuil>)ni is kept up on ih'.' iqth of January, whin the women of Bruilels uii- dreh their hufban;:?, and carry them to bed; for which ail of condclcenfion the hulbands are oUiged to treat their fricniis next day. The origin of this cuftom, we are told, is de- rived fronn the city being once reduced to fuch extremity, as to be obliged to furrcndcr to the enemy, when the women only were fiiffcied to cfc.ipe, carryin'^ with them what they cdtcinpd moll viiuabicj.oft which mey ali marched out with their hufbands on their backs. The FLANDERS. 137 The rtioft mitcrial circumftances relative to the hiftory of this city are— i furious bom- bardment it fufFercd from the French in 1695, which in forty-fix hours demoliftied four- teen churches, and upwards of four thoufand houfcsj it's fiege by the Elector of Bavaria in 1708, which was raifed bv the Duke of Marlborough; and u's being taken by the French in 1746, but'rcftorcd to tii. Emperor by the treaty of Aix-la-Ch»pelle. Biuflels is likewifc celebrated throughout the world for it's eVgant manufactures of tapeilry, camhiets, and bone-lace. Antwerp, the capital of a marquifate, is Htuated in a low and fenny foil on the eaftern bank of the Scheld, in 51 degrees 15 minutes north latitude, and 4 degrees 15 minutes cad longitude; built in form of a crefcent, and faid to be three thoufand fix hundred and thirty-five geometrical paces in circuit. The ftreetsare generally ftraight and well paved; but the houfes, being built in a peculiar manner, partly of brick, and partly of flone, witk a fort of battlements on their tops, and very high roofs, make a very grotefque appearance. The fortifications are more remarkable for their beauty than their ftrength; the ramparts being in general adorned with double rows of trees, which in fummer afford a mod refresh- ing (bade: however, the citadel is a ftrong and regular fortrefs. This was once reputed the licheft and bcft-frcquented port in Europe; and the city-records mention, as an in- f^ance of the opulence of it's inhabitants, that a merchant, named John Daens, having lent a million of gold to Charles V. afterwards invited that emperor to a fumptuous en- tertainment; and having kindled a fire of cinnamon (a fpice which at that time bore a very high price) he threw the Emperor's bond into it, and thus cancelled the debt. Antwerp contains twenty-two public fquares: alfotwo hundred and twelve ftreetS; the principal of which, called Merc, is fo fpacious, that fix coaches may drive abreaftj and the houfcs on each fide are in general elegant and (lately. The Citadel, efteemed one of the (trongeft fortrelTes in Europe, is built in a pentagonal form, on the banks of the Scheld,and fully commands the town, the river, and the circum- jacent country. It was firft ereflcd by Philip II. of Spain, for the purpofe of checking the trade of this city, which before that aera was a free port; and confiAs of five baftions, which, from the regularity of the citadel, defend one another; large, deep, and double ditches; with only one gate; and is faid to be upwards of two thoufand five hundred paces in circumference. The Exchange of Antwerp isamo(t magnificent ftru£ture, one hundred and eighty feet long, and an hundred and forty broad; adorned with four fpacious gates; and the walks are fupported with (lately pillars of blue marble. Underneath arc magazines ftored with every fpecies of merchandize; and above is an academy for painting, fculpture, archi- tedure, and the mathematics. This noble edifice, the firft of it's kind in Europe, fur- ni(hed Sir Thomas Grefliam with feveral hints which were adopted in creeling the Royal Exchange in London. The Town Houfe is likewife a fuperb piece of architcflure, built of free-ftone, with a highly ornamented front; and (lands in the great market-place, a very fpacious fquare, ia which all public executions arc performed. 3 O Aatwecp Warn I, > ■I ! i; [ i\ |3l EUROPE. Antwerp being the fee of a bifliop, fuffragan to the Archbilhop of Mechliiir theccclrfi- aftical ftrudures arc numerous and beautiful. The cathedral of , Our Lady it a very grand pile, upwards of five hundred feet long, two hundred and thirty broad, and three hundred and ftxty high: the fpire rifcs to the height of four hundred and Gxty-fix feet, the crofs at the top to an hundred and fifty-one; and in the bilfrey are thirty-three capital bells, with two fets of chimes. The three principal gates are cmbelli(hcd with marble and gilJ- ing; and the altars with paintings, fome of them by the maftcrly pencil of Rubens. Sc> vcral curious pieces of Quintin MalTey likewife adurn this cathedral; who, having origi- nally been a blaclcfmith, happened to fall in love with a painter's daughter ^ but being af- f'Mcd by her father that he would never bedow heron any but a painter, Mailcy immedi- ately fet out for Italy, entered the Lombard School, and in a few years returned an eminent snafler, when he again wooed, and gained the object of his afFedtions. This artiO lies in- terred at the entrance of the cathedral, where his effigy is put up, with this infcription, * Camuhialii amar dt MuUihrt fecit Apellim;' that is, * Connubial love transformed Vul- can into Apelles.' The church belonging to the Jefuit's college is defervedly admired. The front is a moft beautiful piece of architecture, on the pediment of which is placed a ftatue of Igna- tius Loyola. The infide is paved with the fineft white marble; the galleries arc fup|)ortcd by columns of the fame; the great altar is elegantly formed of marble, jafper, porphyry, and gold; and the cieling delightfully painted by Rubens and Vandyke. The picture of the AHumption of the Virgin, on the great altar, executed by Rubens, was regarded by that great mafter as one of his moil capital works. Antwerp, among other valuable privileges, enjoys the following, viz. that every pcrfi.n born in it isedeemed a citizen, though both the father and the mother are aliens. But, notwithftanding all the advantages of fttuation, and immuniciesof the inhabitants, this city is far from being in a flouriOiing condition. Internal commotions, rieges,and commercial reilrii^ions, have confidjtrrably abridged it's trade. But nothing has been fo fatal to it's in- tereft as a ftipulation entered into between the Spaniards and the United Provinces at the treaty of Munfter in 16+8; namely, ' That no large (hip fhould proceed directly to Ant- werp, but unlade it's cargo in Holland.' Mechlin, a large and elegant city, is fituated on the Dyle and the Demcr, ftxteen miles fouth-eaft of Antwerp, in 51 degrees 20 minutes north latitude, and in 4 degrees 40 mi- nutes eaft longitude. The ftreets are fpacious and neat, the canals numerous and beauti- ful, and the edifices in general handfome and commodious. This city being anarchiepifco- pal fee. it is adorned withaftatcly cathedral, the ftcepleof which is cftcemed the moft lofty in the Netherlands. The other religious edifices are beautiful and fpacious; particularly the collegiate church of Our Lady, and the parochial church of Our Lady of (lanfwyck. St. Rombant, a native of Ireland, and Bilhop of Dublin, is patron of this cityi and his remains are pjcferved in a filvcr Ihrine with the moft religious veneration. The inhabitants of Mt-chlin carry on a confiderablc trade in corn, thread, and blank?t«i however, their principal manufacture is that pf fin? lacqs, which arc \Wfll l^Qwn ip every part of Europe. Lilw FLANDERS. *39 Likeother ancient cities, Mechlin has experienced a variety of fortunes; but the mod memorable circumftance relative to it's hiflory is, that in the year 1547 a tuwcr being fet on lire by lightning, communicated to two hundred quintals of gunpowder, which in- sanely blowing up, occafioned a mod fatal and melancholy cataftrophe. Limburg, the capital of a province, enjoys an elevated fituation near the banks of the Weft-r, in 5odrgrees 46 minutes north latitude, and in 6 degrees 14 minutes eaft longi« tuJc. The circumjacent country affords feveral fpeciesof marble, and exhibits a furpris- ing view of mountains, rocks, and precipices. The fortifications of Limburg, which are regular and ftrong, are from their fituation deemed almod impregnable. The French, how- ever, under the Prince of Conde, in 1^5, laid fiege to this city} When every fupply being cfFt(5tually cut ofF, the governor was obliged to furrender in eleven days after the opening of the trenches; and, two years after, they blew up thccaiUe, and fet fire to the whole city, from an apprehenfion that they fliould be obliged to reftore it on the re-c(labirfliment of peace. The treaty of Nimeguen confirmed it to the Emperor; but, on the breaking out of a frcfh war, the French again got pofTefllon, and kept it about three years; when the Allied army, under the glorious Duke of Marlborough, invefted and took it, together with the whole French garrifon; and, foon after, Limburg was again reftoreJ to the Emperor, Luxemburg, the capital of a dutchy, and one of the ftrongeft fortifications in the Ne- therlands, is fi(uated on the River Elz, at it's confluence with the rivulet of Petreufe, in 49 degrees 2 minutes north latitude, and 6 degrees 10 minutes eail longitude. This city is divided into two pirts, called the Upper and the Lower Town: the former is of an hcp- tagnnal form, and partly built on a rock; and the latter is fituated amidft deep vallies, and confids of two fuburbs. But though the public and religious ilruAuret are pretty nu- merous, neither of themdeferve particular notice; nor, indeed, is this city at all celebrated for it's beauty or opulence. The calamities of war have frequently been felt in Luxemburg. During the two la/l centuries it ha« feveral times changed it's maftcrs; and has alternately fworn allegiance to the French, Dutch, and Germans: however, in 1715, it was furrendcred and finally con- firmed to the Houfc of Auftria. Ghent, the capital of Flanders Proper, is fituated thirty-five miles north-wefl of Bruf- fcls, in 51 degrees 12 minutes north latitude, and in 3 degrees 36 minutes eafl longitude. I'he confluence of feveral rivers at this place, as well as feveral artificial canals, prove ex- tremely beneficial to it's commerce and drength; the fite of the city being divided into twenty-fix iflands by thefe interfe£ling rivers and canals, over which are as many capital bridges, befides fcventy-two of inferior dimenfions. The citadel, ere£led by the Emperor Charles V. confiflsof lour regular baflions; but, from it's fituation, it appears rather de- figned to command than defend the town: however, on any emergency, the whole country for a mile round may be laid under water. Ghent, at the requeft of Philip IL was creeled into an epifcopal fee, and made fuffra- gan to Mechlin; the celebrated Cornelius Janfenius, from whom the Janfcnids derive their name, having licen .i['iX)intcd it's Brfl bifliop. The cathedral dedicated to St John the ' I >l <:■' il 1 ■ .(f { If ■ f'F ■ 1 '^'i ll l''i' *• (V. % 1^, .0 ■^>. V^« IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 1.1 lie i 2.2 18 1-25 |U 1.6 6" ► y] /^ / x^* ■> o / ^j^? %.^ PhotQgraiiiic Sciences Corporation 23 ^r/i MAIN STREET WIBS,>TER,N.Y. I4S8C (7U) i72 -J'JS \ L17 <^ V O^ , Wtt r I;, ': * ■■ h I F \ IH • ! ih I I J'uMilhfdatflif All .lhv<-i»,1iv TIan-if.m .<-i'?F.'1i i 178.1. F<.l).i 178.1, FRANCE. 24S ftroy the hopes of the year; anJ hence the poor inhabitants are often obliged to fubflft on chefnuts and rye. But the precarious condition of property in this kingdom militates more fatally againft univerfal plenty than all other caufes combined i for it enervates the arm of honcfl induftry, flifles every manly exertion, and leaves numbers to truft to the happy cfFetSts of a favourable feafon, or on failure of that, to the fpontaneous bounty of na> turr. The French, however, have not been inattentive to promote the caufe of agricul- ture; they have inftituted different academies exprefsly for this purpofe, and propofed pre- miums for it's improvement: but fuch expedients, though partially ferviceable, can never become of national utility, where he who fows is not fure of reaping the fruits of his labour. The roots of this country are numerous, and excellently adapted to the tafte of it's in- habitants. Their fallads, and all kinds of feafoning, are likewife extremely plentiful j and, next to their vines, are the chief objedls of their culture. Almoft every province produces plenty of wines, which are fo well known as to render an enumeration of them unneccflary. Thofe of Champaigne, Burgundy, Bourdeaux, ^ontacke. Hermitage, and Frontiniac, are peculiarly excellent; and there are few confti- tutions, however delicate, to which fome one or other of them is not adapted. Provence and Languedoc produce oil of olives; and thefe, and fome other provinces, •yield plenty of capers and prunes, which grow al To in Bourdeaux and the vicinity of Tou- lon; and the northern provinces are famous for apples, from which the natives make vaft quantities of cyder. On feveral parts of the fea-coaft fait is manufadlured; and from the herb kali, nvhich is found in great plenty in Languedoc, abundance of pot-afli is made. Oak, elm, afli, and a variety of timber common to England, are found in moft parts of France: however, from the great confumption of it in the article of fuel, the internal pra» vinces of the kingdom begin to experience a fcarcity. France contains few animals, either wild or tame, wolves excepted, which are not ufually met with in Great Britain. The horfes, black cattle, and flieep, however, are neither. fo numerous nor fo valuable as thofe of England: the wool of their fheep is infinitely in- ferior; but, by a fhameful traffic which the internal enemies of this country carry on, the French are fupplied with numbers of our live fheep, with whofe fleeces they are enabled to fupply their manufactures, and even to rival us in the elegance and beauty of their fluffs. Game of every fpecies is extremely plentiful and good; and, what may feem a paradox, in France, which we are taught to confider as a land of perfe£l flavery, it is neither guarded by legal re(lri(Slions nor partial indulgences, as in England. The marine prtfdd£tions of France differ very little from thofe of the oppofitecoafl of Britain, and aKiefs numerous. The principal mountains in this kingdom, or on it^s frontiers, are the Alps, which fepa* rate it from Italy; the Pyrenees, which bound it on the fide of Spain; the Vauge, which divides Lorrain from Burgundy and Alface; Mount Jura, which lies between Franche Compte and Switzerland; theCevennes, in the province of Languedocj and Mount Dor, in that of Auvergne. Cunfidering it^s extent, the rivers of France are neither very numerous nor capital; the i,.i' 30. principal, I;: ■■■ ''I 94^ EUROPE. principal, however, are the L ire, the Rhone, the Garrone, and the Seine. The Loire runs a north and north-wed courfe, and falls into the fca at Nantx, after meandering about five hundred miles. The Rhone rifes in Switzerland, rolls on fouth-wtft to Lyons; and then doubling, returns due fouth till itdifemboguc: it's dream into the Mediterranean near Aries. The Garonne iflucs from the Pyrencan mountains} and, takmg firft a north- eaftcrly courfe, by means of a canal the work of Louis XIV. communicates with the Mediterranean. The Seine, a contemptible ftream when compared with the Thames, foon after it's rife, flows towards the north-weft, and in it's courfe vifiting Troyes, Paris, and Rouen, at lalt falls into the Englifh Channel at Havre. To thtfe four capital rivers may be added the Saone, which forms a junction with the Rhone at Lyons; the Charanf, which difcharges itftif into the Bay of Bifcay at Rnchfortj the Somme, which rurj north-weft through Picardy, and falls into the Englifti Channe) below Abbcvillci the Var, which, tHuing from the Alps, forms a boundary between France and Italy, and dif- charges itfelf into the Mediterranean weft of Nice; the Adour, which runs from eaft to weft through Gafcoigne, and falls into the Bay of Bifcay below Rayonne; and (he nobis River Rhine, which originates in Switzerland, and forming the eaftern boundary between France and Germany, receives the tributary ftreams of the Moflcle and Sartr. The natural advantages, both with refpc£l to commerce and convenience, derived from the above rivers, have been vaftly improved by the formation of feve 'al artificial rivers and canals, which may juftly be deemed the principal glory of the rer^n of Louis XIV. The Canal of Languedoc, begun in 1666, and compleated in 1680, was intended to open a communication between the ocean and the Mediterranean, to expedite the paiTage of the French fleet; but though it was carried on with themoft enterprizing fpirit, and at a pro- digious expence, for upwards of an hundred miles, in fpice of every obftacle nature threw in the way, yet it has never anfwered the original purpofe. Other worlcs of the fame kind, however, are pregnant with national utility; particularly the Canal of Calais, which con- veys travellers from thence to St. Omers, Graveline, Dunkirk, Ypres, and feveral other places; and that of Orleans, which runs a courfe of eighteen leagues, at once extremely beneficial to the public and produflive to government. France contains few lakes worthy of notice. However, we meet with one on the top of a hill near Alegre, which vulgar credulity fuppofes to be bottomlefs; another at IfToire, in Auvergne; and a third at La BefTe, into which if a ftone is thrown, it occaftons a tre- mendous noUie reiembling a clap of thunder. France has long been peculiarly famous for it's mineral waters. Thofe of Bareges, on the frontiers of Spain, are at prefent the moft efteemed for their various fanative and re- ftorative qualities. Wefhould probably be fuppofed to deal in the marvellous, were we to I'ecount their real or pretended virtues: this, however, we may fafely aver, that they have, affifted by the falubrity of the air and foil, performed many remarkable cures. At an in- confiderable diftance from thefe laft-mentioned fprings are feveral wholefome minerals and baths, to which many people of fafhion refoi^t every fpring and autumni The waters of Sultzbacb, FRANCE. Hf Sultzbach, in Atface, are celebrated for curing the patfyr, ftonr, and nervous dirordert. Forges in Normandy, and St. A.nand, are iikewifc famous for their fpringS} the latter for removing obdrudtions. To enumerate all the remarkable fpringsin France, would be tedious and unentertain- ing: one, however, near Aigne, in Auvergne, dcfervcs fome notice. This curious fpring. Which is continually boiling to a violent degree, though almoft deftitute oftafte, is of fuch a deleterious nature, that birds, on drinking it, inftantly die: the caufe of this phaeno- menon as yet remains undifcovercd, naturalifts neither accounting for it's extraordinary heat, nor the poifonous quality with which it is impregnated. France contains feveral veins of the noblcft metals: in Languedoc there are mine* of gold and filver, and in Alface fome of filver and copper^ but both are tooexpenfive to be wrought to advantage. Alabafter, black marble, jafper, and coal, are alfo found in feveral partsi and Brittany abounds in mines of iron, copper, tin, and lead. A mine of oker has been difcovered at Berry, which ferves for melting metals, and dyeing the fineft drab cloths. Excellent turquoifes, the only precious ftone« France produces, are found in Languedoc: but marble and free-done quarries are common in almoft every provinwt-. The French arc flender, aftive, and well-proportioned; their hair auO. eyes are gene- rally black, their complexions brown, and their ftature rather low . than that of the neighbouring nations. The fair- fex are more celebrated for the brillianc;' of their wit and the gaiety of their difpofitions, than for any perfonal attradions refulting from native beauty. The peafaify of both foxes are generally very ordinary, and form a remarkable and (Iriking contraft to thofeof the fame rank in Great Britain. The nobility and gentry, accomplifhed in the academical exercifes of dancing, fencing, and riding, regard every foreigner with a fecret contempt who is inferior to them in thofe refpe£ls: hence the fpe- cious is generally preferred to the real ; and a man poflefled of the higheft mental acquifi- tions, if deftitute of the external graces, appears to great difad vantage in this country. A few princes of the blood and great nobility pofTefs very ample fortunes, and are more mag- nificent in thvtr palaces and equipage than any of the Englifli; but, in point of opulence, elegance, and expence, the other ranks are defpicable when put in competition with their neighbours. The general charadleriftics of the French nation are well known. Vanity is their pre- dominant principle: a r|uality which, though highly ridiculous in itfelf, is not without it's advantages among this people; it prompts them to adlions which real courage ought to infpire, and enables them to fupport misfortunes without the aid of philofophy. How- ever, this char^dler is hardly to be traced among the lower ranks, at leaf! not in the fame proportion as in the higher; for though the higher and middle ranks produce many illuftri- ous individuals, excellent officers, both naval and military, who are ftimulated by this enthufidfm io dare even impoflibilities, few initances occur of determined perfeverance and firmnefs in their foldiers; hence the weW-known obfervation, That the French officers will lead if their foldiers will fi/llow, and the Engliih ioldiers will follow if their offi- cers will lead. la ( .1 r 'i M %^ EUROPE. In their private converfation, the French afFe£t freedom, gaiety, and wtt: however^ their ideas feldom rife higher than fafhionable drcTes and divLrfinns; being teitriifled from dif* playing their political abilities, that inexhaultible fund of JLiiglidicoiiveifatiun, by the ^p- prehenAon of fpies, and the dread of punifliment. The gallantry of this nation is of a very different complexion from that pra£tifed in England; confiding of grofs fervility and adulation on the part of the men, and kept up on that of the ladies by admitting many indelicate freedoms. Indeed, to a ftranger, their manners in this refpe£l would indicate an univerfal depravity, and a difregard of female honour, both in the fmgle and married; however, though they violate the laws of due decorum on almoft every occarion,they are as feldom guilty of incontinence as other nations among whom the public intercourfe between the fexes is more rigid and ceremonious. Infolent, vain, arbitrary, and imperious, in profperity, the people of this country feem to forget the inftability of all human affairs; and when any reverfe of fortune happens, they fupport it with apparent indifference, feldom fuffering defpair to aggravate their cala- mities. Indifcriminately complaifant and officious, they have no idea of adapting their behaviour to the adiual rank or charaiSer of the perfons with whom they converfe: hence they often commit the moft rgregious blunders; difguft thofe whom they attempt to pleafe; and, by one continued round of unmeaning, fulfome compliments, render themfelves truly ridiculous in the eyes of men of fenfe and difcernment. Infincerity has likewife been charged on the French, a crime from which they are pro- bably as free as other nations; however, the excels of their civility gives a colour to this Imputation, and throws the (hade of fufpicion on their candour. In private life, it mufl be acknowledged, they have given numerous iullances of generofity, veracity, and difm- tereftednefs; but if we contemplate the character of their government, from which the virtues or vices of nations are generally eftimated, we mufl own that a reftlefs ambition, l;ogether with a total want of faith and principle, have ever been it's predominant features. It is but jufl, however, to acknowledge, that the French have unqueftionably given a polifh to th^ ferocious manners, and even humanized the virtues, of furrounding qationF. Placed at the head of tafle, faihion, and drefs, they have introduced milder habits into fc- ciety, and given a fentimental turn to the modes of converfation. But, if a diffuflon of French manners has foftened the afpcrity of virtue, it has likewife taught vice to infi- nuate itfelf with lefs difficulty; and, under the guife of polifhed ma.mers, and fentimental expreffion, the mofl corrupt paffions of the heart have only fecured an eafier mode of gra- tification, and become lefs formidable than when they appeared with hardened effrontery. From thefe combined circumflances, therefore, we may fafcly conclude, that a refinement of manners is only another term for varnifhing vice; and that, wherever too great an attention to the minutiae of external ceremony is eftablifhed, the nation is rapidly verging to effemi- nacy and decay. The intercourfe between France and Britain of late years is not only appa- rent in our drefs, our amufements, and gallantries, but it feems alfo to have had a perni- cious effeA on our national courage, and patriotic partiality, 'f'o ef^eem his own country fuperior to any other in the univerfe, and boldly todefend it's rights, were formerly the dif- tinguifhing chara^terifticsof aBritonj but, from a vain predileAion for continental refine- ments, FRANCE. *49 nflhte, the eofltempt of arbitrary power becomes lefs violent, and! the atd^rpatr'ta feems no more to influence the fenfual bofoms of modern Englifhmcn. To what we have already advanced refpeding the manners and cuftoms of the French* we (hall fubjoin the remarks of an ingenious and well-informed modern writer, who thus depi6ls feveral diftinguifliing peculiaiities obfervable in private life among this very whim- fical people. < The natural levity of the French,* fays this gentleman, * is reinforced by the mo{^ pre- * pofterous education, and the example of a giddy people engaged in the moft frivolous < purfuits. A Frenchman is taught by fome prieft or monk to read his mother tongue, and * to fay his prayers in a language he does not underftand. He is accomplifhed in dancing * and fencing by thrmaftersof thofefciences; to which if he adds fome knowledge of mudc, * he efteems himfelf irrefiftibie. But he piques himfelf moft on being polifhed above the ' natives of any other country by his converfation with the fair-fex. In the courfe of this ' communication, with which he is indulged from his tender years, he learns, like a par- « rot, by rote, the whole circle of French compliments; which confift of nothing more than * a fetof phrafes ridiculous toexcefs, and thofehethrowsoutindifcriminately toall women, * without regard to age, place, or cirCumftance. By the frequent repetition of this cxer- * cife, he becomes very pert, very familiar, and very impertinent. Being sccuftomed to * gallantry from his earlieft infancy, a Frenchman becomes perfediy acquainted with the < very minutiae of female cuftoms and humours; and, apparently by inftinfV, performs z * thoufand little offices to ferve them, which men, whofe time has been fpent in making * more valuable acquifttions, would entirely overlook. He enters a lady's bedchamber, * while (he is in bed, without ceremony, reaches her whatever fhe wants, airs her (hift, * and thinks himfelf guilty of no indecorum in officioufly aflifting to put it on. H« * attends at her toilette, regulates the diftribution of her patches, and direfls where Hu * may paint with the happieft efFc£l. Should he enter when flie is drefled, and perceive ' the leaft impropriety in her co'effurt, he infifts on adjufting it with his own hands. Con- * Aantly furniftied with a comb, fciflfars, and pomatum, if he fees a cur), or even a Angle '* hair, amifs, he immediately fets about rectifying it with all the dexterity of a profefled * frizeur. He attends her to every place of public or private refort, whether on bufmefs ' or on pleafure; and, by dedicating his whole time to her fervice, renders himfelf abfo- * lutely the flave of her caprices, and the minion of her pleafures. * Such is the genuine charaAer of a Frenchman of tafte. A coxcomb by profeflion, * impertinent through the extravagance of hispolitenefs, andthehumbleft vaffal of fimale * vanity, while he is miniftering to the gratification of his own. In Ihort, a French petit * maitre (and of that defcription arc all in general from the marquis who glitters in lace * and embroidery, to the garftn barbitrt covered with meal) is one of the moft idle, ia- * fignificant, and foppifh creatures, that creation can aftbrd. * A Frenchman vaiuc9 his hair more than his Go(L and will fooner pawn his fhirt than * part with his qutut. Even the very (annaiiie, the ^oy who cleans (hoes at the corner * of the ftrcet, and the beggar who drives bis afs, all are alike partial to a long tail depend- * ing behind, though jjcfbaps they may be deftitute of 3 ibirt ii^d breeches. 3 R « But li ■.■; '■•■■ hi. y;^!i 9 -i-- tSO EUROPE. « But this partiality,' however ridiculous, is pcrliaps lefs criminal than another equally * univcrfal, at Icaft in one fex, which we are about to mention; that is, paint, which * rccms to carry human afFcdation to the fartheft verge of folly and extravagance. In * other countries, it is true, fomc part of the fair-fex u(c fard znd vermilion to mend a * bad or a faded complexion, to heighten their natural grace;, or to conceal the defeats of * nature, as well as the ravages of time, and even this will appear difgufting and artificial * to every lover of nature; but in France, where fafliion prcfcribes it to all ladies of con- * dition, who indeed cannot appearwithout thi^ badge of diftiniSlion, the pratlice becomes * odious and dcteftable, and every fpcdator who has a relifli for real beauty nuift be hurt ' at the refleflion. As tofard^ or white, with which the neck and fliouldcis are piaifttrcd, * it may in fome meafurc be excuf^ble to conceal a Ikin naturally fallow, and might be * laid on from a defire of appearing more agreeable; but the rougey which bedaubs their * faces from the chin up to the eyes, without the leall art or dexterity, delhoys all dii- * tindion of features, renders the afpeft really frightful, and excites nothing but ideas of * difguft and averfion. Yet this horrible mafk forms the only diftinclion of rankj and * without it no married lady is admitted at court, or into any polite afl'cmbly ; nor dare any * of the lower claffes aflume this badge.' To expatiate upon the Gallic modes of drefs would be needlefs, as that of both fcxes is well known; however, it is fo variable in cities and towns, that no particular defcriptioii can be given of it. In this refpedl", the French certainly poflefs a fertility of invention fu- ^erior to their neighbours, and the frequent varying of their fafliions is unqueltionably of infinite fervice to their nianufa£lures. The cheapncfs of the drefs and ornaments of iHitii fexes gives them a decided fuperiority over other nations, particularly the Englifli, and al- lows the indulgence of a whimfical tafte without incurring difproportionate expcnces. A ftranger, of whatever country, has no fooner arrived in Paris, than he finds it indif- penfably neceflary to fend for the various tradefmen concerned in the equipment of the hu- man body. The minuted articles of drefs muft be adapted to the reigning Parifian filhioii; even the buckles, and the form of the ruffles, muft: be changed, and the cloaths muit be fuited to the mode of the fcafon, though at the rifque of the wearer's life. The inclemency of the weather muft never be an apology for not wearing his habit d'etc, oi de/m /hifcii; uor muft he prefume to put on a warmer drefs before the day which fafliion has prclcnbed for that purpofe; and neither old age nor infirmity will juftify a man for wearing a hat on his head either at home or abroad. From thefe capricious decrees of faftiion it is not to be fuppofcd the ladies are excluded: their facques and negligees muft periodically be altered and new-trimmed; their caps, laces, and fhoes, muft likewife be new, and their hair cut according to the laft-adopted mode. They muft have their tafFaties for the fummer, their flowered filks for the fpring and autumn, and their fattins and damafks for winter. In the lightncfs of their apparel the men too muft be wholly diredted by the feafons. Tht^ mud provide themfelves with fuits of camblet trimmed with filver for fpring and autumn, filk cloaths for fummer, and cloth laced with gold, or velvet, for winter; and their bag-wigs muft be worTi a la pigeon. In a word, this variety of drefs is abfolutely neceflary for all ihofc who pretend to any thing above the mere vulgar. From the king to the beggar, all • ranks FRANCE. 25« rank* indifcriminately ufe powder; and even the \tty cattnaille^ according to their abilities^ ape thLir fui-icriors in the fopperies of fafhion. The common people, however, in the country, dill ret.iin, without any material deviation, the antiquated modes of drefs, the large hat, tiie ciunmous jacic-booi, and prodigious fpurs; and even within a few leagues of Pa is this coiifiaiV begins to be perceptible. In large cities, the clergy, lawyers, phy- ficians and merchants, jrcnerally drefs in black; and the French nation in general, in their niodrs and d'cfr, arc giverned by. commercial circumftances, which is, indeed, a proof of commendable; policy. Perhaps it is not a little to be regretted, that moft of their abfur- ditiis have of l.nc ycais been almofl univerfally adopted among u=, without the fmallcft re- gard to ilie political motives by which they are aduated, and which with us are fatally rcverk-d. The uftabliflied religion of France, (Ince the revocation of the Edidt of Nantz, is the Ro- man Catholic; in the profcllion of which their kings have been fo uniformly conflant, that they have obtained from tlie Pope the title of Moft Chriftian, and The Eldcft Son of the Caurch. The Gallican church, however, has more than once attempted to emanci- -late itfdf from the papal yoke; and, in the reign of Louis XIV. had nearly efFeded it's purpofc: but it was Hnally defeated by the fecret bigotry of that haughty monarch; who, whiKl he was awing the Pope, was inwardly trembling urder the power of the Jefuits, a focitty now totally exterminated from that kingdom. But though the French clergy re- ftrid the authority of the Pope to matters purely fpiritual, they are in general very ini-. niical to any thing that has the appearance of reformation; and, being poflefled of immenfe property, (hould government even wifli lo amend the ecclefiallical cltablifliment, it would be a very dangerous attempt, without the fulkft unanimity between the king and his parliaments. Notwithftanding Pnpery is the only religion tolerated in this kingdom, there are ftill a vaft number of fecret Proteflants, commonly called Hugonots, in Dauphinc, Languedoc, and fome other provinces, who are obnoxious to the niofl grievous cruelties and perfe- cutions from the intoierancy of the clergy and magiftrates; they perform their religious cxeicifes with the fame dread as if they were p.-rpetrating the moft heinous crimes, and venture to alVemble only in private ccllais, \:.\\A places reniot; from public view. In Alface, however, the Proteflants are openly tolerated by virtue of a treaty; and in many places the Jews meet with no molcftatii)n. Indeed, th • freedom of writing, which may be faid to ha\e firft been i.uroduced into Fiance by .M. Dc Voltaire, has in modern times tended coi fideriblv to foften the rage of leligious bigotry; and whiltt it has made deifm fafhion- able among the pert frce-thinktrs, has ina great tneafure refcued confcicntious Chrillians from the fcourge of intolerant zeal. The following ArtieLs exhibit the extent of papal authority in this country. I. In teir-poral affair*;, neither the fovereign, his officers, nor magiftrates, are fubjcd tO' any church difcipline inHided either by the bifliops,or their fupreme head the Pope. II. The Pi'pu*> jurifdidion in Fiance is bounded by the king's pleafure; his nuncio» and legates a htttre are only regarded as envoys from the court of Rome to that of Fiance; and cannot, by virtue of any papal mandate, ij-,termtddle with civil affairs, uj:ilcrs Mi ^^^i .v^ll >"■>■■ I) ■ :1 M3! I 1 1.. J f. >>*' III 25* EUROPE. unlefs fuch mandate has previouily received the king's fanAion, and has been regiftered in due form in parliament. III. The convention and holding of all ecclefiaftical aflemblies, with the confirmation of their decrees, depend on the civil power j nor is the concurrence of the Pope ne- ceflTary to give them validity. IV. The king may enafl laws which merely concern the ecclefiaftical conftitution, and limit the exercife of clerical power} and, without the king's permifllon and rati- fication, no law of the church, either framed by the bilhops or the Pope, can fubjct^ any one to external penalties or punifhments, or even to church difcipline. V. The Pope is denied the privilege of levying money in France on any pretence what- ever, except the fees and impofts allowed him by the concordat; though the king may tax the clergy without the papul fandion, a privilege which moft other Catholic princes are obliged to purchafe by paying a quota of fuch tax to the holy fee. VI. No ecclefiaftical foundation:', nor any new order of monks and nuns, can be in- troduced without the royal fiat} and the rules of fuch order muft remain fubjed to the cognizance and amendment of the civil power. VII. The king has the fole nomination of all archbifiiops and bifhops, abbots and priors; except, with refpedto the latter, where the convent is indulged with the choice of it's own fuperior. VIII. The ecclefiaftical jurifdiiSlion is fubordinate to the civil power; fo that appeals from the decifions of the ecclefiaftical courts may be brought before parliament. This kingdom contains eighteen archbifhops; an hundred and thirteen bifhops; twenty- two thoufand two hundred and ninety-one parochial and other priefts; feven hundred and feven abbies for men; three huivdred and feventeen priories and abbies for women, befides an infinite number of other convents; together with two hundred and fifty commanderies of the order of Malta. The aggregate number of monks and nuns is computed at up- wards of an hundred and ninety thoufand, whofe revenues are faid to exceed an hundred million of livres; ' vhile the annual ''ncome of the archbifhops and bifhops amounts to four millions three bunJrcd and thirty-feven thoufand livres. Indeed, from the beft calcula- tions, it appears that the ecclefiaftics compofe an eightieth part of the population of the whole country, tothefupporiof which their emoluments are in general perfedlly adequate. The Archbifhop of Lyons is count and primate of France; the Archbifhop of Sens is pri- jBiate of France and Germany; the Archbifhop of Paris is duke and peer of the realm; and the Archbifhop of Reims is duke and peer, as well as legate, of the fee of Rom«. The fchemes of Louis XIV. toeftablifh an univerfal monarchy are well known to have failed; but his attempts to render the French language univerfal have been attended with all the fuccefs that could be defired. Every propofal that tended to the purity and perfection of his native tongue was attentively liftened to by this great monarch, a circumftance which tended equally to hisgrcatnefs and his glory; for, by it'; general difFufion, his court and nation gr, that the ariftocratical form of government was hardly regarded as a blefs- Lng. However, ariftocracy fubfifted in a certain degree till the commencement of the laft century: but Cardinal Richlieu, minifter of Louis XIII. gave it a mortal blow; and, fince that period, the civil difputes in France have been between the great men for power and place. Though parliaments are ftill kept up, they have not the leaft analogy to thofe of Great Britain: they maintain the name without the exercife of power j and, by being made having accidentally been the caufc FRANCE. 257 caufe of his own fdn's death, annexed that country to the crown of France by will, on condition that the prefumptivc-heir to the throne fhould be ftiled Daupliin. The French king (to adopt the idea of th;it nation) never dies; for nofonncr are the eye* of one clofed, than the next piince of the blood fucceeds tt) the throne, and is inftantly in- verted with fupreme authority: but fhould the fucceflbr happen to be a minor, (that is, und-T fourteen years of age) the adminiftration of government is committed to a regent, ufually the queen-mother, or a prince of the blood, unlefs thedeceafed king has nominated one in his will. When a new king enters his fourteenth year, he is conduced to the pirliament of Paris with the greatcft magnificence, attended by tlie princes of the blood, the peers, and the high officers of Uate. This aflcmbly obtains the name of his Bed of Juftice, and by it he is declared of age: however, the regent frequently procures a prolongation of power, and continues to fovern till his majcfty thinks proper to afTume the reins of government himfelf. The arms of France are. Three Fleurs-de-lys, Or, in a field. Azure, fupported by two Angels habited as Lcvites, each holding a banner in his hand charged with the fame arms; the creft is an open Crown; the whole under a grand azure pavilion ftrcwed with fleurs- de-lys. Or and Ermine; and over it aclofe ground with a double fleur-de-lys. Or, on the fides of which are flying ftreamers bearing the words, *■ Monjoie S, Dennis-,' and above them, on the royal banner, or oriflame, appears, * Lilia non laborant ncqui lunt.* The king is crowned at Rheims by the archbifhop of that city, afllfted by five other ecclcfiaflical peers, and fix noblemen who reprefent the fix ancient lay- peers of France. The anointing oil, according to a ridiculous tradition, was brought from Heaven by a dove, and is kept in a phial called the Holy Bottle. The crown of Charlemagne, a ponderous piece of regalia, is firft placed on the king's head, but immediate./ exchanged for another of a more commodious fize. The other enfignsof royalty are, the Sceptre, which he wields in his right-hand; and the Hand of Juftice, a ftaiFabout two feet long, with an ivory handle, which he holds in the left. The former is ufed on all days of ceremony} the latter only at the coronation. The French nobility are divided into four clafles: the firft includes the princes of the blood, confifting of the Houfe of Orleans, the two branches of the Houfe of Bourbon, thofe of Conde and Conti, together with fuch of the king's natural children as have been legitimated. To the fecond clafs belong the high nobility, dukes and peers of the realm; and with them are ranked the principal oflicers of the court, the knights of the Holy Ghoft, and the governors and lieutenant-generals of provinces. The third clafs is compofed of the common ancient nobility, who in fome provinces are ftiled Nobles, but in general only Ecuyers : thefe are divided into the mhhjfe dt rati and the noblejfe de naijfance; the firft are thofe whofe anceftors have held employments which confer nobility an hundred years at leaft; and the fecond are thofe nobles whofe anceftors were created fuch, and from whofe patent it appears they were commoners. The fourth clafs confifts of the nev/ nobi- lityt whom the king has uifed by patent, or eniiobkd by employmenti and to this clafs are 3 T referred Irh M''i ' > J : I ? m I 258 EUROPE. referred tlie king's fecretaries, the counfellors of the parliament of Paris, and of other high tribunals in that city, the Etchevins, or chief magilhatcs, uf cities, and the military nobility. In France arc three orders of knighthood. Firii^, that of St, Mich.indeed, to vanity and ambition they have even facrificed the beft mterefts of their country, as well as the happinei's of individuals. Accounts are kept in France in livres, fols, and deniers. One livre contains twenty fous, and one fol twelve deniers. The French livre is valued at ten-pence halfpenny. One fol is worth an halfpenny} confequently pne denier is the fixth part of a farthing. Thre» FRANCE. 259 Thrccdeniers make a liard, which is a fmall copper coin. The filvcr coin is the ecu, or crown, equivalent to three iivrc?, about the v.iiuc of our luli-crowri. A lonl'. blanc is eftimated at five (hillings. The gold coins aic, the lo lis d'or, of one pound v:i1j'.'. Th^rj are alio double and halt louis. A pidolc iscqu'valcnt to ci^hl fhiliiii|^s ii.d loupencc. In our dcfcriptinn of the principal cities in this cxtcnfjve kingdom, we fhall beii,'n witli thcc.ijiital; which having been oficn Tilltcd and delineated by many able writers, a vci/ minute account of it will be fiipfrflunus. Pans, (.n Latin Lutetia^ Parijjii .ind Lutetia Puriftomtn) the capital of France, is fitu- atcd on a fpacious plain wateitd by the River Seme, in the middl,. of the Ifle of France, in 48 dpgrces 50 minutes north latitude, and in 2 degrees 25 minutes eaft longitude of London, from which it is d'ftant about two hundred and twenty-five miles. This city i« of a cir- cular form; and, including the fuburbs, it is about twenty miles in circumference. It conflfts of three grand divifions, viz. the City, the Uiiiverfity, and what formerly was dif- tii.' lifted by the name of the Town; which, collec'ivcly, are fnppofrd to be peopled by about feven hundred thoufand inhabitants. The fplendid edifices of Paris are certainly very numerous; but many of them anfwcr the purp^fes of .^iIios of a courtier are attended to. Between tlii* clafs of people and rhof- of LonJon th .'rt is amoftftriking contraft. for \<\ Piris the women pack up parcels, enter oid^rs, and exe- cute the common drudgery of the fl^( p; whil'* the hufbnnd loiter* about, talJts <, n • ■I. 3U The iu. i6* EUROPE. The moft remarkable hofpitals are thofe of Hotel Dieu, Trinity, the General Hofpitaf, and the Hofpital for Difabled Soldiers. The Hotel Dieu is the molt ancient and extcnfivc inftitution of the kind in Paris: to this hofpital all forts of patients arc admitted, with- out regard to religion, country, difcafe; and they are attfiided with the utmoft tcn- dcrnefs by the nuns of the order of St. Urfula, who officiate as nurfcs. The Royal Hofpital for Difabled Soldiers may be confidcred as a fpacious palace, it's fite occupying upwards of feventeen acres: it is a noble and benevolent inftitution, for the fupport of lame and fuperannuated officers and foldiers; and the ftridt order and difcipline obfetvcd in it juftly claim the higheft admiration. The General Hofpital ftands in the fuburbs of St. Vi£loire; a very benevo' :nt founda- tion for the female fex, near feven thoufand of whom are provided for in this place, and live under the infpedioii of fixty fiftersj fubordinate to whom arc eighty governefles, and a confiderable number of maid-fervants. Here foundlings are received, who occupy one ward; girls and young women, who few and knit; a great number of lewd women, who are compelled to fpin woollen; fome hundreds of female ideots; and many poor women of every age, who either live gratis, or pay a trifle for their admiffion. To this admirable foundation belongs the caftle of Biceftre; in which are near four thoufand perfonsof the other fex; particularly poor men, who are entertained gratis, and fome who pay for their reception into the houfe. Common prifoners are likewife confined here, in a feparate houfe walled in, each being allotted a cell by himfelf. Trinity Hofpital was founded about the year 1202, by two friars, for the reception of poor travellers; but it is now principally applied to the maintenance and education of poor children of both fexes born in lawful wedlock. Thcfc arc all taught to read anJ write; and, after they have attained to a proper age, are trained up to fome trade within the hofpital. This benevolent inftitution is under the government of five eminent pcrfons, felcfted by the parliament out of ten prefcnted to them by the attorney-general. It is unncceffary to particularise the beauties of the different fquares and bridges; of the foivT, that called La Place de Vi£toires, or the Square of Victories, is the moft fa- mous; and of the latter, the Ponr Ncuf, or New Bridge, confifting of twelve arches, is moft admired. In this city are feveral courts of cxtcnfive jurifdiflion: the principal of which are, the parliament; a general court of the juftices in eyre; a court of admiralty; an 1 the court of theChatelet, or the ordinary court of juftice for the civil government of liecity, of which the provoft, with the four echevins or aldermen, and twenty-fix counfdlors, are judges. The police of Paris is ftriil beyond conception. Qiiarrh, accidents, or fclonic«, feldom happen; and ftrangers, of whatever country, Iangu:>gp, or drefs, are furc to expe- rience the politeft treatment. "I'he ftreets arc patrolled at night by horfc and foot, fojudi- cioufly ftationed, that it is almoft impoffible for an offender to cfcape their vigilance: they vifit ev^ry place of public accommodation prccifely at twelve; after which time no liquor is permitted to be fold. The public roads throughout the whole kingdom are under the fame excellent regulations; which, with the apprehcnfions of the rack, prevent robberies, fo FRANCE. 263 fn frequent in England; though, when they do happen, they are generally attended with the nioft horrid adls of barbarity. The trade of Paris with the reft of the kingdom is pretty fextenfive; and it's foreign commerce is not only confidcrable, but highly lucrative. The manufactures of gold, fil- ver, and fiik fluffs, areof vaft importance} nor are thcfe of other ftuiTs, the fripperies of drefs, and looking- glafles, much inferior in point of advantage. Paris has undergone many fevolutions, having frequently fuffcred by war, fire, and civil commotions; and it was once confiderably damaged by an inundation of the Seine. The environs are as delightful as fancy itfelf can imagine; and contain a number of tine feats, fmall towns and villages, enjoying in general a mod enchanting fttuation. Tile magnificent palace of Verfailles, v. ich ftands about twelve miles from Paris, though grand and cxpenfive to the laft degree, and adorned with all that art and nature can fupply, does not form an entire whole, according t^ the grand and fublime in archi- tedure; but is more properly a collection of building,*, each finlQied in the higheft ftile of eicgance. The water-works at Marii, (which are worked by means of prodigious engines acrofs the Seine) as well as the gardens, are amazing proofs of the fertility of human invention, and ftrike every ftranger with aftonifhment. The palaces of Marli, St. Germain en Laye, Trianon, Meudon, and others, are laid oilt in the fined taftc, each poiTclliiTg it's peculiar beauties, for the entertainment and accom- modation of a court immerfcd in luxury and voluptuoufnefs, deditute of genuine refine- ment, and dudious only of fuperficial gratifications. A!x, (in Latin Aqua Sextitc) the capital of Provence, a populous and elegant city, con- taining fu[,jrb druftures of free-done, ftands in a fpacious valley, in 45 degrees 54 mi- nutes north latitude, and in 6 degrees to minutes ead longitude. This is an archiepif- topal fee, containing two colleges, an univerfity founded in 1409, an academy for the polite arts, and a numbT of convents. Being inhabited, efpecially in the winter, by a great number of nobility, Aix, for agreeable company, is only infcior to Paris itfelf, III the fuburbs a a warm mineral fpring once highly celebrated, which, after being loft for many ages, was again aifcovered in 1704, but the virtues for which it ;vas originally famous have never thorouiThly revived. Aries, the Artllas and Arclacum of antiquity, a fpacious and wclI-built -ity on the bniiks of the Rhone, in 43 decrees 32 minutes north latitude, and in 4 degrees 4., minutes ' ead longitude, ir almoft entirely furrounded with a morafs, which renders the air thick and infalubrious. This city is an archiepifcopal fee, and contains a number ot ilately edi- fices, having been anciently the capital of the kingdom of Burgundy : but it is now principally famous for the nvmierous remains of Roman architCiHure found there and in the vicinity; among which, an obcliHc of oriental granite, fifty-two feet high and fevcn feet diameter at the bafe, of one done, is none of the lead remarkable. There are alfo the ruins of an amphitheatre fuppofcd to have been built by Julius Csefar, of an oval form, an hundred and ninety-four fathoms in circumference: the fragments of a circus, a Roman capitol, fepulchral t I 264 EUROPE. fepulchral monuments, urns, and farcophagi, are likewifc to be feen at Aries, with various other relics of antiquity. Marfcilles, (in Latin MajJilUa) efteemed tlie fecond city of Provence with refpeft to extent, but the firft for trade, and the moft ancient of all, is faid to have be-^n of fome note five hundred years before the Chriftian aera. It is fituatcd near the fca, at the foot of a rocky mountain, in 43 degrees 18 minutes north latitude, and in 5 degrees 27 minutes eaft longitude, being divided into the Old and New Town. This city is an epifcopal fee, an. I 'ontains many beautiful ftrudures, particularly the cathedral, (which is faid to have been a temple of Diana) by far the moft ancient of any in France. A fort at theentranceof the harbour affords a ftrong defence towards the fea: on the land-fidc the eye is prefcnted with one of the moft charming plains in the univcrfe, adorned with an infinite number of country-feats, gardens, and vineyards, belonging to the moft refpeJtable citizens. Marfeiilcs has a valuable manufacEture of gold and filver ftufFs, and is the centre of commerce to the Levant. In 1720 is was vifited by a moft dreadful pcftilence, which raged with unabating fury near two years. Toulon, a maritime city of confiderable extent, ftands on a bay of the Mediterranean Sea, forming a fecure and commodious harbour, in 43 degrees 5 minutes north latitude, and in 6 degrees 2 minutes eaft longitude. On the land-fide it is defended by ftrong fortifica- tions, and the harbour is alfo well protected by batteries. Louis XIV. from a paltry vil- lage, raifed Toulon to a fca-port of the firft confequence. Being principally intended for the reception of the royal navy, he fpared noexpence in the fortification both of the town and harbour. The old and new harbour lie contiguous; and, by means of a canal, fliips pafs fr-m the one to the other, both having an outlet into the fpacious exterior harbour. The arfenal, cftablilhcd by the fame monarch, has a particular ftore-houfc for every fliip of war, it's guns, cordage, and ammunition, b.ing feparately difpofed of. Spacious work- fhops a;e provided for the different artiz.ns; and the rope-walk, a triple work of ftonc arched over, is three hundred and twenty toifes long. The general magazine fupplies whatever may be wanting in the particular ftore-houfcs, and ufually contains an immeiife quantity of every fpecie? of naval ftorcs. Avignon, (in Latin Jvcnis) the- laft place worth notice in Provence, is fituated on the River Rhone, and is furrouiided with a beautiful wall of free-ftoncj but has loft much of that fplendor it enjoyed when it was the papal refidence. In the church of the Fran- cifcans is fiicwn the tomb of the beautiful and learned Laura, whofe name is immorta- lized by the poetry and pafllon of the cekbrated Petrarch. The cathedral contains feve- ral monuments of the popes, and the chair or throne they ufcd while Avignon was their refidence. Grenoble, (in Latin Grat'tanapolls) the capital of Dauphinc, is agreeably fituated at the foot of a mountain on the River Ifere, near the confluence of the Drac. This city is honoured with a Parliament, an Intendency, a Chamber of Accounts, a Court of Taxes, Mint, and a Court of the Lord Trcafurer of France. It is a pleafant and populous city, defended by a citadel called the Baftillc, befides other auxiliary fortifications. Being an epfcopal fee, and the feat of feveral courts, it contains a variety of ma^jnificent public buildings. FRANCE. ifiS Imildinge, particularly th? bifhop's palace, the cathedral j courts of juftice, arCenal^ and general hofpital. About the diftancc of three leagues from Grenoble ftands the grand Chartreufe, the pioft celebrated of all the convents belonging to the order of Carthudans. From that city two roads lead to it, both carried over fteep roclcs and hideous precipices, the terror of which is encreafed by the frightful roaring of the River Guyer la Mort, as It precipitates it's courfe among them. The convent forms a fpacious oblong fquare, and is environed on all fides with rocks and woody mountains. In the large hall of this convent is held 911 annual general chapter of the order of Carthufians. It contains many beautiful paint- ings, and fome curious relics, particularly the Arm of St. Bueno, the founder of this order, whofe body is faid to be -buried in Calabria. BefanfOfl, (in Latin Vtfontio) the capital of Burgundy or Franche Comte^ antecedent to the peace of Weftphalia, was an Imperial city; but, fince it has fallen into the hands of the French, has received many additional fortifications, which render it a place of confi- derable ftrength. It is an archiepifcopal fee, and the feat of a parliament, but is not very remarkable either for population, beauty, or extent. In the vicinity are the ruins of an amphitheatre, an hundred and twenty feet in diameter; and fome Pagan temples, with a triumphal arch dedicated to the Emperor Aurelian. Stra(burg, (in Latin Argentoratum) the capital of Alface, is a royal, free. Imperial city, (landing in 48 degrees 36 minutes north latitude, and in 7 degrees 41 minutes eaft longi- tude, about two miles from the Rhine, and is furrounded by the Rivers III and Breufch. The fortifications are not deemed very ftrongi but, by means of a fluice, the city may be laid under water. It is very large and populous, containing about thirty-two thoufand boufes, which in general are but indifferent ftru£lures. However, many of the public edifices are fplendid and beautiful; and the cathedral in particular is a noble and anci>eiit ftruAure, containing a valuable collection of curloiities prefented to it by Louis Xiy. among which are many articles of immenfe value. The city council is half Lutheran and half Catholic; but the burghers in general are of the Lutheran perfuafion. The fupreme magiftrate, fince the city has become fubjedl: to France, is the royal praetor, who maintains the prerogatives of his mafter, and takes care that the college of the magiftrates enter into no fcheme repugnanttohis majefty's ijitereft or pleafure. The king, however, reaps no pecuniary benefit from this city, for all the iropofts levied here are expended in it's fupport. Nancy, the capiul of the dutchy of Lorrain, and the ancient ducal refidence, is fituated on a delightful plain near the River Meurte; and is divided into the Old and New Town. The former is fmall and inelegant : however, it contains the palace begun by Duke Leo- pold Jofeph, which ftill remains imperfeA; and in it are exhibited, as curiofities, the fa- bres of two fiurgundiaos killed by Charles the Bold; and likewife that duke's helmet, which ufed to be carried every year in proccffion. The New Town is large, the ilreets are broad and airy, and the houfes beaiiriful, but low, conformable to the t^^ of this country. The cathedral, a modern pile, and imme- diately fubje^ to the Pope, is (lately and beautiful, being adorned with two towers and a 3 X cupola 1 '','■' « m ■ ]> 1 J:] 1 [ m ^, \ Ml ha} t ™* li t 1 1: Mi 166 EUROPE. cupola after the Italian manner. The fortifications of Nancy were formerly of fome im- portance, but, by the peace of Ryfwic, thefe were difmantled. Proceeding in order, we come to French Flanders ; the principal places in which are the following. Gravelines, a fmall but ftrOng town, is fituated at the mouth of the River Aa, and de- fended by a noble citadel and a fort towards the Tea. It was taken and burnt by the English in 1383, but afterwards rebuilt and fortified with fuperior beauty and ftrength. From that period it frequently changed it's fovereign, till it was again laid in afhes by the Eng- lifli fleet in 1694. The fortifications, however, have fince been greatly improved by the celebrated Marflial de Vauban. Lifle, the capital of all French Flanders, fituated on the Deule, is a large and beautiful place; being the refldence of the governor- general, and containing a court of intendency, a mint, and feveral civil courts. Many of the public buildings are exquifitely beautiful; and the fortifications are remarkably ftrong, as was experienced in the reign of Queen Anne, when Prince Eugene fat down before it, after the battle of Oudenarde, and with difficulty took it in three months. The trade of Lifle through France by land-carriage, or by way of Dunkirk, is pretty confiderable} but their commerce to Spain and the Weft Indies is by far the mod advan- tageous. Douay,a tolerably large and well fortified city on theRiver Scarpe, is principally famous for it's univerfity, and a celebrated Englifh feminary. It's principal trade confifts in the manufa£lure of worfted camblets, which are bought up by all the neighbouring provinces, particularly at a large annual fair held in September. The magiftracy confiils of twelve cchevins, the firft of whom is honoured with the appellation of Chief. The city fell into the hands of the Confederates in 1710 but was lofl again two years afterwards. ' Cambray, (in Latin Camaracum) a well-fortified city, defended by a citadel and fort, and an archiepifcopal fee, is particularly famous for it's cambric manufaAure, which de- rived it's name from the place of it's invention. Dunkirk, a ftrongly fortified town^n the River Colne, which falls into the Britifh Chan- nel at this place, is fituated in 51 degrees 2 minutes north latitude, and in 2 degrees 27 minutes eaft longitude, twenty-fix miles eaftward of Calais. It was firft encompafTed with a wall, in the tenth century, by Baldwin Earl of Flanders; and, enjoying a harbour com- modious for trade, the inhabitants improved their natural advantages, and by degrees be- caote fo opulent and powerful, that in the twelfth century they fitted out a fmall fleet againft the Norman pirates, and atchieved fome eminent exploits; on which Philip Earl of Flanders conferred feveral confiderable privileges on the town. In the thirteenth century it was purchafed by the Archbifhop of Cambray; and afterwards paffing through various hands, it was by turns fubjedl to the Empire, France, and Spain, till, in 1658, it was ceded to England by France, as a reward for aflifting the laft mentioned nation againft the arms of Spain. In 1662, Charles II. King of England, fold the town to France for five mil* lions of Kvres; by which compaft Louis XIV. acquired alfo Mudyke, and other villages which the Engliih had raifed in tbc vicinity. FRANCE. 267 On this acqutfltion, Louis ordered the city to be well fortified, ere£led a citadel and fort, and put the harbour into a moft excellent condition, which was defended at each ex- tremity by batteries, forts, and other fortifications. The city foon becoming populous and flourifhing, the Englifti, for the protection of their commerce, which had fUffered ex- tremely from the privateers of Dunkirk, compelled France, at the peace of Utrecht, toagree todemolifli the fortifications, and to fill up the harbour, which was never in future to be repaired. In conformity to this treaty, the French actually began to deftroy the works; but it was foon difcovered, or at leaft pretended, that, by filling up the harbour, the coun- try, for ten leagues round, would be in danger of being overflowed. This ferving as a plea for procraftination, feveral fruitlefs n^'gociations were carried on between the two na- tions; and the French flill delaying to comply,the article relative to Dunkirk in the peace of Utrecht was inferted more fully in that of Aix-la-Chapelle. France, however, feemcd only to have made concefHons, that fhe might be able to violate their intent with lefs fu- fpicion: the fortifications of Dunkirk were enlarged and flrengthened^ inflead of being demolifhedj and, on the peace of 1763, their demolition was again made an article of con- vention. The recent war between Britain and that nation was too unpropitious to the former to permit her to expeA fuch humiliating ftipulations on the part of the latter: Co that Dunkirk bids fair to be the beft frequented port in the Channel; and will ever prove highly prejudicial to the befl interefts of Britain, both in peace and war. Arras, the Origiacum of Ptolemy, and the Atrebatae of Caefar, a large and populous city of Artois, fituated on the Scarpe, about twelve miles fouth-wefl of Douay, is divided into two parts, the one called the City, and the other the Town, both furrounded with old walls of prodigious flrength, which received many repa'rs and additional improvements from the illuftrious Vauban. The houfes in general make a handfome appearance, the flreets are fpacious and elegant, and the inhabitants opulent and commercial. Their ma- nufadlory of tapeflry is very beautiful, though reckoned inferior to that at Paris, BrufTels, and Antwerp. The public edifices are flately and magnificent; and, among the curiofities which fuperflition has invented, a chapel is fhewn in the fiiperb church of the abbey of St. Vaft, in which was kept a candle pretended to have been given by the Blefled Virgin to the inhabitants, to cure an inward heat, which burnt and confumed them. St. Omer, (in Latin AnomaropoUs) a confiderable city on the Aa, (landing partly on an eminence, and partly on a morafs, is one of the beft fortifications in the Netherlands, and an epifcopal fee. This city contains many fine ftreets; and a fpacious fquare lined with flately edifices, among which is the Town-houfe. The cathedral dedicated to St. Omer is a noble pile, and it's chapels are highly ornamented with marble and paintings. On each fide of the portico ftands a fquare fleeple of great height, v/here a conftant watch is kept; and the gates are never opened till day-light, when the watch gives the fignal that no enemy is in fight. The convents and nunneries are pretty numerous, and a fcminary for Engliih catholics is in high repute. To the north-eaft of St. Omer's are feveral floating iflands, which move backwards and forwards according to the motion imparted to themj a circumlhxice which has given rife to m m 1.1; "l \\t \4i \w •:w 268 EUROPE. im"-' ^ J; P'V' ■ ■ -' W'"^" ' ■titf &i § toawrll-known gfographfcal paradox. Thefe iflands being cofVered with graft, are fre- quently towed to fbore, and cattle put to depaftureon them. Amiens, (in Latin Ambianum) the capital of Picardy, is featcd on the Somme; and, from the fpacioufncfs of it's ftreets, and the elegance of it'sftruclures, exhibits a delightful ap- pearance. The ramparts are pJanted with trees, which form a very agreeable walk* and the Somme entering the city by three different channels, after watering it in every quarter unites it's ftreams at the extremity of the place. The cathedral dedicated to the Virgin Mary is highly embvUiflied with pillars, cha- pels, tombs,and paintings; and, among other relics, the ecclefiaftics belonging to it pretend to poileii the heart of St. Jtihn the Baptift. The parochial churches and other pi>blic ftrudures are fplendid, and in good repair; and in this city feveral courts are held. The inhabiunts carry on a manttfadnre of ferrets, and make a oonfiderable quantity of curious 1)lack and green fbap. Abbeville, the capital of Ponthteu, a diftrid of Picardy, is fltuated in a delightful plain on the Somme; and, though originally no more than a farm or manor belonging to the abbey of St. Requier, by degrees became a borough, and is now well fortified and encom- paflfed with walls. The houfes, indeed, are in general but inelegant ftruAutes of wood- but, in point of population, it is only inferior to Amiens. The collegiate church of St. Ulfranc is a lofty ftone building, but not very highly adorned: the churches and convents are numerous; and the fttuation of Abbeville with refpe£l to commerce renders it's inhabitants llourifliing in their circumftances. The woollen manufa£lure, eftablifhed by Mr. Roberts, a Dutchman, in 1665, has fucceeded fo well, that the cloths of Abbeville are little inferior in value to thofe of England. Calais, a fea-port town of vaft ftrength, in 51 degrees 2 minutes north latitude, and in 3 degrees 15 minutes weft longitude, ffands onamarihy plain, at a part where the Britifh Channel is only feven leagues broad; between which and England, during peace, there is a conftant communication by packet-boats, which fet out regularly from Dover at fkted timec. The figure of the city is an oblong fquare; and, towards the fea, the fortifications are immenfely ftrong: nor are they lefs confiderable on the land-fide, every effort of art being ufed to render it perfeftly fecure againft every poffible contingency. The port, though happily fituated, is attended with feveral material inconveniences, being almoft choaked up witli fand at it's entrance, and unprovided with a road for (hips to ride at anchor. The canal of Calais, however, is of infinite advantage to the inhabitants for inland navigation; for, by it's means, paiTengers and goods may be conveyed to St. Omer's, Gravelines, Dun- kirk, Bruges, and Ypres. Calais is adorned with many beaiitiful modern edifices, and ftraight well-paved ftreets. The inhabitants carry on a confiderable trade in wine, brandy, fait, flax, horfes,and butter; and are exempt from all taxes, except afteflinents for the repairs of the canal and fortifi- cations; which, however, run very high. After a memorable fiege, the Englilb, under Edward III. got pofleiSon of this town in sy ?, and retained it till 1558) when it was retaken by the Duke of Guife. In 1596, Albert, %**:/ TRANCE. 26f Albert, Archduke of Aufliia, made himfelf mafter of it; but, by virtue of a treaty, it was rcftorcd, two years after, to Henry IV. of France. Since that period, the city has been thrice bombarded by the Englifh without cfFc6l. Rheims, the ancient Durocortorum and Civitas Rhemorum, a city of Champagne, and one of the mod celebrated in the whole kingdom, flands eighty-five miles north-eaft of Paris, and is about four miles in circumference, containing fcveral fine fquares, fpacious ftreets, and magnificent public and private edifices. The cathedral of Our Lady is a Gothic ftrufture of beautiful workmanfliip, and rich almoft beyond conccj^tion. The great altar, at which the coronation of the kings or France is performed, is plated with pure gold; and the offerings mad. by every king, on his acccfllon, rendur the cathedral's treafury very rich. On the altar of the church Iconging to the abbey of Benedi£lines is kept the Holy Phial, which is pretended to have been brought from Heaven by a dove, at the baptifm of Clovis by BiOiop Remigius, in 496. This phial is of dark-red glafs, about three inches long, and furniflied with a ftoppcr of gold : the oil contained in it is faid to be indurated; but, on every undion of a king of France, a fmall quantity of it is taken out, and mixed with the oil prepared for that purpofe. This city contains fcveral remains of Roman antiquity; particularly three of it's gates, which ftill bear their original names. i Lyons, (in Latin Lugdunum) the capital of Lyonnois, is fituated at the confluence of the Soane and the Rhone, and contains about four thoufand houfes and ninety thoufand inha- bitants. This city is adorned with feveral beautiful fquares, in one of which ftands the Town-houfe, the mofl elegant ftrudure of the kind in all France. The cathedral dedicated to St. John is a fpacious ftruiSure, celebrated for it's famous clock, whofe various motions appear almoft incredible. The chapter is compofedof gentlemen of the beft families; who boaft of having had among their members, in the thirteenth century, a fon of an em- peror, nine fons of kings, fourteen fons of dukes, thirty of counts, and twenty of barons. Their library contains upwards of forty thoufand volumes; among which are fome manu- fcripls of very remote antiquity. It is impoflible to particularize all the ftately ecclefiaftical edifices and religious inftl- t'ltions in this city, Or to defcribe the various curiofities they contain. The monument of the Two Lovers, which is vifited by every flranger, ftands on the farther fide of the Soane, and feems to have been a Roman work conftrudted of very large ftones. Indeed, many remains of ancient architcfture are ftill to be traced in the city and it's vicinity, fuch as baths, aqueducts, and part of an amphitheatre. The principal trade of Lyons confifts in the manufa£ture of gold, filver, and filk; but of eighteen thoufand looms, which were formerly emplo)'ed here, fcarcely a fourth of that number now remains. Touloufe, or Thouloufe, one of the moft ancient cities in the kingdom, and the ca--^ pital of Languedoc, is fituated in 43 degrees 35 minutes north latitude, and in i degree" 10 minutes eaft longitude, in a moft delightful plain on the Garonne; and, next to Paris, is • tlie moft extenfivc city in allFrance. The ftreets arc fpacious, and the private houfes in . 3 Y general I 'HI m 3) >70 EUROPE. general are built of brick r however, it is by no means populous in proportion to it'i exv tent} and, though blcfled with every local advantage for an extenfive trade, carries on no conftdcrable commerce. I'he cathedral of Thouloufc is an ancient and elegant (Iru^lurr, but contains few curioft- ties. The other religious edifices are large and beautiful; and under the choir of theFran- cifcan church is a vault, where bodies are faid to dry without mouldering or putrcfadtion. Thuis XIV. fijurdeaux, b. ing a place of confidurable traffic, is much reforted to by merchants from every European nation; it's haven is very capacious and fafe, and admits (hips of thelargeft burden. The palace, the town-houfe, beautiful market-places, public fountains, the quay, and the cathedral dedicated to St. Andrew, demand the attention of every traveller. This cit> is an archiepifcjpal fee, the feat of a parliament, a provincial tribunal, and an ad- miralty and trcalurer's office. The inhabitants carry on a very extenfive trade; to promote which, a kind of toleration in religious matters is granted to perfons of almoft every per- fuadon, though no public iSt has ever pafled in their favour. The Scotch nation in par- ticular, on account of the fervices formerly rendered by them to the French, are compli- n;jnd parties were fo equally halanctd, tliat the name of the kin? alone turned the fcale. A Catholic confederacy was formed, called the Holy League, at the head Of which was the Duke of Guifc} while the Protcftants, headed by the Prince of' Coiide, and the Duke of Alen^on the king's brother, called in the German princes to their afnibnci*, and a fixth civil war broke out, which was concluded within the year by another fham peace. The king having plunged himfelf intoa courfe of debauchery and bigotry, was entirely governed by his infamous favourites; but having good natural fenfe, he began to fufpcd that the Catholics, in being foinvcterately bent againft the Protcftants, intended to 1 lace their idol, the Duke of Guife, on the throne, in violation of the regular fuc- cejion. A feventh civil war broke out in 1579, and another in 1585, both difadvan- tageous to the Protcftants, through the abilities of the Duke of Guife, whom the king now regarded with fuch a fufpicious eye, that, after inviting him to an entertainment, both lie and his brother the Cardinal werebafely affaflinated by the royal mandate. The leaguers upon this declared that Henry had forfeited his crown, which obliged him to im- plore the proteilion of the Proteftantsj but while he was befieging Paris, where the leaguers had their greateft force, he was in his turn afl'adinatcd by one Clement, a young enthu- fiaftic monk, and in him ended the line of Valois. Henry HI. being thus difpatched, Henry King of Navarre, the head of the Proteftant party, and heir to the crown of France by the Salic Law, encountered a thoufanddiffi- culti s before he could mount the throne. The leaguers, headed by the Duke of Maine, drew from his cell the decrepit Cardinal of Bourbon, uncle to the King of Navarre, to proclaim him King of- France. Henry, upon this, privately came to a rcfolution of cm- bracing the Roman Catholic religion, as the only means by which he could overcome the difficulties which lay in his way: he then publicly attendea mafs, as a mark of his con- verfion; and having obtained abfolution from the Pope, all France fubmitted to his autho- rity without farther oppofition. In 1598, he publiftied the famous Edift of Nantz^ which fecured to the Protcftants the freeexercife of their religion; and having compofed civil and foreign wars, he applied himfelf with wonderful attention and fuccefs to culti- vate the happinefs of his people, by encouraging manufadlures and commerce. But Henry, accuftomed to enterprize, could not relifli a life of inadivity: he entered into conne£lions with the neighbouring princes for the reduction of the Auftrian grandeur; and having coU lefted a numerous army, and given orders for the coronation of his queen, Mary of Me- dicis, previous to his fetting out on the concerted expedition, he was aflaffinated in his coach, in the ftreets of Paris, by Ravilliac, a young enthuOaft, in 1610. At Henry's death, defervedly furnamcd The Great, his fon Louis XIIL was only nine years of age; who, as foon as he grew up, difcarded his mother and her favourites, and chofe for his miniftex the famous Cardinal Richelieu, a man who, by his fanguinary and refolute '. 'i> ii t.-'. 11 ij6 EUROPE. r^roIutemeaAires, put a period to the remaining liberties of France, andtheProteftant tole. ration. Richelieu, though an enthufiaft for popery, by a mafterly train of politics, fup. ported the Proteftants of Germany, and Guftavus Adolphus of Sweden, againfl the Houfe of Auftria; and after quelling every rebellion and cunfpiracy which had been form.d againft him in France, died a few months before his royal mafter, in 1643, who left his fon Louis XIV. a minor, his fuccclTor. Anne of Auftria, the queen-mother, a6ted as regent during this prince's nonage, while the kingdom was torn in pieces by party views and diitraiStiors; but the famous Mazarine being raifed to the rank c; pri'ne-miniftcr, he found means to divert the impending dan- gerj and when Louis thought proper to afiume the reins of government, he found liimfelf the moft abfolute monarch that ever fat on the throne of France. To write the hiftory of his reign would exceed the bounds of rhis work. We fhall only obferve, that ambition was the darling pafTton of Louis XIV. and though he was fortu- nate in having fuch a minifter as Colbert, who poffeircd a foul calculated for great enter- prizes, his reign was fpiendidly mifcrable; and his vi(Etories, great as they were, bore no proportion to the price they coft him. The latter part of his reign was one continued feries of defeats and calamities; and he was reduced at 'aft to adopt the defperate refo- lution of collecting his people, and dying at their head. The peace of Utrecht, however, concluded in 1713, faved him from defpair; but he did not long furvive this important event, dying in 17 15, when his greet grandfon Louis XV. mounted the throne. One of the firft acts of this king's government was that of nominating his preceptor, afterwards Cardinal Fleury,his prime-minifter; who, though ftrongly difpoicd to peace, tiom the fituaiion of European affairs, could not avoid embroiling his mafter with the Houfe of Auftria. The French king, on the death of his Polifli majefty, attempted to replace his father-in-law Staniflaus on the throne of Poland; but in this he failed, through the interpofuion of the Ruffians and Aiiftrians. A family cornpadt fubfifting between France and Spain, thefe powers united in a v/ar againft Great Britain, which terminated, in 1748, with the pcaceofAix-la-Chapclle, without any material advantages or conceflions on either fide. Lou's XV. found himfclf involved in a fccond war with Great Britain, which was carried op. for fome time with fuch amazing '"uccefs in favour of the Englifti, that France Scgan to tremble to her centre. A peace, however, concluded at Fountain- bleau in 176-^, gave the French time to recover their lofles, and to med tat<' revenge. Louis XV. was fucceeJed by his grandlbn Louis XVI. his prcfcnt majtfty, in 1774. His reign has already been marked with feveral regulations favourable to the national in- terefis; particularly in '"uppreifing the Mufquetaires and fomc other corps, adapted rather for a difplay of royal parade than any real military fervice; and who, however, were fup- ported at an immcnfe cxpcncc to the ftate. But one of the moft remarkable circumftanccs aticndmg the preArnt reign, was elevating Mr. Ncckar, a Proteftant, and a native of Switzerland, to the head of French finance. Under the direction of this gentleman, a general reform took place in France, throughout every department of the revenue; a va- riety of unneccflary offices in the roya. houfhold were abolilhed; and fundry important leguKitioas ^eK adopted for the eafe of tl>e fubivct ajid the honour of government. But the Qieafuri-s I J i 1 . ^ — '---i 'I FRANCE. 277 meafurcs of this true ftatcfman were not calculated to procure him friends at court; the intercfted, the vain, and the ambitious, became his natural enemies; and the king, aflailed by powerful parties, had not fufficient fortitude to maintain a minirter in his place v/hofe actions have been the greatcft glory of his reign. On the breaking out of the unhappy diflenfions between Eng!ii d and her American co- lonies, the moft fliallow politician could forefec, that our natural enemies the French would not remain idle fpoilators. At firft, indeed, till the colonifts had in fome meafure fecured the objeifl of their contention, the French on!/ granted them iecret afliftance ; but no fooner had the Americans jufliiied their rebellion by fuccefs, than France avowed henclf their ally, which gave rife to an extenfive and ruinous war on the part of Great Britain. The humili- ating terms which P'rance dictated to this country at the late pacification are well known, and perhaps will long be felt. France, it is certain, was never fo powerful by fea in any former age ; nor aid her officers and feamen ever behave with fuch conduct and intrepidity : and, to the admiration of all Europe, though her navy has been raifed to fuch a height ?a to become formidable to Britain herfelf, the nation has neither been, burdened with new taxes nor loaded with many additional imports. '1 m CHAP. XI. S P A I N. THE kingdom of Spain, including Portugal, was anciently known by the names of Iberi;i, Hefperia, and liifpania; tlie etymological derivation of which we are at a lofs to account for with authenticity; fancy, rather than icafon, fccniing often to have given names to the dilTerentcountries of the world. The Spaniards tlicmfclvcs call it E(pana; the French., Lfpagne; and .the Englifh, by contravSlion, Spain. Spain, with it's ancient appendage Portugal, is the moft weft.rn part of the continent of Europe; and forms a large peninfula, encompafled on every fide by fea, except towards France, from which it is divided by a continuous chain of mountains called the Pyrenees; beirg bcjided on the fouth and caft by the Mediterranean Sea, liie Straits of Gibraltar, ar. ' ih - A.'uUitic Ocean; on the weft by the Atlantic and Portugal ; and on the north by Tf). 'V •• i ''ifcay and the Pyrenean mountains; extending from 36 to 45 degrees of north laiitua- . a:ia from 10 degrees weft to 3 degrees eaft longitude from London. The an c;[ )phin is dry, and the fky ferene and clear, except during the equinoctial rains; but in the fouthcrn provinces, during thr fummer months, the heat is almoft intolerable. The vaft mountains, however, which interfect this coimtry, eflentially contribute to the comfort of the inli.l'itants, by affording them cool breezes in fummer, and an agreeable flielter in winter. No country on earth is blefied with a happier foil ; but the natives, indolentto excefs, fuffer it to become fterile for want of cultivation, and fcarcely raife corn fufficient for the necef- i'.'y calls of life. In man}- places the richeft and moft delicious fruits grow almoft fpon- 4 A taneoufly ; if ! r i'l ^11 spj '' -.t Pul>lilb>d a< the A< B A Y O T. Ji I ^ /fV fWtu JUim^fl * f yd 2' [a j^on^j a Zfriaa Ty oip ^Ji/!&celona Aynr " .Wo 7 jyf'uttvxx ■■ ^y 1.9. A'KW/iiw Xtiyxil (niiliul lifit/ , \iA-,u.. ""•'T J -«•"':- ...<>.^^ 'itfU'ir^':, l/MrbtflMlf Ti'/fjMmi I'alpncia . \jhiiuitiirbirJt- . U-i. MlXolU'A ftvsrrhiU/, -|..«X..<^''^; rtrt- / 'iMu-/iiU£'. 'ttri^,„f ^^- fSrvflw"'''"""'/^ •-^ — f^ .''.uri-ia > TTS Of MIMJt.l/.r.m 1 ). — T — *" .:L Mfffffa 'F It \i-i 3.'^ 3')' ;)" PuliUUi,'p8,1 . 37S ): U R () P E. ! tinro'.ifiVi particiilarh', manges, Ijnion-, pvuic!;, citron?, almonJ;--, raifiu?, and figs. The h'panifli wines arc in liigh cllimatioii among tbrfig!icr«, and even iugar-cancs arrive at the utinoft porfcdion. SaflVon, honey, and filk, arc produced in great abundance in almoll c\ cry province; and though large trads of mipromifing and uncultivated land frequently meet the eye of the traveller, fuch is the furpriziiig benignity of the foil, that the numerous inhabitants are n'ell enabled to fubfift on it's produce, with little or no attention to the la- bours of cultivation. ». i L'ftariz, a modern Spanlrti writer, computes the number of Hicpherds at 40,000; a lazy race of men, vvhofe employment feem.s perfectly adapted to tlieir native difpofition. At ll.ited feafons tliey change their pnflures, and obferve a particular (jeconomy in their man- ner of life which is well defcribed by Ullariz. The Spanilh fheep are a treafure in them- f^'lvcs, their wool being the fuicfl in the univerfe. Some of the mountains in this country are cloatlied with wood, fruits, and herbage, to their very fummits. A variety of aromatic herbs grow every where, imparting a delightful flavour to the (heep and kids which feed on them. Seville is famous over all the world for it's oranges; and Murcia produces mulberry-trees in fuch abundance, that the product obit's fik a:no'i:its to 20C,oool. a year. This country, however, is much infefled with locuii', which tomctimes darken the meridian fun, confume the verdure of the fields, ami ruin the hope of the year; and, from this dreadful calamity, whole provinces have felt all the horrors of famine. It muft, however, be coiifefied, that the inhabitants are unpar- don iblv inattentive to the deftruction of the euris of thefe formidable infe»Sls, .vhich miiiht timely preveiit any fuch fatal confequences. The medicinal waters of Spain arc little known; and, indeed, the interior parts of this country are Icb explored by travellers than thofe of aiiy otJier in Europe. Salutifcrous fprings, which poiTefs many healing qualities, are frequent in Ciranada, Seville, and Cor- dova; but the fartiion of reforting to them is yet in it's infancy. 'llie niunerous mountains in this kingdom rendering it impoflible to particularize them all, we fli.dl onl\- mention the moll remarkable, T'hr higheft and mofi cxtenfi\e arc the Py- renees, near two hundred miles long, over which there are oidy five narrow paflitges to ^'.I'l^e; the Cantabrian mountains appear to be a continuation of the Pyrenees, and reach the Atlantic Ocean fouth of Cape Finifterre; and Mount Caipe, now called the Mill of Ciibraltar, and anciently one of the pillars of Hercules, i.s Riiliciently known. Eut, of all others, Alontferrat is moft deferving of a geographer's attention : this mountain, which ftands in a vail plain about thirty miles from Barcelona, in the principality of Catalor.iii, is lo broken and divided, and fo crowned with an infinite number of fpiring conos-, that it feem<;, on a diRant view, to be merely the work of art ; though, on a nearer approach, it appears manifelHy the production of nature. At a diflanee the mount;.in appears like an infinite number of rocks cut into a conical form, and piled upon one another to a prodigioiis height: on a nearer view, each cone compofes a mounti'.in of itfdf; and the whole occupies an cxtL-nt f.f about fourteen miles in circumference, the height being coniputcd by the Sja- n\.rds at two leagues. As it is diffimilar to any other mountain, fo it is unconnected with aiiy i and, from it's fituation, is fo admirably adjipted for contemplation and retircmeiit, that for S P A I N. 27<>- for m'invngss it has been the h;ibit;uion of monks and hormit'^, who vow never to forfake it. On ihis mountain rtanik a convent dedicated to Our Lady of Montferrat, to which pilgrims icfort from the mod diftant Catholic countries. The poor who call there are fed three days gratis, and the fick relieved from the hofpital. On particular fcftivals feveral thoufand per- fons arrive in a day, who pay according to their circumftaaces for what accommodations tlio convent can afford. A number of hermitages are cut out on different parts of the moun- tiin; all of which have their little chapel^, and are in general furnifhed with fmall gar- d'-n-;. Their rcfpedtive inhabitants live in a very reclufe and folitary manner, perform va- rious penances, and adhere to the mofl; rigid rules of abftincncc: they have an annual meet- \;\r at a particular hermitage, dedicated to St. Benito, when they receive the facrament from the hands of the mountain vicar, and afterwards dine together; but at oilier times th.'V praclife the utmoft aufterity, and are prohibited from keeping any living creature with- in thv-ir walls, that their attention may not be diverted from Divine contemplations by tlia exercife of any earthly affection. Tije principal rivers in Spain are the Duero, formerly the Durius, which fulls into the Atlantic below Oporto in Portugal ; the Tajo, or Tayus, which likewife enters the Atlan- tic njar Lilbon; the Guadiana, which falls into the fame ocean near Cape Finillerre; the GuaJalquiver, now the 'I'urio, which joins the ocean at St. Lucarj and tlie Ebro, the an- cient Iberus, which falls into the Mediterranean Sea near Tortofa. The Tinto, however, v.'iich rifcs in Sierra Morena, and empties itfelf into the Mediterranean at Hueha, is the moft remarkable. It's waters are of a topaz, hue; and, as they glide along, they indurate the r.-nd, and petrify in a furpri/ing manner. Not a plant grows on it's banks, no kind of vjrJure is I'een within it's reach, nor have any fifh ever been found in it's ftream. Every fpjcies of animals, except goats, refuCe to drink of it, though it's water does not appear to contain any noxious quality, and is much celebrated for deftroying worms in cattle. Theie fnigular properties, htnvever, are entirely loft before it reaches the fea, by the influx of various rivulets, a conliderable diltance from it's mouth. The lakes in Spain, particularly that of Bcneventa, abound with various excellent fpecies of hfti ; and the water of a lake near Antiquera, upon being expofed to the fun, is formed into fait. The chief bays are thofe of Bifcay, Ferro!, Ccwuniia, Vigo, Cadiz, Ciibraltar, Cartha- gcna, Alicant, Altea, Valentia, and Rofe^. Tlie only flr;iit is that of Gibraltar, which divides Europe from Africa. Sj),un abounds in metids and minerals; but it's ancient celebrity for gold and fdvcr-mines is now no more: whether their veins were exhauUed, or the natives too indolent to work them, is altogether uncertain. The Spaniili iron, next to that of Damifcu'-, furnifhes the b'-l!: arms in the world: their gun-barrels and fvvords are ftill highly valued, though not fo much as formeily, when they brought in a vaft revenue to the crown. Carnelian, agate, loaditones, jacinths, turquois-ftones, quickfdver, copper, lead, fulphur, allum, calamine, cryftal, marble, and other ftones, are not unfrequently found in this country; and even fometimes diamonds, emeralds, and amethyfls. Wolves arc alnioft tlic only beafts of prey in this kingdom} the breed of whicli, on ac- count IrH'f X:^' «i; ^if^v,: 28o EUROPE. count of the number of mountains, can never be entirely exterminated. The Andalufian hories arc the moft celebrated of any in Europe, and cftcenK-d the fleeted and mofl fcrvicc- able. Black-cattle, fheep and mules, and other tame animals common to the European climates, arc plentiful in Spain; and their wild bulls have fo much ferocity, that the court could not formerly exhibit a more magnitietnt fpciTtacle than a bull-feall ; a cuftom wiiitii, though juftly becoming obfolutc, is not entirely difufed. Fowls, wild and tame, with cvei y fpecies of game, arc excellent and numerous; nor arc the L'panifli fcas and rivers dellitute of their full proportion of nHj. The indolence of the natives, the emigrations to America, and the vaft number of eccle- fiuftics of both fexes who lead a life of celibacy, have CDnfpired to depopulate this couiury, which was anciently the befl peopled of am in Europe. Feyjoo, a celebrated Spaniard, com- putes the inhabitants at 9,250,000, a number by no means confiderablc in proportion to the vaft extent of country. The Spaniards arc in general tull and well mudc, their complexions fwarthv, and their countenances animated and exprellive. Since the acceflion of the Houfe of Bourbon, the court has endeavoured as much as poflible to intriiduce the French fafliions into this countr\', and among the higher ranks the alteration is become very cor.fpicuous; but the lower dalles are ftiU remaikabh' attached to their origii;al modes of drcff, viz. theirmu- ftachoes, black cloaks, (hort jerkins, and long Tol':do fwords. A Spaiiifli grandee confider!- himfelf as the moft important being in nature, and takes care to inftil into his pollerity his hereditary pride. This p.\flioii, wliich is perceptible even in the traders, though highly riJiculous, is productive of .jv.a.'iy good ipialities; ir.fpiring them with uuble and virtuous fentiments, teaching tliem to defp.fe the little mcannefies of merce- narv and vulgar minds, and to f(.t a due value upon their reputation. Indeed, Spanifh faith is .ilmoft become proverbial; for, during tlicir rrioft inxcteratc wars whh England, ti. cy h.',\e never taken advantage of confifcating liritifh propertv or. board tlieir galleons r.nJ Plate fleet; in which t];e example of other nations n.ight in fcn.c meafure have iuftificd tiicm. But while we pay this juft compliment to the Spanifh nobility, goiitrv, an.! .T.crchantf, in genera', it niuft be acknowledged that inftances of rapacity and meannefs are frji]uentl\- n:ct with in Spain, as well as in other countries*. The ccnnmon people, in part!cul.u,who inhabit the coafls, partake of every bad quality common to other nations : thev are analTcmbla'^-e of Jew--, French, RufTians, Irifti, and Englifh fmuggiers, who ha\c a turn for adventure; many oi whom, in time of war, follow privateering with fucccfs, and on theeftablifhment of peace return to their former illicit pra reigned in all it's horrors till a late edict for moderating the penalties of the Inqvifition; a tribunal dif- gr.aceful to human nature, and highly dilhonourablc to ChriOianity, which is founded on mercy and love. But though the power of thie tribunal is reltraincd, it's airthority is not abiogated; and it is ftill enforced againft the Moorilh and Jcwifh pretended convcrtf, only the ecclcfiaftics and their officers can carry no fcntence into execution without the royal mandate. In the profcffion of papacy, this nation has been fo uniformly fteadv, that their king is diltinguilhcd by the title of Aloft Catholic. Ijidccd, lb entirely are the pcoplt de- • • 4. B voted ; ■■■', "f ■ !/. : ;1 :^ k ■:!■ f.ii " , I I- m i 1 ' A tte EUROPE. voted to their prlcn«; atul fiich an afccndency have they gained over them in temporal a» well as fpiritiial affairs ''i^'^ govcrnnictit begin to regard ilitni in ailaiigcrous light, .iiui \.rted tlie cauli.- of liberty with a fliameful indiriercni.e, on experiencing a Angle dckat. The I'rivy-coimcil, which is compofed of nobleincn, or gratidees, nominated by the king, fits only to prepare and digetl malti.rs for the Cabinet-council or Junto, which coiililis of the hrit fecretary of (hue, and three or four other perfon;-, in whom the direction of ;ill the exe- cutive parts of government is veiled. The Council of War is reftricted to military affairs only. The Council of Caf'tile is the liighcll law tribunal in the kingdom, and poirefles very extcnfivejiirifdiction. The courts of Royal Audiences are thofe of Galicia, Seville, Majorc.i, tlie Canaries, Saragofla, li;ircelona, and N'aleiitia ; who determine primarily in all caufo -incident within fifteen miles oi' thi.ir refpcdive cities and capitals, and receive appeals from inferior jurifJictiotis. BefiJes th-.ie, there are many fubordina'^e tribunals, inftituted for police, finance, and other public dep.utments. The government of Si)aiiifli America fo.nns .t fyftcm of itfelf ; and is delegated to vice- roys and other magiftratcs, vvhocxercife almofl abfolute power in their refpe(5live diftricls. The Council for the Indies confilts of a governor, four fecretaries, and twenty-two coun- fellorsj exclufive of ofiicers generally chofen from the number of viceroys and magiilrates who have ferved in tlicfe countries; and their decifion is final in all matters relative to Ame- rica. The two vlce-roy.ilties of Mexico .ind Peru are fo extremely important and extenfne, that they are feldom trufted to one perfon for irore than three \ear?. The kingdom of Spain confifts of main-land and iflands. The main-land is divided into fourteen provinces, fome of which arc reckoned to belong to the crown of Caflilc, ;ind otlierN to Arragon) the former are Old and New CafUle, Bifcay, Leon, Afturias, Galicia, Eftre- maduri, SPAIN. i^i madura, Andalufia, Granada, Murcia, and Navarre ; the latter includes only Armgon, Cata- lonia and Valencia, with the iflands in the Mediterranean. The foreign iwfleflions of the Spaniih crown, excluGve of thofc in America, arc the towns of Ceuta, Oran, and Mafulquivcr, on the Barbary coaft ; and the iflands of St» La- 7aru, the Philippines, and Ladroncs, in Afia. The royal revenues in Old Spain arc calculated to amotint to five millions at leaft, while thofe of America arc truly immcnfc; but, before they reach the king's exchequer, they arc in a great meafure embezzled, by pafling through fo many hands. The king is en- titled to a fifth of all the filvcr mines ; buC fuch a number of dcdudions intervene, that litlie of it ever arrives in Spain. However, where the ufual means of taxation prove inadequate to the public exigency, under an abfolute government, it is no difficult matter to raife the fum required: a fequedration of the American treafures of individuals has on fuch occafions frequently taken place; and as thcfc are always punftually repaid with interef., the parties feldom complain. His prcfent Catholic Majcfty has put finance on an excellent footing, having confultcd his own intereft and the cafe of his fubjeiSts, far more than moft of his prcdeceflbrs. It is impofliblc to fpecify all the various objci^s cf internal taxation in fuch a govern- ment as Spain: but though thefe imports, which arc adapted to the fituation of public aftairs, are in general very arbitrary, the clergy and military are never exempted from them. In time of peace, the land forces feldom amount to fewer than 70,000 men ; but, on the contingency of a war, they may be increafed, without any natit il prejudice, to 110,000. The king, however, chiefly depends on his Walloon, or foreign guards; and, indeed, fince fhe acceflion of the Bourbon line, the primc-minifter has likcwifc been ufually a foreigner. His prcfent Catholic Majefty has been at immenfe expcnce in raifmg a powerful marine force; and his fleets in Eurojie and America at prcfent exceed feventy fail of the line, though he loft fevcral at the commencement of the late war. Along the whole Spanifh coafts are watch-towers, about a mile apart, with lights and noflurnal guards; fo that the whole kingdom may fpeedily be alarmed in cafe of an in- v.ifion. Such immenfe tre.-ifure is derived from Spaniih America, that this nation makes gold and fdver the chief branches of it's imports and exports. The Spaniards import bullion from America, and from thence they export it to the other countries of Europe. Cadiz is the chief emporium for this fpecies of commerce ; where other nations fend their merchan- dize, to be Ihippcd off in Spanifh bottoms for America, flickered under the names of Spa- niftj fadlors. At this place the different European nations have their agents and cor- refpondents; and the confuls of thofc nations make a confiderablc figure. Cadiz contains the fijieft ftorchoufes and magazines for commerce of any European city; and to it the flota and galleons regularly import the produce of the Amer.can mines. The projKr Spa- nifli merchandize fent from this city to America is of inconfiderable value ; but the duty on the foreign merchandize imported there would yield a valuable revenue, were it not for the many fraudulent pradlices employed in eluding the legal imports. The chief manufailures of Spain are filk, wool, copper, and hardware i but notwith- ^ C Handing fl s i ' I il'' I ' : i '. 1 iS6 EUROPE. ftamlinji the late efforts of j>overnment to prcysnt (>the! Kiiropcnn nations from enjoying the princii*.;! ;ul\iint;i2:c of tl'.c Anvjiuau comincrcf, fuch i> the gcuct.il iiuiultnce ;uij iji icti- vitv of the natives, that thcv arc tutaliy unuble to i'upjily their coionics with tonimuUitJ^-s of their own mamitadure; meanwhile the Englilh, French, Dutch, and icveral ctlicr lu- tion«, carry on tiiis coiiUabanJ trade with great advantage, in the jirofecution of which thcv art encouraged hy that probity the Spaniards have ever difplaycd in commercial en- gagements. Spaiiilh America, indeed, may be fuly i'aiJ to contain a mine of commerce; but foreigners principally reap the emolument of it, and leave the natives only the hopour of nofl'efiion. Under fiich circumftances, the general poverty of the lower rxtks cannot bo mtii'h an obied^ of aflonifliment; for though thcv affect the moft oftcntatious difplay of con- fcqucncc, tlieir penury is caf.ly perceptible: their want^•, however, arc few, and their apju-- tites eafily gratitied. The interior orders, even in the mad fiiperb citii:s, arc wretchedly edged and accommodated ; and many of both fexes are even dcf^itiite of Ihocs and (lockings. In no other European country is tra\elling fo inconvenient as 1;; Spnin, z rircumflancc which renders many parts of it but little known. A Spania.d thinks it beneath his dig- nity to accommodate a ilranger with neceffaries on his journey, who is therefore obliged to carry provifions with him; which, though he fhould meet with an inn, he is neverthelcfs hirnfelf obiiecd to cook. Irifh and French adventurers, however, have experienced the ;id- vantages which refuU from opening houfes of entertainment in this country; and accord- ingly, on the moft public roads, and in capital cities, thefe ufeful inftitutioiis are become pretty numerous. Indeed, the pride, indolence, and inadixity of the Spaniards, are ftrong inducements to their more induftrious neighbours the French, who fettle in every part of the kingdom; and, tiy degrce;<, will probably bring about a revolution in the genius and manners of the natives. The Spaniard of fortune thinks himfelf fuperior to every exertion of body or mind: he flccps, goes to mafs, and takes his evening walk; and thus involve his days The induftriou., I'renchman, on the contrary, officiates as butcher, cook, taylor, f''izeur, and even fhoe Mack, in the fame family; and, having accumulated a dccc. it con;- jictency, returns to his own country, where he laughs out the rem.ainder of his dayj at tlie expeice of his lare fuperciliou?. mafter. 'f"i\e Spanifh nobility arc divided into princes, dukes, mart]uiircs, counts, viicounts, and other inferior titles; but the general name for thofc nobility and gentry who are not of Moorifli extraftion, is Hidalgo. Thofe who arc grandees by creation have the privilege of ftaridinj covered before the king, and arc treated with princely diftindtions. A grandee cannot be apprehended without the king's order; and cardinals, archbifiiops, ambafladors, knights of the Golden Fleece, ^.rA certain other dignitaries, both in church arid ftate, enjoy tlie fame honour as the grandees, Oi ftanding covered in the royai prefcnre. The pi incipal order of knighthood is that of the Golden Fleece, vhich rec'ved it's origin from the Burgimdian domm ens., and at prcfent is common both to the kmgj of Spain and the Hcufe of Auftria. The collar of this order confifls of an alternate range of golden Flints and Steels, with furrounding fcintillations ; and a Golden Fleece pendent from it, with this motto, ' Jutre r.' aur.ii.' Charles V. howcvcr, permitted the knights, iiiflcad of this collar, to wear only h Icail^t ribband, holjitals; SPAIN. $gl^ Thr threa following orders are properly Spanifh, and have revenues rcfpc(^ivelj' annexed" to thi^ni. The order of St. Jago di Comport -Ua, itiltitutcd in 1 175 by Ferdinand II. King of L,eon,. whicli lias tor it's badj^c a red unitu; in Crofs divided into tvvch com pertinents. This order has tour tonvent?, who arc broth'JiS ol the order; feveral religious ones; one college j fiv« holj iuiN ; ;u;d fix herinil.'.^c^'. Tlic order of Alcantara, the badge of wliich is a Lily placed crofsways, was inftituted like- wife by Ferdinand 11. King of Leon, and at fnll tailed St. Julian de Peregro. 'Ihis order is divided into five departments, and poJleflts three convents of relitnous, and one college. I'he order of Caliitrava, inilituteu by Saneho HI. King of Callile, tlie badp;e of which is ared Crofs divided ijito h»e cumpartmentr- ; and to tliis t t^er belong one convent qf religipiis,, and one college. Befid'i;. theic, the prefent in<^narch has introduced the Neapolitan order nf St. Januarius,; and hi . ordered it to h: worn in hij court above the French order of the Holy Ghofl, or th It of the Golden Fleece. Having confidcrcd whatevei feemed worthy of notice in the manners, policy, and pro- duce of Spain, we now proceed to a furvcy of it's principal cities, beginning with the mo^ eallern. Barcelona, the capital of Catalonia, a large and well fortified fea-port, flands at the foot of Montjuui, in 41 '.grccs 20 minutes north latitude, and 2 degrees 5 mijiutes eafl longi- tude; opening tothj fea in a beautiful feinicircuiar form between the Rivers Llobrcgat ar.d Btfes. Barteloiu is eftcemed one of the moft elegant tuwns in Spain: the lioufes, which, are in general iiandfome ftruJlurcs, amount to iibout fifteen thoufand; and the ftreets ate fpatious, well paved, and clean. The cathedral, churches, convents, and other public as wjell as private eu .ices, are particularly beautiful. At the church ofCapielufmona, or tlie Almf- t.ik.er, in the \ icinity of the cathidral, three hundred poor people are daily mauitaincd. Several courts fit in this city: and i: is farther honoured with an univerfity; and an academy of the fine arts, inftitutcd in 1752. The harbour is large, deep, and fecure; and the trade of the i!ih;d)itants is very confiderable. The neighboutiivr couiitr'. abounds with corn, wine, oil, a variety of fruits, and plenty of game ; wiiith render Barcelona one ot theonofl defirable fituations in Spain. Barcelona has experienced various revolutions, having been formerly fubje£t to it's own counts, but afterwards united to Arragon. The inhabitants revolted in 1640, and put t]ie:nfelves under the protciSion of the French; which occiifioned fe\'eral captures and re- capiures of the city, till it was reftored to the Spaniards by tlic peace of Ryfwic. The Em- peror Charles VI. then King of Spain, gallantly took it from the French, who had over-run tiu' Spaiiilh dominions, in 1705, after a ficge of only three week ; but the French having inverted it the year following with a grand train of artillery -'Kid a numerous army, it was relieved by the Englifh under Lord I'ttcrborough ai J Sir John Leake. After this, the citi- zens having ere«Sted thcmftTves into a kind of commonwcaUh, fet up for an independent rtate; but in 1714 the Duke of Berwick, the Spanifh general, reduced them to the allegi- ance of Philip V. fmcc which period Barcelona has remained an appendage of the crown of Spain.. Tortofa itM' ,i,i j '■: m "s'l f'^l ' Iff.'-" t : f. i (.»: Li:i 'i i •, :* as EUROPE. Tortofa and Terragonn, cities of ihe fame province, arc principally remarkable for being the feats of an univcrfity. Tiic latter, however, is farther celebrated for it's magnificent ruins and ornaments of antiquity. Between Tcrragona and Barcelona, on the public road, is a beautiful triumphal arcii, ere£led by the family of the Licinii ; and, at a fmall diftancc from thence, the tomb of the Scipios, as it is called, being an obelifk or pyramid ercfted o their memory, with a figure on each fide in a Roman habit; fuppofed by fome to be the two Scipios, while others arc of opinion that thefe figures only reprefent two weeping flavcs. SaragofTa, the capital of Arragon, Hands in a fertile plain on the River Ebro; which, wind- ing through the neighbouring country, fertilizes the foil in a furprizing manner. This city is furrounded by ftrong antique walls, adorned with (lately towers and four magnificent gates; it is faid to have been originallybuilt by Juba, King of Mauritania, and afterwards improved by Auguftus. The churches, palaces, fquares, and market-places, are extremely magnificent; tior are the private buildings deficient in point of beauty and convenience ; but the llreets, though long and broad, are ill paved and difagreeablc. The collegiate church of Our Lady of the Pillar, fo called from a pretended miraculous image of the Virgin, is a beautiful ftrudure. The crown and robes of this figure, which Hands on a lofty pillar of the fined jafi)er, are almofl entirely covered with jewels; and in it's arms is feen the infant Jefus. The multitude of burning lamps and wax-candles, wiltj ihe proftifion of ornaments on every fide, dazzle the eyes of the beholder; and to this image of the Virgin a vaft number of pilgrims annually refort, to pay their devotions at her fhrine. The inhabitants of Saragoffa are computed at about fifteen thoufand families, among which are feveral of diftinftion. The commerce of the city is pretty cxtenfive, and feveral trades and manufadures are exercifed within the walls and in the vicinity. Valencia, the capital of a province of the fame name, though a city of confiderable extent and inhabited by many families of quality, is more remarkable for it's antiquity than either it's beauty or commerce. It appears to have been originally of Roman credtion; but, having beendeftroyed by Pompey, it was afterwards rebuilt by Ca:far, and called Colonia Julia Va- lencia. Near this place ftood Saguntum, a town famous in hiftory, but of which fcarcc a veftige now remains. Alicant, which lies about fixty miles fouth of Valencia, in 38 degrees 37 minutes north latitude, and about 5 minutes weft longitude, is a celebrated city and fea-port in the Medi- terranean, delightfully fituated between two hills. It is a place of confiderable trade ; and, on account of it's excellent harbour, is much reforted toby the Englifh for fruits and wuics. On the neighbouring fhorc ftand feveral watch-towers, from which the velTcls of the Siil- lee Rovers are obferved. The Englifh pofllfl'ed themfelves of this city in 1 705, and held it till the peace of Utrecht, whei' it was returned to the Spaniards, it's original owners. About half a league from this city is a celebrated nunnery, to which numbers of pilgrims refort, in order to pay their devotions to the imprefTion of the Holy Face, faid to have been imprinted thrice on a napkin with which Veronica wiped the face of our Saviour as he was going to his crucifixion. Among thefe votaries of fuperftition the mariners aremoft con- fpicuous; who, on leaving Alicant, vow to perform their devotions at this place, on their fafc return. This miraculous rcprefentation of our Saviour's face on a piece of white iinen, - we •>u SPAIN. 289 we arc told, is a wretched piece of daubing; and none but the moft fuperftitious devotees could poffibly behold it in a ferious light, Carthagena, fituatcd in 37 degrees 40 minutes north latitude, and in r degree 5 minutes weft longitude, on a fine bay of the Alediternmcan, is blefll-d with oncof the bcft harbours in the kingdom, enjoying a temperate and falubrious air. Though not verv cxtenfive, it is populous and commercial; and the adjacent country, which is extremely firtile, is alfo fa- mous for producing amethyfts, garnets, agates, and other gems. The city of (}ranada, the capital of that province, ftands on the River Xcnil, in 37 de- grees 28 minutes north latitude, and in 3 degrees 51 minutes weft longitude, at the foot of .1 noble ridge of mountains and rocks, which, ftretching round on eac]\ fide, embrace a lovely plain, variegated with plantations, gardens, and villages. This city is divided into four wards ; in the principal of which, called Granada, and which is inhabited by the nolility, gcntrv, and moft opulent citizens, the public and private buildings make a handfr .,e appearance. The iMoorifh palace, called A!-Hambra, built on a high hill overlooking the city and the valley, contains many fupcrb apartments, finifticd in the Moorifli ftile with alcove?, domes, fountains, Arabic infcriptions, and other fimilar ornaments. Near this delightful ftrudure lies a beautiful garden belonging to the Moorifh kings, planted with a vaft variety of trees, and adorned with fevcral jette d'eaus and fountains. Ferdinand the Catholic polfefTed himlelf of Granada, and reduced the Moors to the fliort alternative of baptifm or death. This had the defircd eft'ecf, that of converting the inha- bitants; but whether they were likewife convinced, will perhaps, even in the opinions of the moft zealous Catholics, admit of fome doubt. Malaga, an ancient fea-port, in 36 degrees 51 minutes north latitude, and 4 degrees 56 minutes weft longitude, ftands at the foot of a fteep mountain; and is no lefs remarkable for it's opulence and extcnfive commcr c, than for th.; luxuriance of the furrounding foil, which yields the moft delicious fruits in great abundi'nce ; while the rugged mountains in the vicinity afford thofe delicious grapes which poduce that cclcbiated winr known in England by the name of Mount;, i. This city is of a cin ' > form, large and populous, and furrounded with a double wall ftrcngthened by ftately to\. Malaga remained in the polli-llion of the Moors i'c\'en hu Jrel .nul fc\i aty-three years, but was taken by King Ferdinand in 14H7, after a bloody and obftinat ■ fir ■ of three months. Oft' Cape Malaga, near this city, the Englifti and I^utch, under Sir George Rooke, obtaii ( d a fignal vidory over the French fleet commanded by the Count de Thouloufe, in Auguil: 1704. Madrid, the capital of New Caftile, and the metropolis of all Spain, is fituated in 43 degrees 30 minutes north latitude, ajul in 4 degrees 15 miiuitcs weft longitude; bein^^r l^ujlt on a chain of little hills, in the centre of a large plain terminated on all fides by lofty moun- tains whofe fummits are per|M;tiially co\'ered with fnow. On the weft of the city flows the Manzanarcs, which, though naturally a fhallow ftream, is much augmented in winter by the melting of ihc fiiow. The city walls, which are conftrucled of mud only, ftcrn n- '■- ther calculated for defence nor ornament. The ftreets amount to about four hundred, lomc of which arc fpacious and airy, well paved, and lighted; but, in general, they are I'o narrow and dirty, that they drfgracc the name of a capital. I'hc inhabitants ha\ e been calculated 4D at 'ii' U I ■■;-i.:v s i: ! (,»i t> m n. '■■iii :.:- .M ago EUROPE. at upwards of 300,000; but as population does not at prcfent appear to be on the increafc in this kingdom, the real number may perhaps be confidcrably Icfs. The houfes of Madrid arc chiefly of brick, laid out in a fhewy tafte, without any regard to the more important confideration of convenience; it being ncceflary to pafs through fe- vcral empty apartments of confiderablc magnitude, in order to reach the family, who ufualiy occupy a fmall room at one t.rtremity of the building. In general, however, they have more the appearance of prifons than of houfes; the windows, befides having balconies, be- ing grated, particularly the lower range, and fometimes all the upper ones. Separate fa- milies generally inhabit the fame houfe, as in Paris and lome other European ca^iitals. Fo- reigners who vifu this city frequently experience the utmoll inconvenience in obtaining lodgings, the Spaniards being averfe to the reception of ftrangers into their houfes, efpe- cially if they are not Roman Catholics. Indeed, the greateft excellency of Madrid confifts in the amazing cheapnefs of it's provifions; for, in moll other refpcfts, it is far from being- agreeable, as neither tavern, coftee-houfe, nor newfpaper, (the Madrid Gazette excepted) is to be met with in the whole city. This metropolis, which contains fourteen fquares, feme of which are amazingly fine, and a variety of beautiful public and private edifices, is under the government of a principal officer called the Corregidor, who is nominated by the king; fubordinate to whom arc forty-one Regidors, not unlike our aldermen, who compofe his council, and ad under his diredion. The royal palace at Madrid, for extent and magnificence, is almoft unrivalled; it is built of white ftone, in a fquare form, on the moft elevated extr.mity of the town, and meafurcs four hundred feet in front. The grand faloon of ftate is one hundred and twenty feet long, hung with the richeft crimfon velvet fupcrbly embroidered with gold, and ornamented with twelve looking-glaifes made at St. Udefonfo, each ten feet high; and the paintings are numerous and capital. Sc\cral other royal palaces arc difperfed round Madrid, for plcafiire, hunting, or retirement; fomc of which are rinifhed in the moft magnificent ftilc. an-' -^,i_ tain paintings of inefliinable value; particularly thofe of Buen Retire, Cafa de Campo, Aranjuez, and St. Udefonfo. The paLices of Buen Retiro and Cafa dc Campo contain little worthy cf obfervation, being piincipally remarkable for the beauty of their filuation : but a late traveller has rcprcfented the palace of Aranjuez, and it's gardens, as extremely delightful. To this royal feat belonjjs a park, feveralleagues in circumference, cut acrofs in different parts by alleys extending two, three, and even four miles, and wide enough to admit four coaches abreaft ; each of which is formed by two double rows of elm-trees, which render the fli. 'c almoft impervious to the rays of the fun; and betwixt each double row is a ii.irrow i ' .mnel through which a ftreamlet glide?. Thick groves of various fmaller trees occupy the fpaf. cs betvs ecu thcift alleys ; in which thoufands of deer, wild boars, hares, and rabbits, live at large; befides pheafantf, partridge?, and a vaiicty of other birds. The River Tagus divides this park into two un- equal parts; and in the central point ftands the king's palace, partly furroundcd by a gar- den adorned with fountains and ftatue?, and filled with an immcnfe variety of the moft beautiful flowers coliected from every part of the univeife. The palace itlelf is rather ai\ elegant dcfign. college, a SPAIN. 291 cl-'gant than magnificent ftru£lure, but extremely agrccaMc on account of it's furrounding einbellifliments. The palace of St. Ildefonfo, near fixty miles iliftant from Madrid, is built of brick plaiftered and painted, being two ftorics high, and containing twelve rooms 1 a fuite; and the approach to it is in a bold itilc, fomcwhat fimilar to that of Verfailles. The gardens . are laid out on a flopc, on the fuminit of which is a grand refervoir of water called El Mar,, or The Sea, which fupplics the fountains, and is itfelf filled by the mountain torrents. The above gardens are faid to hnve coft the immenfe fum of five millions fterling, and contain twcnty-Ceven fountains, the bafons of which are of white marble adorned with many excel- lent llatues, bronzed and gilt: they are likewile embellifhed with upwards of fixty beautiful marbi'i ftatues as large as life, with a confidcr.ible number of elegant marble and lead vafes gilt. 'I he upper part of the palace is ornamented with many capital paintings ; and the in- ferior is eiiriched with antique ftatues, bufts, and bafl'o-relievos. But all tli.fe palaces, though amazingly magnificent and rich, fall infinitely fliort of that of the Efcurial, which is the pride of Spain, the admiration of travellers, and perhaps the moft cxpenfive royal reAdence at prr.fent in the imiverfe. Philip II. the founder of this fu- perb pile, expended on it no lefs than fix millions of ducats; but, notwithftanding the in- credible fums laid out by his fucceflbrs, in furniture, ftatues, paintings, and otiier royal decorations, it by no means, on the wholcj difplays cither elegance of tafte or chaftity of dcfign. The device of ' e building, which is that of a Gridiron, (becaufe St. Laurence, to whom it is dedicated, is faid to have been broiled on one) is ridiculous to the higheft degree, and could no where have originated but in the brain of fuch a fanatic as Philip II. The pro- fufion of ornaments cinnot reconcile the eye of tafte to the proportions of the whole; and though fonie of the different ftrudtures of which it is compofed arc re illy mafter-pieces of architefture, they lofe their beauty by the furrounding contrafts. As a particular defcription of the Efcurial would alone fill a volume, we (hall only rcmaik, that it contains a prodigious number of windows; and that the apartments are decorated with an aftonifliing variety of paintings, fculpture, tapeftr)-, ornaments of gold and filvcr, marble, jafper, gems, and curi- ous ftones of ineftimable value. Bcfides the palace, this fabric contains a church, a maufoleum, cloifters, a convent, a college, a library enriched with a choice collection of thirty thouland volumes, large apart- ments for every ingenious artift and mechanic, noble walks, and ornaments too numerous to be recited. The fathers who live in the convent have an annual revenue of i2,oocl. fterling. The maufoleum, or royal burying-place, is called the Pantheon, from it's being built upon the plan of the temple of that n.ime at Rome, as the church to which it belongs is upon the model of St. Peter's; and in the Efcurial church are eight organs, one of them of mafiy filver, which are all performed en together on folemn feftivals. Toledo, a city of great antiquity, and for fomc centuries reputed the capital of all Spain, is fituatcd in 51 degrees 56 minutes north latitude, and in 4 degrees 20 minutes weft longitude, on a fteep craggy rock, almoft furroundedby the Tagus, over which two ftatcly bridges are erefted. The land-fide is fortified bv a double wall, adorned with an hui\dred and fifty towers, and five large gates, befides poftcrns. The furrounding plain is fpacious, for tile, mvr \i\vl ''-ii':# n m- r.ii m fi'it 392 EUROPE. fv.-itilc, and plcarant; nnd fowel! watered by the Tagus, that it produces iilmoft every th'n* that can contribute to the convenience or delight of man. The air is peculiarly grattf\il and falubrious; provifions are furprizingly cheap; and, in fliort, e\xry thing confpires to ren- der Toledo one of the moft defnable fituations in Spain. But Madrid, being the feat of go- vernment, and the refort of the noble and opulent, has dripped Toledo of inoft of it's in- habitants, and leflened it's confcquence fo confiderably, that it would long fiiKe, in all pro- bability, ha\ e been almoil defcrtcd, had not the inimenlc emoluments of it's caihedrrd, whitii are principally fpcnt in it, greatly contributed to the fupport of the few remaining inhabi- tants, whofe principal trade Is the nianufadure of fword-blades and fome filk fluft's. The cathedral is a Gothic ftructure of vaft magnitude, in a barbarous tafte, but higlijy ornamented, and containing treafure of incitimable value. The veflmcnts of the priells and the facred utenfds are all of the richeft materials and fineft workmanftiipj the imaj^c of the Virgin Mary has a garment covered with pearls ; the cullodia, jewels, precious ftones, and altars of mafliv^, filver gilt, are even beyond imagination; and, in fhort, this is one of the richeft cathedrals in the univerfe, it's archbiflK pric, both in power and revenue, be- ins infeiior to that of Rome onlv. Bilboa, tlie capital of Navarre, is fituated in a plain furrounded by mountains, about fix milcr- from the fca, in 43 degrees 30 minutes north latitude, and in 3 degrees 10 minutes weft longitude. Standing on the River Ybaizabal, the tide wafts up fbiip^ of coniiderable burden to the mole, while larger veiicls anchor in the road. The city contains about eii^ht hundred houles, having a large (quare on the water-fide (haded with rows of ftatelv tree , which extend to the outlets on the banks of the river; where a great luimbei of houils aid gardens enjoy a moft delightfid profpeci; for, exclufive of the beautiful verdure wlii( h tvery where pr.knts itfelf, the numerous objects gradually opening to ihe eye, and the town itfelf appearing as feated in a \ aft amphitheatre, enliven the landicape, and compk.it the fcenerv. The houfes arc lofty and commodious ; and the ftreets, which are well paved and ftraight, and ma\' be wafhed at pleafure by the admiiTion of the water from the river, render ililboa one of the ncateft commercial towns in hurope. Segovia, a city of great antiquity in Old Caftile, and ftill a jilacc of confiderable impor- tance, Hands between two hill?, in a fweet and falubrious air. The number of families are fuppoled to amount to four thoufand, Vvliole principal manufactiues are thi ie of cloth and paper. This I. ity contains feveral elegant fquares ; a royal palaci-; a beautiful modern tcwn- houfe, the principal mint of all Spain, v\hcre thirty thoufand duci.ts are often coined in a day; and a variety of other public ftructure^, no lefs ceii.brated for their antiquitv thiin their beauty. The cathedral is a fupcrb pile in the (jothic taftc, containijig two choirs, in a n^.anner furrounded by an ample bafiliea, lined on the wall-fide with a \ariety of fine altars aiul magnificent ftnines. The painted glafs is well executed, and admits a dim light, which renders the place peculiarly folemn. In an old cloiftcr adjoining to the cathedral are fufpcndcd fome hundr^-ds of vcftments, the badges of as many unfortunate Jews, who were ,. buint :■;:!: SPAIN. 29:5 burnt alive bccaufc their t'aitli diftcrcJ from that of the inquifitor-genei.:l, w'hoi'i; court at that time was eftablilhcd at tliis placx-. In this catliedraJ Is a grant oi Qi^iecii Uracca rcfpciSing the Alcazar, or rovaJ {lalace, which concludes in the ibllowln^ impious inauner: ' Whoioever flull violate this grajir, *■ let them be ever baiiifljed from God's thrcihold, luid be eternally tormented with D*chau ' and Abiram, whom the earth fwallowed; be damned with the traitor Judas^ a;id pay a * thou^'iiid pounds of unalloyed gold to the bifhop.' But iiothing in this place is lb well worth notice as the Sogoviiui aqueduct, whidi ex- teiids to a fmall river called Rio Frio, at leafl: five hundred paces liom the city. Thl\ machine conveys the water to die middle of the city, from whence it fupplies the public fountains, the cifteras of convents, arid even private houlcs. The aiches over which tlie water flows are numerous, and in a very bold Itilej and were undoubtedly the work of the ancient Itomans, but under what emperor is unknown, though many afcribe the ereclion ot this famous aqueduct to TVajan. The ajicient city of Salamanca, in Leon, fituated in 41 degrees 5 minutes north latitude, and in 6 degrees i6 minutes weft longitude, is built in a circuhu- form on three hills and two vallies, enjoying on every fide a proipect of noble feats, gardens, orchards, fields, and uii- t:'.nt villages. This city contains twenty-five parochial churches, twenty-five coinvet»ts of /nars, twenty five convents of nuns, and ten noble gates. The moft fplendid part of tl;e city is the great fquare, built about l.lty yeais ago. The houfcs are three ilories high, and all of equal heights and exadl fymmetry, witli iron balconies and Hone baluilxades on their tops, the lower parts being arched, and forming a piazza of two hundred and ninety-three feet on each fide of the fquare. Over fome of the arches.are medallions, with butts of the Spaniih monarchs : and there are alfo feveral eminent men in baffo-relievo, particularly Ferdinando Cortcz, Francis Pizarro, Davila, and Cid Ruy. In this fquare the bull-fights are exhibited for three days fuccclTively in the month of June. The River Tormes runs by this city, having a bridge of twenty-five arches over it, which was built by the Romans^ and is ftill entire. The univerfity of Salamanc^, which contains twenty-four colleges, was removed hither from jPalencia in 1239, and is the moft celebrated of any in Spain. The colleges are in general noble and well-endowed ftrudlures, and the great public fchools poflefs extraor- dinary grandeur and magnificence. In a word, the Spaniards term this city the-Mother of Virtues, Sciences, and Arts. Farol, in Galicia, from being only a finall dirty fiftiing-town fo lately as the year 1752, has already become a city of importance, and the firtt marine arfenal in the kingdom. A magnificent bafon, fifteen hundred yards long, and fix hundred broad, is formed for the re- ception of fliips. The port is extremely ftrong towards the fea, and capable of being fecured with the fame facility on the land-fide. In 1774, no fewer thaji fix thoufand men, befides fix hundred canvids, were employed in compleating the improvements which the Spaniih government had projedcd for the beauty and utility of the place. Vigo, a town landing on a fmall bay about an hundred miles nofth-weft of Madrid, .is principally famous for a fea-fight off the harbour, in 1702, between Sir George Roqke Qonwander of the Engliih and Dutch fleets, and a fquadron of French men of war with 4 £ thirteen ■ I . !) i' 1/' r ± t I l: 294 EUROPE. f- '' thirteen Spaiiifh galleons iiniler their convoy; when the Biitifli admiral having brokr through the boom laid acrofs the moutli of the harbour, took lour galleons and five men of war, and t!ic Dutch hve galleons and one man of war; and alfo d^ilroyed four galleons and fourteen men of war, with a vaft quantity of ph.te and other rich cffcdb. In 17 19, the Englifit a;fain poflelied thcmfelves of this place, but rclinquiflied it after raifing confiderablc contributions. St. Jago Compoftcila, the capital (^f Cialicia, is fitnated in 42 degrees 50 minutes norfli latitude, and in 8 degrees 20 minutes well longitude, between the Rivers 'I'ambra and I'll.',, in a plain of prodigious fertility, encircled with hills of a moderate height, which flieltcr it from the nipping winds blowing from the more lofty mountains. A confiderable degree of magnificence is difi^lave 1 in the public edilices in general; but the mod famous by far is the cathedral, which is lv..\ to contain the body of JanK-s the Younger, the tutelary faint and patron of all Spain. '1 his body, as tlie legend relates, was firll difcovered in the nintii cen.uiy by divine revelation. A circumllance of fo wonderful a nature, in a popifli coun- try, can h '.i- lly fail to attract a \ aft number ofpilgrims and devotees and hence the priefls live in luNurv, and every fpeeies of diflipaticMi, through the fuperftitious folly of mankind. In the churcii .ne thirty filver lamps continually burning; and fix chandeliers of the lame metal, each five feet high. Seville, the capital of Andalufia, ftands in 37 degrees 15 minutes north latitude, and in 6 degrees 5 minutes well longitude, in a fpacious plain on the banks of the Guadalquiver, two hundred miles fouth-welt of Madrid. Abundant proofs of the antiquity of this city i\\]\ remain; particularly the prefent walls, which are kept in conllant repair at the public expence, and are unqucftionablv of Roman foundation. While the Moors were mailers of Spain, this citv was the refidence of their kings; but Don Fernando el Santo having taken it/rom the Moorifli monarch Axatafe in 1248, after a fiege of fixtcen nionth";, no kfs than an hundred ihoufand Moors are faid to have abandoned the city. The circumference within the walls is fix miles, and, including the fuburbs, three leagues; but, confidering the ex- tent, it is far from being populous. The ftreets in general are narrow arid irregular; and, though many of the houfcs make a handf-jme appearance, far the greater number are verv inelegant and incommodious. The principal manufaiilurcs are wool and filk; but the great office of Spanifh Ameiican commerce being removed to Cadiz, Seville is become much lefs confiderable than formerly. The cathedral is a fine Gothic building, h.aving a curious ftceple with a moveable figure of a woman at the top, called La Giralda, which turns round with the wind, and is referred to by Cervantes in DouQiiixote. This ftecple, which is higher than St. Paul's in London, is efteemed one of the grcatell curiofities in Spain. The firft clock made in the kingdom was fct up in this cathedral in 1400, in the prefence of Henry IIL The royal palace, called Abazar, is of Moorifli archite61urc, but not very magnificent; the gardens belonging to it are laid out in a very antique tafte, and the walks are ornan ciitcd with gigantic figures indifferent fhapes and attitudes. The other public ftru6tures are un- worthy of particular mention, except that their antiquity, and the extravagant taftc in which they are b;ultj render them ol»)ecls of curiofity to ftrangers. Soviik S P A I N. 295 f'.S: Seville has a confiJcrablc foreign ■ . in lemony oranges, and other fruits; vaft quan- tities of which are expoitcJ tofLverji i'uiojv.in count.- cs, particul.irly England. Cadiz, the grand emporium of Spunilh commerce, is filuaicd on an ifiand in 36 degrees 30 miaul.cs north Lititude, and 6 degice.. 40 luwuites well ioiij^itudc, being united to the continent by the bridge of Suaco, both end^ ol wliich are defended b/ redoubts^ and other raifed-works of earth. 'I'his illand, vvhiJi i. abcit eighteen iv.i'.es lv.iig and feven broad, produces little grain, luit yields fomc of ihe bell wiies in Sprin. The city of Cadi/, is of confiderablo circumference, and contains a great number of hand- ibmc buildings, generally three or four if'nies high; thirteen convents; and a cathedral. But Cadiz derives more v .nfequencj from it's t.:,d'j than all other caufes combined; both before and after the arri\ .d of the .'Ipanifh /Vmer.'can fleet, it is crouded with ftrangcrs, fometnnes to the number of fifty liioufini, who rcfort ib.ither on .account of trade, which occafion^. an extraordinary circuLuion of cafli, and render^ houf.-rent and provifions very dear; and, being the ctntr of the whole An'.erir:,n i:; de, t!ie icxeral i.uropcari r.ations are furniihed witii tluMr re(p.:ct:vc agents, corn fponuents, ladors, and confuls; which laft live in a moll fplendid ftilc. The merchants of Cadiz enjoy the uncommon pri\ilcge of carrying on an extenfivc tradj without any rifque to thcml.lves; iLldom venturing much on their own accounr, but enriching tiicruielves at the ha/.ard cf thole who fend goods to this j lace for c.\|H)rtati(;n, However, they are greatly dillinguifhed for probity in their dealings, which induces forciijicrs to repofe the mort implicit confidence in their honour, and to trult their eli'ccts and fortunss in their hinds. 'I'he harbour and bay of Cadiz arc fpacious and fecure, the entrance being defended by Fort Matagorda, which covers both; and alfo by Fort Funtal, on the oppofte fliorc; to both which forts tlu Spaniards give the name of Lot, Puntales. In 1596, tliis city was plun- dered and burnt by the Kngliili, but it was rebuilt by the Spaniards a iTiort time after; and, in 1702, our forces made anotiu-r atr-.mpt upon it, which proved unfuccefsful. Gibraltar, the Gibel Tarif of the Moors, and once a celebrated town and fortrefs of An- dalufia, is at prefent in thj pofleirion of Great Britain. It was taken from the Spaniards in 1704, after a fiegc of only two days, by the combined fiects of England and Holland, under the command cf Sir George Rooke; and, after many ineffectual attempts to recover it on the part of Sp.iin, it was confirmed to F^ritain by the treaty of Utrecht in 171 3. Reiterated efforts, however, have fince been made for it's recovery at various periods, but without fuccefs; particularly in the late war, when it underwent a long and clofe fiege, but was de- fended with the moft heroic bravery, as well as the moft confummatc fkill, by the Im- mort.nl General tliitt. A :'. ge lif fu.:h duration, and carried on by fuch numbcis, rarely occurs in hiftory; and certain it h, th.at the defence then m.ade by the IBritifli may be ranked among ih.; i.ioft :"tmorable that ever happened: the combined fleets of France and Spain, together witli an army of more than fixty thoufand men, headed by the ableft generals, fupplied with everything that could enfure fuccefs, and who had recourfe to every means that the inventive g«iiius of man could contrive for the deibuction of the hu- man race, fouJid their utmoll efforts baffled by the condudt and courage of one 5ritiih veteran, who .'f!' t i n ii; ; I I, ,xt- : * :i^A i<)6 t: U R O P E. who iiil'piivd hi$ men with an enthufultic bravery which renuered them fuperlor to diflT;- cultics, ilatigef s, and wants. Gibraltar is a commodious port, formed by natuu- for commanding thcpflitge of tlic Straits 1 or, in other wotds, tht; ciitratico into tlic Medittrr.inoan and Levant Seas: but the road is neither faie ar;ainll an ent-mv, nor (hvllcrcd from (}x)rms. The bay is about twenty leagues in circumi'erencc. ThL- Straits are tWLnty-t'our miles Uiiu; and Hfta?n broad; throu'^h which fetsa ftrong current tiom the Atlantic Ocean into the McditcrnuKan, for the flemming of which a brilk gale is requifite. The town itfelf is neither large nor beautiful ; but, bein'T efteemed the key of Spain, and of the Mediterranean, it is always furnilhed with a ftrong garnfon provided with eve-y thing neceflary for a defence; and tlie harbour, which is formed by a mole, is well fortiheil, and planted wiili innumerable guns. Gibraltar is only acceble on tiie land-fide by a nariow pailaii^c between the rock and tlic lea, but which is fo well fecuied both by art and nature as to render it aimoiJl impregnable. 'I'herc arc two gates on the land-fidc, and t lame number towards the fea. Auofs •the ifthinus the Spaniards iiavc uiawn a fortih.d line, principally with a view to preclude the garrifon from any intercourfe with the country behind them ; but, notwitliftanding thir pre- caution, a clandeiline trade .; in peaceable times brilkly carried on in tobacco and fume other articles of which the Sp iiiards are remarkably fond. The garrii'on is confined within very narrow limits; and as tlv.- uttle ground Gibraltar contains fcarccly produces any vcge- -t^Ie, all their provilions are brought cither from England, or from the oppoiite iiarbary coaft. Formerly Gibraltar was entirely fubjcit to military law; but fuch a government beirg incompatible with the native liberty of Brttifti fubjeits in every other part of the globe, and liable tomanyabufcs and inconveniences, the parliament of England thought proper to erci^ it into a body-corporate. When part of the rock of Gibraltar war blown up for a particular purpofe, many pieces of bones and teeth were found incorporated with the ftonc, fome of which have been br< ught to England and depofited in the Britifh Mult^um. On the weft fide of the mount.uii is St. l^lichael's Cave, eleven hundred and ten feet above the horizon, in which arc ma^iy piIJ. rs ef various fizcs, formed bv the perpetual dropping of water from the roof, v.hich jietrifie^ in falling, aad forms an infii.ite number of ftalaa£, ftr etching inlanU upwards of iwo iuuuked miks Cordora SPAIN. 29? CorJova appears to have been of confidcr.iMe coiifcqucnce !n the time of the Romans; anJ, uii'lor the gmcmment of the Moor.'-, was cdccinctl a capitaJ of the firft confldcratioii. The walls arc imrtly of ilonuin, ami paitly of Moorilh architecture, in many places entire, but not prck-rv'.'d i;i any piopcr repair. 'I'iiis city is pretty e.xtenlivc, but baiily built j tiic ftrects are narrow and irregular, and confetiucnlly dirty and unplcafiuit. The cathedra! is a large, antique, and niagnilkcnt Iquare flructurc, built by the Moors for a niofquc; it's roof bein;^ fupportcd by three hundred and fixty-fue (lately pillars of al.ibailer, jafjH-r, and black marble. In 15^6, Cordova was alinoft ruined by an earth- qu.ike. This city has long been famous ior it's leather j whence the linglilh word Cord- wain, from Cordovan. The furrouiuling moimtains are cloathcd with delightful gardens, and plantations of olives, oranges, lemons, and llgs; and interfpeiled wiili pleafant vallies, refrefhed by fcveral ex- cellent fprings. When the trees are in blofl'om, thcj' difFufe a fragrance over the whole fiirrounding country; which, though perhaps inimical to health, is very grateful to the fmell. In giving a concifc detail of the Spanifh hiflorj-, we muft firft obferve that, for the fake of commerce, the fouthern coaft was anciently frequented by the Phfcniciuns; who fendin"- colonies hither, built Cadi/, and Malaga. When the rival republics of Rome and Carthage ftarted up, the poflellion of this kingdom became an object of contention between thofe powerful nations; but the Romans triumphing over every oppofition, Spain fell into their hands, and remained a tributary province till the dillijlution of the empire, when it became a prey to the Goths: tliefe having maintained their power about two centuries, in their turn were invadedby the Sar-tcens; who, towards the clofeof the fevcnth century, had pof- feflcd thcmfelvc:; of the lineft kiiigdoms of Afia and Africa; and, not fatisfied with the im- menfe regions which formerly compofed the Afiyiiim, Greek, and Roman empires, they crofled the Mediterranean, ravaged Spain, and eftabliihed themfelves in tiie frontier provinces of liiat kingdom. Thefc Infidels, who were afterwards known by the name of Moors, received many fignal overthrows under t!ie condudl^ of Don Pelago, the firft old SpaniHi prince on record, who alTumed the title of King of Afturia about the year of the Chrilliu.n ;i ra 72c. His fuccefies animating other Chriftiar, princes to \ indicate their power by arm«, the two kingdoms of Spain and Portugal were Involved in bloody wars for a fucceflion of ages. Mean while, every adventurer poflefled himfelf of the territories he wrefted from the Moors ; till Spain was ;it laft divid.d into twelve or fourteen kingi!(>\ns, vvhich not only continually waged war with t' ^'!oors, but alfo with each other; and hjj.ce tiieir hi ilory becomes very intricate and perplexed. About the year 1005, Henry Duke of Burgundy w-f declared Cotmt of Portugal by the King of Leon; bin hi' ion Alphonfo difdai .lin-: any r.lle^iance to Leon, aflumcil the ex- crcife of fo\creign power hinULlf. A fcrits o( brn\ j prinee' r'jjyatcdiy dcfeatet! tiie IVIoors in Spain; and ihnioll pov/crful kingdom; nt' \ri; ."^n rnd Caftile h.v'iig IwallowcJ up the reft, about the year 1475, theic two were at la:t u.iii. d by t!,e n'airi.';;e of Fciyinancl King of Arragon with Ifabella, the hfiirel"' and i.fterwardi '^i^iecn --f Caff lie; wile, taking Granada, expelled upwards cf 1 70,000 fun.ilies ol' Moors and lews frc m Spain.. 4F . ' Ifabella, 'i ,! ,. ■■! ,'«' u i#^n 4i « 2^8 K DROP E. Ifabella, the confort of FcrdiiwnJ, by jiutioni/ing the inimortit! Coluailiw, acquircil laftiiig glory; and, by a muiiirtcence whicli coft her little, acldcJ another quarter loth'- pliihc. To defcant oh the coufcquenccs of this dil'covcry, is not at prclcnt our deAgn. I'crh.ips it would have been tbrtiinatc for Evirope had America been Uil! unknown; and ftili more I'j for the natives of that diCunited continent, iiad EurojHi's avaricious Tons never timchtd Oii their coafts. The expulfion of the Moors and Jews in a great mcafurc deprived Spain of it's nv>f> ufcful artifts, labourers, and manufacturers; and the difcovcry of America not only ad.lcd to the calamity, but rendered the remaining Spaniaids intolerably indolent through the in- flux of Tranfatlantic wealth. To comp'.jat their misfortunes, the horrid tribunal of th* inquifition was eftabliflied under the aufpices of Ferdinand and Il'abella; which, thou'h intended principally as a protection againll the return of the Moors and Jews, operated fi- tally for Spain, fettering the exertions of the human mind, ad.ling torpitudt- to native indo- lence, and rendering uniiu-; and invention mi^fortuties rather tlian blelliiij.s tt^ ihcir poflcflors. Charles V. of the lloiife of Aultria, and Emperor of Cicrniany, fuccceded to the throne of Spain, in right of his motlicr, the daughter of Ferdinand and Ifabelia. The cxtenfive pofTedions of the Houfc of Aullria at that lime in Europe, Africa, and America, juftly alarmed die jcaloiify of the neiglibo>iring potentate*;, but could not gratify the ambition ot Charles, who was conftanlly engaged in foreign wars, or dMnieftic broils, with his Protcll.it'.t fubjects, whom he In vain attempted to recal to the Catholic church. At Icn'jth, after a long and turbulent reign, he came to a rcfolution which adoniflied Europe, that of with- drawing himfelf entirely from tlie noifc and budle of fecular affairs and fjjcnding the re- mainder of his days in folitude and retirement. In confcqucncc of this determination, he xefigned Spain and the Netherlands, with great formality, in the prcfencc of the princijial nobility, to his fon Philip IE but could not prevail on tiie (lerman princes to ele^t liiiu emperor; which honour they conferred on Ferdinand, Charles's brother, therebv di\idini'- the dangerous power of the Houfe of Auftria into two brandies: Spain, with all it's poflii- fions in Africa and America, the Netherlands, and fomc Italian ftates, remaining with the elder branch; while the Empire, Hungary, and Bohemia, fell to the lot of the youn"er; a ■portion which they Hill inherit. Charles, after having made this furrcnder, retired to the place he had chofeii for his re- treat, referving tohimfclf no more of all his vaft pofleflions than an annual penfion of ioo,oco crowns: there he buried in folitude rnd filence that ambition and grandeur which h;id alarmed and .agitated Europe for near half a century; and, after fpcnding two years wholly in an uninterrupted attention to the duties of religion, he was feized with a fever, which fwept him off the ftage of life in the 59th year of his age. Philip II. on his elevation to the throne, betrayed all the vices of his father, without the fmalleft intermixture of his good qualities. He was ambitious to excefs, haughty and auflerc, and an unrelenting bigot in the caufe of popery, throughout the whole courfe of his life. He efpoufed Mary, Queen of England, a fanguinary bigot like himfelf; and, after her death, paid his addrcfl'es in form to her fifter Elizabeth, who rejected the propofed union. In confequencc of this rcfufal, he engaged in % war with that princcfs, fitting out the fa- mous SPAIN. tot mmis ArmaJa for the conqucfl of KnijI.in'l, on which nccafion he rime off with Airh fip- fi.il diCgracc. His tyranny in the Low CoinUtic"', as .ilivaJy iiotiixJ, prodiin-d a revolt, with the lofs of the United Provinces; r.ncl, in ihurt, if we c>ccc;)t l'ortu»;iI, misfortune every where attended his arms. Porti(;j;al, after having been governed hy a race of wf; and Vvavf prlnc*, fell to vSehaftian alxmt the yi-"-"' 'SS?- Ihis mnnanh having, uiil^Ttaken an uiijull and iI!-concert;;d exj)f- dition againft the Moors in Africa, \oH his life, together with a fine army, in that coimtryj on which Philip united Portugal to his own dominion ;, though ttie Hraganza family iiifti- tuted a prior chiim, infilling on a fiiperior rigiit. I5v this act|uii"ition Spain hc...amc poUlilcJ of the Portuguefc fetth'ments in India, many of whici ihc ilili rcMiiis. 'I'hough the defccndants of Philip proved weak and impolitic princes, l»c and his father having totally ruined the original liberty of the natnes, they continued to leign in their own dominions with unmolelled defpotifm. Their viceroys, however, exciciitng the molf tyrannical and Infolcnt authority over the Portuguefc, drove that nation to violence and re- bellion! •iiid the nobility, about the year 1640, cng.ij*hlp; in a well-conducted confpiracy, (■ :pclled their tyrants, and placed the Duke oi' Hraganza on tlie throne, by the title of John IV. fmcc which period i'ortuga! has maintained it'soiiginal independence on Spain. Chailes II. of Spain, the 1 lib king of the Auflriati line, dying without iiliie, Philip Duke of Anjou, fccond foii to the Dauphin of France, and grandlim to Louis XI V. mounted the throne of Spain, in confequencc of his predeceflor's will, bv the name of Philiji V, in foi. A long and bloody llruggle intervened between him and the Cierman branch of the Houfe of Auftria, fupported by England, before he was confirmed in his dignity by the peace of Utrecht concluded in 1713. Thus Louis XIV. by a maftcrly train of politics, accom- plished his favourite projci^t of transferring the kingdom of Spain, with all it's rich polFef- fions in America and the Kait Indies, from the Houfe of Auilri.i, to that of liis own family, till Houfe of Bourbon. The reign of Philip V. was rendered turbulent and uncafy through the ambition of his wife, Elizabeth of Parma; who, intermeddling with politics, diftuibed the peace of his life and the honour of his government. Ho died in 1746, leaving his fon Ferdinand VI. his liiccclTor} who, through grief and melancholy for the lofs of a beloved wife, followed her in 1759, without ifl'ue. Charles III. his prefent Catholic Majcfty, and fon to Philip V. by his queen the Princefs of Parma, a prince more celebrated for endeavouring to introduce the P'rench modes among his fubjedts than for any other adlion of his reign, fucccedcd his brother Ferdinand. Indeed, fo far did his efforts for this purpofe proceed, that they occafioned a dangerous infurredtion at Madrid; for the quelling of which he was compelled to difmifs his favourite minirter the Marquis of Squillace, thereby affording an inftance that even defpotifm itfelf muft yield to the unanimous opinion of numbers. When the war before lart broke out between France and England, fo warmly attached was the King of Spain to the family- compact of the Houfe of Bourbon, that he even hazarded his American dominions in it's (iijijiort. War keing declared between him and England, the latter took the Havannah, in the llle of Cub.i, and thereby rendered herfelf entirely miftrefe of th& navigation of the Spanifh Plate fleets; but, 'i V^ i* ) iiH* ■ h ^ i.'i;. .«: -i 'io6 EUROPE. hut, iint\vithfl.im!ing the prodigious fucccfs which attended thcBritifh arms, thn acqiiil'tlon was iciK)rci.l to Spain at the tcimiiiatioii vi' tiie y>M, 'Ihc Spanilh miniltry concerted a;i expedition, in 1775, nguinll Algiers, which failed in tvcry infhuicc: their troojiy, amount- ini^ to 24,000 men, conimandtJ by Lieutenant-gcnerul C)'Reilly, landed about a league and a halt" to the eaftwaid of the cit)- of Algiers, but were dirs^racclully driven back, to their iliip.s, with vcrv hca' y lulV. Alter the French had ior fonie time efpouCcd the part of the B itifli American infi-rgents aa;ain(l the parent country, tin; cwnt of Spain was alio prevailed on by that nation to com- niencc hoftilitics with fireat Hritain; but the J ^if advantage Ihc has derived from engas;. ing in ihis c.vpenfivc contel^, is the ccllion of Minorca, which foruicily belonged to tiie Spanifh crown. C H A P. XII. PORTUGAL. THIS country, the Lufitania of antiquity, and the nioft weftcrn kingdom of Europe, is bounded on the north by the Spanilh province of Galicia; on the ealt by the pro- vinces of Leon, Lftramadura, and Andalufia; and on the fouth and weft by the Atlantic Ocean; extending from 36 dcLirces 50 minutes to 40 degrees j minutes north latitude, and from 7 to 10 degrees of weft longitude from London. It's length from Valen9a, the molt wrthern town, to Sagres the moft (outhcrn, is about three hundred and ten mdes; and it's greatcft breadth, from Pcnichc, a fja-port in Eihamadura, to Salvaterra, or the Spanifti fron- tiers, is an hundred and tWL'ivc. The climate it' Portugal is in general much more tcmpcr.itc than that of Sp;'.',n, becaufe of it's vicinity to the lea; and the air of Lilbon in parti.,>:b'r is crteemed fo gentle and falu- brious, that confumptive patients from the moft diftant European countries frequentiy try it as their laft refort. But though the temperature of the climate is fupcrior to that of Spain, the foil is by no me.-ms fo fertile, which obliges the Portuguefe to import the greatcft part of their corn. The fruits are fimilar to '.V'^Cc of Spain, but their flavour is not q ;itc fo deli- cious. The Portu.nicfe wines, however, when old and genuine, arc cfte mcd the molt friendly of any to the human conftitution, though they are with difficulty procured in an unadulterated ftate. Port wines, fo copiouHy drunk in England, arj mac'i- in the diflric'^t round Oporto, which does not produce half the quantity confumcd under that name in th« Britiftl dominions on' PorTuga!, which is iri many parts t xtrcmcly mountainous and rocky, contains the ores of filvcr, copj)cr, '.n, and iron; but tl.c Portugucfe being amply fupplied with mcLiIs, and particularly gold, Trom their poileflions in Amei'ca and otr'.cr p.irts of the globe, no mines arc woriced in their e;wn country, f Jems of v.iricus kinds, fuch as turquoifes and hyacinths; a beautiful fpccics of veined marble; and niany curious foflils of » So lapidary kind; are foimd in dift'ercnt provinces . and, gn the hill of Alcantara, in the vicinity of Lir^on, tkcK is a remarkable mine of faltpetre. All PORTUGAL ^-Ji ic A'l the princip.il ria -> in Poitiigal hav*; their foiirces in Spain, and fall into the Atlaiit O. ,;iii. 1 he ino»l celebrated arc the Miiiho, the Liuia, the Diioro, .md the T.ijo, or '1 Vgii-,, til. l.irgeft river in the kingdom, celebrated by tho pocf; lor it's golden f.uids, Portugal alio ci)iiuin> u-vei,d famous I2l.es and (j>rii);;s: (bmc abl'orbcnt c\cn of the iightert rubftanccs,(uch ;:s wood, cork, and feathers; fomc medicinal and ran;iti\ei and fomc hot, and adapted tor L.>tiiing. The chief prorrK)Ptori''s and capes in this kingdom arc Cape Mondfiro, near tlic month of the River Mondt-tro; Cap- Roca, at the entrance of the River Tajo; and Cape St. \'in- ccnt, on the fouth-we't point < ' Algarva. I'hc bay. are thofc of Cadoan, or St. Ubes, Couth of Liiton; and the Bay of Lagos, in Aljarva. rile coalts of PortK j;al produce .-l.iTndancc of excellent fifli; and the land is cc;ua!lv well *l()cktd with anim.!'^ -aid fowl-, both wild and domeftic. The mules in this countrv arc cx- t;vinely ferviccabic, both f'.r draught ^nd carriage; and the hurfcs, t.hough Higluly made, ;i»e fpirited iuid lively. '['he Portu^'uefe arc neither fo tall nor fo well proportioned as their neighbours the Sp.i- ni;ud>, whole h;i".)irs and cul^oms they imitate, but exceed them in their affectation of fplen- d';r. The hidi^-s an- (lender, and of fmall liature; their complexions a delicate olivc; tlieir eyes black and exprcfTivc; and their features pleafing and regular: they are charaelcrized as gciicrof . modeiJ, and witty, and drefs, like the Spanish hidies, with much aftedcd gra- \ity, but at the fame time with the utmoll magnificence; exadting, in general, from their ier'..i;us and dependar's a homage which in other countries is only paid to rovalty. A Por- tiigucfe writer tinis defcribes iji-. (jwh countrymen: ' The nobilit\,' fa\'s he, 'think thcm- ' lel\ c, gods, and piqjire a ft»rt of adoration ; the gentry afpirc to equal them ; and the com- * nioii people difdaiii to lv cof>fidered as inferior to either.' Hence the grandees dWcii the iitmdit fj)lend'r in their furniture and equipage; retain an incredible lunnber of menial fer- \. lilts in their train; and, by launching out into an extra\.igant oflcntation to whicii their revenues are inadequate, fubjcct thcmiclvcs to all the inconveniences of fplendid poverty. The poor, who are in general almoft deftitutc of every neceflary domefUc utcnfil, inimita- tinii of the Mor r-j always fit crof- -legged on the ground. The modern Ptirtuguefe fcarcelv retain a vellige of that cnterprizing fpirit which, about three centuries ago, rendered their anceftors fo illuftrious. Since the Biagan/.a family afcended the throne, they have degenerated In all their virtues; and, were we to give full credit to the reports of hiitorians and tra\ ellcrs, we iliould be induced to pafs a general een- fuic on the whole nation. Hut it nuilf be confelled, that many noble examples of honour, p'ohity, and virtue, flill cxift among them; and though the imbccillity of their monarchy rendeis them inactive, and that inactivity introduces pride .ind other fimilar vices, there are f^ill many a-no.ig them wliofe lives are honourable to thcmfelves and beiteficiai to foeiety. Tre.ichery, ingratitude, and, .ibovc all, an infat;.d>le thirft for revenge, luive generally been Lid to their charge; nor, perhaps, can they be wholly exculpated from the aecufation. They are, if pofljble, more fuicrftitions than the Spaniards; and, botli in high and common life, afTume more conlequential airs of fe!f-importanct. Ai.iong the lower rank-, theft is fo com- monly practifed, as to render it h;'rdlv regarded as a criJ'U'. It is ditficuit, however, to pro- nounce what alteration may be made in the charadcr of the Portuguefc by the expulfuin of 4. *J the t' i h it 30* EUROPE. the Jefults, and the diminution of the papal influence among them; and, above all^ by that fpiritof inde^K-ndcncy on Great Britain wifh regard to commercial affairs, which in viola- tion of the ties of gratitude, and the ftro.iger tics of reciprocal ad\ antagc, is now fo much encouraged by their court and miniftry. According to the bcil calculations which can be made on fuch a fluctuating fubjeL^, Por- tugal contains about two millions of inhabitants, of which three hundred tlioufand of both fexcs arc ccclciiaftics. In their way of !i\injr, the Portugucfe are remarkably fober and abllrcmious, the men mix- ing water with their wine, and the women ufing water only. As in other warm climates, it is ufual for the natives to retire to red about noon on account of the heat, and to tianfad the principal part of their bufincfs in the mornings and evenings. The favourite diverhon of this people, like that of the hpaiuards, is their bull-feafls, or bull-hunting; which is generally exhibited, on a Sunday afternoon, in a fpacious amphi- theatre called Campo Peqi'eno, about four miles from Lifbon; the king, the royal family, the court, and even ecclefiaiHcs of every rank, countenancing that inhuman diverfion with the iiime unfeeling curiot'itv. The Portuguefe, as well as the Spaniards, believe the Gofpel to have been f\r{\^ pro- mulgated among them bv James the Kldcr; and, in their religious opinions, they are the moil bigottcd Papifts. Though the exercife of the Jewifh religion is prohibited by the fun- damental laws of the kingdom, all authors agree that numbers of fecret Jews ftill remain among the Portugucfe, and even among the very ecclcfiaflics and inquilitors themfdves. John III. introduced the imiuilition into this country, which is very active in dcteding here- tics, and no lefs fo in punirtiing them : impious, cruel, and ini\uman, as this tribunal is, it's feitivals, or folemn burnings, call-jd Ji,to da Fi\, or the Act of Faith, afford the higheft deligiit to thefe infernal bigots, who exult in tlic tortures of their fellow-creatures, and deem them the moll acceptable worfliip. The jKiUL'r of the inquifition, however, is now taken out of the hands of the ecclefiallics, and converted into a ftate-trap for the benefit of the crown. 'I lie papal authority in Portugal is likewife much abridged, and the royal revenues are greatly in- creafed at the expence of the religious inllituticns i'l that kingdom. The archbifhoprics are thofe of Hragi), Kvora, and Liflion ; the firfl of which has ten faf- fr.agan bifhops; the fecond rwo; and the iail ten, including thofe of the Portuguefe fore!..n fettlcuKMits. The patriarch of Liihon is generally a cardinal, iuid a pcrfon of the highcll birth. The number of convent";, which amnimt to near nine hundred, are in genera! pro\ iJcd with ample ic%enues for their fupport; but the Jeiiiits, who in multitude and opulence for- merly furpafled all the other religious orders, have lately been expelled the kingdom. The Portuguefe language differs froiji that of Spain only provincially, with the addition of fomc words origin;dly borrowed from other nations; and is ellcemed {Irong, energetic, and exprcilive. Sound learning and Hbcrrd fciencc arc banifhcd from Portugal by the decretals of the church.; and though tlicre arc utiiverfitics at Coimbra and Evora, and levcral academies of royal PORTUGAL. S^^S royal inftitiitlon, all attempts to diftufc iifctii! knowlciige arc defeated by the tyrannic fway of fiiptTltition. The fchools of this country, imiccJ, arc the retreats tf iophiftry and error, which Newton, Galilx-o, and other celebrated philofophers, have driven from the reft of Kuropcj and thofc names which are in otlier countries treated with the hii'lieft veneration, are here branded with tlic- titles of atheifts and heretics, and never mentioned hut with marks of execration. In fhort, fo little lias literature flouriflicd in this kingdom, that c\en thofe of the i'ortui^uefe themfelves who have the frnallcft tincture of fcience mention it with indi'>-- nation. Some feeble efforts, however, liave lately been made by the government to awake them from this deplorable ignorance; but neither their political nor religious inftitutions arc favourable to the growth of genius, l"hc anccftors of the prefcnt Portuguefe were certainly poflefTed of more true knowledge, with regard to aftronomy, geographj', and navi- gation, than all the world befides, about the middle of the fixteentii centurv; but v/c hardly meet with one name tranfmitted to poilerity as eminent f)r literary abilitic?, except the poetic Camoens, who was himfelf a great adventurer and voynger, and poIllfTcd all the cn- thuhafin of um ultivated jrcnius. Mis Lufiad, which has been elcjani! v trann.ited into Encr- liih by the ingenious Mr. Mickle, will at leaft refcue his country from the general charge of literary deficiency. Commerce and manufic^incs have taken a furnri/ing turn within tfiefc few rears; and new companies and regulations have been projected I y the Portuguele miriilh\', militating molt cfrcinially againft thofc privileges which the Britilh merchants formerl)- enjoyed by \irtue of the moft folemn treaties. The Portuguefe exchange th'jir wines, fruit, and other articles, for foreign manuu-.c^ures; they fabricate fome linen, woollen, and coarfe fdk ; and are peculiarly Axtnous for candying and prefer\ing fruit. Their commerce, howe\er, though fecmingly cxtenfive, is not at- tended with any folid benefit, as the other Kuropean nations engrols all the productions of the Portuguefe colonies, as well as their native commodities, which they barter for the pro- diice and nu?r.bcrlefs manufadures of the principal commercial nations cf Europe. The Portuguefe fettlements i/i .'\mcrica and the Indies are not only of immenfe prefcnt value, but capable of vaft improvement. From tiieir plu]itations on the caft and weft coafts «'f Africa, tliev import gold, and carry (laves foi the ule of their American colonies. The Bra/.ils not only produce fugar, tobacco, and a variety of the tropical fruith, but likewi.'e abound in mines of gold and filver, and afiord a \aricty of precious ftones. The fovereign's fifth of gold, notwithftanding the vaft coijtraha.-ul tr.ide, amounts annually to 300,000!. fterlin:i:; a convincing proof of the immenfe grofs amount. The King of Portugal is in many rcfpecis an arbitrary monarch ; but the nation fliil pre- fervcs an appearance of it's ancient free conftitution, in the mteting of the cortes, orflatcs, tompofed of the nobility, clergy, and commons; who, on the impolltion of new taxes, the fittlement of the fuccclTjon, and other important concerns, pretend to a right of beitig con- fulted : but the only real power they pollefs, is that of being in'iulged with gi\ iiig their aflent to every new regulation relpccting the fucccffion, in order to prevent all future dif- putes on that account, Tiie 11 I Iff ffi mf f Ml I 1 1 'i 1 11 ml '' \:j n •I ^1 fi k i 3^4 r U R O P E. Tlichighcfl offi.-c is the Council of Stnte, compofcd of an equal number ( f clergy ami nn. bilitv, to';cthcr with the fccrctaties of ftate ; by which all the important alfairs of the kinir- dom are tranfa'fleii, and all ccc'efiatlical and temporal offices difpofi.d of. A council of war regulates all military aflair?, as the treafury courts fettle llicfc rc;ati\c to fmance. Tin.- Council of the Palace is the higheft tribunal that can recci\c appeals, but from that of the Cuu da SuppIicac;ao there is no appeal. The laws of Portugal, which are grounded on tlie civil l.iw, are comprized in three duodecimo volumes; but as arbitrary power can exphiiii, pervert, or enlarge at pleafurc, tlicy only ferve for a ;j;eiK'ral rule of .ictiun. The royal revenues have been computed at three nullioiis and a half fterling aniuiidly ; arifms: principally from the hereditary eftales of the royal houfe of Hraganza, to which fifty villas belong; from the roval domains ; fromculloms; from taxes ; from the excife, which is very hi;!,h, and paid even bv the clergy; from a monopoly of Hrazi! fnuf}'; from coinage; from the fale of indulgence.-; ; ficmi the grand-nuillcrlhip.i of the orders o'i knighthood ; from ecdefialtical tithes in foreign countries; from the fifth part of the produce of Brazdian gold; from the farm of Brazilian dianionds; and from the late luppreflion of the Jefuits, and other reli2;ious orders and inditutions. 'I'lie Portiiguefe ufetl firniLrly to depend upon (jreat Britain for protection and there- fore ne^k.\:ted tlu.ir own army and navy to a (hameful degree; but the friendly intercourfe be- tween thcfe two pov.'eis having been in a great mcafure fufpendcd, (thouyli, dining the late reign, the Portuguefe received the moll ctf'echial afliflance from Britain, when their country was in'.aded hv the French and Spaniards) his Moil b'aithful M.ijell_\- judged it expedient to raife a confiderable army, chietly difciplined and officered by foreigners; who not meeting ^vith th.u Liic(juragement to which they mi^htpn-iablythink their militarv (kill entitled iheni, reiintjuifned their command; and the arrny of Portugal again fank to it's former inligni- iicance. In the year i 760, the nr.vy confifled of fifteen /hips of the line and a few frigates. His Portuguefe mnjefty is only proclaimed and folemnly acknowledged by the ftates, to whom he takes a coronation oath, and receives, in his turn, an act of homage ; but the aiflual ceremony of coronation and uniition i? entirely omitted. His titles run thus: King of Por- tugal, and the Algarva; Lord of Guinea, and of the Navigation, Comiueft, and Commerce of Ltiii'jpi.i, Arabi.', Pcrfia, and Jjrazil. The late king was complimented by the Pope with t'iie title of M0I Faithful, a diilin^tion now generally applied. The heir-apparent to the cro-.vn is ftiled Prince of Brazil. The I'or iguefe arms are, Argent, Five Efcutchcons, Azure, placed crofs-wife, each charged with as many Befuit'' as the tirit, placed f.dti* r-w:fe, and pointed. Sable, for Por- tugal. The fliield bonlcred, Gide^, charged v.ith Seven Towers, three in chie*, and two in each flank. Tlie fupportcrs are, T\"o Winged Dragon'-, aiul the cre(l a Dragon, Or, under t'lc t.v.) Ha 1 ■he«, and thebafe of the fliicld appears at it's extremity; Two Crolles, the f\y\\ I'leur-de-li';, Vert, which is for the order of Avlez, and the fecond Patee, Gules, for the (jr.l'.rof C'uid. ''"he nrntto is fluctuating, each king generally afTuming a new one; but it frequently run', th:- : ' Pro Rigr cl G"^.;^^■•;' that is, For the King and the People. The n ibil.tyof l^ -tu ,al are extremely numerous, manyof them of the blood-royal, and dcrcenJcd from the natural Ions of Uic royal family. They arc divided into high and low; the PORTUGAL. 305 iHr the higher, ftiled Titled NoblHty, conftft of dukes, marquifll-s, counts, vifcounts, and barons : thofe who are grandees, and ftiled Dons, like thofc of Spain, arc divided into three clafies, iind receive from the royal trcafury penfions fufHcient to fupport their refpeftive dignities. The fons of a duke are accounted grandees, and hisdaughtcrs hold the rank of march ioncflcs. The inferior nobility, or rather the gentry, are termed Fidalgos, and are incapable of being complimented with the title of Do'i, uniefs by royal licence. The principal order of knighthood in Portugal is that of Chrift, inftituted by King Den- nis foon after the abolition of Knights Templars : to this order belong four hundred and fifty commanderies ; and it's badge is a Red Crofs with an inferior white one. This order was formerly in the highcft eftimation, but is now indifcriminately given to all kinds of people who have the character of being zealous Catholics. The order of St. James has forty-feven fmall towns, and aji hundred and fifty commanderies, befides the fplendid con- vent of Santos o Novo, fituatcd a little to the well of Lifbon : the badge of this order is a Red Sword fhaped like a crofs, the hilt retaining the ancient form. The order of Aviea has forty-nine commanderies, and has for it's badge a Green Crofs in form of a lily. The above three orders are all religious ; but the knights are indulged with liberty t9 marryj and the kings of Portugal are their perpetual grand-mafters, from which they derive a confiderable revenue. The Knights of Malta have likewife twenty-three commanderies in this kingdom; but thefe, as well as the reft, are but little eftimated even by the lower ranks. Portugal is divided into feveral provinces, viz. Algarva, Alentcjo, Guadiana, Entre Tajo, Eftremadura, Biera, Tralos Montes, Duoro, and Entre Minho. It's foreign domi- nions, which were formerly immenfely extenfive, are now greatly diminiflied. The Por- tuguefe, however, ftill poflefs the Cape de Verd Ijlands, St. Thome, and the Madeiras, in the Atlantic Ocean ; Fort Magazan, on the coaft of Morocco'; and Cacheo, on the Negro coaft ; feveral forts in the kingdoms of Congo, Angola, Loango, and Monomotapa; a fort in Monoemugi ; and the towns of Mofambique and Sofola, in the fame kingdom. In Afia they hold the towns of Diu, Goa, Onor, Macao, and feveral others; and, in America, Brazil and part of Guiana. We fhall nowprocred to a defcription of the principal cities in the kingdom of Portugal, beginning with the moft fouthern; but muft piemife, that few of them deferve much atten- tion, either for elegance, extent, or trade. Where the liberal arts are fo little known, in vain do we look for fplendid ftiu£lurcs and works of tafte; every city, in foine meafurc, ftiews the progrefs of the human mind in ufeful arts; and a perverted tafte will always dif- play itfelf on thofe obje6ls which are moft open to public infpei^ion. Lagos, in Algarva, is fituated in a fine bay navigable for the largcft (hips, in 36 degrees 51 minutes north latitude, and in 8 degrees 36 minutes weft longitude, about forty leagues fouth of Lift)on. It's peculiar fituation will not admit of a regular fortification ; the city, however, is walled, and the harbour protefli-d by two forts. The inh,)bltant:- hardly amount to three thoufand; but Lagos being the refidencc of the go^'.-rnor and c.ipr.-.in general of Algarva, there is fome ftiew of opulence among them. At this phicc the Lngiifli fleets bound to the Straits generally touch, in order to take n\ a frcfh fupply ol' water. 4 E -Ota, '. u :< ?1 joO E U R P I Evora, a very ancient cify of A!cnujr>, is fuiuucd on a hill funounded by diflant mrtun. tains, about ilxty-cight miles foiith-call of LKboii. A I'ortugiiclc wiIut, who hii> publi/ho'l a volume of antiquities rclativi.' to this jilaco, affirms, among other things, thut it gave birth to Cicero and V^irgil. It is certain, however^ that Evora was the rcfidcnce of the famous Scrtorius, who encompaflcd it with walls, and built aji aqueduct, on the ruins of which John III. raifed that which now fupplics the town with water, 'ihe remains of a temple of Diana, with feven pillars of the Corinthian order Itiil entire, are among the principal re- lics of antiquity. Evora is an archieplfcopal fee, containing twenty-three convents. It is Large, but ruinous ind depopulated. A modern fortification has been begun, but never compleated. Nothini» but the gloom of bigotry is to be (ecu within the walls ; for though it is die capital of a province, and the feat of an univcrfity, neither trade nor mauufa-at;d univcrfity in the province of Beira, fituatcd on the River Mondego, contains about twelve thoufand inhabitants, a cathedral, nine parifh-churches,, tight convents, and eighteen colleges. The cathedral, churches, and monaftcries, are ele- gant ftrutSlurcs, well adorned and beautified ; but the private houfes are generally mean, ani dellitute of elegance and convenience. The univcrfity was fo much reduced when the late minifter, the Marquis de Pombal, firft came into power, that it w-is totally fallen into the hands of a few ignorant priefts j who, inattentive to the purpofes of it's inftitution, only regarded the amiexed emoluments. The fiudcnts, indeed, amounted to between fix and feven thouland ; but, in general, they only entered their names in the college-books,, and paid certain fees, while their perfonal attendance and application to Ihidy were entirely difpenfed with. De Pombal immediately put a flop to connivances fo fatal to the improvement of youth, and fixed the exa£l time uring which a {Indent diould remain in college; and fuch refidence, as well as a pre-> vious public examination, he made inditpenfably neceffary for obtaining degrees. He alfo> indituted many new regulations, founded on fuch as were in force in the univerfities of Eng- land, France, and Flanders; appointed profeflbrs in moft of the fciences; and cftablifhcd two new faculties, one of natural hiftory, and the other of mathematics ; at which the clergy took great offence, fuppofing fuch innovations preparatory to the introduction of hcrcfy,, and the fubverfion of the Catholic faith. The number of iludeuts is at prcfent about fix. hundred;, !;':£' I ! ■hy i ; mi 11 m I t\ \ 3o8 EUROPE. hundred ; among whom the quibbling divinity of St. Thomas Aquinas is now exploded, and rational learning happily introduced. Porto, Oporto, or Porta Port, the I'econd city of the kingdom, and the capita! of the province of Entre Douro e Minho, is fttuated in 46 degrees 53 minutes north latitude, ar.J 8 degrees 35 minutes weft longitude, on the fide of a rugged mountain, the foot of whicli is waflied by the River Duoro \ which being only about a league diftant from the fca, foriri an excellent harbour-, though the entrance is rendered fomewhat difficult from rocks and lands, which form a bar, and require the aid of high-water, as well as that of a |)ilot, to get over. This harbour is protected againft every wind ; though, when the floods or frefhcs come down, no anchor can hold ; and the (hips arc then ^ftcned to each other along tlic ivalls, in order to avoid the irrefiftible impetuofity of the torrent. The ftreets of Oporto, though well-paved, are, through the inequality of it's fite, un- plealant to walk in; the houfes are not very remarkable for their elegance} and the forti- fications are old and ruinous. Along the banks of the river runs a Rne quay, clofe to which lies the (hippii\g, fo that a merchant may fee his veftcls unloaded from his own windows. In opulence, populoufncfs, commerce, extent, andfituation, this is the next city to Lifbon; and Britifh inhabitants enjoy the fame immunities as thofe in the metropolis. Opocto has four fuburbs, fevcn parifli-churches, twelve convents, and feveral hofpitals and charitable inftitutions. The (hops are filled with baize andcoarfe cloth; and the appaid generally worn by the inhabitants is the manufa(fture of Great Britain. From their great intcrcourfe with the Engli(h, they have adopted feveral of our cuftoms, and copied many of our inftitutions. In 1 774, the number of inhabitants of this city was computed at 36,000. Braga, an ancient archiepifcopal city of the fame pro\incc, fituated in 41 degrees 33 mi- nutes north latitude, and in 8 degrees 44 minutes weft longitude, is faid to have been orio;!- jially built by the Greeks; but it afterwards fell under the power of the Carthaginian^, Ro- mans, Swabians, Goths, Moors, and kings of Leon. The Romans gave it the title of Augufta, and the Swabian kings honoured it with their refidcnce. In the time of Plinv, it was a place of fuch importance, that it had under it's jurifdidtion twenty-four cities and 575,000 inhabitants. The Roman antiquities ftill extant, particularly an amphitheatre and an aquedu£l, are fufficient proofs of it's ancient fplendor. Several famous councils were held in this city during the fifth and fixth centuries. Braga, which is ftip(X)fed to contain about twelve thoufand inhabitants, has four pari(h- churchcs, an .ancient and magnificent cathedral, eight convents, a feminary, an hofpital, and a houfe of mercy for decayed perfons of both fexes. This country was originally poflcfled by the Phoenicians and Carthaginians, from whom it pafll'd to the Romans about two hundred and fifty years before the Chriftian afra, and was ereded into a Roman province under the Emperor Auguftus. Towards the begin- ning of the fifth century, the Alans, and afterwards the Swabians and Vilbgoths, fucccf- fjvely over-ran it, and maintained pofleflion till they were overpowered by the Moors and Saracens in the cightli century, from whom the Chriftians graduiilly wrcftcd the polTei&on. Henry ruge, PORTUGAL. vn H;»ivy Duke of Dui-jrunily having diftinguirticd himfcif by his eminent atclii« vcmen's n r'iiill fill- Moors, Alplionfo VI. King ofCaltile, pave hiin his diiughtcr I'hcreCa in mar- riage, createJ him Karl of I'ortugii!, and in mo left him that kingdom. Alphonlb, his fon and fucccflbr, having obtain';d a fiyiial vidory ovt-r the Moors in 1 136, was created king hy th- people; anJ, difclaiming all all'.-.);iancc to Spain, tiic fucccirion of the crown was let- tli'd, in J 181, at a convention of the ftates of the realm. In 13S3, the k-itimatc nvilc line of this family becoming extinct in the |x:rfon of Ferdinand, John 1. his natiiriil fon, after a ftiiiggle of two years, was fuffercd to mount the throne; and in his reign the fpirit cf difco- vei y and adventure began to fliew itfcif, the Portuguefe eftablifhing feveral fettlements in Afi C.1, and aiiding to the terraqueous globe the Azores, which fiiice the time of the Car- thaginians had l>een totdly unknown. His great grandfjn, John II. cncreafed the popu- lation of his kingdom by the admiiTion of the Jews, who had been entirely expelleil from Spiin; and gave great encouragement to navigation, which facilitated the difcovery of a way to the Ea!t Indies, by doubling the Cape of Good Hojh;, under the reign of his fucceflbi Kmanuel. Hra/.il was firft difcovcred in 1500 by Oon Pedro Alvarez; and fo many new cftablifh- mi"nts were made in the Indies, that the Portuguefe may be faid, at that time, to have gained the fummit of power : but the wars they were obliged to wage with the natives of Indoftaii aivl Atrica, and their frequent emigrations, proved fatal to their own country; and Henry the Cardinal dying in 1580, the male line of the royal lamily again became cxtindl:, and in the }Lar following Portugal was united to Spain. The Portuguefe, now reduced to a ilate of valTalagc, loft almoft every advantage thcv had formerly obtained under their own monarchs : their polleflions in the F.aft Indies, in Hrazil, and on the coaft of Africa, were either negleded, or wrcfted from them by the Dutch and other maritime powers; while they were opprelled at home by unfeeling governors; and at laft compelled toaflert their liberty, by throwing off the Spanifli yoke in 1640, and elevating John Duke of Bragan/.a to the throne. This prince, who aflUmcd the title of John IV. drove the Dutch out of Brazil, and proved the progenitor of the prefcnt royal family. Alphonfo his fon was dethroned by ''is own bro- ther Peter, wholikewife obtained a dilpenfation from the Pope to marry Alphonfo's queen; which unnatural union was actually confummatcd. Peter, through the mediation of Charles II. of (Jreat Britain, who had married the Infanta Catharine, fifter to Peter and Alphonfo, concluded a treaty in 1668 with Spain, by which Portugal was declared an independent kingdom. Peter was fucceeded by his fon John, the father of the late king of Portugal. John joined the grand confederacy formed by King William to humble the power of France, to which his father had alfo acceded ; but neither of them were of great fervice to the caufe : on the ( ontrary, they had almoft ruined the Allies, by occafioning the lofs of the battle of Almanza in 1707. John dying in 1 7 50, left the kingdom to his (on Jofeph, whofe reign was jieither pleafaiit tohimfelf nor fortunate to his people. The melancholy earthquake in 1755 de- llroyed his capital, and (hook the very bafts of his government. His fucceeding adminiftra- 4 1 tion -!■ ■M \i'^ ;i m 1 !: n ■M t 'i' 3W EUROPE. tion was neither marked with internal aftciVion nor foreign reputation | it was deeply ftained V^ith dumcilic blood, and rendered (xlious by exceirive and unrelenting cruelty. In 1760, he was attacked by afl'allins, and narrowly efcajxjd with life, in a folitary place near the royal feat of Bclem ; on which occafion fevcral of the firil families in the kingdom were ruined, tortured, and almort exterminated, in confcijutuce of an ill-grounded accu- fation exhibited againft them for having confpiud ;i. amft the life of their (overeign. But thefe allegations were not fupported by profwr cvuxntc ; and, after they had iuft'crcd ihe feverity of an unjuft fentencc, their innocen* c wiis fully and inconleltibly proved. From this fuppofed confpiracy is dated the expulfion of the Jtluic , v\no were pretended to have been accclVarics, from e\ ery part of the Portuguefe donunioi)-. The favourite miniifcr in the reign of Jofcph was the Marquis de Pombal, to whom the entire management of pubiii' affairs was implicitly trulted. The grand national objtits purfucd by this celebrated Ihitefman were of the utmoil iiiipcrtance to the interclts of the kingdom: he fet about eftablifhing manufatJtures; and enabled, that one-third of the vineyards fhould be converted into corn-fields, in order to obviate the neccflity of importing grain from foreign countries'; he reduced ihe enormous wealth of the clergy ; fubje*ited the court of inquifition to the civil pi^wer; and procured the entire expuHion of the Jefuits, an order of men who had become jKCuliarly obnoxious to government. Thefe fpirited proceedings could not fail of creating many malccontcnts; bigotry and fuperftition complained that the hulv catholic church was in danger; and the nobility, whole- influence was lefiencd by Fom- bal's fole engrolTment of the roval car, joined the difaffeded party, and .il' 'ted the views of miniftcrtal oppoiition. But though even the mofl laudable reforms wjIj ways excite ilil- arteiiVion in a degenerate nation, fueh (alutary meaiurcs, had they been purfued on truly patriotic principles, would have been attended with the moft beneficial confequences, and might in time have baffled all oppofiticn. The great object of this miniller, however, was not fo much to reform abufe-;, as to dirciil them into new channels. Manufadtures, indeed, were cllablifhed, but founded on his own avaricious views, under whom the acting pi oprietors were only agents. Having Icfllncd the growth of vines, he fubjciSlcd the wine produced to an unjufl monopoly ; and, having abridged the [wwcr of the clergy, and expelled the Jefuits, he only (trengthencd his own government by the acceflion of their re- venues. During thcfo reforms, the army remained undifciplincd, and the navy neglected ; and, but for the fpirited fuppoit of Great Britain, Portugal would have been reduced to a ftatc of vafl'alage by the arms of Spain. Dc Pombal, however, took the (hortcft method of fdencing murmurs againft his adminiftration, that of unrelenting feverity; the prifon'^ were croudcd w ith objects of his vengeance ; and the treatment thole victims of his wrath received there, would have added frefli infamy even to a Dionyfuis: but his mafter dying in 1777, his power vaniflicd at once, he was barely permitted to live, driven from the capital with difgrace, and reduced to the condition of an humble individual. His Portuguefe Majcfty Jofeph having no male ifiuc, the Princefs of Brazil, his cidcft daughter, was married, b\ a difpenfation from the Pope, to Don Pedro, her own uncle, in order ■ -^l^ f '■ ■> fh^; PORTUGAL. 3" orJcr to prevent the crown from devolving on a foreign family. On the dcmife of her father, that princefs mounted the throix;; and, among the hrft .nils of her reign, removed the prime- mmiiler of the late reign: an event which excited a general joy among her fubjcds, and conciliated their afFct^tions to her government. C H A P. xiir. SWITZERLAND. THE thirteen united cantons of Switzerland, the Helvetia of antiquity, is bounded oa the north by Swabia; by the Lake of Condance, Tirol, and Trent, on the eaftj by Italy on the fouthj and by France on the weU; extending from 45 to 48 degrees of north latitude, and from 6 to 11 of eall longitude } the extreme length being about two hundrc 1 and it is by no means uncommon for the inhabitants of one fide of a mountain to be reaping, while thofe on the other are fowing. The vnllies, however, are warm, fertile, and highly cultivated i but being fuhjedt to floods and various accidents which frequently deftroy the cxpcdtcd produce of the year, the natives have adopted the prudent precaution of erecting granaries, tofiipply the failure of their crops. The water of Switzerland, in general, is grateful to the palate, and falubrious to the con- flitution; and, in many places, defcending from the mountains in broken falls, has a grand .ind delightful eft'cit With regard to the efFedts of perfevcring induftry, perhaps no country on earth can vie with or even equal Switzerland. In pafling over the moft mountainous and naturally fterile fpots, we meet with vineyards and pafturcs; and not unfrcquently trace the plough along the fide of a very fteep precipice, which a horfi; unacculloined to the country would be inc;:pablc of afcending without danger. Indeed, nature feems to have thrown every obllruflion in the way which can refult from unpropitious foil, fituation, and climate ; and the natives, delighted with furmounting them, feem to have fpread artificial fertility over the molt fterile fpots, and converted the rugged rock into pleafant vineyards. The bottoms of the mountains, and fome- times their very fuinmits, arc cloathed with vineyards, corn-fields, meadows, and pafturage. Other parts of this country, however, arc too dreary to be improved, confiding almoft entirely of barren and inaccefllble rocks, cloathed with fnow 01; ice, where the hand of induftry cannot exert itfelf. The valiies between thcli; icy and fnowy mountains appear like fo many fmooth frozen lakes j and fometimes the inoft fruitful fpots beneath are dcftroyed by the fall of vaft fragments of ice, or collections of fnow. In fome parts of the country we meet with ! IJii •! f K, 1 ^ ':'.;:) '•\ u. n I' i.;* ! : !■' ' itfelf down le\'cr.il tock,-, thi ough a deep and nar' ow valley ; and, after an extenfive progrefs, is Jifchargcd into the Aar: this laft-mcationcd river rifcs in the mountain of (Jrin-.Tcl, and at lall lulN into the Rhine. The Rhone, which is firft formed by fonc water iilliing fv y:^ two rocks of ice on the i-'iiik.i Cham, and prccipituliiig itfelTwith a thundering noife between two rocks ot an ailo:,iil,ing height, receives lt\(.ral rivukts in it'* courfe, and runs int<^ the Lake of Geneva; from which ilVuing again, it tra\erfcs th- territory of that citv, and enters France. The Tcfm, which iil'ue>. from fcveral laki ^ near the moun- tain f)f St. Ciotthurd, iM'.d palics thioLigh the \al!ey of Li\ i;- ami ijic Lago M.iggiore, and at length lofes itfcli in the Po. The m-.ft confiderable lakes in Switzerland arc thofe of G -neva, Confl-ance, Thun--, Lucerne, /uri^-h, Biel, and Bnen. Thefe rivers and lakes arc of the nioli ullenti.d advan- tage to this inland country; they fupply the natives with \ irious kinds ot illh, and facilitate the convevance of tlic articles of life and commerce. The moft common aninnds of Switzerland are fhecp, black-cattle, and horfcs; but thofe peculiar to this country arc the boiii.|uctin, and the chamois, whofe activity in fcouring aloii >• the craggy rocks, and in leaping over the moil friglittul precipice, is h.udly concci\ahlL. The blood of both thefe animal.s is of fo hot a nature, that the inhabitants of fome of thtle mountains, who arc fubject to phurifics, mix a few drops of it with water, as a remedy for thit liifordcr. The flcfh of the chanois i; likewife reckoned delicious meat. Among the Alpiuv; mountain.^ alfo is found a fxcies ot hcrfes, which ,n htm iicr ix-rfeclly red n«bic other animals of the fame kind, in th.ir colour, but in wint r become fo white, that they arc fcarcely diilinguilliihie from tile fi ow. Vellovv' and whit.' f);jcs alfo abound in the Alps; and, during the feverity of winter, fon;etimc'> vifit the \.;liics. IJefides the doniefti"- and wild-f wl conmioji to other Luropean countries, Switzerland contains a rein.ukable bird called t!ic lammcr-greycr, which delights in the higheft and moll inacccrtiblc peak-, preys alike <>n wild nw^l tame ainmal*, and efcmbles a laigc cugle ; it'i wings, when expanded, frequent y meafuring '• ;i;tccn feet. The levels and \ allies, from ttc hi^h ftatc of cultivation in which they arc kept, produce abmulance of grain, but liardly enough to anfwcr the general demands of domeftic co/.(ump- tion. Barley is raifcd on the i-,rjl elevated ntu.:ii^ arc tolledcd togetlicr in tiiis remark- able and delightful country; yet with fucii ju.l_'inent was the Helvetic Union compofed, and fo little have the Swifs been actuated in modern times by the dellructive Ipirit tt ct-iU|Ue(l, that, fincc tlie firm and comple.it eftablilhment ot their general eonieder;.ey, they have fraieely ever had occafion to employ their arms againll u loreign enemy, and have experienced but few commotions among thcmfcUes which have not terminated both ipeedily and fortunately. The fovereigns of Europe, in their addrcfles to the Helvetic Confederacy, make ufe of various appjlaticns. The Kmjieror lliles them, ' Akil valiant, fun', and full oi Dignity; cur bell bcJo\ ed l-'rieiids the common Contederales ot all the Thirteen Cantf n^, and c tlier Places of Switzerland.* The Irench K.ng ufes the k'iKvving addrel'< : ' Cnir verv dc.ir and great Friends and Confederates the Ijurgomafler'^, Advoyer?, I,and..n men, ai d Coun- cil of the Suifs League in L'ppcr Germanv.' And the king ofCireat Liitain lUles them, ' The illullrious .ind moil migiUy Lord^, tiic Cunilii^, heneti.li.^1 , Landwnmcn, and Se- nators ct the Confederate Swifs Cantons, our \eiy dear rrieiuU.' The united cantons, in the fcile of precedency, are ranked next to \ enie-c. Their naires are as follow: Zurich, Bern, Lucerne, L ri, J>ciiweit7., Lndcrvvald, Zug, Glaris, l.ali!, Fr;'yburg, Solothurji, SchaftliaulLi', and A] | ii.'/el. '1 I.eir I'ljuncencies are, tf.e I ailiu:es of i'hurgaw, Rheintli-d and Suraano, Gaiter, Ltznach, and Gams j the town and diltrici of Rapperfchweil ; the county ol Laden; the tree I'rovinceF, ineluuing the free indcjiemlent. towns of Hremgartcn and Mellingon; the lt;'lian biuliwicb of Lellinzi na, Kivierr, tiie \ jlle de IJlcgno, Lugano, I.i-.carno, V at Niaggia ar.J Mendris; tiie al bey « f bt. Gnil; tlie coun- try of the Grifons and it's appendages ; the c(/untry of Vahiisi the principaiiry of IVeuieliaiil; anJ, laftly, the celebrated republic of Geneva. From the \a;':ous cantonv r.f which the Swils Confederacy i" compofeil, and thi ir t'iillreiit forms of government, it is dillicult to fpe;-;k with preeifion un the fi.ljeillt of tiicii finanei . The revenues of the c.inton of Bern inv nut anmially to 3CC,cco crt wns, and ihofe of Zu- rich to I ^OjOPOj and the other cantons n aybeeflin ;!ted in prcporticn to theii produre ami manufavTiirc^. V.hatever i> faved afti r defra\in[. the netelli-ry experces of go\ernniii;t, is deiKifitcd in a common treafury; snd it is f.;i(i thr.t the Suifes are poflcficdof a very coii- fiderablc Aim in the rritifli fund>, a-- well a.; in other banks. The revenues arife piineipally (icn. the jicl.t; el il.c den.tfiic lands; from a tenth of tiie produte SWITZE.a.AND. jty produce oi all the lands in the country; from cuftoms and duties on merchandize} from the fale of fait; and fomc other cafual impoll!;. With rcfpedl to their military ertablilhincats, the internal ftrength of the cantons, inde- pendent of the militia, confifts of 14,400 men, raifcd, according to the population and abili- ties of each, in the following proportion. Men Bern ------------__ 2,000 Zurich -.---------__ ij^oo Lucerne -------_--__. 1,200 Uri -------_----__ 1,400 Schweitz -..--.---.--_ 600 Underwald -.-.--.--.._ ^qq Zug --..---_--_-_. 400 Glaria ------.--.---. 400 fialil -.---.---..... ^o Frcyburg ------------- goo Solothurn ------------- 600 SchaiFhaufen ------------ 400 Appenzell ------------- 600 Abbot of St. Gall ---------- 1,000 Town of St. Gall ---------- 200 Bid -------------- 200 Baden -------------- 200 Thurgaw ------------- 600 The free bailiwicks ---------- ^00 Sargans _--------_-__ ^oo The Rheinthal, or Rhein Vale ------- aoo Laurvis .-_---------- 400 Luggaris ------------- 200 Mendris ------------- 100 Mayenthal ------------ kjq 14,400 The neconomy and wifdom with which the above force is raifcd and employed, are as ad- mirable as the arrangements made by the diet for keeping up that great body of militia, from which foreign princes are fupplied with benefit to the ftate, are judicious and patriotic. Every burgher, peafant, and fubje6t, is obliged to learn the exercife of arms; to appear on the (tated days for fhooting at a mark ; to furnifh himfelf with proper arms, cloathing, and accoutrements i and to be always ready for the defence of his country. The Swifs engage in foreign fcrvice either as guards or marching regiments: in the latter cafe the govern- ment permits the enliiling volunteers, though only for fuch ftates with whom they are in alliaiyre, or have entered into a previous agreement on that head^ but no AibjeA can be 4 L compelled '• teif! :4: I 11 h' ' I .^» ■•!' I ;' y' 3i8 EUROPE. compelled to enter into foreign Tcrvicc, nor cvenbccnlifted, without the concurrence of the m.v'iftiacv. One courulcrablc benctit attending this cuitom, is, that thefc men, on their return hoinc, after gaining cxiicrience aliri)aJ, improve the ftanUing militia of their own country, and are well dil'eiplined in caie ot any emergency. Having i',ivon a general viiwof the cuuntry and the |X)licy of this fingular confedcracv, wc fliall proceed f'j delcnbe the principal towns, cities, and curiofitics, throughout the Wliolc. • Zurich, the capital of a canton bearing the fame name, is fituatcd in 47 degrees 54 mi- nutes north latitude, and in 8 degrees 32 minutes call longitude, in a very plealant and ier- tile country on the outlet ot the Ipacious lake of Zurich, and is cHeemed the mod ekv'jiit place in all Switzerland. It is large and well fortified, and contains rive arfenals projH.ily ftored. Tli'- churrius and other public ftructures pollefs a conliderablt (hare of magnificciue and beauty; particularly the Town Ho\ifc, which would neither dilgrace the purell tailc in architecture, nor the moft refined nation. The principal magiftrates of this city arc two burgomafters, freely clctTied by the burph- ers and counf.'llor^, who hold their government by turns, fix months at a time: next to thel'e are four lladtholder-, or mailers of companies j and two treafurers, who cmtinu.' in office twelve years by annual rotation. Betides the above, there are fevcral (iibordinate officers, who take cognizance of the moll trivial ort'ences, fupei intend the execution of the fumptuary laws, the reformation of manners, defamatory cxpreiTions, and acts of violence. Zurich has ;ill tiie manufactures to be met with in the moil ingenious and flouriihini'; 1..1- tions; fuch as cloth';, ihiits, linen, crajies, calimancoes, calicoes, filks, iattins, organzints, fdk and cotton iloekings, muilins, lawns, gold and filver thread, and galloons. Bi'in (inl-atin R.nw] is fituatcd on the River Aar ; which walking it on three fde; .ind the itreets are ipacious, and well paved with flints. The whole city is divided into iour ijuarters ; namely, that of the bakers, the butchers, the iiiii.h , and the tanners; each enjoying the privilege of chufing a knii'ht-banncret. One of tl.e grt.it' !i curiofitics in this city is the public walk near the great church, raifed on arches to a prodigious height; from which is an cxtenfive view of the furrounding countri', and par- ticularly a range of fiiowy mountani-lyin . in the country of the (Jrit'ons, at the dilhnue ot thirty leagues, though from their height and colour they appear to be m\ieh nearer. The cathedral is a mafterly piece of Ciothic architecture, and well endowed. An academy, fiir- niflied with eight profelfors and a large public library and muieum, is likewife a confider:il>!e ornament to the city. I'he Arfenal i a -ery fpacious edifice, in which are depofited anus fufficient mr twenty thoufand men, cxcluiive of the artillery. In this ilrudturc are ilievvn the effigies and armour of the count who foundeii the town ; and alfo thofc of the celebrated Tell, who is reprefeiited, nt the liead of rlv- hall, aiming at the apple on his little ion's head, placed oppofitc to him; they :\v both expreik'd in wood, and the hands and eyes are ex- tremely well executed. Tell appear , tti ha\e been a tall, raw-bonod man, with an honeil j)iain countenance; and, accordin.; to the fafhion of the times, he is drcfled in a coat one lialf SWITZERLAND. 3»9 hah" of which is red, and the other half black aiul )elIow; his breeches and ftockingj are of a liii^ic piece ; and an arrow (ticks in his coat behind his head; tin- boy iii dtliiieated with a liniluigcouiuenaticc, and appears quite unapprehenlive of danger. 'I'he burghers of Hern are divided into thofc who ;ire qualuicd for government, and the perpetual inhabitants. The latter, confiiling of fuch as'Avvie made freenif-ii iiiice tiieycar i6j5, enjoy all privileges, but are incapable of the magillracy; the former arc the dc- fiendants of thole who were antecedently freemen, and can alone be elevated to public em- ployments. The Great Council, into which none are admitted under tliirty years of age, conlilts of about three hundred jK-rfons, under whole infpection fall all matters relative to war, peace, or alliances. 'I'he Leller Council, compofed of the two pra;tors, who are at the head of the ariftocracy, and enjoy their offices for life, together with twenty-rive council- men, lit daily, and dilpatch all bufinefs, whether political, civil, or criminal, which does not properly come within the cognizance of the Great Council, or of any fubordinatc olHcc. In the centre of the city is a large feat, compofed of ftone, and furrounded with iron rails, on which the ading judge, and the two members of the council next in authority, always fit when fentence of death is pronounced on any criminal. The commonalty of both fexes ufcd formerly to wear (Iraw hati;; and the women's coats reached fo near their arm-pits, that not above a hand's breadth was left for their {hapes ; how- ever, thofe modes of drefs arc in general become obfulete, and a fondnefs for fhcw, pleafurc, and fumptuous living, is prtxligioudy increafed within the lall lixty years. Lauliunjc, the ancient Laulodunum, is fituated in a valley about the dillance of half a league from the Lake of Geneva. 'Ihis city contains feveral ftately public edifices and ele- gant private houfes; and is populous, commodious, and agreeable. In 1634, the wall of the cathedral was ojicned by an earthquake, and fome years after fliut again by a fecond ; but though the remaining aperture is not now above an inch in breadth, and is filled up with mortar, it was once large enough to admit a fuU-fized man without any difficulty. The tower of the cathedral formerly pofleired no fmall fhare of beauty; but, having been twice fet on fire, only one half of it now remains. The choir of this church is very fine, and the numerous pillars by which it is fupported make a very handfome ap|)earance. One of the gates has a fupcrb portico, adorned with the flatues of the Twelve Apoftles, and the Virgin in the centre ; and the other has alfo a magnificent ;)ortico adorned with finall figures in re- lievo, reprefenting pafiages from hiftory, befidcs feveral ftatues as large as life. This city formerly contained eight other churches, together with two convents; but thefe having been demoliihed fince the Reformation, the church of St. Francis, a large elegant pile, is ftill prefcrved for the convenience of the inhabitants in it's vicinity. On the call of the cathedral is a fpacious walled terrace, commanding a beautiful prof|x;(£l of the lidce, and all the low country towards Geneva. Indeed, from it's natural fituation, and particuLirly from it's modern improvement, this country is extremely delightful, exhibiting a rich and varied view of hills, dales, fields, meadows, vineyards, and woods. Laufanne is governed by a greater and leflcr council, at the head of which is a burgomafter. Thefe councils have jxjwer to determine in almofl every cafe, ccclefiaftical or civil; but, ijevcrthclcfs, they often give up the right of decifion to the Council of Bern, formerly a bifhop's W: ''< 1 m !i I ' • il. pa EUROPE. bifliop's fee was eftabllfliedat Lauranne; but the city cloflng with the Rcformntion, and fJI. ing !inJcr the fovcrcigntyof Bern, the bifliop withdrew to Frcyburg. The moft remarkable circumftance attending this city is, that it contains a particular llrcet, in which the inhabitants enjoy the privilege of acquitting or condemning any one o( their own body in affairs of life and death; and as every individual whorefides in it puflclfcs the right of voting on thefu occafions, houfcs are on that account confiderably more valu* able than in other quarters of the town. The city of Lucern, the capital of a canton of the fame name, ftands on the banks of the Rufs, which divides it into two unequal parts, having a communication with each other by means of three covered bridges; and a wall, of no great ftrength or beauty, encompaflcs ti>e whole. The city, howxver, is rich, populous, well-built, and conftantly filled with the muit agreeable company. The inhabitants carry on an extenfive trade with Germany and Italy, and are celebrated for their politenefs and affability. The organ of the great church, an extraordinary large and beautiful piece of mechanifm, and the Ikeleton of a giant preferved in the Town-houfe, are among the moft fingular curio* fities to be feen at Lucern. The fupremc power is vefled in the Greater and Lefler Councils; the former of which confifts of fixty-four perfons clcdcd from among the burghers, who are veftcd with the penal jurifdi£lion, judge in the lalt rcfort, and confer the freedom of the city according to their own difcretion. Altorf, the capital of the canton of Uri, is fituated on the Lake of Lucern, near the mouth of the Rufs; and contains feveral fpacious and well-paved ftrcets, with neat, commodious houfes, adorned with delightful gardens. This city contains three r'urches; the principal of which is that of St. Martin, a ftru£ture poflefling all that elegant fimplicity which belt becomes a place fet apart for religious worfliip. In 1400, Altorf was in a great mealurc confumed by an accidental conflagration; and again, in 1693, >t experienced the fame calamity. The canton of Uri is almoft every where interfetSted by dreadful mountains, the fummits of which are perpetually covered with ice and fnow: the loftieft is that of St. Gotcharcl, over which is a fine road carried in one continued afcent to the very fummit. This road, though only about fix or feven feet wide, is perfedlly fafe for horfes and carriages) but the quantities of fnow which devolve from the fuperior parts of the mountain have fometimcs proved fatal to travellers in their progrefs. Nothing can difplay the induftry of man in more (Iriking colours than the amazing efforts which have been exerted to render this road paffable; nor can any thing imprefs the mind of a ftranger with ftronger fcnfations of awe and terror than the hideous rocks which overhang the path, and every moment i<:em to threaten inevitable deftrudlion. The inh .bitants of this canton are remarkably vigorous and brave, and have ever remained firepuous aflcrtors of that liberty which was fo de.-irly purchafed by their heroic anceftors. They were once a free people, under the jurtfditflion of the Emperor ; but Albert I. aiming at their entire fubjedion, they threw off the imperial yoke, and formed an union with Schweitz and Underwald. BafiJ, SWITZERLAND. 311 i\ Bafil, the capital of a canton bearing tiic fame name, and the Ijrgcft city in all Switier- land, (lanJs in a fcrlile and delightful country on the banks of the Rhine, in 47 degrees 36 minutes north latitude, and in 7 degrees 36 minutes eaft longitude. This river, which di- vides the town into two unequal part;, called tne Greater and the Lcfs, is here joined by the little Rivers Birs and Birlec; and has a biuJgc, fix hundred feet in length, thrown acrofs it, for the purpofe of uniting the two divifions of the city. Bafil contains two hundred and twenty ftreets, and fix market-places: it's fituation i« uneven, and the ftreets are in general crooked and irregular. The fortifications arc pretty cxtenfive, but by no means calculated for defence. The three principal churches are called the Minftcr, or ancient cathedral; St. Peter's; and St. Leonard's; to the former of which belong four other parifiies, whofe jiriefts officiate in the cithedral. The Town-houfe, ftandlng on the River Birfec, is fupportcd by very large pillars, and the great hall is beautifully painted by the celebrated Hans Holbein. Every admirer of tho fine arts takes a peculiar plcafure in viewing the mafterly productions of this great painter exhibited at this place. Holbein was a native of Bafil ; and though he attained to excel- lence in his art without any inftruftor, there is a peculiar tafte in all his compofitions. His Dance of Death, painted on a covered wall near the French church, in which a long train of perfons is rcprefcnted holding one another by the hand, while Death leads the dance, is one of the moft original ideas ever difplaycd on canvas. Bafil is honoured with an univerfity, founded in 1459, adorned with a choice colleilion of books; and a valuable mufeum well furniflied with natural and artificial curiofities; particularly medals and paintings, among the latter of which are many original pieces of Holbein. The fupremc power is vefted in the Great Council, compofed of two hundred and fixteen perfons ; at the head of whom are two burgomafters, and two wardens of trades. Inferior councils and colleges are appointed for the fuperintendence of different civil, political, and commercial objects. All military affairs arc under the infpedtion of two principal com- miffaries at war, an inferior commiflary, a town-lieutenant, and town-major, affiftedby the captains of the guards belonging to the two divifions of the town and the fuburbs. Bafil carries on an extenfive trade in ribbands, and feveral other manufaftures. It's po- lice is under the mofl excellent regulations, the principal offices being bellowed by lot upon thofe candidates who are beft qualified to fill them; however, the fame perfon is feldom permitted to hold a lucrative employment above five years. No perfon, of what- ever rank, is allowed to wear gold or filver lace under the penalty of three guilders for each offence ; and all unmarried women are prohibited wearing filks on every occafion. The counfellors, minifters, and profellors, afFecl the utmoft folcmnity; but their flifF ruffs, high- crowned hats, and long beards, give them a very fingular appearance to ftrangcrs. At a fmall diftance from this city ftands a lazar-houfe, with a church, on the fpot where fixteen hundred Swifs kept up an obftinate engagement for ten hours with thirty thoufand French under the command of the Dauphin, in 1444. Of the former, only fixteen perfons furvived this bloody confli^j and, of the latter, no kk than fix thoufand men lay dead 011 the field of battle. - 4 M Freyburg, W h ^>. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) C' z 5r «:/^ 1.0 ^i^ lil I.I ir M^ ... i£ IL25 i 1.4 1.6 Hiotographic .Sciences Corporation 7:;WiSTMAINSTMIT WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) n7-'Mi •1? V iV :\ \ rv ^f^ ^!\/^^ '>^^ K I? 0^ EUROPE. Frevbiirg, the capital of a canton, is fituated on the River Sane, in a deep valley, among lofty aiui irregular rocks, fomc of wliich are extremely difficult of afcent. The town is on all fides furroundcd with a wall and towers; though on the north, iouth, and eail, the rocks, without any nfliltance from art, (ecni to afford an impregnable defence. Frevburg is divided into four parts, in each of which are lome Itatcly public ftru6^ures, convents, and hofpitals. The government is ariltocratical, being velk'd in the Patricii, or certain privileued families, to the number of feventy-one, who conipufe the Greaterand Leller Council; but, before thevcan alVumcalhare in the government, they are obhgcd to procure their freedom from one of the thirteen companies belonging to the city. At the Jillancc of two leagues iVcnn Freyburg is an hermitage, efteemed a very fuigular curiofity. It is fituated in the molt agreeable folitude imaginable, among woods and rocks, which at firft fight lead the mind to ferious contemplation. In this romantic retrr;at a her- mit is faid to have lived twenty-five years; who, with his own hands, had formed in the rock a very neat chapel, facrilly, chamber, parlour, refedlory, kitchen, cellar, and other ne- celli'.rv offices ; and, notwithftanding the rooms lie very deep, a chimney is carried up through the whole rock to the height of ninety feet. He likewife levelled one fide of the rock; and, by laving waftc earth upon it, converted it into a garden, which was fo delight- fullv fituated, that it appeared like luxury in a hermit to enjoy it. Having proceeded fo far in improving his abode, he next formed two or three fountains in the bowels of the moun- tain, by tracing the veins from whence he obfervcd fome drops of water diftiliing; and thus found water fufficicnt, not only for domeftic ufc, but alfo to refrefli his garden. The ex- cavated chapel is fixty-three feet long, thirty-fix broad, and twenty-two high ; the liici iftv, or veftry, is twenty-two feet both ways, and fourteen in height; the Ifeeple is feventy feet high and fix broad; the faloon, or anti-chamber, between the chape! and refettory,is forty-four feet by thirty-four; the refeciory, which contained his bed, and a ftove, is twenty-one feet long : the hall, or parlour, is a moft an izing performance, being twenty-eight paces in length, twelve in breadth, and twenty i. et high, with four large apertui-es reprcfenting windows; at one end of which ftood the cabinet and little library of this extraordinary man, whofe name was John de i-'re, and who is faid to have begun this Herculean labour at thirty years of age, and to have compleattd it in twenty-five, with the afTiftance of a fingle fervant only. The River Sane flows bv the foot of the rock; and round this delightful retreat is an enfy dcfcent covered by part of a foreft, in which arc fli-idy woods and pleafing avenues. The man of feeling whovifits this ftupendous performance, is by turns agitated with pitv snd admiration ; wliile he views the contrivance and induitry perceptible in every part of the dcfign, he i^ loft in aftonilhment ; and when he refle«ft^ on the fate of this wonderful man, wlio was drowned in the River Sane as he was carrying back fome young people who came to vifit lum on the confecration of his chap>el in 1708, he can hardly reftrain the tear of humanity, ik r withold the figh of benevolence ! Schaft'haufen (in Latin Pr.hatipolis) is fituated on the banks of the Rhine, over which it has ahandfome ftone-bridge, in 47 degrees 47 minutes north latitude, and in 8. degrees 46 minutas eaft longitude. The houfcs in general are painted externally, and are as corr iiio- dious for their pofleffors as they arc elegant in appearance : the llrcets arc fpacious and clcaji, adorned SWITZERLAND. 3^3 juJorned with fcteral fountains, which contain ftatues of warriors, patriots, and other illuf- trious men. 1'his town is well fortified with walls and towers; nnJ oii the highcft ground (lands a citadel, with thick walls ; and lodgements under-grouiui, bomb-proot, fufficicnt to contain two thoui'and men. The molt celebrated churches are thofe of St. John and All Souls: the former of which is reputed the largeft in all Switzerland; and the latter is remarkable for it's elegance and beauty; and particularly for it's large bell, which is thirty feet in circumference, ar.d cliurged with the tbllowing infcriptioJi — ' Vivos voco, mortuos pla»go, fulgura frmigo;' — that is, ' I fummon the livin^', bewaii the dead, and break lightning;' alluding to an ancient reliquc of lupcrllition, which inculcated a belief that bells were able to difperfe tcmpefts, and avert thofe aerial commotions fuppofed to be raifed by the intervention of infennd fpirits. The fupreme power inSchaffhaufen is veftedin the Greaterand Lefler Councils, with feve- ral fubordinate chambers, as is generally praftifed in this country. The burghers are com- puteil at two thoufand: and fo great an attention is paid to military affairs, that the meaneft inhabitant goes to church with his fword by his fide; and fhould he appear before a magi- ftrate without that weapon and his cloak, he incurs a fevere peniUty. Indeed, the cuilom of going to church armed is obferved over great part of the diifritSt of Mount Jura: which probably originated from the frequent commotions of former times; thofe days of fud- dcn invafion, when an enemy was conftantly to be dreaded, and war was carried on for the fake of plunder more than for ihatof juftice and equity. About a quarter of a league from this city is a tremendous catai.icl on the Rhine, where that ri\er precipitates itfclf from a rock about feventy feet high, anit ninety paces in breadth. Bcfure it reprhes the cataract, it's bed is interfected with rocks ; and at the fail it di- vides itfclf into tlirce ftreams, of which that on the fouth-fide is tlie motl impetuous, tlie violence of the full changing the water into an infinite number of whitilh particles, part of which, like a light cloud or mift, hovers in the air, and forms a variety of the molt briUia'it rainbows with the intercepted fun-beams. Baden, the capital of a county dependent on the Swifs cantons, is fituatcd on the River Limmat, in 4.7 degrees 35 minutes north latitude, and in 8 degrees i 5 minutes ealt longi- tude, in a valley between two very high hills, through which the river devolving it's fiream, divides the town into two parts. This cit;,- is protected bv two ealHes, one of which is the refideiice of the bailift^ and has lately received very eonlideiable improvements. The Couneil-houfe is a fpacious llruclure, containing apartments for the aflemblics of the can- tons in general, and for the particular courts and councils of Bi:dcn, at the head of which is the bailiff. Botii Papifts and Calviiiift-i have their refpcttive places uf public worftiip, but Jiaither of them contain any thing worthy of notice. Baden, however, owes it's celebrity, as well a> it's origin, to it's baths, which have been famous ever fince the commencement of the (Jhriftian ;i;ra. Thefe lie about a quarter of a mile from the town, on both fides of the Limmat ; the largeiV are at Imra,icn, a very plca- limf little village, contaiiiiiig fome handlbine houfcs. The v/atcrs arc hot in the tliird de- gree. t il %\ ■ i i': \ '*■ 2 1 :■; ■ f V \ 'j 1 f :| •1 : i 4'|l ^•H EUROPE. .grcc, being impregnated witli a great quantity of fulphur mixed with fome alium and nitre- and :ire conveyed from their fources, in no kfs than fixty canals, to the feveral inns and pri- .\ Htc hou!':s of the city. The difference of fcafons has never been obferved to have any rircct on the increafc or dccreafe of thefe fprings ; however, they are thought to poflcfs mofl virtue about the beginning of May and Septenilver, becaufe at thofe times they abound with fhc flowers of tlic fulphur. The water is efteemed ferviceable in feveral complaints internal as well as external, and is ufed both for drinking and bathing. One bath is par- ticularly celebrated for it's deobftruent qualities, and removing tne caufes of female fte- ■rility ; for which rcafon, we are told, that fcarce any joung woman of diftindtion marries in this country witiiout ftipulating in her marriage-articles for perniiflion to pay an annual ■ vifit to the batlis at Baden. Chur, orCoirc, (in Latin Curia Rhtetoium) the capital of the republic of the Grifoiir, is .iiti'.atcd in 46 degrees 52 minutes north latitude, and in 9 degrees 32 minutes cnft longitude-, ■on the banks of the River Pleiil'ur, which waflies the walls ot the city; and, by means of Unices, maybe conveyed through all the ftreets. The city is of confiderable extent, con- taining two churches, a co/Irgium ^ bi/ofsphiium, a grammar-i'chool, and feveral jjublic offices. It's origin is involved in obfcurity; but it gradually received all the in munities and privileges .of an imperial city, and from time immemorial has pdielled the ri,-hi '^f coina - ' 't-l •11 'i ri m m 332 EUROPE, with rcfpecl to the artlhci.ildav bL-twccn fun-riluig.'indrun-fctting, theyufL* the words Ytftir- day ami To-morrow, in conformity to the pnidice of the rcfi ot'Kuropt'. The Roman Catholic religion is univerfullv ciLilililhcd throughout Italy: however, th(! power of the Inquifition is very circumfcribed; and pcrfons of all religions live unmolcikd iji Italv, provided they behave with prudence and djcencv. In deferibing the ecclefialiical governir.jnt of the Papacy, many volumes Jiavc been cir- ployed: but it is briefly compofed of the l'> pc, as fupreme head; and feveiity cardinals, who arc next in dignity to his Holinefs, of whom a majority arc always Italians, that tb.e papal chair may not be removed from Rome, as it was once to Avignon in F'-.jice, the Pope bc-in::; a native of that countiy. In ele\ ating foreign prelates to the caidinallliip'^, the I\)pe is s^uidtd according to the nomination of the princes who profefs that religion. His chief minilKr is the Cardinal-patron, ufually a near relation of his Holinefs, who impro\ cs the tin^.e of hi^ maftcr's reign by amaffing all the riches in his power. Wh Jn met in aconlillory, the car- dinals pretend to poflcfs the power of controuling the Pope in matters both fpiritual and temporal, and have fometimes been known to prevail. The popes, when railed to that lii^li dignity, being generally far advanced in )'ears, foldom enjoy a long reign; and, \\Jien a rnw eleftion takes place, animofitics fometimes run fj high., that the cardinals come to blows, and totally forget the iacred charailer they ought to fupport. The following extract from the creed of Pope Pius IV^. in 1 56o5\bclore his elevation to the chair, contains the principal points of dodrinc concerning whic]i the Catholics and the Proteftants diiTer. It begins with a declaration in the belief of one God, and other heads in which Chriflians are generally agreed; and then proceeds as follows. ' I moft firmly admit and embrace the apollolical and ecclefiaftical traditions, and all other conftitutlons of the fame church. * I do admit the Holy Scriptures in the func fenfc that the holy Mother Church doth, whofebufmefs it is to judge of the true fenfe and interpretation of them; and I will interpret them according to the unanimous confc.it of the I'athers. * I do profefs and believe that there are Se\ en Sacraments of the Law, truly and properly fo called, inftitutcd by Jefus Chrifl our Lord, and necefliiry to the falvation of mankind, though not all of them to every one; namel\', Haptifm, Confirmation, Eucharift, Penance, Extreme Uniftion, Orders, and Marriage ; and that they do confer grace ; and that, of thefc, Baptifm, Confirmation, and Orders, may not be repeated without faci ilegc. I do alfo admit and receive the approved and recei\ed rites of the Catholic Church in her folcnin admini- ftration of the abovefaid facramcnts. * I do embrace and receive all and every thing that hath been defined and declared by the Holy Council of Trent concerning original fm -'ud juflitication. * I do alfo profefs, that in the mafs there is offered unto God a true, proper, and propi- tiatory facrificc, for the quick and the dead; and that, in the moft holy facrament of the Lu- charilf, there is truly, reallv, and fubftantially, the body and blood, together with the foul and divinity, of our Lord Jefus Chrift; and that there is a converfion made of the whole fubftance of the bread into the body, and of the whole fubftance of the wine into the blood ; whicb converfion the Catholic Chuich calls Tranfubftantiation. * I confcil ITALY. 333 * 1 confefs that, under one kind only, whole and entire, Chrift and a true facrament is taken and received. < I do firmly believe that there is a purgatory } and that the fouls kept prifoners there d* receive help by the fufFrages ot' the faithful. * I do likewifc believe tliat the faints reigning together with Chrift are to be worfliipped and prayed unto; and that they do offer prayers unto God for usj and that their relics are to be held in veneration. * I do moft firmly affert, that the images of Chrift, of the BlefTed Virgin the Mother of God, and of other faints, ought to be had and retained^ and that due honour and veneration ought to be given unto them. » I do likewife affirm, that the power of indulgences was left by Chrift to the Church, and that the ufe of them is very beneficial to Chriftian people. » I do acknowledge the holy Catholic and Apoftolical Roman Church to be the mother and miftrefs of all churches ; and I do promife and fwear due obedience to the Bifhop of Rome, the fucceffor of St. Peter, the prince of the apoftles, and vicar of Jefus Chrift. « I do undoubtedly receive and profefs all other things which have been delivered, defined, and declared, by the facred canons and oecumenical councils, and efpecially by the holy Synod of Trent. And all other things contrary thereto, and all herefies condemned, re- je(^d, and anathematized by the church, I do likewife condemn, reje(5l, and anathematize.' Such arethe leading articles of belief which diftinguifh the Romifh Church from the Re- formed; and on their validity, as deduced from Scripture, the moft ordinary underftandin^ may be able to determine. They feem well calculated, indeed, to imprefs the minds of 'lie vulgar with awe, and to eftablifh a temporal, rather than a fpiritual power, over the mina^ and fortunes of men; but, tried on the touchftone of Chriftian revelation, the only fure guide in matters of faith, they will, without doubt, befound wanting in foundnefs, purity, and charity. italy contains thirty-eight archiepifcopal fees ; but the fufFragans annexed to them are too indefinite and arbitrary to be depended on, the papal power being competent to create or fupprefs at pleafure. The Italian language is originally derived from the Latin, with the intermixture of words from the Goths, Huns, Vandals, and other conquerors of Rome ; and is now remarkable for it's fmoQthnefs, and the facility with which it enters into mufical compofitions. Almoft every feparate ftate, however, has a different dialeiSl ; but the unwearied pains taken by the literary focieties of this country may probably at laft fix the Italian into a ftandard language. The Tufcan ftile and manner of compofition fecm at prefent to be in the higheft eftimation. Italy has produced the moft illuftrious men in every fcicnce; and formerly gave birth to thofe generals, orators, poets, and hiftorians,whofe actions and writings will continue to be refpedted while manly fortitude, polite learning, and elegant compofition, are regarded as ornamental to human nature. Yet the prefent ftate c*" literature is ^y no means very confiderable, though encouraged by feveral univerfities, and a multiplicity of academies and focieties : however, fince the revival of learning, fome Italians have diftinguifhed themfelves in controverfial divi* nity, but their celebrity is principally confined to the bigots of their own perfiiafion. The ma- thematics and natural philofophy are certainly much indebted to Galileo, Torricelli, Malpighi, iiarclli, and feveral others. In hiftory, Strada bears difiinguifhed reputation ; and the cele- 4 P bratcJ V 1 I f I I' ''■ ''i\ it ii Jtj: >¥m '^E, 334 EUROPE. brated Father Paul is no lefs admired for the fidelity and precifion of his Hiftory of the Council of Trent. Guicciardini, Bentivoglio, and Davila, have lilcewiie found their re- ^£live admirers in the field of hiftory. MachiaTel is equally diftinguiOicd as an hiftorinn and politiciaa: his comedies, alfo^ poHefs a confiderable (hare of merit, a'^d breathe a libe- rality of fentiment uncommon to the age in which they were written. In ptirity of ftile, Boccace has been moft efteemed among profaic writers; and though he paints life and manners in the moft natural manner, he has been juftly taxed with a licentious luxuriance c* fency. Petrarch, who was equally eminent in Latin and Italian poetry, revived among the moderns the fpirit and genius of literature; but Dante, Ariofto, and TafFo, have obtained fuperior fame.^ The comic mufe has been fuccefsfully courted by a variety of names; but Metaftafio, who fuited his dramatic compofitions to the foftnefs of Italian mufic, has ac- quired the moft extenfive reputation. Sannararius, Fracaftorius, Bembo, Vida, and feverat ethers, have diftinguifhed thimfelves in Latin poetry; in which fbme of them are little inferior in elegance, corre6tnefs, and fire, totheclaffics thomil*lves» The excellence of the Italian painters, fculptcrs, architects, and muficians, is unrivalled. Raphael, from the brilliancy of his own ideas, corrected by the pure models of antiquity, ftruck out a new creation with his pencil, and his works ftill ftand at the fummit of his profeflton; Michael Angelo Buonaroti united in his own perfon a perfect knowledge of painting, fculpture, and archite(5tare ; Titian, for the vivid beauty of his colouring, which even time iibems incapable of defacing^ has never yet been equalled ; Julio Romano, Cor- >^^ggi paintings, moftly fingle. figures, reprefenting different animals; and, on being fprinkled with water, the execution appears to have been tolerable, and the colours are remarkably fine.. 7'he houfes is. general are conftrudedon a fimilar plan, having each one fmall room from the paflage,, fuppoffed: 1 i [ 1 ,' ■ SI U\ 11 i 'vm • ! l,l, ;l'l| («!)!< 336 EUROPE. ■i fuppofed to have been the (hop, with a window projefting to the ftrect, apparently contrived for the purpofe of difplaying goods to the beft advantage. In one part of the ancient town of Pompeia is a rectangular building, with a colonadc towards the court, having the appearance of a barrack and guard-room : the pillars are o4 brick, covered with (hining ftucco, elegantly fluted ; and the caricaturas ftill vifiblc on the walls (which are fuch as might be expedted when foldiers were the deAgners, and fwords the graving- tools) reprefent gladiators engaged with each other, or with wild beads ; the Circenfian Games; and fome antic figures, probably deftgned by fome of the foldiers in ridi- cule of their companions, or perhaps cf their officers: and there are alfo many names in- Icribed on every acceflible part of the wall. At a confiderable diftance from the laft-mentioned ftruChire ftands a temple of the god- defs Ifis, the pillars of which are formed of brick ftuccoed like thofe of the guard-room ; but there is little magnificence in the appearance of this edifice. Some valuable paintings, however, were difcovered in it, which have been removed to Portici. The fame obfervation, refpefting the rapidity of the inundation from the lava, which was made in mentioning Herculaneum, may be applied to this city; very few fkeletons having been difcovered in the ftreets, though feveral were found in the houfes of Pompeia. Among the natural curiofities of Italy, the famous volcano of Vel'uvius, which ftands at the diflance of five Italian miles from Naples, firfl demands our attention. Towards the fca, the declivity of Mount Vefuvius is every where planted with vines and fruit-trees; which fertility is continued to the very bottom. The furrounding plain affords an enchant- ing profpe£t, and the air is peculiarly ferene and falubrious: the fouth and weft fides of the mountain, however, exhibit very different views, being covered, like the ajwx, with cinders and burnt ftones. Mount Vefuvius has been computed to be 3900 feet above the furface of the fea, and is vifible at a very confiderable diftance. In 1694, there was a prodigious eruption, which lafted near a month, when igneous matter was thrown out with fuch extraordinary violence, that fome of it fell at the diftance of thirty miles; and a vaft quantity of melted minerals, intermixed with calcined earth and ftones, poured down with the impetuofity of a torrent, carrying every thing before it for the fpace of three miles. Another eruption happened in 1707, when fuch amazing quantities of afhes and cinders were ejcdted from the crater, that Naples experienced a noon-day darknefs. In 1767, there was another violent eruption, reckoned the twenty-feventh after that which deftroyed Herculaneum, when the aflies fhowered down fo faft at Naples, that the people in the ftreets had recourfe to umbrellas, to fhelter themfelves againft their violence. The tops of the houfes, the balconies, and ftreets, were covered with duft ; and even (hips, at the diftance of twenty leagues from Naples, to the utter aftonilhment of the failors, received a confiderable part of this extraordinary fliower. An eruption happened alfo in 1766; and another, ftill later, in 1 7 79,whlch has been minutely defcribed by Sir William Hamilton. A modern traveller has juftly remarked, tliat though Mount Vefuvius often fills the'neighbouring country with terror ; yet, as few things in nature ace fo abfolutely noxious as not to produce fome beneficial effedls, even this raging volcano, by ITALY. 337 hy It's fulphareous and nitrous manure, as well as the heat of it's fubterraneous fires con- fiderably contributes to the fertility of the furrounding country, and to the profufion of fruits and herbage that flourifh on thofe fpots which are untouched by the la\ a. TheGlacerics of Savoy may likewife be confidered as fome of the iiatural curlofities of Italy. Thefe, which are five in number, extend almoft to the plain of the Vale of Cha- mouny, being feparated from each other by wild forefts, corn>fields, and meadows; fo that immenfe tracks of ice are blended with the higheft cultivation, and perpetually fucceed one another in the moft fingular and pleafing viciffitudcs. All thefe feveral vallies of ice which lie chiefly in the hollows of the mountains, unite together at the foot of Mount Blanc the higheft mountain of Europe ; and which, according to the calculations of Mr, De Luc rifcs 23911 French toifes, or 15,303 Englifli feet, above the level of the fea. Some of the Italian lakes are alfo extremely fingular; and the valley called Saltafara, lying betwen the Lakes Agnano and Puzzeli, is remarkable for the immenfe quantities of fulphur continually forced out of the clifts by fubterraneous fires. The Grotto del Cani is famous for it's poifonous fteams, faid to be capable of killing dogs confined within it's atmofphere. The manufadlures of Italy are various ; and it's trade in general may be pronounced to be :navery fkjuriftiing condition. It exports a great variety of the choiceft wines and frujts; but filks, of all other produ6tions, are the moft beneficial .articles of it's commerce. Very capital annual fairs are held at Aleflandria, Cremona, Bergamo, Brcfcia, Verona, Regglo, and Placcntia; to which foreigners, as well as the nati /es of each of the above places, refort. Every ftate has it's own particular coins, as well as armorial bearings; the former of which we ftiall notify in the tables of coins. The Pope, as fovereir a of the ecclefiaftical ter- ritories, bears for bis efcutcheon. Gules, confifting of a long hcadcape. Or, furmounted with a Crofs, pearled and garniftied with Three Royal Crowns; together with St. Peter's Two Keys, placed in Saltier. The Tufcan arms are. Or, Five Roundles, Gules, two, two and one, and one in chief, Azure, charged with Three Fleurs-de-lis, Or. Thofe of Venice are. Azure, a Lion winged. Sejant, Or, holding under one of his paws a book co- vered, Argent. And thofe of Genoa are, Argent, a Crofs, Gule:-, with a Crown clofed, for thelfland of Corfica; and, for fupporters. Two Griffin^, Or. With re^e<£l to the divifions of Italy, ancient and modern, it was originally formed into a multitude of fmall ftates; and, after the Gauls had fettled in the weftern, and feveral co- lonies of Greeks in the caftern provinces, it was divided into three grand diftri£ts, called Gallia Cifalpina, Italia Propria, and Magna Graecia. But die Romans having fubdued all Italy, Auguftus divided it into eleven provinces ; however, his .luthority dying with him, the old divifions Were again revived, and continued till the invailons of the Goths and He- rulians, in the fifth century. The Grecian, or caftern emperors, at length drove out the Oftrogoths, and made themfelves matters of this country; but the LonJbards having pofTefled themfelves of the fuperior parts, at latt reduced what belonged to the epfterii emperors under the name of the Exarchate ; which was alfo, on the other hand, aboliOied by the Saracens, who had feized upon Sicily and Naples. The Pope being thus reduced to the laft extrcmity,.had lecourfe to the Franks; and Charlemagne their king having fubdued Lomb,:rdy, was pro- idaiiued Emperor of Rome in the year 800: however, the authority of thefe Jiew emjierors 4 Q in :■■ ; 'I III ' it til E •ij ''I 'I I \fMM I .'1*1 3i9 EUROPE. in Italy was of fhort Juration, the popes infenfibly curtailing their dominions ) when, on the extin^ion of the Swabian line, Italy was again parcelled out into a great number of I' e^c- rate ftates. The more modern diviflons of this country arc into Upper, Middle, and Low^ Italy, Upper Italy containing the greaCeft part of Gallia Cifalpina and Lombardy, \«duch confiiU of feven large dutchies, ten principalities, and three republics; Middle Italy, forming a part of Gallia Cifalpina and Ancient Italy, includes the Grand Dutchy of Tufcany, the EccleA- aftical State, and feme other fmall principalities j and Lower Italy, being coinpofed of p«rt cfthc ancient Italia Propria and Magna Graecia, forms the prefcnt kingdom of Naples. The Italian States, diflimilar to thofe of Holland and Switzerland, have diftind forms of government, trade, and interefts. They are not cemented by any political confederacy, to which every member is accountable ; hence it will be neceflkry to take a feparatc view of each, after fubjoining a general geographical Table of the Italian dominions, iiifular as welt M continental. COUNTRIES NAMES • SUBJECT TO CHIEF CITIKS. Piedmont, -4 'Turin. Savoy, Chambery. Montlerrat, AlefTandrine, 9 The King of Sardinia^ « Cafal. Aleflandria. Oneglia, j Sardinia, ifland, J Oneglia. .Cagliari. Naples, ' Sicily, illand, The King of Naples. ■ Naples. Palermo.. Milan, . Milan. Mantua, The Emperor.. . Mantua. 'v Mirandola, . Miramlola. '- Ecclefiaftical State, The Pope. Rome. Tufcany, ^ ■Florence. Maffi^ \ Mafla. Parma, Modena, 1 Th«ir refpedivc Princes. « Parma* Modena. Piombino, ' ■ Piombino- Monaco, > .Monaco. Lucca, f Lucca.. 8t. Marino, Their own Magiftrates. { St. Marino* Genoa, I . Genoa* Corfica, ifland, The King of France. Baftia, Venice, Venice.. Iftria, Dalmatia, The Republic of Venice. Capod'Iftria 7«rar Dalmatian Tfles, . • ■ • ,<. Gephalonia, -v refcnts few incentives to luxuiy and cfFcminacy, being in a great meafure covered with lofty barren mountains aiulltuiK'ndous rocks; the vallies, however, arc not waiitiiic in fertility, producinj; excellent palturage, and a confiJeraWe quantity of grain. Tlic Savoyards are wretdu-dly poor ; *nd a traveller meets few people oa the public roads who do not recommend themi'elves to his charity. Among both fexes, a confiderablc number are deformed and lamci and the women in particular liave wens reaching- from tar to ear. The Duke of Savoy, who is alfo King of Sardinia, is a very powerful prince j and is (tiled the Janus of Italy, becaufe his country forms a barrier againft France. His prerogative, both, withrefpedt to civil and eccleftailical affairs, is unlimited; for though fuperftition has bfeii carried to as great a height in this country as any in Europe, llie papal power in it is now reduced to a very low ebb. His Sardinian majefty's capital is Turin, which lies in the principality of Piedmont, in 44 degrees 56 minutes north latitude, and in 7 degrees 16 minutes eaft longitude, at the confluence of the Po and IJoria, in a very pleafant country, enjoying a moft deliglitful pro- fycd:. This city is of confiderable extent, the circuit of the ramparts being four miles and a half; and the fortifications are immenfely ftrong. The houfes are principally built of brick, covered with plaifter of Paris, which makes a very handfomc appearance ; and the ftreets are kept extremely clean by a very ingenious contrivance ot diftributing water »L pleafure through every quarter of the city. The royal palace is a moft fplendid ftrudture, furniflied with every piincelv decoration; nor are the churches, and feveral other public edifices, inferior to thofe of almoil any other Euro- pean capital. The whole city is under the moft excellent regulations ; and the beft police is obfcrved on every occafion, the king condefcending to inform himfelf of every particular relative to it's ftate, as well as that of it's inhabitants. Turin, however, labours under feveral inconveniences: the fogs which rife from the Po during the autumn and winter render the air tliick and unwholefome ; and the wells, from the quantities of filth which are waihed or thrown into them, in general produce only foul c* muddy water. The manner of fepulture pra6tifed in this city muft be highly difgufting to every perfon. who poflefles a juft fenfe of decency; for a corpfe, after being carried in proceilion to tlie grave,, is generally thrown into it without any coffin : numberp, indeed, are a|t times tbrwft indifcri- minately into one vault, in the fame indecent manner; and as every parifli-tchurcb ip fi»r- nifhed with a get eral one for the reception of the poor, the cadaverous and noxious effluvia, notwithftanding every piecaution, penetrate into tiie churches, and often produce fiit^ effifts. Chambery, the capital of Savoy, fituated in a pleafant valley on the River Leife, in 45 degrees 40 minutes nor A latitude, ajvd in 5 degtIe for the fanity of the girl he reoooimends, this article is not often objeded to by our juvenile tourifts. In die neighbourhood of this city are many beautiful feats : that of the Marquis Simo- iKtti is purticidarly reoiarkable for it's furprizing echo; which, towards the garden, from two I T A and an 341 two wings of the building pai alltl to cacli other, and Handing at the dilbncc of fifty-eight tominon paces without doors or windows, dillindly rcpcatj the found of a man's voice i>ut chiefly the lall fyihvble, forty times, and the report of a pillol above fixty. The dutchy of Milan brings in an annual rAcnuc of 300,000!. which is fuppofed to main- tain an army of 30,000 men. The dutchy of Mantua is bounded on the end by that ofFcrrara, and the Padovan; on the north by Brefciano and the Veronefe-, on the weft by the Milancfci and on the foiith by Modena and Mirandola; extending about fil'ty-fix Englifh miles in length and forty in breadth. This country, which belongs to the Imperial Iloufe of Auftria, abounds in corn, fruit and vegetables; and produces vail quantities of flax. Throughout it's whole extent the nioit luxiiriaet fcenes prcfent thcmfelves, and every poflible inconvenience of fituation is t'ully compenfated by the exuberant fertility of the foil. Mantua, the capital, fitualeJin45 degrees 12 minutes north latitude, and in ri degrees J4 minutes caft longitude, is one of the ftrongeil fortrcflls in Europe} and contains about 16,000 inhabitants. The cathedral is a magnificent ftriidurc, adorned with paintings of the moft celebrated maftcrs, which cannot be viewed by the eye of taftc without the moft pleafing admiration. The building which formed the ancient ducal palace is likewifc a celebrated ftru6hjre; but having been pillaged by the Impcrialifts in 1630, it's valuable curiofities fell into the hands of the foldierr, by whom they were partly deftroyed and partly diflipated. At the diftance of two Italian miles from Mantua ftands the ducal menagerie, called Vir- giliana, from the grotto where Virgil is faidtohave fpcnt the ftudious hours ofhisyouth; and near it is Pietola, the ancient Andes, the place of Virgil's nativity. Tiic dutchy of Parma, together with the dutchies of Placentia and Guftalla, in proportion to flieir extent, for^i one of the moft flouriftiing Italian ftates. To the northward and wcftward they terminate on tlie Milanefe; to the fouthward, on the territories of Genoa; and to the eaftward, on the dutchy of Milan; extending fifty-fix miles in length, and fifty-four in breadth. The foil is extremely fertile in olive-trees and chcfnuts, and yields that moft excellent pafturage from which the celebrated ParmaCin checfc is made. This country was lately tike feat of an obftinate war between the Auftrians, Spaniards, and Neapolitans ; but was at hSt confirmed in the pofleffion of a prince of the Houfc of Bourbon, fon to Don Philip, the King of Spain's youngcft brother. This prince is generally eftcemed the moll polite of any in Italy, and his revenues are faid to exceed ioo,oool. a year. Parma, the capital of the dutchy of that name, is a large and populous city, containing nearly 50,000 inhabitants; and is fituatcd in 44. degrees 45 minutes north latitude, and in 1 1 degrees eaft longitude. The fite is of a circular form, about three miles in circumfe- rence ; the ftreets are long and broad, and the houfes are elegant and convenient. The ducal palace, which has a communication with the citadel, is a fuperb edifice; but was ftript of an ineCimable colletftion of paintings, medals, and antiquities, by Don Carlos, who car- ried theni with him to Naples. The cathedral is a noble edifice, adorned with a magnificent cupola, beautifully painted by Corregio, reprefcnting the AfTumption of the V'irgin Mary. 4 R Pargij I i i'lii m\ ■'. 'Mi '«. « 'i It 1^ 34« EUROPE. Parma is likcwifc IionoiircJ with an uiiivcrfity, founded ini599 by Duke Renatusl. and alfo an academy, inftitiited for tlie nobility, by the fame patron of fcicncc, in i6or. The principal mannfadurcs of Parma arc fiilc Ihifts and llockings; and, itidced, filk forms the only article of it's foreign commerce. In 1 734, the combined armies of the Fn-nch and Sardinians fortified thcmfclvcs fo llroMi;ly in the vicinity of this city, t)iat the ImjMrrial general Count Merci loft his life in the attack, and the troops under his comn^aiid were obliged to retire. Placentia, the capital of a dutchy, is a confidcrabic city, which defervedly obtained it'h name from tlic plcnfantnefs of it's fituation. It Hands in 45 degrees north Kititude, and in 10 degrees 24 minutes caiHoni^ituJe; and contains feveral magnificent ftruiftures, parti- cularly the cathedral, the church of the Augultines, that of St. Maria in Campagna and that of St. Sixtus. The dutchy of Modena is furrounded by Parma, Mantua, the Ecciefiaftical State, Florence and Lucca; extending about fifty-fix railes in length, and thirty in breadth. This country abounds in corn, fruits, and the moft genial wines; and near St. Paola is an excellent alkaline earth, ufed as an antidote againft poifonti, ajid as a remedy in tevcrality of Pied- mont, and the dutchies of Montferrat, Milan, Placentia, and Parma. Mountains occupy a confiderable extent of this country, fome of whicu are txtremely fterile. Genoa, however, produces feveral forts of delicious wines; and plenty of ext-llent fruits, particularly lemons, oranges, pomegranates, figs, and almonds; beHdes plantations of mulberries for the fubfiftence of fUk-worms. The Genoefe of diftin£tion ufually drefs in black, in a very plain and inelegant manner, to which they are probably induced by motives of oeconomy. Their principal manufadures 4S are .if I 1' 1 !; 1 ill 9 .^ ■% ■M •ji: * 4M« 34* EUROPE. are velvets, damaflc!:, gold and filver tiflues, and paper. The common people live in a moft wretched manner; and as the foil is not very fruitful in corn, they are obliged to import confiderable quantities from other countries, or depend on the fpontaiieous produce of the earth. The government of Genoa is ariftocratlcal, being veiled in the nobility; at the head of whom is the Doge, who is incapable of being promoted to that high dignity till he is fifty years of age ; notwithllanding which, a new Doge is elected every two years, the former being incapab'-. of holding that poft till the fpace of feven years has intervened from his laft eledtion. The Doge gives audience to ambafladors; all civil and military orders are iflued in his name; and, for the fupport of his ranic, he is allowed a body-guard of two hundred Germans. The maritime power of this republic, which was formerly very confiderable, is now dwindled to a few gallies; and, indeed, it's principal fafety depends on the natural jealoufy of other European powers, to any of which it would undoubtedly be a valuable acquifition. Genoa, the capital, and feat of this republic, is fituated in 44 degrees 25 minutes north latitude, and in 8 degrees 41 minutes eaft longitude ; and, from the delightfulnefs of it's fitua- tion, as well as the elegance of it's buildings, forms one of the moft beautiful cities in Italy. Standing on a confiderable declivity, it affords a moft magnificent profpe6l at fea, which has obtained it the appellation of Superba. The ftreets are extremely well paved, and re- markably clean. The harbour is fpacious, though not remarkably fafc: however, neither care norexpence having been omitted in forwarding it's improvement and promoting it's fecurity, it is now furniftied with a mole, extending feven hundred paces into the fea. The rowers on board the gallies confift of three clafles; thofe who, through indigence, barter their liberty for bread ; criminals who are fentenced to the oar for a limited time, or for life J and Turkifh or Barbary captives. Thefe laft, though they become converts to Chriftianity, never recover their freedom ; contrary to the known pra£lice of the Infidels, who always give liberty to fuch Chriflian flaves as embrace Mahometanifm. The Ducal Palace, an ancient llone ftrufture, ftanding almoft in the centre of the city, is fitted • p in a very fuperb ftile, and adorned with feveral beautiful paintings and curiofitier.. Among the former is the Difcovery of America by Chriflopher Columbus ; and, among tlie latter, a fhield containing an hundred and twenty piflol-barrels, which a Julius Caiar Vac- che is faid to have conftrudted, in order to difpatch, at one (hot, tlie Doge and his alTembkd council. The ecclefiaftical ftruftures contain (everal relics, which fuperftition deems invaluable ; and among others in the catliedral i« a difh made of a fingle emerald, faid to have been prefented by the Queen of Sheba to King Solomon, and the very fame out of wliich Chrift eat the Pafchal Lamb at his Laft Supper. In 1 751, a new academy of painting, fculpture, and civil archtteAure, was inftituted at Genoa, under the prote£tion ct the council. Indeed, the whole city is replete wif' ifeful and benevolent inftitutions; but ftrangers meet with very indifferent accommodatioi.s ; the inns being none of the \k&} and the only wine to be had in them being purchafed bom the vaults of the republic. The ITALY. 347 TTie fejf-fex of this city are generally educated in cloifters ; but, no fooncr are they mar- ried, than c»ch of them is conllantly attended by a kind of Platonic lover called a cicilbeo, who exhibits all the little arts of complaifance with the alTiduity uf the moft impaffioned admirer. Inconfiftent, however, as this praftice may appear with female niodefty and con- jugal peace, it is not confined to the Genoefe, but is alio common in many other parts of Italy, ;inJ even at Vienna. Indeed, both the beauty and wit of the ladies are commonly ciliniatedby the number of humble flaves they retain after marriage. Nor is this piece of "alJantry confined to the young and the amiable; even the old and dccrepid, if poffeffed of rank and opulence, have generally intereft enough to command their cicifbei. The little republic of Lucca, which is only about thirty Italian mile? =n circumference, is bounded bv the Tufcan dominions, a part only terminating on the dutchy of Modena; and, for the fertility of the foil, and the mildncfs of it's government, is perhaps unequalled in Italy. Theft atliadLions have tended to promote fuch a fpirit of induftry among tiie natives, that tlie whole territory may be compared to a well-cultivated garden, containing upwards of 120,000 inhabitants. The annual revenues amount to about 8o,oool. and the ftate, which is uinicr the protc£Hon of the Emperor, maintains a regular body of five hundred natives, with I'cventy Swifs guards. The vicinity of the Grand Dutchy of Tufcany keeps the natives of Lucca conftantly on tlieir guard, in order to preferve their freedom ; for, in fuch a fituation, an univerfal har- mony and concord can alone enable them to tranfmit to pofterity the bleffing of that adored Liberty, whofe image they bear on their arms, their coin, their city gates, and rJl their pub- lic buildings. It is alfo obferved by Britifti travellers, that the inhabitants of ti>is little re- public, on account of their being in pofleffion of freedom, generally appear with an air of chearfulnefs andferenity feldom difcoverable in the countenances of their neighbours. Lucca, the capital, is fituated in 43 degrees 52 minutes north latitude, and in 1 1 degrees 27 minutes eaft longitude, in a moft charming plain about fifteen or twenty miles in extent, tLTmiiiating in eminences delightfully diverfified with villages, feat?, fummer-houfcs, vine- yards, meadows, and corn-fields. The inhabitants amount to near 40,000; among whom are a confiderable number of artizans and manufadurtr?, w ho carry on an extenfive uadc. The cathedral is a fine Gothic ftrudure, adorned with fomc capital paijitiiigs : in the veftry arc eight large filver buftsj with a golden crucifix of exquifite workmanlhip, valued at 34,000 fcudi. The republic of St. Marino may be juftly deemed a geographical curiofity. It's terri- tories confift of a high craggy mountain, with a few eminences at the bottom; and the hi- habitants boaft of having preferved their liberties, as a republic, for more than thirteen cen- turies. It is under the protetStion of the Pope; and the inoffcnfive manners of the natives, who are not above 5000 in number, together v.ith the fmall value of their territory, have pre- ferved it's original independence. The town, which is the feat of this republic, and ftands on the fummit of the lofty mountain forming the territory, is generally hid among the clouds; and the ftreets are frequently covered with fnow while warm weather and funfhine gladden the furrounding country, Neither fpring nor rivulet is to be fecJi in the whole dominion J ,-M h i i '1 fU< Hi I mil 348 EUROPE. dominion; however, the inhabitants are well provided with large clfterns and refervoirs rf rain and fnow-watcr. The wine which grows on the fides of the mountain is extremely good ; and the cellars, which generally confifl of deep holes dug in the fides of the hill, render them extremely cool even in the hotteft feafons. The GrandDutchy of Tufcany is bounded by theTufcanSea,the Ecclcfiaftical State, the dutchy of Modena, and the republic of Lucca ; and, exclufive of fome detached territorii-, extends about an hundred and fixteen miles in length, and eighty in breadth. The foil is abundantly fertile in corn, fruits, wine, and oil ; and, from the almoft infinite variety of hills, vallies, and plains, the country is extremely pleafant. Florence, the capital of Tufcany, after having long remained in the pofTeflion of the illuf- trious houfe of Mcdicis, (who made their capital the cabinet of all that is rich and valiiaWv.- in architedture and the arts) is now fallen under the power of ayounger branch of the Houfc of Auftria. This city,ftanding between two fruitful mountains, in 39 degrees 42 minutes north lati- tude, and in 1 1 degrees 47 minutes eaft longitude, is divided into two unequal parts by the Arno, over which are four beautiful bridges; and contains, on a moderate computation, 70,000 inhabitants. Though the various beauties of this fuperb city have been often defcribed, defcriptiou itfclf fiiUs infinitely (hort of what they really are. The Grand Duke's palaces are rich and magnificent beyond conception, and contain a prodigious variety of the mofl valuable anti- quities. The celebrated Venus de Medicis, allowed by the ableft judges to be the (tandard of tafte in female beauty and proportion, flands in a room called the Tribunal. The in- fcription on it's bafe afligns it to Cleomenes, an Athenian, the fon of Apollodorus : it is formed of fine white marble, on all fides furrounded by mafter-pieces of fculpture, fome of which arc attributed to Praxiteles, and other Greek mafters. Indeed, every part of the city exhibits the moft curious fpecimens in painting, ftatuary, and archlteff ure ; and the inhabitants boalt of the improvements they have made in the Italian language, by means of their Academia della Crufca, and feveral others which have been cflablifhed among them for the mofl be- neficial purpofes. Though the Florentines afTeiEt great pomp, many of their nobility and gentry carry on a retail trade in wine from their cellar-windows ; having broken flaflcs afHxed to them, by way of figns. The citizens likewife deal in gold and filver ftufFs, with various commodi- ties of native growth; and, fince the acceffion of the Archduke Leopold, brother to the prefent emperor, a confiderable reformation, both with refpedl to government and manufac- tures, has taken place in this dutchy, which has proved of efTential fervice to finance. Pifa, a fpacious city of Tufcany, (landing on the Arno, in 45 degrees 37 minutes north latitude, and in 11 degrees 18 minutes eaft longitude, is incommoded by a damp and fickly air: the houfes, however, make a tolerable appearance. The life and fpirit which formerly animated this city are fo far exhaufted, that grafs grows in feveral of the ftreets: for, fince the lofs of their freedom, the moft wealthy inhabitants have withdrawn themfelves^} fo that they are now fuppofcd to amount to no more than 16,000; though, in the eleventh cen- tury, they were computed at 150,000. The Univerfity, founded in 13391 Teems to partake et i'vllii ITALY. 345 of the misfortunes of the city, though ii; is well endowed, and fuppUed with able profeffors nominated by the Grand Duke. In the church-yard belonging to the cathedral, and detached from any other building, (lands the famous Leaning Tower of Pifa, which is of a circular form, and afcended by three hundred and fifty-five fteps to the top, being enclofed by a brcaft-woric, and containing feven bells. It is computed to be i88 feet high; and is divided into eight petitions, or Uories, each furrounded by a colonade of thirty-eight pillars of an uniform thicknefs In every row, but decreafing in length proportionably as they advance towards the top. A plummet let down perpendicularly from the top touches the ground at the diftance of fifteen feet from the bottom. This remarkable incli lation has given rife to a variety of conjeftures : fome pretending that it was effe«fted by the peculiar art of the architedl; and others, by fome ac- cidental concuflion of the earth. However, the finking of the foundation on the inclining^ fide feems to be the real caufe, as is evident from the pcdeftals of the loweft row of pillars being funk much deeper in the earth on the fide of the inclination than on the other. Sienna, the capital of a territory included in the dominions of Tufcany, ftands thirty-fix miles fouth of Florence, on three confiderable hills, which render the ftreets very uneven j but this inconvenience is amply compenfated by the agreeablenefs of the profpeft, and the extreme falubrity of the air. The houfes are in general elegant, and the inhabitants are charafterized as affable and chearful in their difpofitions. The cathedral is encrufted, both internally and externally, with marble ; and the pave- ment is admirably inlaid with marble and precious ftones, eipccially under the cupola, and before the great altar, where many Scripture h'^lories are reprefented on thofe materials with all the delicacy of painting. Sienna derives it's origin, as the natives pretend, from Romulus and Remus ; on which account the city-arms, which are fet up in fevcral places, and particularly on a pillar of ophir fronting the Scnate-houfe, reprefent thofe illuftrious brothers in the ad of fucking a wolf. Leghorn, a celebrated city, and part of Tufcany, flanding in 43 degrees 33 minutes north latitude, and in 10 degrees 25 minutes call longitude, formerly belonged to the Genoefe, and was by them given to Duke Cofmo I. in exchange for the town of Sarzana. This city, which is built in the modern tafte, poflelFes many ftriking beauties. Though furrounded with marfhes, the canals now cut through feveral parts of the town have in fome meafure diflipated the noxious effluvia, and rendered the air far lefs inimical to health than formerly. The fortifications are deemed exceflively ftrong; and from the ramparts are many beauti- ful proi'peiSts of villas towards the. land-fide, and of (hipping towards the fea. The harbour is remarkable both for it's beauty and utility; and on a fl:ru(5lure near it, in which the grand dukes formerly refided, is an infcription to the following purport : ' Fly hither, ye merchants, ' with alacrity : this (acred place, by it's beauty, commodioufnefs, freedom, and plenty of ' all the conveniences of life, allures you. Cofmo III. the fixth Grand Duke of" 'I'ufcany, * who refides in this houfe, courteoufly invites you. Having enlarged .ind fortified the city, * he rebuilt this edifice, firft raifed by his grandfather Frederic I. r.nd made it more fuperb * and magnificent in the year 1695.' 4 T . T« ii ,1:1 l.-H' » rri m Mlf 1 ;' ^f wu I Hi' 353 EUROPE. To this city thofc of all nations and of every pcrfuafion have free accefs, and may like>wife fettle in it. Thcnumber of inhabitants are computed at 40,000} of whom 20,000 are faid to be Jews, who live in a feparate quarter, have an elegant fynagogue, and (though fub- je£led to very heavy impofts) are in a very flourifhing condition, the greatcft part of the commerce of the city being tranfa£led by them, cither as agents or principals. The Ecclcfiaflical State, or Papal dominions, lie about the middle of Italy ; being bounded on the north by the republic of Venice ; on the eaft by the Adriatic i on the fouth-eaft and fouth by the kingdom of Naples; and on the weft by the Grand Dutchy of Tufcany and the territories of Modena : extending from north to fouth two hundred and forty miles ; and from the fouth-weft to the north-eaft, in fome parts, an hundred and twenty, b'lt in others fcarcely twenty. On viftting this country, the fatal effects of Popilh tyranny, fuperftition, and oppreflion, become confpicuous in a high degree. Thofc fpots which, under the ancient Romans, the maflcrs of the world, weic formed into fo many tcrreftrial paradifes, furrounding the nioR magnificent villas, and embelliflicd with all the delights which art and nature could produce, are now converted into noxious peftilcntial marflics, equally inaufpicious to health and plta- fure ; and the Campagna di Roma itfclf, which formerly contained a million of inhabitant?, affords at prefcnt a mifcrable fubfiftcnce to lefs than a thouland. Notwithstanding this, tlie Pope is a very confiderable temporal prince, and his annual revenues are eftimated by Ionic at a million fterling: but this income is not to be undcrftood as arifmg entirely from his fecular pofll'flions; his accidental revenues amount to a very confiderable lum, though they are much diminiflieJ by the fupprcflion of the order of Jcfuits, from whom he drew valt fupplies, and the meafurci aJoptcJ by the Calhclic powers to prevent the great ecclefiaftical iil'ues of money to Rome. Indeed, from the molt authentic modern accounts, we learn, that the taxes on the pro\ ifions and lodgings of foreigners, who fpend immenfe fums in vifiting his dominions, form tlie moll valuable part of the accidental revenues accruing to his Holinefs. Lately the houfcs of Auftria and Bourbon have taken upon them to pre- fcribe limits to the papal power ; and as the progrefs of fcience daily tends to defeat tlic reign of fuperftition, it is probable that his Holinefs will fpecdily find both his fpiritual and temporal intereft on t!ie decline. Some of the late popes have made fcveral inett'edual efforts for the improvement of their territories ; for the principal power being velted in lazy ecclcfiaftics, induftry and agriculture feem toexperience difcouragements which are inicpara- b!e from the papal government. The indolence of the higher ranks infecls their inferiors, who therefore prefer beggary and impofitlon on ftrangers to induftry, efpecially as they muft hold their property by die precarious tenure of the will of their mafter. In fhort, the inhabitants of many parts of the Ecclefiaftical State muft periih through their floth, did not the fertility of their foil afi^brd them a fpontaneous fubfiftence. However, we mult do the Italians the juftice to remark, that the poverty and indolence of the lower ranks do not appear to originate from natural habits, but to be forced upon them by accidental circumltances. Nor is this obfcrvation to be confined to the papal dominions ; the Italian princes aftedled be eftccmcd the patrons of all the elegant and curious arts, and each vied with the other in ITALY. 351 in making his court the repofitory of tafte and magnificence. This idle paflibn difabled them from expending their money on worics of public utihty, and from encouraging the in- duftry or reliering the wants of their fubjedts; and the mifchievcus efFedts arifing from this rivalihip of fplendor are to be traced in almofl every Italian ftatt. - Rome, ftanding in 41 degrees 47 minutes north latitude, and in 3 degrees 5 minutes •aft longitude, was formerly confidcred as the capital of the world ; and, for fplendid edifices, antiquities, and curiofities, is ftill unrivalled. It derives it's origin from Romulus, who laid the foundation of it about 753 years before the ChrilHan aera: it's fio;v're and fttuation, however, have been often changed j and the demol'tion of edifices has fo filled up the vallies^ thiU the feven hills on which it was originally built are now fcarcclydiftinguilhable. Mo- dern Rome contains within- it's walls, which are about ten miles iji circumference, a vaft number of gardens, vineyards., ivaftes, fields, and meadows ; yet, in the beauty and magni- ficence of it's religious ftrudtures and palaces, it far furpaiies the ancient. When miftrefs of the world, Rome contained nothing which could be compared with St. Peter's church, tlie moft amazing ftrudhire in the univerfe, built in form of a Latin crof«, with fuch exaft fymmctry and proportion, that the moft critical eye cannot find any thing deferving of blame: and perhaps many other churches in this city exceed the ancient temples in the beauty of tiieir architecture, the value of their materials, utenfils, and furniture; though it muft be ackjiowledged that the ancient Pantheon appears to have been built on a very coloffal and magiiihccnt fcale. ]"hc caftle of St. Angelo, the chief fortrefs of Rome, does not feem capable of making a- 1; !ig Jefence, if refolutely befieged ; am' the inhabitants, calculated ?.t only 145,000, would* iimi it extremely difficult to protedt fuch an extenfive circuit of walls. The Tyber, whofe name is famihar to every fcholar, and which has been magnified into one of th^ moft cele- brated rivers on earth, is extremely inconfiderablc when compared with the Thames, being n:ui;;ahlc only for boats, barges, and lighters. W'iih refpedt to the moft famous remains of antiquity which Rome prcfcnts to the atten- tion of every traveller, the amphitheatres claim the firft regard. That which was ercdted by Vefpafun, and finiftved by his fon Titus, is one of the moft confiderablc: it employed twehe thoufand captive Jews for feveral years, and is faid to ha\e been capable of con- taining cighty-feven thoufand fpedtators feated, and twenty thoufand ftanding. The ar- cliitcvfture is perfe£Uy light; and the proportions are fo juft, that the real magnitude is not at firft difcovered. But the Goths, and other barbarians, began it's ueftru'. ' . i: n 'i 1 iVt ■■■i ! ■ U1 ***y • . Hll ITALY. 353 Public proftitutes arc llcenfed in Rome, on paying a fmall tax into the papal trcafiiry: however, there are fevcral regulations adoptoil for tlu' purpolc of redaimiiig them ; they arc excluded from the communion j and, it'thjy die in that proftiTion, are denied thrillian fc- puiturc. There is nothing very remarkable in the Pope's temporal government of Rome. Like other princes, he maintains his guard", or (birri, who taicc care of the peace of the city, un- der proper magiftrates, both ccclefiallical and civil. The Canipagna di Ru ra, in wiiich Rome itfelf Hands, is under the immediate infpedtion of his Holine(^i ; but in other provinces he excrcifes his jurifdi<5tion by means of legates and vice-legates. The I'opc monopolizes all the corn in his territories, and has always a (ulficicnt number of troops on foot to keep the provinces in awe; but Pope Clement XIV. wiiely difclaimcd all intentions of oppofiiig any arms to the neighbouring princcv, except thofe of pravers and fupplications, which alone fcem confiftcnt with the character of a fupreme head of the ChrltUan religion. Next to Rome, Bologna, the capital of the Dologncfe, is the moft confiderable city in the Ecclcfiaftical State ; whofe inhabitants are an exception to the general charadlcr of indo- lence with which the Italians are ufually branded. The government is under .i legate a latere, who is always a cardinal, and changed every three years. The natives of this city live in a very focialand comfortable manner; and, perhap-;, their diftance from Rome in iome meafurc contributes to their felicity, bv removing them farther from the rapacious exactions prac- tifcd on thofe who are more immediately under the eye of government. The reft of the Ecclefiaftical State contains many towns celebrated in ancient hiftorv, and even now exhibiting the moft ftrikinj veftigcs of magnilicence; but at prelent tluy are' little better than defolate, though in different places a hivurious church and convent may be found, which cither the donations of former fuperftition, or the toil and fweat of the neigh- bouring peafants, contribute to liipport. The grandeur of Fcrrara, Ravenna, Urbino, Rimini, Ancona, and many other ftatcs and cities illuftrious in former times, is now only to be traced in their ftately ruins, and iji ancient hirtory. On the other hand, Loretto, a place without a name in antiquity, Handing within two thoufand paces of the fea, is become the admi ation of the world for the riches it contains, and the prodigious rcfort of pilgrims and other devotees to it, from a legend induf- trioufly propagated by the Romifli clergy, that the houfe in which the Virgin Mary is f;iid to have dwelt at Nazareth, was carried thither through the air by angeK', attended by many other miraculous circumftances. According to the hiftorv of this Cala Santa, or focrcd houfc, it is pretended that, in May 1291, it was tranfported by angels through the air from Galilee to Terfato, in Dalmatia; anti, three years and a half afterwards, into Italy, where, on the lOth of December 1294, about midnight, it was placed in a wood belonging to Re- cantani, a thoufand paces diftant from the lea; and, after another removal, at laH finaliy depofitcd in it's prcfent fituation, where all imaginable care is taken to prevent any part (if the materials being carried to other place:, and expofed as relics, left it fhould prove preju- dicial to Loretto. The Cafa Santa is built of bricks of unequal fizes; and is thirty-one feet nine inches in lengtli, thirteen feet three inches in breadth, and eighteen feet nine inches high at the fides ; 4 U but, m 354. EUROPE. i: but, in the centre of the roof, it rifes five palms higher than the fides. On the top of this flrudlurc is a tower, which fuperftition itfelf cannot deny to have been a modern work, fin .c it would be contrary to all probability to fuppofc that the Virgin Mary had fuch a t'-vvcr eredted upon her mean habitation. During violent tcmpefts of thunder and lightnir.g, two little bells fufpended in this tower are rung, from a belief that their found will difperfc them, as well as prevent any dangerous effects from their violence. The images of the Virgin Mary and of the Divine Infant are formed of cedar, and placed in a fmall apartment fcparated from the others by a filver baluftrade adorned witli a gate of the fame metal. It is impoflible to dcfcribe tlie gold chains, rings, jewels, emerald?, jK'arls, and rubies, with which thefe images are loaded ; and the angels of folid gold, placed on each fide, are equally enriched with the moft precious diamonds and fplendid decorations. The number of pilgrims who annually vifited this pince formerly amounted to two hun- dred thoufand ; but the Reformation having given a fevere blow to indulgences, the zeal for tedious pilgrimages is greatly cooled; fo that Loretto is in much lefs repute than it was fome ages ago: however, it is indebted to fuperftition and bigotry for an immenfe mafs of treafure. The kingdom of Naplc' is bounded on the north-eafl by the Ecclefiaftical State, but on all other quarters by the Mediterranean and Adriatic; it's greatefl length being two hundred and eighty miles, and it's breadth from ninety-fix to an hundred and twenty miles. This country, comprehending the ancient Samnium, Campania, Apulia, and Magna Grajcia, is fiibjecl to one of the warmcft climates in Italy, and is one of the moft incoa- ftant '-'' unpropitious to valetudinarians. The fertility of the foil, however, is very extraor- dinary, producing an exuberance of all kinds of grain ; as well as the fineft fruits and culinary vegetables, which mav be brought to perfection at any fcafon of the year. The wines callod Vino Greco and Lachrymae Chrifti are eftecmed very excellent; nor are the Neapo- litan oil, rice, and flax, inferior to thofe of any country in the world. But, amidft the luxuriance of naturr.l plenty, the inhabitants of the kingdom of Naples are obnoxious to manv difagreeable circumftanccs, which in fome meafure overbalance the fortuitous con- currence of loc.il advantages. Their vicinity to the volcano of Vefuvius is a ccnftant foun. e of alarm?, and often of the moft inevitable dangers; and the heat of the climate gives binh to a number of poifonous infcfts and reptiles, from which not even the houfes and beds can be fecured. Among thefe, fcorpions are the moft numerous and iro'^blefome, which infeft the country in a furprizing manner; nor are the fwarms of lizards, which in the vernal feafon cover the roofs of the houfes, a fmali inconvenience to the natives. Of all other in- fedls, however, th; Apulian tarantula is the moft remarkable, whofe bite is faid to occafion a fpecies of iiifcnfibility bordering on idiotifm, and which can only be cured by the charms of mufic. The iiiftruments ufed for fhis purpofe arc chiefly the guittar, hautboy, trumpet, violin, and Sicilian kettle-drum, on which almoft every perfon is in fome meafure capable of performing; and, when a cure is attempted, the operation of the mufic is enforced by the grimaces and odd gefticulations of the mufician. The infected, on their part, rouzed from their melancholy by the peculiar vivacity of the airs which arc ufcd on thefe occafions, exert t! wm ITALY. iss exert themfelves with the utmoft vigour, regulating their motions according to the mufic, till the venom is quite expelled, which fometimes takes up five or fix days, the mufic being fufpended at intervals, and the patient put to bed well covered, having a fudorific cordial given him to promote perfpiration. On the patient's recovery, he has not the leaft recol- le£tion of what pafled during his diforder ; and if the cure be not perfeftly efFeded, and the poifon entirely expelled, the fame fymptoms return the fucceeding year; and fome are faid to have laboured under this dreadful diforder for ten or twenty years. But while a regard to impartiality induces us to mention thefe remarkable circumftances relative to the bite of the tarantula, to which implicit faith has been given by fomc authors of the higheft reputation, we are, however, aware, that the very exiftence of that animal has b'jen difputed by others who, from fituation, might have been fuppofed to be the moft competent judges: fo difficult a talk is it to diftinguifh between truth and fiftion, and to diveft the moft intel- ligent of an afFe6lation of contradicting every thing for which philofophy can aflign no fa- tisfaftnry reafon. The city of Naples, the capital of the kingdom, is fituated in 41 degrees 21 minutes north latitude, and in 14 degrees 45 minutes caft longitude; and, but for it's vicinity to Mount Vefuvius, would be juftly deemed one of the moft agreeable and delightful cities in Europe. The walls, which are principally faced with a fpecics of hard black ftone called pi^ierno, are nine miles l.i circumference; but, including the fuburbs, the whole extent can- not be lefs than twenty Italian miles. The houfes in general are five or fix ftories high, with flat roofs, on which are conmonly placed numbers of flower-vafes or fruit-trees in boxes of earth, producing a very lively and plcafing efFe£t. Some of the ftreets are extremely beautiful ; none in Italy being com- parable to the Strada di Toledo at Naples, and ftill lefs to thofe elegant ftreets which lie open to the bay. The number of fplendid ftruftures, both public and private, would far exceed any general defcription. The richeft and moft commodious convents in Europe, both for male and female votaries, arc contained in this city; the moft fertile and beautiful hills of the environs are covered with them; and a confiderablc part of their re\'enue is ap- :)licd to the relief of the poor, the monks daily diftributing bread and foup to a certain num- ber of mendicants before the doors of tlieir refpedive convents. The number of inhabi- tants may bccftimated at three hundred thoufaiid at leaft; and as the commerce of the city occafions a conftant buitle, Rome itfc , when compared with Naples, may be regarded as a kind of defart. The catacombs belonging to this city, which the vulgar imagine were the work of the primitive Chriftians, and ferved as retreats in the time of perfecution, may be efteemed fome of the greateft curiofities of Naples. They are he»vn out of the fulid rock; the galleries, or pafliigcs, arc loftier than thofe of Rome ; they are generally arched, and fo wide, that fix pcrfons may walk abreaft; and, in particular, there is one vault of fuch an amazing height, that the roof cannot be difcerned without the light of flambeaux. Thefe catacon.b.s contr.in .-' >aft number of cavities on each ade of the vault*, four or fiv. over one another, into which the dead were dcpofited, and then fiiut up with a marble ilab, or tile cemented with mortar. It is now, indeed, furprizing to find fuch a number of niclics unll()i)j)cd, and gives us 1m ■ '^1 ?? A i' i'{ '^ ' ' ir :i :!lii 'Ui ill**!' fl: "V ...' ^!^.: 3S6 EUROPE. ^l| ! w us an idea of extreme loathfomcncfs; but they were probaV'y opened by thofe who were in quell of Come trcafure they might then be iuppofcil to contain. 'i hough above two-thirds oF the properly in the kiiigdori of Naples is in the hands of the Ecclchaftics, the Protcflants hve here with ^reat frepJom: and thoufjh his Neapolitan Myjefly preients every year to his Holinels a palirey, as an acknowledgment tliat his king- dom is a fief of tlic pontificate, yet no inquifition is eftalliflied in this country. The leve- nues of that fovereign amount to nciu 750,000!. a ye-.r; and it is extremely probable that, li\ the new cftablifliCil police of the princes of the Iloufe of Bourbon, of abridging the influ- fiicc aird emoluments of the clergy, his Neapolitan Majefty's annual income will confide- rably exceed a million fterling. This kingdom contains a numerous but poor nobility, confiding of princes, dukes, mar- quifies, and other high-founding titles ; for the fubftantial fupport of which their eftates are very inadequate. Amci.g the inhabitants of the capital are about 30,000 lazzaroni, or dillolute perfons ; the greater part of whom have no dwelling-houfes, but flcep every night under porticoes, piazzas, or any fhelter they can find. Thofe of this clafs of men who have wives and children, live in the fuburbs of Naples, near Paufilippo, in huts, cr in caverns dug out of that mountain. They perform all kinds of mciiial offices for a fubfi{t(,;itc' and many of them walk about the ftrecLs ready to deliver meflages, or execute any other oificc in their power, for a fmall recompence. However, as their en.ployment is precarious, they find great difficulty in procuring the necefliiries of lifej and, were It not for the daily hofpitality (hewn them a*- the convents, they would be in danger of perifliing with hunger. But though po\ erty and wrctchednefs prevail in a hig*i degree among the lower people, there is a proportionable appearance of wealth among the great; and, in the brilliance of their equipages, the number of their attendants, the richnefs of their drefs, and the pomp of titles, the Neapolitan nobility arc not inferior to thofe of any Euvipean kingdom. It feems highly probable that Italy was originally peopled from Greece; but, paffingover the ages of aniiquity, we ihall only give aconcife account of it's modern hiftory. Charlemagne, who had ertabliflied a kind of univcrfal empire in Europe, dying in 814, his fucceflbrs experienced the fate of thofe of Alex? rider; the cxtenfivc dominions of which he was poflclUJ falling to pieces, and in a fliort time giving rife to many feparate princi- palities. His fon Louis the Dcbonnair fucccedcd to his French and German dominions; while Bernard, the grandfon of Charlemagne, reigned over Italy and the ad- xcent ifles : but Bernard having loft his life by the cruelty of his uncle, againft whom he Lid levied war, and louis himfelf dcparr^ng this life in 840, his dominions were divided among his fbns Lo- thario, Louis, and Charles. Lothario, with the impr ial title, retained Italy, Provence, and thofe delightful countries between the Saone and the Rhine; Louis had Germany; and France fell to the (hare of Charles, the joungcft of w.c three brothers. Soon after this,. Italy was ir ived in all the horrors of a civil war by the inordinate ambition of different contending tyrants; but at laft Otho the Great re-united it to the German empire in 964. This countiy, however, was thrown into frefti confijfion by the contefts between the emperors and the popes ; it was harrafl'ed by wars and internal divifionsj and at length var,ious principalities and ilatcs were erc(^ed, under difi'crent heads.. Aftei ITALY. 337 After After an interval of ibme years, Savoy and Piedmont fell to the lot of the counts of Mau- rionnc, the anccftors of his prcfcnt Sardinian Majelly, whofc father became King of Sardinia in virtue of the quadruple alliance concluded in 1718. The Milanefe, the faireft portion in Italy, devolved on various mafters ; the Vifcontts were fucccedcd by the Gnlear/.os and the Sforzas: but it fell at laft into the hands of the Emperor Chiulcs V. who left it to his fon Philip II. King of Spain; in the pofleflion of which cr)wnii remained till the French were driven out of Italy in 1706 by the Imperialifts, who, in their turn, were difpofieiled of it in 1743; but, by the Emperor's ceflion of Naples and Sicily to the prefent King of Spain, it reverted to the Houfe of AuUiia, which now governs it by a viceroy. 'I"he dutchy of Mantua was formerly fubjcft to the family of (Jonzaga ; who adhering to the intereft of France, the territory was forfeited, as a fief of the empire, to the Houfe of Auftria, in whofe pofleflion it now remains, the laft duke dying without male iilue; Guaf- tella, however, was detached from it in 1748, and annexed to the dutchy of Parma. The firft duke who exercifed jurifdidUon over I'arma was a natural fon of Pope Paul III. that dutchy having been annexed to the holy ftie by Pope Julius II. Thr defcendants of the Houfe of Farnefe terminated in the late Qiieen Dowager of Spain; whofe fon, his prefent Catholic Majefty, obtained that dutchy; and his nephew now holds it, together with that of PI .centia. The Venetians, as heretofore cbferved, were formerly tlie mod fonnid.ible European power. In 1 194 they conquered Conflantinople itfclf, and maintained poireflion for fome time, together with no inconfulerable fhare of the continents of Europe and Afia. How- ever, they were frequently brought to tiie verge of delkuction by tiic confederacies which the jealoufy of the ether European powers prompted them to form, cfpecially bv the League of Cambray in 1509; but were as often faved by the difunion of the confederates. The difcovery of a pafl'age to India by the Cape of Good Hope gave t!ie firft blow to tiieir grcat- ncfs, as it deprived them of the Indian trade. By degrees, the Turks took from them their moft valuable pofTcflions on the continent ; and, fo late as the year 1715, they loft the Morea. The Genocfc for fome time dil'puted the empire of the Mediterranean Sea with the Ve- netians; but being feldom in a capacity to maintain their own indepcndeiicy by land, they were generally protetHied, andfomctimes fubje£led, by the French and Imperialifts. Their doge or prime magiftrate, is ci owned King of Corfica, though that ifland is now ceded to Fiance^. The fuctefsful eftort the Genoefe made in driving the victorious Auftrians outof •I; 'ir capital during the war which was terminated by the peace of Aix -la-Chapelle, is almofl: :?;. unique in hiftory, and affords an illuftrious example of courage prompted by defpair. At •"h" time, however, their original grandeur is fo much on the decline, that they poflefs no " cat'-r revenues than are barely fuiTicicnt to prefervc the appearance of a fovereign ftate. "i he Grand Dutchy of Tufcany was formerly fubjcct to the Imperial line, who governed it by deputies till the year 124c, when the famous diftin£lions of the Guelphs arofe, who were the parti-Mnsof the Pope and the Gibellines, who efpoufed the Emperor's intereft. The popes then perfuaded the Imperial governors in Tufcany to put themfelves under the pro- tedionof the church; but the Florentines, in a (hort time, forming themfelves into a free commonwealth, bravely defended their liberties againft both parties by turns. Faction, 4 X however, ; Ml •f i ','■ ! 11 i I 1 !l 'I M 358 EUROPE. however, at length prevailed over their patriotifm; and the family of the Medici, long he fore they had obtained any titles of power, in fadt governed Florence, though the rights and privileges of the people feemed ftill to exift. The Medici family, and in particular Cufnio, dcfcrvcdly honoured with the appelh-.tion of the Father of his Country, fhared with the Vene- tians in the immenfe profits of the Eaft India trade, before the difcoveries of the Portii- guefe. The revenue in rcady-tnoncy, which exceeded that of any fovcrcign prince in Ku- rope, enabled his fucceflbrs to rife to regal power; and Pope Pius V. conferred on one of his defendants the title of Great Duke of Tufcany in 1570, which continued in his family till the death of Gafton de Medicis in 1737, ^^° ^^^^ "° legitimate iflue. On this, the Emperor Charles VI. claimed Tufcany as a fief of the empire, and gave it tohisfon-in-law the Duke of Lorrain,who was afterwards raifedto the Imperial throne, in lieu of the dutd-.y of Lorrain, which was ceded to France by treaty. Leopold, his fecond fon, brother to the prcfent Emperor, enjoys the title of Grand Duke of Tufcany; and under his adminiftratitn the country aflumes a new fice. He has extended the commerce of his fubjedts to a very confidcrablc degree ; and ftationed feveral {hips of war on the Tufcaji coafts, to prevent the incurfions and depredations of the Inv.'^ij. Perhaps no country on earth has unc ; nore vIcIfTitudcs of government than Naples, which fccm to have originated from the n. i 1 incondancy of the inhabitants themfelves. The Chriftians and Saracens have by turns lubdued it; the Normans, und:' Tancred, ex- pelled the Saracens; and, by means of their connexions with the Greeks, ritabliflied there a molt reipedlabic monarchy, flourifhing in arts and arms, at a time when Gothic ignorance ovcrfprcad the rofl: of Europe. About the year 1 166, the popes being then pofTeflcd of almoft unlimited power in temporal as well as in fpiritual affairs, by tlieir intrigues interrupted the fucceflion of Tancrcd's h'iie, and Naples and Sicily came into the poflcflion of the French; when the HoufL- of Anjou, with fome interruptions and tragical revolutions, held it till tiie Spaniards drove them out in 1504; after which it was annexed to the crown of Spain. 'i'his nation exercifed fuch an inipopular and oppreflive government, that it gave rifc to the famous revolt headed by MalFanicllo, a young fiflierman without flioes or (lockings ; whole fuccefs was fo furprizing, that he obliged the haughty Spaniards to abclifli the mofl opprcf- five taxes, and to confirm the native freedom of the people. But, before the(e defirable re- gulations could be fully perfected, through the continual agitations both of body and miiui, this original hero became delirious, and was put to death at the head of his own mob. Naples and Sicily then relapfed under their former opprcflion, and continued under the Spa- niih yoke till 1706, when the Archduke Jharles, afterwards emperor, took polleffion of that kingdom. By virtue of various treaties, which had introduced Don Carlos, tlie King of Spain's fon, to the polTefnon of Parma and Placentia, a new war broke out in 1 733, between the Houfes ofAuftriaand Bourbon, refpeifting the Neapolitan dominions; and Don Carlos was re- ceived into the capital, where he was proclaimed King of the Two Sicilies. A bloody cam- paign followed this event; but peace being concluded between France and the Emperor, to which the courts of Madrid and Naples acceded, in 1736, the farther effufion of human blood was flopped, aiid Don Carlos remained King of Naples. On his acceffion to the crown ■m iill ' i "4t .' li t \ / t,l ITALY. 359 .iown of Spain in 1759, It being found, after mature Jeliberation and confuhation, that his eldcll fon was naturally incapacitated for the exercife of fo\ ercign pr/.ver, he refiiincd tlie king- dom of Naples to his third fon, Ferdinand IV. who cfi)Oi.ijd an archdutthels of Auftria. To give a coiUinued hiftory of papacy, would I'ar exceed the limits wc ha\ e prefcribcd to our plan. The mod fubftantial foundations for it's temporal fewer v.'i.re !r.:d by the cele- brated Matilda, Countcfs of Tufcany, and heircfs to the greatcft pari of Italy, who bequeathed a confiderable portion of her dominions to Pope GrCj^ory \'ll. fo well known, before l^.is elevation in 1073, by the name of Hildebrand. For a fucceflion of ages, ignorance gave the papal fee a full opportunity of pra£tifing fpiritual fraud and temporal exaction ; but as the (jo- thic gloom began to difpcrfc, free enquiry ufurped the place of papal dogmas; and at lad the Reformation emancipated a confiderable part of Europe from the dclufioas of Romifh error, fraud, and fuperftition. Since that sra, however, the popes have fometimes had o-reat weight in public affairs, chiefly through the weaknefs and bigotry of temporal princes. But it evidently appears that their religious delufions have now loft much cf their former effect, and that the papal power is at a very low ebb. The order of Jcfuits has been totally exter- minated from France, Spain, Naples, and Portugal; nor is it more than barely tolerated in other Roman Catholic countries. Even the Pope himfelf is treated with little more vene- ration or refpedl than is due to him as Bifhop of Rome, and as poffeffcd of a confiderable temporal principality: and it is highly probable that, a few ages hence, a total feparation from the holy fee of all it's foreign emoluments will take place, and that his Holincfs vviJl be httle better than the nominal head of the Roman Catholic church. 'I '■' i,t. .'n CHAP. XV. i\ HUNGARY. HUNGARY, the ancient Pannonia, received It's name from a tribe of the Huns^ who, in the ninth century, took poffefllon of this country; and it is ufcd both in a limited and extenfive fcnfe. In the former, this kir.^,dom is bounded by ScrviaanJ the River Drave on the fouth; by Walachia and TranfyKania on the eait; by the Carpathian Moun- tains on the north; and by Moravia, Auflria, and Stiria, on the weft. In the latter fenfe, Hungary comprehends Sclavonia, Dalmatia, Bofnia, Servia, and Tranfylvania; extending from 44 degrees 40 minutes to 49 degrees north latitude, and from 16 to 25 degrees 50 mi- nutes eaft longitude. The air of Hungary Proper, particularly in the fouthcrndiftricts, is eftcemcd highly inju- rious to health; which infalubrity is fuppofed to arife from it's numerous lakes, ffagnant waters, and putrid marfties ; but the northern parts being more fterilc and mountainous, the air is efteemed more propitious. No country in the world, however, can boaft a richer foil than that beautiful champaign traft which extends from Preft)urg to Belgrade, (the diffance of tluee hundred milssi) and produces corn,grafs, cfculent plants, tobacco, faiiion, afparagus, melons^ i II ''\LM nf' HiUiflwa «• Ar ) /iiii;i I/O Ztt/iAv Wttwv A zr J? 7^ \r .1 'V if ^k l^JUiflwdat llu Art airrrts, brHntifii t Jt C? NW.«vi7«4. 3'JO EUROPE. mt-'lon?, hops, piilte, millet, bucL-'.vlicat, delicious wiiics, a variety of fruits, mulberry -trcc^ chelhiit.-, and wood. Tlie principal rivers of Hungary arc, the Danube, which rifcs in Suabia, and after receiv- ing fixty navigable livers in it's c( of Hungary they are given to the hogs, and in other places a thoufand carp have been purchafcd for the value of an Englilh crown. Hungary contains feveral lakes of confiderable magnitude; particularly four among tliu Carpathian mountains : and, for baths and mineral waters, it is the mod celebrated ol any country iji Europe. However, the magnificent buildings erected by the Turk!-, when il.is kingdom was in their polleiFion, for the accommodation of thole who wilhcd to bathe or drink of thefe falutary fprings, are now much neglected, and rapidly falling to decay. Tile Carpathian mountains, which form a boundary on the fide of Poland, are the mod remarkable of any in this kingdom, though many detached ones are found in ditVerent part . The iummit of thefe mountains is a chaos of tremendous crags and precipices covered with everlaftin^; fnow, but their fides produce the moll Ihitely trees; and, indeed, the otiier Hun- garian inoiuuains in general arc covered with wood, and fomc of their declivities afl'ord tlie moft delicious grapes. In metals and minerals, this kingdom is inferior to none; it abounds in gold and filvcr mines, produces plenty of excellent copper, iron, vitriol, orpiment, quickfilver, thryfocoJIii, terra fi^illata, magnets, albcilo'--, and gems little inferior to thofe of the eaft. Before Hun- gary became the feat of war between the Chrifiians and the Turks, or fell under the Aulh ian yoke, thefe mines vv.mc properly worked, and produced immcnfe revenues to the native prinees. At that tine the Hungarian gold and filver employed mint-houfes, not only in Hungary, but alfo ii; Germany, and the continent of Europe: but thefe works being now in a great meafure deihoyed or demolilheJ, the mines are much decreafcd in their value; however, fome of them Itill exift, to the great emolument of the natives. The mofl rcnarkable animals of Hungary are wild-boars, bears, wolves, lynxes, deer, cha- mois, goat^, buflaloes, and mules; but the nwft tfleemcd is a peculiar fine breed of horfes, generally moufe-coloured, of wh'ch incredible numbers are ainuially exported. In the vi- cinity of Prclburg there is a famous breed of (heep of uncom!r.c;:< magnitude, which have twirteJ horns about two feet in length. In vegetable produitions, nature has been fingularly favourable to Hungary; for, exclu- five of the choice fruits already enumerated, which are common to other climates, it con- tains feveral peculiar to itfclf. The Tokay wines are as famous as the Ealernian of anti- quity, and arc preferable to thnfe of any other country. The Romans long retained pofleflion of Hungary before the barbarians of the north en- tirely overpowered them; and fome of the defcendants of the legiojiary forces are Hill to be diftinguiflied in the interior parts, by their ufe of the Latin tongue. Before the Turks began to over-run Europe, Hungary was one of the moft populous and powerful kingdoi >s HUNGARY. 361 of ihat continent; ami, if it's prcfunt mailers would give proper encouragement to ti\e»ii;i- tivo;, anJ thereby excite a general (pirit of inJullry and improvement, it might in a century or two again be rich in it's foil, hnpjiy in it's climate, and populous in it's fuhjeds, Hungary, cxdufive of Tranfylvana and Croatia, is fiippofed to contain about two mil- lions and a half of inhabitant?, who piiJc themlelvci on being the delcondants of thofe heroes wlio formed the bulwark of ChrilU-ndoin againil the Mahometans. Ueing compofcd of dif- ferent tribes, a vifible dilparity may IHII be traced between the iiativTs of this kingdom j how- ever, th'.-y arc in general wcU-propuriioncd, of good ft-ature, and iiave tolerable complexions. 'I'heir fur-caps, their clofe-bodied coats girded with a fafli, and their cloaks or mantles which are fo contrived as to buckle under their arms, give them an air of military dignity though the enthufiafm of bravery does not appear to be one of tlieir modern attributes. I'he nieji fhave their beards, but p,-.f.-rve the hair on their uppcr-lips; and, bclidos fire-arms, arc accoutred with broad-fwords and a kind of pole-axes. The ladies are generally cfteemed handfomer than thofe of Auftria; and the moft celebrated beauties of Vienna generally come frt'in this country: their fable drefs, with (Jeeves llrait to their arms, and their itays looped before with gold, pearls, or diamonds, are well known to other European ladies, and are by no means unbecoming. The drefs, however, botli of men and women, among the lower rauic-., is extremely meanj and, in what are called the Mine-towns, furs, and even fiiecp- fkin robes, are commonly worn. In the Hungarian towns, travellers meet with tolerable entertainment; but the inns on the rOads are generally wretched hovels, and thofe but thinly fcattered. I'liepcifants prin- cipally fubfift on hogs and poultry; which animals are commonly admitted into the fame apartment with their mafters. The predominant diieafes in Hungary are the gout and fever; both which are fuppofed, in many cafes, to originate from the great inf'alubrity of the air. The natives, though not deftitute of bravery and magnanimity, arc in general extremely indolent, leaving trade and manufadures to the Greeks and other travellers fettled in their country; which, from it's numerous rivers, is excellently adapted for the purpofes of ancx- tcnfive commerce. The diverfions of the Hungarians are of the warlike and athletic kind, which they feem to have preferved from their anceftors through a fuccefTion of generations; a jealoufy of their liberties prompting them at ditVercnt periods to claim the protedlion of the Turks, rather than fubmit to the Auftrian tyranny: but their fidelity to the late Em- prefs Qi^ieen, notwithftanding the provocations received from her houfe, will always redound to their honour. In Tamefwar, a province lately gained from the Turks, and incorporated into the king- dom of Hungary, are about 450,000 inhabitants ; among whom are many faraons, or gyp- fies, fuppofed to be the real defcendants of the ancient Egyptians ; whom they are faid to refemble in their features, in their propenfity to melancholy, and in many of their manners and inftitutions. The lafcivious dances of Ifis, the adoration of onions, and the Egyptian method of hatching eggs by means of dung, witli many famous fuperftitions and fpetifics, are ftlll afferted to be preferved among the female gypfies of Tamefwar. 4 Y The .i'*?r m 36a EUROPE. The Roman Catholic rcliL,ion is cftabliflied throughout Hungary, however, the major part of the inhtbitaius arc Froteftaiits or Greeks, who arc now indulged with the lull exL-rciCc of their religious liberties. The arthbilhoprics arc thofc of Prcfburp, C]ran, ;uid Colocza; and the biihoprics, thofc of Great Waradin, Agria, Vefprin, Raab, and Five Churches. The Hungarians, being an aflcmbhgc of different nation", have a variet)' of diule«fl«; one of vWiieh bears a ftrung affinity to the original Hebrew. The higher and middle runks fpcak German; and Latin is un;verfally underflood, and fpoke even by the common people, though not ill it's utmoll purity ; however, in this country it may ft ill be deemed a living language. 'The univcrfiticf, if they m.ny with propriety be fo called, arc thofe of Firnan, Buda, Raab, and Calchain, in which the Jcfuits ufcd to teach the feveral arts and fcicnccs; fo that the Lutherans and Calvinills find their children to German and other univerfities, where I'rotcftant tutors arc alluwi.d, though very narrow bounds have lately been prefcribed lo their acquirements. Hungary is far from being commercial in proportion to it's extent; it's principal exports are wines, faffron, oil, mctah, mineral', cattle, leather, wool, taliow, and wax; and it's im- ports are fpice<^, tin, filk, velvet?, cloths, and other foreign commodities. In this kingdom a variety of coins arc circuhifcd; and, indeed, it was formerly remarka- ble for it's coinage, there being IHII extant, in the cabinets of the curinu*, a complcat fcries of the coins of their anc'cnt kings ; and more (ircck and Roman medals have, perhaps, been difcovcred here, than in any other European country. It is remr.rk.iWe that tlie Hungarians always contended with their princes about their rights and pri\ ilcgcs, till the Imperial Eagle decided the controverfy by defhoying both, and left them only the fliudow of their ancient conflitution; and that their dates aflcmble, like the parliament of France, only to record the arbitrary decrees of the Emjjeror; and, by llgn- ing their approbation of them, to take oft'from the odium which every deftrudlivc meafure would bring upon the court. Bcfides this nominal parliament, however, every royal town has it's refpective fenate, and diflcrent chambers are inftituted for the adminiftration of jufticc and the regulation of fiilance. The coronation ceremony of the Hungarian kings ufed to be performed with much fo- lemnity; and fo partial are the natives ftill to that royal appellation, and fo averfe to the name of Q^ieen, that they called their late fovereign King Tereia. The regalia of the king- dom, which is prcferved at Prefburg with great veneration, confifts principally of the fvvord and crown of St. Stephen, without which no prince is allowed to be legally inverted with royal power. The Emperor can bring into the field 50,000 Hungarians, when required, in their own country; but feldom draws out of it more than 10,000, who are generally light-hcrfc, and well known by the name of Huflars. The Hungarian horfes are in general not fo large as the German ones; on which account the huflars are obliged to ftand on their (hort ftir- rups when they ftrike: their expedition and alertnefs, however, have been found fo fervice- uble in war, that the greateft European powers maiiitaiu troops under the fame title. The Hungariau 1 HUNGARY. 363 Hungarian infantry nre cnllcJ Hoyilakc;, and wcnras many fcatlicrs In their caps ai r(.]u>'l the number of enemies. tlicy prettn.l l(j have clirpatelKil. Both h^rfe and foot fcirni an ex- cellent militl.i, extremely well oifciplireil in the arts of purfuit, and tf ravaging and depc- piilati«mi but unable to combat with rei^ular troops in a pitched batlle. Thcarmsof Hunsniry are, a Shield Ion^!;itudiiinily divided; the rij^ht fl;lJ, Gules, divided by four bars, Argent; the left quarter alfo Gules, with an Archicpifcopa! Crof; , Argent, (land- ing on a triple hill, Vert. I'he I'.mpcror, however, as King of Hungary, for his armorial badge, bears quarterly, barwife. Argent, and Gules of eight pieces. The principal cities of Hungary Proper arc Prelburg, Buda, I'eft, Raab, Gran, Comora, and Tokay. Preftjurg, a royal free city, and the capital of the kingdom, delightfully fituated on the Danube, in 48 degrees 8 minutes north Latitude, and in 17 degrees 36 minutes caft longi- tude, enjoys a more falubrious air than .nny other place in the kingdom. In this city the diets ;ire held, and the trcafury-officc kept ; and formerly the Hungarian kings uniformly received the rite of inauguration in the cathedral dedicated to St. Martin. The city itfelf is of great antiquity, and contains a confidcrable number of civil, literary, and ccctefiadical inftitutions; but the houfes within the walls are very indifferent ftru«Sturcs, though the fuburbs are fpa- eious and handfome. TliJ CalUe, being a large quadrangul.-'.r pile, with uniform towers at the corner's, flands on a pleafant eminence, two hundred paces to the weft of the city. Before Hungary fell into the hands of the Imperial family, it was the royal refidence; and fome of the apartments fcem to have been no difparagcment to their original poflin'ors. The crown, and other article* of national regalia, are kept in the caftlc-towcrs, un Icr feveral lpck«, and are never exhibited. In the Armory are feveral warlike engines, both offenfivc and dcfenfivc, the ufes of which are but little known to moderns. Buda, the ancient capital of the kingdom, fituated in 47 degree 40 minutes north lati- tude, and in 19 degrees 20 minutes eait longitude, gives name to two cities, the (^Id and the New. Old Buda ftands in a plain extending from the fuburbs of New Buda to the Pilis mountains and the Danube, and is now only venerable for it's niins and Roman mo- numents. New Buda was built by BelalV. on a mountain near the Danube, and was formerly the lar£;eft and moft elegant city in the kingdom, but has fuffercd extremely from the numerous fieLes, blockades, and captures, it has undergone. It 1. rmroun'lcd with a ftrong wall and deep moats, and farther protcflcd by a caftle of immenfe (Irength. The rcyal palace was reckoned a very fupcrb fabric, but is now entirely dcftroyed ; and, indeed, there 1^ hardly a fmgle ftruclure within this city which does not bear fome marks of violence and deray. In the fuburbs are feveral warm baths; the principal of which, called the Emperor's, is con- ftrucled after the model of the Rotunda at Rome, with a large aperture In the centre of the dome, befides feveml fmall holes round the cupola for the admiffion of more light. In a large bath in the centre of the other four, both fexes publicly bathe together, the men wear- ing only a kind of drawers, and the women what tliey term a fois-fhih; but tlie common people,, >e '% il^iJ! 3^4 EUROPE. people, for whofe ufe one of the other baths is appropriated, thiak even tliis flight cover- ing fuperfluous. IVli, a royal free town on the Danube, oppofite to Buda, with which it prcfcrvcs a com- munication by a bridge of boats, is the feat of a fuprcmc court of appeal, and contains i"c- vcral ufeful inftitutions; but having fallen at various periods into the hands of the Turks and been foiiietimes poilcilcd, and at others abandoned by tlie Imperialiils, it ha, loft tlu: grcatcft part of it's anc-ent magnificence, and is now principally remarkable for it's bridgi; over the Danube, about half a mile in length. Raab, an ancient and ftrong fortr:;fs, fituated in a pleafant country at the conflux of the Danube, the Raab, and the Rabnitz, by which it is encompaffcd, was raifcd to the rank of a roy.d free city in 1742. The houfes are built of the molt duiable materials, the ihecis are fpacious and ftraight, and the city itlclf is honoured with an univcrfity and an cpifco- pal fee. The fortifications of the city and caftie are chiefly the work of the Emperors Ferdinand I. and MiLximilian II. which lafb is always furniihed witli n ftrong garrifon, well provided with military ftores: however, 'n 1529, the (bldiers were fo intimidated by the Turks, that they fct fire to the caftie, and abandoned tl.j city, which lh 1566 was burnt to the ground; anu, fomt yjars afterwards, delivered up to the Turks by convention, trom whom it was reco- vered by a ftratagem of Count Adolphus of Swartzenburg. Gran, fituat<:d in a very fertile country at the confluence of the Gran and the Danube, in 48 degrees 21 minutes north latitude, an J 18 degrees 46 minutes eaft longitude, was formerly tlie refideuce of the Primate of Hungary, and contained many ftatcly ccclefiaftieal ftruciurcs. In this city King Stephen was bora in 909, and buried in the cathedral, which he himl'elf had built. The Turks got pofleflion of Gran in 1543, but in 1596 were ex- pelled by the Imperialifts. On this occafion Sir Thomas Arundel, of Wardour Caftie, fignalixed himfclf in an uncommon manner; for which he was created n Coimt of the Em- pire by the tmperor Rodolph, and afterwards King James I. made him an Englifli Baron; which honours his defccndants ftill enjoy. Comoia, fituated in an ifland at the confluence of the Wag and the Danube, is only re- markabL- for an impregnable fortification; and Tokay is more celebrated for the delicious wines produced in its vicinity than for any efforts of art or internal opulence. Hungary, indeed, contains many ancient fortifications, which, during it's wars with the Infidels, were indifpenfably neceflary; but thcfe having in many places fallen to decay, it cannot at prefent be faid to exhibit many fpecimens of architedural excellence. It is, how- tk'cr, by no means deftitute of natuial curiofities; among which we fhall only mention a furprizing cavern in the vicinity of a village named Szelitze. The entrance of this cavern, which fronts tlie fouth, is eighteen fathoms high, an;l eight broad, and confequently vide tnough to admit the foutn wind, which blows here with uncommon violence; butthefub- terranean paflages, confifting entirely of folid rock, ftretth fartlif c > the fouth than any in- quifitivc traveller has yet difcovered. As far, however, as any adventurer has proceeded, tlie height is found to be fifty fathoms, and the breadth twenty-fix; but the moil unac- countable fingularity is, that in the depth of winter the internal air is warmj and, when the HUNGARY. 36s th? heat 'jf the fui> is fcarce fupportablc wit/ioir, the colu within is not only very plcrcifig, but To intcnfe, that the top is covered with large icicles, which, Ipreading into ramiiicatioiiF, form very fantallical figures. When the vernal Ihow diiiblves, the infiJc ol tlic cave, where it's furlace is cxpofed to the fouthern lun, emits a pellucid water, which immeilialcly congeals as it drops, and thus forms the above icicles. The numbers of flics, gnats, bits, ow Is, and even foxes aiid hares, which make Uiis cavern their winter jctreat, till the beginning ot" ipringy when the cold obliges them 10 change their habitation, is really allonifhing. The hill riifis above the cavern to a prodi^'jous height ; and, on ihc louthern fide, produces grafs in the utraoft luxuriance. Tranfylvania, a part of the ancient Dacia, which derives it's orefentname from it's lying behind the immcnfe forefts which furround the Carpathian Mountains, is a rich and R-rtiie country, bleffed witha piu-c and temperate air, and ..bounding in mines, metals, and minerals. It is bounded on the north by the Carpathian M oujilains, wliich divide it from Poland ; on the eaft by Moldavia and Walachia; on the foutii 'n' VValathia; and on the weft by Upper and Lower Hungary; extending from 45 to 48 degrees of north latitude, and from 22 to 25 degrees of eaft longitude. This country is under the Imperial jurlfdictioii ; nevcrthclcfs, it's interior governmej-.t ftiU partakes greatly of the ancient feudal fyftcm, being conipofcdof many independent ftatcs and princeSy who owe little more than a jiominal fubjediun to the Auftrians. Papifts, Lu- therans, Calvinifts, Greeks,. Mahometans, and kneral uther fedtaries, enjoy their rerpe(i>i\« religious opinions ; and it is fuppofed thatTraiifylvania adds but little to the Aull-rian revenue, though it exports fomc metals and fait to Hungary. The feat of government is Hcrman- ftadt, the governor of which is aflilled by a council made up of Roman Catholics, Calvinifts^^, and Lutherans. I'he diet, or parliament, meet by fummons, and receive the mandates of their fovcreia;n, to whom they have lately fhewn more implicit deference than formerly: however, they poflefsthc liberty of making remonflrances and reprefentations in cafe of grievances. This country is eompofcd of fcveral ditFercnt nations, who in general retain their original hnguage and inlUtutions. It's population is not eafily alcertained; but, if the Tranlylva- nians can bring into the field 30,000 trocips, \,e may rcnfonably concluJ-.- that the whole number of inhabitants mull be very confulerable. The genius of this people lias been of a military nature from theearlieft ages: the Romans could never totally fubduc them; nor does it appear that their defcendants have degenerated from their critilnai character. At prc- fent, however, their military force is reduced to fix regiments, of 15CC men each; but iti^ well known :hat, during the two laft wars in v.hich the Houil- of Auilri.i was tngageJ, the Tranfylvanians were of the moft eflential fervicc. The \arious revolutions in their go- vernment evince their impatience under ilavcry ; and though the treaty of Carlowitz jrave the fovereignty of this country to tl>e Houfeof Aull.iu, the nr.tives enjoy wh?.t m.iybe called a loyal ariftocracy, which their foverelgni find it prudent to permit. '*> Learning is but little cultivated "in Tranfylvania; nor is religion in a very flourifhing con- dition, though no rsftriaions are laid on the dictate of confcience with rcfpcft to it's p-o- fciliwi. The Roman Catholic perfuafion, however, may be regarded as the cftabiifhcd rt- 4 Z I'g'on^ m H- 366 EUROPE. liirion, over which a bifliop prefides, whofc fee is at Hermanflad^ the capital of the whole country. Hcrmaiiftadt is fituated in 46 degrees 51 minutes north latitude, and in 25 degrees i mi- nute caft longitude j and is large, populous, and well fortified. It is governed by the Royal Chamber, the Tribunal of Appeals;, and the Diet; bcfides which, the General and Royal Governor of the Saxon nation honour it with their refidence. The air, however, is fo ex- tremely infalubrious, that many of the fineft buildings are uninhabited. The principal tr.ide of Hermanftadt confifts in cloth and mead, which are exported in conficicrablc quantities to the neighbouring countries. Formerly it carried on a confi- derable tratfic with Greece; but this was in a great meafure loft during the long continu- ance of the wars; and, fince their termination, the city has greatly declined. Sclavonia, lying between the 45th and 47th degrees of north latitude, and between the i6th and 22d of eaft longitude, is computed to be 200 miles in length, and 60 in breadth; being bounded by the Drave on the north; by the Danube on the eaft; by the Save on the ,fouth ; and by Kiria, in Auftria, on the weft. To account for Hungary, Tranfylvania, Sclavonia, and the other neighbouring nations fubjeft to the Houfe of Auftria, being compofed of fuch a furprizing variety of people, dif- fering in name, language, and manners; we need only reflect, that the enthufiaftic fpirit of liberty there made it's laft ftand againft the Romans, the conquerors of the world; who^ by degrees, drove the remains of the different vanquifhed nations into thefe quarters. The thicknefs of the woods, the rapidity of the rivers, and the natural ftrength of the country, favoured their refiftancc; and their defcendants ftill retain the moft legible cha- rafters of thole unfubmitting heroes from whom they fprung. Without regarding the ar- rangements made by the ambition of the fovereigns of Europe, theyfeem to acquiefce under that governnieiit with mott plcafurc which allows them the greateftlatitudeof privilege and ancient freedom : however, they arc no lefs generous than brave, as inconteftibly appears from their faithful attachment to the Houfe of Auftria, which, till the two lalt wars in which it was engageil, was neither fenfible of their value nor valour. The Sclavonians for- merly were fuch formidable opponents to the Roman arms, that it is fuppofed the word Slave received it's origin from the great numbers of them who were carried into bondage fo late as the reign of Charlemagne. Sclavonia is not interior, either in beauty of fttuation or fertility of foil, to Hungary or Tranfylvania; but the ravages of war ftrongly mark the face of the country, confide- rable tracts Hill lying unimproved. Tiie Sclavonians, perhaps from their ignorance, arc zea- Jous Roman Catholics; though other perfuafions are freely tolerated. There are two epit- copal kef, thole of Rofiga and Zagrab; but we know of no univerfities : and, indeed, if poflible, learning feems at a lower ebb in this country than in Tranfylvania. The Sclavonians are compofed of Servians, Radzians, Croats, WaUchians, Germany, Hungarians, and various other tribes whoi'e names were never known to the Auftrians themfelves but from their military mufter-rolls, when they poured their troops into the field in fupnort of the Pragmatic Sandlion. Croatia, HUNGARY. 367 Croatia, lying between 45 and 47 degrees of north latitude, and 15 and 17 of eaftlongi- tude, is about eighty miles long, and fcventy broad. In their manners, government, reli- gion, language, and cuftoms, the Croats are f inilar to the Sclavonians and Tranfylvanians, their neighbours. They are cfteemed excellent irregular troops, and are much celebrated in modern hiftory under thedefcription of I'aiulours, and various other defignations. The Houfe of Auftria, to whom the fovereignty of this country unqueflionably belongs, finds it's intereft in fuffering thefo nations to live according to their original inftitutions. Ignorant of poliflied life, and ftrangers to the delicacies of other European nations, they prefervc their native bravery; and, on all occafions, have (hewn themfelves well qualified for deeds of en- terprize and glory. Their towns and territories are blended with one another, boundaries being but little regarded. Indeed, the principal jurifdidlion exercifed over them by the Auftrians feems to confift in the military arrangements for bringing them occafionally into the field. Hungarian Dalmatia lies on the upper part of the Adriatic Sea, an' confifts of five dif- tridls. The air is pure and temperate; and the country is agreeably variegated with fertile mountains, producing olives, vines, myrtles, and an infinite quantity of choice vegetables. This country, like Croatia, is peopled with an afTcmblage of vaiious nations ; the mod remarkable of which are the Ufcocs,a race of men who, being galled by opprcflion,efcapcd out of Dalmatia, and fettled near Segna ; whence they obtained the title of Ufcocs, from the word Scoco, which fignifies a Deferter. They alfo obtained the appellation of Springers, or Leap- ers, from the uncommon agility with which they leap, rather than walk, along the rugged and mountainous tradt they poflefs. Some of them live in fcattered houfes, and others in large villages. They are rough and favage in their difpofitions, large-fized, of the moft in- trepid fpirit, and addided to rapine, though their oftenfible employment is grazing. They fpeak the Walachian language ; and, in their religious fentiments and mode of worfhip, ap- proach neareft to the Greek churcl . : fome of them, however, profefs the Roman Catholic religion. The moft confiderable places in Hungarian Dalmatia arc Segna and Ottokhatz. Segna, a ropl free town, extremely well fortified h by art and nature, is fituated near the fea, in a bleak, mountainous, and barren foil. Tin ^dbop of this place, which contains twelve churches and two convents, is fuffragan to the Archbifhop ni Spalatro. The go vernor refides in the old palace, called the Royal Caftle; and the .pper fort, which ftands on an eminence fronting the town, is the refidence of the deputy-gov< 1 or. Ottofchatz is a frontier fortification on the Gatza, a river plentifully ftocked with fifh. That part of the fortrefs in which the governor and the grcateft part of the garrifon refide, . furrounded with a wall and fome towers : while the reft of the buildings, which a! but mean, arc erected on ftraggling piles drove into the bed of the river; fo that the r. reft neigh- bours have no communication but by means of boats. Having finifhed the defcription of Hungary Proper, with the feveral neighbouring cnun- tries appendant on the Auftrian crown, we fliall fubjoin a (hort hiftory of the formei . ' cd from the moft authentic accounts. The ! I 3f'8 EUROPE. 'riicHim^aharbarous tribe, who towards the decline of the Roman empire invaded Paniio- Ilia, having llibducd the country, communicated their nann; to it. Hungary, during a i'uc- ceflion of ages, was an aflemhl.)t;c of diflerent ftatcs; and the firlt who ailUmcd the title of' King was Stephen, about the year looo; when he embraced ChrHlianity; complcated the eftablifhment of that religion; annexed Tranfvivania as a province to Hungary; and, on iiis dcccalc, was canonized. After him followed a fucceffion of twenty kings, natives of the country; the lafl of whon. v.as Andrew ill. who died in the yea»' 1301. About this time King Charles Robert afccndcd the throne, and fubducd Bulgaria, Scrvia, Croatia, Dalm.i- tia, Sclavonia, and many other provinces; but fever.nl of thofe conquefts were afterward* reduced by the Venetians, Turks, and other power*. In the fifteenth century, Hunniadas, who was left guardian to the infant King Ladiflaus, bravely repulfcd the Turks, who in- vaded Hungary; and, on the dcmife of Ladiflaus, the Hungarians, out of gratitude, ele- vated Matthias Corvinus, fon of Hunniadas, to the throne. Louis, King of Hungary, fell in battle in 1526, as he was bravely fighting againlt Solyman, Emjieror of the Turks, This battle, indeed, had nearly proved fatal to Hungary; but the Archduke Ferdinand, bro- ther to the Emperor Charles V. having efpoufed the fifter of Louis, claimed the title of Hungary; to which, after fome oppofition, he fucceedcd. That kingdom has fmce been fubjedt to the Houfe of Auftria; though, by it's conftitution, the crown ought to have been eledive. From this aera the hiftory of Hungary becomes blended with that of Germany ; as there are few events, either belligerent or pacific, in which thcfe two coimtries have not been mutually interefted. 1 , CHAP. XVI. TURKEY IN EUROPE. ^TpHIS country, which forms a confiderable part of the ancient Chriftian empire of tli'; Ji eaft, is bounded by Ruflia, Poland, and Sckivonia, on the north; by Circalfia, the Black Se;i, tlie Propontis, Hcllcfpont, .itid Archipelago, on the eaft; by the Mediterranean on the fouth; and by the fame fea, and the Venetian and A uftrian dominions, on die weft; extending from 36 to 4g degrees of north latitude, and from 1 7 to 40 of eaft longitude. Turkey in Europe contains fome of the molt fertile provinces in the world, lying in the moft geni.-il climates; which, with their divifions, lut>divifi( s, and capitals, arc exhibited in the fublequent Table. DIVISIONS. To the north of the Black Sc:i lie { SUBDIVl IONS. CAPITALS. Crim and Little Tartary, the ancient f n Cr ■ Taurica Cherfonefc. J pJecJf'""' i. Ock;<,iikow. Budziac Tartary, T« T« itif, ;J i i tS, v^ ,*il fWA^^^f^ <-, which ne\-cr aticmpt any difhmt voyages. But perhaps their ina.'ciition to nvnnieivial conc.rns is the jM'nuipal il-ciiiity of tlu-ir government; fiiice it prcff-rvi-s the l';i!aiicc of Kuropean pciwt , and iirevcins thoi'e jt .iloiiiies among tlic other traJine nations of Europe, which woulo unqutinanably arid- were the Turks to purfue a ilitt> rent liim of coniliivit. Tlie Tiukini jTovcnin ^nt is ftiMU'rally conlulercil as an accumulation of all (hat is odious in arbiir.irv power" howc/cr, the nioit modern ar.d hell inlormcd writers aliert, .hat the natural rigours of that defpotic empire are conliderably foftcned bv the reihaints of reli- gion; for though there is no hereditary fucceflion to property, the rights of individuals may he rendered Hxcd and fccure by being annrrv ' to the fhurch, which is cfteiitec' at an "i- conri(ier.ible expence. Even Jews and ChriiUans may by this means feeure the enjoytr.cnt of the. r lands to the ia^cll pofterity; and fo facred and inviolable has this law been hitherto held, th.it there is probably not a fingle inf incc on record of any attempt on. the fide of the prince to trefpafs on or reverfe it. Nor does the inviolable attachment to this infUtiitioa oriitinate from the fuperftition of the Sultan : he is well aware that every attempt to violate it would (hake vhe foundation of his throne, which is folely f>,. ported by the laws of reli- g'on -, and, were he once to infringe them, he would be regarded as an Intidcl, and r.?afe to be the legal reprei'entativ e of Mahomet on earth. The fame oblcrvation extends to all the precepts laid down in the Koran, which was intended by Mahomet as a code of juriipru- dcncc, as well as a fyllem of religion : the laws there enacted, having all the force of reli- gious p/ejudiccs to llippci.t them, are inviol.d>lc; and by them the civil and religious rights of the .Mahometan? are regulated. P^en the comments on this work, which explain ihe law where obfcure, or extend and compleat what Mahomet had left imperfedf, are con- ccived to be of etju-d validity with the original inllitutions of the prophet; and no member of the focicty, however potent, can tranfgrefs them without cenfure, or violate them with impunity. 'I"he moft wretched fubjc(5ts of the Turl ifti c,ovcrnment arc thofe who approach to the higheft dignities of ILitc, and whofe fortunes are . onUantly expofed to fudde. viciflitudes bv depending on the capricious dilpofition of royalty. In this country there is a regular gra- ii:itif)n of great olHccs: of whom the \ i/ier, or prime-minifter; the chiaya, fccond in power to the vi<^itr; a.iJ thercis-effcndi, or fecietary of flate; a.c the moll confidcrable. 'Ihefc as well as the mufti, or high-pi ieil ; the bafliaws, or governors of provinces ; the civil juil^cs; and many ethers; arccommtnly r.iifi d, by tl.'jir application and indullry, frr,m the humbled walks of life, being frequently the children of Tartarian or Chriili.in captives. Trained up in the rigid fchocd of advcrfity, and arriving .v. pre-eminence through a thoufand d.ingcrs and difficulties, ihefe men are generally as much dillingclhed for bravery and abilities as they arc deticiei:t in virtue, honour, and gciietofity. Fofleilii.g all the diTnulation, intrigue, and corruption, \s;iicli ufaally acconijiany griiiincd ambititMi in a humble ra.ik; and, from the precarious: f nuie of their polls, making a merit of plundering the |)eop!e to enrich them- fclves; the admit^iftration of juUic: muft corr"-, to indemnify themfelves, as has been prtvioufly rtniarked, pradtifc eveiy «pecies of opprcflkm which avarice can fuggcft; till, becoming opulent from draining the vitals of the countr!-.-.; they art lent to govern, their riches frequently give rife to a pretended lufpicioii of difloyaltv or mifcomlud, and immediately their whole fortune is f<'i/,ed for the be- nefit of the crown. I'he devoted i dtim is feldom acquainted either with the nature of his accufation or the narnes of his acrufers ; and, without the fnialicft opportunity of replying to the allegations againU him, or vindicating his honour, an officer is difpatched with an im- perial decree to take ofFhis head. The unfortunate bafhaw receives this mandate with re- verential awe; and, after reading it, teftifies his entire refignation to the will of his prince, by f.iying — * The will of God and the Emperor be done !' or fomc expreflion of fimilar im- port. He then receives a filkcn cord, which the officer has alwavs readv lodged in his- bofom; .md, having tied it about his own neck, and oftl-rcd up a fiiort cjacidation, the officer's f' rvants throw him down on the floor, and drawing die cord tiL'ht, foon dilpat^h him ; after which his head is flruck oft', and carried to court. The eftablifhed m'litia of the Turkifli empire is of two ibrts ; fuch as have certain lands appropriated to their maintenai-.cc, and thofe who arc paid out of the trcafurv: the former amount to about 280,000 men j befides which, ihere are mimcnfe bodies of auxiliarv troops raifcd by the tributary cour.f.ries of this empire, who are commanded by their refpective princes. Extlufive of all thefc, in every war, n great number of xoluntters fellow the c.imp, who live at their own charge, in expedtation of promotion. Thefe adventurers not onlv promife themfelves an ample fortune if they furvive, but are imprcfled witii a firm belief that, if they die in arms againll the Chriftians, they will be imniedi-iteiy adniitlcd into paradiie. I'he forces which .:re paid from the treafury are called the Spal'.i;^, or Ik ife-guari':-, in number about 12,000 men; and the Janizaries, or foot-guard^, ciictuu-J ilu- btft fokiier.s ill the Turkilh armies, on whom the principal depcndance in an engagement i . placed. They amount to about 25,000 men, and .ire all qu.utercd in Conllantitiople .uui ic'.s vici- nity. They frequently grow mutinous, ainl have fonii times proc^-i dcd ii) far a^ to di p'lli.- the Sultan himfelf. The Janizaries are educated in the Seraglio, and trained up tn the ex- e-rcile of arms from their infancy; and fo er.tenfive are their pri\ileges, that there are num- bers over evtrv province of the empire, who procure themfelves to be rcgillercd in \\\\> corps for the purpole of partaKiiig of thole immunities. In this empire the utmoft care is taken of the education of youth deflineJ lu fill ihe dif- ferent departments in the ftate, army, and navy; however, they ,irc fcld.un preUrr. vl btforo the\- 376 EUROPE. they reach their fortieth year, and tlicn only rife by their merit or addrcfs. They are gene- rally the moU; beautiful, fprightly, and engaging children, which can be met with; and are always rc\ iewtJ by tiic Cirana Signior in pcrion, before they are adopted and fcnt to the colleges or feminarics, where they are i»<1i:cated for employments fuited lo their refpciitive abilities. The ladies of the Seraglio arc an aflemblagc of the moft beautiful young wotren wl.o can be colled^d trom tlic various .liaiids and provinces of the ijmpire. On their uumiiTion thcv arc LOinmittdl to thL- care ol old matrons, and taught vocal and infliumental niufic witii dancing, and all other accomplifliments which can contribute to render them lovely and en- gaginj;. Thty arc furniflied with die richcll cloaths and ornaments, but are Icarcelv ever fufi'red to go abron.l, except when the Grand Signior removes from one place to anotlier and then a troop of black, eunuchs convey* them to the boats, which arc incloled with lattices- and, when they travel by land, they are put into clofc chariots, fignals being dilj)la)cd at certain dii'.ances, to give notice that none may approach the roads through which tlieir .n- tended route lies- liic Kipperor's titles are fvvelled with all the pomp of oriental magnificence of exprefiion. He is ililcd by hi>; fubjcels, ' The Shadow of Ciod, A (}od on Earth, Brother to the Sun and ' Moon, and Difpofer of all Earthly Crowns j* with other bombaftical appellations. His arms are, Vert, aCrefcent, Argent, crelkd with a Turban charged with three black Plumes ot Herons (^iillsi with tins motto, ' D:nfc totum impel/at orbeyn.' When a new emperor is about to aH'iimc the dignity of the reprefentative of Mahomet he is ufuaily conducted v\itii great pomj) and triumph to a place in the vicinity of Coiillaii- tlnople, where lolemn prayers arc made to God that he may profper the Sultan, and iiiriile wifdom into him who h> about to manage fo great a charge. The Mufti then embracing him, bellows liis bk lliiig, and the Emperor folemnly fwcars to maintain the laws of the pro- phet Mahomet. Ow tliis the viz-icrs of the bench, and the other balhaws, with the moft profound humility kit's the ground, p.nd the hem of his robe, acknowledging him their lawtui emperor; ai)d, after tiiis form of inauguration, he returns with fimilar pomp to his feraglio. The cities and towns in this empire generally derive more confcqiience from their anti- quity th:m from t!ieir modern fpleiidor or opulence: we {hall, howc\tr, give a defcriptioa of tlie molt rcmark.ible. Coron, one of the moil confiderabie towns in the Morca, is fituated on the fouth fide of a gulph to which it gives name, about fv-venteen miles from Cape Gallo, and is extremely well foitified both by art and nature. It's figure is triangular; and, where not waflud by the fea, is defended by a fortrefs encoinpnficd with walls of immenfe thicknefs, and ll.'nki'd with large towers. At a fn.all difhmcc is a fuburb containing upwards of four hundred houfes; but ne'th' r thcle, nor any edifices in the city, difplay much elegance or knowledL;e of architedlure. The a.ljiicent country, however, is abtindanlly fertile, produciii- plenty ot fruit, corn, wine, oil, and fdl^, which the inhabitants export to great advant.age, Mifitra, the ancient Sparta, the moft beautiful city of the Morca, is fituated on the River F'.irotus; and confifts of the citv properly fo called, two extenfive fuburbs, and a ftrong t .litle. The town iiands at the fi/ot of the caftle, which covers it on the north, and contains many beautiful TURKY IN EUROPE. 377 biautUul remains of antiquity; particularly four magnificent marble fabricB, viz. the Pcrfian Uailery, or portico, creilcd in memory of the vidlory gained by the Greeks at the battle of I'lataa ; the Temple of Helena ; the Temple of Hercules j and the Temple of Venus. The cathedral is a noble pile, the roof of which is fupported by marble pillars; it is furnifhed with feven domes, and the pavement is a very curious piece of mofaic work. l"his is the fee of a Greek archbifhop, who is ftiled Metroiwlitan, and who has a handfome and com- modious palace, in which are lodgings for the dignitaries of the cathedral. Towards the fouth-eaft part of the town is a convent of nuns, whofe church is remarkably elegant and luperb. The Turks likewife have fome ftately mofques in this city; efpecially one in the fuburb^;, built out of the ruins of the ancient Sparta. Rlifitra is fuppofed to contain about two thoufand houfes, and the fuburbs nearly as many ; but the latter are by far the fineft, and therefore the moft opulent inhabitants refide there, where they enjoy the advantage of very pleafant gardens. Corinth, now known by the name of Geraine, was built at the foot of a very high rock, on which ftands a caftle commanding a moft delightful profpedt on every fide. In ancient times it v/as diftinguiftied as one of the fineft cities in Greece, and abounded with the moft magnificent palaces, temples, amphitheatres, monuments, baths, and other works, adorned with ftatues by the beft maftcrs of the art ; and beautiful porticos of columns, whofe fingu- lar decorations and elegant capitals gave rife to the appellation of the Corinthian Order. But Time, the grand enemy of all fublunary beauty and grandeur, has laid all this magnificence ill die duft ; and the very fpot on which Corinth ftood, being filled up with fields and gar- dens, rather refembles a deferted village than a once magnificent city. The town, how. ever, is ftill the fee of a Greek archbiflir p, who refides in the cathedral, the only Chriftian church in the place. When the Rufliajis made a defcent on the Morea in 1770, they were unfuccefsful in their attack on tliis city. Athens, the ancient capital of Attica, to which the Turks have given the modern name of Setines, exclufive of it's amazing power, opulence, and beauty, was diftinguiftied for be- ing the nurfery of the moft eminent philofophers, ftatefmen, orators, and general*, which tlie world ever produced. It was originally governed by it's own kings, but afterwards fell under the dominion of the Perfians, Macedonians, and Romans, fucceffivcly. In latter times, it became fubje£t to the Turks, from whom it was taken by the Venetians j and, after various revolutions, was at laft fecured in the poflcflion of the Turks. This city, though once juftly celebrated for the magnificence of it's buildings, is now deftitute of walls ; but all the avenues to it being ftiut by gates, they arc a fufficient fe- curity againft the corfairs who f )metimes infeft the coaft. The houfes are compactly built, but the ftrects are difagreeably narrow. The inrtabitants are computed at eight or ten thou- fand, three parts of whom are Chriftians, and the reft Turks i for the Jews are totally ex- cluded from having any intercourfe with them. In Athens and it's vicinity arc upwards of two hundred churches and chapels, fifty-two of which have their peculiar priefts; the catholicon, or cathedral, however, is the only cc- vlefiaftical edifice which pofleircs either beauty or magnificence; and, in both thcfc refpcds, it falls greatly fljort of fome ordiiwry parifh-churches in other countries. 5C The ^i H ■»;■ •'.i' V ''(I 37« EUROPE. The Acropolis, or citadel commanding the town, is fituated on theAimmit of a rock, very much elevated above the circumjacent plains. Tlic top of the rock is flat, and about three quarters of a mile in lircumfcrw-ncc; to which thi.re is aimolt a perpendicular afcentonall fides, except on the nui th-weft i which in a manner renders this fortrcfs impregnable. Among the m,>il ct!cbr:ucd antiquities of this once fplcndid city art the remains of the Temple of Minerva, built of white marble, and furroundcd with forty-fix fluted tdumns of the Doric order, forty-two feet iiigh, and feven feet and a half in circun.ferente: the arrhi- trave is adorned with balVo-rdicvos ailmiiiiMy executed, reprefenting the Wars of the Athe- nians. To the fouth-cait of the above cii.idcl are fcvcntecn beautiful columns of the Co- rinthian order, fuppofed to be the remains of the Lmperor Adrian's p:ilace; they are of the moft beautiful white marble, about fifty feet high, including the capitals and bafes. Juft within the city ftands the Temple of Thefeuf, furroundcd v/ith fluted columns of the Doric order; the portico at the well end is adorned with the Battle of Centaurs in laf.o-rihfvo; that at the oppofite end appears to be a continuation of tlic fame hiftory ; and on the exter- nal part of the portico' , in the fpaccj^ between the trig!iph.«, are rcprcfented the Feats of The- feus. On the weft of the city is a very beautiful ilructurc, i ailed the Lanthorn of De- mofthcnes, a fmall round edifice of wliite marble, the roof of w iiich is I'lipported by fix fluted columns of the Corinthian order, nine feet and a half high j in the interfticesof the columns arc pannels of marble -, and the whole is covered with a cuimla, carved with the relemblance offcaier. On the frize are beautifully delineated, in relievo, the Labours of Hercules. Befides thefe, the Temple of the Winds, the Theatre of Bacchus, ♦he magnihtent aquedu^l of the Emptror Adrian, the temples of Jupiter Olympus and Auguftus, with many other noble piles in ruin-, bear inconteftible evidence of the ancient beauty and fplendor of this city. The Rivers IliiTus and Krid.;nvis, which water the plain whereon Athens ftands, are ex- tremely inconlidLrablc ; and, were it not for their ancient fame, would be entirely overlooked, The ancient Eleufis and Thebes, formerly illuftrious in hiftory, are now reduced to paltry villages. 'The former, indeed, is alinoft deftitute of inhabitants, though famous for the n,a^- nificent temple of Ceres, which excites the admiration of every traveller; but the later fcarcely bears a veftigc of it's ancient grandeur, except in being an epii'copal (ee. Salonichi, the ancient 1 hefl'alonica, a celebrated trading town of Macedonia, is fitiiatLii in 40 degrees 40 minutes north latitude, and in 12 degrees 2 j minutes eaft longitude; and is f.iid to be ten miles in circumference. 'The walls arc flanked by fcveral towers; and defended by three caftlcs, which command every acceflible place. The city is extremely populous; and the inhabitants carry on an extenfivc trade in filk, wool, leather, wax, powder, gram, cotton, and iron. The Jews, who arc very numerous, mcmopdize the moft valuable manu- faftiire";; and in fuch a flourifhing condition are thefe pcrfevering people at Salonichi, that they have no lefs than thirty-fix large fynagogues ; and two coUeges, to which their youth flock from all parts. The Greeks likewife have thirty churches; and the Turks forty-eight mofqueii, among which is a very beautiful one formerly a Chriftian church dedicated to St. Demetrius. The remains of antiquity fcattcicd 4>vcr the whole extent of this great and opulent city arc TURKY IN EUROPE. 379 ■re numerous and attra£\ivc : the inoft confjderaHe, however, arc triuirphal aiThc<;j one of wh ch, creJlcd in honour of the Emperor Antoninu?, is almoft cntiie; unda variety of ai)- ticjue fragments of temples witli legible infciiptions. This city is the rcfidcncc of a Turkifli bafhawr; and alfo of a Greek archbi/linp, v.-ho l,;-.!. eight fuffragans under him. The ChrilHans were formerly fo confiderable, that St. P.tu! addreflcd two of liis epiftlcs to them. In 1 31 3 this city was fold to the Venetians ; but they wcr.- difpoflifled of it i.bout eight years after by Amurath II. Adrianoplc, one of the principal cities of Romania, takes it's name from the Fmpcror Adrian, it's founder, or rather rcflorcr. It was taken from the Chriflians in 1360, by Suitan Amurath F. from which time it became the feat of the Turkifli government, till they gained poflijflion of Conflaiitinople. It's circumference is fail! to be eight miles ; the houfes in ge- neral are handfomc, the walls ajid fortifications ftrong, but the ftreets narrow and irregular. The Semglio cnjo\s a niofl delightful ftuation; and the Bazar, or Exclnuigc, is a prodi- gious (trudhire. But though the furrounding country is luxuriantly fertile and iileafant, the air is far from being healthful. Among the mofi;ucs at Adrianople, that of Sclim I. excites the admiration of every tra- veller. It is advantagcoufly fituated in the midft of the city, and on the inoft elevated ground, whence it ha* a fine profpcd on every fide. The exterior court has four gates, and the interior three; both being furrounded with cloifters fiippoitcd by marlle columns of tlic Ionic order finely polifhcd, and of the moflbeautifid colours. The whole pavement is of wbitc marble; and the roofs of the cloillcrs arc divided into fcvcral cupolas, or domes, termin;iting in elegant gilt-balls. In the centre of each court arc fountains of white mar- ble; and before the grand entrance of the mof(juc is a portico with columns of green mar- ble, and five gates. The celebrated Lady Mary Wortiey Montague, who was, perhaps, the only Chriftian that ever entered this fuperb temple, allows it to bt the moll noble building (he ever faw. On the infidc it has two rows of galleries, fiipporttd by column', of red and white marble, with marble balullrades ; and the pavement is .dfo of mai blc, coveted w itii the richefl: carpets of I'erfia. The walls arc enciulkd with jrpan china, in flowers of the nioft vivid beauty. In the middle of this ftrudure is (ufpended .; filver lamp of immenfe magnicudc, furrounded with two thoufand of mferior dimeniioi;s; which, when lighted, have a mofl fplendid efFeft. Under the great lamp is a lar;Te pulpit of carved wood, gilt; and, adjoining, a fountain for ablutions. In one cornet is a little gallery inclofed with gilt lattices for tha Sultan; and at the upper end is a large niche, refem'jling an altar, raifed two fteps, and co- vered with gold briK-ade. Before it rtand two filver gilt candleflicks fix feet high, in which arc placed wa- -candles at Icalf three feet in circumference. Conftantlnoplc, the ancient Byxanti.ni, and the capital of the Ottoman Empire, is fituated on the European fide of the Bofphorus, in 41 degrees north latitude, andaS degrees 41 mi- nutes eaft longitude; and was built by the Roman Emperor Comlantine the Great, on the ruins of Byzantium, as being a m.f ic inviting fituation for the feat of empire than Rome idclf. It afterwards became the metropolis uf the Greek or Eaficrn empire j aiid, iiaving had 1i m 38o EUROPE. ■ : '^l I had the good fortune to efcapc ihc rage of ungovcrncd barbarifm during the Gothic ar;ce, it was the greateft as well as the moft beautiful city of Europe, and the only one which re- tained .my veftiges of the ancient elegance of manners, literature, or arts. While the feat cf the Greek emperors, it was no lefs diflinguiflicd for beauty than opulence, being the only European mart for the precious commodities of the EalK It likewife derived immcnfc hi.-- nelit from being the relbrt of the crufadersj and, being then in it's meridian glory, tlie writers of thofc ages always fpeak of it in terms of enthufiaftic admiration. Conftantinople is at this time one of the fiiieft cities in the world, both with refjK-ct to it's fituation and it's port; from the latter of which it is frequently called, by way of emimncL", only the Porte. The climate is extremely delightful, the air is moderate in winter, and the breezes temper the fummer's heat; however, the peftilence frequently rages in a moll alarming degree, fweeping the inhabitants by thoufands into one undiftinguiftied grave. IJut this cruel m.-ilady is by no means to be attributed either to the climate or the natural quali- ties of the air ; but to the Turkifh indolence, fatality, and filthinefs, which not only pave the way for it, but in fome meafure render it endemial. The city itfelf is of a triangular figure; the Seraglio ftanding on a point of one of it's angles, from whence there is a delightful profpedt of the Lefler Afia; and, indeed, fiom iilmoft every quarter of Conftantinoplc, the views are uncommonly beautiful. To the north of the city lies the harbour, which is fuiHciently extenfive to contain a thoufand fliipy, as well as to Ihcltcr them from every wind. Like ancient Rome, Conftantinople ftands on feven hills; and makes a fplendld appear- ance, rifing gradually from the (hore in form of an amphitheatre. The inequality of the buildings renders it much more extenfive in appearance than it really is; exhibiting an agree- able intermixture of palaces, mofques, and other public edifices; gardens, pine and cyprcfs tiec^, iifmg one above another in the mofl pleafmg manner imaginable. The mod advan- tageous profix-ct of the city, however, is from the Black iiea; for, internally viewed, the ilrects are narrow and flippery, the houfes low and mean, and the inhabitants poor and wretched. Indeed, both it's magnitude and population have been exaggerated by credulous travellers ; the bcft authors fixing the latter at no more than 8oo,000, of which three-fourths arc faid to be Greeks and Armenians. The Caftle of the Seven Towers, ftanding near the Sea of Marmora, is a very cckbnitcj firuvllurc, in which delinquents of the highcft rank are confined. On the outfide arc two lar^je figures of white marble, in baflb-rclievo, and fuppofed to rcprefent Endymicn and Diana; alfo the Nine Mufes; and the poetic horfe Pegafus, executed by a capital mailer. Near this edifice is a fquare tower built in the fca, in which, it is fuppofed^ Juftinian im- prifoncd the brave but unfortunate Belifarius. The Seraglio is an immenfe edifice, of a triangular figure, or rather a colle£lion of palaces and apartments united together by the emperors, according to their different fancies. It is a mile and a half in circumference, furrounded by a ftrong wall furniOied with fcvcral watch-towers, on which guard is kept both day and night ; and though it has many gates both on the fea and land fide, only that towards the fea is ufually opened. By the principal gnte, which the Turks call Capi, yr the Porte, the firft court is entered j in which are the Mint, TURKY IN EUROPE. 38i Mint, the Infirmary, and fcveral other offices. The fecond court contains the Great Council - Chamber, the Treafury, and the royal Icitchen and llablesj and is call<;d the Divan Court. To the north, adjoining to the Divan, is the Seraglio, properly lb called j through which is a narrow paflage leading to the Audience-Chamber, a room magnificent beyond conception. Thus far only ambafl'adors are fuftered to approach ; and though fome travellers pretend to have penetrated the apartments of the women, and to dekribe the bed-chambers of the Sul- tan, no foreigner was ever admitted into the inner part of the Seraglio; and, conftqucntly, all the defcriptions of it which have ever been obtruded on the public muft have been the offspring of vanity and ignorance. The gardens of the Seraglio, which occupy a large extent of ground, are full of cvprefs- trces. The whole colle(Slion of buildings is adorned with gilt turrets and fpires, which have a very magnificent appearance; and it has even been aflertcd, that no palace of any Chriftian king can equal it, either in fize or grandeur. The next moll remarkable ftnidturc is the Mofque of St. Sophia, formerlv a Chriftian church, built in the fixth century by the Emperor Juftinian. It is a moft fplendid edifice, the dome being a hundred and thirteen feet in diameter, built on arches ftipported by vaft pillars of marble; and the pavement and ftair-cafes arc likewife of the fame beautiful and durable materials. This ftrudturc contains the tomb of the Emperor Conftantine, which is held in the higheft veneration; but fuch are the narrow prejudices of bigotry and fupcrftition, that Grangers are not admitted to fee it without the utmoft difficulty. Though the mof ]uc of St. Sophia is reprefcrited as the moft magnificent in Conftantinopic, there are others which have an appearance of fuperior hcaiit**. That of Sult.-'n Solynian is a perfedl fqwarc, with four fine angular towers. In the centre is a noble cupola, fupportcd by fine marble pillars ; and under it a fountain conftruif^ed with uncommon elczance. On one fide is the pulpit, of white marble; and, on the other, a fmall gallery for the Sultan, to which there is an afccnt by a fine ftair-cafe adorned with gilt lattice*. At the upper-end is a fort of altar, on which the holy name of God is written; and before it ftandtwo candlefticks of \aft dinwnfions. The pavement is fprcad with fine carpet', and the whole mofque illu- minated with a number of lamjjs. The exterior court, which h verv fp.icious, is furrounded with galleries ftipported by columns of green marble; and, on two fide<, crowned with twenty eight cupolas, with a beautiful fount;'.in in the c-.-ntre. In this, as well as every oth;r mofque iit Conftantinopic, are litrle chapel-, containing the tcmbs of the founders and their families; before \Vhlch WaX-candles are kept contiraa'.ly burnin,?. The models of all the mofques in Conftantinopic are nearly the tame; the onlvtcaidif- fi rcncc condfts in their dimenfions, and the richnrf^ of the materials of which they are coiftru(5lcd. That of the Sulfana Vida, built entirely of marble, is by far the Kargcft. 'Ilic Greeks have thirty churches, and the Armenians nearly as mnny. The Roman Ca- tholics have alfo fbVeral; anctthe Swedes have been indidged with jxTmiflion to build one, in which divine iVrvicc is performed according to the Luthe.-an eftaMiftnhenT. Thf- Grct k' patriarch rcfides in a ftatcly palace, ftanding on a hill about two hundred pacc> from the patriarchal church of St. George. 5 D The ■ii 38a EUROPE. The exchanges, fquares, and other public buildings in Conftantlnople, are large and com- modious; and, of all the remains of antiquity capable of being traced within the walls, and in the vicinity, the aqueducts arc the molt perfect, as well as the moft bcneHcinl, That warlike and hardy race of men who inhabited the vaft country known to the anc itius by the name of Scythia, and nniong the moderns by tiiat of Turky, has at diricrciit pc riods over-run the more fouthern and fertile parts of Afia. One tribe of thcfe people, dif- tinguifhed by the appellation of Turks, or I'urconians, (a name fignifying Wandiicis) ex- ten.led it's conqucds under various leaders ; and, during feveral a;^eF, from the ftiore of the Cafpian Sea to the (halts of the Dardanelles. Having been long refidunt, in the capacity of body-guards, about the courts of the Saracens, they embraced the do£lrinc-; of Mahonut, and ferved chiefly as mercenaries in the armies of contending princes. Their principal abode was in the vicinity of Mount Caucafus, from whence they emigrated to Armenia Major ; and, after being employed by the fultans of Perfia, they fei^td that kingdom, and fpread their ravages over all the neighbouring countries. Their religion binding thcin to promulge the doctrines of Mahomet by every poflible means, they were always furmfticJ with a pretext for invading and pillaging the dominions of the Greek emperors; and fomt;- times had the good fortune to be headed by commanders of the moft confummate (kill and abilities. On the declenfion of the caliphate, or empire of the Saracens, they made thcm- fclvcs mafters of Palc(tinc; and the ChrilHans at that time deeming it a part of their re- ligious exercifes to vifit the holy city of Jerufalcm, in which they were tolerated by the Sa- racens; the Turks laid the European pilgrims under fuch heavy contributions, and exercifcd fuch inhuman cruelties on the Chriltian natives of the country, that the different nations of Europe vied with each other in retorting vengeance on thofe unprincipled plunderers: which circumftances gave rife to the famous crufades, fo much celebrated in hiftory. Unfortu- nately ibr the Greek emix:rors, they appeared more jealous of the progrefs of the Chriftians thaji of that of the 1 urks ; and though, after a prodigious cfiuftoo of human blood, a ChriOiau kingdom was erected at Jerulalem under Godfrey of Boulogne, neither he nor his fiiceedors were inveitcd with CufEcient power, nor properly fupported, to enable them to maintain the dignity tiicy had adumcd. About tlie year 1347, the Turks, under Othman, had extended their dominions on every fidcy and pofleffed themfelves of fome of the fincft provinces of Afta, of Nice, and I'rufa in Bithynb ; which laft Othman made his capital ; and having ifi a manner embodied them into a nation, they allumed the name of Othmans from their leader^ the appellation of I'urks be- ing confidered as a term of reproach. A race of the moft warlike princes recorded in hiftory fiicceeded Othman ; who not only defended, but conliderabiy enlarged, the Turkifh dominions. Having paflcd the HellefponC about the year 1357, they obtained footing in Europe; and Amurath transfersed the feat of empire to Adiianople. Such amazing fuccels attended their arms,, that Bajazet I. after de- feating the Greek Emperor Sigifmund, laid Aege to Conftantlnople, in hopes of fubjugating the whole Greek empire : but his infolence in the exercife of power provoking Tamerlane, who was juft returned frotn his eaftern conquefts, to wage war with him}, a deciftve battle wat TURTCY IV EUROPE. 383 TIMS foon fouglit LH-twccn thcfe rival conquerors in the plain where Pompey the Great c!c- foiitcJ Mithridiites, in which iJitjazL-t's army was routed with prodijiious ilaughtcr, and hiiu- k\f lake-ti prilbiicr. The CucceHljrs of 'I"anieilane, however, not havin^r policy fufticient to prolyl ve the advantages his proweCs had acquired them, lell into inteltine commotions and jealoufies, while the 'lurks Teemed to rile luperior to their defeat: ai\d though their career was Ibinewhat impeded by the Venetians and Hungarians, they gradually reduced tiie dominions of the Greek emperors j till, after a long fiege, Conllantinople tell into the hands of Mahomet II. in the year 1453. Thus, after an exillence of athouland years from it's commencement under Conftantine the Cireat, ended the Greek empire: an event which had been long forefeen, and which originated from feveral concurring caufes; the chief of which were, the tot.d degeneracy of the emperors themfelves, their courts, and their families; and the averfion their fubjeds entertained againft tlie I'opes and the Wcllern Church ; one of their patriarchs having pub- licly declared to a Roman legate, that he would rather fee a turban than the Pope's tiara on the great altar of Conltantinople. The Turks, however, while they extended their tonqucils, did not exterminate, but only reduced the natives to fubjevSlion : and hence the remains of the ancient Greeks ftill exift, particularly in Conftantinople and the neighbourini^ illands-, where, though expofed to the moft intolerable cxatSUons, they arc permitted to profcls Chriftianity, and to nominate their own patriarchs. The conqueft of Conftantinople was foon after followed by tlie fubmitlion of all Greece; and from this sera the Turks have always been regarded as an Euroj^an power. Mahomet II. dyijig in 1481, was lucceedcd by Bajazet II. who waged war againil the Venetians and Hun- garians, as well as the Perftans and Egyptians. But Bajazet, after a li^ries of wars, falling iil of the gout, and becoming indolent through bodily infirmities, was at laft poifoned by a. Jew phyfician, inftigated, as is generally believed,, by Selim, his lecond fon. This inliumiui wretch, now liberated from his father's controul, icon found nic;;ns to ftrangle his elder bro- ther Achmet, with many other princes of the Othman race. He defeated die Pcrfians, to- gether with a prince who governed Mount Taurus and it's vicinity: but being unable to penetrate into Perfia, he turned his arms againft Egypt; which, after a feries of bloody bat- tles, he annexed to his own dominions, together witii Aleppo, Antioch, Damafcus, Tripoli, and many other important towns. Solyman, his Ton, furnamed the Magnificent, fucceededhim in 1520; who, availing him- ielf of the differences fubflftiag among the European powers, got poflcflion of Rhodes, and drove the knights from that iOand to Malta, which was conferred upon them by the Em- peror Charles V. Solyman, during his whole reign, was ctiga;i,ed in perpetual wars with the Chriftian powers, in which fucccfs generally crowned his exertions, though he mifcarried in a precipitate attempt on the Ifle of Malta. Solyman, efteemed one of the moft heroic and greateft princes who ever fwayed the Turkifh fceptre, died in 1566, leaving his ion Selim II. his Aicceflbr. During this reign, the Turkifli marine received an almoft ii recoverable blow fiom the Chriftians, in the battle of Lepanto; who, had they profecutc'. the advantage fo fairly gained,, the Othman power would have been in danger of utter anniailation. Selim, however, took Cyprus 4 'i'. :'M ll ] si SH EUROPE. W Cyprus from the Venetians, and Tunis from the Moors: but, dving in 1575, he was i'uc^ ceeded by Amurathi who, after having obtained fcvcral advant;iges over the I'crfians and Hungarians, alfo departed this life in 1593. On the demife of Amurath, Mahomet III. mounted the throne: a prince of infamous memory, on acco!mt of his brutality in having ordered nineteen of his brothers to be (Iran- * pled; and ten of his father's concubine*, then judged pregnant, to he thrown into the fca. He carried on many wars, with indifterent fuccefs, againft the ChriUians, and fell a victim to the plague in 1604. His fuccelTors were either weak or unfortunate princes, their reimi* being only marked with calamity, and their exits unhappy; till Mahomet IV'. afccndcd the throne in 164.8, who was fo well fi-ived by his grand vizier Cu(>erli, that he rook Candia from the Venetians, which had fuftained a thirty years fiege. This conqucft coll the Turks the amazing number of 180,000 men; and the Venetians, and their allies, 80,000. A bloody war fucceeded between the Imperialilb and the Othmann; in which the latter were fo fuccefsfiil, that they laid fiege to Vienna itfelf; and would in all probability have carried it, had not the illultrious John Sobieflci of Poland, and other Chriftian generals, raifed the fiege. Mahomet, in 1687, becoming unpopular, was (hut up in prifon by his fubjefts; nnd his brother Solyman II. was called t« the exercife of fovereign jiower. During this reign, .md that of Achnict II. the Turks continued unfortunate in their wars; but Multapha II. mounting the throne in 1694, commanded his armies in perfon, and performed (everal biil- liant exploits, though he was at laft defeated by the fuperior bravery of Prince Eugene,and the peace of Carlowitz, concluded in 1699, terminated the difputc. Soon after, Muflapiia was depcfed; and his mufti, or high-prieft, beheaded: on which his broi' Achmet moiiiutd the throne, who gave Ihtlter at Bender to the heroic Charles XII. ot .>weden; and ended a war with the Ruirjans by a glorious peace, concluded at Pruth. He afterwards waged war agninft the Vcnttian>, and thereby alarmed all the Chriftian |)owers; the fcene ot aftion, however, was afterwards tranflatcd to Hungary, where the Imixrriul general, Prince Eugene, gave the Infidels fo many fignal defeats, that they were under the neceffity of acced- ing to the mort difgraceful terms of peace in 1718. Thcfe humiliations were fucceeded by aa unfortunate war with the Perrian«, under Kouli Khan; an«l mifforttme ftill attending the Turkilh arms, the populace became fo exafperated, that they demanded the heads of the grand vizier, the chief admiral, and the ferretarv; which facrifice was immediately compiit J with. Achmet himfelf was alfo dejiofed, and Mahomet IV. advaiKed to the k>vcrei(rfU\'. A train of ill fuccefs attcnicd the arms of this laft monarch againftithc Pcifians; and he was at laft obliged tp ar. knowledge tho ufurper Kouli Khan a* King of Perfia. He w.t< after- wards engaged in wais with the Germans and Ruffians, in which ho had very nuliflerefit fuccefs; and, dying in I754> kft the empire to his brother Ofmaji III. who reigned only three years. Ohnan was fuccoeded by hi* brotlier Muftapha III. who c;su-ricd on a long and ruinous war a;:ainlt the Ruffians, the circumftnnces of which are too recent to be here in- fiftcd on. He died in 1774, while difaiter aj»d defeat were prefenting thenifclves on every hand; and, .1 few months after the acceffioti of the prefent Grand Signior Achmet IV. a pciLC was concluded bciwe«a the belliuertnt uaitiyns* At tb« time yf the late Emperor Muftapha's TURKY IN EUROPE. 38s Mulbpha's Jemlfc, he left a fon about thirteen years of age; who being too young to manage the reins of government at that critical jiindure, Muftapha appointed his brother, the prefcnt cmiieror, to fuccecd him, recommending the care of his infant fon in terms of the moft implicit confidence and fincerc aft'edtion. Since that period the Othman Empire has experienced but few rcvo'utions : it has, indeed, lately made a confiderablu facrifice to RuHia, purpofeiy to evade another war with that power ; but this docs not feem likely to affaSi the Cplcndor of the crcwn. Indeed, the na- tural jTerfeverance of the Turks; the military inditution of the Janizaries ; and, above all, the jealoufies which ontinually a»ituatc the European princes; arc all concurring caufcs which muft operate in favour of the exiitence of this empire. VVtrt the Chriftian powers unanimous, thefe haughty Infidels might foon be rendered incapab! of oppofing their pro- grefs} but while the preicnt fyftem continues for preferving what is called the balance of power, the Turks have little to fear from their enemies, as they will alwap find fomc Euro- pean allies ftimulatcd, either by jealoufy or intercft, to proteft them. Certain it is, that the acceflion of fuch Turkifh territory as lies contiguou^i to the Euro- pean feas would be highly advantageous to very formidable neighbours, who have no other compleat opportunity of becoming great maritime powers; and, as the utmoft incpcafe of naval force feems to be the general lyik-m among the R'veral enlightened nations of the unt- veri'c, fpeculative politicians have long prognofticateJ a difturbanc-t of that tranquillity which at prefcnt prevails throughout the continent. n Hf I f 'J\'^ K BOOK t#j; JW EUROPEAN ISLANDS. BOOK VI. EUROPEAN ISLANDS. t CHAP. I. GREAT BRITAIN. GREAT BRITAIN, the largeft, moft populous, rich, and fertile ifland, in Europe, (and which includes England, Scotland, and Wales) is of a triangular formi the Land's End, Dover Head, and Caithnefs, Aiooting out into diftind promontories, and forming the three corners. The furrounding waters, it's natural bulwark, have obtained different names adapted to the feveral coafts : on the north, is the Northern Sea } on the call, the German Ocean; on the fouth, the Britifli Channel; and, on the weft, the IriHi Sea, or St. George's Channel. Great Britain lies between 50 and 58 degrees 30 minutes north latitude ; and is generally reckoned Ave hundred and cighty-feven miles long, and two hundred and eighty-fcvcn broad. Contrary to the method of modern geogrnphical writers, who expatiate moft largely, bc- caufe with moft facility, on thoCc places with which ilicir readers are beft acquainted; and hurry over countries, a minute defcription of which would be intcrefting, bccaufc but little known: we ftiall content ourfelvcs with fuch a general defcription of this our native ifland, as may render it ftridMy uniform with the other parts of our work ; prefcrving, however, the ufual divifions, and treating of England, Wales, and Scotland, fuccefTively. England, lying between 50 and 56 degrees north latitud^ and between 2 degrees eaft and 6 degrees 20 minutes weft longitude, is bounded on the i^h by that part of the iflund called Scotland ; on the eaft, by the German Ocean ; on the weft, by St. George's Chan- nel ; and, on the fouth, by the Englifti Channel, which divides it from France. Being wafticd by the fea on three fides, the weather is thereby rendered fo extremely fluctuating, that the inhabitants of the fea-coafts are often vifited by agues and fevers: but, on the other hand, their fituation fticlters them from the extremes of heat and cold, to which other places under the fame degrees of latitude are expofcd, and is therefore friendly to the longevity of the natives in general. The etymology of the word England has furniftied abundant matter for difputation among antiquaries; however, it was probably derived from Anglen, a province fubjedt to his Da- nifti majcfty, which produced a great number of the original Saxon adventurers who fettled in this part of the ifland. From the earlieft ages, the whole ifland was diftinguiflied by the name of Britannia; a name fuppofed to be derived from Brit, figiiifying Painted or Stained; becaufe the ancient inhabitants painted their bodies, to give them a more martial appear- ance. But, not to amufe our readers with idle or fanciful etymologies, we ihall only ob- iervc, i I (1 ' I. i.l f' I •iii U'^ !■•• HI > 1', „-=^. 4^.,,^,m=^j-:^U Cfr.wi/:\iia,.t.\*j>rJ**"^'''"/ \ . , If t vm ■ 'Hulini.'n.i -i. v -V 11 1 R F , , *i4«b/ LineoSa . a ^\ -jr C-^i ,(t^-5/ y \ ., ii'-i"ti'""< i///»»»>»i»,i •jT^TV.' ^ «.«,*,wft •'**^^".^*^?''* nilililhr.1 HI thi. Art aiiffn W Unn-iCiin uivi Tf April i , >,'iVl . uid r? April I , \-'»s . -?-\.^1 ; •*.. V n. / \\ ». » s\ \ •«»«•»' k S'^^ 4.1'. I . f f ^ > ' MX *«^c ».•» C*..**!^^-"''*^^ H ,^n M^^ >i ^ta,* *•» •^. > \r J^i ,r::i.l/ //!,.,; (I > ' J.!/ V- \ A A y X' '*>♦; ,^^ bi<«<> r. '■H'*> i'; .. ."- r-i! *»»/. » ^ i Jl, H P. }:^i '■ 'I, If 1*" "') fi i n XanUi^M, SO &^V% ,,. tau/ 40 f.H'^. w 1-^ I ^ .' fam/rrrt§o ^tta.f&rre 4" ./f SiJit , '^J' ^-, P -J R T of A,'^ft^i/>4^t? /i^A.V v'/. ■-»>■/ V'/VV/ .r l\.L.1U)i«4( *. ««» A*4 .tjr. Ir» KMi-vUtit. Jl- €■•• .trifar *. i^tl^ . GREAT BRITAIN. 387 ferve, t'nat the weftcrn traft, called Wales, which is almoft feparatcd from the reft of Eng- Jand by the Rivers Severn and Dec, is peopled by the defcendanu of the ancient Britons, who were driven thither by the Romans when "^ingland was firft provinciated. When the Romans became maftcrs of this country, they divided it into Britannia Prim«, including the fouthern parts of the kingdom ; Britannia Secunds, comprehending die wef- tern parts, together with Wales ; and Maxima Carfarienfis, which reached from the Trent as farnorthward as the Wall ofSeverus between Ncwcaftle aiid Carlifle, and in fomc parts as far as that of Adrian belween the Forth and the Clyde. On the decline of the Roman empire, about the year 450, England was invaded by th« Saxons; who having compleatly eitabliftied their power in the year 582, their principal leaders appropriated to themfelves the countries which each had beer mofV inllrumcntal in conquering; forming the whole into a heptarchy, or political republic, which confided of the kingdoms of Kent, and thofe of the South Saxons Eaft Angles, Weft Saxons, EaSt Saxons; Northumberland, and Mercia. Alfred the (}reat divided England into counties; or, rather, he revived thofe diftinc> tions: and, for the better prefervation of regularity and order, that wife prince fubdividcd each county into trcthings, or trithings; wapentakes, or hundreds; and tithings: a tre.- thing being the third part of a county; a hundred, a diftricl containing an hundred fami> lies; and a tithing, a diftri*^ of ten families. Since the Norman conque^, England has been divided into fix circuits, each containing a certain number of countie.-; aiid, forxhe regular adminiftration of juftice in thed- circuits, two judges arc appointed fur each, who vifit them every fpring and autumn. The foil of England varies in almoft every county; not , ■' i. ■ ■it i •ft i'i 'f: m 38I EUROPEAN ISLANDS. J/aiiCiifliirc; the WoMs, in Yorkfliirc j the Cheviot Hills, on the borJcrs of Scotland; die Chiltciii, iu UutltSi the Malvern, in Wtwccftcrfliirc •, and tlie VVitkin, in Shropfliirc. The Enijliflj rivers contribute as well to the beauty as to the opulence of the country. The Thames, pcihaps the nobkll m the known world, riles on the cenfincs otGlouctftcr- ihirci r.nd, after V lilting fcvcral riv.li and bcaiiliful towns in it's courfe, reaches London, from which it is navigable for t!io lar^ull (hips till it fall.'- into the German Sea at thcNorc. The Mcdway, rifing near InMbridge, f.ills into the mouth of the Thames at Sheerncfs, and is navig.'blo for the hirgcfl Ihips ;is far as Chatham. The Severn, reckoned the fccord river in England for imi)oi tance, and the fnft for rapidity, ill'ucs from i'linlimmon Hill, in North Wales, and difeliargc* itfelf into the IJriftol Channel near Kijig Road, The Trent fifes in the Moorlands of Staftordfhirc, and falls into the ica a little to the fouth-eali of Hull, where it obtains the name of the Humber. The other principal rivers in England are, the Out, the Tvne, the Tees, the Tweed, the Eden, the Avon> the Derwent, the Ribbic, the Mcrf: y, and the Dec. The Englilh lakes arc but few ; though it is evident, from hiftory and antiquity, that meres and fens have been ^ cry frequent in England, till drained and converted into arable land by the hand of indulh y. The chief now remaining arc Suham Mere, Wittltfea Merc, and RamfavMerc, in the Ifleof Ely; Wiiiander Mere, in Weftmoceland ; and fome fmall lakes in Lancafhire, which are ufually diftinguifhed by the name of Derwent Waters, England is evcrv where admirably furiiifhtd with excellent harbours, bays, and havens; which greatly facUiute the purpofes of commcicc, and jullly fecurc to it the tide of Miftrcls of the Seas. Formerly tliis kingdom was in a great meaftirc covered with forefts ; the firft Norman king?, partly to gratify the infolence of power, and partly for tlie be»ieftt of hunting, having devoted immenfe trads to that purjxjfc. By degrees, however, thefe cxtenfive tra£ts were d^.-^fo- refted ; and the chief .orcfls, projicrly fo called, now remaining^ out of no fewer than fixty- nine, arc Wimifr>r Foreft, New ForcfV, the Foreft of Dean, Sherwood Foreft, and that of Whichwood. Fhefe forefts anciently produced immenfe quantities of excellent oak, elm, afh, and beech ; befide^ walnut-t;ce5, poplar, maple, and other kinds of woncfs a confiderable ftiarc of pcrfonal bravcr\ ; and tie enthufiafm of libert\ m iv be faid to pervade :dmoft every bread. They are alfo re- puted to be more induflrious than any other people, capable of bearing the greateft f.itigue, and lovers of the liberal arts; but attached to their native country with a zeal which has tco often the appearance of a fwpercllious barbarifni. They are, however, in general, humane, facial, and benevclcnt; thcugh unacquainted with thofc arts which attract the efteem cjf itrangers at the tirft glance: this want of talhion.iMe coniplaif.nuc piobably ariks from a national pride, which teaches every man to confidrr himfclf as an independent being, and admifs of no diftindtions. But there fecms at prcfcnt, fome reafon to apprehend that this blunt fmccrity of manners which has ufiially dilHnu;ui(hed the Englifh nation will foon be tot illy extinct, at ieaft .imong the higher ranks; and that the more difgufting round of un- meaning complinicsits, in which a neighbouring nation fo much excel?, will be fubllitutcJ in it's place. '1 he Englifh, however, having been originally an afTemMage of vaiious n.i- tiotis, there is not that dull uniformity of charnifter aniont; them which is found in molf other countries; but, on the contrar\-, the ;^:rc:-.'cft diverfitv appears in their nriiuicrs and difpofition?, which ferves to enliven converfation, and to render focicty delightful. 'I'he inhabitants C/f tlic fcveral parts of this country are dcfccnccd from diftcri-nt ori^'i- nals. Th< fe of Cornw.;ll and Wales are in gcr.er.d the poftcriiy :ls and Saxons, retired to th'ne ilillricts, where the moun- tains formed a n.itural buKvaik aijainft the incuriions of their cncmus; and there they havo coi.tiriueJ t v:r lince. '1 he Scotcli are liktwifc hlej.dcd w ith the I'ii^tf, particularly in the Low Landj, which thv-j poliintd before the LiUtr had totally fubdueJ them ; and the highlands aic corjectured to l.iive received a confuleralle number of tlieir orij^inal pofleflbrs from Ireland. Tiic ancient lai-.guage of this ifland is generally fuppofcd lo have been the fame with that of G.'.ul; the whole country, according to Cxfar and Tacitus, havin;^ been firft peopled from Gallia: and, indeed, the vicinity of their fituatiori, together with their original coi- formity in religion, manners, and tuiloms, give the highcil degree of probability to the opi- nions of thefe rcfjx-dlable authoritief. The ancient Biitilh tongue, however, is almoft to- tally GREAT BRITAIN. 3fi t.illv loft, except in Wales, and the Highlands and Iflands of Scotland. Some years before the ChritUan ara, Jtdius C:dar made a defccnt on Britain, tliough he may be f.iid to lave (lifcovercd rather than conquered it: hut about the 45th year of Chrift, and in the ruign of the Kmpcror Claudius, Aulas Fiautius was fent over into Britain with fonie Roman legions; hv whoniCadigunus and the illuftriousCarav^tacus being ovcnomr inbattk, aRiunan colony was fiill planted at Maiden, in Kfl'ex, and the fouthcrn parts of the ifliuiJ wore reduced to the toriti of a Roman province. After this, the Romans extended their conqueits on every fulc; and the Aborigines retreating from fervitude, took (helter in the mountainous country of Wales, carying their native language with them. Thus, the greatcft part of Britain becomin;: provinciated, the Roman legions, which re- fiJed in it upwards of two hundred years, unqu'.ltionably dini-minatcd the Latin tongue i and the natives, being governed by laws written in that language, muft necedarily have intro- duced a mixture of dialers. The Britifh tongue thus remained blended with the provincial Latin till the Roman legions were recalled, when the Scots and Fids embraced that oppor- tunity to attack, and harrafs England : on which King V^urtigern, about the year 1440, called in the Saxons to his alFidance, who repulfedthc Pii^ls and Scots ; and, for this fervice, were rewarded with the Ifle of Thanet and the whole county of Kent : but, growing too power- ful, they fubdued the country they had delivered; when the Britons again took (helter in the mountains of Wales; and thus the original IJritifli tongue was almod entirely obli- tcr.ited, and the Saxon introduced in it's flcad. The Danes, having invaded England about the commencement of the nintli century, gradually increafcd their power; and, about two hundred years after, became fole mafters of it. This gave a tin»^ture, not only to th'.- language, but the manners of the people. However, the Danes having been foon e\|)el!i.ti, the Saxons again recovered pofleflion of the fuprcme power, wiiich they retained till the memorable revolution eifedcd in 1067 by William the Conqueror : after which, the Norman tongue was generally received, with an admixture of Latin, Saxon, and Danifli terms. The extenfion of commerce, and the dilVufion of literature, have likewife cflentially con- tributed to the extinction of tlic ancient Britilh tongue, and to the fubilitution of the prc- fent comprehenfivc langu.ige in it's ftead. Dciived, lik'.- the natives, from very different origins, the Englifh tongue is pcrhapB the moll copious, figniticant, fluent, and manly, of any in Europe. In every fjiecies of conipofition, it's graces are capable of being difplayed with the utmoft luftre; and we may fafely aflert, that it never can be carried far beyond the prefent rtandard of perfection. Several of the mofl ancient Cluiflian writers affirm, that the Apoftlcs and their difciples promulgated the doiSlrine of Chrill in this illand. On the origin and decline of the papal authority in England, it will be unncctlliiry to enlarge : fuffice it to remark, th.it John Wicklit!e, an EngliHiman, in the reign of Henry III. was the firll perfon in Europe whoopcnl'- and boldly refuted the Romifh tenets; and that the eftabliflied religion in Eng- land had it's rife under Henry VIII. which religion, as reformed from the errors of popery, is equ.illy removed from fuperftition and bigotry, and feems to approach as near as pofTi- Me to the primitive Chrifiianity. The conftitution of the Church is Epifcopal ; and is governed ;f^, IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) L ^ ■it % 1.0 1.1 1.25 -1^ 12.5 Hi ;!: ti^ 12.0 lllliM 1.4 lllli.6 Va /I /: 7 /A Hiotographic Sdences Corporation '4^%'' 23 WEST MAir STRifT (716) »72-4S03 39* EUROPEAN ISLANDS. hi governed by two archbifhop?, and twenty-four bifhops ; bcfldes the Bifhop of Sodor aiij Man, who, not being pofleffed of an Englilh barony is not honoured with a feat in the Houll- of Peers* The benefices of the inferior clergy are now freehold ; but, in many places, their tithes are impropriated in favour of the laity. The ceconomy of the Church of Eng- land has been frequently called in queftion, on account of the inequality of it's livinifs: fonie of them being infinitely too fmall to maintain the clerical dignity; while others arc fo larc^c as to lead their [ToflefTors into an extravagant oftentation, which the fimplicity of Chrif- tianity does not authorize in it's immediate profeffors. Iniptrfedions, however, will ever be found in the beft human eftablifliments ; and though reformations have often been pointed out with a confiderable ftiare of plaufibility, it is difficult to determine how far they might avail in prafKce. Both in civil and religious concerns, innovations are extremely dange- rous: the vulgar lofe their veneration for inftitutions which have once been deemed fun- damentally wrong; and the fpirit of iimovation, when once thoroughly raii<;d, general!/ exceeds the bounds which fenfe and reafon would prefcribc. It mull^, however, be allowed by all parties, that fome of the dignitaries of the Church of England, deans and prebends in particular, have incomes very difproportionate to their fun(ition^•. and probably it mioht be difficult to point out the real utility of this favoured order of men, who baflc in the fun- fhine of affluence, without having any fpiiitual charge; while the inferior labourers in the vineyard ftruggle hard with poverty, and are too often defpifcd for that penury which hu- manity teaches us to commiferate. Ever fince the reign of Henry VIII. the fovereigns of England have been ftiled, in all public adls, the fupreme heads of the church : but this title conveys no fpiritual meaning as it only denotes the regal power to prevent any ecclefiaftical dill'enfions; or, in other word^, to fubftitute the "'ing in the place ufurped by the Pope before the Reformation, with regard to tem''>rall\.ies and the internal ceconomy of the church. The kings of En"- land, however, never interfere in religious difputes ; but content themfelves with merely giv- ing their fanftion to the legal rights of die clergy. The two archbiftiops, which are thofe of Canterbury and York, are both dignified with the addrefs of ' Your Grace.' The former is Hrft peer of the realm, as well as metro- politan of the Englifti church ; and takes precedence next to the ropl family : the latter likcwife takes place of all dukes not of the blood-royal j and of all officers of ftate, the Lord Chancellor alone excepted. The bifliops are addrefled by the appellation of * Your Lord/hips;' and take place of all temporal barons. They enjoy the privileges of peers ; and feveral of their bifhoprics have revenues equal to the full fupport of their dignity, without any additional private fortune, cr other ecclefiaftical preferment. The ecclefiaftical government of England is, properly fpeaking, vcfted in the Convoca- tion ; which is a national fynod, and anfwers pretty nearly to the idea we affix to a parliament. This aflembly is convoked with every new parliament; and it's bufinefs i to confider the ftate of the church, and to call clerical delinquents to account : but fome high-flying church- man having attempted, in the reign of Qiieen Anne, and at the commencement of that of George I. to raife the powers of the Convocation to a height inconfiftent with the princi- ples of religious toleration, the crown was obliged to exert it's preroguuve of convokti:g the GREAT BRITAIN. 393 the memlicrs, and diflblving them at pleafurej and, fince that time, they have never been permitted to fit long enough to deUberate on any affairs of importance. The Court of Arches is the moll ancient confiftory of the province of Canterbury; and «11 appeals in church-matters, from the ('.ecifions of fubordinate courts, arc addreffcd to this. The Court of Audience pofTeflbs the fame authority; to which the Archbifhop's Chancery was formerly annexed. The Prerogative Court is that wherein wills are proved, imd adniiniftrations taken out. The Court of Peculiars relates to certain pariflies whicll have a jurifdiclion among themfelves for the probate of wills, and are therefore excnpt from the Riflic/s Court, Under the fee of Canterbury are no lefs than fifteen of thefe peculiars. The Court of Delegates receives it's name from being compofed of commiflioners dele- gated by the royal commiflion, but is no {landing court. Every bifliop has alfo a court of his own, called the Confiftory Court ; and every archdeacon, as well as the dean and ciiapter o( every cathedral, have their refpeclive courts. Moderation is the leading feature of the Church of England ; and it is unqueftionably to- lerant beyond any other national church ; no religious feft being prohibited from worlhipping God in the manner prefcribed by their own confciences. Some very fevere laws indeed lately exifted againft Diflenters and Roman Catholics : but thefe were never put in exe- cution with any degree of afperity; and are now eithc - totally repealed, or fo modified as t« give no ofFence to confcientious Chriftians of any denomination. No country in the world contains more fedtaries than England; which is the ftrongeft proof of the tolerancy of the ecclefiaftical government, and that fpirit of liberal enquiry which has pervaded all ranks. Befides the Epifcopalians, or thofe of the eftablifhed church the-c arePrefbyterians, Anabaptifts, Method ifts, Quakers, and many others: but the zeal with which thefe diflenters from the eftablifhed modes of worfhip formerly propagated and main- tained their tenets, is now in a great meafure loft; and many of the feclaries have fo far deviated from the purity to which they pretend, that they are even grofsly ignorant of die leading tenets of iheir own communities. England may juftly be regarded as the modern refidence of learning and the mufes. Even in the Saxon ages, when barbarifm and ignorance overfpread the reft of Europe, Al- fred cherifhed both: nor has there been wanting, fince that :era, a fucccflion of learned men, who have diftinguifhed themfelves in every branch of literature. Indeed, the bare re- cital of their names, from *^he firft dawn of fcicnce to the prefent time, would exceed the bounds of any general work. The Englifh inftitutions for the benefit of ftudy partake of the charadler of their learn- ing ; they are folid and fubftantial, and provide for the cafe and convenience of the profeflbrs, beyond any fimilar eftablifhments. The two univerfities of Oxford and Cambridge have produced more learned men than any other feminaries in Europe; and, in point of magni* ficence, rich endowments, and the liberal eafe and tranquillity in which the ftudents live, fur- pafs all ideas which foreigners can form of literary focieties. So refpedlable are they in theij foundations, that each univerfity fends two members to the Britifh parliament; and theifl chancellors and officers have always a civil jurifdidlion over their ftudcntSj tlie better to (je- 5 d curfct u I i I ,r; 1 '■ ii ; ■ I r if;; ■ f)' 394 EUROPEAN ISLANDS. i n I cure their independency. The colleges, taken feparatcly, in their revenues and buildings, arc fupcrior fo foinc European univeifitics. * Oxford contains nineteen colleges j befides five unendowed hall?, in which the ftudcnts chiefly fupport thcmfelves. Univcrfity College, founded, as is generally fuppofcd, bv Alfred the G/ciit. Baliol College, founded by Sir John Baiiui, huher to tho King of Scotland of that name, in 1263. Merton College, founded by Walter of Morton, Bifliop of Rochcfler and High Chan- cellor of England, in 1267. Exeter College, founded by Walter Stapleton, Bi/hop of Exeter and Lord Trcafurer of England, in 131b. Oriel College, founded by Edward IL in 1324. Queen's College, founded by Robert Eglesfield, chaplain to Qi^iecn Philippa, confort ;o Edward IIL and dedicated to her homour, in 1340. New College, founded by William of Wykeham, Bifliop of Winchcfter, in 1386; but finiflied by Thomas de Rotheram, Archbifliop of York, in 1475. All Souls College, founded by Henry Chicheley, Archbifliop of Canterbury, in 1437. Alagdalen College, founded by William Patten, alias Wainflcet, Bifhop of Wincheftcr, aod Lord Chancellor, in 1458. Brazen Nofe College, founded by William Smith, Bifliop of Lincoln, in 1509. Corpus Chrifli College, founded by Richard Fox, Bifliop of Winchcfter, in 1516. Chrift Church College, founded by Cardinal Wolfey, in 151 5. Trinity College, founded by Sir Thomas Pope, in 1554. St, John Baptirt College, founded by Sir Thomas White, Lord-mayor ofLondon, in 1555. Jefus College, founded by Dr. Hugh Price, l^ebendary of Rochefter, and chiefly ;ij)pro- priated to the Welch, in 1571. Wadham College, founded by Nicholas Wadham, of Sor erfctfliirc, Efq. in 1609; but fmiflied after his demifc by his lady, in 161 3. Pembroke College, founded by Thomas Tefdale, Eft{. ajid Richard Wrightwick, B. D. in 1624. Worccfler College, founded by Sir Thomas Ccokc, of Aftley, in Worcefterfliirc, in 1714. Hertford College, formeily Hart Hall, erected into a college in 1740. The five halls are, Alban Hall— Edmund Hall— St. Mary's Hall— New Inn Hall— and St. Mary Magdalen's Hall. The univerfity of Cambridge contains the foUoiving colleges and halls— Peter-Houfe College, founded by Hugh Balfliam, Prior of Ely, and afterwards bifliop of that fee, in 1257. Clare Hall, founded by a benefa(5^ion of Lady Elizabeth Clare, Counteis of Ulfter, in 1340, Pembroke Hall, founded by a Countcfs of Pembroke, in 1347. St. Bennet's, or CorpusChrifli College, founded by the united guilds or fraterjiitics of Cor- pus Chrlfti and the Bkflcd Virgin, abyut the fame time as the former. Trixuty M I: i^ if Si. I y Mi '*?(> !:■ J* ii' ■ 1 7 1^ !#(' i ' GREAT BRITAIN. 391 Trinity Hall, founded by Bateman, Bifliop of Norwich, in 1548. GoDvli anJ Caius College, founded by Edmund de Gonvil, in 1^48 ; compleatcd by Batf- maii ; and additionally endowed by Caius, a phyfician, two huiidfL-d years after. . King's Collfjre, founded by Henry VI. and coaiplcated by his fucceilbrs. Qi^iecn's College, founded by the confort of the faaic king, but fiiiiflicd by Elizabeth, quo. a of Kdward IV. CaUiarinc Hall, founc'cd byRichard Woodlarlc, in 1475. Jcfus College, founded by John Alcock, iiifhop of Ely, in the relgnof Henry VII. Chrirt College, founded by Margaret Coujitcfb of Richmond, mother to Henry VII. St. John's College, founded by the fame lady. Magdalen College, founded by Thomas Audlcy, Baron of Walden, in the reign of Hcnrv VIII. Trinity College, founded by Henry VIII. ; Emanuel College, founded by Sir Walter Mildmay, in 1584. Sidney College, founded by Thomas Radcliffe, Earl of Sullex, in 1588. The numerous antiqvities dill extant In England are either Britilh, Roman, Saxon, or DaniHi ai; Anglo-Normannic ; but all thefe, the Roman excepted, throw very little light on ancient - T^ory. The principal Britifh antiquities arc thofe circles of huge ftones, called Stonehenge, 1 Wiltfliire; which, according to the opinions of the moft able antiquaries, are the remains of Druidical fuperftition. Befides Stonehenge, which, from the amazing magnitude of the ftones of wjiich it is compofed, hardly appears, to be indebted to human art, there are feveral monuments of the fame kind in Oxfordlhire, Cumberland, Cornwall, Devon- (hire, and many otlier parts of PJngland; as well as in Scotland and the Hebrides. 'i'he Roman aiUiqui ties in Englund confift chiefly of aitars ; monumental infcriptions ; and military ways, the vclligcs of which arc ftill very diftinct in f^'veral places : but none of them afford any valuable information, or give us mucii infight ii:to the tranfaitions of that warlike people. The remains of Roman camps are alfo ilill perceptible in alnioft every county; and their fituations are in general fo well chofen, and their fortifications appear to h;ive been fo very compleat, that there is fome reafon for conjecturing them to have been the conftant habitations of the Roman foldiers in Enuland. The Saxon antiquities confdl principally of ccclefiaftical edifices and fortified places. At Winchefter is (hewn the Round Table of King Arthur, containing the names of his knights; though antiquarians, it muft be confefled, arc divided rcfpccling it's originality. Certain it is, however, that the burial-place of that romantic kin;; has been difcovcred at Glaftoiibury, in coniequence of fome lines recited by a Wellh bard ; fo tjiat his cxiftence cannot poflibly be doubted, though his hiftory is involved in legcndar}' talc... Indeed, many monuments cf Saxon antiquity every where prefcnt themfclvcs throughout tliis country; though they ire with difficulty diftinguiflied from thofe of the Danes and Normans. Every part of England being replete with Anglo-Normannic ercdtions, it may be un- neceflary to particularize them. York Minftcr, and Weftminflcr Hali and Abbey, are, perhaps, the fineft fpecimcus of Gothic architei^urc in Europe; and, indeed, all the cathe- drals mi r V ■ i : 'A, '■" 39* EUROPEAN ISLANDS. . It I drals and oTd churches, that of St. P.iul excepted, arc more or k-fs in the fame ftilc of architefture. Natural c\iriofities of .ilmofl: every dcfcription are fo copioufly diHeminated throii<»hout England, that a regular detail and elucidation of them would require many volumes j and fprings poflefl'ed of mineral and medicinal qualities, tlie chief of which arc thofc of Bath, Brillol, Cheltenham, and Tunbridgc, abound almoft in every county. The Mam Tor, or Mother Tower, in Derbyfhirc, is faid to be continually mouldering away, but never to be perceptibly diminiflied ; and the Elden Hole, about four miles from tlic fame place, is a hideous chafm in the fide ofa mountain, of which the depth is thought to be un- fathomable. The entrance into Fool's Hole, near Buxton, is at firft very low, but afterwards opens into a lofty vault, like the infide of a cathedral; a current of water runniii'f alon» the middle, tlie founding ftream of which, reverberating on every fide, excites thc.dlcnilh- ment of all who vifit this immenfe concave. The drops of water conftantly oozing from the roof and fides h.ivc » very fine efFed; for, being poflefl'ed of a petrifying quality, thiy aflume a variety of fhapcs, in which an enthufiaftic imagination may cafily perceive varion •; animals or pieces of mechanifin. The entrance into this wonderful cavity, which from it's hideous appearance obtains the name of the Devil's Arfe, is wide at firft, and upwards of thirty feet perpendicular. Under this fublime portico fcveral cottagers refide, who prin- cipally fubfift on the gratuities of thofc who vifit this remarkable cavern, which is eafily penetrated till crofled by four ftreams of water, when the moft adventurous travellers very prudently deem it impaflable. The vaults in feveral places make a fplendid appearance; and, being chequered by ftones of various colours, appear peculiarly beautiful. It being a trite obfervation, that commerce and manufa<5tures have rendered the Engliftt nation one of the moft rich and powerful in the world, hiftorical inveftigations of it's truth would be tedious and unimportant. Suffice it to obferve, that this country did not be^in to feel it's true weight in the fcale of commerce till the reign of Queen Elizabeth: that iliuf- trious princefs firft opened the eyes of her fubjeits to the benefits which their fituation naturally held out to them ; and, except in a very few inftances, the eflx)rts of her fucceflbrs have been invariably direded to the fame important purpofes — to excite a fpirit for adven- ture, to encourage the exertions of trade, and to extend the progrefs of manufa£tures. Indeed, Great Britain is, of all other countries, the beft adapted for trade ; as well from it's fituation as an ifland, as from the freedom and excellency of it's conftitution, and it's natural produce and extenfive manufactures. It afFords many of the moft fubftantial and nccef- fary commodities for exportation ; and there is fcarcely a manufadlure in Europe which is rot brought to the higheft perfeftion in England : the woollen, however, is the moft coiifi- derable; and exceeds, both in quantity and quality, that of any other nation. Hardware is another capital article ; our clocks and watches are peculiarly admired ; and, if we except lace and paper, there is, perhaps, not a fingle manufadlure in which England has not ac- quired fuperior reputation. Before the late unfortunate rupture between Great Britain and her principal colonies, the trade to North America was extenfive, and highly advantageous to the mother country ; but vcn- GRE AT BRITAIN, ^f)? but whether the commercial connections which mny now be formed between them v/ill be of much importare: to Britain, time only can develope. The Englifh traJe with the Weft Indies is of the laft importance ; and, as our poflcflions in that part of the world will at prefent be fouitd very inconfidcrabii;, if compared with what they were formerly, the legiflature cannot furely be too attentuc to the profperity of thofe remaining appendages of the Britilh crown, from which the moft folid advantages may be derived to this illand. To enumerate the various articles which Britain exports and imports, and to give ah accurate detail of Britifh commerce, would b , in cfJeift, to write a hiftory of each quarter of the globe: fuffice it to fay, that our (hips vifit every known country, and our mer- chants trade with every nation. The trade of England to the Eaft Indies conftitutrs one of the moft ftupendous political as well as commercial machines to be met with in hiftory. The trade itfelf is exclufive, and lotlged in a company whofe territorial acquifitioTis exceed thofe of many crowned heads. Their revemies are but imperfeftly known, even to the directors themfelves ; though it is con- jedtured that they amount annually to near four millions fterling. The rapacity and injr tice of the fervants of the company in India, have at once difgraced the nation ; and, as it f lould feem, impoverifted the company : for while many individuals have acquired fortunes equal to the fupport of princely dignity, the company itfelf has been feveral times on the verge of ruin. It is, however, to be hoped, that the recent regulations adopted refpedting this great commercial republic will be attended with the moft falutary effedb;, in reftraining the inhu- manity of unprincipled plunderers, and convincing the unhappy natives of the eaft that Britons are as generous as they are brave. During the infancy of foreign commerce, it was judged expedient to grant exclufive charters to particular bodies or corporations of men j hence the Eaft India, South Sea, Hud- fon's Bay, Turky, Ruflia, and Royal African companies, all took their rife : but the trade to Turky, Ruffia, and Africa, is now laid open; and, in the opinion of the ableft judges, if commercial reftriftions were entirely abandoned in every quarter of the world, it would tend to the public benefit, to the increafe of navigation, and to the improvement of the national revenue. The following comparative view of European fliipping, uncertain as it muft neceilarily be, may aiEft the reader in forming fome notion of our foreign trade. Suppofe the ftiipping of Europe to be divided into twenty parts, then — Great Britain is computed to have -------6 The United Provinces .----_-__^ Denmark, Sweden, and Ruffia -__----. j The German Empire and the Auftrian Netherlands - - i France .--.----------j Spain and Portugal -----------2 Itjly, and other parts of Europe ........i 5 H Thr til' r: l\ i' :ll 398 EURO.^EAN ISLANDS. ! 1 l/J [I M V i a. :: The moft intelligent among the aiicicnts, in dcfciibing fuch a conftitutioii as that of England, Cctmcd to rt-gard it as a beautiful Utopian ftiieme, plcafing in theory, but im- pradicablc in the execution. Experience, however, has proved, that this idea v/as n^r merely chimerical; for the Englifli conftitution has continued in it's fuil vigour for a period of more than 500 years. It muft, however, be admitted, that it has received, dur- ing that time, many amendments and alterations, though it has never been entirely o\ cr- turned. That palladium of Britilh liberty, the trial by Jury, was pradtifed from the hill re- cords of any regular government ; and though, before the iiitrodudion of ClirilUanity, a pecuniary muld was deemed fufHcient to procure a remiflion of the higheft otl'cnce, ii is neverthelefs certain that, before tlio lera of wr.ich we now fpeak, calcs of murder and felony were tried even in the king's court by a jury. Among the Saxons, royalty was not, ftridly fpealcing, hereditary; though, in ftidt, it be- came fo through the aftection which the people prefcrved for the blood of their kings, and for the fake of peace and regularity. E\ en tilates and honours were not hereditary before the time of William the Conqueror; but, on this country's fubmitting to his authority, con- fiderable innovations were introduced into the Englifli conftitution, though it's fuiKlaniental principles were not totally obliterated. His fucceflbrs, in many refpedts, purfucd the ar- bitrary fteps of their progenitor: and the nobility, as well as the people, becoming loud in their complaints againft the crown, the famous charter of Englifli liberties, fo well known by the name of Magna Charta, was after much bloodflied obtained from King John, and confirmed by his fon Henry III. who fucceeded him in 1216. It does not appear that, till this reign, the commons of England were reprefented in parliament ; fo entirely iiad the barons engroiled to . ves the difpofal of the lives and properties of their fellow fiibjefls : the precife time, hov vhcn the Houli^ of Commons was formed, is not known; but we are certain that it be^^an in the reign of Henry 111. though we wave any difpute about it's fpecitic power?. In every government there mufl be an abfolute fupreme. power, to which the right of legillation belongs; and, by the fmgular conlHtution of thefc realms, this power is vclitd ia the kiiij:, lu:J;>, and commons. The (iipreme executive power of Great Britain and Ireland is vcfted by our conftitution in a fmirlc individual; and the perfon entitled to fovereignty, whether male or female, is imincdiately entruftcd with all the enfigns, rights, and prerogatives, of royal power. The grand fiir.darnciital maxim on whicli the right of fucceflion to the throne of thefc kingdoms depend^, is that the crown, both by common law and conftitutional cuftom, is hercditarv: though this is in a manner peculiar to itfelf, fnice the right of inheritance may, from time to time, be chr.nged or limited by aifl of parliament; under which limitations the crown ftlil continues hereditary. The King of Great Britain, notwithftanding the limitations to which the excrcife of his power is fubjedt, is one of the greateft monarchs reigning over a free people. His pcrliii is lacred in tiie eye of the law, which deems it high treafon fomuch as to imagine or intend his death ; neither can he In himfelf be deemed guilty of any crime, the law taking no cog- nizance of hisrtuitions, but only in the perfons of his minifters, if th.-y infringe the laws of the GREAT BRITAIN. m the land. Hi; power is unqucftioiinlily very grc.it: for though he has iio right to extend his prerogative beyond the ancient limits, or the boundaries prefcribed by the conflitution; though he c:in make no new laws, ndr rail'j any new ta.\cs ; he can levy war, or make peace ; ftn;l and receive ambafliidors ; form treaties of league and commerce; rr.ifc armies, and fit out fleets, for the defence of his kingdom and the annoyance of his enemies ; grant com- miflions to his officers both by f'ca and land, and revoke them at pleafurc; refufe his aflent to any bill, though it has pafled both Iloufes; convoke, adjourn, prorogue, and dilTolvc, the parliainent ; elect his own council ; nominate all the great officers of ftatc, of the houfhold, and of the church; and he is the fountain of honour, from vvliom all degrees of nobility and knighthood are derived. Parliament*;, as already obfervcd, are of very remote antiquity; and have fubfiilcd, in their prcfentform, for upwards of live hundred years. The p.uliament is aflcmblod by the king's writ, and it's fitting muft not be intermitted for more than three years. It's coiifH- tiient parts arc, the King in his royal pf)litical capacity, and the three eflatcs of the realm: the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, wlio witii his Majcfty compofe the Houfe of Peers ; and the Commons, who form a Houfe of tliemielves. The king and thefe three cftates, together, form the great corporation or body politic of the kingdom: and, to jircfcrve the balance of the conftitution inviolate, each pofl'ell'es it's refpoftive powers, immunities, and exemptions > fo that they are mutually a ( !k' k on one another. The Lords Spiritual confill > f two archbifliops, and twenty-four bi/hops : the Lords Tem- poral confilt of all the peers of the re;ilm ; fomc of wiiom fit by dclccnt, fome by creation, and others, fince the union with Scotland, by clct^ion; which is the cafe with the Sixteen Pcerj who reprefent the whole body of the Scotch nobility. The number of peers is indefinite, and is frequently increafed when the crown has any favourite objedl to purfue, in the ac- complifhment of which the peerage may be rendered ferviccable. The Commons confift of fuch men, of a certain property in the kingdom, as have no feat in the Houfe of Lords ; every one of whom has a voice in parliament, cither perfonally or by his reprefentativc. In a free; ftatc, it is neceflary tJiat every man fliould be in fome meafure his own governor; and, in fo large a ftate as that of England, it is wifely contrived that the people fhould perform that by means of reprefentatives, which it would be impofll- ble for them to etFeft individually. The counties, therefore, of which there are forty, ex- clufive of Wales, are reprefented by knights, defied by the proprietors of lands: and the cities and boroughs are reprefented by citi/.ens and burgclTcs, chofen by the mercantile or fuppofed trading part of the nation; and thus the whole number of reprefentatives in the Englifh Houfe of Commons amounts to five hundred and fifty-eight; the forty-five for Scot- land being included. Every member, however, though chofen by one particular diftri£>, when eleded and returned, ferves for the whole realm ; for the end of his coming thither is not merely to fervc his conftitucnts, but alfo the commonwealth, of which he is an im- mediate guardian. Such are the conftituent parts of a Britifti parliament, the King, the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and the Commons ; each of which is fo neceflary, that the concurrence of all three is required to cnai^ any new law which has power to bind the fubjefl. The Parliament pof- feffes k fi . 'V: ti S t u* m 400 F.UROPEAN ISLANDS. -!t! fcflcs fovereign and uncontroulahle authority in making, confirming, enlar<;ing, icnraliiing, abrogating, repealing, rc> iviiig, and cxpouniling, the laws contcrning inaticrs of all puf- fible denominations, erclcfiailical or teinpoi-.ii, civil or military, maritime or criniinai} this being the tribuiir.i to which that abfolute dtfpotic jMiwcr, which in all governments muft refide fomewh'.re, is entrufted by the conltitution of thefe kingdoms. All milcliicfg and grievances w. ich tranfceiul the ordinary courlc of the laws are refer.ible to this fupreiiie court of jullii-c, whitli can r^'^;ulute or new-model the fucceilion to the crown; alter the eftablilhed religion of the land ; ciiange, and create airc(h, even the conitiiution of the king- dom, and if parliaments themlllves; and, infliort, it's power is unlimited. Befides his High Court of I'arliament, the King of !iiigland has I'ubordinate officers .tnJ minillcrs to allill him, who are refponiiblo for their advice and condutSl. 'Ihcfe are nomi- nated by the king, without either patent or grant; and, in taking the rcquifite oaths, they become immediately privy-counfellors during the natural life of the king whoelctils them} fubjecl, however, to rtinov.il at his pleal'urc. The great oflicers of the crown are the following nine: the Lord High Steward, the Lord High Chancellor, the Lord High Treafurer, the Lord Frefulent of the Council, the Lord Privy Seal, the Lord Great Chamberlain, the Lord High Conllable, the Larl Marflial, and the Lord High Admiral. But feveral of tiicfe offices arc i.ow held by commiffion, being deemed too important to be entrufted to any individual. The fuprcme courts of law are the Chancery, a court of equity next in dignity to the high court of Parliament ; the court of King's Bench, in which all matters determinable between the king and his fubjects arc to be tried ; the court of Common Pleas, which takes cognizance of all pleas between fubjedt and fubjeft; and the court of Exchequer, inftitutcd for managing the revenues of the crown, and which poilcfi'es a power of deciding both ac- cording to law and equity. For the more effectual execution of the laws of England, a High SherlfF, whofe office is boUi minifterial and judicial, is annually appointed for every county, (except Middlefex and Weilmoreland ) by the king in council. He is to execute the king's mandates, and ami all writs directed to him out of the king's courts of judicature; to impannel juries; to bring caufes and inalefaitors to trial; and to fee all fentenccf, as well civil as criminal, put ia execution. He likewife colledts all public fines, diftrefles, and amerciaments, into the Exchequer, or where the king fliall appoint; and makes fuch payments out of them as his Maiefty fliall judge proper. As his office is judicial, he alfo keeps a court for the purpofe of hearing and determining all civil caufes in the county, under forty (hillings j but which* however, is no court of record. The next officer to the fherifF is the Juftice of Peace. Several of thefe magiftrates are commiffioncd for each county; and to them is entrufted the power of putting in execution great part of the ftatute laws relative to the highways, the poor, vagrants, treafons, felonies, riots, the prefervation of the game, &c. and of examining and committing to prifon fuch perfons as are found guilty of breaking or difturbing the peace, and difquicting the king's fubjects. Each county contains two Coroners, whofe bulmeis conTiib in nuking enquiry, by means of GREAT BRITAIN. 401 ©f a jut/ of neighbour?, how, and by whom, any pcrfon came to a violent death; and to ciitor it on r<"cord as a plea of the crown. The civil government of cities is a kind of fmall independent policy of itfelf; for every city h;itli, by charter from the king, a jurifdidtion within itfclf to judge in all matters civil :ril criminid: with this iimit^ition only, that all civil caufes maybe removed from their courts to the higher ones at VV^lhninlleri and all c;.pital offences are committed to the judge at the afTizes. The.- government of cities, however, differs according to their diffe- rent charters imniimities, and conftitutions : they are compofed of a mayor, aldermen iuidburgefli.'s; who c(>llci.4ivtly make the corporation of the city, and hold a court of judi- cature, wh(.*re the mayor prefides as judge. Iiuorporated boroughs a\- goveri-cd almoU .•'fter a fiinilar manner; fomc of them by a mayor, and otiiers by two baililis only: all wliiih, during tlicir mayoralty, or niagiftmcy, are jufl ices of the peace within their rcfijcdlive libertie*;. For tile better government of villages, the lords of the foil 01 manor have generally a power to hold courts, called Courts Leet, and Courts Baron, whtie their tenants attend, in order to obtain juilice. The bufmefsof courts leet is chiehy to prevent and punifli nui- fanccs ; and, at courts baron, the conveyances and alienations of Lie copyhold tenants arc enrolled, and themftives admitted to their eftatcs, on a defcent or purchale. The Icvvl peace-officers are conlhibles and tythiiig-men: the bufmefs of the former being to keep the peace in all cafes of riots and quarrels; and that of the latter to affifl them in the execution of their duty. So religioufly are the rights of Engli/hmen regarded, that the fubjctfl may, without tiie fmalleft danger, fiie his fovercign, or thofe who a(5t in his name and under hisauthoritv; r.nd this may be done in open court, where the king may be caft, and obliged to p.iy damages to his fubjeds. The king cannot infringe the liberty of the meaneft individual, unlefs he ha'-, on account of fome illegal adt, been accufed or fufpcJled, on oath, of having forfeited his right to liberty; or except when the ftate is in danger, and the reprefentatives of the people think the public fafety renders it neceflliry that he fhould have the power of imprifoning pL'rfons fufpeiSled of guilt: fuch as, an a6t of rebellion within the kingdom, when the legi- llature has thought it expedient to pafs a fufpenfion of the Habeas Corpus act. This, how- ever, is feldom done without great difficulty and caution ; and when the national preferva- tion has been fuppofed to require it. Even malefactors, committed on the cleareft evidence of guilt, experience every indulgence, and are allowed every means of eftablifhing their pretenfions to innocence which humanity can require. When the culprit is brought to the bar, the clerk of the crown commands him to hold up his hand; and, after reciting the alle- gations againft him, afks him whether he is guilty, or not guilty. If the prifoner pleads ' Guilty,' the trial is at an end; but if he anfwers, ' Not guilty,' the court proceeds on the trial, even though he may have previoufly confeflcd the fact ; for the law of England takes no cognizance of fuch confeflions ; and, unlefs the witneffes (who are upon oath) prove him guilty of the crime laid to his charge, the jury muft acquit him, being direded to ground their vcrdidt on the evidence given in court. If the prifoner refufcs to plead, that is, will not declare in court whether he is guilty or not, the trial proceeds in the fame maiui^r as if he 5 I had f; il m- ■: X ■ 402 EUROPEAN ISLANDS. had pleaded not guilty. When l-'-* witnefles have delivered their evidence, and the prifoncr has, by himfclf or his counfel, crofs-examined them, the judge recites to the jury the fub- ftance of the evidence given againlt the prifoner, and bids them difcharge their condiences ; when, if the faft be very clear, they commonly deliver their verdliSl without going out of court; and the foreman, for himfelf and the reft of the jury, declares the prifoner guilty, or not guilty, according to the cafe. But, (hould any doubt arifc among the jury, and the matter require debate, they withdraw into a feparate apartment, carrying with them a cony of the indi(Skment, where they are locked up till they are unanimoufly agreed on the \erdiLV; and, (hould any of them happen to die during this confinement, the prifoner would neccf- farily be acquitted. Though the laws of England, with refpefl to the punifliment. of ofFenders, are more mild than thofe of any other nation, the profligacy of the people, and the confcquent number of penal ftatutes, occafion more executions in this than in any other country in Europe. The law of England comprehends all capital crimes under high treafon, petty treafon, and felony ; the extent of the conftrudion of which terms being generally known, we forbear defcanting on them. Crimes of lefll-r magnitude, though punifliabic by the laws, are thofe of manflaughter, chance-medley, fliop-lifting, perjury, petty-larceny, libelling, ilriking, and fcveral other offences againft religion, morality, and the peace and happinefs of fociety in general. The clear neat produce of the feveral branches of the revenue, after payment of all charges cf collecting and management, amounts annually to upwards of eight millions ; befides two millions and a half raifed annually, at an average, by the land and malt tax. Such immenfe fums, it might naturally be fuppofed, would be equal to any national exigence; but they are almoft entirely applied to the difcharge of the intcreft of the money raifed on government lecurities; or, in other words, the national debt. This debt, which has been continually accumulating fmce the Revolution, amounts at prefent to the enoimous fum of two hundred millions fterling, and upwards ; for the payment of the intereft of which, and the charges of management, nearly eight millions ilerling are annually required. The national debt derived it's origin from a mode of liniuicc adopted foon after the .ic- cefTion of William III. From feveral expcnfive wars and political engagements about th;it jrra, the expcnces of government were incrcafed to an unufual degree; infomucii that it was deemed dangerous to raife all the expcnces of any one year by taxes to be levied within that f]iacc of time, left the unaccuftomed weight of them fhould create munnnrs among the people. It was therefore politically, though t.itally, projected, to anticipate the revenues of poftcritv, by borrowing immcnic fums for the current fcrvlce of the itatc, and to Ir.y no more taxes on the fubjeft than would fuffice to pay the annual intereft of the fume (b borrowed: thus converting the principal debt into a new fpccics of property, transfenible from one pcrfon to another at any time, and in any quantity. Such was the foundation f,f what is now called tl;c national debt : for a few long annuities, created in the reign of Charles II. by no means dcferve that appellation. Mis prefent Majcfty, foon after his acccfiion, fpontaneoufly fignified his confent, that the hereditary revenues of the crown fliould be fo dil'pofcd of as might heft conduce to the uti- lity m GREAT BRITAIN. 4d3 lity and fatisfa£tion of the public, and accepted of the neat fum of 8oo,oocJ. a year in He* of them. This fum, however, has been found inadequate to the fupport of his Majefty's houfhold, and the payment of officers with which the civil lift is charged ; (o that recourfc has frequently been had to parliatr.ent for occafional grants to make up the deficiency. In a land of liberty, it muft ever be extremely dangerous to make a diliind order of the profisflion of arms; and no man (hould take up arms but with a view to defend his country and it's laws : he puts not off the citizen when Ire enters the camp ; but it is be- caufe he would wifti to preferve his immunities, and tranfmit them to his pofterit}', that he becomes a foldier. The laws, therefore, and the conftitution of thcfe kingdoms, recognize no fuch ftate as that of a perpetual foldier, bred up to the folc piofeflion of arms; ,ind it was not till the reign of Henry VII. that the kings of England had fo much as a guard about their perfons. In the earlier ages, however, a national militia was eftablifhed ; an order of military alone compatible with the principles of public liberty and private fccurity : but, in a kingdom fituated like this, where jealous neighbours require to be watched with the eye of circumfpedliori, and where an advantage might be taken of too pacific an efta- bliOiment, it has been found neceflary to keep up a ftanding army of about forty thoufand men, even in times of peace ; but thefe, however, are obliged to be difbandcd at the expira- tion of every year, unleis continued by parliament. In time of war, and particularly in the laft, the land-forces of thefe kingdoms, natives and foreigners, have amounted to 135,000 men, exclufive of 42,000 militia. The complement of fcamen, in time of peace, ufually amounts to twelve or fifteen thou- fand; and, fince the commencement of the late American war, they have incrcafed to 99,000. The navy is divided into three fquadrons, the Red, the White, and the Blue ; fo termed from the difference of their colours. Each fquadron has it's refpedive admiral ; but the ad- miral of the Red Squadron has the principal direftion of the whole, and is ftiled Vice-Admiral of Great Britain. Subject to each admiral is a vice and a rear-admiral ; but the fuprerae command of the naval force, next to the king, is veftcd in the lords commifSoners of the admiralty. During the late war, the BritiHi navy was able to make head againft all the other fleets in Europe. In the courll- of a few years, it confiderably reduced the naval power of France, weakened that of Spain ; and kept the Dutch, and other powers, in awe : and, though the event of war was not ultimately in our favour, never did the Britifti naval officers and feamen in general more nobly fignalizc tlicmil-lves. The title of the King of England is. By *he Gface of God, of Great Britain, France and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith. The defignation of the fovereign of thefe realms was formerly Mis or Her Grace, or Highnefs ; till Henry VIII. to put himfelf on an equality with the Emp^ior Chail;s V. afilimed thatof Majcfty : hov/ever, the old defignation was not et)iircly abolilhcd till the end of Qiicen Elizabeth's reign. Since the :;cceffion of the prcfcut royal family, the royal atchievement is marfhallcd as fullovvs : quarterly, in the firft grand quarter, Mars, Three Lions paillint guardunt, in pale, Sol, the imperial enfigns of England, impaled, with the royal arms of Scotland, which are, Sol,» a Lion rampant within a double trcflure flowered and couutcrflowercd, with Fleur?-de- lis, |l ,' the progrcfs of improvement. Before tlie dreadful conflagration in 1666, the private buildings in general wereboth inelegant and unhealthy; and though, ever fince that memorable cata- ftroplie, the city of London has been gradually improving, from the narrow-mindednefs of irUcrcfted individuals, it has not yet arrived at that Itate of perfciflion and uniformity to whicli 'he <>pulcnce of the inliabitants might have eafily extended it. In particular, the wharfs and quays along the banks of the Thames are extremely mean and inconve lient; the rtreets in general are neither regular nor uniform; and many beautiful churches, ^nd other public buildings, are fo difaJvantugcouny fituated, that their propo. tions and elegance are totally obfcured. It muft, however, be allowed, that the improvements in the city of London, for fome years part, have been very confiderable; and that the new ftrects, which arc numerous, are fpacious and c'egant. The royal palace of St. James is mean beyond con- ception, when confidered as the u(ual refidence of one of the greatcft monarchs in the uni- verfe. Windfor Caflle, however, from it's beautiful and commanding fituation, is eflcemed a fabric by no means unworthy of the Britllh monarch. Hampton Court, the favourite refi- dence of King William, contains fome good ap.utments; but though the fituation is en- ciianting, the building is far from being magnificent and ftriking, Brifiol, reckoned the fecond city in England for it'scxtent and population,isjnore remarkable for it's commerce and opulence than for any curious or beautiful flruclurcs it contains : and, indeed, all the other towns and cities of luigiand have little more to recommend them to our notice than their commerce and the conveniency of their fituations. No nation in the world, however, has fuch dock-yards', and fo well furnifhed for the con- venience of conftruiiting and repairing the royal navy, as thofe of Portfmouth, Plymouth, Chatham, AVoolwich, and Deptford. In thefe tlie quantities of all forts of naval ftores are immcnfe ; a fufficient ftock being alv/ays kept up to equip near a hundred fail of the line. In our account of the progrefs of language, we have mentioned the various revolutions which this country has undergone; but, as a continued detail of events is more properly the province of hi Aory than of geography, wcfhall wave entering any farther into that fubjei5t. 5 K The i ,i ' ' '.':1 ■f ! J- is', 5K B *; ft^ m 4o6 EUROPEAN ISLANDS. The principality of Wales, though politically included in England, is neverthck-fs diflin- guifticd from it by a divcrfity of language and manners: the Welfh, as has been obllrvci? being the Aborigines of England; who, on the defcent of Julius Cxfar, were driven into this mountainous country, to avoid the Roman yoke. The fenfons m Wales arc nearly fimilar to thofc in the north parts of England; and the air is ftiarp, but wholefome. 'Iho foil of Wales, cfpecially towards the north, is mountainous; but it contains rich \allics, which produce plentiful crops of wheat, rye, and other cprn. This country contains many quarries of free-ftone and (late; fevcral mines of lead; abundance of coal-pits; and is well fupplicd with wholefome fprings. It's principal rivers arc, the Clwyd, the Wheeler, the L\-e, the Severn, the Elwy, and the Alen; each furnifliing great quantities of fifli. The mountains of Wa. s ai e fome of the moft ftupcndous in Europe, the Alps and Py- renees excepted. Snowdo;;, in Cacrnarvonfliire; and Plinlimmon, which lies partly in Montgomery and partly in Cardiganfliire ; are the moft famous. The animal and vegetable productions of Wales diftl-r but little from thofe of England : the horfcs and black cattle however, are confiderably fmaller, though capable of undergoing the utmoft fatigue; and great numbers of goats feed on the mountains. Wales is fuppofed to contain about three hundred thouHmd inh.-ibitants ; who, though far from being generally in affluent circumftances,arc provided with all the necefli>,rie?,and many of the conveniences of life. The Welfliare, ifpofllble, more jealous of their liberties than the Englifli; and, though naturally more irafcible, are full as remarkable for their fideiiry and at- tachment. They are univcrfally infeiSted with the ridiculous pride of tracing their pedigrees to the moft remote antiquity; but we have no criterion for the authenticity of their manufcriptr, fome of which, they pretend, are coeval with the Incarnation of our Saviour. It is, however, certain, that great part of their ancient hiftory, efpecially the ccclefiaftical, is more ancient, as well is better atteftdd, than that of the Anglo-Saxons. The Welfh may be confidered as an oi'ginal people, nc^ blended with any other nation; as evidently appears from their flrict adherence to ancient cuftoms and manners ; and, indeed, this diftinguifhing peculiarity is perceptible even among gentlemen of fortune; who, when in other countries, follow the ftream of fifhion. The Church of Rome could not eftablilh it's power in Wales till the greatett part of the Wclfli clergy was maflacred by Auguftine, the popifh apoftle of England. After this, Wales fell under the dominion of petty princes, who were often weak and credulous; hence the Romifli clc'gy eafily infinuated themfelves into their favour, by their pretended power of abfolving them from their crimes; and the vulgar (their ancient clergy being extinct) con- formed without much difficulty to the Church of Rome. The eftabliftied religion in Wales is that of the Church of England; but the common people, in fome places, are fo tenacious of their ancient cuftoms^ that they retain many of the Popifti fuperftitions ; and feveral ancient families ftill profefs the Roman Catholic religion. The Welfli clergy, indeed, labour under many difficulties ; they arc but fcantily provided for, and too often unqualified, in point of erudition^ lor fupporting the dignity of the clerical fundtion; ^ GREAT BRITAIN. 407 fun£Hon ; and hence they arc not treated with that degree of rcfpect which is unqucaionabiy due to the I'acrcd order. Wales was the feat of learning at a very early period, tl.-ou^b it fuffcred rn ecllpfe by the re- pcited maflacres of the clergy and bardp. The Scotch and '\\'Ai]i dilpule the place ofnativity of certain learned men, particularly four of the name uf Gilcas. Walts, however, has C(ir- taiiiiy given birth to many bards of the mod brilliant genius, whofe names arc venerable in Jiiftory, and whofe remains luve been lately exhibited to the v.orlJ by a nativL 01 that country capable of difplaying their intrinfic merit in another language. The dif.civery of the burying-place of the famous King Arthur and his confort was owing to fome lines of Thalieffin repeated before Henry II. of England by a Wclfli bard. Since the Reforma- tion, Wales has produced fo many learned men in almoll every branch of literature, that it would be invidious to particularize any; and, even at this time, many Welflimen malce a confiderable figure in the republic of letters. I'hough Wales contains twelve counties, it has not a fingle city, nor even a town, remark- able either for beauty, population, or extent. Deaumaris, the capital of Anglefe}-, is fur- nilhed with a good harbour ; Brecknock carries on an extenfive trade in eloathing ; Cardi- gan is pretty populous, and advantageoufly fituated in the vicinity of feveral IcaJ.-minea; Caermarthen is principally remarkable for it's handfonie bridge; and Pembroke is well in- habited by gentlemen and tradefmeii : but the other towns hardly deferve our notice. The remains of antiquity in this principality are ftill pretty numerous. Several of it's caftles are prodigioufly large; and, in (bme of them, traces of Roman archItetT:ure arc plainly diltinguiftiable. In Brecknockfliire, there are fome rude fculp'ures on a ftone about fix feet high, to which the natives give the name of the Maiden Stone. But the rcn}ains of the inftitutions and places of worflilp of the Druids are principally confpicuous in the Iflc of Anglefey, the ancient Mona, which Tacitus dcfcribcs as having been the chief feminary of their rites and religion ; and, amongotherartificialcuriofities,K.ingOffa'sDyke,faidtohave been erefted as a boundary between the Saxons and the Wcl/h or Britons, is reckoned none of the leaft fmgular. Cherphiily Caftle, in Glamorganfliire. is ^ next to WinJfor) reputed to. be the largeft in Great Britain; and it's remains ftill evince it to have been a moft fplendid pile : one half of a round tower has quite fallen to decay ; while the other overhangs it's bafis more than nine feet, and is as great a curiofity as the leaning tower of Pifa in Italy. Nor mujH we forget to mention Conway Caftle; at once remarkable for it's elegant and ftupen- dous appearance, and the noble and piiturefque profpeft it commands. Wales contains many remarkable natural curiofities. At a village called Newton, in Gla- morganfliire, near the fea, there is a remarkable fpring which ebbs and flows contrary to the tides. In Mer ionethfliire, there is a lofty mountain called Kader Idris, which affords a va- riety of Alpine plants. Flintfliire is famous for St. Winifred's Well; by the furprizing virtues of which, if we may credit the legendary tales of the common people, many miraculous cures have beenefFefted. This fpring, which boils outof a rock with vaft impetuofity, is formed into a beautiful polygonal well covered with a rich arch fupported by pillars, the roof being moft exquifitely charged with feveral armorial bearings carved in ftono. In Caernarvonfliire, the high mountain of Penmanmawr is fituated; acrofs the edge of which lies the public road, (ornjcrly fi '^^ ■:] \]l i 1 jii ! 'i i Pi ':^, r* '.1 m ; i; '¥. 4oS EUROPEAN ISLANDS. I, fonncrly mucli dreaded by travellers of a timid difpofition: on one hand, the impendino rock feenied ready to criiih them to pieces; while the great precipice below, which over- hangs the fea, was i'o hideous, and dangerous, that till a wall was lately railed on one fide of the road, a fingle falfe Itep muft have been attended with the moft fatal conf^jqiicnces. Indeed, the lofty hills with which this principality abounds, every where prclcnt ir with foine profjwyfls and pirturefque views, whicli philofophic travellers regard with an aftonifti. mei:<- not much inferior to that which arifcs from the contemplation of natural curiohiics. The trade of Wales is chiefly inlaid, or with England, into which prodigious rnitnbcrs of black cattle are annually imported. Milford Haven, elleemcd the fineft in Europe, lies in Pembrokelhire ; but the VVelfli have hitherto derived very little advantage from it, thoui^h confiderable fums have been expended by the Britifh prliameut in compleating it's fortifi- cations. The town of Pembroke carries on an extenlive trade, and there are upwards of two hundred vell'els employed by it's merchants. In IJreckjiockftiire there are ftveral valuable woollen manufaftures; and in different parts of tlie principality there are extenfive lead anj copper works, which are of immenie benefit to their proprietors and the tommui.ity at lari'e. Wales being united to England, it's government is modi^Ued according to the Enelifh form; all laws, cullorns, and tenures, contrary to thofe of En^' .nd, bcinj'; abrogrtci!. 1 iie inhabitants are admitted to a full participation of all the Englif i liberties and privileges; particularly thar of fending members to parliament; viz. a knight for every fhJre, and a bur- gefs for every (hire-town, Merioneth excepted. For tlic regular adiv.i ilbatijii ot juftice, there are four feveral circuits, each confiding of three counties, over each of which a cliief juftice and a juftice-afiiftant preiide. The revenues ariung to the public from Wales arc extremely trifling; and thofe ac- cruing to the Prince of W; 'cs from his principality dp not appear to exceed eight thoulanJ pfiunds a year. 'l^he arms of the Prince of Wales differ from thofe of England only by tlic addition of a Label with Three Point?. Flip cap, or badge, of CMirit h Feathers, was occafioned b)' a tro- phy of that kind taken by P^dvvard the Black IVince from the King of lloheinia, who was killed at the battle of Poicticrs ; and the motto is ' Ich dint — I ferve.' St. David is the tiite- Ir.ry faint of the VVelfli ; wliofe badge is a Leek, generally worn by the natives of that prin- cipality o\\ the fiift of March; for which fuigularity feveral reafont; have been afligiicJ, though probably all of them are very remote from truth. The ancient hiftory of Wales is totally enveloped in fable and uncertainty, on account (f the great number of petty princes who at different times ruled over it. It was formerly inhabited by three dift'eretit tribes iJi tlio Britons, the Silures, the Dimeta?, and die Ordo- vices ; who fo refoJuf.ly oppofed tl^.i liixon invadprs, that the Wclft remained an indepen- dent people for many ages. However, about tlie year 870, Roderic King of Wales having divided his kingdom among his three fons, a mortal blow was given to it's independency; and, about the year 1112, Henry I. of England planted a colony of Flemings on the fron- tiers of Wale', to ferve as a barrier to England, none of the Wclfti princes being at that time powerful enough to oppofc them. They made, however, many vigorous and brave attempts againft the Norman kings of England, in order to preferve their liberties invio- late; but the old and infirm Prince Lcwellin, having put hiiufelf under the protection of Heniy ..■' I •i I M ii. .H-X'fr 9i H I I i^'i GREAT BRITAIN. 40f v/v r^ Henry III. to avoid the perfccution of his undutiful fun GrifTyn, firfl furnifhcd England with a plaufible pretext for the future conqueft of Wales. But no terms (hort of abfolute fubmiffion would fatisfy the ambition of Edward I. of England, who was refolved to annex Wales to his crown. Having defeated and killed young Llewellin in battle, and foon after made hiinfelf mafter of his brother David, the Jaft independent prince of Wales, whom he barbaroufly and unjuftly hanged, he from that time confidcred his purpofe as legally effedted, and declared Wales an appendage of his crown. It feems probable that, about this time, Edward alfo perpetrated the inhuman mnf- facre of the Wclfh bards; but perceiving that fuch favage barbarity was inefFedual to ren- der the Welfh fubmifllve to his power, he politically fent his pregnant queen to Caernar- von Caftle, there to be delivered} that the Wellh, having a prince born among thctufclvcs, might the more readily recognize his authority. This prince was the unfortunate Ed- ward II. from whom the title of Prince of Wales has been regularly tranfmitted to the heirs-apparent of the Britifti throne. From this sera, the hiftory of Wales becomes blended with that of England ; and the fortunes of the two nations, both in peace and war, have ever fmce been tflcntially the fame. It may, however, be worthy of remark, that the kings of England have always found it be- neficial, and perhaps even neceflary, to gratify the pride of the Welfli with peculiar marks of their regard : for which reafon, when Henry VIII. had no fon, his daughter was created Princefs of Wales. Scotland, lying between 54 and 59 degrees of north latitude, and between i and 6 of weft longitude, is bounded on the north, caft, and weft, by the Deucaledonian, German, and Irilh feas, or more properly the Atlantic Ocean ; and, on the north, by England, from which it is fcparated by no natural boundary, if we except the Solway Frith, near Carlifle, on the weft, and the mouth of the Tweed at Berwick on the eaft. In the time of the Romans, however, it extended much farther, being bounded by a wall raifed by that warlike people between Newcaftle and Carlifle ; and, under the Norman kings of Eng- land it included Northumberland, Weftmorland, and Cumberland. Scotland is naturally divided into the counties fouth of the Frith of Forth, of which the capital is Edinburgh ; and thofe on the north of the fame river, the capital of which is Aberdeen. In the fouthern divifion are eighteen counties or (hires, and there are fifteeii in the northern; all thcfe counties being fubdivided into ftieriffdoms, ftcwarties, and baili- wicks, according to the ancient tenures and privileges of the landholders. In the more northern parts of Scotland, the longeft day infummer is eighteen hours and five minutes ; confequently, the day and night in winter, when at the fliorteft, are in the fame proportion. The air is more temperate than might naturally be expedted in fuch a nor- thern climate: partly from it's numerous hills, rivers, lakes, and vallies,but more efpeciaJly from it's vicinity to thefea; thofe warm breezes which proceed from that element not only foftening the natural keennefs of the air, by keeping it in perpetual agitation, but alfo ren- dering it pure and falubrious, and preventing thofe epidemic diftempers (0 prevalent in other 5L countries : 'ill l< ■] •■' I 1 - « '■ '4 :k l^JiJilliPt^ urn tUc An clii:o<-is hy MavriCctt. X' C^'J'irc* t. l^B^. Ml 410 EUROPEAN ISLANjDS. •^ ■■^' •i ■■.ik countries: however, in the neighbourhood of fome high mountains generally covered with fnow, the air is iceen and piercing for nearly nine months in the year. The foil of Scotland is not in genet al fo fertile as that of England ; and, in many places, it is much better adapted for p ifturage than agriculture : there pre, however, many fertile plains which fall nothing /liort ■ Jic nioft defirable fpots in Kngland. The water of this coun- try, which generally pafii^s through a foil compofed of fand and gr::.el, is clear, light, and healthful. The principal mountains in this kingdom are, the Grampian Hills; the Pcntlaiid Hills ; the mountain of Lammer-.Muir ; and Cheviot, or Tcviot Hills, on the frontiers of England. Befides thefe, Scotland alfo contains many detached mountains; which, onaccount of their conical Ihupcs, have obtained the name of Laws, from the Celtic: many of them are (lu- pendoufly high, and of the moft beautiful figures; but too numerous to be particularized. However, they afford that agreeable diverfity of natural obje(Sls, and thofe enchantinj'- fltua- tioiis, which are fo often ken and admired in Scotland. The Forth, the moft confiderable river in Scotland, rifes in Monteith, near Callendar; and pafling by Stirling, after a number of beautiful meanders,dilcharges itfelf into the Gei man Sea near Edinburgh. Next to the Forth is the Tay, which iiliics out of Loch Tay, in IJroad- albinc ; and running fouth-eaft, pafTes the town of Perth, and falls into the fea at Dundee. The Spey, cfteemed the moft rapid river in Scotland, iflues from a lake of the fame name in Badenoch ; and, running from fouth-wcft to noith-eaft, falls into the fea near Elgin. The Dee and Don run from weft to eaft, and difemboguc themfeh cs at Aberdeen. The Tweed rifes on tilt borders of Lancikfliirc; and, after many beautiful ferpentine windings, dif- chargcs itfelf into the fea at iierwick, where it ferves as a boundary between Scotland and England. 1 He LlvJe rifes in Annandale; and rur.ning north-weft through the valley of that name, palles by feveral cities and towns, and at laft falls into the Frith of Clyde U|)pof!tc the lile of Bute. Befides thefe more important rivers, Scotland contains a variety of beau- tiful ftrcams, excellentlv fupplied with fifh of various fpccies. The lakes of Scotland arc too numerous to be particularized : thofe of the Tay, Lomond, Lochncfs, and Au, prefent us with fuch pidlurefque fcenes as arc fcarcely to be equalled in Europe. Several of ihc:n, which are beautifully fringed with woods, contain plenty of frefli- watcr iilh. Near Lochnefs is a hill almoft two miles perpendicular; on the top of which is a lake of frelh -water, lb deep that it has never yet been fathomed, nor ever freezes: ■whereas that called the Green Lake, about fcventeen miles from thence, is covered with ice the whole year. This country, c\ en where moft fterile and uninviting, prefents us with tlie moft incon- trovertible evidences of it's having been formerly over-run with tim'.K-r. The decpeft morafles contain large logs of wood; and their waters, which feem to be impregnated with turpentine, polTefs a preferving quality, as is evident fromfevcrid human bodies whichhavcbeen difcovered at their bottoms. The Caledonian Foreft, the remains of which are fuppofed to be EtrickWood, in the fouth of Scotland, is famous in antiquity for having been the refort of wild hours, the breed of which is now totally e.xiind. Several woods, however, ilili rem.iiii in this part of the country, coiififting principally of oak and fir-trees, which arrive at the higheft .Jt^' GREAT BRITAIN. ^jj highcft perfcaion, niul add very confiderably to the luxuriance of the profpcci; thou^rh they have never turned out much to t'ne emolument of the proprietors, bccaufe of their very great diftaace from water carriage. Scotland cont;iins feveral ^old mines, which formerly afforded a confiderablc quantity of tliat metal for coinage. James V. and his father contraded with certain Germans for working the mines of Crawford A4oor; and it is an undoubted faift that when that, prince efpoufed the French king's daughter, the guefts entertained by the Scotdfh monarch on that occafion, were prefcnted, by way of deflert, with feveral dilhes filled with coins of Scotch gold. The civil wars, however, and fubfequent troubles, under his daughter, and during the minority of his grandfon, interrupted the progrefs of thefe foreigners; and the works have never fince been refumed. The lead-mines of Scotland arc r- -uliarly rich, and produce large quantities of filver. Some copper-mines have been difcovered in the vicinity of Edinbun.'jh ; coals abound in different parts; and lime-ftone is extremely plentiful. A variety of beautiful tranlparent ftones, cryftals, variegated pebbles, and lapis-laz,uli, are found in different counties of Scotland ; and fiee-ftone is fo common, tiiat the houfes of private people and citizens are generally conftr lifted of that beautiful and durable material. The foil of Scotland may be rendered nearly as fertile as that of England ; and agricul- ture, both in tiieory and pra6lice, is as well underftood -n Scotland as in any other pnt of Europe: indeed, many trads of land, once entirely bar' on, are now not only doathed with verdure, but produce various forts of grain ; and fo rapidly has the art of cultivation been dilVufcd over this kingdom, that the face of nature appears to be materially changed. In many fpots over which the barren heath fonneily (pread it's fable carpet, the moll tiiriv- ing plantations now rife to view ; and in others, where fcarce a blade of grafs could ve- getate, the corn liegin,; to wave it's golden ears. \\ iical, rye, barley, oats, hemp, flax, and hay, are the general produce of the foil; and, in the ftAjdiern counties, the iineif garden- fruits, particularly apricots, nedtarines, and peaches, arrive at a confiderable degree of per- fection. The Highlands, however, ftill contain many extenfive fterile tiacts ; and, indeed the foil feems on'y adapted to the propagation of firs, which thrive prodigioufly on the mjfl; rocky and barren mountains. The filherits oj\ the coafts of Scotland, if properly patronized, would prove an inex- hauftible fource (>f national wealth. The moft valuable and delicious kinds of fifli abound in every part of ri.e furrounding feas; of which, however, the Dutch i :dp ihe principal ad- vantage. The Scotch falmon are highly eltecn.ed in foreign markets; and are of the moft ellential fervice to the nation, as the returns for them are generally made n fpecie, or fome beneficial commoilitie's. Scotland contain; but few animals, either wild or domeftic, peculiar tn itfelf. The red- deer and the roebuck are found in the Highlands; but their flelh is not comparabi' to Eng- lifti venifon. Hares, and other animals of the game kind, are extremely plentiful: al'b the groufe; the hcath-cockj the capj)erkaily; and the ptarmacan, a bird of the phenfantkinJ. The numbers of black cattle and fheep which are fed in the Scotch p;iftures are almoft incredible] and were formerly imported into England in amazing quantities. The 4'* EUROPEAN ISLANDS. The horfcs of Scotland, notwithftanding the great expence and pains which have been employed in improving the breed, are much inferior to thofe of England, both in fpirit and ftrength ; and it would even feem as if the foil and climate of Scotland were equally unfa- vourable to that noble animal. The population of Scotland has generally been eftimated at a million and a half of fouls : but this calculation rcfts entirely on conjecture j and it is highly probable that it is by far too low. Confidering the vaft numbers of armed men which this country has always fur- niihed in ^ime of war, we cannot reafonably fix it at Icfe than two millions and upwards ; «nd evcri that number falls infinitely Ihort of what it muft have been fome centuries ago, when fo many thoufands fell by the fword of England, without any fenfible diminution of it's inhabitants. The Scotch are generally a(5tive, ftrong-limbed, capable of enduring much fatigue, and adventurous, folid, fttrewd, and fenfible; faithful to their engagements, and fedulous in their vocations. They are, however, generally timSlured with a ridiculous family pride; and, though celebrated for their literary acquifitions, their ideas are frequently confined, and dilguifed with many peculiarities : but this muft be imderftood of fuch only ss coii- ftantly live at home ; thofe who have travelled being by no means inferior to the natives of any other country, either in liberality of fentiment, or generofity of fpirit. A fenfe of religion and morality pervades the lower ranks in a very high degree. Thev *re taught from their infancy to bridle their paflions, to behave refpe£lfully to their fuperiors and to obferve the moft rigid oeconomy: hence their money is faved; their conftitutions are unimpaired; and very few inftances qf murder, perjury, robbery, and other atrocious of- fences, occur in Scotland. The Scotch affeiSt the greateft veneration for the memory of their progenitors; nor are they lefs attached to ancient cuftoms, drefies, and diverfions. Tlie inhabitants of thofe parts of the country where tending of flocks is much pradtifed, generally pofi'cis a natural vein for poetry; and the beautiful fimplicity of the Scotch tunes is relifhed by all true judges of nature. Love is generally the fubjedt; and many of their airs, with vaiiation?, have been introduced on the Englifb ftage under new names; but, though thereby aii- ("cred more conformable to the rules of harmony, they are frequently altered for the worfe, being dripped of that original fimplicity which if, their moft oflentiai charatSlcriftir, and which is fo agreeable to the ear, and has fuch an influence over the human breaft. The common |>eople in Scotland, with refpedl to their funeral rites, ftill retain the foienin decent manner of their ancaftors. When any perfon dies at the years of maturity, the pa- rifli-bca^le is fent round with a paiRng-bell, ftopping stt certain places; and, with a flow, melancholy tone, announcing the name of the party deceafcd, and the time fixed for his interment, to which he invites all the neighbours. The funeral proceffion is fomctimes preceded by the inagiltrates, and 'their officers ; and -the coffin is covered with a black velvet pall, and carried on chair-poles to the grave, where u is interred without any farther ceremony than the ncareft r;IafionK thanking the company for their attendanr The fu- neral':, however, of the nobility and [gentry, are conducted nearly in the fame r..inncr as in England, but without the buriol-forvice. The Highlantl funerals were generally preceded by 1' !;■> ^ u GREAT BRITAIN. 4f3 by bagpipes, ^vhich played certain dirges, called coronachs, accompanied by the voices of the attendants oF both fexv's ; but this cuftom is now become obfolctc. Dancing fcems to be one of the moft favourite amufements of the Scotch ; but little re- gard is paid by the vulgar either to art or gracefulnefs, the whole confifting in agility, and in keeping time with the.mufic, which they perform with great exa6tnefs. One of the principal diverfions of the gentry, called the goff, which is played with a bat and ball, requires an equal degree of art and ftrength. The bat becomes gradually taper till it ter- minates in that part with which the ball is ftruck, where it is loaded with lead, and faced with horn; and the ball is fmallcr and harder than a cricket-ball. This diverfion refem- bles that of the mall, which was much in vogue in England about the middle of the laft cen- tury. An expert player at the gofFwill with one ftroke of liis bat fend the ball to an aftonifli- ing diftance : each perfon follows his own ball ; and he who, with the feweft ftrokes, firft ftrikes it into a. hole made for it's reception, is accounted conqueror. The Highlanders drefs in a very fingular manner. Their upper garment, called a plaid, and to which they give the name of tartan, is compofed of ftriped woollen iluff of various colours, the ftripes interfering each other at right-angles; and the natives value them- felves much on the judicious arrangement of thefe ftripes and colours, which fometimes pro- duce a very pleafing eft'eil. This plaid, whiqh is commonly twelve yards wide, is in gene- ral thrown over the fhoulder after the manner of the Roman toga, as reprefeiited on ancient ftatues; though it is fometimes feftened round the waift with a belt, part of it hanging down both behind and before like a petticoat, and fuoplying the want of breeches. Their waift- coats are alfo made of plaid ; and fometimei they wear a kind of Ihort petticoat of the fame variegated ftuft", buckled round the waift, to which they give the appellation of a philibcg. Their ftockings are likewife compofed of tartan ft':fF, or plaid, and tied below the knee with garters of the fame, formed into ta/Tels. The poorer fort of people wear a kind of fhoes made of untanned leather, which are called brogues ; with blue bonnets of a particular woollen manufaiSlure. In the belt of the philibeg they ufually ha\e a knife, dagger, and piftol ; exclufive of their broad-fwords, which were introduced in the reign of James III, and a large leather purfe ufually hangs before Uiem. The drefs of the Highland women generally confifts of a kind of jerkin with ftraight fleeves, trimmed according to the quality of the wearer ; over which they fpread a plaid, held clofe under their chins with their hands, or fattened with a buckle of a particular conftruc- tion ; and their heads are covered with kerchiefs of fine linen of dift'crent fliapes. Such was formerly the attachment of the Highlanders to their drefs, that it appeared dan- gerous to government, by proving a bond of union between thofe who wore it. Many ef- forts were accordingly made to difarm them, and oblige them to conform to the drellcs of the Lowlanders ; and, at laft, after the battle of Culloden, a convenient opportunity offered for bringing them to the defired fubmiflion. The conveniency, however, of theif drefs for the purpofes of the field, is fo great, that fome of the Highland regiments ftill re- tain it; antl, indeed, the common.peoplc have of late refujned it, for which they have now every rcquifite fan«Sioii. 5 M In- J:A ■,' I '. '< M if 4' ti 4«4 EUROPEAN ISLANDS. In the Lowlands, the higher and middling ranks diflcr very little from the Englifh in their drefs : but many of the peaiantry ftill retain the bonnet, on account of it's chcapncfs and lightnefs. The language of the Highlanders, efpecially towards Lochaber and Badenoch, is radi- cally Celtic. . The Englifh fpoken by the Scotch, notwithflanding it's provincial articula- tions, is written exactly alike in both kingdoms. At prefent, indeed, the pronunciation of a native of Scotland differs little more from that of a native of London, than the pronun- ciation of a citizen of London differs from that of an inhabitant of Somerfetfhire or Wor- cefterfliire. It appears pretty evident that Chriftianity was firft promulgated in See .nd bv fome of the difciples of St. John the Apoftle, who took refuge in this remote part of the world in oiucr to avoid the perfecution of the Roman Emperor Domitian ; but it was not publicly received and profeffed till the beginning of the third century, when Donald I. his queen, and fevenl of his principal nobility, were folemnly baptized. It was farther ftrengthcned by eniigratioiis from England during the perfecutions of Aurelius and Diocleflan, when it became the general perfuafion of the country under the management of a fociety of learned and pious men named Culdees, whofe principal feat was St. Andrew's. Thus Chriftianity appears to have been taught, planted, and finally confirmed, indepen- dent of the Church uf Rome ; and to have flourifhed in all it's native fimplicity till the arrival of Paladius, an emifTary of the Bifhop of Rome, in the fifth century, who found means to introduce the modes and ceremonies of that church, when (Scotland became involved in that gloom which for many ages overfpread Europe. Soon after the Reformation took place in England, and learning, arts, and fciences, began to revive in Europe, the abfurdities of the Romifh church, and die profligacy of her clergy, didnotcfcapc the notice of a free and enquiring people ; and gave rife to the Reformation in Scotland, which began in the reign of James V. made great progrefs under that of" his daughter Mary, (though both of them were Roman Catholics) and at laft was accomplifhed through the labours of John Knox, who had adopted the dodbine of Calvin, ^nd w^s become the apoftle of Scotland. It is highly probable that the reformers expedted to fucceed to the revenues of the church they had laboured to d^ftroy j but the great nobility, wdio had par- celled out thcfe pofTcfEons among themfelves, monopolized all the church-livings, and left the reforming clergy almoft in a ftate of beggary. Succeeding times, however, rendered the Prefbytcriaii clergy of the utmoft importance to the ftate ; and, in confequence thereof, their ftipcnds have been fo much augmented, that though no one enjoys more than two hun- dred pounds fttrling a year, few fall fhort of fixty, and none of fifty. It is unnecefTary to enlarge on the dodh-inal and oeconomical part of the church of Scotland : fufBce it to obferve, that it's firft principle is a parity of ecclefiaftical authority among it's prefbytcrs ; that it agrees with the reformed churches abroad, in the chief heads of oppofition to popery i and that it was modelled principally after the Calviniftical plan eftablifhed at Geneva. The higheft ecclefiaftical authority in Scotland is the General AfTembly; which may be termed the cccIcfLiftical parliament of Scotland. It con!ifts of comnufEoners, fome of GREAT BRITAIN. 41S Ifli in their kpnefs and |h, is radi- articula- iciation of ^e pronun- or Wor- y fomc of world in ot publicly his queen, engthcned n, when it ' of learned I, indepen- the arrival i means to Ived in that Hces, began her clerg}', brmation in that of his xompiiflied wzs become :ceed to the io had par- gs, and left r, rendered ice thereof, n two hun- church of 1 authority ;hief heads liftical plan irhich may ners, fomc of of whom are laymen, under the appellation of Ruling Elders, from preftfterics, royal burghs, and univerfities. Thofe commifli oners are eledted annually; and over them the king prefides, in the perfon of a nobleman ftiled Lord Commiflioner, but who has no vote in the affcmbly. Appeals are brought from all the other ecclefiaftical courts in Scotland to this convention, and it's afts are decifive. Subordinate to this affembly are fifteen Pro- vincial Synods, compofed of a number of the adjacent prefbyteries ; but theirdecrees are liable to be rcverfed by the General Afll-mbly. Next to the provincial fynods are the Prefbyteries, of which Scotland contains fixty-ninc, compofed of a certain number of contiguous pariflies; and the loweft ecclefiaftical judicatory is the Kirk-feflion, the authority of which does not extend beyond the bounH , of it's own parifh. But though the eCiMW'ed religion of Scotland is PrefDyterianifin, there are many dif- ferent fedariesj fom: of yhich pretend to extraordinary purity, though hardly two congre- gations of the fame feci agree either in their principles or praftice. Many, however, profefs Epifcopacy; and in lome parts of the country, the chapels, as they are called, are nearly as well filled as the Prelbyterian kirks: but the defedtion of fome great families from the caule of Topery, and the extinction of others, have rendered the votaries of the Romifh Church very inconfiderablc in Scotland ; fucli who ftill remain being generally confined to the more northern parts, and extremely quiet and inolFenfive in their demeanour. Scotland has produced fuch an illuftrious train of learned men, that to particularize thetn would be to give a literary hiilory of Europe for upwards of fourteen hundred years. The Poems of Offian afford fufficient evidence that the Mufes were no ftrangers to this climate in very remote ages; and the writings of Adamnarus, and other authors who lived before and at the time of the conquefl: of England, which are ftill extant,are refpediable fpecimens of their literature at that period. The noble difcovery of logarithms, the indifputid)le right of the ingenious Napier of Marchiefton, both in point of ingenuity and utility, mayjuftly vie with any other invention of more modern times; and, ever fince that sera, mathematical ftudies have been profecuted in Scotland, and indeed in Europe in general, with facility and fuccefs. But the reputation of Scotland is not confined to one branch of knowledge only; it has produced men eminent in all fciences; and many of it's prefent authors are capable of dif- puting the palm of genius with the moft learned of their predeceflbrs. Scotland contains four univerfities ; namely, St. Andrew's, founded in the year 1411 ; Glafgow, founded in 1454; Aberdeen, founded in 1477 ; and Edinburgh, founded in 1528. In thefc illuftrious feminaries literature flouriflies divefted of the oftentation of rich endow- ments; the profeflbrs are all men eminent in their refpcdive departments; and die ftudents generally condudt themfelves with a propriety and decency of deportment becoming well in- formed and well regulated minds. The antiquities in Scotland arc principally Druidical, PiifliftijDanifh, and Roman. Of the former there are many monuments 'and temples ftill difcernible in the northern parts, and particularly in the iflands, where probably Paganifm took it's laft refuge. The ftations of the Roman legions, their caftellas, and their pretentures, or walls, have been traced with great precifion by antiquaries and hiftorians ; fo that, without fome recent difcoveries, an account of them could afford no inftrudion to the learned, and but little amufement to the ignorant. Roman J iJiv lj'. :]m '■ I M .1 -I; i^,'« h* * :) W 0'<: I 4i6 EUROPEAN ISLANDS. Roman coins, urns, utenfils infcriprions, and other remains of antiquity, have been difcovered in (lifFerent parts of Scotland i but thefe, indeed, arc common to every country into which the Romans carried their arms. Danifh camps and fortifications arc very diftinguiftiablc, by their fquare figures and diffi- cult fituations, in feveral northern counties of Scotland. Some houfes of ftupendous appear- ance ftill remain in Rofsfhire ; but whether they are Danifh, Pidifli, or Scottish, is uncer- tain. Two columnal monuments of a very extraordinary conftrudlion, and generally afcribed to the Pidh, are ftill ftanding-, the one at Abernethy, in Perthfhire; and the other at Brechin, in Angus: each of them is hollow in the infide, and externally furniflicd with a ftair-cafe. The veftigcs of ancient Scottifti erciSlions are not only curious, but inftruftive; as they elucidate many important events of the hiftory of that people, who evidently poflcJlcd foine rude notions of fculpture, by means of which they recorded the actions of their kings and heroes. At a place called Aberlemno, near Brechin, are four or five ancient obe!i(ks, tor the purpofe of commemorating the vicWies of the Scotch over the Danes; each of whitii is adorned with bafs reliefs of men on horfeback, and many emblematical figures and hiero- glyphics unintelligible at this diftance of time. Many otlier hiltorical monuments may be traced in different places ; but the obfcurity of their fculptures having opened a field of bouiid- lefs and frivolous conjedtures, their interpretations are more frequently fanciful than juft. Scotland, however, if we except it's lakes, rivers, and mountains, affords but few natu- ral curiofities. Slains, in Aberdeenfhire, is remarkable for a petrifying cave; from the roof of which, water continually oozes through afpongy, porous rock ; and, on reaching the bot- tom, is immediately confolidated. Many other natural curiofities have intruded themfelves into the various defcriptions and hiftories of Scotland ; but as they generally owe their ex- traordinary qualities to the credulity of the vulgar, they of couric vanifti before the eye of philofophic enquiry. The commerce and manufa£lures of Scotland have for fome years paft been in a very improving ftate. After the extindlion of the rebellion of 1745, Mr. Pelham, then at the head of the Englifh adminiftration, was the firft minifter who dilcovered the true value of Scotland to the Britifl: government ; and the bounties and encouragements granted to the Scotch, for the benefit of trade and manufa£lures, during his adminiftration, made them fenfible of their own importance. Mr. Pitt followed Mr. Pelham's prudent plan; and the Scotch have fince been permitted to avail themfelves of all the benefits of commerce and manufaftures which they can rcafonably claim, either in virtue of their former independency, the treaty of union, or pofterior a6ls of parliament. The fifherics of Scotland are extremely beneficial, iiot only to that country, but to the Britjfh nation in general; but, notwithftanding the encouragement granted by govern- ment, and the fpirited exertions of individuals, they have neither been fo lucrative nor lb fuccefsful as might have been exj^e^^ted. The benefits of thefe fifheries are indeed equalled, if not exceeded, by feveral extenfive manufaiSlurcs; particularly that of iron at Carron, in Stirlingfliire. The linen manufadlure is alfo extremely flourifliing ; and that of Scotch thread is equal, if not fuperior, to any in the world. Many other manufactures he^'m to GREAT BRITAIN. m 4f7 to he c&rrlcil on with ruccefs; and, indeed, commerce ha$ lately taken fuch n rnpid turn in Scotland, that the face of the country and the manrurrs of the people have unJeigonc a coiifiderablc alteration. The current money in England and Scotland iiscxivdUy the f;imc; except that, among the vulgar ot'the latter nation, fums of money are computed by (Wunds of twenty-pence ftci- ling, and by tnarks of thirteen-pencc halfpenny each. The only order of knighthood in Scotland is that of the Thiftle ; jniHtutcd, as tlie Scottift writers aflert, during the ninth century, by Kin^ Acabus, on his concluding an offenfivr and defenfive league with Charlemagne of France. It confifts of the fovereign; and twelve companions, called Knights of the Thiftle, bearing on their enflgn this fignificant motto, ' Nemo me impune latejfa — None fhall provoke me with impunity.' By theancientconftitution of Scotland,the power ofthe king was extremely limited; and thcro wexe many checks laid ui)on him, in order to prevent his alHiming defpotic authority. But this form of government, though highly applauded by many, favoured too much of ariftu- craty to afford the common people that liberty they had a right to expecl. The king's authority, indeed, was fufticicntly reftraincd; but the nobles, chieftains, and great land- holders, had too many opportunities of opprefling and tyrannizing over their clients and ten;ints; and, in Ihort, the feudal fyftem was cxercifed in all it's horrors and barbarity. The civil principles of juftice in Scotland are in a great mcafure founded on Juftinian's Inftitutions; and the mode of proceeding in the different courts of law is much lefs vex- atious and tedious than that generally pradlfed in England. However, an appeal lies from iJie higheft court of judicature in Scotland, in matters of property, to the Houle of Lords in England. Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland, is fuppofed to have been founded by the Saxon king Edwin, whofe territories reached to the Frith of Forth ; and it is certain that it did not tall into the hands of the Scotch till the reign of Indulphus, in 953. The Caftle, before the ufe of artillery, was deemed impregnable ; and as the town was built contiguous for the benefit of receiving proteiSlion from it in time of v»rar, a more convenient fituation for a capital can hardly be conceived. The High Street of Edinburgh is one of the moft magnificent in the world, being of an uncommon length, and lined on each fide with houfcs of a furprizing elevation. It gradu- ally afcends from the palace of Holyrood Houfe on the eaft, till it is terminated on the weft by the Caftle, built on a lofty, and almoft inacceffible rock. The Palace* of Holyrood Houfe, or the Abbey, as it is fometimes called, ftands at the dif- tance of a mile from the Caftle. It's modern improvements were begun by King James V. and finiflied by Charles I. according to the plan of Sir William Bruce, a Scotch gentleman of diftinftion, and unqueftionably one of the gre»teft architefts of his age. Among other celebrated ftrudures, is that called Herriot's Hofpital, perhaps thefineft and moft regular fpecimen of archite6lure which Inigo Jones ha& left us in his Gothic ftlle ; the Univerfityi the Parliament Clofe; the High Church, dedicated to St. Giles; artd the Exchange. Parallel to the city of Edinburgh, on the north, the nobility, gentry, and capital tradef- men, have bcgui» to build a new town, on a plan which docs honour to the prefeiit age. , 5 N The f: v\ 1 I ■ 'I- I- I. if "i 4x8 EUROPEAN ISLANDS. The ftrccts r.!id fquares arc hid out with the utmoft regularity; and the hou(es are built of IJrte-ltonc, in an elegant taftc, and furnifticd with every convenience which renders thofe of England lb delightful and commodious. The fronts of fome of them, which are fuperbly finiHicd, difplay at once the tadc of the defigners and the public fpirit of the proprietors. Edinburgh is governed hy a lord provoft, four bailift*s, a dean of guild, and a trcafurer annually elected from the common-council. There are fourteen companies, or incorporated trades, each of which chufes it's own deacon. The lord proved, befides other very ex- t^nfivc powers, is colonel of the Town-guard •, a military inftitution at once honourable and beneficial, as it ferves to w:Uch the city, and patrolc the ftreets; and is befidcs extremely ufcful in fupprefEng occafional commotions, and attending the execution of capital delin- quents. Befides this guard, the city of Edinburgh maintains (ixteen companies of trained bandr, which anfwer all the purpofes of a militia. Lrith, ftanding at the diftance of two miles from Edinburgh, may be properly called the hiirbour of that city, being under the fame jurifdidion: it, however, contains nothing re* uurkable. In the vicinity of Edinburgh arc many noble feats, and others are daily ere£ling. The moll admired is that of the Earl of Abercorn, at a fmall diftance from the city; that of th« Duke of Buccleugh, at Dalkeith; that of the Marquis of Lothian, at Newbottle;,and Hope, toii-Houf.-, fo called from the curl of that name, it's owner. Roflin, fi'iiated at the diftance of four miles from Edinburgh, is famous for it's ftately Gothic chapel, founded by William St. Clair, Prince of Orkney and Duke of Oldenburg, in the year 1440; and is eftecmcd one of the moft curious pieces of vvorkmanfliip in Europe. Glafgow, the capital of die (hire of Lanerk, fituated on a gentle declivity on the banks of the Clyde, about forty-four miles weft of Edinburgh^ for population^, commerce, and opulenccj is certainly the fecond city in Scotland ; and,, as to elegance, regularity, and the beautiful materials of which it is built, it is, perhaps, the firft in Great Britain. The ftreets which intcrfcft each other at right-angles, are broad, ftraight, well-paved, and remarkably clean. The houfef, which are in general four or five ftories high, have a very grand ap- pearance; and, townrds the centre of the city, many of them are fupported by arcades, which lorm piazzas, and give the whole an air of uncommon magnificence. The Cathedral, a ftujKndous Gothic pile, upwards of fix hundred years old, dedicated to St. Mungo, or Kcn- tigern, Biftiop of Cjlafgow, during the fixth century, and divided into three churches, is adorned with a very fine fpire, and efteemcd a very nwftcrly, and evcji matchlefs fabric. The Town Houfe '\s a very ftately ftruiSture, and furnifticd with noble apartments for the ac- commodation of the magittratcs. And the Univerfity, which is efteemed the moft Ipacious and bcft built of any inScothnJ, is at prcftnt in a very flouriftiing condition. Glafgow has fever.al wcll-enJiwed hofpitals ; and is extremely well fupplied with large and commodious inns. It alfo contains fcven churches, befides upwards of ten meetings for feftaries of various denominations ; and the number of it's inhabitants has been eftimated at fifty thoufand. Aberdeen) which is unqueftionably the third city in Scotland both for improvement and GREAT BRITAIN. ^,g and population, is the capital of a fliirc to which it gives nainej and includes two fown^, New Aberdeen, and Old Aberdeen, both inde|)endent of each other. New Aberdeen, which is large and well-built, contains three churches, feveral Epifcopal meeting-houfcs, a well- frequented univerfity, and about fifteen thoufand inhabitants; and carries , -, a conliderable foreign trade. Old Aberdeen, though near a mile diftant from, is almoft united to New Aberdeen by means of a long village : it is a pretty large market-town j but has no haven. In each of the above places is a well-endowed univerfity, or college. Perth, the capital of a county bearing the fame name, is delightfully fituated on the River Tay, and carries on a confiderablc trade to Norway and the Baltic. Dundee, which lies near the mouth of the Tay, is a town of confiderablc trade, and contains about ten thou- fand inhabitants. Montrofe, Aberbrothwic^ and Brechin, lie in the county of Angus : the former enjoys a flourifliing foreign trade ; and the manuKac^tures of the other two arc in a thriving condition. Dumfries, Air, Greenock, Stirling, and Paidcy, with fcvcral other towns and boroughs of inferior note, carry on a very cxtcnfivc trade, and arc in a very im- proving ftate. The aricient Scotch entertained a peculiar pride in trufling to their own valour, rather than to fortified places, for the defence of their country. Tltis maxim, howi'vcr, was more heroical than prudent, as has often been experienced i and, iiulced, even at this time, their forts could make but a very poor refinance, if regularly attaclvcd. The cafUcs ol Edinburgh, Stirling, and Dumbarton, though formerly reputed impregnable, would not now be capable of holding out for any confiderable length of time, if bcficged by a rcfolutc army provided with proper artillery. Fort William and Fort George may be capable of bri- dling the inhabitants of their rcfpcdtivc neighbourhood; ; but neither of them can be con- fidered as places of fufficient defence airainil a foreign enemy. It appears, from the moft inconteftible authorities, that Scotland was ori^-Jnally inhabited by different tribes. The Caledonians were probably the firft inhabitants; the Piits were unqueftionably the Britons, who were forced northwards by the Belgic Gauls; and the Scots were probably a race of adventurers from the ancient Scythia, who had fervcd in tin- armies on the continent; and, as was frequently ihc cafe, communicated tluir nv\'n name to the country they had fubdued. The ancient hiftory of Scotland, however, i . in mufh in- volved in fable, that it is difficult to fix the xra of genuine narraiion. Tiif h!»>orians of that country prefent us with a feries of princes, many of v-fhom they extol for virtue, po- licy, and valour, from a much earlier period than any records will v/arrant. Paflinj^ over, therefore, the ages of romance and in\ ention, as well as tliofe perioils in v/hich the ikotiifh hiftory is by no means intercfting, we come to the reign of Edward I. of England; who being defirous of annexing Scotland to his crowii, revived Tome obfolete and abfurd claims of it's dependency upon England; and finding that Baliol, a competitor for royalty, was difpoled to hold it by that difgraceful tenure, gave him his interefl, though he afterwards dethroned and treated him as a llavc. Thus circumftanced, the Scotch had nothing to truft to but their national bravery, the mumber of their zealous patriots being but few: Edward availed himfclf of their wcak- m nefs 8 S'U 410 EUROPEAN ISLANDS. iwfe and \w (Twn power ; and having compclli-d Baliol to mikc a formal furrender of hik crowi!, coiilincJ liiin u prilbncr in England ; and committed to different prifoiw in Londuu anJ it's vicinit)', every Scotch nobleman whom he fuljictfttd of difaftcdion to his views. rh^Mo fcvcrc and arbitrary proceedings, while thty rendered this people fenfible of tlieii fla\eiv» revived in them all their wonted ideas of frcL-dom. The Scotch patriot* untlei tjK- command of the illullrious Sir William Wallace, the moft magnanimoun hero of Ins aze, coiil^ired to axpeX the English tyrants, and once more to liberate their native country fiom di-fpotifm. Wallace accordingly cjigaged the Engli(h, and totally defeated them in il-vcral battles: but being fuf^KtSled oi aiming at fovereignty, he was balely betrayed by hi* own party i and, after having performed various feats of patriotifm and glory which wcro probably never exceeded, he was barbaroufly put to death by Edward as a traitor. F.dw.inl 1. the moft ambitious and warlike monarch of his age, dying about this time, Robert Biiice, the fon of that Hruce who had been formerly a competitor with Baliul lor tlie Scoiiilh crown, cfcaping from tiie Englifh court, where he wjis a prifoner at large, torm'jd the glorirus rcfolution of vindicating his country's independency, or of dying in the .rwmpt. 'i'iic difficulties he underwent in this noble deltgn were almoA beyond the bounds ot credibility ; and the fortitude with which he bore the moft complicated ills, and the ujoft trying mibfortuiu s, will probably ever remain unique in hiftory. Though oppoled by the mull powerful army which the King of England could colletSl, he gained the fignal vi6brv -of Bannockburn in 1314, in which only thirty thoufand Scotch were drawn up in battlir array againft a body of one hundred thoufand Englifli, fifty thoufand of whom were left dead on the field of battle. The remainder of Robert's reign was a feries of the moft glorious fuccefles; and lo well did his nobility undcrftand the principles of civil and religious liberty, that, in a letter tranfmitted to the Pope, they avowed their having fet afide Baliol, on account of his hav- ing dcbafcd the crown of Scotland by holding it in fubje^tion to that of England ; and de- dared that they would treat Robert Bruce in the fame manner, if be fliould purfue a fimilar «onduus inftances of this kind which have been ad- duced by rcfpeiElablc authors, mig fecm equally as abfurd as to admit all that has been faid on the fubjedt for genuine truth. The adepts of the fecond fight, who pretend that they have certain revelations, or rather reprefentations, fwimmijig before their eyes, of events which arc to happen in tlie fpaco of a few hour;, immediately begin to prophefy; and, among many thoufands of their predictions, it v.oidd be ftrange indeed if fome fi?w of them did not take place. Though natural philofophy may be unable to account for the caufc, it is certain that the foil, both in the northern and weftern iflands of Scotland, has undergone an amazing alteration. Many of thefe iflaads evidently appear t» have been the habitations of the Druids ; Hi l^i'!' V d 1 f:: *<«; 4^ EUROPEAN ISLANDS. Druids; whofe temple?, which are ftill vifible in feveral places, were certainly furrounded by groveSjthoughafingletree is nowregarded asacuriofity. This defeiSl of vegetabk- beauty and luxuriance, however, is by no means to be imputed either to the fteriiity of the foil, or to the inclemency of the fky; but arifcs folely from the de.reafe of riches, power, and po- pulation: thofe fpots which have been properly cultiva»^jd, producing corn, vegetablch,and trees, in abundance. The ftaple commodities of thcfe iflands arc fifh and feathers ; in the latter of which articles many of the iflanders pay their rent?, fo little is the value and ufe of money known among them. Nothing, however, is wanting to render *.liem at once ornamental and beneficial to the mother-country, as well as to the inhabitar'.s, but fome little fhare of application and in- duftry on the part of the natives, and public encouragement from government. The churches, forts, and other buildings, both facred and civil, exhibit many flriking proofs of what has been already remarked; namely, that thefe iflands were formerly by far more rich and populous than they are at prefent. It would be cndlefs to recount the various veftiges of the Druidical temples ftill remaining in them; fome of which are ftupendous erec- tions, and of the fame nature as thofe of the fjamous Stoncli»nge,ncar Salifljury; while others appear to be the memorials of paiticubr perfcns or actions, and confift only of one krge ilone, in an ercdt pofition. BarrowF, as they are called in England, are extremeiv com- mon ; and the monuments of Danifh and Norwegian fortifications well dcferve the cr- amiaation of the curious antiquarian. The gigantic bones found in in.^ny graves give colour to a belief that the former inhabitants were confiderably larger than the prefent : and, from fome ancient remains, it appears fufficiently evident that the Romans were no itrangers in thefe parts. The cathedral of Kirkwall, the capital of the Orkneys, has generally been regarded as a fmgularly beautiful and magnificent fabric. It's roof is fupported by fourteen large pillars on each fide ; and it's fteeple, in which is a good ring of Lells, by four of fuperior dimen- lions. The three gates of the church are chequered with red and white polifhed ftones, embofled and elegantly flowered. But every religious ftrudture or curiofity in thefe iflands falls infinitely fliort of what the celebrated Ifle of lona, or St. Columb-Kiil, contains. We (hall not, however, enter into the hiftory or the origin of the religious ereftions on this ifland; fuffice it to fay, that it feems to have ferved as a fandltuary to St. Columba, and other holy and Ic'ned men, at a time when England, Scotland, and Ireland, vfere dcfolatcd by barbarifm. Tne church of St. Mary, in this ifland, is a beautiful fabric; and contains the bodies of many Irifh. Scotch, tnd Norwegian fovf eigns ; with feveral Gaa;lic infcriptions. The tomb of Columba, how- ever, is totally uninfcribed. The fteeple of the ch ^rch is large; the doors and windows are curioufly carved ; and the altar is compofed of the fineft marble. Indeed, the infcriptions of ancient cuftoms and ceremonies apparent in this ifland arc almoft innv .lerable ; but moft of them are either but little regarded, or \ery difficult to be explained. Some of it'smoft aftoniftiing natural curiofities,however, which had long remained undcfcribed, have lately been elucidated by Sir Jofeph Banksj who, in relating his voyage tkrough ISLES OF SCOTLAND. 4»5 througli the Hebrides in 1772, fays — ' Wo were no fooner arrived at StafFa, than we were * ftrucic with a fcene of magnificence which exceeded our expcdtations, though founded, ' as wc thought, on the moll fanguine foundations; the whole length o.' that illand being ' fupported by ranges of natural pillars, moftly above fifty feet high, flanding in natural ' colonadcs, according as the bays or points of land formed themfelves : upon a firm * bafis of folid unformed rocic, above thcfe, the ftratum which reaches to the foil orfurface ' of ti. ifland, varied in th'cknefs, as the illand itfelf formed into hills or vallies; each hill, * which overhung the columns below, forming an ample pediment ; fome of thefe above * fixty feet in thicknefs from the bafe to the point, formed by the Hoping of the hill on each * fide almoft in the Ihape of thole ufed in architetSturc.' Mr. Banks particularizes fundry other appearances in this and the neighbouring ifland, which are wholly compofed of pillars without any llratum. In fome parts of Staffa, the j)illars, iaftead of being placed upright, were obferved to lie on their fides, each forming the fegment of a circle. But the molt ftriking objedl in this field of fccnery is Fingal's Cave, which Mr. Banks tlius defcribes. ' We proceeded iUong the Ihore, treading upon another * Giant's Caufewav, every ftone being regularly formed into a certain number of fides and * angles; tUl, in a Ihort time, we arrived at the mouth of a cave, the moft magnificent, I * fuppolb, that has ever been defcribed by travellers. The mind can hardly form an idea * more magnificent than luch a fpace, fupported on each fide by ranges of columns, and ' roofed by the bottoms of thofe which have been broke off in order to form it ; between * the ani?les of which, a yellow llalagmitic matter has exfuded, which fcrves to define the * angles with precifion, and at the fame time to vary the colour with a great deal of elegance; ' and, to render it llil! more agreeable, the hole is lighted from without; fothat the fartheft ' extremity is very plainly feen froin without; and the air within, being agitated by the flux * and reflux of the tides, is perfedtiy dry and wholefome, and c.'itirely free from the damp of f vapours with which natural caverns in general abound.' •''! f V V CHAP. III. h IRELAND. IRELAND is fituated on the weft fide of England, between 6 and 10 degrees of weft longitude, and between 51 and 55 degrees of north latitude. The greateft length of this kingdom is found to be about two hundred and ninety miles, and it's greateft breadth an hundred and fixty. The name of this ifland is probably derived from a Phoenician or Gaulic term, f gnify- ing, The remoteft habitation weftward : but, to enter into a detail of the various conjec- tures which have been formed on this head, would neither-afford inftruiftiqii nor ejitertain- inent to the reader. The climate of Ireland differs very little from that of England, excepting that it is more aicift. The foil, thpughrocky, is extremely fertile where is has been properly cultivated ; j P pafturage. % f i^ -?J/T X|^ HtU/Oinl VturJTtfti^ .J3 ojarjuj -TJiri \ -. rA*M,/A f<^f Ik/m(7 ^ ►1 JM'/taifAl 2* o •n'- 2f XatmittiUr^^ t% 1 V jJWiv^' "r^ .fc/My ^at/ :H-'"*r^-, TasHe/'urt' ■■■'"' 33phia* _ ^ , ?»'<»< ./l'^.''- 'V ' P) >a'* *ZiiSvn \ ^ tlSiiiuirc '■. V-^, Oabfit) 3<*<' ^" -^ ^ V Jit rVv i" "iip II II ^ 'jiT rff ■ *^/ >v--^ jr JK^ t t \ tm " \ I) ii'li ' M > i'll I illlli > Q-aAvai- .Eil¬a. 6 -H ]^ KiIUm^ ^{3> — ^>. Jut/nuu/ocfc . M.H„.N -Jj;& lAAtdtVrt ^Wih !'*>«• p."?" ^^y j{>^' !)ii^«'/ JkvuA'/t , tamttnr J"^ § ggynfj|^«y/4«i// ^, enchanting lake?, fpacious bays, commodious harbours, havens, and creeks, which every where prefent themfelves. Among the rivers of Ireland, the Shannon, the 'Ban, the Boync, the Liffy, the Barrow, the Noer, and the Suire, arc the moft confiderable. The principal lakes arc fituated in the provinces of Ulfler and Connaught, and afford .ibmidancc of filh ; and the great Lake Neagh, which lies between the counties of Antrim, Down, anJ Armngli, is remarkable for it's petrifying qualities.' Ireland, when compared with many other countries, is far from being mountainous. The mountains of Mourne and Ifcah, in the county of Down, are reckoned among fonic of the higheft in the kingdom ; and that of Slieu-Denard has been calculated at a perpendi- cular height of one thoufand and fifty-fix yards. Ireland, however, contains fcveral otlkr mountains ; though, if we except the fabulous ftories annexed to fomc of tlicm, they are by no means remarkable. The chief forcfts in Ireland are fituated in the county of Lcinfter, the King's and Qiicen's counties, and thofe of Wexford and Carlow. In the county of Ulfter likcwife, in that of Donegall in the north part of Tyroi.o, and in tlie county of Fermanagh, arc cxtenfivc tracts of woodland, which produce fcvera! kinds of excellent timber, particularly oak, which is efteemcd equal to any of Englifti growth. The Irifli mines ivre but late difcoveries : fevcral of them, however, contain filver and lead ; and it is faid that thirty pounds of the latter will yield one pound of the former. Copper- mines, as well .as iron-ore, excellent marble, porphyry, coalr, and flatcs, have alfo been dif- covered in this kingdom. Ireland is not remarkable for any animals peculiar to itfclf. It was formerly infcflcd wiih wolves; but thefe have been long fince exterminated by their wolf-dogs, which are much larger than maflifFs, fhapcd like grc) hounds, and gentle and tr.i£table as fpaniels. This kingdom has been fuppofed by fome to contain about a million and a half of inlia- bitants ; but this calculation is certainly exaggerated : for, if we confider the vaft numbers ■which have been cut off in war, and the emigrations ■w^ich arc daily taking place, it's popu- lation cannot furely be in a very flourifhing condition. With regard to the national charafter of the Irifli, the prefent defcendants of the abo- rigines are ignorant, uncivilized, and violent in all their affedlions, to a very high degree; but the other inhabitants, who principally derive their extradtion from Englifti and Scotch adventurers, pofiefs almoft the fame qualities and peculiarities. The common Irifli, in their manner of living, feeni to refemble the ancient Britons, as dcfcribed by the Roman writers. They in'abit mean huts raifed with clay and ftraw, and partitioned r !i IRELAND. 427 partitioned in the middlo hy walls of tiie fame material. In one of tliefe rooms the family live promifcuouny; and the other is generally occiipit.'d hy a cow, which conftitiites a prin- cipal part of thi,'ir wealth. Their ul'ual t'f^oi cunfiils of coarfe bread, potatoes, eggs, milk, and fometimes fifli ; and their children, who uiC generally plump, robuft, and hearty, and fcarcely know either the ufe or want of cloaths, arc not aflianicd to appear in the public roads and to gaze on ftrangers in that primitive manner. Thus immerled in indolence an4 mifjry, many tJunifandj have been loft to tlie community and to tliemfelves; who, had they been trained up to a knowledge of religion, and inured to diligence and labour, would have been a credit to themfclvcs, as well as an advantage to the public. The defccndants of the Scotch and Englilh, fince the conqueft of Ireland by Henry II. though not the moil numerous, form the wealthieft part of the Irifh nation: andthefe confift of the greateil part of the nobility, gentry, and principal trader?, who inhabit the eaftern and northern coafts, where moft of the trade of Ireland is carried on. The gentry, in gene- ' ral, difl'er little, either in their language, dreft, or manners, from thofe of the fame rank in Britain, whom they clofely imitate. Their hofpitality is well known ; though they have often been fufpefled of oftentation in the exercife of this virtue. The ecclefiailical difciplinc and eftabliflied religion of Ireland are exaftly the fame with thofe of England. In the more uncultivated parts, the bulk of the people are Roman Ca- tholic; , ieeply tindlured with the moft abfurd and illiberal maxims of that perfuafion ; and ftill retain their nominal biftiops and dignitaries, who fubfift on the voluntary contributions of their votaries. However, the blind fubmiflion of the latter to their clergy does not pre- vent Proteftantifm from making a very rapid progrefs in their towns and communities. Ireland contains at Icaft as many feiStaries as England; particularly Prefbyterians, Baptifts» and Qi_iakers; v/ho arc .nil tolerated. The arclibifhnprics of Ireland arc four, viz. Armagh, Dublin, Cafliel, and Tuam. The biftioprics are eighteen, viz. Clogher, Clonfert, Cloync, Cork, Derry, Down, Dromore, tlphin, Kild.ire, Killaloe, Leighlin, Limerick, Killala, Meath, Oflbry, Raphoe, Kilmore, and WatcrforJ. The Iridi hingitage is fundamentally the fame with the Britifh and Welfh, andadialeft of the Celtic, ufed by the Scotch Highlanders oppofite the Irifh coafts ; and, though in a great mcafure defaced by provincial alterations, the Irifti, Wclfli, and Highlanders, are ne- verthclefs ftill intelligible to each other. Learning fsems to have been cultivated in this country at a very early period: and fome of the Irifh writers have roundly aflerted, that their countrymen, from the remoteft periods of antiquity, were a polifhed people, and that they might with propriety be called the Fa- thers of Letters. However that may be, it is certain that the Irifli fcholars of St. Patrick ^ made fuch progrefs in the principles and praftice of Chriftianity, that Ireland fupplied ahnoft every part of Europe at that time with learned and pious men. In more modern times, the Irifh have produced fome few charafters who defervedly ftand high in the republic of letters : Archbiftiop Ufher is an honour to literature itfelf ; Dean Swift has, perhaps, never been equalled in the walks of wit, humour, and fatire ; the fprightlinefs of Farquhar's genius is well known to all lovers of the drama : and, among the men of moft diftinguifhed i r i! k f 4^ r.UROPEAN ISLANDS. diftinguifhcd gfnius whom Ireland has I.)t<-Iv pioiluctd, the n;inics of Steele, BcrUcy, Par- ncl, Sterne, and GoIJdnith, ought not t(» be palled over in lilcnce. The only univcrfity in Ireland is that of Trinity College, which was founded and en- dowed by Q^icen Elizabeth; and, fince her rei^n, has from time to time received confulna.. ble benefac'tions and au;j;mentations. The prnvoftftiip is fuppofed to be worth three thou- fitnd pounds a year; and the college potietles the power of cojiferring degrees in all the aits and faculties. Ireland contains but few antiquities or natural curiofuies. The moofe-deer r.re thought to have been formerly natives of this iiland, from tlieir horns having been dug up in different parts; particularly one pair, which was nearly eleven feet from the tip of the right-horn to that of the left. But the greateft natural curiofity in Ireland is the (ii;int's Caufcway, in the county of Antrim, about eight miles from Colerain, dcfcribed by Dr. Fo- coclcc, late Bilhop of (^ilbry, an ingenious antiquary, and a philofophic traveller; who in- forms us, that he meafured the moft wellerly point at high-water, to the diftancc of thuc hundred and fixty foct from the cliff; but was told, that at low- water it extended fixty ftet farther upon a dufccnt, till it was lofl in the fea. Upon meafuriiig the eaftern point, he /ound it five hundred and forty feet from the cliff; and law as much more of it as ol the other, where it winJs to the calt, and, like that, is loft in the ocean. * The Caufeway,' fiys tlu' bilhop, ' is compofed of pillars, all of angular (hapcs, fnm * three fides to eight. 'I'hc eaftern point, where it joins the rock, terminates in a ptrpt-n- * dicular cliff, formed by the upright fides of the pillars, fome of which are thirty-three feet * four inches high. Each pillar confifts of feveral joints or ftones, lying one upon another ' from fix inches to about one foot in thicknefs; and, what is very ."".ngular, fome of thele * joints are fo convex, that their prominences are nearly quarters of fpheres, round each i.f * which is a ledge, which holds them together with the greateft firmnefs, every ftone btii'ir * concave on the other fide, and fitting in the moft exa^t manner the convexity of the iip|)i.r * part of that beneath it. The pillars are from one to two feet in diameter, and jicntMlly * confift of about forty joints, moft of which feparate very eafily; and a perfon may \v;iik * ;Uong upon the top of the pillars as far as the water's edge. * This, however, is not the moft fingular part of this extraordinary curiofity; the cliff* * themfelvcs being ftill more furprizing. From the bottom, which is of black ftone, to * the height of about fixty feet, they are divided, at equal diftances, by ftripes of a reddilh * ftone, refembling a ciment, about four inches in thicknefs. Upon this there is another * ftratum of the fame black ftone, with a ftratum five inches thick of the red. Over tliis * lies another ftratum ten feet thick, di\ ided in the fame manner ; then a ftratum of the red * ftone, twenty feet deep; and above that a ftratum of upright pillars: above thefe pillars * lies another ftratum of black -ftone, twenty feet high; and, above this again, another ftra- * turn of upright pillars, rifing in fome places to the tops of the cliffs, in others not fo high, « and in others again above it, where they are called the chimoics. The face of thefe cliffs * extends about three Englifti miles.' The cavities, romantic piofpcds, cataraf^g, and other pleafing and furprixing natural objedts, to be met with in Ireland, are too numerous to be called rarities. As to the arti- ficial curiofuies, the chief are the round pharos, or ftone-towers, found upon the coafts, ami fuppofed IRELAND. 4«# fuppofcd to have been built by the Danes and Norwegians, who made ufe of them as fpy- towery, light-houfcs, or beacons. The Irifh trade, notwithftanding the very liberal footing on which it has lately been cftabliflied, is far from being in a flourifliing condition; probably from the want of capital in the merchants to carry on a very extenfive traffic to advantage, and that military mad- nefs which feems to pervade all ranks. The linen manufadurc, however, is carried on with credit and fuccefs, though the Scotch are very formidable rivals to the Irifh in that branch of trade. Before the reign of Henry VIII. the king of England's title was no more than Lord of Ireland: however, that monarch afTumed the title of King, which was recognized by adls of parliament of the fame reign. But as England and Scotland are now one and the fame kingdom, thougli they differ with refpeft to their municipal laws ; fo England and Ireland are diftindl kingdoms, though they in general agree in their civil inftitutions : for, after the con- queft of Ireland by Henry f I. the iuws of England were received and fworn to by die Irifh nation aflijmbled at the council of Lii'niorc. And as Ireland, thus conquered, planted and governed, flill continued in a ftate of dependence, it was deemed neccflary thnt itfhouldbe obliged to conform to fuch laws as the fupcrior (late thought proper to prefcribe; but after the people of Ireland began to feel their own importance, and the manifold diftrefles of Bri> tain rendered her unable to contend with them about the minutia; of prerogative, the Britifh p.irliament found it expedient to repeal an ad which had been pafled in the reign of George I. by which it was declared that tl>e kingdom of Ireland ought to be fubordinatc to, and de- pendent on, the imperial crown of Great Britain, as being infeparably united thereto. The conftitution of Ireland, with refped to diltributive juftice, is nearly the fame as that of England. A chief governor, under the title of Lord Lieutenant, is fent over from Eng- land by the king, whom he rcprefents. He has a council compofed of the great officers of the crown; namely, the chancellor, treafurer, and fuch of the archbifhops, earls, bifhops, barons, judges, and gentlemen, as his majcfly is pleaied to nominate. The parliament, con- fifting of a Houfc of Lords and Commons, is convened by the king's writ, and forms the fuprerae national court; but all laws enafted by the Irifh parliament mufl be fent to Eng- land for the royal approbation, in order tt> their becoming valid. The public revenues of Ireland arife from hereditary and temporary duties, of which the king is the truflee for applying them to particular purpofcs. But, befides thefe duties, there is a private revenue arifmg from the ancient demefne lands, from forfeitures for treafon and felony, prifage of wines, light-houfe duties, and a fmall part of the cafual revenue, not granted by parliament. The whole revenue is fuppofed to exceed half a million fterling j r.bout 70,0001. of which is granted in penfions, and a great part to abfentees: however, large fums are alfo voted by their own parliament, for the improvement of their country, and the civilization of it's inhabitants. The coins of Ireland are at prefent of the fame denominations and forms as thofc of Eng- land, except that an Englilli {hilling pafTes in Ireland for thirteen-pence. Ireland maintains a coniiuerable body of troops, who have often baen of lingular fervice 50. to I '■ -m 430 EUROPEAN ISLANDS. to England; and tliis force is now greatly incrcafcJ by the many volunteer aflbciatcd com- panies which have lately been forimJ in that kiti^doni. The only "'■Jcr of knighthood in Irrland ib that of St. Patrick, inflitutcd in 1783, by letters patent pafled under the great ng;_ land occjifionaliy invaded their territories, and Irarraflcd tiieir coalls; and, about the year 798, the Danes and Kalbrlings made fomcconfidc.able f^ttlemaits on the coalls of Ireland,. and ercdled the firll Hone edifices which had been f.cnin that kin^doin. During the twelfth century, Henry II. of England formed a dt lign of entirely fuhjugating Irelatid, and annexing it to his own dominions; for efl'edting which, the diflenfions of tluc Irifh princes furnifhed him with the moft plaufdilc pretences. He, however, met with a powerful oppofition; but having reduced by force of arms fcveral of the ftrongeit towns, and having received the fubmiflion of fomc of the Irifh princes, he declared himfelf paramount fovereign of Ireland: fincc which time, ihoub" various revolutions and rebellions have in- tervened, this country has Uill remained annexed to the crown of England. Indeed, the dc|)endcnce of Ireland upon CJrcat Britain at prefent appears to be but very flight. The Irilh have lately aflcrted their liberties, and gained their point; but, ftill hurried on by the innov-iting fpirit of univerfal reformation, and unable to difcriminate between illiberal rc- llridions and unbounded toleration, they are likelv to injure the caufe for which they con- tend: and, inttead of enjoying the privileges the; liavc recently gained, they are ftill grafp- inj at imaginary advantages ; which, if acquired, would probably not anfwcr any fidutary purpofe. CHAP. IV. ISLE OF MAN. THIS ifland, lying in St. George's Channel, almoft at an equal diflance from the king- doms of England, Scotland, and Ireland, has been confidered by fome as the Mona of Tacitus, though that name fcems properly referred to the Ifle of Anglcfey, on the coaft of Wales. The Ifle of Man is about thirty miles long, and from fifteen to eighteen broaJ ; and, in the centre, it's latitude is 54 degrees 16 minutes north. The air is extremely falubrious; and, allowing for the fituation, pretty much ±e fame as in the north of England, from whicH indeed it differs very little in any refpeft. The mount.ainous parts are fterile; but the champain are fertile in wheat, barley, oats', rye, flax, hemp, roots, and pulfe. The ridge of mountains which divides the ifland both protects and fertilizes the vallics. The whole ifland abounds with mines of copper, lead, and iron; and with quarries of marble, flatc, and ftonei b»tii» general they aje all equally difregarded. Man El > jij ♦3* EUROPEAN ISLANDS. r';^ i. Man contains fjventeen parifhes : and four towns on the fea-confts ; Caftle-town, the metropolis of the ifland, and the feat of it's government; Peeic, which, of late years, has begun to flourifh ; Douglas, which has the beft market, and carries on the moft exteniivc Tade of any town in the iilnnd ; and Ramfcy, which has liicewifc a confiderable commerce, on account of it's fpacious bay, in which velTels may ride fafc from all winds, except the north-eaft. While tii;' Scandinavian rovers infelted the fcas, this ifland was their rendezvous, ?nd ift it their chief force was colleded ; and from thence they annoyed the Hebrides, Great Bri- tain, and Ireland. The kings of Man are often mentioned in hillory ; and thouc;h we have no regular account of their fucceflion, and few of th'^ir names have been handed down to pofterity, it is an unqucftionable truth that, for fome ages, they were mafters of the furrounding feas. However, about the year 1263, Alexander II. King of Scotland, laid claim to the fuperiority of Man ; and obliged Owen, or John, it's king, to acknowled« him as lord paramount. From that time .t fccms to have continued tributary to tiieScot- tifli crown, till it was reduced by Edward I. of England. Still, however, we find the pofterity of it's ancient Danifh princes cxcrcirng iiiternal ju.:-ihabitaius folely depend on the protection of his Daniih Majcfty, who draws from them an annual revcDuv of about thirty thuul'uiid crowns. CHAT. XII. FARO ISLES. THESE iflnnds, which arc about twenty-four in number, and lie between 6i and 61 degrees north latitude, and between 5 and 7 degrees weft longitude from London receive their name from their lying in a clufter, and the inhabitants ferrying from one to another. They are fituated on the weftward of Norway, having Shetland pnd the Orkneys on the fouth-eaft, and Greenland and Iceland on the north and north-weft. They belong to Denmark: but the revenues arifing from them are very inconfiderable; and their whole number of inhabitants is fuppofed to amount to no more than four or five thoufand. CHAP. XIII. DANISH BALTIC ISLES. TH E moft confiderable iflands in the Baltic belonging to Denmark are thofe of Zealand, Funen, Alfcn, Falfter, Langland, Laland, Femeren, Mona, and Bornholm. Zealand, fituated at the entrance of the Baltic, is the largeft i being fcvcnty miles in length, and about fixty-five in breadth. Mr. Wraxhall defcribes this ifland as prefenting, during the winter feafon, a moft dreary and uninviting profpe£V, being then entirely covered with deep fnow; but, during the ftiort iummer with which it is vifited, it exhibits a moft agreeable appearance, being every where level, and covered with corn and wood. The foil of Zealand, which is pretty fertile, produces exceeding fine barley; as well as plen- tiful crops of oats, of which great quantities are exported. It contains many fertile meadows of beautiful verdure ; and fome wotxis of oak and beech, abounding with game : but, in the vicinity of Copenhagen, very little timber is to be feenj and the inhabitants are confcquently fubjcited to many difficulties in procuring fuel. In this ifland are fevcral lakes; fome of which are extenfive, and well ftocked with fifti. Funen, which is about fifty miles long, and forty-five broad, lies between the Great and Little Belt, and received it's name from it's beauty and fertility; Funen, or (as the Danes call it) Fyen, being fynonymous to our Englifli epithet Fine. The whole ifland is extremely well cultivated ; and produces plentiful crops of grain, confiderable quantities of which arc exported. The M SWEDISH BALTIC ISLES. 42^ The principal towns in the Ifland of F'uncn arc thofe of Niburg and Odrnfec. The other illaiil. in the Baltic appendant on the Danifli trown, contain nothing worthy of notice; bcin^i, final! and inconfuiciabk', both with iclpjdi to p;)puIation and cultivation. The foil, however, is in genera! the fame as in tijole julc dcfcribedj and tiie teinperatiuc of the climate admits of but little variation. CHAP. XIV. SWEDISH BALTIC ISLES. THE principal illes in the Baltic Sea belonging to the crown of Sweden are thofe of Got'iland, Aland, and Rugen. Tlie Ifland of Gothland is nearly one hundred and eight miles long, though only thirty-fix at it's extreme breadth. From it's convenient fituation, it acquired the name of the Eye of the Baltic ; and was formerly [governed by it's own king, and had laws and privileges pe- culiar to itfclf. The inhabitants fubfift by agriculture, grazing, fifliing, navigation, and feveral mechanic trades. According to a late geographer, the peafants fell none of their commodities to the inhabitants of towns; but, when any one of them comes to market, he applies to a burgher, who furnifhes him with every necefTary, and gives him money to dif- charge all taxes; wlule the peai'ant, on his part, delivers up to the burgher a!I the produce of his induftry, without making any Ilipulations: and thus both parties proceed according to the dictates of natural jurtlce and equity. Wifby, formerly one of tlie Hanfe-towns, is the only place worthy of notice in this ifland. It had once an extenfive and flourifhing trade; and it's maritime laws were anciently la famous, that they were univerfally adopted throughout the Baltic. The other iflands belonging to Sweden are too inconfiderable to be attended to. C H A P. XV. RUSSIAN BALTIC ISLES. THE only iflands in the Baltic belonging to Ruflla, which commonly fall under the no- tice of geographers, are thofe of Ofel ;ind Dagho. Ofel, which is fituated at the entrance of the Gulph of Riga, is eighty-four miles long, and between fixteen and eighteen miles broad. It formerly belonged to the Grand-mafter of the Teutonic order of knighthood, but without prejudice to the crown of Denmark's pre- tenflons to it. At laft the knights furrcndcrcd it up to the Danes, who ceded it to the Swedes ; and the latter, by the treaty of Nyftadt, gave it up to Ruflia. Dagho feems to be very little known; as we are furniflied with no accounts of this ifland which are worthy of being recorded. .CHAP. iiil EUROPEAN ISLANDS. I ' CHAP. XVI. PRUSSIAN BALTIC ISLES. HIS Prufllan Mnjcfty poflclTes two fmall iflands in the Baltic; namely, UfcUom .in>l Wollin. The Ifland of Ufcdom, commanding the navigation of the Peonc, the Uclcer, and the Oder, is bounded on the north by the Baltic ; on the eaft by the ftrait called the Swiii, which feparatcs it from the Ifland of Wollin; on the fouth, by the Frifchen Haff; and, on the weft, by the Acher Water. It is about five German miles in length, but difproportiona- bly narrow. The only places of any importance in this ifland arc Ufcdom a fmall town with an olJ caftlc; and Fenemunder-Schanze, fituated on the north extremity of the ifland, which it entirely commands. The Ifland of Wollin lies near the former; and is about twenty EngliOi miles in circum- ference. It produces excellent pafturagc, with plenty of game and fifli ; but, from the lowncfs of it's fituation, is frequently in danger of being overflowed. Wollin town is HtuateJ near the ftrait to which it gives lume ; over which is a bridge, which unites the ifliUiJ with Pomerania Anterior. CHAP. xvn. MEDITERRANEAN ISLES. MAJORCA. Til E Ifland of Majorca, fituated about eighty miles from the Spanifli coaft, is the largcft of the Balearic lilands, being fixty miles long, and about forty-five broad. It is di- vided into two parts : that towards the north and weft, though not barren, is very moun- tainous; while that part of it wiiich lies to the fouth and caft, is beautifully level, and laid out in corn-fickls, orchards, and vineyards. The air of Majorca is temperate and fa'.uhrious ; and thon?h the ifland is in gencr.il well fupplicd with water, and yields a proportionable cpiantity both of animal and vegetable pro- ductions, th2 cxcellive droughts to which it is fubje^t frequently occafion a confideruble fcarcity. In tlieir manners and cuftoms, the inhal-itants of ?.Iajorca rcfemble the Spaniards, but particularly the Catalonians. Perfcns ot" dilHn.^li<)n fpeait the Spanifh language; but that of the common people is a medley of Spanidi, Latin, ar.d Limcfn; which laft is a miNtuieof French, Greek, and Arabic. Majorci, MAJORCA. 441 Majorca, the capital, (lands on the weft fide of the ifland, on a bay between two capes, 111 39 degrees 40 niiniifes north latitude, and in 2 degrees 4.6 minutes eaft longitude; being an extenfive and ftately town, fortified in the modern ftilc, and delightfully fituatcd. It is honoured with a roya! audience, an univerfity, and a court of inquifition i and contains about ten thoufand iniiabitants. C II A P. XVIII. MINORCA. THE ifland of Minorca, which is fitiiated about fifty miles north-caft of Majorca, is nearly thirty inilos long, and twcivc broad. The fouth fliorc is fmooth; but, towards the north, it becomes very rugged : and the whole iflanJ, though interfpcrfed with fomc fer- tile vallies, may be confidered as mountainous. The air is moift; and the heat is not very intenfe in fummcr, nor the cold very fcvcre in winter. The foil is not remarkably fertile ; and, from the extreme hardnefs of the water, nephritic diforders are very frequent. Salt, which is one of the moft profit-ible commodities of this ifland, is prepared by the influence of the fun in the cavities between the rocks. Some of the wine is efteemed ex- cellent; and the inhabitants are faid to difpofe of as much annually as amounts to near thirty thoufand pounds fterling. Fifh are caught in great plenty in the liir'ounding feas; and, indeed, the land produitions are pretty numerous and valuable : corn, however, the moft eflcntial article of domcftic confumpiion, as well as many other conveniences and even luxuries of life, are obliged to be imported from other countries. The natives, from the l-arcity of farinaceous food, fubfift principally on vegetables. They arc extremely rond of dancing; and have a natural turn for t}ie kindred arts of mufic and poetry, the very pcafants frequently challenging each other to a competition in difplaying their muficil and poetical talents. They are alfo faid to have been, from very remote antiquity, famous for their (kill in the ufe of flings; the Balearic Slingers, natives of this ifland, being mentioned in hiftory as having aflifted in ftveral illuftrious engagements during the exiftence of the Roman and Carthaginian republics : the prefent inhabitants, who feem to retain a confiderable fliare of the dexterity of their anceftors, ftill command their cattle with flings ; but, being averfe to induftry, they negled majiy advantages which might be derived from commerce and agriculture. Port Mahon is defended by the caftle of St. Philip ; and works of great ftrength are cut out of the rocks, on account of it's being efteemed one of the moft commodious harbours in Europe: it's entrance, however, is fomewhat difficult; but, on the infide, it is land- locked, and perfedHy fccure from all tempefts. Near it lies the little trading town of Ma- hon, from whence it takes it's name. Citadella, which is efteemed the capital of the whole ifland, contains about fix hundred houfcs. Is the feat of the governor, and is excellently fortified. 5 T The r'.\ it I 44* EUROPEAN ISLANDS. F^ The Fftgtifli took this ifland from the Spaniards in 1708 j after which It was confirmed to them by the treaty of Utrecht. But having been inv.'.ded by the French in 1756, iidcr « very brave rcfiftance under Genera! Blakcnty, the garrifon was obliged to furrcndcr, thv* French having inverted Fort St. Phihp v.ith an army of fifteen thouf.md men well provjHcii with every Icind of military llores: however, it was rcflorcd to the KngliJli by the jxacc of Paris m 1763; from whom it has been again wrclled, after a no Icfs vi^jorous dcftiKx, hj the Spaniards. CHAP. XIX. IVICA. THE Ifland of Ivicn, or Yrica, which appears to be the Ebufus of antiquity, liej fifty-iix miles fouth-welt of Majorca, and is about five miles long, and lour broad. The foil is not naturally fterilc; but is very little cultivated, on account of the fujKrior ad- vantages which ihe natives derive from the profccution of the fait trade. It produces pincf, and fruit-trees of various kinds. Ivica, the capital, is fortified in the modern manner ; but retains few veftigcs of that fplendorfor which it was celcbratei! in the time of the Romans and Carthaginians. It i?» however, ftill the refidcnce of a governor ; from whofc dccifions appeals lie to the Royal Audience at Majorca, as being alfo an api^ndant of the crown of Spain. CHAP. XX. CORSICA. THE Ifland of Corfica lies oppofite to the Genoefe continent, between the Gulph of Genoa and the Ifland of Sardinia; and is more celebrated for the noble ftand which the inhabitants lately made, under (jcneral Paoli, for the prefervation of their libertcs againft the Genoefe tyrants, and afterwards againft the bafe and ungenerous efforts of the French to enflave them, than for any natural or adventitious advantages. However, though moun- tainous and woody, it produces corn, wine, figs, almonds, chefnuts, olives, and other fruits : it has alfo fome cattle and horfes; is plentifully fuppiied both with fea and frefh-water fifli; and the inhabitants are faid to amount to one hundred and twenty thoufand. Baftia, the capital, is a place of fome ftrength j but the other towns of the ifland, thougli fomc of them have at times made a refolute defence for the prefervation of their liberty, are but poorly fortificdi CHAP. SARDINIA. 443 C H A P. XXI. SARDINIA. THE Inaiul of Sanliiiia, wlii^h gives a royal title to the Duke of Savoy, lies about one huiiJicd aiul fifty miles weft of Leghorn. From the number of m.-irflies and morafles wliich ovcrfprcad the face of the country, tl.e air is cxtrcmcl) infp.lubrioiis. It is computed that his Sardinian Miijelly's revenues arifiiig from tliis ifland, though it yields plenty of corn and wine, and li.is a coral fifh' ry, i!j not exceed five thoufand pounds fterling annually. Cagliari, the ci'pif.il, the (eat of ,. viceroy, an archbifliopric, and an univerfity, ftands on a large bay of '.he fame name on the fnilh part of the ifland, in 39 degrees 25 minutes north latituJj, ami in 9 degrees 5_i minutes -jaft longitude. It has a lecure and commodi- ous harbour, tapal;!c of receiving a gr;Mt numb.r of iLips of burdenj and is defended by a cafHe. 'l"he caihtdial is a Mioft magnificent fabric, cncruftcd with marble; and is adorned, both internally and cxtcrn.i'ly, with the fiiu-ft architecture, fculpture, and pauuings. Sardinia W.1S formerly amuxed to the crown of Sp'.in: but, at the peace of Utrecht, it WAS ceded to the Kmperor j and, in 17 19, to th'j Iljufe of Savoy. i ■r CHAP. XXII. SICILY. TlIK Ifland of Sicily, wliich was once regarded as the granary of the world, flilj con- tinues to fuppiy Niiplc.-, and many other kingdoms, v.ith corn; but it's cultivation, and confcquentiy it's fertility, is by no means at prefent in a very flourifhing ftate. It's ve- getable, mineral, and animal productions, being nearly the fame vvich thofe of Italy, we fliall and corn; aH of them n.- Caodit, CANDIA. 447 Candia, the capital, is more illuflrious in hiftory for the memorable ftcge it fuflaincd thin for any efforts of architefture or remains of antiquity it now contains. Compared with this Aege, that of Troy finks into nothing. The Turks inverted it in the beginning of the vear 1645 ; and it's Venetian garrifon, after bravely defending itfclf till the latter end oi September 1669, at laft made an honourable capitulation. This fiege is faid to have coft the Turks one hundred and eighty thoufand men, and the Venetians eighty thoufand. Canea, the ancient Cydonia, the fecond city of rank in this Uland, (lands on the northern coaH j and is fuid to contain about twenty tlioufand inhabitants. CHAP. XXVIII. NEGROPONT. THE Iflaiid o;'NcgTopont, to wliich the ancients gave the name of Euboea, ftrctchcs from the louth-cail to the north-weft on the eaftcrn coaft of Achaia. It is ninety miles long, and twenty-five broad. Though the tides on the coafts are extremely irregular, and the navigation of courfe dangerous, the Turkifli gallies are moored in the vicinity. The il'aiid itfeif i> ver,- fertile; producing corn, wine, fruits, and cattle, in fuch abundance, that everv kind of fubfidcnce is both plentiful and cheap. The principal towns are, Ncgropont, called by the Greeks Egripos, fituatedon the fouth- wcfl- coaftof the ifland, on the narroweft part of tho ftraitj and Caftle Ivoflb, the ancient Carvftua. CHAP. XXIX. DELOS. THOUGH Dclos is not above fix miles in circumference, it is one of the moft cele- brated of all the Grecian iflands, having been the reputed birth-place of Apollo and Dia:'-a: tlie m.igniticent ruins of whofc temples are (till viiible. At prefent, however, this illand is almolt detiituteof inhabitants. Round Dclos he the Cyclades, in a circle; but they arc too infignificant to merit a de- fcription. C H A P. XXX. l>AROS. PAROS, the ancient Platen, which is a weH-cnlfivftte^ l/lan^, abont thlrt>'-fix mllw in circumferciKC, is pnncipally famous for it's Aftt Whitf martlCj Wid for Ac eminent fculptors k has produced, * 7 his 448 EUROPEAN ISLANDS. This ifland was once opulent and powerful ; but, at prefent, it fcarccly contains fifteen hundred fomilics. The celebrated antiques, called the Chroniclcsi of Paros, (marbles charc;«d with Greek infcriptions of nobic Uetds performed in this ifland) were piirchafcd in 1627 by Howard Earl of Arundel ; who, in 1667, prcfentcd them to the Univcrfiry of OxInrJi and from the noble donor they have received the name of the ArundcHxn Marbles. 'I Uvk infcriptions, which form the mod autlientic pieces of ancient chronology, and were carvoii two hundred and ilxty-four years before the Chrillian sera, include a period of above thnc hundred year-. Like all the other Greek ifland?, Paros contains the moft flriking and magnificent ruiub of antiquity. CHAP. XXXI. PATMOS. THE Wand of Patmos, to which the moderns indifcriminatcly give the n^mes of I'>).. tino, Palmora, or I'almofa, is placed by fome geographers in Europe, and by others in Afia. It is about eighteen miles in circumference; and contains one confiderable town, in the middle of which flands the caAle, called the Monaftery of St. John, inhabited by two hundred Greek monks. St. John the Evangelift is faid to have written the Apocalypfe during his exile in this ifland. In the church belonging to the monks, the botly of this faint is pretended to be care- fully preferred in a cife ; and, according to the legend, the cave is ihewn in which he (a: an I wrote by divine inl'piiation. The inhabitants of this ifland, amounting to about three thoufand, arc all of the Chridi.in perfuafion, though tributary to the Turks. The foil, which is cxcccdinuly dry and rock\, M'ith ditKculty produces fubliftcncc for it's fcanty inhabitants. C H A P. XXXil. CO LOUR I. #TpHE Ifland of Colouri, the Salamis of the ancients, lies toi'irds the bottom of the •*■ Gulph of Engia, being about fifty miles in circumference. ()n the wc(l fide it is fur- nifhed with a fpacious harbour of an oval figure ; near which rtands a town, bearing the name of the ifland, extremely infignificant, though at prefent deemed the capital. This ifland is tamous in hiltory for the important vidtory gained over Xerxes, Emiwror of Pcrfui, by the Grecian fleet commanded by Thcmillocl^s : but very few vcltiges of the ancientcity of Salamiii are now dilcenuble.. C II A P. NIXIA, 449 CHAP. XXXIII. NIXIA. NI XI A, known to the ancients by the name of Naxos, which is a hundred and twenty miles in circumference, is themoft fertile of all the iflands in the Archipela.<;o ; and it's wine IHII maintains it's original charatHer of excellence. The plains arc covered v/ith trees of citron, orange, olive, pomegranate, and fig. It is celebrated for producing a kind of green marble, fpcckltd with white, called by the Greeks ophites. 'riiis illand contains between forty and fifty villages; and one principal town, fituateJ on. the fouth fidj of the ifland, and defended by a caftle of confiderable rtrength. On a rock near the fea, and within a fmall diftance of the town, ftands a large and beautiful marble por- tal, amidll a heap of marble and granite fragments, (uppofed to be the remains of an ancient, temple dedicated to Bacchus. CHAP. XXXIV, CERIGO. THE Ifland of Cerigo, or C\tlierea, fituatcd between Candia and the Morca, is about ten miles in circumfjrcnce, but rocky and mountainous. It was celebrated bv the ancients th: having been the favourite refidence of Venus j but does not, atprcfent, contain any thing worthy of being recorded. C H A P. XXXV. SANTORIN. SANTO R I N, one of the moft fonthern iflands in the Archipelago, was formetly called Califta, anil afterwards Thera. Though apparently covered with pumicc-ftones, it nevcrthclcfs prt»duccs bancv, wine, and fome wheat. It's inhabitants amount to about ten thoiif.u.'d ; a third part ol vvhom profefs the tenets of the Latin Church, and are fubjccl to a Ron\ui Rifliop. "Near this ifland another of the fame naine made it's appearance in 1707, accompanied by an earthquake, mott dreadful thunder and lightning, and an ebullition of (lie ii-.. for fc\-cral da vs fucccfiively : and, when it firft emerged from the level of the waves, it was a mere volcano, though the burnit>ji fuon ccaltd. It is about two hundred feet above the fuif.icc ot 5 X the ''I 45« EUROPEAN ISLANDS. the fca ; and was formerly only about five miles in circumference, though it has fince tli.n time confiderably increafed. Several other iflands in the Archipelago appear to have had a fimilar original with that which we have juft defcribed, though the fea in their vicinity is obferved to be in general unfathomable. Thefe ftupendous works of Providence, which have long engaged the at- tention of philofophical enquirers, are perhaps infcrutable by human fagacity. A NEW NEW SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY. ; I. AMERICA. ^ H I S vaft continent, which was added to the terraqueous globe through the perfevcr- I ing fpirit and unconquerable refolution of Chrillopher Columbus, a native of Genoa, in 1492, is frequently denominated the NewWor'.d. It extends from the 80th de- gree of north latitude to the 56th degree of fouth latitiide ; and, in thofe parts where it's breadth has been afcertained, from the 35th to the 136th degree of weft longitude from Lon- don : ftretching between eight and nine thoufand miles in length ; it's greateft breadth being three thoufand fix hundred and ninety miles. The inhabitants of America fee bothhcmifphercs; have two fummers with a double winter; and enjoy all the varieties of climate which the earth affords. America is waftied on the eaftward by the vaft Atlantic Ocean, which divides it from Europe and Africa; and, on the weftward, by the Pacific or Great Soutli Sea, which fcparates it from Afia ; by which means it prefervcs a commi.nication with the three other quarters of the globe. It is compofed of two great continents . the one on the north ; and the other on the fouth, united by the kinirdom of Mexico, which forms a fort of ifthmus one thoufiuid five hundred miles in length; being inonc part, (atDarien) fo extremely narrow, :.s to render an artificial jumStion of the two fcas by no means difficult. In the great guiph which is formed between the ifthmus ana the northern and fouthern continents, lie a multitude of illands, many of them large, and moft of them fertile, denominated the Weft Indies, in contradiftindion to the countries and illands of Afia which occupy the caftern part of the globe. Though America ia general is not a hilly country, ii; neveithelcfs contains I'omc of the largcft 452 AMERICA. Inrgcd mountains in the worlJ. In South America, the Andes, or Cordilleras, run from north to fouth along the coa(b of the PaciHc Ocean; aiul exceed in len«th any chain of mountains on the globe, extending four thoufand three hundred miles from the Jfthmus of Dnricn to the Straits of Magellan: nor is their height Icfs ailonifliing than their leninh ■ f(>r, though partly 1\ ing within the torriJ zone, their fummits arc perpetually covered with fnow. In North America, which is chicflv compofcd of gentle afcent>., or hw] plains, there are no C(MifiderabIc mountain?, except thofc towards the pole; and that lojig ridge which lies at the back of the Thirteen UniteJ States and Britifli America, called the Apalachiun or Alligany Mountains. America is umjuciHonably better watered than any other quarter of the globe ; ferving not only for the Uipport of lite and ,ill thepurpofcs of fertility, but alfo for the convenience of trade and the intercourfe of one natlmi witJi another. In North Anu-rica, thofe vail tracts of cou:itry fituated beyond the Apahichian Mountains, at an immcnfe and unknown diiknce from the ocean, are watered by inland feas called the Lakes of Canada; which not only have a communication with each other, but give rife to feveral vaft rivers, particularly the Mifliflippi, which runs from fouth to north till it fails into the Gulph of Mexico, after a winding courfc of four thoufand five hundred miles, receiving in it's progrefs the Illinol-, the Mifaures, the Ohio, and other great rivers fcarcely inferior to the Rhine and tlic Da- nube; and, on the north, the great Rivur St. Laurence, which runs a contrary couife from the Miffifippi, till it empties Itk-If into the ocean near Newfoinulland. Thcfe rivers being navigable almoft to their fource^ lay o[K:n the inmoit recedes of this great continent ; and afford fuch an inlet for commerce, as miift be produtSHve of the grcateft advantages when- ever the adjacent country (hall become fully inhabited by an indufhious and civilized people. The eartern fide of North America, befides the noble River? Hudfon, Delaware, Suftju.li.inj, and I'otowmack, contains fcver.;l others of great depth, length, and commodious na\ igation; and hence nianv of the European ftttlements are fo advantageoufly intcrfec^ed with na\ igaMc rivers and creeks, that many of the planters are furniftied with harbours at their very doors. South America i-, in tlii> refpect, if poflible, ilill more fortunate; as it contains the grtr.t River of Amazones, and the Rio de la Plata or Plate River, twoof the largell in the uni\ir|e. The hrll, rifrng in Peru, not far from the South Sea, runs from weft to eaft, and falls into the ocean between Br.,zil and (luiana, after a courfe of more than three thoufand mile, in which it receives a proJi^^ious number of large and navigable rivers. The Riodc la Tlata rifi ' near the cntre of the country; and, being gradually augmented by the acceiTion of mai.y powerful Itrci.ms, difcharges itftlf with fuch impctuofity into the (e:i, as lo render U fr..fe-tafted .it liie dil'.ance of many leagues from land. Befides thcfe, however. South Ame- rica contains n.;i;;y i.iher rivers; of which Oronoquo is the moft confiderable. Kxitiiding to fuch a v.ift diftancc on each lldc of the equator. An. erica mull necelFarily have a great variety of foils, as well as dimato . It may, indeed, be regarded as the general ilorc- houfe of nature; fince it produces mod of the metah, minerals, plants, fruit, tree?, and wrod, to be met with in the other quarters of the world, and many of them in the greattll cjuan- tities and [H.rtecii(>n. The gi'ld and filver mines of America have rendered ihole valuable metals fo common in Europe, that they bear little proportion to tiic high price fet upon thinv bcfoie AMERICA. 453 bcf?r: the Jifcovsry of th- forn-iCr. '.his country a.fb produce: dIr.morJr, p-r.rl'-, -ir.crr.'Jt, amctiiyft;, and other valuable ftoaus: a..d to theCe, which arc chiefly th-j prudu^tio- of Spani/h America, may be added a ^reat nuiVibcr of other conimodlti s which, tlin.gh in lef eftimation, nre of mu.h hi;,'her utility; fuel .:. the plentiful iuppii"^ of cochiiicaf, in- digo, anotto, logwood, brazii, fulHc, pimento, 11^. n-.m-vita;, rici., c,in- >, cjco.^., fugar, -^t- ton, tobacco, banillas, red-wood, the bulfam;. orTo'u, Peru, ari-1 Ch;.,.., J.fuit's bark, .re- choac.ii, fi'.n'afras, (Ii-faparil!. , cafli;;, tamariniJ , hii.;s, f.irs, ard air.b.r^ri ; c (^..t.-.cr \.'..,i a great variety of woodi, roots, a. id pla.its, to whi':h, bcfu.c the dif.ovny of Amerii.;-, wj were ciUiei entire H: angers, or forced to pur l.afe then' -.t nti extravi^nii. nr e from A '.a ai'd Africa, throui^h tlie medium of tlic Venetian, i.iid Ge/.ocl-, who -.-.t thai tim^ nTroUed. the trade of the orient;.! regions. This continent alfo prodiKC" a vrriety of excellent frui;,:, wh! h arrive at Tcat perfec- tion wAhout the rids oi cu.t'vatiojii fuch a: pinc-app'es, pomegranates, cit ons, lemons,, oranges, mal-ratons, cherries, pears, apples, figs, a;.d <^r: pes; together wiih gr.at numbers of culinary and medicinal herbs, roots, and plants: and fo extremely fertile is the foil, that many ',xotic productions are nourished in as great pcrfeiftion as in their na ivc ground. Anicr cp, A'i far as it lias }et bc:n colon'zed, is chiefly occupied by the Span.ards, Eng- lifti, and Portu^uefe. The Spani.-rds, on whofe atcoaiit it was origin. 'V difrover'? ', liavc the largeft: and li^heft portion, ext?nd'ng from New Mexico and LouTi.'.nr, in Noith Ame- rica, to tiie Sf iiS C/f Magellan in the South Sea, cxcept'ng the large province of Br-.zil, whichbelon ,;■ to iort.igal ; for though the Frerch and Dutch hav? fome foi tJ in Surinam r. .d Guiana, thc;, fcarcely defervc to be confide.ed as proprietors of any pi'it of the fouthern con- tinent. Next to Spain, the moft confiderabL proprietor of Americr. is Grcut Britain, which derived her cLim to North Amciica from the firft difcovery of thr.t ^ontii.eni; Ly Sebaftian Cabot, in the n .me of Henry VII. in 1497, ^hout fix years after J.e difcovery of South America by Columbus. I'liis coi;iitry, for a long time, went under the ^.encra! tippel'ation of Newfoundl '.nd-, a name which is now appropriated folely to ; n idand on it's coaf!:. A confiderable fpacc of time e'.apied before any attempts were made at colonizatio'.:. Sir Wri- ter R..lciii;h, a man of a mod entcrprizin^^, genius, and a brave commandjr, li .1 p.avcd tlic way, by p'.uiting a c.^u;ily [j^fLflc!, Ciiiadn and Louifiana, comprehending a".i that e::teni ve in-a.^.d country w..v h .'acnes f.om HuJrun's Bay on the north to Mexico r.id th; gu'ph of ±2 fame name, on the foaiii; regions whi'h .>'l Europe coa'd not ccnv -nicntly p'opis i,, t! :« courfc of m.. 1/ age . But jio territory, however exter.lve, ;w empire, however bou;.dlef, co'.dd ;;ratify the ambition of that a(f udlr.iy. The numerous iiiands lying between the two contincnf; of North and South AmiTi Unknown Unknown N'one the IvCquimaux J 1 Uiiknown Cjrcdt Britain I'rovinct; ot Qurhcc 800 203 Quebec Ditto iNi-.v S> oil.iiul .>^"'3 2;n \hdi)\AX 1 li.);tl(> j Now l-,nj;l;uiJ \ ^ y:> | ^00 iHolloii | 276; \V. lUiilte.l St.itcs New York 1 300 1 ii;o |Nfw\ork | iJ.)itto New |rr|:-. 1 16' 1 Oo il'crl)) /X.'iiliovi |lj|itii Pcnlylvani.i ( %n \ 240 |l'liil;nlcl|)!iia ( |JJitto iVl.irvl ml 1 i4(j ! 13; lAnnapoUs 1 |L>itio V'lri'ini.i 1 7;;o j 24O |VViliianilbui(;;li Ditto .Noi tn L.nului.i 1 South Carolina Gfor;',in 1 1 :co 380 Wiluiuijiion Charlcs-'J'own S,-i\ iinn.ih I Ditto Ditto Ditto ii.iii \ lorula 1 Well Floriiia ( i _ St. Aui ultinc Spain Ditto l,Ouiliaiia 1 Koaniis uiulcur. |i\civ Oiii-..ns 1 4C'ioS.W. Ditto iNcw Mexico ) mill C'.ilit'ornia f 1 , 2000 ; lOco 1 .•51. 1 tre 1 Sr, Juan ) 4320 S.W. Ditto Ditto N( w Spain J 2000 6co Mc.vico 49C0 S.W. Ditto. M Kl L " I CONTINENT of S O U T H AM E R IC A. Nations Lvngtli ]'!readth Chief Cities Dill.mce and , ., n- r , • r In the poflef- bearinn; from .- '^ , , 1 " lion or London I'cii.i l'"'ii:: , ! i4(..o 1 ■ 1 jPanaiin 40^0 ^.W. cjpam l''-ru 1 1 S> '1 1 ; ;.' 'Uma ^;20 0. \V . IDitto AnK./.onia | 1 ioo .,8d A va. I country, but Imle kuo>vu tohuropians] Ciiilana 7 Ho Surinam 1 « ^ s.W. Ca\mn(> ^ ^ Dutch French li IM .•. 1 ' 2<-o j -no |;m. rii'liallian i 6000 S.W. il'oitufil 1'araj.MMv, or 1 r.a l>l:/ta f 15^0 1000 JHuinos Ayresi 6040 S.W. Sp.iin Lhili 12CCJ ^00 ,St. |;iii.> 1 oOoo S.W. Dit'.) Tcj ra Maj;cl- "| lanica. or Pa- I.Hrrni.l 1 -00 300 I'he Spaniards tcok pofll'lfion of it, but ilid not think it worth colonization. I I'll ■i' I PRINCIPAL 45* AMERICA. Pr.lNClPAL NORTH AMERICAN ISLANDS. tllandj 1 Length BriMdth Chief Towns In the Poflelfion of] 3 J' aw Newfoundland | 3i;o 20 and fomctimcs devouring their flefti. Having fecured their prifoners, the conquerors let up a moU terrible howling, byway of lamentation for the friends they have lolt. They approach, in a melancholy and fullcn gloom, to their own village ; a melTcnger is fent to announce their arrival ; and the women, with frightful (hrieks, come forth to mourn for their fathers, hufbands, or brothers. The prifoners are foon after put to the fe\ erelt tortures that vindictive barbarifm can invent : but neither infults, fires, nor racks, can occafion the leaft diftortion of countenance in the fufFcring vi«Etim, who even ftimuKitcs their rage, and exafperates them to madnels. • lam brave and intiepid!' cries the fufFering favage, in the face of his tormentors j * 1 do not fear death, nor any kind of tortures: thole * who fear them are cowards ; they are lefs than women ! Life is nothing to thofe who have ' courage. May my enemies be confounded with defpair and rage! Oh, that I could de- ' your them, and drink their blood to the laft drop'' Nothing in the hiftory of mankind forms a flronger contraft than this cruelty of the fa- vagcs towards thofe with whom they are at war; and the warmth of their aftctSlion to their friends, which is not only manifefled while they are living, but even after their deceafe. When any of the fociety is cut off, he is lamented by the whole tribe i and a thoufand cere- monies o thole AMERICA. ^ monies ftre pr«£tifcJ, cxprofTivc of uiifcigncd forrow. The moft remarkable, however, as it diCcovcrs both the extent and the duration of their grief, is what they c all the Fcall of the Dead, or the Fealt of Smils : on which oLcafioji, all thofc who have died fincc thelalt folemn commemoration, (which is renewed every ten years among fome tribes, nnd every eight years «mong others) are taltcn out of their jrravcs ; ami ih ofe who have been buried at the grcateft diftancc from their native viilagis are carefully fought for, and brought totiiis general rcn- ilexvous of carcafcs. No ideas are adequate to the horrors of this general Jilinterment : nor can words fufficicntly cxprcis the afte^ion difplaycd by the furvivors to their dccenfcd relatives; they bring thcin into their cottages, wliei'- they prepare feafls to their honour, during which their great actions arc celebrated, and all the tender interrourfes between them and their friends arc pioufly cymmcmoratcd. A vaft pit is then dug in the ground; and thi- ther, at a certain time, each pcrfon, attcmlcd by his family and friend-., inarches ii; folemn filence, bearing the dead body of a fon, a father, or a brother. When they are all con- vened, the dead bodies, which prcfent mortality in a thoufand humiliating views, arc dcpo« fited in the pit, and covered up; after which the torrent of grief breaks out anew. The above ceremony certainly indicates that thefe favages have fome notion of the im- mortality of the foul ; that they fuppofe thefe pious offices to be grateful to their deceafcd friends ; and that they are fenfible of their regards in that (late to which they arc removed. Religion, hov^'cver, js not the prevailing charatSler of the Indians: they indeed invoke Arefkoui, or the Cjod of War, to be propitious to them on particular emergencies; and fome of them pay adoration to the fun and the moon ; but, except when they have fome immediate occafion for the affidance of their gods, they pay them no kind of homage. Like all rude and ignorant nations, they are ftrongly addir- way were tried in the foil ^ordering on Hudfon's Bay, it ih highly probabk that it wouM endure the rigours of that climate-, fo;- it is a well-known maxim in agriculture, fl'..;t feed produced in a milder climate will not thrive in one fo highly feverc. Yet, notwiih- ftanding this ilerility ai:d nuolerablc cold, the latitude is no higi)er than 51 drgrees north; which, in Europe, is fotu;d to be fufficitntly mild for every necelliiry purpofeof v 'gelaiion. 'Jl'he anintals about Hii^ "*• ..f, ^^ /Z >r Of V I I •"•*»*»Tri ■■■*"■ '. 'i' - / ^ '■.)!'/ 9Jm z; z^- l\>l>IUh« arc thought to bear fome re- femblai.cc to thole of the ancient world. The congar, the t.iquar, and the taquaretti, of America, are but defpicable creatures when compared with the tigci, the leopard, and the panther, of .^fia. The tiger of Hengal has been known to meafure fix feet in length, with- out including the tail ; while the congar, or American tiger, .is fame affect to call it, fel- dom exceeds three feet. All the animals, therefore, in the fouthern parts of America, are difterent from thofe in the fouthern parts of the ancient continent ; nor does there appear to bt any common to both, except thofe which,bcing capable of enduring the rigours of polar regions, have travelled from one continent to the other : thus the bear, the wolf, the rein- di'Cr, the beaver, and the Itag, are as well known b/ the inhabitants of New Britam antt Canada as by the Ruflians ; while the lion, the leopard, and the tiger, which are natives of the warmer climes, are entirely unknown in South America. But if the quadrupeds of America be more diminutive than thofe of the ancient world, they are much more numerous: for it is an in-variable rule throughout the whole exterit of animated nature, that the fmnlleft animals muKiply in the grcateft proportion. Though goats imported from Europe to South America, in the courfe of a few generations, dwindle t ar. inferior fi7», they become more prolific ; and, inftead of producing one or two kids at is time, generally bring forth five or fix, and fometimes more. The wifdom of Providers, in rendering formidable animals unprolific, is fufficicntly obvious : were the clcph.uit, ■mc rhinoteros, and the lion, endued With the fame degree of fecundity as the rabbit or tht; rat, all the arts of nuin would iooft be unequal to the contelt ; and, inltcnd of trcinbling at tJie ; 6 A human n 463 BRITISH AMERICA. human form, and fhrinkini: from I'le cftorts of reufon, their brutal force wo\iM foon ^Wc thcni a highc.- a^-grcc of c, in their fhape.s and features, c of the glaring white wlileli every where furrounds them. Their manners, however, arc as difgufting as their appearance; they arc favage and untraceable, ignorant of every retincmentof fociallife, and as inhofpitable as the country they inhabit. The fnlt knowledge of thcfe northern feas and countries originated from a projecl ftartcJ ill England for the difcovcry of a north-weft pafliigc to China and tlic Eaft Indies, as early as the year 1576. Since that time it has been frequently dropped, and as often revived, but never yet compleated; and, from the rcfult nf Capt.iin Cook's late difeoveries, it feems pretty manifeft that no practicable pafiage can ever be found. P'robillier dilcovered onlv the main of New Britain, or Terra dc Labrador, and thofe ftraits to which he lias given his name. In 1585, Captain Davis failed from Portfnunith, and viewed that and the more northern coalls; but he feems never to ha^e entered the bay. Hudfon made three voyages, on the iamc adventure; the tirft in 1607, the fecond in 1608, and the third and laft in 1610. This bold and fkilful navigator entered the ftraits which lead into tliis new Mediteriancan, the bay known by his name, coafted a great part of it, and penetrated as far as 80 degrees and a half into the heart of the frozen zone. His ardour for the diltovery not liavinj, been abated by the difficulties he had encouiitered in this empire of winter, he ftaid there till the cnfuing fpring, and prepared, in the beginning of 161 1, to profecute his difcoverief; but his crew, who fuftered equal hardfhips, without the fame magnanimity to liippo; t them, mutinied, Itized upon him and (even of his molt faithful .ulherenl;:, and committed them, in an open boat, to the fury of the icy feas. This illuiliious feaman and his companions, who were never after heard oi", were fuppofed either to have been fwallowed up by the wave«,<>i, having gained the inhofpitable ccalts, to ha\ e been deilroyed by the favages ; but the aban- doned crew were fortunate enough to return to Europe. Captain tllss, in 1746, made another attempt towards a difcovcry, and wintered as far north as 57 degrees and a half. But thouuh thefe adventurers failed in their original purpofe of finding a paflage into the Pacific Ott.'.ii, ifitir pro'ied, even in it's failure, has proved very beneficial to tJieir coiintrv. The vaft regions furioimding Hudfon's Bav, as has been previoufly oblerved, abound with animals, whofe furs and (kias arc of the molt eifential fervice in feveral manufactures. In 167c, a charter was granted to a company, confifting of a few individuals, for the exclufive trade to tliis bay; and they have aiSied under it ever fince with great benefit to the members, though comparatively with very little emolument to Great Britain. The fur and peltry uatle, were It not engroflld by this cxtlufive company, might be curried on to a much greater NEW BRITAIN, 463 greater extenf; but companies, though perhaps neccfl'arv to the origin of a new fpccies of commerce, have ever been ' und detrimental to the inteiefls of their country. The Hudfon's Bay Company employ only four Ihips, and one hundred and thirty fcamcn. They have four fortv ; namely, Churchill, Nellbn, New Severn, and Albany, which ftand on the weftcrnfliorc of the bay, and art! gariilonerl by a hundred and eight,v-fix men. They export commodities to the value of about fixteen thoiifand pounds annually, and bring home returns to the amount of near thirty thoufand, which yield to the revenue a fum fliort of four thoufand pound' . Small as this commerce is, it ncverthelefs aftords immcnfe profits to the company, and even fome advantages to Great Britain in general ; the com- modities we exchan[;e with the Indians for their furs and flcins being all maiiufadurcd in Britain, and in general of fiieh materials as could not be difpofed of in any country lefs fa- vage and ignorant. 'I he ruJeil vvorkmanfliip meets with admirers among thefe uncivilized Indians, and the moft faulty goods find a ready market. On the other hand, the (kins and furs imported from Ihidfoii's Bay enter largely into our manufactures, and aftbrd materials for ofKjning a beneficial commerce with feveral European nations. C II A P. II. CANADA. CANADA, or the province of Qiiebec, is bounded by New Britain and Hudfon's Bav on the north and calt ; by Nova Scotia, New England, and New York, on the fouth; aiul by undifcoveted tracts of land on the weft: lying between 45 and 52 degrees of north hititude, and 61 and 81 of weft longitude; and being about eight hundred miles lonsz, and two hundred broad. Situated in a pretty high northern latitude for the continent of America, the winters in this province are long and levere; but thefummers, though fliort, are warm, and extremely pleafant ; and, indeed, the general ferenity of the air renders every feafon tolerable, or at leart perfectly falubrious. The foil, notwiihftanding the icy cold which binds it for fo large a proportion of the vcar, is in general very good; and in many places both pleafant and fertile, producing wheat, barley, rye, with many other forts of grain, as well as fruits and vegetables : to- bacco, in particular, is much cultivated, and feems pcrfeaiy congenial to the foil. The Ifle of Orleans, near Qiiebcc, as well as tiic lands lying contiguous to the River St. Lawrence and other liUgc ftreams, are remarkable for the richnefs of their foil ; and the meadow- grounds in Canada, which are well watered, yield the moft luxuriant pafturage for vafl: numbers of great and fmall cattle. This province is watered with numerous rivers, many of which are large, bold, and deep. The moft conf.derable arc, the Outtauais, St. John's, Seguinay, Defpaires, and Trois Rivieres; but thefe are all abforbed by that vaft coUcftion of waters the River St. Lawrence. This noble river iilucs from the Lake Ontarioj and, taking a nonli-caft courfe, waflies \ !■ 464 RRITISH AMERICA. wafhcs M»)iUrcal, where it ivctivi-s the C)uttau;iis, aiul rurms many f.Mti!c illiivl.i. Con- tinuing to flow in the I'ami; ilirectiun, it mcctR thf tiilc ii;nvaiiisi>r loui humlnil miles tVuni the lt'4, where it is na\igalilL' hy large vt-llclsj aiiu IkIdw (^itbcc, whiih is thicc hinidii 1 and twcMfv miles from the DCcaii, it is I'd hroail and deep, that the royal navy t)t Cjirut Bri- tain aililtcti in tile ridiiclion ui that capital. Alter iceeiving ininimcrahle ilrcams in it's courfe, this gf«at river hills intti the ocean at Cape Roiieres, where it isthirty leat;tiLs Imu,' CAticniely Ih.i1Ki<)us, and the cold iiltciire; and, in it"s cxtcnfive progrefs, it lt)rniN a vaiiiiy Ol bavs, h.nb(»iirv, and illands, many of whu h are ( \trenieU I'ertiic and dcli;j,httiil. liul it tiic rivers 1,' this country arc coniiderablt , the lakes are llill more I'o} and, thoujh the only iiittlemtnts of any inapuvtance at prcdiit arc on the River St. r.a» rence, il we carry our prol|>cetsinto futurity, it is not improbable that Canada, and thofe vatt region, tn the weit, wiii be enabled to carry on an exienfivc trade on the L'reat lakes oJ" (Vcih water furroiiiideil by thele countries, riiele lakcn are tivt in number ; tiie Imallcd cf wh.ch, i|;at ot Ontario, is no lefs than two hundred leagues in circumference; a molt charminv. piece ot" water, and mote extenllve than any Like in tlie oihcr parts ol the world : Krie, orC^iuciiO, extends farther in kn[.thi but bcini; more ot" an oblong tiaure, it's circumtciunee is not much liri.itci than that ot' Ontario; the hike of Huron l|>ieails LMvatl) in width, aiuI ii\ circumference is n >t lefs than th:xe hundred leagues: Michi.'an is nearly of the la nu- ex- tent; thouuh, like I,.ike Krie, it is rathe- long, and comparatively narrow: but Lake Su- perior is by far the uv>i\ Ipaciou-, contains feveial lari;e illatul>, and is at lead fuc lunu'red leagues ill circuit. All thek lakes are navigable by the largell veHMs, and preltrxe a coni- munication with each other, except that the p;illiige betv^een Krie and C^ntario is inter- rupted by a dupcndou^ f;dl, or cataratTi, called the F.dJs i.f Ni.it'ar;i. Where the rock crciiies it, the w;ure< to the iiaove river; by which means they effi^ually fccured to themfelves tix trade ofthc iaites* as well as. an influence over all the contiguous Indian naUQOi. The ,)IO,Uf, X K ! ' I CANADA. 46s The only metal which has as yet been thorouglily dilcovercd in CaiiaJj, 1^ coiuaiiicd in a fine lead-mine near Qi.iclx:cv though we arc iiitorincd lh:vt filvcrhas been found in fome of the mountains. Coals, however, abound in difierent part^ of the province; a blefling ' peculiarly grateful in a country where the cold is (b very inteiile. Canada, (Iretching a confiderablc way on the bacit of the other colonies, contains almoft all the diftcrent fpccies of animals and wood to be met with in North America 1 which, to avoid repetition, we (hall notice in this place. It is well known that North America contains the moll extcnfivc forells in the world: thcfe form a continued wood, not planted by the hands of men, but, to appearance, cjcval with the world itfelf. Nothing can exhibit a more magnificent lai\dfcape; the trees lule them- fcivcs in the clouds; and there is fuch a prodigious variety of Ipccies, tiiat, even among thofc pcrfons who have taken the greateft pains to enumerate tliL-in, there is not, perhaps, onv of them who has half compleated the catalogue. The province now under confuieration produces, among othei s, two fpecics of pines, the white and re.l ; four fort > of firs ; two forts of cedar and oak, the white .ind the red; the male and female maple; three forts of a(h- trees, the free, the mongrel, and the ballard ; three forts of walnut-trees, the hard, the (oft, and the fmooth ; vaft numbers of beech-trees, and white wood ; white and red elms, and poplars. The Indians excavate the red elms into canon's; fome of which, formed of one entire piece, arc fufliciently capacious to contain twenty pcrfons: others arc made of tlie bark, the dift'erent pieces of which they (ew together with the interior rind, and daub over the feams with pitch, or rather with a bituminous matter refen>bling it, in order to prevent tiieir leaking; and the ribs of thifj canoes are compolird of the bou^jhs of trees. About the month of November, the bears and wild cats take up their rcfidcnce in the hollow elms, where they remain till April. In this province there are alfo cherry-trees; plum-trees; vincgar-trces, the fruit of which, when infufed in water, produces that valuable liquid; an aquatic plant called alaco, the fruit of which may be formed into a confection ; the white-thorn ; the cotton-tree, on the top of which grow (cveral tufts of flowerF, which, when ftiaken in the morning before the dew falls ofV, produce a kind of honey, affording, when boiled, a faccharine fubftance, while the feeds of the lame tree contain a very fine cotton; the fun-plant, which refembles a marigold, and grows to the height of fevcn or eight feetj Turky corn, French beans, gourds, melons, capillaire, and hops. To the Ipoils of the Canadian animals, which are both curious and valuable, we owe the materials of many of our matiufactures, as well as the greatelt part of the commerce yet carried on between us and that country. Theforells of Canada afford fhelterandnourifh- ment to a variety of creatures, which indeed traverfe the uncultivated parts of the whole continent; particularly flags, elks, deer, bears, foxes, martens, wild cats, ferrets, weafels, fquirrels of a large fize and greyifti ctlour, hares, and rabbits. The foutherji parts are well ftocked with wild bulls, deer ot a fmall ftze, various fpecies of roebucks, goats, and wolves. The marflies, lakes, and pools, which arc extremely numerous in this coun- try, fwarm with otters; and beavers, of which the white arc highly valued for their great fc?.Tcity, as wdl as. t :ofe entirely black. The American beaver, though it refembles the ^.^ creature Hif- ^> IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 ^1** I 1.1 1.25 2.5 ^ u& IIIIIM 1.8 U il.6 V] ept it's tail : it weighs about five or fix pounds, and aiFords a very ftrong mufk. Many extraordinary medicinal qualities are afcribed to the hoof of the left-foot of the c!k, an animal of the fizc of a mule. It's flefh is both agreeable and nutritive, and it's colour is a mixture of light grey and dark red : it (hews a predilcdion for the colder cli- mates; and, when the depth of the fnow covers every herb, it fubfifts on the bark of trees. When this animal is clofely purfucd, it fometimes fprings very furioufly on the hunter, and tramples him to death: to prevent which, he throws bis cloaths to the prey; and, while the deluded animal exhaufts all it's fury on them, proper meafures are taken to difpatch it. A very curious carnivorous animal, called the carcajou, is found in Canada: it (eems to 'e of the feline, or cat kind; and has a tail fo extremely long, that Charlevoix informs us he twiiVed it feveral times round it's body. From the tip of the fnout to the infertion of the tail, it meafiires about two feet ; and we arc told that tliis creature, after winding itfelf round a tree, will dart from thence upon the elk, twiftit's ftrong tail round it's body, and cut it's throat in an inftant. The buffalo, or wild ox, very much refembles that of Europe ; and ii's body is covered with a kind of black wool, which is highly valued. The flefli of the female is excellent fcfod ; and the hides of both fexes are much eft^emed on account of their being as foft and pliable CANADA. 467 pliable as fliamoy leather; and, at the fame time, fo very flrong, that the bucklers which the Indians make from them aro with difficulty penetrated by a mufket-ball. The Canadian roebuck is a domeftic animal, and differs in that rcfpeft only from the European animal of the fam'j name. Wolve?, though not very numerous in tliis province, afFord excellent furs; (heir flefh, Wiiich is white, k reckoned falubrious, and they poflcfs the faculty of purfuinjr their prey to the very tops of the higheft trees. Black foxes are very fcarce, and are on that account highly valued, but thofe of other colours are more com- mon ; and, towards the Upper Mifliflippi, there are forne of a fine filver colour, and extremely beautiful : they live upon aquatic fovvh, wliich, by means of a variety oi antic tricks'> they decoy within their reach. The pole-cat of this country is wholly covered with a beautiful white fur, except on tlie tip of it's tail, which is as black as jet. Nature has afforded this animal no defence but that of it's urine, the fmell of which is intolerably naufeous, and which it fprinkles plenti- fully on it's tail, and throws on it's aiiailant. The Canadian \yood-rat, which is of a bcaa- tiful fiivery colour, has a bufliy tail, and is twice as big as the European animal of that name : the female has a bag under her belly, which fhe opens and ihuts at pleafure, to conceal her young in the hour of danger. Canada produces three fpccies of fquirrels ; and that called the flying-fquirrel is faid to leap from one tree to another at the dillance of m& -e than forty paces. This little animal ii eafily domellicated and is remarkable for it's vivacity: it readily lodges in whatever place it can find ; in the coat-flcevc, a pocket, or a muff; but generally adheres to it's mafter, whom it is capable of diftinguilhing among a confufed number of people. The Canadian porcupine is fomewhat lefs than a middle-fized dog ; and, when roafted, is as delicious as a fucking-pig. The hares and rabbits differ little from thofe of Europe, except that they affume a grcyifli colour in winter. In the forefts there are two different fpecies of bears, the reddifh and the black ; the former of which is the moft dangerous. The bear, how* ever, is not naturally ferocious, unlefs when wounded, or oppreffed with hunger; and, un-» der fuch circumftances, it purfues every animal it meets. About the month of July the bear Is extremely lean, and it's rapacious appetites are much increafcd. Scarcely any thing is undertaken with greater folemnity among the Indians, than hunting the bear ; and an alliance with a celebrated bear-hunter, who has been fortunate enough to difpatch feveral in one day, is more eagerly fought after than with one who has fignalized himfelf in war, becaufe the chace is die only means by which the natives are fupplied with food and rai- ment. The ornithology of this country affords an extenfive field to the naturalift. There are num- bers of eagles ; falcons ; goftiawks ; tercels ; and partridges of various colours, with long tails, which they fpread out like fans, in a very beautiful and pleafing manner. Woodcocks are not very numerous ; but fnipes, and other water-game, are found in abundance. A Canadian raven is faid by fome authors to be as grateful to the tafte as a pullet; and an owl is even efteemed preferable. Blackbirds, fvvallowrs, and larks, are plentiful; and there are no lefs than twenty -two different fpccies of ducks, a great number of fwans, turkeys, geefe, huf* tards, t«al, water-hens, cranes, rnd other large aquatic fowls. The Canadian woodpecker is •'t i; f ;-ia ! V'!4U ^,U !:*i'|i^^ l.'S: m r- '•■:f 468 BRITISH AMERICA, is a moft beautiful bird. There are alfo thruflies and goldfinches: but the moft celebrated for^ftcr of the groves, is the white-bird, a fpecies of ortolan, very vivid in it's colours, and remarkable for announcing the return of fpring. The fly-bird is eftecmed one of the moft beautiful and extraordinary of any in nature j but, with all it's plumage, it is no bigger than a cock-chaffer j and it makes a noife with it's wings refcmbling the humming of a large fly. The rattle-fnake is one of the moft formidable fcrpents which this country produces, and therefore deferves particular attention. Some of them are as big as a man's leg, and lonir in proportion. The ftrufture of the tail of this reptile is a Angular pha;nomeuon, bein" fcaly like a coat of mail, and an additional ring, or row of fcales, growing on it every year ; fo that it's age may be difcovered by it's tail as eafily as that of a horfe by it's teeth. In moving, it makes a loud rattling noife, from which it has obtained it's name. It's bite is faid to be mortal, if a fpeedy remedy be not applied ; but, in all places where thefe dange- rous reptiles breed, there grows a plant, called rattlefnake herb, the root of which is an un- failing antidote againft the venom of the ferpents, and that with the moft fimple prepara- tion j for it only requires being pounded or chewed, and applied to the wound like a plai- fter. The rattle-fnake fcldom molefts travellers when unprovoked; and never darts at any perfon without firft rattling it's tail. When purfued, it folds itfelf in a round circle with it's head in the centre, and fprings with great fury and violence on it's purfucrs : notwitli- ftanding which, the favagcs are not afraid to attack itj they efteem it's flefti as peculiarly excellent; and, as it pofleflcs fomc medicinal qualities, the American phyftcians prefcribe it in a variety of cafes. The fiflieries of Canada are by fome efteemed more advantageous than the furs them- felves, though fo numerous and valuable. The River St. Lawrence contains perhaps the grcateft variety of fifh of any in the world, and thefe in the utmoft plenty, and of the moll delicious kinds. Befides an infinite variety of other fiftj in the rivers and lakes, there are fca • wolves, fea-cows, porpoifcs, Icncorncts, gobcrtjues, fca-plaife, falmon, trout, turtle, lobfters, chaourafous, fturgeons, achigaus, giltheads, tunnies, fliads lampreys, fmelts, conger-eels, mackarcl, foals, herrings, anchovies, and pilchards. The fca-wolf, fo called from it's howling, is an amphibious animal; and thelargeft fort is faid to weigh two thoufand pounds. The flefh of thefe animals is efteemed profjcr for food; but thegreateft advantage arifes from their oil, which isufed both for burning, and for currying leather. Their (kins make excellent coverings for trunks; and, though infe- rior in beauty to Morocco leather, prefcrve their frefhnefs longer, and are lefs liable to crack. Shoes and boots made of their (kins are impervious to the rainj and, when pro- perly tanned, may be converted to a variety of purpofes. The Canadian fea-cow is larger than the fca-wo'f, but bears fome refemblance to it in it's conformation: it has two teeth of the thicknefs of a man's arm, which, when full- prown, appear like horns ; and thefe, as well as the other teeth, are excellent ivory. Some of the porpoifijs of the River St. Lawrence are large enough to yield a hogfhead of oil ; • and their fliins are made into waiftcoats, which are not only exceedingly durable, but which are faid to be even mufquet-proof. The lencornet is z kind of cuttle-fifh, generally quite circular, CANAE^A, 4H CMCular, thought romttinrics o^aa oval figure. There «(«-th»««4'^if«-of diU aowvdi; wH«cJ| differ prioci|«lly in fi««- fome being aa l;)rge as a hogftieaJ, aiid other* only a ,fo«»t Ua^l t^e laft oitliy are caught, and are eiteen\«4 very agreiiabk food. T« go^tique )t^ the tafte and flavour of a young codi Vid the fearp^Utf, whkh is taken b|y nicgos of long.pj9l«« urmed with irvn hooks^, is reckorted very d«lieiou^. 1 he chaouraibu is an artaed iMhi ab^vit ftv feet loiOg, and as thick as a. map's thigh: i% refemWes the pilca, but is covered with fcalcs which are dagger-proof} it's colpur is « filvcry grey; and under it's mouth grows a bony fubftance dentated at the edges> From the very external appearance of fuch a wcll-fortiiied animal, we might mturally coivceive it to be a tyrant of the deep. We have few inftances of fifh preying on the feathered race ) but this creature does it with abundance of art : it conceals itfelf among the .reeds and caneii, in fuch a manner, that notthing is perceptible except it's weapon, which it holds up in a perpendicular direction above the furface of the water ; and the fowl, imagining) it to be only a withered reed, perches on it without apprehenfion ■, but is no fooner alighted, than the fifh opens it's throat, and makes fuch a fudden effort to ficize it's prey, that it very fcldam efcapes. This fifh, however, is principally confined to the Canadian h\kes. The fturgeon, being both a frefli and a fait- water fifh, is found on the coail«, and in the lakes, from eight to twelve feet long, and proportionably thick j and there is alio a fmaller fpecies of ilurgeon, the flefh of which is very tender and delicate. The achigau, and the gilt-head, are fifli peculiar to the River St. Lawrence; and in fome of the Canadian rivers there is found a f^cies of alligators, differing very little from thofe of the Nile, except in their being lefs ferocious and formidable. While Canada remained in the pofleffion of the French, the banks of the River St. Law- rence were very populous; and fince the province has fallen into the hands of the Englifh, that population has uiKjueftionaWy increafed. Itis^ however, impoilible to form anypre- cife idea of the number of inhabitants, both of French and Britifh extraftion, which peo- ple this province. The revolt of the more fouthern colonies has certainly proved favour- able in one refpc£t to fuch of them as have continued in allegiance to theirnatural fovereign; and accordingly the adherents to the Britifh crown having found it neceflary, not only through principle, but alfo from motives of perfonal fecurity, to feek the proteftion of that government in whofe caufe tliey rifqued both their lives and property, have emigrated into Nova Scotia and Canada in confiderable numbers, and thereby increafed the ftrength of thofe remaining appendages of Great Britain. The different tribes of native Indians in Canada are almoft innumerable; but thefe peo- ple are obferved to decreafe in proportion to their intercourfe with Europeans, probably from their immoderate ufe of fpirituous liquors, of which they are exceffively fond : but as liberty is their ruling paffion, we may naturally fuppofe that, as the Europeans advance, the former will retreat to more diflant regions. Before the Canadian colonifls fell under the Britifh government, they lived in great af. fluencc, being exempted from all taxes, and indulged with full liberty to hunt, fifh, fell tim- ber, and to plant and fow as much land as they thought proper j and, by the articles of ca- 6 C pitulatioa '! ;■ 1**^ ' Cfi' 470 BRITISH AMERICA. pitulation granted to the French when this country was reduced, both individuals and com- munities were continued in the full poflfcflion of their original privileges and immunities. However, in the year 1774, an »& was parted by the parliament of Great Britain, for making more cffedtual provifion for the government of the province of Quebec ; by which it was enadled, that it fhould be lawful for his majefty, his heirs and fucceflbrs, by warrant under his or their fignet or fign-manual, and with the advice of the privy-council, to confti- tute and appoint a council for the province of Quebec, to confift of fuch |)erfons refidcnt there, not exceeding twenty-three in number, nor lefs than feventeen, as his majefty, his heirs, and fucceflbrs, Ihall be pleafed to appoint ; and upon the death, removal, or abfencc, of any members of the faid council, in like manner to conftitute and appoint others to fuc. ceed them : and this council fo nominated or appointed, or the majority of them, j^re vefted with power and authority to make ordinances for the peace, welfare, and good government, of the province, with the confent of the governor, or, in his abfence, of the lieutenant-gover- nor, or commander in chief for the time being. This council, however, is not authorized to impofe any taxes, except for the purpofe of making roads^ the reparation of public build- ings, or fuch local conveniencies. By this adl, likewife, all matters of coutroverfy relative to property and civil rights are to be determined by the Frcncii laws of Canada j but the criminal law of England is to be continued in the province. The inhabitants of Canada arealfo allowed by this ad to profefs the Roman Catholic religion; and the Popifti clergy are invefted with a right to claim their accuftomed dues from thofe of the fame religion. An aft which introduced fuch material innovations into the BritiH) conftitution, could not &il to alarm the friends of their country ; it excited violent apprehenfions, both in England and America, and unqueftionably tended to enflame that fpirit of diliaflt;>Stion which foon after broke out in the colonies. How it may operate for the advantage of Canada, time alone can develope. The Canadians import froir. Europe fpirituous liquors ; wine ; cloths of various forts, but principally coarfe; and wrought iron. The Indian trade likewife occafions a drmand for rum, tobacco, blankets, guns, powder, ball, flints, kettles, hatchets, and toys and trinkets of every kind. While this country was in the pofleflion of the French, the Indians fupplied them with peltry; and the French had traders who, after the manner of the aborigines, traverfed the vaft lakes and rivers, in canues, with incredible induftry and patience, carry- ing their goods into the remoteft parts of America, among nations entirely unknown to Britons. Thefe again brought their flcins and furs to the French marts, or fairs, at Mon- treal, fometimes from the diftance of one thoufand miles. Thefe fairs, which began in June< frequently lafted for three months ; and, during their continuance, guards were employed, who, with the governor in perfon, aflifted in preferving order amongft fuch a concourfe of l^eople, and fo great a variety of favage nations. But, notwithftanding thefe precautions, great diforders and tumults frequently happened ) and the Indians, who are extravagantly fond of brandy, fometimes bartered their v. hole ftock for a very fmall quantity of that per* nicious fpirit : and, what is very remarkable, many of thofe nations adlually pafled by our fetriemcnt of Albany, in New York, and travelled two hundred miles farther to Montreal, though CANADA. 47« '^■,'1 though they might have purchafcd goods cheaper at the former: fa greatly did the French exceed I's in the art of conciliating the afFedtions of thefe favage nations. Sines Canada fell under the Britifh government, our trade with that country has been computed to employ about fixty fliips, and one thoufand (eamen, annually. The exports in fkins, furs, ginfeng, fnake-root, capillaire, and wheat, amount, at an average of three years, to a fum little fliort of one hundred and fix thoufand pounds ; and the imports from . Great Britain, in a variety of articles, are calculated at nearly the fame fum. It is unne- ceflary to make any comments on the value and importance of this trade, it being obvious that it not only fupplies us with fuch unmanufaftured materials as are indifpenfably necef- iary in many articles of our commerce, butalfo takes in exchange either the manufa^res of our own country, or the produce of our Weft India iflands. But notwlthftanding all the attention that can poffibly be paid to the commerce and co*.- Ionization of Canada, there will ever arifc infuperable inconveniencies from the winter fea- ♦ fon, which is fo exceffively fevere from December to April, that the largeft rivers are then frozen over ; and the fiiow is generally from four to fix feet deep on the ground, even ia diofe parts of the country which lie 3 degrees fouth of London, and in the temperate latt^. tude of Paris. Another inconvenience arifes from the falls in the River St. Lawrence be- ■ low Montreal, which render it both diiKcult and dangerous for very large (hips to penetrate to th. emporium of internal commerce : however, vclTels of three or four hundred tons burden inually arrive there, unimpeded by thofe barriers to fliips of larger burden. The o. ly towns of importance in Canada are Qiiebec, Trois Rivieres, and Montreal ^ all fituated on the River St. Lawrence. Quebec, the capital, pot only of the province to which it gives name, but of all Canada, is fttu^ted at the confluence of the Rivers St. Lawrence and St. Charles, on the Little Ri-. ver, about three hundred and twenty miles from the ocean. It is built on a rock, partly compofed ot a fpccies of niarble, and partly of flate. The town is divided into an Upper and a Lower ; and the houfcs in both are built of ftone, in a commodious, if not elegant manner. The fortifications are ftrong, though not regular; aiid the town is covered by a ftrong and beautiful citadel, in which the governor refides. T'he moft noble edifices with wrhich this city is adorned, exclufiye of the Citadel, are, the Jefuits College, the Epifcopal Palace, the houfes of the Knights Hofpitalers and Recol- lcon of the world, routed the French with pTBdigious flftughter ; but, to the irreparable loCs of Im country, lie fell in the very itioment of vicryl In confcquenoe of this deftat, articles of captttdatioit virere foon propoicd by the French garrifon of Quebec, which in general were acceded to «i the partof the Britifi,; and thus all Canada was gained by one decilive blow, and confirmed to this country by tlic pacifir-.tion of 1763. Ih I775i Quebec was attacked by an American army commanded by the generals Mont- gomery and Arnold; but they were repnlfed with- great IdTs, and Montgomery fell in the aaton. From Quebec to Montreal, (about one hundred and foventy miles) in failing up the Ri. ver Stj^ Lawrence, the eye is entertained with the raoft charming landfcapesj the banks of diM river being in many places very bold and fteep, andffaaded with lofty trees. The farms in pretty clofe to each other all the way; feveral gentlemen's feats prefoiit themielvcs at iMervals ( and there is every appearance of a flourifliing colony ; but there arc few tuwus or villages^ Many beautiful iflands are fcattered up and down the chaiuiel of tho river, which have a very pleafmg effect ; and, after pafiuig the Richelieu Idands, the air, during the fammer months, becomes fo mild and temperate, that the traveller is ready to imagiiif; Minfelf tranfported to another climate. Trois Rivieres, or tne Town of the Three Rivers, is nearly eqiiidiftant from Quebec and Montreal; and receives it's name from three rivers which unite their flreams at this place, and fall into the River St. Lawrence. It is much rcfortcd to by feveral Indian na> tions; who, by means of thefe rivers, carry on a trade with the inhabitants in various kinds of furs and fkins. The furrounding country is i>leafant, and fertile in corn and fruits; ami numbers of elegant houfes ftand on both fides of the river. Montreal ftands on an ifland in the River St. Lawrence which is ten leagues in length and four in breaddi, at the foot of a mountain which gives name to it, about half a league ll'om the fouthern ftiore. While the French retained poflelRon of Canada, both the city and ifland of Montreal belonged to private proprietors; who had fo greatly improved them, that the whole ifland was become one' of the moft delightful fpots in the world, and pro- du6Kve of every thing which could adminifter to the conveniency of life. The city forms an oblong fquare, interfeiled by regular and well-formed ftreets ; aftd, vi^hen it fell into the hands of the Engliih, the buildings were compleated in a very elegant ftile, and every houfe was perceptible at one view either from the harbour or the fouthern fide of the river, the hill on which the town ftands graduaHy floping to the water. This plice is furroimded by a wall and a dry ditch ; and it's fortifications in general have been much improved fuKe they were occupied by the Engliftr. Montreal is nearly as large as Quebec, and contains about an equal number of inhabitants } but it has been much damaged b^ accidental fires within thefe laft twenty ycusi CHAP. NOVA SCOTIA. 473 'il: CHAP. III. NOVA SCOTIA. NOVA Scotia, or Acadia, the moft eaftcrn part of the contltient of America, is bounded by the Gulph of St. Lawrence on the north ; by that gulph and the Atlantic Ocean on the eaft ; by the Atlantic Ocean on the fouth } and by Canada and New England on the weft : lying between 43 and 49 degrees north latitude, and between 60 and 67 eaft longi- tude i and extending about three hundred and fifty miles in length, and two hundred and fifty in breadth. The principal rivers of Nova Scotia are, the River St. Lawrence, which forms the northern boundary; the Rivers Rifgouche and Niplfiguit, wliich run from weft to eaft, and fall into the bay of St. Lawrence ; and thofe of St. John, PaiTamagnadi, Penobfcot, and St. Croix, which run from north to fouth, and fall into the fea near Fundy Bay. The coaft has the advantage of many bays, harbours, and creeks. The harbo> c of Che- butSlo, both as to fafety and convenience, may juftly be efteemed one of the f, left in the world } and is therefore the place of rendezvous for the royal navy of Great Britain while flationed in America, being furni(hed with a royal dock, and conveniences for ftieathing and careening the largeft (hips. The entrance into it is from the fouth ; and on the north- eaft fide lies a large irregular ifland, named Cornwallis, from the firft governor of Haliifax. This ifland, as well as a fmaller one lying higher up the harbour, called George Ifland, is very commodioufly fituated for a fifliery, and poflefles every convenience for drying and curing the fifli. The lakes in Nova Scotia are numerous, but they have not yet received any appro- priate names. Though this country lies within the temperate zone, it has been found rather unfavour^ able to European conftitutions, from the thick gloom, or fog, which overfpreads it for fome months in the year. The quick tranfitions likewife from extreme cold to an equal degree of heat, have certainly very noxious eflFe pointed, in fuch manner as the legiflature of each ftate ftiould diretSl, to meet in congrefs on the firft Monday of November of every year, with a power referved to each ftate to reca! it's delegates, or any of them, at any time within the year, and to fend others in their flead for the remainder of the year. It was likewife ftipulated, that no ftate was to be reprefentcd in congrefs by lefs than two, nor more than feven members ; and that no perfon was capablu of being a delegate for more than three years, in any term of fix years ; nor was any perlbii, being a delegate, capable of holding any office under the United States, for which he, or any for his benefit, fliould receive any falary, fees, or emoluments, of any kind whatfoever. In determining queftions in the United States in congrefs afTembled, each ftate was to have one vote, and no more. Every ftate was to abide by the determinations of the United States in congrefs afTembled, on aU queftions which fhould be fubmitted to them by the confederation. The antecedent articles of confederation were to be inviolably obfcrved by every ftate, and the union to be perpetual i not was any alteration at any time thereafter to be made in any of them, unlefs fuch alteration was acceded to in a congrefs of the United States, and afterwards confirmed by the legiflature of every particular ftate. On the 30th of January 1778, the French king firft acknowledged the independency of the United States of America, by concluding with tbem a treaty of amity and commerce, under NEW ENGLAND. 477 under that dcfignat! n : November 30, 178?., provifioiKil articles were figned at Paris by the Rritifli and American commlirtnn-rs, in wliich his Uritaiinic Majt-fty acknowledged the Thirteen Colonies to be free, fovcreiijn, and independent ftates; which articles were after- wards ratihcd by a d.iniiitive tri:.uy. Tluis in a few years was tlie Britifli empire torn to pieces; and the power which ufei to give law to all Europe, funk, under it's conrtitutionai weight. New England, the head of the confederacy, and, as has been prcvioufly obfcrvcd, the ori[>,in of tiie faction, is bounded on the nortli-eall by Nova Scotia ; on the well by Canada ; on the fouth by New York 5 and on the ca(t by the Atlantic Ocean : lying between 41 and 49 degrees of north latitude, and between 67 and 74 d-.-grecs of wtft longitude; and ex- tending about fiv. hundn.d aiul fifty miles in length, and two hundred in breadth; and is divided into four provinces, namely, New Hampfliire, Mailachufett'h Colony, Rhode Ifland, and ConnciSticut. This country is extremely well watered by the Rivers Connetflicut, Thames, Patuxcnt, Merimac, I'ifcataway, Saco, Cafco, Kinebequc, and PenoliCcrx- Tiic moft celebrated bavs and harbours are thofe of Plymouth, Rhode Ifland, and Provide- '; Plantations ; Monument Bay, Weft Harbour, Bofton Harbour, Pifcalaway, and Cafco Jiay. The chief capes arc thofe of Cape Cod, Marble Head, Cape Anne, Cape Netic, Cape Porpus, Cape Elizabeth, and Cape Small ]\)itit. Though Tituatcd ten degrees nearer the fun than Great Britain, the winter begins much earlier, coaanues longer, and is more feverc, than in England. Th • fummer, on the con- trary, is more intenfely hot, and fiir exceeds any thing experienced in the fame Euro- pean latitude. However, the ferenity of the fky amply compenfates for the extremes of heat and cold ; and renders this country fo falubrious, that it is faid to agree better with liri- tifti conftitutions than any other of the American provinces. During the winter ff^afon, the winds are boiftsrous and piercing; and naturallfts afcribe the early approach, the con- tinuance, and the feverity of winter, to the large frefli-water lakes lying to the north-weft of New England, which are frozen over for fcveral months ; and, above all, to the general uncultivated ftatc of North America. The longeft day at Bofton is about fifteen hours, and the (horteft nine. The fun rifcs, at the fummer folftice, twenty-fix minutes after four in the morning, and fets at thirty- four minutes paft feven in the evening ; and, at the winter folftice, it rifes thirty-five minutes after feven, and fets twenty-feven minutes after four. The eaftern fhore of America is generally low, and in fome parts fwampy ; but, farther back, the country gradually afTumes a hilly afpcct. In New England, towards the north- eaft, the lands become rocky and mountainous ; and the foil throughout is various, but moft fertile towards the fouth. Near Alafiiichufett's Bay, the mould is black, and extremely rich; and there the original pLitors difcovered grafs itbove a yard high. The uplands, however, being for the moft part a mixture of fand and gravel inclining to clay, are defi- cient in fertility; while the low grounds abound in meadows and pafturage. European grain has not been cultivated in New England with much fuccefs: theii^eat is liable to be blighted) the barley never comes to full pirfe^oni vii the oats are thin> and 6 £ k>ad«i ! 1 ;/ t.. H 478 AMERICAN STATES. loaded with chafF. However, Indian corn flouriflics in the moft luxuriant manner, and conftitutcs the general fupportof the lower clafs of people; who iikewife malt and brew it into a beer which is far from beioj^ Jifagreeablc: but their common beverage is cyder and fpnice-beer; tlie hitter being made of the tops of the fpruce-fir, with the addition of a fniall quantity of molaffes. New England Iikewife produces a large quantity of hemp and fiax- and the fruits common to Great Britain in general arrive at confidcrable perfotition, and yield more abundant crops than they ufually do in their native climate. But the moft valuable productions of New England confift in tii-.' variety and value of it's timber; fuch as oak, afh, pine, fir, cedar, elm, cyprefs, beech, walnut, il'.cfnut, l)azel, faflafras, fumach, and other woods ufcd in dyeing or tanning leather, carpenter's work, and naval architcdlure. The oaks are reputed inferior to thofe of England ; but the firs arc of an amazing height and bulk, and formerly furnifhed the royal navy of Great Britain with yards and mafts. Confiderable quantities of pitch, tar, rofin, turpentine, gums, .ind balm, are extracted from the trees; and as the foil Iikewife produces hemp and flax, a fliip may be built and rigged with the produce of the country. Several valuable iron mines, of the moft excellent quality and temper, hare lately been difcovered in New England; which, if properly worjced, cannot fail of becoming highly beneficial to the iniiabitants. The anim.ils of this country furnifti many articles of foreign commerce. All kinds of European cattle thrive and multiply prodigioufly ; and the horfes of New England are hard}-, mcttlefomc, and ferviceable, though interior in fize to thofe of Britain. The fhcep are not very numerous ; and their wool, though of a ftaple iutliciently long, is neitlier very fiiic, nor adapted for tlie manufacture of elegant cluthb. New England abounds with tlks; deer; hares; rabbits; Icjuirrels; beavers; otters; moii- kies ; minks ; martens ; racoons ; fables ; bears ; wolves, wl.ich arc only ;\ fpccies of wild dogs; foxes; ounces; and a variety of oth-r tame and wild quadrupeds. iJut one of the moft fingular animals of this and the ne'^hbouring countries, is the moofc-deer, of which tljere are two forts; the common liglit grey moofe, refembling tlie ordinary deer, which rterd fometimes thirty together; and the larger black moofc, the body of which animal is about the fize of a bull, his neck refemblcs that of a ftag, and his fleih is extremely grate- ful to the taftj;: the horns, when full-grown, rife about four or five feet from their bafvs to their tips, and have ramifications on each, which fpread about fix feet. When thiSj,anim.xl goes through a thicket, or under the boughs of a tree, it reclines it's horns on it's neck, in order to prevent their being entangled ; and thefe horiis are ftied annually. In walkinjj;, the creature does not fpring or rife like the comnnm deer; and a fuli-grown one has ")tvn known, without any extraordinary exertions, to (Up oscr a gate five feet iiigh. V. iien routed from it's cover, the moofe will run a courfe of twenty or thirty miles before it takes to a bay; but, when purfued, it ufually has rec(.urfe to the water. Fowls arc prodigioufly numerous in Nev/ England; particularly turkies, gcefe, par- tridges, ducks, widgeon?, dappers, fwans, hcatiicocks, heron?, ftorkf, and blackbirds; all forts of poultry; val flights of pigeons, which obfervc a periodical return ; cormorants, ravens, crows, iivi various other kinds. Reptiles, NEW ENGLAND. 47* Reptiles, fuch as rattlefnakcs, frogs, and toads, fwarm in the uncultivated parts of the country ; and, together with the various fpecies of owls, make a hideous concert in a fum- mer's evening. The fcas round Ncwr England, as well as the rivers, fwarm with fifli : and even whales, of fcveral kinds ; fuch as tKc whalcbonc-whaie ; the fparmaceti-whalc, which yields amber- jrris; the fin-backed whale; the fcrag-whale; and the bunch-whale, of which prodigious numbers arc caught. A formidable creature, called the whale-killer, from twenty to thirty feet long, armed witi\ ftrong teeth and jaws, harraffcs the whales common In thole feus ; but, aware of his enormous ftrength, it fcldom attacks a full-grownwhalc, or indeed a young one, except when in companies of ten or twelve. At the mouth of the River Penobfcot there is an excellent mackarel fifhery; and, during the wintci leafon, large quantities of cod-fifh are caught, which are dried in the froft. With refpec^ to the abundance of inhabitants, the number of confiderable trading towns, and the manufadtures which are carried on in them, New England is infinitely fuperior to any of the United States. Indeed, the moft populous and flourifhing parts of Great Bri- tain fcarccly make a better appcarajice than tlie cultivated ones of this province ; which, however, reach but about fixty miles backwards. Many gentlemen of this province pof- fcfs confiderable landed cftates; but the greatcft part of it's inhabitants is cotiipofcd of fub- ftajitial yeomanry, who cultivate their own freeholds, and live in a ftile of cafv, and per- haps enviable, independence. Thefe freeholds generally devolve on their children in the way of gavel-kind, which prevents their being able to emerge out of their original happy mediocrity. In no part of the world are the middling ranks of people more independent, or poflefled of a greater abundance of the conveniences of life: they, are from tliair very infancy h.ibituated to the excrcifc of arms; and, before the late conteft with the parent country, they had a provincial militia, which was by no means contemptible; but their mi- litary ftrength is now much more confiderable. Connecticut is certainly the moft populous as well as bcft cultivated part of New Eng- land. Throughout the whole province, the men are generally robuft, hale, and tall. The greateft care is taken of the limbs and bodies of infants, which are kept perfectly ftraight by means of boards ; a pra6lice borrowed from the Indian women, who entertain the greateft aversion to all crooked people. The ladies of Connecticut are fair, handfome, and elegant; modcft and referved in their manners and converfation ; and ftudioufly kept from an ac- quaintance with thofe amufements which tend to deftroy the fimplicity of virtue. They, are not permitted to read plays ; nor can they difcufs the doilrine of chances, or decide a conteft about vvhift, quadrille, or the opTa; but they are converfant with hiftory, geogra- phy, and other literary fubjcfls. Hofpitality feems to be the leading feature in the difpofi- tions of the inhabitants; and their principal dcfeCl feems to be that of too ftrong a tinfture of religious bigotry. Calvinifr.i wns formcxly fo prevalcjit in New England, and fo deftitute were the natives, of charity for pcrfons of different fentiments, that many fuffered perfecution Oii account of; their noncodformity. Indeed, maiiy of die Calvinifts obferved the fabbath, as well as fonie other articles of religious faith, with a kindof Jewilh rigour; but their bigotry has of late years confiderably decreafcd. There is at prefent no cftablilbed religion in New England ; but i • h-' i".4 «-. » w 1:M -4 r-'v.i j{.9o AMERICAN STATES. but every fc£lof Chriftians is allowed the free excrcLle of their private perfuafionsf, and is equally under the protcflicn of the laws. As New Englaiul aftbrds a vail number of articles of it's own produiSl', it's trade muft be proportionahly great; but it is llill farther increafcd by the people of this colony being in a manner the carriers for all the United States, the Well Indies, and even for fome parts of Europe. The commodities which the country yields arc principally bar and pig-iron, which are imported into Great Britain duty free; alfo marts and yards, pitch, tar, and turpentine, for which they contracl largely wiiii the royal navy; pot and pearl-afhes, ftavcs, lumber, and boards ; and all forts of provifions, whicii they fent to the Frenc^ and Dutch fugar-iflands, and formerly to Barbadoes, and the other Britifh iflcs, as grain, bifcuit, meal, beef, pork, butter, chcefc, apples, cyder, onions, and maclcarcl and cod-iifli dried. "I'hey likewile fent thither cattle, horfes, planks, iioops, Ihingles, pipo-ftavcs, oil, tallow, turpentine, bark, Hcins, and tobacco. The valuable fiflieries of cod and m.ickarcl on the coafts employ a confi- derable number of people; and with the produce of thcfe they trade to Spain, Italy, the Mediterranean, and the \\'^cn: Indies, to a conliderable amount. The inhabitants of New England ha\c cultivated, with unwearied afliduity, the arts moft iicccflary to fubfiftence. They manufxclure coarfe linen and woollen cloth for their own ufe; and confiderablc quantities of coarfe hat^, which are difpofed of in the neighbouring colonies. Sugar-baking, diftilling, paper-making, and fait works, are carrying on with increafmg energy. The bufinefs of fliip-building is likewife very import.intj they are fometimes built on commiflion; but frequently the merchants of New England have them conftrufted on their own account ; and, loading them principally with the produce of the colony, naval ftorcs, fi(h and fiih-oil, fend them upon a trading voyage to Spain, Portugal, or the Mediterranean; where having difpofed of their cargoes, they make what ad\anta"^e they can by freight, till they have an opportunity of felling the veflels themfelves to advantage. Before the American war brolce out, it was computed that the amount of Englifli manu- fiaiEtures and India goods fent into this colony from Great Britain, was not Icfs, at an. averaue of three years, than three hundred and ninety-five thoufand pounds ; while our im- j)orts from them-X were calculated at three hundred and feventy thoufand five hundred pounds. The hiftory of New England, and the mode of it's government, are the moft interefting of any in this part oF the continent. As we have previoufly obfcrved, it is dix'idcd into four provinces ; New,Hampfliire,iVlairachufett's, Rhode Ifland, and Connedlicut. King James I. as early as 1606, had by letters patent erefted two companies, with a pow* to fend colo- nies into thofe parts, then comprehended under the general name of Virginia, as all the north-eaft coaft of Afia was at that time called. However, no fettlements were attempted in New England by virtue of this authority; the companies contenting themfelves with fending out a fhip or two, to trade with the Indians for their furs, and to fifli upon their coafts. 1 his continued to be the only correfpondcncc between Great Britain and this part of America till the year 1621. About this time, the religious dilTtntions, by which England was torn to pieces, had become warm and furious; Archbifliop Laud per fecuting all manner of nonconformifts with unrelenting fcvcrity. Thofc men, on the other liant',. m .• NEW ENGLAND^ ^y,. hand, were ready to fubmit to all the rigours of pcrfecution, rather than relinquiffi their opinions, and conform to the ceremonies of the Church of England, which they confidercrf as the moft irreligious and fatal abfurdities. There was not any part of the world into which they were not inclined to fly, in order to obtain liberty of confcience. America opened an extcnfive field to people thus prepoirdFcd ; there 'hey were permitted to tranfport themlclv6«, and to eltablKh whatever modes of religious policy they were inclined to adopt. With this view, having purchafed the territory which was within the jurifdiftion of the Plymouth Company, and having obtained from the king the privilege of fettling it in what- ever manner they plcafcd, one hundred and fifty perfons accordingly embarked for New England, and built a city, to which they gave the name of Plymouth, the port from which they had failed. Notwithftanding the feverity of the climate, the infalubrity of the air, the difeafes to which they were naturally expofed in a ftrange climate, the want of all forts of conveniences, and even many of the neceflarics of life ; fuch of them as were endued with conflitutions fit to endure thofe hardfliips, not difpiritcd by the deaths of their companions but fiipported by the vigour peculiar to Engliflimen, and the fatisiaclion of findino- themfelves beyond the reach of the fpiritual arm ; fet about cultivating the country, and took the mod prudent Heps for the advancement of their infant colony. Encouraged by their example and aduated by the fame motives, new adventurers paflcd over into this land of religious and civil liberty; and, before tlie year 1631, had aiStually built four towns; namely, Salem, Dorchefler, Charles Town, and Bofton ; wliich lafl has fince become the capital of New England. As neceflity is the natural fource of that aiSlive ind frugal induftry which produces every thing great among mankind, fo an uninterrupted flow of profperity occafions thofe dilTen- fions which prove the bane of human aftairs, and often fubvert tlie beft concerted eiu'blifh- nients. This reflection is peculiarly applicable to theoriginal inhabitants of New England: tiiole who liad thcmfelves fled from perlecution, in a fliort time became ftrongly tainted with the illiberal fplrit of intolcrancy, and zealous of introducing an uniformity of relia,ionamonp- all who entered their territories. In that age, the minds of men had not rifen fuperior to many prejudices ; llv.y had not then acquired that liberal and generous way of thinking which at prcfent characterizes the natives of Britain; and the dodrliie of univerfal tolera- tion, which, to the honour of the firft fettlers in America, began to appear among them, had few abettors, and many opponents. A'lany of tlieni were bigottcd Calvinills; and though they had felt the weight of periecution tiiemleU'cs, and fled from it's tyranny, they had for- got that charity v.hieh v/as due to tliofe wlio diilenteJ from them m opinion. It was not the general idea of that period, that men might live agreeably together in the fame fociety without profefling the fair.e religious tenets ; and whcre\er thefe were at variance, the members of difl-crent Tects kept at a difiancc from each other, and eftablifhed feparate go- vernments. Hence (i^vcral flips, torn from the original government of New England by reliou!ids were refer- red to the king and council. Notwithftanding thefe reftraints, to which they had*not been accuftomed, the people ftill poflefled a corfiderable {hare of power in this colony ; for they not only chofe the affembly, but the aflcmbly, with the governor's concurrence, chole the council, which refembled the Enijliflx Houfe of Lords 3 and the governor depended on the aflembly for his annual fupport. But, ;Sm NEW ENGLAND. 483 But, In confequcrtce of the revolt of the colonies from the authority of Grcnt Britain, the gOX'crnment of New England has been entirely changed. The (leps which led to this re- volution have been previoufly mentioned. By an order from the council at Bofton, the declaration of the American Congrcfs, abfolving the V'nitcd Colonies from their allegiance to the Britifh crown, and declaring them free and independent, was publicly proclaimed from the balcony of the State-houfe of that town on the 25th of Ju'y 1776. The inhabitants of the province of Mafiachufetts agreed to a conftitntion or form of go- vernment,' including a Declaration of Rights, which took place in Oftober 1780. In the f rcamble to this deed of eftabliHiment, it was declared, that the end of the inftitution, main- tenance, and adminiftration of government, is to fecuie the exiftcncc of the body politic; to proted it, and to furnifh the individuals compofing it with the power of enjoying in fe- Curity and tranquillity their natural rights and the bleflings of life ; and that, whenever thefe great obje'^s are not obtained the people have a right to alter the governniL'nt, and to take fneafures neceflary for their irofpcrity and felicity. They cxpreftld their gratitude to the Great Legiflator of the Univerfe, for having afforded them, in the courfe of his providence, an opportunity, deliberately and peaceably, without fraud, violence, or furprize, of entering into an original, explicit, and folemn compad, with each other ; and of forming a new con- {Jitution of civil government for themfelves and their pofterity. They declared that it tvas the right, as well as the duty, of all men in fociety, publicly, and at ftated feafons, to tvorfhip the Supreme Being; and that no fubjeft fliould be hurt, molelic-d, or reilraincd, in bis perfon, liberty, or eftate,on account of his worfhipping God in the manner and feafoji mod agreeable to the diftates of his own confcience, or for his religious profcflion or fenti- nients, provided he did not difturb the public peace, or obllruct others in their religious adoration. It was alfo ena6ted, that the leveral towns, pariflies, precinds, and other bodies politic, or religious focieties, fliould at all times enjoy the exclufive right of ele£ling their public teachers, and of contrafting with them for their fupport and maintenance; that all fums of money paid by the fubjed to the fupport of public worfliip, and of the public teachers, (hould, if required, be uniformly applied to the fupport of the public teacher or teachers of the fubied's relio-iousfcJl or denomination, provided there were any on whofe inftrudionshe at- tended, otherwife it might be paid towards the fupport of tlic teacher or teachers of the parifli or precinft in which the fald fums (hould be raifcd ; and that every denomination of Chriftians, demeaning themfelves peaceably, and as good fubjedts of the commonwealth, fhould be equally under the protcdion of the law; and that no fubordination of any fed or denomination to another fliould ever be landioned by law. It was likewife declared, that as all power refidcd originally in tlie people, and was derived from them, the feveral magiftratcs and officers of government veiled with authority, whether legiflative, executive, or judicial, are their fubfti- tutes and agents, and are at all times accountable to them ; that no fubjed (hould be arrefted, imprifoned, defpoiled, or deprived of his property, immunities and privile^res, put out of the protedion of the law, exiled, or deprived of his life, liberty, or eftate, but by the judgment of his peers, or the law of the land ; that the legiflature (hould not enad any law that migjjt (ubjed any perfon to a capital or infamous puni(hment, excepting for the government of the army or navy, without ttial by jury, that the liberty of the prefs iseflential to the fccurity of freedom '"■; i .; ■ ■ ■ 1 \:m '' i' 'l i.-,* ni 484 AMERICAN STATKS. frcctlom In a ftatc, and that it ought not therefore to be rLflrainc^ in that commonwealth; that the j^eoplc have a right to keep, and to bear arms, for the common defence; but that, as in times of peace armies arc dangerous to liberty, they (.M!;,ht not to be maintained with- i)ut the confeiit of the legiflaturc; and that the military power (hoi'ld al\va;-<; be held in an c-xa<5l Aibordination to the civil authority, and be governed by it. Ii v.as likcuife enacted that the department of legiHation fliould be formed by two branches, a fenate and a houfc u( reprefcntativcs, each of which (hould have a ncgati\e on the other; that th? fcnators and the members of the houfe of reprefcntativcs (liould be eledcd annually; that every male perfon, being twenty-one years of age or upwards, who had refidcd in any particular town of the commonwealth for the fpace of one year, and having a freehold eftate within the laid town of the annual income of three pounds, or any citatc of the value of fixty pounds, fhould have a right to vote for fcnators and rcprcfentati\cs of the dillrici of which he was an inhabitant ; and that there fliould be a fupreme executive magiftrate, who fliould he ftiled the Governor of the Commonwealth of Mafilichufet's, and alfo a lieutenant-gover- nor, both of whom fliould be chofon annually. Since the commencement of the war between Great Britain and the colonies, and c\ C!i while it was carrying on with the greatefl animofity on both fides, an act was pafled by the Council and Houfe of Reprefcntativcs of Maflachufet's for incorporating and eflablifliing 4 focicty for the cultivation and promotion of the arts and fcience«, entitled, ' The Ame- rican Academy of Arts and Sciences;' tlie firft members of which were nominated in the •act, and were never to exceed two hundred, nor be Icfs than forty. It was therein declared, that the end and dcfign of the inftitution of the faid academy was to promote and en- Coura2;e the knowledge of the antiquities of Ameiica, and of the natural hiftorv of the countrv, and to determine the ufcs to which it's various natural productions miglit be ap- plied; to promote and encourage medicinal difcovcries; mathematical dilquifitions; phiio- fophicnl enquiries and experiments; aftronomical, meteorological, and geographical obfcr- rations; improvements in agriculture, arts, manufadtures, and commerce ; and, in fliort, to cultivate every art and fcience which might tend to advance the intcrelt, hor.oiu", dig- nitj', and happinefs, of a free, independent, and virtuous people. The chief towns in New England arc, Bofton, Cambridge, Portfmouth, Newport, and Providence. Hofton, the capital, ftands on a pcninfula at the bottom of MafTacluifet's Ba}', about nin^ miles from it's mouth, in 42 degrees 21 minutes north latitude, and in 71 degrees weft longitude. At the entrance of the bay there are fcvcral rocks, which appear above water: and a variety of fmall idands, fome of which arc inhabited. There is but one fafe channel by which the harbour can be approached, and this is fo very narrow, that two fliips can fcarccly fail through it abreaft ; but within the harbour there is room enough for five huit- tlred fail to lie at anchor in a good depth of water. On one of the idands of the bay ftands Fort William, always cftcemed the moft regular fortrcfs in the Britifli Plantations. This caflic is defended by one hundred gtms, twenty of which lie on a platform level witli the water ; fy that it would be extremely difficult for an NEW ENGLAND. 4f enemy to pafs it : but, to prevent furprize, they hzve a guard placed on one of the rocks, at two leagues diftancc, from whence they make fignals to the garrifon as foon as any fliip ap- pears in view. There is alfo a battery of guns at each end of the town. At the bottom of the bay there is a grand pier, two thoufund feet long, on the north fide of which there is a row of warehoufes for the merchants ; and to this pier ftiips of the grcateft burden may approach^ for the purpofe of unloading, without the aflillance of boats. The greatefl part of the town lies round the harbour, in form of a crefcent ; the country beyond it rifing gradually, and affording a delightful profpjiS: from the fea. The head of the pier joins the principal ftreet of the town, which is fpacious and well-built, and confifts of between four and fiva thoufand houfes. Several of the public ftruftures pofTefs a confiderable ftiare of elegance » among the moft beautiful of which arc the governor's houfe; and Fenniuel Hall, fo called from it's founder. In the year 1768 the trade of Bofton was fo confiderable, that one thou- fand two hundred fail entered or cleared at it's cuftom-houfe. Cambridge is fituated only four miles from Bofton, on the north branch of Charles River,, and was originally called New Town; but, on founding the univerfity, which confifts of two fpacious colleges, diftinguifhcd by the names of Havard College, and Stoughton Hall,, it changed it's name. This ui'ivcrfity confifts of a prefident, five fellows, a treafurer, three profefibrs, four tutors, and a librarian who has the charge of a well-furnifhed library. The college charter was firft granted in 1650; but never conferred any degree above that of Mafter of Arts till a new one was obtained from King William and Queen Mary, from which it derived the privilege of creating Doctors inDivinity, a power which it has feldom ufed. Portfmouth, the moft confiderable town in the province of New Hampfhire, which con- tains about one thoufand feven hundred dwelling-houfcs, is pleafantly fituated on Pifcataqua- bay and has a fafe and convenient harbour, where the largeft fhips may ride in fecurity.. From this port about two hundred veflels fail annually for the Weft Indies, chiefly laden with timber, pipe-ftaves, fifli, and other internal commodiues ; which being difpofed of,, they load there, and proceed from thence to Europe, when both xeflels and cargoes are fold. Newport and Providence are the principal towns in Rhode Ifland: the former is plea- fantly fituated on Rhode Ifland. and has a fiifc and commodious harbour for fhips of mo- derate burden, it's entrance bi.ing defended by a fort, on which are planted three hundred cuns ; and the latter, which ftands in a charming fituation, on a river of the fame name, is a thriving town with a confiderable trade. The other towns in New England are generally neat, well built, and commodioufly fituated on fine rivers, with capacious harbours. m 6 G CHAP. 4« AMERICAN STATES. C II A P. V. NEW YORK. THE province of New Yoik Is fitiiatcd between 40 and 46 degress of north Iruitude and between 72 and 76 well: longitude; and is bounded on the fouth and fouth-wt(t byHudfon's and Delaware rivers, which di\idc it from New Jcrfey and Peniifvlvanin , on the cafl: and north-eaft by New England and the Atlantic Ocean; and on the nortii-welt by Canada. This province, including Longlfland, Staten Ifland, and other infular appcndaacs,i<; di- vided into ten counties ; namely, New York, Albany, Ullter, Dutchefs, Orange, Wcfl Chefter, King's, Queen's, Suffolk, and Richmond. The principal rivers are, Hudfon's, and the Mohawk: the former abounds with excellent harbours, and is well ftored with a great variety of fifh; and on it ftand the cities of New York and Albany. On the Mohawk there is a large cataradt, called the Cohoc'-, the water of which falls about feventy feet perpendicular, at a place where the river is a quarter of a mile -n breadth. The moft confiderable capes are, Cipe May, on the eaft entrance of Delaware River; Sandy Hook, near the entrance of Raritan River; and Montock Point, at the caftern extre- mity of Long Ifland. This province, lying to the fouth of New England, enjoys a more happy temperature of climatej and the air is cxtrt nely falubrious, and agrees very well with European conftitu- tions. The face of the country, like that of the other Britifh American colonies, is low, Aat, and marfhy, towards the fea ; but, on receding from the coart, the eye is entertained with the gradual fwelling of hills, which incrcafes in height in proportion as the traveller advances into the country. The foil is abundantly fertile, producing wheat, rye, Indian corn, oats, barley, flax, and fruits in great plenty and perfcdlion. The timber is nearly the fame witli that of New England; and feveral valuable iron mines have lately been difcovered. The trade of the inhabitants of this province, which docs not materially differ from that of New England, confifts principally in wheat, flour, barley, oats, beef, and other forts of animal food. Their markets are the fame with thofc which the New Englanders ufe; and they have fome (hare in the logwood trade, and in that which is carried on with the French and Spanifh plantations. They formerly imported the fame kinds of commodities from England as the inhabitants of Boflon ; and, at an average of three years, the amount of their exports to Britain was 526,000!. and their imports 531,000!. About the year 1755, a college was credted in New York by virtue of an a£t of parlia- ment: but as the provincial aflfembly was at that time divided into parties, it was formed pn a contracted plan ; and, probably on that account, has never met with the ciicouragement which might naturally have been expedled in fo populous a citv. The NKW YORK. 4^7 Tlie Swedes and Dutch were the firft EuropL-aii. who formed rettli-ments on this pnrt of the American coaft. The trail claimed by thefc two nations extended from the 38th to the 41ft degree of north hititude, and was called the New Netherlands. It continued in their hands till the reign of Charles II. who obtained it from them by right of conqueft in 1664, after which it was confirmed to the Knglifli by tlij treaty of Breda in 1667. The New Netherlands had not been long in the poHl-H^on of the Britifh before they were divided into different provinces; and New York received it's name from the Icing's brother, James Duke of York, to whom that prince granted it, with full powers of government, by letters patent dated March 20, 1664. On King James's acccffion to the throne, the right to New York became veftcd in the crown, and it was regarded as a royal government: the king appointed the governor and council ; and the people, once in (even year?, pofTcffeJ- the privilege of cledHng their rcprcfentativcs to ferve in general aflcmblies. Thefc three branches of legiflaturc, correfponding with thofe of Great Britain, had power to enafl any laws not repugnant to thofe of England ; though, in order to their becoming valid, the royal aflcnt was firlt neceflary to be obtained. By the conftitution of the Hate of New York, as new-modelled in 1777, thc-fuprem« legi dative power was vcfted in two feparate and diftindt bodies of men -, the one called the Aflembly of the State of New York, and the otlier the Seiiatc of the State of New York; who together were to form the legiflature, and to meet once at leali; in every year for the difpatch of public bufinefs. The fupreme executive power was to be veiled in a governor, who can only continue in office] for three years. Every male inhabitant, having attained the age of twenty-one and upwards, who (hould poflefs a freehold of the value of twenty pounds, fliould have rented a tenement of tlie yearly value of forty (hillings, and been rated and have paid taxes to the flate for fix months preceding the day of eleclion, was entitled to vote for the members of the aflembly; but thofe who voted fti the governor and the members of the fenate, were to be poflefl'ed of freeholds of the value of a hundred pounds. The delegates to the Congrcfs were to be chofen by the aflembly and fenate. By the fame conftitution, it was ordained, that the free exercife and enjoyment of reli- gious profeflion and worfhip, without difcrimination or preference, fliould for ever be al- lowed, within that ftatc, to all mankind, of whatever perfuafion. New York, the capital of the province, is extremely well fituated for commerce, having a fafe and commodious harbour, acceflfible three different ways for ftiip* of common bur- den : there are alfo eafy conveyances to it by water, from the rivers and lakes, for near fix hundred miles; and it is alfo the centre of the principal trade of Connedlicut and the Jerfeys. This city is fituated in 40 degrees 40 minutes north latitude, and in 47 degrees 4 minutes weft longitude, at the fouthern extremity of York county, in an ifland at the mouth of Hudfon's River, about fourteen miles long, and three broad. It enjoys an elevated fitua- tion, and contains between two and three thoufand houfes, in general pretty well built of brick and ftone; but the ftrcets are very irregular, though the town is defended by a wall and a fort, which are fo conftrudled as to anfwer the double purpofes of ornament and defence. It is adorned with feveral fpacious public buildings ; among which the College, the Court-houfe, and the Governor's houfe within the fort, are the moft confiderable. The I "'•< '■'•! J, :;::'^»i 488 AMERICAN STATES. The army under Sir William Howe took pofleflion of this city in 1776, when it was fet on fire by fume incendiaries, and one-third of the buildings unhappily confumed. It was the laft place in the United States of America which remained in the polTcflion of the Uritifh army. Albany, which is the next mod conftdcrable place in this province, is fituated on the weft fide of Hudfon's River, a hundred and forty miles to the north of New York city, and is defended by a fort. It contains near four hundred houfes; and here the chiefs of the Five Indian Nations, as they are called, ufed to meet the governors of the northern colonies, Saratoga, a fmall fort, fituated about fifty miles to the northward of Albany, on the eaft fide of Hudfon's River, will ever be famous in hiftory for having been the fite where a combined army of Britiih and Hcilians, amounting to three thoufand five hundred men, under the command of General Burgoyne, furrendcred prifoners of war to the American General Gates in Oftobcr 1 777. The number of inhabitants in the province of New York is calculated at a hundred and fifty thoufajid. C H A P. VI. NEW JERSEY. THE entire province, which contains the two Jerfcys, is about one hundred and fixty miles in length, anii fixtyjn breadth : it lies between 39 and 43 degrees of north lati- tude, and 74 and 76 weft longitude; and is bounded on the weft and fouth-weft by De- laware River and Bay; on the fouth-caft and eaft, by the Atlantic Ocean; and by the found which fcparatcs Statcn Ifland from the continent and Hudfon's River, on the north. The caftcrn divifion of New Jerfcy contains the counties of Middlefex, Monmouth, Ef- fex, Somerfet, and Bergen ; and the weftcrn, the counties of Burlington, Gloucefter, Salem, Cumberland, Cape Mary, Hunterdon, Morris, and Suftex. The principal rivers in this province are Delaware, Raritan, andPaftaick; on the latter of which there is a remarkable cataract, the height of the rock from which the water falls being fevcnty feet perpendicular ; and the river at that place is eighty yards broad. There is very little difterence between the climate of this province and that of New York. The foil is various; and a confiderable part of it is ftcrile and fandy, producing only pines and cedars ; but the other parts are in general good, yielding wheat, barley, rye, Indian corn, and other forts of grain, in great abundance and |)erfe£lion. New Jerfey forms a part of that vaft tra£l of land which, as has been previoufly obferved, ■was given by King Charles II. to his brother the Duke of York: who fold it for a valua- ble cor.fideration to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret ; from which it received it's prefent name, becaufe Sir George then had (and the family ftill have) confiderable eftates in the ifland of Jerfey. Thefe again configned their property to others, who in 1 702 made a furrender of the powers of government to Queen Anne, after which it became a royal government. By an account publifhcd in 1765, the number of inhabitants appears to have been >' . NEW JERSEY, ' ^g been about a hundred thoufand. Perth Amboy and Burlington are the feats of govern- ment. In Bergen county, a very valuable copper mine has been difcovcrcd; and the ge- neral commerce of the inhabitimts is pretty confiJerablc. The new fiovcrnmcnt of this province is vcftcd in a governor, a legiflativc council, and a general alFcmbly, The members of the legiflativc council muft be freeholders, and wortlj a thoufand pounds at Icaft, real and ix;rfonal eftate ; and the members of the general aircmbly muft be worth five hundred pounds. All inhabitants worth fifty pounds are en- titled to vote for reprefcntativcs in the council and afiembly, and for all public officers ; and the elections of the governor, legiflativc council, and general aflcmbly, are to be annual. According to the prcfent conftitution of the province, all pcrfons arc allowed to worfhip God in the manner moft agreeable to their own confciences ; nor is any perfon compelled to pay tithes, taxes, or any other rates, for the purpofe of building or repairing any church or churches, or for the maintenance of any minifter or niiniftry, contrary to what be believes to be right, or has deliberately and voluntarily engaged himfclf to perform. There is to be no eftablifliment of any dne religious feft in this province in preference to another ; and no Protcftant inhabitants are to be denied the enjoyment of any civil rights merely on account of their religious principles. A college was eftablifhed at Princeton, in this province, by Governor Belcher, in 1746, which has the power of conferring the fame degrees as thofc of Oxford and Cambrid<»e. Before the commencement of the late war, there were generally from eighty to a hundred ftudents in this feminary, who reforted to it from all parts of the continent : but the va- luable library, together with an orrery made by Rittenhoufe, reckoned the fineft in the world, were totally dcftroyed by the Heffians during the civil diflentions in 1776. The other principal towns in New Jerfey arc, Perth Amboy, Burlington, and Trenton. Perth Amboy, the capital of the county of Middlefex, in Eaft Jerfey, is pleafantly fituatei at the mouth of the River Raritan ; and enjoys fuch commercial advantages, that fliips of three hundred tons burden may come up in one tide, and lie before the very doors of the merchanf; houfe?. Burlington, the capital of the county of the fame name, and of all Weft Jerfey, ftands on an ifland in the centre of the Delaware, to the northward of Philadelphia. The houfcs arc handfomely built with brick, and laid out into fpacious ftrcct.-, with commodiciii quays and wharfs. Iflias likewife a fpacious market-place ; a town-hotife ; and two fiutcly bridges over the river, the one called London Bridge, and the other York Bridge. It has an cafy communication both with Philadelphia and the ocean, by means of the River Salem, which falls into Delaware Bay. Trenton, fituated on the Delaware, above Burlington, will be ever memorable for tlie defeat of a body of HefTian troops, which were furprized by General Waflaington, and near a thoufand men made prifoners ; which event gave a new turn to the American war. 'IT"! I t 6H CHAP. :i' 1' 409 AMERICAN STATES, CHAP. VII. PENNSYLVANIA. \ i THIS province is bounded by the country of the Iroquois, or Five Nations, on the north; by Dtluware River, which divides it from the Jerfeys, on thecaftj and by Maryland, on the fouth and well: lying between 39 and 44 degrees of north latitude, and between 74 and 81 of weft longitude ; and extending thr«e hundred miles in length, and two hundred and forty in breadth. Pennfylvania is divided into the following counties : Philadelphia ; Chefter ; Bucks ; Berks; Northampton ; Lancafter ; York ; Cumberland ; Bedford, which lies to the weftward of the mountains on the Ohio; and Newcaftle, Kent, and Suflcx, lying on the Delaware: which three laft are called the Delaware State ; and have a prcfident, council, and houfc of aflembly. The Delaware, which is the moft capital river in this province, is navigable for fmall vcf- fels upwards of two hundred miles above Philadelphia. Sufquehanna and Schuylkill are alfo navigable a confidcrable way up the country. Thefe ftreams, together with the nu- merous creeks and inlets in Delaware Bay, render this province admirably fuited for the purpofes of an ijiland and foreign trade. The general appearance of the country, the air, foil, and produce, do not materially differ from thofe of New York ; but, if there is any variation, it is certainly in favour of this pro- vince. The air is uncommonly fwect aiid ferene; but the winters, which continue from December till March, are fo extremely feverc, that the fpacious river of Delaware is fre- quently frozen over. The months of July, Auguft, and September, on the other hand, are intolerably hot; but the inhabitants are then refrefhed by frequent cool breezes. It may be remarked in general, that in all parts of the Britilh Plantations from Now York to the fouihern extremity, the woods arc full of wild vines of three or four fpecics, all different from thofe cultivated in Europe ; but, whether from feme natural defeat or fault in the climate or foil where they grow, they have not yet produced any wine worth not'ce, though the Indians make a fort of beverage from them, with which they rt-gale thcmfclves. It may alfo be obferved of the timber of thefe colonies, that, towards the fouth, it becomes lefs proper for (hipning than in the northern provinces: in the more fouthcrn latitudes it becomes lefs comp;i.' t ■ i ■i *, : 'il .f-i-.. '1 m ^"f, • I'M m 494 AMERICAN STATES* this market. So long 9go as the year 1 749, three hundred and three vt&h entered inyrardi at the port of Philadelphia, and two hundred and niiiety>one cleared outw«rds. An academy is eftabliflved in this city, which has been greatly encouraged by contrU butions from England and Scotland ; and, before the civil war broke out, it feemed likc^ to become a very flouriihing feminary of learning. 7'he other principal towns in this province are, German Town, Oxford, Radnor, Chefter, Chichcfter, Newcaftle, Aquoquiueminck, Dover, Lewes., and LatKafter. At German Town, which is a thriving and populous place, chiefly inhabited by Ger- mans, w'ovr itill fpeak their original language, General Waihingtoa attacked the Britiih troops in 1777) but was repulfed with great lofs. CHAP. VIIL MARYLAND. THIS province is bounded by Pennfylvania on the north ; by another part of Pcnnfyl- vania, and the Atlantic Ocean, on the eaft ; by Virginia on the fouth ; and by the Apalachian Mountains on the weft : lying between 37 and 40 degrees north latitude, and between 75 and 80 weft longitude ; and extending one hundred and forty miles in length, and one hundred and thirty-five in breadth. The great bay of Chcfapeak divides Maryland into the eaftem and wcftern dividons. The weftern divifion contains Worcefter, Somerfet, Dorfet, Talbot, Cecil, and Qiicen Anne's and Kent counties j and the eaftem, St. Mary's, Charles's, Prince George's, Cal- vert, Arundel, Baltimore, and Frederic, counties. The principal rivers are, the Patowmac, Rocomoac, Patuxent, Cheptonk, Severn, and SafFafras ; which, with a number of creeks, indent the whole country, and facilitate the views of commerce. Though the air in fummer is exceffively hot, and in winter proportionably cold, no greai inconveniences are experienced from thefe extremes ; and in fpring and autumn the weather is as pleafant as can be defired. The winters feldom laft longer than three or four months, and fcarcely ever more than one of them can be called fevere. The face of the country may be divided into the low lands next the fea; the hilly coun- try towards the fources of the rivers ; and the Apalachian, or Allegany Mountains, which are exceedingly high, and extend from the north-eaft to the fouth-weft, parallel to the Atlan- tic Ocean. The vaft numbers of rivers diftliie fertility through the foil, which is admi- rably adapted for rearing to^'-'cco, the ftaple commodity of the country. Hemp, Indian corn, and all forts of grain, likewife thrive very well, and now begin to be cultivated in pre- ference to tobacco. It appears that the colcniiaiion of the greateft part of North America origins from religious motives ; and Maryland, like tbofe provinces already defchbed, owes it's fettle- men t MARYLAND. 49S ment to the fame confiderations. As the other colonies, however, were principally planted by Proteftant fcdlaries, Maryland was fettled by Roman Catholics. Towards the clofe of the reign of King Charles I. perfons of thisfeft were objcds of great hatred to the majoi-ity of the Englifli nation, and the laws in force againft them were executed with great fevcrity. This rigour partly arofc fron* an opinion that the court was too fiivourably difpofed to- wards that form of religion ; and certain it is, that many marks of royal favour were then conferred on the Roman Catholics. Lord Baltimore, one of the moft eminent of that per- ftiafton, was in high fiivour at court ; and, on th.'U account, moft odious to the gene- rality of Englifhmen. In 1632, this iwbleman obtained a grant from King Charles of that country which was formerly confidered as a part of Virgi: .la, but now called Mary- land, in honour of Queen Henrietta Mary, daughter to Henry IV. and fpoufc to Charles I. The following year, about two hundred popifh families, fome of them of confiilerable dif- tin£^ion, embarked with Lord Baltimore, to enter on the poflelfion of this new territory. Thefe fettlers, animated with that liberality which diftingui(hes gentlemen of every reli- gious perfuafion, bought their lands at an cafy price from the native Indians : they even lived with them for fome time in the fame city ; and perfect harmony continued to fubfift be- tween the two nations, till the Indians were impofcd on by the malicious infmuations of fome planters in Virginia j who envying the profperity of this popifli colony, enflamed the Indiana againft it by ill-grounded reports, but fuch as were fufficient to excite the refentment of men natiirally jealous, and who, from dear-bought experience, had great reafon to be vigi- lant. On this occafion, however, the colony was not inattentive to it's own fafety: though the fettlers continued their friendly intercourfe with the natives, they took care to ere£t a fort, and to ufe every other precaution for their defence againft fuddcn hoftilities. To defeat the malicious machinations which had been contrived againft: them, gave a new fpring to the activity of the planters, who were likewife receiving frequent reinforcements from England of thofe who found themfelves in danger by the approaching Revolution. But, during the ufurpation of Oliver Cromwell, every thing was overturned in Maryland; Baltimore was ungeneroufly deprived of his charter, and a new governor, appointed by the Proteftor, fubftituted in his room. At the Reftoration, however, the property of this pro- vince reverted to it's natural pofleflTor ; Baltimore was reinftated in his rights, and fiilly dif- covered how well he deferved to be fo. This nobleman eftabliflied a perfect toleration in all religious matters : the confequence of which was, that the colony increafed and flourifhed ; and diflenters of all denominations, allured by the profpeft of gain, flocked to Maryland. But the tyrannical government of James II. again deprived this noble family of their pofleffions, acquired originally by royal bounty, and improved with much care and expence. At the Revolution, however, Lord Baltimore was again reftored to all the profits of the government, though not to the right of governing, which could not be delegated to a Roman Catholic with any degree of poli-. tical confiftency ; but the family having changed their religious fentiments, they obtained the power, as well as the intcreft. The government in this country exaaiy refembled that of Virginia, except that the governor was appointed by the proprietors, and only con- firmed by the crown. _ The ih i 'I ' ^'■'1 fV\ '.j ^il m 49* AMERICAN STATE*. The government of Maryland is now veiled in a governor, fenate, and houfe of dc* legates; all which are to be annually ele^ied. The governor ia to be cho&n by ballot, Ijy the fenate, and houfe of delegates. All freemen above twenty>one years of age, having freeholds of fifty acres, or property to the value of thirty pounds have a right of iufFrage in the eleAion of delegates ; and all perfons appointed to any offices of profit or truft, are to fubfcribc declarations of their belief in the Chriftian religion. Annapolis, the capital of the province, is fituated on the River Severn. But though the governor refides there, and the courts of juftice are held in the town, the houfes in it do not much exceed one hundred •, for, throughout the whole colony, the inhabitants live on their feveral plantations, which are generally fituated on fome navigable creek or river; by which means the planters have the convenience of Chipping tlicir own produce to England, and other parts, and of being fupplicd from thence with foreign commodities. Hence all the towns are extremely fmall : and though feveral hundred fail of (hips are annually cm- ployed in the commerce of this country, tobacco is the only valuable commodity it pro- duces. In 1782, a college was founded at Chefter Town, in this province, under die name of Walhington College, in honour of General Walhington ; and Dr. William Smith was ap- pointed the firft prefident. The number of white inhabitants in Maryland has been calculated at ninety thoufaiid; and, of negro flaves, at twenty-five thoufand: but the late inteftine broils, fo inimical to the progrefs of population, have rendered all computations of this kind very uncertain. CHAP. IX. VIRGINIA. * VIRGINIA contains a very extenfive territory, lying between 36 and 40 degrees of north latitude, and between 75 and 90 of weft longitude; and extends about feven hundred and fifty miles in length, and two hundred and forty in breadth. It is bounded by the River Potowmac, which divides it from Maryland, on the north-eaft ; by the Atlantic Ocean on the eaft ; by Carolina on the fouth ; and by the River Miiliflippi on the weft. Virginia may properly be divided into four parts ; the north, the middle, the fouth, and the caft divifions. The north divifion contains Northumberland, Lancafter, Weftmore- hnd, Richmond, and Stafford, counties ; the middle divifion contains EHex, Miudlefex, Glouccfter, King and Queen, King William, New Kent, Elizabeth, Warwick, York, and Princefs Ann, counties; the fouth divifion contains Norfolk, Nanfamund,Ifle of Wight, Surrey, Prince George, Charle<:, Henrico, and James, counties; and the eaft divifion, which lies between Chcfapeak Bay and the ocean, confifts only of Acomac county. In failing to Virginia or Maryland, it is neceflary to pafs between two points of land called the Capes of Virginia, which open a pallagc into the bay of Chefapeak, one of the largcft M VIRGINIA. 4^t iargeft and fafeft in the whole weld, as > perforates the country near three hundred miles, from the fouth to the north : it's breadth is about eighteen miles for a conf.derable extent, and, where narroweft, feven ; and it is in every part furniOied with at leaft eight or nine fathoms water. This bay, through it's whole extent, receives a vaft number of navigable rivers, both from the fides of Maryland and Virginia ; and from the latter, befides thofe of inferior confequence, James River, York River, the Rappahannock, and the Potow- mac: thefe rivers are not only navigable for large {hips into the heart of the country, but have fo many creeks, and receive fuch a number of fmaller ftreams, that Virginia is un- queftionably, of all countries in the world, the moll convenient for navigation } for, as it has been truly obfervcd, almofteveiy planter has a river at his own door. Towards the fea the whole face of the country is fo extremely low, that land cai>not be difcovered even from the mart's head except at a very inconliderable diftanee. The lofty trees which cover the foil gradually rife, as it were, from the ocean, and afford the moft enchanting profpe£ts ; and, for more than a hundred miles up the country, there is not » fingle hill to be feen. Refrelhing breezes from the fea moderate the exccflive heats in fummer. The weatlief^ however, is extremely variable, and the tranfitions are ludden and violent: winter froftd fometimes fucceed the mildeft dayj and the cold is frequently fo intenfe, as to freeze the whole furface of a navigable river in the fpace of one night. With refpeiSt to heat and cold, drynefs and nioiflure, tlie air and feafons very much de- pend on the wind. In winter, the air is ferene and dry, which renders it very pleafant. The fpring is about a month earlier than i.^ England. In April there are frequent rains. In May and June the heat increafes: and the fummer is much the fame as in England, being refreftied by gentle breezes from the fea, which generally begin about nine o'clock in the morning, and increafe and dccreafe as the fun rifes or falls. In July and Auguft thofe breezes ceafe, and the air becomes rtagnant, and violently hot. In September, the wea- ther generally changes ; when heavy and frequent rains commence, which occafion that train of difeafes incident to a moitt climate, particularly agues and intermitting fevers. Thunder and lightning arc alfo extremely frequent and tremendous, but feldom attended with any fatal effedls. Near the fea-fliore and the banks of the rivers, the foil of Virginia confifts of a dark rich mould, which, without manure, returns plentifully whatever is committed to it. At forae dlilance from the fea, the earth becomes light and fandy : which, however, is of a very ge- nerous nature; and, when invigorated by a genial fun, yields corn and tobacco in the moft luxuriant abundance. From what has been obferved of the cUnMte and foil, the variety and perfe^on of the vegetable produftions of this country may be eafily deduced. The forefts are overfpread with all (brts of lofty trees : and as neither underwood, nor bufhes, grow betoeath, people travel on horfeback through the forefts with eafe and pleafure, under a fine (hade which defends them fr«m the fun ; while the plains are enamelled with flowers and flowering-flirubs of the richeft tints and moft odoriferous fragrance. Silk grows fpontaneoufly in many places, the fibres of which are -as ftrong as hemp. Medicinal herbs and roots, particularly the fnake-root and 6 K ginfeng, , i ^ r, . 1''^ i ; 1 -M u • l,^'- in '4 ! . '■*■ 498 AMERICAN STATES. •« ■ « glnieng, fo much celebrated in China, are protluccJ in great abundance; and cxerj fort of grain might be cultivated to advantage. The inhabitant*, however, are fo bufied in the culture of the tobacco-plant, that they can only ralfe corn fuffici<-nt lor their inter- nal conlumption. Flax and hem}>, indeed, are planted in fuch quantitie!^, that a confi- derable flock remains for exportation after fatii^fying all necefi'ary donicftic demands ; and to excellently is the foil adapted for the produ(ftion of thcle commodities^ that Virginia is cap.;ble of fupplying all Europe with thclc ul(:fu] articles. Before the difcovcry of America, tiiere were neither horfes, cowr, fliccp, nor hers, in that quarter of the globe j but fome of each having been carried thither by the European?, they have multiplied fo prodigioufly, that many of them, particularly in Virpira and the ibuthern colonies,^ run wild,. Before the commencement of the war between «Jreat Bri- tain and her colonies, beef and pork were fold in this province from one peimy to two- pence a pound} the fineft pullets at fixpencc each} chickens at three or four (hillings adozen^geefe at ten-pence each; and turkeys at eighteen pence: fifli and wild-fowl vete ftill cheaper in their feafons; and a fat buck was ufually fold for nine or ten ihil- Kngs.. This eftimate may ferve for the other American colonics, where provifions were equally plentiful and cheap; and, in fume of them, lower. Bdides the animals tranfported from Europe to this country, the following arc natural Co it } namely, deer, of which there are vaft numbers, a fort of panther or tiger, bcai ,s> wolves, foxes, and racoons. That fingular animal called the opofliim, which fcems to be the wood-rat mentioned by Charlevoix in his Hiftory of Canada, is likewife a native of this country: it grows to the fize of a cat; and, befidcs the uelly common to other ani- mals, it has anotlier peculiar to itfcif, which hangs beneath the former. This belly has a brge aperture towards the hinder legs, which difcovcrs a great number of teats on the ufual parts of tlie common belly: on thcfc, when the female conceives, the young sre formed; and there they hang, like fruit on the ftalk, till they are grown, in weight and bulk, to their appointed fize ; and then they drop oftj and arc received into the falie belly, frcra whence they go out at plcafure, aiul in which they take refuge on every appearance of danger^ Virginia abounds with all forts of wild and domeftic fowl. Among others, the Virgi- nian nightingale, the plumage of which is crimfon and blue ; the mocking-bird, thought to excel all others in it's natural note, and to include that of every one; and the humming- bird, the fmsdleft of all the winged creation, and by far the moft beautiful, being wholly arrayed in fcarlet, green, and gold : this laft bird fips the dew from the flowers, and is ot fuch a delicate nature that it cannot be imported alive into Europe. The ibh^itants of Virginia are achearful, hofpitabie, and in general genteel fort of peo- ple. Some of them indeed are charaderized as vain and oftcntatious : nor does this inv puution appear groundlefs ; for though there are not many very rich planters in this pro- vince, there is fcarcely an individual fo poor as to be reduced to a ftate of beggary; but {boidd any one happen to be difablcd, through age or infirmity, from providing for himfclf, be is quartered ou (bme fubftamial planter, and comfortably provided for at the public exr pence. A3 )\ VIRGINIA. ^m As the commerce of Virginia and Maryland is entirely of the famfr idnd, xn have in- cluded both under this head. Thcfe provinces were formerly fuppofedto export to Great Britain, of tobacco alone, to the annual value of feven ..undred and fixty-eight thoufand pound? 5 which, at eight pounds per hoglhead, makes the number of hoglheads amount to ninety-fix thoufand. Of thefe, it is computed that about thirteen thoufand five hundred hogftieads were confiimedat home, the duty on which amounts to three hundred and fifty- one thoufand fix hundred and feventy-five pounds ; and the remaining »ighty-two dioufand five hundred hogfhcads were exported by our merchants to the other European countries, and their value returned to Great Britain. The advantages which arofe from this trade are fufficiently obvious ; and it may not be improper to add, that this fingle branch em- ployed three hundred and thirty fail of {hips, and feven tliouiand nine hundred and fixty feamen. The other commodities of thefe colonies, of which naval ftores, wheat, Indiai) corn, and iron in pigs and bars, are the moft confiderable, made the whole exportation, at an average of three years, amount ,o oik million and forty thoufand pounds fterling. The exports of Great Britain, the fame as lo our other colonies, at a like average, amounted to eight hundred and fixty-five thoufand pounds. This was the firft American country planted by the Englifh, who derived their right, not only to it, but to all their other fettlemcnts, as has been previoufly obferved, from the difcovery of Scbaftian Cabot, who in 1497 firft made tlie northern continent of America, in the fervice of Henry VII. of England. No attempts, howeve:, were made to fettle it, till the reign of Queen Elizabeth, when Sir Walter Raleigh having applied to government, collected a party, compofed of feveral perfons of diftindicn and eminent merchants, who agreed to open a trade and fettle a colony in that part of the worlds which, in honour of Queen Elizabeth, was called Virginia. Towards the clofe of the fixteenth century, feve- ral attempts were made to fettle this colony, which in general proved abortive. The three firft companies which failed to Virginb either perifhcd through hunger and difeafes, or were maflacred by the Indians. The fourth was reduced to the loweft ebb ; and, having dwindled to a feeble remainder, and defpairing of living in fuch an uncultivated country, inhabited by hoftile and warlike nations, had fee fail for England: but, in the mouth of Chefapeak Bay, they were met by Lord Delawar, with a fquadron loaded with provifions, and every thing ncccflary for their relief and defence. At his perfuafion they returned; and, by his advice, prudence, and winning behaviour, the government of the colony was fettled within itlelf, and put on a refpcdable footing with regard to it's internal enemies^ This nobleman, who had accepted the government of the unpromifing province of Vir- •Tinia from the nobleft motives, was compelled, by the declining ftate of his health, to return to England. He left behind him his fon, as deputy ; with Sir Thomas Gates, Sir George Summers, the honourable George Piercy, and Mr. Newport, for his council. By them James Town, the firft town built by the Englifli in the New World, was crcft- ed. The colony continued to flourifti, and the true fources of it's wealth began to be dif- covered and improved. The firft fettlers, like thofe of Maryland, were generally perfons of confideration and diftinaion. It remained a fteady ally to the royal party during the civil wars in Great Britain i and many of the cavariers, who were in danger at home, took {heltei- ■ :( ■|ti i \m JfO^ AMEBJtCAN STATES. flidter Hi this prdvine« ; artd, under the goveriimeot or Sir William -Berktiejr, held our /off the crown, till the parliament reduced them rather by ftratagera than force. After tlie Rclloratioa, thehiilory of this province prefents u> with nothing reaiarkable. Setfh after this lera, a young gentleman, named Bacon, q lawyer, having availed himfclf of fome difcontenta in the province on account of reftraints impofcd on .triwlc, became very popular, and threw every thing into conlufion. His natural death, however, ruftored peace and unanimity; and the inhabitants of .Virginia) opening their eycsto tlieir true intereiV, ceafcd to ruin themfelves. The government of this province is at prefcnt veftcd in a governor, fenate, and houft of delegates: all of whom arc annually elcdlcd. Befides thefe, a privy>council, or council of Ante, confirting of eight members, is alfo diofen by the fenate and houfe of delegates, to aifift in the adminiftration of government. The only towns of any importance in this province are, James Town, and Williams- burg. James Town, which was formerly eftcemed the cipital, is fituated on a peniiifula formed by James River, aboat forty miles from it's mouth, in 76 degrees well longitude, and 37 degrees 30 minutes north latitude ; and contains about eighty or one hundred hoiifes, the greateft part of which arc taverns, or public-houfes, for the entertainment of mariners. It's fituation is naturally ftrong; but the fortifications have been negle»i1ed. Willjamlburg, the prefent capital of Virginia, (lands about feven miles from Jamc« Town, between James and York Rivers, in 37 degrees 20 minutes north latitude, and in 76 degrees 30 minutes weft longitude. But though it is the feat of government, it con> tains fcarcdy one hundred houfes: it has, however, an elegant town-hou>::al. ;.».■: NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA, WITH GEORGIA. 501 North Carolina contains Albemarle, Bath, and part of Clarendon, counties; South Ca- rolina contains part of Clarendon county, Craven, Berkeley, Colleton, and Granville, counties ; but Georgia has received no fubdivifions. The molt confidcrable rivers in tlicfc dl.iidts arc, the Roanoke, or Albemarle River; Pamticoi Nucs; Cape Fear, or Clarendon River; Pedcc; Santce; Savannah; Alatamaha, or George River; and St. Mary's, which divides Ocov^m iVom Florida: all which rivers fife in the Apalachian Mountains ; and, running an caltward courfc, fall into the Atlantic Ocean. The back parts arc watered by the Cherokecs, Yafous, Mobille, Apalachicola, the Pearl River, and many other fpacious dreams which fall into the Miffiflippi or the Ciulph of Mexico. The Atlantic Ocean is the only part of the watery element that borders on this country; which is fo (hallow near the coaft, that a fliip of confiderablc burden can approach it oidy in a few places. North Carolina does not furnifh one good harbour: the belt, however, is that of Roanoke, at the mouth of Albemarle River; and Pamtico. In South Caro- lina are the harbours of Winyaw or George Town, Charles Town, and Port Royal: and, in Georgia, the mouihs of the Rivers Savannah and Alatamalia form pretty commodious havens. The moft remarkable promontories arc, Cape Hatteras, in 35 degrees north latitude ; Cape Fear, to the fouthward; and Cape Carteret, Hill farther in the fame dircdtion. No eflential difterence is perceptible between the climates of thefe countries : in general, they agree with ihofe of Virginia ; but where any diflcrcnce arifes, it is in favour of Caro- lina. The fummcrs, indeed, are more intenfely hot in the latter than in the former ; but the winters arc milder and fliorter. Like all American weather, the climate of Carolina is fubjeft to fudden ti anfitions from heat to cold, and from cold to heat ; but not to oats, peas, beans, hemp, flax, cotton, tobacco, indigo, olives, oranges, citron, cyprefs, faflafras, oak, walnut, caflia, and pine-trees ; white mulberry- trees, for feeding filk-worms ; farfaparilla; and pines^ which yield pitch, tar, rofm, and turpen- tine. There is a tree from which exfudes an oil of extraordinary eflicacy in curing wounds; another, which yields a kind of balm, fuppofed to be little inferior to that of Mecca; and there are likewifc other trees which diftil gums. But the moft curious vegetable produc- tion of thefe pro\ inces is the Indian fig, commonly called the prickly pear, which grows in great plenty, and feems to be only a collection of leaves without trunk or boughs ; for a lerf fet in the ground takes root and produces other leaves, which grow one above another, till they arrive at a confiderablc height, the leaves diverging in the form of boughs : thefe leaves are long, broad, thicker than a man's hand, of a deep green colour, and thick fet with long, Iharp, and flcndcr prickles. From the tops of the leaves rife long yellow flowers, refemb- ling thofe of the pomegranate-trt?, from which is produced a fruit fimilar to the common fig, internally filled with a red pulp of a blood-colour, and very fweetand lufcious; but which produces fuch a tindture in the urine of thofe who eat it, that it appears like pure blood, though it's effects are perfedly innocent. The tops of thefe figs are encircled with fcaly leaves, in the fliape of crowns, in which are contained the feeds: thefe being fown, produce round-bodied plants like the trunks of other trees, with leaves gro\. ing on them, as al- ready defcribedj but if thefe leaves are plucked oft^ and planted in the ground, they bring forth NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA, WITH GEORGIA. 503 forth trew of leaves only. On this plant grow certain cxcrcfcences, from which are faid to proceed the cochiiteal infet^ts, fo much valued for dyeing the richcft fcarlet. The Carolinas produce prodigious quantities of honey, of which excellent fpirits are madej and mead equal to Malaga facie. However, the three great ftapic commouitics at prefcnt «re, indigo, rice, and thi; produce of the pine Nothing furprixes an Luropi^an more, at firft fight of this country, than the prodigious fizc of it's trees, the trunks of wliieh are often from fifty to fevcnty feet high, without either branches or limbs } and frequently upwards of thirty-fix feet in circumference. Of thefe trunks, when excavated, the inhabitants of Charles Town, as well as the native Indians, make canoes, which fcrve to tranfport provifions and other goods from place to place; and one of them is fo very I;irge, that though formed of but one piece of timber, it is capable of carryins thirty or forty barrels of pitch ; and of thcfe v.ill pieces of timber the natives alfo conftrudt very curious plcafure-boats. The indigenous animals of thefe provinces differ very little from thcfe of Virginia; but in Carolina the variety of beautiful fowls is ftill more immcnfe. All the animals common to Europe are plentiful; black cattle multiply extremely; and it is no uncommon thing for a planter to poflefs two or three hundred cow:, and fomctimes even a thoufand: thefe range the forefts during the day-time; but their calves being kept in fenced pafturcs, the cows re- turn to them every evening. 1 he hogs raiij;e in the fame manner, and return like the cows; and, being very numerous, many of them, as well as cows and horfes, run wild in ■the woods. Confidering the vaft numbers of wolves, tigers, and panthers, which continually range the woods, it is aftonilhing that all forts of cattle fliould haveincrcafedfo prodigioufly fincc their firft importation from Europe: but, as before obferved, the American beafts of prey are lefs formidable than thofe of Africa and Afia, andfeldom attempt to kill cither calves or foals ; but, whenever they begin the attack, the dams generally make a vigorous defence. The Englifh attempted to colonize Carolina at a pretty early period; but their firft ex- pedition having proved unfortunate, nothing fuccef-ful was accompliflied in this way till the rei'^n of Charles II. in 1663. At that time feveral Englifli noblemen and perfons of diftinftion obtained a charter from the crown, invefting them with the property and jurif- didion of this country; and they accordingly parcelled out the lands to fuch as were in- clined to emigrate to the new fetllement, and to fubmit to a fyftem of laws which the im- mortal Locke compofed for that purpofe. They began their firft fettlement on a point of land to the fouthward of their diftrid, between two navigable rl/crs: there they laid the foundation of a city, called Charles Town, intended for the capital of the province, which rank it ftill maintains. In time, however, the difputes between the adherents of the Church of England and the diflcnters became very violent, and occafioned a total confufion in the colony; which was rendered ftill more intolerable by the incurfions of the Indians, whom they had irritated by their infolence and injuftice. In order to prevent the natural confe- quences of thefe inteftine divifions and external attacks, an aa of parliament was paffed, which put this colony under the immediate protedion of the crown. The lords proprie- tors accepted a recompcnfe of about twenty-four thoufand pounds for botii the property and jurifdidion; 5^4 AMERICAN STATES. jiirifdiiflion; and the coiiftitiition of this colony, in thofc icfpefls in uhlch it difFcrcJ from tlic royal government, was altered : Karl Granville, however, thought fit to retain his fovi nth fliarc, which is ftill intho poilllTioii of his family. For the more convenient adminiihation of affairs, Carolina, on this occafion, was divided into two dilhii^ts, and two governments. This revolution happened in 1728; and from that time peace having been rcflorcd in the internal government, as well as with the Cherokccs and other Indian tribes, thefc provinces began to recover, and their trade advanced with uncommon rapidity. The colonization of (icorgia was projecKd in 1732; whenfcveral piiblic-fpirited noble- men and gentlemen, from tJK' pnrcfl motives of companion to the poor of thefe kingdoms, fubfcribcd a confidcrable fiim, which, with ten thoufand pounds from government, was ex- pended in providing neceflaries for fuch indigent pcrfons as were difpofcd to tranfport thcm- felvcb into this country, and to fubmit to the impofcd regulations. In procefs of time, new fums were raifed, and new adventurers fent over; and, before the year 1752, upwards of one thoufand perfons were fettled in this province. It was not, however, probable, that the inhabitants of Georgia, removed as they were at a diftancc from their benef.iJlors, and from the check and controul of thofe who had a natural influence over them, would fubmit to the maglftrates appointed to govern them: many of the regulations, too, by which they were bound, were very abfurd in themfeU es, and deprived the Georgians of privileges which their neighbours were permitted to enjoy, and which, as they incrcaled in numbers and opulence, they thought it uiijuft to be debarred of. From tliefc corrupt fources arofe M thofe animofities which rent afundcr the conltitution of government: dillenfions ofall kinds fprung up ; and the colony was on the brink of dertruclioii, when the government, in 1752, took it under it's immediate care, removed the moft flagrant grievances, alLiyed the natural jealoufy and difcontents of the fettlers, and placed Georgia on the fame footing with the Caroliniis. The mctiiod of fettling in Carolin.i, and, indeed, in moft other provinces of Ei itifti Ame- rica, was to pitch on a vacant fpace of ground, and either to purchafe it at the rate of twenty pounds for one thoufand acres, and one ftiilling quit-rent for every hundred acres ; or, other- wife, to pay n penny an acre quit-rent to the proprietors yearly, without laying out any purchafc-money. The Carolinians live in the fame eafy, plentiful, and luxurious manner, as the Virginian'', already defcribed; poverty is almoft totally unknown; the planteis arc extremely hofpitablc to Prangcrs ; and their benevolence to fuch perfons as, cither through accident or misfortune, are rendered incapable of providing for themfelvcs, in a great mea- fure compenfates for ihc injury of fate. North and Sou Ji Carolina joined with the other colonies in their revolt againft Great Britain; and, in 1780, Charles Town, the capital, having been btfieged by the king's troops, furrendered by capitulation on the 4th of May, in the lame year, after a fiege of upwards of a month. The government of North Carolina, in confequence of the acknowledged independence of the United St'tes, is vefted in a governor, fenate, andhoufe of commons, all elected an- nually; of South Carolina, in a governor, fenate, and houfe of reprcfcntatives ; and that of Georgia, in a governor, executive council, and houfc of alTcmbly. As >1 KORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA, WITH GEORGIA. jby As South Carolina was moft populous and opulient, it's commerce alone emproyed on« hundred and forty fliips ; while that of North Carolina and Gcoriii.i did not employ fixry. It's exports to Great Britain of native commodities, on an average of three years, amounted to more than three hundred and ninety-five thoufand pounds annual value ; and it's imports to three hundred and fixty-five thoufand. The exports of North Carolina were calcuhitcd «t fixty-eight thoufand pounds, and the imports at about eighteen thoufand. The trade of Georgia is likewife in t*8 infancy ; the exports amounted to little more than fcventy-four thoufund pounds, and the imports to forty-nine thoufand. The commerce between Caro- lina and the Weft Indies was very extcnfive ; their trade with the Indians was likewife in a very flouriihing condition } and they formerly exported Englifh goods by means of pack-horfes, five or fix hundred miles into the country weft of Charles Town. The mouths of the rivers in North Carolina form but ordinary harbours ; and, except- ing one at Cape Fear, do not admit voflels of more than fixty or feventy tons : and as the cxpence of lighterage is very confidcrable, that circumftance proves an infuperable obH^acle to trade. The only town in either of the Carolina?, of any geographical importance, is Charles Town, the metropolis of South Carolina ; which, for magnitude, beauty, and trade, may b« confidered as one of the firft in the United States. Situated at the confluence of two navigable rivers, which admit fhips a confiderable way above the town, it is ad- mirably adapted for the purpofes of commerce. A bar, however, at the mouth of the harbour, prevents veffels of more than two hundred tons from entering ; but, in other refpefts, tins port is extremely fafe and commodious. TJic town is regularly and ftrongly fortified both by nature and art; the ftrects are laid out with tafte; and the houfes are large and well built, fome of wood, and others of brick, but all finiflied with an eye to convenience and elegance ; and the rents are extremely high. The ftreets are wide and ftraight, interfering each other at right-angles } and thofe which run eaft and weft extend about a mile from die one river to the other. Charles Town contains about a thoulimd houfes, and was formerly the feat of the go- vernor, and the place of meeting of the aflembly. It's ntighbourhood is beautiful beyond- conception ; and fevcral handfome equipages are kept by the inhabitants. The planters and merchants are rich and well-bred: and, before the late civils wars, the people were (hewy and expenfive in their drefs and way of living; fo that every thing confpired to ren- der it the moft lively, delightful, polite, and opulent place, in all America. For the ho- nour of the Carolinians it fhould be obferved, that when, in common with the other colo- nies, they refolved againft the ufo of certain luxuries, and even necefliiries of life, thofe articles which improve the mind, enlarge the underftanding, and correft the tafte, were excepted, the importation of books being permitted without limitation. The town of Beaufort, fituated on the iftand of Port Royal, on the confines of Georgia, about a hundred miles fouth of Charles Town, has a fine harbour, capable of containing the whole royal navy of England; but the town itfelf is as yet inconfiderable, though it 'fiids fair for becoming, in time, the firft commercial place in this quarter of America. ft M Edenton, 'rN. '. 1 f'i m if" I i^V'- fi: M' m I -Of ' '1 5P« AMERICAN STATES. £denton, though an infignificant village^ was formerly confidcred as the capita! of North Carolina. Savannah, the capital of Georgia, in 31 degrees 58 minutes north latitude, is commod-- oufly fituated for an inland and foreign trade, about ten miles from the fea, on a noble "Ucr of the fame name, navigable by large boats for two hundred miles farther. In thi', town there is a church, a meeting-houfe, and a wharf, befides other public buildings i and in it the celebrated Mr. Whitefield founded an orphan-houfe, which is now converted into a col- lege for the education of young men dcTigned chiefly for the miniftry } and, through his zeal and pious care, Uiis f'^minary was lately in a very flourifhing condition. From the town of Savannah the whole courfe of the river towards the fea is vifible; and. on the other hand, for fixty miles up the country, the view is plcafant and unconfined. In Odober 1779, bavannah, then in polTeffion of the king's troops, was befteged by American and French troops in conjun(Slion i but, by the fpirited exertions of General Prevoft, they were repulied with great flaughter : foon after which, the French troops were re-embarked, and the enterprize was abandoned. Augufta, the only other town in Georgia worthy of notice, is fituated two hundred miles higher up the River Savannah. It (lands on a very fertile fpot of ground ; and is fo com- modioufly fituated for the Indian trade, that, ever fmce the firft eftablifliment of the colon)', it has been in a moft flourifhing condition, and very early maintained fix hundred whites in the trade only. The inhabitants carry on a lucrative commerce with the Creeks, the Chickefaws, and the Cherokees, in fliins and furs : but, in this warm climate, furs are far lefs va.' ..Me than to the northward ; Providence having wifely ordained, that animals (hould be cloathed in proportion to their exigences ; that they fhould be fitted by the warmth of their coverings to repel the northern frofts, and by their coolnefs to endure the tropical heats. CHAP. XI. SPANISH AMERICA. EAST AND WEST FLORDA. THIS country, to which the Spaniards have given the name of Florida, was firft dif- covered by Sebaftian Cabot, eighteen years before it was known to tiie Spaniards : but, after having been peopled by ihat nation, it was ceded to Great Britain on the pacifi- cation of 1763 •, and, by the late treai'y, was again refigned to Spain. It is bounded by Georgia on the north ; by the Miffiffippi on the weft; by the Gulph of Mexico on the fouth} and by the Bahama Straits on the eaft: lying between 25 and 32 degrees of north liititude, and between 80 and 91 of weft longitude; and being about five hundred miles Aong, and four hundred and forty u.oad. The EAST AND WEST FLORIDA. 507 The principal river in Florida is the MhTiffippi, one of the largeft and fincft in the world : for, including it's turnings and windings, it is fuppofed to run a courfe of four thoufand five hundred miles: but it's mouths are in a manner choakcd up with fands and flioals, which deny accefs to vefiels of any confiderable burden; there being, according to fome geo- graphers, only twelve feet water over the bar at the principal entrance, though others aflert that there are feventeen'. But within the bar there are one hundred fathoms water -, and the channel is every where deep, and the current gentle, except at a certain feafon, when, like the Nile, it overflows it's banks, and becomes extremely rapid. Except at tlie entrance, already mentioned, it is every where free from fhoals and catarads, and navigable for fmall craft to it's very fource. The Mobille, Apalachicola, and St. John's j ivers, are alfo large and noble ftreams ; and, in any other country, would be efteemed remarkable : but the Miffiflippi abforbs all the other rivers of Florida; and, from it's own fuperior magnitude> renders them of little confequence. The chief bays are thofe of St. Barnard, Afcenfion, Mobille, Penfacola, Dauphin, Jo- feph, Apalaxy, Spiritu San^fto, and Charles. The principal capes are, Cape Blanco ; Samblas ; Andote ; and Cape Florida, at the ex- tremity of the peninfula. Various accounts have been propagated refjieftitig the falubrity of the air ; but, that it is far from bein* inimical to the health of the natives, maybe deduced from the fizc, vigour, and longevity, of the Floridian Indians ; who, in thefe refpedts, far exceed their, more fouthern neighbours the Mexicans. Near the fea, and forty miles backward, Eaft Florida is flat and fandy: but even the coun- try round St. Auguftine, which appareritly is the moft fterile of any in the province, produces two crops of Indian corn yearly; garden vegetables in great perfection; and oranges and lemons, liotli in flavour and magnitude, preferable to thofe of Spain and Portugal. The in- terior country towards the hills is alfo extremely rich and fertile, producing fpontaiieoufly the fruits, vegetables, and gums, which arc common to Georgia and the Caro'inas , and is likcwife propitious to the cultivation of European productions. This country affords rice, indigo, ambergris, and cochineal; amethyfts, tuvquoifes, lapis lazuli, and other precious ftones; copper, quicklilver, pit-c»a!, and iron-ore : pearls are alio found on fome parts of the coaft ; and mahotirny grows on the fouihern parts of the pehin- liila, though infcrioi in fize and qu ".Ky to that of Jam.iica. One of'thc moft fingular vegetable prodaClions in this, or indeed any other country, is the cabbage-tree, called by fome authors the palmetto royal. The trunk bulges out a little near the ground, and gives it the graceful appearance of a fubftantial bafis on which to fupport it's towering height. It is generally perfcflly ftraight ; and, when about thirty years old, hardly any pillar of the niceft order in architeaure can be more regular. Ir rifes above a hundred feet high ; the trunk near the ground being about fix or ("even feet in tircumfercnce, and the whole body tapering to the top. The colour of the baik rcfem- bks that of the afh-tree; and is fa.ntlv clouded, at the diftance of every four or five nu hes, vfith the veftigia of the decayed branches: this colour of the bark continues till within twcutv-fivc or thirty feet of 'the extremity, where it changes at once iVoiai an nfl: to a ■' beautiful I .^ . i i'4 •1 'W\ f" ilF 5o8. SPANISH AMERICA. beautiful, deep iea-green, which continues to the very fiimmit. About five feet ftom the commencement of the green part, the trunk is encircled with it's numerous branches, all the lowermoft fpreading horizontally with great regularity ; and Jie extremities of many of the higher branches bend, and wave downwards like fo mary plumes of it»riiers. TheTe brandies, when full-grown, are about twenty feet long» ar d tbick-fet oH the trunk, rifmo- gradually fuperior to each other, the top being terminatrd by a beautiful upright green conic fpire: they are alfo decorated with' a vaft number jf green-pointed leaves, fome of tliem near three feet long, and an inch and a half bmaJ, growing narrower towards their points, as well as gradually decreafing in length towards the extremities of the branches. It is rema) kable that the lowermoft branch drops monthly from, the tree, carrying with it an exfoliated circular lamen of the green part of the tree, from the infertion of the branches to die afh-coloured part ; and this, as well as the branch to which it is fixed, always fall to*, gether. When the lofs of this lower branch happens, the green conic fpire which iffucs from the centre of the fuperior branches, and overtops theip all, burfls, and protrudes from it's fide a young brrnch, which continues the uppcrmoA till another of the inferior branches drops oft", when 'he fpire again fends forth a branch fi'.perioi in fituation to the lall : and thus the lofs of tlie branch below is always lupplicd by the growth of one above. Th;"! interior texture of the leaves appears to be feveral longitudinal thread-like filaments ; which, being fpun, are manufadturcd into cordage of every kind, as well as fifliing-rets. What is called the cabbage, lies in many thin, white, brittle flakes, which have fomeching of the tafte of almonds j and, when boiled, of cabbage, but fweeter and more lufcious. Animals are fo very numerous in Florida, that a goori faddle-horfe may be had in ex- change for goods of five fhillings value, prime coftj and there have been inflances of horfes having been exchanged for a hatchet per head. St. Augufline, the capital of Eafl Florida, is fituated near the frontiers of Georgia, in la degrees 50 minutes north latitude ; and was originally built by the Spaniards. The city runs along the fhorc, at the foot of a pleafant hill adorned with trees ; and is of an oblono- figure, divided by four regular flrccts which crofs each other at right-angles. Clofe to the f>.'a-fhore, about three quarters of a mile to the fouthward of the town, flands the church and monaftery of St. Auguftinc. On the north of the town is fituated the caftle called Fort St. John, round which are ibme very elegant ftrutitures. The cal^le is a quadran- gular building of foft ftone, fortified with whole baflJons, a rampart twe :y feet high, and a parapet nine feet thick ; and is caferrated. The town is likewife fortified with baflions, ■i'\ inclofed with a ditch; and the whole is well mounted with cannon. The harbour is formed by the north t nd of Santa Anaftafia, an ifland nine leagues long ; and a long neck of land divided from the continent by the River St. \iark, which difcharges itfelf into the fca a little above the caftle. At the entrance of thi*"- '^^'•bour are the North and South Breakers, for ag two channels, with bars covered with eight or nine feet water at low tide : and on the north and fouth there are two fmall Indian towns, without the city walls. The exports from Eal Florida are very inconfiderablc, the produce of the Indian trade being almoft all that can be fpared, for the country is not yet by any means vrell cultivated ; and, on account of it's naving frequently (;hanged it's mafters, as well as the confequent ravages I EAST AND WEST FLORIDA. 50, i-atages of war, a confiderablc time muft elapfe before it's population and trade can be brought to a ftate of perfetftion. Penfacola, the capital of Weft Florida, is fituated on the ifland of Santa Rofa, which is about thirty-three miles in length, and feparated from the main-land by a channel half aleague broad, and only navigable for fmall boats. The landing-place is within the bay, in very ' Jhallow water ; the town being built on a whit-; fandy (horv, which can only be approached by fmall craft. The road, however, is one of the beft in the Gulph of Mexico, and in it veflels may ride fecure from every wird. The bottom affords excellent anchorage; and the fea is never greatly agitated, on account of it's being furrounded by the land on every fide. Penfacola was lately defended by a fmall fort furrounded by ftoccadoes ; and the prin- apal ftrufture it contained was the governor's, a very handfome fabric, adorned with turrets. The complexions of the Floridian Indians are of an olive hue; their bodies are robuft and finely proportioned; and both fexes go naked, except that they have deers fkins round their warfts. The women are extremely handfome; and fo very aftivr, that they are ca- pable of climbing to the tops of the higheft trees with furprizing fwiftni.fs, ai.J fwimming «crofs the broadeft rivers with their children hung at their backs. The men ufe bows and arrows in war; and are in general fatisfied with one wiJe, though their chiefe are indulged with concubinage. Both fexes worfliip the fun and the moon. The banks of the Mifliffippi, the Mifauris, and the Ohio, are inhabited by a number of warlike nations, whofc native freedom has not yet been abridged by the intrufions of Europeans: thefe are the Cherokees, the Chickefaws, and the White Indians; for a de- fcription of whom we refer our readers to the general account of the native Americans. CHAP. XII. NEW MEXICO, WITH CALIFORNIA. THIS country is bounded by unknown lands on the north ; by Louifiana on the eaft ; by Old Mexico and the Pacific Ocean on the fouth ; and by the fame ocean on the weft: lying between 23 and 43 degrees of north latitude, and between 94, and 126 of weft ' jngitude ; and extending about two thoufand miles in length, and one thoufand fix hun- (i> i in breadth. The north-caft divlfion of this country contams New Mexico Proper, the capital of wiach is Santa Fe^ the fouth-eaft divifion contains Apacheira, the chief town of which is St. Antonio; the fouth divifion '..ontains Sonora, the chief town of which is Tuape; and the weft divifion confifts of the peninfula of California, the principal town of which is St. Juan. Thefe countries, lying for the moft part within the temperate zone, are blefled with a climate in many places highly agreeable; and enjoy a foil produdii'c of every thing which 6 N can \u ■ ■^• ■!, ■'A it-. Sto SPANISH AMERICA. can contribute either to the profit or delight of manicind. In California, however, the fummer heats arc exceflivc, paiticularly towards the i'ca-coaft j but, in the interior parts the climate is more temperate, and the winters are even cold. The natural '.liftory of thcfe traits is yet in it's infancy. The Spaniards, who are the proprietors of the country, know but little of the matter j and, what little they do know they fcduloufly conceal from tlic reft of mankind. Their authority being on a precarious footinir with the Indians, who in a great meafure poflcfs their original independence, they are jealous of difclofing the natural advantages of tlicle countries, which might perhaps operate as incentives for other European nations to attempt eftablifhments in them. It is certain, however, that the provinces of New Mexico and Ciilifornia arc in general ex- tremely beautiful and pleafant ; imd that the face of the country is agreeably di vcrfified with hills and plains, interi'cdled by rivers, and adorned with gentle eminences covered with various forts of trees, fomc of which produce the moft delicious fruits. With refpcft to the value of the gold mines in thefe countries, nothing pofitivc can be allertcd; but there are un- queftionably natural produdlions fuffi' iently valuable to render thefe colonics ijnportant to any people lefs indolent than the Spaii.. :<'■ In California a vail qiiantity of dew tui. mornins!; ; which, fettling on the rofe-lcavc? candies, becomes hard like manna, and pou. 'S all that fweetnefs peculiar to refined fugar, without it's whitenefs. In the centre of the peninfula there are plains o' fait, perfectly firm, and pellucid like cryital ; which, confidering the vaft quantities of fifa found on the coaft, might render it an invaluable acquifition to any induftrious nation. Though the Spanilli fcttlcmcnts are conftantly increafing in proportion as new mines are dlfcovcred, they are dill comparatively weak. The inhabitants are chiefly Indians, whom the Spanifh miflioiiaries have in many places brought over to Chri{li.uiity, and taught to raifc corn and wine, which they now export to Old Mexico iii confiderable quantities. California was originally difcovcred by Cortez, the great conqueror of Mexico; but Sir Fraiicis Drake, the celebrated Englifli navigator, took poflcfTion of it in 1578, and his right was confirmed by the principal king, or chief, of the whole country. This title, how- ever, the government of Great Britain have not yet attempted to vindicate, though Cali- fornia is admirably fituated for trade, and has a pearUfifliery of great value on it's coaft. It was long confidered as an ifland; but is now demonftrated to be a peninfula in the Pa- cific Ocean, ifluing from the north coaft of America, and extending from Cape Sebaftiaii, in 43 degrees 30 minutes north latitude, to the fouth-eaft, where it is terminated by St. Lucar, in 22 degrees 32 minutes north latitude; the whole peninfula being eight hundred miles in length. The inhabitants and government of thefe countries do not materially differ from tliofe of Old Mexico, which we are about todcfcribe. Santa Fe, the capital of New Mexico, is a handfomc, well-built town, fituated near the fource of the Rio del Norte, in 36 degrees 40 minutes north latitude, and in loi degrees J 5 minutes weft longitude, from London. It is built after a regular plan ; and is an epii- topul fee, fuffr.'.gan to that of Mexico ; and the rcf.deuce of the governor, who enjoys his poft for the term of .^ivc years. CHAP. OLD MEXICO, OR NEW SPAIN. 511 CHAP. XIII. OLD MEXICO, OR NEW SPAIN. '; THIS very extenHve province is bounded by New Mexico, or Granada, on the nortfr';. by the Gulph of Mexico on the north-eall; by Terra Firma on the fouth-eaft; and by the Pacific Ocean on the fouth-weft: lying between 8 and 30 degrees of north latitude, and between 83 and no of weft longitude; and extending two thoufand miles in leno-th, and fiv hwnda-d in breadth. Old Mexico is divided into three audiences ; namely, Garicia,or Guadalajazza; Mexico Proper ; and Guatimala. The principal bays on the north coaft are, the gulphs or bays of Mexico, Campeachv, Vera Ci uz, and Honduras. In the Pacific Ocean, or South Sen, are the bays of Micoya aiid Amapalia, Acapulco and Salinas. • The chief capes are thofe of Sardo, St. Martin, Cornducedo, Catoche, Hondura?, Ca- meron and Gracios Dins, in the North Sea; and, in the South Sea, are Cape Marques Spirito Saniflo, Coricntcs, Gallcro, Blanco, Durica, Prucreos,.aiid Mala. About the full and change of the moon, from Oilober till March, ftrong winds prevarl in the Gulph of Mexico and the adjacent feas. Trade-winds are experienced every where at a diftancc from land within the tropical climates; and, in the South Sea, near thecoafts, there arc periodical winds called monfoons, and fea and land breezes much the fame as in Afia. Mexico, 1} ing principally within the torrid zone, is exccflively hot ; and on the eaftern fliore, where tlie land Is low, marfliy, and conftantly flooded in the rainy fcafonr, the air is extremely inimical to health. The interior country, howe\cr, aflLmcs a better afpecl, and the air is of a milder temperature; and, on the wcftern fide, the land is higher than on the eaftern, as well as richer, and better peopled. Tlie foil of Mexico in general is far from being fterile; and, were the induftry of the inhabitants correfpondent to their natural ad- vantages, would produce any fort of griiin. Like all the tropical countries, Mexico abounds more in fruits than in grain. Pine- apples, pomegranates, oranges, lemons, citrons, figs, and cocoa-nuts, are plentiful, and ih the higheft perfeiStion. Mexico likewife produces a prodigious quantity of fugar, efpe- cially towards tht Gulph, and the provinces of Guaxaca and Guatimala; fo that ther-. arc more fugar-mills In this diftriA than in any other part of Spanifh America. The valuable gold and fihcr mines of Mexico are reg;u'ded as the chief honour of the country, and firft induced the Spaniards to eftablifh colonies on it. The moft celebrated gold mines arc thofe of Vcragua and New Granada, bordering on Darien and Terra Firma-; and thofe of filver, which are infinitely more rich, n.s well as more numerous, arc found iji fcvcr;il i ) M 4 '■ w 1. 'ri'' -4 ] w Pi ■4M ,! ■ ■ tiW' }>•>'. 5»i SPANISH AMERICA. Teveral parts, but particularly in the province of Mexico. Both of thcfc precious metals are always difcovercd in the mod ftcrile and mountainous parts of the country; nature compenfating in one refpe(5t for her dcf'c£ls in another. The working of both the gold and filver mines depends on the fame principles. When the ore is dug up, which is compofed of feveral lictcrogencous fubftances mixed with the precious metals, it is brolcen by a mill into fmall particles, and .-ifterwards waflied ; by which means it is difcngaged from the light earthy fubftanccs which adhered to it. After this procefs, it is mixed with mercury, which, of all fubflances, has the ftrongeft attrac- tion for gold, and likewife a much ftronger one for (Tlver than for the other fubflances which are united with it in the oic : hence the mercury feparates the gold and fdver from other heterogeneous matter > and then, by {training and evaporation, they are dif- united from the mercury itfelf. Immenfe calculations have been made of the gold and filver produced from the Mexican mines. Thofe who feem to have inveftigated this fubjc£l with the greateft attention, com- pute the revenues of Mexico at twenty-four millions fterling ; and it is a well-known fa*^, that this, and the other provinces of Spanifli America, fupply the whole world with fdver. Next to gold and filver, the other Mexican articles of higheft eftimation arc cochineal and cocoa. After a diverfity of opinions and arguments among naturalilts, it feems at laft to be agreed on all hands that cocl\ineal is of the animal kind, and of the fpecies of the gall infeds. It adheres to the plant called opuntia, and fucks the juice of the fruit, which is of a crimfon colour. From this juice the cochineal derives it's value, which confifts in dyeing all forts of the fineft fcarlet, crimfon, and purple: it is alfo elricacious in medicine both as a fudorific and a cordial ; and it is computed that the Spaniards annually export no lefs than nine hundred the ufand pounds weight of this commodity, for the purpOfes of me- dicine and dyeing. Cocoa, of which chocolate is made, is the next confiderable article in the natural hiftory and commerce of Mexico. Tliis valuable and falubrious fruit grows on a middling-fized tree, which bears a pod about the fhape and magnitude of a cucumber, containing the crjcoa. The Spanilh commerce, in this article alone, is immenfe ; and fuch is it's internal confumption, as well as the foreign demand for it, tliat a fmall garden of cocoas is faid to prcAluce to it's proprietor twenty thoufand crowns a year. It conftitutes a principal part of the diet of the Mexicans; and appears to be highly falubrious, nutritious, and agreeable to the tafte, Mexico likewife [Produces fdk, though not in fufficient quantities to form an article of exportation : but cotton is extremely plentiful ; and, on account of it's lightncfs, is manu- fa£tured into a kind of cloth commonly worn by the natives. The Conqueft of Mexico is one of the moft memorable events in the Spanilh hiftory; but humanity inclines us to pafs over a uanfadlion pregnant with barbarifm, mafl'acre, and horrors. The prcfent inhabitants may be divided into Whites, Indians, and Negroes. The Whites are either born in Old Spain, or are Creoles, that is natives of Spanifli America. The former are chiefly engaged either in government or trade; and fupport nearly the fame charadcr witl» the Spaniards in Europe, except that they poflefs a ftiil greater OLD MEXICO, OR NEW SPAIN. 513 greater portion of fupercilioufnefs ; confidcring themfelves as entitled to every high diftinc- tion in confequence of their being natives of Europe, and regarding the other inhabitants as many degrees inferior. The Creoles have all the bad qualities of the Spaniards, from whom they are defcendcd, without that courage, fortitude, and patience, vihich form the fair fide of the Spanifti character : naturally weak and effeminate, they dedicate the greateft part of their exiftcnce to indolence and unmanly pleafuresj luxurious without variety or elegance, and expenfive with great parade and little convenience, their general charafter i« nothing better than a grave and fpecious infignificance. From idlenefs and conftitutional bias, their whole bufinefs confifts in amour and intrigue; confequently, their ladies are not much celebrated either for chaftity or domeftic virtues. The Indians, who notwithftand- ing the dcvaftations of the firft invaders are ftill very numerous, are become a dejected, timid, and miferable race; and the blacks, like all thofe in other parts of the world, ;ire ftubborn, hardy, and as well adapted by nature for the grofs flavcry they endure as mortals can pofliWy be. Such is the general charaftcrof the inhabitants, not only of Mexico, but of the greateft part of Spanifh America. The civil government is adminiftered by tribunals called Au- diences, which bear a refemblance to the parliaments in France. In thefe courts the vice- roy of the King of Spain prcfides, whofe truft and power are the greateft which his Ca- tholic Majefty has in his dilpofal ; and this is perhaps the richeft government entruftcd to any fubieft. But the grcatnefs of the viceroy's office is diminifhcd by the fhortnefs of it's duration ; for, as jealoufy is the leading feature in Spanifh politics, in whatever regards America no officer is allowed to maintain his power for more than three years; which meafure may unqueftionably have a very good effcit infcciiring the authority of the crown of Spain, but is attended with the moft unhappy confequences to the miferable inhabi- tants, who thereby become a prey to every new governor. The clergy are extremely numerous; and it has been computed that priefts, monks, and mms of the fevcral orders, conftitutc upwards of one fifth part of all the white inhabitants of Mexico; as well as of the other parts of Spanilh America. It is impoffible, indeed, to find a richer field, or one more peculiarly adapted to ecclefiaftics, in any part of the world: the oeorlc arc fuperflitious, ignorant, rich, lazy, and licentious; and with fuch diipof-tions to work upon, it is not furprizing that the church (hould enjoy one-fourth ot the revenues of the whole kingdom. , . . . . .1, u i The trade of Mexico confifts of three capital branches, which extend over the whole known world. It carries on a traffic with Europe, by La Vera Cruz, fituated on the Gulph of Mexico or the North Sea; with the Eaft Indies, by Acapulco, on the South oca; and with" South America by the fame port. The two fca-ports of Vera Cruz and Acapulco are moft advantageourty fituated for the commercial purpofes to wh.ch they are apphed ■ and it is by means of the former that Mexico dilFufes her wealth over the who e world an Twelves in return the numberlefs luxuries and necefl-aries which Europe affords, and uluch the indolence of the Mexicans will not permit them to acquire for them eh es. At tins Tort the fleet from Cadiz, called the Flota, confifting of fourteen large merchants n.p, nd l^^rec men of war as a convoy, annually arrive about the begtnmng ot ^ovca.bcr. ^ Irs 6 O " tt :Nl : t-i I 5»4 SPANISH AMERICA. cargo confifts of every Eutopcan manufacture and commodity; and there are few trading nations who have Icfs intercll in it than the Spaniard?, who fend out little more than wino and oil; and the profits of thcfc, together with the freight nnd commiflion to tlic merchant?, and duty to the king, is all the advantage which Spain derives from her American com- merce. When the goods are landed .it Vera Cruz, and difpofcd of, the fleet takes in plate, precious iloncs, and other commodities, for Eurcjw;. Sometimes it is ready to fail by the qnd of May; and, from Vera Cruz, it proceeds directly to the Havannah, in the Ifland of Cuba, which is the rendezvous where it meets with the galleons, another fleet which carries on the trade of 'i crra Firma by Carthagcna, and of Peru by Pamnma and Porto Bello ; and, when both are colledcdand provided with a proper convoy, they ftcer for Old Spain. By means of the port of Acapulco, the communication is kept up between the different parts oi the Spanifli empire in America and the Eaft Indies. About the month of Decem- ber, the great galleon, attended by one large fliip as a convoy, which forms th*^ only com- munication between the Philippines and Mexico, annually arrives: and the cargoes of thcfe (hips (for the convoy likewifc carries goods) confift of all the rich commodities and manufactures of the eaft. About the fame time the annual Ihip from Lima, the capital of Peru, arrives, which is computed to carry about two millions of pieces of eight in filver, be- fides quickfilvcr and other v;duable commodities, to be laid out in the purchafc of the car- goes of the galleons. Several other fhips, from diftcrent parts of Chili and Peru, aflemble on the fame occafion ; and a great fair commences, which lafts thirty day?, in which the commodities of every part of the world are bartered for one another. The galleon then proceeds on her voyage, loaded with filver, and fuch European goods has have been judged neceflary. Though this trade pailes entirely through the hands of the Spaniards, and in the very centre of their dominions, their profits are comparatively fmall : for, at they allow the Dutch, Great Britain, and other commercial ftatcs, to furnifli the greateft part of the cargoes of the flota, the SpaniHi inhabitants of the Philippines, polTeflcd with the fame fpirit of indolence which ruined their European anceftors, permit the Chinefe merchants to fupply the principal part of the cargo of the galleon. But, notwithftanding what has been faid of the commerce of Vera Cruz and Acapulco, the city of Mexico, the capital of the empire, ought to be confidered as the centre of trade in that part of the world ; for there the principal merchants refide, and of courfe the greateft part of the bufinefs is negociated. The Eaft Indian goods from Acapulco, and the Eu- ropean from Vera Cruz, all pafs through this city; thither all the gold and filver is fent to be coined; there the king's fifth is depofited; and all thofe ornaments and utenfils are fa- bricated which are annually exported to Europe. This magnificent city is fituatcd on a lake of the fame name, in 20 degrees north lati- tude, and in loi degrees lo minutes weft longitude, about a hundred and feventy miles weft from the Gulph of Mexico, and a hundred and ninety north of Acapulco. It is efteemed the moft regular one in the world, being a perfe«St fquare; each fide extends half a league ; and confcquently the whole circumference is fix miles. In the centre there is a large fquare, from whence the ftrcets run in dirc, fi.: r(, H' i !^4? rt n J iff 1^^^ *ur .•emwiim^' OLD MEXICO, OR NEW SPAIN. 5,5 fing each other at right-angles j fo that the length and breadth of the whole city may be fecn at the corner of every ilreet. It has five entrances, but has neither gate?, wall?, ncr artillery. The houfes arc ftrongly built of brick and ftone, but not very high, bccaufe the climate is fubjed to earthquakes; and the grcateft part of the town, (landing on a morafs, it's foundations fometimcs fink ; and, what is ftill worfc, from the ftreams whicii devolve from the mountains into the lake, it is liable to the moft dreadful inundations: indeed, many of the houfes and inhabitants have at different times been a(ftual!y fwept away by floods, notwithftanding every attempt to drain off the waters. The private buildings are commo- dious, and the public ones magnificent j fome of the churches, in particular, are rich and beau- tiful beyond conception. The palace of the Marquis de Vallc, as it is called, is one of the fined pieces of archite(fture either in the New or the Old World: it iserctSed on the very fpot where the imperial palace of Montezuma once ftood, and almoft occupies the fame extent. It has been computed that this city contains eighty thoufand inhabitants ; and fo propi- tious is the climate in which they live, that few of them are in a ftate of indigence, though their native indolence might naturally enough be fuppofed to entail it. St. Jago de Guatimala deferves to be mentioned on account of it's misfortunes. It was formerly the capital of an audience, and one of the firft cities in New Spain, but was totally dcftroyed by a dreadful earthquake and volcano on the 7th of June 1773. A more terrible and awful fcene was hardly ever exhibited: the day preceding, a prodigious noife was heard from a volcano fituatcd in a mountain above the city; which was fucceedcd in the night by a furious explofion, as if it had diCcharged it's whole internal contents. This mounta'u has two tops, from one of which illued fire, and from the other a torrent of water; which, fweeping all before them, blended both houfes and inhabitants in one com- mon ruin. The horror of this fcene was aggravated by one of the moft tremendous earth- quakes ever felt in any part of the globe ; which fcarely left behind it either a veftige of the place, or the life of an inhabitant. 'W CONTINENT OF SOUTH AMERICA. SPANISH AMERICA. CHAP. XIV. TERRA FIRMA, OR CASTILE DEL ORO. THIS country is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the north; by the fame ocean and Surinam on the eaft; by the country of the Amazons and Peru onthefouth; and by the Pacific Ocean and New Spain on the weft. It lies between the equator and 12 de- grees of north latitude, and between 60 and 82 degrees of weft longitude; and extends about one thoufand four hundred mUes in length, and feven hundred in breadUi. r 'j .TVlblillird lU lUr .\ct dirrrn, b i Si6 SPANISH AMERICA. It is (liviJcJ into two grand diftrit^s. That lying towards the north contaim the pro" vinccs of Terra Finna Proper, or Darien; Carthagena^ St. Martha j Rio de la Hacha; VciK7.uf the private buildings are elegant, but not cxpenfivci and though no perfons of vaft for- tunes TERRA FIRMA, OR CASTILE DEL ORO. S19 tunes refide in this city, as in fomc others of Spanifh America, it is not deftitutc of wealthy inhabitants ; and all of them enjoy a fufficiency. In 1670, John Morgan, an Eng.ifh buccaneer, having taken Porto Bello and Mara- caybo, retired to the iflands, where he publifhcd his defign of going againft Panama, and was accordingly joined by muv/ adventurers, who ainftcdKim in facking and burning the city. In Panama there is a tribunal, or royal audience, where the governor prefides ; and to this office is annexed the poft of Captain-general of Terra Firma. The harbour is fcwmcd in the road, under the fhelter of feveral iflands, where (hips lie in fafcty. The inhabitants, who arc parfimonious, dcfigning, and infidious, will rifque every thing when jwofit is in view; and the fame difpofition is prevalent among the fair-fcx, who feldomfall in with the reigning fafliions of other neighbouring provinces. Carthagena, fituatcd in 10 degrees 25 minutes north latitude, and in 77 degrees 12 mi- nutes weft longitude, about three hundred and twenty mil'* uuich of Port Royal in Ja- maica, is built on a fandy plain, which foims a narrow pn.fl'agc on the fouth-weft to a place called Tierra Bomba, as far as Boca Chica. The fortifications both of the city and fuburbs are conftrufted in the modern ftile, and lined with frec-ftonc. The garrifon, in time of peace, confifts of ten companies of regulars, each company containing feventy- fcven men, including officers; befules feveral companies of militia. The city and fuburbs are well planned, the ftreets being ftraight, broad, uniform, and compleatly paved. The houfes, which arc principally builtofftonc,confift only of one ftory above the ground-floor: they are all furnlfhcd with balconies and lattices of wood, which is found to be more Jurabie in this countrv than iron, that metal being foon corroded and deftroyod by the moi- fture and acrimonious quality of the air; from which circumftances, and the fmoaky colour of the walls, they externally make but a very mean appeanuice. The apartments, however, aie well contrived, and xccllently adapted to the climate. Carthagena, including the fuburbs, is equal to a city of the third rank in Europe; it is very populous, and adorned with many fine public tlruaurcs. There is a court of inquifi- tlon eftabliihed n\ the city; which is all".- ' retidcnce of a governor and bifliop, both of whom poflefs veryextenfive powers. The bay, which is one of the moft fiimoui m any part o( the known world, cxtenus tr/o leagues and a h.i]f from north to fouth, and contains :i ' .tliciciit quantity of w .;.r, as well as excellent anchorage, for a large fleet of fliips: the ihallnws, however, at it's entrance, render a (kilful pilot ncceflary. In this bay the galleons from Spain wait the arrival of the Peru fleet at Panama ; and, on the firft advice of it, fail dire^ly for Porto Hello. It is alfo the firft place in America at which the galleons are permitted to touch; and i..us, by the iniblic fales made there, it enjoys the firft fruits of commerce. The inhabitants of Carthagena may be divided into different tribes, who all derive then- oriuin £i-ora a coalition of whites, negroes, and Indians. The Europeans are not very numerous; moft of them, after acquiring competent fortunes, either rcturi i^ ^o opain, or removing into the interior parts of the country. Charity is a virtue in <•, ...ch the natives excel- and were it not cxcrcifcd in the moft liberal manner towards :, y Europeans who ■:tU migrate 520 SPANISH AMERICA. migrate thither for the purpofc of feeking their fortunes, they wouU often pcrifli through ficicnefs or poverty. Carthagena has fuffered much by foreign hoftilities. It was firft invaded in 1544, fooii after it's eftabhfliment, by certain French plunderers, under the conduil of a Corfican pilot. In 1585, it was taken, and alnu>ft dcftroyed, by Sir Francis Drake. M. De Pointis attacked it in 1597 with afquadron of privateers under the protection of the Frencli king ; and though the inhabitants capitulated, they were pillaged without mercy. In 1741, it fuftaineda long fiegcfrom the Englifh under Admiral Vernon i who, after poflcfling them-, (elves of moft of the forts in the harbour, were obliged to retire, owing to the great morta- lity among the troops, and the diiagreement which took place between the admiral and General Wentworth, his coadjutor in the land-fervice. CHAP. XV. PERU. PERU is bounded by Terra Firma on the north; by the mountains, or Cordelclras des Andes, on the eaft; by Chili on the fouth; and by the Pacific Ocean on the weft : lying between the equator and 25 degrees fouth latitude, and between 60 and 81 weft longitude ; it's greateft length being about one thoufand eight hundred miles, and it's breadth five hundred. The proviiKC of Quito forms the northern divifion of this country; Lima, or Los Reyes, the middle; and LosCharcos, the fouthcrn. The only fca which bordcis on Peru is ihc Pacific Ocean, or South Sea. The princi- pal bays and harbours are, Payta, Malabrigo, Cuanchaco, Cofma, Vcrmeio, Guara, Callao, the port towns of Lima, Ylo, and Arica. The principal rivers arc, the Granada or Cagdalcna, Oronoquo, Amazon, and La Plata, which rife in the Andes. Befides thefc, fiveral other confiderable rivers derive their fources from the fame mountains, and fall into the Pacific Ocean between the equator and eight degrees of fouth latitude. One extraordinary ftream flows through this country, the waters of which are as red as blood. Some rills, in their courfcs, become perfedl petrifac- tions ; and in feveral places there are fountains of liquid matter, cilled coppey, fo much rcfcmbling pitch and tar, that the feamcn ufc it for the fame purpofes. Though Peru is wholly fituated within the torrid / le, being bounded on one fide by the South Sea, and on the other by the vaft ridge of the A 1 Jl-s, it is not io annoyed with heat as the other tropical climates ; and thou;^h the Iky ii generally cloudy, fliielding the native* from the perpendicular rays of the fun, it is extremely fingular that no rain ever falls. This dcfe£l, however, is fufficiently compenfated by a foft genial dew, which defcends nightly on the ground, and fo refreshes the plants and grafs, that many places are luxu- riantly fertile. The fisa-coaft of Peru generally confifts of « dry, ftcrilc fand ; except tholl- PERU. 521 thofe parts nenr the banks of rivers, which, as well as all the low lands in the interior coun try, are extremely fruitiui. In the vicinity of Lima there arc many gold 'mines: filver ones alfo abound in various provinces; and though the old mines arc daily decaying, new ones are conftantly difco- vered. The towns iikcwiCe lliift with the mines ; that of P' tofi, when filver was found there at the caficlt cxpcnce, contained ninety thoufand louls, Spaniards and Indians, the latter being as fix to one. The northern part of Peru produces plenty of wine. Wool is another article of it's produce; which is no lefs remarkable for it's fmenefs, than on account of the animals which bear it, and which are called lamas and vicunnas. The lama, which is about the fize of a (tag, has a fmall head, bearing fome rcfomblancc both to that of a horfe and a fh;epi it's upper lip is cleft like that of a hare, through which, when ciiniged, it fpits a kind of venomous juice, that immediately inflam.es the part on which it falls. It's flefii is both agreeable and wholcfomc ; and the animal is not only ufcful in afibrding wool and food, but in being capable furredions in Peru, which have greatly alarmed the Spanifh court, though the particulars have not as yet tranfpired. The city of Lima, the cipital of Per;,', and of the whole Spanifli emphe in the New World, ftands in 12 degrees 2 minutes fouth latitude, and in 76 degrees weft longitude. It's fituation, in the middle of a fpaclous and delightful valley, was fclefted by the cele- brated Pizarro, as the moft proper for a city which he expeded would preferve his name. The River Rimac wafliesthe walls j and, when not increafcd by torrents from the moun- tains, is eafily fordable ; but at other times it is both deep and dangerous. This city contains many fuperb ftrudures; particularly churches, which at once exhi- bit the riches of the country and the fuperftition- of the natives in a very high degree. The houfes, however, are in general built of very flight materials, the equ.ility of the climate and want of rain rendering ftone fabrics totally unneceflary, efpccially as the latter are more liable than the former to fufter from (hocks of earthquakes, which are \'ery fre- quent, as well as tremendous, over all this province. Lima ftand^ about two leagues from the fea, and extends about two miles in Icngtir, and one and a quarter in breadth. It contains about fixty thoufand inhabitants, of whom the whites amount to no more than a fixth part. One well-known far\\ 5^4 SPANISH AMERICA. proiluvSlions in this way, which meet with admiration even in Italy, are dilpcrfcd over al' Soiiili AnK-rica. Cufco, the ancient capital of Peru, is of the fame date with the empire of the Ynca--, nnd was foundcil by them as their impeiial rcridence. It Hands in a hilly fituation, at a ilUhmce from any plains: and on a mountain contiguous to the north part of the citv are llie ruins of a famous fort built by the Yncas; fiom whence it appears that their intention was to inclofe the whole mountain with a prodigious wall, fo conftruded as to render it's afcent abfolutely impnuiticable to an enemy, and thereby cut ofFall approaches to tlic citv. This w.iU was built entirely with frce-llone, and amazingly Itrong. Cufco, in extent, is nearly eijual to Lima. The north and weii: fides are furrounded by i!ie mountain of the fortrcfs ; and on the fouth it borders on a level through which I'everal beautiful walks are drawn. The houRs are in general built of ll-one, and covcrcil with tiles of a vivid red, which give them an elegant appearance: the apartments are very fpacious, and finely decorated ; and the mouldings of tlie doors are gilt, and ornamented in a correfpondent ftilc of magnificence. Thou;;h th!:> city has been long on the decline, it contains many fuperb ftrutflures; and about forty thoui'anJ inhabitants, three parts of wiiich ai'C ludidns, who manufacture valt quantities of bai-.-.c, cotton, and leather. C H A P. XVI. CHILI. THIS cxtenfive country is bounded by Peru on the north ; by La Plata on the e.Tif; by l\uago:.ia on ihj fouth ; and by the Pacific Ocean on the wefl:. It lies between 25 and 45 degrees fouth latitude, and between 65 and 85 weft longitude; and extei'.o. .bowt one thoufand two hundred miles in length, and five hundred in brtadth. Chili is divided into two diftricls ; that on the weft fide of the Andes is called Chili Prnpcr ; and that on the call iide of the fame moimtains, Cuyo, or Cutio. Ihe only fea bordering on Chili is the Pacific Ocean, which forms it's weftern boun- dary. Rut the country abounds with lakes ; the principal of which are thofc of T.ngatagu.'. near St. Jago, and Paren. Befides thefe, there are feveral falt-water lakes, which prefervc a communication with the fea during feme part of the year. In tempcftuous weather, the fea forces it's way through, and replcnidics them with fifti ; but, in the hot feafon, the water congejl^, and leaves a cruft of fine white fait, about a foot thick. Tiie principal bavs or harbcurs arc, Copiapo, Coquimbo, Govanadorc, Valparifo, lata, Conception, Santa Alaria, La Moucha, Ha!di\ ia, iJrewer's Haven, and Callro. 7"he foil and climate diflcr very little from thofe of Peru ; but, if there is any difference, ii is in favour f-f Chili. Indeed no part of the world is more favoured with refpedt to na- tural endowments; for not only the tropical fruits, but every fpecies of grain, arrive at the grcateft CHILI. 52s grcateft perfc£tion. The animal proJuftions are the fame as thofc of Peru; and gold is found in every river. But, notwithlt.'ndir.g all thefe natural advantages, this country is but thinly inhabited: the original natives are ftill in a great meafure unconquered and uncivilized ; they lead a wandering life; ami, bending their attention folely to their prcfervation from the Spanift yoke, feem regardlcfs of every charm which a focial plan of cxiftence is capable of afford- ing. The Spaniards are fuppofcd to amount to no more than twenty thoufand ; and the Indians, negroes, and mulattoes, to about fixty thoufand : howev:r, fome recent infur- redtions of the latter have rendered the influence of the Spaniards very precarious, and greatly alarmed their ccviir. The foreign commerce of Ci>ili is wholly confined to Peru, Panama, and fome parts of Mexico; and to the former the natives export annually corn fufficient for fixty thoufand individuals. Their other exports are, hemp, hides, tallow, and falted provifions; for which they receive in return the commodities of Europe and the Eaft Indies, which are brought to the port of Callao. St. Jago, the capital of Chili, was founded by Pedro de Valdivia, in 1541, in the valley of Mopocho, in 33 degrees 40 minutes fouth latitude, and in 77 degrees weft longitude, about twenty leagues from Valparaizo, the neareft port of the Pacific Ocean. Standng in a beautiful plain about fixty miles in extent, through which the River Mopocho devolves it's ftreara in a meandering courfe, it's fituation is one of the moft convenient and delight- ful that can well be imagined. The river runs fo near the city, that the inhabitants are fupplied with water by means of conduits through the ftreets ; as well as the gardens, with which almoft every houfe is adorned. The city is about two thoufand yards in length from eaft to weft, and twelve hundred in breadth, in a contrary direction. On the oppofite fide of the river there is a large fuburb, named Chemha; and, on the eaft, a mountain, of a moderate height, called Santa Lucia. All the ftreets are of a commodious breadth, ftraight, and well paved, running due eaft and weft, and crofled by otiiers at right- angles, which run exaclly horth and fouth. Near the middle of the city ticre is a grand fquare, encompafled with piazza", and having a very beautiful fountain in the centre. On the north fide arc the palace of the royal axdience, in which the prefidents have their apart- ments, the town-houfe, and the public prifons ; on the weft are the cathedral, and the bi- fhop's palace; the foMth confifts of ftiops; and the eaft of a range of private buildings. Copiapo, the moft celebrated port on this coaft, ftands in 27 degrees fouth latitude. The harbour is more properly called Caldera ; but, from it's contiguity, is commonly known by the former name. From it's natural fituation, this town is not improperly faid to be the richeft in the world, being built on a gold mine ; which, however, is not wrought by the inhabitants, a ftill richer one having been difcovered at the diftance of fix miles. The inhabitants of the town, which is very irregularly conftrufted, amount to no more than feven hundred; but tlicre are not fewer than a thoufand people employed in tne neigh-. bouring mines. 6R CHAP, ■ 1 ; illi 4 ml \\ ■ ^A ' 'ill- fi'i 5»« SPANISH AMERICA. CHAP. XVII. PARAGUAY, OR LA PLATA. THIS immcnfc territory is bounded by the unknown country of Amazor.i.i on tlie north j by Brazil on the cart ; by Patagonia on the Jouth ; and by Peru and Chili on the weft: lying bitwocn 12 and 37 degrees fouth latitude, and between 50 and -5 well longitude i and extending one thouiand five hundred miles in length, and one thoufand in breadiii. This country contains the provinces of Paraguay Proper, Parana, Guiara, Uragua, Tucuman, and Rio dc la Platr tlic four firft lying in the eallern divifion, and the two la(t in tlic foutlicrn. Bcfidcs an infinite number of fmaller ftrcams, this country is watered by tlirtc capital river^i which, uniting near the fea, form the famous Rio dc Li Plata, or Plate River: thefc rivers annuiUly overflow their banks; and, on their recefs, leave them enriched with a flime which pioduces every kind of grain committed to them in the mod luxuriant fertility. The principal bay on the coaft is at the mouth of tiic La Plata, on which Hands the city of Buenos Ayrcs. Cape Antonio, at the entrance of th.it bay, is the only re- markable promontory. The lakes are very numerous ; and one of them in particular ij> no le(b than a hundred miles long. This vait tract is far from benig entirely fubjugated or planted by the Spaniards: mar.y diflriiSts are in a great meafurc unknown tothcni, as well as to every otiier Kuropean na- tion ; and the princip.d province of which wc have any knowledge, is that called Rio de la Plata, fitu.ited tow.>rds the mouth of the river of that name. 'I'his province, as well as all the a jacent parts, is one continued level, uninterrupted by the fmalleft eminence for fcver.il hundred miles together. It is extrt.mely fertile j and produces cotton in great qusntitics, tobacco, the valu.iblc herb called Para^^uay, and a variety of fruits. Wa pallurcs are pro- liijiioudv riv-ti ; and in them are bred fuch vaft herds of cattle, that the falc of their hides is faid to pay for the whole purchafe. Formerly a horie niijiht be bou^'ht for a dollar ; aiul the ufiial price for a cow chofen out of a herd of fevera! hundreds was only four riaK. Contrary, however, to the general nature of America, this country is dcilitute of woods; and from this circumllance, perhaps-, the air is remark.ibly pure and ferciie; and the w.itciJ OJ I ,:\ riatd are equally pure and falubi ifius. In the interior parts of this country the Jefuits have cftablifhcd an extraordinary fpccies cf commonwealth, concerning which thefe crafty ecclefiallics endeavour to keep all Hrangers in Ignorance. About tiie middle of the lail century, thofc fathers rep-'-cfcnted to the cou;t of Sixiin, that the want of fucccfs in tiieir miiBons was wholly owing to the opprobriiim which the immorality of the Spaniards never failed to give, and to that averuon which their infolcncc always excited in the Indians wherever they were introduced. They infi- nu:J.ed PARAGUAY, OR LA PLAT\ nuatcd tlut, had it not been for tli.fo Impalimcnts, tl,c cmt^lrc r.i' il.c U„,pel ,„i.,Iu !,,. .u ,,> labour., ...vc bcc:> cxa-.ulal into the ron.oldl pa.ts ol AnKrica; am! tlm all O.Jr- cou tncs >u.i.lit 1..V. bc.M b,.,u Ju urukr tlic J!r.:,.,K. of l.is Mr (l C;.i!.olic Majc[h- wuhoui trouble, and without cxpc nee. Ti.is ranonllQ.ue of the Jduit:: n,ct with the ddircl fur ccfsi their fphere ot a^ion was marked out; an uncontroulcd hbcrty was given thci mirtions fhoald become fufHeiciuIy jiopuluus to lujiply them. On thcfe terms tlic Jefuiis omered on the f>ene of .iction \ uli alacrity, and opened their fpiritual campaign. They be-an wiih galiiering together about hity families h;ibift.ated tr) a wandeiin- life, whom they iJirfuadcd to f.ttle, and then unit.d them into a fm.Ji town- fhip. This was ti\e flight h.undation on whieh they railed a fupciflru^liiro which has aftonifhed the wc.rid, and ailded li. mueii to tlieir power, at tl.e lame time that it has brought fo much envy and jealoufy on their lociety. Ilavini; made tills bci,inning, they laboured with liu h indef;,tigable pains and maflerly policy, that by degrees they nrollihed the minds of tl:e m(.ll: fa\a^e nations, iixcd the muR rambhnl, labcuied in agriculture, cxer- rifed manufictiire , and even alpired to the elegant arts; and that natJiing could ci^urd the obedience of tite people ofthefe mifrions, except their contentment uiid..r it. Some writers, however, have treated the char.ictcr of thcfe Jefuits wiili great fcverity; accufing th^m of ambition and pride, and .of carrying their aatfority tr> fuch an cxcefs, as to caufe not only pcrfons of both fexct", but even tlic ma;',ifen from among the Indians, to be ccrrecfed before them w.ih ftripes; and to iuffer perfu.is of ihe hi'i,heH: diftiniitiop within their in; iiiiiJtlon to ki(< the heir.s of thi.ir gar-r.ent;, as a ("g- nal honour conferred on them. 'Jhe prielfs themfei'/e? poP.elled large property; all the manufactures were theirs ; the natural produce of the country was brought ihein ; and the treafures annually remitted to the fuperior of their order fttemed to cukc that a zeal for religion 528 SPANISH AMERICA. religion was with them only a fecondary confiderMtinii : nor would thefc fathers permit any of the inhabitants of Peru, whether Spaniards, Mulattoes, or Indians, to conic within their milfions in Paraguay. Some years a;jo, when part of this territory was ceded by Spain to the court of Portugal, the Jefuits rcfufcd to comply with that divifion; or, as they termed it, to fuffcr thcnjfclvcs to he transferred from one hand to another like cattle, without their own confcnt : on which occafion their Indians had rccourfc to arms; but, notwithftanding the cxaiihiels of their difcipline, they were defeated by tl>e European troops with confiderable flaughtcr. In 1767, however, this order was expelled from America by royal authority, and their late fubjeifts put on the fame footing with the other inhabitants of the country. The Spaniards firft difcovered the country of Paraguay in 1515, by failing up the River La Plata; when they founded the town of Buenos Ayres, fo called on account of the excel- lence of the air, on the fouth fide of the river, fifty leagues from it's mouth, where it is about fcvcn leagues broad. This town is now become one of the mod confiderable in South America, and the only place of traffic to the fouthward of Brazil. To it the mer^ chants of Europe and Peru refort ; but no regular fleet fails thither, as to fome other parts of America, two or three regifter (hips at moft making the only regular intercourfe with Europe. Their returns, which are very valuable, confift chiefly of the gold and filver of Chili and Peru, fugar, and hides. Thofe who 'lave occafionally carried on a contraband trade to this city, find it more advantageous than any other whatever ; but the benefit of this illicit commerce is now wholly in the hands of the Portuguefe, who keep magazines for that purpofc in futh parts of Brazil as lie moft contiguous to it. The manners of the people are very little different from thofe already mentioned in other parts of SpaniOi Ame- rica, and their trade is of the fame kind with that in the neighbouring provinces. Buenos Ayres, already mentioned, ftands in 34 degrees 34 minutes fouth latitude, and in 60 degrees 5 minutes weft longitude from London. It is built on a large plain near the River La Plata, and contains at leaft three thoufand houfes, inhabited by Spaniards and different cafts. Lik." moft towns fituatcJ on rivers, it is much longer than broad ; but the ftrcets arc ftrai^ht, and of a proper width. One fide of the principal fquarc, which is very large, is occupied by a caftic, in which the governor rcfidcs, who has conftantly a garrilbn of one thoijfmd troops under his commnnil. The houfes were formerly conftruited of mm!, thatchcl with ftrnw, and very low ; but they are now much improved, fome being buik ol chalk, and others of brick, but generally covcrad with tiles. CHAP. XVIII. PATAGONIA. THIS country, which, though claimcJ by the Spaniarur, has never been colonized, and but little explored, ib bounded by Chili on the north ; by the Atlantic and Pa- cific Oceans on the caft and weft; ani! by the Straits of Magellan on the fouth; lying be- tween 45 and 54 degrees of fouth latitude, and between 70 and 77 degrees of weft hmgitude. Patagonia PATAGONIA. 529 Patigonia has always been rcprcfcnted by geographers as a barren, iuhofpitabtc country j and in a great meafure dcftitutc of wood, or any other incentives to colonization. The Spaniards, however, in 1581, built a town, which they named Fhilip|K-villc, .ind placed about four hundred pcrfons in it : but when Cavendifh, the celebrated Englifh navigator, arrived there in 1587, he found only one of thofe fcttlcrs alive on the beach ; twenty-three of them had fet out for the River La Plata, and were never afterwards heard of, and all the rcll had periflied through famine ; from which circumftancc tl>is place received the name of Port Famine. Not only philofophers, but alfo voyagers, who it might naturally enough be fuppofed had all equal opportunities of gaining ocular demonftration, are much divided in their ac- counts of the natives of this country; fomc rcprefenting them as of a gigantic ftaturc, und others contending that they are very little above the ordinary fizc. Commodore Byron, who vifitcd this coaft in 1764, afli^rts, that one of thcfe people, who appeared to be a chief, advanced towards himj that he was of a gigantic form, and fecmed to realize the tales of monflers in human fhapes ; that the fkin of a wild beaft was thrown over his (houlders, as a Scotch Highlander wears his plaid ; that he was painted in fuch a manner as to exhibit the moft dreadful appearance ; that there was a large white circle round one of his eyes, while a black one lurroundcd the other ; and that the reft of his face was ftreaked with paint of different colours. He adds, ' I did not meafure ' him J but, if I may judge of his heigiit hy the proportion of his ftaturc to my own, it * could not be much Icfs than feven feet. There were among them many women who * fcemcd to be proportionably large ; and few of the men were lefs than the chief who h.id * come forward to meet me.' In confirmation of this account, Captain Carteret, in a letter to Dr. Maty, publilheJ in the Philofophical Tranfadions, (iiys, that he mcafurcd many of them, and found them in general from fix feet to fix feet five inches in height. On the other hand, M. dc Bougainville, who touched at Patagonia in 1765, and again m 1767, fays — ' Among thofe whom we faw, none were below five feet ten inches, and * none above fix feet, Englifti meafure : what makes them appear gigantic, are their prodi- * gious broad (houlders, the fize of their heads, and the thicknefs of all thcii limbs. They ' are robuft and well fed, their nerves are braced, and their mufdes are ftrong and hard : ' they are men left entirely to nature, and fupplicd with food abounding with nutritive * juices, by which means they arrive at the full growth they are capable of.' The fame writer likcwife obfervcs, that the inhabitants of Ouheite are taller than the Pat.igonians. From fuch contradictory accounts it is impoflible to inveftigate tlie truth, unlefs we fup- pofe that in Patagonia there are different tribes, fome of which are of a gigantic ftature, and others of the common fizc, which have been refpcdtively feen by the above-mentioned navigators. In the latitude of 52.5- the Straits of Magellan commence, having Patagonia on the north, and the ifland of Terra del Fucgo on the fouth. Thefe ftraits extend one hun- dred and ten leagues from caft to weft ; but their breadth, in fome places, falls ftiort of one. TTiey were firft difcovered by Magellan, a l*ortugucfc in the fervice of Spain, who " 6S • Ciilcd f ■M fff" I WW . n ' -41 53« SPANISH AMERICA. failed through them in 1520, and thereby difcovered a paflage from the Atlantic to the Pa- cific Ocean or South Sea. He has been fince confidered as the firft navigator who failed round the globes but, having loit his life in an affray with fome In'lianF before the fhi\>$ returned to Europe, the honour of being the firft circumnavigator has been diiputed in £ivour of the brave Sir Francis Drake, who in 1574 paiTed the fame ftraits in his v/ay to India, (ton. which he returned to Euro|)e by the Cape of Good Kopc In ibi6, Lc Mairc, a Dutchman, keeping to the fouthward of thefe ftraits, difcovered, in latitude 54f, another paflage, fince known by the name of the Straits o*" Le Mairc; and this paflage, which has bc^a generally preferred by fu -ceding navigators, is called doubling Cajn? Horn. Tiic author of Anfon's Voyage, however, from fatal experience, advifcj mariners to keep clear of thefe (Iraits and iflands, by running down to 61 or 62 degrees fouth latitude be- fore they attempt to run weftward rowards the Couth Sea; but the extreme long nights., OS *vell ."is the intcnfe cold, in thefe latitudes, render that paflage only praifticablc iii ;:,^- months ff January and February, being the middle of fummcr in that hpmifpberc. CHAP. XIX. PORTUGUESE A iM ERIC A. BRAZIL. TH E immenfe territory of Brazil is bounded by the mouth of the River Amazon and the Atlantic Ocean on the north ; by \.',ie fame ocean on the catt; by the mouth of the Ritcr Plata on the fouth ; and ly a chain of mountain-., which divide it from Paraguay and tlie unknown country of the Amazcns, on the weft : lying be ween the equator and 35 degrees fouth latitude, and between 35 and >J0 weft longitude ; and extending about tw) thoufand five hundred miles in length, and feven hundred in breadth. On the coaft there are three finall iflands; n:»mely, Fernando, St. Barbara, and St. Ca- tharine ; which dcfci ve to bf tncntioned, bccaufe (hips bound to the South Seas ufually touch at one or otlitr of them, in order to take in provifions and f:elh water. The Atlantic Ocean waihes the coaft of Brazil on the eaft a.id north-eaft for upwards of three thoufand miles ; and forms fi\ cral fine bays and harbours, rjarticularly the harbours of Panambijco, All Saint>, Porto Scguro, the \ jrt and harbour of Rio Janeiro, the port of St. Vincent, t> harbour of St. Gabriel, and the port of St, Salv; 'or on the northern fliore of the Riv. La PlaU. This country received the name of Brazil from it's abounding with that kind of wood. In it's northc.-n part>, which lie almo."^ under the equator, the climate is hot, boifterous, •ind •nfalubiiniis ; and fubjcfSl to heavy rains and variable winds, efpccially in the months o^ March and September, when fuch delugts defcend, attended with ftorms ami torna- does, that the m^oIc country is fpccdily overflovycd. Put to the 'buthward, beyond the tKopic BRAZIL. 53' tropic of Capricorn, no part of the world enjoys a more fcrene and wholefome air than Brazil, being refrefhed with the genial breezes of the ocean on tlie one hand, and by the cool ajr of the mountains on the other. The land near the coaft, though fomewhat'low, is extremely pli;afant, being interfperfed with meadows and woods; but, on the welt, far within land, there are high mountains, from whence iflue many noble ftrcams ; fome of which fall into the great rivers Amazon and La Plata; while others run acrofs the coun try from eaft to welt, and difembogue themfelvcs into the Atlantic Ocean, after meliorating the lands they annually overflow, and turning a variety of fugar-mills during their courfes. rhe foil, which is in general cxtremelyfertile, produces fugar of the molt excellent quality amd flavour , tobacco; indigo; ipecacuaiiha ; balfam of Copaibo; and Brazil-wood, which is chiefly uied in dyeing, but has {o\ne place in medicine as a ftomachic and reltringent. i The Brazilian animals are the fame as thofe of Peru and Mexico ; and their llefli, toge- thtr with the produce of the foil, were found very fuflicienr for fubfifting the inhabitants, till the gold and diamond mines were difcovered : but thefc, with the fuG;ar plantations, now occupy fo many hands, that agriculture is in a great meafurc neglected ; and, in conl'c- queiKc, Brazil is obliged to depend on-Europe for it's farinaceous food. The moft judicious and authentic travellers prcfent us with a very unfavourable pifture of the manners and cuftoms of the Portuguefc in America : they pourtray them as a people funk in the moft erteniinate luxury, and at the (iime time pradlifing the moft deipcratc crimes ; hypocritical and diflembling in their tempers; dcllitute of veracity in their convtr- lation, as well as honefty in their dealings; and as at once indolent, proud, cruel, and vin- dictive. They arc alio penurious in their diet; for, like the inhabitants of molt fouthern climates, they a ? more attached to ftiew, ftate, and attendance, than to the pleafures of tree fociety and fubftantial viands ; though, when they make entertainments, they are fuinptuou> to extravagance. When thofe of rank appear abroad, they are carried in a kind of cotton hammocks, called ferpentines, which are borne on the flioulders of negroes, by th'- help of iiamboos, each about twelve or fourteen feet long: thefe hammock?, which are generally blue, are adorned with fringes of the fame colour, and furnilhcd with velvet pillows-, .md, above their heads, a kind of tellers with curtains; fo that the perfons carried may be concealed if they think proper, and may either lie down or fit up reclining on their pillows. Wli«nthey wilh 'o be feen, they draw their curtains nfidc, and fdure their ac- quaiiit.inces in the Itrects; tor they pride themftives in complimeiuing e.uh other in their hammocks, and will even hold long conferences in them. On luch occafions, their Haves who ai-e purpoCelv furnilhcd with (trong ftaves, having iron forks affixed to their upper ends, .nnd pointeil below with iron, ftick ihefe impiements into the ground, tor the purpofc oi reliiiig the bamhocis on which their hammocks ;u-c (iilpcnded, till cither the bulinelsur com- pliments ot their mattvrs are concluded. Few faftnonable people of cither fcx appear in thr Itreets without this parade. The trade ot Portugal is conJuded on the fame cxclufive plan on whieli Ihe Icveial Kii- ropcan nations traflk with th-ir American colonies: and it more particul.irly refcmLlc> the Spanilh method, in not fending out fingle fhips, as the convenience of the fcveral place-' and the iudtmeats of the European tnerdra-.is may direif^; but-annual fleets which fail at pi ! it; 4 S3« PORTUGUESE AMERICA. fiated times from Portugal, and compofe three flotas, bound to as many ports in Brazil ; namely, to Fernambuco, in the northern part; to Rio Janeiro, at the fouthern extremity > and to the Bay of All Saints, in the centre, where ftands the capital, called St. Salvador ; and fometimes to the city of B;.hia, at which all the fleets rendezvous on their return to Europe. The commerce of Brazil is at prefent very extenfive, and encreafcs annually; which is the lefs furprizing, as the Portuguefe have opportunities of fupplying thcmfclves with flaves for their feveral works at a much cheaper rate than any other European power having fet- tlements in America. From their colonies in Africa they annually import bctweeen forty and fifty thoufand negroes, all of whom go into the amount of the cargo of the Brazil fleets ioT Europe. Of diamonds, there is fuppofed to be returned to Europe to the amount of one hundred and thirty thoufand pounds fterling yearly ; which, together with the fugar, tobacco, hides, and valuable drugs for medicine and manufadurcf, may aflbrd fome idea of the importance of this trade, not only to Portugal, but to all the trading powers of Europe. The principal commodities which the European (hips carry thither are not the fiftieth part the natural produce or manufadlures of Portugal : they confift of woollen goods of all kinds from England, France, and Holland } the linens and laces of Holland, France, and Germany ; the filks of France and Italy ■, Englifh filk and thread ftockings, and hats.; lead, tin, pewter, iron, copper, and all forts of utenfils wrought in thefe metals, from Eng- land ; as well as falt-beef, flour, and cheefe. They receive their oil from Spain ; fo that their wine, with fome fruit, is nearly all which Portugal fupplies. At prefent, England is mod interefted in the Portugui-fe trade, both for home confumption and what is wanted for the ufe of the Brazils ; however, the French are become very dangerous rivals, and the bad faith of the Portuguefe government feems to favour their advances. Brazil is certainly one of the mofl opulent and flourifhing fettlements in the world. The export of fugar, within thefe forty years, is much increafed, though formerly it confli- tuted the whole of their exportable produce, and they were without rivals in the trade. The tobacco is peculiarly excellent, though not raifed in fuch quantities as in the United States of America. The northern lud fcithern part? of Brazil abound with horned- cattle, which arc hunted for the fake of their hides only, no lefs than twenty thoufand of them be- ing annually exported to Europe. But the rich mines of gold and diamonds, which were not difcovered till after the Portu- guefe had been long in pofTeffion of Brazil, conftitute the principal value of this fettlement. In the month of May, or June, about one hui)dred fail of Ihipk^ afleraSle in the Bay of All Saintx, and there take in cargoes for Europe, little inferior in nature to thofe of the Spaniih flota atui galleons. The gold alone, gr^at part of which is coined in Anurica, amounts to near four millions fteiiing ; part of it, however, is brought from Africa^ together with ebony and ivory. Amcticus Vefputius was the original difcovcrer oftbis country, in 14981 but the Portu- guefe did not colonize it till 1 549, when they eflablifhed themfelves near tlie Bay of Ail Saiiits, and founded the c-ity of St. Salvador. At,firfl they met with fome oppoittio;; Iruui the BRAZIL. 533' the court of Spain, which then confiJered the whole continent of South America as it's proper right. Hov/c. ct, th.it bufincfs was at laft compromifeci by treaty; when it was fti- pulatecl,that th'j Poitu'ruere (hould polTcfs all the country lying between the Rivers Amazon ami La Plata, whidi immcnr^ territory they iHll enjoy. The J'rench alfo msde fome at. tempts to plant colonies on this coiilt, but were driven from thence by the Portugucfej who remained v/iihout a rival till the yar 1580, when, in the very meridian of profjjerity* they were ovcrtak'.-n by one of thofe b'low!^ which decides the tlite of kingdoms in an inflant: Don Seb:i(tinn, tlieir king, having loft: his life in an expedition againft the Moors on the coafl: of Africa, tire Purtuguere dominions fell under the Spanifhyokc. 'I'lie Dutch, however, loon after this event, being dlllatisficd with fupporting their in(!;-pendcncy by a fuccefsful defenfi\'e war, emancipated themfches from ihvcvy; aiid flulhed with the juvenile ardour of a growing commonwealth, purfucd the Spaniards into the remoteft rccellcs of their cxtenfivc territories, and footi grew rich, powerful, and furmida- blc, by the fpoils of their former tyrants. They particularly attacked the poileffions of the Portugucfc, and took almoft all their fjrtrcfles in the Eall Indies; and then turning their arms on Brazil, took fevcn of the captainfliips of provinces; and would have fubjugateJ the wliolc colony, had not their career been checki;d by the archbifhop, at the head of his nionki, and a few remains of difconccrted forces. About the year 1654, the Dutch were entirely driven out of Brazil; but their Wefl: India Company ftill continuing their pretenfions to tliis countri-, ;ind liaraflin"- the Por- tuguefe by fea, the latter agreed to pay the former eight tons of gold, on condition of re- lintjuirtiing their intercft in Brazil: which having been accepted, the I'ortu'j;ueie maintaineJ peaceable polleflion of the whole country till about the ciofe of the year 1762; when the Spanilh governor ot Buenos Ayres, having notice of a war between Portugal and his own country, after a month's fiegc, took the Portuguefe frontier fortrefs St. Sacrament, which, was rcilorcd at the fubfeipient pacification. St. Salvador, the ca[)ital of j]razil, is built on an elevated fituation, in 12 degrees 11 minutes fouth lautude. It is populous, magniticent, and by far the moll gay and opulcp.l: city in this part of the wor'd. It's trade is prodigious: and as wealth often falls to tiie lo^ of vidgar mind-', the ;?cncrality of the liativcs are infolcnt and dl-bred; but the gentry, by their politenefs ar.d aR'ability, in Ion'.:: :iv:;;furc compenl.ite for the illiberality of the lower clafs. This city contains about twelve or fourteen thoufand Portuguefe, and upwards of three times that number of negroes. 'I'he harbour is capable of receiving (hips of the grcatcil burden; and it's entrance is guarded by a (Irong fort, called St. Antliony's. There are alfo leveral fmaller forts which command the harbour: one of them is hmit on a rock about half a mile from the ftiore; and all (hips arc obliged to pals dofc by it before they come to an anchorage, and to ride within a very fm;dl diflaiicc of it. About fiur hundred foldiers are conftantly maintained in aarrifon, who arc frequently drawn up and exercifed in a large parade before the gover- nor's palace. The city confifts of about two thoufand boufcs, the greateft part of which cannot be Cccn from the harbour ; but a& many as can be vicyrcd are intermixed with trees on a riling 6 T ground^ nl.: '■'! I ■"''•'C.l.ii ..,(.. m PORTUGUESE AMERICA. ground, and afford a moft delightful profpcft. The private buildings are chiefly conftruilcd of brick or flone. The churches, convents, and hofpitals, are not only built in the moft magnificent ftilc, but adorned with the moft rich and expenfive materials, particularly beau- tiful paintings. The upper town contains many fplendid ftruftiues, efpecially the cathedral. "The principal ftrects arc fpacious and well-paved; the fquires are finely built j and botli the city and it's vicinity arc adorned with a number of delightful gardens. C H A P. XX. FRENCH AMERICA. CAYENNE, OR EQUINOCTIAL FRANCE. THE poflcffions of the French on the American continent are now very inconfiderablc. Having loft Canada and Louifiana, they have no longer any footing in North Ame- rica : however, they ftill retain a fettlemcnt on thefouthern continent of America, to which ihey have given the name of Cayenne, or Equinoctial France. This country is fituated between the equator and 5 degrees north latitude, and between 50 and 55 weft longitude. It extends two hundred and forty miles along the coaft of Guiana, and near three hundred miles within land ; being bounded by Surinam on the north, by the Atlantic Oceao on theeaft, by Amazonia on the fouth, and by Guiana on «he weft. The Ica^oaft is extremely low ; but within land there are fine hills, well adapted for fet- tlemcnts. The French, however, hwe not as yet availed themfelves of all the local advan- tages they poffefs ; nevcrthelefs, they raife all forts of Weft India commodities, and thefe in no incorifiderable quantities. They have likewifc poflefTed themfelves of the ifland of Cayenne, on this coaft, at the mouth of a river of the fame name. This illand is about forty-five miles in circumference. The air is extremely unwholefome ; but, having feveral good harbours, the French have erected fome fettlements on it, where they raiie fugar and CwlFee, The chief town is Caen, but it is extremely infignificant. CHAP. XXI. DUTCH AMERICA. SURINAM, OR DUTCH GUIANA. THE Portuguefe having entirely difpoflefled the Dutch of Brazil, and the Englifii hav- ing driven them from North America, they were obliged to fit down contented with Surinam, a country on the continent, once in the pof&ffion of England, but then of very jittle valuei and whkh wu afterwards ceded to the Dutch in exchange for New York. Dutch SURINAM, OR DUTCH GUIANA. 53S Dutch Guiana, which is fituated between 5 and 7 degrees of north latitude, extends one hundred miles along the coaft from the mouth of the River Oronoque, north, to the River Maroni, or French Guiana, fouth. The climate is generally reckoned infalubrious ; and a confiderable part of the coiift is low and covered with water : neverthelefs, it is one of the moft valuable colonies belonging to the United Provinces ; but it is in a lefs profperous fitua- tiori than formerly, owing principally to the frequent wars which have fubfiftcd between the planters and the fugitive negroes, whom they ireatcd with tlie utmofl barbarity ; and who having encreafed from year to year, arc at Lift become fo numerous, that they have eftabliflied a kind of colony in the woods, which are almoft inacceffible, along the Rivers Surinam, Sa- ramaca, and Copcrname ; and arc become very formidable to their former mafters. Under the command of chiefs eledtcd from among thcmfclvcs, they have cultivated lands for their fabfiftence; and, by making frequent incutfions into the neighbouring plantations, they re- venge themfclves on their former opprcflbrs. The chief trade of Surinam confifts in fugar, cotton, coffee of the moft excellent quality, tobacco, flax, (kins, and fome valuable dyeing drugs; and the inhabitants trade with the North American plantations, exchanging molaHes for horfes, cattle, and provifions. An ingenious writer obferves, that the inhabitants of Dutch Guiana are either whites, blacks or the copper-coloured aborigines of America. The promifcuous intercourfc of thefe different nations has likewife generated feversl intermediate cafts, whofe colours im- miitably dejiend on their degree of confanguinity to either whites, Indians, or negroes : thefe arc fubdividcd into Mulattoes, Terceronc?, Qiiarterones, and Quinterones; together with feveral intermediate fubdivifions, proceeding from their retrograde intercourfe. Guiana contains fo great a number of birds of various fpecies of the moft beautiful plumage, that feveral perfons in this colony have advantageoudy employed themfelves, to- gether with their flavcs and dependants, in killing and prcferving them for the cabinets of naturalifts in different parts of Europe. The torporific eel is found in the rivers of Guiana ; which, when touched either by tlie hand, a rod of iron, gold, filvcr, or copper, or by a llick of fome particular kind of heavy American wood, communicates a Ihock perfcdly relembling that of eledtricity. An im- menfe number and variety of fnakes infeft this country; and thefe, indeed, form one of it's moft capital inconveniences. One of thefe reptiles wa? killed a few years fuice on a plantation in this province, which mcafured upwards of thirty-three feet in length, and in the middle was about three ket in circumference : it had a broad head, large prominent eyes, and a very wide mouth, in which was a double row of teetli. Among the animals of Swinam, is the laubba, a creature peculiar to this country; it is of an amphibious nature, about the fize of a pig four months old, and covered with fine (hort hair. It's flelh is preferred by the European inhabitants to all other kinds of food. Surinam, the chief town, is fituated on a river of the fame name, in 6 degrees 16 minutes north latitude; in which the 'governor refides, who is appointed by the dircftors of the Weft India Company, and in their name has a fovereign authority over the whole colony, both in civil and military affairs: in momentous concerns, however, he is obliged to af- femble aad coiifult with the Political CouncU, of which he is prefident^ as well as of the Court mi ■r^ m Iff. *•# lii 536 DUTCH AMERICA. Court of Juflice; yet he has only one voice in each, and is obliged to determine according to the majority of votes. The Political Council is compofcd of the governor; the command- ant, who is the firft counfellor; and nine other members. 'I'hc Council, t.r Court of Juf- tice, confifts only of five counfcllors, a fecrctary, and a bailiff', bcfides the governor. The troops regularly kept in pay for the defence of the colony confift of four companies of foot, each commanded by a captain, a lieutenant, an enfign, and two fcricants; the go- vernor himfclf being colonel. Exclufivc of thefe,a militia is cttabiifhed, compofed of eight companies of burghers. Except the French fcttlemcnt at Cayenne, and that of the Dutch at Surinam, the whole country of Guiana, extending from the equator to 8 degrees north latitude, and bounded by the Ri\cr Oroiioquc on the north, and that of the Amazons on the fouth, is entirely unknown. The vaft country called Amazonia, though fituated between the Eu- ropean colonics of Peru and Hra/il, and every where penetrable by means of the great river of the Amazons, has never yet been perfeclly explored: fonie attempts, indeed, have been made by the Spaniards and Portuguofe, but thev were alwav-. attended with fo many diffi- culties, that few of the adventurers evir returned ; and no golJ, or other very valuable pro- duce, having hitherto been difcovcred in the country, Europeans are but little difpofed to make any new ll-ttlcmcnt there. BOOK NEWFOUNDLAND. S37. BOOK VIII. ISLANDS OF AMERICA. IN THE GULPH OF ST. LAWRENCE. C H A P. L NEWFOUNDLAND. f-T^UT. in.iiul of Newfoundland was fo named by Sebaftian Cabot, who difcovered it in X the year 1497. It is of a triangular figure, and fituated to the eaft of the Gulph of St. Lawrence, between 46 and 52 degrees of north latitude, and 53 and 59 of weft longi-, tude ; being about three hundred and iifty miles long, and two hundred broad. It is fepa- rated from Labrador, or New Britain, by the Straits of BcUeifle; and from Canada by the, Bay of St. Lawrence. The coafts are extremely fubjeft to fogs., attended with almoft perpetual ftorms of fnow and fleet ; and the beauties of a ferene iky arc iMdom beheld iu this inhofpitablc climate. The foil is unfertile, and the country uninvitii g : the fe verity of the cold checks the progrcfs of vegetation during the greateft part of the year; nor does the returning fummer, with it's vehement heat, bring any thing valuable to maturitv. However, the ifland is watered by feveral fpacious rivers, and furnilhed with nianv large and excellent harbours. It abounds in wood, capable of fupplying mafts yards all forts of lumber, for the Weft India trade ; but at prefent it is chiefly valuable for it's great cod-fifliery on thofe flioals called the Banks of Newfoundland. In this branch of commerce upwards of three thoufand fail of fmall craft are annually employed ; on board of which, as well as on fliorc for the purpofe of curing and packing the fifli, upwards often thoufand hands are employed: fo that this is not only a valuable traffic to the merchant, but a fource of decent fubfiftence to many thoufands of poor people, ajid a nioft excellent nurfcry for the navy. This fifliery is fuppofed to increafe the national (lock to upwards of three hundred thoufand pounds annually, which is remitted to England in gold and filver for cod fold in the north, in Spain, Portugal, Italy, and the Levant. The immenfc quantities of cod, both on the Great and Lefler Banks, are almoft inconceivable; befides a variety of other fifh, which abound along the fliores of Newfoundland in almoft an equal proportion. Very profitable fiflieries are likewifc carried on along the coafts of New Scotland, New England, and the ifle of Cape Breton. From which we may infer, that where nature has ftampcd the foil with a great decree of ftcrility, (he has generally compenfated that defect with blcflings of another kind, and perhaps in no rcfped inferior to thofc arifmg from the moft fertile ground. After various difputes rclpedting the property of this ifland, it was entirely ceded to England by the treaty of Utrecht in 1713 i but th; Fiench were pcrin'ttcd to dry their 6 U nets li3'.i f v'y m 53« AMERICAN ISLANDS. nets on the northern (bores: and, by the treaty of 1763, they were allowed to fi(h in the Gidph of St. Lawrence i but with this limitation, that they fliould not approach within three leagues of any of the coafts belonging to England. The two fmall iflands of St. Pierre and Miquclon, fituated to the (uuthward of Newfoundland, were alfo ceded to the French; who ftipulated neither to credl fortifications on them, nor to maintain more than fifty fdldicrs for the purpofc of enforcing the police. The chief towns in Newfoundland are thofe of Placentia, Bonaviftn, and St. John; but none of them are either very populous or confidcrablc j and fcldoni more than a thoufand families winter in the whole illand. c II A P. ir. CAPE BRETON. THE ifland of Cape Breton, which is fituated about fifteen leagues to the fouth-weft of Newfoundland, is about one hundred and tea miles in length from the north-eaft to the fouth-weft. The foil is very unfavourable to the progrefs of agriculture : but there are fomc excellent harbours ; particularly that of Louifburgh, which is near four leagues in circumference, and in every part fix or fevcn fathoms deep. Cape Breton, however, is by no means dcftitute of local advantages ; it produces timber in great abundance, is well flocked with animals, and fupplicd with excellent fea and frefti-water fifli. The French began a fettlcment on this ifland in 1744, which they continued to incrcafc, and fortified it in 1720: the inhabitants of New England, however, bravely difpofl^Hed them in 1745, with very little afliftance from Great Britain ; but, by the fubfequent treaty cf Aix la Chapcllc, it was again ceded to the French, who fpared no expcnce in rendering it impregnable; hotwithftanding which, it was again reduced in 1758 by the Britifh troops under General Amhcrfl and Admiral Bofcawen, together with a huge body of New Eng landmen, who found in tliat place two hundred and twenty-one pieces of cannon, and eighteen mort.irs, together with a large quantity of ammunition and ftores. By the paci- fication of 1763, it w-is confirmed to Great Britain; fincc which period the fortifications have been blown up, and the town of Louifburgh difmantled. G H A P. IIL ST. JOHN'S. THIS ifland, which is fituated in the Gulph of St. Lawrence, and contains many fine riverf, is about fixty miles long, and thirty or forty broad; and, though lying in the vicinity of Cape Breton and Nova Scotia, with refpedt to the pkafantnefs of the climate, as well as the fertility of the foil, it is greatly fuperior to both. Oa ST. JOHN'S. 33^ On the reduaion of Cape Breton, the inhabitants of this ifland, amounting to four thoii- faml, fubmittcd quietly to the Britifli arms; and, to the difgracc of the French governor, in his houfa were found fevcral Englini fcalps, brought thither to market by the favages' of Nova Scotia. This ifland w.is lb well cultivated by the French, that it was honoured with the apjiellation of the Granary of Canada; which country is fupplied with plenty of con;, as well as beef and pork. Both St. John's and Cape Kreton are at prefent included in the government of New- foundland, befides fome fmall adjacent iilands. ^'iih CHAP. IV. ATLANTIC ISLES. BERMUDAS, OR SUMMER ISLANDS. THESE iflands, which are fituated at a vaft diftance from any continent, in 32 de- grees north latitude, and in 65 degrees weft longitude, received their name from John Bcrmud.-is, a Spaniard, by whom they were firft difcovered ; and were called the Sum - mer Iflands, from Sir George Summers, who was ftipwrecked on the adjacent rocks, in 1609, in his paflage to Virginia. Their dilbnce from the Land's End is computed to be near one thoufand five hundred leagues; from the Madeiras, about one thouiand two hun- dred; and from Carolina, three hundred. The Bermudas arc a clufter of fmall iflands, containing colledtively only about twenty thoufand acres. I'hey are extremely difficult of accefs; being, in thephr;ifc of an elegant writer, ' walled with rocks.' The air, fo much celebrated by the immortal Waller in one of his poems, has been always efteemed extremely falubrious ; and the beauty and richncfs of the vegetable produdtions arc as great as can well be conceived. Though die foil is excellently adapted to the cultivaticn of vines, the chief employment of the inhabitants, who arc fuppofed to be near ten thoufand, confifts in the building and navigating of light floops and brigantines, which they occupy principally in the Morth American and Weft Indian commerce. Thcfc vefl'els are equally remarkable for their fwiftnefs, and the dura- bility of the cedar with which they areconftructed. St. George, the capital, is fituated at the bottom of a haven in an ifland of the fame name, and defended by feveral forts, moimting feventy pieces of cannon. It contains above a thoidluid houfes, with a handfome church, and other elegant public ftrudures. G H A p. ii If If- m ■a:!i »4 '' 'fciiv J40 ATLANTIC ISLES. CHAP. V. BAHAMA ISLANDS, OR LUCAYS. THE Bahama Iflands, which arc faid to be five hundred in number, though fomc nf them arc merely rocks, lie to the fouth of Carolina, between X2 and 27 degrees of north latitude, and 73 and 81 of weft longitude; and extend along the coaft of Flo- rida, as far as the Ifle of Cuba. Twelve of them, however, arc large and fertile, and their foil is equal to that of Carolina i but, except Providence, which is two hundred miles caft of the Fluridas, they are almoft uninhabited, and fome others, which are ftill larger and more fertile, have never yet been cultivated by the Englifh. Between the Bahamas and the continent of Florida is the Gulph of Bahama, or Florida, through which the Spanifti galleons fail in their paflage to Europe. I'hefe iflands were the firft-fruits of the difcoveries of Columbus; but they were not vifited by the EngliHi till the- year 1667, when Captain Seyle, who was driven among tlicm in his voyage to Carolina, gave his name to one of them; and, being forced on them a fecond time, he diftinguifhed anotlier by the name of Providence. I'he Englifti, obferving their advantageous fitua- tion for checking the French and Spaniards, attempted to colonize them in the reign of Charles II. Some unfortunate occurrences, however, prevented tliis fettlement from turn- ing out to any advantage ; and the Ifle of Providence became a harbour for the buccaneers, or pirates, who for a long time infefted the American feas, till the Englifli government, in 1778, employed Captain Woodes Rogers to diflodge : pirates, and eftablifh a fettlement. This objed being efFetSled, a fort was ereiSled, and an independent company ftationed on the ifland. Since that periodthe Bahamas have been (lowly, but progreflively, improving. In time of war, the inhabitants are conftderable gainers by the number of prizes condemned there ; and, at all times, the wrecks, which are very frequent in this labyrintli of rocks and (helves, afford them but too confiderablc an emolument. CHAP. VL FALKLAND ISLANDS. THESE iflands, which are fituated to the north-eaft of the Straits of Magellan, in 51 degrees 22 minutes fouth latitude, and in 64 degrees 30 minutes weft longitude, were firA (iilcovercU by Sir Richard Hawkins in 1594, who called them Maidciiland, in honour of Queen Elizabeth j but C.-iptain Strong, of London, who failed through the Soui;d in 1689, gave it the name of Falkland Sound, which has fmce been communicated to the iflands. As thefe iflands lie in the fame latitude as the fouth of England, they might naturally enough be fuppofcJ to enjoy nearly the fame climate, were it not a well- known geographical truth, that the fouthcrn hcmifphcre is much more inclement than the northern one. Falkland FALKLAND ISLANDS. 54# Falkland IdimJ!,, which arc diviJcd from caclj other only by a flrait, four or Kvc miles in bfLM.itli, arc both .Irtary ;md dcfolatc fpotv, aftordiii^^ neither timber nor vegetable* in anv confiJcrablc quantities. I'hc coaflv, however, arc frequented by innumerable herds of ("cals j and vaft flights of wild-gccfc repair thither during the fcafon of incubation, particularly pen- guins and :dbat;on(:!>. The importance of thcfc iflands, notwitiiflanding the inclemency of the air and ftorility of the foil, A'as llrongly enforced by the in^'cmous author of Anfon's Voyage; and accord- ingly a fcttlcment •.'is made, which the Spaniards wrelled from us in 1770 ; but, on rcmon- ftranccs being made by tlie Britifh miniller at the court of Madrid, it wats relinquifljed by that nation i tho\igh England feems rather to have contended for the propcrtv than anv ad- vanuge it was likely to dtrive from fuch iiihofpitablc iflands*. CHAP. VII. TERRA DEL FUEGO. THESE iflands, which lie to the fouth of the Straits of Magellan, weic lb denominated from the fire andfmoke which were perceived on them by their firll difcoverers • oc- cafloned by a volcano in the largoft ifland, which fometimcs emits great quantities of ftoncs and aflies, and the flame is vifiblc at a vail didaiKc during the night. Thefe iflands extend along the Magellanic coaft, from cart to weft, about four hundred miles i and were thought to form a part of the continent, till Magellan difcovered and failed through the intervening ftrait. Terra del Fuego is in general extremely mountainous and rough, and covered with aU moft perpetual fnows ; which circumftances render the climate almoft deftitute of animals of every kind. The wretched inhabitants are fliort, meagre, and difagreeable. The women are hideous, difregarded by the men, and fubje£led to the moft toilfome avocations. Both fexes go al- moft naked, having only the fkins of fmall feals wrapped round their bodies ; and they fub- fift principally on ftielUfini. The only domeftic animal mentioned by travellers as peculiar to this country, is a kind ef dog. On the fouth-eaft fide of the iflands which form the Straits of Magellan, lies Staten Land, an ifland about feven or eight leagues in length, fo extremely wild and horrid in it's ap- pearance, that in this refpe^ it even furpafles Terra del Fuego. CHAP. VIII. JUAN FERNANDES. THIS ifland, which lies in 83 degrees weft longitude, and 33 fouth latitude, about three hundred mii» weft of Chili, is ftill uninhabited ; but, as it poflefles feveral good har- bours, it is found extremely convenient for Englifti cruizert to water at; there being little 6 X danger J I T ■ ', H m .^ ■I 44^ ATLANTIC ISLES. tlangirr of a diicovcry, unless, as has frequently been the cale, the Portuguefe have forwarded information from the Brazils. The north part of the ifland is compofed of high craggy hills, many of them inacceffible tlioiigh generally covered with trees. The foil is various throughout; being in fome places luxuriantly fertile, anJ in others remarkably (tcrile. The only animals are gosts. do«»s and Icals i which laft arc by mariners efteemed excellent tbod, their flcfh being compared to lanib. This ifland is iamous for hr.ving jriven rife tothejuftly celebrated romance of Robinfon Cmfoc. h appear::, that one Alexander Selkirk, a feaman, and a native of Scotland, was put afhore and left in this folitary place by his captain, where he lived fome wars and was difcovcrcd by CipLiin Woodcs Rogers in 1709. When taken on board, he had through difufe (o forgot bis native Lmguage, that he could witii diiHcuity be underftood. He was cloathcd with the flcins of goats, would drink nothing but water, and could not for a confiJerablc lime relifli the (hip's provifions. During his refidcnce on this ifland, he hid killed five hundred goats, w' ichhc caught by running dovin; and as mcny morehc marked on their ears, u.id again li-i at 1;'' ,-rty. Lord Anfcn's crew caught fosne of thefe goats thirty years afterwat^ds, which difcovtrel llrong marks of antiquity in their venerable afpefts and majeilic beards. Selkirk, on his return to England, was advifed to publilh aji account of his life and adventures in his liule kingdom ; and he is faid to have put his papers into the hands of Daniel Defoe, for the purpofe of preparing them for the prefs . but that gentle- man, by the help of thefe memoirs and a lively fiuury, metamorphofcd Alexander Selkirk iiito Robiiikon Crufoe, and then rcturncvl the originals to their proprietor; by which means ths real adventincr was in a 2,1^-* meafurc difrcgarded ; while Defoe obtained no inconfiderablc fharc of literary fame, though at the cxpence of honour, julUce,.and humanity. Captain Cartaret; in the Swallow, on his voyafjc round the world in 1767, attempted to inaLe this ifland, in order t) recruii *hc health of his men, after a teJi(..' Al/'VV, <.V'" iO c o o y . /*"(/ r.y/c /•hnifti'.' /'• .V >!' Cp""'""*' 'lotiimtt^t M:u-uiiU'ii 5<^^ »,'//,liftttf,i w :a ^ :?! •ft' tt.f< 1 1-^- A^ I'.i\.lill.,il ijtlu- Aili1ilr.l^.livll,.vi ^^'""" "iniir"~"' -f- ■t.? \f.m."< *^r^^:^^..^ •" ' ViA;''"'-» iJa iS- •inia ^ / ^ 4* ■A \ ■*■ ■ ^ - -t ,.f ^ ■■■■ '^<.,. ^ / ^ / \. l^ ikl.n ,' P, Jiiifi.,/) S.'.'ftif.Mt.j, t\o *: fi> ,1 n,>/i;v. :lo ''•"ii,/,i,t %. ir*f . \ \ I l',t.ll-UA V i. » '^■ it) r»i.««iiips' / .V •yj'- /.•/,■ fa r»*c t f*/,f I'f^h' f'hmoH^t -_:.T»a^- .V.''-.''«.y.' .J 4 V ^' 'Vtf/tH r - A R 1 S'.CatliaiMUr. (•»• ' t. r. i: s Vkw./ /. ^Jl^ ^,. B B Ji \ N S K A L I r r I. Tiarl^atUw* •j I I f I I' i>' w' Jt (m-,.a.ic\. '^ ^ T r r . •'^ e^' W <: //•/„., ./ Ti/ A' A' / r .^ I'liMiilir.l ...(111.- .A, I ,lii .-,1 ..!..■ ll.n.r..ii .« ( ".lim.'i i-R I- i ( - y { i JAMAICA. 5^3 the Ciifibbccs, from tJicir original inhabitant>-, though lliis is a term which moll geographers confine to the Leeward Iflaiids. Sailors diftingiiifli tliem into Windward and Leeward Iflands, with regard to the ufu.d courfcs of the (hips from Old Spain or the Canaries to Carthagena or New Spain; while the geographical tables and maps difcriminate them un- der the names of tiic Great and Little Antilles. The climate,. allowing for thofe accidental difterences which the fcveral fituatlons and qualities of the lands themfelves produce, is nearly the fame throughout all the Wert: India iflands. Lying within the tropics, they are expofed to a heat which would prove intolerable, did not the trade-wind, as the rifing fun gathers ftrength, blow on them from the fea, and refrefli the air in fuch a manner as to render the noon-day heat k-fs intcnfc than might be expedted. On the otiicr hand, as the night advances, a breeze begins to rife, which blows as if it proceeded from one central point in the iflands to all quarters ar one and the fame time. Jamaica, the moft important ifland belonging to Great Britain, and perhaps the belt cultivated of any in the ^'.'eft Indies, lies between 75 and 79 degrees of well longitude, and- 17 and 18 of north latitude. From eaft to weft it is about one hundred and forty miles long; and, about the middle, it is fixty miles broad, tapering towards each extremity fomewhat in the form of an egg. It's diftance from England is computed to be ue;'.r four thoufand five Imndred milts. Jamaica is interfected by a ridge of ftcep rocks, jumbled together by frequent cirth- quakes in a ftupcndous manner. Thougli dtflitute of foil on tiicir furfacc, they are never- thelefs covered with a great variety of beautiful trees, which flourifli in perpetual verdure, being nourifhed by frequent rain?, as well as by the thick mifts which continually hover over the mountains. From thefc rocks iflUe a vafl number of fmall rivers of pure 'vater, which devolve in catarads; and, together with the aftonilhing height of the mountains, and the vivid verdure of the trees through which they flow, form a landfcapc as beautiful asfmgular. On each fide of this chain of mounta. is there arc lower ridgc'^, which diminifli as they recede from it, ano pioducc coffee in great .ibundimce. The vallies between thefe ridges arc extremely level, and the foil is exuberantly rich. The longcft day in this ifland is thirteen hours, and thefliorteft about eleven; but tiie moft ufual dlvifions of time, both in Jamaica and the other Weft India Iflands, are into wet and dry fcafons. The air, in moft place: , is ex.eflively hot, and unfavourable to Euro- pean conftitutions; but the cooling fea-breezes, which fet in every morning about ten o'clock, mitigate the heat ; and on the high grounds the air is tfteemcd both temperate and pure. Scirce a night pafles without lightning; but, when attended with thunder, it is ex- tremely tremendous. In the months of February and March, earthquakes are appre- hended ; andj during thqfe of May and Oaobcr, the rains are Very heavy, and of long con- tinuance. , , ir J J • In the champain parts of the country fevcral fait fountams have been d.fcovcred, and m the mountains in the vicinity of Spanilh Town there .s a hot-bath which poflcdesgre.-i^ medicinal virtues, particularly in relievi.ig the dry belly-ache, which, excej-.trng r,c bd.ouS and vcUow fever, is one of the moft drcadfd endcmird dift«mpers ol the clmiatc. ' iugaj Hi ''i\ 544 WEST INDIKS. Suj^ar is the moH: plentiful and valuable proilui5lion of Jamaicn; a commodity wholly unknown to the ancient Greeks and Romans, though made in China in very early agc!^, trom v/hich country the Europeans received the firll knowledge of it. The Poi-tugucfc originally cultnalcd it in America j and fuch fuccefs attended their endeavours, tliat it foon licciune one of the n-.aterials of a very univcrfal luxury in Europe. Travellers arc not agreed •whether the cane from which this fubftance is cxtraJled is a native of Amcrici, or brought thithtr by the Poriuguefe to tlieir colony (f Hrazil from India and the coaft of Africa; but, however that may be, it is certain that the Portuguefe at firft made the greateft quan- tities of any European nation, and ilill maintain the reputation of producing the bcft fu- gars whicli come to market in this part of the world. The juice inclofed in the fugar- cane is the moft lively, elegant, and leaft cloying fweet, in nature; and, when fucked raw, proves very nutritious and wholefome. From the molafl'es rum is didilled, and from the fcum of the fugar an inferior fpirit is procured. The tops of the canes, and the leaves which cover the joints, make excellent provender for cattle; and the canes themfelves, after being ground, fervc for firing: fo that no part of this excellent plant is without it's peculiar ufe. It is computed that, with proper management, the rum and molafles defray the ex- pcnces of the plantation ; and, confcquently, the fiigars are clear gain. However, it muft be remarked, that the expences of a Weft India plantation are very threat, and the profits, at Frfl view, precarious; for the chargeable articles of the windmill, with the boiling, cooling, and dii^illing houfes, and the purchafing and fubfifting a fufficient number of flaves and cittle, will not permit even a proprietor of land to begin a confiderable fugar-manufadory wlt!i- out a capital of fcveral thoufand pounds: add to this, the lofl'cs by hurricanes, earthquakes and bad ft-afons ; and, even when the planter has put his fugars on (hip -board, that it is en- tirely at his own rifque. Thcfe confiderations might naturally enough induce a belief that it could never be worth while to engage in this bufmefs; but, notwithftanding all thefc difadvantages, there is no part of the world where fortunes may be fo rapidly accumulated from the produce of the earth, as in the Weft Indies. The returns of a few good feafons generally provide againft the ill effects of the worft; and the planter is always fure of a fpecdy and profitable market for his produce. Jamaica produces cocoa, which was formerly cultivated to a great extent; ginger; pi- mento, or, as it is ufually called, Jamaica pepper; machincci, the fruit of which, though beau- tiful to the eye, contains one of the moft deadly poifons in nature ; mahogany, the value of which is well known; excellent cedars; the cabbage-tree, remarkable for the hardnefs of it's wockI ; the palma, which affords oil ; the foap-tree, the berries of which anfwer all the purpofes of wafhing ; the mangrove and olive-bark, in requeft among tanners; the fuftic and red-wood, ufed in dyeing; and, lately, logwood has been planted with fuccefs. The iniligo-plant was alfo formerly much cultivated, but the cotton-tree fecms to have fuperfeded that pra£tice. . No fpecies of European grain will profper in Jamaica ; but maize, Guinea corn, various kinds f.f pea% and a varftty of roots, amply repay the labour of cultivation. Citrons, Se- ville and China oranges, common and fweet lemons, limes, fhadocks, pomegranates, ma:nc«s, fourfops, papas, pinc-applcs, culliird-upples, Aar-apples, prickly-pcars, allicada- pears, ." ! JAMAICA. 54 J pears, melons, pompions, gnavas, and various kinds of herric*, with garcIm-ftufTs in rvreat plenty, abouaJ throughout the champain part of the iflanJ; from whence alfo apnthccaric. are lupphcd with tr^ iciim, farlaparilla, china, caffia, and tamarinds. The cattle bred in Jamaica arc hut f.^w: tho beef is tough and lean; the mutton anJ lamb is tolerable ; but hogs are mod numerous, and their fle/h is in the higheft cftimation. The horfcs, which arc finall, mettldome, and hardy, are frequently fold for thirty or forty pounds a head. Sea and land turtle arc plentiful, as well as that amphibious animal the alligator. All forts of wild and tame fowl abound ; and there is an aflonifhing variety of parrots, parroquets, pelicans, fni|)CR, teal, Guinea -hens, geefe, ducks, and turkeys. Tha humming-bird is Iikcwi(c a native of this ifland, and many otlier curious fongftcrs too nu- merous to be |iarticu!arizcd. The rivers and bays of Jamaica are well ftocked with firti of the moft excellent quality and flavour. 7'hc mountains breed amazing numbers of adders, and other noxious rep- tiles; and the fens and maiihes produce the gu.ana and gallewafp ; but thele lait are not ve- nomous. Among the infects peculiar to this iiland,arc the ciror, or ehegoc, which cats it's way into the nervous and membranous parts of the flefh of the negnrcs; nor are the white people always free from their attacks. Thefc infeds will lodge in any part of the body, but chiefly in the le?s and feet, where they breed in great numbers, and generally incloib theia- fclves in a bag before they are felt by the (ufferer. About the beginning of the prcfent century, it was computed that tho number of whites. in Jamaica amounted to iixty thoufand, and that of the negroes to one hundred and twcnt\. At prelent, however, jjopulation apjjears to be on the decline, as the inimbcr nf whites docs notexcecd twenty-five thoufand, nor that of the blacks ninety, liclldes thcfe, a num- ber of ftigitive negroes have formed a fort of colony among the lilue Mountains, indc» pendent of the whites ; but with whom they make treaties, and are in (bme refpeit fervicc ■ able, prticularly in returning runaway flaves. Port Royal was formerly the capital of Jamaica ; a town ftanding on the extremity of a narrow neck of land, which towards the fea formeear in all the .advantages of a rich and becoming drefs. 'I'he common beverage oi perfons in affluent circumllances is Madeira wine mixed with watt r. Ale and claret are extravagantly dear ; and London porter is fold at one {hilling a bottle. But the general drink, efpecially among thofe of inferior rank, is rum-punch; which, if uted irequentiv, or to cxcefs, heutb the blood, brings on fevers, and in a few hours hurries the patient to the grave. Literature is almolt uuknown in Jamaica; though there are fome gentlemen who fend their children to (ireat Britain tor the purpofe of a liberal and polite education ; but the generality of the inhabitants take but little c?rc to improve their mental powers, being prnu;if)ally engaged either m commerce or riotous diflipation. Humanity fhudJcrs at the contemplation of thofe miferies which the haplcfs negroes are doomed to fuffer ; .md thoiigh the greatcft care is employed in their propagation, the feve- ritv of their treatment fo abridges their lives, that, inftead of multiplying, many thou- Mnu*. arc annuallv importett, in oroer to fupply the places of thofe whom death hath tmancipated from flavery. (.>n their tirft arrival from the coaft of Guinea, this miferable sace JAMAICA. 547 race arc cxp<*ttd nakeil to falc; they are then gcncrallv very fimple and innocent; but t!»ey foon learn artifice from their tyrannical mailers, ami to cxcufe their faults by the practice of the whites. They believe that every negro returns to his native country aftt-t death; and this thought fo plcafcs and exhilarates ihcm, that it in fome meafiire rtndcis their burdeiifonie lives eaCy, which without this fond idea would be almoft infuppor table, Prcpoficfled with thefe fcntiments, they regard death as a blelling; and it is truly aftonilh- ing to behold with what courage and intrepidity fome of thcni meet thu king of terrors- they are then abfolutely tranfportcd at the brightening profpedt of their flavery's being at an end; and that they (hall quickly rcvifit their native fhorcs, and again enjoy a happy inter- courfc with their friends and acquaintances. When a negro is about to expire, his fellow- flavcs kifs him ; and, wlfhing him a good journey, fend their aftciflionate wifhes to their relations in Guinea. They make no funeral lamentations ; but, with the ftrongeft indi- cations of joy, inter the dead body; at the fame time believing that their companion is gone home, and has attained to that flatc of happinefs which they fo ardently pant after. Jamaica was originally a part of the Spaniih empire in America; and though feveral dc- fccnts had been made on it by the Englifh prior to the year 1656, it was not till that period that this ifland was reduced under the Hritifh government. Cromwell, the FroteiStor, had fitted out a fquadron, under Pen and Venables, to reduce the Ifland of Hifpaniola; but hav- ing proved unfucccfsful in this attempt, thefe commanders, in order to atone for their mif- carriage, fpontancoufly made a defcent on Jamaica ; and having carried St. Jago, the capita), foon compelled the whole ifland to furrender. Since that xra it has continued fubjeft to the Englilh; and, next to Ireland, the government of it is reckoned one of the moll lucrative pofts in the gift of the crown, the Hated falary of the governor being two thoufand five hundred pounds per annum, and the aflcmbly commonly voting him as much more; which, with other perquifitcs, make it little fliort of ten thoufand pounds a year. CHAP. X. BARBADOES. BARBADOES, the mofteallcrly of all the Caribbee iflands, is fituatcJ in 51) degrees weft longitude, and 1 3 degrees north latitude ; and is ahout twenty-one miles in length, and fourteen in breadth. About the year 1625, when the Englifh fiift landed on this ifland, they found it the mofl favage and defolate place they had hitherto viCtcd. It had not the fmallcft appearance of hav- ing ever been inhabited by human beings: it contained no kinds ot beads, either of pafturr wof prey; nor any fruits, herbs, or roots, proper for the fubfiftence of man. But as the climate was propitious, and the foil appeared fufficiently fertile, fome Engl.ft gentlemen of fmall fortunes refolved to fettle on it. The trees were fo large, and of a nature fo hard and inflexible, that ground fufficient to fupply them with the common necefliines of life was with great difficulty cleared: however, by unremitting labour and perfevcrance, it at kngth yielded them a tolerable fupport ; and, it having been difcovercd that cotton and in- ;i § 54« WEST INDIES. digowere wtrll adapted to the io'ili and that tobacco, which was then beginning to be ufud in Engliiid, grew pretty well j many new adventurers were induced totranfport themfelves into this ifland. To thcfe alluring profj)c<5ts of advantage was added a dcfire of avoiding the impending dorm in England about tliat timc^ and to much did thcfu combined caufcs o^ierate on the minds of people in general, that in the courfe of twenty-five years after it's firii colonization Barbadoes contained upwards of iifty ihoufand whites, and a much greater number of negroes and Indian flavcs : the latter, however, were acquired in a man- ner Id's honourable than flaves generally arc; for aP the aboriiiines in the neighbouring iflaiuit. were ki/,ed on, and larricd into (lavcry, without the leail plaufible pretext for fuch an infraction of the natural rights of niankind. Thih practice has julHy rendered the Carib- bces irrcconcilealite enemies to the Uritlih namci for neither friendship nor enmity is foon allayed in uncivilized brcafls. About the year 1650, theEnglifli began to cultivate fugar; which, anfwcring their mod fanguine wi(hes, foon rendered them extremely opulent. The number of flaves of confe> quence was augmented, and in tlie year 1678 it is fuppofed that their number amounted to one hunured thoulandj which, together with about half as many whites, formed a degree oi population unknown even in Holland or China, in proportion to the extent of ti'ritory tiiey pulleiled. At this time Barbadoes employed four hundred fail of (hips, of abou: oi.c hundred and fifty tons burden one with another. The annual exports in fugar, indigo ginger, cotton, and citron-water, were upwards of three hundred and fifty thoufand pounds ; and the circulating cafh in the ifland was feldom lefs than two hundred thoufand pounds. Such was the increafe of population, wealth, and commerce, during a period of fifty years ; but, fincc that time, the ifland ha* Inren greatly on the decline : which is partly to bs afcribed to the rife of the KreiKh fugar colonics, and partly to our own pofterior cftabliih- mcnts in the neighbouting iflands. I'he number of inhabitants at prefent does not exceed twenty thoufand white^, and one hundred thoufand flaves; but the commerce confifts of the fame articles as formerly, though thoy are produced in lefs quantities. Bridgetown is the capital of Barbadoes, in which the governor refides, whofe employ- ment is reckoned worth five thoufand pounds jjcr atuium. A college was founded and well endowed in this ifland b' Colonel Codrington, who was a native of the place. Barbadoes, as well as Jamaica, has fuffered much by hurricanes, fires, and plagues. On the 10th of Odobcr 1780, a hurricane occafioncd adreadful dcvaftation; not a houfe in the whole ifland efeaping without damage, and many lives being loft, on tliat melancholy oc- cafion. CHAP. XI. ST. CHRISTOPHER'S. THE ifland of St. Chriftopher, commonly known among mariners by the name of St. Kitt's, is fituated in 62 degrees weft longitude, and 17 north latitude; and IS about twenty miles long, and fcven broad. It received it's name from the imiportal Chrif- tophcr ST. CHRISTOPHER'S. lit !op>jer Columbus, who difcovered it for the Spaniards: that nation, however, abandoned it AH tf><» infignificant to claim their attention among the unbounded territories which they poHcHcd; and ill 1626 it was fettled by the French and Englilh conjundivcly,but entircKr cetled to the latter by the peace of Utrecht. Exclufivc of cotton, ginger, and all manner of tropical fruits, St. Chriftophcr's generally produces nearly as much fugar as Barbadocs, and fomctimes more. It is computed to con- tain abf)ut fix thoufand whites, and thirty-fix thoufand negroes. In the month of Fcbnury 1783, it was taken by the French 1 but it has been again reftorcd to Britain by the laic pacification. BalTctcrrc, the cipital of the ifland, which was built by the French, is a pretty elegant town. The houfcs arc conftructcd oj br.^ic, frec-llonc, and timber; and, among other ftatcly buildings, it contaiiis a towji-houfe, an hofpital, and a large church. C H A P. XII. ANTIGUA. ANTIGUA is fituated in ij degrees north latitude, and 61 degrees weft longitude; and is nearly of a circular form, being; about twenty miles every way. This ifland is faid to have been difcovered by the Englifli, and fome families are fuppofid to have fettled on it as early as the year 1636; but it does not appear that much nrogreli. was made in colonizing it l>eforc 1680, when Chriftopher Codrington, the deputy-governor ot Barbadoes, removed thither; and, after planting a confiderable part of the ifland, made it the feat of his government, as captain-general of all the Leeward Iflands. It's doeic-yard being reckoned extremely commodious and fafc, and it's harbour fupcrior to every other Englifli one in this part of the world, it is on thcfc accounts become an eltablifliment for the rov;\l navy cf (ireat Britain. Antigua is fuppol'cd to contain about fevcn thoufand whites, and thirty thoufand flaves. St. John's, the capital, is one of the mod regular towns in the Weft Indies, but confifts ot no more than three hundred houfes. The harbour is large and commodious ; and this town is the ufual refulence of the governor of the Leeward Iflands. CHAP. XIII. NEVIS. THIS ifland, which lies only three or four miles fouth-eaft of St. Chriftojjhcr's, is about fix leagues in circumference. The principal trade of Nevis is derived from the fugar-canes, which thrive prodigioufly in this climate. The number of whites is com- puted at three thoufand, and that of the negroes at nine thoufand* 6Z Though 4 if' If. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) i -t *if .V /. fc 63 1.0 I.I 1.25 ■ 50 |2j8 1 2.5 2.0 U4 I 1.8 14 11116 /. %• 7 m Photographic Sdences Corporation n VV£ST MAIN STREET W»S?ER,N.Y. MSiO (710) 8 ..•503 \ iV •N? \\ o^ '^ w 550 WEST INDIES. Though much fliipplng reforts to this ifland, it has no good harbour, nor any tolerable anchorage; except on the fouth-weft, where there are feveral rocks and (hoals, between which a fhip may ride in fafety in moderate weather. Charles Town, which is the only town in this ifland, is far from being confidcrable ^ no* does it contain any thing curious. CHAP. XIV. MONTSERRAT. THI S ifland, which was difcovered by Columbus in 1493, received the name of Mont- ferrat from it's fuppofed lefemblance to a mountain of that name near Barcelona, in Spain. It lies twenty-five miles fouth-caft of Nevis, and is about twenty miles in cir- cumfercnc e. No fettlement was made iii Montfcrrat till the year 1632, when Sir Thomas Warner, the firfl: governor of St. Chriftopher's, planted a fmall colony on this ifland, which at firft £ourifhed exceedingly; but many rival iflands having ftartcd up, it did not long retain it's original importance. At prcfcnt, it is fuppofed to contain about four thoufand whites, aj\d five thoufand negroes. The chief produce of Montferrat is indigo, great quantities of which ufcd to. be exported to Britain. The inhabitants likewife make fome fugar, but it is reckoned inferior to that ef Jamaica and Barbadoes. Montferrat, St. Chriftopher's, Antigua, and Nevis, are all fubjeft to the fame governor ; whofe title is that of Captain-general and Governor in Chief of all the Caribbee Iflands from Guadaloupe to Porto Rico. C H A P. XV. BARBUDA. THE Ifland of Barbuda/which is fituated In 18 degrees north latitude, thFrty-five miles north of Antigua, is about twenty miles long, and twelve broad. The foil is ex- tremely fertile, and there is a tolerable good road for (hipping ; but the inhabitants, who are chiefly engaged in agriculture, and in raifing frefli provifions for the ufe of the neighbour- ing iflcs, ci.rry on no dircrt trade with Earope. The property of this ifland is vetted in the Codrington family; and the number of it's in- habitants is computed at one thoufond five hundred. CHAP. ANGUILA, 551 CHAP. XVI. ANGUILA. THIS ifland, which is a pcrfcd level, is fituated in 19 degrees northlatitude,fixty miles north weft of St. Chriftopher's, being about thirty miles long, and ten broad. The climate is nearly the fame with that oi Jamaica; but the inhabitants negleft thofe articles which conftitute the wealth of the Weft India Iflands in general, and attend principally to the cultivation of grain and the feeding of cattle, in the fame manner as thofe of Barbuda. # CHAP. XVIL DOMINICA. THIS ifland, which received the name of Dominica from the circumftance of It's hav- ing been difcoverjd by Columbus on a Sunday, is fituated in 16 degrees north latitude, and 62 weft longitude ; it lies about an equal diftance from Guadaloupe and Martinico, and istwenty-eight miles long, and thirteen broad. The foil is (hallow, and better adapted to the culture of cofFee than fugar : the fides of the hills produce fome of the fineft trees in the Weft Indies; and the ifland, in general, ie wellfupplicd with rivulets of fid ubrious water. The French long oppofcd the fettling of the Englifh in Dominica, becaufe in time of war ii cut off their communication between Martinico and Guadaloupe: however, by the peace of Paris in 1763, it was ceded in exprefs terms to the Englifti; but as yet we have derived liitle advantage from the conceffion, the ifland having been, til! very lately, only an afylum for the natives of the other Caribbee Iflands, who were expelled from their own fettle- mcnts. Notwithftanding this unpromifing afpeft of affairs, on account of it's fituatinn be- tween the principal French iflands, and Prince Rupert's Bay being one of the moft cr.pa- cious in the Weft Indies, it has been judged expedient to form it into a feparate govern- ment, and to declare it a free port. Dominica furreiniercd to the arms of France in 1778; but was again reftored to Britain by the late pacification. CHAP. XVIII. GRANADA, AND THE GRANADINES. GRANADA is fituated in 12 degrees north latitude, and 62 weft longitude, about thirty miles (buth-weft of Barbadoes, r^.nd almoft the fame dilbncc north of New Andalufia, or the Spanifh Main j being nearly thirty miles long, and lifteca broad. The •t*- III r/^ w f 55« WEST INDI?:S. The foil of Granada is extremely wfll adapted to the culture of fugar, cofFee, tobacco, and indigo ; and thcjc is the flroiigeft probability that this idand will foon become as floii- rifliinga col.ny as any in the Weft Indies of equal dimcnfioiis. From a fine lake on the fummitof a hill nearly in the centre of the ifland iil'uc a number of pure rivulets, which at once adorn and fertil-ize it. Several bays and harbours furround the iiland •, and, as they are not within the ufual courfe of the hurricanes, fomc of them might be fortified to great advantage, and rendered very convenient for fiiipping. St. George's Bay, though much expofed, has a fine fandy bottom, and Is extremely ca- pacious ; and in it's harbour, or carcening-placc, a hundred large veflcls may be moored in ?rfeJl fafety. This ifland was long the feat of an obflinate war between the native Caribbees and the French; during which the few remaining Indians behaved with fuch fortitude and conduct as would have done honour to the moft pollfiicd nation. In the war preceding the laft, when Granada was attacked by the Englifli, the French inhabitants, who were not very numerous, were fo ftruck with the reduction of Guadaloupe and Martinico, that they fur- rendered without oppofition ; and the full property of this ifland, together with the Grana- dines, was confirmed to the crown of Great Britain by the treaty of Paris in 1763. Iji July 1779 the French again poflefled themfelves of this government, but they relinquiftied their claim at the conclufion of the war. The Granadines are a clufter ^f fmall iflands which lie to the north of Granada, and yield nearly the fame produce. CHAP. XIX. ST. VINCENT'S. THE ifland of St. Vincent is fituated in 13 degrees north Lititude, and in 61 weft lon- gitude, about fifty tniles north-weft of Barbadoes, and thirty fouth / St. Lucia ; beino^ about twenty-four miles long, and eighteen broad. It is extremely fertile; the foil being compofed of a black mould, on a ftrong loam, the moft proper of any for the culture of fu'^ar. Indigo likewife thrives remarkably well in this ifland; but that article is now much Icfs cultivated than formerly throughout the Weft Indies. Many of the inhabitants arc Caribbeans, or fugitives from Barbadoes and the other iflands. The Caribbeans were treated with fo much afperity and injuftice after this ifland fell into the hands of the Englifli, to whom it was ceded by the peace in 1763, that they greatly contributed towards enabling the French to polTefs themfelves of it again in 1779 ; it was, however, reftored to Great Britain, by the late pacification. SPANISH CUBA. SPANISH ISLANDS. C II A P. XX. CUBA. Til F. iflanJ of Cuba, which is fituated Sctwecn ig and 23 degrees north latitude, and 74 and 87 wcrt longitude, one hundred miles fouth ot" Cape Florida, and feveii- ty-five north oF Jamaica, is near feven hundred miles in length; and, at a medium, about feventy in breadth. A chain of hills runs through the middle of the ifland from eaft to weft ; but the land near the fea is generally level, and liable to be flooded in the rainy leafon, when the fun is vertical. This noble and extenfive ifland, which is bleftcd with a moft luxuriant foil, produces all the commodities common to the Weft Indies in general : and particularly ginger, long- pepper, and other fpices ; with caflla, fiftula, maftic, and aloes. It alfo afFords tobacco and fugar; but, partly from the native indolence of the Spaniards, and partly from the want of hands, not in fuch quantities as might be expected. F'or the fame rcafons, this large ifland does not produce fo many commodities for cxporta'ion as the fniall Englifh one of Antigua. The courfes of the rivers are in general too fliort to facilitate trade : but there arc feve- ral excellent harbours in the ifland, which belong to the principal towns ; particularly that of St. Jago, which is itrongly fituated, and well fortified; but the town itielf is neither po- pulous nor rich. The Havannah, facing Florida, the capital of Cuba, a place of great ftrength and im- portance, containing about two thoufand houfes, with a great number of convents and churches, if> furniflicd with a very fpacious harbour, well defended from hoftile attacks. The town, however, was taken by the courage and perfeverance of the Britifh troops in the year 1762, but reftored by the fubfequent pacification. Santa Cruz, a confiderable town, about thirty miles eaft of the Havannah, has alfo a very commodious harbour ; but fucli is the general inattention of the Spaniards to com* inercial objedls, that all thefe local advantages are in a great meafure ufelefs. CHAP. XXI. HISPANIOLA, OR ST. DOMINGO. THIS ifland was originally poflcfled by the Spaniards alone, but by far the greater part of it is now in the hands of the French ; however, as the former were the fuft fettlcrs, and ftill poffefs a (hare of it, Hifpaniola is generally confidered as a Spanifh 7 A ifland. ';■, 1 W. s6o SPANISH ISLANDS. ifland. It lies between 17 and 21 decrees noith JatltucJc, and 67 and 74 weft longi- tude, being almoft cquidiftant from Cuba aim Porto Rico; and is four hundred and lil'ty niiks long, and one hundred and fifty broad. \Mien Hifpaniola was full; difeovered by Columbus, It was fuiipoled to contiiin at leafl a million of inhabitants; but fo great was the baibarity of the Spaniard^-', and to fueh an inhuman height did they carry their cruelty towards the poor natives, that in the fpacc of fif- teen years they were reduced to fixty thoufand. 'I'hc face of the country prcl'cnts an agree- able intermixture of hills, vallics, woods, and rivers ; and the foil, which is luxuriantly fer- tile, produces fugar, cotton, indigo, tobacco, maize, and cafliiva root. The European cattle multiply fo faft, that they run wild in the woods ; and, as in South America, are hunted only for their hides and fallow. In he mofl barren parts of the rocks gold and filver were formerly difcovered ; but thefe precious mctalj being found in greater plejity, and with more facility, in other parts, the mines of Hifpaniola are entirely ncgleiled. The north-weft parts of the ifland, in the pofleflion of the French, confift of large fruitful plains which produce the articles already enumerated in the utmoft abundance. This, indeed, is the beft and moft fertile part of the beft and moft fertile ifland, not only in the Weft Indies, but perhaps in the univerfc. St. Domingo is the moft ancient town in Hifpaniola, and in all the new world, of Eu- ropean eretSlion. It was founded by Bartholome^v Columbus, brother to the renowned admiral of that name, In 1504, who gave it the appellation of Domingo, in honour of his father Dominic ; and by this name the v/hole ifland is fometimes called, p.articularly bv the French. The town is fituated on a fpacious harbour, is cxtcnrnc and well built, and contains many beautiful civil and religious ftruftures. T he inhabitants, like thofe of the other Spanifli towns, arc a mixture of Europeans, Creoles, Mulattoes, Mizftecs, and Negroes. The towns belonging to the French are — Cape St. Francois, the capital, which is neither walled nor paled in; has only two bat- teries, one at the entrance of the harbour, and the other before the town ; and contains about eight thoufand inhabitants. Leogane, though inferior in fize to Cape St. Francois, is a celebrated port, a pliice of confidcrable trade, and the feat of the French government in that ifland. Petit Guaves and Port Louis are likewife pretty large towns, and carry on an extenfive commerce. The exports of the French from thefe ports have been calculated at one million two hundred thoufand pounds a year. They likewife carry on a very lucrative contraband trade with the Spaniards, as they exchange French manufaftures for Spanifti dollars. CHAP. XXII. PORTORICO. THE ifland of Porto Rico is fituated between 64 and 67 degrees weft longitude, and in 18 degrees north lailtude ; lying between Hifpaniola and St. Chriftopher's, and about one hundred miles in length, and forty in breadth. The foil is beautifully diverfified with PORTO RICO. 561 with woody, vallels, hills, and plains; and is extremely fruitful in all the ufual Weft India produiStions. It is well watered with fprings and rivulets; but, in the rainy fe.nfons, the climate is rcclvoned extremely infalubrious. The Spaniards were originally induced to fettle on thib ifland on account of the gold found in it; but that tempting metal now appears to be nearly cxhauftcJ. Porto Rico, the capital, is built on a little ifland on the north of the main ifland, which forms a capacious harb&ui ; and is united to the chief ifland by a caufeway, and defended by forts and batteries which render the town almoft inaccefTible. It was, however, taken by Sir Francis Drake, and afterwards by the Earl of Cumberland. Beirg the centre of the contraband trade carried on by the Englifh and French with the fubjeds of Spain, it is very poj^ulous and commercial. At the cail: cikI ot" Porto Rico there is a clufter of very fmall iflands, known by the name of the Virgin Iflands; but they are all extremely inftgnificant. It CHAP. XXIII. TRINIDAD. THE iflanJ of Trinidad is fituated between 59 and 62 degrees weft longitude, and in 10 dcgi. north latitude; lying between Tobago and the Spanifh Main, from which It is feparated b\ 'le Straits of Paria. It is about ninety miles long, and fixty broad ; and, though unhealtht'u., the foil is very fruitful, producing fugar, excellent tobacco, indigo, gin- ger, cotton, and a variety of fruits and Indian corn. It was taken by Sir Walter Raleigh in 1595; and by the French in 1676, who plundered the inhabitants of what they thought proper. CHAP. XXIV. MARGARETTA. MARGARETTA is fituated about 5 degrees to the weftwarJ of Trinidad, in 64 degrees weft longitude, and 1 1 degrees 30 minutes north latitude. It is fepa- rated from the northern coaft of New Andalufia, in Terra Firma, by a ftrait twenty-four miles broad ; and is about forty miles long, and twenty-four broad. This ifland abounds in pafturage, maize, and fruit; and being covered with perpetual verdure, affords a moft delightful profpedt ; but there is a great fcarcity of wood and water. An advantageous pearl-fiftiery was formerly carried on round the coafts, but it is now difcontinued. In thefe feas there are many other fmall iflands, the property of which belongs to the Spaniards; but, being enti'rely uncultivated, they are unworthy of a geographer's at- tention. FRENCH id to : Mm M ii *t S6a FRENCH ISLANDS. FRENCH ISLANDS CHAP. XXV. MARTINICO. THIS ifland, which is fituated between 14 and 15 degrees of north latitude, anJ in 61 degrees of well longitude, about forty leagues north-weft of Barbadoes, is fixty miles long, and nearly thirty broad. The interior part abounds with hills, from whence dc\ oh c, on every fide, a number of beautiful rivers, whif h adorn and enrich the idand in a very high degree. The foil produces fugar, cotton, indigo, ginger, and fnch fruits as are common to the neighbouring iflands ; but fugar, as in all the other Weft India iii.inds, is reckoned the principal commodity, of which an immenfe quantity is an- nually exported. Martinico is the refidence of the governor of the French iflands in thofc feas. It's bays and harbours are numerous, fafe, and commodious ; and fo well fortified, that the French ufcd to think themfelves impregnably fecure : howc\er, during the late war, when, the Bri- tifli arms were univerfally triumphant, this ifland fubmitted to their force, though it was reftored by the fubfequent pacification. It may not, |)erhaps, be improper to obfcrvc in this place, that though the French were among the laft European nations who planted fettlemcnts in the Wcfl Indies, they made ample amends for that difadvantage by the .igour with which they purfued them, and by that chain of judicious and admirable meafures which they adopted in order to draw from them every advantage which the nature of the climate would yield, and to provide againft the difficulties which it threw in their way. Senfible that the mother-country is ultimately to reap all the benefit of their labours and acquifitions, the plantations are particularly under the care and infpeclion of the Council of Commerce, a board compofcd of twelve of the moft confiderablc officers of the crown, affifted by deputies from all the confiderablc trading towns and cities in France, who are eledted from among the moft opulent and intelligent of their traders, and who receive handfome allowances for their attendance at Paris from the funds of the refpcilive cities. This council fits once a week, when the deputies propofe expedients for redreffing every grievance in trade, for raifing the branches which are fiUlen, for extending new ones, and, in ftiort, for improving and promoting whafJver may prove beneficial to the general interefts of the country. When the utility of any regulation becomes apparent, it is propofed to the royal council j and an edift to enforce it is immediately iffued, which is executed with punihiality. The government of the feveral French colonies is vefted in a governor, intendant, and royal council. The governor poflfefles a great deal of power ; which, however, on the fide of the crown, is checked by the intendant ; and, on the fide of the people, by -the royal council, MARTINICO. 56^3 council, whofe bufinefs it is to fee that the people are not opprcfTed by the one, nor defraud'ed by the other. Thcfe, again, are all checked by the vigilant and jealous eye which the go- vernment at home kepps over them ; the officers of all the ports of France being charged, under the fevcreft penalties, to interrogate all captains of fliips coming from the colonies concerning the receotion they met with, in what manner juftice was adminiftered, what charges they were fi'hjcited to, ^nd of what kinds. In Ihort, every attention is paid to the profperity, tlie happinefs, and the peace of individuals; and even the poor negroes have fuch regulations eftablilhed in their favour, as cor.fiderably foftens the feverity of their fate, and- reflei^s honour on the humanity of the French government.. CHAP. xxvr. GUADALOUPE. THIS ifland was fo called by Columbus, from a fiuiciedrefemblance of it's mountains to thofe of the fame name in Spain. It is fituated in 16 degrees north latitude, and 62 weft longitude, about thirty league- north of Martinico, and almoft as much fouth of Antigua ; and is computed to meafure forty^five miles in Icngthj and thirty-eight in breadth. An arm of the fca, or rather a narrow channel, through which no fhips dare venture, d' ides it into two parts. The foil, which is equally fertile with that of Martinico, produces -ugar, cotton, indigo, and ginger. Indeed, this ifland is at prefent in a very flourifhing condition* and it's exports of fugar are by no means inconfiderable. Like Martinico, it was formerly attacked by the Englifli, who then failed in the attempt; however, in 1759, it was invefted -with fucceft, but again relinquilhcd on the termination of the war. CHAP. XXVII. ST. LUCIA. THE ifland of St. Lucia, which is fituated in 14 degrees north htitude, and in 6l- weft longitude, eighty miles north- weft of Barbadoes, is about twenty-three miles in length, and twelve in breadth. It received it's name from the circumftancb of It's having been difcovered on the day dedicated to tl,e virgin-martyr St. Lucia. The Eng- lifli firft occupied it in 1637 ; but having fufFered various embarrafTments and attacks fron* the natives and French, it was at length ftipulated between the courts of France and Eng- land, that this ifland, together with Dominica and St.Vincent, (hould remain neutral. But, when the French began to fettle thefe iflands, agreeable to the. treaty of peace concluded in 1 763, St. Lucia was ceded to them, and the other two to England. This ifland is in many places extremely fruitful. It produces excellent timber ; contains 7 B '"=^"y •t.| i^ n Mi ■ I 564< FRKNCH ISLANDS. in.-iiiy fine rivers and excellent harbours ; and, under cerurn rcftriflioni} U novr JccUrctl a free ix>rt. The Eiiglifli made thcmfclvcs mafters of it in 177^1 but it was reilorcd l« Fraiicc by tlic recent treaty of peace. , CHAP. XXVIII. TOBAGO. T'H E illand of Tobago ]% fit!ta>ed in 1 1 degrees norfh latitude, one htindred anfl twenty miles fouth of BarhaJoes, nearly cquidiitant from the Spanifli Main; and IS about thirty-two miles in length, and nine in breadth. The climate is more temperate than might naturally be expc«^cd in fuch a latitude; and it is faid to lie out of the ufual traifl of thofe hurricane; which fomctimcs prove fatid, not only to the property, but alfo to the pcrfons, of the inhabitants of the other Weft India iflands. The foil is capable of pro- ducing every valuable article of Weft India commerce; and, if wc may credit the Dutch, cinnamon, nutmegs, and gum copal, might alfo be cultivated with fuccefs. It is well wa- tered with a great number of fprings ; and it's bay and creeks arc fo fituatod as to facilitate the purpofes of navigation in a very high degree. I'he value and importaiicc of this iiland appear from the expenfive and formidable arma- ments fent thither by the principal European powers, in fupport of their refpe6tivc claims : it feems, however, to have been chiefly poflefled by the Dutch, who defended their rights againft England and France with almoft unexampled perfevcrance. By the treaty of Aix la Chapelle, it was declared neutral ; but, by the pacification in 1763, it was ceded to Great Britain. In June 1781, it was taken by the French; and the unfortunate ifl'ue of the war on the part oFGrcat Britain confirmed it in their poflefRon. C H A 1 . XXIX. ' ST. BARTHOLOMEW. ^' THIS Ifland, which is fituated in 18 degrees north latitude, and in 62 degrees 30 mi- nutes weft longitude, is reckoned about fifteen miles in circumference. It produces tobacco, caflava, and a variety of fruits and trees ; but being environed by rocks, it's ap- proach is thereby rendered dangerous for fhips of any confiderable burden. However, it contains one very good harbour, and this circumftance enables the French to annoy the Englifll trade greatly in time of war. This ifland has repeatedly iiibmitted to the Britiih arms ; and has as often been deli- vered up to the Fxench, who originally colonized it in 1648. CHAP. MARlGALANTi:. i^i CHAP, XXX. MA RIG AL ANTE. COLUMBUS difcovcrcd this irtand in 1493, and gave it the name of hi* own fhij), which it has ever fmcc retained. It is fituated in 61 degrees weft longitude, and in 15 degrees 40 minutes north latitude; and is about fixtecn miles long, and four broad. The foil is not very fertile; and, at the time of it's laft redudion by the Brilifli arms, it produced no more than a thoufand hogfheads of fugar annually. The French began to fend colonies thither about the year 1647; and, after a conteft of long duration, obtained pofll-flion of it. It was afterwards twice plundered by the Dutch ; ^nd has feveral times fubmitted to the Briiifli, but was always rclbred again to France as an objeift of fmall importance. CHAP. XXXI. DESEADA. THIS illand received the name of Dcfeada from Columbus, which fignifies the Defir- able Ifland, becaufe it was the firft of the Caribbees difcovered by that navigator in his fecond voyage. It is fituated in 16 degrees 20 minutes north latitude, and in 61 degrees 20 minutes weft longitude, about twenty miles to the north-weft of Guadaloupe; and is about fixteen miles in length, and two in breadth. Some part of this ifland is very fertile j and the (bll is proper for the cultivation of fugar and cotton, of which laft article it produces the beft in any of the French iflands. In time of war, Defeada is of fomc confequence, on account of the fhelter it is capable of affording to privateers ; and, for that reafon, was in- verted and taken by the Englifh during the war which preceded the laft, but was again rc- ftored to France in 1763. CHAP. XXXII. DUTCH ISLANDS. ST. EUSTATIUS. THIS ifland, which Is fituated in 17 degrees 30 minutes north latitude, and in 63 de* grees 10 minutes weft longitude, three leagues north-weft of St. Chriftopher's, is oiAf a kind of mountain rifing out of the fea in a pyramidal form, about twenty-nine miles in cir- cumference : but, though fmall, and pofleffing fo few local advantages, the induftry of the Dutch ^' ' I lb it s«* PUTCH ISLANDS. Dutch has reiidcred it a place of the utmoft importance to them; and it Is (aid to contain fvc thouianJ whites, and fifteen tb^ufajid negroes. The fides of the mountain are laid out in very pleafaiit fcttlcinents j but there are r.cither fprings nor rivers throughout the whole illand. The inhabitants, however, raife confiderabk qunntities of fugar and tobacco} and, being pretty deeply engaged in the Spanish contraband trac*e, they have derived no incon- fiJerable advantage fiom it; nor Ids from their conftant neutrally. But, when Great- Britain commenced hollilitici ugainit the Dutch, this ifland being incapable of making any defence, furrendw-red at difcrction to Admiral Rodney, on the 3d of February 1781; on wliich occafion the private property of the inhabitants was confifcated with a degree of ri- gour and rapacity which has feldom ftigmatized the character of the Engliibi no other rea- fun having been afligned for fuch a procedure, than that the inhabiunts of St. Euftatiuthad aflifted the revolted colonies with naval and other (lores. But, by fome inexfdicable my- ftery, on the 27th of November in the fame year, this ifland was retaken by the French, un- der the command of the Marquis dc Bouille, though their force conftftcd of only three fri- gate:, and fome fmall craft, on board of which were about three hundred men. The fmall iflands of Saba and St. Martin's, fituated in the vicinity of St. Euftatius, hardly dcicrve to be mentioned ; they both fell under the dominion of the £ngli(h at the lame time with St. Euftatius, and were retaken by the French when they recovered the laft of thelu iilands for their allies the Dutch. CHAP. XXXIII. CURASSOU. THE illand of C'uraflbu, which is Atuated in 12 degrees north latitude, and about ten leagues from the continent of Terra Firma, is thirty miles long, and ten broad. Both in Europe and America, it would feem as if the Dutch were defined by Providence toex- t rcifo their ingenuity and patience on the moft unpropitious foil, and to combat the defeats of nature ; for tliis ifland is not only barren, and deftitute of water, but the harbour is na- turally one of the worft in America: the Dutch, however, have in fome meafure remedied that inconvenience ; and have built on this harbour one of the largeft (and by far the moft elegant) towns in the Weft Indies. The public buildings are numerous and fplendid ; the private houfcs are commodious ; and the magazines are capacious, convenient, and well Hocked. Notwithftanding the natural fterility of the ifland, the induftry of the Dutch has rendered it productive of a coniiderable quantity both of fugar and tobacco; and it is likewife fur> nilhed with extenfive falt-works, for the produce of which there is a rapid (ale among the Engtifli iflands and the continental colonies. But, what renders this ifland of moft advan- tage to the Dutch, is the valuable contraband trade carried on between the inhabitants and the Spaniards, as well as the harbour being the general rendezvous to all nations in time of frur. The CURASSOU. 5«r The warchoufes of Curaflbii, which vc numerous, arc conftantly (locked with the com- modities of Europe and the F.all Indies; for which the Spaniards on the contiiu.'nt always pay in gold and filvir coined or in bars, cocoa, vanilla, jtiwits baric, cochineal, and other valuabi'.' articles, which leave an immenle balance in favour of the Dutch. Indeed, the trade of Curaflbu, even in time of peace, is (aid to bring in annually no IcTs than five hun- dred thouf^nd jKiuni' clear of 11 dcdu£lions ; but in time of w:ir the profits are fiill greater, for this irtand then becomes the conunoii empoiium of the Welt Indies. It affords a retreat toHiipsof all nations; and at the fame timefupplies each nation, in it's turn, with arms and ammunition againd the other ; the Dutch confidering the diH'erent contending parties only as fo many cutlomcr-, with whofe private ;irt'airs they have no concern. The intcrccnirfu with the S{ianiard> being at fuch times interrupted, their colonies have fcarcelv any other market from whence they can be properly fupplied either with flavcs or goods; and the French likewid- refort thither, in order to purchafe provifions, and other articles neccflary for the trade of their Weil India colonies : fo that, both in peace and war, the commerce of CuralTou i» in a very flourifhing condition. The commerce of ail the Dutch American fettlemcnts was ori^'inlly tranfa;.' Cliaii rr;r/iY-H i»- _ O-r />- 20 .T«u'l«'*i;;?» i ' I > I r I I , , , I I I r I .f 4A 203 t r I i 1 I I I i I I I 1 III \ \ '* tOJi. >'V ^ ,-N- '"■*"'*■ ^ v -li*- Tahoorov I ' 'vfe' ' ' ,,,,,, I I I I I I I. I 1 r I I r I 1 I I, L I 1 I I 300 fromGfc* I I I IVblil)iril u Ihr Art lUrwii, ^ty Harrifim L-C* July I i;»4. i I I I I I I I I 4:14,.^.^ I I I I I I I I I I ao4 1 1 ' I ' I ' ' ' ' I I i 1 1 I 1 1 1 I . I I T I . 1 20s 1 1 I I ^.- /Li' rrbim' A* fivw Gvcff mvK T.n^m^ iUM-f-'/'^ \y Harrifwi L-C* July I i;i4. / Ml mm ,j;'Mn: i t 4 lii Ifilf If'' '^^'^& *..:w- ^ttr m SANDWICH ISLANDS. 571 Mowcc, the ncxtin.inil m magiiitiidt-, and the ncarcft to O'why'hcc, Is only iiboiit ci"ht Lagucs dittant, an. I appcr.rs to iiic.»rure ii^.iily one luiiidicd and forty gt'o^jraphical miles in circumt'tTciicc. It is divided by a low idlimus into two circular pciiinfiilas, on each of wiiitii there iire mountains of a prodigious height; but, where the country is level, the foil, prclinti an apjKaranc.' of verdure and fertility. The coalts aflbrd feveral good anchoring- piace%i and the produclions, both animal and vegetable, arc pretty much the fame as in U'wiiy'hcc. 'I'jhooTOWi is a fmall ifland lying off the f(^uth-wc(l part of Mowcc, from which it is only three league* didant. It is dcllitute of wood, and the (oil appears to be faiuly and llerile. lietween Tahoorowa and Mowcc lies the little ifland of Morrotinnce, which is barren and tininhaUitcd. Morotoi lies to the weft north-wed of Mowcc, at the diftnnce of two leagues and a half. The foJth-wcft coail is very low; but the land rifes backwards to a confideraWe lici'lit and feems to be totally deftitute of wood. It's principal produce confifts of yams. Ranai, which is about three leagues dillant both from Mowcc and Morotoi, is filuated to the I'outh-weft of the pafliige between thofe two illands. 'llie country tothj (butli is high and craggy; but in the other quarters it has a more favourable afpedt, and appears to be well inhabited. It is faid to produce fome plantains and bread-fruit trees j but it chiefly abounds in ro<^t', fuch as yams, fweet pctatoe: , and tarrow. Woahoo is fituatcd to the north-weft of Morotoi, at the dillance of Ci:\cii leagues. It feenis to be one ot the molt fertile and delightfid ifiands of the whole (.-iroup; and notiiidr can exceed the verdure of the hills, the variety of the woods ajid lawns, iuid the rich culti- vated vallics, which the whole face of the cc-untry difplays. Ato il-fs all the known lands from 47 degrees fouth to 20 north latitude, and from 184 to 260 eall longi- tude, unqueftionably derive their origin from one and the fame fource. However extraor- dinary this aflbrtion may apj>car, it is founded on the moft infallible evidences; namely, a ftriking fnnilarity in their manners and cuUoms; a general refcmblance in their peifonsi and, above all, the abfolute identity of their language. From what continent they originally emigrated, and by what ftcps they were diflcminated throiigli fuch an amazing fpacc, are enquiries not eafily rcfolved. They certainly bear Ihong marks of affinity to fome of the Indian tribes which inhabit the Ladrones and Caro- line Iflands; and the fame affinity may again be traced among the Battas and the Malays : yet none of thefe iflanders had the ieaft notion of any other nation befitles thcmfelvcs, nor any tradition of their origin but what is perfectly fabulous; and, confcquently, their emi- grations muft have commenced at fome very early and unknown period, of which they cannot retain the fmalleft traces; nor can the hiftory of the world fupply us with any fatis- faclory information on this perplexing fubjedt. The natives of the Sandwich Ifles are in general above the middle fizc, well made, vi- gorous, and active ; and, though their complexions are dark, their features are generally marked with a certain fweetnefs and fenfibility which renders them very engaging. Nearly the fame form of government prevails among them as has been already noticed with refpedt to the inabitants of Otaheite: they are hofpitable and unreferved; and though their natural capacity appears to be adequate to the circumftances of their fituation and the advantages they enjoy, they have very little notion of civilization, and are only guided by inbred maxims of fiiperftition and a natural beneficence of heart. It nas been furmifed that the inhuman praiflicc of dcflroying and feeding on their enemies is allowed among them; but Captain King, who, from a facred regard to truth as well as to the honour of human nature, made the moft minute enquiries, feems to deny the fatSl. The jr.cn fuffer their bearu''^ to grow ; and have various modes of drcffing their hair, which tiicy daub with a fort of grey clay mixed with pulverized fliclls. Both fexes tattoo their bodic, and particularly their faces ; but the women, who are moft curious in this abfurd praltice, tattoo the tips of their tongues alfo, though for what purpofe cannot be determined. Their drcfs generally confifts of a piece of thick cloth, called the maro, about ten or twelve inches broad, which they pafs between the legs, and tie round the waift. But there are a variety of ornaments appropriated to the different clafles ; among which, the feathered drefles appear to be the moft valuable as well as the moft honour- able. Th;y have a gre.it number of religious rites, and feem much additfled to fupcr- lUtign. Their exercifcs arc manly, and of the athletic kind ; and their vocal mufic, wiih m or ^ r. NORTHERN ARCHIPELAGO. s:i with which they frequently amufe thcmfclves, has a very pleafing cfFctSt; Imt the fame commenJation is by no means en air. Their ofFenfivc weapons confift of bows, arrows, and darts; and, by way of defence, they ufe wooden ftiields. The moft perfe(!l equality fcems to fubfift among thcfe iflanders : they have neither chiefs nor fupcriors, laws nor puniflimcnts; they live together in families, and focieties of fcveral families united, which conftitutc what they call a race ; and in cafes of attack or defence they mutually affiil each other. The inhabitants of the fame irtand always pretend to be of the like r.ace; and every pcrfon c^nfiders his ifland as a pofleffion, the property of which is common to all the individuals of the fame fociety. Feafts are very frequently celebrated; but more efpecially when the inhabitants of one ifland are vifited by ti.of^ ot another : on Aich occafions, the men meet their guefts beating drums, and preccdcil by the women, who fing and dance ; at the conclufion of which finging and dancing, the hofls lerve up their beil^ provifion?, and invite their gueils to partake of the entertainment. Thcv feed their children, when very young, with the coarfcft flcfh, generally raw; and when an infant fcreams, the mother immediately carries it to the fea-lhore, even during the moit inclement feafon, and immerges it in the water till it ccafes crying. This feemingly barbarous cuftom is fo far from injuring their offspring, that it hardens them againft the cold ; and they accordingly walk bare-footed, throughout the brumal feafon, without experiencing the imalleft inconvenience. The natives feldom kindle fires in their dwellings ; but, when defirous of warming thcmfclves, they light bundles of hay, or elfe ftt fire to train-oil, which they pour into hollow ftones. Thefe people poITefs a confiderable (hare of natural fenfe, but arc by no means quick ot: NORTHERN ARCHIPELAGO. 575^ of apprehenfion. They appear to Lc rold and indlfFerent in moft of their aiSlions} but if an injury, or even the fu^vpofition of an in ury, roufes them from this phlegmatic ftat^ they become inflexible and furious, and excrcife the cruclleft revenge, without paying any regard to confequences. A fmall fhare of affliction Simulates them to fuicide; and even the apprehenfion of an uncertain evil often involves them in fuch defpair, that they deftroy themfelves with great apathy. Since thcfe iflands have been known to the Rufllans, their population has confiderably decrcafed: many of the natives having been flain in occafional rencounters; more carried ofF by famine ; and a ftill greater number becoming viftims to the introdu£l:ion of tho(^ foreign luxuries which never fail to enervate, and but feldom to deftroy, even the moft puiflant empires. 7E A NEW ■x '■ 1- A NEW GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE. C N T AI N I N THE LATITUDES OP THE PRINCIPAL CITIES, TOWN'S, SEAS, CULPHS, BAYS, STR.MI>-, CAPES, AND ISLANDS, IN THE KNOWN WORLD. WITH THE1« LONGITUDES FROM THE MERIDIAN 01 TUt R O Y A L OB 3 E R V A TO K Y AT c; R E t N W 1 C H ; AND THE TIME OF HIGH WATER AT THE FL'LL AND CHANGE OF THE MOON, AT THOSE PLACES V/HERE IT HAS BEEN OBSERVED. ASFUBI, ISHEDBVTHE BOARD OF LONGITUDE. Names of Places. Quaiters. A BBEVILLE I\. Abo Europe Europe Achem Afia Adventure Bay Afia Adventure Ifle Alia Agde Europe Agen Europe Agnes, St. Lights Europe Agra Afia Aire Europe Aix Europe Alby Europe Aleppo Afia Alexandretta Afia Alexandria Africa y^Igicrs Africa Amboife PJurope Ambryin Ide Afia Amien^ Europe Amfterdam Europe Amftcrdam Iile Afia Ancona Europe A ngers Europe Angouleme Europe Angra Europe Annamocka Afia Anthony's.St.Cape America Antibes Europe Antigua, St. John's America Antwerp Europe An vers Europe Apx ' ' Afia Arav Afia Seas or Countries. Latitude. Loiij; tudr. Hi^l, i In Degrees. In Time. Water. 1). M. B. D. M. S. H, M. b. H. M. France 5^ 7 IN I 49 45 V. 7 19E Finland 6d 27 10 N 22 13 3°^ 1 28 54 E Sumatra 5 22 oN 95 34 oK 6 22 I () E New Holland +3 23 oS '47 30 oE 950 E Pacific Ocean '7 5 15 S '4+ •7 4>W 9 37 " W P'rance 43 18 57N 3 28 iiE 13 53 E France 4+ 12 7N 35 49 E 3 23 E Scillies 40 56 oN 6 40 oW 27 4W India 26 43 oN 76 44 oE 5 6 56 E France 43 3' 35N 5 26 34E 2 1 46 E France 43 3« 35N 5 26 15 E 21 45 E France 43 55 44 N 2 8 45 K 8 <5E Turkey 3? 45 23 N $7 20 c E 2 29 20E Syria 16 35 loN 36 20 oE 2 25 20 E Egypt 3' 1 1 20 N 30 16 30 E 2 I 6 li Algiers 36 49 30 N 2 12 45 E 8 51 E France 47 24 54N 59 7W 3 56 W Pacific Ocean 16 9 30 S 168 12 50 E II 12 5 E Fr;ince 49 53 38N 2 17 56E 9 1 2 E Holland 52 22 45 N 4 45 3"!'' 019 2 E 3 01 Pacific Ocean ■J 1 9 oS '74 46 w II 39 4W 8 301 Italy 43 37 54 N 13 30 30E 54 2 E ) France 47 28 8N 33 52 W 2 15W France 45 39 3N 8 45P- 35 E Tercera 38 39 oN 27 12 15 w I 48 49W Pacific Ocean 20 16 30 S 174 30 30W II 38 2W Staten Land 54 46 45 S France 43 34 50N 7 8 30E 28 34 E Caribbean Sea >7 4 30 N 62 9 o\V 4 8 36W Flanders 5« >3 15N 4 22 45 E 17 31 E 6 Netherlands 5' «3 15N 4 24 '5 E 17 37 E Pacific Ocean 16 46 iSS 168 27 30 E II 13 50 E Turkey 36 I oN 3« 50 oE 2 31; 20 E 1 PUBLISHED BY THE BOARD OF LONGITUDE. 577 Names of I'Uces. Quarters. Seas or Comitiies. i>. latitude. Lo fn D'.grecs. 0- M. S. ngitudc. Ill TImr. High i Water. H. M. M. s. tl. M. S. Arch.-ingel Arica Aries Europe Ruffia 64 34 oN 38 55 oE 2 35 40 E 6 America Peru I.S 26 38 v> 7? II w 4 44 .)4VV hurope France 4.3 40 33 ^^' 4 38 oE 18 32 E Arras Europe France 50 '7 30 N 2 46 1 2 E oil 5 ]<: 57 25 w Afcenfion lile Africa Atlantic Ocean S^ 30 b 14 22 31 W Athens Europe Tuikey 3« 5 N 23 52 30 E I 35 30 E Auch Europe France 43 3« 46 N 34 36 E 218 E Auguftine, St. Africa Madagafcar 23 3; 29 S 41 8 E 2 52 32 E Aurillac Europe France 44 55 10 N 2 27 o\V 9 48 W Aurora Ifle Alia Pacific Ocean 15 8 oS i63 17 oE 1113 8 E Autun Europe France 46 56 46 N 4 18 SE 17 1 4 E Auxerre Europe France 47 47 54 N 3 34 20 E 14 .7E Auxonne Europe France 47 11 24 N 5 23 35 E 21 34 E Avignon Europe France 43 57 25 N 4 4« 33 E 19 14 E Avranches Europe France 48 4< IS iN I 22 38 W 5 31 VV Babylon, Ancient Afia Mefopoi.u/.ia S3 oN 42 46 30E 251 6E Bagdad Alia Mefopotamia 33 20 oN 43 46 30 E 2 55 6E Bal afore Afia India 21 20 oN S6 oE 5 44 ol^ BallabealQe Afia New Caledonia 20 -r oS 164 22 oE 10 57 28E Banguey Peak A fin Malacca 7 18 oN 117 17 ^oE 7 49 10 E j 15arl)as Cape Barbuda IlL- Africa Sanhaga 22 '5 30 N 1 6 JO oW 1 6 4oV^'i America Ati.iiuic Ocean 17 iJ 45 1^ 6j 50 VV 4 - 20 w Barcelona Europe Sp;iin 4' 26 oN 2 13 oE 8 ^2E Barnevelt'slfle America Terra del Faego 3 5 H9 oS 66 38 o\V 4 27 52 VV Bartholomcw.St. I ine 1 Afia New Hebrides 'S 42 oS 167 17 30 E II 9 1 E Bafil Europe Switzerland 47 35 pN 7 29 30E 29 i;8E BafTa Terre America Guadaloupe '5 59 30 N 61 59 15 VV 4 7 57W Batavia Afia Java 6 10 oS I oG 5 1 I e E 7 7 25E Bath Europe ■'England S' 22 30N 2 -'I 30 w 9 26 VV' Bayeux K.urope Fnince 49 16 30 N 42 51 w 2 5j VV B.iyonne Europe France 43 29 21 N I 30 6\V 6 oVl' 3 30 Beachey Head Europe England ;o 44 30 N 19 40 E I 19E Bear, Ille America Iluufi...: ^ Bay 54 34 oN 79 56 oW 5 '9 44^^' 13 Beauvois Europe France 49 26 2N z 4 42 E 8 19 E Belle Iflc Europe France 47 17 30 N 3 6 30W 12 26 w 2 30 Bembridge Point Europe Ifle of Wight 50 40 ,5N , 445W 4 19 w Bencoolen Afia Sumatra 3 49 3S 102 oE 6 48 oE Berlin Europe Germany 52 32 30 N 13 26 1 5 E 53 45 E Bermudas Ifle America Atlantic Ocean 32 35 'oN 63 28 oW 4 '3 52W 7 j Befanfon Europe France 47 '3 45 N 6 2 40E 024 11 E ■ Befiers Europe France 43 20 41 N 3 >2 35 E 12 50 E Blanco, Cape Africa Negroland 20 55 30 N 17 10 oW I 8 40 W 9 45 Blanco, Cape America Patagonia 47 20 oS 64 42 oW 4 18 48 w Blois Europe Fran'ce 47 35 19N I 19 50E 5 19E Bojador, Cape Africa Negroland 26 12 30N 14 27 oW 57 48 VV Bolabola Ifle Afia Pacific Ocean 16 32 30S 151 52 oW 10 7 zSW Bologna Europe Italy _ 44 29 36N II 21 15 E 45 25 E Bolfcherelkoi Afia Siberia 52 54 30N 156 37 30E 10 2b 30 E ' Bombay Afia India 18 56 40 N 72 38 oE 4 50 32F' Bonavilla, Iflc Africa Atlantic Ocean 16 6 oN 22 47 15 w I 31 9VV ' Bofton America New England i^ 2L oN 70 37 'SW 4 42 29 W ~*«— "^ II ■'>,' fi m m 578 A NEW GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE. Ninies o» I'lico. Q^iirterj. Seas 01 Countrwi. Latitude. Longitiid '. In Cegrecs. Ir 1 Time. Water. H. M. 0. M. s. n. M. s. H. M. 1. Botany liland Afla New Caledonia 22 26 40 S 167 16 45 E II 9 7E Bologne Europe France 50 43 31 N 1 36 44E 6 27E 10 30 Bourbi n, Ifle Africa Indian Ocean 20 $ 1 43 s 55 30 oE 3 42 oE Bouidcaux Europe France 44 50 iSN 34 49 W 2 19W 3 Bourges Europe France 47 4 58 N 2 2? 26 E 9 14E Bredaw Europe Silefia 51 3 oN 17 8 45E I « 35E Brell Europe France 48 22 5?N 4 30 50W 18 3W 3 45 Bridge Town America Barbadoes ,3 s oN 58 35 oW 3 54 20W Bricux, St. Europe France 48 31 21 N 243 17W 10 S3W L'rillol, Cape America Sandwich Land 59 2 30S 26 ji oW I 47 24 w BrultVIs Europe Brabant JO 51 oN 4 21 45 E 17 27 E Buenos Ayres America Brafil 34 3> 26S 58 SI isW 3 54 5W Bukaroil Europe Walachia 44 26 45 N 26 8 oE I 44 32 E Bulier, Cape America South Georgia 53 S« 30^, 37 40 oW 2 30 40 W Burgeo Ifles Burlings America Newfoundland 47 36 20 N 57 36 30 W 3 50 24 W Europe Portugal 39 20 oN 9 36 45 W 38 27 w Cabello, Port America Terra Firma 10 30 50N 67 32 oW 4 30 8W Cadiz Europe Spain 36 31 7N 6 11 50W 24 47\V 4 30 Caen Europe France 49 >' «oN 21 47 W I 27 W 9 Cahors Europe France 44 26 4N I 26 51 E 5 47 K Cairo A frica Egypt 30 2 44N 31 18 16E 2 5 49E Calais Europe France 50 57 31 N I 50 56 E 7 24E II 30 Callao America Peru 12 I 538 76 58 oW 5 7 s^'f^ Calcutta, Fort ] William ] Afia India 22 34 45 N 88 29 30 E 5 53 S8E Calmar Europe Sweden 56 40 30 N 16 21 45 E I s 27E Cambray Europe France ;o 10 3?. N 3 «3 4«E 12 55E Cambridge Europe Englanil 52 12 "56 N 4 isE 17E Cambridge America New England 42 25 oN 71 10 oW 4 44 40 W Canary Ifle, N. 1 E. Point J Candia, Ifle Africa Canaries 28 13 oN 15 38 45 W I 2 35W 3 Europe Mediterranean Sea 35 '8 35 N 25 18 oK I 41 I2E Candlemas Iflcs America Sandwich Land 57 10 oS 27 13 oW 1 4« 52 W Canfo, Port America NovaScotir, 45 20 7 N 60 55 oW 4 3 40 w Canton Afia China 23 7 50N 113 2 15 E 32 9E Carlefcroon Europe Sweden ^6 20 oN 15 26 15 E I I 45 R Carthagena Europe Spain :,7 37 oN I 8 30W 434W Carthagena America Terra Flxma 10 26 35 N 7S 26 45 W 5 I 47W Cafan Afia Siberia 55 43 S8N 49 8 1 5 E 3 16 33 E Cafl'el Europe Germany 51 !9 4N 9 29 oE 37 Sf'E Caftres Eluropc France 43 37 »oN 2 14 4sE 8 59 E Sr. Catherine's Iflc America Atlantic Ocean 27 35 0^ 49 17 oW 3 17 30W Cavan Europe Ireland 54 5' 41^' 7 23 oW z<) 32 W Cayenne America Ifle Cayenne 4 56 oN 52 i; oW 3 29 o\V Cctte Europe Fraiitc 43 23 5'N 3 42 7E 14 48E Challon Europe France 46 46 50 N 4 5« 25E 19 26E Chalons Europe France 48 57 12N 4 22 I2E 17 29 R Chandernagor Afia India 22 51 26N 88 29 15 E 5 53 27 E Charlotte (^ Sound Afia New Zealand 41 s 58S 174 >3 32 E II 36 54 E 9 Charl. Qi Foreland Afis New Caledonia 22 15 oS 167 12 45E 1 1 8 siE Charlotte Q^Cape America South Georgia 54 32 oS 36 II 30W 2 24 46 W Charlton Ifle America Hudfon's Bay J2 3 oN 7<^ 5 oW 5 16 20 W PUBI .ISHED BY THE BOARD OF LONGITUDE. 579 Names of 1'Uc.ti. Quarters. Seal or Countries, LicituJei Lonjji todc. r'igh In IV^rec?. fn Time. W.uer. h."~m7 i>. M, S. u. M, s. H. M. ?. Chartrcs F.urope France 4S 26 49 N I 28 55 E 5 c6F" Cherbourg I'", u rope 1' ranee 49 38 2b N • 3« 1. w fa 33W 7 3" Cliriftmas Sound Amttii.ai Terra del Fuego 5S 21 srs 70 2 coW 4 40 n W 2 30 St.C!irilloplKT*.sine Ameiici Caribl)caii Sea '7 IS oN 62 43 ^W 4 10 52 W Ciuirchill River America Mudfon's Bay s-i 47 32 N 94 7 30W 6 16 30W 7 30 Civita Vecchia Europe Italy 42 s hN 1 1 46 ijE 47 5 E Cape Clear Europe Ireland 5' 18 oN II 15 oW 45 w 4 30 Gierke's Ifles America; Atlantic Ocean 55 5 30S 34 42 oW, 2 18 48W Clermont Europe France 45 46 45 N 3 ? 7E 12 20 E Cape Colcnct Alia New Caledonia 20 30 oS 164 56 oE 10 59 44 E Col mar Europe France 48 4 44N 7 22 II E 29 29 E Cologne J'^urope CJerniany 50 55 oK 7 5 oE 28 20E CapeComorin Alia India 7 56 oN 7« 5 oE 5 12 20E Compiegne Europe France 49 24 59 N 2 49 41 E II 19E C-oncepiion .\merica Chili 3ourbon 20 51 43S 55 30 oE 3 42 oE Diego, Cape America Terra del Fuego 54 33 oS 6,- 14 oW 4 20 56 w Dieppe Dijon Dillingen Europe France 49 55 >7N I 4 12 E 4 17E 10 30 Europe France 47 19 22 N 5 2 23 E 20 10 E Europe Germany 48 30 oN 10 14 30 E 40 58 E Difappointm. Cape America South Georgia 54 58 oS 36 >S oW 2 2? oW "iTr DifTeada, Cape Dol America Terra del Fuego 55 4 15 S 74 i« oW 4 57 12W Europe France 4S 33 9N I 46 12 W 7 5 w Dominique, Ifle Douay Dover America Windward Iflcs '5 18 23 N 61 27 55 W 4 5 52W 12 19E Europe Flanders 50 22 12N 3 4 47 E Europe England 51 7 47N I 18 30 E 5 14E II 30 Drcux Europe France 4« 44 17 N I 21 24 E 5 26 E Dronthdm Dublin Europe E'urope Norway Ireland 63 53 26 10 N 21 11 N Ji 3 6 6 45 E 30W 44 1 5 1'. 24 26 w 9 15 Dungenefs Dunkirk Europe England 50 52 20N 59 6E 3 56 E 9 45 Europe France 51 2 4N 2 22 23 E 9 30 E Dufkey Bay Dunnofe Afia New Zealand 45 47 27 S i66 18 9E " 5 '^w 10 57 Europe England 5^ 33 30 N I 10 23 \V 5 5W 9 45 L AOowE, Ifle Afia Paciiic Ocean 21 24 oS '74 30 oW II 38 oW 7 ,9 yW Fa Her Ifland America Pacific Ocean 27 6 30 S 109 46 45 W 2 ^t! !i1 500 A NEW GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE. Nimei of Placc!. Qiiartfri. Seat or Countriei. Laticodr. ■„ Longit Dfgreet. tide. In Time. High "1 Wattr. p. M. a. 0. M. t. H. M I. M. M.l Edinburgh Europe Scotland S? 57 S7N 3 12 15W 12 49 W 4 30 Eddyftone Europe Englifh Channel 50 8 oN 4 24 oW 17 24 w S 30 Embrun Europe France 44 3+ oN 6 29 oE 25 56 E Enatum, Idp Afia Pacific Ocean 20 10 oS 170 4 oE II 20 16 E Englifli Road Afia }*'aoowe 21 20 30S '74 34 oW II 38 16W Etramanga, Ifle Afia Pacific Ocean iR 46 30 S 169 18 30 K II 17 14E Erzerum Afia Armenia 39 56 35 N 4« 35 45 E 3 '4 23 E Eudachia, Town America Caribbean Sea 17 29 oN 63 ID oW 4 12 40 w Evout's Ifles America Terra del Fuego 55 34 30S 66 39 W 4 27 56 w Everoux Europe France 49 I 24N 1 8 39 E 4 35E Exeter Europe England 50 44 oN 3 34 30W 14 18W 1 Falmouth Europe England JO 8 oN 5 2 30 W 20 loW 5 30 Falfe, Cape Africa Cailres 34 16 oS 18 44 oE 1 14 56 E Falfe Bay Africa Caffres 34 10 oS 18 33 oE I 14 12 E Farewell, Cape America Greenland 59 38 oN 42 42 oW 2 50 48 w Farewell, Cape Afia New Zealand 40 37 oS 172 4' 30 E II 30 46 E - ya]. Town Europe Azores 38 32 20N 28 l« 5W I S+4+W 2 20 Ferdinand Noronha America Brazil 3 56 20 S 3» 38 cW 2 10 32W Ferrara Europe Italy 44 54 oN II 36 15E 46 25 E Ferro Ifle, Town Africa Canaries 27 47 20 N 17 45 50 W I II 3W Finillerre, Cape Europe Spain 42 51 52N 9 '7 10 w 3? 9W Florence E urope Italy 43 46 30 N II 2 oE c 44 8E Flores Europe Azores 39 34 oN 3« oW 2 4 8W Flour, St. Europe France 4S » 55N 3 5 30 E 12 22 E Fortaventure.W. 1 Point Foul, Point Africa Canaries 28 4 oN '4 3> 30 W 58 6W Africa Madagafcar 17 40 14 S 49 53 oE 3 >9 32E France, Ifle of Africa Indian Ocean 20 9 4sS 57 23 oE 3 49 52E Francfort on the 1 Maine | Europe Germany 49 55 oN 8 3? oE 34 20 E Fran9ois, Cape America Hifpaniola 19 46 30 N 72 18 oW 4 49 12 vv Franjois.Old Cape America Hifpaniola 19 40 30 N 70 2 oW 4 40 8 W Frawenburgh Europe Pruflia 54 22 15N 20 7 30 E 1 20 30 E Frejus Europe France 43 26 3N 6 44 45E 26 59 E Frekel, Cape Europe France 48 41 3N 6 bw 24 oVV Friefland's'Pealc America Sandwich Land 59 2 oS 26 55 30 w ' 47 42 w Fronfac, Strait America Nova Scotia 45 36 57 N 61 '9 30 w 4 5 18W Fucgo, Ifle Africa Cape Verd 14 56 45 N 24 28 oW ' 37 52 w Funchal Africa Madeira 32 37 40 N <7 6 15W 1 8 25 w 12 4 Fiirneaux Ifland Afia Pacific Ocean 17 II oS •43 6 40 w 9 28 27 w Gap Europe France 44 33 50 N 6 457E 24 20 E Gabey Afia New Guinea 6 oS 126 23 45 E 8 25 35E Genes Europe Italy 44 25 cN 8 35 +5 5 34 '^i Geneva Europe Savoy 46 12 oN 6 oE 24 oE Genoa Europe Italy 44 25 oN 8 35 +5?„ 34 23 E George, St. Ifle Europe Azores 38 39 oN 28 oW I 52 oW George, St. Town America Bermudas 32 45 oN 63 35 cW 4 H 20 W George, oi Fort Afia India «3 4 54N 80 28 45 E 5 21 c,-E George, St. Coe Afia New Britain 4 53 30S >53 3 45 E 10 12 3iE George, Cape America South Georgia 54 >7 oS 36 32 30 W 2 26 loW Ghent Europe Flandrrs 51 3 oN 3 4L 45 E 14 55 E l^ PUBLISHED BY THE BOARD OF LONGITUDE. sSt i Namei of PUcti. Ciibraltar Oilbeit'j lile Gla!gow Goa Goat Idc Gomcra, IHe Good Hope, Capr Good Hope, Town Gorce, Ifle Gottenburg Gottengen Ob- 1 fervatory J Granville Grarte Gratiofa Gratz Gravelincs Greenwich Ob- "I fervatory J Grenoble Gryphifwald Guadaloupe Guiaquil Gurief Hague Hamburg Hang-lip, Cape Harborough,Mark. Haflings Havannah Havre-de-grace Heefe, La Helena.St. James 1 'I'own J Henlopen, Cape Hernofand Hcrvey's Ifle Hinchingbrokc Ifle Hoai-Nghan Hogue, Cape La Hood's Ifle Hoogftraeten Horn, Cape Hout Bay Howe's ifle Huahine, Ifle Jakutskoi Janeiro, Rio Jaffy Java Head Jerufalem Quarters, Europe America I'.uroue Afia Alia Africa Africa Africa Africa Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe America America Afia Europe Europe Africa Europe Europe America Europe Europe Africa America Europe Afia. Afia Afia Europe Afia Europe America Africa Afia Afia Afia America Europe Afia A7 5° 44 57 4« 18 5 45 40 E 30 E 15W 30 W oE 30 E oE oE 25 W loE 30 W 30 E 5 49 oW 75 4 '7 53 158 48 168 38 118 138 4 67 18 154 •51 49 56 52 47 26 ■§ 6 129 47 42 43 27 29 106 50 35 20 leW oE oW oE 30 E 50 W oW oE oW oE 40 W oW 45 E 45 W 45 E oE oE H. M. 1. 21 28 W 4 44 liW «7 W 4 55 oE 8 8E I 8 3aW 1 >3 33 E I >3 33 E 1 9 40W 46 35 E 39 32E 6 28W 27 44 E 1 5« HzW I I 39 E 8 30 E 55 f 34E 57 W 46 W 48 £ loE 20 E 56 E 50 W 45 E 14W 24 E o 23 i6W ISW 32E 12W 32E 18E 47 W 28 W 8E 44 W 16 E 27 W 24 w 22 54 7 24 27 «7 39 H 3 2 29 o »9 5 o I II »o 35 II 14 55 7 >5 »9 29 >3 10 16 10 4 39 5° 49 7 21 iiE 55 W 59 E 20 E 20 E o 30 30 6 o 9 o ii f 1; S8a A NEW GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE. N.in.i;s of I'ljcei. Quarteri. Srai or diuntrid. L n. atltu M. it. In D»|t»»»«. 1 In Till*. ~t. p. M. t. H. M. t. M.~M." IldfConfo's.Si.ines .America Terra del Euego 55 5' oS 69 21 oW 4 37 5«W Immer Kle Aim Parific Ocean '9 16 oS 169 46 oK II 19 4E Inpollhdt Europe Ciermany 4S 4i 45 N 1 1 22 30 K 45 30 E [olin'j, St. America Anii(»ua 17 4 30N 62 9 oW 4 8 -r.W lohn's. St. .America Newfoundland 47 32 oN ;2 :6 oW 3 29 nw 6 (nfoph'i, St. America California ^1 ? 42 s loy 42 30 w 7 18 soW Iir.iiiame, I lie /\fia Pacific Ocean "9 3« oS 170 21 oi: II 21 24 F^ llluinabnd Afia India 22 20 oN 9« 45 oE 6 7 E Ilk of Pines Afia Pacilic Oceaa Zi 3« oS 107 38 oE 11 13 32 E Ilpnhan Alia Perfia ^i oN 5* 50 oE 3 31 20 E Juan, vSt. Cape Anjcrjca Siatcn Land V4 47 loS <^3 47 oW 4 15 »^v Juilda Alia Arabia ZI 29 oN 39 22 oH 2 37 28 E Julian, St. Port Amciica P.it.igonia 49 10 oS 68 44 oW 4 34 5^W 4 45 Juthia Alia India •4 18 oN 100 50 oE 43 20 I'. KRnnEREB Afia India 21 4S oN 83 50 15E 5 5; 21 E Kiow Europe Ukraine >o 30 oN 3« 7 30 K 2 4 30K Kola l-'urope Lapland 68 52 30 N 33 « cL 2 12 32fc liAORONt, Grand Alia Pacific Ocean 22 2 oN 113 ;6 oE 7 35 J4E Laguna Africa Tincriiro 28 28 57 N 16 18 ijW 1 5 mW iancarota.E. Point Africa Canaries 29 •4 oN 13 26 oW 3, 44W Landau Europe France •?<; ti 38 N « 7 30 E 32 30 R Landfcroon F.urcpe Sweden 5; 52 oN 12 46 4,-E 5, 7E Langres I'.urope France ■\7 52 i-N 5 '9 2;E 21 |8E Laufanne Europe Switzerland 40 31 5^' 6 45 i;E 27 I E Lcctoure Europe France 41 S(' 2N 36 5jE Z 2'iil Leeds Europe F.ngland S3 4;< oN > 34 .jW 6 17 W Leiccfter Europe England 52 3« oN 1 8 30 vv 4 34W Lcipfic Europe Saxony >l •9 I4N 12 20 oE 49 20 E Leper's Ifland Afia Pacilic Ocean 1^ 23 30 S 167 58 15E II II ,-jE Lefkeard Europe England S'3 2O 55 N 4 4« 45 ^^• 1 8 47 y<' Leiparre Europe France ■h' 18 33 N " 57 3W 3 48 w Lcyden Europe Holland 52 10 oN 4 27 30 E 17 50 E Lirge Europe Netherlands 50 37 30N ? 35 oE 022 20 E Lima America Peru 12 1 15 S 76 49 30 w 5 7 'sw Limoges Europe France 45 49 53 N > '5 9!; 05 1 E Lintz Europe (jermany 4« 16 cN '3 57 30 E 55 50 E Lrficux Europe France 4V II oN 15 oE 1 F^ Lile Europe Flii .Jers 5*3 37 50 N 3 4 16 E 12 1 7 E Lilbon Furop? P' rtugal 3« 42 25 N 9 9 59 w 36 40 w 2 .'5 Lion's Bank Europe .Atlantic Ocean 5^J 40 oN '7 45 cW I II oVV Lilburne, Cape Afia New Hebrides 'S 40 45S 166 57 o£ II 7 48E Lizard Europe England 49 57 30 N 5 ') c'.V 21 w 7 30 Lonibes Europe France 43 28 30 N 55 9E 3 41 E London, St. Paul's Europe England 51 3» oN 5 .',7^' 22|VV 3 Lorenzo, Cape America Peru I 2 oS 80 17 oW J 21 8W Louis, St. Port America Hifpaniola 18 18 SoN 73 16 o-VV 4 53 4W Louis, St. Port Africa Mauritius 20 9 45 S 57 23 oE 3 49 52 E Louiftjourg Amcr -a Cape Breton ^5 53 39 N 59 53 4:W 3 59 35 W Louveau Afia India li 42 30 N 101 1 30E 6 44 6 E Louvain Europe Netherlands 50 53 3N 4 44 .5E 18 57E I.iicia, St. Ifle America Antilles 13 24 30 N 60 5, 30 w 4 3 26VV PUBLISHED BY THE BOARD OF LONGITUDE. 58J Ntnwi el V\mn. Qjarttrt. Scii or Countric). Lititiide. l/onijitudc. In nr(;r«ei> | In Time. High WHIM. D. M. 1. !>• M. «. H. M. >■ H. M. Lunden Europe j Sweden ] 55 41 36 N 13 21 I5E 630 6 E 53 25 E Luneville Knropc 1 ' ranee 4>* 35 33 N 26 E Lufon Kurope [■"ranee 46 2:" 14 N I .034W 4 42 W Luxembourg Roropc ^etherlatids 49 37 6N 6114s [; 24 47 E Lyons 1'^ urope Krance 4 J 45 51 N 4 49 43 f'' 19 19E Macao Afia China 22 12 44N 113 46 15 E 7 35 5F' Macaflitr Afia C.-lcbci 5 9 ot> 119 4S 4;E 7 59 1 5 1' .Vladeira Pniichal Africa Atlantic Ocean 32 37 40N 17 6 ij W 1 8 25W 12 4 Madrai Afi^ India '3 4 54N 80 28 4; E 5 21 55 E MadredcDiosPori Afii Marquefas 9 55 30 S 139 « 40W 9 16 35 w 2 30 Madrid Kurope Spain 40 25 N 3 2545 W .543W Magdalena Ifle Afia Pacific Ocean 10 25 30 s 138 49 oW 9 15 10 w Mahoo Port Europe Minorca 19 50 46 N 3 48 30E 15 I4E Majorca Ifle Europe Mediterranean Sea 39 35 oN 2 29 4SE 9 59E Malacca Afia India 2 12 6N 102 5 oE 6 48 20 E Malinrs Europe Netherlands 51 1 50N 4 28 45 E 17 55E Mallicola lAc Afia Pacific Ocean 16 15 30 S 167 39 15 E II 10 37 E Maloet.St. Europe France 48 38 59 N 2 2 22W 8 9W 6 Malta, Ifle Africa Mediterranean Sea 35 54 oN 14 28 30 E 57 54 P- Manilla Afia Philippines 14 36 8N 120 53 24 E 8 3 34'^,, Marigaiantfi Ifle Americji Atlantic Ocean 15 55 15 N 61 n oW 4 4 44^^ Marfcilles Europe I*" ranee 43 17 45 N 5 22 8E 21 29 E Martha, St. America Terra Firtna II 26 4oN 74 4 3°W 4 56 i8Vr Martin'i,St. file America Caribbean Sea 18 4 20N 63 2 oW 412 8VV Martinico, Ifle America Atlantic Ocean 1444 oN 61 21 16W + 5 2SW Mary's, St. IHc Europe Scillylfles 49 57 30 N 6 43 oW 26 szW 3 45 Mary'*, St. Town Europe- Azores 36 56 40 N 25 9 15W I 40 37W Mafkelync'dfles Afia Pacific Oceaa 16 32 oS 167 59 15 E II 11 57 E Matthew.St.Lights Europe France 48 19 52 N 4 47 25 W 19 10 vv Maurtttui Africa Indian Ocean 20 9 45 s 57 29 iSE 3 49 57 E Maurualfle Afw Pacific Ocean 16 25 40 S 152 32 40 W 10 10 II w Mayance Europe Germany 49 54 oN 8 20 oE 33 20 E Mayne.Iohn's, Ifle Europe North Ocean 71 10 oN 9 49 30 W 039 itW Ma)oIue Africa Cape Verd 15)0 N 23 5 oW I 32 20 w Mcaux Europe France 4^ 57 37 N 2 52 35 '^ 1 1 30 E Mende Europe France 44 30 47 N 3 29 32E 13 58 E Mergui Afii Siam 12 12 oN 9fi 8 45 E 6 32 35 E Mctz Europe France 49 7 5N 611 oE 24 44 E Mew Srone Afra New Holland 43 48 oS 1 46 27 E 9 45 48 E Mexico America Mexico 19 54 oN 100 5 45W 6 40 23 w Mezicres Europe France 49 45 47 >•' 4 43 >6E 1 8 5 3 li 9 52 2+;v Miasea, Ifle Afi.i Pacific Ocean 17 52 S 148 6 oW Michael's, St. Ifle Europe Azores 37 47 oN 25 42 oW 1 42 48^- Middleburg Ifle .\rj Pacific Ocean 21 20 30S 174 34 oW U 38 16 w i Milan Europe Italy 45 28 10 N 9 10 oE 36 [.0 E 1 40 E 1 lUi'.o Ifle Europe Mediterranean Sea 36 41 oN 25 oE I Modena Europe Italy 44 34 oN 11 12 3o£ 44 50 E e IS 49 E 1 Mont Europe Netherlands 50 27 10 N 3 57 15 P- I Montagu, Cape ' Montagu, Illc Montmirail America Sandwich Land 58 33 oS 26 46 oV. I 47 4\V Afi.i Pacific Ocean 17 26 oS iCS 31 30E II 14 6 E Europe France 48 52 8N 3 32 16 E 14 9 E Moaipcllicr i Europe France 43 36 33 N 3 52 44E ! 15 31 V. I 'J '*- 1 r G 584 A NEW GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE. Names of Piacss. Qu»ttets. Seas or Countries. LatitiiJe. Lon jitudc. High In Degrees. In T imp. Aarcr. II. M. D. M. «. lit M, e. r. M. «. Montft-rrat Ifle America Caribbean Sea i5 47 30 N 62 17 OVV 4 9 8 W Moiuiniem, The AHa. Pacific Ocean >7 H »5S 16S 38 isE n 14 33 li 1 MoCcow Europe Mofcovy 55 45 Z'^N 37 45 45 E 2 3t 3R Moulins liurope France 4^ 3+ 4N 3 19 S9E li 20 E Municli Europe Bavaria 4*^ 9 55 N II 30 oE 46 oE Mufketto Cove America Greenland 64 55 '3N 52 56 45 W 3 3> 47 vr 10 15 MuiwclHIiU Europe England 5' 35 32 N 07 20 W 29 w N A M U R Kurope Neth- 'lands 50 j8 32 N 4 44 AS E 18 59 E Nancy Kurope France 48 41 i8N 6 «> 33 E 24 46 E Nangafachi Afia Japan 32 32 ON 128 46 15 K 8 35 5E Nantes Kurope France 47 13 7N I 33 4« W 6 15W 3 Naples Europe Italy 40 JO 4,- N U «3 45 E 56 55 E Narbonne h.urope France 43 >' '3N 3 8 K 12 lE Nevers Europe France 46 )9 13 N 3 9 25 E 12 38E NewYear'sHarbour America Staten Land 54 48 55 S 64 II w 4 16 44 W Nice liurope France 43 4' 54N 7 •7 '5E 29 9E Nicholas, St. Mole America Hifpaniola 19 4;; 20 N 73 29 45 w 4 5? 59 W Nicuport Europe Flanders ?> 7 4' N 2 45 E II oE 12 c iNingpo Afia Ctiina 29 57 45 N 1 20 18 oE 8 I 12E Nifmes Europe France 43 50 is N 4 21 II E 17 25 E Noir, Cape America Terra del Fuego 5432 30 s 7J 3 15 W 4 4S 13 W Norfolk. Ifland Afia Pacific Ocan 29 I 45 N 168 10 E II 12 40 E Noriton America Pcnnfylvania 43 9 s6n 7; 23 ^oW 5 « 34 W North Cape Europe Lapland 71 10 ON 25 57 oE « 43 48 E 3 Nort I, Cape America South Georgia 54 445N 38 IS W 2 33 oW N oyon Europe France 49 34 37 N 3 43E II 3E Nuremberg Europe Germany 49 -7 ION II 7 OE 44 28 E Oaitipeh A Bay Afia Otaheite 17 45 45 S 149 14 20 w 9 56 57 W Ochoz Afia Tartary ^9 20 ION '43 1 2 30 i«. 9 32 50 E Ohamaneno Harb. Afia Uliatgah 16 45 30 N •5' 38 5W 10 6 3; W 1 1 20 Ohcvahoa, lile Alia Pacific Ocean 9 4'^ 40 S •39 I 40 vv 9 16 7W Ohitahoo, Ifle Afia I'acific Ocean 9 55 30 S 139 6 cW 9 16 24 w 2 30 Oieron, Ifle I'.urope France 46 2 50N I 25 13 W 5 41 w Oliiuie America Brazil 8 13 OS 3S 5 30 W 2 20 22 W St. Omer's Europe Flanders 50 44 46 N 2 14 SI t 9 oE Onate.'.yo, Ifle Afia I'acific Ocean 9 5« OS 138 5 1 Vv- 9 15 24 VV Oporto Europe Portugal 41 li ON 8 27 \V 33 4H\V Orenburg Afia Tartary ,-i 4^ ON 55 9 30E 3 40 iHE Orleans Europe France 47 ^4 4N I 54 22 E G 7 37E Orleans, New America Lnuifiana 29 57 45 N 89 5845W S 59 55 W Orotava Africa Tcneriffe 28 23 27 N 16 24 1 1 \V • 5 37 W Orfk Afia Tartary ji 12 30N 58 32 30 E 3 54 loE Ortagal, C.ipc Ofiiaburg, Ifle Europe Spain 43 46 30 N 148 39 oW 30 36W Afia Pacific Ocean 17 52 20S 6 o\V 9 52 24 W Ollcnd Ilurope Netherlands 51 '3 S5N 2 55 45 E II 43 E 12 Owharrc Bay Afia Huahine 16 44 oS •5' 8 ij W 10 4 33W Oxford, Oblcrvat. Europe England 5> 45 38N I 1530W 5 iW 1' A n u A flurope Italy 45 22 26 N It 55 30 E 47 42 E Paita America Peru 5 12 oS Pallifer's Ifles Afia Pacific Ocean 115 3« '5^ 146 30 IS w 9 4^ iW PUBLISHED BY THE BOARD OF LONGITUDE. ^ 585 Names of Places. ' Quarters. Seas or Countriej. LzrituJe. Lon^icadc. 1 high In I)e[;rces. | in I ime. Water. D. M. S. II. M. s. II. M. s. H. M., I'allifer, Cape Afia New Zealand 41 38 oS 175 i8 oE u 44 30E I'iilma, Ifle Africa Canaries 28 36 45 N 17 50 cW I II 20 W I'ai.iierftun'slfle A fi a Pacific Ocean 18 oS 162 57 oW 10 SI 48 W I'anama Amt-'rica Mexico 8 47 48 N 80 28 oW S 21 24W I'.ioom, Ifle Aha Pacific Ocean 16 30 oS i£8 28 45 E II 13 5sE Paris, Oblervatory luiropc France 48 50 14N 2 20 oE 5 20E I'atrixfiord Europe Iceland ''S 35 45 N 24 10 oW I 36 40 W I'au Europe France 43 15 oN oW 36 V7 St. Paul's Idc Africa Indian Ocean 37 S' <^^ 77 48 oE 5 u 12 E St. Paul de Leon Europe France 48 40 55 N J. 21 w 16 iW 4. I'ckin Afia China 39 54 30-'^ U^ 24 irE 7 45 37li Perigueux Europe France 45 II 10 N 43 I E 2 S2E I'crinaldi Europe Italy 43 S3 20 N 7 40 oE 30 40 E Pcrpignan Europe France 42 41 55 N / 54 5E II 36 E Peter's, St. Fort America Martinico 14 44 oN 61 21 16 w 4 5 25 W Peter's, St. iile America Atlantic Ocean 46 46 30 N 56 17 oW 3 45 « W Peteribur;^ Europe Ruffia 59 5O oN 30 19 15 E 2 1 17E Petit Goave America Hifpaniola 18 27 oN 72 52 30 W 4 51 30 W Petropawlolkoi Aha Kamchatka 53 I 23^"' 158 35 oE 10 34 20 E Philadelphia America Penfylvania 39 j^ 55 N 75 '3 30 W 5 54W Philip's, St. Fort Europe Minorca 39 50 4fjN 3 48 30 E ,5 14E Pickerfgill's \([c. America Atlantic Ocean 54 42 3-^^ ;6 58 oW 2 27 52 W Pickerfgill's Harb. /ifia New Zealand 45 47 27 S 1(36 18 9R II 5 13E Pico Europe Azores 38 28 40 N 28 26 oW > 53 44 W Pines, Ille Afia New Caledonia 22 38 oS 167 38 oE II 10 32 E Pi fa Europe Italy 43 43 7N 10 12 oE 0. .0 48E Plymouth Europe England 50 22 24 N 4 15 38 W [■; 3W 6 Poitiers Europe France 46 35 oN 20 5 E I 20E Poliingen Europe Germany 47 48 8N 10 43 45 E 42 55 E Pondichcrry Afia India 11 41 55 N 79 52 45 E 5 '9 3>E Ponoi Europe L-ipland 67 6 30N 36 23 15 E 2 25 33 E Pontoife Europe France 49 3 2N 2 5 37 J*;^ 8 22E Porto Bello America Mexico 9 33 5N 79 50 oW 5 1 9 20 W Porto Saiu'lo, Ifle Afiica Madeira 32 58 15N 16 25 15 w I 5 41 w Port Royal I'ort Royal America Ja-naica 18 oN 76 45 30 w 5 7 2W America Martinico >4 55 55 N 61 9 oW 4 4 36 W I'ortfmouth Town Europe England 50 47 5 N 1 6 15W 4 25 W II 15 Portfmouth Acad. Europe England 50 48 3 N 1 6 i8\V 4 25 W Portland Ule /'Europe North Sea 03 22 oN 18 54 oW ( 15 36 w Portland Ule Alia Pacii-v. Ocean 39 25 OS 178 12 oE II 52 48 E Port Paix America Hifpaniola 19 58 oN 73 2 oW 4 48 SW Port Praya Prague P. of Wales's Fort Africa St. Jago '4 53 53N 23 29 22 w 1 33 57W 59 ol'". II Europe Bohemia 50 4 30N 1445 °^'- America New Wales 58 47 32 N 94 7 30 W 6 16 30 W Providence America New England 41 50 40 N 71 26 oW 4 45 44 w Pudyoua Pulo Condor, Ifle Afia New Caledonia 20 18 oS 164 41 I4E 10 58 45 E ' 30 Afia Indian Ocean 8 40 oN 107 20 oE 7 9 20E 6 57 40 E 11 42 46W 4 %« « ^^ ^i^ •^ ■" '^ ^ # pulo Timon, Ifle Afia Gulph of Siam 3 oN 104 25 oE Pyleftaart's ifle Afia Pacific Ocean 22 23 oS 175 4> 30W 1 Qtt E B E C (iuinnper Quinton, St. Amcrira Europe Europe Canada France France 46 55 oN 47 5^ 24N 49 5- <;• ^ 1 60 53 oW 4-7 25W 3 17 2 ■; ■'. 4 39 32 W 16 30 w li 1 E 7 33 i II sW A NEW GfiOGRAPfilCAL TABLE. N«mc« of Pl»cci. Quarteri. SMSOtCoWltlitS. Uticodr. In D^ Longi reti. ude. In Time. Water. D. M. 8. D. M. i. H. M. 8. H. M. Quirqs, Cape Afia New Hebrides H S^ 8S 167 20 cE. 11 9 20 E Quito" America Peru ° '3 i^S 77 55 oW 5 II 40 W Rakam, Ancient Afia Vfelbpotamia 36 I oN 38 JO oE 2 35 20 E Kamhcad Europe England 50 18 40 N 4 20 icW «7 21W Re, Ifle Europe France 46 14 48 N I 34 28 w 6 18W 3 Recif America Brazil 8 10 oS 3i 35 oW 2 22 26 W Reikianefs, Cape Europe Iceland %'i oN 22 47 30 w I 3" loW Rennes Europe France ^SN I 4« 53W 6 48 W •Refolutioii Bay Afu Ohitahoo 9 S'^ 30 S «39 8 40 w 9 16 35 W 2 30 Refolution Ifle Afia Pacific Ocean 17 2j 30 S 141 45 oW 9 27 oW Refolution, Port Afia Tanna '9 32 25S 169 4» S^ 11 18 44 E Rheims Europe France 49 14 36 N 4 2 5^^ 16 12 E Rhodes Europe France 44 21 oN 2 34 20 E 10 17E Rimini Europe Italy 44 3 43 N 12 34 .5E 50 17E Rio Janeiro .America Brazil 22 54 loS 42 43 45 W 2 50 55W Rochelie Europe France 46 9 21N I 9 55W 440W 3 45 Rocliford Europe France 46 2 34 N p 3« 34 w 3 54 W 4 »5 Rock of Lifbon Europe Portugal 3!^ 45 30N 9 35 00 W 3» 22 w Rodrigucs Ifle Africa Indian Ocean 19 40 40 S 63 10 cE 4 1 2 40 E Rome, St. Peter's Europe Italy 4' 53 54N 12 29 15E 49 57 K Rotterdam Europe Holland 5' 56 oN 4 28 HE •7 53 E 3 <^ Rotterdam, Ifle Afia Pacific Ocean 20 16 30 S "74 30 SoW 1 1 3^ 2W Rouen Europe France 49 26 43 N I 5 20 w 4 nW » "5 Saba, Ifle America Caribbean Sea •7 39 30N 63 17 icW I »3 9W Sable, Cape America Nova Scotia 43 23 45 N 65 J9 15W 4 22 37 w Sagan Europe Silefia 51 42 12N '5 22 15E 1 I 29 E Saintes Europe France 45 44 43 N 38 54W 2 36W Saiiite Croix Europe France 48 35N 7 23 55E 29 36 E Sall.Jfle Africa Atlantic Ocean 16 38 15N 22 56 ic W I 3' 45 W balonique iMirope Turkey 40 4' loN 23 8 oE 1 32 32 E Salvagt's Illes Africa Atlantic Ocean 30 oN •5 54 oW I 3 36 W Samana America Hifpaniola 19 15 oN 69 16 ^oW 4 37 6W SanituCruz Africa Tenc-riffe 28 27 30 N 16 16 .5W I 5 5W Sandwich Bay America South Georgia 54 4- oS ^6 12 oVV 2 24 48 W Sandwich, Cape A, la Mallicola 16 28 oS 167 59 oE II II c6E Sandwich Harbour Aft a Mallicola 16 25 20 S .67 53 oE 1 1 II 32 E Sandwich Ifle A ft a Pacific Ocean '7 4' oS 168 33 oE 1 1 ■ r 12E Saiinder^i's Cape America Sandwich Land 54 6 30 S -5 57 ^oW 2 27 CO A' Saunders's Jile Aai'jrica Sout!i Georgia 58 oS -6 cB 'oW I 47 52 w Savage ID- Afia Par-lie Ocean 19 2 1,-S 169 30 30 w 1 1 18 2W 1 Schwezingen Europe Gc/many 49 23 4N « 40 45E 34 23 E Sciily Ifle.-, Lights Europe Englifli Channel 49 56 oN 6 46 oW 27 4W iSchaftian,. St. Cape Africa Madagafcar 12 30 oS 46 25 oE 3 5 40 E 1 Sedan 1 ^ Europe France 49 42 29 N 'i >7 36 E >9 50II becz Eur ,' France 48 36 2:N 9 49 l'" 39 E i-cncgal Afiica Ni'gic.Iand '5 J3 oN 16 3' ^oW I 6 6W 10 30 Si'iuis Europe France 49 '2 23N 2 3 5 "oE 10 20 E .Sens Europs 1" fa 11 CO 48 II c6N 3 16 58 E '3 8E Ssriones Eur.ipe France 48 2^ 7N 6 57 oE 27 48 E Shrph-rd's Ifl-s Afia Pac. J Ocean 16 ;8 oS t63 42 oE 1 1 '4 48 E Shirlnirn Callie Europe England 5' 39 2jN 1 oW 4 oW PUBLISHED BY T«E BOARD OT LONGITUDE. ^8? n NaMCS of Places. Si.1m Si-ngham-fu Sillcron Smyrna Snxfeli, Mount Soifibns Sombavera Ides Soolo Southern Thulc Speaker Bank Stalbridge Start-Point Stockholm Strau'.nnefs Strasbourg Succefs Bay Succcfs Cape Sultz Surat Tabll Ifland Tanna Taoukaa, Ifle Tarafcon Tarbcs Taflacorta Temontengis Tcueriffe, Peak Terccra Thionville Thomas, St. Ifle Thulc, Southern Thury Timor, S.W. Point TimorLand.S.Pt. Tobolfki Tohiga Bay Toledo 'i'omfk I .. :^ga Tabu, Ifle I'jnnerre To ea r.ui.-n ! OL"' 'ufe Tournan Tours Traitor's Head Tripoli Troycs .Turin Turnagain, Cape Turtle Ifland Tyrnaw Quorters. Afia Afia Europe Afia E u rope Europe America Afia America Afia Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe America America Europe Afia, Afia Afia Afia Europe Europe Africa Afia Africa Europe Europe America America Europe Afia Afia Afia Afia Europe Afia Afia Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Afia Africa Europe Europe Afia Afia Europe Ssu or Countries. India China I'" ranee Natolia Iceland France Caribbean Sea India Sandwich L„:id Indian Ucean England England Sweden Iceland France Ferra del Foego Terra del Fucgo France India New McbriJes Pacific Ocean Pacific Ocean France France Ifie Pal ma Soloo Canaries Azores France Virgin Ifles Sandwich Land France India India Siberia New Zealand Spain Siberia Pacific 6cean France Sweden France France France Fran.:e Erramanga Barbary France Italy New Zealand P.-icific Ocean Hungary Latitude. In Degrees. Lonjjitude. 14 18 34 16 44 " j8 ?.S 64 52 18 3« S 57 59 34 4 45 50 57 50 9 59 20 ^5 39 4^^ 34 54 49 55 I 47 53 21 10 15 33 19 32 14 30 43 48 43 H 28 38 5 57 28 12 38 45 49 21 18 21 59 34 49 21 10 23 8 15 58 12 38 21 39 50 56 29 21 9 47 5' 65 50 41 7 43 35 48 43 47 2 J '« 43 32 53 48 18 45 5 40 28 19 48 48 23 oN 30 N 21N 7N 20 N 3iN oN oN oS oS oN oN 3,N 40 N 36 N 45 S 00 loN oN oS 25 s 30 s 20 N 2N oN oN oN ^oN 55N oS 28 N oS oS :--N too ig8 5 27 23 7 f'3 121 27 2 3 18 24 7 65 65 7 72 50 43 St* '9 54 19 37 «5 +5 57 23 5' 3 29 46 25 27 •4 22 300 o N 58N oS 8N 50N 24 N 54 N 57 N 44 N 30 S 40 N 2N 20 N oS 45 S 30 N In Ti 167 7 169 41 •45 9 4 39 o 3 17 58 120 53 16 29 27 6 6 10 64 51 27 45 2 18 '23 59 •3' 54 68 12 >7« 33 3 20 S4 59 174 46 3 58 24 12 5 5^' 1 21 2 45 o 41 l6g 20 »3 4 7 176 S 4 40 5^' '77 57 3' I ■ oE 45 E 4E 45 E oW 28 E 30 W 30 E o W oE 30 W 15 W SSE 15 W |8E oW oW 32\V 30 E oE 5R 3c W 36 E 33 K oW 30 E 24 W oW 30 E 30 W "oW 30 E oE oE 4;E 45 E o W 30 E oW 44 E oE 35 li 3E 15 E iiE 30 E •15E 55 E oF, oE oW 4;E I o 4 8 6 43 7 '4 23 1 49 35 •3 "4 5 > 51 4 51 o 9 15 1 I2 I 37 o 31 4 21 4 21 O 28 4 -,9 1 1 I i 9 o o I 8 I I o 4 I o 8 8 4 I I o 5 II o I o o o 1 1 o o o 1 1 1 1 I 20 R S5E 44 E i,-E 36 W 18E 30 w 2E oW 48 E 34 W High Water. 25 w 8 18 40 18 o 1 1 3 5 48 24 19 51 9 •S 47 3!J 58 '3 3') 39 »5 3^ 23 5 II 2 17 ,'2 16 30 47 5' 10 E 57 W 5E 40 W 48 W 58 w 30 E 28 E 4fE 38 W 38E .4R S.W 34 E 58 W W E 26 w oW 24 42 '4 E ^6R 36 E '■f jjE 2 3 W 58 F. 4VV 59 E 48 E 46 E 24 E I E 45 E 22 E 21 E 20 E' 40 E 44 E 48 W is-K 3 o f-i I, 1/ HI t H 588 A NEW GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE. Names of Places. Quarters. Seas or Countries. Lttitude. Long! 1 1 In Degrees. dc. In Time. Water. D. M. s. D. M. s. H. M. s. N, M. Uliateah Afia Pacific Ocean i6 45 oS 151 31 oW 10 6 4W Upfal Europe Sweden 59 51 50N 17 42 15 E I 10 49E Uraniberg Europe Denmark 55 54 »5N 12 52 30 E 5. 30E Ufliant Europe France 48 28 30 N 5 433W 20 18W 4 30 Valkkciennes Kurope France 50 21 27N 3 31 40E 14 18E \ alery, St. Europe France 50 II 13 N 1 37 6E 6 28E \'allery, St. Europe France 49 52 12 N 41 20E 2 45 E \ alparaiio America Chili 33 2 36S 72 19 15W 4 49 17 W V anDieman'sRoad Afia Tonga Tabu 21 4 158 174 56 24W It 3946W \annes liurope France 47 39 >4N 2 46 26W II 17W \ence Europe France 43 43 >6N 7 7 28E 28 30 E Venice Europe Italy 45 26 oN 12 4 30E 48 18 E VenuF, Point Afia Otaheite 17 29 17S H9 35 45 W 9 5823W 10 38 Vera Crux America Mexico 19 12 oN 97 30 oW 6 30 oW Verd, Cape Africa Negroland 14 45 ON 17 33 oW I 10 12W Verdun Europe France 49 9 25N 5 22 50 E 21 31E Verona Europe Italy c '6 26 N II 18 30E 45 HE 8 29E Verfailles E urope France 8 18N 2 7 nE ViennaObfervatory Europe Hungary 2 40N 16 22 30E I 5 30E Vigo Europe Sipain 4- «4 HN 8 28 oW 31 52W Vincent, St. Cape Europe Spain 37 2 oN 9 2 oW 36 8 W Vintimiglia Europe Italy 43 53 20 N 7 37 30E 3J 30E Virgin (jorda,Fort America Wert Indies 18 18 oN 64 oW 4 16 oW Virgin, Cape America Patagonia 52 23 oS 67 54 oW 4 31 36W Viviers Europe France 44 2S 54N 4 41 22 E 18 45 E V jrtzburg Europe Franconia 49 46 6N 10 13 45 E 40 55 E W A K E F I E L n Europe England 53 4> oN I 33 30 W 6 14W Wales?, of, Fort America New Wales 58 47 30 N 94 7 30W 6 16 30W Wanftead Europe England 51 34 loN 2 30E loE Wardhus Europe Lapland 70 22 36 N 31 645E 2 4 27E VVarfaw Europe Poland 52 14 oN 21 30E 1 24 2E Wcftman Irtes Europe Northern Ocean 65 20 30 N 20 27 45 W I 21 5iW VVhitfuntide, IQe Afia Pacific Ocean 15 44 20 S 168 2o 15 E II 13 21E William, Fort Afia Bengal 22 34 45 N 88 29 30 E 5 53 58E ' Willis's llk-i America South Georgia 54 oS 38 29 40 W 2 33 59 W Wilna Europe Poland 54 41 oN 25 27 30 E I 41 50E Wittenburg Europe Germany 51 49 oN 12 41 30E 50 46 E Wologda Europe Ruflia 59 19 oN Wcrcefter Europe England 52 9 30N 2 15W 8 iW Wtilak Europe Ruflia 61 15 oN Ylo America Peru 17 36 158 71 13 oW 4 44 52 W York Europe England 53 59 oN I 6 40W 4 27 W York, New America Jerfey 40 43 oN 74 9 45 W 4 56 39 W 3 Vorkminfter America Terra del Fuego 55 26 20 S 70 8 oW 4 40 3 2 W TA BLES, TABLES, EXHIBITING THE PRESENT STATE OF THE REAL AND IMAGINARY MONIES IN ASIA, AFRICA, EUROPE, AND AMERICA. WITH THIIR COMPARATIVE VALUES IN ENGLISH POUNDS, SHILLINGS, PENCE, AND DECIMAL PARTS. |3^ IMAGINARY MONEY, SUCH AS A fOUND BTIRIINC, IS DISTINGUISHED BY ITALICS. ASIA. ARABIA. MECCA, MEDINA, MOCHA, tec. A Caret ...--- 5^ Garrets - i Caveer - 7 Carrets . - - i Comajhee - I Larin 80 Garrets - 18 Comafliees - - 60 Gomafhees - - 80 Gaveers - - - 100 Comafliees - - 80 Larins - - - 1 Abvfi 1 Fiafire I Dollar 1 Sequin \ Tomoiid c- o o o o o o o o 3 Pis. 125 its 9 1*5 1 ISPAHAN, A Coi - - 4 Goz - - - to Goz . - - ao Goz . - - 45 Coz - - - 4 Shahees 5 Abifliees - 12 Abnthees - 50 Abafhees • PERSIA. ORMUS, COM BROOM, &c. 1 Bifti - - I Shahee 1 Mamooda I Larin 1 Abaftiee - I Or - - I Borello - I Tomond - MOGUL. o o o o o I 6 16 6 GUZURAT, SURAT, CAMBAY, &c. A Pecka ° 2 Peckas - 4 Pices 16 Pias - 4 Anas - a Rupees - ]4Anas 4 Pagodas - I Pice - - - - I Fanam - - - 1 Ana . - - - I Rupee - - - I Englilh Crown - I Pagoda - - - I Rupee of gold MALABAR. BOMBAY, &c. -0 5 87s 5 •5 o A BuJgrook ^ Budgrooks 5 Rez - - - J ■ I Ke Pice o o o o o o o 0337 o 0674 o 3375 I. s. d. Pit. 16 Pices - • > 1 Laree ... 5 + 20 Pices - . I Quarter - - 6 7S 240 Rez - - - . I Xeraphim I 4 a 4 Qnarters - - 1 Rupee - - 2 3 14 Quarters > ■ I Pagoda - - 8 60 Quarters - - I Gold Rupee I »S CO A, VISAPOUR, &c ARe . - . . 0674 2 Rez - - - - I Bazaraco 1348 2 Razaracas - - I Pecka - - 2690 20 Rez - - . . I Vintin - - » 35 4 Vintins - - - I Laree - - 5 ♦ 3 Larees - • - I Xeraphim I 4 * 42 Vintins - - - 1 Tangu - - 4- 6 4 Tangus - - I Paru - - - 18 8 Tangus - - I Gold rupee - I >5 COROMANDEL. MADRASS, PONDICHERRY. A Gafll o 5 Gifli - a Viz . - 6 Picts - 8 Pices - 10 Fanams a Rupees - 36 Fanams 4 Pagodas Viz ... Pice - - - Pical - - - Fanam - • Rupee - - Engllfti Crown Pagoda - Gold Rupee o o o o o 2 5 8 IS BENGAL. CALCUTTA, CALICUT, &c. A Pice o 4 Pices 6 Pices 12 Pices 10 Anas 16 Anas 2 Rupees - 56 Anas - 1 Fanam - - I Viz ... 1 Ana - - - I Fiano - - I Rupee - - ■ 1 Englifh Grown I Pagoda - - 0575 1S75 375" 25 0375 625 9375 875 75 il SI AM. 539 SI AM. CAMBODIA. MA1.ACCA, PEC JAVA, SUMATRA, A Cori - - 830 Cori -i2 5Fettee» • S50 Fetiee* - 500 Fettee* - 900 Fettfe» - I Ticals - 4 Soocos • 8 Sataleen Fettee SataUer Sooco Tuial Dollar Rial . Ecu - Crown CHINA. PEKIN, NANKIN, CANTON, &c. A Caxa - - loCaxa . . - I Candcreen 10 Candereent • i Maco • - TABLES OF MONIES. 1 f.- ». Th. aV. BORNEO, J5 Candereent I Rupee • - 1 Dollar - - 6 &c. 1 Rupees - - - 6 £■ '• J. Pft. 70 Caixlereens 7 Mace* - - - 1 Rix-dollar • 1 Kcu ... 000075 » Kupeet - - - I Crown - - oiiS 10 Macit - • - I Tale - . . i 7 S 1 » 3 6 JAPAN. « 4 6 JEDDO, MEACO, &c. 5 A Pit! g 4 4 5 ix j^iii ■ _ • 10 Pitii • . - I Mace . - 5 1 5 Mnces . - - 1 Oz. of Silver + »o 3333 10 M.ices - - - 1 T.ile - - - 6 8 30 Macea . . - I Ingot ... 9 8 6666 TON, tec. 13 Ounces Silver - I Ounce of Gold 3 i 0% 2 Ounces of Gold I Japanefe - - 6 6 i 2 Japanefe* - - 1 DoubU - - IX IX s 11 Ounces of Gold I Catte - - 66 3 AFRICA. EGYPT. CAIRO, ALEXANDRIA, &c. An Af^r 3 Afpers »4 Medins 80 Afpers 96 Afpers 31 Medins aoo Afpers yo Medins Medin - • Italian Ducat Piafire - - Ecu - - - Crown Suiinnin • - Pargo Dollar o o 3 4 5 5 10 10 BARB ARY. ALGIERS, TUNIS, TRIPOLI, SS5S 75 &c. An Alper 3 Alpeis - - - I Medin -000 555J - 001 6666 10 Afpers - - - . R.al 01 I Specie Dullar • I Ducat - ■ FRANCO NI A, &c. I Cruilz'i - - o o o I Keyl'tr Grofli o o i ■t Batzen - - o o i 1 Ort Gold -007 t Gouljl --014 I Rix-J-Alar -036 1 Hard D.lollar 048 I Ducat •.094 i6r>6 4666 4 866fi POLAND AND PRDSSIA. CRACOW, W A R S A W, 1) A N T Z 1 C K, KO- NM N G S B E RG, ice A Stidon :, SlieViiis 5 Giolhtn 3 Cooltics iK Grofhen 30 Giclhfn 90 Gioftien 8 Florins - - 5 RiX'doliais - A Blacken 6 Biackens 9 Bitickens z Giolhtn 6 Giofhen •50 Gioflisn tjo (iicflien joS Gio/hen ^4 Whitens I Giofh - ■ I Coultic - ■ I Tinl'e - ■ I Oit - - • I Floiln I Rix -dollar I Ducat I F'lederic d'or LIVONIA. I Grofli - - 1 Voriiing - - I Wliiten - - I Maic - - I Florin 1 Rix -dollar • I Alberiiis I Copperplate Dollar o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o I 3 9 "7 '?5? 4666 3333 0777 4666 7 9333 8 DENMARK and NORWAY. COPENHAGEN, BERGEN, DRONTHEIM, &c. A Skilling 6 Skillings 16 Skillings io Skillings 24 Skillings 4 Marcs - 6 Marcs - II Marcs - 14 Marcs - , 1 Duggen - - • - J Marc - - _ I Rix Marc _ I Rix-Ort - - . - I Crown - - . . 1 Rix-dollar - . - I Ducat - - - - 1 Halt Ducat - o o o o 1 3 4 8 10 o 3 9 II I o 6 3 6 5625 375 »5 5 SWEDEN AND LAPLAND. STOCKHOLM, UP SAL, THORN, &c. A Runflick 000 4J33 MONIES. 8 Rundi'.ks - - 1 Copper Marc o o t 3 Copper ]VI u cs • I SilvuMiie- 004 4 Copper M.ucs - 1 Copper Dollar 006 9 Copper M.ircs - i Caroline -011 3 Copper Dollars • i Silver D.illar o i 6 ; Silver Dollars - i Rix-dullar -046 2 Kix-Joltars 1 Ducat - - o 9 4 Pl(. 66G6 RUSSIA. PETERSBURG, MOSCOW, ARC H A N G E L, &c. A Poliilka i Polulk.ts 2 Dcnulkas 3 Copeks !o Copeks - 25 Copeks - 50 Copeks - 100 Copeks - 2 Kubbks SWISS CANTONS. BASIL, &c. . ■ I Dcnu S 2 3 4 fi 9 A Rap . - 3 Raptn - ■ 4 Fenings 12 Fenings 1 5 Fenings 1 8 Fenings 20 Sols . - - . I Livri 50 Cruitzcrs - . i Gulden - icS Cruiizers - - 1 Rix-dollar 1 Fening - - I Cruitzer - - 1 ^0/ ... 1 Coarfe Batzen I Good Batzen Runtttcks - 1 Stiver - - o o 39 A Heller - 2 Hellers - 4 Fenings 12 Fenings 4 Cruiizers 5 (^ruitzers 20 Sols 60 Cruii2frs 102 Cruitzcrs A Denier 4 Deniers - 3 Cruitzers 4 Cruitzers 5 Cruitzer* 6 Cruitzers 10 Sols 75 Cruitzers 1 35 Cruitzeis ST. CALL, &c. I Fening . - - I Cruitzer . \ Sol ... ■ I Ccarl'e Batzen . I Good Batzen . I Li'vre . I Gould . - - I Rix. dollar - BERN, &c. - 1 Cruitzer - - . 1 Sol . - - - 1 Plapert - - • I Gros - . . I Batzen - . - I Li'vre - . . I Gulden . - - 1 Crown • - o o o o o o o o 0417 i»S 5 5 875 o 061 o 25 o 5 ' S 2 » 5 . 6 r, 3 o I ♦ 1 a I 6 2 » 4 o 6 6 GENE VA, TABLES OP MONIES. 593 OENtVA, 4.-C. A Denier t Dcnicis 12 Dtfiiieis It Dcnicn c II Sin ill Sol 20 SdIb cunc loj- Floiins 15^ rioriiis 14. I'Juiint - - I Diiiier ciinent - - I Smuil Sol iiircnt I Sol cunent - s - - 1 Florin lit - 1 lAiire cm lent - I I'atacon - - - I Cioifade - - - I Ducat - - o o 00311 o 0625 o 37S o 7S 4 S 3 II 25 S »o 87s 9 o FRAN CE. CAMBRAY, LISLli, VALK NCI E NN F, S, &c A Denier 00 12 Denieis - - 1 Sol . . . o o 1 5 Deiiit'i's - - I PatarJ --00 15 P.ii.iuls - - I Pittte --00 20 Sols .... I Llvie Tournois o o 20 P.iiarils ... I tlonn --01 60 S. lis . - . - I Ecuof Exchange o 2 JoJ-Livre* - - 1 Diic:it - - o y 34 Livics - - - I Louis d'ur - i o o o o 9 10 o 6 04.17 5 3/5 D U N K I RK., ST. O M E R' s, &c. A Dtnicr - 12 Deniers - isDcniers - 15 Sols - - 20 Sols - - 3 Livres - 24 Livres - 24 Livres 30^ Livres - -----coo I Sol ---.000 I Patard - - o o o I Pietic - - o o 7 1 /.i^'w Tournois o o 10 I Ecu'ol Exchangee 2 6 I Louis dor -100 I (juiiiea - - I I o I Mocda - - 1 7 o 0+17 5 625 5 PARIS, LYONS, BOURDEAV X, BAYONNE, &c. A Denier o % Deniers - 2 Liards - 12 Deniers - 20 Sols 60 Sols Livres - 10 Livres - 24 Livres - - 1 Li.ird - 1 Dardene - - I Sol - - I Linjre Tournois o I Ecuof Exchangeo I Ecu . - . o I Piflole - - o I Louis d'or - i 0417 125 'S 5 SPAIN. MADRID, CADIZ, SEVILLE, &c. Nrw Plate. A Marvadie o 2 Marvadies ■ 34 Marvadies. 2 Rials 8 Rials - 310 Rials 75 Marvadies • 32 Rials - • 36 Rials - - 1 Qnartil - - I Rial - - - 1 Piftarine I Piafireoi Ex. T Dollar - - 1 Ducat of Ex. 1 PiftoleofE*. I Pillole - - o o o o 3 + 4 14 16 o o 5 10 7 6 II 4 9 «59 3308 375 rs MALAGA, GIBRALTAR, «... Vr.i.oN-. A MawaiHe 2 M.iivadics - 4 Marvadies - 34 Mnrvadies - i j Rials - - 512 M irvadies - 60 Rials - - 1084, Marvadies 70 Rials - - - 1 Ochivo - • - 1 QMaitil - I Rial Vclon - - I PiaJIre oF Ex. - 1 Pialtie - . - I PiJIole of Ek. . I Piitole of Ex. - I Pillole - - £. J. J. Pli. O O C^'J o 14 16 O 77 o 3 + » 87s 7 7 4 4 9 DARCELONA, SARAGOSSA, VALENTIA, &c. OLD PLATt. A Mirvadie 16 Marvadies 2 Soldos 20 S:)ldos 24 Soldos 16 Soldos 22 Soldos 21 Soldos Co Soldos 1 Soldo - . I Rial Old Plate I Libra 1 D.iciit • ' I Dollar - - I Ducat - • 1 Ducat • - I Piflole - . ZSCl) 37S -5 5 2 25 5 10 875 16 PORTUGAL. LISBON, OPORTO, «.c. A Rrt' 00 io Rees - - - i Half Vinlin -00 20 Rees - - - I Virtin --00 5 Vintins - - i Teltoon --00 4 Tedoons - - 1 C^iufade of Ex. o 2 24 Vintins - - I New Crulado o 2 JO TclK-ons - - I Milne --05 48 Tclloons - - I Moidore - 1 7 64 Tcdoons - - I Joantle - - i 16 A Qoafrini 5 Quatrini 8 Kayccs 10 Bayocs 14 Bayocs o Julios - 12 Julios - 18 Julios • 31 Julios - 1 Qnatiini 3 Quatrini 10 Grains 40 Quatrini 20 Grains 40 Grains 100 Grains 13 Tarins 25 Tarins ITALY. ROME, &c. 1 Bayoc I Julio - I Stamped Julio o - I Teftoon - - o - I Crown current o - 1 Croiuii ftamped o - I Chequin - - - I Piftole - - o o o o o I 5 6 9 IS 0675 675 35 7S 4 S »5 75 NAPLES, &c. . - - - - . o - I Grain --00 . I Carlin --co - 1 Paulo --00 - 1 Tarin --00 - I Teftoon - - o i - I Ducat of Ex. o 3 - 1 Piftole - - 015 . I Spanifh Pillole i 16 '331 4 3333 o o 4 5 S 4 4 4 9 S I C ! LV •H w n. 194 TABLES OP MONIES. A Pichila 6 Picliili 8 Puliili 10 Gi.iint 30 Gl^ill* 6 Taring 13 Tarins 60 Carlins a Ounce* SICILY AND MALTA, &c. Guin - - Poiiti - - C.iilin - - Taiin - - Fior.ii of Ex, Diirjcof Ex. Ounce - - Pi Hole - - o o o o t 3 7 >5 BOLOGNA, A Qiiatiini 6 Q^atiini RAVENNA, &c. 10 B.i)oc» 30 B lyoct 3 Julio* . 85 Hayoo 105 Bi)oc» 100 Bayoc* 31 Juliot A PIcole- 11 Picoli . 6 s' Soldi 18 SoUii ao Soldi . 3 Jules ■ 114 Soldi . 34 Grot - 17 Lirei - - I B^yoc - I Jlli.O - - I Lire • - I Telioon I Svudi of Ex. - I Ducatoon - 1 CVown - I Pirtole . VENICE, *c. o o I I ♦ 5 S M Soldi - - - Grot - - Jule - . - Lire . - Tettoon - - Diicat current Ducat of Ex. Chcquin Pis. 0x56 i8ig »05J 08 4615 SJ33 o o o o o 1 4 9 LEGHORN, FLORENCE, &c. 1 Denari 4 Diiiari 11 Dciiaii 5 Qiiatiini 8 Cracas 20 Sul
  • - 10 AMERICA. TABLES or MONIES. AMERICA. Jff NOVA SCOTiA, AND THE THIRTEEN UNITED STATES. A Ptnnjf • II Pence • *o iilllllillgt • I Shilling - I Pound /:• o o I I 1 o o o m CANADA, CAYENNE, kc. A Dtn'ur ooo 12 Dtnieri • . . i Sol .--ooo to Suit ... I Livre --ooo On the American Continent the value of the currency rifei or finks in pi oportiun to the plenty or Icarcity of thie gold and filver coins imported. Jn the Spanilh, Portupiefc, Dutch, and Daniih domi- nioni, both on the Continent and in the Weft Indiei, the fame denominations of money are ufed as in the parent ftates. BRITISH WEST INDIES. £. s. d. Pli. A Hnlfpmny . - . . . - 356a a Hilfpencc - - i Penny • 71*4 7J- Pence - - - i Bit . . - 5 37$ I a Pence - . . i Shilling . - 8 SS 75 Pence . . . i Dollar - - 046 7 Shillings • . i Crown • - 5 0. ao Shillinga . . i Pound - - 14 J a4 Shillingi • • i Piftole • • i( 9 30 Shillings • . i Guinea - - 1 1 FRENCH WEST INDIES. A Half Sol _ f\ f% ff If *» MmU§/ UIrt • • • » • • 2 Half Sola . . t Sol - • " V W W I J - 36S 7i Sols ... 1 Half Scalin a 69 15 Sols ... I Scalin - - 5 375 10 Sols ... I Livrt - 7 3«»5 7 Livres - . - 1 Dollar . - 4 6 8 Livres - - . a Ecu . . - 4 «o 5 16 Livres . . - i Piftole - . 16 9 3a Livre* . . . i Louii d'oc - 1 y 1 7K TABLES . !i $96 TABLES OP MEASURE AND WEIGHT. TABLE OF MEASURES OF LENGTH, PRItfCIPAL PLACES IW EUROPB, COMPARED WITH THE ENGLISH YARD. Eng. Vardt 100 Aulnes or Elli of England ... ijj loo Attln« of Holland . - . - . ^y too Aulnn of Brabant or Antwerp • 76 100 AulnM of Franco ...... 118,25 100 AtUnci of Hamburgh, Francfort,'&c. 62,5 100 Aulnet of Brellau ....'. 60 loo Aulnes of Dantxick ..... 66,75 100 Aulnei of Bergen ..... 63,25 IQo Aulnes of Sweden ..... 65,25 100 Aulnes of St. Gall for Lineni . . 87,5 100 Aulnes of St. Gall for Cloths . . 67 Efljt. Vurtl. 100 Canes of Montpelier and Marfeilles 214,25 100 Canes of 'I'ouloufe ..... joo 100 Canes of Genoa of nine P^lmi 100 Canes of Rome ...... 100 Varas of Spain 100 Varas of Portugal .... 100 Cavidas of Portugal .... 100 Brafles of Venice 100 BrafTes of Bergamo, 5(C. • . 100 BrafTesof Florence and Leghorn ISO Bra.Tes of Milan ..... 227,2? 93.75 t23 ■5 73.5 7'.2J 58.5 100 Aulnes of Geneva ..... 124,25 N.B.The Englifh Foot is to that of Paris as 1000 to io6g| to that of Dantxick as 1000 10944; to that uf Venice as 1000 to 1 161 J to the ancient Greek as 1000 to 1007} and to the ancient Roman as 1000 to 970, TABLES OF WEIGHTS. or THi rKINClPAL PLACES IN EUROPB, COMPARED WITH THE ENGLISH POUKD A VOIRDUPOISC. lb. Eng. lb. ot. lb, Eng. lb. 01. 102 - 91 8 of Paris and Amllerdam, tec. 100 . '37 4 100 - 96 8 of Antwerp and Brabant 100 132 If lOO - 88 of Rouen 100 >53 «« 100 - 106 of Lyons 100 '5» 100 - 90 9 of Rochelle 100 'S4 100 - 107 II of Touloufe I0« 97 100 - >M of Marfeilles 100 IC4 13 100 - 81 7 of Genviva 100 96 5 100 - 93 5 of Hamburgh 100 112 1 o-J lOO - 89 7 of Francfort, &c. 100 'orU 100 . 9C I of Leipfic, &c. 100 b'9 8 of Genoa of Leghorn of Milan of Venice of Naples of Seville, Cadiz, 5cc. of Portogal of Liege \ of Ruflia of Sweden of Denmark. A CHRONOLOGICAL -1\ Vtforf 4004 4003 3875 2348 2247 2214 2188 2059 t'fZl 1897 1897 1822 • 7'5 •574 '57' 1556 !>/> «4';3 I. ,91 1485 '4?3 1451 1406 IKyS 1183 J 004 907 906 «94 884 h'j9 814 7>3 720 6z8 604 CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OP REMARKABLE EVENTS; IHCIUDINO BIOGRAPHICAL ACCOUNTS OF EMINENT AND INGENIOUS MEN. PROM THK CREATION OP THE WORLD TO TUB PRESENT TIME. Chrift. THK creation of the world. The birth of Cain, the firft born of woman. Abel (lain by his brother Cain, beiny the firft who fuffered death. The world dcftroyed by a deluge, which lafted 377 days. The tower of Babel built, and the univerfal language confounded. Aflronomy began to be ftudied at Babylon, the firft nurfery of learning and fcience. Mifraim founded the Egyptian monarchy, which continued 1663 years. Ninus founded the kingdom of Affyria, which lafted upwards of 1 000 years. God's covenant with Abraham eftablifticd on entering Canaan. Sodom and (iomorrah dcftroyccl. Inachus founded the kingdom of Argos in Greece. Letters firft difcovered, by Memnon the Egyptian. Prometheus firft obtained fire from the coilidun of flints. Aaron the high-prieft of the Ifraelitcs born. Mofe» the law-giver of the Kraelites born. The kingdom of Athens founded by Cecrops. The kingdom of Troy founded by Scamander. The Phenician letters introduced into Greece by Cadmus. Mofes received his divine legation, and conduced the Ifraelites outof Egypt. Danaus navigated the firft Ihip which had ever appeared in Greece. The Olympic Gaines inftitued at Olympia in Greece. Mofes died, having compleated the Pentateuch in the preceding year. The Children of Ifrael fettled in Canaan, under Jofhua. Iron firft difcovered, by burning the woods on Moiint Ida in Greece. I'he rape of Helen, which gave rife to the Trojan war. Thedcftrudlion of Troy. The temple of Jerufalem folemnly dedicated to God by Solomon. Homer flouriftied; being the firft prophane writer whofe works are ftlll extant* and the illuftrious inventor of epic poetry. Hefiod, the Greek poet, flourifhed. Gold and filver money firft coined, at Argos, in Greece. Lycurgus, the celebrated Icgiflator of Sparta, died. Carthage, in Africa, founded by Queen Dido. The kingdom of Macedon eftabliftied. Romulus the firft King of the Romans built F.ome, which began the Roman aera. Salmanafar.King of Aflyria, took Samaria, ac• mortality of the (uul, and a Hate of rewards and punilhmenta, was put to death by the Athenians. 391 Thucydides, the Grecian hlftorian, died. 361 Hippocrates, the illuftrious phyfician of Greece, died. Democritus, the cynic philofopher, died. 359 Xenophon, the philofopher and hiliorian, died. 348 P1»tc, the difciple of Socrates, and fupporter of hisdoArines, died. 336 Ifocraics, the Greek orator, died. 332 ArifioJe, the fublime philofopher, and difciple of Plato, died. 331 Alexander the Great conquered Darius, and ravaged the call. 323 ,\iexaniler the Greatdied at Babylon. 313 7J>moilhenes, the illuftrioas orator of Greece, poifoned himfelf. :K8 Thtophralluf , the Greek philofopher, died. 2^15 Theocritus, the inventor of paftoral poetry, flourilhed. Dionyfius of Alexandria began his anronomical xra. ^84 Tht Scj.uagint compleat d by the feventy-;wc interpreters, under the aufpices of Ptolemy. Philadelphus, King of Egypt. 277 Euclid, of Alexandria, the celebrated mathematician, flourilhed. 270 Epicurus, who gave tile to ihe Ppicoreu" philofophy in Greece, died. 269 The firil filver coinage at Rome. 164 The clironology of the Arundelian Marbles compofed. The lirft Punic war beg.^n, which continued 23 yeair&. Xcno, the tomiderof tiie Uoic philofophy. died. 244 Caliimachus, the Greek elegiac poet, died. 218 The (-cond Punic war began, and continued 17 years. £o8 Arcikimedes, the famous geometrician of Greece, died* 190 The CHRONOLOGICAL LIST. . jjj iqo T'le Roman army firft entered Afia, aad introduced the luxury of the Eaft. i8^. Plautub, the Roman comic poet, died. 107 The firft library eroded at Rome. 163 The government of the Maccabees con-menced In Judea, and continued 126 years. ' ' 159 Terence, of Carthage, the Latin comic poet, died. 155 Diogenes, of Babylon, the ftoic philofophcr, died. 14.6 Carthage, the rival of Rome, razed to the ground by the Romans. 155 The liirtory of the Apocrypha ends. 124 Polybius of Greece, the Greek and Roman hiftorian, died. 5^ Lucretius, the Roman poet, died. 52 Julius Cxfar made his firft expedition into Britain. 47 The battle of Pharfalia, between Cxfar and Pompey. The Alexandrian library accidentally burnt. 4; The folar year introduced by Cxfar. 4+ Julius Cxfar, the firft Roman emperor, flain in the fenate, by Brutus and his colleagues. Diodorus Siculus, of Greece, the univcrfal hi.forian, flourilhed. Vitruvius, the Roman archited, flourillieti 43 Cicero, the iliullrious Roman orator and p.iilofopher, put to death. Cornelius Nepos, t!ic Roman biographer, riouriftied. 34 Snllull, the Roman hiftorian, died. 31 The battle of .Adium fought. 30 Alexandria in Egypt taken by Odlavius.and Egypt reduced to a be Roman province. Dionyiius, of Hailicarnaflus, the Roman hiftorian, floiirifticd. 19 Virgil, the illuftrioi'.c Retain port, died. 1 1 Catullus. Tibullus.and Proptrtius, Rrman l^ric poctr, died. 8 Horace the Roman lyric and atiricjjoct, died. The ciiy of Rome was fifty miles in circumference, r.nd contained 465,000 men able to bear . mis. The temple of Janus (hut by Auguftus.as an emblem of univerfal peace; and Jesus Christ born, Monday, December 25. Anno Chti!>i. 17 Livy, the Roman hiftorian, died. 19 Ovid, the Roman elegiac poet, died in exile. -O Cclfus, the Roman phyfician and philofophcr, flouriflied. 2^ Strabo, the Greek geographer, ditd. 3j jcsi's Chris I having accompliflied his minift/y on earth, was crucified by the Jews on Friday, tiic 3d of April. Phxdrus, the Roman fabulift, died. 36 The converhon of St. Paul. 39 St. Matthew wrote his gofpel. Pontius Pilate became his own executioner. 40 The appellation of Ciiriftians was firft given to thf followers of Chrift at Antioch. 43 The expedition of Marcus Claudius into Britain. 44 St. Mark wrote hi'- gofpel. 45 Paterculu'^thr Roman hiftorian, flouriflied. 49 London founded by the Romans. 5 1 Caradacus, the Britilh king, carried to Rome in chains. 52 '^I'he council of the Apoftles held at Jerufalem. 55 St. Luke wrote his gofpel. 59 Nero, the Roman emperor, put his mother and broi ' vs to death. Nero perfccuted the Druids in Britain. 61 Boadicea.thc Queen of Britain, defeated the Rc uans; but was foon afterwards conquered by Suetonius, governor of Britain. Ci Perfiui, the Roman fatiric poet, died. 7 L 63 The n i 6oo CHRONOLOGICAL LIST. 63 The A£ls of the Apoftlcs written. ChrilHanity fuppofed to have been introduced into Brit.iin by St. Paul, or fomc of his dif- ciples. 64. Rome fet on fire; which induced Nero to commence his fn 11 perfecution again ft the Chrittians. Quintus Curtius, the hillor'an of Alexander the Groat, tlomilheJ. Seneca, of Spain, the phllorophcr and tragic poet, put to death by Nero. 65 Lucan, the Roman epic pot-t, put to death by Nero. 67 St. Peter and St. Paul put to iltath. 70 JerufaUm taken by Tirus, the Roman general, and razed to the ground. 79 Pliny the Klder, the Roman naturalift, died. 83 The philofophers banilhed Rome by Domitian. 85 Julius Agricola built a line of forts between the Forth and the Clyde. 93 Jofephus, the Jewifti hiftorian, died. 94 Epiftetus, the Greek iloic philofopher, flourirtied. 95 Quintilian, the Roman orator and advocate, died. 96 St. John wrote his Revelation. Statius, the Roman epic poet, died. 97 St. John wrote his Gofpel. 98 Lucius I'lorus.of Spain, the Roman hiuorian, flouriHied. 99 Tacitus, the Roman hillorian, died. 104 Martial, of Spain, the epigrammatic poet, died. Valerius Flaccus, the Roman epic poet, died. 116 Pliny the Younger, the orator, died. 117 Sui'tonius, the Roman hillorian, died. J 19 Plutarch, of Greece, the biographer, died. izi The Caledonians recovered from the Romans all the fouthern parts of Scotland; on which the Emperor Adrian built a wall between NewcalUe and Carlille. 128 Juvenal, the R >man fatiric poet, died. 139 Jullin wrote his firll apology for the Chrillians. 140 Ptolomy, th.- Egyptian geographer, mathematician, and aftronomcr, flouriilied. 1 50 Jullin, the Roman h'llorian, flourilhcd. 161 Arrian, the Roman philofopher and hidorian, flourillicd. 167 Juftin, of Sam.-.ria, the moll ancient Chriftian writer after the apoftlcs, died. 180 Lucian, the Roman philologer, died. 193 Galen, the Greek philofopher and phyfician, died. 200 Diogenes Laertius, the Greek biographer, flounftied. 217 The Septuagint faid to have been found in a cafk. 222 The Roman empire bcg.nn to feel rapid dcciinc; and the Goths received an annual tribute to forbear thiir invafions. 229 Dion Calfius, of Greece, the Roman hiftorian, flouriflied. 254 Origcn, a Chriftian father of Alexandria, died. Herodian, of Alexandria, the Roman hiftorian, fiourifhed. 2;8 Cyprian, of Carthage, fufTered martyrdom. 260 Valerius was taken pri loner, and flayed alive, by Sapor King of Prrfia. 2-3 Lrnginus, the illuftrious critic and orator, put to death by Aurclian. 274 Silk lirrt imported from India. ay I Two emperor", and two Cxlars, marched to defend the four quarters of the empire 306 Conftantine the Great began his reign. 30S Cardinrtls firft ordained. 313 The tenth and l;ift perfecution ended, by an editfl of Conftantine. 314 Thiet- bifhops lent from Britain to affift at the council of AiKs. 3:0 Lacl,".ntiu«, a father of the church, tlouriflicii. 325 The lirft general council at Xice, when the famous Nicenc creed was compofcd. 328 Conftantine CHRONOLOGICAL LIST. 60 1 328 Conrtantinc romovcJ the feat of empire from Rome to Byzantium, which was the* aamed Corilt.uuiiiDiilf. ' 331 CouLuiiinc ordered all the Pagan temples to be dcftroyed. 3j6 Arius, a pricll of AlL-\,indri.i, the founder of the Arian i'ei.1, died. 34- Eutcbius, the ecclefialhcal hillorian and chronologer, died. 3(v3 Julian th^- Apoll.ite v.iiiily endtavoured to rebuild the temple of Jerufalem. 364. 'rhe K(.mnn empiie war. divided into the Eallcrn and Weltern cmpij-e;.. 36b Lond n lurroiindtJ by auall. 3/9 Baxil, liidiop of L';er;.'i(M, died. 397 Ambrofc, IJill.op of .Milan, di«I. 400 Bells invtnitd, by l^uilinns Bidiop of Cp.mpania. 404 Fergus revived tlie kingdom of Caledonia or Scotland. 406 'I'hc Vandals, Alans and Sucvi, ravaged France and iipnin. 410 Rome taken and plundered by Al.iric, king of the Viii Goths. 412 'I'he \'andals coniincncc their govenintent in Spain. 415 Maerobiii , the Roman t;ramniarian, d'.ed. 4-0 The kingdom of Fiance e.lablidicd on the Lower Rhine by Pharamond. 426 ■] he Romans fin.Tlly withdrew thi'ir troops from Britain. 428 Kutropius, the Roman hiftorian, died. 447 Attila, furnaiiied the Scourge of Ciod, ravaged the Roman e-.pire. 449 V'ortigcrn, King of the Britons, invited the baxons into Britaiu, as allies. 455 I'he Siixons having repulfcd the Scots and Pidls, began to eilablifti themfelves in Kent, iMuler Hcnuill. 476 Th; Wt Item I'mpire fmilli^d hy the irruption of the Goths, Vandals, and other barbarous nations; uiuior whom literature was e.xtinguilhed, and the monuments of learning were dcllroyed. 496 Clovis, King (t France, bnpti/.cd. 508 Arthur began hi.^ reign over Britain. 5 1 3 Conllantinople befieged hy Vitalianus, whofe fleet was burnt by a fpeculum of brafs. 516 The computation of time by the Chriilian xra, introduced by Dyoniiius, a monk. 524 Bocthius, the Roman port and philofophcr, died. 529 Procopius, of C.x'l'.iica, the Roman hiilorian, died. 555 Silk firll manufafluied in Europe. ^^j A dreadful plague all over Europe, Afia, and Africa, which lafted 50 years. <;Si Latin ceafid to be a livinj; language. 596 Augulline, tho monk, arrived iu England, with for' ' of his fraternity. 006 The pope began to aflume very e.xtenfive power ir. ..1 ;iic conceliions of Phocias, Emperor o^ the Ealh 622 Mahomet fled from Mecca to Medina, in 44th year of his agcj from which aera his fol- lowers compute their time, under the ' :')c Ifcgira, or Flight. f)^7 Jerulakm taken by the Saracen:, or fullowei .m.i >met. C40 Alexandria in l-gypt taken by Omar, Caliph ot the iaraten^, and the maguificcni library burnt. 6f>(. Glafs invented in England, by Benalt, a monk. 6S5 The Briton;, after an obllinate llruggle o\' neaily 150 ycai , totally vanquifljed by the Saxons, and driven into Wales and Cornwall. 7 I'! The'Saraccns conquered -pain. -rib The controverly relpecting images began, and occafioned many infurrcv^ions. 735 Bede, commonly called \'cnerable Bede, a priell of Northumberland, and a famous hiflorian, died, 74S The computation of time from the birth of Chrifl, introduced into hiltory. 762 'Fhe city of Bagdat, on theligris, made the capital of the caliphs. Boo Charlemagne, King of France, founded the empire of Germany, and ender.voured to reilorc learning in Europe. ti26 Harold, I It if. 602 CHRONOLOGICAL LIST. 826 Harold. King of Denmark, dethroned by his fubjet'^s for embracing Chriftlanity. 828 Egbert, King of Wcfl'ox, united the heptarchy uruicr the name of I'.iiglnnd. 838 The Scots aiid Fids fought a decifne battle, in which the former prevailed. 867 The Danes commenced their ravages in Kngland. 896 i\lfred the Great, having fubdued the Danilh invaders, compofed his body of laws, aad divided England into counties, hundreds, and tythings. The Univcrfity of Oxford founded by Alfred. 901 Alfred died. 915 The univcrfity of Cambridge founded. 93O The S.uacen empire divided by ufurpation into fcvcn kingdoms. 975 Pope IJonifi'.cc depofed and banidicd. 9-9 Coronation oaths faid tohnvebcen firil ufed in Kngland. 991 The Arabic numeral-, lirll lubftituted in l.uropc for tlie letters of the alpiiabet. 996 The empire of Germany rendered eledive, by Oiho III. 909 IJoledaus, the firll king of Poland, icoo Paper firll fabricated of cotton rags. 1005 The ancient cliurchcs rebuilt, after a ncu' mode of architedure. 1015 Children forbidden by law to be (old by their parents in England. 1017 Canute, King of Denmark, obtained pofllirion of England. 1040 The Dane.s, after various defeats, expelled from Scotland. 1041 The Saxon line reftorcd under Edward the Confcdbr, 104^ The Turks became formidable, and pofT-rtcd themfclves of Perfia. 1057 Malcolm III. King of Scotland, killed .Macbeth the ufurper, at Dunfinane. 1065 The Turks took Jerufalem from the Saracens. 1066 The battle of HaiUngs between Harold and William Duke of Normandy; in which the former was flain,when the latter became l--ng of England, with the title of Conijueror. 1070 William the Conqueror introduced the feudal law. Mufical notes firll invented. 1075 Henry IV. Emperor of Germany, walked barefooted to the Pope, about the end of Ja- nuary, by way of penance. 1076 Juftices of the peace tirft appointed in England. 1080 Doomfday Book began to be compiled, and was finiflied in iix years. The Tower of London built by William the Conqueror. 1091 The Moors poflefTed themfelvcs of all the Saracen dominions in Spain. 1096 The iirll crui.ide to the Holy J^and. II 10 Edgar Etheling, the laft of the Saxon princes, died in a private llation. 1 1 r8 The order of Knights Templars inlUtuted. 1151 The canon law collcifled by Gratian, a monk of Bologna. 116; London Bridge firft built of flone. 1164 The Teutonic order of religiou.<, rt mon droit!' for his motto. 1200 Chimnies unknown in England. Surname!*began to be ufed among the nobility. l2rS London was incorporated, .ind obtained it's firll charter from King John. 1215 Magna Charta figned by King John and the Englifli barons, in Runny Mead. 1215 The CHRONOLOGICAL LIST. boj 121 J I'he court of Common Pleas eflablilhed. 1227 The Tartars ravage all the Saracen empire. 1233 The houfes in London, and other European cities, thatched with ilraw. 1253 Alonzo, King of Caftiie, compofed the famous agronomical tables. 12^8 The Tartars took Bagdat, and finiflied the empire of the Saracens. 1259 MatthiTw Paris, a monk of St.Alban's, and author of a hittory of England, died. 1264 The Commons of England, according to fome writers, were Ard Summoned to attend parliament. 1269 The Hamburgh Company incorporated in England. 1273 The prcfent Aullrian family began to reign in Germany. 1282 Edward I. united Wales to England, having killed Llewellyn Prince of Wales. 1 284 Edward II. born at Caernarvon ; being the nrft who bore the title of Prince of Wales. 1285 Twelve candidates for the kingdom of Scotland fubmitted their refpeftive claims to the arbitration of P^dward King of England. 1292 Roger, commonly called Eriar Bacon, a native of Somerfetlhire, the famous natural phitofopher, died. 1 293 A regular lucceflion of Englilh parliaments commenced. 1298 The prefcnt Turkilli empire began, under Ottoman, in Bithynia. Spoons, knives and forks, candles, and wine, elleemed as luxuries; the latter being fold as a cordial by apothecaries. 130Z Givia, of N.iples. invented, or rather improved, the mariner's compafs. 1307 The Swifs cantons firll eftabliihed. 1308 John Jordun, a pricil of Mearnfhire, author of the hiftory of Scotland, died. The Pope's removal to Avignon iti France. 1 310 The fociety of Lincoln's Inn eftablilhed. 1314 The battle of Bannockburn fought between Edward II. and Robert Bruce. ' The cardinals fet fire to the conclave, and feparate. 1320 Gold firll ' ined in Europe. 1336 Two Brabant weavers fettled at York; • Which,' fays Edward III. • may prove of great ' benefit to us and our fubjefts.' 1337 The firft comet defcribed with aftronomical precifion. 1340 Gunpowder and guns firft invented by Swartz, a monk of Cologn ; and fix years after- wards Edward III. had four pieces of cannon at the battle of Creffy, whicfe con- tributed to gain the viftory. Painting in oil firft ufed, by John Vaneck. The Heralds College inftituted in England. 1344 Edward IH. firft ufed patents in the creation of titles. Gold firft coined in England. 1349 The order of the Garter inftituted in England, by Edward III 1352 The Turks firft entered Europe. 1354 Money, till this period, the fame in Scotland as in England. 1356 Edward the Black Prince took John King of France and his fon, at the battle of Poidliers. 13C8 Arms of England and France firft quartered, by Edward IH. 1362 John WicklifFe, an Englifhman, about this time, combated the errors of the Church of Rome, with great acutenefs and fpirit. His followers were called Lollards. Law proceedings changed from French to Engliih. 1386 Windfor caftle built by Edward III. .^ , 1388 The battle of Otterburn, between Hotfpur and Douglas. iLi Cards invented in France, for theamufemcnt of the French lung. MQQ Weftminfter Abbey and Hall rebuilt and enlarged. Order of the Bath inftituted at the coronation of Henry IV. 1400 Geoffery Chaucer, the father of Englifti poetry, died. 1402 John Gower, a native of Wales, and a poet, died. 1402 John 1410 (JuilJhall, London, built. . ^ , , , , . The univcrfity of St. Andrew's, in Scotland, founded. 7 M 1411 1415 Henry 'I 6o4 141,- 1428 '430 1446 "453 I4H 1460 1477 1483 i486 1489 1491 '492 1494 1497 '499 r^oo 1505 1509 i ' 3 i>'7 1520 '53" I*. 39 ,j40 '543 '544 »545 i';4') ;"> '552 i^f'3 ii;68 l^^y '572 «?:9 CHRONOLOGICAL LIST. Henry V. of Englanri, pained the battle of Agincourt. loan d'.Arc gave the iirlt blow to the'Englifli power in Fratice, at the fieee of Orleans. i^amentius, ot'Hzerleim, invented the art of printing, which he praAi^d with fepar^te wooden types. Gutteniburg afterwards invented cut metal types; and Peter SchoefTer brought the art 10 perfei^ion, b^ difcovcring the modeof cartine the types in mattriccs; William CorCeillis began to pnnt with wooden types at Oxford in 146a; and William Caxton introduced the ait of printing wiih futile types in 1474. The library of the Vatican founded at Rone. Conftantinople taken by the Turks, which iiniflted the Eaflern Empire, 11 23 years from it's eilabiifhment by Conilantine the Great, and 2206 years from the building of Rome. The univerfity of Glafgow founded. 'I'he art of engraving and etching invented. The univerfity of Aberdeen founded. Richard III. King of Eni-tand, and laft of the Plantagenets, killed at the battle of Bofworth, by Henry VJl. which terminated the coniells between the houfes of York and Lnncafter, after a conteft of 30 years, and the lofing 100,000 men. Henry titablilhed fifty yeomwi of the guards, being the firft Itanding army in England. Bartholomew Columbus firll introduced maps and charts into England. William Groceyn publicly taught the Grceic language at Oxford. The Moors in Spai.i ^-ntirely fubdued by Ferdinand King of Caftile. Columbus a native of Genoa, in the fervice of Spain, difcovered America. Algebra fi-ft known in Europe. The Portugucfe firft failed to India by the Cape of Good Hope. South Amtrica difcovered by Americus Vefpatiua, who had the honour of giving his rame to an entire quarter of the globe. Cabo' difcovered North America, for Henry VII. Mavi;nilian dividAI the empire of Germany into fix circles. Shillings firll coined in England. Gardening introduced into England from the Netherlands, from whence vegetables were till then impoitcd. Maximilian added four more circles to the divifions of the German empire. James IV. of Scotland, killed at the battle of Flodden, with the flower of his nobility I.uthcr began the Reformation. Egypt conquered by the Turks. Ileniy \'I11. received the title of Defender of the Faith, from the Pope. 1 lie Kcfiirmation bepan in England under Henry VIII. Sir 'I homas More beheaded. Religious houfes in England dilTiIved. The firil r.ngliih edition of the Bible authorized. Cannon began to be ufed in men of war .about this period. Silk rtockings firft worn by the King of France. Pins firft ufed in England, Ikewers having till then fupplied the want of them. Lands let in England atone (hilling per annum an acre. The famous council of Trent be^an, and continued 18 years. Lord-lieutenants of counties inftituted in England. (iorfe Guards inftituted in England. John I. eland, the antiquarian, died. I'he Ruflian Company eftabliftied in England. Tiie reformation in Scotland compleated by John Knox. Knives firft made in England. Roger Afcham, of Yorkftiire, the philologift, died. The Royal Exchange built by S>ir 1 homas Greftiam. John Knox, the Scotch reformer, died. J he maflacc of the Proteftanis at I'aris, on St. Bartholomew's Day. The Dutch republic firmed. i579Engli(Ik Ti CHRONOLOGICAL LIST. 6of 1(79 Englilh Eaft India Company incorporated. Turkey Company incorporated. 1580 Sir Francis Drake finifhed his voyage round the world. Parochial regifters firll appointed to be kept in England. 1582 George Buchannan, of Dumbartonfliire, in Scotland, the hiftorian and poet, died. ■ $83 Tobacco htfi brought from Virginia into England. 151^7 Mary Queen of Scotland beheaded, after an imprifonment of 18 years. 1588 The Spanilh armada defeated. The manufafture of paper firft eftabliihed in England, at Dartford. 1589 Coaches iirll introduced into England. 1590 Band of penfloners inflituted in England. 1591 Trinity College, Dublin, founded. '597 Watches firll introduced into England from Germany. 1598 Edmund Spenfer, the Englifli poet, died. 1600 Englilh Eatl India Company ellabliflied. 1602 Decimal arithmetic invented at Bruges. 1603 Queen Elizabeth died, and was fucceeded by James \^. of Scotland, which united both kingdoms under the title of Great Britain. 1605 The gunpowder plot difcovered. i6c6 Oaths of allegiance iirft adminillered in England. 1608 viali!eo, of Florence, firft difcovered the fatellites of Saturn. 1610 Henry IV. King of France, murdered at Paris by Ravaillac, a priell. * r6i I The order of baronets firil created in England, by James I. 1614 Napier, of Marcheilon in Scotland, firft difcovered the logarithms. The New River brought from Ware to London, by Sir Hugh Middleton. 1615 Beaumont, the dramatic author, died. .;,. 1616 William Shakefpeare, of Stratford upon Avon, the illuftrious dramatift, died. 1619 Dr. William Harvey difcovered the circulation of the blood in animals. 1620 The manufafture of l)road ftlk introduced into England. 1 62 1 New England planted by puritans. 1622 John Napier, the inventor of the logarithms, died. 1623 William Camden, the antiquarian, died. 1625 Barbadoes, the firft Englifh fettlement in the Weft Indies, planted. Fletcher, the dramatic writer, and aflbciate of Beaumont, died. 1626 The celebrated Lord Chancellor Bacon, of Vcrulam, died. 1634 Lord Chief Juftice Coke, of Norfolk, died. 1635 Regular ports eftabliftied from London to Scotland, Ireland, 8cc. 1638 Ben Johnfon, the dramatic writer, died. 1641 Sir Henry Spelman, of Norfolk, the antiquarian, died. 1642 Charles I. impeached five members of the Houfe of Commons, which began the civil war in England. 1643 Excife on ale, beer, &c. firft impofed by parliament. • 1649 Charles I. beheaded at Whitehall, in the 49th year of his age. 1654 Oliver Cromwell afTumed the proteftorfliip. John SeKlon, of Suflex, the antiquarian, died. 1660 Charles II. reftored, after an exile of twelve years. , , .. Frederick III. af Denmark became abfolutj^, by the voluntary furrender of the people. 1662 Charles II. eftabliftied the Royal Society at London. i66c The plague raged in London, and carried off 68,000 perfons. 1666 The great fire in London, which Tlcftroycd +00 ftrects, containing ijiOOO houfcs. 1667 The geace of Breda concluded. AbraTam Cowley, the poet, died. 1668 The peace of Aix la Chapclle concluded. 16-0 The Hudfon's Bay Company incorporated. . 6bS CHRONOLOGICAL LIST. 167Z Louis XIV. ravaged great part of Holland, whea the Dutch opened their flulcet, with a determination to drown their country. Englifli African Company eftahliflied. « 1674 John Milton, the Enclilh epic poet, died. 1675 Jamej tiregory, ofAoerdceti, the mathematician, died. 1677 Dr. ICaac Barrow, of London, the mathematician, died. 16; 8 The peace of Nimeguen. ij8oi>amucl Butler, the poet, died. A great comet appeared, which from it's vicinity to the earth greatly alarmed the public. 1685 Thomas Otway, the dramatic poet, died. The revocation of the cdift of Nantz, by Lewis XIV. 1687 Edmund Waller, of Bucks, the poet, died. 1688 The revolution began in Great Britain. King William and Queen Mary proclaimed. 1689 'Hie land-tax firll palfcd in England. 1690 King William gained the bf^tle of the Boyne, in Ireland. Nathaniel Lee, the dramatic poet, died. 1692 Admiral RufT-l defeated the French fleet off Cape La Hogue. 1693 The Bank of England edabliflied by King William. >' ■, 1694 Stamp duties inllituted in England. ' -v Archbifhop Tillotfon died. ^*' 1696 The peace of Ryfwiclc. 1700 King James li. died at St. Germain's, in the 68th year of his age. ' 1 70 1 John Dryden,of Northamptonlhire, the celebrated Englifh poet, died, t'rullia erected into a kingdom. 1704 John Locke, of Somerfetmire, died. Gibraltar taken from the Spaniards by Admiral Rooke. 1 The battle of Blenheim fought. 1705 John Ray, of llffex, the naturalift, died. The Court Ok' Exchequer inftituted in Eugland. 1706 The treaty of union between England and Scotland. 1707 The firll Britifli parliament held. George Farquhtr, of Londonderry, the dramatift, died. 1708 Sardinia ere£icd into a kingdom. 1710 St. Paul's cathedral rebuilt bv Sir Chriftopher Wren, in 37 years, at the expence of one mil- lion ilerling, raifed by a duty on coals. The Englifli bouth Sea Company began. 1713 The peace of Utrecht concluded. 1714 Queen Anne died, and was fuccceded by George I. Intereft on money reduced to 5I. per cent, per annum. 171 5 The rebellion in Scotland began m fevourof the Pretender. 171b Septennial parliaments commenced. 1718 Nicholas Rowe, of DevonOiire, the dramatic writer and tranflator, died. 1 7 19 Jofeph Addifon, of Wiltihire, author of the Spectator, &c. died. Lnmbe's lilk-throwing machine credlcd at Derby. 1721 Matthew Prior, the poet, died. 1/27 Sir Ifaac Newton, of Lincolnfhire, the philofopher, died. Innoculation firll tried on criminals with fuccefs. Ruffia firfl eredied into an empire. 1729 Sir Richard Steele, the colleague of Addifon, died. William Congreve, of Stafford (hi re, the dramatic poet, died. 1732 John Gay, ofExeier, the poet and fabulifl, died. 1734 Dr. Arbuthnot. of Mcarnmire, died. 1738 Wcflminfter bridge began. 1744 Alexander I I CHRONOLOGICAL LI^T. 6^ «744 «74S 1746 1748 »749 1 75 1 '752 •753 »7H •7,95 '759 1760 I -6 1 176a '7'i3 1764 .765 1768 1770 »77> 1772 1773 >774 >775 1776 •777 1778 1779 1780 Alexander T'ope, the cel-brated Enjlifl^i poet, died. The rebellion broke nut in Scolland. , Dr. Jonathan Swift, of Pulilin, died. 'I'hc BritKh Linen Coirp.my ereded. James Tliomfon, of Koxbi;ri>hfliire, the author of the Sr.ifons, &c. died. J^r. Ifaac Watt;, of Stiutliampton, the poet and divine, died. The peace of Aix la Chnpclle. The uritidi llciiiiij];- iMlhcry incorporated. The Antiquarian Society of London incorporated. The new llylc introduced into Great Britain; the third of September being accounted (he fourteenth. The Briiilh Mufeum erfi^cd at Montnguc Houff. Society of aris, nianufaf^ures, and commerce, inlUtuted in London. Henry Fielding, of SonierfetO.Ire, the celebrated novelill, died. J.ilbon dellroved by an eartliqiiake. (iencra! Wolfe kil'.ci at the battle of llucbec, in the moment of viftory. Cieorge Frederick ll;indel, of Halle, ii. Upper Saxony, the great mufical compofer, died. Black-Friars iJridge begun. S.imuci Kichardlon, of London, the celebrated novelift, died. Peter IIL l.niperor of Ruflia, depoliid, imprifoned.and murdered. r he treaty of I'aris concluded. Parliament granted Mr. Harrifon lo.oooL for the invention of his time-piece. Charles (.. hurchill, the poet, died at Kologne. 1 he Society (if ArtilU incorporated by royal charter. Dr. Edward Young, the poet and divine, died. Laurence Sterne died. Royal Academy of Painting cftabliftied in London. Dr. Akenfide, of Newcallle upon lyne, the poet, died. Dr. Smollet, of Dumbartonfhire, the novelill and hillorian, died. Thomas Ciray, the poet, died. The King of Sweden changed the conllitution of that kingdom from an ariftocracy to a li- mited monarchy. The Jefuits expelled from the papal dominions. George Lord Lyttclton, the poet and hillorian, died. Philip Dormer Stanhope, llarl of Cheilerfield, died. I'eace proclaimed between the Ruffians and the Turks. Di . Goldfmith, the poe^, i.afuralift, and hiftorian, died. Deputies from the fevjral American colonies met at Philadelphia, and a/Tumed the title of ' The Congrefs of the United States of America.' The battle of Bunker's Hill, between the Royalifts and Americans. Dr. ILiwkefworih, author of the Adventurfr, &c. died. The Coi.grrfs declared the .American States free and independent, July 4. David ihime, of Merfe, ihe hillorian, died. James Fergufon, of AberdcenOiire, the aflronomer, died. Samuel Foote, of Cornwall, the comedian, died. A treaty of alliance concluded between the King of France and the Thirteen United States of America, iu which their independence was acknowledged. The Right Honourable William Pitt, Earl of Chatham, died. Dr. .'\rne, the moll famous Britilh compofer of niufic, died. David Garrick, the Britifti Rofcius, died. Tie Kins of pain joined France in ellablilhing American independence. Ai'miralRodney defeated the Spanilh fleet under Don Juan Langara. London abandoned by it's magillrates to the fury of a licentious mob. 7 N ■ 1780 Sir 6c8 CHRONOLOGICAL LIST. jt8o Sir William Blackftonc, author of the celebrated Commentaries on the laws of England, died. Dreadful hurricanes in the Weft Indies, which occaftoned great dcvaftations. Hollilities commenced with the Dutch, who were difcovered to have entered into a fecret treaty of alliance nearly two years preceding. 1781 Admiral Parker defeated the Dutch fleet, commanded by Admiral Zoutman. 178^ Admiral Rodney obtained a fignal viftory over the French fleet, commanded by Count De GralFe, whom he took prifoner. Capt. Cook, the famous navigator, murdered by the favages of O'why'hce. Lord Kaimes died. The Royal George, of 100 guns, overfet by accident, at Portfmouth, on the 28th of Augull ; when Admiral Kempenfelt, with 400 oliicers and leamcn, and about 200 women, were drowned. The grand attack of the French and Spaniards on Gibraltar, by fea and land, compleatly defeated, with the lofs of all their floating batteries, and about 4000 men. The Inquifition aboliflied in Spain. 1783 American independence acknowledged by Great Britain. Definitive treaty of peace concluded between the belligerent powers. Dr. Hunter, the famous anatomift, died. Meflina, and great par' of Calabria U! ., in the kingdom of Naples, deftroyed by an earthquake. A new ifland rofe out of the fea, near Iceland. The firft Air-Balloon fent up at Paris, by Meflieurs Montgolfiers. 1784 Dr. Johnfon, of Litchfield, author of the Rambler, &c. died. Capt. James King, the coadjutor of Capt. Cook, died. Signer Lunardi aicended in an Air-Balloon, from the Artillery Ground, Moorfields j being the firft perfon who explored the Britifh atroofphere. P I N I S.