CIHM 
 Microfiche 
 Series 
 (■Monographs) 
 
 ICMH 
 
 Collection de 
 microfiches 
 (monographies) 
 
 Canadian Institute for Historical Microraproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques 
 
Technical and Bibliographic Notes / Notes iechnlques et bibliographlques 
 
 The Institute has attempted to obtain the t)est original 
 copy available for filming. Features of this copy which 
 may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of 
 the images in the reproduction, or which may 
 significantly change the usual method of filming are 
 checked below. 
 
 n 
 
 Coloured covers / 
 Couveiture de couleur 
 
 □ Covers damaged / 
 Couverture endommagte 
 
 □ Covers restored and/or laminated / 
 Couverture restaur^ et/ou pellicula 
 
 I Cover title missing / Le titre de couverture mar,que 
 
 Coloured maps / Cartes g^ographiques en couleur 
 
 I I Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black) / 
 
 Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) 
 
 Coloured plates and/or illustrations / 
 Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur 
 
 
 
 D 
 
 Bound with other material / 
 Reli^ avec d'autres documents 
 
 Only edition available / 
 Seule Edition disponible 
 
 FT] Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along 
 ' — I interior margin / La reliure serr^ peut causer de 
 
 I'ombre ou de la distorsion le long de la marge 
 
 int^rieure. 
 
 D 
 
 n 
 
 Blank leaves added during restorations may appear 
 within the text. Whenever possible, these have been 
 omitted from filming / 11 se peut que certaines pages 
 blanches ajout^es lors d'une restauration 
 apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela ^tait 
 possible, ces pages n'ont pas 6X6 f ilm6es. 
 
 Additional comments / 
 Commentaires suppl6mentaires: 
 
 L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a 
 dt6 possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exem- 
 plaire qui sont peut-«tre uniques du point de vue bibli- 
 ographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, 
 ou qui peuvent exiger une modiffcation dans la m6tho- 
 de normale de filmage sont indiqute ci-dessous. 
 
 I I Coloured pages / Pages de couleur 
 
 I I Pages damaged / Pages endommag^s 
 
 □ Pages restored and/or laminated / 
 Pages restaurtes et/ou pellicul^es 
 
 Pages discoloured, stained or foxed / 
 Pages d^colortes, tachettes ou piques 
 
 I I Pages detached / Pages d^tach^es 
 
 I /[ Showthrough/ Transparence 
 
 Quality of print varies / 
 Quality inhale de I'impression 
 
 D 
 D 
 
 D 
 
 Includes supplementary material / 
 Comprend du materiel suppl6mentaire 
 
 Pages wholly or partially obscured by enata slips, 
 tissues, etc., have been refilmed to ensure the best 
 possible image / Les pages totalement ou 
 partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une 
 pelure, etc., ont 6\6 fiimtes k nouveau de fa^on d 
 obtenir la meilleure image possible. 
 
 Opposing pages with varying colouration or 
 discolourations are filmed twice to ensure the best 
 possible image / Les pages s'opposant ayant des 
 colorations variables ou des decolorations sont 
 film6es deux fois afin d'obtenir la meilleure image 
 possible. 
 
 This H«n It f ilmad at the reduction ratio eheciced below / 
 
 Ce document eat film* au taux de rMuction indlqu* cl-deaaoua. 
 
 lOx 
 
 
 
 
 14x 
 
 
 
 
 Ite 
 
 
 
 
 22x 
 
 
 
 
 26x 
 
 
 
 
 30x 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12x 
 
 
 
 
 16x 
 
 
 
 
 20x 
 
 
 
 
 24x 
 
 
 
 
 28v 
 
 
 
 
 39* 
 
Th« copy filmed h«r« has bmun raprodiiMd th«fik« 
 to th« g«n«re«itv of: 
 
 NAtional Library of Canada 
 
 L'axomplairo filmd fut roproduit grAct A io 
 gAnorooiti do: 
 
 Bibllothoqoo natlonalo du Canada 
 
 Th« imogoo appoaring horo ara ttt» boat quality 
 poaaiblo eonaidoring tho condition and legibility 
 of tho original copy and in kaaping with ttio 
 filming contract specif icationa. 
 
 La* imagot suivantas ont tti roproduitas avac la 
 plus grand soin, eompta tanu da la condition st 
 do la nottatO do I'oxamplaira filmO. at an 
 conformitO avoc los conditions du contrat da 
 filmago. 
 
 Original copies in printed poper covers ore filmed 
 beginning with the front cover end ending on 
 the last page with a printed or illuatrated impree- 
 sion. or tho bock cover when appropriote. All 
 ether original copioa are filmed beginning on tho 
 first poge with a printed or illuatrated improa- 
 sion. and ending on the last page with e printed 
 or illuattated impression. 
 
 Tho last recorded frame on oech microfiche 
 shell conuin the symbol -^^ (meaning "CON- 
 TINUED"!, or the symbol V (meaning "END"). 
 whichever appliea. 
 
 Mapa, plates, charu. etc., may be filmed at 
 different reduction ratios. Those too large to be 
 entirely included in one exposure are filmed 
 beginning in the upper left hend corner, left to 
 right and top to bonom. as many frames as 
 required. The following diagrams illustrate tho 
 method: 
 
 Los oaomplairoe origiiMua dont la couveaure an 
 papier est imprimOo sent filmOs sn commencant 
 par le premier plat at an tarmirtant soit par la 
 dernidro page qui compono une ompreinte 
 d'improssion ou d'iilusuation. soit par le second 
 plat, salon le cos. Tous los autres axomplairas 
 originaus sont filmds on commencant par la 
 premiOre poge qui comporte une ompreinte 
 dlmproaaion ou d'illuatration ot on terminant par 
 la dernidro page qui comporto une telle 
 ompreinte. 
 
 Un dos symbolos suivants apparaitra sur la 
 dernidro image do cheque microfiche, selon la 
 cas: le symbole —^ signifia "A SUIVRE ". la 
 symbolo ▼ signifie "FIN". 
 
 Los cartaa. planches, ubieaux. etc.. pouvent atra 
 filmOs d dos Uux do rOduction diffOronts. 
 Lorsque le document est trop grand pour itra 
 roproduit en un soul clichO. il est f llmO psrtir 
 do I'anglo supdrieur gauche, do gauche droite. 
 ot do haut en baa. en prenant le nombre 
 d'imegea ndcessaira. Lea diagrammes suivants 
 illustront la mdthodo. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
MICROCOPY RiSOlUTION TBT CHART 
 
 (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) 
 
 ^ APPLIED IM/1GE 
 
 ■ 653 Eob* Main Street 
 
 Rochester. Ne» York U609 uSA 
 
 (716) 482 - OJOO - P(,one 
 
 (7'6) 288 - 5989 - Fa, 
 
DEPARTxMEXT OF AGRICULTURE 
 
 DAIRY AND COLD STORAGE BRANCH 
 
 OTTAWA - - CANADA 
 
 M Storage for Creameries 
 
 WITH PLAN AND SPECIFICATIONS 
 
 BV 
 
 J. A. RUDDICK 
 
 Dairy and Cold Storage Commissioner 
 
 Bulletin No. 36 
 Dairy and Cold Storage Commissioner's Series 
 
 Published by direction of the Hon. Kartin Burrell, Minister of Agriculture, 
 
 Ottawa, Ont. 
 
 .•i4S7G— 1 
 
 KEBRTTARY. 1»13 
 


 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 
 
 I , „ ,, Ottawa. .Iiiniiar> 20, 1913. 
 
 Tlio Mini-UT of Agriculture. 
 
 S1R.-I havL- the honour to submit for your am.roval th.- uiauus.-ript for a new 
 Ikfiii on the subject of Cold StoroRe for Creameries. 
 
 I have the honour to recommend that the manuscript Iw publishe.' as Hnllctin 
 1 :16 (if the Dairy ami Cold Storage Series. 
 
 I have the honour to Im>, -"ir. 
 
 ^'our obedient ><'i'v;iiit. 
 
 J. A. Kl'DUICK. 
 Dairy and Cold Sloia;/^ ('ominisnioner. 
 
 34870— ij 
 
1» 
 
 m 
 
 li 
 
 1 J 
 1 
 
 cri 
 
 lot 
 
COLD STORAGE FOR CREAMERIES 
 
 WITH PI^AN AND 8PRCIPICATIONH 
 
 MV 
 
 J. A. RUDDICK 
 
 IHTBODVOnOH. 
 
 Biitt.r is at its host when freshly niado. Strictly Hi.caking, deterioration Ingint 
 
 luDoe, and it will beoome noticeable sooner or later according to the conditioin 
 
 r which the butter is kept. The most important condition in this respect is that 
 
 I temperature, because no other condition ha^ anything like the same influene<> in 
 
 [preservation of butter. The preservation of butter is effected by checking to ■ 
 
 liter ur less degree tliosc processes of fennentntion, which eventually destroy its 
 
 sJavoiir. Temperatures below zero have been employed for long storage of butter. 
 
 ^t it has never heeu found that even such extremely low temperatures will preserve 
 
 flavour indefinitely. Cienerally speaking, the lower the temperature the longer 
 
 I the butter be preserved, other things being equal. There is, of course, a certain 
 
 Itiod in tlie life of all good butter, during which it may be considered to \h> at its 
 
 .\-siiining that the buttei has been well made, the duration of this period 
 
 «ls almost entirely on the temperature at which the butter is kept. .\11 other 
 
 ifideratio- s fade into insignificance compared with it. It follows then, that the 
 
 ith of time that may elapse between the manufacture of the butter and the date 
 
 [iticoii^nmption should be the principal guide in determining the temperature that 
 
 Hit bfa iloyed to secure the best results. 
 
 B .akers and creamery managers sometime-! argue tiint as they can dispose 
 ' the biiHer to the merchants or dealers before the deterioration amounts to a 
 perence in price, it does not pay them to provide efficient cold storage at the 
 wmeriea. Even if this were true, \vhiei» it is not, it would be a very shortsighted 
 pi'7. and the person who holds such views, nnd ivis accordingly, is not doing his 
 ptin the interests of the farmers wlio produce the miik. He overlooks the fact that 
 is the condition of the butter wlicu it reaches the table of the consumer that 
 ptermines the ultimate price. 
 
 Every creamery should have n cold storage in which the tcm|)eraturc can be 
 Mmtained as L v as thirty-eight degree- or lower, but even then the butte.- should 
 f shipped as quickly as nossiW-j to a warehouse where it will be eared for at a much 
 per temperature. 
 
 The lost of building a good creamery cold storage, and the lack of accurate 
 ^formation on the subject of insulation, have militated to some extent against the 
 poessary improvement. 
 
 « was with a view of providing some reliable information of this kind, that a 
 Jnes of experiments was recently planr.ed by the Dairy and Cold Storage Commis- 
 loner for the purpose of determining the relative efficiency ..f various materials, and 
 
 ;1 
 
I 
 
 cuiabin.tioiu oi m.,t..riHl.. tor the in»uliiti..i. of i.v i-luiinlMr, an.l ,.,1.1 .tor.B..^, 
 partmenlH. Th«. exptrinuMiti wen not iiitendml to be oxhauttive. but dimply t„ c, 
 th« u»o of H»,.|, mHt.riaU nnd plans a» art. likely to be umhI in the cnnMn,rtio„ ' 
 vreanic.. .-..I,! »torag„ in this couutiy. It !• not proposed at thi* tini« t.. ^, f, J 
 in detuil the liHtu that hare been clleete,! .i« u re..ilt of thi. w..rk.» hut .impi, 
 make n few nvonimendationt ba«e«l on tlie eon luiicng drawn fn>tii the exh-itnn.. 
 vouph..] witli rho experienee Knined ii. wut.hing the O'snlt, M-un,! „, „„„„„" 
 creamery iHild gtorageit tliroughout the eountry. 
 
 Me.-lwnical refrigeration i» indispensable wliero low ten.iR.rat.m., nr.. r.,mifrj 
 «^ in a modem cold itoruire warehouse. an<l it may bo eniployi.l witii whmt^, 
 oreameries having a largo output of butter. For omall or n.odiuni sizwl iremnerin 
 however, the first cost of installation, an.l the annual exiHiLe of o|H.ration p,,, „ 
 mechanical Hysteni out of the .|ue.tion. For that reason, a Kre.t majority „f - 
 ereamerioit in Canada will continue to use i..- ax n refrigerant. 
 
 After watching the n-ult* at evoral tnindrcl cn-amerie*. where U.uui,,, bj 
 been paid by the Department of Agriculture on ''old storage of varie.! co.Htruct J 
 and of different system*, the officer* charged with the administration of th.. imA 
 of creamery cold storage bonusen have reaclu-d the conclusion tluit the l..8t ^m | 
 for creamery purposw is what we have called the Circulation Sy.toui. 
 
 THE CIBCITLATION SYSTEM. 
 
 Although it i« possible to swure rather lower temperatures with tlu- .vli.id.rJ 
 tank system, using crushed i.-e an.l .alt. than .an be obtni.u.l with the air drcuLtiJ 
 or gravity system, our ex,H?rience i. that a h.wor average ti.niHn.f.ro is usunllvfci 
 where the air circulation system is in use. 
 
 In any system which requires the ret.ewal of the ice supply fron: tin,.. 1. 1.. 
 Its successful operation de,H.n.U .... the interest and industry of tho-e in .i.anre «.l 
 our experience is that the ,natt..r of refilling the ice bcxcs I, verv often u.,M 
 
 In the circulation system both the Ic Ciiamber and the Kcfrigorato,. are .* 
 nsulated. or in other wor.l.. the covering of .„w,h,.t or other material with M 
 the ice IS surroun.led in an onlinary ice house, i. „.„.ie permanent i.v l.i„. a.i,W 
 to the construction of the building. ' 
 
 SPECmCATIOHS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF A SMALL COLD STOEAOll 
 
 CIRCULATION SYSTEM. 
 
 General. 
 
 A cold storage on the ••irculatioi. system eonsists of •- 
 
 1. An insulated ..luunLer in whid. , ..axon's suppl,- „( i,., i, ^..^e! witho.,: 
 covering of any kind. 
 
 2. A cold room, or Refrigerator, for the storage of such good, a, it n„.v l,e desiri 
 to protect from the deteriorating influence of a high temi,e-ature 
 
 3. It ,8 an advantage to provide an Ante-room to the IJefrig..rat..r. wl,i. h help- 
 t o prevent loss of c old air ui.en the door of the Refrig erator_is opened. It .nay^ 
 for *^°'"' ~*^"" detaU, of the experiments are Kiven in tu7^^^'7^,;:;i~:::,.-:l^n 
 
I 
 
 5 S 
 
 I I 
 
 mr 
 
 i^ ;• 
 
 <.j 
 
 '■"I 
 
 JL 
 
 ! 
 
 VHHQBS^B 
 
 W^ 
 
 
 'P^^flM 
 
 •a . 
 
 • • 
 • 
 
 
 1 
 
 '^t 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 • • 
 • 
 
 
 
 
ii^ 
 
 used for temporary storage of retail butter, and it serves a. a suitable place i„ „l,i,hl 
 to print butter during hot weather. 
 
 Heat Silualion.—A creamery cold storage should, if possible, be place,! on il,e 1 
 north side of the creamery, and sheltered from the direct rays of the sun. 
 
 Site.— The size of the cold storage will depend on the quantity of butter manu- 
 factured weekly. It is not desirable to provide for more than a week or ten ,1hv • 
 output. ■ ' 
 
 The ceiling should not be over seven feet high. A room eight feet sq.iar. will 
 store 120 boxes of butter if piled six feet high. 
 
 Light.— It is best not to have a window in the Refrigerator. A win.h.w mnv ^i 
 put in the Ante-room if double sash is usetl and the direct rays of the sun ox. I,„l,i 
 The window sliould be plactnl opposite tlie .ioor between the Ante-room an,l .Je 
 Refrigerator, so as to give light in the latter room when the door is open. 
 
 Materials. 
 
 Wood.— AW lumber employed must be thoroughly dry and sound, without l-e 
 knots or shakes, and must be odourless. 
 
 Spruce and hemlock are the best, in the order named. Pine is not suitai.I,. fr 
 inside sheathing on account of its odour. 
 
 All lumber used should be dressed as well as tongued and grooved. 
 
 Unseasoned lumber must be carefully avoided. When 1 uilding in wini.r. m 
 must be kept going so as to have all materials as dry as possible. This i. v.rr 
 important, as dampness in insulation destroys its efficiency. 
 
 Pape'-.— All building papers used to be strictly odourless and damp-proof. 
 
 Damp-proof insulating papers can be procured in rolls of 500 to 1,000 square feet 
 3b mches wide. The following are some of the brands that can be recommende.1. 
 VIZ. : " Neponset." " Hercules," " Ko-Sat." 
 
 Tar paper, felt paper, straw paper, rosin sized paper, an.l all other comn-.,,,, builJ- 
 ing papers are not suitable and must not be used. 
 
 Use double thicknesses of paper in all cases, each layer lapping four inche* »ver 
 preceding one. The layers should extend continuously around all corners. .Ml breaks 
 to be carefully covered. 
 
 Shaiings.-Sh^yiugs must be thoroughly dry, free from bark or other ,lirt. 
 Shavings from some odourless wood, such as hemlock, spruce or white wood, to h.ve 
 the preference. 
 
 Shavings in compressed bales, weighing from 60 to 100 pounds, may be procured 
 from the following firms: Wm. Rutherford & Sons Co., Montreal; J. & G. Esplifi, 
 Box Manufacturers, Montreal; The Capital Planing Mill., Ottawa; The Firstbrook 
 Box Company, Limited, Toronto. 
 
 Bales of shavings received in a damp condition should be opened, and ti.e shflvin^- 
 exposed to the air and stirred occasionally until they are dry 
 
 The spaces in the walls should be filled as the inside sheathing is being put on. 
 and the shavings tlioroughly packed. 
 
Cinderi. — Coal cinders should be used wlierever possible to cover the earth over 
 I area of Refrigerator in preference to sand or gravel. 
 
 Conitraction. 
 
 Foundations.~The foundations should be of stone or concrete, fourteen inciies 
 |thick and two to three feet deep, according to the nature of the site. 
 
 Floor in Ice Chamber.— the area of the floor in the Ice Chamber should be grad, d 
 Uith a slope of three inches to one comer. Lay rows of field tile three feet apart 
 jleading to the low corner and connect same to the drain outside the building. The 
 jionnection should be trapped to prevent passage of air. Cover the tile with eight 
 [inches of coal cinders. If cinders are not procurable, clean gravel may be used. On 
 Itop of cinders or gravel, lay loose boards. This forms the permanent floor of the Ic 
 IClamber and provides drainage for the melting ice. 
 
 Floors in Befrigerator and Ante- room. —These floors may be nuule in one of tlie 
 |f,liowing ways: — 
 
 1. Lay four inches of coneroto over area of floors. On top of this, lay throe 
 [imhesof cork board and finish with one inch of cement. (See detail drawing.) 
 
 2. Cover area of floor with si.K to eight indies of coal cinders or dry sand or 
 bravel. Lay a I" tongued and grooved floor on 2" x 4" joists. Cover with danip- 
 hiroof building paper and then place 2" .\ «" joists at 24" centres. Fill space between 
 
 jcisti with planing mill shavings and cover with IJ" flooring tongued and grooved. 
 I (S«e detail drawing.) 
 
 XoTK. — The concrete cork board floor is mucli the best and bcins of permanent 
 [coastruetion will be the cheapest in the end. 
 
 Walls of Ice Chamher, Refrificrator and Ante-room. — Erect two rows of 2" x 4" 
 I stiiJs, " staggered," so as to leave a space of 12 inches between the inside and outside 
 ilieathiiiy: to be filled with shavings. Cover the outside with one course of J" tongued 
 [anil grooved lumber (spruce preferred), two ply of felt building paper, and finish 
 "■ith siding or clapboards uniform with the creamery building. Cover the inside of 
 tihe studs with two courses of I" tongued and grooved spruce sheathing, with two ply 
 of damp-proof paiier between. On the inside of the Ice Chamber only erect an addi- 
 tional course of ;" tongued and grooved spruce sheathing on one inch furrinji: strips 
 -0 33 to leave a one inch air space. This will check the moisture from tlie ice and 
 'lius preserve the wall and insulation from decay. 
 
 Ceilinys. — Erect 2" x 8" joists at 24 inch centres. Cover under side of joists 
 '^ith two courses of I" tongued and groovetl spruco sheathing, with two ply of damp- 
 proof paper between. Finish ceiling of Ice Chan:ber with an additional <*,)urse of 
 ; tongued and grooved spruce over one inch furring strips, same as speeitied for 
 'falls of Ice Chamber. 
 
 fariidons. — Partition between Ice Chamber and Ante-room, and between lee 
 ' hamber and Refrigerator, to be constructed in the same manner as the outside 
 '^alls. Partition between Refrigerator and Ante-room to be constructed with 2" x 6" 
 studding covered on both sides with two courses of J" tongued and grooved spruce 
 sheathing with two ply of felt paper between. 
 
s; 
 
 10 
 
 i?«(»r. -The doorway into Ante-roon, n.ul the doorway between Ante roo,„ ,„J 
 Refr^rator to be fitte.l with bevelled frame., as shown in ph.«. Make th. /J 
 Deveiled to fit frames. wit!i two courses of i" gpruce sheathing both inside and ou,T 
 chlr " ^ '"^'^ "'""' *'"'^ '''**' shavings, these doors to have an openinp fi' x 2'r 
 
 The door from the Ante-room int.. the he Chamber to be of same construotio i 
 as other doors, with an opening 4' x l" 6" clear. The bevelled faces „f «11 door, to I, 
 covered with felt to make as nearly as possible an air-tight joint. * 
 
 n'i«rfo.r.-Make a window 2' .x .'' in Ante-room opiiosite the door into tiu- Kefrll 
 gerator so as to allow some light to enter the Refrigerator when the door is ..,,..„ p. 
 window to be fitted with doiible sash well battened. 
 
 Openings for Air Circulation. -\Ux\u' tsv„ ..,H.ni,.gs. each l!s" x 0" iu th. pan,.! 
 t-on between Ice Chamber and Refrigerator. Place one opening at the ceiliu^J 
 Refrigerator and the other near the floor. Fit each opening with a slidi,., ci 
 .Vake two sunilar openings 12" x .i" in partition between Ante-room and Ice Ciuunkl 
 
 Inside finish.-The whole interior of the Ice Chamber, Ante-room au.l rJ 
 gerator should be given a coat of boiled linseed oil. The Ante-room an.l Rcfri.'er,t„-1 
 should be finishefl in hard oil varnish or whitewash. 
 
 Put no ventiMor in Ihr Ire Vhamhor. Anfv-room or U.frigvrator. 
 
 if 
 
 Notes. 
 
 The Cirndation S,,slen,.-PUue I .shows plan and section of a crean.rv refri- 
 gerator on the circulation system. It will be seen that there is a connection l,ete» , 
 U.e two rooms which provides for the circulation of air over the ice ami through tk 
 Refrigerator and Ante-room. The working of such a cold storage is automatic, d 
 requires only to be regulated by the opening „„d closing of the sli.Ies tl.Mf con.r! ] 
 the eirculation of air. The ice is not covered, as the thorough insulation of ,ho w.lt 
 of the Ice Chamber ,s de,K.„ded on to prevent undue waste of ice. Con.i,l,.,ingrte 
 two systems in the light of our present experience, we reconnnend the air -ir.-uIo,i.: 
 system for ( anadian creameries. 
 
 . Filliny Ike Ice C I, a, nher. -Before filling the Ice Chamber, lay about tea inck 
 
 ot plan.ng n,,ll shavings or sawdust over the permanent floor of the Ice Chund.r 
 a.d cover w.th loose boards. This layer of insulating material can be renewed .he:, 
 
 Ice cTamber ""'' '"" '""''"""' ^'""'^ '''' ''' "^'''^'' ''^"'"^* ^'"^ ^^'''"'^ '^ ''' 
 
 h carde,i the empty space-tl.e so-called dca.l air space-onee extensiveiv used for 
 "^^sulat.ng purposes. 1 heoretically, a dead air space is a poor conductor of heat. 
 
 w rme! tl "T Zr'^' '"' " '^'"' "" -'"""• ^^^ "-' ^'^ "^ *'- ^1-- ^~ 
 reoun ; ;; " "• *'" "^ -™-li='telv in contact with it becomes ii.btor o„ 
 «ceount of the increase ,n temperature, and at once ascends, while colder nir fron> 
 le other suie takes its place. Thus we have a eire.dation of air within tl. ^pa. 
 and heat .s .■arried from one side to the other by .-onvcction. 
 
11 
 
 Moreover, it is extremely diiiicult to get the work done prciw-rl;- when en-.pty 
 spaces are depended on for insulation. The slightest crack or opening, even a nail 
 hole, temi? to destroy the efficiency of this form of construction. 
 
 In the insulation of wooden walls, the best practice at the present time provid«>3 
 for an outer and inner shell, as nearly ns practicable impervious to air and dampncs>. 
 with a space between to be filled with some non-conducting material. The width of 
 the space will depend on the filling to be use<l and the temperature to be maintained 
 in the storage room. 
 
 For a creamery cold storage constructed of wood, there is no better material for 
 tilling spaces than planing mill shavings. Where available at all, they are cheap; 
 they are elastic and do not settle readily; but most important of all, they can b<^ 
 obtaineil in a ver>- dry condition, which is essential, and, further, they do not absorb 
 moisture readily after being placed in position. There may be some difficulty in 
 obtaining a sufficient supply of shavings in places remote from manufacturing 
 centres, but many of the large sash and tloor factories now pack shavings in bales, 
 weighing about 75 pounds each, for convenienco in shipping. The weight of shav- 
 ings required to fill a given space will depend somewhat on the kind of wood from 
 which tliey nrc made, and also to some extent on how tightly they are packed, but a 
 fair average is from seven to nine pounds per cu' ic foot of space. Tliey should be 
 paoiced sufficiently to prevent future settling. 
 
 Sawdusi vs. Shavings. — llecause it costs little or uotliing and is readily available 
 in most country districts, there has been a tendency to use sawdust for filling spaces 
 in the walls of small cold storage buildings. It is. however, far from being a satis- 
 fictory material for this purpose. In the first place, as sawdust is cut from green 
 timber, it is always more or less damp and is, therefore, not a good insulating 
 material. The dampness not (miy conducts heat, but it encourages the growth of 
 mould luid rot. first in the sawdust itself, and then in the walls of the building. As 
 a result of the ;r.ould, the air in the storage i om Incomes musty and thus injurious 
 to the ipiality of butter stored therein. The settling of the sawdust, cnused by the 
 growth of nioidd and consequent heat'ug, leaves ojien spaces, which further weakens 
 the insulation. In the experiments already referred to, we found by actual test that 
 shaviiip-i are very much superior to sawdust for insulating purposes, apart from the 
 objection to the sawdust on account of the mustiness which nearly always appears in 
 rooms where it is used as a filling in the walls. If it is found impossible to procure 
 shavinirs. sawdust is probably the ue.xt best material if it is well dried before beiusj; 
 used. 
 
 Insulation must be dry. — One of the problem:* in cold storage const. action is to 
 provide aarainst moisture being absorbed by the materials composing the insulation. 
 Jloisture or dampness may come from the outside air or from the goods in storago. 
 it must l)e understood that dampness, as referred to in this connection, does not 
 imply the presence of water in the ordinary sense, but simply the presence of moisture 
 as we find it, say, in green lumber as compare*! with dry or well seasoned lumber. 
 
 In a wood*>u wall filled with shavings, it. is the shavings which must be protected 
 irom dampness. This can be done by using damp-proof building paper between the 
 two courses of sheathing, or boarding, both on the outside and the inside of the walls. 
 
1 ■ 
 
 I' 
 
 1 . 
 
 i ; 
 
 1 
 ! 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 i" 
 
 IS 
 Brick or oement concrete abMrb inoiiture readily, and unle^ th«v • I 
 
 r ?^'' rTT^ '"•"°™'' "" "•-'"■"« '-''"^ of .^ «;:,!; 
 
 lew. The outside surfaces of brick walls may be painted with .nm« « . u 
 
 wi^xr "Jir ""^ ^-^^ "^ ^"•^•^ "' --nein:ei:r'ryr 
 
 writ w 5; '';r" T;"' '*""'' « *'^ ^'**"**^ ""-^'"^ -• '^^ »«ket c S 
 
 wall, with either pitch or paraffin in cold or even cool weather without ,,!! ' 
 apparj^us is « rather difficult operation, on account of the tenden<^ „f Mh 1^ 
 to.h.«len very quickly. In using pitch, care must be taken nol to ^ t " 
 
 waterproofed the next best plan is to put one-inch furring strips on tlio w 11 2 
 
 The onl i . '"I '^ '^' '^'"'^'''^ '' ^°^«'««1 -'t^ damp-proof pap,.r 
 
 nunJi^^r.; "''.'"'''' '^'"^ '" '•'^ '^^^^^ «» PJ«t« I » Placed thereC I 
 
 purpose of stopping the moisture which comes from the ice. The furring strips 
 
 oTer sZh '"'"^'■"«' -J'-h form this space, should be put on indeUdet ^.^ ' 
 
 :wtgtt r;nr ^m^^ r^" "-• ^" -- «^ ^- ^^ - '"'- - 
 
 what the ice is used for. and also on the nature of thTwater supply T ' I 
 creameries where there is an ample supply of cold water. noLesuL 'I "'"" ' 
 eooh^. while in others a large quantity is required for that pi^se. K "at"" 
 
 Zr^'a cold ZZT' r^y"';°.--«*« — «^ the si.e of Le L;: 
 rcyuirea lor a cold storage on the circulation svstem Wli«.„ *u • i .- 
 is install(><) ;♦ .'. h^* ♦ u .t. , system. Where the circulation ^v^tem 
 
 often «..„ ,-. .bso.„.";:rj;'^ti„j I'l:'':*:;''^'' "°' "i-r-^ - 
 
 Pounds of Butter m»de durinjr 
 Summer Seagon. 
 
 300.000 Ll». 
 100,000 „ 
 50,000 „ 
 
 Tona of Ice required for 
 Butter .Storagpe only. 
 
 1-W Tons. 
 80 ., 
 ."iO „ 
 
 Siwof IceChaniltri 
 Cubic Feet. 
 
 5,000 Cubic f.-. t. 
 
 3,000 
 
 ^000 
 
 Recommendations. 
 
 Circu'Ltn Svslem f'^T"";- ""*' ^^P^"™-'"! «"d P-ctical. w. recommend the 
 ^ rculation System for Canadian creameries. We further recommend the construe- 
 
18 
 
 Ition shown in Plato I. In advisiiig this form of eojmtruction, we taku into considera- 
 Itivn (1) the duty required, (2) the availability of certain material, and (3) the clau 
 jof workmen uaually employed on creamery construction. There are Beveral special 
 liniultting materials on the market, but most of these require the services of ezperi- 
 Lnced men for proper erection. The construction recommended in these pages is 
 Iprobably the cheapest efBcient plan that can be devised, and it has the further merit 
 I of being easy of erection. 
 
 Note.— Blue prints of the plan in this bulletin, on a working scale, will ht, 
 impplied free of charge on opplication to the Dair>- and Cold Storage Commissioner, 
 
 I Ottawa.