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i. 
 
 A CANADIAN-AMERICAN LIAISON 
 
 Mr. Golduin Smith and Mr. I'^fpstus Wimaii have cut all the m.ips out 
 of their ^co^'raphics excepting tliat of the United States of Amirica. 
 rhe>- would like to enlarge this map, and if they have their way it will be 
 iiecessary to double it up before long : the book will hardl)- hold it. 
 Whether they will succeed in thus revising tiie geograpiix' and making 
 new work for the jiublishers of school-books may depend upon tlie result 
 of the luxt Dominion election which will probably occur in the American 
 presidential j-ear 1 892. Mr. Smith's able essays and Mr. Wiman's tele- 
 graphic dispatches have convinced the leaders of tlu' C'anadian Liberal 
 party that the manifest ilestin)' of the provinces is closer union with the 
 I'nited States, .md as soon as they can agree ujjon a name for the new 
 ])olicy a vigorous campaign u ill begin. Hut the name is a very irouble- 
 sonie m.itter. Shall it be " unrestricted reciprocity," commercial union, 
 or annexation ? In favor of the first and second, it is argued that in going- 
 down hill t:asy grades are the best ; on behalf of the third, it is urged that 
 when >e\eral roads lead to the same market it is wise to take the shortest. 
 Perhaps .American statesmen can help these doubting Canadian politicians 
 to come to a decision. 
 
 The (juestion for Americans to consider is this : The idea of annexation 
 being distasteful to Canailians in general, will it be good policy foi- Ameri- 
 cans to form a liaison with Canada in the hope of bringing about an honor- 
 able union later f>n ? It is inconcei\'able that any ..laiden who rejects an 
 lionorable offer of marriage from a lover would consent to become his con- 
 cubine. Hut perhaps countries are different from maidens: Mr. I-lrastus 
 \\ iman thinks so. He is -urc that Canada would indignantly reject an 
 offer of annexation or marriage, and thinks she would readily consent to 
 enter Uncle .Sam's house as a concubine. The New York Sunday Sun, of 
 .September 30, 18S8, contained an article gix'ingthe views of Mr. Lrastus 
 \\ ini.in ill the form of an interview with Mr. Hlakely Hall. As newspaper 
 men are sometimes charged with making mistakes in reporting interviews, 
 it is important to note that Mr. W'inian, in the course of a letter to the 
 C anadian press, dated October 3. 1888. said : " I had prepared a few days 
 before, at the request of my friend, Blakely Hall, an interview, which, for- 
 tunately lor my purpose, came out in the New York Sun of Sundav 
 morning, and was simultaneously transmitted to a syndicate of 42 different 
 
A CANADIAN-AMKUK AN LIAISON 
 
 123 
 
 influential journals thn)u<;!iout the ountry." Al Mr Winian's rcciucst 
 the interview was republished in full in the Toronto Jiinpin of October S, 
 1888. So Mr. Wiman liiniself preparer! tlie interview; he is responsible 
 for every word of it, and had no fault to find with its accuracy after its 
 publication. In tlie interview referred to. Mr. Wiman. after statin^r tliat 
 it would be useless to think of annexin;^ Canada at present, because " loy- 
 alty to Great Jkitain has been imbibed with mother's milk by a lar^e pro- 
 portion of Canadians," said: - If the barbed wire fence, which, in the shape 
 of a customs line, now runs atiiwart the continent, could be lifted up. made 
 of uniform heii;ht. and stretched around the continent, commercial union 
 would l)e achieved. The height of this line, in other words, the tariff, 
 would have to be regulated in Washington. It would seem impossible 
 that the American people would ever consent to permit the smaller body 
 to have much influence in regulating the rate of duties to be levied. Of 
 course, the Canadians object to this, and say that it is taxation without 
 representation ; and there is a very strong feeling, that if commercial union 
 implies that the tariff must be regulated at Washington, all the advantages 
 which would flow from an open market in the Republic would be dearly 
 bought. There ;ire, however, not a few who feel that the elimination of 
 the tariff entirely from the politics of Canada would not be an unmixed 
 evil, and it would be worth the attempt to see whether or not the enor- 
 mous gains which Canada would make under commercial union woidd 
 not he more than a compensation for the loss of tlie privilege of tariff- 
 making. It is claimed that whatever would be good for Massachusetts 
 in the shape of taxation on imports, would certainly be advantageous 
 to the Maritime Pnn'inces. Whatever would suit New York and Ohio in 
 the sh.ipe of tariff woukl certainly suit Ontario and Uuebec ; while, if 
 Minnc.-sota and Montana prc^spered, Manitoba and the Northwest would 
 enjoy ecpial advantages, and that which precisely fitted the Pacific slope 
 would suit British Columbia. It may be difficult to achieve, but. if cotii- 
 mercial union stanils or falls upon the right of the American people to 
 regulate the tariff of the whole continent, my own imjiression is that, 
 with time and patience and liberality on the part of the United States, 
 the Canadian people would acce{)t such a tariff as would benefit the 
 United States, because it could not fail to benefit them also." 
 
 Mr. Wiman's explanation of what he means by commercia' nion is 
 clear and unmistakable, but many Canadians who have used the term in 
 advocating closer relations with the United States, have attached a differ- 
 ent meaning to it, and Canadians in general have assumed that the accom- 
 plishment of coiTiiTiercial union would mean the establishment of a new 
 
-^^ 
 
 A (■ WAHIAN-AMKKIi AN 1.IAI>mN 
 
 ^ 'k" 
 
 c»>n^n-L'ss, composed (if nnrt'scnt.itivcs from tlic United States and Canada 
 ill ])r()portion to i)«)pulatioii. to whoir. thr tariff-making^ power would be 
 dek'-atcd bv tlic two uovcrnmcnts. It was some such arranL;emcnt as this 
 which the leathn^^ Lil)eral newspapers at first advocated, ;dthou!fh they 
 never defined exactly what they wanted, but the proposal did not nii;et 
 with a \ery hearty ri-sponse from the party at lar^e, and the term " unre- 
 stricted rcciprocitj- " was adopletl at the su^-^estion of Mr. Ed^^ar. How 
 the tariff would be made with "unrestricted reciprocity" in force has 
 never been explain 'il, but the object in view, as with " conmicrcial union," 
 is complete freedom of trade between the two countries. It was ur^fcd at 
 one time that the sea-board t.iriff need not be touched, that each country 
 could make its own tariff against transoceanic countries, the customs houses 
 alon;^^ the international boun;iary beinj^ still maintained, but only for the 
 puri)ose oi le\)in<,f duties on j^oods imported from across the ocean. How- 
 iver. it was evident that the opportunities of defraudin^^ the revenue 
 would be multiplied under such a -ystem, and the idea seems to have been 
 abandoned. It is now admittetl by all that to insure freedom of trade 
 between the twi/ countries it will l)e necessary to assiinilate the seaboard 
 tariffs, .iiul in di^cussin[j the (piesiiou it is ;^'enera!ly assumed that under 
 unrestrictetl veciprocit\- the tariff would l;e made by treaty. The two 
 houses of Coti'f^ress and the president having" a^Ljreed upon a tariff, it 
 would be pa.ssed o\er to the Canadian Parliament for approval or 
 amendment, after which atreat\- would be based upon it. Can it be sup- 
 posed for a moment that the United States Coni^ress would submit its 
 tariff l)ilU to the Canadian I'.irliament for amendnn-nt ? Suppose such an 
 arran_L;enient were made, with what derision would the two houses of 
 Con_L;ress receive a bill sent back from Canada with amendments I Yet, 
 if the Canadian Parliament mit^ht not amend tariff bills, it would be farci- 
 cal to submit them to it. In short, as Mr. Wiman says, the tariff would 
 have to be rei^ul.ited ,it Washini^ton. 
 
 If it were workable, the nio>t ecpiitable arrangement short of annex- 
 .uion would be to have the tariff made by a coni;rcss or parliament com- 
 mon to the two countries. In such a parliament the United States would 
 liave ten times as many representatives .is Canada, but it is conceivable 
 th.it if the Canadians were united they mijjjht hold the balance of power. 
 However, a solid Canada would certainly be met with a solid America and 
 completely crushed. Would it be wise for the American people to take 
 the tariff-making power away from their own Congress and delegate it to 
 a semi-foreign body such as the Canadian-American international par- 
 liament would be? I think not. Such a parliament would be cursed with 
 
 il 
 
A ( ANAIilAN-AMl.RUAN l.lAl^oN 125 
 
 sectionalism. In tiic Unitt-d States Con<^M-fss, as now constituted, there is 
 some sectionalism, too much for the ;^n)od of tlie countr\-, but underlyin^f 
 it all there is a feeling' of pride in the Kepublic and a desire to see it 
 prosper. Few of the members are entirely lackin^f in patriotism ; the 
 most selfish will at times be stirred l)y national enthusiasm. 'I"lur<- would 
 be no such unit}- of sentiment in a Canadian-American parliament. Its 
 very existence would mean a sacrifice of n.itional spirit to the df-irr for 
 f^ain. and every member's heart windd be in his own pocket. Hut, even if 
 such a parliament coukl settle the tariff question to the satisfaction ot 
 both nations, there would be other causes of dissatisfaction. Unless there 
 was a common executive .is well as a common parliament, the Canadian 
 and American customs officials would interpret the customs act differ- 
 ently, and constant disputes would arise between the importers ol the 
 two countries, causint^ much Intterness of feeling. The two nations 
 trading so freelv with each other, a connnoti eurrenc\- would be necessary, 
 the banking systems must be assimilated, ami the laws re;4ulatiniy rai!wa\s 
 must be the sanii' in both countries. K\ er_\- da>' some new cause ot dittcr- 
 ence would arise. iiecessitatm;4 the delectation of more extensive jjouers 
 to the Canadian-American 'p.irliament, until the United States Con<4ress 
 and the parliament at Ottawa would alike fall into a state o{ " innocuous 
 ilesuctude." No doubt the ultimate outcome of the liaison would be 
 annexation, but in the meantime tlie s^overnment of both countries would 
 be disor^Miiized, and the anarchists iniLjhl arran<;e matter- to please them- 
 selves. If a short perioil of semi-,inarch_\- would lead to the peaceable 
 annexation of the i^reat Dominion of Canada with its wealth of natural 
 resources it mi<;ht be worth while. But it would not lead to peaceable 
 anne.xation. Annexation prcjtjabl) woukl be brou^dit about: under such 
 circumstances it wouKl be almost as necessary to the preservation ot the 
 Republic as was the sui)pression of the Southern rebellion, but it would 
 not come peaceably. Let me tell >-ou why. So far I have looked at this 
 question from an American st.mdpoint. Now 1 ])ropose to consider how 
 a Canadian-American liaison, whether under the name of " commercial 
 union" or " unrestricted reciprocity," would affec'. m\- own country, " this 
 Canada of ours." as ue Canadians delii;;ht to call our Dominion. 
 
 In the first place it must be understood that Canada is now ,1 prosper- 
 ous country. There are not ;is man\- millionaires in the Dominion in 
 proportion to population as in the neij^hborini; Republic, but poverty is 
 almo.st unknown. Even the pessimists will admit that the country is 
 more prosperous and more pro<,fressive durin<f this decade than in that 
 between 1871 and 1H81. which included four years of extreme depression. 
 
120 
 
 A t ANAlilAN-.WIIKK AN l.lAl^oN 
 
 Nt>\\, Irt ii-i see lunv the pioj^iis-. ol the Canadian provinces compand 
 with that of thi; adjoitiin^' states (hnin^ tin- last (Kc.idc. A census i-. 
 t.ikcn \)y both the Canadian and American governments once in ten years, 
 thi- last Canadi.m census bem^' t.iken in iSSi and the List American census 
 in iSSo. near enough toj^fether to institute a fair comparison. He'^innin'^f 
 with the Maritime Provinces dl C"anada, we finil that in 1S71 I'riiue 
 Kdward Islamic poi)uiation \\a->(^4.0Jl : in iSSl it was io.S,.S9l..in increase 
 of over fifteen per cent. In 1S71 Nova .Se<itia's population was 3S7.S00 : 
 in iSSi it ua-440o7J, an iucrease of o\ ir thirteen percent In 1S71 the 
 population of N\u Brunswick was j<S3,594 ; 'm iSSi it \',as 321,2^3, an 
 mcie.ise of over twelve per cent. In 1S71 the combined nopul.ition of the 
 three .Maritime Proxinces was 767,413 ; in iSSi it was S70.6;j6. ii" intreasi- 
 of over thirteen per cent. Now take the .State of .M.iine which adjoins 
 the Maritime l'ro\ ince-^ of Lanada. its popul.ition in 1S70 was 626,91 5 ; 
 in iStSo it was 64<S,(j36, an increase of a little over three per cent, as com- 
 pared with over thirteen i)er cent, in the adjoining:; Canadian provinces. 
 Ami how did slow-^oin^^ Quebec jirovince c()mi)are with Vermont and 
 New llampsliire, which are conti<^uous to it? In 1.S71 Ouebec's population 
 was i,i()l,5i6; in iSSi it w ,i> i. 339,027, an incri'ase of over fourteen per 
 ciiit. rile cond)ined population of Wrmonl ,ind New Hampshire in l(S70 
 was 64S,S5i ; in iS.So it was 679,277, an increase of over four per cent. So 
 far the comparison is decidedl\" in f.ivor of tlu' Canadian provinces ; but 
 let us niclude .dl the New Rnnlaiul States. In 1870 the combined popu- 
 lation of \ I rmoiu, Maine. New Hampshire. Massachusetts, Rhode Island 
 and Connecticut w.is 3,487,924; in 18S0 it was 4,010,529. an increase of 
 nr,irl\- fifteen percent. In 1S71 the combined i)opulation of Quebec .md 
 the Maritinu' I'rovmces was 1, (^58, 931; in 1.S81 it was 2.229,723, an increase 
 of nearl\' fourteen per cent. .Massachusetts. Rhode Isl.md and Connecti- 
 cut seem to have drawn larL:[ely upon .Maine. .New Hampshire and \'er- 
 mont for their increase of population. No doubt, if annexation or com- 
 mercial union were consunim.ited, the Canadiaii provinces adjoinint^ would 
 aNo become trii)Utary to tluni. (ioin;^ farther W'l'st we find that the 
 premier province of the hommion made "greater proi,fress than the Kmpire 
 State of the Republic durini; the last decade. In 187! the population of 
 ()ntario w a> i. 620.831 : in 1881 it was 1.923,228, an increase of over eis^di- 
 teen per cent. In 1 870 the i)opulation of the ^n-eat metropolitan State of 
 New \'ork. directly stjuth of the Province of Ontario on the other side of 
 the lakes, w.is 4,382,759: in 1880 it was 5.082,871, an increase of over 
 fifteen per cent. Travelini; to the far Northwest we fiiul that in 1871 
 Manitoba !iad a jKjpulation of 18,995; in 1881 it was 65,954, an increase 
 
A tA\A|i|.\\..\\ll Kli AN |,|AIS(i\ 
 
 12 
 
 comp.ircil 
 
 census i> 
 ten years, 
 an Census 
 lie;4innin^f 
 n I'rince 
 1 increase 
 ■' 3«7.«oo ; 
 1S71 the 
 
 'I.:;,i3. an 
 ion of tlic 
 1 intrc.ise 
 li adjoins 
 626.913 ; 
 . as coin- 
 (rovinces, 
 lont and 
 • pulation 
 "teen j)er 
 e in 1X70 
 cent. So 
 ces : l)ut 
 
 C(l |)()1)U- 
 
 le Island 
 ;rease of 
 ebec .111(1 
 
 increase 
 -onnecti- 
 md \'er. 
 
 or (.(ini- 
 i,l; would 
 that the 
 
 I''.ni])ire 
 lation of 
 •er eij^h- 
 State of 
 r side of 
 of over 
 
 in iH/i 
 increase 
 
 ol over 247 prr cent. Minnesota, an American .tate adjoinin^^ Miinit.)ba. 
 had. in l,S7o, a population of 439.706 ; ,n iSSi its p<,pulation was 7X0.77^ an' 
 increase of over sevcnty-seven per cent. The territory of Dakota, southwest 
 of Manitoba, had, in 1S70. a population ol i4.iSi;in iS.So its population 
 was 135.177. ,in increase of overS3^ per cent. Why did Dakota -row 
 faster than Manitoba ilurin<i t'lat ilecade ? The cpiestion may be ansux-red 
 by another: Why tlul Dakota ^Min oidy six thousand in population durini; 
 the decade between I.S6oand 1870 wiien the states and territories .south 
 of It were Krowin- wonderfully' The people did not be-in to move into 
 Dakota until the be>t of the free public lands in the states f. the s..uth 
 of it were taken up. Manitoba is farther north than Dakot.i. and .ilthouoh 
 its climate is more moderate tiian that (.f Dakota, owin- to tiie lo\u;r 
 elevation of the country, the presence of .^n.Mt lakes and otlur causo. 
 there is no rea.son to believe that if it were an American territorv the 
 influ.v of population would be<,nu belore Dakota's public lands were nearly 
 all taken up by settlers. The Can.nli.in Northwest was not anne.\ed in 
 the Dominion until 1S70. and iiractically ik^ attempt was made to open up 
 the country until i S.So. The population of the Canadian territories west 
 of M.initoba in 1.S71 i-. not known, no .accurate census of that section of 
 the Dominion beinij taken until 1SS3, when the population was 48.^)2. of 
 whom 20.170 were Indians. Although I'.riti^h Columbia w.is completely 
 i.solaled Iroiu the rest of the Dominion durin^^ the decide between 1871 
 and iS.Si. ii> population incre.ised over 36 per cent., while Washinjrton 
 Territory, lyin^r to the south of it in the United States. J,^•lined over 213 
 per cent. Since British Columbia has been connected with tile rest of the 
 Dominion by the Canadian i'.irit^c Railway, its ^n-owth h.is been very 
 rapid, .uul there 1- little doubt that .it the ne.xt census it will make at least 
 as ^rood a showiiiL; as Washin^non Territory. The reports of the Hudson 
 Bay Company and other land companies in the Canadi.m Northwest show 
 that more land h,is been sold this ye.ir th.ui duriiii; the five preceding 
 years, and there are many other indications that the Canadian Northwest 
 is now enterin.t; upon a period of development as extraordinar)- .is that of 
 tile western st.ites of the American Union. Now as to the 'rpowtli of 
 our cities. Toronto is the residence oi' Mr. Goldwin Smith, and the head- 
 qu.u-ters of the Commercial Union Club, altlioun;h the niajorit> of its 
 people are intensely Canadian in feelin<,f and stroiii^ly opposed to clo.ser 
 union with the United States. Let us see how the <rrowth of Toronto 
 compares with that of neisrhboring American cities. Toronto's American 
 rivals are l^ochester. Buffalo and Detroit. Rochester is just across the 
 lake, Buffalo is the cnief city of northern New York, and Detroit is the 
 
128 
 
 A lANAltlAN-AMKKK AN l.lAISuN 
 
 < 
 
 metropolis of Michigan. In 1.S70 Rochester's population was 62,3.^''' ". in 
 1S80 it was ^<),},6(.), an increase of a little over 43 per cent. In iS;c) lUil- 
 falo's population w.is 1 17, 714; in 18S0 it \va> 155.134, an incre.iseol a little 
 over 31 percent. In 1870 Detroit's {)opulation was 7(Jo77 : in iSSo it was 
 116,340. an increase of a little over 46 per cent. In 1871 Toronto's popu- 
 lation was 56,0^2; in 1881 it was 86.415, an increase of a littli- over 54 pei' 
 cent. So Toronto increased in jjopulation more rapidly than an\' of the 
 neighboring American cities durin^^ the last decade. Itst^rowth since 1881 
 h.is been even more extraordinar)'. ;\ niunicii)al census taken Uecembei 
 12, 1888, showed the popul.ition at that time to be 166,040. an increase of 
 over 92 per cent, in less than eij^ht \'ears. About a week after the taking 
 (if the census the suburb of I'arkdale, with about 6,000 inhabitants, was 
 .mnexcd, makin^f the population of the city about 172,000. Includinj^j 
 I'.irkdale, which is an outgrowth of the city since 1881. the per centajfe of 
 increase is about 99 per cent. It should be noted, however, that the cen- 
 sus (»f 1881 ilid not include the floating' population, while that of 1888 in- 
 cluded all who slept in the city the nij^ht before, but as there w.is nothing 
 ^oing on in the city at the time to attract strangers, it is j^robable that the 
 floating population did not number more than 6,ooo, so that the actual 
 increase was about 92 percent. West i'oronto Junction. Carleton. Daven- 
 port, Chester, and I'.ast Toronto, are thriving suburbs which have grown 
 uj) around the city during the last five j'cars, and if they were inchuk-d 
 the i)opulati(jn of the cit\' would probably be over 180,000; but it would 
 n(jt be fair to include them in calculating the increase since 1881, for 
 suburban districts, which in 1S81 had about the same population as that 
 of these new suburbs at present, have been annexed since 1881. In 1881 
 Toronto's taxable property was assessetl at $56,286,039; in 1888 it was 
 assessed at $l 1 3.183.828, an increase of over lOl percent. Chicago, the 
 marvel of the United States, onl\' increased in population 68 per cent, 
 during the ten w-ars between 1870 anil 1880. lioston is nearer to Montreal 
 ttian any other large American cit\', and it is one of the most important 
 cities of the Republic. In 1870 Boston's population was 250,526; in 1880 
 it was 362,839, an increase of over 44 per cent. In 1871 Montreal's popu- 
 lation was 107,225; in 1S81 it was 140.747. an incri-ase of a little over 31 
 })cr cent. Since 1881 the increase in Montreal has been much more rapid 
 than ever before. In the year 1886 the assessors took a census which 
 showed the population to be i86,ooo, an increase of over 32 i)er cent, in 
 five years, but the assessors admitted at the time that they had not secured 
 full returns. The general opinion is that the population is now about 
 225,000. According to assessors' returns, which are usually below the 
 
A t ANADl A\- AMI kit AN I.I \|M)N 
 
 129 
 
 1 1S7C) lUil- 
 sc (.1 ;i little 
 iSSo it was 
 hUd's popii- 
 ovcr 54 i)i'f 
 I an\' of tlu- 
 h siiuc iHHi 
 1 I>ccciiibcr 
 I incrcasL- «>f 
 r tlic taking 
 bitants, was 
 Incliicliiij^f 
 r cciita^c of 
 hat tlu; CCII- 
 : of 18.SS ill- 
 was nothing 
 ;blc that the 
 t the actual 
 jton. Daven- 
 have <.n-own 
 jie iiu'liuU'cl 
 lit it would 
 e 1 88 1, for 
 ion as that 
 . In 1881 
 SS8 it was 
 hicago, the 
 58 per cent. 
 Montreal 
 t imi)ortant 
 6; in 1880 
 real's popu- 
 ttle over 31 
 more rapid 
 nsus which 
 per cent, in 
 not secured 
 now about 
 below tile 
 
 mark, (luriuj; the five scar-, between iSSi ami iSSf'i Ottawa ^^aincil 33.75 
 percent., London. Ont.. 32.05 per cent., and Hamilton, If'>.r4 percent., 
 while many of the smaller touiis ol Ontario, ran^'in^' from 4,tx>:) to 10.000 
 in population, have increased as iapidl\- , is Toronto. In 1S71 \\ innipe'^f 
 had a few hundred inhabitants; in 18S1 it had (^).-\|(; inhabitants, .md the 
 .i^-^essed value of real and personal i)ii)peri\- u.i-. $(>, 1(^6,435; in i88() its 
 population was JJ.035, and the assessed v.ilue of propert), §|(),286,405. tlie 
 population havitij.; increased over 252 per cent., aiul the assessment lf>>.7l 
 per cent. It should be noted that betw^een 1880 ami 1883 Wmnipe^' 
 passed through a j^Teat boom, incrrasin^' in an incredibh' short time fiom 
 a few hundreils to 30,0^0. Then came a collapse, and the population de- 
 creased to 15.000 or less. The cit)' is now on a solid basis, liaviii'^; .ibout 
 25,ocx:) inhabitant ., and is steadil)- increasin^^ in population and wealth, al- 
 though some peopli- think that Hranilon, Calgary, and several other towns 
 that have sj)rung up uii the prairie within tlu; last five )ears. nia\' rival it. 
 The youngest marvel of Canad.i is \'ancouver ("it\', the Hritish COIumbia 
 terminus of the Canadian Pacific KailwaN'. h'ive w.irs ai/o its site was 
 covered by gigantic forest trees; there was not a house built ; about two 
 years anil a half ago when its population was 2,000 it was burned to the 
 ground, onl\- two or three buildings escaping the flames ; in Jul\*, 1888, a 
 census showeil its i'o])ulation to be nearl\' 8,0OO. and it is said to he now 
 about 11,000. Many I'ages of official statistics might be given to show 
 that Canada is making great progres^^, instead of standing still as ->omc 
 people suppose. The letters and post-cards delivered numbered 53.600,- 
 000 in 1880, and 90,656,000 in 1887 : there were 2.040,01x3 registered letters 
 in 1880, ami 3,560,000 in 18S7; in 1880 there were is-ueil 306,088 postal 
 money orders, amounting to 'ii7,20j.},;^/. and in 1887. 574, S9<;. amounting to 
 $10,328,984; in 1880 the amount of mom-)- orders issued in other countries 
 payable in Canada was $!')98,65i, and in 1887 it was Si.495''''74 '• ^'i^-' news- 
 papers and periodicals posted in Canada numberetl 45. 1 20,062 in 1880. and 
 64,246,326 in 1887 : the deposits in savings-banks under (jovernment control 
 amounted to $(;.207,683 on jul\' 1, 1880, ami to S37. 173. 81 3 on July 1. 1887; 
 the deposits in chartered b.mk> amounteil to §84,818,804 in 1880, and to 
 $114,483,190111 1887; the.imoiintof life insurance at risk in 1880 was §90,- 
 280.293, and th -.• amount of new life insurance effected that \-ear was S13,- 
 906,887, while in 1887 the am<Hint of life insurance at risk was §191,679.852, 
 aiul the new insurance effecttnl that year amounted to §38, 108,730 : in 1880 
 the Canadian railways handled 9,938,858 tons of freight and carried 6.462,- 
 948 passengers, while in 1887 they handled 16,356,335 tons of freight and 
 carried 10.698,638 passengers. 
 
T^O 
 
 A I WAI'I AN- AMI UK \\ I IAI><»N 
 
 Six million |)ros|)«.r(tii^ ])i()plr. (•^j())•iIl^J pruttiial indcpciulciici", ari" 
 a^kfd '() ^i\i- up ihr ri^jht l<> maki- tlifir own tariff for tin- sake of freer 
 trade with tlieir neij^libors. It is leasonable to suppose tli.it if the (an.i- 
 diaii |)rovinees were peace. il)l>' .miiexed to the LJniti-d St.ite->, thi; people 
 sh.irm;; in all tlu- rij,du^ of American citizens, the new ^.tates would make 
 e(pial i)ro^ress with ihi' old states conti^Mlou^ to them. I'erh.ips they 
 Would e»en maintain their present r.iti- of growth, whiih ha-, been shown 
 to be ^re.iter tli.in that of the states south of tluin. Hut»the outcome of 
 a Canatlian-Aineric.in liaison, whether under tin- name of comnu'rcial 
 union, or" unrestricted reciprocit)," would be almost complete sta^n.ition 
 on the C'.in.iilian side of the bound.ir>'. I'olitically dependent on (ireat 
 Hritain. and commercially dependent on the Uniteil States, the Dominion 
 would 1)1' lik" .1 Ic'le-ns 111. Ill with ;i broken crutch on one sick- and an ill- 
 fitting; wooden le|^f on the other. No one could believe in the permanency 
 '>f such ,w\ arr.in;;t;meiit, and c.ipitalists could not be induced to invest in 
 a countiA' with such an uncertain future. Tlu t.iriff bein^' abolished, b\' 
 locitiiiL; in such border cities ;is Buffalo ;ind Detroit, manufacturers would 
 be af)le to reach the (.".iii.idian marki-ts as arlvimta^eousl)' as if they were 
 in Canada, while th(.\ would be in .i iiuicli better position as re;4artls tlic 
 Americ.in market. It is ai)surd to suppose that aii\' .\merican maimrac- 
 turer would remove to ( anad.i. where he would have no voice in makini^ 
 the t.iriff. when he could c.irr\' on his business with both countries just as 
 well from the border cities of the I'niteil States. Hoston would take from 
 Montreal the traile of the maritime provinces; Detroit and Buffalo would 
 d(i the manufacturing for ceiitr.il (.'.in.ida. and St. I'aiil and Minneajmlis 
 Would toj^eiher form the metro|)olis of the Canadian Northwest. liuffalo 
 and Detroit would i^ain most b)- such a li.iison, and Toronto would suffer 
 UKJst. The South-western peninsula of Ontario, the most populous .sec- 
 tion of Canada, is nearer to Detroit ;md Huffalo than to 'I'oronto, or any 
 other l.irj^e Canadian city. Kveii with complete annexation Toronto, 
 which now almost nioiKjpolizes the wholesale trade of this section, would 
 have to sli.iie it w illi Huffalo .md Detroit. With " unrestricted recii)ro- 
 cit>'." or commercial uni.)n, such as iMr. Wiinan proj)oses, these American 
 cities would not onh" cut out Toronto, iiut would also ^row at the 
 expense of Hamilton. London, antl all tlie smaller cities of the peninsula, 
 which could not hope to secure many new manufacturing industries so 
 Ion;4 .IS the countrx' had no voice in the makin^j of the tariff. If a Cana- 
 dian. \nierican tariff-makiiv^f Parliament were established, the Canadian 
 maiiutaclurers would probably be consulted to some extent in framin}.j 
 the tariff, but \ery few capitalists would invest in the Dominion, 
 
\ « \N\hl \\-.\MKI<l( AN II \I->M\ 
 
 I.^l 
 
 i-ndciuc, afi" 
 
 Miki' <il fri'cr 
 
 if till' Ciii.i- 
 
 ^, the |)1'()|)1C 
 
 would make 
 '(.rliaps tlicy 
 hcrii shown 
 outcoiiu- of 
 i-oiuincrcial 
 to stagnation 
 Mit on (iicat 
 he Dominion 
 Ic and an ill- 
 : permanency 
 . to invest in 
 ;d)olisiic(l, l)\' 
 rturers would 
 if they were 
 \ regards the 
 ;aii mai: .'ac- 
 :v in mak'inji 
 iitri(.'s just as 
 lid take from 
 uffalo would 
 Minneapolis 
 est. liuffalo 
 would suffer 
 Djjulous sec- 
 )nto, or any 
 on Toronto, 
 ction, would 
 ted recipro- 
 jse American 
 rrow at the 
 le peninsula, 
 industries so 
 If a C.ma- 
 lie Canadian 
 t in framing; 
 J Dominion, 
 
 bi eausi- every one umild know that --uili a li.iison could tint last lonj,r and 
 there would he fear that tln' dilferenee of opinion amonjr Canadians 
 would lead to .i eivil w.ir. The Canadian people would have to contribute 
 their share of tin- cost of tlu' uUernational parlianietit in addition to niam- 
 tainint,' their own Dominion I'arliament and the I'lovincial le^,Mslature.s. 
 They could imt expect to i^reall)- i-xtend their forei-n trade, for the Mrit- 
 ish representative- m various cpiarters of the world would he slow to a^->ist 
 a piople who discriminated a.L;ainst (Ireal Mritaui in lavor of the United 
 States, and C.mad.i could not allord to in.iintain a fom^rn diploniatii- ami 
 consular service of her own. liuhed, in Dniir to carr\ on the Ciovermnent 
 of the country and meet its obli'^'ation><. ii uduIiI \n- necessar\ to resort to 
 diri'ct taxation to raise about fifteen million dollars of revenue, !o->t by the 
 abolition of the customs ho ses alon^ the Canadian-American boundary. 
 Heavily taxed, sufferin^^ from !■■ , of tradi-. and desjii'^cd .dike by Ihiti^h 
 .iiul Americans on .iccount of liieir dependent position and the sal' of 
 their birthri<„dit. < anadiaiw . mill very six ■ v\ isli to end tlu; liaison. Hut 
 tin- only endin;^ tli.it tli'- c niteil Stat ;.> could ■ii.^ree to would be annexa- 
 tion, and to th.it the maioriiy .;f , anadians wouUI not be disposed to con- 
 sent. Although the)' would \>c themselves to blame for their misfortiim-s. 
 there would be a strong disposition to charge the .Americans with haviiii; 
 cheated them. < )ne party would favor mnex.ition, the other would 
 bitterly op])ose it, and civil war wouKl be the usull. The United Slates 
 would have no choice in the maltir. To save tlu- republic the cotupiest 
 of 'anada would he necess.ir)', .md, although the ('anadians would be 
 ilivided a<4ainst themselves, ;md could not expert any assist;ince from 
 (ireat Britain after discriminatin",^ against tli.it count r\- in f.ivor of the 
 United States, they would not submit until tlu- coun'ry was ovi-rrun by 
 American soldiers. If the United St.ites wa;^ed war against (".inada before 
 the form.ition of such a liaison the C.inadian people would be united 
 af^ainst the inv.iders and have the British to back them, while b\' persu.sd- 
 ini.; them to adopt commercial iinio!i tlie\- could be set .i^ainst each other 
 and cut off from RnL;land ; but surel\' the .American people are too j.Tener- 
 ous to wish to take their neighbors at such .i disadvant.i^e. Tliey would 
 be obli^'ed to do so in self-defense if the liaison were formed, but they are 
 too sensible to enter into an .irr.iiv^ement which would result in tliat way. 
 Let us have no halfway measures. In favor of honorable, voluntary 
 annexation some very strong arguments can be adduced if we accept Mr. 
 Goldwin Smith's >,iap, but not one sensible reason can be given for a 
 Can.idian-American liaison which, while c.iusing an extraordinary growth 
 for a few years in the American cities at or near the Canatlian boundary. 
 
132 
 
 A CANADIAX-A.MKklC.W LIAISON 
 
 would onj^ciKli r bitter feelings and brinj^- about a war whose evil effects 
 would be felt for generations afterward. If annexation is inevitable, if the 
 manifest destiny of the Dominion is absorption by its great neigiibor, as 
 Mr. Goldwin Smith believes, the people of the United States can afford to 
 wait quietly until the Canadian ])eople knock at the dour for admission to 
 the union. But perha])s Mr. Smith is mistaken in that regard. Look at 
 the maj) of Canada — not the map in Mr. Goldwin Smitii's " Hantlbook of 
 Commercial Union." where it is represented merel\- as a fringe of the 
 United States, but at the map in an\' Canadian school geography. Is 
 Canada's proximity to the United States the only geographical fact worth 
 teaching? Note the remarkable way in which it juts out into the two 
 great oceans; mark the numerous good harbors on both Atlantic and 
 Pacific coasts ; see how the Atlantic sweeps in to meet the mighty St. 
 Lawrence and joins its waters witii the Arctic in forming Hudson's Bay. 
 Then take a map of the world, or better still, a globe, and see what Nature 
 means by this peculiar configuration. Is it for nothing that Canada is 
 hundreds of miles nearer to lioth Europe and Asia than the United States? 
 Is it for nothing that the Canadian coasts abound in magnificent natural 
 harbors, with unlimited quantities of good coal close to them, while the 
 American coasts have comparatively {cw good harbors and the coal is in 
 the interior? The answer is plainly marked on the map in Nature's own 
 language. Canada was not intended to be a fringe of the United States, 
 but the entrepot for trade between Europe and Asia. Through Canada 
 lies the way to Japan and China. Au .tralasia and India, and before the 
 next century is as old as this one the Canadian people will probably hold 
 the commercial supremacy of the world. It may be said that the Hudson 
 straits are often blocked with ice and that the Gulf of St. Lawrence is 
 sometimes made dangerous by fogs. These are disadvantages, but they 
 are more than offset bj- the fact that Montreal, hundreds of miles inland, 
 at the foot of lake navigation, is a port for ocean vessels several hundred 
 miles nearer to Liverpool than New York is, while Louisburg, the most 
 eastern port of Canada, is over seven hundred miles nearer England than 
 New York, and several good harbors on the western shore of Hudson Bay, 
 in the very heart of the Canadian Northwest, are about the same distance 
 from Europe as the leading Atlantic ports oi the United States. The 
 channels of the St. Lawrence River are constantly being improved, and 
 when the work is done it is permanent, for there is no trouble with shift- 
 ing sands as with the Mississippi. The gulf and river are becoming better 
 lighted every \-eat, and science will probably yet discover a light that will 
 neutralize the fog. As to the ice cakes in Hudson Strait, it is claimed that 
 
i 
 
 A ca.\ajha.\-a.mi:kila.\ liaison 
 
 5c evil effects 
 v'itable, if the 
 neiglibor, as 
 can afford to 
 admission to 
 'd. Look at 
 Hantlbook of 
 •rin<;e of the 
 ograpliy. Is 
 al fact worth 
 into tlie two 
 A.thintic and 
 e miglity St. 
 udson's Bay. 
 wliat Nature 
 \t Canada is 
 litetl States? 
 cent natural 
 m, while the 
 :he coal is in 
 .aturc's <nvn 
 lited States, 
 ugh Canada 
 1 before the 
 obably hold 
 the Hudson 
 Lawrence is 
 es, but they 
 miles inland, 
 ral hundred 
 ■g, the most 
 iigland than 
 lutlson liay, 
 ime distance 
 states. The 
 iprovcd, and 
 e with shift- 
 )ming better 
 jht that will 
 claimed that 
 
 133 
 
 even now vessels can pass through without danger for five month, of the 
 year. Once through the straits the difficulties ,.f Hudson Buy navp^ation 
 are over. Long betore the Northwest is densely populated steamships will 
 probably be speaally constructed to meet the difficulties of navigation in 
 hat region whde the straits and bay w,ll be thoroughK- Hghted bx- the 
 Domm.on Gmcrnmcnt. making the u ay clear. In the meantime the St 
 Lawrence route serves all necessary purposes, and ,t will probablv always 
 take a large share of the Northwest trade. Nature often 'fails to 
 complete her u ork ^hen she knows that man can do it for her : she likes 
 to set tasks for men, but always rewanls them for their pain>. Here in 
 the Northland of America where the climate n.akes men energetic and 
 vigorous she has placed great confidence in their ability to overcome 
 difficulties, and has demanded of Canadians the completion of some 
 stupendous undertakings; but when the work is done she will make them 
 the masters of the world. 
 
 Nature evidently intended Lakes ( )ntario and Erie to be navigated, .and 
 
 she might easily- have made a waterway between them, but, instead' she 
 
 turned her attention to the creation of the wonderful Niagiira waterfall 
 
 and Canadians had to make the VVelland Canal for her. She intended the 
 
 St. Lawrence to carry the commerce of the lakes to the Atlantic, but left 
 
 numerous rapids in the way between Ontario and Montreal, forcing the 
 
 Canadians to make canals to overcome the difficulties. These canaLs are 
 
 gradually being enlarged to meet the demands of trade, and in a few years 
 
 any vessel which can pass through the Welland Canal will be able to come 
 
 to Montreal to meet the ocean steamships. Nature placed one chain of 
 
 rivers and lakes between the northern part of Georgian Bav and the 
 
 Ottawa River, and another between the southern part of the bay and 
 
 Lake Ontario. Had she finished her work lake vessels could have taken a 
 
 short cut from Lake Superior to Montreal m the one directmn and to 
 
 Toronto in the other, saving i,undreds of miles of voyaging by way of 
 
 Lakes Huron, St. Clair and Erie and their conncctmg links. But British 
 
 and Canadian engineers have estimated that for less money than the Wei- 
 
 land Canal has cost a ship canal can he constructed between the Georgian 
 
 Bay and the Ottawa River, and although this work has not yet been begun 
 
 It is certain to be accomplished in the future. The advantages which "the 
 
 Canadian Northwest, the northern part of Ontario and the city of Montreal 
 
 will derive from this short route can not be over estimated. Work is now 
 
 in progress on the Trent Valley Canal, which will connect Georgian Bay 
 
 with the eastern end of Lake Ontario, and Toronto people talk hopefully 
 
 of a canal to connect their city with Lake Simcoe. which is joined to 
 
'34 
 
 A CANADIAN-AMKKK AN LIAISON 
 
 Georgian Bay by the Severn River. All these waterways were begun by 
 Nature; she intended to have them completed, but knew that the per- 
 formance of such work would do more than anything else to make the 
 Canadians a strong, vigorous, self-reliant people. Nature marked out tlie 
 sliortcst route for a railway acrcss the continent, but left some very big 
 rocks in the way along the north shore of Lake Superior. Mr. Goldwin 
 Smitli and his disciples said : " Don't fight against Nature. Let the rail- 
 way connections with the Northwest lie made through the United States, 
 south of Lake Superior." But the Canadian people understood Nature's 
 orders better than Mr. Smith. They cut thnnigh the rocks, and now have 
 the slu)rtest and best -equiiiped railway across the continent, liavirig 
 complctt'd our great railway we now intend to devote more attention than 
 ever to the improvement of our waterways and the et]uipment of our 
 ports. The pessimists among us ring alarm bells and proclaim to the out- 
 side world that we ;ire piling uj) a big debt in fighting Nature, but the 
 world at large and the heart of it, the London money market, begin to see 
 the meaning of it all, so Canada's credit is exceptionally good and improv- 
 ing all the time. Since the last census we have completed the Canadian 
 Pacific railway and establisheil a line of steamships connecting its Pacific 
 terminus with Japan and China; we are now having constructed in Scot- 
 land a magnificent line of steamships, which will probably be on the Pacific 
 in a year and give us the fastest service to Australia, while we expect to 
 make arrangements at the coming session of Parliament for the construc- 
 tion of a line of Atlantic steamships that will surpass any now running to 
 New \'ork eit\' in both accommodation and spcetl. These steamships will 
 run from Montreal in summer and from one of the ports of our maritime 
 provinces in winter, and will cross the Atlantic in five days. Many Amer- 
 icans suppose that central Canada is cut off from the Atlantic in winter or 
 that our maritime ports are blocked with ice. This is a great mistake. It 
 is true that the upper part of the St. Lawrence is closed in winter, but 
 some steamship men are of the opinion that there would be little difficulty 
 in navigating the St. Lawrence as far as Quebec city in winter, and many 
 more declare that ocean steamships can reach Tadousac, where the Sague- 
 nay River joins the St. Lawrence, at all seasons of the year. However 
 this may be, there is no doubt whatever that St. John, Halifax and a num- 
 ber of other ports in the maritime provinces are open all the year, and 
 Montreal is connected witn t!ie maritime provinces by two railways run- 
 ning entirely through Canadian territory, while a third railway, known as 
 the Canadian Pacific Short Line, is being constructed across the State of 
 Maine to New Brunswick, bringing St. John and Halifax still nearer to 
 
A CANADIAN-. VMKKK AN l.lAIXiN 
 
 '3: 
 
 rc begun 1)\' 
 hat the per- 
 () make the 
 iked out tlie 
 line very big 
 Mr. Goldwin 
 Let the rail- 
 lited States, 
 lod Nature's 
 lul now have 
 lit. Haviiig 
 tention than 
 ment of our 
 11 to the out- 
 ure, but the 
 begin to see 
 and improv- 
 he Canadian 
 ig its Pacific 
 ted in Scot- 
 in the Pacific 
 /e expect to 
 he construc- 
 \v running to 
 .•amships will 
 )ur maritime 
 Many Amer- 
 : in winter or 
 mistake. It 
 n winter, but 
 ttle difficulty 
 er, and many 
 -e the Sague- 
 r. However 
 ic and a num- 
 he year, anil 
 railways run- 
 ly, known as 
 the State of 
 till nearer to 
 
 Montreal. A ship railway is now being constructed across the Isthmus ol 
 Chignecto between Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, and it may have an 
 important effect in d.;termining the location of Canada's most important 
 winter port. It may be asked, if Canada has good winter jjorts why do 
 not Canadians use them instead of importing by way of .American ports. 
 They do use them to a great extent, importing millions of dollars' worth 
 of goods through the home ports every winter, hut many business men 
 got into the way of importing through the United States before tin- rail- 
 way connections with the maritime provinces were completed, and business 
 seeks old channels until it is forced into new ones. Many Canadians hoped 
 that Mr. Cleveland's retaliation scheme would be carried out, feeling sure 
 that it would have the effect of forcing Canadian business into home chan- 
 nels, where it would have gone naturally had not the American railway 
 -system been completed before that of Canada. 
 
 The latest scheme to establish Canada's position as the connecting link 
 between Europe and the countries of the Pacific Ocean is a cable line from 
 Vancouver to Australia, touching at New Zealand and other points. This 
 is being pushed by energetic men : it will be subsidized by the Canadian, 
 Australasian and British Governments, and is almost certain to be in opera- 
 tion before the 3X"ar iSgi. Arrangements have already been made to la\ 
 a cable from Halifax to Bermuda, and an independent Canadian cable to 
 Elngland is projected. In the summer of 1892 a great Oriental exhibition, 
 in which Persia, India. Japan, China, Australia and New Zealand will be 
 asked to join, will be held in Montreal to ctjinmemorate the completion of 
 the systems of communication which make Canada the highway between 
 the East and the West. 
 
 Have we not come to the front during the last ten years ? Who talked 
 of Canada five years ago, who thought of it ten years ago ? The whole 
 Plnglish-speaking world is thinking about it now. and talking, too. Why is 
 it that almost every American newspaper one takes up contains an article 
 on Canada? Why is it that the English papers, which a few years ,igo 
 scarcely mentioned the Dominion, now devote so much space to it? 
 Because we own the world's highwaw The Cincinnati liuquircr recently 
 said : " The Canadian Railroad is a menace to the supremacy of the 
 United States in the Continent of North America — really. It imperils its 
 very life b\' threatening to take from it its only remaining foreign market, 
 the great East, including China, Japan, and the East Indies. Erom the 
 British Isles to the St. Lawrence ports is four days sooner than from the 
 British Isles to New York. From the mouth of Puget Sound to China, 
 Japan and the Indies is two days sooner than from San h'rancisco to the 
 
130 
 
 A canai)IAi\"-,\.\ii;k[i:,an i.iArsox 
 
 samcponns. Great Unlain. .hr„„i,.|, her Dominion of Canada, lias throttled 
 boil, the St. Lawrence and Puget Sound, and her new railroad joins the 
 tu..eoast.,no„eday less than onr I'acific roads ean make the distance. 
 
 he net sa,,, to !• ntjland in its trade with the great East is seven days, 
 an, the resul of hat rs to control the trade of the worl.l. Is the United 
 btaes already, through .supine republican policy, driven out of almost 
 ^" J u"^" '"■''^'■■\K°'"S '" l'"t up with this last blow at her very 
 
 ■tals . If she docs then this paper wholly mistakes the ten,per of her 
 
 cople. We wan. Canada. Puget Sound, the St. Lawrence an. the co . 
 nect.ng ro.ad with ,t. We .should waste no more tin.e in the matter " 
 
 r,,o.se Atnencans who foresee that Canada will in the future co.xrol the 
 cnn„,,erce of ti,e world, should come to Canada to live. We do not w. ,n 
 the American absconders, but we will gladly welcon.c all honest, enterpris^ 
 n.g .\mencans, especially those with capital. Come and share the great 
 
 .ere that awa.ts the people of Canada. There are boundless opportu 
 
 '" '",",'; r'':,'" /""' """'p""-- *^^"'^"''-''^ «'•-•" --' 'capita 
 
 ^ . have lert.le lands f„r agricultural purposes, gras.y plains for s.^^cki 
 
 ate a,e full of hsh. I he donate is invigorating, the scenery is beauti- 
 ul. he govcrn.nent ,s democratic, the judiciary is unrivaled and the 
 people socab le. 1, is a pleasant laud to live in. Let millions of Am ,' 
 
 ; tvfir'" ,""" "■'"'"" ■'"'■ "'^■>' "■'"''°-' B^'fore the next 
 «u,t>. five years have gone the public lands of the United States will all 
 be occup,ed, and those restless people who are always seeking en field 
 o enterprise w,ll begin to crowd into Canada just as they rushed to 1 e 
 Western .states Mr. W. 1,. „. Murray, a well-known An,e'i an w it 
 recently puhhshcd a book on the Canadian Northwest, vice; 
 
 kcVMo. kI;: "f """7' ™-cme„t from the states northward is 
 
 . .1 co:;t!;^Pi.^i-d:rr ti: ^t^^i:: r:^— 
 
 rom where we s,t, anti a thousan.l utiles east and west me.asur vhat 
 cal the great wheat square of this continent. Here is pure' vter nor 
 
 h .; :;;;:: f:" 'r';r""^r" ";" ■■™'"^- '<>«y bu.sheis':;f ; ■ 
 
 wneat o the ,,cie. As the sod to the south, under our silly system of 
 agriculture, becomes exhausted, as it soon will be, and the ave a^We 
 per , acre shrinks more and more M,,. ,,1, , " '"c avcr.igc j lejd 
 
 norfhw-.r.l Tl,- "*■■•" S"'«'<:rs must and will move 
 
 nor h„,,rd. 1 his movement is one of the fixed facts of the future- it i 
 bom „l an agricultural necessity, and when it begins it will move in with 
 
 I 
 
A CANAHIAN-AMKRICAX LIAISON 
 
 »3; 
 
 s thiottlLcJ 
 i joins the 
 : distance, 
 jvcn days, 
 lie United 
 of almost 
 
 her very 
 >er of lier 
 
 the coM- 
 ter." 
 
 :introI the 
 not want 
 enterpris- 
 the great 
 pportuni- 
 s capital, 
 or stock- 
 
 and our 
 s beauti- 
 and the 
 f Ameri- 
 the next 
 s will all 
 e\v fields 
 i to the 
 riter, has 
 he calls 
 ititudes. 
 1. and in 
 ivvard is 
 cat area 
 ic south 
 
 what I 
 I', a per- 
 f prime 
 5tem of 
 jc yield 
 II move 
 ii ; it is 
 in with 
 
 a rush. A million of American wheat iarmers ou-hl to be in this country 
 inside of ten years, and 1 believe that within that time population will 
 pour in and spread over these Canadian plains like a tide." 'lho>e people 
 who expect a rush of American .settlers during the next ten years are 
 likely to be disappointed. It will probably be fifteen years before the 
 movement attains sufficient magnitude to attract much attention. Hut, it 
 may be asked, will not this multitude of Americans so control public senti- 
 ment as to bring about annexation ? I do not think .so. 1 1. id the lu.-h of 
 Americans begun ten years ago that would probably have been the result, 
 but the pioneers are Canadians, Canadian laws and Canadian customs are 
 established, Americans cannot vote until they become naturalized, and the 
 extraordinary development of the country will excite Canadian pride and 
 intensify the present opposition to annexation ; for when the exodus to 
 Canada begins, the period of extraordinary development in the American 
 We.st will be over ; the public lands having been mostly taken up the rate 
 of increase in population will be about the same as that of the E.istern 
 States at present, while the Canadian West, where millions of acres of 
 cheap lands can be obtained, will be filling up in a most astonisiiing way. 
 Moreover, it is probable that the majority of those who come from the 
 United States to Canada will not be very enthusiastic Americans. These 
 will stay at home, while millions of Canadians, Scotchmen and Englishmen 
 now residing in the United States, will cross the boundary, bringing with 
 them, of course, a great many who are Americans by birth. It is worthy 
 of note that some of the most enthusiastic believers in the great ccjinmer- 
 cial future of the Dominion are American-Canadians, natives of the 
 United States, who have invested their capital in Canada and come to live 
 here. 
 
 The Canadian provinces and the States adjoining them. Iia\ing the same 
 climate and the same class of productions, are competitors rather than 
 customers of each other ; but there is growing up in .Australasia a great 
 community of English-speaking people, citizens, like Canadians, of the 
 Hritish Empire, with whom we ma\' have a piofitabK; excliange of prod- 
 ucts, and just across the water, nearer to Canada than to any other 
 civilized country, are the wonderful Japanese who have wakened up to 
 civilization just at th.e time the Canadian Pacific railway is completed, and 
 the Canadian people are ready to supply them with manufactured gotxls. 
 All Canada will greatly benefit by this trade with the East, but Vancouver 
 City will probably be the chief mart. The terminus of the greatest trans- 
 continental railway, with cheap coal, iron, and timber, close at hand, a 
 magnificent natural harbor, and a climate scarcely ever cokl enough for 
 
 VcM.. XXI. -No. 2.-1.J 
 
138 
 
 A CANADIAN-AMKklCAN LIAISON 
 
 ^"catit cTu"T„'''.i:' 'r^^^W^-'-'y '•"' ■•" summer, it m.,y be the 
 'rawltorcU "'^''"■^"'•■™ """-"• b^-'"- "- .»e„tietl,'century 
 
 tl,„',''l'' 'll'"' ""• ^•■'"•■""•■l"' •■"•'^ "l"'-'^ likely to be sjuided by their hearts 
 l.an by l,e,r pocket.,. Mr. Goldwin Smith, who tas a profeslor of |, ' 
 my. ought to k„„>v. that, in «ue,,si„g at the future of nadon hi tory t 
 
 ::::h ti^--rr^i^h,x.r =;■ .^a,rri ^^--P 
 
 dianism, tlic love of Canada \Vr liL-,. fi, \ • -^^"I'ment ot Lana- 
 
 1 • ^""n. un, era oi extiaordinarv nrosner fv fh-.f ;„ 
 
 approach.n^. our country, but we will never listen to n^^ ^- 
 
 voMn, the ..iute,atiou of •■ thi, ca„aa::.;'::;:;uihT':,r,':: z 
 
 MO.NTKKAL. C:aNAI...\, /h'cr». /,,■ r 27. , 
 
 888. 
 
 
 »Mt ^>H»^^h^lujL c^i, U^^^^ui^ <f, 
 
 '^l**-*!^ 
 
 .<?f^. 
 
 
 iOlO 9 
 
 llj 
 
may be the 
 icth century 
 
 their hearts 
 fessor of his- 
 IS, history as 
 
 VViman has 
 lie is right in 
 c Dominion, 
 -nt of Cana- 
 tate them in 
 Ills of them 
 ■rity that is 
 'position in- 
 ; all love so 
 
 ^fcitf-^ 
 
 *^- 
 
 y