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Preliminary Report Raw Materials, Manufacture and Uses Jof Hydraulic Cements in Manitoba. J. WALTER WELLS. Ottawa, Canada. 1906. -•*•-. '■4-' :-^:^--' *--•■ • T- -;? MINES BRANCH DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR. HONOCTHABLE FRANK OLIVER, U.P.. MlIciaTBa. Preliminary Report Raw Materials, Manufacture and Uses of Hydraulic Cements in Manitoba. J. WALTER WELLS. Ottawa, Canada. ■/ I -f .■ Otfawa, May 4th, 1905. Sir — I have the honour to transmit herewith a Preliminary Report on the raw materials, manufacture and uses of Hydraulic Cements in Manitoba. I have the honour to be, Sir, Your obedient servant, (Sgd.) EUGENE HAANEL, Superintendent of Mines. Hon. Fran .ver, M.P., Minister of the Interior. Ottawa, 30th May, 1904. Dear Sir. You are hereby directed to proceed at the earliest moment after receipt of this letter of iiutruction to Manitoba and the North- W"8t Territories for the purpose of investigating the different deposits of Linr -lone. Clay and Shale which may be employed in the manufacture of Cement, and to visit the Cement Mills in North Dakota, in Minnesota and South Dakota, for the purpose of studying the different methods used in the manufac- ture of Cement, and to gather such other information as will enable you to complete your former investigations on this subject, and write a report on the making of Hydraulic and Portland Cement from the raw material obtained from the deposits in Manitoba and the North-West Territories, which will be of -.rac- tieal value in furthering the Cement Industry of the prjvinc Yours very truly. EUGEN'^ rUANEL, o uperinlendent of Mines. J. Walter Wells, E^q., B.Sc., 392 Markham Street, Toronto, Ont. Ottawa, 6th March, 1905. Sir,— I have the honour to transmit herewith a preliminary report on the raw materials, manufacture and uses of Hydraulic Cements in Manitoba. This involved the examination of the limestones, marls, clays, shales and coal deposits of Manitoba so far as could be done in a preliminary field survey during a period of five months.' The facts were collected as far as possible by personal obser- vation. What use can be made of them and what advantage derived from them rests with the energetic people of Manitoba, for whose benefit they have been collected and for whose infor- mation they are now presented. The analyses, unless otherwise stated, have been made by M. F. Connor, official chemist. I wish to express my thanks for the advice and suggestions you have given me. I have the honour to be. Sir, Your obedient servant, J. WALTER WELLS. Dr. Eu(!Knk Haankl. Superintendent of Mines, Ottawa. -a smsm tm TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page. LjTTER of iNSTRrCTIONS. I. — Present Industrial Conpitions in Manitoha 13-14 II. — Sketch of the Manufacture of Hydraulic Ce- ment 15-28 Definition of Hydrasilic Cement 15 Portland Cement . 15-22 Raw Materials 15-18 Proportion of Ingredients 18-19 Mixing of Materials 19-20 CaLinalion of the Mixture 20-21 Clinker 21 Grinding of Clinkers 21 Storage 22 Composition 22 Natural Rock Cement 22-27 Raw Materials 23 Composition of Natural Cement Rocks 23 Manufacture of Natural Cement 24-27 Mining 24 Scheme of operation for making Natural Rock Cement 24-25 Calcining of Material 26 Grinding of Clinker 26 Comi-jsition of Natural Cement 27 The Physical Qualities of Hydraulic Cement 27-28 in. — Available Raw Cemknt-Makino Materials in Manitoba 28-39 X'oal 28-29 Raw Materials — Limestones, etc 29-31 Quarrying and Shippina: Facilities 31-33 Marl and Chalk Deftosits 33 Clay Shales 34 Benton Shales 34 10 Niobrara Shales f^^f I'ierre Shales ftz Clays ^^-^^ IV.~Mkt„ods OF Cement Making Axr. Wherk Cement ^^^^ CAS BE Made in Manitoba gn -. Some methods of n.aking Cement from Limestone and Clays or Shales ^q_ . . Method of Manufacture in the Lehigh District' I'ennsylvania and New Jersey, U.S A ' 41 42 Method of Manufacture. Kdison Portland Cement (Jompany, Stewartsville. New Jersey . 43 44 Method of Manufacture used at the Works of Al- pena Portland Cement Company. Alpena Michigan ' MethtKl of Manufacture at Kansas Portland Cement Works, lola, Kansas ^^^g Method of Manufacture at the Works of the Inter- natioi.yl Cement Company, Hull, Que ,50 I robahle Locations for Portland Cement Works m Manitoba ... The Manufacture of Natural Cement in Manitoba. '. 52-54 V.-The rsEs „K Portland Ce.me.vt in Manitoba 54-66 1 he I ses of Portland Cement as a Mortar 5fi.,7 Portland Cement Lime Mortar . . „ Portland Cement Plaster ^j^^ l'.es of Portland Cement in Con.mon Concrete. . 58-59 1 he Preparation of Cement Concrete 59 Practical Cses of Cement Concrete 59.63 Foundation and Footings gn Massive Monolithic Construction. .... «o Monolithic Concrete Walk gj Artificial Stone Building Blocks .... gi Foundations for Posts „„ Sideunlks and Street Pavements. .... ' gg Road Foundations „„ The I'ses of Reinforced Cement Concrete . . . ' ' 63-65 Gram Storage Elevators g^ Posts for Fences and Wirirui R^«e Railroad Ties '. . . , , . V ."'.V 65 AbutmenLs, Bridges, Piers, etc 65 11 Pace List of Manufacturers of Cement Brick, Hollow Block and Tile 66 VI. — UsEis OF Natvrai. Cf.mf.nt I.N Manitoba 6fi-7() Cement Plaster 67 Cement Mortar 67 Natural Cement Concrete 68 Directions for Mixing Concrete 68 Concrete Floors 68-69 Foundations, etc 69 Culverts and Bridges 69-70 Monolithic Walls ... 70 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIOITS ..:i Platk No. l.-Exterior view of the King Grain Storage Elevator Port Arthur, Ontario, mostly built of fire-proof reinforced concrete. Platk No. 2.-View of Arnold Cement Work.s. Pembina Hills showing vertical clinker kiln, clinker grinding house and storage shed on the Canadian Northern RaUway. Plate No. 3.-View of a new dwelling house built of Miracle patent stone buUding blocks at Emerson, Manitoba. Plate No. 4.-Type of monolithic concrete house being adopted in Ontario. This house at St. David's is built of natural cement concrete from cellar to roof, and the foundations and walls cost $670. Plate No. 5.-A rough monolithic concrete stable at Virden, Manitoba. Plate No. 6.-Method of replacing decayed end of telegraph pole by a cemfe.it concrete butt. Plate No. 7.-l>awing showing Cement Concrete Fence Post used m Michigar. 13 I.— PRESENT Iin)USTRIAL CONDITIONS IN MANITOBA. The present industrial condition of Manitoba calls for an active propaganda in favour of utilizing the local natural deposits of limestone, clays and shales for building purposes in order to assist in the natural economic development of the Province. The production of wheat and other cereals is the main source of wealth in the Province anil a succession of good crops has placed the earlier settlers in a pasition to build a better class of dwelling houses, barns, stables, etc. The great fertility of the soil in Man- itoba and the ease with which it can be prepared to produce cereals, combined with the fact that the Dominion Lands Depart- ment is ever ready to furnish information regarding the unoccupied land, have attracted emigrants from Great Britain and European States. Many of the wealthy farmers in Western United States are realizing the fact that they can sell their own farms and with the proceeds purchase three farms ecjually as g''"^''^' """"'I Stonewall, and at he Narrows on Lake Manitoba are now producing first wade bmlding stone and rubble for concrete, wh ch Ls shfoo^ tn „I1 parts of the Province, especia"- to the Citv of Wi.ni'^ It bmlding operations are active. " "'""P«B. wnere Large beds of clay are quite common throughout the countrv a\"aiI.''T"\"'T "'^"^P '"•" ^'"' »--»-rtatio„ facil iLaTe a^a.IabIe bnck-maku.g plants are now producing bricks which seem to be the popular building material in the'towns and ; ,- lage^ but a.s yet the price, averaging $10.00 per thousand, .s '^ high for common use on the farm. But ..and and gravel ar^ c,Te common especially in the hilly sections, so that along with chelp 1 ortland or natural cement, they can be used for the coastructSn of cheap and .serviceable farm buildings construction Portland cement is not made in the Province, but is imported rom the cement factories in Ontario, such as ;t Owen C^ the^w es . The American cement factories, especially those located Mantbr'Vt '" "'--•\-7'- ^hipping'^.ortland cement o Manitoba. The average price for Portland cement laid down at Wmnipeg is about S2.75 per barrel. There is apparently no reason whv Portland cement should not be made ,n Manitoba as the raw materials are avalb e Se labor and other costs are gradually being lowered so tha ;ooner :;;r :l::"^""'^ ^^ ^^-- - -- eem;ri;^s: Xatiiral rock cement Ls being made by the Manitoba Union Mining Company at Arnold. This cement knds a market eZ" ally on farms, but has been used for the .same purposefas Portland cement in railway construction. IS I n. -SKETCH OF THE MANUFACTURRE OF HYDRAULIC CEHEITT. DKFINITIOX OF HYDRAULIC rKMKXT. Hydraulic Cement, as iispd in an enKineering .sense, means 8uch a chemical combination of alumina, lime, silica and iron that when properly powdered and mixed with a proper amount of water it has the property of hardening under water and in contact with moist air. Limestones canning 8% or more clay, when properly burned produce hydraulic limes and cement.s. There i.s no hard' and fast distmction between these two materials except that the cements have stronger .setting qualities. Two classes of hydraulic cement may be made in .Manitoba and used to good advantage in engitieering work and buUdings of every description: (1) Portland cement* (2) natural rock cement. PORTLAND CEMENT. Portland or Artificial Cement.~.\ chemical compound con- sistuig essentially of lime, silica and alumina obtained by burn- mg at a sintering temperature an intimate mechanical mixture of a definite proportion of pure cariwnate of lime and clay of pure quality, the product fieing suteecpiently groimd to a more or less '.mpalpable powder. RAW .MATKRIALS. The necessary materials for Portland cement are:— 1. Carbonate of lime, usually in the form of bedded limestone, crjstalline limestone, chalk or marl. 2. A natural mixture of limestone and clay, such as the argil- laceous limestones of the Lehigh Valley, Penn. 3. Clay or silicate of alumina more or les.s pure. 4. Shale which is indurated clay, often carrying more or less carbonate of lime. True Portland cement of uniform and reliable quality can be made only from an artificial mixture of the raw materials So far no natural deposit of limestone has been found having uniform composition with the right amount of clay. A variation of 1% ♦Portland cement was invented in 1824 bv JnmpR A«nHin o k..: 1 1 of Leeds, Enitland. and was sn called bStn^^itl^Smbffi^' ^ ,''"5'''?yer and texture the oolitic limestone from Ebnd of Portkid ^ °' ™'°"' 16 r- i in composition from the correct standaiti is sufficient to reduce the value of the resulting cement. Carlxmale of Lime for use in making Portland cement must have the following qualities: — It should be as pure as possible except for the presence of pure cl»- which may be present in considerable quantitv. The presenc. of magnesia is deleterious for the reason that it does not seem to combine with the clay at the temperature require,! for the burmng of the cement and is left at the end of the process as caustic magnesia (MgO). When water is added to cement con- taining magnesia the magnesia seems slowlv to absorb water forming a hard product of increased volume, hence producing a cracking or disintegration of the hardened cement even after several years. The precise allowable limit of magnesia is still undeciarxl. l.ut 3% seems to be the maximum allowed in first grade cemeni. Sulphate of lime (gypsum) in quantities exceeding 2% is objectionable in the raw material, as it is reduced to a sulphide in the reducing flame of the rotarj- and vertical kiln, causing the cement to turn a dark blue colour in hardening and to give poor tests and unsightly concrete. Hard pure limestones have the drawback of the high cost of pulverizing the 'arge quantity required to the necessar\' 6ne powder. Limes,, jnes carrying a considerable quantity of clay are much better as they are generally softer and much coarser grinding vu> suffice to obtain a good combination in burning as the mixing is already partly done by nature. Free sand and an excessive amount of organic matter are common objectionable impurities of mart, a.s the .sand does not combine readily while the organic matter tends to clog the kiln consuming fuel without adding to the output of cement. The chemical composition of certain tvpical forms of carbon- ate of hme used in the manufacture of Portland cement is given by the foUowing partial analyses made bv the writer:— (!)__ Silica, SiOa ^"i^ Alumina, AI2O3 3 Tk Ferric oxide, Fev!0.3. ..!!!!!!! 1 ,30 Lime carbonate, CaCOs 90 3'> Maf!;nesium carbonate, MrCO-i n v» Lime sulphate, CaS04. ......■..;.::: traee (2) 0.86 92 1.04 93 24 0.26 trace 17 24 7 32 2 09 68.74 4 36 0.36 17 (1) Chalk used at Western Portland Cement Works, Yank- ton, South Dakota, U.S.A. (2) Marl iiwU at Ontario Portland Cement Work.s, Brantford. Ontario. (3) Arjfillaceoiw limestone useti f^awrenee Cement W< rks. Siegfri -d, Pennsylvania, r.S..\. Chalk and argillaceous limestone are ideal raw materials for the manufaciure of cement because they are jteneraliy soft and pure. In Knplaiid a soft chalk \> generally used. In Certnany chalk, limestone and merRcl (soft, clayey limestone) are tiie com- mon materials. At Yankton. South Dakota, a pure .soft dry chalk is used, prosition and is not exix'nsive as the stone is medium soft. In Ontario marl is u.sed at the nine factories in o|K"rati«.n but one factory is being constructed to use hard bedde" the cement ,uiek se,, ^ a .d^i,.l"t''- ^"' ""^ ''"""«*' ^" '""ke cement harden o„ fhe i;:,; of rl;::. '"'^"^"''"^ "' "'»''"'« ♦^«• PHr,P„RT,„.v „F ,.v„HKD,KNT8. The chemist in a cement f«i.»om. i, he «lone can determine .retr^rJ:! !""'""•'*"''•• P"*-''"" «« materials shall he n.i.xed « pXe?"" k" "^ •'" "'^"•^ *'"' "»- grade. The composition c^ Zn f '•""'^"""»'"n "f «atisfactorv of the chemist anJt^^l 1 '' " o 7 T' *" "'"**"• "''' -'"-' limit. Pertentape of hme kept within 0.5% of the been made by Mes.s^ N^w W nZT";"" "' ^'""•"'" ^'«- Industry. XovemlK-r, m7 pj^e m) ' "^ ^'''""''"' By synthesis they determine that • I. Lime may be combine '" n.raWiml ,viih «l„mi„. .■„ ,,. "t2 „,„l„,.„te ,„ , ,2 |..o ""o" '".""■ impTLon which set, „„icklv h„, I. ' ''■ ""'« " P""!"" i7ra°' ''""■'■■"' -'-"-Af-hTXi":: maximum of lime in an ideal Portland c«:- ""^ '^' % CaO = % m, X 2.8 + % Al.,0, X 1 l By experimental synthesis of Portland cement with mixtures 19 containing various perpentajtes of alumina thpv show that cement made according to the alK.ve formula gives satisfactorv n^ults. while cement containing 3 molecular |)ro|x.rtions of lime to 1 of alumina, acconling to the maximum laid down hv I^ Chatelier's formula-, is unsound, thus showing that the lime limit has \^n exceeded. Newberry's formula is commonly used in Canadian cement factories. MIXIN-fj OF RAW MATKRI.\L. When mart and day are used a.s raw materials they are usually mixed by a wet proj-ess. After l)eing thoroughly .stirrwl and mixed with water in separate wash mills, the niaterials are pum|je pa.ss into the rotary kilns, if it is sp.isfaetory, or calls for more marl or clay, if required. M many factories using mari and clay the wet materials are mixet! in a pl.istic condition and fed directly into th<' rotary kiln.- in the form of wet pulp. It is claimod t\ ^t a wet mixture is more [K-rfect thy., a dry one. but the product requires more fuel to produce the ccnien't clinker, owing to the fuel consumed in evafx)rating th. large amoun* of water present. At some modern cement factories in Ontario the mari is calcined in .separate rotary kilns, driving ,.• water, organic matter and a portion of carb(>n dioxide; the product, after being mixed with the correct amount of dried clay, is ground in Criffin mills and passed to the clinker kilns. When the raw materials are naturally in a more or less dry condition and more or less perfectly mixed by nature, the dry mixing process is preferable and is the common practice in the Lehigh Valley and New Jersey cement mills, which produce 60' { of the cement used in the United States. The .Iried materials are pulverized. 859, passing a l(K)-mesh screen, again moistened to prevent "■ -"i'™ ". .1::* rz. ;:'■;;:■ , r", ""»■■, '-■ '«•" ■'"» » 1 « t itiv , x-->^IHvd of ,,,.. kiln and ,1„. f.,H of Uu- p.^ "^^^^^^^^ coal force. I in l.y air l.last. I"n«n/(.i ''---.■-;iin....wiH.nrM.ri,.k::.i':.: v;;;:i:;^;,^ <>'"' rrvolution in ,wo niinul... ,.|T,.,.„.,1 I .- i '"" ;-..n,..sMia..onM.aif-.a.-;;;:;::;.::7^p;: - K.-.u-rallv nso.l f , ' , '. "."""'" "^ '"'■•""" '•"•"'-'sti).l,.s. is "ir I'lasi «.viMK .. -.np..ratnr.. of al.oni 'i zont I ,S( ••»'•"" I" ill Ih.. l,o,„.s, '<"'<■. ''M.MMlinK Iron, ", ,0 M f,.,., I.wk Th J/ 1 " H.fclui ihan ,n thr ras,- of ,1,,- vortical kilns 21 l)iit iinprovpniciits are hciiij; made by ceiiieiit engineers to utilize the waste heat from the chiiker iiihis in drvinji the raw material l)eforeculeination. A new style of rotary kihi, l.iO feet in length and 9 feet in diameter, has reeently been pnt in ()()eration at the immense plant of the Kdison Cement Works, Stewartsville, Xew Jersey. It is claimed that this kiln reduces the cost of [jniduction :U cents (XT barrel of cement by nsing less coal. The vertical kilns are so little used in modern Portland cement factories that they may be considered as obsolete. Their great a in Canadian cement works. Finer grinding is expensive and not at present denuuuh-d dv the users of cement. Revolving .screens are usually adopted for sifting the ground clinker. The oversize from the screens is returned to the emery mill or tube mill for regrinding. The new Kdi.son works in Xew Jersey have adopted a .system of winnowing or .separation of .iifferent powders from fine to coarse by air blasts working on pulverized clinker. 22 STORAGE. which .„.„„^„:SvS.hC:r'"°"- *" '»'"'■ °' '»«^ h j: trrc:o*i?^.rL':rhf ■ '- -- "•»'-« ™.ve„ed i„,o „,b„„.„ „, „„^- „7i'„X,^'.'';,«' "..-V be COMPOSITIox. h.„rrs rt:* fr,r':7: 7 -'T'^-" »■■ must have approxinmtplv thl '^'^ ^'■"''*' cements various eonstftue^T: Vte butH; C^'"'"" ."^ ^'''•'^ ''^ ^l^^ of each constituent of hi.fh Z7 P'-«Port.nnate quantity both practicallv hv ™t en^f """'"l ^''''' '"^" -'^tablishecf. ti.st.s. It is beyond rZ^T:^^ *^--^">' ^^^ -ien- of the subject. Suffice to sav thi t u^\ '" '^'•'*'"'^^^ ^^is part no matter where i i made *^ ^^) '""'^'^ ''''''^^'''^ -'^"»-"t. following comrx,sit;ln:- ' """'^^ ^""'"'•"' ^•->- ^'--b' to the Silioa. Si(V,. . . . Alumina, AI^Oj '""" 20 to 24% Iron oxide, K«'-.'( )■, " 6 " 9% i'ime.ra( )...". " 2" .5% MttRiieaia, Mifi). . " 60 " 6.5% Sulphur trioxido, SO-. " " " ,3% Alkalis, \a2<) and Kk)' " " " 2% 0" STo NATURAL ROCK CEMENT. heat^;rLu;Siil^;;;r,i!:..T''*' "^- ^'^'""'""^ ^^^ « -^i-ate ->ntain an excesf c "• , t''" ^ ' '"'''"'■^"•"' ■^'^'^'^•- -h-h land cen.ent and . n a K a L-i <'"h ■■""" """'"" ^"'- ''"«- The calcination <.f th ^n .ter a '"1 '"""*"-' "' '"^«"'••^'- vitrification of the con.lir nl^e Ct^ ""'"" "^ ""'^ "■'^"'•'^"' •- n-:^ ":t.dZ;:^;r ":'"?'?^'^'^ --^ -^i f- centunes. understood by thi HoZr ""'"^"''''•"■' --" ^" have been well 23 I I 3 I I RAW MATERIALS. Most of the clay bearing limestones and calcareous shales in Canada contain a high percentage of magnesia and an excess of clay and are, therefore, unsuitable for the manufacture of Port- land cement. If such materials are burned at the high temper- ature necessary to produce a good cement clinker, they fuse to a slag which after grinding has little or no hydraulic properties. If burned at a lower heat (1,200° F.), however, the car- bonic acid being driven off, they give a soft, yeUowLsh clinker, which after grinding yields the natural rock cement, of which Queenstc and Thorold cements are examples. The actual chemical profxirtions required for first grade . ort- land cement cannot be obtained in natural rock cement, for the reason that the natural rock is seldom of a uniform (piality as it comes from the quarry. In making natural cement the value of the resulting cement depends on the propf)rtions of lime, silica and alumina in the rock and will be either good or bad a^ the natural material corresponds more or less nearly to the proper proi^rtion for good cement . COMPOSITION r)F NATUHAI. rKMKNT ROCK.S. The following partial analyses show the composition of natural cement rocks at different cement works: — (1) (2) Moisture 9"' SiliP": 20^3« Aluiniiisi 4 . .S.'J Ferric oxide 2 87 i^"""--; 25!9S Majsncsia 11 . Ifi Alkalis J 34 Sulphur trioxidp \ 4H Carmm dioxide 31 33 L'ndeteniiiiH'd 21 97 IS 1:1 40 9:1 :« 44 61 47 72 26 62 4 71 lUU uu 100. uo (1) .\rgillaceous magnesian limestone. Usher Cement Works, Qucenston, Ontario, ,stuii|(led by tiie writer in 1902, and analysed by the fJovernment Assaver for Ontario. i i i 24 (2) Calcareous shale Am^Li t< Oovernn^ent Assayii; oSi;""' ""'^'^^'^'^ ^-^ '''^ MANUFACTURE OF NATURAL CEMENT MI.\I\(;. to theS^s.'-rt 2:.:;;:;;f r ^'"^'">-*^^' - »- adapted •"ined by open ^uJn^^XluL;'. ""^'^ ''"'•'^- '"^ '"-^ - escarpment of lin^estone abouf S^^^^^^^ '"'" '»« high able roek, after sorting, is "aS bv ' *"" ""'^ ^^^^ «"''- kilns built on the face of the cHff " '''' ''"^ '^'••^^'» ♦" 'he At the Thorold Cement Works i„ ,>,, argillaceous limestone is overla dL • "!?' ''"'"'■^ » '""'^ "^ natural cement rock is ob ated bv T'T"''^^;'" ''■""■^•"'- ^he horses and carts to the not ki^fh u""' "'"' ^'^ '>aule,l by At the Arnold Jemem\J' I "v ''";';'" '''"'^ "^ "» -all bh.ff'. found as horizontal beds abo^t Tf r'^'- *:' ''''^ '^"''^'^'•^""« «hale nelling into the bottom o the lanJ^^^^ ^Vf«'-1 ^v tun- to an inclined bucket elevatorT '!''^''-^'^\ ^^«"h Dakota, the hori: *hiok. A main t .„ l ^l^^^ ^''^'^ '^ •^"'" ^" '^ ^'^ ^-t the bottom of the hill and he f^^ '•'!'" """ '^" '"'^ "' '^'"^'^ ''^ each side of the main "t eU 'ha;:,;;r""'- '' ''''"'' "" entrance of the tunnel. The car ure H "" ":""■ '"'' ^» Oversize Finishing Mill I Screen / I Storage bin Oversize frotn Screen i Shipping Sacks Storehouse or Railwav Cars. 26 -#. II :•" CALCINING OP MATERIAL. open at the top with a chanrin^ / ,*"-^ cylindrical m shape, <■»..„ i„.„ .„ LrLvJ::TL'^;,'z "" ""■ •"" '"■" "^ .■i.h CO., .,„ ,he s.'::^'X' Z":, T""""' "^"" out at the lx>i torn. Perfectly bumed. U drawn of thi. kii„. nato x,, ; ' ''"■'"■ «■' "■«-- 1» «K.„ i„ ,|,e ph„,„ «-M,t;::::;: r;r ;;;;..: ,rL,*: "» rr '■""""' ^Irossod st„„e ..„ the face „f th '' • ff ^u '^'^ '""'' "^ -"'^h the t..n„el and fron. thc',^1 , ;, ' fj " ^':'^^ '^""' '^^^ ^"" ^om they an. dumpe.l. '" ^'^^ ^''P «^ ^^e kihis, where Sulphur trioxide, S()3 2 47 j Undetermined 2 . 73 J 25 16 6 33 1 71 36 08 18 38 12 34 (3) 100 00 100 00 24 42 8.16 3 96 .■16 30 16 93 10 23 100 00 (1) Natural hydraulic cement made at Queenstoii. Ontario. Sample purchased in Toronto hy the writer. 1902, and analyzed hy Provincial Assaycr for Ontario. (2) Natural cement made at Milwaukee. Wisconsin, rejwrted by F. H. I.«wis in "Cement Industry," page 170. (3) Old Newark Rosendale cement made in the Rosei-.dale district. Ulster County, New York, reported by F. H. Lewis in "Cement Industry," page 170. THE PHYSICAL QIALITIKS OF HYDRAULIC CK.MKNT. Hydraulic cement is used as a constructive material and it is wise to determine as far as possible the characteristics which it is likely 10 develop in practical use before apphiug it. In testing the qualities of hydraulic cement from an en- gineering point of view the following i)oints are to be noted: — 1. Specific RPdvity. 2. Fmenesn. 3. Time of Setting. 4. Tensile Strength. 5. Constancy of Volume. 6. Impurities. The standard specifications for cement u.sed in Canada are 28 those adopted by the Canadian Society of Civil Engineer copies of these standard specifications may be obtainod fro. . Secretary of the Society, Montreal. The American Society of Testing Materials in affiliation with the International Society of Testing Materials recommended revised specifications for Hydraulic cement at the last meeting in June, 1904. Copies of these specifications may be obtained from the Secretary of the Society. Philadelphia, Pa. It is irrelevant in this report to go into details regarding the engineering specifications for hydraulic cements. m.-AVAILABLE RAW CEMENT-MAKING MATERIALS IN MANITOBA. The profitable manufacture of Portland cement demands the following conditions:— (1) Abundant and cheap supply of suitable coal for power and for clinker kilns. The coal bill is 60% or more of the cost of production in any Portland cement plant using pulverized coal for burning clinker in rotary kilns. (2) Abundant supply of raw materials of the correct com- position, which should run evenly \,ithout marked fluctuations. They should be close together and con- veniently located for cheap quarrying. (3) A suitable factory site for assembling the raw materials at a low cost and with a good water supply, also con- venient shipping facilities for the product. (4j A market for the product. COAL. There are no workable coal beds in Manitoba although lignite coal occurs in thin seams in the Turtle Mountains and in the Swan River district. The cheapest available coal is Kstevan lignite which, after drying to remove the 207o moisture contents of the mine run coal, should give sufficient heat by burning in a pulverized state in rotary kilns with an air blast. 29 Rstevan lignite has been twetl at the Arnold Cement Works for makinf; cement clinker in vertical kilns. Mixtures of North Dakota lignite and Voughiogheny bitu- minous coal have been successfully usetl in rotary clitiker kilns at the works of the Pembina Portland Company near Milton, North Dakota. The writer saw lignite fines going to the waste ilunijw at the rate of 50 tons or more iK-r day in the Ustevan coal fields, l)eing discarded for want of a market. RAW MATERIALS— LiMKSTONKS, ETC. From 70 samples of limestones, chalks and marls analysed by M. F. Connor, official chemist, (RejK>rt on the Limestones and Lime Industry of .Manitoba) the following; we!-e found to have chemical composition siiital>lo for use in making Portland cement and are a valuable asset worth further development: — 30 '4 Wh 31 (1) Steep Hork Point, east !*hore Lake Manitoba. (la) Stctp kock Point, special sample analyse Re 32 a™ ,« this ,h,„.i;."""'^«'*^" ^'•"'-h ••' the C..V.R. „,„ «„„':: The Iim<.stone on Snake Isla,,,! fv„ w. ■•^hore would Jx. t.n, ^reat '"""'"« "'"^ ''••'* ^'"rir.g to the "n^cJi: :Sr:,r:' j;:;;-j;;;r ••-«''« ..^ ^.h .... 'ieposits si,„ih.r to Xos. 7 ads ha ' r* """■ ^^'"'"P'-K-i^. as -"th and also w..t of .Snake sland l",'" "''''"'"' "" '*"- ■^''"'•'> M.«sy River where the projeeU^ U P U 1 '""'" •'""*''"' '" '^"'' "" •" »>e in pla,.,. a.K,„t half a n ile u hi ri v T "T"' " "'"' ''""^^•" Th<. de,H,sits of hi^h r. I ■■ ^'■'"" '"••'•"'"" -V'- 7. a-"* the cost of J-andl n/: .mZ" r'r '""""'''" '-^-'=''. and shale would U> prohrbiti>-l " ' ''"^ '^^"'^ «" ""-» coal that hi,h ,rade rp.lr Devo.r,. iC- " '' '"'""''^ "'••'-" we«t shore of Swan Lake. '""" ""'"'"^ '" P'a'''^ on the (2) Two miles farther south a cliff s r . u- , thick l3edde.l Km- lilt u . ^'*'''- '■""-i-ti"K of n.ents. similar to he^"' u""'''"'^' '"'" ■'^"-" 4- (3) At the lowest U^Ii Cti "H """ '■^'''"''' '^-'»» Lake. ^^ ^^-ofbed.;:;,"::::^'^""'^^^"''^'^'^^''-'"^ With thr;:;r;x -'^-t r x'r^'''" '- — ^"•' «wan River and its tributaricr •'^■"- "" "'^' '^"^"k^ "f the ^i-UkfS;;;;r^:-:"-;:,-;-iver and Point Wil. The outcro,>, of Cretaceous limestone ( Vo« 1 , ^ , > luiie^Aos. II and 12) on the 33 baiik« of the Assiniboinp River are not at prer profitable to ship this hijih jjrade hme- stoiie to the Aniohl ("ement Works, raising the Hme contents of th 'eareoviM shale which is now burned into a hijth Krad«> natural hydraulic cement. Cars loaded at I-adysmith Station. C.X.K.. can »H- hauled to .\rnold Station. f.X.R.." without re-handili.j: the material. The limestone at the following [><>">«'* was found unsuitable owiiiK to high maKiiesia contents (see ReiH.rt on the Limestones and Lime Industry of Manitctba): — i. Tyndal district. Stony .Mountain. Stonewall and northwanl. Lake Winniix-n. Lake St. .Martin. Lake .Manitoba, excepting three oiitcroi^ of L'i)p«T l>ev- onian limestone. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. MARL AM) ( HALK I )i; POSITS. Full descriptions with aiialy.ses of the marls and chalks in Manitoba are given in the Rejjort on Limestones of .Manitoba. All of the marls examined wer^ found to he lo', iinide, carry- ing sand or a high (H-rcentage of magnesia or both. Soft yellow chalks of Cretaceous formation are being used for the manufacture of high grade Portland cement at White Cliffs. Arkansas, and at Yankton. South Dakota. As these Cretaceous formations extend northward into .Manitoba, a careful survey was made for outcro[>s of chalk, but the material was found to l)e variable in comi>osition, carrying considerable finely divided siliceous matter and often a high iK-rcentage of sulphates, and IS unsuitable for Portland cement. It is fiossible. however, that some of the outcrops reiH)rted from the Porciipinc and Duck Mountains may yield suitable chalk. The writer examined thr chalk deixisits and calcareous shale in the Tongue River Valley. Xorth Dakota, which have been used for th. manufacture of Portland cement at the factory of the Pembii I Portland Cement Company, near .Milton. Xorth i)akota. He found that the de|josits were small and low grade and that the mamifacture of Portland cement had l>een stopped on account of the exhaustion of the supply of chalk. 34 CLAY SHALKs. Mountains, da^sified ae;or i„' ,. ''Ti, ''"'' ^'"^ ''"-"Pine in descending order:- ^ follovvniR ge„logiral table ! <>i.»rr.,p,,i„K at the l« tn, f "' i •■'"""' """""y i I'How t/,,. Pierre shalei ''""''■''" "»'* «'"•■">'« Benton Kokj.atk.n. | 'Yk-Rray .s„ft ii<..,-,.„|,.arp„„s ..l,,,. „h , I fixwils. >a"- ua\ shale, p(K)r in but in!;:!;uiZ:;;;j:' "^'""""^ " '"'■ •"•"- -< -••-• '>--.;«„. PlERHE F0H.MATION NiOHHAHA FoiiMATION. HIvXTOX SHALKS. Mountain, in north-J::^;^,:; „ :""t I;'"',"""' ''"^^""""• of the seri,..s it is likely to 1... ,""",''• "^'^ "'e lowest member UPIHT l,e.ls. • ' '" '""■"'•' '•>■ -"•^-'- -l<'tritns fron. the ■^■,y 1 1*1 •MOMIJAHA SHALIX The Xiobrani fornmtion eontains dull .r,,,y soft ,. i shales oft..„ running into bands of soft yeHo v d ' ''"■'""" '---.rlesssilieaintlH. fo,.n. ofnnnm^^ l^^^^^^^^ fnstte featnre of the forn.ation is the ,.,es ' ' h-^ •''"'^:"- "f nnmerons foraininifem ... ,. ■ . I"'>"i(e of the remain ^"ale. Thin ..a.I I! ,lr; I"' ■ ,; "'"' ^'^"•^^ ^ "'«• «'- fraKun-nts of whi.. shells J.^^:;,^: ""-^""^ —us The yarynifj eotnijosition of (hn si,.,!,.. ; followinK analyses, showing tia th . ''''""T'"' ''^ "'<■ maKnesia. low in siliea hi^l. i . ■ «''"•''•"">• fnv fron. :i5 ANALYSKS OF CALCAHKors SHALKS OK THK XIOHHAHA FORMATION' • >:aNITOIU. MoiHtiin> 1 K4 Silica, :'•""''']'»''* I ... ,0 10 [ and free J • -w lu Aliiinina S /JO Ferric oxide :i 41 I''""' :« 7« MaKneMia 7S Alkaliii I /j;} Sulphur trioxide (SA ("arlM)!i dioxide 17 21 Coiiihined water 1 Organic matter / l-oS 9 11 40 (Ml 1 race t race 1 72 1 race ;? so 40 2(i 04 n (X) 5 (il , I'Mde- teniiined - (4) •K) 00 (S) m 7i> (6) Moi:i» 4 (H) :M4 40 07 as 2s :»- IK) :jx .tO -.0 HI , I 36 (4) Leary's cement rock deoosif vj„ .■ . Rii-'Ke 8. west u„S ' u'"'" ^^- township 6, i-J ill the coulees of the I'emliin.i h;ii • " on Cummin^', fa r Zre f"'"" •"■""'^' "^'''•-''^''>- property. The N ,/ ' ^"""' '"'^ "" I'i'li-'S'.s ■Station" where it fs .'.i 1' >'""■ '' ''"P""^'' "' ^'"""W ■Mining vZl, L r^ '•■;'"■ ■^^^•"»"''- t'-ion "atunicetZt • "— -factnre of hi«h ,rade (3)0..tJ.hank.ofastrea.a,,o„,t;vo„a,es..orthofnee. •V.Tthern Hailua, track. " '"^ "' ^'" ^'^'-1'-' Outcrop.s are re,Mrte.i bv J. M Tvrell rr- i • , Rep.)rt. 1890-91) at the following points ^^■*'"'"^""«' '^-rvey «Iope-sof Porcupin^TlounTi.;!:' "■^^"" """ """'^-^ The Canadian Northern Rnilu,.,, . outcrops i„ north-west Ma itobl ^ '/'"'' '" "'"'^^ "^ t'"' «idered a« available raw rmU al f^rT' "' ".'"'^ '"^>' ''« -'- cement, csfn-ciallv when tt Tom^'v "'T'"'''""' "^ ''""''^"d fluctuate. • '*'' <-ompo«u.on of the shale does not PIERRE SHALES. The Pierre formation consists of dull gray, fine grained, tough, fissile shales, classified as the Odauah series, and .softer, darker shales, often carrying clay-ironstone and small fragments of selenite, classified as the .Millwood series. The writer noted outcrops of Pierre shales at .several [xii.its in southern .Manitoba and they are also reported at the following points: — (1) .\s high cliffs on the banks of Ochre and Vermillion rivers and Edward's Creek on the north face of Ridinr Mountain. (2) On North Pine and Bell Rivers on the east side of Duck Mountain. (3) At several points on the east and north faces of Porcupine .Mountain. The Pierre shales close to the Canadian Xorthern Railway in north-west .Manitoba may be considered as available material for the manufacture of Portland cement when they are practicallv free from sand, magnesia and sulphates. They can l)c easily fiuj- verizetl to pass a lOO-nush screen by rolls, disintegrator and dry pan. Shales similar in ■ tsition are ns(>d as raw mat(Tial in comi)ination with lir.' "or the manufacture of Portland cement in Michigan an.. .isas, as further described. .XNAI.YSKS OF I'IKHKr: SII.\I,K,><, .M.X.MTOIU. (1) (2) (3) (4) .Moist iin- iihovc Conibiiu'd water KWC. 9 71 'J','i<'i' rganif matter, etc .S.(X» (5) (Mi f) 7S s -.'.^ 10 94 79 .!.-> s-.> ti.i 7S-H2 111 22 s :\r, ti .52 7 11 IS 9.S 1 2S 1 to 1 17 1 :«) 1 11 :< :}9 undet. l(i IS trai'es undet. traces t races traces Ulidet. t raeea (> 29 tniees 100 29 99.5.5 101 r>4 100 04 99 9.5 38 Sample „,,„,«, b,, „, (^t™ .S'L,tS;,«r'- «-. . • r.- ,. »wtion 8. township 17 ransp >etaeeou.s divi,lod silica; thTtt, Iv " l"'" ""n'' '"'^ "''"' '■■'''>■ A'-lv writer '^;r:;;s """ "rr^' ^■'^"' "-'-''^^ '^^ ^^<' -kin, Poniand :Cn ?«;;:; I'^i.fT,-"'"^ ^°^ "•^'^ "" Manitoba) thev are not avJkl^' .•/'',. (lays and Shales of -". - „.„.„„„ .::::r;;;;;r;:-,:.::;:i,r,i.'""'* :«» The following analyses show the composition of a few clays: — (1) (2) (3) Moisture 3 Ho H 66 6 25 «"--(unS^ ^7^>< ^■'<'« ^^'^ Alumina 17 39 9 25 9 05 Ferric oxide 3 . 95 2 . 77 3 75 Lime 2.70 9 77 14 (X) Masnema 1.50 3 51 7 11 Alkalis 2.95 2 34 2.52 Sulphur trioxide 0. 10 50 10 Organic matter 2.00 3!) 1 (Kl t'arlM)n dioxide \ Combined water H 4S 9 90 'i 07 100 00 100 00 100 00 (1) Clay derived from the erosion of Pierre shale. Sample taken from 'in excavation for a new line, ('.N.U.. Hoyne Valley, two miles west of Leary Siding. Analysis made by .M. F. Connor, (2) Stephen's Brick Yard. Portage la Prairie. Yellowish- gray, unstratified, uniform clay, free from gi-ivel and sand. Analysis made hy .M. F. Connor. (3) Kastman's Brick Yards, Ciilhert Plains, CX.R. Th«' deposit is located on section 12, township 2.'), range 22, west, the C.X.R. pa.ssing through the properties. The clay is yellowish, imiform, fairly pure, with only a small (piantity of sand. Analysis made hy .M. F. Coinior. IV.~METHODS OF CEMENT MAKING AND WHERE CEMENT CAN BE MADE IN MANITOBA. Since it has been proved that the necessary raw materials occur dose together in north-western .Manitoba, it remains to ascertain the best methods ami locations for ombiiiing them at the lowest cost to semre the best product. All of the limestones reiK)rted are suitalile for the mai\ufacture of Portland cement, when mi.\ed with suitable calcareous shale of the N'iot)rara formation outcropping at .several points along the . i,:!f| il 41 ^m 40 Xonhonuothe%:d.on : ;,fi^^,,7:'''-7 "^ ^^e Canadian -al to be laid down at a„v ,k nt .k . d T'f"'' '^^""''^ •'^""- • ' '* "' ^f'' ^«tn« for $3.00 per ton i^'-M-..> AM) CLAWS OR SHALKS. prelin.h.an. ^I^lm^.tr';;:^.';;;^ '' " "'^-^"'''^ *" -"duct mercial scale. ' ^'"* '■"^^' '"aterial on a com- for making Portia, J cen.en t to 1 »"" '-western Manitoba - n.ore at the Arnold Ce^.u W "t ' '"""'r' ^"'^^ "^ '^0 tons L'nion Mining Companv '' "^""'"'''"^ ^'-^ »he Manitoba •«• ^!^"Z':z::z^t ::;?•';- ^-^^ ^^'^-^"^-^^ - "iix'.-sis. delivering direct! v uZ '" ''''^- '''''' "^ ^^i- Mossy River limestone mav l^h ! h""'- ""■"'■' '^^ -^'•""'''- The "»■>"•'• '•>• C.X.R. to Arnoid """"'' '" ^''•"•^«''- -^'"tio". -"<''l^tr:;::X;^ -;-';;^->™-ha.e is abont one --as the shale at the A;;^^;; :\v l' ' ^^^^''^"^ ^'^^ '11 making the t<>st fh,. en- ""rks. f, "lit tr-if;,>., n\ Tk > " "(HTations are neco^.n-,.. (I) Thorough mixing of the m-ifPrioi • u "^ "'"^'•■'">0 — coal as fuel '"' ■^'•- -• "•^i"g Kdmonton jf ji " 1 a luu-inesh screen ^'" ••-''-«:'H':Ti!'';^'f ''"""•- '^PP-ching those of make Portland cen.ent b^.■th „ X""; '""'' '''" '^^^'^"^^ -ill and rotary kilns. ' ""P™^*"'! «lry process -,lry mixing •Since the raw materi'ilx ;.. \f •. , i 41 is expensive, dry mixinp will be the chear)est. PMherized dry lignite coal from Edmonton or Estevan should give sufficient heat in the rotar>- clinker kilns. The following methmls of cement manufacture using lime- stone in combination with claj'-bearing material are given as examples of modern practice: — ■ MP:TH0I) of MANUFACTIRK IN THE LEHIGH DISTRICT, PENNSYLVANIA, AND NEW JERSEY, USA. This district has 20 Portland cement plants in oix'ration. producing about G0'}1 of the total output for the I'liitcd States. The raw materials are argillaceous limestone and a pure limestone having the following comjiosition: — (Hulletin No. 225, 1904, U.S. (ieological Survey Department, ReiK)rt of E. ('. Eckel, page 452). Cement Rock. Arpil. Trenton Limestone. (1) (2) (3) <4) (■') ^Sili<•:^ 1,5.0,5 Alinnina 9 ()2 In)n oxides 1 27 Lime ciirlxinate 70 1(1 Magnesium curlKniate :{.U») 19 0») •)■) ■>■> 19 OS 1.? 80 4 44 1 14 7 24 , 92 J 7 92 6 08 69 24 03 45 07 07 76 08 4.21 4 .51! 4.06 4 .51 99 40 98 09 98.19 98.1,3 100.47 Pure Limestone. (1) (•-',) (3) Silica 2.14 Alumina and iron oxides 1 46 Lime carljonate 94 ;j5 MaRnesium carl)onate 2. 18 :i 02 1.98 1.90 70 92 05 95 19 ,V04 2 03 100 13 100 01 99 90 42 AR*;iLr.uKors I ,„kst„xk blasted from tncfjuarrv „ I ' URELrMRSTOXK. gyratory Crushers pissinjr , j,,,,, ,ji,„,„,^.^ i and finer """ttr ( . yratory Cnis her Rotarv Drv 'I • i ers 1 Rotarv Drver ■ I 1 Weighing and Mixing R^^ ^iyratory Cn.sher pas«i„^ j.i„,h .i,es and fines Hall Mills Tul,e'Mills ;•"■''"'«" ''"'"verizen, i)ry Slurry, So ',pa.s.singl()0.,„eshsiev, I Rotarv Clinker Kilns < '"'k'T Cooling Room 08 41 99 03 .57 11 99 .92 .78 33 70 .16 86 36 80 33 ;«) :«j 84 30.78 iri 4.5 :« 00 MgO CO2 (Cal- culated) 0.83 1 0«> 1.18 1 41 1 34 .58 0.48 1 63 27 40 .30 14 30 20 27-57 30 29 •29.54 28 . :J8 31 6.5 The above analyses show the variation from layer to layer as the drill holes from which the samples were taken traverse the bed.s at right angles. The analyses were furnished by Mr. Edison for publication in the report of State Geologist of New Jersey, 1900. 44 * "in"* ■ SffI - SCHEME OF OPERATIONS AT EDISON PORTLAND CEMENT WORKS, STEWARTSVILLE. NEW JERSEY. PLANT FINISHED DURING 1902. ARfJiLLArKous Limestont- blastefl from the Qiiarrv 1 Corrupato.1 Rolls in .series with rorn.gations (iecreasine in ^he passing rock 1.5 inche.s and finer Belt Conveyor-elevator Vertioal Drying Tower heated by furna<-es. e.,uip,H..l with opposite, alternate plates, having a reciprocating motion conveyor at Imttoni of tower Rock Stock Hou.se kept at high heat, using fan exhauster for drying Link Belt Conveyor Weighing an(Mi,: :,^ room where sufhcient pure limestone is add _ (p , I , .akc t he i)roper cement mixt ure i Grinding Room e(|uipixHi with rolls Air Blast Separators . coarse particles winnowing effect Fine Dust, 85', ; passing l(K)-mesh sieve Large Rotary Kilns. 150 feet long. !) feet diameter, burning pul- verized bitummous coal (100-mesh) by air blast. Clinker Cooled in revoking cylinder Clinker Cooling by water quenching while passing on bucket chain convcA'or i' CImker Grmding Room equipped with close set rolls j, T Air Blast Separators, winnowing effect <■ coarse particles Finished Cement, 85 >/, passing 200-mesh screen Capacity— 4.500 barrels per day. Power— Steam produced by burning coal. 45 P, METHOD OF MAXUFAtTlRE ISED AT THE WORKS OF ALl'EXA PORTLAND CEMENT to., ALPENA, MICHIGAN. PLANT lUILT ABOUT 1900. Raw Materials. — The materials ii.se! 1 99 88 99 67 No. 1. — Quarry C. Shell to be removed in stripping. to two feet thick. No. 2. — Quarry C. Top strata. Two feet thick. Second .'strata. Two feet thick. Third strata. Four feet thick. Fourth strata. Two feet thick. First strata. Two feet thick. No. 3. — Quarry C. No. 4. — Quarry C. No. 5. — Quarry C. No. 6. — Quarry F. All samples show traces of sulphates and phosphates. One F. M. HALDEMAN, Chemist Alpena, Mich., Feb. 12, 1900. 46 ANALYSES «)F CLAYS AND CLAY SHALES REPORTED TO BE USED AT ALPENA PORTLAND CEMENT WORKS ■ * (I) Silica Alumina. "' ^^/c Ferric oxide '^ 19 Lime •* 78 Ma(tne«ia. ...■.'..';:.■.■,■.■;: -' S' Potaaaium oxide ^ **•' Sodium oxide ' **• Sulphur trioxide . '36 Water ] 1« Carbon dioxide / 5. 13 (2) S7 96% 20 44 3 03 5.3S 2 13 3 43 72 6 71 99 93 100 00 (1) Chy shale of Hamilton (Travorse) formation; analysis furmshed by Dr. H. Rie« (deolopical (Survey of Michi- gan, \ol. VIII. part I, page 4S). (2) Upper olays: analy.sis of dried sample furnished by Mr Ludlow, the Company's chemist. 47 SCHEME OF OPERATIONS AT THE FACTORY OF AI.PENA I'ORTLAXl) CEMENT CO., ALPENA. MICHIGAN. Ll.%!KST.)XK. ClaV ShaLK. Quarrv—CablcCars— .WViKhinK and StorajtP Hins- Quarry ♦ .Mixing Rm i Cpinent .Mixture I * Crushers 1 RolLs Hall .Mills. 30';; water add.-*! 1 Tub*. Mills Slurry Tanks for correction of mixture 1 Storage Slurry Tanks Rotary Clinker Kilns burning pulverizeti Saginaw \'allev coal I ( 'onveyors Clinker Cooling Room 1 Rolls Hall Mills Tube*Mills i .Sforajic Room for seasoning. Capacity. l.CMMJ barrels [ht day. Power: steam, soft coal from .Michigan mines u.^^ed as fuel. Shipping, railway and t)oat from Alfx'na docks to Duluth and Fort William, Ontario. 'if 48 'I '1 METHOD OF MANUFACTURE AT KANSAS PORTLAND CEMENT WORKS. lOLA, KANSAS. THE PlS BUILT DURLXG 1903. ANALYSKS OF 10I..\ LI.MKST(1\KS. (1) Moisture i In!Jolul)li> ■ — — Alumina and iron oxides. I - 7o I.inip rarbunate. . . •''91 MiMjiicsiuni curimnate 91 .02 (Sulphates. . . , ' O.U (-') 99.82 2 «3 i 7fi 94 10 I 54 100 o;j ^^^J^^ALYSKS OF LASK SHALI-i^ I.V VICIXITV OF lOLA. Silica Alumina and iron o.xidi Lune .MaKneHia Alkalix I nioiNture 1 ^Vater ,' and I . eomliined ■'I "itr 1,1 Tl IM-T 49 SCHEME OF FACTORY OPERATIONS, KANSAS PORT- LAND CEMENT WORKS. lOLA. KANSAS. LiMESTONK. Quarry i i Overhead Wire Rope Tramway No. 8 Austin (Jvratorv Crusher No. 5 Austin f Jvratorv Crusher , i ■ ■ I Revolving Screen .Oversize I Fines Shale. Quarry 1 William's Pulverizer I Rotarv Drver » (Jritfin < Pulverizers I i Wet Slurrv Mixing Tanks i Slurry Pipes Rotary Clinker Kilns usinj? local natural gas as fuel Crusliing Rolls Crushed Clinker to Cooling Towers • 1 Addition of 1.5 ' , gypsum (iritiin Pulverizers Helt Coiivcvor 1 .Storage and Seiusoniiig Hins 1 Automatic Haggiiig Macliines Capacity, •(JO barrels per day. Power funi. i by g.as engines buriiiiig l„f:d natural gas. Cement sells fo. 11.25 to S1.35 jht barrel, f.o.b. at the factory. ■ -I ■(• 1*1" SCHEME OF FACTORY OPERATIONS AT THE WORKS OF INTERNATIONAL PORTLAND CEMENT CO.. HULL, QUE. PLANT FINISHED MARCH, 1905. LiMKsTONK blasted from the Quarry. Overhead Wire Tramwav dates Coarse Crusher Revolving Screen »Ovprsize Gates Fine Crusher ^ i Bucket Conveyor i Rotarj' Cylindrical Dryer Dry Pan* I Pulverizer i I Ball Mill .Tube Mill . — Clay dug from Pit. Tramway Disintegrator Rotary Cylindrical Drver Revolving Screen 1 -Oversize Grinding to 150 mesh I Rotary Clinker Kilns burnmg pulverized bituminous coal, 95% passing No. 100 sieve i Clinker Cooling Room Water quenching on Link Belt Conveyor Jaw Crusher i Ball Mill i Tube Mill. Elevator 4 I Revolving Screen .Oversize No. 100 mesh fineness Storage and Seasoning Room. Capacity, 2,000 barrels per day. Power, electric. 1 1 ORKS [•it. ir Drver 51 PROBABLE LOCATIONS FOR PORTLAND CEMENT WORKS IN MANITOBA. The most favorable location for a Portland cement factory IS m north-western Manitoba, but the exact position where the raw materials can be assembled at the lowest cost convenient to coal supply and the market for the finished cement cannot be decided without further examination of the district. When the extension of the Canadian Northern Railway to Edmonton will allow cheap coal to be delivertd in Manitoba, there will be opportunities for the manufacture of Portland cement at some point along the railway from Dauphin to Mafeking Station. Deposits of calcareous shale are known to outcrop on the banks of the rivers and streams close to the railway and it Ls quite certain that some of the material is conveniently situated and of suitable quality (practically free from sand, magnesia wid sul- phates) for the manufacture of Portland cement, when mixed with alM)ut an equal proportion of pure limestone. There is an excellent opportunity near Winnipegosis, already mentioned, as several outcrops of high grade limestone are known to exist close to railway facilities and the outcrops of shale air<;adv reported are available material. Further examination of the high grade limestones on the west shore of Swan Lake and also on the banks of the Swan River as already reported, may show that they are available material by extending a branch railway through the valley from Swan River Station. A company was organized recently to exploit the mart de- posits eivst of Conor Station. C.P.R., but the raw material as already reported, is not suitable. A company was organized to establish a cement factory at Morden using the calcareous shale and chalk which are found close together on the banks of the Pembina River, about 15 miles .south of Morden, together with imported pure limestone. This cannot be a profitable undertaking as the cost of assembling the raw materials and coal at Morden is too great under present con- ditions of transportation facilities. It has been proposed in this report to bring high grade lime- stone from Steep Rock Lake, Manitoba, to mix with the calcareous shale at the Arnold Cement Works for the ex,H.ri.nental manu- facture of Portland cement, but the expep.se of bringing Umestone 52 and coal to Arnold is considerable, so that the operation may be unprofitable on a commercial scale. Lignite coal and high grade clay of the Laramie (Tertiary) formation are found in alternate layers in the Estevan coal dis- trict, but the expense of hauling pure limestone from north- western Manitoba is considerable, so that under present conditions the manufacture of cement at this point would not be profitable. Under present conditions of transportation facilities, the high grade large deposits of limestone at Onion Point and Steep Rock Point on the shores of Lake Manitoba cannot be considered as available material. Fairiy pure reasserted Iwulder clay waa noted on the banks of Fairford River and no doubt convenient de{)osits of suitable clay are available, but the expen.se of shipping coal to these limestone deposits and bringing back the finished cement is too great. THE MAXIFACTURE OF NATURAL UKMKXT IX MANITOBA. Any of the calcareous shales of the Xiobrara formation will make a high grade of natural hydraulic cement bv calcination in vertical kilns such as employed at the ArnoUi Cement Works operated by the Manitoba Union Mining Companv, as shown in Plate Xo. 2. The composition of the calcareous shale found under the railway track b< already rerKirted and is made into cenu-nt by the following operations: — ■'■«t :i:i 'Iff l«l "»' 53 Calcareous shale from Quarry Wheelbarrows Bucket- Klevator Vertioa Kiin*-Car4-Estevan lignite coal Sorting of Clinker Tram Car Ciates Cone Crusher Bucket- Klevator (iriffin Mill t \ Tiltetl Scr. r-n >Oversize Cement, 95 '/, passing No. 100 sieve Storage Room on railway track. L ■■• II- 54 Calcareous shale of the same formation is made into a high grade natural hydraulic cement at the works of the Pembina Portland Cement Company, Milton. North Dakota, just south of the Manitoba boundary. A good grade of Portland cement has also been made, but the supply of chalk necessary for mixing with the shale is ex- hausted. The method of operation at this plant is: — Shale mined by room and pillar North Dakota Lignite and Youghiogheny Coal Mine Car I *Top of Vortical Kiln Clinker, not sorted I William's Pulverizer :l|l| ,18 ■»r. m; .i9>, i Tube Mill t \ \ \ o , ■ . ' \ upvolving iScreen .Oversize i i Cement, 95% passing No. 100 sieve. V.-THE USES OF PORTLAND CEMENT IN MANITOBA. Tlie increasing use of Portland cement in Manitoba is only a natural economic development. Timber is becoming very scarce, .suitable building .stone often has to be hauled for hundreds of miles, bricks made from clay seem too expensive for common use, while deposits of suitable fine sand, coarse gravel and boulder stones arc common, cheap and easily available for use m making cement concrete. 55 high ibina th of but I ex- The following list gives some of the more important uses of cement which may be applied in Manitoba, ei.aer in the form of neat cement, mortar, plaster, ordinary concrete, artificial stone, monolithic construction or reinforced concrete. Photographic illustrations show these uses better than written descriptions. 1.— HOUSE AND FARM USES. Floors for stables, cellars and milk houses. Mangers, troughs and water tanks. Fence Posts. SUos. Fountains, Pools, Walks and Driveways. Roofing Tile, Hearth and Facing Tile. Verandah, Lavatorj- and Kitchen Floors. Monolithic Fire-Proof Construction of Houses, Stables, etc. Culverts and Drains. inly ery eds non der ing 2.— R ILROAD WORK. Water Tanks by the Monier system. Permanent Culverts and Tunnels. Abutments, Piers and Retainitig Walls. Foundations for Building and Mttchiiiery. Freight Platforms. Pa.ssenger Depot Floors and Pavements. Construction of Buildings with the walls covered by expanded metal lath and cement plaster, such as Round Houses, Freight Sheds, etc. Cinder Pits. Tunnel Linings. Piles, especially when attacked by insects. Railroad Ties and Foundations for Rtiils. Telegraph Posts and Butts for do ayed Posts. 3.— MUNICIPAL AND GOVERNMENT WORK. Irrigation and Water Works Dams. Conduits and Sewers. Street Crossings, Street Paving. 56 .■■| M ■:i til ^ '"•"I ■■■imi Sidewalks, Curbs and (Jutters. Retaining Walls. Reservoirs. Culverts and Bridges. Locks, Headgates, Dams and Pownr Houses. 4.— FACTORIES AND MILLS. Foundations of all kinds. Boiler-house and Engine-house Floors. Water-proof Pits and Passages. Permanent Walls. Tannerv- Vats. Water Tanks. Chimneys, especially kigh ones used for factories in large cities. Grain Elevators. Cold Storage Warehouses. 5.— MANUFACTURE OR CONSTRUCTION OF THE FOLLOWING SPECIALTIES. Fence and Hitching Posts and Corner Stones. Mounting Blocks and Steps. Laundry Tubs. Vaults. Caps, Sills and Columns. Artificial Building Stone. Art Figures. Inlaid .Multi-coloured Tile for Floors, Roofs and Facings. THE USES OF PORTLAND CEMENT AS A MORTAR. Both natural rock cement and artificial or Portland cement are now being used as a mortar for stone and brick work in place of lime mortar, particularly where ultimate strength and hard- ness on exposure to water is demanded. Cement mortar has the following advantages over lime mortar: — 1. Lime mortar is useless in submarine work and durable maaonrj' cannot be laid in water or even in a damp cellar without cement mortar. 57 2. Weather conditions such as rain, frost, excessive heat have a destnirtive effect on lime mortar while cement mortar can be made impervious to water, frost, and fire-proof. 3. Lime mortar requires exposure to the air for hardening, while cement mortar sets under water, without con- tact of air and continues to gain strength for many years. 4. The cohesive and crushing strength of lime mortar is ven.- low, while that of cement mortar is high, depending on the amount of sand added. argc I. lent iace ird- ime .ble mp PORTLAND CEMENT-LIME MORTAR. Slaked or hydrated lime is now being added to Portland cement mortar to cheapen the mortar, to render it more imper- vious to moisture and to make it work smoother under the trowel, as cement-mortar works harsh or short. F. H. Eno, C.E., after conducting a series of experiments on lime-cement mortars, came to the following conclusions (Bulletin No. 2, Ohio Geological Survey) : — 1. That 10 or 20% of lime paste added to cement mortar did not materially affect its strength but cheapened it from 2i to 5% of the cost of the cement. 2. That any greater per cent of lime pa.'ste added decreased the strength of the mortar, without an adequate re- duction in the cost. 3. That adding 10 or 20% of cement to lime mortar weakened instead of strengthening the mortar and increased the cost. 4. That the addition of a small percentage of lime paste to cement mortar or of cement to lime mortar reduced the harshness of the mortar in the first case and the stickiness of the mortar in the other, causing it to work much easier under the trowel, thereby a Ix-nefit to the mason. PORTLAND CEMENT PLASTER. Cement mortar made by mi.\ing Portland cement, lime paste or hydrated lime and sand is la.gely used as a plaster for making impervious coatings for cisterns, tanks, basements, conduits, etc. ■m 'II 2 ■•«' II •1 If] ■'•. n It is also used as interior wall plaster, replacing lime mortar or gypeum cement plaster (hard wall plaster). It is rapidly being introduced, together with expanded metal lath, as a stucco coating for outside walls, replacing wooden weather boards, corrugated sheet iron, brick, etc. The methods of making cement plaster for walls and stucco are given by the -arious manufacturers of Port- land cement. Circulars issued by the Expanded Metal and Fire- proofing Company, Toronto, show how expanded metal lath can be used to replace wooden lath in the constniction of cementine walls and roofs. A very thin liquid mixture of 2 parts cement, 1 part sand and water is used as a filler or grouting to fill the joints in street paving made of brick or wooden blocks. Such a filler w durable, imper- vious and gives good support to the paving block.s. Artificial stone blocks and various forms of ornamental mouldings are made from Portland cement mortar. The circulars issued by the Roman Stone Company, Toronto, show the method of making such artificial stone, which is being used to replace cut stone and marble. Cement mortar consisting of 1 part of Portland cement and 2 parts of sand, mixed quite wet, Ls used as a bed plate for mosaic work made of encaustic tiles, onyx, marble, etc. Flooring tiles for kitchens, lavatories, etc., are now made of a fine cement mortar in property constructed dies. They may be colored and polished to resemble marble. Sawdust may be • dded to the mortar, replacing sand. Metal work, such as bridge^■, is now protected from r tj a cement coating or paint made in the following proportif - .— 12 pounds of red lead. 32 pounds of Portland cement. 2 pounds of Japan. Sufficient linseed oil to make a soft putty. USES OF PORTLAND C- MEXT IN CO.MMON CONCRETE. Concrete Ls made by a mixture of cement or hydraulic lime mortar with a> aggregate, such as gravel, broken bricks, crushed stone or cinder, the whole forming a solid durable mass, in which the mortar acts as a bond for the aggregate. For Portland cement concrete a mixture of one part cement to two parts sand and four parts gravel or crushed stone is as good 80 strong concrete as practically need be U8e down in a year or si It Ls also siii>' eagerness and igm.r the properties o'" cp of the other materi:i example, an Ontari .» I. ..M- '! " influence of avaricious ■ V I ■•oplt' who do not understand .-oportions, grades and qualities !;.>■■ make a perfect concrete. For "• i'l.'-ted a concrete foundation for a new barn using one part of I'.riland cement to twelve parts of gravel when nine parts of gravel would have \yeei\ risky. When the superstructure wa-s l)eing erectc.1. the walls crumbled so that thirteen men engaged on the work were injured. t<. I IM'C I,' le.'.i ( r whic ariiier rOUND.\TIC)NS A.NI) FO()TIN<;S. Cement concrete has the following advantages over stone masonry for fouiuiations and footings: — (1) Rapidity with which it can be put in position. A con- crete foundation can be placed in one-third the time required for stone and it is ready for the superstructure within 36 hours after it Ls done. (2) It is cheaper, requiring no skilled labour except the fore- man. :?4 %-' MAS.SIVE .MONOLITHir ( ONSTRICTIDN . It is especially valuable in the construction of ma.ssive struc- tures, such as dams, canal banks, reservoirs, abutments, retaining walls, arched culverts, bridge piers, freight platforms, sewers, walls of various kind,-, monolithic concrete houses and stables, breakwaters, tunnels, road foundations, cury)s, gutters, etc. For dams, canal banks, .sewers, reservoirs, etc., where water is retained, cement concrete is preferable to dressed stone which allows more or less leakage and is generally <-xj)f ngive. The dams wheel pits, etc, of the electric power companies now constructing tl imwrr generating plants on Winnipei; Rivnnet are l)eing constructt-d of rement cdiHTete. althnufEh cheap drt'ssed Mtone is available at the Tyndal (juarrie?*. MONOLITHIC CONCRKTK MAl.UH KOK HoTHKS, KTC. The advantufECM of coniTete are Ix-injj forcibly presented by the erection of monolithic concrete houses, sfabh'w, etc., at dif- ferent points throu^fhout the Province. It if calculated that cement concrete (1 part cement costing t'2.75 per barrel and •') parts jjravel <'osting 50 cents per cubic yard) is chea|)er than plank and lumber it $22.(K) |ier thousand, board measure. It appears that few of tin agricultural class of Maiiitolm are able to handle cement concretf- profjerly so that they use wfKtden pliihks and dre.ssed luiiilM>r in 'reference to hiring a stone mason or piiL-iterer to prepare concrete. AHTIKIClAl. STONK HI ILUI\(; Hl.ocks. There i> ' wide field in Manitoba for the use of concrete build- ing blwks, ojiecially in localities where a sand or gravel pit is convenient to the market and to railway shipping facilities and no brick iiiukiii^ jjlants or stone t|uarri»'s near by. It is the common practice in .Manitoba to u>e a c>>iicrete con- iig of .5 parts sand or gravel to one of l'ortlan oftei. ii'tnains damp all winter. The hollow space .. low-^ room for gas pipes, electric wire», ventilators, » c 4. Buildillg,^ constructed with these bloi ; - 1« mv uiore .-ub- stantial with age while wooden hiiildi ,s diminish in rrr 1 \, :.-! 82 strength and as the walls are lighter less foundation is required. The walls require no backing of bricks and plaster can be laid directly on the inside of the walls if desired. FOl'NDATIONS FOR POSTS. Cement concrete makes a durable butt for iron and wooden posts for all purposes. It is estimated that a saving of 40% is made in refitting telegraph, telephone and trolley poles by the use of cement butts on poles carrying overhead wires. When it Is considered that cedar polos decay rapidly, are often burned bj' prairie fires, and are Ijecoming more exjxfnsive every year, railway companies in western Canada should welcome this invention as it cuts down renewal charges, making old poles do the service of new ones, iis shown in plate 6. Fence jwsts are now made of gas pipe -set in the centre of concrete bases, 12 inches square and 2 feet \v yard \ A'.i llrevel and wind at KO conts (ht cviIjic yiinl I) 21 Labor at 15 tt-nta pt-r liour ' 1,01 Total per cubir yartl $4 . 83 Concrete, Oincluwdoop; total |NTM(|Uure yard OHO The concrete used was made of 1 part cement, 2i sand and 7i crushed stone. ('oncrete is also used as a foundation bed for wooden railway ties, as stringers beneath the rails, as concrete ties on ordinary tamped earth or gravel IhhIs and as solid concrete road beds im- bedding the rail directly within the concrete mass.* THE USES CF REINFORCED CEMEXT CONCRETE. Within thj last eight years the uses of concrete have been greatly extended by the introduction of iron and steel reinforce- ments consisting of skeleton structures so arranged in the concrete masses that rods, bars, wires and bands assist in resisting stresses in tension. The success of this combination of materials has advanced concrete to the front rank of building materials for both light and heavy construction. It is stronger and more durable than natural stone, practically fire proof, rccjuires no expense for repairs, is dry and sanitary, comparatively cheap and capable of adaptation to many positions and shaiies. The idea of reinforced concni. was first developed in France by J. .Monier and the Monier system has been generally adopted in France and Germany in general building constnuiion. There are numerous patcntetl modificatioius of the Monier sys- tem, for example:— (1) Ransome system, using twisted steel bars. (2) Hennebique system, using round steel bars and stirrups to resist shearing forces. (IJ) Thatcher system, using strengthening l)ars with projec- tions in connection with the concrete. (4) Columbian system, using special forms of rolled steel. (5) Roebling system, using wire netting and rods as centers for concrete arches. (6) Expanded metal system, using expanded sliced sheet steel for slabs but not for beams. The advantages and methods of using the different forms of reinforcements are best described in the illustrated catalogs iss\ied by the companies operating the difTerent systems. It is irrelevant in this report to give details, but a few appli- cations as used in Manitoba may he useful. ♦The methodH of UHiiid concrete in these various Wiiva lire shown in the Knginftring Nrwa, AuRust 28, 1902, and February 26, Uk'»3. 'ir- ■1 • mil 64 GRAIN STORACK KLKVATOR8. A very important application of reinforced cement concrete in Manitoba is the construction of grain elevators. The insurance charges on elevators constructed of wood are high, while the cost of constn— ting them is gradually becoming higher so that sooner or later most of the grain elevators in the west will probably be made of fire-proof reinforced concrete. The King Elevator at Port Arthur, Ontario, as shown in the Plate No. 1 , is a notable example of the use of concrete reinforced by expanded metal and bars. The construction of concrete tanks and cylinders by the Monier system seems to be simple and inexpensive and, according to reports, 'he tanks are equal in every respect to steel tanks, having been ised to store grain for some time in Austria, Germany and United States, notably at the Peavey Grain Elevator, Uuluth, Wisconsin. ■ II : ■.,,, 1 ■n-. *^ ,^ POSTS FOR FKNCKS AND WIRING. There is a wide field for the use of fence posts made of rein- forced cement concrete in Manitoba as wooden posts are expensive and short lived owing to prairie fires and natural decay, while fences will be more used owing to the gradual introduction of mixed farming and stock raising. Board fences being too expensive, the fence post which will be most vused must be adapted to hold wire fencing in addition to the necessary qualities of cheapness and reliability. The Durable Cement Post Company, Battle Creek, Michigan, makes a cement butt for wooden jwsts, as shown in the illustration, also for gas pipes used as fence jxists. Fence [losts are now made having a wooden core which is trussed with galvanizeil wire, this wire being l()o|)ed to receive each strand of the wire fencing. Cement fence [wsts are also on the market having four or more upright strands of stiff barb wire to strengthen the cement. The writer would suggest the use of a thin angle iron as a reinforcement, as this will resist strains in all directions and can be made very cheaply. The American Cement Post l'ompiiii\ , Athen, Michigan, makes an iron concrete |)ost, as shown in Plate No. 7. Two cor- 65 rugated iron straps run the whole length of the post, doubling over at the top and bottom. W'rc is wrapped around one of these straps and looped out beyoiul the surface of the cement to form attaching loops either for net or barbed wire fencing. l.-gt' Corner posts arc made 8i feet long, 8 inches square at the base and 6 inches square at the top, and costing from 30 to 35 cents each. The line posts are much lighter in weight, being 7^ feet long. ^ inches square at the bottom, 2i inches at the top, weighing about 60 pounds and costing about 25 cents each. A special machine is used for compressing the concrete into the forms. These posts combine cheapness. >5implicity and strength. In place of the corrugated iron, double strands of barb wire might be used without much loss in strength. RAILROAD TIKS. A cheap and reliable reinforced railway tie would be a boon to western railways, as wowlen ties are expensive and require constant attention for repairs. Armored concrete ties with an automatic rail gripping device are reported to be >ised since 1897 on the German State Railway near lirie en, Germany. They are said to be cheap and durable under heavy traffic, while elasticity is given by the patent rail gripping device. Several American railroails are testing the merits of concrete ties, but so far they have not been used to any extent. Ani'TMKNTS, URID(iK FIKRS, KTC. The u.se of reinforced cement concrete on railways for the construction of abutments, retaining walls, arched culverts, bridge piers, freight platforms, etc., is extending rapidly. In the construction ot new railway lines it appears to be safer, easier and cheajier to build concrete bridge piers, abutments and culverts than to haul dressed building stone. The piers supporting the C.P.R. lines at the Main St. Subway, Winnipeg, are notable ex- amples of reinforced concrete. In this case the reinforcements consist of upright steel rails as used on railroads s\irrounded by a row of steel rods and iricased in concrete made from Portla:id. Such floors are adapted for kitchens, stables, milk houses, cellars, piggeries, etc.. and are b«!tter than wooden floors f<.r such purfKises. as they are durable and can be kept clean very easily. KOI'.NDATIDNS, KTC. Natural coiuent ( crete makes a fairly good foundation layer for cement sidewalks, driveways, strwt crossings, etc. Some ot the sidewalks in the city of Brandon have the ixittom layer of concrete, usiiig Manitoba natural cement and an ins|K'ction of these walks by the writer showed no serious defects, so that it is likely that more natural cement will be used in Manitoba for this pur|H).se, since the sidewalks in the villages and towns are now being built of cement concrete instead of wooden planks. Natural cement concrete makes an excellent foundation for engines, boilers, vaults and heavy machinery, so that it should find a steady demand for this purpose, especially when the cost of production is reduceise whei'e the constant action of water and air destrovs wood and iron. Con- 70 " "w f i;l I', 'J" •. Crete culverts on country roads are cheaixT than w(M>ilen frames. An excellent example watt noted al)out 1 mile west of Altamont Station, Canadian Northern Railway. Concrete bridges are now iH'inn usetl in Ontario to replace W(H)den and iron frames over small streams on country roads. MdNOLITHIC WALLS. For monolithic construction of houses, barns, stabk-s. cold storage buildings, cheese factories, silos, etc.. concrete is In-ing more widely used. Monolithic walls arc made l)y building up a hollow form of wmRleii planks leaving a space about 12 inches wide iM'tween th<' planks, which are held in place either by stay-lK>lts or wires. The iioUow space Ls then filled in with cement concr»>te made according to the at)ove formula and well rammeil down. l)(M)r and window- frames are put in place as re<|uired. as shown in Plate 5. After the concrete has lK»come hard, the stay-lK)lts are re- moveil or the cross wires cut, allowing the planks to be taken down. A thin coating of cement plaster is laid on the outside if a smooth wall is retpiiretl. The walls should not be built in Manitoba later than Septeml)er ir)th as frost prevents the crystallization of the concrete causing it to disintegrate tn-fore the hardening proces.s takes place. The interior surface of the wall may be finished with lime or gy|Mum cement plaster, «'ither laid directly on the concrete, or better, on lath attached to thin furring, allowing an airspace to. prevent frost reaching the interior. The methotls of adapting natural ceinent concrete to various uses oti the farm are well descrilH'd in circulars issueRAiiK Ki.kvator, I'okt Arthi r, Ontario, MOSI1.V 111 ll.l Oh riRKFROOl-' KkINFORI'KI) COM'HKTK. i M Plate 2. z 5 m < at r. z 'J •1 K Z ;1 s H 2 s z > 2 Q < z Z r1 X H CA Z ^ H 3 ^ s a H < z z t« ■ a r: < a. « tf> (- :< tA 1 Q Z < ft! X s u o > PlJkTE ti. O z X :^ at ED u X ■J a s Bd 1. «, ■',♦■ i-5 Plate 4 Platk 5. < s Z jj o X Plate 6. MkTHOO of RKPLAl'INt: UKCAYEU END OF TkLEURAPH i'OLK BY A CBMRNT CON'CRETK Bl'TT. Plate 7. Drawini; sHowiNii Ukinkiiki'ed Cemknt C'onirf.tk Kknce Post tSKI) IN MK'HUiAN.