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Las diagrammas suivants iilustrant la mAthoda. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 IK W. J. Gage (5v C(fs Examination Primer Seriet, TOPICAL HISTORY OF ENGLAND, BY JAMES L. 5IUGHES, INSPBCTOR OF PUBLIC BCHOOLS, TORONTO. AUTHOR OP "TOPICAL BISTORT OF CANADA," "mistakes IN TEACHING," ETC., ETC. For Pupils preparing for Promotion Examination». Pupils preparing for Entrance Eaminationa. Pupils preparing for Intermediate ExaminatioTU, StudeJits preparing for Teachers' Certificates. And for all Official Examinations. NEW EDITION. W. J. GAGE AND COMPANY, TOBONTO AND WINNIPEG. Entered according to the Act of Parliament of Canada, in the year one thousand eight hundred and eighty-three, bx' W. J. Gage & Company, in the office of the Minister of Agriculture. PREFACE. WOKiv The High School Section of the "Ontario Teachers' Association" passed a resolution in August, 1882, which called, attention to the unsuitable character of the Eng- lish Histories at present in use in the Public Schools of Ontario. This work has been prepared to supply the need thus pointed out, and in response to many kind requests made by prominent teachers thrc^ighout th« province. The admirable history written by the late Mr. Green has done a most excellent work in improving the character of the teaching of history. It is, however, too large for use in Public Schools, and it cannot be fully understood and appreciated u 7^til the student has in some other way become acquainted with a general but comprehensive sketch of English History. I: has been the object of the writer to present the chronological framework, and the leading elements that make up the true history of the nation in such a manner as to give the student a clear understanding of each department of the subject, and especially of its relationship to the other departments and to the organic whole. • PREFACE. The topical plan of treatment haa been adopted, as the simplest, the most philosophical, and the most practical. In teaching, and especially in reviewing, it is hoped that teachers may find the work of special value to their pupils. The division into periods, on the basis of the number five, is adopted from Dr. Vincent, and where differences in names and spelling are found in different histories. Qreen has generally been followed. ■"«■."> ENGLISH HISTORY. CHAPTER I. Before studying the history of a nation in detail, it is best to glance at it as a whole, and subdivide it into periods by noting the great clianges that have taken place in it. This gives the student a general idea of what he is to study, connects the present with the past in his mind, and gives him a series of landmarks around which he can readily group events as he learns them. In this way the learning and the retention of the facts of history are greatly facilitated. It is much easier, and usually more important, to remember that an event occurred during the Stuart period, than that it happened in 1045 The dates which bound the periods into which the history of a country may be divided, should be fixed in the memory, and then nearly all other events should be remembered as related to them. Different teachers may adopt various bases of di- vision in deciding the periods in the history of a country, and the best basis for one country may be quite unsuited to another. On the whole the simplest ENGLISH HISTORY PUIMEK. basis for the history of England is the succession of ruling races. This will make a convenient arrange- ment easily remembered because it may be associated with the number five as follows : — I. Periods of History: — 1. Five Divisions : — l. Britons; 2. Romans; 3. English, or Saxons ; 4. Five Lines ; 5. Five Houses. 2. Five Lines : — English, Danes, English (restored), Nor- mans, and Angevins. 3. Five Houses : — Lancaster, York, Tudor, Stuart, Han- over. II. Dates of the Periods : — Britons to 55 B.C. Romans 55 b .c. to 449 A.D. .505 years. English 449 a .D. 1017 A.D..568 " Danes 1017 1041 '* .. 24 «' English 1041 1066 '' .. 25 *' Normans 1066 1154 " .. 88 " Angevins 1154 1399 " ..245 " Lancastrians 1399 1461 '* .. 02 " Yorkists 1461 1485 " .. 24 " Tudors X485 1603 " ..lis " Stuarts 1603 1714 " ..111 " Hanoverians 1714 presei nt time. The time from the visit or the Ilomans till the present extends over 1900 years. The Roman period alone covers about 500 years, and the English period nearly 600 years, leaving only about 800 years for all the other periods. PERIODS OF Exr.i/}'.;i i:i. T(;i:v. III. How the Ruling Races succeeded cauh other : — 1 . The Bomans obtained possession of Great Britain by conquest. 2. The English found the Britons unused to war aft(Jf the Romans left, and conquered the Island. 3. 5. 6 The Danes troubled the English for nearly 200 yenrs by repeated inviuions before they obtained po.sscf^sion of the country in 1017. 4. The English ^Acrc restored peaceably in 1041. The Normans under William the Conqueror invaded England in ICCJGaiid defeated Harold thcEnglifch king at the battle of Senlac (Hastings). William claimed that the croAvn had been willed to him by Edward the Confessor the first of the restored English kings. The Angevins or Plantagenets were a branch of tlio Norman family. Henry I., the third Norman king, lost his only son and left the throne to his daughter Ma- tilda. Her cousin Stephen disputed her claim and se- cured the crown. The result was a civil war which finally ended in an agreement being made by which Matilda'3 son Henry of Anjou was declared hei^ to the throne on the death of Stephen. He became Henry II., the first of the Angevins. The Lancastrians were descended from the Ange- vins, but not in the direct line of succession. The last of the Angevins had banished his cousin Henry and seized the estates belonging to Henry's father. Henry took advantage of the king's absence in Ireland to return and raise an army to oppose him. Parliament removed the king from the throne and crowned Henry IV. as his successor. The name Lancastrian comes from Henry's 8 ENGLISH UISTOUY miMEll. father, John of Ghent, Duko of Lancaster, third son of Edward III. 8. Th3 YD:kist3 were aho descended from Elward III. • a;i I during the roigii of Iliiiuy VI. th 3 last of the Lan- castrians, who wa^ ii very weak man, tlie Duko of York decided to secure t'le kingdom for himself. This caused the terrible "Wars of the Roses," which resulted in favor of the Yorkists. 9. The first Tudor,Honry VII., was of Lancastrian descent. He was grjat-grca! -grandson of John of Ghent, and as Richard III., the last Yorkist, was a usurper and a very unpopular man, he claimed the tlirone and won it at Bosworth, where Richard was killed. The name Tudor came from Henry's father, and his claim to the throne he inherited through his mother. He established this claim and at the same time removed the rivalry between the* Yorkists and the Lancastrians by marry- ing the eldest daughter of Edward IV., the first Yorkist king. 10. The Sbuarts succeeded to the throne by inheritance, James I. , who was son of the celebrated Mary Queen of Scots and King of Scotland, being the nearest heir to the throne of England on the death of Queen Elizabeth. James was descended from the eldest daughter of Henry VII., the first of the Tudors. 11. The HaHDVeriani w^i-e made heirs to the English throne by the " Act of Settlement," an act passed by the British parliament, in the reign of William III. , with the design of making the British sovereigns Protestants. James L, the first of the Stuarts, had a son Charles and a daughter Elizabeth. Charles succeeded his father as king, and from him the rest of the Stuarts were de- scended. Elizabeth's daughter Sophia married the ruler of Hanover, and to her and her heirs the crown was PERIODS OF ENGLISH HISTORV. given by the "Act of Settlement," because the Stuart family had made themselves very obnoxious to the English pi ople. George I., the first of the Hanoverians* \va3 the 6011 of Sophia. IV. The United Kingdom Territorially : — The kingdom established by tho English did not include the whole even of Great Britain*, but that portion only which we now call England. The other parts of Great Britain and Ireland were added as follows : — 1. Ireland — Conquered by Henry IT., the first of the Angevins. Parliament united with the English in 1800. 2. Wales — Conquered by Edward I. 3. Scotland — Crowns united in 1603, when James I. (who was also King of Scotland) became King of England. Parliaments united in 1707. STUDENTS' BEVIEW OUTLINE. I. Peb. B. E. E. 6 L. 5 H. :— The .") L. were E. D. E. N. A.; The C H. were L. Y. T. S. II. (Mnemonic Key-words, Breden a Lytsh). II. Dates of Per, R. 5- to 4— ; E. 4— to 10— : D. 10— to 10—; E. 10— to 10—; N. 10— to 11—; A. 11— to 13—; L. 18— to 14—; Y. 14— to 14—; T. 14— to 10—; S. IG— to 17—; H. 17 — to present time. R. ^::-= about — j-rs. ; E., about — yrs. ; and all other periods only about — yrs. III. How R. Rs. SuccEiDED To THE TiiRoxE. R. by con.; E. l)y con.; D. by cou.; E. res. ])eaceal)ly ; N. by con.; An. l)y tr. bet. Steph. and Mat. ; L. by Parlt. ; Y. by W. of J7. ; T. Hen. Tud. claimed the throne by Dcs. from J. of Gii. and won it at B.; S. by inhor. , J. of Scot, was heir on death of El. He was des. from the D. of H. VII.; H. by Parlt. "A. of S." in Reign of Wm. III. 10 ENOJLISH HISTORY PRIMPni. IV. The U. K. Ter. I. con. by H. II. Parlt. un. 18—; W. con, by Ed. I. S. Crs. un. in 16 — , when J. became king of E. and S. Parlt. un. in 17 — . BE VIEW QUESTIONS. 1. Name ths five Li isions of English History. 2. Name the five Lines. 3. Name the five Houses. . 4. Name the twelve successive periods of English History. 6. Give the dates which bound the periods. G. How did the several ruling races succeed each other? 7. What countries are included In the United Kingdom ? 8. In whose reign was Ireland conquered ? 9. In whose reign was Wales conquered ? 10. How were Scotland and England united under one king? 11. When were the Scotch and Irish pai'liaments respectively united with the English parliament ? CHAPTEE II. THE ROMAN PERIOD. The Reman Period covers nearly 500 years, from 55 B.C. to 449 A.D., but the Romans actually ruled Britain for only a little more than 300 yenrs. It v/as nearly 100 years after Caesar first visited the island before the Romans returned, and tho Britons were not conquered until 73 A.D. The Romans began to leave 410 A.D. to protect Rome itself from invas'on by barbarous tribes. I. Improvements: — The Britons were a barbarous race, of whom little is known. They wore divided into a number of potty tribes who were frequently at war with eacli otiicr, but during the Roman occupuiiion they were reduced to quiet and submissive habits. Unfortunately they i ROMAN PERIOD. 11 lost their self-reliance along with their turbulent spirit. They had lived in small huts, but the Romans taugho them how to build very good houses, and trained thein in agriculture. Under the di- rection of the Romans they drained many of the marsherf, built towns, and opened up good roads through the ^sland, which had previously been a wild- erness. The Romans also bu'lt two wall^across the island to prevent the northern tribes from invading their pro- vince. II. Religion : — The Britons had religious teachers called Druids, who performed their mysterious rites in the groves, the oaks of which they held to be sacred. They had great influence over the people, and were teachers and judges as well as priests. During the Roman period Christianity was introduced, and the persecution of the Christians extended to Britain, St. Alban being martyred in i beginn of the 4th century. STUDENTS' BEVIEW OUTLINE. I. EoM. Per, Nearly years, from b.c. to 4 a,d. II. Imps. 1. Ag. ; 2. ^r. of Mar. ; 3. Pg. of Ts. ; 4. Rs. ; 5. Ws. IV. Eel. Br. Drm. ; lion^s. iut. Cb., I. Mar. St. Al. BEVIEW QUESTIONS. 1. When did Cnesar first land in Britain ? 2. How long was ifc before the Romans returned to Britain ? 3. Wlien Avaa the lloman conqiiest of Britnin completed ? 4. When did the Romans begin to leave Britain ? 5. Name five improvements made hy the Romans in Britain. 6. What was the religion of the Britons ? ''. Who was the first Christian martyr in Britain ? 12 ENGLISH HISTORY PRIMER CHAPTER III. THE ENGLISH PERIOD. The English Period, including the Vief rule of the Danes, lasted about 600 years, from 419 to 1060. ENGLISH PERIOD. 13 I. Where the English came from :— The true English or Anglo-Saxon people did not origin- ally belong to England. In the fifth century after Christ they lived in what is now called Slcswick. North of them was a tribe named the Jutes, and south of them another named the Saxons. These tribes were united with the English or Angles under the common name of Englishmen, although they are generally known as Saxons because the Romans only came in contact with the southern or Saxon tribes II. Why the English came to Britain : — They were, as their descendants have been, a most en- terprising and aggressive race. A Roman writer says of them: "Foes are they, fierce beyond other foes, and canning as they are fierce : the sea is their school of war, and the storm their friend ; they are sea- wolves that live on the pillage of the world. " Early in the 5th century these fierce ancestors of ours began to pillage in the British Channel. When the Romans had to leave Britain the province was ex- posed to repeated attacks from the Picts of Scotland, who were really Britons who had escaped to the Highlands at the time of tlie Roman conquest. The people of Britain were untrained in the art of war owing to the despotic method of government adopted by tho Romans, and so when they found themselves in 449 A.D. about to bo attacked by the Picts in alliance with the English, and the Scots, a tribe from Ireland, they decided to weaken their enemies and strengthen themselves by bribing the English to, leave the Picts and Scots and unite with them. By 14 ENGLISH HISTORY PRIMER. a promise of land and pay they induced two English chiefs, Hengest and Horsa, to come to their assistance. III. The English Conquest : — • As Boon as the Picks and Scots were defeated the Eng- lish set to work to conquer Britain for themselves. The Britons fought long and desperately, yielding their land inch by inch. For 150 years the struggle continued. It was a ' ' sheer dispossession and slaugh- ter' on the part of the English, a despairing effort for life by the Britons. "At its close Britain had become England, a land not of Britons but of English- men. " There was no settlement of the conquerors among tho conquered, no submission on the part of the Britons. Gildas, the only historian of the Britons, speaks of the Saxons a hundred years after their landing as "barbarians," "wolves," "dogs," "hate- ful to God and man." IV. Wars during the English Period : — 1. Between Rival English Earldoms. 2. Danish Invasions. 3. Norman Invasion. 1. The English divided Britain at first into seven earldoms. The chief of these were Northumbria, Mercia, and Wes- sex. There was almost continual strife between these earldoms for the overlordship of the whole, until Egbert of "\Ves?^^cx became "King of the English," ruler from the Forth to the English Channel, in 827. 2. The Danish Invasions. During the last 200 years of the Eaglish period the Danes were a source of almost con- , stant annoyance. They came chiefly from Norway and the northern part of Denmark, much as the English 16 ENGLISH HISTORY PRIMER. themselves had come 400 years before. The second invasion from across the North Sea led to even fiercer warfare than the first. The Danes and English belong- ed to the same great race, and the struggle between them was long and its results terrible. Time after time the Danish hordes swarmed into England, and grad- ually they grew stronger and became more successful. Even Alfred the Great was compelled to wander in disguise from them. Ho succeeded, however, after a time in completely defeating them and securing peace, but during the hundred years which followed his death they gradually established themselves in England until in 1017 Cnut (Canute), a Dane, was acknowledged as King of England. Three Danish kings ruled till 1041, when Edward the Confessor, an Englishman, received the crown, / 3. The Norman Invasion. On the death of Edward the Confessor without a child, Harold, who was the most powerful English nobleman, was made king, but he did not rule long. William the Conqueror, Duke of Nor- mandy, claimed that the throne had been promised to him by Edward the Confessor. He had also made Harold swear to support his claim, when he acciden- tally got him in his power, through Harold's ship being driven on the coast of Normandy in a storm. When Harold was made king, William was very angry and invaded Englan'l. Harold met him at Scillac (Hast- ings), wlicre a fierce battle was fought in wliich Harold WMS killoJ, and William became King of England in 1000. V. Church History during the English Period : — The English found tho Britons professing Christianity, ENOLISH PERIOD. 17 but they drove out the Chi'iatian religion along with the Britons, and introductd the worship of their heathen gods : Woden, the god of AVar ; Thor, the god of .Thunder, and many others. The days of our week take their names from these gods. Nearly 600 years after the birth of Christ, however, or about 150 years after the com- ing of the English, Christianity was again introduced. Pope Gregory was at this time ruling in Rome. Years before he had "Seen led to take an interest in the people of the island oy seeing some beautiful English slaves, and when the King of Kent married a Chris- tian lady, he seized the opportunity and sent St. Augustine to teach the Christian religion to the English people. About the same time mission- aries were sent to England from Ireland, in which country Christiahity had been firmly established. In about 100 years the whole land was converted, and monasteries were soon erected throughout the country. The influence of the leaders in the church was widely felt in all the most important departments of the organization of the English kingdom. The self-sac- rificing j:cal of Aidan and Cuthbert, representing the Irish Church, improved thomanneiaand elevated the morals of the people ; mastevly adminiatrators such as Theodore and Bunstan excited immcnsG influ- ence in promoti;)^' unity aiaong the various earldoms, and in supplyin;^' by a thorough ori^anization of the church tho model of the organization of the state ; while the monks Cssdmon iind Bed© laid the foun- dation of Engii&h literature. 18 ENGLISH HISTORY PRIMER. Summary : — 1. Christianity driven out and heathenism introduced by the English. 2. Christianity introduced fron^ ^ome and Ireland, 3. The church influenced the people, the state, and liter- ature. VI. Constitutional Growth during the Eng- lish Period : — The English brought with them to England the funda- mental principles of good government. 1. They recognized the responsibility of the individual to society. 2. They submitted disputed questions to the "VVitan or wise men as t 'leir representatives. At the close of the period they had developed the most important features of tlio English constitution of to-day. They had a king. In place of a parliament they had the 'Witenagemot or assembly of the wise men, which met three times a year. Their municipal arrangements were very good. The country was divided into shires, and they were further sub-divided into hundreds, townships, and burghs. The shires corresponded pretty nearly with the counties of the present day, the hundred^ were larger divisions than the townships, formed chiefly for the administration of justice, and the burghs were formed by families settling in the vicinity of a fort. They formed the beginnings of towns and cities. Trial by a jury of twelve was practised by the as-iembly of the hundreds, J^s they referred cases to committees of twelve men. Summary : — 1. The seven earldoms of the Heptarchy united under one king. ENGLISH PERIOD. 19 2. Assembling of the Witenagexnot. 3. Municipal divisions into shires, hundreds, townsMps, and burghs. VII. Progress of the People during the English Period : — When tho English settled in Britain the people were divided into three classes : slaves, freemen, and a higher class of. freemen of noble blood known as "eorls." The slaves were mere serfs who might bo even killed by their ov/ners without any legal inter- ference. Many English nobles made large incomes by selling English slaves in foi oign markets. After the introduction of Christianity the church set to work vigorously to secure the freedom of the slaves, and towards the close of tho English period tho slave class had nearly all been raised to the dignity of "freemen." While the slaves advanced, however, the "freemen" gradually became more subservient to the nobles. At first the freemen were the actual rulers, and voted in deciding all important questions affecting their shire, township, or village, but after the whole land was united under one king, he gradually secured more power, which he exercised through the nobles. The " freemen" could not travel far enough to reach the national Witenagemot, and so the making of the laws was left to the nobles and the church author- ities. The independence of the "freemen" was still further affected by the necessity for uniting under the leadership of some lord for the protection of life and property. Ic is important to notice this fact, as it 20 ENGLISH HISTORY PRIMER. • prep. ritish The Great Charter (Magna Charta) was granted by King John in response to demands made by the barons, led by Stephen Langton, tno Primate. This charter contained little that was really new. It was merely a formal putting together in writing of the charter of Henry I., and the judicial changes of Henry II. What had been "unwritten custom" now became specific written law, which was distri- ANGEVIN PERIOD. 35 "butcd among the people. This charter provided umoiig other things, that * ' No freeman shall be seized, or imprisoned, or dispossessed, or outlawed, or in any way brought to ruin, save by legal judgment of his peers, or by law of the land." "To no man," says one clause, " will we sell, or deny or delay, right or justice." It prohibited the king from imposing un- just taxes, and secured municipal privileges and free- dom to the towns. Unfortunately it needed to be re-enacted often, until the people grew strong enough to compel the kings to carry out its provisions. For over fifty years after it was granted, the charter was not properly administered. To remedy this de- fect, Simon of Monif ord, leader of the barons, in 1258 secured tlie Provisions of Oxford, wliicli recog- nized a Royal Council that was practically to -con- trol the king. Henry III. chafed under this control, however, and at length a civil war ensued between him an .1 the patriotic barons. The king was defeated, and next year, in 1205, Earl Simon summoned not only the barons and the ecclesiastics, but the common people; " two citizens from every borough." By so doing ho took no less a step than the foundation of the " Hoii:e of Common;-;." Earl Simon was killed in the same year that he summoned his parliament, but Edward I. called a similar parliament in 1295, just thirty years later, and the repreientation of the common people in parliament has continued since that time. At first the representatives of the people had no share in the general proceedings of parliament. They dealt only with the taxation of their classos, during 86 ENGLISH iriSTOItY PUIMER. the roign of Edward I. Tlion purl lament met in four departments, eacli by itself ; clergy, bnrons, knights, representing country districts, and hMrgesses, repre- senting towns. In tlio reign of Edward II. the burgesses were allowed to take part in the general business of parliament, smd in the early part of tho reign of Edward III. tho knights and burgesses had united under their present namo * ' Tho Commons. " This was a most important change. For the first time the people were legislating for themselves as a nation. It is worthy of remembrance that the burghs were first called upon by Edward I. to send representatives to settle the taxes of their classes. Tho burghs being free could not be taxed by the barons, and Edward requiring more money to enable him to conduct his wars with the French, called the burghers to his aid. Their jiowers were greatly extended by his succi^sors, and they still retain control of the finances of tho realm. In addition to calling the House of Commons to'gether, Edward I. did much to consolidate the laws and to perfect the system of courts ej^t? .blished by Henry II. Tho increasing power of the people ' ver tho absoluti?m of the kings during this period niay be seen in the deposition of Edward II. and Richard II. by parliament. Tho Norman and Angevin kings were strong-willed men, but they could not permanently hold in subjection the spirit of freedom of the Eng- lish race. ANGEVTV PETilOD. 37 SCMMARY : — 1. The absolute b"t wise rule of Henry II., who founded courts and trial by jury. 2. The Great Charter gmiitod by John. 3. Foundation of Tho House of CommoDS. 4. Development of Parliamentary power over tlie king. IV. The People under the Angevins : — Morally, socially, and politically, the people gradually progressed during the two and a half centuries of Angevin rule. The grc:it religious awakenings among tho masses, brought about by tho Friars and by Wyclif, prepared the w;iy for the realization and assertion of their rights by the peasantry. The Friars did much service to the people by teaching them habits of order, thrift, and cleanliness. The system- atizing of the laws and their general distribution throughout the land widened the range of thought of the peasants, and helped them to free themselves from the barons, who had secured their own free- dom from the control of the kings. The "Feudal System of the Contiueror, which made the peasants the serfs of the barons, and the barons the sorvile followers of an absolute kiuL^, was thus lifted from the shoulders of the people, and they were allowed to start, but merely to start, in the path to- wards individual independence. Even the need of money by the king and the nobles to help in carrying on the almost constant wars of the period, helped the serfs to gain their liberty by purchasing it. This need of supplies enabled the towns also to secure their freedom from the king and barons by grants of money, and ultimately led, as we have seen, to their representation in Parliament in the reign of Edward I. 38 ENGLISH HISTORY PRIMER. J Thus, during the Angevin period two most important revolutions went quietly on among the people. The towns rapidly increased in trade and municipal in- dependence ; and the land throughout the country was rented to tenant farmers instead of being worked by them as mere servants for tho benefit of the nobility. As a ^consequence of this change in the condition of the farmer, a change followed in the condition of the laborers. They had been bound to eerve in one place, at one kind of work, and for one master. Towards the close of this period they ob- tained freedom to work for whom they chose, and to select the employment which suited them. This soon brought about competition between labor and capital. This difficulty was increased greatly by a terrible plague, the Black Death, which swept over England from Europe. So many thousands of people died from it, the price of labor was raised so rapidly, that employers were threatened with ruin, and a most determined attempt was made by the king, parlia- ment, and the employers, to reduce the laboring clas- ses to serfdom again. The Statutes of Laborers were passed, binding each laborer to work for any one who required hiui at a very low rate of wages, and forbidding him to leave his parish to seek better employment. Of course such a grinding law could only urge the laborers to claim more liberty, as the absolutism and tyranny of the kings had led the barons to do before. The teachings of the followers of Wyclif incited resistance to wrong, and one of them, John Ball, "Mad John Ball," the landowners named him, was specially out- spoken in writing and preaching against the oppres- ANGEVIN PEBIOD. 39 sion of the poor. Green says, that " in his preaching England first listened to the knell of feudalism and the declaration of the rights of man. " Feudalism had been rapidly disappearing for two cen- turies, but John Ball and his assoeip+es did much to prevent its re-rearing its ugly head and fastening again its fangs upon the people. His doctrines were too communistic, but his claims for the right of the people were less extravagant and less oflfensive than the feudalism which he attacked. The Statutes of Laborers, and tha Poll Tax ordered to be collected from rich and poor alike, led to the rebellion under Wat Tyler, and started a social struggle between capital and labor which continued for a century. Summary : — 1. Religious and social movements of the Friars, and Wyclif, 2. Fall of the Feudal System. 3. Increase in the wealth and power of towns- 4. Tenant farming introduced. 5. Independence of the peasantry in selecting employ- ment, and attempts to prevent it. 6. Difficulties between labor and capital. V. England Territorially under the An- gevins : — Henry II. was ruler of the west and north of France, as well as of England. Aquitaine and Calais were added in the reign of Edward HI. , but before the close of the period the French reg -ined nearly all the territory conquered by the Black Prince and his father. 40 ENGLISH HISTORY PRIMER. VI. Great Men of the Angevin Period : — !• Kings. The Angevins were all men of ability, except Henry III. and Edward II. Henry II. was a clear- headed, orderly, busy man, possessed of great strength of body and will. He had a definite idea that an un- restricted kingly administration of wise laws was the best form of government, and he resolutely carried out his idea. He issued a good code of laws, and founded the judicial system which with slight changes England has to-day. He conquered Ireland. The greatest general of the age was the Black Prince, son of Edward III. He distinguished himself in the French wars, but disd when quite a young man. 2. Thomas Beket was tlie son of a wealthy merchant in London. He was possessed of much native ability and received a thorough education. He won the favor of Henry II. , and became Archbishop of Canterbury. He devoted himself with great earnestness to his work in the cburch, and for several years endured banishment from England rather than submit to whai, he regarded as unjust demands of the king who had appointed him. He returned at length, but was soon after murdered in the cathedral at Canterbury by friends of the king. 3. Stephen Langton was appointed Primate in the reign of John. John quarreled with the Pope on account of his appointment, but Lang ton turned out to be one of the truest of English patriots. He was noted for his piety and learning, but is still more worthy of honor as the leader of the English in their struggle for free- dom. He was chiefly instrumental in compelling Joim to grant the Great Charter. 4. Simon of Montford was one of the greatest men of his age, and in uprightness and strict integrity a pattern for any age. Fe was a statesman of large and liberal ANGEVI^^ PERIOD. 41 conceptions, and a general of decided ability. His greatest work was to compel Henry III. to observe the terms of the Great Charter. When the king ob- jected to this, Simon led the barons against him and defeated him at Lewes. In 1265 he issued the writs for the assembly of the first House of Oommons, but the desertion of many of the ' arons in the same year deprived him of his power, and he was defeated and killed by the king's troops. -^ 5. Roger Bacon was a very learned teacher at Oxford University. Failing to arouse the enthusiasm in scien- tific study for which he had hoped and labored, he be- came a mendicant friar, and renounced books. He had, however, written an article which came tnder the notice of the Pope, and he invited him to write. After great sacrifices and struggles he produced the "Opus Majus," one of the most remarkable scientific works evei written. He lived during nearly the whole of the 13th century. 6. Matthew Paris was the last and greatest of the monk- ish historians. He lived during the first half of the 13th century. 7. Groifry Chaucer was the first great English poet. He :v » a the Canterbury Tales. Little is known of his early x'o. He served as a soldier for a time, and acted as a representative of the Crown in Italy. He lived during the latter half of the 14th century. 8. John Wyclif was the most brilliant Oxford professor during the latter half of the 14th century. He trans- lated the Bible into English. He w-s an outspoken opponent of the Pope's interference with English affairs of state, and advocated a simpler form of religious ser- vice. He has been styled ''the Morning Star of th© Reformation." • 42 ENGLISH HISTORY PRIMER. 11 i^i STUDENTS' BE VIEW OUTLINE. I, Wars. 1. Con. of I. and W. by H. IT. an<1 E. I. ; 2. Fr. W. in reign of J. endiiig in def. at B., in rrign of Ed. III. Eng. won at C. and P. and took C. ; 3. Wars in S.: In reign of Ed. I. Scotch led by W. W. and E. 13., B. def. Ed. II. at Bn. 13—, in reign of R. IE. C. C. ; 4. S. of Bar. : Led by L. they forced J. to grant M.C., under S. of M. they def. H. III. at L. but were def. next year at E. ; 5. Pt. Bev. : Ps. under W. T. dem. ref. and opposed the P. T. II, Ch. 1. Str. bet. B. and H. II. ; 2. J.'s quar. with P. ; 8. Frs. ; 4. W. III, Con. 1. H. 11. Ab. but wise, good L. fd. Cs. and T. by J.; 2. M.-C. by Jn. ; 3. F. of H. of C. rV. People. 1. Eel. and SI. mts. of Fs. and W. ; 2. Fall of F. S. ; 3. Ts. inc. in W. and P. ; 4. T. F. int. ; 5. Ind. of Peas. ; 6. Difi. bet. L. and C. V. Ter. Not only Eng. but W. and N. of Fr. VI. Men. 1. Ks. H. II. and Ed. I. ; 2. T. B. A. of C. ; 3. S. L. A. of C. led Bs. in forcing M.-C. from Jn. ; 4. S. of M. great stn. and genl., def. H. III. at L., called first H. of C; 5. B. B. great Sc. writer, wrote O. M., lived in — cent. ; 6. ill. P. last M. H. ; 7. G. C. great Eng. Pt., wrote C. T., hved in — cent. ; 8. J. W. learned O. P., Tr. B.,' " the M. S, ofE." BEVIEW QUESTIONS. 1. By whom were Ireland and Wales respectively conquered ? 2. Sketch the French wars during the reign of Edward III. 8. Why did Edward II. invade Scotland? 4. What two celebrated warriors led the Scotch in thoir struggles for independence during the reigns of Ed- ward I. and Edwai'd II. ? r\ Give the date of Bannockbui-n, and state its results. 6. Sketch the -struggle between Becket and Henry II. in re- gard to church matters. 7. What led to tlie quarrel between the Pope and King John ? LANCASTRIAN AND YORKIST PERIODS. 43 8. Describe the work of the Friars and of Wyclif. 9. Briefly state the constitutional improvemeuts of Kings Henry II. and John. 10. Who led the barons in forcing John to grant Maigna Charta ? 11. To what nobleman do we chiefly owe the foundation of the House of Commons ? 12. Why was the House of Commons called by Edward IT. ? 13. Sketch the chief events in connection with the progress of the people during the Angevin period. 14. What was the greatest extent of territory ruled by an English king during ths Angevin period? • 15. Who was the Black Prince ? 16. Name six distinguished man of the Angevin period, and tell for what they are noted. CHAPTER YI. THE LANCASTRIAN AND YORKIST PERIODS. The Lancastrian Period lasted 62 years, from 1399 to 1461. The Yorldst Period lasted 24 years, from 1461 to 1485. I. Leading Wars : — The following are the leading wars of these two periods : — 1. Revolt of Wales. Encouraged by internal dissensions in England, during the reign of Henry IV. , the Welsh revolted under Oweil Glendower. He fought man- fully for four years, but at length had to yield to superior numbers, and retire to his mountain fastness. 2. The Lollard Rising. Henry IV. and V. persecuted the Lollards, as the followers of John Wyclif were called, and they revolted under Sir John Oldcastle, \ ^jr ENGLISH HISTORY PRIMEPw in the reign of Henry V. The rising was unsuccess- ful. Sir John, and thirty-nine others, were executed, and LoUardism as a political movement ceased. As a religious movement it retained its vitality, however. 3. War with France. Henry V., the second and ^^reatest of the Lancastrians, claimed the throne of France. He had not even so good a claim as Edward III., but the English barons were smarting under the peace of , Richard II., and a war with France offered the best way for uniting them to himself. Henry saw also that the French were themselves disunited. The French tried in vain to avoid war, but Henry determnied to add France to his possessions. The French forgot their differences to defend their country, and met Henry's small army with a force of 60,000 men at Agincourt, 1415. The English, although worn with hunger and fatigued by forced marching, won a most brilliant victory, of which their posterity are still justly proud. Henry's army was too weak to enable him to take any immediate ad\antage of his victory at Agincourt, so he returned at once to England. In three years, however, he renewed the war, and was so suc- cessful thai in five years from the battle of Agincourt he was appointed Regent of France during the life of King Charles, and acknowledged to be the heir tO the throne on the death of that sovereign. Henry died first, however, and the war continued, as- some parts of France had not yet yielded. Among these was the city of Orleans. Famine had reduced it to the verge of surrender, when a peasant maid, Joan of Arc, who claimed to be inspired of God, placed her- self at the head of the French and speedily succeeded in raising the siege. The French soldiers, who had been thoroughly humiliated and disheartened by the sue- LANCASTRIAN AND YORKIST PERIODS. 45 cesses of Henry V., were aroused to vigorous eflforts, partly by Henry's death, but chiefly by their faith in the divine inspiration of Joan of Arc. Under her they were successful in defeating the English. The latter, however, succeeded in capturing her at length, and put her to death as a sorceress and a heretic, but their cause in France was hopelessly lost. The struggle continued through the first thirty years of the reign of Henry VI., and ended in the humil- iation of the English. For more than a hundred years from the time when Edward III. claimed the French thronef did the English kings continue their attempts to gain possession of it by force, with but one long interval of peace. The Black Prince and Henry V. proved themselves heroes and military gen- iuses ; Cressy, Poitiers, and Agincourt were gallant- ly won, and they begin the long list of brilliant victories won by the British army; but the " Hundred Years' War " ended, not only in the loss of the temporary conquests made since the time of Edward III., with the exception of Calais, but in the loss of the great south- ern province (Aquitaine), which had remained in Eng- lish hands ever since the marriage of its duchess, Eleanor, to Henry II. 4. Cade's Revolt. The rising of the yeomen and trades- men of Kent under John Cade took place at the close of the French war. It is important as showing by comparison with the revolt of Wat Tyler, seventy years before, the change that had come over the pea- santry. Tlien they asked freedom from bondage, now they demanded reforms in the government of the country. Cade's requests were granted, but he was murdered after his followers had returned to their homes. 46 ENGLISH HlSTOllY PEIMEE. bf . I I 6. Wars of the Roses. The Lanccistrians were descended from the fourth son of Edward III. The Duke of Yoik traced his descent from the third son of Edward III. Henry VI., the last of the Lancastrians, had no heir till near the close of his reign, and this led York to aim at securing the crown for him&elf. The whole of the barons of England were gradually drawn inlo the struggle between the Yorkists and Lancastrians, and it soon became evident that, whoever won, the feudal taronage was at an end. The Yoikists wore a white, fi-ud the Lancastrians a jfed rOSe, as a badge ; hence the name of the wars. The war began in 1455, and continued with varying suc- cess till 1460, when York was recognized by Parlia- ment as the rightful heir to the throne, at the death of Henry. This roused Queen Margaret, who now had a son, to make a desperate effort to overthrow the York- ists. She met and defeated them at W.' \olield. York himself was captured and s'ain. His son Edward, how- ever, soon raised an army to avenge the death of his father. As he entered London he was liailed with shouts 01 "Long live King Edward!" The Yorkists were (ietermined not to Mait for the death of Henry, but to ^ et aside the parliamentary compromise and de- throne the king by force of arms. Tlie two armies met at Towton, in 1401. "In numbers engaged, as well as in the terrible cbstinacy of the struggle, no such battle had been seen in England since the fight of Senlac. On cither side the armies numbered GO.OGO men. The Lancastrians were completely routed, and more than 20,CC0 red roses were lett on the field." This practically ended the Wars of the Hoses. The leading Lancastrians, M'ho were not killed in battle, were put to death, and their lands given to friends of Edward LANCASTRIAN AND YORKIST PERIODS. 47 IV. Henry VI. was put in prison, and died there about ten years afterwards. Queen Margaret made attempts, with aid from Francfe, to dethrone Edward, but was unsuccessful. The chief supporter of the king was Warwick, "the King- maker." He had really male Edwanl king, and as most of the barons had been killed, he found little dif- ficulty in making himself very powerful. He and the king quarrelled after a time, and Vv'arwick joined Queen Margaret. He drove Edward from England, and brought Henry from prison and placed him on the throne. Edward soon returned, however, and defeated Warwick at Bamet, 1471. Warwick was killed as he fled to the woods after the battle. Margaret had raised an army to help Warwick, but was too late in coming. Edward now turned to meet her, and defeated her at Tewkesbury, where her son was slain. She was im- prisoned and the Lancastrian struggle closed. BATTLES OF THE "WARS OF THE ROSES." (for rbferexce.) Where Fought. Year. Won by 1. St. Albans (1) 1455 1459 146) 1460 1461 1461 14(;i 1464 1464 1471 1471 York. 2. Bloreheath 3. Northampton '. . . . It 4. Wakefield 5. Mortimer's Cross Lancaster. York. 6. St. Albans (2) 7. Towton 8. Hedsreley Moor 9. Hexham 10. Bamet 11. Tewkesbury Lancaster. York. II II II II 6. The Tudor Revolution. On the death of Edwai d IV. he was succeeded by his son, Edward V., who was only thirteen years old. His uncle Richard was appointed 48 ENGLISH HISTORY PRIMER. Protector, and he at once began to lay plans to secure the throne for himself. In a couple of months he mur- dered the leading friends of the young king, and placed Edward himself and his younger brotlicr in prison. He thfen got his friends in parliament to proclaim him king as Richard III., but he lost favor AviLh the people, through the murder of his young nephews in the tower. Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond (a Lancastrian who was in exile), took advantage of the horror with which this act was regarded, by both Yorkists and Lancas- trians, to unite the two parties, by proposing to marry the eldest daughter of Edward IV. He landed in Wales, and was quickly joined by a large body of sup- porters. He met Richard at BoSWOrth Field, 1485, where the king was defeated and killed. Henry was crowned on the field of battle as Henry VII. Summary : — L Revolt of Wales. 2. The Lollard revolt. 3. Last great attempt to conquer France. Henry V. successful, and acknowledged heir. Joan of Arc roused French. English lost nearly all French ter- ritory. 4. Cade'a revolt in favor of political reform, 6. ' ' Wars of the Roses, " ending in overthrow of Lancas- trians. 6. Tudor Revolutiton, Richard III. killed, and Henry VII. crowned. II. The Church under the Lancastrians and Yorkists : — Two facta should be remembered in connection with the church, during this period : 1. The church lost power, both politically and religiously, - during this period. LANCASTRIAN AND YOKKIST I'ERIODS. 49 2. The persecution of the Lollards was ruthlessly carried on dui ing t he reign i of Henry IV. and V. This per- secution did not put an end to the spread of Wyclif's principles. III. The Constitution during the Lancastrian and Yorkist Period : — The Struggle for Absolutism on the part of the kings, which had gone on during the Norman and Angevin periods, ceased for a time on the accession of the Lancastrians. Henry IV. having; been made king by parliament, submitted to its guidance. Tho peasants were rapidly acquiring the right to vote, and constitutional rule by the whole of the people seemed to be nearly established, when a bill was passed restricting the number of voters, as the gentry were jealous of the growing power of the lower clupses. Thus did the upper classes begin to wind around the lower those bonds of the franchise which are not even yet fully loosened in England. If, however, the Lancastrians allowed the free develop- ment and extension of the parliumtntary power, the Yorkists, under Edward IV,, cirectuaily stopped it. The Wars of the Rosea delayed the progress of English liberty at least a hundred years. The causes which led to the Tudor despotism are to be traced to this period. The barons and the church had, since the time of William the Conqueror, been the defenders of liberty against the encroachments of the kings, Thoy had forced the granting of the charters of freedom, and compelled the kings to carry out their provisions. The barons were al- most annihilated by the Wars of the Roses. The 50 ENGLISH HI8T0KY PRIMER. church too had, aa wo have seei;, lost much of its political i)ovver. Tlio great churchmen desired tho protection of their large e.statcfi, and feared to offend tho king. Tlio kings were thus left without restrain*, and the constitutional liberry developed during cen- turies was lost in a single reign. Summary : — 1. Lancastrians yielded to parliament. 2. Peasantry began to acquire right to vote. 3. Overthrow of Constitutional Government by Edward IV., the first Yorkist. Progress of the People under the Lan- castrians and Yorkists : — It is a remarkable fact that a civil war, such as th* carried on so fiercely between these rival Hous* did not destroy tlic commercial, industrial, and agri- cultural prosperity of the English people. In spite of the war, the towns grew rapidly in wenlth and commerce, and the cinaller land-holders increased to a large extent, owing to the fall of the barons, and the opening up of their vast estates. A writer of the period says, that in England during the ter- rible Wars of the Roses, "there were no buildings destroyed or demolished by war, and the mischief fell on those who made war.'' The ruin and blood- shed were limited to the great lords and their feudal retainers. The peasantry and traders seemed to improve in worldly position, and as was shown by the demands j^kuIo by Cade and his followers, they were beginning lo take a direct interest in politics. These noteworthy facts are shown by tho passing of unjust laViTs called Statutes of Apparel, " to curtail Hlq ., J v.- i ;» i- 1. LANCASTRIAN AND yoRKIST I'ERIODS. 51 dress of tho laboror and the farmer, " and by a pro- vision that only " .t,'ontlemen " should be elected to parliament. Literature and learning in tho univerfitiea and monasteries retrograded durinu; this period. Green states, that at its close, the students in Oxford were but a fifth of the number who attended a century before. This may bo accounted for by the fact^that so many of the higher classes were killed in the "Wars of the Roses." It is cheering to note, how- ever, that among the masses of the people a desire for knowledge began to show itself. This was partly brought about by the introduction of print- ing by William Caxton during the Yorkist rule. Summary : — 1. Increase in tho wealth and trade of towTis. 2. The destruction of Baronage gave rise to the system of smaller land-lioldings, and tenant-farming. 3. Peasantry began to give attention to politics. 4. Learning retrograded among higher classes, but spread among lower classes. V. Great Men of the Lancastrian and York- ist Period: — 1. Kings. Henry V. was a great military leader. He had both the genius and the courage necessary to suc- cess. While his handful of English arcjiers waited in the chilly ruin for the dawn at Agincourt, he heard a knight wishing for some of the thousands of warriors lying idle in England. " I would not have a single man more,' faid Henry, and animated by his spirit they were more than sulFicieut. Edward IV., the first of the Yorkists, was able in the field, but abler still as a n 52 ENGLISH HISTOEY PRIMER. statesman. "With him begins the ** New Monarchy," the absolutism of the kings, which lasted till the time of William III. 2. William Caxton brought the fir -t printing press into England. He issued the first book printed in England ill 1472. He translated several books into English. Summary : — 1. Henry V. was a brave warrior, and Edward IV. made . England an absolute monarchy. 2. Caxton introduced printing. STUDENTS' BEVIEW OUTLINE. I. Wars. 1. Eev. of W. ; 2. Lol. Eis. ; 3. Fr. War. H. V. sue. but Eng. afterwards def. by J. of A. ; 4. Eev. of Peas, un- der C. ; 5. Ws. of Es. ; 6. Tud. Eev. H. VII. cr. II. Cn. 1. Dec. of power both Pol. and Eel. ; 2. Per. of Lol. III. Con. 1. Lan. Ks. sub. to Parlt. ; 2. Peas, began to V.; 3. Cons, sel aside by Ed. IV. IV. People. Inc. in w. & tr. of ts. ; 2. inc. in smaller L.-hs. and T. — f. ; 3. Peas, gave atten. to Pol. ; 4. L. ret. iu Un. but sp. among masses. V. Men. H. V. great W., Ed. IV. gr. st. became an ib. mon. Cax. int. P. BE VIE W Q UE ST IONS. 1. Name tlio six wars of the Lancastrian and Yorkist period. 2. Sketch tb-^ last great attempt of the English kings to con- quer France. 8. State the cause of the " Wars of the Eoses," and give their results. 4. How did the Tudors get possession of tlie Throne ? 5. Why did the church h%e power during this period ? 6. Who were the Lollards ? 7. What change did Edward IV. make in the method of gov- erniiig England ? 8. What causes enabled him to rule arbitrarily? TUDOR PERIOD. 53 9. Explain why the towns prospered and the small farmers increased even during the " W.ars of the Roses." 10. Why did learning decline in the Universities during this period ? 11. What led to the diffusion of learning among the masses during tho Yorkist period ? 12. State some facts to prove that the peasantry of England were continuing to improve in intelligence and worldly position. CHAPTER VII. THE TUDOR PERIOP. The Tudor Period lasted 118 years, from 1485 to 1603. I. Leading Wars of the Tudor Period : — 1. Conspiracies against Henry VII. Two impostors, Lambert Simnel and Perkin Warbeck, claimed the throne in the early part of Henry's reign. The first claimed to be the Earl ot Warwick, a nephew of Ed- ward IV., and the second personated the Duke of York, the younger of the two princes, murdered in the Tower by Richard III. Both conspirators were unsuccessful. Simnel became a servant in the royal kitchen, and War- beck was beheaded. 2. French Wars. Four times did England declare war with France during the Tudor period ; once in the reign of Henry VII., twice during the time of Henry VJII., and once in Mary's reign. The English rulers had not yet given up the hope of conquering France. Henry VII. gave up the war almost as soon as he landed in France, on the French king promising to pay him a large sum of money annually. Henry VIII., in the early part of his reign, joined the Spaniards in a war with France to prevent the con- 54 ENGLISH HISTORY PRIMEK. quest of Italy by the French. Nine years afterwards he resumed the war, having formed a new alliance with Spain. The result of both wars was unsatisfactory to England. Henry had not enough money to conduct thof^e wars successfully, and both parliament and people refused to 1)0 taxed to the extent which he demanded. Mary joined her husband, Philip of Spain, in a war a^'ainst France. The result was the loss of Calais, which had been held by the English from the time of Edward III. 3. Wars with Scotland. (1.) When Henry VIII. invaded France the first time, the Scotch liing formed an alliance with the French and led an army into England. He was meb at Flodden by tlie English, and utterly defeated. He and the leading Scotch nobles were killed on the field. (2. ) The English were anxious to arrange a match between Edward VI. and Mary, afterwards " Queen of Scots." The Scotch objected, war was declared as a consequence, and the Scotch were defeated. Mary was sent to France, whore she married the eldest son of the king. (3.) In the second year of the reign of Elizabeth, Mary Queen ot Scots claimed the crov/n of England, as a descen- dant cf Margaret, the daughter of Henry VII. She began to gather a French army in Scotland to help her, but Elizabeth sent an army against it, wliich speedily, with the assistance of the Protestant party in Scotland, secured the witlulrawal of the French, and compelled the acknowledgment of her right to the English throne. It was only by tlie most active watchfulness, however, that Elizabctli was able to prevent revolts of her own Iloman Catholic f^ubjects, in conjunction with the French, in favor of Mary, until she at length im- prisoned her dangerous rival. It was natural that TUDOR PERIOD. 65 Roman Catholics, as well as Protestants, should regard it as matter of great importance to have a king or queen of their own religious persuasion, at a time when the royal will was law. It is a pity that two beautiful women, Lady Jane Grey and Mary Queen Oi Scots, lost their lives in the attempts made to place them on the English throne for reli- gious purposes. 4. Rebellion against Mary. During the reign of Ed- ward VI., Protestantism made rapid progress; but as the king was a sickly boy, the leading Protestants were alarmed lest he should be succeeded by his sister Mary, who was an ardent Eoman Catholic, and who naturally was very friendly to the Pope, as he had re- fused to consent to her mother's divorce from Henry VIII. They, therefore, got the young king to will the throne to his cousin Lady Jane Grey, a beautiful and retiring young lady, whom Northumberland, the lead- ing minister at the close of Edward's reign, married to his son. On the death of Edward, Lady Jane was proclaimed queen ; but the people *»,'Ould not consent to what they thought a gross injustice to the rightful successor, and Mai y received so much support tha -he was made queen nine da3^s after Lady Jane. In a few months IMary entered into an arrangement to marry Philip of Spain. This match caused much discontent throughout England, and led to a rebellion, in which Lady Jane's father was one of the leaders. This re- bellion was unsuccessful, .and Lady Jnne Grey, her father, her husband, and over sixty others were exe- cuted. 5. Tiie Spanish Armada. Philip of Spain was the mightiest monarch on the continent of Europe during Elizabeth's tiune. Ho was the most powerful defender 66 ENGLISH HISTORY PRIMER. of the Roman Catholic religion, and when Elizabeth began to imprison and put to death the JeSUit prlestS he decided to conquer England. He had also a strong desire to be revenged on the English for assist- ing the people of the Netherlands in their war against him, and for the loss of many of his richly laden treasure-ships which had been captured by daring E.glish navigators, of whom Sir Francis Drake is the most renowned. Philip, to accomplish his design^ prepared a large army and an immense fleet, which he boastfully named the Invincible Armada. When his intentions were known in England, the patriotism of all parties was roused. Even the Roman Catholics, al- though most of them were at variance wuth the queen, entered with enthusiasm iiito the defence of their coun- try against a foreign foe wlio was the leading Catholic prince of Europe. It is very doubtful if Philip's army would have achieved success even if it had landgd in England. It never succeeded in doing so, however Few and small as the English ships were, compared with those of the Armada, they were fast sailers, and much damage was inflicted on the rear of the Spanish fleet, as it slowly moved along the English channel. At length, after nearly a week of irregular fighting, the English Admiral brought on a general en- gagement. His first step was to take advantage of a high wind to set several ships on fire and send them among the enemy. Tliia caused great alarm among the Spaniards, and the English attacked them in the midst of their confusion. The result was the total defeat of the Armada. Unable to return by the chaniicl, the Spaniards tried to do so by the north of the British Isles. T»Tany of them were wrecked by a ^■^olent storm in the attempt, so that only a small portion of Philip's TX7D0R PERIOD.^ 57 boasted Armada ever returned to Spain. From this time England remained Queen of the Seas. Summary : — 1. Conspiracies of Slmnel and Warbeck. 2. Four unimportant French wars. 3. Scotch joined with French and were defeated at Plod" den. Conspiracies in Scotland. 4. Rebellion against Mary. 5. Armada. Sent by Philip of Spain. Defeated. II. The Church under the Tudors:— 1. Separation from Eome. This most important step was brought about by Henry VIII., because the Pope would not grant him a divorce from his first wife. After having lived with her for about twenty years, he pretended that he thought his marriage illegal, as the queen had been the wife of his brother Arthur. The Pope decided in Catharine's favor; and Henry, acting on the advice of his great minister, Cromwell, boldly refused to acknowledge Papal supremacy, and had himself declared Head of the Church. Henry was then formally divorced from Catharine, and married to Anne Boleyn, who was the mother of Queen Elizabeth. ' 2. The Act of Supremacy. By the passage of this acf-, Cromwell, the most relentless tyrant that ever held sway in England, not only made Henry the Head of the Church, but made the churcll, in every department* a mere instrument in the hands of the king. ** From the primate to the meanest deacon, every minister of it derived from him his sole right to exercise spiritual powers." He demanded its money, and even decided its beliefs. Tudor tyranny and despotism can nowhere be better seen than in the utter annihilation of the rights of the church — the strongest power in the realm except the king. 58 ENGLISH HISTORY PRIMER. 3. Destructioi of the Monasteries. Cromwell and Henry had doubtless a double aim in undertaking to destroy tli ■. monasteries. They "wiGhed to obtain their wealth, ai d at the same time i cmovc a class of church- men who owned alleijianee to tlie Pope. There were O J- probably good reatons for removing some of the monks • from their positions. They were charged, in some in- stances, with ".dleness and excesses of various kinds. At first only the smaller monasteries were suppressed, but ultimately all the monasteries were broken up, and their immense wealth made over to the king. 4. Translation of the Bible into English. This work was* greatly extended by the revival of learning, chiefly under Erasmus and Colet, two very learned and liberal Christian teachers who made their homes in England. Erasmus translated the New Testament. He aimed to make even the "weakest woman read the gospels, and to have the husbandman and weaver sing portions of them while at work. " During the Tudor period several translations of the Bible were issued ; Tyndall's, Coverdale's, and Cranmer's, in addition to that of Erasmus. Protestantism. TJie Reformation liad begun in Europe. Wyclif had laid tlie foundation for it in England, and the "new learning" of Colet and ErasmuS had helped on the movement. Latimer, a greater preacher than even they, had also done much to revive a spirit of religious enthusiasm among the people at large, and Cromwell, by causing the separation from Rome, and by the terrible blows he aimed at the church, prepared the way for Protestantism. Henry VIII. tried to re- strain the Protestants, for although he had quarrelled with the Pope, he still clung to many of the doctrines of the Church of liome. After his death, however, J. TUDOR PERIOD. 69 the country was governed chiefly by Protestants during the reign of Edward VI. The 42 Articles (since re- duced to 39) were issued, which are still accepted as the foundation principles of their faith by the English Church. The reign of Mary brought a persecution of the Protestants, but her successor, Elizabeth, defended them stoutly. One of the first acts of her reign was the restoration of Protestantism as the state religion, which it continued to be till the close of the Tudor period. During Elizabeth's reign the Eng- lish Church was established on nearly the same basis on which it stands at the present time. 6. Persecutions. The religious persecutions which took place under the Tudors could only have taken place at a time when the kings were unrestrained. The barons had been annihilated, the church was dormant, and the people had not yet risen to be a controlling power. Wholesale, cold-blooded, systematic robbery and mur- der were practised by the Tudors and thtir advisers such as remind us of the butcheries of Marius and Sulla in Rome. The chief persecutions were (1) "The Terror," under Cromu'eirs guidance, during the reign of Henry VIII., when all the monasteries were des- troyed, and hundreds of noblemen wei e put to death, because they did not agree with the religious opinions of the king, and aid the schemes of Cromwell ; (2) under Edward VI., when Protestantism with ex- cess of zeal was unjust to the Roman Catholicr, ; (3) imder Mary, when the Roman Catholics retaliated on the leaders of the new religion, and (4) under Eliza- beth, who put to death large numbers of Jesuits and other Roman Catholics because tliey took the part of Mary Queen of Scots in her attempts to secure the English throne, and because they remained firm in 60 ENGLISH HISTORY PRIMER. advocating allegiance to the Pope, who had excommuni- cated Elizabeth. Elizabeth also persecuted the non- conformist Protestants, or those who refused to ac- knowledge her as "head of the church" as laid down in the " Act of Supremacy." The High Commis- sion Court was formed by her to inquire into the re- ligious opinions of imlividuals on oath, and to force submission to the "Act of Supremacy." In Mary's persecutions, Ridley, Latimer, and Cranmer were burned. Summary : — 1. Separation from Rome, and founding of The English Church with the king as its head. Destruction of the Monasteries. Several translations of the Bible into English. Spread of Protestantism in England. Fierce persecutions by Henry VIII., Edward VI., Mary, and Elizabeth. III. The Constitution during the Tudor Period: — This is the darkest period i||f!Inglish history, so far as liberty is concerned. For the reasons which have been explained already, the close of the Wars of the Roses ushered in a period of absolute rule, during which parliament was but an instrument for carrying out the sovereign's wishes — when law was not the will of the people, but of the king ; when the consti- tutional liberties, slowly gained by centuries of strug- gle, wore swept away ; when even personal liberty was imperilled by a "spy system" — and death was the common price paid for opposition to the ruler. Constitutionally the Tudor period is a blank. 2. 3. 4. 5. TUDOE PERIOD. 61 IV. Progress of the people under the Tudors : The very large number of laborers, who had been prac- tically slaves under the Feudal System, and who had been liberated on the breaking up of that system, formed a class with whom it was difficult to deal. Thousands of " sturdy beggars " infested the coun- try, and frequently used force to compel the granting of tiieir demands. In the reign of Elizabeth, Poor Iiaws were passed, which distinguished clearly be- tween real paupers and vagrants, and they put an end to the great social danger of the period — the army of vagabonds. These laws were aided by the increase in the wealth of the country, the improved system of farming, and the great extension of man- ufactures. The great mass of able-bodied beggars found profitable work either on farms or in trades. The long peace of Elizabeth's reign afforded oppor- tunities for a great increase in general wealth, as she did not require to call on her subjects for many special grants for the support of the crown. This wealth found an outlet in commerce, which was so rapidly extended as to give to England the commercial lead of the world, which she has since maintained. The First Charter was granted to the East India Company, in Elizabeth's reign. The Royal Exchange was also established during her reign, and marks the great commercial prosperity of the time. Summary : — 1. Vast numbers of " sturdy beggaiS." 2. Poor Laws to reduce professional begging. 02 ENGLISH HISTORY PRIMER. 3. Great advancement in farming, manufactures, and commerce during the long peace of Elizabeth's reigii. 4. Foundation of East India Company and Royal Ex- change. V. Learning and Literature under the Tudors: — A very marked revival of learning took place in. England in the early part of the TiiJor period. Two names, Colet and Erasmus, stand out prominently in connection with the "New Learning" in England. They were eminent Greek scholars, and they seemed to have studied Greek chiefly Avith a view to the trans- lation of the Scriptures. In this way the revival of learning was made to have a direct bearing on re- ligious, social, and political questions in England. Through the efforts of Colet and Erasmus more gram- mar schools were established in England during the latter half of the reign of Henry VIIT. "than for three centuries before. " Many more gram inar schools were founded during the reigns of Edward VI. and Eliza- beth. Colet may be regarded as the founder of the middle-class system of English education. In the universities, too, needed reforms were made. They had degcneratc^d in common with those of all Northern Europe during the middle ages. Green says that "the influtuice of the New Learning on them was like a passing from death to life." This development of education prepared the way for • the remarkable revival of English literature which took place during Elizabetli's reign. With the exception of Sir Thomas More, whose " Uto- pia "was written in Latin, no writer of note appeared TUDOR PERIOD. 68 during tho Tudor period until the reign of Elizabeth. Then, during the peace which followed the defeat of tho Armuda, a gala/y of stars suddenly. shone forth, the brightest of whom were Spenser, Shakespeare, Sydney, and Bacon. They laid a broad and solid foundation' for modern Enjiflish literature. Shmmary : — 1. Great revival of learning imder Colet and Erasnnis. 2. Rapid i no lease of grammar or middle-class schools. 3. Learning directly associated with religious reform, 4. The marked improvement of the "New Education" was followed in Elizabeth's reign by one of the brightest periods in the history of English literature. Spen- ser, Shakespeare, Sydney, Bacon. VI, Notable People of the Tudor Period : — 1. Rulers. Henry VII., Henry VIII., Edward VI., Mary, Elizabeth. Henry VIII. ruled nearly forty years. His reign is noted for (1) his quarrel with the Pope ; (2) his recognition as Head of the Church; (5) the destruction of monasteries ; and (4) the revival of learning under Colet and Erasmus. Elizabeth reigned forty-five years. Her roign is noted for (1) the establishment of Protestantism ; (2) the defeat of the Armada ; (3) the rapid development of England in manufactures »nd commerce ; and (4) for the revi- val of English literature. She was a woman of great will powder, and proved herself a successful diplo- matist in dealing with foreign powers. 2. Navigators. John and Sebastian Cabot discovered the mainland of America in 1497. Drake circum- navigated the globe. Sir Walter Raleigh founded the colony of Virginia. 3. Statesmen. Two of the most remarkable statesmen of 64 ENGLISH HISTORY PRIMER. this or any other period of English history lived during the reign of Henry Vltl. The first was Thomas Wolsey. Ho graduated at Oxford when only 14 years of age and entered the church. He rose very rapidly until he became the papal legate, and also the chan< cellot* of England, thus occupying at once the highest positions of church and state in the country. For six- teen years he was the actual ruler of England, and he did much to make his royal master the despot which he afterwards became. Henry banished him at length be- cause he was not favorable to his marriage with Anne Boleyn, and he was arrested on a charge of treason, but died before he leacluul the Tower. Wolsey was succeeded by ThomaS Ciomv/ell. The ten yeara during which ho ruled England are justly de- scribed as the terror. Little is known of h'.a early life. He was a soldier in Italy, and after- wards a commercial agent. He became a rich wool merchant in the early part of Henry's reign, and was el- ected to parliament, where iC entered into the serv^ice of Wolsey. He won Henry's favor by recommending him to separate from Rome and declare himself the Supreme Head of the Church. He then proceeded to demolish the monasteries and to complete the total subserviency of the people to the king. He allowed nothing to interfere with his plans. Hundreds were mercilessly put to death, the most noted victim being Sir Thomas More. Ho completed the revolution which substituted personal for constitutional mon- archy. Under his terrible sway, "Arbitrary taxation, arbitrary legislation, arbitrary imprisonment were powers claimed without dispute and unsparingly exercised by the crown." He threw all his mighty power in favor of the Protestant reformation in Europe, TUDOK I'EUIOD. 65 ami tried to bring about the overthrow of the Em- peroi- Cliarlea V., the leader of the Roman Catholic pow era. I^art of hia plan was the marriage of Henry VIII. wilU Aauo of Cleves, a Gorman Protestant. Henry agreed to the marriage without having met hisbiide, but when ho saw her ho was indignant at her coarse appearance. This led to a quarrel with Cromwell, and he was put to death. Authors. Sir Thomas More was a distinguished statesman and author of the time of Henry VIII. Ili.s chief work was " Utopia," a description of au ideal government and state. Ho also wrote some his- tdrical works. He was beheaded by Cromwell. Edmund Spenser, the first great modem English poet, lived in the time of Elizabeth. His chief work was the " Faerie Queen." William Shakespeare, the greatest English dra- matist, lived during Elizabeth's reign. He was bom af Stratford -on- Avon, Francis Bacon, a scientific* writer of great ability, lived during the time or Elizabeth, and the early part of the Stuart period. His writings were numerous. The most important was " Novum Organum." Sir Philip Sydney was a warrior, a statesman, and an author. He wrote chiefly in prose. " Arcadia " was his greatest work. He lived during the reign of Eliza- beth. Sir Walter Raleigh was an author as well as a navi- gator. He wrote a History of the World. Scholars and Reformers. Colet was a distinguished Greek scholar in the reign of Henry VIII. He founded St. Paul's Grammar School in London, and laid the foun 66 BNULISH HISTORY PRIMER. *t Erasmus was an associate worker with Oolet. He was a scholar, an author, a translator, and a fearless preacher in favor of reforms in cliui "h and state. Latimer was a preacher of great power. He was a Protestai.t, and was one of the most distinguished mar- tyrs l)urned in the reign of Mary. Cranmer was Archbiahop of Canterbury. He helped Henry VIII. to get his divorce from liis first wife. Ho organized the English Church during the reign of Ed- ward VI., and translated the Bible. He was burned by Mary. John Knox was a great Protestant reformer of Scot- land, who established Presbyterianism in that country, and did for education there what Colet and Erasmus had done in England. STUDENTS' BEYIEW OUTLINE, I. Wars. 1. cons, of L. S. and P. V7. ; 2. Fr. Wars. (1 in H. VII. 2 in H. Vni. and 1 in M.) C. lost by M. ; 3. Wars in Scot. Def . of Scot. Fl. I 4. Reb. against Mary ; 5. Sp. Ar. def . II. Ch. 1. Sep. from Rome ; 2. H. VIII. head of Eng. Ch. by Act of Sup.; S. Dest» of Hon. ; 4. Trans, of B. ; 5. Prol Est. ; 6. Severe Rel. Pers. III. Cons. Kings assumed abso. power. IV. People. 1. Siurdy B. and P. L. ; 2. Rapid imp. in F. M."& C. during r. of El. ; 3. E. I. Co. and R. E. V. Leauning and Lit. 1. Rev. of L. under C. & E. ; 2. Inc. of M. C. Soh. ; 9. L. associated with Eel. Ref. ; 4. New Edu. causes Lit. Rev. (In r. of El., Sp. Sh. Sy. & B.) VI. DisT. People. 1. Rulers. H. VIII. Q. with P., Hd. of Ch., Dest. of Mon., Rev. of L. under C. and E.,E1. est. of Prot., Def. of Ar., peace and prog., modern Eng. Lit.; 2. Navigators. J. and S. C.,D., and Sir W. R.; 3. States- men. T. W. and T. C; 4. Authors. Sir T. M., Sp., Sh., Sir P. S., F. B., and Sir W. R. ; 6. Scholars and Reform- ers. Col.,Er.,Lat., Cr., and Kn. /■■■: r: ., ' t TUDOB PEBIOB. 67 * ItEVIEW QUESTIONS. 1. What c'rcnmstances ied to the aepaxatian ot the English Church from Rome ? 2. "What king was first proclaimed " Head of the Church?^ S. Descrihe the** Act of Supremacy." * 4. Sketch the establishment of Protestantism in England dur- ing tlie Tudor period. 5. Name the chief agents of Henry VIIL in "estalilishing the ** Tudor tyranny. " ^ 7. Wlaat -caused England to be over-run by sturdy beggars during the Tudor period ? S. Describe the attempt of Philip of Spain to conquer Eng- land. 9. Why did Philip invade England ? 10. What was the result of the long peace dnring ElizabetVs reign after the defeat of the Armada ? 11. Wiiat very impc»rtant educational movement "began early in the Tudor period? 12. Who founded the middie-<;lasg flcliools of England ? 13. What ied to the literary revival during the latter pait d the Tudor period? 14. Name the most distinguished authors of the Tudor period, and state the character o^ their writings. Ifi. N^ame four great scholars and reformers of the Tudor period. 7; ,■•'. \'-"^f-: 1,.-- piyr""- ^;.r ;«(.•. ..Al'ri.wi;.-'!- - 68 ENOLISFI HISTORY PRIMER. CHAPTER VIIL THE STUART PERIOD. The Stuart Period lasted HI years, from 1603 till 1714. ENGLAND DURINa THK Civil. WAB. NORTH . ''Tf??!^r«ij^ mmmmmm -;, * .:■:,' ' STUART PERIOD. 69 I. Wars of the Stuart Period: — , r Parliament against Royalty. 1. Civil Wars. -| Revolts in Ireland. V VV^ars in Scotland. 2. Foreign Wars. CIVIL WARS. 1. Parliament against Royalty. The Stuarts were even worse than the Tudors in their demands for a,bsolute power. They claimed it as a Divine Right, and would have ruled without parliament, only that they needed money. They openly set the Great Charter at defiance by making forced loans, and demanding money from the nation without coi.sent of parliament, in order to avoid the necessity of calling the representatives of the people together. The Sluarts, however, had to deal with a nation differing in wealth, education, intelligence, and religious fervor from that which submitted to the "Tudor tyranny." The people had now become strong enough to bridle the despotism of the kings-, as the Church and the barons did in the days of the Normans and Angevins. The schools of Colet, the preaching of Era.mus and Latimer, the spread of Presbyterianism in Scotland, and the great prosper- ity duri ig Elizabeth's reign, had made a marvellous change in the Commons. Under the leadership of EUiot, Pym, and Hampden, they resolutely resisted the ty- rannical mepsurea of the king, and demanded the recog- nition of their rights. The dissatisfaction increased throughout the reign of James I., and ended in war in the time of Charles I. Charles dismissed parliament after parliament, because they dared to protest against the extravagance of his favorites, or to remonstrate against his unjust attempts to rob them of their consti- tutional rights. Each new parliament, however, came PW^^jSpSSPTTDPflflr'TVT^T'^T' ' 70 ENGLISH HISTORY PRIMER. back more determined than its predecessor to maintain the liberty of the people from the arbitrary rule of the king, until at length, in 1642, ChaVles tried to compel parliament to submit to his will by force of arms. The claims of the parliamentary party were : 1. The right of Free Speech in Parliament. - 2. Freedom from taxation of all kinds, except as ordered by Parliament. 3. Reforms in the Church, and a purer religion. For about a year the king's party was successful. Two causes account for this result. The parliamentary leaders were not anxious to completely defeat their king, but simply wished to hold him in check until he would give them their constitutional rights ; and those who gathered round the king were men better trained in war than the motley recruits who fought under the parliament. In 1643, a solemn league and covenant was made between the English and Scotch parliaments against Charles, and in 1644 one of his armies was defeated in a most important battle at Marston Moor, This battle was won by the great Oliver Cromwell and his invincible Ironsides, a regi- ment composed entirely of religious men, selected by Cromwell himself. The parliamentary party pushed the war more vigorously in 1645. Through Crom- well's influence a new army was raised, composed of picked men, and those leaders whose loyalty prevented their vigorous prosecution of the war were removed. In June of this year the decisive battle of the war was fought at Naseby, where Charles was utterly defeated. He surrendered to the Scots in 1646, and was by them given up to the parliament. He was kept for about two' years under supervision, and several attempts were W?^<^^'- .<• y ,^ BTUART PERIOD. » made by parliament to treat with him. No satisfactory result was reached, however, and, in 1648, an attempt was made by the Scotch to free the king from the parliament. Cromwell speedily defeated them, and towards the close of the year the king was charged by parliament with high treason. He was tried, and put to death in January, 1649, for making war on his own subjects. It is but fair to state that the loyalty of a large majority in parliament was so great that they would never have voted for the impeachment of Charles. One hundred and forty of them were forcibly kept out of parliament by tlie army, and this left the anti-Royalists free to carry out their plans. 2. Royalist Risings in Ireland, (l) Charles 1. had re- ceived assistance from Ireland during the civil war, and a strong party of Royalists remained faithful even after his death. They proclaimed his son king as Charles II., and obtained possession of most of the island. Parliament saw that a strong hand was neces- sary to reduce the Irish Royalists to submission, and so they sent Cromwell, who w^as made Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland. He settled the war in a few months. He was merciless in his treatment of every one found under arms. His victories were followed in all cases by a terrible massacre of his captives. The most notable of these massacres v/as perpetrated at Drogheda, where 2,000 were murdered on the streets, and 1,000 in a church, in which they had taken refuge. (2) When James II. fled from England, on the landing of Wil- liam III., a large portion of the Irish still acknow- ledged him as king, and a movement was at once set on foot, in concert with the King of France, to reinstate James on the throne. James himself went to 72 ENGUSH HISTORY PRIMER. Ireland to aid his friends. William defeated James at the Battle of the Boyne, July l, 1689; and James once more fled to France, where he lived about twelve years. This war is worthy of note on account of the brave defence of Derry against James, and of Lim- erick against William. 3. Royalist Risings in Scotland. Although Charles II. despised the Presbyterians, he entered into an agree- ment v.'ith the Scotch with the view of getting their aid in securing the crown, in which he promised to support the Presbyterian faith. This led the Covenanters to rally in his cause under General Leslie. Cromwell and his a; ny, fresh from the conquest of Ireland, hastened to meet the Scotch, and defeated them at Dunbar, in Scotland, and Worcester, in England". After the latter defeat, Prince Charles was forced to escape from England in disguise. As Scotland had joined with Ireland in loyalty to Charles II., so did the Royalists of Scotland imitate those of Ireland, in resisting William III. Edinburgh Castle refused to yield, although the Scotch Convo- cation acknowledged Y7illiam and Mary as their rulers. It was, soon forced to surrender, however, and , Lord Dundee, who raised sin army of Highlanders to fight for JamciS, was killed at the pass of KilUcran- kie. All the Highland chieftains then submitted to William ; but MacDonald of Glencoe delayed taking the oath, and liis delay gave an opportunity to the Scotch Secretary, Dalryniple, to secure an order for the extermination of his clan. This led to the Massacre of, Glencoe, one of the most cold-blooded crimes re- corded in English history. 4. Persecutions of the Covenanters. When Charles II. came to the throne he showed his real feelings towards STUA.RT PERIOD. 73 the Covenanters of Scotland, a,vu\ during most of his reign they were subjected to a shameful persecution. Laws were passed prohibiting them from worshipping as they thought right ; and the bloodthirsty agents of Charles, Lauderdale and Graham of Claverhouse (Lord Dundee), shot them by thousands, for no crime but serving God in the way their fathers had done. On more than one occasion they made ineffectual at- tempts to secure freedom of worship by resort to arms, but although only partially successful, their religion survived their fiercest trials. Neither tortures nor death could make them lorsako their faith. 5. Monmouth's Rebellion. ^Tonmouth was the son of Charles II., but he wap not recognized as his father's successor, because his mother was not queen. How- ever, on the accession of James IT., lie raised an army and claimed the throne. He was defeated at Sedg- moor, the last battle fought on English soil, in 1685. He was captured and beheaded. FOREIGN WARS. • 1. Wars with Holland. England was at war with Hol- land three tinier during the time of Ciomwell and Charles II. The causes of thete wars were : — Of the First — The demand of the Engb'sh for a f alute to their fi' it by foreign ships while in English v.alcrs. Of the Second — Quarrels between English and Dutch colonies in western Africa. Of the Third — A secret treaty between the kings ( f Fng- land and France. Charles proniifccd to announce iiim- self a Catholic, and to help Louis in his war with Holland, and was to receive £200,000 a year, and aid 74 ENGLISH HISTORY PRIMER. from France in case of war. James, the brother of the king, was united with him in the religious part of the treaty. The results of these wars were : In the First — Blake, the first great admiral of England, defeated the Dutch in three o't of four important naval engagements, and Cromwell was enabled to bring about a peace favorable to England. In the. Second — New York was taken from the Dutch in 1664. The French and Danes joined Holland in 1665 to prevent the too rapid gro^/th of England's power. English sailors were still successful, however, until they were nearly driven to mutiny because their profligate king wasted the ^tioney that had been voted by parliament to carry on the war. This led to a disgrace which England had noi suffered since the Norman Invasion. The Dutch sailed into the Thames, and the " roar of foreign guns was heard in Lon- don itself." They retired, however, with an English vessel for a prize, and a peace was soon concluded, by which England retained her North American con" quests. In the Third — Charles was not supported by the parlia- ment. As soon as they became aware of the nature of the "secret treaty," they refused to grant supplies, and the king made a separate peace with Holland, and left his friend Louis to fight alone. In this war the Dutch were led by William Prince of Orange, after- wards William III. of England. 2. Blake did great service to Engli-h commerce by clear- ing the Mediterranean of Pirates, and punishing the Barbary States for encouraging the sea-robbers. 3. War with Spain. During the rule of Cromwell, the Spaniards declared war against England on account of T^." '. ;»7^r0;f".'^^ STUART PERIOD. 76 quarrels regarding the West Indies. Blake again won glory for his country by gaining a great victory at Santa Cruz (Tencrifife). He destroyed most of the . Spanish fleet, although it was aided by st'ong forts on shore. He died when near England on his homeward vo3?age. Spain sued for peace after the war had lasted three years. 4. Wars with France. William III. was a born warrior, and he was determined to hold in check the growing poweai of Louis XIV. of France. He headed a con- federacy of European powers for this purpose, and for the first nine years of his reign spent a considerable portion of each year on the Continent. The English parliament voted him large supplies of money to aid in carrying the war to a successful issue, as Louis was the friend of the exiled King James, and was deter- mined, if possible, to replace him on the English throne. He aided him, as we have seen,, in Ireland, and after having failed there, prepared to invade England itself. The defeat of his fleet at La Hogue in 1692 prevented his carrying out this design. Although William met with no signal successes on the Continent during the nine years' war, the resources of Louis at length became exhausted and he sued for peace, which was concluded at Ryswick, 1697, on terms favorable to England. Louis gave up the Stuart cause, and acknowledged William and Mary. 5. " The War of the Spanish Succession." The king of Spain having died without a successor, Louis XIV, supported the claim of his grandson, while England supported that of the Emperor of Austria. Nearly all Europe was engaged in this war. On one side were France, Spain, and Bavaria ; on the other, England, Holland, Austria, and Germany with the exception of Bavai'ia. England declined at first to take any part, in •■ t^j vwr^'Ti'T"^'"''^* V t ■ 76 ENGLISH HISTORY PRIMER. the war, but when James II. was dying, Louis pro- mised to support his son as king of England. This roused the English, and they at once declared war. Marlborough, the English ccmmander, vraa made leader of the allied forces, and he defeated the French in four great battles: Blenheim, 17C4 ; Ramilies, 1706 ; Oudenarde, ITOS ; and Malplaquet, 1709. Sir Charles Eooke captured the great fortress of Gibraltar during this war. It has remained in the possession of the British since that time. The war was ended in 1713 by the treaty of "Dtrecht. Summary : — 1. The Great Civil War caused b^ the tyranny of the kings. Parliamentary army successful, and Charles beheaded. 2. Royalist risings in Ireland in favor of Charles II. and James II. The first settled by Cromwell (Brog" heda); the .second by William III. (Boyne). 3. Royalist risings in Scotland as in Ii eland in favor of Charles II. and James II. The first defeated by Crom- weil (Dunbar and Worcester); in the second the Highlanders submitted alter the death of Dundee at Killicrankie (Glencoe). 4. Persecutions of the Covenanters. 5. Monmouth's Rebellion. C. Three wars -with Holland, giving England COntinent?».I power. 7. War with Spain (Simta Cruz). 8. Wars with France, William III. agains^t Louis XIV. 9. "Spanish Succession.'' Kearly all Europe engaged. Marlborough's victories. Gibraltar taken. '"r^."." T ".' rv. 'jKW' f l* y'lK'.P STUART PERIOD. *r II. The Church under the Stuarts: — Among the great principles that stirred men to action and led to revolutions of euch importance during the Stuart period, religion undoubtedly takes the first place. Men fought nobly for freedom of speech, for constitutional liberty, for legal rights to property, both Oil the field and in parliament, but the nation entered more zealously into the struggle for the defence of their religious principles than for any other caase. To understand the nature of the religious conflicts of the period it is necessary to note the characteristics of the leading denominations of the time : 1. The Established Church, which was Protestant, but whose leaders were exceedingly High and intolerant. 2. The Puritans, who belonged to the Established Church, l)ut who s the head of the army, became Dictator of Eiig- lamd. In 1G53 he forcibly expelled the remnant of the Long Parliament. He afterwards summoned two parliaments, but, as he did not approve of their pro- ceedings, he speedily dismisstd them, and determined to rule alone. . The nation had risen in rebellion against a tyrant and had belieaded him, but they m STUART PERIOD. 87 Jiad not secured constitutional liberty by the change. Cromwell made good laws, ho gave liberty of con- science to all classes, ha restored order throughout the realm, he raised England to a position of honor and power abroad, but he was from 1G54 lill his death a despotic dictator. On Cromwell's death, Charles II. was recalled fronf exile and welcomed as king by the whole nation, and a Royalist parliament was elected. Though strongly in favor of a king, however, parliament soon proved to Charles two things, neither of which he liked : — they were determined to have a constitu- tional ruler, and they would not allow a restoration of the Roman Catholic religion. In 1679 the Habeas Corpus Act was passed. Even according to the laws of the English when they first came to England, no man was sul)ject to arbitrary imprisonment. This principle was recognized by Magna Charta, but, wich most other privileges of the individual, had been violated since the constitu- tion was paralysed by Thomas Cromwell in the time of Henry YIII. The Habeas Corpus Act of 1679 extended the principle, however, and placed it beyond the power ol: the king, or any agenoy em- ployed by him, to keep any subject in prison without giving him a trial. Its chief provisions w^ere : 1. The Judges in a,ny COUrt might issue writs for the giving up of a prisonei for trial. Only the King's \or Queor.'s) Bench could do it before. 2. The gaoler must return The piiscnor witllin twenty days. The time was previously un- limited. 88 ENGLISH HISTORV TRIMER. 3. The law was extended to the colonies. The Habeas Corpus Act applied to Criminal cases only till the early part of the IDth century, when it was made to apply to Civil cases as well. The Bill of Rights. James II., as we have seen, lost the confidence of the English [)cople hy his efforts to restore the Roman Catholic relij^non. The flight of James after the landing of tlie'Prince of Orange left the throne vacant. William declined to remain in Eng- land if tlie crown were given to his wife alone, and so parliament crowned him with his wife. Before receiv- ing the crown they consented to a Declaration of Right, which was soon after incorporated into a Bill of Rights and passed by parliament. This is the most important Bill passed since the Great Charter. Its most important provisions were : 1. No laM's coiiM be suspended or executed Without consent of parliament. 2. The kir.g nuist not do awiiy with laws. 3. Money must not be levied without the consent of loarliamout. 4. Standing armies must not be kept in time of peace without consent of parliament. 5. Parliamentary elections ought to l)e free. 6. Parliament must be free from outside control. 7/ Parliaments ought to be hcLl frequently. Theae prin^ciples had been, established long before, but theijr violation during the piist two ccniurie-s rendered it necessary to re-enact them. Tlio Bill of Bights was in Tmt,l\ty Ma'oia Charta modernized, and the croi^rn haa nevec been strong enough to ignore the ;i STUART PEUIOD. 89 second great charter as ic did the first. It is worthy of note that, although great progress was made constitutionally during the Stuart period, the principlGS and rights which the puo[>ie demanded from the rulers had really been granted by the English kings before the coming of the Normans ; and had afterwards been wrested from the "foreign kings" of England (Normans and Angevins) hythe Church and the Barons. Then came a time when the kings again assumed despotic power. After the "Wars of the Roses," Tudor Tyranny was fol- lowed by Stuart Despotism, and again the struggle took place. This time it was conducted b\^ the people, and no despot can again rule in Eng- land. The Act of Settlement. The chief aim of this Act was t(j secure Protestant rulers for England. The Protestant daughters of James IT. , Mary, who had been the wife of William III., and Anne, who was to be his successor, had no heirs. Anne had eighteen children, but they all died, so towards the close of William's reign the Act of Settlement was passed, providing, among other things, that : 1. All futuie sovereigns must be Protestants. '2. If Aline left no children at her death, the crown was to bo given to the (le?icendants of PrinceSS Sophia of Hanover, who was a grand-daughter of James I. 8. Sovereigns must not leave the COimtry without consent of pai'liament. (Afterwards leoealed.) Establishment of Responsible Government. This most important change was effected near the close of 90 ENGLISH HISTOEY PRIMER. VI the Stuart period, and was the crowning act in the great constitutional struggle which so dis- I^inctively murks this era in English History. It left little to bo dono in solving the groat problem of govommcnt according to the will of the peo- ple. The change was brought about by the for- mation of two distinct parties, Whigs and Tories, in parliament. It was finally agreed that the par- liamentary representatives on the Privy Council (they afterwards became distinct from that council as the Cabinet or Ministry) should be members of the most powerful party in parliament. The ad- visers of the king now hold their positions so long as they are supported by a Majority in Parlia- ment, so that, in giving advice, the ministry rep- resents the majority of the people. Union of Scotch and English parliaments. The crowns of England and Scotland were united by the first of the Stuarts, and the parliaments under the last of the same house. The Union took place in 1707. It made no change in the principles of goveim- ment, but confirmed the Act of Settlement, and gave Scotland forty-five members in the House of Commons, and sixteen in the House of Lords. The Scotch retained their judicial system, and Presbyter- ianism was made the established religion of Scotland. SUMMAKY : — 1. Determined effort of the kings to have the Divine Right of kings allowed, and resolute opposition by the people. 2. Attempts to enforce arbitrary taxation and imprison- ment, and to interfere with the judges. STUART PERIOD. 91 3. Petition of Right, time of harles I., demanded par- liamentary taxation, and fair trial for those charged with crime. 4. The Long Parliament imprisoned and beheaded the king; abolished illegal taxation, Star Chamber, nnd High Commission Court ; passed the Triennial Bill. 5. Interval during which Cromwell was Dictator. 6. Habeas Corpus Act passed, prevented the imprison- ment for more than twenty days without trial of those charged with crime. 7. Bill of Rights was an adaptation of ISIagna Charta to modern times and circumstances. 8. The Act of Settlement, making the rulers of England Protestant. 9. Responsible Government iutroducetl. 10. Union of Scotch and English Parliaments. IV. Literature under the Stuarts : — The Drama has associated with it the names of Beau- mont and Fletcher, Ben Jonson, and Mas- singer. The religious movements of the time gave rise to much writing that was ephemeral in character, but Jeremy Taylor's "Holy Living and Holy Dying," Bunyan's "Pilgrim's Progress," and Baxter's "Saint's Rest," aiiD among the most remarkable books in English literature. Butler's ' " Iludibras" ridiculed the Puritans, but they were ably defended by Milton, Baxter, and many others. Poetry turns to the Stuart period fur two of the greatest English writers, Milton and Dryden; History is ably represented by Lord Clarendon and Bishop Burnet, and John Locke is a worthy representative of any age in Mental Philosophy. m %- ^1 IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) .^^% ^ 1.0 I.I 1^ 1^ I ■^ 1^ 12.2 1^ 12.0 Hi 1 1-25 II U. 1.6 < 6" ► Photographic Sciences Corporailion 23 WEST MAIN SJ^KJ WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4303 y. ^ > C^ 4 ':m: (i>> •'_j ENGLISH HISTORY PRIMf:R. y. Progress of the People under the Stuarts: There is little to add to what has been given under other headings. The progress of the people was chiefly towards religious and political eman- cipation. Socially yve have the extremes of rigid Puritanism on the one hand and the open wickedness and profligacy of court society in the time of Charles II. on the other. Education received continued at- tention especially in painting, architecture, and practical chemistry. Still it must be remem- bered that the country was in a backward state. The railroads, the telegraphs, the newspapers, the scien- tific farming, and the marvellous manufacturing de- velopments of modern England belong to the period of the House of Brunswick pr Hanover. STUDENTS' BEVIEW OUTLINE. I. Wars, (a) Civil : 1, Parlt. against Koy. Parlt. sue. Ch. I. Ex.; 2. Eoy. ris. in I. and S. settled Ly C. & W. III. Battles (D. and B.) and (D. W. and K.); 3. Pers. of Gov. ; 4. M.'s reb. {d) Foreign : 1. 3 wars with H. incr. of Eng. power; 2. With Sp. naval vie. by B. ; 3 With Fr. W. III. to check L. XIV. (Tr. of Ry3. 1G9--); 4. W. of Sp. sue, Eng. com. Marl, won B. R. 0. and M., Gib. cap. (Tr. of Ut. 17—)- II. Ch. 1. Strug, of Par. for ref. ; 2. At. to est. R. C, (G. P. P.,D. of I., T. of 7 B.) liosults H. Eg. R. C, T. A., Ex. B., A. of Sue. ; 3. Pers. by Est. Ch. under C. I. by L. under Ch. II. A. of Un. (20CO Cler. turned out). 4. Spread and Pers. of Pros. III. Cons. 1. Kings claim D. R. ; 2. Ar. T. and I. and int. with J. ; 3. Pet. of R. dem. P. T. and F. T. ; 4. The L. P. ab. II. T. , the S. C. and H. C. C. ; 5. Cr. a Diet. ; 6. H. C. A. prev. lon^r inip. without a tr. ; 7- B. of R. a mod. M. C. ; 8. A. of Set. 'made Eng. K. and Q. Pr. ; 9. Res. Gov. int. ; 10. S. and E. Parlts. iin. r,«»..fA. »;■ -■'. !;-iiV>'',^,-'^' HANOVERIAN PERIOD. 93 3. 4. IV. Lit, 1, Dr. B. and F. and B. J. ; 2. Rei. J. T., Bun., Bax., and But. ; 3. Poets M. and D. ; 4. Hist. L. C. and Bur. ; .5. Ment. Phil. J. L. REVIEW QUESTIONS. 1. What was the leading characteristic of the Stuart kings? 2. What was the great difference between the constitutional struggle under the Angevins and that under the Stuarts? Sketch the Great Civil War. Name four of the great leaders of the people against Charles I. 6. What rigiits did the people demand from Charles I. ? 6. Und-^r whom was Englu,nd's power abroad established? 7. Why did the people object to James II. ? 8. What led to the War of the Spanish Succession ? 9. Name four great victoiies of Marlborough. 10. When was Presbyterianism the State Church of England ? 11. When did the Purit ins leave England ? 12. Who were the Jovenanters ? 13. Under what kings were the Covenanters persecuted ? 14. State the chief acts of the Long Parliament. 15. Name the chief provisions of the Habeas Corpus Act, The Bill of Rights, and the Act of Settlement. CHAPTER IX. THE HANOVERIAN PERIOD. The Hanoverian Period began in 1714 and has con- tinued till the present time. I. Wars of the Period: — i. War of the Austrian Succession. On the death of, the Emperor of Austria in 1740, he left his dominions to liis daughter Maria Theresa. France, Prussia, and Bavaria demanded a division of her empire. England took the part of the Empress, and George II. himself defeated the French at DettingCJn, on the Main, in n-lS. Th^ English were defeated at Fontenoy in 94 ENGLISH HISTORY PRIMER. Belgium, in 1745. The peace of Aix la Chapelle closed the war in 1848, leaving Maria and her husband in possession of the Austrian throne. 2. The Stuart Rebellion. While the English were en- gaged in the Continental War the grandson of James II., Charles Edward, the ** Young Pretender," who had lived in France, seized the opportunity to attempt to displace the Hanoverians and regain the throne for the Stuarts. He received a warm support from the Highlanders, but after winning a couple of unimport- ant victories his army was totally defeated at Oulloden in 1746. Charles fled in disguise and escaped to France. This was the last attempt of the Stuarts to gain pos- session of the English throne. 3. "The Seveil Years* War." This war, which proved of great importance to England and especially to Canada, was caused by a secret agreement between France, Austria, and Russia, for a partition of Prussia. England took the part of Prussia as a protection against the French, who were steadily encroaching on the English colonies in India and North America. At "^ first the war went against England in Europe, India, and America, but in the period of her greatest despon- dency William Pitt, England's greatest states- man, took control of her foreign affairs, and under Lord Clive in India, and Wolfe in America, the French power was completely broken and the colonial supremacy of England established. The victory of Plassey, 1757, in India, and the capture of Quebec, 1759, were the decisive actions in the colonies. In Europe the Prussians and English won the battle of Minden in 1759. The war closed with the Treaty of Paris in 1763, with England at the head of the nations of the world. '■;,, I'^if^t' ■ '^ :*:"'''"■ ;-^%!%i<7''^'''? ^:"^^-"? ■^-'r- HANOVERIAN PERIOD. 95 4. The American Bevolutidn. The English parliament in 1705 decided to levy taxes on the North American colonies. The colonists refused to be so taxed by a parliament in which they had no representatives. The English ministry, in spite of warnings from Burke, Pitt, and others, persisted in claiming the right lo tax articles sent into the colonies. After ten y6ars of dis- cussion the colonists rebelled in 1775. In 1770 a Con- gress was called at Philadelphia, which on the fourth of July issued "The Declaration of Independence," proclaiming the United States of America to be "free and Independent States." The war of the revolution continued for nearly eight years, and at its close the independence of the United States was acknowledged by England. The French aided the Americans from the beginning of thc> third campaign. The Americans fought bravely in defence of their un- doubted rights. The war on the part of England was unjustifiable, and it is a satisfaction to know that Eng- land's greatest men so regarded it at the time. Pitt said in parliament, **If I were an American as I am an Englishman, while a foreign troop was landed in my country, I never would lay down my arms, — never, never, never !" The decisive events of the war were the surrender of Genftral Burgoyne to the Americans at Saratoga in 1777, and of Lord Cornwallis to Washington at Yorktown in Virginia in 1781. In the first year of the war Canada was invaded by Gen- erals Montgomery and Arnold after an ineffectual attempt had been made to induce the Canadians to join in the rebellion ."gainst England. The invasion was unsuccessful. Montgomery was killed in an attempt to capture Quebec. 9 ty ENGLISH HISTORY PRIMER. 5. French Wars. When the French mob in 1793 put to death their king and queen, and decided in conven- tion that all governments were their enemies, England joined with Prussia, Holland, Austria, and Spain ':i a war against the French Republic. So far as England was concerned the war lasted, with only brief intervals of peace, for twenty-tWO years. It was a trying period in her history. Spain declared war against her ' in 1797 ; Holland and Sweden made peace with the French ; Austria and Prussia were beaten at Auster- litz and Jena, and even at home England had trouble. Discontent was openly advocated by sympathizois with the republicans in France, and in 1798 a rebellion took place in Ireland. In addition to all these diffi- culties she had to carry on the "War of 1812" against the United States, but throughout the twenty- two anxious years England stood unflinchingly, checked find finally conquered the Great Napo.eon, and re- tained her proud position as the First Nation of the World. The success of England was due to her able statesmen, Pitt and Canning, and to her two greatest military geniuses, the gallant Nolson and the Duke of Wellington. The chief naval engagements of the war were the Battle of the Kile in 1798, and Tra- falgar in 1805. They were both won by the English under Nelson. The first prevented Napoleon's success in his attempt to reach British India, the second des- troyed the combined French and Spanish fleets, and j^at an end to Napoleon's plans for the invasion of England. On land. Napoleon's ambitious plans wore first checked by the success of Wellington in the Peninsular War. Napoleon attempted to make his brother king of Spain, and England sent help to tlie Spaniards. Wellington was first sent in command, and defeated the French at Vimicra. Throu>,{h jea- *«s HANOVBB.IAN rERIOD. 97 lousy he was recalled, and Sir John Moore appointed in his place. Moore, after marching into Spain, was forced to retreat, closely followed by the French, and was finally compelled to fight the battle of Oonmna, which was won by the British, although thSr general was killed. Wellington was again placed in command, and for five years he contended successfully with the ablest generals of Napoleon, and finally drove them out of Spain and Portugal, and defeated them in tbeir own country. The most important successes during the war were the battle of Talavera (1809), Busaco (iblO), Barossa, Fuentes d'Onoro, and Albuera in 1811, Salamanca (1812), and Vittoria and Toulouse in 1813 ; and the capture of two strong fortresses, Ciu- dad BodrigO, and BadajOS in 1812. Napoleon had • lost 400 000 men through his invasion of Russia in 1812, and in 1810 a united army from nearly all the continental powers in Europe defeated him at Loipsic. He had resigned the throne of France a few days be- fore Wellington's victory at Toulouse, and retired to the island of Elba. Europe had begun to hope for peace, when, in March, 1815, Napoleon returaed to France, and was soon again at the head of afifairs. England and Prussia at once put armies in the field, and Russia and Austria prepared to aid them. Napo Icon saw that prompt action alone could save him, and he marched against the English and Prussians in Bel- gium. Wellington met and defeated him at Water- loo, on June 18th, 1815. This was his last battle. He surrendered to England, and was sent to St. Helena, where he died in 1821. The cost of the war from 1793 to 1815 was enormous. The National Debt was in- creased from £239,000,000 to £860,000,000. e. The Irish Rebellion of 1798, The success of the American colonies'and the French Revolution combined ♦ ^< 08 ENGLISH HISTORY PRIMER. to raise hopes of release from the rule of Englana m the breasts of many Irishmen, both Protestant and Catholic. A rising took place in 1708, but it was quickly put clown. The Union of the Irish with the English parliament was proposed as the best means of quieting Ireland, and took place in 1800. 7. " The War of 1812.'* The Americans, beUeving that many Cunadiaua would join with them in order to se- cure freedom from English connection, declared war against England in 1812, because tlie English claimed the right to search foreign vessels for deserters. The war lasted for tliree years, and was closed by the treaty of Ghent in 1814, which left the questions in dispute to stand as they had stood before the war. The Americans invaded Canada each year during the war, but were unsuccessful. The Canadians won eleven out of fifteen battles fought, the most important events being the surrender of Detroit to General Brock, and the victory at QueenstOU Heights, where Brock was killed. Three invasions of Canada by the Lake Champlain valley, and one invasion of the United States from Canada, in the same district, failed utterly. The British burned the public buildings at Washing- ton, but were defeated at New Orleans, 8- Rebellion in Canada. Iw 1837 a rebellion took place in Canada in favor of Responsible Government^ which was opposed by the party which had control in Canada. Tlie leaders of the movement were McKen- zie and Papinean. The rebellion was easily put down, and, acting on the wise suggestions of Lord Durham, the English parliament passed an Act uniting Upper and Lower Canada, and granting responsible govern, ment to the Canadians. ' HANOVERIAN PERIOIX 9. Wars in Afghanistan. Tlie «,ggres8iTe iwlicy of the Russians, and the extension of their power td the southward, alaimed the English government, about the beginning of Victoria's Tcign, '^.nd Uie restraint of Kussian power la. the direction of India has been one of the aims of the English for half a century. This policy led to two Afghan wars with th« object of keep- ing a ruler in Afghanistan friendly to England. The first of these began in 18391, and little difficulty was experienced ia obtaining possession of the country; but in two years the Afghans i%volted«and tiie -entire Brit- ish force, with the exception of one man, was -destroyed in the ILhyber Pass. The English oiceeeded in re- oonquering the oountry in a 1<3W months. The British again interfered to settle disputes regarding the Afghan throne in 1878. 10. Wars in India. We have seen that Lord Clive broke the French power in India about the same time as Wolfe "Captured Quebec. There have been several wars with the natives of the East. The work of raising a great empire on the ruins of a number of independent native states has been a difficult one. This work waa begun by Warren Hastings* to whose statesmanship and courage England owes the retention of her power in India at the time she was losing it in America. Among the native Indian princes who proved to be for- . midable foes to the British two stand prominently above the others, Hyder All, and Nana Sahib. The first of these attempted to drive out the English during the time of Warren Hastings ; the second led an out- break in 1857 after the Crimean War. The«iege of Delhi, the Massacre of Cawnpore, and the brav« defence of Lucknow were the most importants events of the brief struggle with the rebels under Nana Sahib. ,1. ** 100 ENGLISH HISTORY rRIMER. 11. The Crimean War. In 1854 France, and England united to help Turkey to defend herself against Russia, which had seized a part of the Turkish empire. The war was carried on principally in the Crimea. Battles were won by the Allies at Alma, Balaklava, and Inkerman, in the autumn of 1854. The gallant charge at Balaklava of the "noble six hundred" nnd the dogged fight of 0,000 British troops against 50,000 Russians in the fog of Cj November morning at Inker- man until French assistance came were the most bril- liant events of the war. The siege of Sebastopol, the Russian stronghold in the south, lasted nearly a year, when the city was forsaken by the Russians, and de- stroyed by the Allies. Russia asked for peace, and the war was ended by a treaty signed at Paris in 1856. 12. Wars in ^ifrica. (l.) In 18GS King Theodore of Abyssinia refused to give up some British captives, and an army, sen?^ from India, under Lord Napier, cap- tured Magdala, and secured their release. (2. } The Zulu war was begun in 1879. King Cetewayo at- tacked the British in Southern Africa, and for a time proved to be a powerful enemy. He finally surrendered to General Wolseley. (3. ) The war in Egypt in 1 882 was caused by a rebellion led by Arabi Facha, and the British government interfered to retain control of the Suez Canal, and for the security of British capital invested in Egypt. General Wolseley was placed in command of the British, and after a brief campaign he won the victory of Tel-el-Keber, which put an end to the rebellion. Summary : — I. War of the Austrian Succession. Victory at Det» tingen, defeat at Fontenoy. HANOVERIAN PERIOD. 101 2. Stuart Rebellion. Defeat of Charles Edward at Oul- loden. 3. "Seven Years' War." England and Prussia against France, Russia, and Austria. English won the French colonies in India (Plassey, 1757), atid in Canada (Quebec, 1759) Clive and Wolfe. Minden won 1759. 4. American Revolution. Unjust taxation led to the revolt of American colonies, 177G. Cornwallis sur- rendered at York town, 1781. 5. French Wars. After the French Revolution Eng- land joined with the other European nations in a war with Ffance. For nearly 22 years England had to lead in restraining French ambition. Napoleon, Wel- lington, Nelson. Naval battles: Nile and Trafal- gar. Victories on land : battles in Peninsular War and Waterloo. Final triumph of England. 6. Irish Rebellion in 1798 speedily suppressed ; led to Union in 1800. 7. " War of 1812" with the United States ; cause, '^Kight of Search." Fought chiefly in Canada. Three campaigns, Detroit, Queenston Heights, New Orleans. 8. Rebellion in Canada. McKenzie and Papineau; led to Act of Union, 1841. 9. Wars in Afghanistan. Aim, to prevent spread of Rus- sian power towards India. Massacre of Khyber PasS. 10. Wars in India. Several. Chief with Hyder Ali, 1781, and Nana Sahib, 1857, Delhi, Cawnpore, Lucknow. 11. The Crimean War. England and Franco aid Turkey Against Russia. Alma, Balaklava, Inkerman, Se- bastopol. 12. Wars in Africa. Abyssinia, 18G8, Magdala ; Zulu War, 1879 ; Efeyptian War, 1882, Tel-el-Keber. ii|^ II 1 1111.1,^1 -r%' 102 ENGLISH HISTOKY PRIMER. II. The Church under the Hanoverians: — 1. The Methodists. During the early part of this period, "the English clergy were the idlest and most life- less in the world. In our time no body of religiou« ministers surpasses them in piety, in philanthropic energy, or in popular regard." The church has again become the strongest power in the realm, not by direct political agency, but by its religious influence on the people as a whole. The religious revival began with tl\e founding of the Methodist denomination. John . Wesley, George Whitfield, and Charles Wesley did far more than organize a new church. Their preach- ing stirred to life a spirit of earnestness and enthusiasm in England something akin to that introduced into Scotland by John Knox. The new movement was specially adapted to the needs of the humbler and more neglected cla "^es, and has been largely instrumental during the past century in promoting virtue, in ele- vating the moral tone of the pepple, and in securing many important social reforms. The name " Method- ist " was first given as a nickname applied to the few Oxford students who began the movement. The work spread to London in 1738, and even before the death of John Wesley, in 1791, he had seen the church which he founded become one of the mightiest forces for good in the world. 2. Sunday Schools.^ The best work of the church has been aided very largely during the last century by Sunday schools. They were first established, chiefly for the secular education of neglected children, by Robert Baikes at Gloucester in 1781. 3, Dis-establishment of the Irish Church. Queen Elizabeth established a branch of the English church in Ireland, and although the large proportion of ihe HA.TOVERIAN FERIOJ). 103 Irish people are Roman Oatholics, they were forced to maintain a Protestant State Church until 1809, when Ml'. Gladstone sccureu its dis-establishment. 4. Religious Toleration. One of the most encouraging features of social and intellectual progress in England during the nineteenth century is tlie increasing liber- ality shown by and to all religious denominations. The restrictions placed on Roman Catholics, towards the cloiie of the Stuart period, were nearly all removed in 1829, chiclly through the influence of Mr. O'Con- nell. Jews were admitted to Parliament in 1345, and all religious bodies are now allowed eQUal rights and liberties. Summary : — 1. The rise of the Methodists began a religious and philanthropic revival. 2. Sunday Schools founded by Robert Raikes, 1781. 3. Irish State Church dis-established, 1869, by Gladstone. 4. Religious toleration. Dis-abilities removed from Catholics, 1828 and 1829, and from Jews, 1845. III. The Constitution under the Hanover- ians: — 1. Development of Party Government. During the eighteenth and nineteentli centuries little change has been made in the Cabinet System established at the close of the Stuart period. It has been found to work well. George III. tried to assume personal govern- ment, but the younger Pitt, his chief minister, was so great as to over-shadow the king. 2. Extension of the "House of Lords." Since the "Wars of the Roses," the House of Lords had not , been a very large body. The Peers created by the ' IK- (4 If' .-4:; 104 ENGLISH HISTORY PRIMER. Stuarts were usually the favorites of the kings. "Pitt ;> > crcited nearly one hundred and fifty new Peers, most of them niember3 of the middle class." This > greatly changed the character of the English nobility. 3. Reforms in the manner of electing the " House of Commons." Pitt said: "This House is not the rep- resentative of the people of Great Britain. V.t is the representative of nominal boroughs, of ruined and ex- terminated towns, of noble families, of foreign 'poten- ;. tales." There was great need of reform before the members of the House of Commons couid be caid to br elected by the people as a whole. The middle class of England had grown very rapidly, and yet till 1832 it had little representation in Parliament. The Duke of Wellington was driven from office in 1830, on ac- codnt of his opposition to reform in the franchise, and in 1832, Lord John Russell's Reform Bill became law, which took away the right of electing members of the Commons from fifty-six "pocket boroughs," and granted the right of electing one hundred and foity- thlGQ members to towns and counties that previously had no representation. The representation in Scot- land and Ireland had been even more unfair than ia England, and bills were also passed in 1832 extending the right of voting in these countries. Again in 18C6, Lord John Russell endeavored to extend the franchise, but his government v.'^as defeated and made way for the administration of Lord Derby. In 18G7 Mr. Dis- raeli carrisd throug'i a Reform Bill for England, and in the following year one for Scotland and Ire- land. These bills took away thirty-three members from boroughs and distributed them among counties. This gave nearly all tax-payers, except agricul- tural laborers and women, the i ght to vote for members of the House of Commons. ^ »■> HANOVERIAN PEr.IOD. 105 4. The Union of the Irish and English Parliaments. The eighteenth century was tne of miirule in Ireland. The vast majority of the people were Koman Catholic, but they were excluded from all civil and political rights. Even the Presbyterians of Ireland M'ere shut out from all civil, military, and municipal offices. ' ; The Established Church monopolized every place and position, anu nore than sixty rotten borOUghs were controlled by three families. Presbyterian Protestants and Catholics united In 1779 to demand freedom from the English parliament. They gained independence, but not freedom. Matters grew worse than before, and led to the ** Rebellion of '98," after which Pitt, against the wishes of the Protestant landlords and Roman Catholics of Ireland, brought about the Union of the Parliaments in 1800. 5. The Septennial Act. In 1717 it was decided that parliaments should remain in office for seven years, instead of three years as had been the custom. Par- liaments are still elected for seven years. The ministry may appeal to the country when they wish to do so. 6. Catholic Emancipation. The severe laws passed against the Roman Catholic's in the time of Charles II. were repealed in 1828 (Test and Corporation Acts) and 1829, when the Roman Catholics were admitted to parliament, and to civil and judicial positions. Summary : — • 1. Development of Party Government. 2. House of Lords enlarged by Pitt. 3. Reforms and extension of the franchise by Lord John Russell in I802 and Disraeli in 1867. 4. Union of Irish and English pailiaments in 1800. 6. The Septennial Act. 'v 6. Catholics admitted to parliament in 1829. 106 ENGLISH HISTORY PRIMER. - IV. Progress of the People under the Hano- verians : — The England of to-day, the foremost nation of the world in religion, philanthropy, education, wealth, manufactures, commerce, and all that can make a nation truly great, has developed chiefly under the House of Hanover. Only a brief reference can be given here to the most important agencies that have aided in elevating her to her pres- ent high position. y. The religious revival begun by Wesley and his co- workers led to great philanthropic activity, which has shown itself in the prison reforms begun by How- ard, in the rapid extension of missionary WOrk, in the establishment of Industrial and Reform Schools, and in the ever increasing interest shown in the Tem- perance movement and all true social reforms. 2. National Schools were established in 1834, but tney were not freed from the direct control of the Established Church until the passage of Mr. Lowe's School Bill in 1870. This enabled the people to elect School Boards to control their elementary schools. The pro- gress made since 1870 has been very rapid. 3. The intelligence of the masses has been greatly ad- vanced by the general ditfasion of newspapers and books. The great newspapers of England date their rise from tlie time of the American Revolutionary War. In 1771 the House of Commons found public opinion so stron,g;ly in favor of having parliamentai y proceed- ings reported, that it gave way, and allowed news- papers to publish the debates. In the publication of papers, periodicals, and books England stands far in advance of any other part of the world. HANOVERIAN PERIOD. 107 4. Material Progress. Owing to the introduction of steam and the vast improvement in all kinds of pro- ductive machinery the increase in the wealth of Eng- land has been enormous. Railways, cana]s, tele- graphs, have been built wherever needed ; agriculture is practised more scientifically ; and science and skill combine to add to the comfort and progress of all classes. GaS was first used to light the streets of Lon- don in 1807 ; the first steamboat was launched on the Clyde in 1812 ; the Times was the first newspaper printed by steam power in 1814 ; the first railroad was opened between Manchester and Liverpool in 1830; Penny Postage was adopted in 1840 ; a submarine telegraph was laid from Dover to Calais in 1851 ; and the first Atlantic Gable was laid in 1866 after two previous attempts had proved unsuccessful. The first exhibition of the world's progress in arts and manu- factures was held in London 1851. Summary : — 1. Religious and Philanthropic revival. Prison Re- forms, Temperance, Missionary work. Industrial and Reform Schools, &c. 2. National Schools 1834, School Boards 1870. 3. Great increase in publication of books, periodicals, and newspapers. 4. Material Progress very great in manufactures, agri- culture, commerce, railways, canals, telegraphs, &c. V. Leading Men and Women under the Han- overians : — There havt; been so many very distinguished people in England during this period, that it is impossible to name more than a few of them in a summary of his- tory. 108 ENGLISH HISTOEY PRIMER. 1. Rulers. George I,, George II., George III., George IV., William IV., and Victoria. When Victoria be- came queen, Hanover ceased to be united with Eng- land, as it had been from the commencement of the period. 2. Poets, (a) Under George II. : Pope, chief work, Translations from Homer ; and Thomson, chief work, "The Seasons." (h) Under George III. I Burns and Cowper. Tlie former was a Scotch Lyric Poet, the chief poem of the latter is "The Task." (c) Under George IV. : Byron, chief works, "Childe Harold," and "Don Juan"; and Scott, chief poetical works, "The Lady of the Lake," "Marmion," and "The Lay of the Last Minstrel." He also wrote the Waverly Novels, fd) Under Victoria : Southey, chief poems, "Thalaba," and "Joan of Arc," wrote also historical works and a "L.fe of Nelson" ; Camp- bell, a Scotch poet, chief work, "The Pleasures of Hope" ; Wordsworth, chief M'ork, " The Excursion" ; Moore, an Irish poet, chief works, " Lalla Rookh," and "Irish Melodies"; Rogers, chief work, "Plea- sures of Memory" ; and Tennyson, chief woiks, "The Princess," "Idyls of the King," and "In Memoriam." 3. Prose Writers, (a) Under George I. and II.: Addison, chief work, Essays in "Tlie Spectator"; Sir Isaac Newton, a philosophical writer, discoverer of the "Law of Gravitation"; and Defoe, author of "Robinson Crusoe." (b) Under George III. : Hume, author of a " History of England'" ; Dr. Johnston, author of "Ras- Belas,"andan "English Dictiomuy"; Adam Smith, who wrote " The Wealth of Nations," the foun- dation of the science of Political Economy ; Gibbon, chief M'ork, * ' The Decline and Fall of the Roman Em- pire" ; and Edmund Burke, one of the most masterly HANOVERIAN PERIOD. 109 writers of the English language He was also a bril- liant orator, and a far-seeing statesman, (c) Under Victoria: Macaulay, chief prose work, "History of Eng'and, (he also M'rote ** Thie Lays of Ancient Rome") ; Alison, chief work, *' History of Europe"; CaTlyle,an eminent essayist and historian, chief works, "Sartor Resartug," and a "History of the French Revolution." Among writers of fiction the most im- portant are Thackeray, Bulwer Lytton, Dickens, and Miss M. A. Evans (George P^liot). 4. Inventors. Sir Eichard Arkwright and James Hargreaves invented the Spinning- Jenny in 1767 ; James Watt invented the Steam Engine in 1763 ; Sir Humphry Davy invented the Safety Lamp in 1815 ; and George Stephenson invented the Loco- motive Engine in 1814. * • 5. Statesmen. England's greatness is due to a large ex- tent to the statesmen of the last two centuries. During this time her Prime Ministers have nearly all been taken from the HousC of Commons, nather than- the House of Lords. In the first half of the ISt'h cen- tury, Robart Walpole, " the first of England's great peace ministers," was at the head of affairs for over twenty years. His great aim was the preservation of peace. " Fifty thousand men," said he, "have been slain in Europe this year, and not one of them was an Englishman." The long continued peace during his time gave an opportunity for the rapid development of the country financially. The last half of the century was very fruitful in great statesmen. The greatest British orators of this or any other age were Lord ' Chatham (Pitt the elder). Burke, Fox, and William Pitt. \ 110 BN"GLrSH HISTORY FKIMBB. Lord Chatham waa the man who roused the Eiiglish people from inaction and gave them faith ia tkeuiselves as a uatioui. '^^ I know that I caai aave the country^ au■%* -!<,■ SUMMARY OF LEADING FEATURES. 113 6. Tudor Revolution, Richard III. killed, and Henry VII. crowned. 5. Tudor Period : — 1. Conspiracies of Simnel and Warbeck, 2. Four unimportant French wars. .3. Scotch joined with French and were c feated at Flod- den. Conspiracies in Scotland. 4. Armada. Sent by Philip of Spain. Defeated. 6. Stuart Period :— 1. The Great Civil War caused by the tyranny of the kings. Parliamentary army successful, and Charles beheaded. 2. Royalist risings in Ireland in favor of Charles II. and James II. The first settled by Cromwell (Drog- heda) ; the second by William III. (Boyne.) 3. Royalist risings in Scotland as in Ireland in favor of Charles II. and James II. The first defeated by Crom- well (Dunbar and Worcester); in the second the Highlanders submitted after the death of Dundee at Killicrankie. (Glencoe.) 4. Persecutions of the Covenanters. 5. Monmouth's Rebellion. 6. Three wars with Holland, giving England continental power 7. War with Spain (Santa Cruz). 8. Wars with France, William III. against Louis XIV. 9. "Spanish Succession." Nearly all Europe engaged. Marlborough's victories. Gibraltar taken. 7. Hanoverian Period: — 1. War of the Austrian Succession. Victory at Det- tingen, defeat at Fontenoy 2. Stuart Rebellion. Defeat of Charles Bdward at Col- loden. qp uy ENOLIRH HISTORY PRIMER. o. " Seven Years' War." England and Prussia '^^ainst Fran(^e, Russia, and Austria. English won the French colonies in India (Plassy, nST), and in Canada (Quebec, 1759); Olive and Wolfe. Mindenw GENEALOGY OF THE ENGLISH SOVEIlKinXS. Wm. Con. Wm. II. Richard I* Ilennj J I. 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