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 Itit5=lttli5| 
 
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 PAST AND PRESENT, 
 
 HIS'J'dlilCAl, ANIi iJKSOltin'IVI'; (lUIDIMiOOK : 
 
 COMPKISING 
 
 Its Airhitectiire, ManiifiU'tiire, Trade ; its .Social. Literary, >>cientitic, 
 and (liaritaMe liistitution.s ; its ('hnrches, .Scli<x)is, and Colle^'es; 
 and (dlu'r Prineipal Points of Interest to the 
 . Visitor and llesident, 
 
 TOGKTHKK WITH 
 
 A Key to the Publisher's Bird's-Eye View of the City. 
 
 COMPILED BY J. TIMPBRLAKE. 
 
 Illuatratjb toitli obn <Sixt}) {Jiijjcs of (Colorcb gitUographa. 
 
 TOliONTO : 
 PUBLISHED BY PETER A. GR08S. 
 
 1877. 
 
-,V- 
 
 Toronto: printed by w. o. uibson, king strki^t wkst. 
 
 T55 
 
PBKI'ACE. 
 
 P F{ E f yv C E . 
 
 LLUSTEATED TOKONTO, Past and Present, does not 
 claim to be an original work. In the following pages an 
 attempt has been made to bring together facts relative to 
 the growth of Toronto foimd scattered through the works of numerons 
 authors, who have written more or less respecting the Queen City of 
 the West. Toronto bemg the largest, wealthiest, and most important 
 city in the Province of Ontario, it is desirable that its rapid growth, 
 wealth and advantages as a commercial city, should be known amongst 
 its citizens and visitors. Many facts and incidents which should have 
 been given will no doubt be found to be omitted ; but in a city so large' 
 so flourishing, so varied in its commercial, manufacturing and trading 
 interests, and containing so many public buildings, churches, colleges, 
 religious and charitable institutions, such omissions will, I feel assured, 
 be regarded hi this, the first ecjition of the work, witli a kindly spirit, 
 and more especially when it is known that only a few months have been 
 spent in compiling and arranging the whole matter. Although con- 
 siderable care and attention has been employed it is not presumed that 
 upon a first attempt a work of this nature can be quite perfect, and it 
 is therefore hoped that the public indulgence will l)e granted to 
 
 THE CUMPlLEii. 
 
 Toronto, July, 1H77. 
 
KEY TO BIRDS EYE VIEW. 
 
 The Lithographic Bird's Kye View, to which the t'ollowinfj pages form 
 a key, has been nearly three years in preparation, and has entailed an 
 amount ot" labour that is clearly magnified upon an inspection of this 
 work. This picture ol' Toronto is five feet by three feet three inches, is 
 printed in three colours, and the mechanical execution of which reflects 
 the highest credit upon Messrs. Copp, Clark & Co., a firm whose reputa- 
 tion is well known through the entire Dominion for the excellence of their 
 lithographic printing. Mr. Gross, the artist and delineator, sketched and 
 lithographed the city from a.tual survey, every avenue, street, lane, and 
 alley, having been traversed by him ; and every building, either store, 
 private residence, or public building, etc., etc., has been drawn with a 
 faithfulness and a minuteness that excites astonishment and admiration 
 in all beholders. He has so drawn his picture as to present at one glance 
 a bird's-eye view of Toronto and its northern suburbs, as if seen from a 
 south-eastern portion of the island at an elevation of about 5,000 feet 
 above the level of the lake. This part of the view, with the foreground of 
 the picture, comprises the harbour, wharves, elevators, and principal 
 manufactories of the city, while the background is formed of Kosedale and 
 Yorkville. and the villages of Seaton and Brockton. 
 
 REFERENCES TO BIRD'vS-EYE VIEW. 
 
 The following letters and numbers (which are marked on the buildings in the 
 large view' indicate the position of the various public buildings, institutions, 
 manufactories, warehouses, and principal houses of the city : — 
 
 A. — Post Office, Adelaide Street, opposite Toronto Street. 
 
 B. — City Hall, Front Street east. 
 
 C. — St. Lawrence Hall and Market, King Street east. 
 
 D. — Police Court, Court Street, running from Toronto to Church Streets. 
 
 E. — Court House. Adelaide Street east. 
 
 F. — Osgoode Hall, Queen Street west. 
 
 G. -.-Normal School and Educational Offices. The square is bounded on the 
 east by Church street, north by Gerrard street, west by Victoria street, south by 
 Gould street, 
 
 H. — Mechanics' Institute, corner of Adelaide and Church Streets. 
 
 I. — Crystal Palace, King Street west, near city limits. 
 
 J. — General Hospital. The square is bounded on the north by Spruce 
 Street, on the east by Sumaclj street, on the west by Pine Street, on the south 
 by Gerrard Street. 
 
 K. — Lieutenant-Governor's Residence, corner of King and Simcoe Streets. 
 
 L. — Parliament Buildings, Front Street west. 
 
 M. — Custom House, corner of Front and Yonge streets. 
 
 N. — Examining Warehouse, corner of Yonge and Esplanade Streets. 
 
 O. — Lunatic ."Asylum, Queen Street west (city limits). 
 
 P. — Central Prison, near Old Fort. 
 
 Q, — Adjutant-General's Office, Toronto Street. 
 
 R. — House of Industry, Power Street. 
 
 S. — Boys' Home, Frederick Street. ., 
 
 T. — Girls' Home, Gerrard Street. 
 
 U. — Horticultural Gardens. Is bounded on the north by Carlton Street, east 
 by Sherbourne Street, south by Gerrard Street. 
 
 V. — St. Andrew's Market, foot of Esther Street- 
 
 W. — Assistant Receiver-General's Office, Toronto street. 
 
 X, — Albert Hall, Yonge Street, above Queen. 
 
 Y. — Esplanade Street. 
 
TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 
 
 FIRE HALLS. 
 
 Vonj^e Street, E i, Yonge Street, between Grenville and Grosvenor Strtets. 
 Portland Street, E 2, between Richmond and Queen Streets. 
 Berkeley Street, E 3, between King and Duke Streets. 
 Court Street, E 4, Court Street. 
 
 Bay Street, E 5, between Adelaide and Temperance Streets. 
 'Manufacturing Eatablishments. 
 
 Toronto Car Wheel Co Bi 
 
 Robert Hav & Co B 3 
 
 Withrow tV Hillock B4 
 
 G. D. Morse & Co H 5 
 
 Davis & Co B fi 
 
 Dickev, Neill & Co H 7 
 
 Fox & Co B H 
 
 iohh Perkins B g 
 ohn Tavlor & Co B 
 
 Kdwin Wilby C i 
 
 S. S. Mutton H: Co C 2 
 
 Connor, Webb H. Co C ^ 
 
 J. H. Clark & Co C \ 
 
 10 hn Holmes C 5 
 
 Bootli & Sons C6 
 
 C7 
 
 J. & J. T-.lor & Co C 8 
 
 J. P. Wafjner C 9 
 
 Joseph Cicarinfj Co 
 
 Hastings 'V Peterkin D i 
 
 Breweries. 
 
 Toronto Brewing and Malting Co gi 
 
 Davis Bros 92 
 
 Copland's Brewery 93 
 
 Cosgrave & Co 94 
 
 Gooderham & Worts 95 
 
 Wholesale Warehouses. 
 
 McMaster Bros i 
 
 John Macdonald & Co 2 
 
 Samson, Kennedy & Gemmel 3 
 
 Adam, Stevenson & Co 4 
 
 Thos. Miiy & Co 5 
 
 J. Gillespie & Co 6 
 
 Ogiivy & Co - 
 
 Thomson & Burns S 
 
 Thos. Layley and Robert McPhail 9 
 
 Samuel Sterns to 
 
 Cramp, Torrances & Co 11 
 
 McNab & Marsh 12 
 
 White «: Co 53 
 
 Phillips, Thome & Co 
 
 John Kennie S: Co 
 
 Dobbie iS; Carrie 16 
 
 J. G. Joseph & Co I 
 
 McGiverin, Kerrigan & Co ,- 17 
 
 Galbraith, Christie & Co i 
 
 Pearcy I'i Stewart 18 
 
 Lyman Bros 19 
 
 John Hallam 20 
 
 Furniss Bros .* 21 
 
 Crane & Baird 22 
 
 N orris & Soper 2j 
 
 Mason, Risch & Newcombe 2, 
 
 John Fisken Zj 
 
 Hughes Bros 2. 
 
 Nelson & Sons r.g 
 
 Retail and Wholesale Stores. 
 
 Glover Harrison 40 
 
 Thomas Griffith & Co 42 
 
 Hamilton, J. P 1 
 
 Cameron* Kippax I *-' 
 
 '■i 
 
 J. H. Rogers 44 
 
 Walker & Ross 45 
 
 William Gordon 46 
 
 John Young 47 
 
 Ridout & Co 18 
 
 Tavlor & Wilson 49 
 
 Bell & Co 50 
 
 John Riddell ji 
 
 Joseph Stovel 52 
 
 fieorge Coleman 53 
 
 J.n. Nasmith. 54 
 
 Miller & McClelland 55 
 
 William Hewitt & Co 56 
 
 James Shields tSt Co 57 
 
 Insurance Companies. 
 
 Scott & Walmsley 71 
 
 Lancashire Insurance Co 73 
 
 Western Insurance Co 74 
 
 British America Insurance Co 76 
 
 Hotels. 
 
 Queen's A i 
 
 RoBsin A 2 
 
 American A 3 
 
 Windsor A 4 
 
 St. Tames A 7 
 
 Shakespeare A 6 
 
 Johnston A 5 
 
 Banks. 
 
 Royal Canadian Bank 72 
 
 Rank of Montreal 93 
 
 Federal Bank 94 
 
 Imperial Bank 77 
 
 Bank of Toronto 78 
 
 Quebec Bank , 78 
 
 Clubs. 
 
 U. F. Club F 2 
 
 National Club F i 
 
 Railroads. 
 
 Northern Railway St.-ition RR 
 
 Colleges. 
 
 Knox College g,^ 
 
 Upper Canada College 96 
 
 Churches. 
 
 Metropolitan Church M2 
 
 St. James' Cathedral 3 4 
 
 St. Michael's Cathedral o 2 
 
 St. Andrew's Church LS 
 
 BesidenceS' 
 
 G. D. Morse 
 
 H. S. Howland '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.['.... 
 
 John Hallam oH 
 
 A. M.Smith "!!!!"!".'" 88 
 
 John McDonald qo 
 
 S. Nordheimer ........... OK 
 
 86 
 89 
 
 VI 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Rise and Growth of Towns and Cities — Toronto One Hundred Years 
 Ago — Governor Simcoe — The First Parliament of Upper Canada 
 — Selection of the Site lor the New Capital of Upper Canada — 
 Governor Simcoe's Removal to York — Building; of the Town 
 Roads — Appearance of York in 1794-95 — President Russell — 
 First Newspaper in York — Governor Hunter — First Market — 
 Erection of St. James' Church — Dr. O. Stewart — York in 1806 — 
 
 ':.■' The First Mai! '7-27 
 
 CHAPTER II 
 
 Governor Gore — DilTiculties of Early Settlers — Faxes in Upper 
 Canada — Intemperance of liarly Settlers — l^ublic Morals — 
 General Brock — Canada and the United States in 1812 — The 
 York Militia — Defence of York — Population in 1812 — Queenston 
 Heights — Death of General Brock — Major-Gcneral Sheaffe — 
 Parliament of 1813 — American Attack on York — Occupation of 
 York by the American Army— Destruction of Public Buildinfjs 
 — Sir Gordon Drummond — Foundation of the Common School 
 System— Stage between York and Kingston — lire>;tion of I'lrst 
 Methodist Church 29-41 
 
 CHAPTER HI. 
 
 Convention. of Delegates to Consider the Affairs of the Province-- 
 Government Favourites — Sir Peregrine Maitland — Enlargement 
 of St. James Church — Interior of St. James' — York in 1821 — 
 Presbyterian Meeting House — York General Hospital — Presenta- 
 tion of Colours to tne York Militia — King Street and Simcoe 
 Street in 1821 — Sinking of Public Well — Puolic Whipping — Dr, 
 Strachan--Prices of Groceries. Dry Goods, etc., etc. — William 
 Lyon Mackenzie — Government Animosity — Population in 1824 — 
 Destruction of the Coloiiiul Advocate Office — University Charter; 
 its Unfair Character — Robert Baldwin's Entrance into Public 
 Life — Sir John Colborne ; His First Parliament — Egerton Ryer- 
 son and the Christian Guardian — F'oundation of Upper Canada 
 t^ollege 43-67 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Political Excitement in York — Mackenzie's Articles in the Colonial 
 Advocate — First Expulsion from the House — The Division — 
 Petitioners at the Government House — The Governor's Reply — 
 Procession Through the Streets — Re-election of Mackenzie — 
 Presentation of Gold Medal — Great Procession to the House of 
 Assembly — Mr. McNabb's Resolution — Mackenzie again expelled 
 from the House — Re-elected — Disorderly Meeting in I'^ront of 
 the Court House — Mackenzie's House and Printing Olfice 
 
 vn 
 
 t 
 
guards, ^y the citizerib — Leaves for England — The Roman 
 Catholics and Mackenzie — Song Wishing him God Speed — 
 Mackenzie at Colonial Ofnce — Expelled from the House for the 
 Third T-me— Re-elected in December — Again Enters the House 
 — Excitement of ihe Members — Fears of a Disturbance 69-90 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Incorporation of Toronto — Etymology of Toronto — Humber Bay — 
 Landing Place o*" Indians and Traders — Signification of the 
 Name 'loronto — Robert Gourlay's Prediction in 1818 — First 
 Election of C'ty Aldermen and Common Councilmen — Party 
 Contest — William Lyon Mackenzie Elected Mayor — Condition 
 of the City — City Finances — V' lue of Property — Loan from the 
 Firmers' Bank — Early Taxation — Public Dissatisfaction — 
 Stormy Meeting — Accident at the Meeting — Breaking Down 
 the Balcony- — The Cholera — Stocks for Punishment of Drunkards 
 and Vagrants — King Street in 1834 — Business Houses en King 
 Street in 1834 — The old Masonic Hall — I'irst Theatre and its 
 Appliances gi-103 
 
 CHAPTER VI 
 
 Rumours of Approaching Ihsurrection — Misplaced Confidence of the 
 Lieutenant-Ciovernor — General Feeling of Alarm — Mackenzie's 
 ivianifesto of Independence — • Proposed Plan of Operations — 
 Treasonable Gatherings — Alteration of Date of Attack on 
 Toronto — Assemblirg of Rebels at Montgomery's Tavern — First 
 Prisoners — Escape — Volunteers for Defence of Toronto — 
 Lieutenant- ^olonel Moodie's Attempt to Warn the Government 
 oi their Danger — His I>eath at Montgomery's Tavern — Alarm 
 of the Officials in Toronto — A Flag of Truce Sent to the 
 Insurgents — vSir Allan McNab Arrives at Toronto with Rein- 
 forcements — Van iigmond Assunies Command of the ^^ebel 
 Force;-. — Sir A. McNab's Attack on the Rebel Forces — Flight of 
 Mackenzie and the Rebel Leaders — Intense Loyalty of the 
 People — Burning of Montgomery's Hotel — Description of the 
 Militia -- Lieutenant-Governor's Proclamation — Reward for 
 Mackenzie's Apprehension —Treatment of Prisoners— Execution 
 of Lount and Matthe*. s — The Fee'ing of the Imperial Govern- 
 ment Respecting the Prisoners 105-123 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 Feeling of Discontent in the City — Appointment of Sir George 
 Arthur — Transference of the Seat of rovernment to Kingston — 
 Population in 1841 and 1845 — First Issue of the G/o/v — Fire of 
 i84() — Destruction of the Cathedral ^ — The Cholera — Numerous 
 Deaths- — Population in 1851 — Religious Persuasions— The Hon. 
 George Bronn -- Lawlessness and Vagrancy in the Citj — Poor 
 Attendance at the Public Schools — Professions followed in the 
 City in 1856-7 125-136 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 Visit' of H. R. H. the Prince of Wales to Toronto — His Reception — ' 
 Festivities during his Visit — Opening of Queen's Park— Opening 
 
 VIII 
 
of Horticultural Gardens — Populatio.i in 1861 — Sanitar> 
 condition o{ the City — Rumours of Intended Fenian Raid — 
 Volunteers Called Out — Queen's Own sent to the Niagara 
 Frontier — Military Movements — The Volunteers at Ridgeway 
 — Supplies sent to the [Volunteers — The Dead and Wounded 
 brought to the City — Return of the Volunteers — H. R. H. 
 Prince A'-thjr's Visit to Toronto — Inaugurating the Works on 
 the Toronto, Grey and Bruce Railway. — Opening of the 
 Narrow Guage Railways — The Hon. Adam Crooks — The 
 Procession Riots. j I37-I55 
 
 Topograph 'CAT 157- 161 
 
 Climate 163-167 
 
 Sketchks : 
 
 S*^ James" Cathedral in 1840 168-169 
 
 Fisji Market in 1830 169 
 
 Churches 170-197 
 
 Alexander Street Baptist Church 172 
 
 jarvis Street Baptist Church 172-174 
 
 Zion Congregational Church 174-176 
 
 Bond vStreet Baptist Church 176-177 
 
 St. James' Cathedral 177-179 
 
 Church of the Holy Trinity (omitted among Churchesi 384 
 
 The Church of St. George the Martyr 179 
 
 Methodist Churches 179-184 
 
 Metropolitan Methodist Church 184-187 
 
 Sherbourne Street Methodist Church 188 
 
 Elm Street Wesleyan Metliodist Church 188-189 
 
 Presbyterian Churches 189-194 
 
 Old St. Andrew's 194-195 
 
 ' New St. Andrew's 195 
 
 Cooke's Church 195-196 
 
 Roman Catholic. 196-197 
 
 Unitarian 197 
 
 Religious and Charitable Institutions u 'I-199 
 
 Young Men's Christian Association 199-200 
 
 Girl's Home 200 
 
 Boy's Home 200-201 
 
 The Magdalen Asylum 201 
 
 Toronto General Hospital 201-202 
 
 Pro%'incial Lunatic Asylum 202-203 
 
 The Press 204-205 
 
 Thf Globe 205-208 
 
 The Mail 208 
 
 Christian (ruardian 208 
 
 Educational Estadlishments , 209 
 
 The University Buildings 209-210 
 
 Kno.x College 210-214 
 
 Trinity College 214 
 
 ^^ Normal School Building 214-216 
 
 Loretto Co.ivent 216 
 
 ' Bishop Strachan School 216 
 
 Upper Canada College 217-218 
 
 Public Scb'./ols 218-219 
 
 Private Schools 37^-377 
 
 MiiNiciPAi. 220-222 
 
 Fire Brigade 2^2-223 
 
 (X 
 
Toronto: papt and present. 
 
 Police Force , 223 
 
 Water Supply 223-224 
 
 Markets 224 
 
 Parks 225 
 
 Mayors of Toronto since its Incorporation 226 
 
 Population of Toronto from 1793 226 
 
 National Societies 227 
 
 St. George's 217 
 
 St. Andrew's 227-228 
 
 St. Patrick's Society 228 
 
 German Benevolent Society 228 
 
 Irish Protestant Benevolent Society 228-229 
 
 Sons of England 229 
 
 Jean Baptiste Society 229 
 
 Hibernian Society 229 
 
 Fbiendly Societies 230 
 
 The Order of Ancient, Free, and Accepted Masons 230-332 
 
 Independent Order of Odd Fellows 232 
 
 South London Unity Improved Independent Order of Odd 
 
 Fellows 232 
 
 Ancient Order of Foresters 232 
 
 Knights of Pythias 232 
 
 Loyal Orange Association 2^2-2^^ 
 
 Temperance Organizations '233~234 
 
 The Cluhs 235 
 
 Toronto Lacrosse Club 235-236 
 
 Ontario Lacrosse Club 236 
 
 Aquatic Clubs 237 
 
 Koyal Canadian Yacht Club 237 
 
 Argonaut Rowing Club 238 
 
 Toronto Rowing Club 238 
 
 Social AND Political Cluhs 238 
 
 Toronto Club 238 
 
 The National Club 238 
 
 United Empire Club 238-239 
 
 Reform Association Rooms 239 
 
 Places oe Amusement and Recreation 240 
 
 Mrs. Morrison's Opera House 240-241 
 
 Royal Opera House 231-242 
 
 Albert Hall 242 
 
 Shaftesbury Hall 242 
 
 Horticultural Gardens.... 242-243 
 
 College Avenue 243 
 
 The Island 243 
 
 Financial Institutions 244 
 
 The Toronto Bank 244 
 
 Ontario Bank 244 245 
 
 Imperial Bank... 245-246 
 
 The Federal Bank 246 
 
 Canadian Bank of Commerce 246 
 
 Dominion Bank 246 
 
 Quebec Bank 246-247 
 
 Bank of Montreal 247 
 
 Consolidated Bank of Canada 247 
 
 Insurance Companies 248 
 
 British America Assurance Company 248-249 
 
 Western Insurance Company 249 
 
 I' 
 
 I i 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 The Queen City Fire Insurance Company 249 
 
 Confederation Life Insurance Company 250 
 
 Toronto Life and Tontine Company 250 
 
 Canada Permanent Loan and Savings Company 250-253 
 
 Hotels 254 
 
 The Queen's 254-255 
 
 The Rossin House 255-373 
 
 American Hot«:l 256-257 
 
 Walker House 257 
 
 Windsor Hotel 257-258 
 
 Shakespeare Hotel 258 
 
 St. James' Hotel 258 
 
 Johnston House 258 
 
 Principal Buildings 259-266 
 
 Tra')E and Commerce 
 
 Toronto Brewing and Malting Company 267-269 
 
 Don Brewery — Thomas Davies & Bro 270 
 
 Messrs. Cosgrave & Sons 270 
 
 Copland's Brewery 271 
 
 East End Brewery 271 
 
 Gooderham & Worts 271-273 
 
 Manufacturers 
 
 J. & J. Taylor, Safe Manufacturers -73-275 
 
 Robert Hay '- Co 275-276 
 
 Christie, Brown & Co 276-278 
 
 Lyman Bros. & Co 278-279 
 
 Booth & Sons 279 
 
 J. D. Nasmith 279-281 
 
 The Phoenix Coftee and Spice Mills 281-282 
 
 Don Paper Mills 282 
 
 George D. Morse & Co 283-284 
 
 The Toronto Packing House 284-286 
 
 H. E. Clarke's Trunk Factory 286-287 
 
 Lamb s Blacking Factory 287 
 
 Todhunter, Black & Co 288-289 
 
 Wilson's Brush Factory 289 
 
 Heintzman & Co., Piano Factorv 29')-29i 
 
 Hastings & Peterkin, Planing Mill 291 
 
 Taylor & Wilson, Cigar Factory 291-292 
 
 Copp, Clark & Co., Lithographers 292-293 
 
 Eichhorn & Carpenter, Cigars 293-294 
 
 Withrow »t Hillock, Planing Mill 294 
 
 S. M. Peterkin, Wood Carver 294 
 
 Canada Stained (ilass Works 295 
 
 Messrs. Whittier & Sons, Manufacturing Chemists 295-296 
 
 Messrs. Fox & Co., Planing Mill 296 
 
 William Barchard's Packing Case Factoay 296-297 
 
 Messrs. Hunter, Rose & Co 297-298 
 
 Charles Boeckh's Brush F'actory 298-299 
 
 Northrop & Lym?n 299-300 
 
 John Holmes, Shoe Factory..... 300 
 
 H. McAdams & Co joo-^oi 
 
 E. S. Me-rill & Co " 301 
 
 McCoU, Stock & Anderson 301-302 
 
 Milburn, Bentley, & Pearson .^02-303 
 
 Mirror and Picture Frame Factory 304 
 
 Wilson's Vinegar Works 304 
 
 XI 
 
Dixon's Carriage Factory 305 
 
 E. B. Sanderson, Shoe Factory jo6 
 
 A. &W. Burns' Soda Water Woiks J06-307 
 
 Lugsdin & Barnett 307 
 
 Charles Wilson, Soda Water 307-308 
 
 S. Trees & Co 308 
 
 Dixon, Smith & Co 308-309 
 
 Messrs. Rice Bros 309 
 
 George Constable 309-310 
 
 Wholesale Houses 
 
 John Macdonald & Co 310-312 
 
 yamson, Kennedy & Gemmel 312-313 
 
 Debbie & Carrie 314 
 
 J. Gillespie & Co 314-315 
 
 Hughes Bros 315-316 
 
 Tackaberry, Joselin & Joselin 316-317 
 
 Bryce, McMurrich & Co 317 
 
 Robert McPhail's 317 
 
 Galbraith, Christie & Co 318 
 
 Nelson & Sons 318-319 
 
 Phillips, Thorne & Co - • 319-320 
 
 Zimmerman, McNaught & Co.^v 320-321 
 
 Thomas May & Co 321 
 
 Cramp, Torrances & Co 321 
 
 Brown's Carriage Warehouse 322-323 
 
 McNab & Marsh 323-324 
 
 Pearcy & Stewart 324 
 
 John Hallam 324-325 
 
 Thomson & Burns 325-326 
 
 Pacific Buildings and its occupants 326-327 
 
 M. & L. Samuel 327 
 
 Ross & Allen 327-328 
 
 Pepler & Sheppard 328-329 
 
 John Rennie & Co 329 
 
 McGiverin, Kerrigan & Co 329 
 
 Steele Bros ■ 329-330 
 
 Thomas Lailey &to 330~33i 
 
 J. L. Bronsdon & Co 331 
 
 Wholesale and Retail Stores: 
 
 John Kay .Ui-3i2 
 
 Messrs. Ridout & Co 332-333 
 
 Golden Lion 333-335 
 
 Mason, Risch & Newcombe 335-336 
 
 Page's Block 33(>-359 
 
 Robinson & Co 339-340 
 
 James Stark 340 
 
 Stanton & Vicars 340-341 
 
 James H. Rogers 34^-342 
 
 McCormack Bros 342 
 
 T. Webb 343 
 
 Kent Bros.... 343-344 
 
 Hart & Rawlinson 344 
 
 William Brown, Queen street 344 
 
 John T. Wilson, Queen street 344-345 
 
 George Coleman 345 
 
 Peter McCulloch 345 
 
 Alexander H.^'milton .... 345 
 
 xn 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Morrison's Dry Goods 346-347 
 
 John Kiddcll 347 
 
 W. H. Lake 347 
 
 Walker & Larmour's 348 
 
 J. M. Coombe 348 
 
 R. Moir, Staffordshire House 348 
 
 B. Chapman, Jewellery 349 
 
 Hugh Miller & Co., Druggists 349 
 
 James Foster & Sons 350 
 
 Charles A. Mitchell, Druggist 350 
 
 Crawford & Smith, Dry Goods 351 
 
 Thomas Crean, Tailor 351 
 
 Henry Graham, Carpets 351-352 
 
 Hunter & Co,, Photographers 352-353 
 
 R. Carswell 353 
 
 McLean Howard's Block 353-354 
 
 Montreal Tea Company 354-355 
 
 McGee's Block 355-356 
 
 L & H. Cooper 356 
 
 Gordon's Carpet Warehouse 356 
 
 Thomas Griffith & Co 356-357 
 
 Mr. Howarth's Drug Store 357 
 
 .Alexander's Jewellery Store 357 
 
 N. McEachren 357-358 
 
 G. B. Smith & Co 358 
 
 William Mara 358 
 
 Cheeseworth & Fraser 35*^-359 
 
 Thomas Claxton 359 
 
 China Hall 359-360 
 
 J. H. Samo 360 
 
 Norris & Soper 360-361 
 
 Shapter & Jeffrey 361 
 
 Messrs. A. & S. Nordheimer 361-362 
 
 Lumber Merchants: 
 
 Silliman's Lumber Yard 362 
 
 S. S. Mutton & Co 362-363 
 
 Collins Bros 363 
 
 Bryce Bros. & Co 363-364 
 
 Somers Atkinson 364 
 
 Donogh, McCool & Oliver 364-365 
 
 Bankers, Brokers, and Real Estate Agents : 
 
 R. H. Brett 365 
 
 W. B. Phipps 365-366 
 
 Private Bankers — Robert Beaty 366 
 
 Pearson Bros 366-367 
 
 Lake & Clarke 367 
 
 Scarth, Cochran &, Co 367 
 
 Miscellaneous Business Houses: 
 
 W. H. Stone 368 
 
 Hutchinson & Burns 368-369 
 
 Jamieson & Carroll 369-370 
 
 Singer Sewing Machine Company 370 
 
 Burnett's Livery Stable 370 
 
 John Young, Undertaker 370-371 
 
 The Star Life Assurance Company 371 
 
 The Restaurants of Toronto 371-372 
 
 J. L. Rawbone 373 
 
 XIII 
 
Union Block 374 
 
 The Post Office Book and News Depot 374 
 
 The Union Loan and Savings Company 374-375 
 
 ScartL, Cochran & Co 375 
 
 Private Schools: 
 
 Miss Dupont's 376-377 
 
 Private Residences : 
 
 S. Nordheimer, Esq 377-378 
 
 H. S. Howland, Esq 378 
 
 John Macdonald, Esq., M.P 378 
 
 John Hallam, Esq 378 
 
 George D. Morse, Esq 378-379 
 
 Oakham House, Mrs. John McGee 379 
 
 Miscellaneous: 
 
 A Pleasure Trip from Toronto to Niagara Falls 379-381 
 
 Steamer Southern Belle 381 382 
 
 The Toronto Necropolis 382 
 
 Crystal Palace 382-383 
 
 St. James' Cemetery 383 
 
 Royal Magnetical Observatory 383-384 
 
 INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 NO, OP 
 PLATE. 
 I 
 
 Toronto in 1834 
 
 View of King Street East, 1834 2 
 
 Toronto Harbour, 1793 3 
 
 Toronto Harbour, 1820 4 
 
 Toronto, 180^ 5 
 
 First Settlers" School Houses from 1795 to 1805 
 
 First Methodist Church, 1818 
 
 First Steamboat, i8i8 
 
 Apparatus and Equipments of Public Schools as they were... 
 
 Fish Market, 1830 7 
 
 Volunteer Monument 8 
 
 Aborigines, 1795 9 
 
 St. James' Cathedral lo 
 
 Southern Belle 11 
 
 British America Assurance Company's Building la 
 
 Canada Permanent Loan and Savings Company 14 
 
 J. Gillespie &. Co 15 
 
 Graham & Co 17 
 
 Mrs. John McGee's Block 16 
 
 Osgoode Hall Library 18 
 
 Mrs. John McGee's Residence 19 
 
 York Chambers 20 
 
 Water Works ) 
 
 Walker House f ^^ 
 
 Page's Block 22 
 
 University Buildings 46 
 
 Don Brewery A 
 
 Heintzman & Co B 
 
 Milburn, Bentley & Pearson C 
 
 McColl, Stock & Anderson D 
 
 H. McAdams & Co... I /^^ ,. • u u i- 
 
 E. S. Merrill & Co.... [^"*«"° "^" ^ 
 
 Bryce, McMurrich & Co F 
 
 Mason, Risch & Newcombe G 
 
 OPF. 
 PAGF. 
 
 17 
 25 
 32 
 
 40 
 
 5G 
 
 72 
 
 89 
 1X2 
 120 
 128 
 144 
 248 
 
 192 
 184 
 201 
 168 
 161 
 
 2,6 
 
 116 
 
 209 
 270 
 290 
 
 302 
 300 
 
 298 
 
 318 
 
 336 
 
 XIV 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 K 
 
 NO. OF 
 
 PLATE. 
 
 James R. Silliman H 
 
 Tackaberry, Joselin & Joselin I 
 
 T. Webb J 
 
 Lake & Clark , 
 
 Donogh, McCool & Oliver 
 
 I. & H. Cooper | 
 
 Hart & Rawlinson - L 
 
 James Stark j 
 
 George Constable ] 
 
 Crawford & Smith !■ M 
 
 Pearson Bros ) 
 
 Dixon's Carriage Works O 
 
 Steele Bros N 
 
 Queen's Hotel P 
 
 Thomas Taylor & Bros., Paper Mills 23 
 
 Geo. D. Morse's Residence ] 
 
 H. vS. Howiand's Residence l 24 
 
 John Hallam's Residence j 
 
 S. Nordheimer's Residence ] 
 
 John Macdonald's Residence - 25 
 
 Knox College ) 
 
 Canada Lite Buildings 
 
 Hughes Bros 
 
 Rossifi House (see page 373) 
 
 Phillips, Thorne & Co 
 
 John Rennie & Co 
 
 Pacific Buildings 
 
 S. M. Peterkin 
 
 Howard's Block 
 
 W. Davies & Co., Pork Packers 
 
 McNab & Marsh ; 
 
 Ontario Bank 
 
 Thomas Griffith & Co , 
 
 Toronto Brewing and Malting Company 
 
 Federal Bank 
 
 Pearcy & Stewart 
 
 J. Gillespie & Co ^ 
 
 Canada Permanent Loan and Savings Company | 
 
 J. & J. Tavlor J-29 
 
 Royal Canadian Bank | 
 
 Imperial Bank J 
 
 City Hall. 
 
 Ridout, Aikenhead & Crombie. 
 
 Queen's Hotel , 
 
 Albert Hall 
 
 Hunter, Rose & Co 
 
 Pepler & Sheppard 
 
 Glover Harrison 
 
 American Hotel 
 
 Mason, Risch & Newcombe 
 
 St. Lawrence Hall 
 
 Burnett's Livery Stable 
 
 John Holmes , 
 
 City Armory 
 
 Windsor House 
 
 Stovel & Armstrong 
 
 •1 
 
 GPP. 
 PAGE. 
 363 
 
 368 
 
 2l6 
 
 366 
 
 304 
 330 
 
 354 
 220 
 
 225 
 235 
 
 26 240 
 
 27 262 
 
 28 266 
 
 268 
 
 •30 272 
 
 •31 276 
 
 •32 278 
 
 XV 
 
TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 
 
 NO. OF 
 PLATE. 
 
 •1 
 
 Cramp, Torrances & Co 
 
 Union Block 
 
 G. D. Morse & Co 
 
 Bamson, Kennedy & Gemmel 
 
 Western Assurance Co 
 
 Taylor & Wilson 
 
 Fox & Co 
 
 Crane & Baird p-* 
 
 J. H. Rogers i 
 
 Walker & Sons J 
 
 Dobbie & Carrie ^ 
 
 U. E. Club 
 
 Copland's Brewery [-35 
 
 Thomas May & Co j 
 
 J. L. Bronsdon &Co J 
 
 Bank oi Toronto 
 
 Globe Office 
 
 Thomas Davies & Bros', Brewery 
 
 Robert McPhail ." 
 
 Thomas Lai ley 
 
 Lyman Bros. & Co., 
 
 Johnston House 
 
 Cosgrave's Brewery I 
 
 Heintzman & Co [ 
 
 John Macdonald & Co | 
 
 Wm. Gordon J 
 
 John D. Nasmith 
 
 Grand Opera House 
 
 Wi throw & Hillock 
 
 Thomson & Burns 
 
 McGiverin, Kerrigan & Cr , 
 
 Galbraith, Christie & Co 
 
 Copp, Clark & Co 
 
 Hunter & Co , 
 
 Hastings & Peterkin I-39 
 
 Bank of Montreal 
 
 John Riddell J 
 
 Christie, Brown & Co ^ 
 
 Booth & Sons ( 
 
 Nelson & Sons f^^ 
 
 British America Assurance Building J 
 
 John Kay , 
 
 John Hallam 
 
 Robert Hay & Co 
 
 George Coleman 
 
 Robert Hay & Co 
 
 Scott & Walmsley 
 
 National Club 
 
 H. E. Clarke & Co 
 
 Norris & Soper 
 
 John Young 
 
 Gooderham & Worts 
 
 S. S. Mutton &Co 
 
 Collins Bros 
 
 St. James' Hotel 
 
 OPP. 
 I'AOE. 
 
 3S 282 
 
 289 
 
 292 
 
 36 296 
 
 37 .310 
 
 -3S 321 
 
 •1 
 
 327 
 
 375 
 
 N^ 341 
 
 42 345 
 
 43 34S 
 
 XVI 
 
 .\ : 
 
HISTORICAL. 
 
 ni3T0F{IC/L PREVIEW Of TOFJONTO. 
 
 C.IAPTER I. 
 
 Rise and Growth of Towns and Cities — Toronto One Hundred Years Ago— 
 Governor Simcoe — The Frst Parliament of Upper Canada — Selection 
 of the Site for the New Capital of Upoer Canada — Governor Simcoe's 
 Removal to York — Building of the Town Roads — Appearance of York 
 4n 1794-95 — President Russell — First Newspaper in York— Governor 
 Hunter — First Market — Erection of St. James' Church — Dr. O. 
 Stewart — York m 1806 — The P'irst Mail. 
 
 HE most striking effect of the rapid increase of popula- 
 tion in Canada is the rise and growth of cities and 
 towns. At the head of a lake, or where a stream 
 empties into one of those inland seas and forms a natural har- 
 bour ; or upon the bank of a navigable river, which flows through 
 a fertile country, a pioneer of the forest, or an adventurous 
 speculator sets himself down, and says, "here shall be a city." 
 If his judgment be good, and the country around his imaginary 
 Thebes or Athens be inviting, the waves of population which 
 perpetually flow westward, stop for a tunc at his "location " and 
 actually verify his dream. This is literally the history of the 
 foundation of such cities as Toronto, Hamilton, and London. To 
 convej' an idea of the wealth that is created by population being 
 thus suddenly centralized in a comparative wilderness, we have 
 but to name the fact that in' this very city cf Toronto, within the 
 memory of men now Hving, numerous instances are recorded of 
 property, now worth thousands, even hundreds of thousands of 
 dollars, being bought for a cow, or a horse, or a small quantity 
 of goods out of a shop, or a few weeks' or months' labor of a 
 mechanic. These things form the topics of fireside history in 
 all large tovms and cities in Canada. The poor man, the newly 
 arrived emigrant, refer to them as foundations for hopes in the 
 
 17 
 
future. The rich man regards them as subjects for congratula- 
 tion. The speculator and the man of enterprise learns from them 
 how and where to found a town, and to make a bold push for 
 fortune. What visitor from the Old World, walking through the 
 streets of Toronto to-day, could imagine that less than one hun- 
 dred years ago it was an Indian village, whose warriors speared 
 the salt water salmon in her harbour, or chased the deer through 
 the dense woods ? Where the homes of her merchants and arti- 
 zans now stand, the noble elk roamed through forests undisturbed 
 by the sound of the woodman's axe, and swam waters where 
 paddle and screw, barque and schooner, now plough their busy 
 way ? Where the hum and noise of the foundry or mill are now 
 heard, myriads of wild pigeons from the south annually invaded 
 the woods and bore down the branches by their weight, while 
 flocks of gorgeously-clad turkeys, and plump-breasted quails, 
 stalked through the wild pathways of the forest, now turned into 
 busy streets,, or gardens filled with choice specimens of native 
 and foreign floral beauty ? Who would not conceive it to be a 
 fairy tale, when told that where, less than ninety years ago, the 
 beaver gambolled in solitary streams, never visited by white men, 
 and where fever and ague reigned supreme, has arisen one of the 
 healthiest and handsomest cities on the American Continent, 
 with a population of over 70,000 souls ? Yet this is precisely the 
 history of the Queen City of the West. 
 
 In 1791 the Province of Quebec (as the whole of Canada was 
 then named) was divided into Upper and Lower Canada. John 
 Graves Simcoe was appointed the first Lieutenant-Governor of 
 Upper Canada. Sailing from London, England, on the 1st of 
 May, 1792, he arrived at Newark (now Niagara) on the 8th of 
 July, with a staff of officials to administer the affairs of the new 
 Province. Here, in September, he summoned the first Parlia- 
 ment of Upper Canada, consisting of a Lower House of sixteen 
 members, elected by the people, (these were plain farmers and 
 merchants), and an Upper House of eight persons, appointed by 
 the Crown for life. The Acts of the first session of the first Pro- 
 vincial Parliament displayed an intimate acquaintance with the 
 
 lo 
 
mSTOBICAL. 
 
 requir ments of the country, and groat common sense. Among 
 the most important Acts passed was one which introduced tho 
 English Civil Law, another established trial by jury, and a third 
 provided for the erection of jails, court houses, and such other 
 public buklings as were considered requisite in the districts into 
 which the Province was then divided. At this time tho entire 
 revenue of the Provincu amounted to $3,600, and the only tax 
 imposed was four pence per gallon on wine. When Governor 
 Simcoe first came to Canada he supposed that the H&me Govern- 
 ment would retain possession of the fort on the American side of 
 the Niagara River, and which was still strongly garrisoned by 
 British troops. When he found it was to be surrendered he 
 abandoned the design of making Newark his capital, as it would 
 be too near the frontier. " The chief town of a province must 
 not be placed under the guns of an enemy's fort," said the Gov- 
 ernor, and he accordingly turned his attention to procuring a 
 more suitable site for the metropolis of Upper Canada. In the 
 summer he coasted along the upper shore of Lake Ontario ; took 
 a look into Welland River and Twenty Mile Creek ; surveyed 
 Burlington Bay, and finally halted near the ruins of the old 
 French Fort, Toronto, where the inmates of a single wigwam 
 represented the Huron nation, on this, their ancient hunting 
 ground. Here a neck of land stretching boldly out into the lake 
 formed a secure harbour for shipping. Lake Ontario rolled 
 thirty-six miles of its waters between it and the American shore, 
 thus lessening the dangers of invasion ; and the vast forests of 
 beech and maple, and other hard woods of Canada, that stretched 
 away along the old French track towards Lake Simcoe, showed 
 the land to be fertile. The geographical situation of Toronto 
 was excellent. To the east, and south, and west, the broad Lake 
 gives easy access. To the north, thirty miles gained the Holland 
 River, then navigable for its short intervening distance to the 
 beautiful lake into which it falls. From Lake Simcoe it was 
 easy to penetrate to Lake Huron, on the one hand, and to the 
 chain of small lakes lying towards the Upper Ottawa, on the 
 other. All these circumstances, no doubt, presented themselves 
 
 iQ 
 
TOnONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. 
 
 i! 
 
 li 
 
 to the mind of Governor Simcoe, whose industry had already 
 made him acquainted with the resources of the country, and he 
 determined that Toronto should be his capital city. The result 
 has amply justified his choice. 
 
 In the spring of 1794, Governor Simcoe, attended by the Regi- 
 ment of Queen's Rangers, took up his residence at Toronto, or 
 York, as he named it, and at once set about the erection of his 
 new capital. Selecting for his residence a lot on the high ground 
 north of the old Don and Danforth Road, then decidedly the most 
 picturesque spot in the vicinity, he, for the first summer and 
 winter, resided in a canvas tent, while barracks for the troops, 
 and houses for himself and staff were being erected. He also 
 began the erection of Parliament buildings upon the site now 
 occupied by the old jail, near the corner of Berkeley and Fi'ont 
 streets. These were unassiiming but commodious wooden struc- 
 tures, consisting of two large halls, with convenient offices, for 
 the accommodation of the Legislature and the Courts of Justice. 
 Around the Parliament buildings Government officials, traders, 
 and others began to take up lots, erect dwellings and stores, and 
 form the nucleus ol ihe new capital of Upj^er Canada. With the 
 aid of the regiment he built Yonge street, extending from Toronto 
 harbour to Lak'^ Simcoe, a distance of thirty-three miles. The 
 opening of this route at once brought a considerable trade to the 
 infant capital, for the North-West Fur Company, established in 
 Montreal in 1.782, and which in 1793 employed over one thous- 
 and seven hundred men, instead of sending their supplies up the 
 Ottawa by canoes, sent batteaux up the St. Lawrence, (which 
 were carted across the portages at the carrying place and Y'onge 
 street), and delivered their cargoes in Mackinaw, then the great 
 centre of the fur trade, at a saving of from forty to sixty dollars 
 per ton. Even the Spanish settlements down the Mississippi 
 were supplied by British goods thus taken to the great peltry fair 
 at Mackinaw. Dundas street, as the main post-road traversing 
 the Province was called, was also established by Governor Sim- 
 coe, lots being granted along it on condition of building and 
 improving in one year, and so provision was made for a conti- 
 
 20 
 
 1 1 
 
HIdTOUICAL. 
 
 nuoiis land communication throughout the Province. On the 27th 
 of August the first royal salute was fired hy the garrison of the 
 new capital, and responded to by the shipping in the harbour, on 
 the name of York being ofliciully given to the new town. It was 
 not, however, until 1794 that the building of the Town of York 
 may be said to have actually commenced, but in this year con- 
 siderable activity was displayed in the erection of both public 
 and private buildings, and that, too, under f 11 the disadvantages 
 which an unhealthy locality, described as better fitted " for a frog 
 pond or beaver meadow than for the residence of human beings," 
 would present. Colonel Bouchette, Surveyor-General of Lower 
 Canada, and then engaged in the Naval Service of the lakes, thus 
 describes the appearance of the site of the new town : — 
 " I still distinctly recollect the u'ltamed aspect which the country 
 exhibited when first I entered the beautiful basin which then 
 became the scene of my early hydrographical operations. Dense 
 and trackless forests lined the margin of the Lake, and relected 
 their inverted images in its glassy surface. The wandering 
 savage had constructed his ephemeral habitation beneath their 
 luxuriant foliage — the group then consisting of two families of 
 Mississaquas ; and the Bay and neighboring marshes were the 
 hitherto uninvaded haunts of immense coveys of wild fowl." In 
 1795 the infant city was described by the French traveller, 
 Rochefoucault, as containing twelve houses besides the barracks 
 in which the regiment was quartered. The inhabitants he stig- 
 matized as not possessing the fairest character. While the 
 public buildings were progressing Parliament continued to meet 
 at Newark until 1796, when Governor Simcoe, who does not 
 appear to have been subservient enough, was recalled. 
 
 Mr. Peter Russell, the senior member of the Executive Council, 
 a gentleman who had come out with Governor Simcoe, and who, 
 to his other duties, added those of Inspector General, assumed the 
 direction of public affairs during the interregnum. He convened 
 the Parliament at York on the 6th of June, 1797, the building 
 for their reception having been completed during Governor Sim- 
 coe's administration, although, from the representations of inter- 
 
 21 
 
TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. 
 
 'i! 
 
 I! i| 
 
 ested parties, he was recalled ere he had enjoyed the pleasure of 
 meeting his Parliament in their new Chambers, erected on the 
 spot he had so judiciously selected os the capital of Upper 
 Canada. This, the first Parliament meeting at York, was pro- 
 rogued on the 30th of July. President Russell continued to preside 
 over the administration oi affairs until 1799, assembling the Legis- 
 lature at York on the 5th June, 1798, and on the i2th of June, 
 1709. And here also, for more than twenty-five years, did Gov- 
 ernor Hunter, Governor Gore, the gallant General Brock, General 
 Sheaffe, Sir Gordon Brummond, and Sir Pengrine Maitland, 
 open and close the Annual Parliamentary sessions, with such 
 state display as the circumstances of the times and place allowed. 
 It became necessary that che state openings and closings of the 
 Legislative Chambers should have due legal, and official notice, 
 so a Queen's Printer was appointed at Newark, in 1795. The 
 Upper Canada G ..^tte and American Oracle was established, and 
 thus the first Upper Canadian newspaper was started as a 
 semi-Government sheet. In 1800 the printing of the Gazette was 
 removed to York. It has been said that at the present day every 
 little town or village thtit can boast of a church and tavera must 
 have its newspaper, in which to expatiate on the superiority and 
 salubrity of its respective locality ; but the founders of the early 
 capital had their newspaper before any church was built, but 
 we fear not before the erection of any tavern. This sheet did 
 little to .nake known the ad -vantages or beauties of the new town. 
 Local items were not deemed worthy of much notice. Extracts 
 from the New Y'^ork and Albany papers, as well as from the 
 Quebec Gazette, of news from six to ten weeks eld, with the Gov- 
 ernor's Proclamation.*, formed the main portion of its contents. 
 It was a small sheet, about fifteen by nine inches, having a total 
 circulation of about one hundred and fifty copies, printed on a 
 very coarse brownish-white paper, and occaisionally, when the 
 ordinary supply ran out, it was issued on a coarse blue paper, 
 flimilar in color to that nov7 used on tl.'e backs of Government 
 Blue Books, and of a quality about equal to the common wrapping 
 paper now used by grocers and others. 
 
 22 
 
HISTORICAL. 
 
 In 1803 Governor Hunter, by the followinf^ Proclamation in 
 the Gazette, of November 3rd, appointed a woekly market for tLo 
 Town of York, an I also a place for the market to be held : — 
 " Peter Hunter, Esquire, Lieutenant-Governor, &c. : Whereas, 
 great prejudice Lath ariser to the inhabitants of the Town and 
 Township of York, and of other adjoining townships, from nc 
 place or day having been set apart or appointed for exposing 
 publicly for sale, cattle, sheep, poultry, or other provisions, goods, 
 merchandise., brought by merchants, farmers, and others, for the 
 necessary supply for the said Town of York ; and, whereas, great 
 benefit and advantage might be derived to the said inhabitants 
 and others by establishing a weekly market within that town at a 
 place and on a certain day for the purpose aforesaid : Know all 
 men, that I, Peter Hunter, Esquire, Lieutenant-Governor of the 
 s?id Province, taking the premises into consideration, and willing 
 to promote the interest and advantage and accommodation of 
 tlio inhabitants of the town and township aforesaid, and of 
 others. His Majesty's subjects within the said Province, by and 
 with the advice of the Executive Council thereof, have ordained, 
 erected, established and appointed a public open market, to be 
 held on Saturday in each and every week during the y^jar, within 
 the said Town of York, (the first market to be held therein on 
 Saturday, the 5tli day of November, next after the date of these 
 pi'esents), on a certain piece or plot of land within that town, 
 oonsisiing of five acres and a half, commencing at the south- 
 east angle of the said plot, at the corner of Market street and 
 New street, then north sixteen degrees, west five cliains seventeen 
 links, more or less, to King street ; then along King street south 
 scvputy-four degrees, west nine chains fiffcy-one links, more or 
 less to Church street ; then south sixteen degrees, east aix 
 chains thirty-four links, more or less, to Market street ; 
 t'aen along Market stroet, north seventy-four degrees, east 
 two chains ; then north sixty-four degrees, east along 
 Market street seven chains sixty links, more or less, to the 
 place of beginning ; for the purpose of exposing for sale, cattle, 
 sheep, poultry and other provisions, goods, and merchandise, aa 
 
 23 
 
TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 
 
 % Sli 
 
 aforesaid. Given under my hand and seal at arms, at York, this 
 twenty-sixth day of October, in the year of our Lord one thou- 
 sand eight hundred and three, and in the forty-fourth jear of 
 his Majesty's reign. — Peter Hunter, Esquire, Lieutenant-Gover- 
 nor. By His Excellency's command, William Jarvis, Secretary." 
 The establishment of this weekly market was another step 
 towards the permanent building up of the town. Farmers came 
 here with their grain and other produce, which they bartered 
 with the storekeepers for groceries, dry goods, and other neces- 
 saries. 
 
 The town continued to expand north and westward, much more 
 rapidly than the first settlers anticipated, in spite of the diffi- 
 culties which they experienced with regard to roads from the 
 marshy nature of the soil around what was then the principal 
 portion of the town. Farmers entering the town from Yonge 
 Street (which then only came south as far as Queen street) had 
 the utmost difficulty in threading their way through the stumps, 
 mud, and pitfalls, which on every side beset them from this 
 great thoroughfare to the market place. 
 
 In this year (1803) also, a movement was originated for the 
 erection of a church for the Episcopalians, who had been for 
 about seven years holding services in the Parliament build- 
 ings. Up to this time York could not boast of a single church or 
 school house. 
 
 The Oracle and Gazette of January 22, 1803, contains the follow- 
 ing report of a meeting of subscribers for erecting a Church in the 
 Town of York, "held at the Government Buildings on Saturday 
 the 8th day of January instant — the Hon. Chief Justice (Elms- 
 ley) in the chair. Resolved unanimously: That each subscriber 
 shall pay the amount of his subscription by three instalments; 
 the first being one moiety in one month from this day ; and the 
 second being a moiety of the residue in two months; and the re- 
 mainder in three months ; that Mr. William Allan and Mi-. Dun- 
 can Cameron, shall be Treasurers, and shall receive the amount 
 of the said subscriptions, and that they be jointly and severally 
 answerable for all monies paid into their hands upon the rec^'ipt 
 
 24 
 
 l\ 
 
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 0* 
 
 
 J 
 
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 I 
 
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 ^f th?'! ; tbat HJH Honour tbe is- ur- 
 
 '. the Honoambla (Japtii .h% 
 
 ,y, Mr. Chewitfc, anil : |ii 
 
 M-iBuig from svituscriptiom >»- 
 
 ' Luncrliittl^BS, thatif a* nee 
 
 •tmong fchoitt, resort s; . .it- 
 
 io dt'cido. That the *..... lilt 
 
 "'.icd timber, as thfj CoRv> «ge 
 
 i being ImH to th« SBt; jt» 
 
 if not couuterfc^iliv; ,4i» 
 
 ndred pounds of lawlal »*i)*JMi^y i*c^ tfee 
 
 shall calculate lWir|fi|iwit'tet 
 
 r <>xpend beyond the »«m ^ «.ix 
 
 ■ ' siima subscribed and ^m 
 
 ' t with the Euoiiies whieb 
 
 - '."> omvt to BO much) 
 
 be dispeused 
 
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 -frferred; due 
 
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 ■ 2»i^2?'''^''^*C?T 
 
 li^^ 
 
HISTORICAL. 
 
 , 
 
 ] 
 
 of sithsr of fcbem ; that His Honour the Chief Justice, the Honour- 
 ahle P. Russell, the Honourahle Captain McGill, the Rev. Mr. 
 Stuart, Dr. Macaulay, Mr. Chewitt, and the two Treasurers be a 
 Committee of the subscribers, with full power and authority to 
 apply the monies arising from subscriptions to the purposes con- 
 templated ; provided, nevertheless, that if any material difference 
 of opinion should arise among them, resort shall be had to a meet- 
 ing of the subscribers to decide. That the Church shall be built 
 of stone, brick, or framed timber, as the Committee may judge 
 most expedient, due regard being had to the superior advantages 
 of a stone or brick building, if not counterbalanced by the addi- 
 tional expense. That eight hundred pounds of lawful money be the 
 extent upon which the Committee shall calculate their plan : but 
 in the first instance they shall not expend beyond the sum of six 
 hundred pounds (if the amount of the sums subscribed and paid 
 into the hands of the Treasurers, together with the monies which 
 may be allowed by the British Government, amount to so much) 
 leaving so much of the work as can most conveniently be dispensed 
 with, to be completed by the remaining two hundreil pounds ; 
 provided, however, that the six hundred pounds be laid out in 
 such manner that Divine Worship can be performed with decency 
 in the Church. That the Committee do request the opinion of Mr. 
 Berczy, respecting the probable expenses which will attend the 
 undertaking, and respecting the materials to be preferred; due 
 regard being had to the amount of the fund, as aforesaid ; and that 
 after obtaining his opinion they do advertise their readiness to 
 receive i)roposals conformable thereto. 
 
 N.B. — The propriety of receiving contributions in labour or 
 materials is suggested to the Committee. — A. MacDonell, Secre- 
 tary to the meeting. " 
 
 In the same Journal tmder date of June 4th 1803 the following 
 advertisement in xcfcrance to the new Church appeared : — "Ad- 
 vertisement. Wanted. A quantity of Pine Boards and Scantling, 
 Stones and Lime, for building a Church in this Town. Any person 
 inclined to furnish any of these articles will please to give in their 
 proposals, at the lowest prices, to the subscribers to be laid be- 
 
 25 
 
HI 
 
 TORONTO : PAST AND prese:;t. 
 
 fore the Committee. — D. Cameron, W. Allan. York, June 1st 
 1803." 
 
 It appears from the foregoing advertisement that the Com- 
 mittee contemplated building the Church in stone, but this idea 
 was subsequently abandoned, and a frame building was decided 
 upon ; and Colonel Sheaffe, then commandant of York Garrison, 
 ordered his men to assist in raising the frame. The Church was 
 erected on the site now occupied by the present Cathedral, and 
 stood in the midst of a fine grove of primitive forest trees. The 
 edifice was fifty feet by forty, standing about twelve or fifteen 
 yards back from the front of the road. Its gables faced East and 
 West. The entrance was by one small door at the Western end, 
 which was approached from Church Street. The sides contained 
 two rows of windows ; four at the top, and four at the bottom. 
 It was a plain barn-like looking structure, as primitive in its in- 
 ternal fittings as in its external appearance ; but it was looked 
 upon with pride and gratification by the subscribers and residents 
 of the little town. Dr. 0. Stewart was the first incumbent of the 
 new Church, which office he retained until 1813, when he was 
 succeeded by Dr. gtracban, who afterwards became first Bishop 
 of Toronto. 
 
 Dr. Scadding in his valuable and scholarly work, "Toronto of 
 Old," thus describes the first Episcopal Clergyman of York : 
 
 " Dr. Okill Stowart, formerly rector of this Church, i.e. (York,) 
 but subsequently of Kingston, used occasionally, when visiting 
 York, to officiate — a very tall, benevolent, and fine-featured eccle- 
 siastic, with a curious delivery, characterized by unexpected 
 elevations and r'epressioiisof the voice, irrespective of the matter, 
 accompanied by long closings of the eyes, and then a sudden re- 
 opening of the same. Whenever this preacher ascended the 
 pulpit, one member of the congregation, Mr. George Duggan, whd 
 had had, it was understood, some trivial disagreement with the 
 Doctor, during his incumbency in former years, was always 
 expected by onlookers to rise and walk out, and this he accord- 
 ingly always did. The movement seemed a regular part of the 
 programme of the day, and never occasioned any sensation." 
 
 26 
 
HISTORICAL. 
 
 The building of the church appeared to add considerable stimu- 
 lus to the erection of dwellings and stores, for during the years 
 1804 and 1805 it appears to have doubled its former size and 
 iwpulation. 
 
 In 1806 York was thus described by Mr. George Heriot, Deputy 
 Postmaster-General of British North America : — " The Town of 
 York, according to the plan, is projected to extend a mile and a 
 half, from the bottom of the harbour along its banks. Many 
 houses are already completed, some of which display a consider- 
 able degree of taste. The advancement of the place to its pre- 
 sent condition has been effected within the lapse of six or seven 
 years, and persons who have formerly travelled in this part of the 
 country are impressed with sentiments of wonder on beholding a 
 town which may be termed handsome, reared as if by enchant- 
 ment in the midst of a wilderness. Two buildings of brick at the 
 eastern extferaity of the town, which were designed as wings to a 
 centre, are occupied as Chambers to the Upper and Lower Houses 
 of Assembly." 
 
 In the month of January, 1808, the first mail from Lower 
 Canada arrived at York. In the Gazette of January 13th, the 
 following notice appeared ; — " For the information of the public. 
 — York, 12th January, 1808. — The first mail from Lower Canada 
 is arrived, and letters are ready to be delivered by W. Allan, act- 
 ing Deputy Postmaster." 
 
 The mail between Montreal and York was so light as to be 
 carried by pedestrian white men between these two places, and 
 by an Indian between York and Niagara, all of whom carried axes 
 to enable them to cross streams. The number of Post Offices in 
 Upper and Lower Canada at this date numbered about seventeen, 
 and only about eight hundred miles of post road was open, of 
 which not more than one hundred and fifty miles was in Upper 
 Canada. 
 
 27 
 
IBHi 
 
HISTORICAL. 
 
 t i 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Governor Gore— DiiTiculties of Early Settlers — Taxes in Upper Canada — 
 Intemperance of Early Settlers — Public Morals — General Brock — 
 Canada and the United States in 1812 — The York Militia — Defence 
 of York — Population in 1812 — Queenston Heights — Death of General 
 Brock — Major-General Sheaffe — Parliament of 1813 — American 
 Attack on York — Occupation of York by the Amefican Army — Des- 
 truction of Public Buildings — Sir Gordon Drummond — Foundation 
 of the Common School System — Stage Between York and Kingston 
 — Population in 1817 — Erection of First Methodist Church. 
 
 OVERNOR GORE, who succeeded Governor Hunter, 
 appears to have desired to carry out the designs of 
 Governor Simcoe with reference to the town of York, 
 and to have aided its development by every means in his power. 
 Thus fostered the town continued to grow with a steady pros- 
 perity; every succeeding year encroaching still further on the 
 dense wilderness, and witnessing new homes, and new clearances 
 made in the adjoining forests. The backwoodsman, whose for- 
 tunes are cast in the remote inland settlements of- the present 
 dav, far remote from churches, destitute of the ministers of the 
 gospel, and medical men; without schools or roads, or the many 
 conveniences that make life desirable, can alone appreciate, or 
 even understand, the numerous difficulties and hardships that 
 beset the first settlers among the marshy and ague swamps of 
 York. The clothes on his back, with a rifle or old musket, and 
 a well-tempered axe, were, not unfrequently, the full extent of 
 his worldly possessions. Thus lightly equipped he took posses- 
 sion of his two hundred acres of closely-timbered forest land and 
 commenced operations. The forest rings with his vigorous 
 strokes as huge tree after tree tumbles to the earth ; and thus 
 admits the bright rays of the sun upon his little clearing. The 
 best logs are squared and servo to build his shantj, and the rest 
 are given to the flames. Now, the rich mould, the accumulation 
 of centuries of decayed vegetation, is gathered together into little 
 
 29 
 
TOaONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 
 
 liilloclcH, into which potatoes are dibbled. Indian corn is planted 
 in another direction, and perhaps a little wheat. If married the 
 lonely couple struggle on in their forest oasis, like the solitary 
 traveller over the sands of Sahara, or a boat adrift in the Atlantic. 
 Their nearest neighbour lives miles off, and when sickness comes 
 t!iey have to travel far through the forest to claim human sym- 
 pathy. But fortunately our nature, with elastic temperament, 
 adapts itself to circumstances. By and by the potatoes peep up, 
 and the corn blades modestly show themselves around the char- 
 rod maple stumps and girdled pines, and the prospect of a suffi- 
 ciency of food gives consolation. As winter approaches, & deer 
 now and then adds to the comforts of the solitary people. Such 
 were the mass of the first settlers of York, and Western Canada. 
 
 No country in the world w.tS less burdened with taxes than 
 Upper Canada at this pariod. A small direct tax on property, 
 levied by the District Courts of Session, and not amounting to 
 sixteen thousand dollars for the whole country, sufficed for all 
 local expenses. There was no poor-rate, no capitation tax, no 
 tithes or ecclesiastical rates of any kind. The chief check to the 
 great prosperity of the country at this period was the want of a 
 paper currency, there being no bank in Canada. Gold and silver 
 were the only circulating mediums, and as the exports did not 
 balance the imports, the little money brought into the colony by 
 settlers, or paid out by Government, was insufficient to meet the 
 inCi iMsing wants of the community. A system 0/ barter was thus 
 cnpfiuated between merchant and farmer, highly prejuJicial to 
 the latter, and which frequently led him into debt. 
 
 Nor were the public morals as much calculated to advance the 
 welfare of the country as could be desired. Intemperance was a 
 prevalent vice. The rough backwoodsmen, too, were often quarrel- 
 some in their cups, and pugilistic encounters very frequently 
 took place. The mass of the people may be described as a rough, 
 home-spun generation, with little religion, still less education; 
 but honest in their general demeanor, sturdy yet simple in their 
 manners, and exceedingly hospitable in their homes. In the 
 tarly days of York, the vice of iutemperance was punished in a 
 
 30 
 
HISTOUICAL. 
 
 Bomewhat aumniary though certainly utilitarian way : all persons 
 guilty of (Iruukeness were made to give a certain amount of labor 
 in pulling out tree stumps in the public streets. 
 
 In 1811 Governor Gore left York for a temporary visit to Eng- 
 l.incl, leaving the gallant Major-General Brock in charge of tho 
 administration, during his absence. General Brock, soon afti-r 
 taking charge of t'.ie administration, clearly saw t'.iat serious 
 troubles would arise between the United States and the Canadas, 
 and he set about making preparations to meet them. On the 8rd 
 of February, 1812, he convened the Legislature, and requested 
 them to pass two measures, in view of future hostilities, these 
 were the suspension of Habead Corpus, and a Militia Supplemen- 
 tary Act. At first the House positively refused to pass these 
 measures, as they did* not think war would take place. No 
 sooner, however, did they perceive their error, than a very effei;- 
 tive militia bill was passed, and twenty thousand dollars granted 
 to defray training expenses. On the 19th of June, 1812, the 
 United States Congress passed an act declaring war against 
 Great Britain, and directing that hostilities be immediately com- 
 menced by an invasion of Canada. It is no part of our duty to 
 enter into the causes or excuses for this war, as having little 
 direct connexion with the Town of York ; but porhaps it may not 
 be deemed too great a digression to briefly review the condition 
 and resources of Canada and the United States at this juncture. 
 
 Wide as was their geographical limit^ the Democracy of 
 America desired additional territory, and would fain have grati- 
 fied their hatred of Great Britain by driving her from the valley 
 of the St. Lawrence, and thus depriving her of the source 
 whence she now derives her chief supply of timber, as well as a 
 most important addition to her b'-'^d- stuffs. In rushing into 
 the war the Democracy of the Un, A States calculated upon an 
 easy conquest of Canada. Great Britain had been taking a most 
 active part in the Europ3an Wars; her resom'ces, it was thought, 
 could not afford help to her distant colony. The regular troops, 
 in both Upper and Lower Oanada, amounted to less than five 
 tlioasand men, to which, if we add one thousand three hundred 
 
 VI 
 
 3» 
 
 *>. ■■**. 
 
i: 
 
 li 
 
 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 
 
 ^1' 
 
 ii 1 
 
 !■ 
 
 
 ■1 :ii 
 
 ■'! .1, 
 
 1 M 
 
 
 fonciblos and five Imnrlred artillery, the entire force for the pro- 
 tection of a vast frontier of some thousands of miles in extent, 
 was only five thousand eight hundred men. The population of 
 Uppt>r Canada was less than eighty thousand souls ; while that 
 of Lower Canada did not exceed two hundred and twenty thou- 
 sand. On the other band, the population of tlie United States 
 had prodigiously increased since the Revolution, and was now 
 eight millions ; while their resources were enormous, and gave 
 them immense advantages in carrying on a war againot a com- 
 paratively poor and sparsely populated country like Canada. In 
 point of numbers the odds were twenty-seven to one against the 
 latter — an enormous disjiroportion. The United States had also 
 the advantage in the commencement of the war, in being the 
 asiidiling party ; and could thus penetrate at leisure any part of 
 our long frontier they pleased, while we had to protect tlie whole. 
 But, aside from all these favorable circumstances, the Amerxcan 
 Democratic party relied upon the people of Canada themselves 
 to aid in wresting the country from Great Britain. The trifling 
 political troubles in Upper, as also in Lower Canada, led them to 
 Stippose that the inhabitants were weary of British rule, and 
 would readily ally themselves on the first opportunity to the 
 United States, But they were fully as much mistaken on this 
 point as they were in supposing that they could conquer these 
 provinces by force of arms. If the Canadians were dissatisfied 
 with the too great power of the executive, a system of favouritism, 
 and the arbitrary conduct of judges and other officials, they 
 were in no disposition to cure ills of the kind by a recourse to 
 the greater one of unbridled republicanism. The bulk of tho 
 people remained sincerely attached to constitutional monarchy, 
 ord a very general feeling of loyalty pervaded both Provinces, 
 This feeling was decidedly the rule ; a desire for an alliance with 
 the United States was the exception. But comparativ(;ly few 
 Canadians joined the Aiiorican standard during the war, and 
 throughout which none were more gallant in rolling back the 
 tide of unprincipled invasion than the emigrants from New Eng- 
 land and New York, who, aside from tb'? United Empire Loyal- 
 
 32 
 
 II 
 
~-rtS*=-^~'WESi-w"."~asa» 
 
 $ 
 
TDBONTO ; I'ABt AND ?RKSLJSt. 
 
 II 
 
 I I 
 
 f.ajciU?^ awd five hoaiirod artillery, the entire fun-- f^r the pro- 
 \\ tc'c^Nk't? W tk vu>jt fr.mtier of some thousantls of milm in oxteiit, 
 , v-»s <,>jE<iy Sv', iboUHJwH eig}it hundred mou. The poiMilation of 
 CpptT v^s?*4ii wA?, luss thaij eighiy thouKand sonh ; whik> that 
 of Ii(tt^*;r t'a^iiftda did not oxceed two hundTcd and twenty thou- 
 Sftr»d> Ok the other hand, the popaiRtian of *hc Unitud Slatfs 
 h»d pmAlgwxmiy inowased siuoe the lif.Tf)5utiuri, smd waB now 
 «fjgM tnOiions ; while their resoiircw wun^ e«<>rmoii;$, and gave 
 Uioni iEimeasjO adTavii.age8 in carrying oj; a « sr H>.'ji!ii»t- a com- 
 paratively fKjnr and sparsely po}>rd;«t«-d country like (Jauiida. In 
 point of xiuujbt-rA tb?:; odd& w«ro twoaty-sevcm to mie agaitsKt the 
 i itter — an enormonj^ftlispvoportion. The Uiii; \F, s hiui also 
 tho advaotage in tee f^omittttnceuK'nt of the unr, ,0 being the 
 assailing paiiy ; aisd could thus peiKdm^J ai h-iBvirt- any part of 
 our long frontier they pleagtfd, whilu wi> had to protvt^t. tlio whole. 
 But, aside from all these- favorable cir<.-iiU!Htancc.s, the Amorica-u 
 Doniocratic party relied npon the people <if Canada themsolves 
 to aid in wresting tho country from Cii-e<i,t liritain. The tiifii-ij^ 
 poUtlflaltrouhlesin TJpper, aa aho in -Lowfr Cana,da, led thern to 
 ««ppof,'<iy that thy inhabitants wore wcavy of British ruk>, mid 
 mmhl roa/.dy ajly tht-maelvea on tho tir-it opnorfcriuir,y to tho 
 United Bfcatos, But ttiey -rrcre fully as much mistaken on (his 
 ■;, j>ulnt EB they were in supposing that tiuy could conquer*'" •> 
 
 provinfes by force of arras. If the Canadians v,-.'ve disf*' 
 I ,' with '■'no too groat power of the e-u>cnt.inN a Mysteni of favc n 
 '.] aod Ih ' tirbitrary conduct of judgert ami <it!\^-r otlicials, ti. ; 
 f' wvif-) i{] ;>.•' dispositiou lo I'uro ill*? of the kit; J ; - a T' >''>ur8e to 
 
 ;i ihe ijri>('^.<>v «sw> of anbri.dkd ft:>pubUoanisni. i'he balk of the 
 
 If' 
 
 p jK'opk' vinnnin- ! dnco)! ly attached to <x»npitituiiu«al monarchy, 
 fi At'A a vt-r> r;<'n'Mii' tVollug f»t' hjyaity perviukxi both Provinces. 
 I' Th'i.i ^•^^in^■ wn,» in- dt-dly tliernle; a dusu'e for an alliance with 
 |: iHi t';A*:t<d 8l:At»»p wa** the exception. Bat compftra!l''dy few ^ 
 \i i''.m^^Mn^ joined the Araerican standard daring tho f-nr, and 
 tii^?-+;i.^. libh r.uno a-yre MOTftgailaiit iH foiliiif L-tv.lt tho 
 
 1 thiin the emigrants from New Eng- 
 i"". from tho Un.'tefi Empire Jjoyak 
 
 ! 
 
 ;t 
 
 ■ J 
 
 I ! 
 
m to 
 
 to th<^ 
 m ihis 
 
 :■^^^'' to 
 tllO 
 
 li'.'iiy. 
 
 i);ce8. 
 viih 
 . few 
 and 
 ic tho 
 Rrig- 
 .oyal- 
 
 
 V 
 
HISTOniCAL. 
 
 ist.s, linl s ■t'letl in the Cvyuiiuy. Apart from tht; monarchical 
 predilections of its inhabitants themselves, Cauada at this period 
 possessed another element of strength in the North-western 
 Indian tribes, who had transferred, at length, the feeling of 
 regard they once entertianed for the French to the British, and 
 cordially disliked the Americans, whom they termed " Long 
 Knives." To the important aid these tribes rendered in the out- 
 set of the contest, before the militia were properly organized or 
 reinforcements had arrived from England, may, in a great 
 measure, be attributed the jireservation of Western Canada. 
 The famous confederacy of the Iroquois had been broken up after 
 the revolutionary war, the Mohawks and part of the Ouondagas 
 and Tuscaroras attaching themselves to the fortunes of the 
 British, while the rest of the confederates clung to their ancient 
 hunting grounds, although closely hemmed in by the advancing 
 tide of civilization. Under their famous chief, Bed Jacket, the 
 latter gave most important aid to the Americans during the war, 
 in which the Senecas engaged in the fall of 1813, after having 
 issued a formal declaration of hostilities against Upper and Lower 
 Canada. Thus we see that the United States had as 'little com- 
 punction in availing themselves of Indian aid as Canada ; but it 
 must be remembered that the latter used it only in self-defence, 
 while the former employed it in a war of conquest and aggression. 
 The hostile feeling against the Americans so sedulously fostered 
 by the Shawnee chief, Tecumseh, and his brother, Elskwatawa, 
 or the Prophet, prevented any part of the North-west Indians 
 from joining their standard, and the Iroquois of New York State 
 were, therefore, their only important allies. 
 
 The only incidents in co.mexion with the invasion of Canada 
 by the American troops in 1812, in which we are interested, were 
 the preparations made for the defence rf the town and the death 
 of the acting Gov rnor, General Brock. On the declaration of 
 war becoming k."<own the bridges at the east end of the town, 
 crossing the Don Iliver, and giving access to the peninsula which 
 formed the harbour, were destroyed ; an earthwork was also 
 thrown up on the narrow ridge which at that time divided tlie Don 
 
 33 
 
} (-. 
 
 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 
 
 from the Bay. Though the population at this time was only 
 nine hund.ed, it is said that ovor two hundred and fifty entered 
 the ranks, or expressed a desire to enter the ranks of the militia. 
 At the time of the invasion the 3rd Eegiment of York militia 
 formed the garrison. That the citizen soldiers in these early and 
 troublesome times were loyal and patriotic is manifest by their 
 conduct during the war, being ever anxious to be foremost in the 
 fray; that they were well drilled is evident from General Brock's 
 comments. In July, 1812, General Brock inspected the militia 
 of York, and sent his official report of the inspection to Captain 
 Howard, who made the following entry in the Regimental Book : — 
 " Major-General Brock has desired me to acquaint the detach- 
 ment under my command of his high approbation of their orderly 
 conduct and good discipline while under arms; that their exer- 
 cise and marching far exceeded any he had seen in the province. 
 And, in particular, he directed me to acquaint the olHcers how 
 much he is pleased with their appearance in uniform, and their 
 perfect knowledge of their duty " 
 
 In August General Brock was on the frontier with seven hun- 
 dred troops, including the volunteers from York, and shortly 
 afterwards occurred that lamentable event which deprived the 
 province of an able, just, and loved governor, and the nation of a 
 brilliant and humane soldier. This melancholy event occurred 
 on the 13th of October, 1812, at the battle of Queenston Heights. 
 During the 12th Van Ransallaer, the American General, com- 
 pleted his preparations for attacking Queenston. The following 
 morning was cold and stormy, but, nevertheless, his troops em- 
 barked^ in boats at an early hour, and everything made ready to 
 push across the river with the first blush of dawn. These move- 
 ments were soon discovered by the British sentries, who gave the 
 alarm. Captain Dennis, of the 49th, who commanded at Queens- 
 ton, immediately collected two companies of his regiment, and 
 about one hundred of the militia, at the landing i)lace, to oppose 
 the enemy, whom he held in check for a considerable time, aided 
 by the fire of an eighteen pounder in position on the heights 
 above, and a masked gun about a mile lower down. A portion 
 
 34 
 
HISTORICAL. 
 
 of the Americans, however landed higher up, and ascending, by 
 an unguarded path turned the British flank, captured the eighteen 
 pounder, and speedi^^ compelled Dennis to retreat, after having 
 sustained considerable loss, to the north end of the village. Here 
 he was met by General Brock, who had heard the cannonade 
 at Niagara, and pushed forward in company with his Aides-de- 
 camp, Major Glegg and Colonel McDonnell, to ascertain its 
 cause. Having learned how matters stood, he dismounted from 
 his horse, and resolving to carry the Heights, now fully in pos- 
 session of the Americans, placed himself at the head of a com- 
 pany of the 49th, and, waving his sword, led them to the charge 
 in double quick time, under a heavy fire from the enemy's rifle- 
 men. Ere long one of these singled out the general, took delibe- 
 rate aim, fired, and the gallant Brock, without a word, sank down 
 to rise no more. The 49th now raised a shout to " revenge the 
 general," when regulars and militia madly rushed forward and 
 drove the enemy, despite their superior numbers, from the sum- 
 mit of the hill. Brock made the attack on the American position 
 with a foro 3 of about three hundred men, and when the Americans 
 surrendered to Sheaffe, who assumed the command after General 
 Brock's di-i",th, th^^ numbered nine hundred and fifty, regulars 
 and militia. The death of Genei.il Brock dimmed the lustre of 
 victory, and cast a gloom not only over the infant capital, bui 
 throughout the entire country. Descending from a Guernsey 
 family he hai embraced the profession of arms at an early age, 
 and served with distinction in some of the principal campaigns 
 in Europe. As a soldier, he was brave, skilful, and humane, 
 and the idol of his troops. As a Civil Governor, he was firm, 
 prudent, and just, and had in the short period in which he had 
 administered the affairs of the Province won the warmest admi- 
 ration and love of the residents of York. He fell at the age of 
 forty-tw^o, respected by all classes, friend and foe alikej, and 
 minute guns from the Americans as well as from the British 
 batteries bore honorable testimony to his great personal worth, 
 as he was bm-ied at Fort George, on the 16th of October, in a 
 grave, watered with the tears of brave soldiers and forrowing 
 
 35 
 
■■mmmemmmBIR. 
 
 sssssmmB 
 
 TOnONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 
 
 citizens. Brock's name has not been forgotten. The people of 
 Ontario still cherish his memory ; and when monuments and 
 streets dedicated to the memox\y of his brave deeds shall have 
 passed away, his name will still occupy an bor ourable place in 
 the pages of history. 
 
 On the deai/h of General Brock, Major- General Sheaffe, au 
 American by birth, assumed the chief command of the troops, 
 and the administration of the affairs of the Province, and 
 unfortunately retained that command during the campaign of 
 1813. On the 25th of February, 1813, General Sheaffe convened 
 the Parliament at York, and passed several necessary measures, 
 Among these was one to facilitate the circulation in the Province 
 of the army bills, issued in Lower Canada, and making them a 
 legal tender in all public offices. Another ret authorized the 
 Government to prohibit the exportation of grain, and restrain dis- 
 tillation thereof, owing to an apprehended scarcity of food, 
 Pensions were granted to widows and orphans of militiamen 
 killed in the war. The sale of liquors was prohibited to Indians 
 'for a specified period, and several other useful bills passed. 
 Meanwhile the Americans were making the most strenuous exer- 
 tions to ensure the conquest of Canada in the ensuing campaign. 
 Large armies were massed on the frontier, one of which was 
 destined to attack the capital of Upper Canada. Their plan of 
 operations was based on the same system of combined move- 
 ments which had been so disastrous with them the preceding 
 year. Commodore Chauncey, aided by a strong land force under 
 General Pike, was to capture the town of York, and invest Fort 
 George at Niagara. Agreeable to this plan of operations 
 Chauncey sailed from Sackott's Harbour on the '25tli of April, 
 with fourteen armed vespcls having sixteen thousand tiuups on 
 board, and on the evening of the following day appeared off 
 Toronto, then garrisoned by a force of only six hundred regulars 
 and militia. On the ensuing day the enemy commenced to dis- 
 embark about three miles to the west of the town, (on the old 
 plank road near the Humber), a movement accomplished with 
 considerable difficulty, owing to the steady resistance of the 
 
 36 
 
 I 
 
HISTORICAL. 
 
 Caniuliaiis tuul iTt,'ular troops. Tliese, however, after display- 
 ing great gallantry, and suffering severe loss, were compelled 
 to retire to the town. General Dearhorn, who remained 
 on board one of the vessels of the fleet, had entrusted the 
 comnuuid of his troops to Brigadier Pike. The latter now 
 formed his men on the beach, in order to take the British ])osition 
 in flank, while the fleet, which had worked up into the harbour, 
 should assail it in front. It appears from all that can be gathered 
 on the subject, that tlie defences of York at this i^eriod were in a 
 most wretched condition, owing to the culpable negligence of 
 Sheaffe. Chauncey's fire from the shijjping completely over- 
 powered the batteries on shore, and enabled Pike to carry the 
 first line of defences with little difliculty. When at the distance 
 of two hundred yards from the principal western battery its fire 
 suddenly ceased, and the Americans at once halted, being under 
 the idea that the British were about to surrender. The next 
 moment the head of their column was literally blown into tho 
 air, owing to an artillery sergeant of the name of Marshall firing 
 the powder magazine to prevent its falling into their hands. 
 Had they advanced a little nearer the greater part of the enemy 
 must have been destroyed ; as it was they had over two hundred 
 killed and wounded. Among the latter was General Pike who 
 died a few hou'-s afterwards. Several British soldiers were also 
 killed by the explosion, which shook the town and surrounding 
 waters as though it had been an earthquake. American writers 
 censure Sheaffe for blowing up the magazine, and pronounce it 
 as a piece of unparalleled barbarity; but acts of this kind are per- 
 fectly legitimate in warfare, and of frequent occurrence. The 
 Americans were there solely for the purposes of conquest and 
 aggrandisement; and their invasion was accordingly of that 
 odious stamp, as to make it only a subject of regret that the 
 whole column was not blown up. In any case Shcafi'e had nothing to 
 do with it, and with Marshall solel}^ rested the responsibility. It 
 now became evident that the few British troops and militia, 
 would not be able to resist an enemy so vastly their superior in 
 launbcrs and artillery. Tho garrison was accordingly withdrawn 
 
 37 
 
^l ] ' . . 11; 
 
 i I, 
 
 TOUONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. 
 
 towai'ds the town, the powder mapazineg blown up, and a ship on 
 the Btocks, di well as the naval stores, destroyed. Thes* opera- 
 tions compifcotu, (:)reneral Sheaffe retired toward Kingston with 
 his few regular troops, leaving Lientenant-Colouel Chewitt of the 
 militia to treat with the enemy, who now gained i^ossession of 
 the town after an obstinate contest with a force scarcely one- 
 third his number (not taking his navy into consideration,) of 
 seven hours duration. Sheaffe, however, suffered much in the 
 public estimation, on account of his failure in defending Toronto, 
 and was shortly afterwards superseded in the chief command of 
 Upper Canada by Major-General De Eottenberg. On his return 
 to the Lower Province he was appointed to command the troops 
 in the district of Montreal. The British loss in the action was 
 severe, one hundred and thirty having been killed and wounded ; 
 that of the Americans was much more serious, and swelled up to 
 nearly three hundered and fifty. The militia to the number of 
 two hundred and ninety-three surrendered as prisoners of war. 
 The regular troops, as we have already seen, effected an orderly 
 retreat, and it is a matter of surprise that Sheaffe did not also 
 take the militia with liim, in which case the Americans would 
 have had no prisoners to boast of. As it was they got posses- 
 sion of the militia muster rolls, and endeavoured to swell up the 
 list of captures by including all the men enumerated, but the 
 greater part of whom were absent. The Americans burned all 
 the public buildings, carried off the artillery and naval stores, and 
 everything else that they could possibly remove, and evacuated 
 the place on the first of May. York was occupied by the British 
 troops in the early part of June, and again suffered from the 
 ruthless hand of the si)oiler at the end of July. Towards the end of 
 iiiis month the American fleet again appeared on the lake, and, 
 with a body of troops on board, stood towards Burlington Heights, 
 the principal depot of the British Army, with the view of destroy- 
 ing the stores collected there. This design was frustrated by a 
 rapid movement of the Glengarry Fencibles, from York, but 
 they left the town defenceless, and Commodore Chauncey, tiiking 
 advantage of this movement, landed a body of troops here on the 
 
 38 
 
 I.J 
 
 U 
 
HISTORICAL. 
 
 23rd of July, who, meeting with no opposition, set fire to the 
 barracks and public storehouses, liberated the prisoners from the 
 jail, illtreated some of the inhabitants, and then retired with 
 such loot as they could find. One capture made during these 
 times is still preserved sacred as a trophy of the raid. This was 
 tbjire eiifiine, presented to the inhabitants in 1802 by Lieutenant- 
 Governor Hunter. It is now kept by the United States Govern- 
 ment in the Navy Yard, having been taken by one Robert H. 
 Nichols. The Americans came to free the Canadian people from 
 what they termed the tyranny of Great Britain, but found them, on 
 the whole, loyal, incorruptible, and satisfied with their condition. 
 They talked to Canadians of the rights of humanity ; how all men 
 were free and equal ; while thousrnds of trembling slaves withered 
 under the lash on the plantations in the south. They boasted 
 of their respect for the rights of property, yet they plundered the 
 defenceless peasantry of Canada, burned their fences, and visited 
 ilieir hajjpy homos with the dreadful horrors of invasion. But 
 all this was not enough. On the 10th of December — the dark, 
 stormy December of 1813 — McClure, by order of his governmint, 
 the Congress of the United States, as expressed through James 
 Madison, President, and John Armstrong, Secretary of War, 
 turned four hundred helpless women and children into the streets 
 at half an hour's notice, and burned their homes to the ground. 
 One house only in Niagara was left standing, and the unfortu- 
 nate inmates of cne hundred and fifty dwellings were driven forth, 
 in some cases without clothing, to shield them from the piercing 
 wind, to find food and shelter where they best might. 
 
 About the middle of December, 1813, Lieutenant-General Sir 
 Gordon Drummond arrived at York, to assume the direction of 
 public afi'airs, civil and military, Governor Gore being then 
 absent in England. General Drummond lost no time in proceed- 
 ing to the headquarters of the army, near Queenston, and assisted 
 materially in closinj^ successfully the campaign of 1818. On the 
 i5th of February, 1814, he assembled Parliame)]t at the capital, 
 and several necessary measures were passed, one of which 
 authorized the appropriation of six thousand pounds sterling for 
 roads and bridges. 
 
 39 
 

 1 
 ■ ^ 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 k 
 
 til 
 
 
 
 TOnoNTO : PAST AND PUEHKXT. 
 
 On tlie 21tli of Docemhcr, 1813, the Tioatyof Gliont fortuniittly 
 put a tcraiiiiiitiou to the hostilitios which hal (lintractjil thu two 
 countries, and during Avhicli thc! progress of York had not only 
 been checked, hut its public buildings destroyed, and nuiny of its 
 inhabitants impoverished. On the !Jrd of April, 1815, Ilis Excel- 
 lency Sir George Provost, Governor-General of Canada, having 
 returned to England to answer to some charges affecting his 
 military character, Sir Gordon Drummond was appointed 
 Governor-General, and assumed the direction of Government in 
 Lower Canada, Generals Murry and Kobinson administering the 
 affairs of Upper Canada, until the retiuii of Lieutanant-Governor 
 Gore t ) 'b'ork, about the end of 1815. On the Gth of February, 
 181G, Lieuienant-Governor Gore opened Parliament, in a tempo- 
 rary building erected at York, and during this session a bill was 
 passed which laid the foundation of our common school 
 system, by appropriating the sum of six t' sand pounds sterling 
 per annum to assist in paying the salai the teachers and in 
 
 purchasing books for the use of the schools. By this Act the 
 people Avere authorized to " meet together in any town, village, or 
 townshjp, to make arrangements for establishing common schoo's 
 in such town, village, or township, at each of which the attendance 
 of pupils should not be less than twenty-fiv,'." It also authorized 
 that three "lit and discreet" persons should be chosen as trustees, 
 who were to "examine into the moral character and capacity of 
 any ptrson willing to become a teacher, and appoint him." 
 
 In tTanuary, 1817, regular commiujication was opened between 
 Yorlv and Kingston, and thence to Montreal, by Mr. Samuel 
 Purdy, who established a weekly stage between the two places. 
 It left Kingston every Monday morning and Y''ork every Thursday 
 morning, stopping at Spaulding's Inn, Grafton, as a half-way 
 house. The fare was eighteen dollars, with twenty pounds of bag- 
 gage allowed. The next winter (I^IS) the fare was reduced to ten 
 dollars. At this time the population of the towi. was one thousand 
 two hundred, having increased .ibout three hundred the preceding 
 six years. Lieutenant-Governor Gcu-e having been recalled, Sir 
 Peregrine Maitland arrived in Canada on the 2Jth of July, 1818, 
 
 40 
 
Sir 
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 XL 
 
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HISTOntCAti. 
 
 to direct the affairs of the Upper Province. Daring this year tlie 
 first Metlicdist Church was errccted in the town. It wos liuilt 
 upon a plot of hind near the corner of King and Jordan streets. 
 It was a pLain frame building, forty feet by foi-ty, having one 
 entrance by a large double door, fronting on King street. The 
 siJej? were pierced with three small windows. The front also 
 contained two windows, one on each side the door. The interior 
 was fitted up with a square, box-like pulpit in the centre of the 
 southern end of the building ; along each side, leaving a passage 
 down the centre of the church, was a row of plain, wooden forms, 
 with bacl;s. The custom of dividing the men from the women 
 was hero followed, the women occui)ying the seats on the right 
 or west side, and the men the east side. The entire cost of this 
 structure was about two hundred and fifty dollars, and it tooV 
 the Mctiiodists of York nearly tluce years to raise funds to pay 
 for the same. 
 
 41 
 
1! 
 
 1 
 
• HISTORICAL. 
 
 CHAPTEE III. 
 
 Convention of Delegates to Consider the Affairs of the Province — Govern- 
 ment Favorites — Sir Peregrine Maitland — Enlargement of St. James' 
 Church — Interior of St. James' — York in 1821 — Presbyterian Meet- 
 ing-House—York General Hospital — Presentation of Colors to the 
 \ York Militia — King Street and Simcoe Street in 1821 — Sinking of 
 Public Well — Public Whipping — Dr. Strachan — Prices of Groceries, 
 Dry Goods, etc., etc. — William Lyon Mackenzie — Government 
 Animosity — Population in 7824 — Destruction of tlic Colonial Advocate 
 OlTice — University Charter; its Unfair Character — Robert Baldwin's 
 Entrance into Public Life — Sir John Colborne — His First Parliament 
 — Egerton Ryerson and the Christian Guardian — P'oundation ot 
 Upper Canada College. 
 
 UEING the summer of 1818, a convention of delegates 
 from a number of townshipB throughout the Province 
 met at York to consider the desirabihty of petitioning 
 tlie Imperial Parliament to investigate the affairs of the Province. 
 From the close of the war in 1814 a spirit of dissatisfaction had 
 been steadily growing among the j)eople of Upper Canada. The 
 war had drawn almost the entire male population into its vortex, 
 and had completely unsettled the habits of the people. Many had 
 acquired a fondness for military life, and returned discontented 
 to the drudgery of their farms ; Government, too, had neglected 
 to give the promised grants of land to the volunteers and em- 
 bodied militia, and this created an intense feeling of irritation 
 against the Executive ; thus the inhabitants were disposed to 
 quarrel more pointedly with anything which they su2)posed in- 
 terfered with their individual prosperity, and to investigate more 
 narrowly into causes tending to check the general progress of 
 the country. 
 
 It began to be seen that Government favorites got grants ot 
 valuable lands, and held them in reserve (wild lands being then 
 untaxed), till the labours of the surrounding settlers made it 
 doubly valuable. It began to bo seen that a few half-pay British 
 
 43 
 
ILKJiiMl ..H IJUJIL JIIJIIIIIIWIM 
 
 11 
 
 
 TORONTO : PAST AND PBESENT. 
 
 officers, United Empire Loyalists, and some other settlers of 
 aristocratic pretensions, had formed a family compact, and who, 
 by establishing themselves in nearly all the highest public 
 offices, maintained a decided influence in the Executive Council. 
 From Hunter to Colborne successive governors in their turn 
 either at once submitted to their influence or were compelled to 
 do so after a short and unavailing struggle. The Bench, the 
 Magistracy, the high offices of the Church of England were filled 
 by their adherents, who were also numerous among the members 
 of the Bar. These and a number of other abuses the convention 
 discussed, and passed resolutions thereon, which, meeting with 
 the general approval of the inhabitants, alarmed the Executive, 
 who shortly afterwards determined that the promised grants of 
 land should be made to the militia embodied during the war. 
 
 On the 12th of October Sir Peregrine Maitland, who succeeded 
 Lieutenant-Governor Gore, for the first time met the Upper 
 Canadian Parliament. Sir Peregrine soon became very unpopular 
 in York, and in fact throughout the Province. Of haughty and 
 overbearing manners, with much more of the military man about 
 him than the civil Governor, he was not adapted by nature for a 
 popular ruler, and leaned from habit and constitutional tempera- 
 ment to a system of arbitrary Government. The fact, too, of his 
 having eloped with the Duke of llichmond's daughter at Paris, 
 while the allied armies lay there after Waterloo, and that he was 
 merely sent out by the Home Ministry by way of making pro- 
 vision for him in deference to his father-in-law, and not in 
 consequence of his fitness for the office, gradually leaked out, 
 and tended to make him still more unpopular. During this year 
 the Presbyterians of York began to hold services ai; regular 
 intervals, though the first Presbyterian Church was not built 
 until 1821. The population of the capital now amounted to 
 1,200, and contained about 200 houses, with five taverns and two 
 churches. Even in these early days the dramshop appears to have 
 flourished among the inhabitants, with a vigour not surpassed iu 
 modern times. 
 
 44 
 
 A. 
 
IIISTOIUCAL. 
 
 The erection of the Methodist Church, the huikling of a hw 
 residences and stores, together with the enhirgment of St. James' 
 Cliurch, made this a raenioi-able year in the growth of the Town. 
 The Gazette, by means of an advertisement in February, furnishes 
 considerable information respecting the intentions of the Congre- 
 gation. The advertisement was as follows: 
 
 •'Advertisement. Plans and estimates for enlarging and repair- 
 ing the Church will be received by the Subscribers before the 20th 
 of March, on which day a decision will be made, and the con- 
 tractor whose projiosals shall be approved of must commence 
 the work as the season will permit. The intention is : Frst : To 
 lengthen the Cliurch forty feet towards the east, with a circular 
 end, thirty of which to form part of the body of the Church, and 
 the remaining ten an Altar, with a small vestry room on the one 
 side, and a Government Pew on the other. Second : To remove the 
 Pulpit to the north side, and erect two Galleries, one opposite to 
 it and another on the west end. Third : To alter the Pews to 
 suit the situation of the Pulpit, and to paint and number the 
 same throughout the Church. Fourth . To raise a Belfry on the 
 west end, and make a handsome entrance on the south side of 
 the Church, and to paint the whole building on the outside. — 
 Thomas Ridout, J. B. Robinson, William Allan, Churchwardens. 
 —February 18, 1818." 
 
 Instead, however, of the Church being lengthened eastward, 
 av" " ...iS were made to the north and south of the edifice, giving 
 the Church a north and south direction. An additional entrance 
 was also added fronting on King street, over which was erected a 
 small square tower, bearing a circular bell-turret surmounted by 
 a small spire covered with tin. The original western docv entering 
 from Church street, was still retained, but was only used to admit 
 the Garrison troops (on Sundays or other occasions of Divine 
 service) who sat on benches extending the entire length of the 
 building. The bell in the turret was so heavy that it is said to 
 have jarred the entire building every time it was rung. 
 
 Dr. Scadding, in his valuable work " Toroito of Old," thus 
 describes the interior aspect of the Church : 
 
 \ 
 
 45 
 
TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. 
 
 " In the interior, a central aisle or open passage letl from tlie 
 door to the soutliern end of the church, whore, on the floor, was 
 situate a pew of state for the Lieutenant-Governor ; small square 
 pillars at its four corners sustained a flat canopy over it, immedi- 
 ately under the ceiling of the gallery ; and helow this distinctive 
 taster or covering, suspended against the wall, were the royal 
 arms emhlazoned on a black tablet of board or canvas. Half 
 way up the central aisle, on the right side, was an open space, 
 in which were planted the pulpit, reading di sk, and clerk's pew, 
 in the old orthodox fashion, rising by gradations one above the 
 other, the whoi^ overshadowed by a rather handsome sounding- 
 boai'd, sustained pi.rtially by a rod from the roof. Behind this 
 mountainous structure was the altar, lighted copiously by the 
 original east window. Two narrow side aisles, running parallel 
 with the central one, gave access to corresponding rows of pews, 
 each having a numeral painted on its door. Two passages for 
 the same purpose ran westward from the space in front of the 
 pulpit. To the right and left of the Lieutenant-Governor's seat, 
 and filling up (with the exception of two square corner pews) the 
 rest of the northern end of the church, were two oblong pews; 
 the one on the west ai)propriated to the officers of the Garrison, the 
 other, on the east, to the members of the Legislature. Piound to 
 the north, west, and south sides of the iuterior ran a gallery 
 divided, like the area below, into pews. This structure was sus- 
 tained by a row of pillars of turned wood, and from it to the roof 
 above rose another row of similar supports. The ceiling 
 over the parts exterior to the gallery was divided into four 
 shallow, semi-circular vaults, which met at a circular point. The 
 pews everywhere were painted of a buff or yellowish hue, with 
 the excej'tion of the rims at the top which were black. The 
 pulp' , and its appurtenances were white. The rims just referred 
 to at the tops of the pews, throughout the whole church, exhibited 
 at regular intervals small gimlet holes : in these were inserted 
 annually, at Christmas-tide, small sprigs of hemlock and spruce. 
 The interior, when thus dressed, wore a cneerful, refreshing look, 
 in keeping with the festival commemorated." 
 
 46 
 
In 1820 the rarlianient House, which had been burned in 1813, 
 was re-erected. The ParHament House was described as a long, 
 commodious building, built with brick, and with much simplicity. 
 Talbot, speaking of the appearance of the town in 1821, says : 
 "The town now contains one thousand three hundred and thirty- 
 six inhabiHnts, and about twj hundi-ed and lifty houses, many 
 of which have a very agreeai-'le appearance. The public edifices 
 are a Protestant Episcopal Church, a Roman Catholic Chapel, 
 a Presbyterian Meeting House, a Methodist Meeting House, the 
 Parliament House, and the residence of the Lieutemint-Govern< r. 
 The Episcopal Church is a building devoid of decoration, con- 
 structed of wood, with a belfry of wood. The Roman Catholic 
 Chapel, which is not yet com]?leted, it is proposed to make very 
 magnificent." With the excej)ti(m of the Ron an Catholic Chapel, 
 not a vestige of any public building, here spoken of by Talbot, 
 now remains. The Episcopal Church now stands as St. James' 
 Cathedral, on the original site ; but it is the third edifice re- 
 erected on the same spot since 1821. The magnificent Roman 
 Catholic Chapel, here spoken of, is what the citizens now know 
 as the unattractive building on Power street, a building accord- 
 ing to modern notions, wanting in every element of beauty or 
 magnificence. The Presbyterian Meeting Hoasa was an unpre- 
 tentious structure, standing in what was then the suburbs of York, 
 the site of which is now covered by tlie more graceful and modern 
 Knox Church, in the very heart of the city to-day. The Metho- 
 dist Meeting House was built on King street west, and stood in 
 the midst of a fine orchard, far removed from any other build- 
 ings. This humble, barn-like structure, has given place to more 
 pretentious erections, and the site where the church and orchard 
 then stood is now covered with the furniture warehouse of Messrs. 
 Hay & Co. Talbot also spoke of the York General Hospital as 
 " being the most important building in the Province, having a £ 
 exterior." Dr. Soadding in his "Toronto of Old," describes this, 
 "the most important building in the Province," as "a si^acious, 
 unadorned, matter-of-fact, two story structure of red brick, one 
 hundred and seven feet long, and sixty-six feet wide. It had, 
 
 47 
 
TonoxTo : PAST and rnE.sENT. 
 
 by the direction of Dr. Grant Powell, as we have heard, the 
 peculiarity of standing with its sides precisely east and west, 
 north and south. At a subsequent period, it consequently had 
 the appearance of being jerked around bodily, the streets in 
 the neighborhood not being laid out with the same precise regard 
 to the cardinal i)oint3. The building exhibited recessed galleries 
 on the north and south sides, and a fiattish tipped roof. The 
 interior was conveniently designed. In the fever wards here, during 
 the terrible season of 1847, frightful scenes of suffering and death 
 were witnessed among the newly arrived emigrants ; here it was 
 that in ministering to them in their distress so many were struck 
 down, some all but fatally, others wholly so ; among the latter 
 several leading medical men, and the Roman Catholic Bishop 
 Power." The old Government House has also disappeared, but 
 upon much the same site the present magnificent edifice now 
 stands. This part of the city in 1821, and for many years after- 
 wards, ^;'as a very open and unoccupied space, and had a very 
 countrified look. In a number of the Weekly lie^^ister for that 
 year we read an account of the presentation of a set of colors to 
 a regiment of militia drawn up on the road near the hospital. 
 The Register states: — "Tuesday, the 23rd inst., (April,) being 
 the anniversary of St. G^crge, on which it had been appointed 
 to celebrate His Majesty's birthday, George IV., the East and 
 West Regiments, with Captain Button's Troop of Cavalry, which 
 are attached to the North York Regiment, on the right, were 
 formed in line at eleven o'clock in the forenoon, on the road 
 in front of the Government House, and a Guard of Honov, 
 consisting of one hundred rank and file from each regiment, 
 with officers and sergeants in proportion, under the command 
 of Lieutenant-Colonel Fitzgibbon, were formed at a short 
 distance in front of the centre, as the representative of the 
 militia of the Province, in order to receive the rich and beautiful 
 colors which His Majesty has been graciously pleased to com- 
 mand should be prepared for the late incorporated battalion, as 
 an honorable testimony of the high sense which His Majesty has 
 been pleased to entertain of the zeal and gallantry of the militia 
 
 48 
 
HISTORICAL. 
 
 of Upper Canada." The Ilcffistcr furtber states that at twelve 
 o'clock a royal salute was fired from the Garrison, and Lieuten- 
 ant-Governor Sir P. Maitland, with his staff, having arrived on 
 the ground, proceeaed to review the widely extended line, after 
 which, taking his stution in front of tlie whole, the band struck 
 up the National Anthem of " God Save the King." His Excel- 
 lency then dismounted, and, accompanied by his staff on foot, 
 approached the Guard of Honor so near as to be distinctly heard 
 by the men ; when, uncovering himself and taking one of the 
 colors in his hand, in the most graceful mq^nner, he presented 
 them to the proper officers, with the following address: — 
 "Soldiers, — I hcve grent satisfaction in presenting you, as the 
 representatives of the late incorporated battalion, with these 
 colors — a distinguished mark of His Majesty's ai)i)robatiou. They 
 will be to you a proud memorial of the past, and a rallying point 
 around which you will gather with alacrity and confidence should 
 your active service be required hereafter by your King and 
 country." His Excellency having remounted, the Guard of 
 Honor marched, with band playing and colors flying from right 
 to left, in front of the whole line, and then proceeded to lodge 
 their colors at the Government House. It is further added " that 
 the day was raw and cold, and the ground wet and uneven ; the 
 men could neither form nor march with that precision they 
 would otherwise have exhibited. We were very much pleased, 
 however, with the soldier-like appearance of the Guard of Honor, 
 and we were particularly struck with the new uniform of the 
 officers of the West York as being particularly well adapted for 
 the kind of warfare incident to a thickly wooded country. Even 
 at a short distance it would be diflicult to distinguish the grey 
 coat or jacket from the bole of a tree. There was a very full 
 attendance on the field, and it was particularly gratifying to 
 observe so much satisfaction on all sides. The colors, which are 
 very elegant, are inscribed with the word " Niagara," to com- 
 memorate the services rendered by the Incorporated Battalion 
 on that frontier ; and we doubt not that the proud distinction 
 which attends these banners will always serve to excite the most 
 
 49 
 
TORONTO : PAST AND PRESKNT. 
 
 13: 
 
 .11 
 
 nninintin<T rccolloctions ■wlionevcr it will be nccessarj' for them 
 to wave over the heads of Canadian Heroes, actually formed in 
 battle array against the invaikrs of our country." At two o'clock 
 His Excellency heh] a levee, and in tlie evenin/^ a splendid ball 
 at the Government House concluded the ceremonies and rejoic- 
 ings of the day. The site on which this military display was 
 held, these open fields where the gallant defenders of early York 
 were paraded to receive their well-merited marks of royal recog- 
 nition, is now one of the most thickly built portions of King street 
 west, extending ea^stward from Simcoe almost to York street. 
 Shortly after this another step is taken suggestive of the progress 
 of the town by the digging of a public well for the supply of 
 water to the inhabitants without carrying all required for domestic 
 purposes from the Bay. 
 
 An advertisement in the Upper Canada Gazette, dated June 
 9th, 1823, calls for tenders for the sinking of a well, stoning, and 
 sinking a pump therein, in the most approved manner, at the 
 Market Square, in the Town of York, for the convenience of the 
 public. This work, the first public waterworks built by the town, 
 was completed during the ensuing month, at a costof i;28 Is. 3d. 
 This public pump soon became a landmark in the centre 
 of the capital ; here it was that the municipal affairs were dis- 
 cussed by small knots of busy politicans ; matters relative to the 
 Government of the Province here became the theme of discus- 
 sion ; and here, too, the public auctions were mostly conducted, 
 and the lash administered to such offenders as had to receive that 
 brutal and degrading pimishment. 
 
 i-. Dr. Scadding states that he once witneobed here a public whip- 
 ping in the case of two culprits. A discharged rc^jiniental drum- 
 mer, a native African, administered the lash. " The Sheriff 
 stood by keeping count of the stripes. The senior of the two 
 unfortunates bore his punishment with stoicism, encouraging the 
 negro to strike with more force. The other, a young man, 
 endeavored for a little while to imitate his companion in this 
 respect ; but soon was obliged to evince, by fearful cries, the tor- 
 ture he endured." This brutal practice of whipping, and even 
 
 so 
 
lIISTOniCAL. 
 
 lu'iinding, culprits in puMic, was begun in York iu its earliest 
 days, for in the Gazette of December Ist, 1798, we read : " Last 
 ^[onday William Hawkins was publicly whipped, and Joseph 
 McCarthy burned in the hand, at the Market Place, pursuant to 
 their sentence.*' 
 
 The Parliament of 1821 contained five new members called to 
 the Honorable Legislative Council of the Province by His Majesty 
 King George IV. Four of these were ordinary and every day 
 men ; the other, the first on the list, was a man of mark, the 
 late Bishop Strachan, who was promoted from the office of chap- 
 lain to the honorable councillors to be an honorable councillor 
 himself. His rise had been equally rapid and extraordinary, 
 and presents an apt illustration of what shrewdness, tact, and 
 jiolitical sagacity, in connexion with even average abilities, can 
 do for a man in a new country, such as Canada then was, and 
 where society was, as yet, rough and unformed. The story of 
 Bishop Strachan's fortunes reminds one of the fortunate heroes 
 of romance. Descended from a poor peasant family in Scotland 
 he was thrown at an early period of life upon his own resources 
 for subsistence. After picking up a little classical learning at 
 Aberdeen he became, in 1796, and at the age of eighteen, teacher 
 to the children of a farmer in Angusshire. He subsequ;'ntly 
 taught the parish schools of Dunine and Kettle in Fifeshire at a 
 salary of some thirty pounds per annum. 0:i this small stipend 
 he eked cut an existenca for some time, while attending St. 
 Andrew's College as an irregular student, with the view of being 
 admitted into the ministry of the Presbyterian Church, of the 
 Anti-Burgher branch, of which church he was or had been a 
 member. His ancestors also had all belonged to the Kirk ; and 
 possibly some of them, too, in the old persecuting times of Laud 
 and Claverhouse, had struck boldly for the Covenant at Drumley 
 and Bothwell Bridge. Richard Cartwright, of Kingston, being 
 desirous to have the benefit of a good education for his children, 
 solicited his friend, Dr. Hamilton, of Gladsmuir, in East Lothian, 
 to send him a young man qualified for a family tutor, to whom 
 he would give fifty pounds currency per annum, by way of salary. 
 
 \ 
 
 51 
 
TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 
 
 
 ' 'i 
 
 Dr. Hamilton offered the situation to Mr. Strachan, who gladly 
 closed with the proposal, and accordingly came out to Canada in 
 1799, during Mr. Hunter's Administrraion. After teaching in 
 Mr. Cartwright's family for a time, he became master of the dis- 
 trict school at Cornwall, then a small and very poor village of 
 about four hundred inhabitants. "While following this situation 
 he married a widow with some property, and as he was a person 
 of saving and ecororaical habits, his coiidition in point of money 
 matters was muteriall}' improved. He still continued a member of 
 the Presbyterian Church, and at this period v:' find him in treaty, 
 at his own instance, with a congregation* in Montreal, to become 
 their minister, he proposing, if the}' paid him a sufficient salary 
 (three hundred pounds ayear) to return to Scotland for ordination. 
 The congregation, however, being either too poor or unwilling 
 to meet Mr. Strachan's views in point of remuneration, the matter 
 terminated. Travel usually serves to make one moi*e a man of 
 the world, and not unfrequently brushes away many preconceived 
 notions. Such appears to have been the case with Mr. Strachan, 
 His experience in the backwoods of Canada had materially dimin- 
 ished his veneration for John Knox, and he had now by no means 
 the dread of the "black prelacy" and the Book of Common Prayer, 
 so common to strict Scottish Presbyterians of the olden time. 
 The prospects of the Presbyterian Church in Canada were poorer 
 than they aro now; it had none of the clergy reserves, while the 
 post of schoolmaster in a little country village presented scarcelj' 
 hope of preferment. On the '^er hand, one-seventh of the broad 
 acres of Canada belonged, n .. ',vas then supposed, to the Church 
 of England, for ever, and as time rolled on it must become the 
 wealthiest religious corporation the world ever saw. Then it was 
 also the state church of the land ; its ministry gave a ready 
 passport into the best society; and to a man like ^fr. Straclmn, 
 poor, friendless, and buried in an obscure little village, three 
 
 * This was the St. Gabriel Street Presbyterian congregation. Before they erected 
 their own church, they were permitted to meet for worship in a French Roman 
 Catholic Church, belonging t j one of the lay orders, vvliich, in return, they prcscnitd 
 with a pipe of wine. 
 
 5« 
 
HISTORICAL. 
 
 hundred miles away from the seat of Government, it presented 
 
 the only secure road to fortuno. The shrewd Scotch schoolmaster 
 
 marked out his course, struck into it vigorously, and on the 2nd 
 
 of j\lay, 1803, was ordained a deacon by Bishop Mountain, of 
 
 Quebec, was pricsted in the following year, and appointed to the 
 
 mission in Cornwall. He was subsequently promoted to he rector 
 
 of Toronto, and his course was now steadily onward, until wc find 
 
 him, as already stated, a member of the Legislative Council of 
 
 Upper Canada. And yet, this very remarkable success was 
 
 achieved without any exhibition of brilliant talent or learning. 
 
 Dr. Strachan's opportunities could not have sufficed to make him 
 
 a profound scholar, nor did he attain to celebrity in any of the 
 
 other walks of literature. He was neither a Tillotson, a Jcreni}'- 
 
 Taylor, or a Whately. The "Sketches of Canada," which he is 
 
 said to have written, met with sucli slender success that, we 
 
 believe, he never afterwards attempted anything in the way of 
 
 authorship. Nor were his pulnit discourses distinguished for 
 
 their elegance of diction. His se) mons, whate^ er may have been 
 
 their intrinsic merits, were delivered with so broad an accent as 
 
 to make them particularly unpleasant to the natives of other 
 
 countries besides his own. His success, therefore, must be sought 
 
 in the facts that he was a clever man of the world, a shrewd 
 
 judge of human nature, and possessed of sufficient tact to turn 
 
 these qualities to best account. With Bishop Strachan's career 
 
 subsequent to 1821, most people in Canada are acquainted. 
 
 Further biographical detail is consequently unnecessary. At once 
 
 a minister of religion and an active; politican, he filled a prominent 
 
 position in the public affairs of this Province, as a legislative and 
 
 executive councillor, till the final overthrow of the Family Compact, 
 
 of which he continued to be one of the most active members. 
 
 In 1824 the Market Place, which, from 1803, had been regularly 
 held here, was inclosod in a strong picket fence. It is interett- 
 ing to compare prices then current with those of the present day. 
 Beef was then two pence and four pence per pound ; mutton five 
 pence ; fowls, per pair, one sliilling and three pence ; turkeys 
 each, three shilling and nine pence ; Geese, tvo shillings ; (ggs. 
 
 53 
 
;■ Ml:. 
 
 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 
 
 five pence per dozen ; cheese, five pence per pound ; butter, seven 
 and a half pence per pound ; flour, per barrel, twelve shillings 
 and six pence ; wood, per cord, ten shillings. Groceries exhibit a 
 greater range in prices. Teas : Hyson, sixteen shillings pov 
 pound ; Bohea, seven shillings per pound ; Souchong, twelve 
 shillings. Sugar : best loaf, three shillings per pound ; raisins, 
 two shillings to three shillings and six pence per pound ; figs, throe 
 shillings per pound ; salt, per barrel, twenty-five shillings. Dry 
 goods were equally high ; the current prices for common grey 
 calico were about one dollar per yard. The greater part of trade 
 was carried on by barter ; but such luxuries as teas, sugars, etc., 
 were always considered as cash articles, and for which cash must 
 always be paid. 
 
 In 1824 the name of William Lyon Mackenzie first became 
 associated with the political history of York. McMullen describes 
 Mackenzie as " being descended from a poor Highlahd family of 
 Perthshire, who, like the rest of their clan, cherished a strong 
 affection for the Stuart dynasty. His paternal grandfather, 
 Colin Mackenzie, joined the standard of the Pretender in 1745, 
 and after the fatal battle of Culloden fled with him to the conti- 
 nent. His mother was also a Mackenzie, of the same clan, and 
 the old family Bible records that she was nuirried to Daniel on 
 the 8th of May, 1794, at Dundee. Their circumstances were of 
 the most humble kind, and Daniel earned his daily bread as a 
 weaver. William Lyon, their only child, was born in March, 
 1795, and twenty-seven days afterwards lost his father, in conse- 
 quence of a severe cold contracted at a dancing party. Belong- 
 ing to the strict seceding Presbyterians, the witlow, a woman of 
 strong nerve and resolute will, sought to imbue her son's mind, 
 as he grew up, with her own fervid religious impressions, and to 
 give him the best education that her poverty, and which at 
 times extended to the actual necessaries of life, would permit. Tf 
 she failed in religious points of view, she succeeded in storing his 
 mind with a vast mass of general information, and an ardent love 
 of liberty. But the latitude allowed him, as an only child,. by his 
 widowed mother, gave Mackenzie an erratic and restless turn of 
 
 54 
 
mind, which seriously miUtated against him in after life. After 
 leaving school we find him, for a short time, an apprentice in a 
 drapers shop in Dundee ; next an articled clerk in the counting- 
 room of a timber merchant of the name of Grc}'^ ; and at the early 
 age of nineteen he appears, in the small town of Alyth, as the 
 proprietor of a little shop of odds and ends and a circulating 
 lilu'ary, to become a bankrupt in the brief period of three years. 
 In the spring of 1817 he crossed the Tweed into England, became 
 the clerk for a brief space for the Kenneth and Avon Canal Com- 
 pany, then filled a similar office for a while in London, and finally 
 emigrated to Canada in April, 1820. His course in this country 
 was as erratic and uncertain as it had been in Scotland. Of 
 slender frame and only five feet six inches in stature, his massive 
 head, bald from early fever, and high and broad in the frontal 
 region, looked far too large for the small body it surmounted. 
 His eye, clear and piercing, his firm-set Scotch mouth, his chin, 
 long and broad, and the general contour of his features, made up 
 a countenance indicative of strong will and great resolution, while 
 the ceaseless activity of his fingers, and the perpetual twitching 
 of the lower part of his face betrayed that restlessness and ner- 
 vousness of disposition which so darkly '^louded liis existence. For 
 a brief period Mackenzie was employed in jme subordinate 
 capacity in connexion with the survey of the Lachine Canal. We 
 next find ! im keeping a small drug store in York, and after a 
 short stay there he removed to Dundas, where he and John Leslie 
 entered into partnership, to carry on the drug business, to which 
 was added hardware, groceries, paints and dye-stuffs, as well as 
 . circulating library. This partnership only lasted, from some 
 cause, for fifteen months, when ho removed to Niagara. At this 
 place he opened a general stox-e on his own account, but still, 
 unstable as water, he abandoned this enterprise within a year, 
 became a public journalist, and on the 18th of May, 18•2^4, issued 
 the first number of tlie Colon'ud Adrocate, containing tliirty-two 
 octavo pages. In it he describes himself as an independent 
 editor, neither rich nor in want ; and gave an amusing exhibition 
 of his eccentricity of mind by publishing twelve hundred copies 
 
 I i 
 
 55 
 
 m 
 
--\^- 
 
 U' 
 
 witliout having, as yet, obtained a single subscriber. Its topics 
 "were varied, widely dissimilar, as might naturally be expected, 
 and tinged with no small portion of egotism. He declared him- 
 self a Calvinist in religion, and his adherence to the Westminster 
 Confession, approved the wisdom of the British Legislature m 
 setting apart the clergy reserves in BUi)port of the Protestant 
 religion, but demurred to their being monopolized b^'^ the Church 
 of England. The Executive, the Bench, the Bar, and the Church 
 were criticised in turn, and in some cases most unfavorably. Sir 
 Peregrine Maitland was unpleasantly contrasted with Do Witt 
 Clinton, Governor of New York State. The Legislative Council 
 were designated as the "tools of a servile power," and the Church 
 and the Bar were not in the satisfactory state they should be. 
 Finally, he averred that the Imperial Union Bill of 1818 had been 
 rightly rejected, and the union of all the British American Pro- 
 vinces the only desirable one. The very first issue of the Advo- 
 cate awoke the greatest alarm in the minds of the Family 
 Compact. A prying Scotchman had come to disturb their repose, 
 and their organ suggested that he should forthwith be banished 
 from the Province, and the whole edition of his paper confiscated. 
 To the charge of disloyalty Mackenzie responded by publishing 
 an amusing autobiography of himself, after the fashion of Cobbett, 
 soundly berating, at the same time, Fothergill, editor of the York 
 Ohscrver, and a member of the Assembly, and John Beverly 
 Bobinson, and declairing that he would rather work for his bread 
 than submit to the official fungi of the country, more numerous 
 and pestilential than the marshes and quagmires that encircled 
 Toronto. After issuing the Advocate two or three times, he 
 adopted the broadsheet as the most convenient form for a public 
 journal, and, in the November following, removed to York, where 
 he speedily became noted as a grievance-monger, and a keen 
 hunter up of abuses in the various public departments. The 
 Assembly were only a few weeks in session when his petition on 
 the subjects of disorders in the Post Office Department was 
 brought up by Matthews and McCall. His allegations were sup- 
 ported by the iuvestigatious of a committee. It was proved that 
 
^^aqs 
 
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 ^ 
 
 I 
 
 u 
 
 ■* '1 
 
 - r j« t» c at 8 !i i i i BBgfcaa i{ f is!fe-- 
 
;" 
 
 it 
 
 I i 
 
 ToiMWTo : PAST ANr* rnr.sRNT. 
 
 without hnvitw^u as yet, obtainod a single subscriber. Its topics 
 ■were varjfi'l, mtvly dif^similar, as might naturally bo expected, 
 and iiv.p^d v/>ih no griiatl portiDu of <.'gotif*m. He dechircd liira- 
 BcJf |j €&.>'' tfiiat in religion, and his adlierouceto the Westminstor 
 O^'^f^-Hi u, iippn)ved tho wiBcloni of the British Legislature in 
 <?t.Sjiig ri|)aft the chn-gy resca'vea in support of the Protestant 
 i-Hi^h'gion, hut fhimurrod to their bciug monopolized by the Ciiurch 
 of I'highind. Tl)e Executive, tlie Btiicb, the Bar, and tlio CTuirch 
 \\ere criticised in turn, and in soiue eases most unfaYorahly. Sir 
 PeregrJiH Maithuid was nnpleasautiy cojiti-astciid mth De Witt. 
 Clinton, Governor of New York State. The LegislatiA'c Council 
 were designated ira the "tools uf a servile power," and tlie Church 
 and the Bar v\ere not in \iu satis-fnetory Btato they should be. 
 Fiuu^.y. he avured ihat th^ l>Hfi^riij! Vnioii Bill of 1818 had been 
 rightly rejected, and th«' nnv'". 'f 4II ihn British AmtjricanTro- 
 vinces the otily desirftblo oao. f ?is^ v^'i-y iy^ i#s^t> of the Adio- 
 cale awoke the greatetit alarm m ti-n miwds of the Family 
 Compact. A j'rying Scoielanan had c^'ine to Aieturb their repose, 
 and their organ guggeated that he wtis-itUsi forthwith bo banished 
 fronitlio Province, and t lie whole editkm of his paper eon tiscatcd. 
 'i\\Mx^ charge of disloyalty Mackenzie rcBponded by publishing 
 aii amu.sing antobiogrnpliy of himself, after the fashion of Cobbett, 
 houndlj beialing, at th'j same time, Fothergill, editor of the York 
 OJ>s>ncr, and a member of the Assembly, and John Beverly 
 Bobinson,and declairing that he would rather work for his bread 
 than -submit to the official fungi of the country, more numerous 
 and :;t'«.ulential than the laarsbes ftnd <{ntt?^):<iir«f^i5 that encircled 
 ■' rwnio, After issuing the AffvcnsUe two oi ihrm times, bo 
 adf.pv, i ik& br<jadsheet as the mmi wmvenient Lnm for a public 
 jouMiiU, and, m the November follow ing, removed to York, where 
 he tp /{'i^s^T- bj^carat! noted as a griftvance-rnonger, and a keen 
 hm;kr r- M s^buHes in die various public deimrtnients. The 
 APBeu,'!?*: *i7=ioriiy a few weeks jn seH&ion wuer bis petition on 
 tho -<n%e*-f» Af disorders in the Post OIKce 1); •>^wtment was 
 -4yr-erHgkv-«fr %^»iti»#^vs and McCalL fliii aUogatiuus were sup- 
 ported by vbri iiivt>,4ig»tiou8 of a committee. It was proved that 
 
 56 
 
 -i— 
 
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 il I- 
 
 bett, 
 York 
 verly 
 bread 
 erous 
 •cled 
 , ho 
 11,1 )lic 
 vv'iore 
 keen 
 he 
 u on 
 vas 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 t 
 
 mWi 
 
 
 ^H'll k^^^^'^n 
 
 
 I^K-i «liPJCfvs.i 
 
 
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HISTORICAL. 
 
 the mail bags were often filled with goods, letters opened and 
 luissent, and that it would be advisable the Provincial instead of 
 the Imperial Government should have control of this department. 
 After his removal to York, Mackenzie, by his sarcastic exposure 
 of Government abuses, and pungent articles in the Adcocate, 
 aroused the animosity of the Government and Executive, which 
 was manifested on every occasion. As an instance of this feelinjr, 
 it is reported that after the ceremony of re-interring the remains 
 of General Brock, at Queenston Heights, on the 14th of September, 
 
 1824, some person, in the absence of Mr, Mackenzie, put into a 
 hole in the rock a bottle which he had filled with coins and news- 
 papers, and among which was a single number of the Ailrocatc. 
 "When the fact became known to the authorities the foundation 
 was ordered to be torn up and the obnoxious paper taken out, 
 that the ghost of the immortal warrior might not be disturbed by 
 its presence, and the structure not be rendered insecure. At the 
 time when this feeling was strongest against his journal he 
 removed to York, in the very midst of bis opponents. By this 
 step the circulation of the Advocate was considerably increased, 
 the number rising from six hundred in November, to eight hun- 
 dred and twenty-five in Januaay, 1825. At Christmas in 1821, 
 the northern wing of the Legislative buildings, situated on the 
 site of the old jail, was accidently burned down, but fortunately 
 the library and furniture were saved. The lo3« to the Provmco 
 was estimated at >£2,000, a sum then considered as almost irre- 
 parable. The press of the country spoke of it as a sad calamity; 
 yet much more is now spent for the erection of buildings for 
 school purposes in Canadian villages. On the 11th of January, 
 
 1825, the Parliament was convened, and met in the General 
 Hospital on King street. The meeting of this Parliament excited 
 a good deal of interest, not only in York, but throughout the Pro- 
 vince ; for party lines were begmning to be more distinctly drawn, 
 and the influence and power of the Family Compact party began 
 to wane. The election of speaker tested the strength of the res- 
 pective parties. John Wilson, of Wentworth, was chosen by a 
 Pieform majority of two, the vote standing twenty-one to nineteen. 
 
 \i 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 If 
 
 
 E 
 
 57 
 
TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 
 
 He was a plain farmer, but a man of sound common sense, calm, 
 temperate, and dispassionate ; his election was a popular one 
 with his party. The Family Compact was at length in a minority ; 
 the Reformers, however, proceeded warily. The address in reply 
 to the Governor's speech was agreed to unanimously, and couched 
 in as complimcntry language as he could desire. Still it was 
 evident that Sir Peregrine Maitland felt an apprehension of 
 approaching trouble. He even forgot to make his usual gracious 
 reply, an honor he vouchsafed to the Upper House, The long 
 shadows of Canadian discontent were already settled down on his 
 Administration, and the scatliing articles of the Colonial Advocate 
 Budly disturbed his prospects of repose. 
 
 York at this time numbered over three hundred houses and 
 had a population of one thousand six hundred and seventy-seven. 
 Henceforw;' its growth became more rapid than it had been in 
 the past, anil fortunately the agues, chills, and fevers, with which 
 the inhabitants had previously !)oen afflicted, began to become 
 matters of history. Being the seat of Government the residents 
 took a deep interest in the political affairs of the Province. The 
 line of demarkatiou between the Ecformers and Family Compact 
 supporters being very distinct, and this feeling was also intensified 
 by the speeches of W. L. ^Eackenzie among the people, and by 
 his articles in the Advocatd. So bitter became the animosity 
 against the Advocate, that in June, 182G, the office was entered 
 by a mob and everything utterly destroyed. Mr Lindsay, in his 
 " Life and Times of William L. Mackenzie, and the Rebellion of 
 1837-8," thtts describes this incident : — " One fine summer even- 
 ing, to wit : the 8th of June, 1820, a genteel mob, composed of per- 
 sons closely connected with the ruling faction, walked into the 
 office of the Colonial Advocate, at York, and in accordance with a 
 pre-concerted plan, set about the destruction of types and press. 
 Three pages of the paper in type on the composing-stones, with a 
 " form " of the journals of the House, were broken up and the 
 face of the letter battered. Some of the typo was then thrown 
 into the Bay, to which the printing office was contiguous ; some 
 of it was scattered on the floor of the office, more of it in the 
 
 58 
 
HISTORICAL. 
 
 yard and in the adjacent garden of Mr. George AFunro. Tlio 
 composing stone was thrown on the floor. A new cast-iron 
 patent lever press was broken. "Nothing was left standing," 
 said an eye-witness, " not a thing." This scene took place in 
 bro:.d daylight, and it was said that one or two magistrates, who 
 could not help witnessing it, never made the least attempt to 2Hit 
 a stop to the outrage. The valiant typo-destroyers, who choso 
 for the execution of their enterprise a day when Mr. Mackenzie 
 was absent from the place, were most of them closely connected 
 with the official party, then in a hopeless minority in the Legisla- 
 ture, and had recently been exasperated by a succession of defeats. 
 Mr. Baby, Inspector-General, was represented on the occasion by 
 two sons, Charles and Raymond, students-at-law. Mr.' H(!nry 
 Sherwood, son of Mr. Justice Sherwood, gave his personal assist- 
 ance. Mr. Lyons, confidental secretary of Lieutenant-Governor 
 ]\raitland, Avas there to perform his part. To save appearances 
 Sir Peregrine Maitland found it necessary to dismiss Lyons from 
 his confidential situation ; but ho soon afterwards rewarded him 
 with the more lucrative position of Registrar of the Niagara 
 District. Mr. Samuel Peter Jarvis, son-in-law of tho late Chief 
 Justice of the Court of Queen's Bench, performed his part, and 
 found his reward in the appointment to an Indian commissioner- 
 ship. Charles Richardson, studcnt-at-law in the the office of tlie 
 Attorney-General, and commissioner for taking affidavits, showed 
 his zeal for tho cause of his oiiicial friends, and received in requital 
 the office of the Clerk of the Peace for the Niagara District. 
 James King, another Clerk of Assize, and student-at-law in Soli- 
 citor-General Boulton's office, did not hesitate to give his active 
 assistance. Mr. Charles Heyward, son of Colonel Heyward, 
 Auditor-General of Land Patents, and Clerk of the Peace, and 
 Peter Macdougall, a merchant and ship owner in York, and an 
 intimate friend of Inspector-General Baby, completed the list of 
 eight, against whom the evidence was sufficiently strong for 
 conviction. This scene took place on what is now the corner of 
 Caroline and Palace streets, the printing offices adjoining Mr. 
 Mackenzie's private residence, the house having been for a time tho 
 
 \ 
 
 
 59 
 
=^ 
 
 TOnOKTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 
 
 residence of one of the enrly governoi's of the Province, and was 
 destroyed by lire some twenty years ngo. , . 
 
 In 182G the population numlicred only one thousand six hun- 
 dred and seventy-seven, and the town contained some three hun- 
 dred buildings, about half a dozen of which wore brick buildings. 
 Hteamers now began to make their regular appearance in York 
 Harbour, and general prosperity pervaded all trades and all 
 classes in the capital. 
 
 Sir Peregrine Maitland having entered into correspondence 
 with the Imjierial Government, requesting the establishment of 
 a University at York, Lord ]]athurst, in a despatch under date of 
 March 21st, 1827, says, " I have the honour to inform you that 
 His ^Majesty has been pleased to grant a Pioyal Charter by Letters 
 Patent, under the Great Seal, for establishing at or near the 
 Town of York, in the Province of Upper Canada, one college, with 
 the style and privileges of a university, for the education and 
 instruction of youth, in arts and faculties, to continue forever, to 
 be called King's College. I am further to acquaint you that ilis 
 Majesty has been pleased to grant one thousand pounds per 
 annum as a fund for erecting the bftildings necessary fur the 
 College, to be paid out of the moneys furnished by the Canada 
 Company, and to continue during the term of that Company's 
 agreement. I have to authorize you, on the receipt of this des- 
 patch, to exchange such crown reserves as have not been made 
 over to the Canada Company, for an equal portion of the lands 
 set apart for the purpose of education and foundation of a 
 univorsitj^ as suggested in your despatch of 19th December, 1825, 
 and more fully detailed in Dr. Strachan's report of 10th of March, 
 182G, and you will proceed to endow King's College with the said 
 crown reserves, with as little delay as possible." 
 
 A Eoyal Charter was thus granted in 1827 for the establish- 
 ment, at or near the Town of York, of a college, with the style 
 and privileges of a university, to continue forever, to be called 
 King's College — the Chancellor, President, and such professors 
 of the said College as shall be appointed members of the College 
 Council, to be members of the Church of England and Ireland, 
 
 6o 
 
HISTORICAL. 
 
 ft 
 
 II 
 
 and tliey " shall, previously to their admission into the said 
 College Council, severally sign and subscribe to the thirty-nino 
 articles of religion, as declared and set forth in the Book of 
 Coinmon Prayer." In duo time the College Council was formed 
 by His Excellency ; but the exclusive character of the charter 
 was so unsatisfactory to the pul)lic generally, that an amendment 
 was demanded, to the effect that no religious test sliuuld be 
 required, save a distinct declaration " of belief in the authenticity 
 of Divine Inspiration of the Old and New Testaments, and in tho 
 doctrine of the Trinity." The difficulty, however, did not end 
 here. The following extracts from a despntch of His Excellency 
 Lord Elgin, dated Toronto, 4th of February, 1851, to Earl Grey, 
 then Secretary of the Colonies, gives a concise but comprehensive 
 view of the difficulties which were superintluced by this exclusive 
 charter. After referring to various matters which had been sub- 
 mitted to him by the Colonial Secretary, His Excellency says : — ' 
 "The first movement made towards the establishment of a Uni- 
 versity in Upper Canada wr,s in 1797, when the Legislative 
 Council and Assembly concurred in an address to the King, im- 
 ploring that His Majesty would be graciously pleased to direct 
 His government in this Province to appropriate a certain portion 
 of the waste lands of the crown, as a fund for the establishment 
 and support of a respectable Grammar School, in each district 
 thereof ; and also a college or university for the instruction of 
 the youth in the different branches of liberal knowledge. A 
 favorable answer was returned to this address, intimating that it 
 was His Majesty's most gracious intention to comply with the 
 wishes of the Legislature of the Province of Upper Canada, and 
 accordingly a large appropriation of vacant land was shortly 
 afterwards made for the purpose of the endowment. In the 
 year 1807, district schools were established by the Legislature, for 
 the support of which a special grant was made, as the lauds so 
 set apart had not yet become productive. It is to be observed, 
 however, that, true to the intention of the address and endowment, 
 these schools were altogether uusectarian in their constitution. 
 No practical step appears to have been taken for carrying out 
 
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 Tor.ONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 
 
 tliat part of the acldiess wliicli had refereiue to a university 
 until the yeai 182'^. ^\iien Dr. Strachan, Archdeacon of York, 
 being in England, obtuiaed from Lord Bathnrst a Royal Charter 
 establishing the University of King's College. The University 
 established by tliis charter was essentially a Church of England 
 institution. The Bisliop was to be Visitor, the Archdeacon of 
 York, President, and each member of the Collegi' Council — seven 
 of whom were to be professors — was required +o subscribe to the 
 Thirty-nine Articles. When its contents were made known, 
 great indignation was excited, which found a vent in addresses 
 from the popular branch of the Legislature, and in public meetings. 
 It was urged that the representations, on the faith of which the 
 charier was granted, were erroneous ; that its provisions were 
 unsuited to the state of the Province, and inconsistent with the 
 state of the endowment. The justice of these remonstrances 
 aeems to have been a'lmittod v.ith very little contestation. They 
 found an echo in the ilor.se of Commons. The Lieutenant-Gov- 
 ernor was instructed by the Secretary of State to endci'vor to 
 obtain from the College Council a burrender of the charter ; and 
 finally the Local Parliament was invited by the same authority 
 to amend it in terms which imposed no limits on its discretion. 
 It was not, however, till 1837 that an Act was passed for this 
 purpose, in which both branches of the Legislature concurred. 
 During the whole of this period the charter, so far as the object 
 of education was concerned, was practically in abeyance. A con- 
 siderable expenditure of funds took place, which was the subject 
 of much criticism at the time ; 'jut the university was not 
 opened for instruction till the year 1343, when it was organized 
 under the provisions of the Act of 1837." 
 
 Thewe remarks of His Excellency gives a clue to the dissatisfac- 
 tion which prevailed. Nor did it end with the Act of 1837, as is 
 proved by the fact that between the years 1813 and 18i";0 no less 
 than four sweeping measures of amendment were introduced into 
 Pai I lament, two by Conservative and two by Liberal Administra- 
 tions, the main cause of dissatisfaction boing the attempt which 
 was made to keep up a connexion with the Church of England 
 
HlSTOniC*.Ji. 
 
 and the University in various waj's, chiefly by the establisli- 
 nient of a Divinity Professorship, and of a chapel service. 
 
 Daring the last few years of Sir Peregrine Maitland's 
 administration, party f;i3ling, however, manifested itsf^lf very 
 strongly among the inhabitants, but this was simply a reflection 
 of the general feeling throughout the Province. As an instance of 
 this feeling when Mackenzie sued the rioters for the damage done 
 to liis business and press, the jury awarded him a verdict of six 
 hundred and twenty-five pounds sterling damages and co=t3. A 
 subscription was ii ii-iediately started to pay the a. . ant awarded 
 against the rioters, and the greater part of the necessary sum was 
 raised by this means. The parties escaped ail punishment for the 
 olTonce, a circumstance which caused much indignation, and 
 increased the hostile feeling against the Government. The 
 Legislature which assembled the December following, in replying 
 to the Governor's address, directly censured his conduct in 
 receiving and replying to addresses reflecting on their body. The 
 Governor retorted by declaring that in this proceedure they had 
 departed from the courtesy usual on such occasions, and strongly 
 inuintaiued that he had acted correctly in the premises. Trouble 
 was evidently brewing. A Couimons with sufiicient courage to 
 censure a governor was a n. ,v thing in Upper Canada. Apart 
 from this squabble the session passed smoothly over, the Governor, 
 nevertheless, losing much of his former popularity, and the 
 manifestations of party spirit against him becoming more and 
 more intense. Sir Peregrine became decidedly unpopular with 
 tlie Reform party, who gladly hailed his departure for the gov- 
 ernment of Nova Scotia, to which he had been appointed, and 
 welcomed the accession of Si ' John Colborne as a boon. The 
 latter assumed the direction of the Administration in November, 
 and as he was said to have received instructions to govern agree- 
 able to a liberal policy, much was expected from him. Sir John 
 Colborne convened his first Parliament (which had been elected 
 just prior to his appointuient as Lieutenant-Governor), on the 
 J)tli of January, 1829. The speech of Sir John was guarded i i 
 the extreme, and presents few features of any imp'^vtance. The 
 
 63 
 
TOROMTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 
 
 i:i'. 3 
 
 h: 
 
 it 
 
 « 1 
 
 division on the address showed that the House was almost entirely 
 a lleform one. Its language was a direct censure on the Execu- 
 tive, apart from the Governor. "We, His Majesty's faithful 
 Commons," it urged, " confiding in tiie camlour of your Excel- 
 lency, and in 3-our readiness to recognize us as constitutional 
 .'visers of the Crown, do liumhly pray your Excellency against 
 tiie injurious policy of the Pi'ovincinl Administration; and 
 although we at present see your Excellency unhappily surrounded 
 by the same advisers as have so deeply wounded the feelings and 
 injured the best interests of the country, yet, in the interval of 
 any change, we entertain an anxious belief that under the auspi- 
 ces of your Excellency the administration of justice will rise 
 above su"^|)iciGii, the wishes and interests of thepoc>])le be properly 
 respected, and the revenues of the colony be hereafter devoted to 
 objects of public improvement after making provision for the 
 public service on a basis of economy, suited to the exigencies of 
 the country." In reply to this remarkable address the Governor 
 said, " It is less dillicult to discover the traces of political dissen- 
 sions and local jealousies in this colony than to efface them. I 
 anticipate that ; ho principles of the constitution being kept 
 steadily in view. :ind the good sense of the people, will neutralize 
 the efforts of any interested faction." Towards the end of July 
 the elevation of the Attorney-General, John Beverly Robinson, to 
 be Chief Justice, created a vacanc;,^ in the representation of 
 York ; and, for the first time, P.ol'jrt Baldwin, row twenty- 
 five years of ago, appeared prominently before the public as a 
 candidate for the Suffrages of the electors. Destined as he was 
 to fill a conspicuous position in the annals of his native country 
 ho merits more than a passing notice. He was descended 
 from an Irish family — the Baldv/ins of Summer Hill, County 
 of Cork, His father, a medical man, immigrated to this com. try 
 in 1798, while the Eebellion still raged, and settled in the town- 
 ship of Clarke, on Lake Ontario. The family subsequently 
 removed to Toronto, where Bobert, named after his paternal 
 grandfather, was born in 18iJl. Here Dr. Baldwin discarded the 
 practice of medicine for that of law. Of respectable abilities, 
 
 4. 
 
 Ci 
 
IIISTORICAIi. 
 
 ' 5 
 
 aiul great integrity of purpose, lie soon came to be regarded with 
 much respect by the public, especially that part of it attached to 
 popular liberty, and was chosen to represent the Comity of Nor- 
 folk in the Assembly. He died in 1814, six months after he had 
 been called to the L'egishitivc Council by his Sovereign; and the 
 eloquent pen of Francis Hincks paid a fitting tiibut? to his 
 memory. "Our country has lost a friend," he wrote, "and will 
 follow him as mourners to the grave. By the rcinoval cf one so 
 worthy, so disinterested, so excellent, we have sustained a loss, 
 the magnitude of which is diflicult to appreciate, much nior-, in 
 t'jis community, to repair." And tlie son waf. eniaiently like the 
 f.ither. No public man in Canada has ever commantkHl more 
 general respect than Robert Baldwin ; and his opponents, while 
 combating his opinions, or traversing his policy, bowed to his 
 integrity and personal worth. Nor did he owe his great reputa- 
 tion to his popular manner.^ or the easiness with which he could 
 move the multitude. Naturally of a mild and affiible disposition, 
 he rather shunned than courted tlie popular applause, and ever 
 disdained to bend to those petty arts wliich inferior men find so 
 indispensable to success in d^ aling with the public. To Robert 
 Baldwin Canada owes a perpetual debt of gratitude. An able 
 lawyer, well acquainted witli precedent, possessed of wealth which 
 phiced him above all temptation to prolit by hi;:, po.sition and the 
 breath of calumny, of sterling honetty and singleness of purpose, 
 hu was the man precisely to lead his counti'y saf.'ly through a 
 great constitutional cri.-i.s into an era of larger and more 
 niatured liberty. Eschewing the license of extreme democracy on 
 tile one hand, and opposed iu unconstitutional executive preteiiKion 
 on the other, he perf.evered in liis efforts for rt sponsible govern- 
 ment, for a ministry based on a parliamentary majority, until he 
 met with the most ample success. York did not hesitat" to 
 respond to his appeal, and elected him as its reprtsentativein the 
 riomof Tohn Beverley Itobinson, the leading mind of the Family 
 ( oaijiact, ninety-two votes being recorded for him again.-;t fifty- 
 one given to his opponent, a clever lawyer of the name of Small. 
 William L. Mackenzie, with all the ardour oi his li'-ry nature, 
 
 y 
 
 65 
 
5^1 
 
 i'li 
 
 ml 
 
 I 
 
 TO?iO"TO : PAST -VXD rrrsKNT. 
 
 srpporteil TJobert Ealdwin, attaclvod the professional character ol 
 his Oj;ponent, and so got himself into a lihel suit. 
 
 Shortly after the election of Eohert Baldwin wo find Efjerton 
 Eycrson i.^.sning the prospectus. of the C//r;.s/irt?i Gtinrtlidii news- 
 paper a religious Journal devoted to the interoKtsof the Wesleyan 
 IVIethodists of Canada, a journal still in existence, and enjoying a 
 wide measure of popularity and influence, not only ammv^ tie 
 menihcrs of its own church, but among all the chnnhoH if 
 Canada, This made the fourteenth newspaper published in 
 Upper Canada. The population of the town about this time 
 numbered two thousand eight hundred and sixty, find it contained 
 a little over four hundred and sixty house!-', most of whicli were 
 small frame erections, without any pretensioiiH to beauty or har- 
 mony of design, very little paint even being used. II( re and there 
 a brick erection was met with; but these were mainly the publij 
 buildin'^s or stores. In this year also steps were taken to afior 1 
 better facilities for obtaining a superior education to that hitherto 
 given in the metropolis of the Western Province, and Upper 
 Canada College v.as established by rnoidinancc of the rroviuciul 
 Government. The follovmg advcitiscmeut, from the local piesfj 
 of the time, will not bo uninteresting to those who may desire to 
 trace the career of the College. In the Loijalhit of May 2nd, 1829, 
 the annexed notice appeared: — "Minor Coll(\go. — Scaled tenders 
 for erecting a school-house, and four dwelling liouscs, will bo 
 received on the first Monday of June next. Plans, elevationn, 
 and specifications may be teen after the 12th inst., on applica- 
 tion to the Hon. George Markland, from whom further informa- 
 tion will be received. Editors throughout the Provhice am 
 rccpiested to insert thia notice until the first Monday in June, and 
 forward their accounts for the same to the office of the Lrualb" 
 in York. York, Ist May, 182:)." In the Canada Gazette of 
 ])ecemb.;r i7th, 1030, the follov.ing advertisement inroforcncn to 
 the Collv'.jc is found : — " dipper Canada College, established i:i 
 Y'ork. — Visitor, |,]io Lieutenant-Governor for the time being. — 
 Tiii;5 CoUego w^ll op;>n after approaehing Cliristmas vacation, on 
 
 I 
 
 Monday, the 8th of January, 18;J0 ^ 
 
 ■!■ 1 
 
 :n conduct of tho 
 
 {„ 
 
f i 
 
 HTSTOniCAL. 
 
 nuister3, appointed at Oxford by the Vice-Cluuiccllor and o'^nn- 
 electors in July last. Principal : Eev. J. II. Harris, D. D., late 
 Ft^Uow of Clave Hal), Caralmdn-e. Classical Department : Vicc- 
 rrincipal, tbe Rev. T. I'liilliss, D. I)., of Queen's College, Cani- 
 hridge; first classical master, the Rev. Charles Matihows, M. A., 
 of Pembroke Hall, Cambridge : second classical master, the Rev. 
 W. Bonltjn, B. A., of Quecn'f: College, Oxford. Malhematicnl 
 I)('partment : the Eev. Charles Dado, ^I. A., Fellow of Caius 
 College, Cambridge, ; ud late Mathematical Master at Elizabeth 
 College. French : M. J. P. De la Have. Enghsh : writing and 
 aritlimetic, IMr. G. A. Barbour, and Vv. G. Padlicld. Drawing 
 master, Mr. Drury. Signed. G. IT. Marhland, Secretary to the 
 ])o:u-d of Education. York, Upper Craiada. December 2nd, 1829. 
 The classes of the new institution were opened in 1830, in the 
 York Home District Grammar School building, situate on Nolsrin 
 iind Adelaide streets, which was then the suburbs of the capital 
 town, and continued there until 1831, when the present buildings 
 0)1 King and Simcoe streets were completed. In the years 1832- 
 188."), the College was endowed witli siyty-thrce thousand two 
 hundred and sixty-eight acres of la»d, criclusive of two blocks in 
 the city, on one of which the Coll go now stands. It al'-.o i-eccivod 
 a grant from the Provincial Exchequer of two hundred pounds in 
 1830, five hundred pounds in 1831, and one thousand pounds per 
 annum for several vers snbse uentlf. 
 
 67 
 
 \ 
 
 ii 
 
 V 
 

EISTORICAL. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Political Excitement in York — Mackenzie's Articles in theColonial Advocate 
 — First expulsion from the House — The Division — Petitioners at the 
 Government House — The Governor's reply — Procession through the 
 Streets — Re-eloction of Mackenzie — Presentation of Gold Medal — 
 Great Procession to the House of Assembly — Mr. McNabb's Resolu- 
 tions — Mackenzie again expelled the House — Re-elected — Disorder'y 
 meeting in Front of the Couit House — Mackenzie's House and Print- 
 ing Office Guarded by the Citizens — Leaves for England — The 
 Roman Catholics and Mackenzie — Song wishing him God Speed — 
 Mackenzie at the Colonial Office — Expelled from the House of As- 
 sembly for the Third Time — Re-elected in December — Again Enters 
 the House — Excitement of the Members — Fears of a Disturbar.ee. 
 
 OXSIDERABLE political feeling was now raanifoEtcfl 
 in York, consequent upon the action of William Lyon 
 Mackenzie in reference to the House of Assembly, his 
 pungent, fearless speeches in reference to ^tho members of the 
 Family Compact, and his bitter articles in the Colonial Advocate, 
 arousiug the ire of his opponents, and, consequently, on the 6th cf 
 December, a resolution was moved asserting that Mr. Mackenzie 
 had published a gross libel upon the House, and further that ho 
 be expelled the House during the present Parliament. 
 
 The articles published in the Colonial Advocate, for which Mac- 
 keuzie's expulsion was moved, were as follows. Under date of 
 November 2ith, 1831, the following appeared : — " State of the 
 C'iidouy. — The people of this Province will probably be able to 
 farm a tolerably fai. estimate oc the manner in which their peti- 
 tions oa public -Affairs are likely to be treated in the Representa- 
 tive bi-asicji of ^e Legislature, when they learn the manner ia 
 \ujich the iirst of the series has been disposed of. The petition 
 of the peo|)le of Taughan, ananiniously agreed upon at their 
 town-meeting, and «igi>r'4 ^y the chairman, secretary, and irom 
 two to three hundred tr i-iolders and i)ther inhabitants, was ti;e 
 lust prthcntfe^ io the Huuse ; and iifter it hud been read and lain 
 
 erg 
 
two clays on the table, Mr. Mackenzie, a representative of the 
 people from wliom it came, moved that it be referred to a coid- 
 niittee of five uiembiTs, viz. : Mr. Ketchum, the other member 
 of the Count;y in which the petition was voted, and Messrs. Biiell, 
 Perry, and Shaver, with the mover, as a matter of course. Mr. 
 Tliompson, of Frontenac, the editor of the Kingston Herald, who 
 bad previously expressed great bitterness against the petitioners 
 and their petition in the public journals, immediately rose and 
 objected to referring the petition to its friends, and allowing them 
 to consider of and introduce; any measure desired by the petition- 
 ers, and which they might consider expedient, to the notice of 
 the Legislature. Wo told the people of York last July that this 
 would be the result of any application to the Assembly ; and 
 therefore the more eai'uestly requested them to unite in adress- 
 ing the lung's Government, as by this means distinct proposi- 
 tions could be submitted to a new Assembly, called, as in England, 
 on the Eeform Bill. We now urge all those entrusted s\ith the 
 general petitions to the Kijg and House of Assembly to send 
 them to York by mail, on the earliest possible day, in order that 
 the former be forwarded to Loudon, and the latter submitted to 
 the Assembly, now in session. We learn that Chief Justice 
 liobinson's successor in the law business, Mr, Draper, either has 
 gone off this week to London, or is now about to set oil, to oppose 
 the general petitions, and advocutetho interests of the Executive 
 faction lieio, with His Majesty's Government. They take the ut- 
 most pains to conceal their vreakness in the estimation of the 
 couiitfy, and one of tlieir ablest assistants leaves his own private 
 business and prospects to v.atch the signs of the times at home. 
 Mr. Thompson's amendment already spoken of was a resolution that 
 ihe petition of liie people of Vaugb.an, with all other petitions relat- 
 mj5 4o tiio saioc subject, bo ref;Trcd to a select committee of seven 
 H*<--mb<!TH, chosen at tv/olvo o'clock to-morrow. The Attorney-Geu- 
 erat^^arsn^eteriiied t!;e petitions as 'tl>c expressions of a fcvv people,' 
 ' i» fe.v imiivf/Uials,' 'mere easuil im-U'tiuiivi,' jli' happened to have 
 sesH some of thrse nuutiiigsi bill, ii foW t'espe-table farmers me', 
 together, did not at all understand the subj^ cL ; and-termcd the 
 
 70 
 
Si 
 
 ^'.\ tllO 
 
 ■II 
 
 HISToniCAIi. 
 
 comniittco a oiu'-sidcd coniniittce. The petitions he had never 
 h-cen till that day — they had hern got up by Homebody ov other. 
 The Solicitor-General wished the petitions to be referred to a 
 committee of the whole House, and thus be got rid of at once, 
 and not referred to the committee named by Mr. Mackenzie, who 
 would' call witnesses where none w«re vanted, and thus increase 
 the expenses of the session. He asserted this, although there was 
 nothing ni the motion that gave the committee any power to call 
 a single witness. Messrs. Burwell, Jarvis, and others, opposed 
 to the rights of the people, were, of course, in favor of Mr. 
 Thompson's amendment, the votes in favor ol which were as fol- 
 lows : — Messrs. Shade, Henry J. and George Boulton, Eurwi^ll, 
 Elliott, A. Fraser, R D. Fraser, vSheriff Jarvis, Lewis, MeXabb, 
 McMartin, Solicitor-General, Macon, i\Iount, Samson, Thompson, 
 Warren, and W. Willsoii. The members opposed to Mr. Thomp- 
 son's amendment, (introducing a species of vote in which the 
 constituents of members could n,)t learn how they had acted), 
 ;:ud who would have entrusted the petitions to a cmnmittce 
 of persons favorable to the prayer of the petitioners, were 
 alessrs. Buell, Campbell, Cook, Duncombe, Howard, Ketchnm, 
 rJcCall, Mackenzie, Perry, lloblin, Shaver, and White. The 
 Executive lactiim carried their measure by a majority of six." 
 And also a certain article in the said paper called the Colon'uil 
 Advocate, of the date 1st December, 1831, in the following 
 words: — "Excellent Example of Lower Canada. — The harmony 
 wliich subsists between the Governor-in-Chief, the House of 
 Assembly and the Colonial Secretary, fiord Viscount Goderich, 
 must be pleasing and gratifying to every truu friend of reprosen- 
 tiit've government, for it is evidently the eonset|uence of a great 
 and honourable course of procedure in these high parties to- 
 wards tli<' people of Jjiiwtr Canada. We are glad to perceive by 
 Lord Goderich'd /t/jn\^4^')i, in answer to the Assenildy's petition, 
 seat home last spring % Itfr. Vi^r, that all jiKlgot* arn to be dis- 
 m"-!ed botl) from the Exect^'v/'' /^jid /<<'giHlative Council; tb:iMhii 
 rcvcnuri? from tho Jesni*;»' estiil?^ Mte to be applied by ilie Fro- 
 vitice to edi»<!;\te if^}/' Canadians; iu'/^ the |;ow<.Jf oi" n'tpiduf inji 
 
 7' 
 
 \i 
 
 
tmdo is to be exercisiil in future with groat ati^cntion to the 
 interests of the colony ; that Provincial Bills for giving corporate 
 powers and making local regulations will be sanctioned ; that the 
 rights of the colonists to regulate their internal affairs is fully 
 admitted ; that offices of trust and profit are to bo muro 
 equally distributed in future ; that officers who have lost the con- 
 fidence of the country are to be dismissed, if the complaints made 
 against them are ju'oved; that all the proper inlluenco of Govern- 
 ment is to be given to the satisfaction of the Colony; and that 
 any colonial law increasing the res[,onsibiIity and accountability 
 of public officers will bo sanctioned by England, In the Assem- 
 bly we see noble and patriotic efforts made to increase the happi- 
 ness of the people, enlighten their un ierstandings, and watch 
 diligently over their rights and privileges, and on the part of the 
 Governor-in-Chief there does really appear to be a willingness to 
 act Nvith the House of Assembly, and faithfully to assist them in 
 secnring for the country the inestimable advantage of good laws 
 and free institutions. The contrast between their Executive and 
 ours, betwixt the material of our Assembly and theirs, and between 
 the use they make of an invaluable constiiution and our abuse of 
 it, is anything but satisfactory to the friends of freedom and 
 socMil order in Upper Canada. Our r...'presentative body has 
 degenerated into a sycophautie oilica for registering the decrees 
 of as mean and as mercemu;' an Executive as ever was given as a 
 punishment for the sins of any part of North America in the 
 nineteenth century. We boast of our superior intelligence, of 
 our love of liberty ; but v.here are the fruits? Has not the. sub- 
 servience of our Legislature to a worthless Executive become a 
 by- word and a reproach throughout the colonies ? Are we not 
 now, even during the present week, about to give to the munici- 
 pal officers of the Government, as a banking monopoly, a power 
 over the people, which, added to their already overgrown inllu- 
 ence, must render their sway nearly us arbitrary and desjKitic as 
 the iron rule of the Czar of Muscovy? Last winter ^iho majority 
 of our Assembly, with our Speaker at their head, felt inclined to 
 make contemptuous comparisons between the French inhabitauta 
 
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 udrnittt-:} ; ibitt ()ffi<;eH oi' trast aiii prolit are to be more 
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 Bjuiit is to bo giTon to tbvj s».iJ«fj|.eiJi>« nf i^d (k^iauy; ttad that 
 any coloDiai law inweusing the ri'spousitalitj kui Aeeomitability 
 ol pn-tHc ollieors will he sanotioned liv Eiiglaud. In tlit- Assera- 
 hJy we f-ce md.le «iid patric-tic rffort.s iaade to Jn«reaHo tht, happi- 
 ness of ihi-- peoijlo, euhghteu their iiJirk'Vgtfttjdiiigs, and watch 
 diligcutlv ovt;r fciieir righte and privij. g«8, ^tad on tb«,i>wt of the 
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 HISIORICAL. 
 
 of a sister colony av'd the enlightened constituents who returned 
 them, the said majority. In our estimation, and judging of the 
 tree ty its fruits, the Lower Canadians are hy far the most deserv- 
 ing population of the constitution they enjoy: for they showtbom- 
 selves aware of its value, while, judging the people here by the 
 representatives tht-y return, it might be reasonably inferred that 
 the constituents of the McLeans, Vankoughnets, Jarvises, Rubin- 
 sons, Burwells, Willsons, Boultons, McNabbs, McMartins, Erasers, 
 Chisholms, Crookes, Elliotts, Browns, Joneses, Macons, Sam- 
 sons, and Hagermans, had immigrated from Grand Tartary, 
 Eussia or Algiers, the week jn-cccding the last general election ; 
 for, although in the turgid veins of their members there may bo 
 British blood, there certainl}^ is not the appearance of much 
 British feehng:'' — 
 
 These ar^; gross, scandalous and malicious libels, intended and 
 calculated to bring this House and thcGovennnent of this Province 
 into contempt, and to excite groundless suspicions and distrust 
 in the minds of the inhabitants of this Province as to the pro- 
 ceedings and motives of their representatives, and is therefore a 
 breach of the privileges of this House ; and W. L. Mackenzie hav- 
 ing avowed the authorship of the said articles, be now called 
 upon for his defence. The charge of libel and breach of privilege 
 having been thus distinctly made, Mr. Mackenzie promptly 
 accepted the responsibility of the articles, both as publisher and 
 author ; but he denied the jurisdiction of the Housu in prosecu- 
 tions for libel. They could not, he argued, be a tit tribunal in a 
 case where they "would occupy the impossible position of com- 
 plainant, judge, and jury. If they comidained of libel they 
 could address the Lieutenant-Governor to order the Crown Officers 
 to institute legal proceedings upon the charge brought against 
 him. He was entitled to, and he demanded, a legal trial befn-e 
 a jury of his country. After having made his defence, Mr. Mac- 
 kenzie retired from the House, leaving the members to act unen- 
 cumbered by liis presence. After a number of motions and amend- 
 ments had been voted upon, the House, by a vote ot twenty-four 
 to lifteeii, decided to expel Mr. Mackenzie, the members voting 
 
 73 
 
 'M 
 
 
as follows: — For expbllhig Mr. Mackenzie — Messrs. Attoruey- 
 Gcncral, Berczy, Boulton, Brown, Burwell, Elliot, Frascr A., 
 Fraser R., Inp;orsoll, Jones, Lewis, McMartin, Macon, McNabb, 
 Morris, Mount, Robinson, Sainson, Sho.do, Solieitor-Cu'neral, 
 Thompson, Vankouglmct, Warren, Warden; tweiitj'-four. Aj^^ainst 
 the expulsion — Messrs. Beardsley, Bidwell, Buell, Campbell, Clark, 
 Cook, Duncombe, Howard, Ketcluim, Lyonr., McCall, Perry, 
 Randall, Roblin, Sliavcr; fifteen. During the debate Attorney- 
 General BouKon described Mr. Mackenzie as a "reptile," and 
 Solicitor-General Hagerman described him as a spaniel dog, and 
 a man wdioso censure was equivalent to praise. This acti(m on 
 tli3 part of the Legislature aroused intense indignation in the 
 town, and through the western part of the Province. During the 
 w^eek of the debate, or trial, as it was called, the result had been 
 foreseen by the preliminary divisions, and numerous petitions 
 were presented to the Lieutenant-Governor, prayijig him to dis- 
 miss a House tainted with the worst vices of judicial partiality. 
 On the day of the expulsion a deputation waited upon the privato 
 secretary of the Governor, and inform-cd him that next day, at two 
 o'clock, a number of the petitioners would go to the Government 
 Holloa in a body to receive His Excellency's reply. At tiio 
 appointed liour over nine hundred persons prescnt-ed thcmselven 
 al; the Government House. They wore received in the audience 
 chamber, and, the petition having been presented they were dis- 
 missed with the studiouslj' curt reply: "Gcnilemcn, T have 
 received -the pc^tition of the inhabitants.'' It is quite evident 
 from the facts current among the old residents of Toronto, that 
 the Government of the day feared Ecrious trouble in connexion 
 with tliis proceeding. The Governracni House, says Mr. Mac- 
 kenzie, was protected with cannon, loaded, served, and ready to 
 bo fired on the p(>ople ; the regiment in gariJson was Rujtplied 
 with a double allowance of ball cartridge, and a telegraph, 
 placed upon the vice-royal rcsidcnco to command the soldiers if 
 necessary. After the retuin of the petitioners they p.voeceded to 
 the residence of Mr. Mackenzie, on Richmond street, largely re- 
 iufoi'ced. Tlic expelled member was carried thiough the streets 
 
 7-1- 
 
HISTOmCAIi. 
 
 f/ ihe towa, amidst the applause of tlie populace, •who took tin's 
 emphatic way of testifying their approbatiou of Lis conduct, and 
 of their determination to uphold the ri<;;ht3 of a free press. 
 Avnong other places the proeension stopped at tb.e Parliament 
 Itouso and cheered. At the o'Hice of the Christian Guardian 
 newspaper, then edited by the Eev. Dr. Eyerson, who had warmly 
 espoused the cause of Mr. Mackenzie, cheers were again given. 
 A meeting was held opposite the Sun Hotel, when Mr. Mackenzie 
 addressed the people, who were most enthusiastic in his defence. 
 After ]\Ir. ^Mackenzie left the meeting it was re-organized, a num- 
 ber of resolutions passed, among \ liich was one asserting tho 
 projiriety of petitioning the Sovereign to send to the Province 
 civil instead of military governors, and pledging the meeting, as 
 a mark of tlieir approbation of his conduct, to present Mr. Mac- 
 kenzie with a gold medal, accompanied with an appropfiate 
 i ascription and address. 
 
 At tho same sitting of the House at which the expulsion of Mr. 
 [Mackenzie had been decreed, the House had ordered the issue 
 of a new writ for the election of a member in his place. The 
 election was held at the lied Lion Inn, Yonge street, on the 2nd 
 of January, 1832. Forty sleighs came into the town from (L'o 
 adjacent townships to escort Mackenzie to the polling place. 
 Keally ho was unopposed, for though Mr. Edward Street vras 
 r.ominated, the re-cloction of the expelled member was a foregone 
 conclusion. An hour and a. half after the poll opened Mr. Street 
 had received one vote against one hundn-d and nineteen cast lor 
 Mr. Mackenzie. After the close of the poll came tho presentation 
 of the gold medal. It cost tv/o hundi-ed and Liily dollars, and 
 was accounted to bo " a superb piece of workmr.nfjLip." The 
 modal and chain weighed over nijie ounces. On ono oido were 
 tlie rose, shamrock, and thistle, encircled by the word.s '' His 
 Majesty King VVilliara 17., t'iO people's f}'Iend." On the rcvcrco 
 was tho inscription, "Presented t.i Willia.n L. INFackensio, Esq., 
 l)y his constituents of the County of York, U, C, a,.; a token o 
 th.eir approbation of his political career; Janaaiy 2nd; 18.32."' 
 After tho presentation of the chain and medal, a proccs^,iou was 
 
 > J 
 
I, l \f 
 
 TORONTO : PAST AND mESENT. 
 
 fovmcti which numhcrctl over ciio thonsaiitl persons and ahout 
 fifty sloiglis, to acconipany the ro-clccted mcmher. Among the 
 numerous flags tliat siu-mountcd tlio &leigh carrying Mr. Mac- 
 kenzie, one bore the device " The Liberty of the Press," another 
 " Mackenzie and the People." Passing through the etrests of 
 the town the pxCce3.:ion wended their way towards the Govorn- 
 ncnt House and ParUament ouildings, whore* the dcafcrj''i;j 
 cheers of the crowd announced the reversal of thd decision of tl:o 
 House of Assembly by the freeholders of the Cou'.ty of York. 
 ?Ir. Mackenzie entered and ctood at the bar of tlic House to bo 
 Bwoin in, and o: t!io Speaker announcing to the iiouso his return, 
 Mr. Vankoughn:!;, ceoondod by Mr. McNabb, moved " That it be 
 ro'iolvod, tha.t tho onirieo on the joui-nals of the iSih of December 
 lacli, relating to tho ocpulsion of Willir.;:! L jon Maokcnzio, bo now 
 •cad," The yn:>f,'um .vaj moi; by liisses below the bar, whic-i were 
 only nuppr )33od by o aj^a!; to clear the House of slrangers, O'l o 
 crowd of vobi'S v/ho a.id ajcompanied their re-elcctcd rcproscn- 
 tativo pn-hed thoi- v,".j into tho House, in spite of attumptr-j 
 made to fi-}'n:\'; their eiitoring tho lobby. They forced the outer 
 door, took 'j^'-jseaiion of every available space, and manifested by 
 tlicir presence their sympathies with Mr. Mack.^nzie. Mr. 
 Vankoughnet r iad to the House tho two following resc^fftions, 
 which he dcolax'^id to contain tho object ho had in view by mov- 
 ing the above: Rviolved: — " Mr. Vankoughnct, seconded by Mr. 
 ]\reNabb, moves thai; V/illiani Lyon Mackenzie, Esq., returucd a 
 mombci' to represent the County of York in Provincial Parl'a- 
 ment, having joc^\ expolled this House during this present sesioa 
 for tho publication of certain gross, scandalous, and malicioua 
 libels, intended aiul calculated to bring this House and tho Gov- 
 ernment of the Province into contempt, and excite gvoundlesa 
 suspicion and distrust in the minds of the inhabitants of tho Pro- 
 vince, as to the proceedings and motives of their representativoB ; 
 and liaving made no leparation or atonement for his said offence, 
 but on tho contrary, in the interval between his 'said expulsion 
 and subsequent re-election, having, in f. certain newspaper called 
 the Culonial Adcocatc, of which he, tho said William L}on Mao- 
 
 76 
 
 'I' 
 
niSTOEICAL. 
 
 konzic, has avowed himself the proprietor, and rcsponsihlc for tho 
 matter therein pubUshed, endeavored to justify and maintain tho 
 said gross, scandalous, and malicious libels in high contempt 
 of this House and its privileges ; he, the said William Lyon Mac- 
 kenzie, is unfit and unworthy to be a member of this House, and 
 that his seat therein bo therefore declared vacant." 
 
 "Mr. Vankoughnet, seconded by Mr. ^[cNabb, moves that it bo 
 resolved, that the Speaker of this House do issue his warrant to 
 tho Clerk of the Crown in Chancery for a new writ for the election 
 of a member to serve in the present Parliament as representative 
 of the County of York, in the stead of the said William Lyon 
 Mackenzie, who has boon declared to be unfit and unworthy to be 
 a member of this House." Li amendment to these resolutions 
 Mr. Perry moved that the House should proceed to the ordinary 
 business of the day, and drop all further proceedings in tho libel 
 case. In favor of dropping tho proceedings, and against 
 Mr. Vankoughnet's resolutions, there voted : Messrs. Attorney- 
 General, Bcardsley, Bidwell, Bucll, Campbell, Clark, Cook. Dun- 
 combe, Howard, Ingersoll, Ketchum, Lyons, McCall, McDonald 
 A., McDonald D., Morris, Norton, Perry, Ptandall, Eoblin, Sam- 
 son, Shaver, Willsou W., and Warren ; twenty-four. For Mr. 
 Vankoughnet's resolutions there voted : Messrs. Berczy, G. 
 Boulton, Brown, Burwell, Crooks, Elliott, Eraser A., Jarvis, Jones, 
 McMartin, McNabb, Macon, Mount, Pvobiuson, Shade, Colicitor- 
 GenevfJ, Thompson, Chisholm, Vankoughnet, and Worden; 
 twenty. 
 
 Having thus failed to expel Mr. Mackenzie upon the old 
 charge, Solicitor-General Hagerman, on January Gth, moved a 
 resolution declaring that certain matter which had appeared in 
 the Colonial Advocate the previous day, and of which Mr. Mac- 
 kenzie admitted himself to be the author, to be a false, scandal- 
 ous, and malicious libel against the House of Assembly and a 
 high breach of its privileges ; that the author be expelled the 
 House and be declared unworthy to hold a seat therein. The 
 grounds of this new charge was based upon the following pass- 
 sages : — " I have charged the present House of Assembly with 
 
 ft 
 
 !! 
 
 r 
 
 1 
 
 m 
 
 
 '^ 
 
 
TORONTO : IMST AND PRESENT. 
 
 B3'co[)liiin(\v, in my capacity of a public journalist. I here before 
 you auil in the ftice of tlio woiltl riutorat;; that c'lar^o, as applied 
 to a majority of its raembors. Tliey havo passcvl, at the rctpicst 
 of the Local Executive, and contrary to Britiish couatitutionrl 
 principle, the everlasting salary bill, rcfu5iin;j; at the same time 
 to limit its operation to the present rci!!;u ; refusing to provide 
 for the independence of the judges on the Executive, whiln thoy 
 secured to them forever the most extravagant incomes ; refusing 
 also to inquire into the wasteful and dangerous system of apply- 
 ing the greater part of the revenue, by a power unknown, to the 
 con-ititution ; refus^ing to exclude the judges from seats in the 
 Legislative and Executive Councils ; refusing to exclude bishops, 
 archdeacons, and gosjjcl preachers fvora scats in tlie Executive 
 Council ; and refusing to curtail the extravagance of the Council 
 clerk, and the unjust charges of the Crown officers before these 
 officers had voted themselves and their successors, and tlio said 
 clerk and his successor's incomes, out of the taxes for ever. They 
 have imitated the Legislative Council in squandering your reve- 
 nues under the head of contingencies ; they double and treble the 
 incomes of some of their servants, grant the most extraordinary 
 demands for services, carelessly examine accounts, and openly vote 
 down, session after session, ordinary motions of inquiry into the 
 itcmsofexpense,whichcomposethe thousands of pounds demanded 
 in a hurry from time to lime, as contingencies, by the Legislative 
 •Council. Adding together the probable incidental charges of the 
 two Houses from March last until March next wo shall have about 
 nine thousand poimds sterling, and, as the whole expense of their 
 sittings, twenty-five thousand pounds. The Legislature of Ver- 
 mont costs annually about half as many dollars, including the 
 salary of governor, judges, and all other charges, yet the popula- 
 tion of Yerinont exceeds ours. They allowed the St. Lawrence to 
 remain unimproved, although its being made navigable would havo 
 benefitted everybody ; and neglected further to encourage educa- 
 tion, although the people cried out for it ; they put a negative in 
 their first session upon the Bill for distribution of intoeiate estates, 
 although Upper Canada had but one voice in its favor ; they 
 
 78 
 
 at 
 
nisTonirATi. 
 
 delayed iind refused to pass tlio clerfry rosorve address, in tlio 
 same session, lest (as tlioy said) the petitioner? by Mr. Ryerson 
 slionld profit by it; and found, nevertheless, iifty thousand pounds 
 sterling to expend on the Welland Canal, an un})rolitalilo under- 
 taking, a jol) pornniturely gone into for the advantago of a few 
 oi'licers of this (loveriunent, Le<:;islativoCoinK'illors,and sp:^culatorB 
 in waste lands. Tliey neglected your numerous petitions, presented 
 by myself and other fri^Midly me!n!)or8, praying for the passage 
 of many salutary enactments, or delivered them into the custody 
 and safe-keeping of placemen, by whom I had been personally 
 insulted and defamed as a rebel and traitor, and, by this means, 
 prevented several useful bills bi'iiig introduced into the House 
 on your petitions. They passed the obnoxious York Market Eill 
 in opposition to your petitions, and in defiance of the protest- 
 ati.)ns of your members; tliey negatived and condi mned the 
 principle of voting by ballot ; they disapi)roved, by their votes, 
 of the excellent principle of regulating by law the sales of all pub- 
 lic or crown lands, and prefeiTed the prenent secret or corrupt 
 rystem ; they refused to censure the Lieutenant-Governor for 
 keeping back this election twenty-one days, instead of eight, in 
 order that it might interfere with your town meetings, and delay 
 my return ; they refused to inquire into the tea monopoly, by 
 which you are so heavily taxed ; they refused to remonstiate 
 against tlie ]n'inciple of the Trade Act of last April, so deeply 
 affecting your interests ; they allow the important statemt nts 
 respecting extavagant pensions, salaries, fees, and law charges, 
 to slumber on their shelves, and thereby increase the incomes of 
 attorneys, bailiffs, sheriff's, and other public functionaries, at the 
 expense of justice and good government ; they neglect to inquire 
 into the details of the many tliousands of pounds granted for 
 road and bridge improvements ; they neglect to inquire into the 
 whole Provincial expenditure, and to provide due checks on the 
 revenue officers ; tliey propose to double tlie power of the politi- 
 cal bank at this place, and they get rid of motions for inquiring 
 into the state of its affairs by motions for adjournment. Tliey 
 appoint committees on the state of the representation of the peo- 
 
 79 
 
 V 
 
 7-. I 
 
■up 
 
 
 .I'll- 
 
 f ! il 
 
 i liili- 
 
 l)le in thoiv own Ilonso, and refuse to allow said committees to 
 report. They get rid of bills for the general regulation of bank- 
 ing, revenue inquiries, bank inquiries, inquiries into salaries, 
 incomes, fees and perquisites ; bills to amend the representation, 
 inquiries into fines, forfeitures, seizures, and the application of 
 the same, and of your opposition to destructive monopolies, "by 
 summarily expelling a member you sent to attend to those 
 matters. They (the said majority) are chiefly placemen, during 
 pleasure, such as sheriffs, crown lawyers, postmasters, judges, 
 registrars, custom house officers, military men, on half pay or 
 retired allowances, collectors of the customs elect, etc., etc., who 
 receive from the government six, if not ten, times the amount 
 they obtained from the people as legislators. Tlicy arc tho 
 enemies of free discussion through the press, although such free 
 discussion of the conduct of public men is your best guarantee 
 for the i^reservation of the riglits of freemen." One hour was 
 given to Mr. Mackenzie to prepare his defence, during which 
 time the House adjourned. On its re-assembling the Clerk, at 
 the request of the accuser, read the whole of the article — part of 
 which was complained of as a libel upon tho House — extending 
 to more than five newspaper columns. During tho c^'tirse of his 
 defence, Mr. Mackenzie read extracts from the cpeechcs of Sir 
 Francis Burdett, Earl Grej', Lord Brougham, Macaulay, and others, 
 which brought out the remark from the Solicitor-General tho t "they 
 wore base and diabolical." The question was soon settled, the 
 House voting in favor of re-expulsion by nine o'clock tho second 
 day of the discussion on adivision of twenty-seven againstninetecn. 
 A new writ was at once issued for the election of a new represen- 
 tative in the stead of tho expelled member. On the 80th of 
 January, Mr. Mackenzie was for the fourth time proposed as 
 member by Mr. Shepherd. Two other candidates presented 
 themselves — Mr. James E. Small and Mr. Simon Washburn. Mr. 
 Small stated from the hustings that he did not approve of the 
 conduct of the Assembly in expelling Mr. Mackenzie ; but as they 
 had declared him disqualified he had come forward presuming 
 iuai they would see the expediency of not electing a member who 
 
 to 
 
HISTOniCAL. 
 
 could not talve his seat. " lie opposed Mr, Wnsliburn, not Mr. 
 SrucUcnzio, who. he was satisfied, would have a nutjoi-ity of votes." 
 Mr. Washhurn, on the conlrary, expressed his approval of the 
 pioeeedinrjs of the Assembly in the expulsion of Mr. Mackenzie, 
 of whom he spoke in terms of harshness, similar to those used by 
 t!ie more violent of the House. Mr. Washburn's appeal to the 
 electors distinctly showed the temper of the peoi)le; on the second 
 day of the polling he retired, much disgusted at having received 
 oi.ly twtuly-threo votes, Mr. Mackenzie having received six 
 hundred and ( ^venty-eight votes, and Mr. Small ninety-six. The 
 rc-ekcticm of ^lackenzie was hailed with delight by a large com- 
 munity throughout the Province. The Assembly were looked 
 upon as tyrants. In their desire to crush the obnoxious editor they 
 elevated him to the position of a martjT ; the natural result 
 followed. The expelled member had crowds of sympathisers in 
 all parts of the Province. Public meetings were held in all parts 
 of the Province. Petitions to the King and Imperial Parliament 
 were numerously signed. The turbulent spirit which so strongly 
 manifested itsilt in 1837-8 began to appear at these meetings. 
 One notable meeting, well remembered by many of the old resi- 
 dents of the city, was held on the 23rd of March, 1832. A public 
 meeting was called to discuss the grievances of the people, at the 
 Court House. Dr. Dunlop, of the Canada Land Company, and 
 Mr. J. Ketclium, member for York County, were respectively 
 proposed as chairman. As usual in most cases of political excite- 
 ment, both parties claimed the victory ; but Dr. Dunlop took the 
 chair, when the lieform section withdrew and organized an open 
 meeting in front of the Court House, making use of a farmer's 
 waggon for a platform, Mr. Ketchum being made chairman. Mr. 
 Mackenzie began to address the meeting, when stones and other 
 missiles were thrown at tlie speaker by the opposing party. The 
 disturbance soon assumed a serious aspect ; one person in tlie 
 crowd drew a knife, with which he threatened the speaker. The • 
 waggon on which the chairman and speaker were standing was' 
 dravt-n for some distance, amidst threats and imprecations, along 
 King street, and thrown into a deep and muddy ditch. The 
 
 t 
 
 8i 
 
J 
 
 1 
 
 Slicriff told Mr. Kctcluim that he was unable to pveserve the 
 p^^ace, and begged him to bring the meeting to a elope. Some 
 one hit upon the expedient of advising the "friends of the Gov- 
 noi' " to go up to the Govoruraont House and cheer His Excel- 
 lency. This being done peace ^as rcstorerl, a new chairman 
 appointr"", and an address to the King resolved upon. Immedi- 
 ately afterwards the crowd which had been to cheer the Governor 
 returned, bearing an effigy of Mackenzie, which they burned, and 
 then made an attack upon the office of the Colonial Advocate. 
 They broke the windows, and destroyed come of tlic type, and 
 -were only prevented doing further mischief by the exertions of a 
 few individuals, among whom was an apprentice in the printing 
 office, named Falls, who fired a gun loaded v/ith typo, overawing 
 the rioters. Captain Fitzgibbon did everything in his power to 
 restore peace, and the Lieutenant-Governor gave orders for 
 Beventy-five soldie'.s to be ready at a moment's notice, if required. 
 Three or four magist'-ates remained at the police office all night, 
 swearing in special constables, and a guard of citizens volun- 
 teered to protect Mr. Mackenzie's hou^e and printing office. At 
 midnight a mob surrounded the ''flice, when Captain Fitzgerald 
 ordered them to disperse, and +.hreatened if they did not obey, to 
 call out the troops, which \vcro kept under arms all night. This 
 admonition had the desired effect, and the crowd, which was led 
 by a son of one of the Executive Councillors, moved off without 
 effecting any further violence. The house had to be gui^rdcd far 
 three weeks, during which time Mr. Mackenzie remained m the 
 country for safety, and the young man who fired on the rioters 
 had to leave the city in consequence of his life being threatened, 
 it is affirmed that in this disturbance the lloman Catholics were 
 very prominent by their bitter demonstrations against Mackenzie, 
 On this occasion, contrary to their usual habit, they >,vere found 
 in alliance with the Family Compact.* 
 
 * Dr. O'Grady, a Roman Catholic Piie.st, in his evidence before the Grievance 
 Committee, in 187,5, stated tliat Bish'p McDonnell '• g:;t up a petition nr;iii st Mr. 
 Mackenzie, attended a public meeting in Mrs. Jordan's Inn, end harangued the 
 people, and, by the use of the most inexcusable misrepresentations, obtained 
 
 8a 
 
HISTOniC'ATj. 
 
 Ii: tao following month Mr. Mackenzie stsirtccl on his jonrnoy 
 to England, as the bearer to the Imperial Government of the 
 petitions which had been so numerously signed throughout the 
 Province, praying for a redi'css of the grievances under which the 
 people laboured, and of his expulsion from the House of 
 Assembly.* 
 
 signatures to the said petition, inducing signers to believe, from altars dedicated 
 to the service of religion, that the document to which he invited thtm to affix their 
 names was intended solely for the advancement of the Catholic Church. Shcrtlj' 
 after he left here (York) for Penetanguishcne, accompanied by the Rev. Messrs. 
 Gordon and Crevier; and Mr. Gordon told me that he stopped on his w.iy to 
 perform divine sei-vice in the Catholic Church of the Township of Toronto^ and 
 that he did, on that solemn occasion, instead of preaching the morality of the 
 gospel, inveigh in th^ most violent and unbecoming manner against William Lyon 
 Mackenzie. He went from that place to Adjula, where he parted from the Rev. 
 Mr. Gordon, having given him previous instructions to obtain signatures in the 
 best manner he could to a biank paper whif:h he left with him for that purpose. 
 The Rev. Mr. Gordon told me that he was shocked and scaiulalized at the manner 
 in which this political crusade was conducted. — Life and Times cf WiUiam Lyon 
 Mackenzie, by Charles Lindsay, p. ^fj. 
 
 * The following;;ong, wishing success to the agent, is one of several of the samr; 
 }:ind, published about this time, and may be: taken a:; an example wf the spirit of 
 the people. It was dated Markham, April loth, 1S3J, and signed " Diogenes ; ' — 
 
 Now Willie's awa' fiom the field o' contention, 
 Frae the kiiul o' misrule piid the friends o' dissension J 
 Hv';'s gane ower the waves, as an agent iiefittin' 
 . Our claims to support, in the councils o' Britain. 
 
 Na', mair s.jall the soup-kitchen bc!rg(irs\ anno;- him, 
 Nor the Ilamillov murd'rcrs attempt to destroy him ; 
 Nae dark deed o' bliiid shall he dread their committij,*; 
 He's safe frac their fangs on his voyage to Britain* 
 
 Biaw saftly, ye beezes I nae turbulent motion 
 Disturb wi' ri'du billow the breast o' the ocean ; 
 Hut zephyrs piopitious, wi' bren.th unreniittin', » 
 
 May waft him wi' speed and wi' safety to Britain. 
 
 There, there, the Reformers shall cordially meet him. 
 An' there his great namesake. Kino Willi x shall (;reet him ; 
 Our Patriot Monakch, whose name shall be written 
 Wi' letters o' gowd in the records o' Biitain. 
 
 !*. 
 
 + This refers to some of the persons engaged in the York riot on the 2310 of 
 March. 
 
 83 
 
J .M.. .. L,,i,.l.w 
 
 
 With Mr. Mackenzie's proceedings in Britain it is no part of 
 our duty to follow them in detail, they having little direct 
 connection with York ; suffice it to say that he was recei -ed hy 
 the Colonial office as an individual having an interest in the 
 affairs of the Province, and as a mcmher of the Legislature of 
 •Upper Canada. It was agreed that he should address what 
 comj)laints he had to make to the Colonial Secretary in writing. 
 He made the fullest use of this privilege, writing long documents 
 on a great numher of subjects in which Canadians Avere then 
 interested. It is said that in the prejiaration of the papers that 
 he continued to write lor six days and six nights, without ever 
 going to bed, and only falling asleep occasionally for a few 
 moments at the desk. In one of these documents he ventured to 
 predict that unless the system of government in Upper Canada 
 were ameliorated the result must be civil war. " Against 
 gloomy prophecies of this nature," Lord Glenclg replied, " every 
 man conversant with public business must learn to fortif}' his 
 own mind ;" adding that he regarded them as the usual resource 
 of those who wish to extort from the fears of government con- 
 clusions in favor of which no adequate reasons can be offered." 
 Mr. Mackenzie often afterwards referred to the prediction ; and 
 80 far from having intended it as a threat, took credit for it as a 
 
 Gae, Canada's Patriot, gae, Mrang in your mission, 
 Gae bear to our Sov'reign his subjects' petition ; 
 Our despots unmask— shav.- the rlct^ds they're committin', 
 Pervertin' the blest insntutions «' Britain. 
 
 An' dread na' tlie Tories, they're toss'd frae their station— . 
 Thae tools that degraded and plundered the nation ; 
 The bigots, the mitred, the titled, are smitten 
 To earth, and the Whigs are triumphant in Britain. 
 
 The' here we've a brood o' the reptiles remainin', ' 
 
 Like vampires, the vitals o' Canada drainin' ; 
 ^ ; Yet, lax is their tenure, unstable their fittin', 
 
 An' they'll soon be extinct like the vermin o' Britain. 
 
 ""'""" Gae, Champion o' Freedom ! fulfil your great mission, 
 ' "• The cause you're engaged in de (ics opposition ; 
 
 ^^.,i:...-^^ An' Liberty's laurels, new glories emittin', 
 
 Shall garland your brows when returnin' frae Britain. 
 
 ?4 
 
warning of the inovitablft result of the pvolicy pursued, contending 
 that, if it had heen heeded, all the disasters that followed would 
 have been averted. "While Mr. Mackenzie was in England, the 
 third session of the eleventh Provincial i'arliament of Upper 
 Canada commenced on the 31st of October, 1S33. On tlie 2nd of 
 November Mr. McNab moved the following resolution, "That 
 William Lyon Mackenzie returned to serve in this Assembly as 
 Knight Representative for the County of York, is the same 
 William Lj'on Mackenzie mentioned in the said entries, and 
 twice expelled this House and declared unworthy and unlit to hold 
 a seat therein during the present Parliament ; thr.t by reason 
 thereof the said William Lyon Mackenzie cannot sit or vote in 
 this House as a member thereof." For this resolution there 
 voted Messrs. Attorney-General Boulton. G. J. Boulton, Burwell, 
 Chisholm, D. Frazor, Jarvis McNab, Mount,. Perry, Samson, 
 Shade, Solicitor-General Hngerman, Werden, J. Willson, W. 
 Willson, (IG.) Against it voted Messrs. Bidwell, Bu-li, Howard, 
 Ketchum, McCall, Morton, Porry, Shaver, (8). The question of 
 disfranchising the County of York, for its persistence in sending 
 back a member whom the House bad repeatedly expelled, v\as 
 raised J but the Attorney and Solicitor-Generals, having 
 received an intimation from the Imperial Government that their 
 conduct in voting for these repeated expulsions of Mr. MiicLcnzio, 
 upon the grounds brouglit before the House, did not meet with 
 approval at the Colonial Oiiico, dared not go to this length, so a 
 new writ was ordered to bo issued for the return of a new racniber 
 al'tor this, the third cxpnhhm. In Mr. Mackenzie's absence his 
 friends brought his claims before the electors, and so strong was 
 the feeling that no one ventured to come forward and declare 
 himself the candidate of tlu; ollicial party. Mr. Mackenzi<? was 
 thereft)rc unanimous! v re-elected. It v.'as now contended that 
 there had been no election. Mr. Bidwell brought the question 
 before the House by, in substance, moving that Mr. Mackenzie 
 had been duly elected for the County of Y'ork ; that he was under 
 no legal disability, and was by the law and constitution a member 
 of the House, and that, upon taking the oath, which the law 
 
 «5 
 
 jlfi 
 
 i\': 
 
made it tlie duty of the Connnissioner to administer, he would 
 have a right to sit and vote in the House. The motion was 
 rejected hy a vote of eighteen against seven. On a vote of 
 eighteen against fifteen, the House then repeated its resohition, 
 tluit Mr. Mackenzie should not he permitted to take a seat or 
 vote as a member during the session ; after whicli a motion, 
 ordering a writ for a new election was carried by a bare majority 
 of one, the minority being of opinion that ''T . xMackenzie, having 
 been duly elected, was qualified to serve, and that, in reality, 
 there was no vacancy. Mr. Mackenzie having now returned 
 home, went back to his constituents on the 18th of December, 
 1833, and was once more re-elected without opposition. A large 
 body of the electors made known their intention to accompany 
 him to the House of Assembly, which place they reached soon 
 after mid-day. The galleries were soon filled ; some were 
 admitted below the bar, ard others remained in the lobbies for 
 want of room inside. The result was waited with great anxiety 
 by the great body of electors, who were beeoraiug indiguau'j at 
 being thus disfranchised. Considerable uneasiness existed among 
 the members of the House. Mr. Perry rose to present a petition 
 against a repetition of the proceedings by which the County of 
 York had been deprived of half of its legal representatives. 
 Several members spoke against receiving it. Mr. McNab, in 
 opposing its reception, was hissed from the gallery, and an order 
 at once given by the Speaker to clear it ; and, when this opera- 
 tion was partially completed, the Sergcant-at-Arms went up to 
 Mr. Mackenzie, who was waiting below the bar to be sworn in, 
 and ordered him to leave. He replied that, as had been stated 
 by Mr. Perry, he had been unanimously elected for the County of 
 York, and that the Avrit had been duly returned. The Sergeant- 
 at-Arms, Mr. McNab (father of the member), then seized him by 
 the collar and tried to drag him towards the door to put him 
 out. A brawny Highlander, one of a few friends who were near 
 Mr. Mackenzie, interposed, either with a blow at the officer of 
 the House, or held him back. As soon as the door was opened 
 the crowd who had descended from th*^ gallery to the lobby, 
 
 
 86 
 
 L:::^ 
 
ruslied forward ; but, bffore thoy could get in, the door was 
 bolted and barricaded with benches, members and officers jiressing 
 towards the door to prevent its being forced. The galleries, 
 which had only been partially cleared, were the sceno of great 
 confusion. The excitement was extreme and the business of 
 the House was brought to a stand. Several of the members, 
 fearing that the excitement of the people might lead to serious 
 acts of violence, went out and harraugued the people. The 
 question of sending to prison the stalwart Highlander who had 
 interfered with the Sergeant-at- Arras was raised, but a bystander 
 remarked that " he feared it would be no easy matter to find tlie 
 jail on such an errand." Next day Mr, Morris, seconded by ]\Ir. 
 Donald Fraser, moved that Mr. Mackenzie, having libelled the 
 House on the 14th December, 1831 — more than two years before 
 — and made no reparation, a previous resolution declaring him 
 unworthy of a seat therein ought to be adhered to; to which Mr. 
 McNab added, by way of amendment, " and therefore the said 
 William Lyon Mackenzie, again elected and returned to represent 
 the County of York in this present Parliament, is hereby expelled." 
 The official record is as follows : — " Mr. Morris, seconded by 
 Mr. Donald Frazer, moves that it be Resolved : That this House, 
 on the 15th of December, 1831, in conseqenco of a false and 
 scandalous libel published against a majority of its members by 
 William Lyon Mackenzie, Esq., one of the members then repre- 
 senting the County of York, of which he avowed himself the 
 author and piiblisher, was induced to expel him, the said 
 William Lyon IVfackcnzie, from this House ; that notwithstand- 
 ing the gross and scandalous nature of the said libel, this House, 
 in the hope that the said William Lyon Mackenzie would abstain 
 from a continuance of the offensive conduct, for which he had been 
 expelled, permitted him to take his seat on the 3rd of January fol- 
 lowing, as a member for the County of York, after being reelected. 
 That in this hope, so important tu the delib^Tate transaction of 
 public business, so essential to the respectability of the Legis- 
 lature and peace of the country, a few days' experience convinced 
 this House there was so little reason to rely, that on the seventh 
 
 VI 
 
 ii 
 
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 day of the samo month of .Tunuary, it was, by a largo majority, 
 deemed necessary to expel the said William Lyon Maclienzie for 
 a repetition and aggravated reiteration of the aforesaid false and 
 scandalous libel, and in doing so ihe House, in order to support 
 the dignity which ought to belong to a Legislative body, con- 
 sidered it just and proper to declare the said William Lyon Mac- 
 kenzie unlit and unworthy to hold a seat in the House during 
 the continuance of the present Parliament ; that as the said Wil- 
 liam Lyon Mackenzie has never made reparation to this House 
 for the gross injuries he has attempted to inflict on its character 
 and proceedings, there is no reason to depart from the resolution 
 of the said 7th of Januar}^ 1832. Mr. McNab seconded by Mr. 
 Eobinson, moved in amendment, that the following words be added 
 to the original resolution, " and therefore tiie said William Lyon 
 Mackenzie, again elected and returned to represent the County of 
 Yoric in this present Parliament, is hereby expelled." Several 
 motions to adjourn the debate were negatived, the House refusing 
 to give Mr. Kctchum an opportunity to reserve his objections till 
 the following day, although it was then near 11 o'clock at night. 
 The House then divided, und Mr. Morris' resolution with Mr. 
 McNab's amendment, was adopted by the following vote :— Yeas, 
 ]\[cssrs. Berczy, Boulton, Brown, Burwell, Chisholm, Crooks, 
 Elliott, Frascr A., Eraser E. D., Jarvis, Jones, McNab, McMul- 
 len, Merritt, Morris, Robinsor, Samson, Thompson, Vankough- 
 net, Werdcn, Willson J., and Wilson W. ; twenty-two. Nays, 
 Messrs. Bidwell, Buell, Campbell, Clark, Cook, Duncombe, Fraser 
 D., Horner, Howard Ketchum, Lyon, McDonald, A. Norton, 
 Perry, llandall, Koblin, Shaver, and White : eighteen. 
 ., Immediately after these proceedings Mr. Mackenzie addressed 
 a communication to the Lieutenant-Governor, stating what had 
 occurred, and requesting to bo perfnitted to take oath before His 
 Excellency, according to a provision of the Constitutional Act, or 
 that some other prompt and immediate relief might be aff(n-ded 
 to hiuj and his const'tuents. The question was referred to Attor- 
 ney-General Jameson, who reported that Mr. Mackenzie was 
 entitled to take the oath, and that no person commissioned by 
 
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 iIuj Govoruoi- had a riyUt to vtfirse, since bis oflloo was inini8t<u'ial 
 rind uot juiUciaJ. Tiie Governor tiierofor^ directed Mr. Ueikio, 
 the (,'lerk of the Executive Coimeii, to adrainister the oath. Tbo 
 nxeitement throughont tho coiiiitrj If.mn to raanifest itself in 
 upcu throats against the Houte of AsK<?r«b]y. Petitiuus breath- 
 .ng utitiauce began to roach the LifHjtenAtit-Oovevuor. •' Loyal 
 Hs tho iiihabitant.s of the cnvuitry unnu«jc4^i?^»6b|/ , (!," said a 
 jv-tition from Whitby, "your pctitiontirs will n<»t <iv;»<guW from 
 ■^•.)ur Exoolbiicy that tiioy couaider loji^cr cndfruaf^t! Jiwdw tbe 
 ^iCfcont oppressions nt-ithor a virtuo nor a du^y ; for th(,agh aH 
 laaukiud admit the claiius of j^ood governtBtttii to th.; rt'Spoot 
 Mid support of the governed, yet "vry dilforont couBideranons ^ 
 .ire due to that which ia regardiesB of public interests, wars with 
 ;;Ub]ic inolinations and feeiiugr. atul only aids or connircs at 
 v,»jiressiou." 
 
 The A$.seml)ly ba\ iiig i'^sucd no v/rit for ;iie eb^.tion of a 
 .si-mbur, ou the llth of t'ei) 'ra-y, M-;. Abifkeniic, \i the req ■ ;-t 
 vf hib fiierulsT'^veut beiorc the Cljrk of the Er.eeutivc.Coinic'l nnd 
 Umk the uecessary oath. At thixc o'clock Ihe same day Mr. M'lc- 
 ivi^nziii walked into ihe Le^^islativc. C''han.)l)cr^ «nd took Jii:: :'e;ii 
 ;^ '^'.mg the mend>ers, the Honse being "n committee of the whole 
 * khc time. He iiad -not betii long thei-e when be rec.^ivod & 
 
 4% fr JM ^fr. McNab, Sergeaht-at' Ar ma, who 'ufDrmed Ijiro 
 
 nat he was a Btranger and musrfc retire, Mr. 'Mackenzi<A replied 
 
 v't-t Jio was a nitnilier of the House, leg^ally eiucfi^d and duly^ 
 
 •:.mv-t\i :. tin(\ ho produced an attested copy of tbo !'v%t!<. Bc-rorc 
 
 ^••v,i^' to the Houst; he iaid given notice that he would not leave 
 
 .&}is.<4vat uulessi violence was uf^ed, imd !ie nijw told the Sergeaut- 
 
 ;r :=«,rms thnt if he iuterf :vt'l it wruld be .it hi:i peril. My. Ma'c- 
 
 i*fi&»ii' was three times forcibly taken from hi-.i Beat; and when 
 
 itr f*^>pealed to the Speaker for prottjlion, iiiat functionary 
 
 -ir^f-j^u that it WJ18 not possible for the Sv:r;>: ant-iit-Arma to have-. 
 
 -*^N%bm his duty, *\Thlbj these prooeedhi'^H were going on there 
 
 •^•^sf % dense crowd in the gall ery \vlio were dee^ily interersted btit 
 
 vdt spectators, Mnaily Mr. Mackenxio left the House. A 
 
 ^ *tVK affcerwiirda Mr. Duncombo moved tt resolution — which 
 
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 the Governor had a rigli^ to rofuse, since his ollice was minisiorial 
 and not judicial. The Governor therefore directed Mr. Beikie, 
 the Clerk of the Executive Council, to administer the oath. The 
 excitement tliroughout the country began to manifest itself in 
 open threats against the House of Assembly. Petitions breath- 
 ing defiance began to reach the Lifiutenant-Governor. " Loyal 
 as the inhabitants of the country unquestionably are," said a 
 petition from Whitby, " your petitioners will not disguise from 
 your Excellency that they consider longer endurance under the 
 present oppressions neither a virtue nor a duty; for though all 
 mankind admit the claims of good government to tho respect 
 nnd support of the governed, yet very different considerations 
 are due to that which is regardless of public interests, wars with 
 public inclinations and feelings, and only aids or connives at 
 oppression." 
 
 The Assembly having issued no writ for ilie election of a 
 member, on the 11th of b'eb r.a"y, Mr. Maclwu.'iie, it the reqv.crt 
 of hib friends, went bciore the Clerk of the Ey.ecntlve Coune'l and 
 took the necessary oath. At three o'clock iho same day Mr. Mac- 
 kenzie walked into the Legislative <^']iambcrs and took his Geai 
 among the members, the House being 'n committee of the v/liole 
 at the time. He had not been long there when he received a 
 visit from Mr. McNab, Sergeant-at'Arms, who informed Irira 
 that he was a stranger and must retire. Mr. Mackenzie replied 
 that he was a member of the House, legally elcctixl and duly 
 sworn ; and he produced an attested copy of the oath. Bcioro 
 going to the House he had given notice that he would not leave 
 his seat unless violence was used, and he now told the Sergeant- 
 at-Arms that if he interfered it would be at his peril. Mr. Mac- 
 kenzie was three times forcibly taken from his seat ; and when 
 he appealed to the Speaker for protection, that functionary 
 replied that it was not possible for the Sergeant at-Arms to have 
 mistaken his duty. ^Yhile these proceedings were going on there 
 was a dense crowd in the gallery who were deeply interested but 
 passive spectators. Finally Mr. Mackenzie left the House. A 
 few days afterwards Mr. Duncombe moved a resolution — which 
 
 \ 
 
 89 
 
ftttdn^am^Bm 
 
 was lost on a division — which was intended to bring about a new 
 election for the County of York. A motion by Mr. McNab for 
 issuing a new writ for the election of a member for York in the 
 place of Mr. Mackenzie expelled. One result of these various 
 proceedings against IMr. Mackenzie was to deprive tlie County of 
 Y''ork of one of its two members daring the term of nearly a whole 
 rarliameut* 
 
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nisTonrr-Tj. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Incorporation of Toronto — Etymology of Toronto — Humber Bay — Landing 
 Place of Indians and Traders — Signification of the Name Toronto — 
 Robert Gouriy's Prediction in 1818 — First lilection of City Aldermen 
 and Common Counciimen — Party Contest — William Lyon Mackenzie 
 Elected Mayor — Condition of the City — City Finances — Value of Pro- 
 perty — Loan from the Farmers' Bank — Early Taxation — Public 
 Dissatisfaction — Stormy Meeting — Accident at the Meeting — Break- 
 ing down the Balcony — The Cholera — Stocks for Punishment of 
 Drunkards and Vagrants — King Street in 1834 — Business Houses on 
 King Street in 1834 — The old Masonic Hall — First Theatre and its 
 Appliances — Changes in the Appearance of King Street — Front and 
 Yonge Streets in 1834 — Residences of Francis Hincks and Robert 
 Baldwin — The Tannery — Jesse Ketchum — His Liberality — Albert 
 Street. 
 
 N the sixth of March, 1834, the town of York had its 
 limits extended, and was erected into an incorporated 
 city under the name of Toronto. Toronto is an 
 Indian name, but that the Indians gave that name to the 
 place now called Toronto is more than doubtful ; the evi- 
 dence is generally against such a supposition. Upon the 
 early French maps the present site of Toronto was designated 
 Teiaigon or Teiaiagon. In a Carte-du-Canada, ou de la Non- 
 velle France, by Delisle, of the French Academy of Sciences, 
 and first geographer to the Khi.;, published at Paris in 
 1803, it is called Teiaiagon. In the Carte Generale-du-Canadu 
 of Baron Labinton in his Nouvemi Voyage dans VAmeriqiie Si'j^- 
 tentrionale, written at different times from 1083 to 1G92, and 
 published at the Hague, Penetaiiguishene Bay, (mouth of the 
 Severn), is set down as Bale de Toronto. Though beyond doubt 
 an Indian name, the aborigines did not use the term Toronto as 
 a proper name. Dr. Scadding, in his " Toronto of Old," says, 
 " the aborigines used, for the most part, no px'oper names of 
 places, in our sense of the word ; their local appellations being 
 simply brief descriptions or allusions to incidents. But we are 
 
 91 
 

 
 
 1 
 
 L 
 
 
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 TORONTO : PAST AND PBESFNT. 
 
 to suppose tliiit tlie early wliite mou took notice of the vocable 
 Toronto, frequently and emphatically uttered by their red com- 
 panions when pointing towards the Lake Simcoe region, or when 
 ]\assing on in canoe or on foot to reach it. Accordingly at length 
 the vocable Toronto is raught up by the white voyageurs, and 
 adopted as a local proper name in the European sense, just as 
 had been the case with the word Canada. ('' Kan.ita " was a 
 word frequently heard on the lips of the red men in the lower St. 
 Lawrence as ' 'icy pointed to the shore. Thej' simply meant to indi- 
 ca''c^ "yonder are our wigwams ; " but the French mariners and 
 others took the expression to be a geographical name for the new 
 country they were penetrnting. And such it has become). We 
 can now also see how it came to pass that the term Toronto was 
 attached to a particular spot on the shore of Lake Ontario. The 
 mouth of the Humber, or rather a point on the eastern side of 
 the indention known as the Humber ] ^y, was the landing-place 
 of hunting parties, trading parties, and war parties, on their way 
 to the popidous region in the vicinity of Lake Simcoe. Here 
 they disembarked for their tramp to Toronto. This was a 
 Toronto landing-place for wayfarers, bound to the district in the 
 interior wheio there were crowds. And gradually the starting 
 place took the name of the goal. Thus likeM-iseit happened that 
 the stockaded trading post, established neiir the landing on the 
 indention of Humber Bay, came to be popularl}- known as Fort 
 Toronto, although it.s actual clScial name was Fort Eouille. In 
 regard to the signification, which by some writers has been 
 assigned to the word Toronto, of " trees rising out of the water," 
 we think the iuterprelation liiis arisen from a misunderstanding 
 of language used by Indian cailoe-men. Indian canoe-men,, in 
 coasting along the shore of Lake Ontario from east to west, 
 would, we may conceive, naturally point to the trees rising out of 
 the water, the pines and black poplars looming up from the 
 Torouto Island, or peninsula, as a familiar lauchiiark by which 
 they knew the s)K)t wl;ere they were to disembark for the popu 
 lous region to the north. The white men, mixing together in 
 their heads the description of the landmarks and the district 
 
 ga 
 
PIRTORICAL. 
 
 wiiere, as they were emphatically told, there were crowds, made 
 out the expiession "trees rising out of the water" and "Toronto," 
 covertible terms, which they were not. In reference to the change 
 of name from^ York to Toronto, it is a remarkable fact that Eobert 
 Gourlay, in the heat of his controversy against the Provincial 
 Executive in 1818, thrcaienetl the town with extinction, as the 
 result of their policy; at all events with the wiping out of its 
 name, and the transmutation therefore into that of Toronto. In 
 a letter to the Niagara Spectator he says ■ — "The tumult excited 
 stiffens every nerve and redoubles the proofs of necessity for 
 action. If the higher classes are against me I shall recruit 
 among my brother farmers, seven in eight of whom will support 
 the cause of truth. If one year does not make Little York sur- 
 render to us, then we'll batter it for two ; and should it still hold 
 out we have ammunition for a much longer siege. We shall 
 '•aise the wind against it from Amherstburgh to Quebec — from 
 Edinburgh, Dublin, and Lonc^.on. It must be levelled to thd 
 very earth, and even its name forgotten in Toronto." 
 
 On the 15th of March a proclamation was issued calling upon 
 the citizens of Toronto to elect a number of aldermen and common 
 councilmen on the 27th of that month. The recent exciting events 
 in connexion with Mr. Mackenzie's expulsions from the House of 
 Assembly, and his repeated re-ek'?tions had raised a strong poli- 
 tical feeling in the city, and consequently the first election of the 
 citizens' representatives resulttd in a political party fight. The 
 Reformers had opposed the Act of Incorporation on the ground 
 of expense and because the asscsraent law was deemed objection- 
 able. The ConsorVatives or Family Compact party supported 
 the proposal on the ground of economy also ; they maintaining 
 that the increased area of taxation would add materially to the 
 civic revenue, that the work of municipal government would bo 
 more elficic lly and more economically done, and thus tend to a 
 reduction of taxes. The Reform party were successful in carry- 
 ing a majority of members to the Council, and they selected Mr. 
 Mackenzie for mayor, (who was elected for the Second Ward, his 
 opponent being Dr. Widmer), the first mayor not only of the City 
 
 93 
 
 
 n 
 
 I i 
 
 ill 
 
TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 
 
 i 
 
 of Toronto, but also the first mayor in tlic Province of Ontario. 
 This event was looked upon as possessing some political signiti- 
 cance, for Toronto was the seat of Government, and the head- 
 quarters of t'le Famil}' Compact, and, as the sequel proved, it 
 was proj)hetic of the result of the next Parliamentary election in 
 the cit}'. 
 
 Tlie whole frame-work of municipal f];overnment had to be cou- 
 stmcted and set in motion. There was not a single sidewalk in 
 the city ; and those of planks were constructed by the first 
 council. The city finances were in a wretched condition. The 
 value of all the property in the city was under five hundred 
 thousand dollars, and there was a debt of forty-five thousand 
 dollars, contracted on account of the Market Buildings. In 
 anticipation of the taxes it was necessary to borrow five thousand 
 dollars. The Bank of Upper Canada refused to advance the 
 money, though this might i^erhaps be accounted for by the fact 
 ihat the Bank President, Dr. Widmer, was defeated by the 
 mayor in the cIl ction of councillors. Application was next made 
 to the manager of the Farmers' Bank, and on the personal secu- 
 rity of the mayor and other members of the council being given, 
 the money was loaned. To meet the demands on the city 
 treasury it was necessary to levy a rate of three pence on the 
 pound sterling. This was regarded as a monstrous piece of fiscal 
 oppression, almost sufficient to justify a small rebellion. To 
 such an extent was the public dissatisfaction carried, at what 
 was considered the exorbitant taxes, that the mayor found it 
 necessary to call a piiblic meeting to make an explanation.* 
 
 The meeting called by the mayor took place on the 29th of 
 July. After Mr. Mackenzie had explained at some length the 
 
 *Ac the nteling ihe mayor proceeded to explain the system of assessments ; the 
 nature of the loan made for roads ; the one thousand pounds assessed from the 
 citizens to be expended by the District Magistrates ; the legacy of four hundred 
 pounds of city debt left by the justices, and of the nine thousand four hundred 
 pounds more for the Market Building; the " dreadful and unbearable " condition 
 of thfi streets ; the complaints of the persons in jail ; the presentment of the Grand 
 Jury, and the absolute lefusal of the justices to co-operate with the City Council 
 for a remrdy ; the expenses liktly to be incurred in case the cholera was ! i spread, 
 and the license moneys withheld by the Government. 
 
 94 
 
en, 
 
 city 
 
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 HISTORICAL. 
 
 necessity for the three penny tax, Mr. Sheriff Jarvis interrupted 
 by saying it was his intention to move a censure on the conduct 
 of the mayor. There were some two thousand persons present, 
 and as the majority were the friends of the mayor, he met this 
 menace by a resolution pledging the citizens not to suj)port at 
 t'le next Parliamentary election a candidate whose position as an 
 office-holder made him dependent upon the Government. The 
 meeting became very noisy and uproarious, and was in conse- 
 quence adjourned till the next day. The meeting had commenced 
 at six o'clock in the evening, and on the morning of the second 
 day the opponents of the mayor issued placards calling the 
 adjourned meeting for three o'clock in the afternoon — an hour at 
 which it would he very inconvenient for the mechanics and busi- 
 ness men to attend. The mayor regarded this as a breach of 
 faith, forbade the city bellman to cry the meeting for that hour, 
 and resolved not to attend it himself. The market, in which the 
 meeting was held, was a parallelogram, and over the butchers' 
 stalls was a balcony to accommodate spectators. While the 
 Sheriff was addressing the meeting he said : "I care no more for 
 Mr. Mackenzie than — " here he looked up and saw a crow flying 
 over — " that crow," he added. This was deemed a great oratori- 
 cal stroke, and it elicited a cheer. The crowd above, in stamp- 
 ing with their feet, broke down the balcony, and in the descent 
 some were impaled on the butchers' hooks, and others were 
 wounded by the falling debris or by th3 crush of persons upon 
 them. Seven or eight died from the injuries they received^ and 
 others were crippled for life, and about forty received wounds more 
 or less severe. Dr. Seadding states the killed and wounded to 
 be as follows : — " Son of Colonel Fitzgibbon, injured severely ; 
 Mr. Hutton, killed; Colonel Fitzgibbon, injured severely ;. Mr. 
 Mountjoy, thigh broken; !Mr. Cochrane, injured severely; Mr. 
 Charles Daly, thigh broken; Mr. George Gurnet, wounded on the 
 head ; Mr. Keating, injured internally ; Mr. Fenton, injured ; 
 Jilaster Gooderham, thigh broken ; Dr. Lithgow, contused 
 severely; Mr, Morrison contused severely; Mr. Alderman Deni- 
 Hon, cut on the htad ; Mr. Thornhill, thigh broken ; Mr. Street, 
 
 95 
 
TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 
 
 arm broken ; Mr. Dease, thigh broken ; another Mr. Dease, leg 
 and arm broken ; Mr. Sheppard, injured internally ; Messrs. 
 Cheve, Mingle, Preston, Armstrong, Leslie, (of the Garrison), 
 Duggan, T-iomas liidout. Brock, Turner, Hood, and Master Bill- 
 ings, severely wounded." Shortly after this accident the cholera 
 broke out with terrible virulence, devastating the new city, and 
 causing a panic among the inhabitants seldom equalled in the 
 annals of any place. This scourge, which for some time before 
 had been sweeping with its deadly plague breath over Europe, 
 was brought to Quebec in an emigrant ship, and then rapidly 
 spread its';lf over the Province, carrying death and dismay into 
 all the frontier towns and hamlets of the country. During the 
 height of the panic many victims, stricken with this terrible dis- 
 ease, were left without medical or any other assistance, ani' fre- 
 quently chclera patients had to trust to the merciful attentions 
 of strangers, or the Jew paid nurses, before they could be removed 
 to the hospital. Every twentieth inhabitant was swept away by 
 this visitation. A few heroic men and women banded themselves 
 together for the purpose of visiting the homes of the stricken an.'' 
 securing to them such assistance as was necessary. Frequently 
 some of this noble band, among whom was the mayor, might be 
 seen placing the victims in the cholera carts, and, with whatever 
 assistance they could get from the families of the plague-stricken, 
 drive them to the hospital. .;■ s ? ' ■ ■ ' 
 
 With the incorporation of the city some of the old barbarous 
 customs were abolished. The stocks which had stood in front of 
 the Court House were removed, no doubt hastened by the action 
 of the mayor, Mr. Mackenzie, who caused considerable ill-foelinj' 
 by causing a drunken woman to be placed therein, after they had 
 practically been unused for some time. A woman of notorioup 
 character was brought before the mayor, charged with drunken- 
 ness, and he, during the hearing of the case, made some remarks 
 not very complimentary, when she, stooping down in the d-ick, 
 took off one of her wet and muddy shoes, and flung it at him as 
 he sat upon the bench; for this, and her abusive language to him, 
 he ordered her to be placed in the stocks. These stocks were not 
 
 96 
 
HISTORICAL. 
 
 after the common English model, for confining the feet alone, 
 but confined the feet, hef.,d and arms of the offender, and are well 
 remembered b}' many of tiie citizens of to-day. Mr. J. H. Rogers, 
 tlie furrier, of King Street East, relates many boyish incidents in 
 connexion with the now extinct mode of punishment. One 
 celebrity who was a well known drunkard, and who, after indulging 
 in his cups, appeared to have a particular animosity against all 
 boys, on one occasion found himself confined in the cumbrous 
 frame. The news soon spread over the place ; the boys, jubilant 
 at having the ojiportunity of paying off old scores, congregated 
 around him, jeered, laughed at, and derided him, and finally 
 painted his face. We are informed that being unable to use his 
 arms and feet, he used his tongue all the more freely in reply to 
 uhe jeers levelled at him by the youngsters, and when the crown- 
 ing indignity of paint was put upon him he retaliated by gripping 
 with his mouth the painter's hand and giving him painful proof 
 that sharp teeth are worse than slrong blows. King street at this 
 time, though the princiv;al street of the city, presented a widely 
 different appearance than it now presents. According to a 
 directory for 1834, published by G. Walton, it contained two hun- 
 dred and eighty-seven buildings, (at the present date it contains 
 eight hundred and forty-eight structures), public and private, 
 many of them old and dilapidated, some few utterly unfit for 
 human habitations. The street was described as "the main 
 street through the centre of the town, one mile and a half in 
 length, commencing at the east end, runs west to Peter street, and 
 then terminates." A few names of tlie business and professional 
 men, whose names appeared in the pages of the directory of 1834, 
 still have a place amongst us. Among the names then engaged 
 in business are to be found those of Clarke Gamble, attorney, &c., 
 office 47 King street east ; George Duggan, General Store, 61 
 King street, corner of the Homo District ; W. Arthurs, groceries, 
 dry goods, and provision stoi'o ; J. K. Rogers, hatter and fur- 
 rier, now succeeded by his son J. H. Rogers ; James Beatty, 
 British woolen and cotton warehouse ; Ridout Brothers & Co., 
 ironmongers, whose building, erected upon its present site in 1833, 
 
 3; 
 
 97 
 
TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 
 
 r 
 
 was coiisi(lei-ed to be one of the handsomest stores in the place, 
 and by many was looked upon as a very foolish venture on the 
 part of the two young brothers as being too expensive a building 
 and too far beyond the probable growth of the city, or at least of 
 the business portion ; but now it stands in the very heart of the 
 city, and is regarde.l as an evidence of that judgment the use of 
 which has secured them ample competence and the esteem and 
 regard of their fellow-citizens. 
 
 From King street east might be seen the cupola of the Masonic 
 Hall, then situate on Market or Colborne street, as it is now 
 called. The Masonic Hall was a two storey wooden building, 
 surmounted by a cupola, and was the first building erectod that 
 enjoyed such a distinction. Dr. Scadding states that "a staircase 
 on the outside led to the upper storey of the Masonic Hall. In 
 this place was held the first meetings of the Mechanics' Institute, 
 organized under the auspices of Moses Fish, a builder of York, 
 and other lovers of knowledge in the olden time. Here were 
 attempted the first popular lectures. Here we remember hear- 
 ing — certainly some forty years ago — Mr. John Fenton read a 
 paper on the manufacture of steel, using diagrams in illustration ; 
 one of which showed the magnified edge of a weil-set razor, the 
 serations all sloping in one direction, by ' which it might be seen,' 
 the lecturer remarked, ' that unless a man, in shaving, imparted 
 to the instrunient in his hand a carefully studied movement, ho 
 was likely ' to get into a scrape.' ' The lower part of the Hall 
 was for a time used as a school. At the corner of Market Lane, 
 on the north side towards the market, was Frank's Hotel, an 
 ordinary white frame building ; and the first theatre of York 
 was extemporized in the ball-room of this house. When fitted 
 up for dramatic purposes that apartment was approached by a 
 stairway from the outside. Here companies performed under 
 tlie management at one time of Mr. Archbold ; at another of Mr. 
 Talbot ; at another of Mr. Vaughan. The last named manager, 
 while personally at York, lost a son by drowning in the Bay. 
 We well remember the poignant c'istress of the father at the 
 grave, and that his head was bound round on the occasion with 
 
 98 
 
nrSTORICAL. 
 
 a white bandajre or naplcin. Mi-s. Talbot was a groat favourite. 
 8he performed the part of Cora in " Pizarro," and that of Little 
 Pickle in a comedy of that name. " Pizarro," " Barbarossa ; or 
 the Siege of Algiers," " Ali Baba ; or the Forty Thieves," " The 
 Lady of the Lake," " The Miller and his Men," were among the 
 pieces represented. The body guard of the Dey of Algiers, we 
 remember, consisted of two men, who always came in with mili- 
 tary precision just after the hero, and placed themselves in a 
 formal manner, at fixed distances, behind him, like two sentries. 
 All this appeared very effective. The dramatic appliances and 
 accessories at Frank's were of the humblest kind. The dimen- 
 sions of the s^age must have been very limited ; the ceiling of the 
 whole room, we know, was very low. As for the orchestra in 
 those days, the principal instrumental artist was Mr. Maxwell, 
 who, well remembered for his quiet manner, for the shade over 
 one eye,' in which was some defect, and for his homely skill on 
 the violin, was generally to bo seen and heard, often alone, but 
 sometimes with an assistant or two, hei-e, as at all other eTiter- 
 tainments of importance, public or private. Nevertheless, at that 
 period, to an unsophisticated yet active imagination, innocent of 
 acquaintance with more respectable arrangements, everything 
 seemed charming. Each scene as the bell rang and the baize 
 drew up, was invested with a magical glamour, similar in kind, 
 if not equal in degree, to that which, in the days of our grand- 
 fathers, ere yet the passion for real knowledge had been awakened, 
 fascinated the young Londoner at Drury Lane. And how curi- 
 ously were the illusions of the mimic splendours sometimes in a 
 moment broken, as to admonish the inexperienced spectators of 
 real life. In the performance of " Pizarro," it will be remembered, 
 that an attempt is made to bribe a Spanish solrlier at his post. 
 He regrets, and flings to the ground what is called a wedge of 
 massive gold ; it instantly betrayed itself by this, as well as by 
 its nimble rebound, to be, of course, a bit of gilded wood." 
 
 Though the changes that have taken place in King street since 
 Toronto became an incorporated city have been very many, leav- 
 ing little to remind one of its then condition, Yonge street has 
 
 99 
 
 ii, 
 
.„ * 
 
 i 
 
 tliulei-gone still greater change. On first attaining to the dignity 
 of a city, one hundred and four huildings was all that Yonge 
 street could hoast of, and though it now numhers over six 
 hundred structures, very little remains to remind us of Yonge 
 street as it appeared in 1884. Where the warehouses running 
 along Front street from Yonge street now stand, the ohserver 
 forty years ago would only have seen the orchard and pleasure 
 grounds of Chief-Justice Scott, with his residence in the midst, 
 and nearly opposite, on the west side, the house and grounds of 
 Chief-Justice Sir James Macaulay. Between these dwellings and 
 King street, on the east side there stood the smithy of Mr. 
 Philip Klinger, a German, whose name was as familiar as a 
 household word among the farmers around Toronto ; this smithy 
 was the only attraction and place of resort on Yonge street, south 
 of King street. He was afterwards succeeded by Daniel Sullivan, 
 a bright spirit from the Emerald Isle. On the street proceeding 
 north we find the familiar name of Hincks, Francis (late Financ*. 
 Minister) then described as occupant of a wholesale warehouse , 
 Dr. W. Warren Baldwin, Eobert Baldwin, attorney, &c. Namei. 
 such as these will live in the annals of Canada as long as Cana- 
 dian history is written. At the corner of Newgate street, or 
 Adelaide street, as it is now called, on the left side, stood the 
 famous tannery-yard of Mr. Jesse Ketchum, with high stacks ot 
 hemlock bark piled up on the Yonge street side. On the north 
 ' side of Newgate street, arid fronting on Yonge street, stood his 
 residence, a large white building in the American style, with a 
 square turret, bearing a railing, rising out of the ridge of the 
 roof. Before pavements of any kind were introduced, Mr. 
 Ketchum rendered the sidewalks hereabout clean and comfor- 
 table by a thick coating of tan-bark. As probably no man of his 
 enterijrise and public spirit did so much to promote the temporal 
 and spiritual progress of Toronto in its infancy as did Jesse 
 Ketchum, the following brief sketch, from Dr. Scadding's 
 " Toronto of Old," will not be uninteresting or out of place : — 
 "Mr. Ketchum emigrated hither from Buffalo at an early period. 
 In the Gazette of June 11th, 1803, we have the death of bis 
 
 lOO 
 
HISTORICAL. 
 
 father mentioned : — ' On Wednesday last (8th June) departed 
 this life, Mr. Joseph Ketchum, aged eighty-five years. His 
 remains,' it is added, 'were interred the following day.' In 1806 
 we find Mr. Jesse Ketchum uamed, at the ' annual town moet- 
 'ng,! one of the overseers of highways and fence-viewers. His 
 section was from No. 1 to half the hig creek bridge (Hogg's 
 Hollow), on Yonge street. Mr. William Marsh then took up the 
 oversight from half the big creek bridge to No. 17. In the first 
 place Mr. Ketchum came over to look after the affairs of an elder 
 brother, deceased, who had settled hero and founded the tannery 
 works. He then continued to be a householder of Yoi'k until 
 1845, when he returned to Buffalo, his original home, whore he 
 still retained valuable possessions. He was familiarly known in 
 Bufialo in later years as " Father Ketchum," and was distin- 
 guished for the lively interest he took in schools for the young, 
 and the largeness of his contributions to such institutions. 
 Mr. Ketchum's York property extended to Lot, now Queen 
 street, and passed through it ; and he himself projected and 
 opened Temperance street. To the facility with which he sup- 
 j)lied building sites for moral and religious use, it it is duo tha,t, 
 at this day, the quadrilateral between Queen street and Adelaide 
 street, Yonge street and Bay street, is a sort of miniature Mount 
 Athos, a district curiously crowded with places of worship. He 
 gave in Yorkville also sites for a school-house and Temperance 
 Hall, and besides, two acres for a children's park. The Bible 
 and Tract Society likewise obtained its house on Yonge street on 
 easy terms from Mr. Ketchum, on the condition that the Society 
 should annually distribute in the public schools the amount of 
 ground rent, in the form of books — a condition thai continues to 
 be punctually fulfilled. The ground rent of an adjoining tene- 
 ment was also secured to the Society by Mr. Ketchum, to be dis- 
 tvibuted in Sunday-schools in a similar way. Thus, by his gen- 
 erous gifts and arrangements in Buffalo and in our own city and 
 neighborhood, his name has become permcnantly em oiled in the 
 list of public benefactors in two cities. Among the subscriptions 
 to a " common Kchool," in York, in 1820, a novelty at the period, 
 
 lOI 
 
 \ 
 

 we observe bis name down for one hundred dollars ; subscriptions 
 for that amount, to any object, were not frequent in York in 1820, 
 Mr. Ketchum died in Buffalo in 18G7. He was a man of quiet, 
 shrewd, homely apijearance and manners, and of the average 
 stature. His brother Seneca was r.lso a character well known in 
 these parts for his natural benevolence, and likewise for his desire 
 to offer counsel to tlie young on every occasitm. We have a dis- 
 tinct recollection of being, along with several young friends, the 
 object of a well-intended dietetie lecture from Seneca Ketchum, 
 who, as we were amusing ourselves on the ice, approached us on 
 horseback. Passing by Mr. Ketchum's property, the next object 
 that struck the eye was a square white edifice on the west side, _ 
 known as Elliott's Sun Tavern ; here for many years the county 
 meetings and county elections were held. Adjoining the tavern 
 was a large piece of open ground generally occupied by the 
 travelling menageries and circuses, when such exhibitions visited 
 the town. On the east side almost directly opposite to the 
 Sun Tavern stood Good's foundry, well known from suppyling the 
 county for a number of years with i^loughs, stoves and other 
 articles of heavy hardware. Albert street, now the most densely 
 built portion off Yonge street, was, in 1834, known as Macaulay 
 Lane, and described by Walton as fronting the fields. From this 
 point a long stretch of fine forest-land extended to Yorkville ; 
 the fields which Macuiulay Lane fronted were the imi^rovements 
 around Dr. Macaulay's abode. The white entrance gute to his 
 house was near where now a street leads into Trinity Square. 
 Dr. Macaulay's clearing on the north side of Macaulay Lane was, 
 in relation to the first town plot of York, long considered a locality 
 particularly remote, a spot to be discovered by strangers not 
 without difficulty. In attempting to reach it we have distinct 
 accounts of persons bewildered and lost for long hours in the inter- 
 vening marshes and woods. Mr. Justice Boulton, travelling from 
 Prescott in his own vehicle and bound for Dr. Macaulay's domi- 
 cile, was dissuaded, on reaching Mr. Small's house at the eastern 
 extremity of York, from attempting to push on to his destination, 
 although it was by no means late, on account of the inconveniences 
 
 I02 
 
HISTORICAL. 
 
 and perils to be cncoiinteved, and half tlie following day was talfon 
 up ill accomplishing the residue of the journey. A quarter of a 
 century sufficed to transform Dr. Macaulay's garden and grounds 
 into a well peopled city district. The " fields " of which Walton 
 spoke have undergone the change which St, George's Fields and 
 other similar spaces have undergone in London, 
 
 St, George's Fields are fields no more, 
 
 The trowel supersedes the plough ; • 
 
 Huge inunda^^vA swamps of yore 
 
 Are changed to ci%'ic villau now. 
 The builder's plank, the mason's hod, 
 Wide and more wide cxlcndintr still, 
 , Usurp the violated sod. . ■ , 
 
 The continuation of this great northern highway in a contin- 
 uous and right line from the Bay, was the circumstance that 
 eventually created for Yonge street, regarded as a street in the 
 usual sense, the peculiar renown which it popularly has for ex- 
 traordinary length. A story is told of a tourist newly arrived 'it 
 Toronto, wishing to utilize a stroll before breakfast by making 
 out as he went along the whereabouts of a gentleman to whom 
 he had a letter. Passing down the hall of his hotel, he asks in a 
 casual way of the book-keeper, " Can you tell me where M.*. 
 So-and-30 lives ? (leisurely producing the note from his breast- 
 pocket wallet), it is somewhere along Yonge street here in yoir 
 town." '• Oh, yes !" was the reply, when the address had been 
 glanced at. " Mr. So-and-so lives on Yonge street, about 
 twenty-five miles up." We have also heard of a serious domn- 
 on the part of a Quebec naval and military inspector at tv^o 
 agents for purchases being stationed on one street at York. 
 However surprised ho was nevertheless satisfied when ho learned 
 that their posts were thirty miles apart. 
 
 ■I 
 
 103 
 
^jsmn 
 
HISTOmCAL. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Rumours of Approaching Insurrection — Misplaced Confidence of the 
 Licutenant-Governot — General T'cclin;; of Alarm — Mackenzie's 
 Manifesto of Iiulepcndence — Proposed Plan of Operations — Trea- 
 sonable Gatherings — Alteration of Date of Attack on Torontu — 
 Assembling of Rebels at Montgoiricry's Tavern — First Prisoners — 
 Escape — Volunteers for Defence oi Toronto — Lieutenant-Colonel 
 Moodie's Attempt to Warn the Government of their Danger — His 
 Death at Montgomery's Tavern — Alarm of the Officials in Toronto 
 — A Flag of Truce sent to the Insurgents — Sir Allan McNab 
 Arrives at Toronto with Reinforcements — Van Egmond Assumes 
 Command of the Rebel Forces — Sir A, McNab's Attack on the 
 Rebel Forces — Flight of Mackenzie and the Rebel Leaders — 
 Inlcnse Loyalty of the People — Burning of Montgomery's Hotel — 
 Description of the Militip — Lieutenant-Governor's Proclamation — 
 Reward for Mackenzie's Apprehension — Treatment of Prisoners — 
 Execution of Lount and Mi^tthews — The Feeling of the Imperial 
 Government respecting the Prisoners. 
 
 \ 
 
 HE rumours of approaching insurrection in the neigh- 
 bourhood caused a vci'y general feeling of alarm 
 in Toronto, and the Governor was solicited to nip 
 it in the bul by the arrest of Mackenzie, the prime mover 
 in the matter. Mackenzie as yet, however, had committed 
 no 0T)en act of treason, and consequently it was not deemed 
 prudent to cause his arrest. Sir Francis, still persisting 
 in supposing that no insurrection would break out, took, there- 
 fore, no active measure for its suppression nor to acquire any 
 correct knowledge of the treasonable measures in progress. His 
 conduct in this respect lacked the appearance of even ordinary 
 common sense, and showed how unfit he was for the post he filled. 
 It was not, most decidedly, owing to Ins prudence or good manage- 
 ment thai the rebellion was suppressed. Had he bestirred himself 
 he could scarce!}" have failed to get proof positive of Mackenzie's 
 treasonable intentions ; and had Mackenzie been arrested there 
 is every reason to suppose no insurrection would have taken place. 
 
 105 
 
and the Province would thus have been spared much bloodshed, 
 trouble and expense. At length fividing himself embarrassed 
 by the represei^^tations of many persons, and of the general feeling 
 Oi alarm which he seems now to have shared in himse.'f, the 
 Lieutenant-Governor dii-ected the colonels ^f militia to hold 
 themselves in readiness foi any emergency. He was still, how- 
 ever, in "tter ignorance of the insurrection already organized, and 
 of the hostile preparations making in various parts of the Home 
 District. The calling out of the militia quickened Mackenzie's 
 movements. Boldly pulling off the mask ho issued in hand- 
 bill form the following document, calling upon his followers to 
 strike for freedom : 
 
 " INDEPENDEI^CE ! 
 
 " There have beenninetoou strikes for independence from Euro- 
 pean tyranny on the Continent of America. They were all suc- 
 cessful. The Tories, therefore, by helping us will hel]) themselves. 
 
 ' The Nations arc fallen, and thou art still young, 
 The sun is but rising when others have set ; 
 . And though slavery's cloud o'er thy mornin;; hath hung, 
 
 The full tide of Freedom shall beam round thee yet." 
 
 ** Brave Canadians ! — God has put it into the bold and honest 
 hearts of our brethren in Lower Canada to revolt —not against 
 * lawful,' but against ' unlawful authority.' The lavv' says wo 
 shall not be taxed without our consent by tlie voices of the men 
 of our choice ; but a \Vickcd and tyrannical Government has 
 trampled upon that law, robbed the exchequer, divided the plun- 
 der, and declared that, regardless of justice, they will continue 
 to roll in their splendid carriages and riot in their palaces at our 
 expense ; that we are poor, spiritless, ignorant peasants, who were 
 born to toil for our betters. But the peasants are beginning to 
 open their eyes and to feel their strength ; too long have they 
 been hoodie inked by Baal's priests — by hired and tampered with 
 preachers, wolves in shee])'b clothing, who take the wages of sin, 
 and do tiio work of iniquity, ' each one looking to his gain iu 
 this quarter.' 
 
 io6 
 
HISTORICAL. 
 
 " Canadians ! — Do you love freedom ? I know you do. Do jou 
 hate oppression ? Who dare dony it ? Do you wish perpetual 
 peace and a government founded upon the eternal, heavcn-boru 
 principles of the Lord Jesus Christ, a government bound to en- 
 force the law of do to each other as you \,ish to be done by? 
 Then buckle on your armour and put down the villains who op- 
 press and enslave our country, put them down in the name of 
 that God who goes forth with the armies of Hi*; people, and whose 
 Bible shows that it is by the same human means whereby you 
 put to death thieves and murd'^:ors, and imprison and baninh 
 wicked individuals, that you must i)ut down, in the strength of tho 
 Almighty, those g^overnmonts which, like bad individuals, trample 
 on tho law and destroy its usefulness. You give a bounty for 
 wolves' Bcalps. Why? Because wolves harass you. The bounty 
 you must pay for fiecdom (blessed word), is to give tho strength 
 of yo^'" arms to put down tyranny at Toronto. One short hour 
 will deliver our country from the oppressor, and freedom in reli- 
 gion, peace and tranquility, equal laws, and an improved coun- 
 try, vrdi bo the prize. Wo contend that in all laws, made or to 
 be made, every person shall bo bound alike ; neither should any 
 tenure, estate, charter, deg oc, birth, or place, confer any exemp- 
 tion from the ordinary course of legal proceedings and responsi- 
 bilities wherennto others are subjected. 
 
 •* Canadians ! — God has shown that He ia with our brethren, for 
 he has given thorn the encouragement oi cuccess. Captains, 
 Colonels, Volunteers, Artillerymen, Privates — tho base, the vile 
 hireliugs of our unlawful oppressor^ — have already bit tho dust 
 in hundreds in Lower Canada ; and although tho Eoman Catho- 
 lic and Episcopal Bishops and Archdeacona are bribed by lar'-;;e 
 sums of money to instruct their flocks that they should be obe- 
 dient to a govermnent which defies the law, and is theroforo unlaw- 
 ful ajid ouglit to be put down, yet God has ojicned the eyes of 
 the p( ople to the wickedness of t!»eso reverend sinners, so thac 
 they hold them in derision, just ai> God's prophet Elijah did the 
 priests of Baal of old and their sacrifices. Is there any ouo alraid 
 to ijo fight for freedom? Let him remoinbcr that 
 
 to; 
 
 -lii^ 
 
 \ 
 
11 
 
 TOnONTO : PAST AMD PRESENT. 
 
 ' God sees with equal eye as Lord of all, 
 A hero perish, or a sparrow fall ^ ' 
 
 That the power that protected ourselves and our forefathers in 
 the deserts of Canada, — that preserved from the cholera those 
 whom He would — that brought us safely to this continent through 
 the Atlantic waves — aye, and who has watched over us from in- 
 fancy to manhood, will be in tbp midst of us in the day of our 
 struggle for our liberties and for governors of our free choice who 
 would not dare to trample on the laws they had sworn to main- 
 tain. In the present struggle v/e may be sure, if we do not rise 
 and put down Head and his lawless myrmidons, they will gather 
 all the rogues and villains in the country together, arm them, and 
 then deliver our farms, our families, and our country to their 
 brutality. To that it has come ; we must cither put them down or 
 they will utterly destroy this couutiy. If we move now, as one 
 man, to crush the tyrant's power, to establish free institutions 
 founded on God's law, we will prosper ; for He who commands 
 the winds and waves will be with us ; but if wc are cov\'ardly and 
 mean-spirited, a woeful and a dark day is surely before us. 
 
 " Canadians ! — The struggle will bo of short duration in Lower 
 Canada, for the people are united as one man; out of jV'oniifal 
 and Quebec, they are as one hundr dto one ; bore, wo Eeiorm.ero 
 are as ten to one ; and if we rise with one conscni to o^ci throw 
 despotism we v;ill make quick work of it. Marls: all those who 
 join our enemies, act as spies for them, fight for thcni, or aiJl 
 tliem; these men's properties shall pay the expense of the Btru.:!;>-:;le. 
 They are traitors to Canadian freedom and as such wo will c.eal^ 
 with them. 
 
 " Canadians ! — It is the c'esign of the friends of liberty to give 
 several hundred acres to every volunteer, to root up the un- 
 lawful Canada Company, and give free d'.cda to all settlers who 
 live on their lands ; to givo froe gifts of tlie clergy reserve lots to 
 good citizens who have settled on them, and tlio like to settlers 
 on Church of England glebe lots, so thai; the yeomanry may 
 k'A independent and bo able to improve t'i.e co'jntiy iyistcnci oi 
 Bending the fruit of theii labour to foreign lands. Tuo iifiy- 
 
 ic8 
 
seven Eectories will be at once given to the peojile, and all public 
 lands used for education, internal improvemens, and the public 
 good; $100,000 drawn from us inpayment of the salaries of bad 
 men in office will be reduced to one quarter or much less, and the 
 remainder will go to improve bad roads and to "make crooked 
 paths straight ;" law will be ten times more cheap and easy ; 
 the bickerings of priests will cease with the funds that keep them 
 up — and men of wealth and property irom other lands will soon 
 raise our farms to four times their present value. We have given 
 Head and his Rinployers a trial of forty-five years, five years 
 longer than the Israelites were detained :i the wilderness. The 
 promised land is now before us — up then and take it — but set 
 not the torch to one house in Toronto unless we are fired at from 
 the houses, in which case self-preservation will teach us to put 
 down those who would murder us when up in the defence of tlie 
 laws. There are some rich men now as there were in Christ's 
 time who whold go with us in prosperity, bui who will skulk in 
 the rear because of their large possessions — mark them ! They 
 are thore who in after years will seek to corrupt our people and 
 change free institutions into an aristocracy of wealth to grind the 
 poor and make laws to fetter their energies. 
 
 " Mark my wouds, Canadians ! — The struggle is begun — it will 
 end in freedom ; but timidity, cowardice or tampering on our part 
 will r" 'y delay its close. We cannot be reconciled to Britain. 
 We • I'umbled ourselves to the Pharoah of England, to the 
 M" li:- • p d great people, and they will neither rule us nor let 
 us go. .", ! are df^tevmined never to rest until independence is 
 ours — the prize is a splendid one. A country larger than France 
 or England, natural resources equal to our most boundless wishes, 
 a government of equal laws, religion pure and undefiled, perpe- 
 tual peace, education to all, millions of acres of land for revenue, 
 freedom from Britisli tribute, free ti'ade with all the world — 
 but step ! I never could enumerate all the blessings attendant 
 upon independence. 
 
 " Up then, brave Canadians ! Get ready your rifles and make 
 short work of it ; a connection with England would involve us ni 
 
 109 
 
TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 
 
 all her wars, undertaken for her own advantage, never for ours. 
 With governors from England we will have bribery at elections, 
 corruption, villainy and perpetual discord in every township, 
 but independence would give us the means of enjoying m.iny 
 blessings. Our enemies in Toronto are in terror and dismay ; 
 they know their wickedness and dread our vengeance. Four- 
 teen armed men were sent out at the dead hour of night by the 
 traitor Gurnettto drag to a felon's cell the sons of our worthy and 
 noble-mindod brother departed, Joseph Sheppard. on a simple 
 and frivolous charge of trespass, brought by a Tory fool ; and 
 though it ended in s noke it showed too evidently Head's feelings. 
 Is there to be an end of these things ? Aye, and now's the day 
 and the hour ! Woe be to those who oppose us, for ' In God ia 
 GUi- trust.' " 
 
 The Attorney-General now informed the Governor that 
 Mackenzie was now within reach of the law and it was 
 determined to arrest him for treason. But he fled ere he 
 could be apprehended, and, at the head of a band of armed 
 followers was speedily advancing to attack Toronto. 
 
 On the 15th of November, Mackenzie, Rolph, Morrison and 
 Bcvcrjvl others had decided at a secret meeting, held in Toronto, 
 oti a plan of operations in unison with the expected rising in 
 Lower Canada, being well aware of the progress of events there 
 from information obtained from Papineau and his friends. The 
 organized bands distributed over the country were to be drawn 
 secretly together and marched on Toronto by Yjnge street on 
 Thursday, the 7th of the ensuing December. Montgomery's Farm, 
 about five miles from the city, was the point of rendezvous, the time 
 of assembly to be between six and ten o'clock at night; a single 
 hour's mnrch would bring the insurgent force, expected to bo 
 at least four thousand strong, to Toronto, where the arms, weakly 
 guarded in the City Hall, were to be seized, the garrison taken 
 po^'.session of, and the Lieutenant-Governor and his chief advisers 
 captured and placed in safe custody. In the event of success a 
 popular convention was to be summoned, and a constitution, 
 which had been akeady drafted, submitted thereto for adoption. 
 
 no 
 
HISTORICAL. 
 
 In carrying out these plans Dr. Rolph was to be the sole 
 executive authority, while Mackenzie was to arrange tlie detail. 
 Rumours of the intended rising had already been conveyed to the 
 Lieutenant-Governor; and Egerton Ryerson and John Levin, 
 two loyal Methodist ministers, fresh from a pastoral tour, told 
 Attorney-General Ilagerman of the treasonable gatherings in the 
 interior. But Hagerman was equally incredulous with his chief, 
 and declar'd that he did not believe that there were fifty men in 
 the Province who would agree to make a descent upon Toronto. 
 On the 2nd of December, a resident of the Township of Markham 
 informed Capt. Fitzbibbon, of the Governor's staff, that quantities 
 of pikes had been collected in his neighbourhood, and then he 
 observed all the signs of a rapidly ripening revolt. Sir Francis 
 Head was duly made aware of the fact ; but notliing was done, 
 and Judge Jones pettishly exclaimed that the over zeal of the 
 captain was giving him a great deal of trouble. By som^ means 
 the plan of insurrection had leaked out, and was known to persons 
 from whom Mackenzie doiired to keep it secret. It came to the 
 ears of the elder Baldwin. Bidwell certainly know about it, and 
 other leaders of the Reform party, who kept in the background, 
 were well aware that insurrection was at hand. Yet it does not 
 appear that any one of these gave definite information to the 
 autliorities of the danger which menaced them. 
 
 Owing to the supineness of the Government the insurgents 
 would in all probabiUty have captured Toronto had not Dr. Rolph 
 deranged Mackenzie's plan by altering the date of the attack from 
 the 7th to the 4th. With the greatest energy and industry 
 Mackenzie had traversed the surrounding country, completing 
 the final arrangements for rising on the 7th, and notified Van 
 Egmond — who had been a Colonel in the French army of Napoleon 
 I. and now appointed generalissimo of the insurgent army — to be 
 present at Montgomery's tavern on that day to direct the attack 
 on Toronto. On the night of the 8rd of December, Mackenzie 
 arrived at Gibson's house, three miles from the city, and there 
 learned to his great dismay that Rolph had altered the day of 
 attack, under the idea that the Government had learned all about 
 
 III 
 
TOBONTO : PAST AND PHESENT. 
 
 iu and were making preparations to i-epcl it, which it is needless 
 to sav was not the ease. He farther learned that Lount and 
 other insurgent officers were already advancing from the point 
 of assL'mbl}' from the north. Although greatly chagrined at the 
 alteration in the time of attack, Mackenzie resolutely applied 
 himself to put matters in the best position circumstances would 
 permit of. Lount arrived in the morning, after a long march of 
 some thirty miles, ■with ninety men, and some other insurgents 
 having also reached Montgomery's, Mackenzie advised an im- 
 mediate advance ui)on the city but was overruled by the other 
 leaders, who determined to wait for further reinforcements, and 
 thus the golden opportunity of a surprise was lost. Mackenzie 
 and four others now proceeded forward to reconnoitre, and speedily 
 encountered two citizens, Alderman John Powell and Archibald 
 McDonald, who were acting as a sort of mounted patrol. He 
 ii' med them of the rising, that they must consider themselves 
 prisoners, go to Montgomery's hotel, where they wovad be well 
 treated, and directing two of his men, Anderson and Sheppard, 
 to conduct them thither, went on towards the city. The prisoners, 
 however, had not proceeded very far when Powell shot Anderson 
 df^ad and escaped, Sheppard's horse fortunately stumbling at tho 
 moment. Mackenzie, as his late prisoner passed, unavailingly 
 directed him to return, then fired at him over his horse's liead 
 but missed him. Powell now pulled up, and coming alongside 
 Mackenzie placed the muzzle of the pistol close to his head, 
 but a flash in the pan saved the life of the insurgent chief. 
 Powell himself proceeded to the Government House, and Sir 
 Francis Head, who had gone to bed suffering from a sick head- 
 ache, was at once made aware of the imminent danger threatening 
 the city. The winter was unusually mild, navigation was still 
 open, and a friendly steamer in tho harbour gave refuge to the 
 family of His Excellency. Alarm spread on every side, the armed 
 guard of the city were hastily assembled to protect its twevle 
 thousand inhabitants, and volunteers, among whom were the five 
 Judges, armed themselves with the muskets which were hastily 
 unpacked and distributed. By and by pickets were posted, other 
 
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Hl.STORICAL. 
 
 measures of tlefence taken, and wearied watchers lay down to 
 Bleep with their arms at hand and ready for immediate use. 
 Already, Anderson was not the only victim of this unhapjiy rising. 
 At an early period the old Indian track leading northward to 
 Lake Siracoo had been widened into a road, and the tine rolling 
 country on either side taken up for settlement. Eetirod army 
 and naval officers made their homes here, and in the ciiltivatiou 
 of the fertile glebe ceased to regret the stirring scenes of their 
 past life. Among these was Lieutenant-Colonel Moodie, a native 
 of Fifcshire in Scotland, who had campaigned in the Peninsula 
 during its hra-dest fighting, was present at Queenston Heights, 
 and rose to the command of the 101th Regiment of the Line. 
 This gallant gentleman saw Lount's force pass by his dwelling at 
 four o'clock in the afternoon, at once instinctively divined the 
 cause of the insurgent gathering, and determined, at all hazards, 
 to warn the authorities at Toronto of their danger. A messenger 
 was at first despatched with a letter, but learning tliat he had 
 been taken prisoner, the Colonel, accompanied by Captain 
 Stewart, of the Royal Navy, proceeded to Toronto on horsel)ack. 
 On their way thitlier they were joined by three other friends. At 
 Montgomery's tavern ho was stopped by a strong guard of 
 insurgents drawn up across the road, rashly lired his i^i^tol when 
 they opposed his further progress; was mortally wounded by a 
 gunshot, and died within two hours. An Irishman of the name 
 of Ryan fired the fatal shot, and the wretched man, after the 
 dispersion of the rebel force, took refuge in the dense forest on the 
 sl'.ores of Lake Huron, and from thente, after sustaining the 
 greatest hardships, he escaped to the United States in the ensuing 
 spring. 
 
 Failing to obtain any information of the correct state of matters 
 in the city, MackeuTsio had returned to the insurgent head- 
 quarters. Anderson's death threw a gloom over Lount and his 
 men, increased by the intense fatigue they liad undergone, the 
 want of food, and the hearing of the city alarm bells, which told 
 them that the inhabitants were now fully apprised of their danger. 
 But as the night passed away reiuforcements came up, and 
 
^lackeiizio apjain preparecl an advance upon the city, to bo a 
 second time overruled. As Tuesday progressed the insurgent 
 gathering swelled to eight hundred men, armed witli rifles, fowling 
 pieces and pikes, and if they had boldly advanced upon the city, 
 tlie weak force of three or four hundred men which the authorities 
 had gathered for its defence, with the aid of the disaffected 
 citizens, must have been overi)owered. 
 
 Alarmed at the prospect of an immediate attack, and desirous 
 to gain time, the Governor at mid-day sent the secret traitor, 
 Piolph. and Robert Baldwin to the insurgents with a flag of truce, 
 ostensibly to learn what they demanded. Mackenzie roplied, 
 that they wanted independence ; and added that as they had no 
 confidence in the Governor's word, he would have to put his 
 messages in writing and within one hour. As two o'clock 
 approached the insurgents advanced townrds the city and were 
 met at its immediate borders by a second flag of truce, bringing 
 an answer that thei- demand could not be complied with. But 
 their further advance was now stayed by the secret advice of 
 Eolph to wait till six o'clock, and enter the city under cover of 
 night, when the disaflfected there to the number of six hundred 
 would be prepared to join them. At the appointed hour they 
 again moved Torward, and when within half a mile of the city 
 were 1 red upon by a picket of loyalists concealed behind a fence, 
 and who immediately afterwards retreated. This unlooked for 
 attack produced the greatest confusion among the insurgents, 
 who, after firing a few shots in return, were soon speeding 
 away in disorderly flight, leaving behind one of tlieir number 
 killed and two wounded. Mackenzie endeavoured to rally the 
 flying mob, but they absolutely refused to renew the attack, the 
 majority throwing away their arms andreturningto their homes. 
 During the night a few fresh bodies of insurgents came up, but on 
 the following day Mackenzie's force, all told, had dwindled down to 
 about five hundred men. Despairing of success, Eolph had fled 
 to the United States the preceding night, and was followed by a 
 number of others who had effectually compromised themselves. 
 Meanwhile intelligence had sped far and wide that the rebels 
 
 it4 
 
 I 
 
nisTonioAL. 
 
 had advanced against Toronto. At two o'clock on Friday after- 
 noon Sir Allan McNab learned the news at Hamilton, and 
 immediately mounting his horse, he rode to tlie wharf, seized a 
 steamboat lying there, put a guard on hoard and despatched 
 men in \arious directions to summon loyal men to the rescue. 
 In three hours time the steamer was under weigh, freighted with 
 stout hearts and stalwart arms, to be received at Toronto with 
 cheers, that, reverberating to Government House, told the anxious 
 Sir Francis Head that the " men of Gore " had first arrived to 
 aid him. Next day the loyal militia crowded in to his as -istance 
 from all directions, and were armed and organized as well as 
 circumstances would permit. 
 
 Early on Thursday morning Van Egniond arrived to take 
 command of the insurgents, arid detached a foroe of sixty 
 men to cut off communication with Toronto to the east- 
 ward, burn the Don bridge, capture the mail i >m Montreal, 
 and draw out the force of the enemy in that direction. They 
 succeeded in capturing the mail, setting the bridge on fire ; 
 but the flames were shortly afterwards extinguished and no 
 intelligence of consequence was acquired by the insurgents. 
 Meantime, it having been determined by the authorities in the 
 city to attack the main body of the insurgents at Mont- 
 gomery's Tavern or Gallows Hill, every preparation was 
 made by 11 o'clock. Six hundred men and two field pieces 
 formed the main column of attack under Sir Allan McNab while 
 another force of three hundred and twenty men were detached to 
 take the insurgent position in flank. It was situated at a small 
 v.ood near the road, which afforded partial cover to some four 
 hundred badly armed men, who still clung to the desperate for- 
 tunes of their leaders. Their defence was of the weakest kind ; 
 the fire of the artillery speedil} drove them from their first position 
 when a few volleys of musketry and a bayonet charge put them 
 into rapid flight, hotly pursued by the enraged militia. The loss 
 of the insurgents was thirty-six killed and fourteen wounded, 
 while the loyalist force only sustained a loss of three slightly 
 wounded. Little mercy was shown to the defeated, and two 
 
 "5 
 
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 trembling prisoners were alone brought in to be immediately 
 discharged by the Governor, who subsequently directed Mont- 
 gomery's 'Tavern and the dwelling of Gibson — a member of 
 the Assembly, who had a commacd under Mackenzie — to l)e 
 burned down. During their stay at Gallows Hill the insurgents 
 made prisoners of fifty-four loyalists, but they were treated as 
 well as circumstances admitted of, and were not subjected to any 
 cruelty whatever. 
 
 And thu"! terminated the attempt to capture Toronto. Had 
 the insurgents been led by men of resolution and skill there can 
 be little doubt their object would have been successful. Toronto 
 once captured, insurrection would have raised its head in every 
 direction and a large amount of injury inflicted upon the whole 
 country, although about the ultimate issue of the struggle there 
 could be no question. Upper Canada alone at this period con- 
 tained a population 450,009 souls, and the Home District, the 
 focus of sedition, of GO, 000. Fully three-fourths of the people 
 were loyal to the British Crown. Immediately after the action 
 at Gallows Hill, Mackenzie fled toward the Niagara frontier, 
 which, f fter several hair-breadth escapes, he succeeded in reach- 
 ing and was safely housed in Buffalo. A reward of £1,000 was 
 offered for his apprehension, and XaOO each for the capture of 
 David Gi^-son, Samuel Lount, Silas Fletcher and Jesse Lloyd, 
 the other principal rebel leaders. Eolph had already fled the 
 Province, and a few days afterwards was haranguing an audience 
 at Lewiston and inciting them to aid the rebellion, while Bidwell 
 voluntarly exiled himself, became a citizen of the United States, 
 and an eminent lawyer of New York City^ having been admitted 
 to the New York Bar by courtesy. 
 
 The country was now in a complete ferment. Altliou.'^h it was 
 the middle of winter, ten thousand gallant militia crowded in 
 from all quarters towards Toronto animated with the most loyal 
 and devoted zeal. The want of transport, in numerous cases of 
 bedding and of even warm clothing, was unheeded by these brave 
 men, who thus showed themselves to bo animated by the same 
 indoiiiitable spirit which had sustaiued the Canadian militia 
 
 ii5 
 
al 
 of 
 
 )ia 
 
 during the three years' war with the United States. The loyal 
 feehng so generally manifested alike by Conservcitives and 
 modei-ate lleformers, soon freed Sir Francis Head from all 
 apprehensions with regard to the safety of Toronto, and he directed 
 the militia of Glengarry, and of the other districts next to tl^e 
 Lower Provinces, to hold themselves iu readiness to march to the 
 aid of Sir John Colhorne should he require their services. 
 Kingston as well as Toronto, was speedily placc^ in a position of 
 perfect safety by the arrival of several .uiliiia corps, which under 
 the command of Sir Richard Bonycastle, the principal military 
 offic^x there, soon constituted a gallant and most efficient force. 
 Never, in short, was a better spirit evinced. Under existing 
 circumstances successful rebellion was an impossibility in Upper 
 Canada, Even the capture of Toronto could only have made the 
 struggle more bloody — the record in the cud must have been the 
 same. 
 
 Mr. Lindsay in his " Life and Times of Mackenzie and the 
 C:madian riebcllion 1837-8," thus describes the attack upon the 
 rebels : — 
 
 " Toronto contained 12,000 inhabitonts, and if the Government 
 had not been odious to the majority of the peo^jle, it ought to 
 have been able to raise force enough to beat back 400 rebels, for 
 to this number had the patriotic army been reduced. But neither 
 Toronto nor the neighbouring country furnished the requisite 
 force, and Sir Francis Bond Head had awaited in tremblinar 
 anxiety the arrival of forces from other parts of the' province. 
 Having at length determined upon an attack, Sir Francis Bond 
 Head assembled the * overwhelming forces ' at his command, 
 under the direction, of Col. Fitzgibbon, Adjutant-General of the 
 llihtia. The main body was headed by Col. McNab, the right 
 wing being commanded by Col. S. .Tarvis, the left by Col. William 
 Chisholm, assisted by T^rr. Justice McLean. ]\[ajor Cafrae of the 
 Militia Artillery, had charge of two guns. The order to march 
 was given about 12 o'clock "ud at one the loyalists and the 
 patriot forces were in sight of one another. When the sentinels 
 at Montgomery's announced that the loyalists were within sight 
 
 117 
 
i 
 
 with music and artillery, the patriots wore still discussing their 
 plans. Preparations were at once raado to give them hattlo. 
 Mackenzie at first doubting the intelligence, rode forward till he 
 became convinced by a full view of the enemy. When he returned, 
 he asked the small baud of patriots whether they were ready to 
 encounter a force far greatly superior in numbers to themselves, 
 well armed and provided with artillery'. They replied in the 
 affirmative; and he ordered the men into a piece of thin woods 
 on the west side of the road, where they found a slight protection 
 from the fire of the enemy they had to encounter. A portion of 
 the men took a position in the open field on the east side of tlie 
 road. The men in the western copse had to sustain nearly the 
 whole fire of the artillery from Toronto ; " and never," says Mr. 
 Mackenzie, " did men fight more courageously. In the face of 
 grape and canister, with broadside following broadside of musketry 
 in steady and rapid succession, they stood their ground firmly 
 and killed and wounded a large number of the enemy, but v/ere 
 at length compelled to retreat." ., , , . / :.;U :. i. , . ; 
 
 Some are of opinion that tho figliting lasted an hour ; but 
 there are diftcrent opinions on this point. Mackenzie remained 
 on the scene of action till the last moment, and till the mounted 
 loyalists were closing upon him. " So unwilling was Mackenzie 
 to leave the field of battle," says an eye-witness, " and so hot 
 the chase after him, that he distanced the enemy's horsemen only 
 thirty or forty yards by his superior knowledge of the country, 
 and reached Col. Lount and oi i* friends on the retreat just in 
 time :o save his neck." The Lieutenant-Governor thought it 
 necessary " to nu;ik and record by some stern act of vengance 
 the important victory " tliat had been achieved over the insur- 
 gent forces. In the presence of the militia he determined to 
 burn Montgomery's Hotel* and Gibson's dwelling houso. 
 
 *Sir F. Head has given the following account of the burning:—" Volume after 
 volume of deep black smoke rolling and rising from the windows of Montgomery's 
 Tavern, now attracted my attention. This great and lofty building, entirely 
 constructed of timber and planu!', was soon a mass of flamcH, where long red 
 tonjjues sometimes darted horizontially as if revengefully to consume those who 
 
 Ii8 
 
HISTOniCAL. 
 
 Insurgent prisoners alleged that Sir P. Head was urged to 
 include the residence of Mr. J. H. Price in the programme of 
 destruction, but that he refused to act on the suggestion. But 
 if he executed stern vengeance, he showed, also, that he was 
 not incapable of performing an act of clemency. He released 
 several of the prisoners almost as soon as captured, bidding them 
 go to their homes and return to their duties of allegiance. In 
 some eases however, the men though released were arrested again 
 almost as soon as they arrived home, without having been guilty 
 of any new act that would have warranted such a procedure. 
 After the defeat of the insurgents and their retreat above 
 Montgomei-y's, it would be difficult to justify these burnings on 
 the plea df necessity; and indeed the Lieutenant-Governor, by 
 whom they were ordered, does not appear to have felt tlm least 
 embarrassment in describing them as acts of vengeance. The 
 militia who went to the rescue of the Government, was not 
 generally a more martial looking body of men than these under 
 Lount and tho rebel leaders. A description of a party who came 
 down from the North, as given by an eye-witness, would answer, 
 with very slight variation, for any portion of the loyalist force. 
 Ho says: — " Each man wore a pink ribbon on his arm to dis- 
 tinguish him from the rebels ; not one-third had arms of any 
 kind, and many of these who were armed had nothing better than 
 pitchforks, rusty swords, dilapidated guns, and newly manufac- 
 tured pikes, with an occasional bayonet on the end of a pole. 
 These persons without the least authority of law, set about a 
 disurming process, depriving every one who refused to join them 
 or whom they choose to suspect of disloyalty, of his arms. Powder 
 was taken from stores without tho least ceremony wherever found, 
 and without payment. On Thursday a iinal marcli from ^'radford 
 
 had crc \ted them, and then flared high above the roof. As we sat on our horses 
 the heat was intense, and while the conflagration was the subject of joy and 
 triumph to the gallant spirits that immediately surrounded it, it was a lurid telegraph 
 which intimated to many an anxious and aci-.in::j heirt at Toronto the joyful 
 intelligence that the yeomen and farmers of Upper Canada had triumphed over 
 their pciiidious enemy." 
 
 119 
 
for Toronto was commenced, the number of men being nearly five 
 hundred, including one hundred and fifty Indians Avith painted 
 faces and savage looks. In their triumphant march these 
 grotesque looking militiamen made a prisoner of every man who 
 did not give such an account of himself as they deemed satisfac- 
 tory. Each prisoner as he was taken was tied to a rope ; and 
 when Toronto was reached a string of fifty prisoners, all fastened 
 together, were marched in. Fearing an ambush these recruits 
 did not venture to march through the Oak Ilidges in the night, 
 and a smoke being seen led to the conclusion that Toronto was 
 in flames. McLeod's Tavern beyond the Eidges was taken pos- 
 session of, as well as several other houses in the vicinity. In a 
 neighbouring store all kinds of provisions and clothing that could 
 be obtained were unceremoniously seized. At the tavern there Avas 
 a regular scramble for food ; and cake baking, and bacon-frying 
 were going on upon a wholesale scale. Next morning several 
 who had no arms, and others who were frighten^id, returned to 
 their homes. Many joined from compulsion, and a larger number, 
 including some who had been at Montgomery's, svuldenly turned 
 loyalists when they found the fortunes of the insurrection had 
 become desperate. When they marched into Toronto they were 
 as motley a collection as it would be possible to conceive. 
 
 Of such material as this was the crowds that flew to the 
 assistance of Sir Francis from all parts of Upper Canada, drawn 
 chiefly from the agricultural classes ; though disapproving of the 
 conduct of the Executive, their intense loyalty led them to sink 
 all minor differences in their common devotion to tlieir Queen 
 and country, and thus, at the call to arms, they at once placed 
 themselves at the disposal of the military authorities. On the 
 dispersing of the rebels, the Lieutenant-Governor issued the 
 
 following 
 
 " rnOCLAMATION 
 
 To the Quecti's Faithful Subjects in Upper Canada: 
 
 " In a time of profound peace, while every one was fjuletly 
 following his occupation, feeling secure under the protection of 
 
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 120 
 
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our laws, a band of Rebels, instigated by a few malignant and 
 disloyal men, has had the wickedness and audacity to assemble 
 with arms, and to attack and murder the Queen's subjects on the 
 highway, to burn and destroy their property, to rob the public 
 mails, and to threaten to plunder the banks and to fii-e the City 
 of Toronto. 
 
 " Brave and loyal people of Upper Canada : We have long been 
 suffering from acts and endciivours of C(mcealed traitors, but 
 this is the first time that rebellion has dared to show itself openly 
 in the laud, in the absence of invasion by any foreign enemy. 
 Let evory man do his duty now and it will be the last time 
 that we or our children shall see our lives or our properties 
 endangered, or the authority of our Gracious Queen insulted by 
 such treacherous and ungrateful men. Militiamen of Upper 
 Canada : No country has ever shown a finer example of loyalty 
 atid spirit than you have given n]ion this sudden call of duty. 
 Yoimg and old of all ranks are Hocking to'tlie standard of the 
 country. What has taken place will enable our Queen to know 
 her friends from her enemies. A public enemy is never so 
 dangerous as a concealed traitor. And, now, my friends, let us 
 complete well what is begun. Let us not return to our rest till 
 treason and traitors are revealed to the light of day and rendered 
 harmless throughout the land. 
 
 " Be vigilant, patient and active ; leave punishment to the 
 laws. Our first objoct is to i, . .uid secure all these who have 
 been guilty of I'ebellion, murder and robbery; and to aid us in 
 this a reward is hereby offered of one thousand pounds, to any 
 l^orson who will apprehend and deliver up to justice William 
 I /on ]\rackonzio ; and five hundred pounds to any one who will 
 deliver up to justice, David Gibson, or Samuel Lount, or Jesse 
 Lloj'd, or Silas Fletcher; and the same reward and a free pardon 
 will bo given to any of their accomplices who will render this 
 public service, except he or they shall have committed, in his own 
 perron, the crimes of murder or arson. And all, but the leaders 
 above named, who have been seduced to join in this unnatural 
 rebellion, are hereby called upon to return to their duty to their 
 
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 1 
 
 1 
 ! 
 
 TOUONtO : PAST AND PRESENT. 
 
 Sovereign, to obey the laws, and to live henceforward as good 
 and faithful subjects, and they will find the Government of their 
 Queen as indulgent as it is just. , , ,,,.,.,, 
 
 "God Save the Queen!" 
 
 Upwards of eight hundred persons were within the next few 
 months arrested on the charge of insurrection and conspiracy and 
 confined in various prisons of the Province, though the larg'^st 
 portion were discharged within a few days after their arrest ; of 
 this number 424 piisoners were from the District of Toronto. 
 
 On the 12tli of April, 1838, the two ix-'isguided men, Samuel 
 Lount au(i Peter Mittliewa, were exeoutec at Toronto as traitors 
 and '• ibels, much against the strongly expressed wishes of a vast 
 majority of the people. As an instance of the feeling against 
 the Executive proceeding to extreme measures, a petition in 
 favour of saving Lount and Matthews from a deatli on the 
 gallows was circulated in Toronto, and in three days received 
 not less than eight thousand signatures. A suspicion also existed 
 that the Home Government desired the Executive to deal lenient- 
 ly with all prisoners, but that, for purposes of their own, the 
 Executive in Toronto were determined to carry out the law with 
 the utmost rigour in these two cases. That the Home Govern- 
 ment desired to treat these men in a charitable spirit is manifest 
 fr>nn the following despatch, dated Downing Street, March 14th, 
 1838, addressed to Sir George Arthur, Lieutenant-Governor of 
 Upper Canada, in these terms : 
 
 " Sir, — Piepresentation.-i have reached this department from 
 various quarters that during the present session of the Legislature 
 of Upper Canada, measures of unusual severity and of extensive 
 application have been proposed against those who may have been 
 in any way implicated in the late '^surrection in the Province. 
 As theiie representations hav" .lot reached me in any offioial 
 form, I am inclined to hope that they may prove exaggerated; 
 but I shall await with anxiety your report of the proceedings of 
 the Legislature during their present session. 
 
 " Her ^Nfajesty's Governmeuu are fully alive to the difficult 
 position in which, at such a period of alarm and confusion, the 
 
 122 
 
HISTORICAL. 
 
 Legislaturo and the Government were placed. But as I trust tlio 
 causes of apprehension so hitoly existing are now, through the 
 loyalty of the gt oat hody of the population, almost entirely at an 
 end, 1 earnestly hope that they will he as distinguished by 
 moderation after success as they have been by galliutry in the 
 time of danger. Nothing, I fear would bo more likely to impair 
 the moral effects of the lato e^'ent3 than minecessary fcverity ; 1 
 trust, therefore, that wliilc every means will be adopted essentiiil 
 to the security of the Province, your ivjlnence will hi; sticcessjuliii 
 exerted in moderating the zeal of those, if such there be, icho tnicjl t 
 he disposed to proceed to extreme measures, and in allaying the 
 irritation which, however natural, cannot but be attended v.ith 
 danger to the public peace." 
 
 Like all l-e])ellions, that in Canada produced its full harvest of 
 disorder, not only in Toronto, the immediate scene of its principal 
 events, but throughout the entire Province. It caused a large 
 outlay to the State and checked the progress of the country, 
 aroused men's evil passions, and drew them from their homes 
 to the injury of their business. 
 
 -f^ ■ 
 
 it:.-A- ;.,^y, ■. ;_■' 
 
 =- "V" 
 
 123 
 
 .m 
 
 
 III 
 

HISTOBICAIi. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 Feeling of Discontent in the City — Appointment of Sir George Arthur — 
 Transference of the Seat of Government to Kingston — Population 
 in 1841 and 1845 — First Issue of the Glo'ic — Fire of 1849 — Destruc- 
 tion of the Cathedral — The Cholera — Numerous Deaths — Popula- 
 tion in 1851 — Religious Persuasions — The Hon. George Brown — 
 Lawlessness and Vag. ^ncy in the City — Poor Attendance at the 
 Public Schools — Professions followed in the City in 1856-7. 
 
 HOUGH the rebellion was crushed, and the firm 
 loyalty of the citizens of Toronto manifested, yet 
 there remained a strong feeling of discontent and 
 dissatisfaction with the Lieutenant-Governor, a feeling which 
 was only allayed with his removal. 
 
 Sir Francis Bond Head was succeeded at the Government 
 House by Sir George Arthur, who kei)t the reins of government 
 until 1811, when the unity of the two Provinces was effected, and 
 the seat of Government removed to Kingston. Had the trans- 
 ference of the Government taken place ten years sooner it might 
 have had a serious effect upon the prosperity of the town, but 
 in 1811 Toronto had become of too great commercial importance 
 to feel much ill effect from the event, and, consequently, it 
 entailed only a loss of the expenditure 6f a few thousand 
 pounds per annum; but this amount a population of near 15,000 
 could easily sustain. Many persons thought that with the 
 removal of the seat of Government from Toronto the city 
 growth and prosperity would be at an end. Some of the store- 
 keepers were willing to sell out their stocks at considerable 
 reduction, but these timid ones soon saw that the steady pros- 
 perity of the city did not depend upon oflEicial patronage. 
 
 From the date of the incorporation of the City to the removal 
 of the seat of Government to Kingston, in 1841 (a period of 
 seven years), the increase of population had been about 6,000 
 
 125 
 
TORONTO: PAST ANP mESENT. 
 
 persons, and ^rom 1841 to lS-15 the increase of population was 
 over 4,000 persons, the popuhition heinfj nearly 10,000. 
 
 In the month of Afarch, 1844, the Glohe first made its appear- 
 ance, in the form of a weekly newspaper, and it very soon bo- 
 came one of the most influential newspapers in the country, and 
 in 1846, hnving attained a circulation of about 2,000, then con- 
 sidered something enormous, it began to be issued semi-weekly, 
 and so continued until 1849, when it was issued tri-weekly and 
 weekly. 
 
 This appears to have been a most nnfortunate year in the 
 City's history, lire and pestilence having visited it with no light 
 hand. During the months of January, February and March 
 several fires had^jtaken place, and in almost every case a scarcity 
 of water had been complain xl of. The press of the city had 
 urged upon the authorities the necessity of making more ade- 
 quate provision against the ravages of the devouring element, 
 but these warnings were passed unheeded, until the infliction 
 of a calamity that for a time almost ruined the future pros- 
 pects of the city. 
 
 The Globe of Saturday, April 7th, contained the following 
 account of this great fire : 
 
 " About half-past one this morning a fire was discovered in 
 some outbuildings in the rear of Graham's Tavern. King street, 
 and Post's Taverij, Nelson sti-eet. The fire speedily extended to 
 the main part of Nelson street, on the east, consuming Post's 
 Tavern, the Patriot office, and turning into King Street, on the 
 east, burnt all Mr. Sprule's buildings, where it stopped. The fire 
 extended from King street to the south of Duke street, where 
 it consumed nearly all the back buildings and the office of the 
 Savings' Bank. 
 
 " It then crossed to the west side of Nelson street to Rolf's 
 Tavern, destroying the whole block, including the Mirror office, 
 to Mr. Nasmith's bakery. Proceeding from Kolf's Tavern the 
 flames laid hold of the corner building, occupied by Mr. 
 O'Donohue, which was speedily consumed, and then they ran 
 along the whole block to Mr. O'Neill's, consuming the valu- 
 
 126 
 
able BiO-es of Messrs. Hayes, Hnvvis, Cherry, O'Noill nnrl others. 
 About three o'clock tbo spire oi St. James' Cathcdrnl took 
 lire, and the building vcm ( utii-ely destroyed ; about the same 
 time the jlamos bi'oke out in the old City Ilall, consuming the 
 greater part of the front building, including Mr. McFarlano's 
 small store. 
 
 " The firo then e^xtendcd from the Cathedral across to the 
 south side of King street, where a fire hnd lately occuvrcd. The 
 shops of Mr. Rogers and others wore w 'tb diOlcuHy eavod. All 
 that block was in great danger; tiome of tiicm had most of their 
 goods removed, and great injury to property was sustained. 
 About five o'clock the flames were in a great measure subdued. 
 The exertions of the firemen were for a long time retarded for 
 want of water. 
 
 " The soldiers of the Rifle Brigade from the gaiiison wei'O 
 extremely active, and deserve the highest gratitude of the citi- 
 zens. The loss by this fire is estimated at the lowest computa- 
 tion to be ^100,000 sterling. 
 
 "It is not easy to describe the gloom which this calamity 
 has cast over the city, or the ruined appearance of the ground 
 so lately occupied by many I'espoctable and industrious indi- 
 viduals, who, by the work of four or five hours, were suddenly 
 thrown out of business or seriously injured in their circum- 
 stances. 
 
 " In whatever light this serious event be regarded^ it must be 
 acknowledged as a ^ heavy blow and sore discouragement to 
 Toronto, the heaviest it has received. 
 
 " There cannot be a doubt, however, that the activity and 
 enterprise of the inhabitants will soon surmount the loss. The 
 season is favourable for rebuilding, and many improvements will 
 doubtless be introduced in the formation of new streets. Mean- 
 I'Txie there is a first duty to be looked to : we mean the relief of 
 those who are so reduced by the fire as to require public assis- 
 tance. There ai-e cases of the kind where a small amount of 
 assistance promptly administered will revive the drooping spirits 
 of those who may be ready to sink under their burdens. 
 
 127 
 
 & 
 
TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 
 
 "We hope the pubhc will not lose Bight of this, but will 
 come forward with a liberal hand when it is required. 
 
 " Mr. Watson, publisher of the GancuUan and Upper Canado 
 Gazette, lost his life in trj'ing to , ave some type from the Patriot 
 
 office." .■rV.V.-r'^.-"-:,: :•..,.. ' :.,. ' :: :>..v , .;. 'S. v.v, 
 
 A fire such as this., involving a lose of over half a million of 
 dollars, was indeed a sore blow to the citizens, and it is clear 
 that had it not been for the exertions of the troops in the garri- 
 son, the ravages of the fire would haA'o been far more de- 
 structive. 
 
 The destruction of the Cathedral was witnessed with feelings 
 of deep regret, for though to our modern eyes it loolced a very 
 commonplace structure, yet to the parishioners who had wor- 
 shipped therein it was endeared by many pleasant memodes, 
 and, compared with its surroundings, was considered a very 
 fine ctruyture. i 
 
 The church took fire in the steeple, a spark from the burning 
 moss to the eastward ha\ing lodged in the lattice work, almost 
 at its very pinnacle ; it was scon discovered; and though ciTorts 
 were at first made to extinguish it, the water supply was too low 
 or the engines too v.er.k to send the stream so high, and so, 
 steadily burning, every moment gairing strength, the fire crept 
 down the spire until the whole was one mass of flame, which, 
 communicating with the roof of the church, seen enveloped 
 the whole edifice in flames. While the spire was burniuj^; it 
 presented a magnificent spectacle, and finally fp)l'-^g with a ter- 
 rific crash, sent up a s-hower of sparks, wl.'icl), fir over tho 
 city like thousands of brilliant meteors, illumluu-'jcl it in all 
 directions. 
 
 Building operations were soon resumed upon the site of 
 tbo burnt district, and the ucual results followed, vi/., iri-- 
 provements in tie buildings erected, improvements in n v, 
 stieets, and 1 ac) it not been for thid fire it is projf.b.o 
 ti.it Toronto wo'O.d not at the preacnt time have been 
 able to boatt of a Cathedral of such striking beauty and 
 grandeur as ir proseL-ted by St. James's. A few months 
 
 12O 
 
\ .^' fln"* 
 
 ■B? 
 
 Ki 
 
 ■ '-iMj^'iiPSiwei'^m- ■ 
 
 -** 
 
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 ■ 
 
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 I 
 
 4:"* 
 
 
 ST JAMES CATHrrJRAl 
 
Vmoti-VO : PA.£(T AND FKKSEXT. 
 
 "Wt» fei?H» the public wiiT not lot-o iiitjlit of llsis, but will 
 oom^i S'fir.vard witu. a liboroil Jiand wlicn it is n^'jairod 
 
 '■ Mr, 'V'af^son, pablisht't of the Canndltm and Upper C'vuuhi 
 iii:<'t((, lost liis lifo in trying to save hohjc typu fr<!Ui the Pairiot 
 
 A fi.''*' such as lliis. iiivLlvinjic a Ia83 of ovor It!'!'' a million oi 
 dollars, was. indofid a ^ovv l;lo\v io tho cirizo^is. aad it iu cloar 
 ti/at had it not been for tbo exf-vtions oi" tho troop^; in tJi'..! /ran: 
 
 i- 
 
 son, 
 
 ti 
 
 le 
 
 lV;l,g'33 O 
 
 f th^ 
 
 . (• 
 
 won 
 
 Id 1 
 
 I'l <:) hi-en fill' more de 
 
 BtvilClT>'e 
 
 The destvui'tioTi of the Caf.'n'.^]vul was -vvitrn 
 
 \\"i 
 
 ih f. 
 
 1 ■VUJIL'S 
 
 of d.. 
 
 ■<•'•) re^iy 
 
 :t- f 
 
 :(tr 
 
 H>n!^l'. to oi'tv Mi'xiHiTi u_vt ;» it ii)i.'1<t.ii a a cry 
 
 fomviiOh^^niAH.' 'ilvnctaT'e, v^i. to fcljo puri^^biMi-..'^. »:.]«■> had wiir- 
 Kbippfd tl/creio »• Wu? cndt-ffri'fl b; r^'Ur, jtbiivuut racmoWci?, 
 
 s T^'' '. -.f.' 
 
 ■.•!)''N-. i t" ;;Ji jtai fliir. 'Hjdkri'S. 
 
 ^ri-jK coi!V:dercd a .< 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 ■I 
 
 I 
 
 i 1 
 
 1 1 
 
 [I- 
 
 t.r- J : 
 
 ■■ ■'--■:. \i: -■ i' 'K' -sis i4s . fs «Tv«i 1; f)Mni the bitrrin;^ 
 i ■<.'•?■»:.. .i *^i--;at., '«,iiij'.-i n t.iie huufj work, iihuofit 
 !)Si*:;a<-lt ; it xvas cOnu disf'ov<;rfd. ^.od thou'ij 'nVHf<- 
 
 \\':'':, riiit'.b to (;.\tin,'?ntBh it, t) 
 
 ):d ih 
 
 ie wi'.u-v .-!j} v.iv vva:s b 
 
 t-'.'i wfal: to P-") 
 
 i^trcao H!i bi'i, 
 
 \'.'' n ,so 
 
 rtOfl'.!! 
 
 Ill' 
 
 ninf. every Tj'.nrufT.t i.'nii.irj!' itrei.; tJj, i'e 'u-t. c i'I-m 
 
 >>\ii ti 
 
 til] 
 
 lU Vjiiio liidililie wiiolo ^\^\.P. viijc luuas n 
 ! ir,nni<''atiiiu ^viih the rr.of of tbo rliiivi- 
 
 f ri 
 
 \\L]l; 
 
 t! 
 
 ii' v.hoh: tdijh-e in Ihauca. 
 
 \\] 
 
 lllr tl 
 
 i(! i^,Mn w. 
 
 huijjii)-: ]. 
 
 pti s*i"d('d ;' magniiienil j.pecinelf. axvi I'Duih} h-i.iiii.'; ^■^if]l a te"' 
 ri!ic I'ansh, s' nl Uj; ;• ^iio^;■.■r of i.| .ivl^^ w? i<'?\ liyo^i -mcv th: 
 eify lihe tlrjusandt; (d' {.uVliitim mcUxrt:, illuiiiiuated it ia ai- 
 tluvfitioua. 
 
 .'-.adding operrdicnij \Tpro v -v i-f;M\n.and upon tho site (•! 
 tc "i\rni district, o..';.] 11. o n+u.i' rut^ults-i followed, vi/i., u:. 
 nro> vxn. ntT. io tho building!? »'i-'t?:d, irnprovoinwi!,."! iti n ^ 
 trtit^tr, j-pd 1 nd i^ vat btn'ii 'r-r thi.a tire it is pro'.jf.b ? 
 ii>Rt Toi'^uio vv staid r.ot at th«i ju'a<»int timo Jiavo Ixri; 
 } ^ ivW' To boH.vl of ft Cathodrul of <iue]j Ktr'ting heaaity ;m'.^ 
 griindett? fcB iB lureseiited by St. J,.mijc»'». k 'cw luontfca 
 
 1^ 
 
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 iiil 
 
 
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 .„^*"»*TI*4'"-^*' 
 
 
 ■iSv 
 
 ST JAMF.S CATHEDRAL. 
 
 a i 
 
V 
 
after the city bad been swopt by thi::) disastrous tire a still 
 more relentless and terrible enemy visited Toronto. With 
 early spring the usual influx of immigrants began to arrive, and 
 with them came disease in the form of the fearful Asiatic 
 cholera. The first ca3e was reported near the end of the 
 month of June ; at the end of July lo2 cases had been reported, 
 resulting in 107 deaths. During the month of August the epi- 
 demic spread with fearful rapidity, seizing hold of rich and poor, 
 young and old, spreading alarm and consternation among the 
 inhabitants. Up to the 15th of August the total number of cases 
 reported by the Board of Health were 436, and the number of 
 deaths 265. From the 15th of August to the 3rd of September 
 the number of cases had increased to 700, and the deaths to 421. 
 From this date the scourge began to abate, and by tho end of 
 September had entirely left the city, but not before upwards of 
 800 persons had been prostrated, and of this number racro than 
 500 had died I'rom this fearful plague. Everything that expe- 
 rience or science could suggest was promptly done by the Ma^or 
 and City Council to alleviate the horrors and misery caused by 
 this visitation, and though so very many of the inhabitairi;s fell 
 victims to the epidemic, yet the death rate in Toronto was far 
 below tliat of other cities and towns in Canada. 
 
 Canada had for a few years enjoyed a steady flow of immi- 
 gration, and Toronto received a large percentage of tho new 
 arrivals, eo much so, that the population had increased from 
 15,000 in 1841, to 80,775 in 1851, and, according to tho ocns'-s, 
 was composed of the following nationalities: — English, 4,958; 
 Scotch, 2,169; Irish, 11,305; natives not oi French crir'u, 
 9,956; natives of French origi^iT, 467; Americans, 1,405. The 
 number of houses in tho city was 4,204, a large number of 
 them being very small and dilapidated. Tho amount of real 
 property was v.'lued by tho City Assessors at nearly ^15,000,000. 
 
 The religious persviacions were given as follows: 
 
 Church ol England ii'577 -^^ ^ 
 
 Church cf iic'oe 7.J40 
 
 Free Church Pre^bj lt:i«n£ «iii7 1 
 
 ) ■ - 
 
 '|«i|^^ 
 
liii: 
 
 m- 
 
 TORONTO : P.\ST AND PKESENT. 
 
 Other PresbN'terians 1.3-16 
 
 Church of Scotland 1,061 'ft"^' 
 
 W'esleyan Methodists 3--5I - 
 
 Other Methodists i>j2 
 
 Baptists gi8 
 
 Congregationalists 646 
 
 - This list, tliou,c;h admitted correct at the time, gives but a 
 faint idea of wliat would be a religious census of Toronto to-da5^ 
 The Wesleyan Methodists alone have now twelve churches, two 
 of which would accomodate all the adherents of that church in 
 1851, and almost similar results would be found in all denomi- 
 nations. 
 
 The Hon. George Brown, during the month of December, was 
 first o'ectod a member of the Canadian Legislalure, as represen- 
 tative of the county of Kent. McMallen, in his "History of 
 Canada," speaking of Mr. Brown, say^, "A man of this stamp, 
 and vvhose personal exertions on behalf of his party were aided 
 by the great influence of the leading Eeform journtrl of Upp^r 
 Ctrnada, could not be otherwise than a most formidable opponent. 
 Gifted with a clear and vigorons intellect, possessed of babitc of 
 great industry, and the most indomit; l)lo perseverance, Lib in- 
 formation extended ovor every branch of the public servicer, and 
 eminently fitted him for the position of a po.rtioan leadi^r and 
 successful agitator. It is a somewhat singular circumstance 
 that as regards the latter en pacity this country Ghou.ld be so much 
 indebted to natives of Scotland instead of to its more merfuri;!! 
 citizens of Irish origin. The eccentric Gourlay cfi'ected, in- 
 directly, no small amount of good for Canada. His mantle fell 
 upon the shoulders of William Lyon Mackenzie, to produce, in- 
 deed, the miseries of rash and pnvtial rebellion, but at the same 
 time to hasten the ad rent of ' Besponsible Government,' the 
 redress of numerous abuses, and the dawn of a new, more en- 
 lightened and more healthy epoch. Of a far stii)erior stamp to 
 his two predecessors, Mr. ]3rown's intellectual standard ?e com- 
 mensurate with the modern and moi*e advanced period of Cana- 
 dian progress, and if the want of tact, and an inaccurate 
 perception of the true idiosyncrasy of this country have led him 
 
 130 
 
occasionally into errors of statesmanship, posterity, nevertheless, 
 must confess itself deeply indebted tt) him for a manly exposure 
 of public abuses, and for restraining the current of corruption, 
 which railway and other kindred speculations turned at one time 
 so strongly upon Canada. Early in 1856, Mr. Brown's peculiar 
 views, as well as his public policy, were rising rapidly into favor 
 with the Reform party of Upper Canada. His sturdy Protes- 
 tantism not only rallied to his side the Free Church and Metho- 
 dist denominations, which had hitherto entered largely into the 
 composition of that party, but was also awakening a profound 
 sympathy in the Orange element of the Conservative ranks. 
 The agitation against the influence of the Koman Catholic 
 priesthood, now unquestionably very great, and against Lower 
 Canadian domination, was already becoming popular in the 
 Upper Province ; and the Baldwin and Ilincks' policy of a union 
 with the French, or Conservative Church party, was almost 
 entirely altandoned by the Western Picformers." 
 
 The Hon. George Brown's subsequent career is well known. 
 The influence he has wielded in the political affairs of Canada is 
 probably second to none of those of her most piominent states- 
 men, wlicther in Pai'liamcnt, or in the editorial rooms of the 
 Globe. By his voice and his pen ho has done much to mould the 
 policy of the Ptcform party, and modify that of his opponents. 
 C'jntrolling the leading and most powerful journal in the 
 ])ominion, in v. hich a pro^ressivo and liberal policy is advocated, 
 he has become a power in tlie IJeform party that no section in its 
 r.iiflis can afford to despibe. The Conservatives, feeling his 
 poV'Cr, and knowing the influence of the Globe, upon ail occa- 
 eiona endeavour to belittle him, and make him the chief butt of 
 their pliafts and saicasms, nnil so to-df^y the Hon. George 
 Brown stands acknov ledged as one of tiie most influential poli- 
 tic'.ans of the Dominion, and, as a necessary consequence, one 
 of t'le best abused men in British America. 
 
 The fourth scBsion of the third Parliament of United Canada 
 met for tlie first time in Toronto, in May. 1850, in consequence 
 of the r'ots in Montreal and the destruction of the Parliament 
 
 131 
 
 A 
 
 \ 
 
TCnONTO : PAST AND PIIESENT. 
 
 building!-;, tho Legislature having (locidod to moot for two years 
 in Toronto, and theiA four years alternately in Quebec and 
 Toronto. In 1852, therefore, the Legislature was convcm-d at 
 Quebec, and in 185G agi.in returned to Toronto. 
 
 The city luid, for a few years, been remarkably progressive, 
 not only in numbers but also in wealth, and at the same time 
 began to attain a notoriety for lawlessness and crime which very 
 soon attracted attention th.'-oughout Canada, and was tbo cause 
 of many strong comments in the leading columns of the Glnoa 
 and other journals upon the magistrates and other city 
 officials. A writer, alluding to this fact, says, " No one 
 would imagine, in walking along King street any afternoon, 
 amidst the display of beaut}-, fashion and gai^'ty, which are 
 llivn exhibited, that one out of every nine of our popu- 
 lation was brouglit up beforo the police magif;trato during 
 the past year for some misdemeanor growing out of our 
 drinkaig customs, yet such is tin lamentable fact, for it appcarn 
 oy the police statistics for the year ending December, 1837, thrit 
 8,971 males and 1,025 femaleR---in all 4,990 persons - being one 
 in every nine ot ou} population — were arrested and brought b.- 
 for J the police magistrate during the year 1857. Of this? number 
 thtrc arc classed under the general phrase drunk and diso^derhfi 
 2,031 males and 673 females — in all 2,701. To this numoer 
 require to be added 420 for assault ; 8G for kccpb'.;) disorderly 
 houses- -a class of houses alarmingly and unblushingly on the 
 increase in the city ; 271 for threatening — whicli is assault in its 
 incii)icnt stages ; and 208 for soiling intoxicating drink without 
 license, making a total of 3,709 as the direct result of the trai'i">c 
 in intoxicating liquors— or more than three-fourths of the whole 
 number. Such is the melancholy catalogue of the past yeai*. 
 Nor is it likely that the record of the present year will be moro 
 cheering. If the numbers deluded and ensnared by the evanes- 
 cent exhilaration which intoxicating li'{U-,r imparts bears any 
 ratio to the facilities for obtaining intoxicants, there is great 
 reason to fear that the criminal calendar for the present year, 
 traced as impartially as that of the ]mst year, will present a far 
 
 132 
 
gloomier aspect of our social state than the chronicle now com- 
 mented on. The City Council by-law, ijassed in the early part 
 of the }ear, proclaimed free trade in drink selling, and, as a 
 necessary conscipienco, if we sow the wind wo shall reap the 
 v.hirlwind." 
 
 Si)eakin;^' of vagrancy, the same writer says, " A few years 
 a^o such a thing was unknown. You might have passed from 
 one end of the city to the other, at all hours of the day, with- 
 out meeting with one suppliant for charity. Why has the scone 
 BO sadly changed that it attracts the attention of strangers, and 
 is heralded through the broadsheets of the neighbouring republic 
 that bogging forms one of the distinctive features in our social 
 state ? " The correspondent of a New York paper thus alludes 
 to it : — " I am surprised at the number of beggars in Toro :to. 
 You cannot go into the streets without annoyance from them. 
 If two persons stop to spoak, they are sure to be interrupted in 
 a few seconds by a beggar." These remarks from a stranger 
 might easily be accounted for, Q\cn though begging was on a 
 comparatively small scale, IVom the fact tluit if there are beggars 
 i'l a city they arc sure to be found at the doors of stago-offices 
 and hotels, where strangers congregate. This decay in the social 
 status had, however, attracted the attention of one of our city 
 editors.*" lie says, " This beggar nuisance is growing to be in- 
 tolerable. Pass where you will, and often as you will, you are 
 beset with some sturdy applicant for alms — they dodge you 
 round corners, they follow you into shops, they are to be found 
 at the church steps, they are at the door of the theatre, they 
 infest the entrance to every bank, they crouch in the lobby of the 
 post-office, they assail you in every street, knock at your private 
 residence, walk into your place of business, and beard you with 
 a pertinacity that takes no denial. It may not be the lew 
 coi^pers, or the odd Yorker, in which one is mulct, that makes 
 this new cu'-se intolerable. TJjere is a loathsomeness abou^ th.e 
 beggar's calling tlTat makes the supplication repulsive. But 
 
 * Daily Colonist, 
 
 133 
 
 3.V 
 
 ij 
 
 h % 
 
m 
 
 TORONTO : PAST AXD rUESKXT. 
 
 wovi' tliis all, even this, dismasting as are the aids oallod in to 
 excite our rympathies, might with some little philoso^jhy l)e 
 borne. The nuisance, nowever, is on Hs growth. In this, our 
 good city of Toronto, beggary has assumed the dignity of a 
 craft. Whole families sally forth and have their appointed 
 rounds — children arc taught to dissemble — to tell a lying talc 
 of misery and woe — and beg or steal as occasion offers. To tole- 
 rate false mendicity is a false philanthroi^y. It is to nurture the 
 germs of every vice that ever adorned the gallows — it is to com- 
 mit a sin against the youthful poor, and to neglect the duty wo 
 owe to our neighbour and to ourselves." Another city jouri'al, 
 commenting on this article, said, " This is plotting the matter in 
 a somewhat broad light, but it may be pcri'.ctly ortho I'^x 'n so 
 far as the editor of the Colonist is cone jiiicd, for ho is railur 
 complaisant and benevolent-looking, drespcs well and very taste- 
 fully, and is just stich a person as that rewd and wily class 
 would be ready to pounce upon with a certainty of success. We 
 ourselves think the matter a little overdrawn. * * * y^^^^^ 
 of the growing addiction in our poover class (and wo regret to 
 say others) to intemperance we must maintain a painful silence. 
 This, if we do not take active steps for its repression, will be tho 
 great stumbling block to our future prosperity." 
 
 The attendance of scholars at the public schools at this time 
 was very low, as miglit bo expected from tho preceding state- 
 ments. The number of scholars entered upon the school regis- 
 ters for 1857 was 4,543—2,310 boys and 2,233 girls. The ave- 
 rage monthly attendance, that is, of those who were present at 
 school more or less during the month, was 2,480 ; but the ave- 
 rage attendance for the year was only 1,803 — 1,023 boys and 
 840 girls. The highest number present in all the schools at any 
 one time during the year 1857 was 2,332 — 1,373 boys and 1,05!) 
 girls. With a school i)opiilati(»n of at least 7,500, taking tho 
 low average of one child of school age to each house, we have a 
 free school register of 4,543, and from that list an average atten- 
 dance of only 1,8(13. No wonder that the sujjerintendcnt was 
 forced to the conclusion that the condition of the free school 
 
 134 
 
HISTORICAL. 
 
 system at this time was (inijth'uvj hut cncoip-iuj'uKj or satiafiiviorii. 
 In 1844, with a population of 18,500, tho averago attoiulanco of 
 the city schools was 1,194, while in 1857, with a popu'ation of 
 over 40,000, the average attendance was only 1,803. In a iinan- 
 cial point of view the failure was equally striking, for while in 
 1844 and tho six succeeding years the average cost per head was 
 §6, in 1857 tho cost per head amounted to $13. In 184-1 there 
 were only twelve teachers employed ; in 1857 tho number was 
 thirty-six ; so that with a gross population more than douhlo 
 that of 1844, and a threefold complement of teachers, the number 
 of children taught has not very greatly increased, certainly not 
 in a corresponding ratio with the facilities provided. In his 
 report for 1857 tlio Local Superintendent said, "If I under- 
 stand aright the principle upon which free schools, maintained 
 by general assessment upon property, have been established and 
 arc justilied, it means that tho rich ought to educate the poor, 
 not as a charity, but because, in a social as well as moral point 
 of view, it is, as a matter of economy, better to educate than to 
 panlsli at the pnhUc expense ; and because scliool hoKses arc bcitter 
 public investments than penitentiaries or jails. Tested by this 
 principle, the result of our experiment, as regards even those 
 children who have attended, though irregularly, our free schools, 
 has been anjitJting but eneonraf/infj or satisfaeiory , while as regards 
 the education, moral and social, of those children, large in num- 
 ber, for whose training and reformation the free school principle 
 is justitied, we have failed alto()ether to bring that particular class 
 of children in anij tvay at all within the restraining influence of our 
 schools. » * * '\Yq st-t out full of hope to accomplish a 
 certain purpose, namely, the nniversal education of the young, as 
 a means of social and moral improvement among that class of 
 people who, knowing little or nothing of the advantages of edu- 
 cation, or who cared nothing for such advantages; but thus far, 
 after yc'ars of experience, and the ex[)enditure of increasing 
 annual tliousands of the public money, we have accomplished 
 little more than a partial, and by no means a cheerful, reco"'- 
 nition of the value of our schools even from those whose ciiil« 
 
 ^35 
 
 l.i 
 
 (: f 
 
 ? ': 
 
dren, to a Utnite:! extent, do attend our free bcIiooIs, wliilo the 
 more numerous, and at the same time more necessitouH, class oi 
 children continue t(.t lre]U('ut our streets, our lanes and our 
 wharves, in idle swarms, growing up in ignorance and crime, the 
 future abundiiut materiid for our courts and prisons." 
 
 Such was tlie desponding report of the Superintendent in 1857. 
 Scarcely twenty years have passed away since then, yet a wide 
 chunge is visible in our social state. Notwithstanding tl)e period 
 of depression that for the last two years Toronto, in common 
 with the entire Dominion has undergone, the city enjoys a rather 
 es])ccial immunity from ihe postcrings of vagrants. Our public 
 schools are crowded to their very doors, the average attendance 
 being equal, if not exceeding that of any other city in the Dominion. 
 
 In a recent report (1874) the Public School Inspector writes, 
 *' I regret that, notwithstanding the laudable efforts of the 
 Board to increase the number and capacity of the schools, they 
 are still quite inadequate for the number of children who desire 
 to attend them. During the year live new schools were 
 erected. ♦ * * Tliese schools were all well fdled on the 
 day of opening, without lessening to any appreciable degree the 
 overcrowding of the other schools." 
 
 From an analysis of William Brown's ** City Directory," for 
 185G -7, we find the following as the nnmbcrs engaged in profes- 
 sions and trades in the city, namely : — Accountants, 18 ; archi- 
 tects, 11 ; artists, 13 ; bakers, 37 ; bankers, 11 ; barristers and 
 solicitors, 108; blacksmiths, 9G ; boot and shoemakers, 240; 
 builders, GG ; brewers, 15; bricklajers, 91 ; brickmakorsj 55 ; 
 cabinetmakers, 82 ; cabmen and proprietors, o3 ; carpenters, 
 496; carters, 137 ; clerks, 119; clergymen of all denominations, 
 57 ; dressmakers and milliners, G2 ; dry goods iiierchants and 
 importers, 103: grocers and provision dealers, 255 ; laborers, 
 892; painters, 84; printers, 73; tailors, 203; tinsniiths, 87. 
 This list does not include all the avocations followed in the city, 
 but it is sufficiently exidicit for our ))resent purpose. Wbeu 
 classified it shows of professional persons, 427 ; of mechanical, 
 1,G81 ; and of industrial, other than mechanical, 2,001. 
 
 1^5 
 
msToniCAL. 
 
 r-' ; v.: w CIIAPTEK VIII. 
 
 Visit of H. B. H. the Prince of Wales to Toronto— His Reception — 
 Festivities during his Visit — Opening of Queen's Park — Opening 
 of Horticultural Gardens — Population in 1861 — Sanitary Conditi:n 
 of the City — Rumours of intended Pcnian Raid — Volunteers called 
 Out — Queen's O.vn sent to the Niagara rrontler-MililHry Move- 
 nents — The Voiun.eci-i nt Ri'I.s'e\vay---Sup,)rc3 sent to the Volun- 
 teers — The Dead and Wounded brought to the City — Return oi' 
 tlie Volunteers — H. R. II. Princt; A-'hur"s Visit to Toronto— Inau- 
 gurating the Works on the Toronto, Grey and Brure Railway — ■ 
 O.ieiiing of the Narrow ()u;i.;^l- Railways — Tiic Hon. AdaiTi C."ooks 
 —The Procession Riots. 
 
 jnE 3'oar ISGO will Ion,!:; bo mcmorablo in the civic 
 annals of Canada consequent upon the vinit of H. U. H. 
 the Prince of Wales. For months the whole country 
 was in a ferment of expectation, the deep loyalty of the people 
 manifesting itsT3lf in tliousands of ways, t>nd ere his arrival 
 here, and during his tear through the continent, the CAubenn^.t 
 joy of the Canadians vras everywhere sbcvn with a singular 
 u'uiuimity ; but of all the cities and towns %'isited by him bi3 
 reception in Toronto was the warmest, most spontaneou?., hearty 
 anl enthusia3tic of anyplace. ' 
 
 The following account of his reception ^ ere is fiOm the 
 G'>hc of the 8th of September:—" The 7th day of S.ptember, 
 18G0, will long bo cherished as tlic brightest day in the annals 
 of Upper Canada. Many a year hence it will be told that on 
 t'lat day the heir-apparent to the Brit'sh throne made his public 
 entry into the chief city of the "Western Province, and received 
 a welcome surpassing in magnificence and enthusiasm all tha 
 liablic ovations ever before witnessed in the Now World. No pen 
 c )uld adequately describe the unbounded enthusiasm of tlio 
 joyous multitude assembled to greet their future Sovereign on the 
 banks of Lake Ontario. Nor will anyone who witnessed it ever 
 rjcall without thrilling deliglit the magnificent sx:ectacle pre- 
 
 137 
 
h 
 
 seutc-.l when the Prince stepped from his vessel anu took his seat 
 upon tlie throne amidst the thundering 'dieerK ui the viist con- 
 course piled up in the noble amphitheatio around him. The 
 illumination of the city at night was a \ery grand sight, far 
 surpassing, we believe, any similar demonstration ever witnessed 
 on the continent. Particular buildings may have been illumi- 
 nated elsewhere on a grander scale, but as a whole we doubt if 
 the display was ever excelled in America in extent, variety, and 
 brilliance of decoration. The Normal Schools, Osgoode Hall, 
 and tlie Piomaine Buih'wings were magnificently decorated, and 
 the Globe Buildings, St. Lawrence Hall, the Edinburgh Assu- 
 rance Company, the St. Nicholas Eestaurant and s(!veral othtr 
 buildings were illmuinated in splendid style. Many of the arches 
 erected at prominent points of the city were noble designs, and 
 executed with a degree of artistic taste which must have asto- 
 nished the illustrious guests who passed under them. The rich 
 erected at the crest of the noblo amphitheatre at the land- 
 ing will be a lasting monument to the fame of its designer, Mr. 
 Storm. Fine as were the arches erected at Quebec, Montnal 
 and Ottawa, the finest of them could not for a moment enter 
 into competition with it." 
 
 The weather during the Prince's visit was extremely unfavour- 
 able, dark clouds and heavy rains being the accompaniment of 
 almost every public appearance. During his visit the Prince 
 was the guest of the Lieutenant-Governor, while his suite and 
 attendantii luid rooms at the Piossin House. On the 11th of 
 September he formally opened the Queen's Park and Horticul- 
 tural Gardens. Here he ydanted a young maple tree as a 
 momcrial of his visit, and from its vigiu'ous growth at the pre- 
 Bi.'nt time it gives every indication of long remaining a lasting 
 memorial of tl'.e visit of the heir-apparent of the British Crown 
 to Toronto. Pestivities were organised by the Sunday schools, 
 temperance societies, churches, secret societies, &c., in honour of 
 the Royal visit. Concerts, balls,' processions, regattas, followed 
 each other in quick succcBsion nil intended to do honour to the 
 Prince. Nor were the pooi forgotten at this time, for on the eve 
 
 1^8 
 
 
of tho opening of tlie Park and Gardens a number of gentle- 
 men contributed funds sufficient for tbo ])urcbase of an ox, wbicli 
 was roasted wliole, according to tbe good ol-d Englisb custom, 
 and tben distributed aaiongst tlie needy. The Prince took liis 
 departure from Toronto on Wednesda}', September 12th, amid 
 the cheers and hearty good wishes of thousands of citizens wiio 
 had assembled to bid him farewell and God speed on his tour 
 through the Province. , • ^ t ■ 
 
 Early in the ensuing year (1861) the Governmcntcensus returns 
 were published, and tjhowed the po[)ula'i^ n of the city to be 
 21,449 males and- 22.974 females, making a total of 44,428, being 
 an increase of l;-},072 over 1852, or rather more tlian 44 per 
 cent., and over 185G an increase of 2,065. The number of 
 empty houses in the city at this time amounted to not less than 
 800. The increase from 1856 was not so great as had been ex- 
 pected, but this may be accounted for from the fact that a period 
 of depression had iiitervened, and, further, that the removal of 
 the r^eat of Government, together with the greater portion of the 
 troops formerly stationed here, with their wives and families, 
 would account for a loss of population of nearly 8,000. • 
 
 In 1865 four steamers were owutd in the city having a gross 
 tonnage of 1,278 tons, and seven barcjuvs with a m. \sarement of 
 1,728 tons ; the schooners owned by citizens numbered 19, with 
 2.811 tons nu'asurement. A very 'iirge number of yachts and 
 skiffs were also owned in Toronto. 
 
 The year 1866 opmied with every sign of prosperity for tho 
 city, but rumours of an intended invasion of Fcniciis at times 
 caused some little anxiety among tho citizens, though they never 
 attached much importance to the loud and braggart boastings 
 of the danger awaiting Canada, which at times appeared in some 
 of the American prints. The citizens of the Queen City 
 felt the same conlidcnce as was felt throughout Ciinada, 
 being conscious of titeir ability to quickly remove from Canadian 
 soil any invaders that might make a temporary landing thereon. 
 
 After several false alarms it became known on Thursday after- 
 noon, May 31st, that tho Queen's Own Hegiment of volunteers 
 
 139 
 

 li 
 
 hai] roceivecl orclers to hold themselves in readiness for service, 
 and on Friday morning they were despatcliod by the steamer 
 City uif Toronto to Port Colborue, in which vicinity it was 
 tliought their services might be required. Early the same fore- 
 noon the battery of the Royal Horse Artillery left by the Great 
 Western Eailway for St. f 'herines. About noon Her Majesty's 
 47th Eegiraent, then static cd in Toronto, were ordered to the 
 Gren,t Western Railway station and also despatched to St. 
 Catherines, and the 10th Royal Volunteers were also despatched 
 during the afternoon by the same route to St. Catlierines. The 
 excitement in the city was intense when it Oi-came known that 
 the Feniiins had crossed the frontier at Fort Erie, opposite 
 Buffalo, and the generally expressed wish was that the citizen sol- 
 diers might -speedily have the pleasure of driving them off our 
 aoil. The utmost eagerness was displayed by the citizens of all 
 ranks to assist the authorities by every possible means in pro- 
 moting the comfort and welfare of the volunteers. A committee 
 was formed, and a pul)lie meeting called to organize a volunteer 
 relief fund to assist them and their families in any necessary 
 manner. 
 
 After the departure of the volunteers al. kinds of rumours 
 were flying about the city, and every scrap of news from the 
 front was greedily seized upon and discussed by the excited 
 citizens,. Never had such excitement been witnessed before, never 
 had such enthusiastic loyalty been displayed ; all classes vJ(vi 
 with each other in their efforts to promote the desired end — the 
 punishment of the raiders, and ridding the border of th(! ruffians 
 who had for a brief period encamped on Canadian soil. Tlie 
 rich gave largely of their substance, tlie poor gave what they 
 could spare ; young men were disappointed and gloomy who 
 could not get r<^'gister('d among tlie volunteers, or get a chance 
 of being sent to face the enemy. The devoti(m of Canada's sons 
 to their country was never mox*e warmly manifested. Young men 
 flocked from all parts of tlie United States to offer their services 
 to the Governnient, from Chicago alone, at tie first alarm, a 
 number made their way to Toronto, and who formed a company 
 
 140 
 
HISTOIJTCAIi. 
 
 c. themselves known as the Chicago Company. The Queen's Own 
 Rifles, who were sent to the front, deemed themselves very fortunate 
 at being selected for the dangerous work, and, on the other hand, 
 tlie members of the 10th Royals were gloomy and gave vent to 
 loud complaints at being kept in reserve. As an instance of the 
 readiness of the citizens to do their part of the work the follow- 
 ing incident will amply illustrate their loyalty and feelings 
 towards the volunteers. On Sunday, June 8rd, it was rumoured 
 that the Queen's Own Volunteers, then near Ridgeway, would 
 shortly be in want of provisions. A few citizens became aware 
 of the fact during the forenoon. A meeting was promptly called, 
 citizens were detailed to canvass among merchants and others 
 for supplies, and at two o'clock the steamer City of Toronto 
 sailed with the following free oiforings of the merchants contri- 
 buted in two or three hours time, viz. : 2 barrels of sugar, 2 
 barrels of pork, 1 barrel of tobacco, 8 boxes of tobacco, 2 boxes 
 of sundries, 9 boxes of cigars, V.)\ boxes of biscuits, 16 barrels 
 of biscuits, 41 barrels of bread. 9 boxes of cheese, 5 sides of 
 bacon, 6 tons of hams, 2 chests of tea, 1 case of matches, 3 
 cases of brandy, 2 cases of gin, 5 hogsheads of ale, 1 case of 
 glasses, 6 rol's of spiced bacon, 9 rolls of dried, beef, 1 bo:^ of 
 butter, 3 cases of coffee, a very large quantity of fresh meat 
 (about five tons), bacon, medicine, splints and surgical instru- 
 ments. The whole was given in charge of Messrs. C. W. Bun- 
 ting, John Boyd and John Leys, members of the Committee, and 
 for hours after the steamer had left the wharf, citizens poured 
 down Yongo street, bringing ivith them their contributions in 
 quantities sufficient to have supplied a small army. The prompt 
 response by the citizens to the supposed wants of the volunteers 
 showed the deep sympathy felt by all in Toronto with the brave 
 fellows who had so gallantly and so readily gone out to defend 
 their homes against the miscreant cx'ew, who had poured out of 
 the worst purlieus of the great cities and towns of the States. 
 During the evening of this eventful Sal)bath it became known 
 throughout the city that on her return trip the steamer would 
 bring back the dead and wounded from the affray at Ridgeway. 
 
 
lOlW^TO : PAST AND PRE&KNT. 
 
 The Ghihr thus descrihos the scene : — " The vessel was ex- 
 poctfcl to reach Yonge street wharf about 9.30 p.m. Long befoi-e 
 that hour, however, a continuous stream of iioople from every 
 qunrter of the city poured ah)ng our principal streets towards 
 the foot of Yonge street, the steamer's hinding place. A com- 
 mon impulse seemed to influence the public mind. Every inha- 
 bit'int seemed to experience an incuml)ent duty to render to the 
 dead and wounded representatives of our brave volunteers an 
 nnmistakahlo tribute of sympathy and gratitude. Eich and 
 poor, vigor and infirmity, budding youth and venerable old age, 
 were each and all represented in the dense crowd which occupied 
 every available standpoint of the approaches to the wharf on 
 •\ihieli tlie \e3S3l was to deposit our dead and maimed citizen 
 soldiers. Owing to unavoidable delay and an adverse wind tlu; 
 steamer did not reach her landing so early as was expected. 
 Towards nine o'clock, however, several hearses, and stretchers 
 borne hy soldiers of the 47th Regiment, were brought to the 
 wharf. A company of volunteers guarded the entrance to the 
 wharf. The police were actively engaged in keeping back the 
 more eager and curious of the crowd, while several members of 
 the medical profession were in ready attendance to render any 
 service in their power to the wounded passengers.' Before ten 
 o'clock she hove in sight, and shortly after came to her moor- 
 ings. We immediately went on board, and a sorry siiectaclo 
 met our gaze. At one end of the vessel lay arranged together 
 the rough colHns enclosing the dead. Near the other, laid on 
 couches and shakedowns, tenderly and thoughtfully cared for, 
 were the wounded. No word of complaint escaped them as 
 they were severally removed by strong arms and feeling hearts 
 to the cab or the stretcher as their ca'se might require. Ten 
 were severely wounded, and were carefully sent to tiie Jiospital ; 
 the remanider were sent to their respective homes. "While the 
 wounded were being thus disposed of the dead wei'e deposited in 
 liear:-es and carritdto their several destinations. The coffins in 
 wliich they vrere enclo.=ed were formed of roiigli pine timber, the 
 n^.nie of the sleeping c-ccupant bemg ohaiked on the cove . 
 
 142 
 
The names of the (load bvoiijj;lit to the city wore McEaehrcn, 
 ensign ; Aldorson, Tempest, Mackenzie, Dofries, one remains 
 unknown anrl unidentified. Mewburn was sem; to his father's 
 house at Htaiiif/ird on the way. The wounded were Captain 
 Jjousteau, Ensiyu Fftliey, Kingsford, liohhins, Vandersmisscn, 
 C. Patterson, T. Winter, Lackay, A. Elliott, J. Oulster, Jolm 
 White and McHiirdy, two being too ill to be removed being left 
 behind." It is unnceesf.iry on our part to "Hempt to eulogise 
 the conduct of our volunteers in the action with the Fenians, 
 wherein the above menti(mpd met witli their death and their 
 wounds. Rufficc it to say that they entered into action with a 
 keen steadiness worthy of veteran soldiers ; and it was evident, 
 had it not been f,)r somebody's blunder, they would have dis- 
 persed or captured the ruffian horde. The official report of 
 Colonel Booker, who was ohe officer in command, gi /es the facts 
 as follows : 
 
 " Sm, — I have the honor to report that in accordance witii 
 instructions received from Colonel Peacock through Captain 
 Akers I proceeded by train at 5 a.m. to-day to Piidgeway Station 
 on the Buffalo and Lake Huron Railroad with the Queen's Own 
 of Toronto, Major Gilmour, and 180 men of all ranks ; the York 
 Piifles, Captain Dennis ; the Caledonian Pities, Captain Jackson; 
 ond the 13th Battalion of Hamilton — together about 300 men — 
 total of all ranks, say about 840 men, in order to form a junction 
 with Colonel Peacock at Btevensville at 9 to 9.80 a.m. On 
 arriving at Pidgeway I sent the Great Western Pail way train 
 away, and aa I could not obtain a horse and waggon in the place 
 for the conveyance of the force I was compc^lled to leave without 
 the stores, and sent them back to Port Colborue at a little befori! 
 8 a.m. We were feeling our way on the Stevensville road and 
 were about three miles from tlust village when our advance guard 
 fs'lt the enemy. Major Gilmour extended the Queen's Own in 
 BAirmishing order in admirable style — the men advancing in 
 goo.l spirit. They were supported and relieved as required by 
 the Battalion of Hamilton and the rifle compniiivs of York and 
 C.ilulonia. After Major Gilmour had expended much ammuni- 
 
 II 
 
 H3 
 
■I >: .' 
 
 ^i t 
 
 
 ii 'I ;n 
 
 I.' 
 
 
 TORONTO : PAST AND PUESENT. 
 
 tion be reported to me that bis ammunition was failing. At 0.30 
 after bein" euctacjed under a hot fire for an bour and an half, I 
 observed tbe enemy throwing back bis right and reinforcing his 
 left flanlc. I immediately ordered up two companies in support 
 to counteract this movement. At this moment I received a tele- 
 gram from the hands of Mr. Storrer, Welland Railway, on tbe 
 field, informing me that Colonel Peacock could not leave Chip- 
 pewa before 7 o'clock instead of 5 a.m., the bour named by 
 Akers on his belialf. The enemy was strongly posted in tbe 
 woods on the west of the Garrison road, the road forming tbe 
 entrance as it were to a cul de sac. We outflanked him when he 
 brought up bis centre reserves and outflanked us. We drove 
 them in the first place over a mile, and held possession of the 
 rifle pits. A cry of cavalry from the front, and the i*etreat of a 
 number of men in our centre on the reserves caused me to form 
 a sfiuare and prepare to receive cavalry. This mistake originate d 
 fiom relieved skirmishers doubling back. I immediately re- 
 formed column, and endeavoured to deploy to the right. A panic 
 here seized our men, and I could not bring them again to the 
 frout. I regret to say we have lost several valuable officers and 
 men. I estimated the strength of the enemy as greater than 
 ours, and from the rapid firing they were evidently armed with 
 repeating rifles. 
 
 "I have, &c., 
 
 " (Signed) A. Bookeii, 
 "Lieutenant-Colonel Commanding Voluntver Militia." 
 On the return of the city volunteers they v.-ere received with 
 the utmost enthusiasm by the citizens. The following account 
 of their arrival is from the local press of June 19, 186G: — "The 
 galli it battalion (Queen's Own) reached this city about 4 o'clock 
 in the afternoon, and met with a noble recption, as may bo 
 imagined, by every one who has witnessed the enthusiastic admi- 
 ration excited by their gallant conduct only two short weeks ago. 
 Some idea of the eagerness of the citizens to do them honor 
 may bo gathered from the fact that an immense number of 
 people, of whom a large proportion were ladies, stood at the 
 
 144 
 
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 HISTORICAL. 
 
 Grand Trunk Station in a cold rain for nearly two hours, llie 
 train being delayed beyond the time lixed for its arrival. it 
 came at last, however, about 4 o'clock, with tiie looked for sol- 
 diers, who were greeted with round after round of cheers and 
 waving of handkerchiefs by the fair sex. The Ui)pcr Caiiadai 
 Colh'ge company, with their officers, Captain Fuller, Lieutenant 
 ^Yilson, and Ensign Murray, were drawn up on the platform and 
 presented arms when the train came in. A procession was then 
 formed, Captain Button's troop of Maikham Cavalry taking the 
 lead. The Ma3-or and members of the City Corporation followed^ 
 the band of the 47th came next, and the Queen's Own with the 
 York and Caledonia companies brought up the rear. In this onu-r 
 they marched to the drill shed, the splendid band of the I7tli 
 playing ' God Save the Queen,' ' See the Conquering Hero 
 Comes,' ' The British Grenadiers,' and other inspiriting airs 
 amid the continued cheering of the citizens, who surrounded and 
 followed the procession. Despite the most unpropitious weather, 
 with heavy rain and muddy streets, su(;h of the citizens as heard 
 of the arrival of the vohmtcers were determined to do ibem 
 honor, and they did so in a stylo most enthusiastic. The bells 
 rang out a joyful peal, every piece of bunting in the cit} was 
 displayed, making the streets gay with flags and streamers, and 
 the citizens turned out by thousands. York, King and Sin:!coe 
 streets — along the line of procv^ssion — were as completely 
 blocked up by crowds of pedestrians and crowds of ladies in 
 carriages as though the Mayor had prochiimed a general holi- 
 day — something which ho regratted being unable to do, not 
 having had intimation of the intended ariival of the volunteers 
 till the day was too far advinced to issue such a procUunation, 
 Tlie balconies of the houses idong the route, and, indeed, all the 
 available standpoints, were crowded with spe-^tators, who cheered 
 a!3;ain and again as the men mra'ched past to the drill slied. 
 Here the platform was already well li'led with ladies and gentle- 
 men, and their number was soon added to by the Mayor and 
 Corporation. General Napier, Dr. McCaul, and the Eehef Com- 
 mittee occupied the front seats. On the right of the platfori^ 
 
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 TOnONTO : PAST AND phesent. 
 
 t]:e thirl ba,ttalioii of volunteers, and on the loft the Chicago 
 Volunteers, in full uniform, and the Cohourg Eitles, were drawn 
 up in line with prssented arms. The Queen's Own and York and 
 Caledonia companies moved up the centre of the shed on their 
 arrival, and were again frequently cheered. The Queen's Own 
 woro their knapsacks and full marching equipments, with tlicir 
 hlankots disposed around them sashwise, and with various addi- 
 tions in the shapo of Fenian trophies. One of the boys had a 
 large tin kettle which he had carried oflf as a remembrance from 
 Lime Ridge, and which he held on to most determinately. The 
 offici rs having advanced to the front and saluted, General 
 Napier arose and addressed them, expressing his pleasure at 
 meeting them on their return home after eo short but decisive a 
 campaign. Alluding to the conduct of the Queen's Own and 
 thv") loth Battalion he said, 'had the advance been sounded in- 
 stead of the retreat you would single-handed have driven the 
 Fcn'anii before you that day. I may also take the opportunity 
 of staiinj that although from unforseen circumstances the mili- 
 tary did not come up in time to help you on that occasion, there 
 is yet no fooling of envy amongst them — they arc proud that the 
 volunteers should have been engaged in repelling the invasion.' 
 To show tho feeling animating the men the General instanced 
 the case of a youth named McKenzie, who, ^\hen lying sick 
 fiom hip wounds at St. Catharines, on being pitied for being 
 under fiie so young, replied that he was a man — he was sixteen 
 ycar3 old — and was roady to light again the moment he got v/eli. 
 Continuing, General Napier added, ' with this spirit animating 
 mere youths I nood hardly say that let the enemy be who ho 
 may, ho has no chance of conquering Canada.'" 
 
 The 10th Royals Regiment also arrived in Toronto the same 
 night, but in consequence of the lateness of their arrival, and it 
 not being generally known that they were coming, they wei'G not 
 met with the same d(>monstrations as were their comrades in 
 arms of the Queen's Own. 
 
 The sanitary condition of tlie city at this time began to 
 attract tho attention of our city fathers; after the outbreak of 
 
 146 
 
I — 
 
 HISTOUICAIi. 
 
 the cholera in 184\> life and vigoj- had been infused into this 
 depai'tinout of the City Council's work. New sewers were con- 
 Etructo.l, new (ira.ins built, inspection was occasionally made, bui, 
 in ;i tew years the sanitary affairs of the city began to be ne- 
 {i;Iected and no attention paid to its v/auts or requirements, until 
 in 1866 the miserable drainage, bad air, bad water, filth, dirt and 
 refuse of the worst kind appeared to invite disease. The state of 
 one of the sireets in the very centre of the city was thus described, 
 "You enter a house from the front door and find yoursoh in a 
 room twelve by fourteen feet, in which are huddled together, as 
 if they are frightened to look on their foUow-creatures, a man, 
 J.VO women, three boys, and a couple of young specimens of the 
 genus homo in arms. The stove is almost redden'^d with heat, 
 the room is fumigated with fumes of the mid-day meal, whijh is 
 in course of preparation, the walls are so black that one would 
 think sablo was their original colour, and on the back door being 
 opened to admit one to the yard, the stench from the pig p^n 
 within three feet of the back door, is so foul that you could cut 
 it with a knife. In another yard we have a pig pen four feet six 
 inches square, with a couple of feet thick with offal, filth, dung 
 and manure, and no less than five pigs lying snorting and 
 snoring witbiu it. Going further down the same street the 
 visitor sees in every yard and closet the same accumulations. 
 Near Nelson street, on the south side of Stanley street, we have 
 a house, thr rear room of which is occupied by a brigade of pigs. 
 The next room (Avitli a doorway between the two) a few feet from 
 this nest of filth, the residents of the bouse use as a cooking, 
 eating and sleepiiig room. Just fancy the sickening odour of a 
 pig pen curling through the cracks of the door and windii^g 
 around the kitchen stove and dinner table ! " Near the corner 
 of George and Duchess streets " we have a sink of dor.th and 
 disease in a place called Jiethune's Lane or Fish Alley, where, in 
 a former year, during the heavy rage of cholera, every resident 
 was afflicted, and the dead cart a daily visitant. This lane con- 
 t.:inB nine apologies for houses, and is inhabited by about fifty 
 Bouls. There are no back yards to these miserable hovels, and 
 
 H7 
 
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 §^ 
 
 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 
 
 bIo s, filth and dirt are thrown out in front of tlie doors. At 
 one end of the lane the necessary is in a fearful state, and it is 
 credihiy believed that a well, situated a short distance from it, 
 receives the sewage, and that it was to residents drinking this 
 water in 1854 the severe attack of cholera in that quarter was 
 attributed." 
 
 Pine street is another bad street in the city for cow pens, and 
 in these there is not the slightest attempt at cleanliness. 
 Quoen street, east of Parliament, is another locale of pifj pens 
 and cow sheds, and on Queen street, opposite Cooke's Church, 
 can be seen a dwelling house, the cellar of which is used as a 
 stable for three cows and a horse, and the effluvia from which 
 must find its way into the rooms above, occupied by human 
 beings. Coming further west an examination of the premises 
 within eyesight of the City Hall will show how dilatory those 
 whose duty it is to inspect the city have been in their aties. In 
 the rear of the buildings on Palace street, where decent citizcna 
 are supposed to live, will bo found overloaded necessaries, and 
 filth of every kind, which ought to put decent men to shame. 
 Take a glance at the western part of the city, and in the rear of 
 buildings on the west side of Yoik street, between rachmond and 
 Adelaide streets, the same story will be found of filthy places. 
 Walk as far as Dumraer street. Look in the rear of Dead- 
 beat Lane and " Whiskey Alley," and go through a passage three 
 feet wide, and have a look at " Hole in the Wall." In this 
 latter, which is situate on the west side of Dummer street, we 
 find ourselves in a room eight by ten feet, the entrance being by 
 a half door, and the light coming through an old fashioned case- 
 ment window, which has not been cleaned since the building 
 was erected fifteen years ago. In one corner is a dilapi(latcd 
 looking stove, with a pot full of dirty water, attempting to boil 
 by the feeble aid of a few hardwood chips. On a chair minus a 
 leg and back, is seated a youth about ten years of ago, half clad 
 and holding two benumbed hands over the flickering embers nt 
 the half -lighted chips ; a little girl is nestling in a corner of the 
 room on a quantity of dirty straw, half covered with a torn 
 
 148 
 
counterpane, and both are anxiously awaiting the return of tlieir 
 mother, who is out beggirg a morsel; their father is an inmate 
 of the gaol, and when ho is not working for the good of the 
 city he is sawing wood for any citizen who will give him a job. 
 
 If the east end of the city can clairn the premium for dirt, 
 f'ltli, cow sheds and pig pens, the west certainly can follow ciose 
 in its wake. Eenfrcw street, around St. Patrick's Market, 
 Maple Lane, near Phoebe Street school house, where hundreds of 
 children are daily congregated ; Grog Lane, Centre Street, and 
 some i)arts of Brock Street, ^vcre also named as being in a dis- 
 graceful condition, 
 
 On Saturday, the 2nd of October, 18G9, His Eoyal Highness 
 Prince /.rthur, amid the peal of bells, firing of cannon, cheers 
 of the populace, and general enthusiasm and rejoicing, arrived 
 at Toronto. Nine years previously the Prince of Wales had 
 visited Toronto, and he was greeted with a reception such as 
 never before had been accorded to any visitor to the capital of 
 Western Canada, but now the young Prince was received with 
 even greater demonstrations 'f public favor and public joy. 
 Sincc) the last preceding Royal visit the city had grown wealthier 
 and larger, and freely did the citizens spend of their wealth in 
 giving' a loyal greeting to a popular son of a beloved Sovereign. 
 His progress from the Depot to the City Hall was one continued 
 popular ovation, so earnest, so hearty, so wildly joyful, that the 
 Prince himself at last could not restrain his feelings. 
 
 Some cliglit idea of the enthusiastic progress of Prince 
 Arthur through the city may be gathered from the following ex- 
 tiact from the Globe of Monday, October 4th, 18G9: — " J -at at 
 starting a great rush was made for the Prince's carriage, but 
 was chocked by the mounted bodyguard, and the Prince 
 graciously acknowledged the people's enthusiasm and smilingly 
 raised his hat, and looked pleasantly around, and the cheer grew 
 to a roar, which continued almost without ceasing as far as the 
 second arch on the route. As the Prince passed the arch on the 
 corner of Queen and Yonge streets one deafening cheer was 
 raised, which was taken up by the people on King street west 
 
 149 
 
and echoed b}- the multitude on Yonge street nortli and King 
 street east, thousands of handkerchiefs waving, hats and caps 
 tossi'd into the air, flags frantically bobbing up and down, here 
 gave a new and more enthusiastic character to the scene. The 
 I'rince at this point appeared considerably moved by the 
 spectacle, and, turning the corner of King and Yonge streets, 
 thoughtfully regarded the signs of welcome, so a1)iindantly visible 
 in each direction from this point, with much ai)parent surprise 
 and admiration. Coming to the Globe office — which was perhaps 
 for profusion, number, and appropriateness of decorations and 
 inscripticms the most attractive spot in the city, and faced by 
 the establishment of Messrs. Walkers (" The Golden Lion ") 
 which, if not so appropriately decorated, at least showed au 
 extraordinarily attractive display — thei'e was a momentary stop- 
 page, and the pause was seized upon by the crowd to cheer and 
 cheer again, till the Prince almost laughed outright with excess 
 of pleasure. * * * ^g w^q procession neared the Cathe- 
 dral the chimes rang out the National Anthem. The eflfect was 
 magical; hats were removed and many eyes were wet with 
 honest tears of affection and memories of ciij dear old home 
 beyond the seas, and the Prince himself, after a vain but per- 
 fectly visible attempt to control his feelings gave way to the scene 
 and appe;ired perfectly overcome. The balconies of St. Law- 
 rence Hall were crowded dangerously, and the cheering at this 
 point was very great. At the south-east corner of the Market 
 square the Fire Brigade with their engines were drawn up in 
 extended order on either side of the road, and as His Royal 
 Highness passed three mighty cheers were raised which could 
 only come from British throats. Facing the City Hall were 
 two companies of the Queen's Own as a bodyguard, and here 
 the Prince descended from his carriage. * * * From the 
 City Hall he vent to the Government House, amidst the same 
 scenes, and received with the same wo.rm greetings as on his pro- 
 gress to the City Hall." It is said that upwards of 50,000 per- 
 sons were on the streets along the route of the procession to the 
 Government House. 
 
 150 
 
 >» 
 
niflTORICATj, 
 
 An event of no little importance, tending to promote the com- 
 mercial prosperity of the city, was inaugurated hy the Prince, 
 namely, the cutting of the first sod of the Toronto, Grey and 
 Bruce llaihvay. This took place at Weston on Tuesday, the 5t]i 
 of Oetohor, and hero an incident took place quite cliaracteristic 
 of Prince Artliur's manliness. He had been asked to cut the 
 first sod of the new railway, which he consented to do. On his 
 arrival at Weston a beautifully silver plated spade was presented 
 to him, and a small square sod, which had previously been cut 
 and placed in position, in the centre of which was a miniature 
 Union Jack, was pointed out to him. Placing the spade under 
 the sod it vas quickly transferred to a, very handsome barrow 
 beside him. After completing this slight task he looked for a 
 moment wistfully at the crowd surrounding him, and again 
 seizing the spade drove it into the bright green turf, intending 
 to cut out a sod himself, but the turf -was tough and hard, the 
 spade also was more ornamental than useful, and though he 
 worked with his hands for a few moments with right good will, the 
 turf showed no signs of yielding, until at last a Weston farmer, 
 who was standing near by, said, " Use your feet. Prince, use 
 your feet, and it will come all right." Laughingly, the Prince 
 took the hint, and using his feet in good navvy-like fashion soon 
 drove the spade through the turf, and cut a sod worthy of a 
 regular laborer, wiiich, .lifting into the barrow, he swiftly 
 wheeled to its appointed place. Thus did he inaugiu'ate one 
 of the first narrow gauge railways in the Province ; a railway 
 which has opened out a new and rich district to the cit}' mci- 
 chants, and placed within easy reach of the farmers, through a 
 large section of country, a ready market for their grain and 
 other produce. 
 
 The road was opened to Orangeville, a distance of forty-nine 
 miles from the city, on the 3rd of November, 1871, amidst the 
 congratulations of the citizens. During the fall of this same 
 year the Toronto and Nipissing Railway was also opened as far 
 as Uxbridge. These two narrow gauge railways have un- 
 doubtedly done much to increase the trade of the city. 
 
 151 
 
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 TORONTO : PAST \ND PHRSKN'T. 
 
 In the general election of members for the second parliament 
 of the Ontario Logislature the Hon. Adam Crooks was first 
 returned to the House of Assembly as member for West Toronto, 
 and who, by his talents and sterling integrity, soon commended 
 himself to the leaders of the Reform party in the Local House, 
 and upon the defeat of the Sandlield Macdonald administration 
 Mr. Crooks accepted the office of Provincial Secretary in the 
 Blake-Mackenzie ministry. Ho afterwards became Provincial 
 Treasurer, and on the re-arrangement of the Educational De- 
 partment of the Province he became the first Minister of Edu- 
 cation for the Province of Ontario, which portfolio he now holds 
 along with that of Provincial Treasurer. 
 
 During the years 187"2, 1873 and 1874 the city enjoyed a 
 most remarkable cycle of prosperity in all branches of trade and 
 commerce, the population increasing about twelve thousand 
 and the assessments of the city property I'ising from $3'2,467,772 
 to ^43,402,512 ; some of the finest churches and other build- 
 ings in the city being erected during this period. 
 
 The city was the scene of considerable rioting during Sunday 
 afternoon, September 2Gth and October 4th, arising from a pro- 
 cession of the Roman Cc'tholics in celebration of the Jubilee. 
 It appears that once every twenty-five years the Roman Cathuiic 
 Church holds a jubilee, but in consequence of the disturbed 
 state of Europe in 1850 no jubilee was held by the Church. 
 Formerly one of the conditions to gain Jubilee indulgences was 
 to visit Rome, but in this year the Pope announced that indul- 
 gences would be given to any one visiting four different churches 
 on three consecutive Sundays in procession with three other 
 parishes. In Toronto two of the parishes performed the requi- 
 site procession or pilgrimage in July last without molestation. 
 The other three parishes, St. Basil's, St. Patrick's and St. 
 Paul's, postponed the pilgrimage on account of the heat of the 
 weather. They had their processions arranged for the same 
 three Sundays, and the first of these took place on the 19th of 
 St-ptember and passed off without any disturbance. The second 
 took place on the 2Gth, when the Jubilee procession in couucc- 
 
 152 
 
tion with St. Paul's parish, on returning from St. Patrick's 
 Chapel on Wiiliam street, was met at the iutersectioii of Queen 
 street and Spailina avenue with a shower of stones from a 
 large crowd of thoughtless young men and women. The 
 police made a dash at the assailants and drove them off, hut 
 throughout the line of march from here to St. "Mary's Church 
 en Bathurst street, stone throwing was continued. Almost the 
 whole of the police, consisting of detachments from Stations 
 Nos. 1 and 2, were wounded. A very strong feeling was aroused 
 hy this proceeding, the Koman Catholics insisting upon their 
 right to walk in puhlic procession, while, on the other side, 
 the Orangemen of the city met in puhlic meeting, and called 
 upon the Mayor to prevent the i)rocession taking place 
 the following Sahhath, hut the Mayor had no power to do 
 so, though he requested the Archhishop to countermand the 
 procession, as he could not guarantee to keep the peace. On 
 Sunday, the 3rd of October, a section of the Roman Catholic 
 pilgrims assembled at St. Paul's Church, Power street, and 
 having formed a procession, marched up to St. Michael's Cathe- 
 dral by way of Queen street. The procession included a large 
 number of women. They, however, carried no banners, Hags, or 
 regalia of any kind, and marched along in the most quiet and 
 inoffensive manner. 
 
 A vast crowd had collected outside the Cathedral, and the pil- 
 grims were allowed to enter without any hindrance. While the 
 procession was in the Cathedral the entire poHce force, under 
 the command of Major Draper, the Chief Constable, was drawn 
 up at the entrance to the Cathedral. About half-past three the 
 procession left the Cathcvlral, and, headed by a squad of police, 
 moved along Shuter street amid the yells and hootings of the 
 large mob. Just as the foremost ranks reached the corner of 
 Church and Queen streets a perfect volley of stones came upon 
 tliem from Queen street. A halt was made, the police charging 
 upon the rioters, who were soon driven off. This was repeated 
 several times before the procession made any further progress. 
 The procession moved down Church street to Adelaide street, 
 
 153 
 

 iHWi 
 
 TOnONTO : PAST AND PHESKXT. 
 
 wlioro btones were incessantly thrown, and at the corners of Bay, 
 Urock aiul Bathurst streets the same scones occurred, hut at the 
 hitter place the riot assumed the most serious aspect; revolvers 
 were freely used, thv, fight between tho police and the crowd 
 beiu^ kept up for a considerable time. 
 
 The police, during the whole time the processionists were 
 passing along the streets, sustained the brunt of the fight with 
 the opposing crowd, and though more than half the entir> force 
 were severely wounded, yet their coolness, bravery and self- 
 restraint excited the admiration of all spectators. Though the 
 riots were a disgrace to the city it is a matter for congratulation 
 that mob law did not prevail, for, though under difficulty, the 
 pilgrimage was made from and to the points intended. 
 
 The year 1875 was marked by considerable commercial depres- 
 sion, the prosperity of the city being, for the moment, oversha- 
 dowed by the commercial failures in all parts of the Dominion, 
 and the general stagnation of trade in all branches being 
 severely felt by the working classes, who thus found their usual 
 income much lessened, and in many cases privation and suffer- 
 ing was the result, but in this hour of trial, the wealthy gave of 
 their abundance to assist the needy, and thus much distress was 
 alleviated. Though Toronto felt the great wave of trade depres- 
 sion, which swept, not alone over the Dominion of Canada, but 
 almost over the entire civilised world, the effects were not so 
 much felt as in most other cities and towns on the Continent. 
 The trade failures, depreciation of property of all kinds, closing 
 of works, manufactories, &c., were not so great proportionably 
 in Toronto as in New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago and 
 other cities in the United States, or as in Montreal or Quebec in 
 Canada. 
 
 It must be a matter of deep congratulation to all lovers of law 
 and order to find that, notwithstanding the increased want and 
 privation caused by the duluess of trade, that the criminal sta- 
 tistics of the city showed a decrease in the number of prisoners 
 committed during the year, as also a decrease of crime, the 
 number of prisoners committed to gaol being eighty-four less 
 
 154 
 
HISToniCAL. 
 
 th.an in the preceding year, added to which another cause of 
 congratulation is afforded in the hirge increase in the attend- 
 ance of children at the public schools. 
 
 No better evidence of the improved moral tone of the city can 
 be afforded tlian these few facts. When it is remembered that the 
 number of committals to gaol in this city twenty years ago were 
 nearly as many in number as during the past year, the citizens 
 of the Queen City may look forward to the future with brij^ht 
 hopes that with the clearing away of the present cloud the future 
 prospects of the city will be more solid, more rapid, and more 
 real ; and it is satisfactory to know that even now indications are 
 abundant of returning prosperity. Business men, merchants 
 and manufacturers speak of having better returns and a more 
 healthful feeling. The demand for labour of all kinds is becom- 
 ing more active. New buildings are springing up, new works 
 are opening, and on all sides the near approach of renewed pros- 
 perity for the Queen City is abundant — a prosperity that appears 
 destined ere long to place her in trade and commerce as the 
 very first citv of the Dominion. 
 
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TOPOOnAPHlOAL. 
 
 T0P0QF{APHICAL. 
 
 ORONTO, the Queen City of the West, capital of 
 Ontario, and one of the most flourishing and popu- 
 lous cities in the Dominion of Canada, is situate on 
 a gently- sloping plain on the northern shore of Lake Ontario, 
 340 miles west-south-west of Montreal, 500 miles from Quebec, 
 38 miles from the mouth of the Niagara River, and 500 miles 
 from New York. It is in latitude 43° 49' 4" north, and longitude 
 79° 71' 5" west, or five hours, seventeen minutes and twenty se- 
 conds slower time than at Greenwich, England. A handsome bay 
 forms the southern front or boundary of the city, and is entered 
 by a narrow opening at the western end about half a mile in 
 width, and is separated from the lake by a semi-oircular island, 
 running for about three miles in front of the city, enclosing a 
 beautiful basin about a mile and a half in diameter, forming 
 a safe and well sheltered harbour, capable of containing '^ 
 lavge number of vessels. ; * , ■; v- • 
 
 Though not picturesque, the situation of the city is very 
 pleasing and agreeable, and peculiarly favorable to commerce, 
 comfort and health. The site is somewhat low, but rises gently 
 from the water's edge, the observatory, about a mile distant from 
 the lake, being 108 feet above the water level, and Bloor street, 
 two miles distant, being over 140 feet above the level of the lake. 
 The city generally is built of white brick of a soft and pleasing 
 tint, but very freely intermingled with structures of stone, iron 
 and granite. Its streets are spacious, well laid out, regularly 
 built, and cross each other at right angles, some almost running 
 parallel with the Bay, and intersected with others which have a 
 north and south direction, inclining slightly to the west, the 
 whole forming nearly a parallelogram. The principal streets 
 running east and west in the denser portions of the city are 
 Front, Wellington, King, Richmond, Adelaide and Queen streets, 
 
 t57 
 
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 ToaoNTO: ehBi and present. 
 
 and the cross streets, running north from the Bay, are Yonge, 
 Church, Jarvis, Bay, Yoi'k and Simcoe streets. Th3 two main 
 thoroughfares of the city are King and Yonge streets, which 
 divide it into four large sections. King street runs from the 
 eastern hmits of the city to the western portion, where H is 
 blocked by the Crystal Palace grounds, a distance of over four 
 miles. It is sixty-six feet wide, and well built u^i with substan- 
 tiil briclc and stoue buildings, some of them equal to any on the 
 American continent. Some of them, such as those of Messrs. 
 E. "Walker and Sons, and John Kay, in drygoods ; Hay's furni- 
 ture warehouse, Hunter's photographic estabUshment ; Mason, 
 Eisch and Ncwcombe's piano warehouse, and others, for variety 
 and value of stock, elegant show rooms, fitt^'ngs, &c., and 
 external appearance, rival those of Eegent street, London, 
 England. 
 
 Yonge street runs from the Bay almost due north to Holland 
 Landing, Lake Simcoe, a distance of over thirty miles. The 
 lower portion of the street from the Bay to King street is com- 
 posed almost exclusively of warehouses, banks, &c., while above 
 King p'reet, to the northern limits of the cit^' (a distance of 
 over two miles) it is almost an unbroken line of retail shops of 
 every description, and is perhaps the busiest business street in 
 the city. It is the great leading thoroughfare of the north, 
 giving to the farmers, on th?* rich lands laying betNvecn the 
 two lakes, direct access to the chief shipping point of Ontario. 
 Front and Wellington streets are mainly built up with wholesale 
 houses of every description. Queen street is the main artei-y of 
 the city from the western districts, and for upwards of three 
 miles is closely built up with stores and private dwellings. 
 Many of the streets occupied by the private dwellings of 
 the merchants and the business men of the city present a 
 very pleasing and attractive apjiearaiico. Such streets as 
 Jarvis, Sherbourne, Church, Simcoe, Wilton Crescent, Gcr- 
 rard, Carlton, Welleslcy, and others, being mainly built up with 
 fine blocks or detached villas and in almost every instance they 
 are fronted or surrounded with garden lots carefully cultivatv-d 
 
 158 
 
 
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 and protected from the street tuuruiiglifare by ornamental 
 railings of iron or wooL Outside of these is a wide sidewalk, 
 along which runs a strip of grass p]ot from six to twelve feet 
 wide, protected from the roadway by posts, with suspended 
 chains^ being placed at equal distances along the length of 
 the street. This arrangement, with the shade trees planted 
 along the sidewalks, gives to many of the streets of the city 
 a " boulevard " appearance, and affords a pleasant promenade 
 to visitors and residents during the summer mc^aths. 
 
 Man'^ of the private dwellings of the citizens are quite 
 palatial in their outward aspect and their interior structure. 
 The warehouses, financial institutions, and public buildings are 
 of remarkably substantial workmanship, and many of them 
 exceedingly beautiful in architectural design. In fact, few, if 
 any, cities on the American continent can boast of finer build- 
 ings devoted to business purposes than such as the Custom 
 House, Post Office, the warehouses of John Macdonald, Tliomas 
 May and Co., Lyman Bros, and Co., Biitish America Insuranca 
 office, the Toronto Bank, and the Bank of Ontario. 
 
 But the especial pride and glory of Toronto is in her 
 churches and educational institutions, for, compared with cities 
 of shnilar age and population, she stands acknowledging no 
 rival She boasts of eighty churches, many of them, such 
 as St. James's Episcopal Cathedral, ^letropolitan Methodist 
 C'.iurch, new St. Andrew's Presbyterian Church, Jarvis street 
 Baptist Church and St. Michael's Roman Catholic Cathedral, 
 are magnificent specimens of church architecture, and monu- 
 ments of Christian munificence. In her educational establish- 
 ments Toronto stands second to none on this side of the Atlantic, 
 the University College buildings being one of the finest and most 
 imposing specimens of massive Norman architecture in America, 
 and the Normal School buildings and grounds being one of the 
 most attractive spots in the city. The assessed value of the 
 churches, religious and educational institutions of the city is over 
 five millions of dollars. 
 Numerous charitable and religious institutions are also to 
 
 »59 
 
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 r»Sia 
 
 5"' 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 r; 
 
 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 
 
 be found in all parts of the city. It is the seat of law and Pro- 
 vincial Govornraent, and the head-quarters of the Educational 
 Department of Ontario. The principal buildings in connection 
 with these departments are handsome structures, the internal 
 finish and arrangement of Osgoode Hall, especially, being 
 remarkably fine. It is also the headquarters of the princi- 
 pal financial institutioas of the Province, The head offices of 
 nine banks, with an aggregate capital of $15,000,000, and 
 having eighty-one branches (in the Province and United 
 States) are situate here, and there are also six branches of 
 banks having head offices in other cities. Ten insurance com- 
 panies (eight fire and marine and two life) have their head offices 
 here, some of them transacting a very extensive business in the 
 United States. Eleven building and investment societies, 
 with an aggregate capital of $5,000,000, and having over 
 $10,000,000 assets, also have their homes in Toronto, The 
 total capital of the local banks, insurance companies, building 
 and loan societies exceeds $25,000,000. 
 
 The manufacturing interests of the city are varied. Several 
 extonsive iron and stove foundries, engineering establishments, 
 car building works, piano and organ factories, paper mills, car- 
 riage factories, soap works, boot and shoe factories, breweries, 
 spice mills, a woollen mill, the largest cabinet factory in 
 the Dominion, and the largest distillery in the world, are 
 situate here. Toronto is rapidly becoming the literary metro- 
 polis of the Dominion : over forty newspapers and periodicals 
 are published within its limits, namely, four dai^y and fifteen 
 weekly, the rest monthly, semi-monthly, or quarterly, its daily 
 press circulating throughout the entire Dominion, and exerting 
 considerable influence in the political, commercial and socirJ 
 community. Some of the largest and most enterprising pub- 
 lishers on the continent carry on their business in Toronto. 
 
 Five lines of railways run into the city, connecting with all 
 places of importance on the American continent, and other lines 
 are now in process of construction. First class passenger 
 steamers also run during the season to all the principal 
 
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 ling 
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 lall 
 
 ml 
 
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 I . y i 
 
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 m 
 
 
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 ■ 
 
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TOi'OOKAl'HICAL. 
 
 points Oil' tho lake ami portR on the 8t. Lawrom'.e lUvei. At 
 pic'seiit Toronto has within \U limits 859 public streets, cottt.ain- 
 ing filjout '21-0 iniUs of .sidesvalkt, upvrHyu^ of 1 4,000 privati' 
 .uijil piihh" hiiildings, with a p'' .ilstion of n«ar 70.000 sojjIh. 
 Ihc lafahie assripsmt-nt'^ of tix'; *';';'• propt^rt'', 'or ti.^' pi'CHO'nt 
 yeai- uniouut to ovoi ^56,000,000. 
 
 Though youuj^ iu yeurs, Tovuuto s:. \ii:^ort)i?> ,») i-^?. j^ro'^vth, 
 oxteiidiug it*^ honlei'H on all sifh'^-. .ui.l !'r5|H<l]v u.i>d>->i-i?<nnji,> a 
 triiiir>forui!itit.!i which is fast [iJiH-in;:; it, in ih-t fnrftnu-vt viAuk 
 o.i cities fi*)t(;d Cor ttieir wealtli aud beaut). N»'.«* strct-ts. wit'> 
 lar}:';er, iicJiidsonui) , aivi i!ii\ic M-L.'sr,!y !(iijl(unj;f5. i;;r<- rapidly 
 spnrij^ing tip; stole and ^rrunitt .structures mv' replasnug rhost 
 of fraaio and hviclc : and ►'vidi no(>H of ijuproventeiit jji uow 
 i)i.iildings. biroi^to, r>a.d\v:iyH and parkw, ar*:" seen in all 
 direetiojis. New puri<h fi.-( lK<ing laid out. htvfiutH aro bcin;^ 
 eonverted into l.'oulevaids. .so llnvC with end! succeHaive si:ft- 
 tion Torotito ir. Ixcf u;iaL' nior..' and moro worthv *.d' its rovai 
 iiod j>r;>ud (h^t^i^'iuition nf Quei.ti City cf the West. 
 
 ^^ 
 
 i. 
 
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 l! 
 
 si 
 
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r rsr-af ^■:3t:iT-,;:;it.---2ccaa=35»B-- ?B?j»ioa*!K;3r^ 
 
 W' 
 
 **• 
 
 «s 
 
 iterrts^: 
 
 
 ■:??iSSy-fi'J :;i^"^'.c;;:rx:i:: 
 
TOPOGRAPHICAL. 
 
 points on the lake and ports on the St. Lawrence River. At 
 present Toronto has within its hmits 359 public streets, contain- 
 ing about 240 miles of sidewalks, upwards of 14,000 private 
 and public buildings, with a population of near 70,000 souls. 
 The ratable assessments of the city property for the present 
 year amount to over $56,000,000. 
 
 Though young in years, Toronto is vigorous in its growth, 
 extending its borders on all sides, and rapidly undergoing a 
 transformation which is fast placing it in the foremost rank 
 of cities noted for their wealth and beauty. New streets, with 
 larger, handsomer, and more costly buildings, are rapidly 
 springing up ; stone and granite structures are replacing those 
 of frame and brick ; and evidences of improvement in new 
 buildings, streets, roadways and parks, are seen in all 
 directions. New parks are being laid out, sti'eets are being 
 converted into boulevards, so that with each successive sea- 
 son Toronto is becoming more and more worthy of its royal 
 and proud designation of Queen City of the West. 
 
 i6i 
 
 J 
 
 i 
 
 'i!li 
 
 II 
 
 i! 
 
 1 1 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
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 : 
 
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CLIMATE. 
 
 Clijviate. 
 
 LTHOUGH the temperature of Toronto is colder than 
 the normal ' mperature of this parallel, the climate is 
 remarkably pleasant and salubrious, ameliorated, no 
 doubt considerably, by the equalising influence of the great 
 lake which bounds us on the south. The mean temperature for 
 the six months commencing with April, and including our 
 warmest summer months, is four and a half degrees below the 
 average temperature of the same six months in the same 
 parallel of latitude, while the otter six months, in which are in- 
 cluded our coldest winter months, are nine and a half degrees 
 below the normal temperature of the parallel, making an ave- 
 rage of six degrees colder than the normal temperature, taking 
 the entire year round. The mean temperature, as furnished by 
 tlie Observatory from 1840 to 1876 inclusive, was 44"07 degrees. 
 The greatest heat has not exceeded 100 degrees in the shade ; 
 the cold has been known to descend as low as twenty-five 
 degrees below zero, but only at very long intervals (once in 
 18G5). It seldom descends lower than twenty degrees below 
 zero, and then for a very brief period. Tho atmosphere is pure 
 and transparent, free from sultry oppressive heat in our warmest 
 summer months, and from raw, humid frigidity in winter. 
 
 After the hottest days of summer the evening air is fresh and 
 genial. There is nothing, perhaps, which ho soon or so deeply 
 impresses the stranger from Great Britain on his first arrival 
 among us as the purity of the atmosphere, the deep azure of 
 our morning sky, or the soft and silvery brilliancy of our moon- 
 light. When it draws towards the end of October the foliage of 
 the shade trees in our streets and avenues changes its summer 
 hues and assumes the most brilliant autumnal tints, and then it 
 is that we see Nature in her richest and most glorious dress — 
 
 163 
 
iill 
 
 n 
 
 «!« 
 
 
 p. 
 
 1 
 
 i i 
 
 i 
 
 \ i 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 » 
 
 TOKONTU : PA8T AND PUE8ENT. 
 
 yellow, red, gi-een, purple and brown, in varied shades, are all 
 sweetly blended, imparting to our woodland scenery a most 
 peculiur charm. The Indian summer, that mystic period so sacred 
 to the legends of our country, comes on apace. The name " Indian 
 Summer " ir given to a few days, generally about the beginning 
 of November, which are characterised by a soft and baimy 
 atmosphere of a peculiar hazy cast. The fine, golden-fringed, 
 opal-tinted clouds, which surround the sun as he sinks below the 
 horizon on a summer night, lose their brilliant transparency, 
 and are changed by the haze of the atmosphere into a dull 
 orange color. Sometimes they have the appearance of layers of 
 strata ranged one above another, and so finely and delicately 
 pencilled, that but for the rays of the setting sun striking upon 
 them through the soft haze they could not be discerned. There 
 is nothing positive in connection with the Indian sumiber. It 
 may occur in some years very markedly, and in others so much 
 less so as scarcely to be appreciable ; and had not the name 
 been established and surrounded with many pleasing fancies of 
 the aborigines would pass by unnoticed. 
 
 . Tempeuature. , ^ 
 
 
 J875- 
 
 1874. 
 
 l873. 
 
 Average of 
 
 E.Ttremes. 
 
 
 
 
 
 35 years. 
 
 
 
 " 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mean tempera- 1 
 ture of the year ) 
 
 4077 
 
 44'30 
 
 42-94 
 
 4408 
 
 46-36 in '46 
 
 40-77 in 1875 
 
 Warmest month ... 
 
 July 
 
 July 
 
 July 
 
 July 
 
 July, 1868 
 
 Aug. 1*60 
 
 Mean tempera- ) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ture of warm- '- 
 est month ) 
 
 66-57 
 
 67-86 
 
 68-36 
 
 67-42 
 
 75-80 
 
 64-46 
 
 Coldest month 
 
 Mean tempera- j 
 ture of coldest - 
 
 February 
 
 February 
 
 January 
 
 February 
 
 Feb. 1875 
 
 Feb. 1848 
 
 io'i6 
 
 2284 
 
 17-70 
 
 22'go 
 
 I0-I6 
 
 2660 
 
 month ) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Warmest day 
 
 Mean tempera- ] 
 
 July 4 
 
 J une 23 
 
 June 19 
 
 
 July 14. '68 
 
 July 31, 1844 
 
 ture of warm- r 
 est day ) 
 
 74-25 
 
 78-03 
 
 75-68 
 
 77-73 
 
 84-jo 
 
 / Feb. 6, \ 
 
 ^ 1856; 1 
 
 I Jan. 22, 1 
 
 , 1857 j 
 
 72-75 
 
 Coldest day 
 
 Dec. iQ 
 
 Jan. 30 
 
 Jan. 29 
 
 
 Dec. 22, '42 
 
 
 Mean tempera- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ture of coldest 
 day 
 
 -8-33 
 
 I-I3 
 
 —5-75 
 
 —I 40 
 
 -14-38 
 
 9-57 
 
 Date of highest ) 
 temperature ... 
 
 July 26 
 
 August 12 
 
 June ig 
 
 ... 
 
 Aug. 24, '54 
 
 Aug. 19, '40 
 
 Highest tempera- 
 ture 
 
 88-0 
 
 gj-o 
 
 89-5 
 
 91-02 
 
 99-2 
 
 82-4 
 
 Date of lowest 1 
 temperature ... 
 
 Feb. 13 
 
 Dec. 15 
 
 Jan. 29 
 
 
 Jan. 10, '39 
 
 Jan. 2, 18+2 
 
 Lowest tempera- 
 ture J 
 
 1 6-0 
 
 —7-5 
 
 18-4 
 
 —12-45 
 
 26-5 
 
 1-9 
 
 164 
 
The following meteorological results are from the General 
 Et ;,'i8ter of the Toronto Observatory. Latitude 43" 39' 4" north, 
 longitude 5 hours, 17 minutes, 33 seconds west. Elevation 
 above Lake Ontario 1(»8 feet. Appr ximate elevation above the 
 sea 342 feet : 
 
 Extent of Sky Clouded. 
 
 Since 1853 records have been kept at the Toronto Observa- 
 tory of the extent of sky clouded. The mean average during 
 the twenty-two years is 61 (the whole sky clouded being ex- 
 pressed by 100). For the different seasons the means are as 
 follows : 
 
 Winter, Spring, Summer, Autumn, 
 
 December — February. March — May. June — August. September — November- 
 73- 6». S©v ^** , 
 
 Rain and Snow. , '_ 
 
 An examination of the following tables will show considerable 
 irregularity in the amount of rain and snow that fell in differ- 
 ent years. If the mean annual fall of rain be divided into two 
 equal groups, 1846-58 and 1859-71, and compared, it is seen 
 that while there has been a diminution in the rain the snow has 
 increased, and also that the precipitation on the whole has in- 
 creased : 
 
 Years. ' Rain. Snow. Total. 
 
 1846-58 28'552 60-82 34'634 ■ 
 
 1859-71 27'639 78-46 35"48S 
 
 Change: Decrease.. o'gis Increase.. i7'64 Increase.. o'Ssi ■ 
 
 Again, on comparing the nitmber of days in the two groups, a 
 decided increase is found in the days of both rain and snow : 
 
 Years. Rain. Snow. 
 
 1846-58 io6'4 days 53-6 days. .: 
 
 1859-71 1203 " 760 " 
 
 Increase.... 13-9 days 22-4 days. 
 
 Thus, while it appears that there has been a diminution in 
 the average annual amount of rain, the snow has increased, 
 and also that the number of days of rain and the number of 
 days of snow has increased : 
 
 165 
 
 ! I 1= 
 
i ii! 
 
 I t 
 
 TOnONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Rain. 
 
 1875. 
 
 1874. 
 
 1873. 
 
 Average of 
 
 Extremti. 
 
 
 
 
 
 JS ye«w. 
 
 
 Total depth of » 
 
 Kain in inches ) 
 
 Number of days \ 
 
 1H980 
 
 '7'374 
 
 K>a3a 
 
 a8j74 
 
 43'355 in '43- 
 
 17-374 in >4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 in which rain ■ 
 
 >oj 
 
 '03 
 
 no 
 
 109 
 
 'no in 1861 
 
 80 in 1H41 
 
 fell ) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Month in which ) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 the greatest 
 depth of rain 
 fell. 
 
 May 
 
 July 
 
 April 
 
 Sept'r. 
 
 :Sept. 1H43. 
 
 Sept. 1848 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Greatest depth of ] 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 rain in one f 
 
 1 2-980 
 
 3350 
 
 3'97S 
 
 3-397 
 
 . ■r?'"'*' 
 
 3-115 
 
 month ) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Month in which \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 the days of lain 1 
 were most fre- [ 
 
 ! October 
 
 Jan. & June 
 
 Sept'r. 
 
 October 
 
 / June, 'C9) 
 Oct., 'fc4 
 
 May, 1841 
 
 quent | 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Greatest number \ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 of rainy days [ 
 
 15 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 13 
 
 22 
 
 n - 
 
 in one month .. 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Greatest amount ) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 of rain in one \ 
 
 day ) 
 
 I 300 
 
 '•370 
 
 o'9so 
 
 2-004 
 
 3455 
 
 1000 
 
 Wind. 
 
 A comparison of the monthly resultants from the period 
 1848 to 1875 shows that the general direction of the atmo- 
 spheric current is considerably more from the westward in the 
 winter than in the summer months, the monthly resultants 
 oscilliiting about N. 48° W., from April to September inclusive, 
 and about N. 69° W. during the remaining six months. 
 
 J 66 
 
 I. 
 
>4 
 
 841 
 
 848 
 5 
 
 841 
 
 iod 
 
 QO- 
 
 the 
 
 iits 
 ve, 
 
 CLIMATE. 
 
 M 
 
 ■ci 
 
 ■§8 
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 Q 
 
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 r*. ^ 
 
 f. 
 
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 ao fo 'n 
 
 t * 
 
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 rx 
 
 ^ 
 
 ft 
 
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 ^ 
 
 m 
 
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 M 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 4> 
 
 l-s. 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 fO 
 
 
 Tn. 
 
 
 
 
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 s 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 V 
 
 •8 
 
 £■ 
 
 d; 
 
 S 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "? 
 
 i^ 
 
 "^ 
 
 
 
 fH 
 
 
 00 
 
 ? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 t^ 
 
 
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 J3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 U 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ca 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 tn 
 
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 b. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 *n 
 
 
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 rt 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 X — 
 
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 ^ U*u 
 
 o o : 
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 a<s> \ 
 
 X U O u 
 ai u u V 
 
 Q in ^ M 
 
 0. < 
 
 167 
 
 I! f' 
 

 TORONTO; PAST AND PRESENT. 
 
 T. JAMES'S CATHEDRAL IN 1840.— J. S. Buck- 
 ingliam, in his " Canada, Nova Scotia and New 
 Brunswick," states that he attended the Cathedral 
 on three Sundays, " and heard some excellent sermons from 
 the Rev. Mr. Grassett, the officiating clergyman." He re- 
 marks that the social distinctions, in the relative rank, 
 wealth, or conditions, were very marked in the external 
 appearance of thi families present. Here, he says, "some 
 of the pews were large and elegantly furnished, others were 
 small without any furniture at all in them ; some of the persons 
 were elegantly dressed, others were in very homely though 
 decent apparel. Then the military attended the church in 
 large numbers. There was the tramp of some three or four hun- 
 dred men, preceded by the band of the regiment, playing a gay 
 march, the officers on horseback ; and on foot, a detacliment of 
 provincial^dragoons, with thair steel scabbards olanging against 
 the pavement as they alighted and walked ; tlie officers of the 
 infantry entering in bright scarlet and gold, those of the Eoyal 
 Artillery in blue and red, the lieutenant-governor with coclced 
 hat and plumes, and his aide-de-camp and staff similarly 
 attired, accompanying the ladies and children of his family 
 to the governor's pew, and causing all eyes to be directed to 
 their movements. Here, too, for the first time since leaving 
 hom.e we recognised the parish clerk occujiying his desk, beneath 
 the minister, reading the responses, and giving out the psalms 
 in the sa'^e nasal tone, and with the same defective and up 
 educated manner, which characterises that class in England. 
 Th6 elevated pulpit of the church here, like those in England, 
 was fitted to receive only one person, and had a box-xike and 
 confined appearance. The college cap and black silk gown of 
 
 168 
 
 ■ n ihTiii HilfMIMfB 
 
SKETCHES. 
 
 the clergyman, his :]tately step as he trod the aisle or asceuclecl 
 the pulpit, the attendance of the headlo to open or close the 
 pulpit or desk door, and to follow close upon his person, all 
 these were parts of the ' pomp and circumstance ' of worship 
 which we had not witnefrsed before during our journey on this 
 continent." After speaking of the inferior music and singing of 
 the service, Mr. Buckingham continues, " There was one 
 American feature in this English church, however, which I was 
 very glad to see, and it is so good it -inght to become general, 
 namely, the additicm of this beaut iful connnent on the law of 
 Moses, which is ajipended to the Ten Commandments : — ' Hear 
 also what our Lord Jesus Christ saith — 77toH shall love the Lord 
 thi/ God with all thy heart. This is the first and (jreatest com- 
 mandment. And the second is like unto it: Thou shalt love thy 
 iiei(/hhour as thyself. On these two commandments hang all the 
 iaw and the prophets.' These sentences were inscribed in letters 
 of gold on the tablets above the Communion Table, following im- 
 mediately after the Table of the Ten Commandments." 
 
 The Fish Market in 1840. — This sketch of the Fish Market 
 in 18 iO is taken from an engraving in J. S. Buckingham's 
 "Canada, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick," published in 1843' 
 The site of the market was a little east of Church street, a por- 
 tio\i of it being now covered by' Front street, and Lyman 
 Bros, warehouse, on the ground now occupied by some of 
 the largest warehouses in the city. The City Hotel has long 
 since disappeared, the site being now occupied by the more im- 
 posing structure of the Toronto Bank. Mr. Buckingham, 
 describing the Fish Market when he visited Toronto, says it was 
 "in a little bay, just within tne projecting wharf, at which the 
 landing is principally effected, and is often the scene of great inte- 
 rest and variety from the number of Indians who are seen there 
 mixed with the Canadians. From this point, just opposite the 
 City Hotel, the accompanying view is taken, and will give an 
 accurate idea of the close approach of the houses to the steep 
 bank rising from the water, and the general character of the 
 ordinary buildings of the town." 
 
 i6g 
 
i 
 
 \ 
 
 [ ) 
 
 t 
 
 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 
 
 CHUF{CHEg. 
 
 THE BAPTIST CHURCHEb. 
 
 HE first meeting of which we have any oificial record 
 in connection with the Baptists of Toronto, was held 
 on the 16th of October, 1829. It would seem, from 
 incidental allusions in the minutes, that one or more meetings 
 or consultations had been held before, but there is no record of 
 what was said or done at these supposed meetings. The Rev. 
 A. Stewart was first pastor of the little church, and Peter Pat- 
 terson, the founder of the house still bearing his name on King 
 street, was the first deacon. The infant church held their 
 meetings for a considerable time in the old Masonic Hall in 
 Market lane, now known as Colborne street. In 1832 the first 
 chapel or church edifice of the Baptists was erected in what was 
 then known as March street, but now as Stanley street. At that 
 time the street had been laid out, but there was scarcely any 
 buildings on it. The chapel itself was very small, having ac- 
 commodation for only one hundred and sixty people, and was far 
 from attractive in its appearance. Miserable houses spranj, up 
 all around it, and were inhabited by the most vicious and 
 wretched kind of j^eople. Often on Sabbath evenings a police- 
 man was secured to patrol the sidewalk in front of tlie churcli to 
 keep down the uproar which the children and others would 
 thoughtlessly or wilfully make in the neighbourhood. Through 
 all 8i,i*ts of strange experiences the church in Market lane main- 
 tained its worship and prosecuted its work, till, under the 
 auspices of Dr. Fyfe (who was called to the pastorate in Sep- 
 tember, 1844), the church on Bond street was opened in June. 
 In 1856, that church was enlarged. I?i November last year 
 (1876) Dr. Fyfe, who had preached the first sermon in it forty 
 
 170 
 
years before, preached the last sermon there from the text, 
 " Thou shalt rememl)er all the way." 
 
 On the 2nd of December, 1875, the church entered its new 
 and beautiful home — beautiful for Hituation, and beautiful in 
 every detail — on Jarvis street. The history Qf the church if 
 progressive has been chequered. It has had both sun and shade ; 
 but it has a happy record of extensive usefulness. Amongst its 
 ministers it has been favored by the teachings of such men as 
 Dr. Pyper, Dr. Fyfe, now of Woodstock ; the late Dr. Caldicott, 
 and the Rev. W. Stewart, M.A., of Ha lilton. Dr. J. H. Castle, 
 its present pastor, settled in February, 1873. Dr. Castle gra- 
 duated at the University of Lewis])urg in 1853, and settled in 
 Pottsville, Pennsylvania. For seventeen years he presided oxav 
 an attached and devoted church on Chestnut street, Phila- 
 delphia. In connection with the new cliurch there are a variety of 
 Christian activities all in full play, such as Young Men's and 
 Young Women's Associations, and a Dorcas Society. There is 
 also a Mission Sunday School in the west end, as well as a Sun- 
 day school at Jarvis fitreet. 
 
 In October, 1866, a number of the members of Bond street 
 church felt that the time had come to extend the limits of the 
 denomination. North and east of Bond street population was 
 rapidly increasing, and to a very great extent the ground was 
 unoccupied. Some twentj'-seven members of the mother Church 
 united, and for a time worshipped in tiie Congregational school- 
 house on Church street. They tlien removed to their settled 
 home in tlie neat and comfortable church in Alexander street. 
 The first minister was the Bev. George Macnutt, who settled in 
 September, 1867. In 1869 he was succeeded by the present 
 pastor, the Rev. A. H. Munro, who came from Liverpool, Nova 
 Scotia, to take charge of the young church. 
 
 The question of erecting a church at Yorkville was first 
 of all discussed in the Bond street church during the min- 
 istry of the late Dr. Caldieott. A number of the mem- 
 bers were living at or in the neighbourhood of Yorkville, 
 and for their sake, and because; it was felt that the north 
 
 171 
 
L,^,.;.., 
 
 M 
 
 '||H|r ' 
 
 Toronto: past and present. 
 
 end of the city was to a very large extent- neglected, about 
 Christmas of 1869 ii meeting was held .^t the house of Mr. D, 
 Buchan to arrange details for a commencement of the work. 
 On the 26th of Februaiy, 1870, the first prayer meeting was held 
 at Yorkville in connection with the founding of the church. On 
 the 6th of MiU'ch in the same year the Sunday school was inau- 
 gurated. The church was opened on the 1st of September, 1870, 
 the Rev. Dr. Pyper being the first pastor, the Rev. Joseph D. 
 King being the present pastor. 
 
 Alexander Street Baptist Church. — This neat structure, 
 which was erected in 1866, is in the early English stylf of archi- 
 tecture, the materials used being white brick with cut stone 
 dressings. Tlie entrance dcor opens to a lobby, in front of 
 which is the entrance to the basement, and on ei.ch side a broad 
 staircase leads to the church. In the octagonal tower, which is 
 on the south-west corner, a staircase leads to the gallery extend- 
 ing across the north end of the building. This tower is finished 
 with a spire rising about ninety feet ivoca the ground. The win- 
 dows are of enamelled glass, with stained margins. The circu- 
 lar window at the south end, over the minister's desk, is filled 
 with ornamental stained glass. The interior is tastefully deco- 
 rated, and presents a handsonit^ appearance. The seats, which 
 are open, are arranged with a centre and two side passages, and 
 accommodate about four hundred persons. The minister's desk 
 is placed upon a platform raised three feet from the floor ; the 
 baptistry is on the same level in front of the desk. The base- 
 ment contains a well lighted lecture loom, adapted to the pur- 
 poses of a Sabbath school, and capable of accommodating over 
 two hundred persons. In the rear are class rooms and other 
 apartments. The entire cost of the b lilding (which is one hun- 
 dred and fifteen feet front by one hundred a^d twenty feet deep) 
 was about $10,000. Messrs. Grndry and Langley, of Toronto, 
 were the architects. 
 
 JarvJ3 Street Baptist Church. — This, the largest and most 
 handsome Baptist church in the city, is beautifully situated on 
 
 172 
 
 1:1 ::' -'Pifii- 
 
CHURCHES. 
 
 the corner of Jarvis and Gerrard streets, and ir. of imposing as- 
 pect, far beyond most edifices of similar accommodation, which 
 effect is obtained by including both church and school-house 
 under one roof. The style is Gothic, the building being of brown 
 stone, obtained from the vicinity of Queenstown, laid in coarse 
 rubble and pointed in black mortar. The dressings, copings, 
 &c., are of Ohio stone, and the columns at the doorwaj's are of 
 granite of the most excellent quality, obtained from St. George, 
 New Brunswuck. The roof is covered with Canada slate, re- 
 lieved with ornamental bands in green and red. A handsome 
 iron cresting surmounts the ridge. On the south-west corner, 
 facing Gerrard and Jarvis streets, is a tower seventy-seven feet 
 high, with spire seventy-eight feet in height, and vane ten feet, 
 giving a total altitude of one hundred and sixty-five feet. On 
 the north-west corner is situate a porch, in which, as w^ell as in 
 the tower, are the principal entrances and the staircase to the 
 gallery. The interior of the church is of amphitheatrical form, 
 with radiating aisles or passages, and the area, or ground floor, 
 is eighty-six by seventy-two feet, exclusive of projections. The 
 floor, for a distance of twenty-two feet from the walls, slopes 
 towards the centre portion, which is kvel. At the eastern end 
 is the pulpit platform, with the baptistry and organ immediately 
 behind. The baptistry, which is always open, is raised eighteen 
 inches above the pulpit platform, the lining is of planished 
 copper, and the curbing of the best Italian marble. The organ 
 is a splendid instrument, of imposing appearance, great power 
 and sweetness, containing 2,250 pipes and fifty stops. The case 
 is of black walnut, and the front pipes are richly decorated in 
 flock and gold. The gallery is of cn-scent form, five seats in 
 depth, and is supported by handsome iron columns which tixtend 
 upwards to support the roof and ceiling. The front of the 
 gallery is of iron, painted green and bronzed. The pews in 
 both gallery and ground floor are of walnut and chestnut 
 finished in oil. The accommodation of the church is 1,258 
 sittings, but on crov/ded occasions as many r^s 1,700 may be 
 accommodated. The entire cost of the land, building and fur- 
 
 m 
 
 f ,: 
 
iiii 
 
 ill 
 
 
 rmmn' 
 
 TORONTO : PAST AND x'KEHENT. 
 
 iiishiug was iibout $100,000. Mesars. Langloy, Langley and 
 Burke were the architects. 
 
 The Parliament Street Church is a neat Httle structure 
 which is quite an ornament to the eastern end of the city. The 
 Kev. S. A Dyke, educated at the Tabernacle College, London, Eng- 
 land, under the presidency of the celebrated C. H. Spurgeon, is the 
 pastor. The church will hold three hundred people. The work 
 at College street was commenced in June, 1872. Mr. Lailey 
 bought a lot of land for $760. A guarantee committee was 
 formed, composed of Messrs. Lailey, Morse, Patterson and Latch. 
 Six months afterwards the church was dedicated. The opening 
 sermons were preached by Dr. Pyper and the Eev. A. H. 
 Munro. On the 13th of January, 1873, the churh was duly re- 
 cognised. The Rev. H. Lloyd, M.A., is the pastor. The church 
 will hold four hundred persons. The Queen street church is in 
 a flourishing and prosperous condition. The church is capable 
 of holding two hundred and fifty persons. The roll of member- 
 ship contains one hundred and five names. The minister is the 
 Rev. James W. Mitchell. The organ of the denomination is the 
 Canadian Baptist, the headquarters of which are in Adelaide 
 street, the Rev. W. Muir being editor. 
 
 THE CONGREGATIONAL CHURCHES. 
 
 Zion Congregational Church. — ^The history of Zion Church 
 is the history of CongregationalisuA in Toronto, the other five 
 churches of the Congregational body in the city being organized, 
 wholly or in part, by members from Zion Church. The first 
 public religious service held in Torouto, in connexion with the 
 Congregational body, took place August 31st, 1834, in the upper 
 room of a two-storey wooden building, U' ed as a Masonic Hall, 
 which stood on Colborne street, near the jjite now occupied by 
 the Merchants' Exchange. * On the 23rd of November following 
 Zion Church Was organized, consisting of seventeen members. 
 In July, 1837, the Church removed to a vacant Methodist Chapel 
 on George street, where they continued to meet until January, 
 
 174 
 
OHUIU'HES. 
 
 1840, when they removed to their n' 'v church on the corner of 
 Adelaide and Bay streets, which edifice was destroyed by tire on 
 the 26tli of February, 1855. For over a year and a half the 
 Sunday services were held in St. Lawrence Hall, the use of 
 which was granted by the City Council. On the 'iOth of Septem- 
 ber, 1856, the present church building, occupying the site of that 
 destroyed by fire, was opened for public worship. The building 
 is of the Lombard style of architecture, and its materials white 
 brick with Ohio stone dressing. It is divided into five bays, with 
 a two-light semi-circular v/indow in four of them, with 
 square buttresses between, with stone set-offs, and dying into the 
 brick corbel table under the eaves. The tower, which stands on 
 the south-west angle, was surmounted with a spire, which fell 
 during a heavy gale on the 26th of September, 1858, when a 
 turret was placed at each angle, with battlements between. The 
 interior is fitted up with a gallery on each side and one at the 
 south end. The ground floor has centre and side aisles and large 
 entrance corridors in front, from which stairs lead to the galleries 
 and basement. The roof is partly open, showing the arches of 
 the pinnacles from columns each way. The dimensions of the 
 building are ninety-five by fifty feet, and it contains sittings for 
 eight hundred persons. The basement contains a Sunday, 
 school and lecture-room, an infants' class-room, and a ministers' 
 vestry. The cost of coustructitm was seventeen thousand dollars. 
 The present is the fifth pastoral settlement, and the oflice has 
 been successively filled as follows, namely : by the Rev. William 
 Merrifield, who came from Brampton, in Cumberland, England, 
 under whom the Church was organized, and who resigned in 
 September, 1836, and died in England, January 28rd, 1837. The 
 liev John lioaf, of Wolverhampton, England was the next pastor 
 He accepted the charge on March 29tli, 1838, which «}ie sustained 
 for more than seventeen years. He resigned in June, 1855, and 
 died in Toronto, September 2nd, 1862. Mr. Roaf was succeeded, 
 in May, 1856, by the Rev. Thomas Scales EUerby, formerly 
 pastor ol the British and American Congregational Church at 
 St. Petersburg, Russia, who closed his pastorate, of about ten 
 
 175 
 
Ilil! 
 
 ! ! 
 
 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 
 
 years, Muich, 1866, ami is now rector of the Episcopal Church 
 at Sarnia, Ontario. On the 30th of May, 1866, the Itev. John G. 
 Manly, of Dublin, Ireland, assumed the office, which he filled for 
 about four years and a half, resigning December 1st, 1870, and 
 was succeeded on the 1st of June, 1871, by the Eev. Samuel U. 
 Jackson, M. D., of Montreal, the present pastor. On the 3rd of 
 April, 1849, twenty-five members of the Church withdrew to 
 organize the second (Bond Street) Congregational Church. On 
 January 3rd, 1868, twenty-eight members were accorded letters 
 of dismission to form the Northern Congregational Church. On 
 November 24th, 1875, thirty members were dismissed to form the 
 Westei-n Congregational Church ; and again on March 29th, 1875, 
 several members were transferred to unite with others from 
 the Northern Church, in forming the Yorkville Congregational 
 Church. This makes five churches which, wholly or in part, 
 were formed by members of Zion Church. The number of 
 members added to the church, from the date of its organization up 
 to December 31st, 1875, is one thousand and forty-one, of which 
 number eight hundred and nine have been removed, many by 
 death, leaving the present membership two hundred and thirty- 
 two. The Sunday-School was commenced just after the organi- 
 zation of the church, and has passed through the same changes 
 with regard to location. The infant class was instituted under 
 the care of Miss Vandersmissen, in 1842, and was the first formed 
 in Toronto. There have been, in all, twelve superintendents, 
 most of them, like the present, being deacons of the church. 
 The iM'esent number of scholars is two hundred and fifty-two, 
 with twenty-five officers and teachers. 
 
 Bond Street Church. — This tasteful and commodious build- 
 ing was erected in 1863 from the designs of Mr. James Smith, 
 architect. Tlie site, which is on the corner of Bond and Crook- 
 shank streets, measures one hundred feet on the former by one 
 hundred and fifteen feet on the latter. The style of the building 
 is early English Gothic ; the material is best white brick, with 
 stone foundations and dressings and siate. The interior dimen- 
 sions of the main building are seventy by forty-four feet. The 
 
 176 
 
^ 
 
 H 
 
 [l 
 
 1 ;: 
 
 ! '.' 
 
 
 I 
 
 :■>.• 'i',''i***««i*;t"'*-..4-. 
 
;i|H»4»».M'*r- : j p arw iii: 
 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
■ ■» N»|Wi>ii» ■■iBi nn wW IW lU tW 
 
 rA-^ 
 
 CHUUCHBtt. 
 
 ■•-filing, which Is iiic:i»"(.i utrl parulleil, cin-a iroiu iweiity-anf to 
 
 ihiity-fivo foot; tho beams uru bUown uudfn Uits plif.tering, thuir 
 
 viutb iiistijug oil cm ved and twtritr'il \"'?'nTO«*? A d'ot'p gailerv 
 
 oecupifs erne end of tiic phurcli. Thti pulpit swrnls in a /roined 
 
 i'ohed rt:ce«s of considprabk' heif*lii, Tb-i wrUy -iz-id ceilmjj iire 
 
 .■^oiore<1 in frcseo. Tbo number '>f sHtrrj/;»j v? fttH>u< .*" i-uudred. 
 
 A large ar?d handHonifii tmcerit.-d window, tht nfUK^r j>^*it;,.ii rillM 
 
 «;ith fitnino<i glabs, is f.lut [jrincipa! fcatiu-s? in ixvt'- cd tfc- huiid' 
 
 g. Tho tower and (*pire at tbo south -we«t. M\i(^\e vi-A*.' t»j a 
 
 xfcight of ouo hundred "dud thiri^' i":ol; tho t.fjs<,.. i ;•. m fwo 
 
 f<*;.igeg. tho lowtiir having the principal entrance to ih^ .-huroh 
 
 mu\ flanked until masfsiv^^ butfcrpiasfcs, tlsc upper boing an<H;tj^!an, 
 
 Reread by eight l&mu-i buvro windosvs. capped witli a inojei'tuisj; 
 
 tst'mice, from which springs an octason.ppire, covorsi>l with Blato, 
 
 mth tt handsoiu'? wroujrht iron vane. Acroys ti»e rear of tho 
 
 *ftain building, and formui^' with it the shapf of tho lottur T, is 
 
 a building, eighty-thx-ee by thirty-six fuel. i-Mitaining schoolroom 
 
 nti4 four smaller rooms for vestries, infant class •iallcry, and 
 
 'f«!io8' raeetingti. The cost of the entire structure whr abouL 
 
 . THE EPISCOPAL CHURCHES' 
 
 '$*,. JamRs' Cathedral. — The Parisdi Church of St. Jumeh has 
 Ha4 u ii5<»'i^ thnn usualliy eventful history. On the noble ;rau«,t6 
 
 fSiftiry the stately cathedral now stands, tb^re stood," iu tbo euriy 
 4*1^ when Toronto was Litfclfe York, aji uuobtrnMvi^ «*■«•<?#»;! baiid- 
 irig *hieb did duty as a Parish Chureh, under thi- r-ixnorj-ihip of 
 I)r, Sitachau. This was, in 1 832, replaced by <? 53*A.rw ostentations 
 (tidifite having a rt(piare tower in froiit. This building is 
 titio«4 ou th^ ?iew of King Street East m l!^4. Thij* building 
 was iinfortunately destroyed by lire m ibi *»arly jiftrt of the year 
 18B9, the Bame year in which it wa^ bfl»t»m*ted by h&iwo Ti?a;dn a 
 Cftthedml Ohurdi, by- the appoititmcjni at it« then J-iector 
 i>s tot Bitdiop of Upper ^na<b%. A new iBSd nobler structure 
 •was erected in the course of the same year, built, like its prede* 
 
 17 
 
 / / 
 
 I, 
 
 T 
 
i( 
 
 -*T." "^::,.»»;.. 
 
 iHfl 
 
 ii 
 
 ^' ^^lB£ 
 
 A\ 
 
 i'v 
 
 
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 r i. i»* -, rV .... 
 
ceiling, which is arched and pnuelled, rises from J , -enty-ono to 
 thirty-tive foot; the beams are shown under the phistering, thoir 
 ends resting on carved and twisted columns. A deep gallery 
 occupies one end of the church. The pulpit stands in a groined 
 arched recess of considerable height. The walls and ceiling are 
 colored in fresco. The number of sittings is about six hundred. 
 A large and handsome traceried window, the upper portion fi'l u 
 with stained glass, is the principal feature in front of the build- 
 ing. The tower and spire at the south-west angle rise to a 
 height of one hundred and thirty feet ; the tower is in two 
 stages, the lower having the principal entrance to the church 
 and flanked with massive buttresses, the upper being an octagon, 
 pierced by eight lancet louvre windows, capped with a projecting 
 cornice, from which springs an octagon spire, covered with slate, 
 with a handsome wrought iron vane. Across the r-'ar of the 
 main building, and forming with it the shape of the letter T, is 
 a building, eighty-three by thirty-six feet, containing schoolroom 
 and four smaller rooms for vestries, infant class gallery, and 
 ladies' meetings. The cost of the entire structure was about 
 $15,000. 
 
 THE EPISCOPAL CHURCHES- 
 
 St. James' Cathedral. — The Parish Church of St. James has 
 had a more than usualUy eventful history. On the noble square 
 where the stately cathedral now stands, there stood, in the early 
 days when Toronto was Little York, an unobtrusive wooden build- 
 ing which did duty as a Parish Church, under the rectorship of 
 Dr. Straclian. This was, in 1832, replaced by a more ostentatious 
 stone edifice having a squ*"'" tower in front. This building is 
 shown on the view of King street East in 1831. This building 
 was unfortunately destroyed by fire in the early part of the year 
 1839, the same year in which it was honoured by being made a 
 Cathedral Church, by the appointment of its then Rector 
 as first Bishop of Upper Canada. A new and nobler structure 
 was erected in the course of the same year, built, like its prede- 
 
 177 
 
 V i 
 
i« 
 
 11 
 
 n 
 
 iili^i^ 
 
 Mi 
 
 TORONTO : PAST AND PEESENT. 
 
 cessor, of stone, but furnished with a wooden spire, which, exactly 
 ten years atierwards, jn'oved its destruction. During the great con- 
 flagration which in 1849 swept over the adjoining portion of the 
 city, tiie spire became ignited, and as the appHancea for extin- 
 guishing fires — inefficient enough in those days, — were employed 
 elsewhere in saving what was deemed more valuable property, the 
 church was left to its fate and was soon reduced to a heap of ruins. 
 The present elegant structure was begun soon afterwards, but 
 was not ready for occupation till 1853. It is built in the Gothic 
 style of the early English period of architecture, the material 
 being white brick with Ohio stone dressings. Althougli the main 
 portion of the building was erected as far back as 1851 the belfry 
 was not completed till 1867, and the transept, pinnacles, spire, 
 and porches, not till within the last three years. The cathedral 
 is one of the best and purest examples of this style of architec- 
 ture in America, and is of great size and capacity. Itf total length 
 is about 200 feet, the width at the transept 95 feet, and Vre height 
 to the ridge crestings 84 feet. It is divided into the usual nave 
 and aisles, with apsidal chancel and vestries at the north, and 
 vestibules and the massive tower at the soutli end. Galleries 
 surround it on three sides, that at the south being u])propriatcd 
 to the magnilicent organ and the choir. The chancel is elabo- 
 rately fitted up in oak, and tlie walls are enriched with a carved 
 rertdos, part of which is devoted to the Bisliop Strachan memorial, 
 the tablot being of Nova Scotia stone, and the bust of statuary- 
 marble. The communion table, Bisliop's chair, stalls for clergy, 
 reading desk and pulpit, are executed in a style similar to that of 
 the chancel and reredos. The seating capacity is 1,500, but near- 
 ly double that number can be accommotated without much incon- 
 veuienc( . The tower and spire are the most distinguishing fea- 
 tures of the edifice, being visible at a distance of many miles both 
 by land and water. The tower has a diameter of 30 feet and is 
 160 feet high, the spire is 140 feet, thus giving a total altitude 
 (with the vane) of 306 feet — said to be the loftiest on the i_merican 
 continent. Two other peculiar features of the cathedral are worthy 
 of notice; these are the chimes, and illuminated clock, which, 
 
 178 
 
though set up independently, have been so arranged as to work 
 in conjunction with each other, the bells striking the hours and 
 chiming the quarters for the cIolk. The bells, eight in number, 
 were cast at the celebrated Troy Bell Foundry in 1865, and are 
 valued at $12,000. The total cost of the edifice including clock 
 and chiir ,s was over $220,000, 
 
 The Church of St. George the Martyr— Head of John 
 Street. — 'fhis liandsome sacred edilice was opened for divine 
 service in September, 1845. It is built of white brick, dressed 
 w'th Ohio stone ; its style of areiiitecture is '* the early pointed 
 Gothic," which prevailed in England in the time ot Henry I. 
 Its extreme length is one hundred and thirty feet, whilst its 
 width, exclusive of a projection on either side of twelve feet, 
 (forming a south porch and vestry room), is fifty-three feet. The 
 height of the interior is forty-five feet, and of the tower and spire, 
 (which is surmounted by a St. (leorge's Cross), one hundred and 
 sixty feet. The Church has a seating capacity for eight hundred 
 persons, and has altogether a very handsome interior ; yet though 
 a stranger may be struck with its beauty, he may find it is not 
 perhapa quite as convenient as could be desired for the purpose 
 for which it was designed. 
 
 THE METHODIST CHURCHES. 
 
 This form or section of our Protestant Christianity was intro- 
 duced into Upper Canada, about the time it was set off as a sepa- 
 rate Province from Lower Canada, by the Methodist Episcopal 
 Church in the United States, six or seven years after the organic 
 founding of that church, and for most of the time, until 1870, it 
 stood connected with the New York Annual Conference. Erom 
 1810 it stood connected with the Genesee Annual Conference 
 until 1824, when a Canada Ainiual Conference was organised, 
 u'lring tlie jurisdiction of which Methodism received organic 
 shape in the t'>wn of York (now Toronto) of which we now pro- 
 pose to give the details. 
 
 179 
 
 
In 1794 the Methodist evangelistic work, or eonnexional ar- 
 rangement was divided into two circuits, the "Upper Canada 
 Lower Circuit," and the " Upper Canada Upper CiTcuit." The 
 preacher on the latter, the Rev. Elijah Woolsey, doubtless, was 
 necessitated to pass through York in his fortnightly rounds, and 
 would naturally preach among its inhabitants whenever he 
 found an opening ; but of these occasional efforts, and of similar 
 ones for nearly a tpiarter of a century longer there remains no 
 reliable account. Thenceforwavds, until 1804, the place would 
 receive similar visits, while it was comprehended in what were 
 called, at several successive periods, the " Niagara," and the 
 " Bay Quinte and Home District " Circuits. At the date last 
 mentioned (1804) the Home District, of whi ^- York was the 
 county town (as well as capital of the P i' ^j, was made a 
 separate circuit, and the Rev. William Anson, a gifted preacher, 
 was appointed to its charge. He would naturally not forget 
 the " head of his circuit," but what he attempted and what he, 
 effected for the town, there remains no one living to tell. 
 
 In 1805 the " Yonge Street Circuit," of which York was the 
 base, appears in the minutes, and Rev. Daniel Picket was the 
 appointed preacher. This is a gentleman whom the writer 
 saw and heard at a later day, but of his labors then and here 
 he can say nothing. During the years 1811 and 1812, a retired 
 Methodist minister, Mr. Joseph Lockwood, lived in the town, 
 and taught a school, who also may have preached s- "<^*^^i?nes, 
 but where and to whom wo know not. During si'l . ume 
 from 1804 to 1817, occasional sermons were delivered, ■' aq- 
 times in schoolrooms, sometimes in the ball chamber of a 
 tavern, if not in the bar-room itself, and sometimes in private 
 houses. The preachers, in passing through, received hospitality 
 •from a family of Palatine-Irish, by the name of Detlor, some- 
 times by a friendly innkeeper of the luime of Stebbings, but 
 most frequently by Dr. Thomas 8toyle, who, after the formation 
 of a society, became a member, steward, leader, and one of the 
 most liberal supporters of :he cauoe until his do^ath. But 
 rothing decisive was done towards the visible organization 
 
 I go 
 
of the cause until the Conference year, 1817-18. At the be- 
 ginning of that year the Rev. David Cnlp was appointed to the 
 Yonge street Circuit, and tlie Rev. James Jackson to the 
 Dulfin's Creek Circuit; but we have reason to believe that the 
 two preachers hibored interchangeabl_y over the whole ground, 
 or at least that York was a point of intersection where each of 
 thexn preached in turn. During that ecclesiastical year the 
 energetic and enterprising tlev. Henry Ryan, the district pre- 
 siding elder, projected a meeting-house in the capital. He is 
 said to have borrowed the money to erect the building, giving 
 a mortgat;;^ on his farm to the lender, to secure him until he had 
 raised the funds to redeem the mortgage by begging through his 
 district, which extended from Smith's Creek to Detroit. The 
 building was of wood, a strong frame and clapboarded structure, 
 situated on the south side of King street, about midway between 
 Y'onge and Bay streets, and the site of it may now be identified 
 by the place vv^})ere Hay and Co. conduct their business, that is 
 to say, at the corner of King and Jordan streets. The frame of 
 the building was erected in the month of May, 1818, and there 
 were preaching services conducted in the house, although yet 
 unfinished, for some time before the Conference year was out, 
 which ended at the session of the Conference, held July 12th, 
 1818. Mr. Culp preached tlie first sermon, and Mr. Jackson the 
 second ; under that sermon Mr. William P. Patrick was con- 
 verted, who l)eeame the first class-leader, and was long the main 
 supporter of the cause in the town. 
 
 The next year, 1818--19, Y'ork was a cliarge separate from all 
 others, and Mr. Culp was the incumbent. In the fall of tliat 
 year the first Sunday school the town ever enjoyed was organ- 
 ised in that church by the Rev. Thaddeus Osgood, a general 
 missionary, and Messrs. W. V. Patrick, Jesse Ketchum, Hugh 
 Carfry, and T. D. Morrison were the teachers. At the Conference 
 of 1819, the I'eturn of members for York was sixty-five, which 
 probably included some in tlie country. In 1820 a rival Metho- 
 dist cause was commenced by a Wesleyan missionary, ap- 
 pointed by the British Conference, the Rev. Henry Pope, whose 
 
 i8i 
 
TORONTO •; PAST AND PRESKNT. 
 
 place of preaching and worship was the ^Masonic Hall, in what 
 is now known as Colborne street, between Chnrch street and the 
 Market. A number of what was called the " American Society " 
 on King street, left and joined the British Society, besides a 
 goodly number gathered in from the world. In about a year's 
 time from its first commencement the missionary was withdrawn 
 and the society broken up, in pursuance of an arrangement be- 
 tween the authorities of the American and British connexions. 
 The origmal society was not immediately much strengthened by 
 this arrangement, because few of the British Society took the 
 advice of their pastors on leaving to go to the King street 
 chapel, but most of them held on by themselves for a time in a 
 retired way, until at length they were all scattered abroad. At 
 the Conference of 1G21, the return for York was only thirty, and 
 the town society, which was then a part of the Yonge street Cir- 
 cuit, could not have numbered more than that in 1824, which 
 the writer of this statement personally learned by becoming a 
 member at that time. 
 
 At the Conference of 1827 York was made a separate " sta- 
 tion," and the labors of the Rev. William Eyerson restricted to 
 the town. Under his labors, and his immediate successors, the 
 Revs. F. Metcalf, W. Smith, J. Ryerson, and A. Irvine, the 
 cause steadily progressed, so that at tl?.e Conference of 1833, 
 when the union was consummated with the British Conference 
 and the main Methodist b(rly, took the name of " Wesley an 
 Methodist Church '' the number of members stood at 264. 
 During the last of these years the large biick church was 
 erected on the corner of Adelaide and Toronto streets which has 
 been lately taken down. 
 
 The main society, for some short tim.e previously, had to com- 
 pete with two other Methodist interests. In March, 1830, the 
 Rev. Nathaniel Watkins, a Primitive Methodist missionary, was 
 appointed to Y'ork and its environs, from England, and took 
 charge of a small society raised by Mr. William Lawson, and in 
 1832 a neat brick chapel was erected in Bay street, not far south 
 of King street, for the use of that section of Methodism, the 
 
 182 
 
CHURCHES. 
 
 Eev. William Summcrsides being then the minister. So, also, 
 some persons, preferring European Methodism to the indigenous 
 types, erected a Wesleyan Methodist chapel during the Confe- 
 rence year 1831-32, and a missionary was appointed in the per- 
 son of the Eev. John Barry. The church was of wood, on the 
 east side of George street, between Duke and Duchess streets, 
 and was neat in appearance. The chapel was opened on the 1st 
 July, 1833. This place of worship came into use in the 
 united body for a time, but was afterwards closed or rented to 
 others, until the disruption of the union in 1840. The British 
 Wesleyan cause, distinctively, which set up its banner indepen- 
 dently, besides occupying George street, erected a church on 
 Queen street west, on the site of the present noble Queen street 
 Methodist Church. During the ecclesiastical year 1843-44 the 
 large Bichmond street church — which speaks for itself to all 
 beholders — was built, and George street chureh was sold. In 
 1846 they had a membership of between four and five hun- 
 dred. 
 
 The original Methodist congregation worshipping in Adelaide 
 street, holding a small chapel in Yorkville, and having preach- 
 ing places at Blue Bell and Davenport, although much reduced 
 at the time of the disruption, had increased to 379 at the Con- 
 ference of 1846. But, during the next Conference year, the 
 society, which had been agitated for a couple of years by dis- 
 satisfied persons, was divided, and the Methodist New Connexion 
 found an opening, and erected a brick church the following year 
 on Temperance stre. c. That year (1846-47) although saddened 
 by disruption, was cheered by negotiations for restoring the 
 union with the British Conference, which was ratified by the 
 Conference of 1847, which met in Toronto, June 3rd, of that 
 year. This re-union had the happiest effect on Wesleyan Metho- 
 dism, so that in ten years from that time the membership in the 
 two city circuits had increased to 1,203, under five pastors, in 
 five church edifices. 
 
 In eighteen years from the date last mentioned, that is to say, 
 immediately after the consummation of the union with the 
 
 183 
 
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 r.'i 
 
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 Si's 
 
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 TORONTO : PAST AND t'RESENT. 
 
 Methodist New Connexion and affiliation with the Wesleyan 
 conferences in eastern British America, the Wesleyan section of 
 Methodism in Toronto and suhurhs, numhered a memhership of 
 2,298. The Methodist New Connexion at that time had erected 
 an additional church which was situated on Spadina avenue, 
 with a memhership of eighty-one in the two churches. The 
 United Church, now known as the ]\rethodist Church of Canada, 
 at the jjresent time (187G) numhers within the city and suhurhs 
 seven circuits, embracing fourteen church edifices, ten pastors, 
 aided by eleven ministers holding conncxional appointments, or 
 supernumary, or superannuated, making a ministerial staff of 
 twenty-one, as also local preachers unnumbered, and a member- 
 ship of near if not quite 3,000, and possessing church property 
 to the amount of $310,000. They have fourteen Sabbath 
 schools. 
 
 The Primitive Methodist body, which began its labors in the 
 city about forty-six yea is ago, numbers, as appears from their 
 last returns, four oivcuits, five church edifices, five circuit 
 preachers, two suijernumaries, and their editor and book 
 stewards, making eight ministers in all. The value of their 
 property alone amounts to over $100,000. Their membership in 
 the city and suburbs amounts to 705. If we unite the newly 
 erected Bible Christian Church, and its pastor, who are really 
 nothing less nor more than Methodists, there are thirty Metho- 
 dist ministers in Toronto, preaching in seventeen churches, 
 conducting twenty Sabbath schools, and having about eleven or 
 twelve thousand souls under their care. 
 
 Metropolitan Methodist Church. — Toronto is renowned for 
 the beauty and magnificence of her churches, and foremost 
 among the many splendid and costly edifices that have assisted 
 to spread the fame of the city, the Metropolitan Methodist Church 
 stands unequalled for beauty of design, admirable location, and 
 the completeness and unity of fittings and arrangements. This 
 beautiful building, the finest Wesleyan Methodist Church in 
 Toronto, and one of the largest on this side of the Atlantic, is 
 situate iu the centre of a large square, bounded on the east by 
 
 184 
 
 rf^ 
 
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 t (<M.., .aft-- ':!*»?< r J 
 
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 % rjv^p V - -^-^ ^-...-Mii i 
 
 
 '■ /rM:- X^. ,^'^^^' --a'/x ,>W. «*•« »*"yT«»»»i!aT,.,.' 
 
 ^ •*. /^.^vV /-'Jki- /->:i«\'A .'/■^■\ /^^^^ /.'5t:>X /^il^|5,: 
 
 ;7i' 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 ■ M^GLE'.: BLOCK fONCI ST 
 
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 ToriONTO: Past AND Mil'SI'IN r. 
 
 MothM^ijHl .\.-.v CV'tuuxiuu iinii tfliliatK^i with ti,^- W.-l-yun 
 cuiii. toilers hi carter:! British A; , rka. ;:i< \V,;-ltj\ an h^'clto!! of 
 
 -.2;iS. Tik' Metli'xlist NeAV (am.o.'XKm. ;i.. fl.;il limr r'ul tTf.'h".! 
 !in uduAi.Hial cijiircii wiiicb svih :.!LiiiJ, '; on .Sjiaaiuu a\ii;u.' 
 ^^'ifi; H uiMi.tp. isliij) of ' i^jM) -. we u, .' . ••;. .•liM/ci,'.-. i'l;!' 
 [ys'^til (Uunx-lj. }):.'■<: kni'Wi! ;i.^ ;■(.(' M- ';••■;■•{ ' iMiicli of CanM^ia. 
 at t,hu pre:v.j;t tiiuo (J.H7i'.j ii!i<r."hi.»;.^ wi; '- 'he c'ly aii'l i-nlnirl;'- 
 
 fiC^ ..Ul ril'Ctllt'--, ••Iilt.CfU'Jn^ '■•t'lil'VH rjiili- r.hli, ;•.-. h ;; ]«HSt(.rS^ 
 
 auh'i! !^y t.'U'V(-ji luiiiistetv ijoii I !.•.>.:; ..•u:.' ■.. .» i' • ii).Miiii iiH'iiio. '^i' 
 superiiuimuy. or lidj-riau-'natt '1, luaK ■.. ., '..'lio t.- i ,:il stu'V of 
 t\V( '.tv out.', Its iiJ;-o I-k/r! jH.r.Ju i'h m • i ■ ■■•■', ,u;o a iiioiii'oor- 
 .ship of i.t^'iv if ;i<t. :!•;, -(/Iij't, .ir.^l -. ■ •- • i'].ivc:> j.ro|arty 
 
 t" Ou ,u...raut of ?:{1.),0'»(», • ■, ,, , i,.iii,.ri: Sahl^ath 
 »^c;;'" is, 
 
 Thr Pnnoti^-'r ^: -i.'.i,.,M,...;v '.\l:^\ !.c.^:i.. :'s ho.ois 111 tl;.- 
 
 xil^r >';tiirns, toi;v oi?.(.;i:>t.- liw (.;;iiii-ii tiiilMOS, il\.' Lir',.llt 
 
 frojK-hcri-i, t-.v.. ,uip(/rnun!ai-;" -. aM'l riaiv i'*)i:or an.! 'M.uk 
 Ht( v.ard>:, •oiiikiiio' yl'-hi iiiiui^t rs ia aU. Thr -a !* ..f choir 
 prruu-ctv ixUaw a)»oi!.nf,-. 1,. o.-i-r ■^idO'Min. 'i ii.^- v. ■ !nl.;_'r;,iiii, ii! 
 tfii- 'Mty an.1 .^ubnrhs ainouiit:^ f.^ 7"^. If -.■ utuu- iU:-. .i^.^.h 
 .. i"tj;:t(i] .Hllj. Christian ("iinr, h. a,;i't it:, oa'-tT v\h'i m r..-;Jj\ 
 nothii-^ h:s;, uov laou- tl..o; Motiiialist-.. thi r .a*- ti,i!';\ '-IcUii.'- 
 uist iniuihterh iu '1: )r..aUM. pu-arhm^ in r^. \..uf(:vii riuo-chuP, 
 cojiiluctin^ tWrnU habhath s. hri.N. an.! iiiu^og ;il,out. . Jovci! or 
 tw- i\o ti-ionsand Koulb nndor t,!:i-ir •au.-. 
 
 Metropolitan Meth xijfu Ciu:rch.--uu-oiilo i: ;•.■:•..»>.; -i f.^r 
 • tt/u hcuiity and !i:;t'rn:!ic,';.. .. of ii, r ?-!mn i-.-^ aal lorciiioisl 
 arnou^ tiie uiany Bplfudid aiso m-ftN ■ a;:,.-! s Ihat h.iv- as-isterl 
 to Hp'vad tlic farivi of the (^-ry th- M.iAii iran Alvdhoi'sl; Chur di 
 i4t..uiiis nno'iui'ditid lor i/caatv of (.-..lst'. idnuraiil!' locatiir., and 
 tin- i'-'iiiph'toucsd and unity of iutiiig,-* aiid arrnnftonunt.s. Tuit, 
 Deautifui buiJdinf^, tho huewt \\\;Kloyan Midhadist Ciiurch in 
 Toi-uutii, ii«d one of thp. iarL'*'rit on tiuts side of tht Atlaatio, is 
 Biluate IU il\ii ctmtio of a large; .■^({uaio, bounded on the east bv 
 
 lax 
 
 I"*! 
 
'"— 
 
 111 
 
 .jf 
 
 of 
 
 ■a 
 
 ; J 
 
 J]- 
 
 
 tv ; 
 
 ■ 1 
 
 ir 
 
f 
 
CHURCHES. 
 
 Church street, west by Bond street, south by Queen street, and 
 north by Shuter street. The Church grounds, which contain 
 about two acres, have, during the past few monthH, been 
 enclosed by a neat iron fence, and phinted witli flowers, orna- 
 mental shrubs and trees, making ^fetropolitan Square one of the 
 brightest and most attractive spots in the city. Upwards of ten 
 thousand dollars have been expended on this work of making the 
 grounds suitable to the magnificent edifice standing in their 
 midst. The Church is built of the finest white brick, with cut 
 stone dresbings, and is in the French Gothic style of the 
 fourteenth century. Its extreme dimensions are 214 by 104 
 feet. In the rear of the church is a chancel-shaped chapel, or 
 lecture-room, 63 by 63 feet, with an upper floor at the south end 
 in which are commodious infants' class rooms. In front of the 
 Church is a massive and imposing tower about thirty feet square 
 and one hundred and ninety feet in lieight. On either side 
 at the juncture of the main building with the lecture-room are 
 two smaller towers, sixteen feet square and one hundred and 
 twenty-two feet high. The roof is covered with coloured slates, 
 in ornamental bands, and the ridge, is richly crested with cast 
 iron ornaments. The principal entrance fronts on Queen street, 
 and is by a massive doorway under the main tower, and by two 
 open porches on either side. There are also entrances on either 
 side under the smaller towers. The gallery is reached by two 
 very commodious staircases from the front vestibule, and can 
 be emptied in about five or six minutes. The internal arrange- 
 ments, general design, harmony, and beauty of the whole, excite 
 the admiration of all visitors. The windows are of stained glass 
 and beautiully traced, filling the Church in the day time with 
 that dim religious light which is so appropriate to a building of 
 its character. At night the Church is lighted by gas proceeding 
 from burners arranged in arches beneath patent reflectors above 
 the capitals of i,iie columns supporting the roof. On the wall 
 above the large window fever the main entrance door of the 
 building, is a beautiful scroll bearing the words '' Holiness 
 becometh Thy House, Iiord." A commodious gallery extends 
 
 x85 
 
ill 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 W 
 
 TOIU)NT(> : PArir ANU PREHKNT. 
 
 Jiround the Church, the n(trth«H-u end, heliind the pulpit, hemg 
 occupied by the orgiin and choir. The seating eapacity of the 
 Church is over two thousand four hundred, and is invariably 
 crowded at Sunday services, morning and evening. The U tal 
 cost of the building, organ, and site was one imndred and lifty 
 thousand dollars. The Church was erected mainly through 
 the exertions of the emi lent English Divine, the liev. Dr. 
 W. M. Punshon, whose thrilling eloquence did so mnch to 
 infuse life and vigor into Methodism in Canada. Thi! organ 
 is the largest and most complete in the Dominion of Canada, 
 and one of the largest in America, and is the product of 
 Canadian skill and workmanship, and not only affords evidence 
 of the high position attained by the builders — Messrs. S. R. 
 Warren & Co., of Montreal — in this important department of art 
 and manufacture, but also serves to awaken just feelings of 
 national pride that a work of such magnitude and importance 
 has been executed by artist' and manufacturers resident in 
 Canada. It contains, with t ockenspiel (or Bell stop), three 
 
 thousand three hundred and niteen pipes and notes, namely : — 
 
 1, 218 pipes in the Great Organ. 
 
 1,160 " " Swell 
 
 568 " " Choir 
 
 330 " " Pedal 
 
 It has thirty-nine Glockenspiel notes in the Choir Organ, and has 
 three manuals and jiedals, namely. Great, Swell, Choir and 
 Pedal Organs, the whole embracing eighty-four registers, pistons 
 and pedals, of which fifty-three are speaking stops, (all of which, 
 with the exception of the clarionet, run through the entire 
 register), nine pneumatic composition pistons, and twenty-two 
 mechanical registers and pedals. Many new and valuable inven- 
 tions and improvements have been introduced into this instru- 
 ment, among which may be mentioned the Pneumatic Tubular 
 Action, of which there are a number of ingenious applications. 
 The placing of a portion of the Great Organ in the swell-box is 
 one of these enabling the organist to produce a crescendo on the 
 Great as well as on the Swell Organ, thereby securing results of 
 
 186 
 
CHURCHES. 
 
 the most striking and impressive cliaracter. Only one other 
 example of this arrangement is to be found in America. The 
 blowing apparatus is another important feature, and unquestion- 
 ably the most successful arrangement yet perfected, and, in some 
 respects, resembles that in use in St. Paul's Cathedral, London, 
 England. The number of sixteen feet and eight feet registers is 
 noticeable, giving not only great depth, dignity, and volume of 
 tone, but, when combined with the reeds (of which there are 
 thirteen) and mixtures, the effect produced is truly grand and 
 brilliant. It is a fact generally admitted, that in delicacy and 
 refinement of voicing, mechanical skill, and completeness of 
 design, the instrument is one of rare excellence, and certainly 
 not excelled, if equalled, in these particulars, on the Continent. 
 The total cost of the organ, including water engine and blowing 
 apparatus, was about fifteen thousand dollars. - 
 
 uxc, as Compat^J with some Noted Organs in Europ' : 
 
 Metropolitan Church or-jan, Toronto 53 speaking stops. 
 
 Strasburg Cathedral 46 " " ' ' 
 
 Temple Church, London, England 47 " " 
 
 Westminster Abbey 32 " " 
 
 Exeter Hall 42 " " 
 
 Birmingham Town Hall 53 " " 
 
 The Church is also noted for its splendid choir, numbering 
 over eighty members, under the able leadership of F. H. 
 Torrington, Esq., the organist of the Church, and conductor 
 of the Philharmonic Society. 
 
 Richmond Street Church. — This church, until the erection 
 of the magnificent Metropolitan Methodist Church, was, on 
 account of its commodiousness, regarded as the Cathedral Church 
 of Methodism in Canada. The Church was erected in 1844 ; is 
 a substantial square brick building, having no ornament but a 
 portico in front. The main building is eighty-five by sixty-five 
 feet, and, at the time of its erection, seateid a greater number 
 than any other church in the city. The church contains a very 
 fine organ. The entire cost of the main building with adjoining 
 vestry and class-rooms was over twenty thousand dollars. 
 
 187 
 
 ■■ 1 
 
! :f! 
 
 n 
 
 iil 
 
 S !l 
 
 1:11 
 
 ' 
 
 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 
 
 Sherbourne Street Methodist Church. — This church, situate 
 on tlie corner of Sherbourne and Carleton streets, was erected 
 four years ago, and is a very plain structure, iif cy-four by seventy- 
 five feet. It it built of red brick, with an extended porch, in- 
 tcnd'^d for the base of a tower, to be completed when necessary 
 or desirable. The sides are supported with heavy buttresses ; the 
 windows are of ground glass with colored margins. Recent 
 extensive alterations, carried out by Messrs. Langley, Langley 
 and Burke, architects of this oit}^ have completely transformed 
 the appearance of this church. An extensive addition has been 
 made of twenty-six feet to the church proper, twenty feet of 
 which is in the shape of an octagon transept, which widens the 
 church at the pulpit to s-ixty-six feet, in each of which three 
 windows are inserted, in harmony with the old part. The 
 balance is taken up by the organ and singers' gallery, which is 
 behind the minister's platform. The ceiling is brought down in 
 a curve at the sides to the spring of the arch of the windows, 
 making a neat arch around the head of each wuidow. The tran- 
 septs are beautifully groined and enriched with mouldings and 
 ornaments, which add very materially to the appearance. The 
 carpeting and ui:)helstering of the church is uniform throughout. 
 The church contains a fine organ with twenty-four stops and over 
 eight liuadied pipes, built by the well known O. R. Warren, of 
 Montreal. In the rear of the church is a very fine schoolroom. 
 The total cost of the property as it now stands was over 
 $28,000. 
 
 Elm Street W^esleyan Methodist Church. — This church 
 was built and opened for public worship in 1862, on the site of 
 the former church, which was destroyed by fire on the morning 
 of Sunday, the 29th of October, 1861. Tt occupies a very plea- 
 sant position, and, with the neatly kept grounds, gives it an 
 inviting aspect. Though its style is not ornate, it has neverthe- 
 less an appearance of symmetry and neatness. The principal 
 entrance is at the southern end, over which rises a very graceful 
 spire. The interior of the church is well laid out, and may be 
 rjronounced to be almost a model of neatness and convenience. 
 
 1 88 
 
 mil 
 
It has a beating capacity of 1,100 persons. Tlie entire cost of 
 the structure was about $30,000. and was designed and erected 
 under the superintendence of Mr. James Smith, firchitect, of 
 this city. 
 
 THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCHES. 
 
 From a very early period of its history Presbyterians 
 formed a part of the poj)ulation of Toronto, originally called 
 York. As might be expected, from their strong attachment 
 to their simple forms of worship, they soon began to take 
 steps for having divine ordinances regularly administered 
 amongst them, after the Presbyterian mode. But at first it was 
 difficult to have their desires carried into effect. Presbyterian 
 ministers, in Upper Canada, were few in number, so that it was 
 some time before they were able to obtain regular ministrations. 
 One of the first Presbyterian ministers who laboured in the west- 
 ern part of Canada was the Rev. Eobert McDowall, who was 
 sent to Canada as a missionary, by the Classis of Albany, in 
 connection with the Reformed Dutch Church. He occasionally 
 visited York, but laboured principally in the townships around 
 the Bay of Quinte. The first who was permanently settled in 
 Toronto, as a Presbyterian minister, was the Eev. James Harris, 
 who came from Ireland iu 1820. Previous to his arrival, the 
 Eev. W. Jenkins, originally from Scotland, and who came in the 
 year 1807 from the United States to Canada, had given what 
 assistance he could in gathering the Presbyterians of York and 
 the neigbbourhood together, and forming them into a congrega- 
 tion. Soon after Air. Harris arrived, steps were taken for the 
 erection of a place of worship, for which land was generously 
 given by Mr. Jesse Ketchum. Its site was part of the lot now 
 occupied by Knox Church. The church was built in 1821, and 
 in 1822 the organization of the congregation was completed 
 by the formal adoption of certain rules and regulations as a con- 
 stitution for the new congregation. The connexion between pastor 
 and people was a happy one, and Mr. Harris, by the faithful per- 
 
 189 
 
 ir'^ 
 
»m 
 
 
 
 TOUONTU : PAST AND PRESENT. 
 
 formance of his duties, and his gentle, affable disposition, gained the 
 respect of all who knew him. The congregation of Mr. Harris was 
 not connected with the Cliurch of Scotland, but with the body 
 known as the United Synod of Upper Canada. A number of per- 
 sons connected with the Church of Scotland had been for some time 
 desirous of forming a congregation in York. At the iirst meeting 
 held by them, Mr. (now Sir Francis) Hixicks was in the chair, 
 and Mr. W. Lyon Mackenzie acted as secretary. The erection of 
 St. Andrew's Church was the result, which was opened for public 
 worship in June, 1831. The first minister was the Eev. W. Rin- 
 toul, previously minister of a Presbyterian congregation at Mary- 
 port, in England. After a few years he resigned the charge of 
 the congregation, and was subsequently minister at Streetsville, 
 and for a time Professor of Hebrew in Knox College. For a few 
 years before his death he was minister of St. Gabriel Street 
 Church, Montreal. He died in the year, 1857, and was suc- 
 ceeded in Toronto by the Rev. W. T. Leach, who now holds the 
 important position of Archdeacon of Montreal, and Vice-Princi- 
 pal of McGill College. The Rev. Mr. Barclay, now Dr. Barclay, 
 succeeded him in St. Andrew's Church, Toronto, and was in turn 
 succeeded by the Rev. D. J. Macdonell, B.D. The congregation 
 of St. Andrew's have recently erected a handsome and commodi- 
 ous church, one of the finest in the city, at the corner of Kin^ 
 and Simcoe streets, and have the prospect of increased prosperity 
 in their new edifice. A portion of the congref^ation still remain 
 in the old building, at the corner of Church and Adelaide streets, 
 rmd have lately called, as their pastor, the Rev. G. M. Milligan, 
 B.A., formerly of Detroit. In 18-14 the 'Presbyterian Church 
 of Canada, in connection witli the Church of Scotland, was 
 divided into two parts, one retaining the old name, and 
 the other portion forming themselves into the Synod of 
 the " Presbyterian Church of Canada." A large number 
 of the members and adherents of St. Andrew's Chu' ch, Toronto, 
 sympathising with the Free Church, and feeling it to be their 
 duty to bear testimony to their principles, separated from the 
 Church of Scotland. , This was formally done at a meeting held 
 
 I go 
 
13th July, 1845 ; arra. ^ements were made for tlie organization 
 of a congregation and the selection of a place of worship. But 
 before any definite steps were taken for these needn, a proposal 
 was made by the congregation of the Presbyterian Church of 
 York, (under which title the congregation under the pastoral care 
 of Mr, Harris was known), that the two bodies should unite and 
 form one congregation, Mr. Harris retiring with an annuity, to 
 be paid by the united congregation. The proposal was agreed 
 to, and it was resolved to unite and form one church to be known 
 as Knox Church. The union was accordingly carried into eflfect, 
 and worked harmoniously. The united congregation addressed 
 a call to the Rev. Dr. Robert Burns, then of Paisley, Scotland, 
 who had visited Canada as a Deputy of the Free Church in the 
 early part of 1844. Dr. Burns was inducted as jjastor of Knox 
 Church in May, 1846, and entered on the duties of the office with 
 characteristic zeal and energy. For eleven years he discharged 
 the duties of pastor, and was then appointed to the chair of Church 
 History in Knox College, which he retained until his death in 
 1869. During his pastorate the old church was destroyed by fire 
 in 1847, and in its place the congregation erected the present 
 handsome edifice, which was opened on the 3rd September, 1848, 
 In 1858 the pre nt pastor of Knox Church, Rev. Alexander 
 Topp, D.I)., was called and inducted. Tlie congregation 
 is a very large, influential, and well organized one. A few 
 years ago a handsome structure, affording the most ample 
 accommodation for Sabbath school, lecture room, &c., was 
 erected at a cost of about $16,000. The communicants of 
 the church now number upwards of 800. Towards the 
 end of the year 1837, a few persons desired to have reli- 
 gious ordinances in connection with the United Secession 
 Church of Scotlan(^ »w known as the United Presbyterian 
 Church). They hun oeen occasionally holding their meetings in 
 a cari^enter's shop. In 1838 they rented a church belonging to 
 the Baptists, in Stanley street, from which they removed in 1840 
 to the church belonging to the Epis^ lal Methodists on Richmond 
 street. In 1848 the church on Bay street was erected, and 
 
 191 
 
vi 
 
 
 iJ-4 
 
 -'I ■ .1 
 
 
 
 li^ 
 
 ■i1 
 
 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 
 
 opened for public worship on the last Sabbath of the year. The 
 Eev. John .Jennings, ]). J)., who lately passed away after a use- 
 ful and and honored ministry of thirty-seven years, was the 
 first i)astor of Bay street, lie was succeeded by the Rev. John 
 Smith, formerly of Bowmanville, while a number of the 
 families formerly connected with the Bay Street Chvrcli were 
 formed into a new congregation called the Central Church. 
 At present they meet in Shaftesbury Hall, but are building a 
 handsome church on Grosveuor street. The pastor is the Rev. 
 D. Mitchell, formerly of New York. In 1852 some of the mem- 
 bers of Bay Street Church wished to be organized as a separate 
 congregation, and they were organized accordin.iy, and called as 
 their pastor the Rev. Dr. Taylor, then I'rofessor of Divinity for 
 the United Presbyterian Church. For a time they worshipped 
 in the Mechanics' Institute, then on Court street ; but subse- 
 quently built the commodious church on the corner of Gould and 
 Victoria sti eets. In 1861 Dr. Taylor resigned the pastorate and 
 rdturned to Scotland. After a vacancy of some duration, during 
 which they were supplied by Dr. Burns, the}' called the Rev. 
 John King, M. A., who was then minister at Columbus. Under 
 the pastoral charge of Mr. King the congregation has largely 
 increased. They have also cleared otf all their church debt, 
 which for a time was very considerable, and contributed very 
 liberally to the various schemes of the church. About the time 
 when the last mentioned congregation was organized, another 
 was formed under the name of Cooke's Church, most of the origi- 
 nal members of which v.urc from Ireland. Tlieir first phice of 
 worsiiii) was on George street ; they afterwards erected the sub- 
 stantial anil commodious church on (^)ueen street. Dr. Ro))ert 
 Irvine was the I'lrst pastor. After a few years he was called to 
 Hamilton, and was succeeded in Cooke's Church by the Rev. A. 
 Marshall. The Rev. Mr. Alarshuli's faithful and earnest minis- 
 try was of short duration ; he was compelled by the state of his 
 health to resign his charge and return to Ireland, where he 
 shortly afterwards died. He is still affectionately remembered 
 by not a few of the Presbyterians of Toronto. He was succeeded 
 
 192 
 
 "W- 
 
 I 
 
Iii 
 
 ft»L 
 
CHURCHES. 
 
 by the Eev. W. Gregg, M.A., now Professor Gregg of Knox Col- 
 lege, who in liis turn was succeeded by the Rev. J. G. Rohb, D.D. 
 Cooke's Church is now a large and influential congregation. Our 
 space will not allow of our giving any minute account of the rise 
 and growth of the other Presbyterian congregations in Toronto. 
 In 1856 a preaching station was opened on Spadina Avenue, 
 south of Queen street. After some time a congregation was 
 organized, and a place of worship errected on Queen street, at 
 the corner of Denison Avenue, and called the West Church. 
 The first pastor was the Rev. J. Baikie, who, after a short minis- 
 try, was removed by death. He was succeeded by the Rev. 
 Robert Wallace, ihe present pastor. A few years ago the church 
 was enlarged to meet the wants of the growing congregation. 
 
 For some time prior to 1867 there had been occasional services 
 for the Presbyterians residing in Yorkville and neighborhood. 
 In the year mentioned it was resolved to erect a church. A site 
 was secured on Charles street ; a church was built and opened in 
 the autumn of 1868. The first pastor was the Rev. John Camp- 
 bell, M. A., now Professor in the Presbyterian College of Montreal. 
 After a somewhat lengthened vacancy he was succeeded by the Rev. 
 R. D. Fraser, M.A., the present pastor. The congregation is grow- 
 ing and the necessity of enlarged accommodation is under thc3 con- 
 sideration of the members. In the eastern part of the city a church 
 was erected in the year 1869, near the corner of King and Pine 
 p+''eets. The first pastor, who still presides over the congrega- 
 tion, was the Rev. John Cameron. The congregation has 
 increased greatly, and steps are being taken to erect a larger 
 place of worship. A still more recently established church is 
 that at the corner of College and Bathurst streets. The pastor 
 is the Rev. A. Gilray. The congregation here alst increased very 
 greatly ; the original church has already been enlarged, and it 
 is likely that ere long still more accommodation will be required. 
 There is also a Mission Church, called St. Mark's, on Adelaide 
 street west. This church was erected by St. Andrew's congre- 
 gation ; there is a Sabbath school but there is no congrega- 
 tion yet organized. There is anothei Mission Church on 
 
 N 
 
 193 
 
 ■/", 
 
n 
 
 M\i' 
 
 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 
 
 ■'3 r ■4';! . ' 
 
 IMWi 
 
 Duchess street, near Sherboiirne street. This was erected by 
 the congregation of Knox Church, and the expenses have hither- 
 to been borne by the same congregation. Steps are being taken 
 for the erection of other Churches, through the efforts of the 
 Toronto Presbyterian Church Extension Association, recently 
 organized, and which is entering on its work with no small 
 degree of energy and zeal. There are at present, January, 1877, 
 eleven fully organized Presbyterian congregations with pastors, 
 besides two Mission Churches, and several preaching stations, 
 within the city and the immediate vicinity. These are all hap- 
 pily united in connexion with the General Assembly of the 
 PresL-'/terian Church of Canada. There was formerly a Presby- 
 terian congregation connected with the Reformed Church of the 
 United States ; but this may be said to be extinct. The place of 
 worship is now in the possession of the Reformed Episcopal 
 Church, and they have had no pastor for many years. It may 
 be thus seen that all the Presbyterians in Toronto are included 
 in one general organization. The total membership (communi- 
 cants) may be stated at upwards of three thousand five hundred, 
 representing a Presbyterian population of not less probably than 
 twelve thousand. Knox College has its seat in Toronto, and from 
 its halls a goodly number of young men issue year by year to 
 take their place in the wide harvest field opening all around. 
 
 Old St. Andrew's Church. — This church was erected in the 
 year 1880, and is now the oldest edifice used as a place of Pro- 
 testant worship in Toronto. It was opened for divine service on 
 the 19th of June, 1831, on which occasion His Majesty's 79th 
 Regiment of Scotch Highlanders, then stationed here, attended. 
 The church stands on a lot of land at the corner of Church and 
 A'ielaide streets, entering from the former. It is a substantial 
 e; ection of brick, plastered on the outside in imitation of stone, 
 and is capa])lc of seating about a thousand persons. It was the 
 first and, until within the last few years, the only Presbyterian 
 church in Canada in which instrumental music was employed, 
 and here for nearly thirty years 'nstrumcntal music as an aid in 
 conducting the psalmody has been used. A few years ago a new 
 
 194 
 
 an 
 M 
 
 at 
 st^ 
 
and very fine toned organ was built expressly for this church by 
 Messrs. Warren and Co., of M!ontreal. 
 
 New St. Andrew's Church.— The New St. Andrew's, situ- 
 ate on the corner of King and Simcoe streets, is in the Norman 
 style of architecture, which was in fashion in Scotland in the 
 twollth century. The Norman style with its semi-circular arches 
 was the chronological antecedent of the gothic pointed arch in 
 mediteval Europe, iirA the success attending the present venture, 
 together with the intrinsic merits of the style itself for church 
 architectural purposes, renders it quite prol)able that St. Andrew's 
 will not be long v.ithout imitations in Canada. The material of 
 which the edifice is composed is mainly Georgetown rubble stone, 
 with Ohio stone facings, varied by the introduc'ion of Queens- 
 ton red-brown stone in the relieving arches and bands. The 
 columns adjoining the main entrance are made of Bay of Fundy 
 red granite, finely polished, and handsomely adorned with appro- 
 priate accompaniments. The King street facade is unbroken l)y 
 any projection, but is relieved by three large semi-circular arches, 
 richly ornamented with chevrons and other characteristic mould- 
 ings. The facade on Simcoe street is relieved by a large stone 
 tower, thirty-one feet square at the base, and rising to a height of 
 one hundred and sixteen feet. The windows, like the entrance, are 
 headed b}' the semi-circular arch, and are so arranged as to pro- 
 duce a very fine effect. At the southern end of the building are 
 situate the school, lecture, and other rooms, which are ingeni- 
 ously and successfully contrived, with a view of adding to instead 
 of detracting from the • general effect which the contour of the 
 building is intended to produce. Still further south, and immedi- 
 ately opposite the grounds of the Lieutenant-Governor's residence, 
 stands the handsome and well appointed manse. In internal 
 arrangements and perfection of fittings the Church is second to 
 none. The cost of the Church and manse was about -hty-five 
 thousand dollars. 
 
 Cooke's Church, or Free Presbyterian Church, was erected 
 from the designs of William Thomas and Sons, architects, in 
 1857-8, and was opened for public worship on the 25th of July, 
 
 195 
 
m 
 
 » 
 
 1858. It is of white brick, in the Louil)artIiau style of architec- 
 ture, and is a phiin but substantial building, the chief ornamen- 
 tation being in brickwork with a projecting corbel table to eaves 
 and gables. The building is one hundred and two feet in depth, 
 with a frontage of tifty-five feet. Tlie front has three divisions, 
 with towers on each angle and boldly projecting entrance porsh. 
 The angle towers are each fourteen feet scpiare and are uue huL- 
 dred and ten feet in height from the ground to the tops of the 
 spires. The church has accommodation for nearly a thousand 
 persons. A spacious basement story underneath the church is 
 used for Sunday school and other congregational purposes. 
 
 THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH. 
 
 Catholic services were first performed in York about seven 
 years after Governor Simcoe selected it as the site of the 
 capital of Upper Canada. These services were first con- 
 ducted by missionaries on their way to and from Detroit, 
 then a large French mission station. Afterwards services 
 were pretty regularly held in the houses of the Catholic 
 members of the Government. In 1826 St. Paul's Church was 
 built, ;,nd at the +ime of its erection was considered the hand- 
 somest edifice in the city. In 1842 Bishop Power was appointed 
 the first Bishop of Toronto. He shortly afterwards bought 
 from Mr. McGill the site on which St. Michael's Cathedral now 
 stands. It was at that time thought to be a very foolish project 
 to i)urchase land so far from the then centre of the city, and 
 the height of madness to erect so large a church in the 
 centre of a dense bush. Bishop Power, however, had large 
 views, and his judgment and wisdom has been proved by the 
 rapid growth of the city, which has transformed this site into 
 one of the most central and most valuable church sites in the 
 city. Bishop Power died in 1847, having been seized with 
 cholera during his arduous labors among the plague-stricken 
 emigrants and citizens, during the fatal epidemic of that year 
 The cathedral was unfinished at the time of Bishop Power's 
 
 ig6 
 
CHURCHKS. 
 
 death, but his immediate successor, Bishop Charhonnel, paid off a 
 heavy deht contracted in its erection, and adorned the building 
 with several paintings, beautiful stained glass windows, and live 
 very gorgeou? altars. Archbishop Lynch, the present earnest 
 and learned occupant of the Palace, built the very fine tower and 
 spire, and added thereto the sacristry and bells. At the present 
 time (January, 187G) there are seven Roman Catholic churches in 
 the city, with several convents, charitable institutions, col- 
 leges, and schools in afHliation with the church. 
 
 THE UNITARIAN CHURCH. 
 
 Unitarian Church. — This edifice, which stands on the west 
 side of Jarvis street, above Crookshank street, was erected in 
 1854. It is built of white brick, and is eighty-five feet long by 
 fifty feet wide, forming a parallelogram, which includes the body 
 of the church and the vestibule. Its cost was over $10,000, The 
 style of architecture is the pointed Gothic, and it is generally 
 admitted to be a very handsome building. Its sitting accommo- 
 dation is for about five hundred persons. On the 24th of 
 December, 1865, this church was fired by an incendiary, and 
 very much damaged. It was repaired as soon as practicable, 
 and now presents internally a very handsome appearance. In 
 making the repairs after the fire the inside walls were painted 
 in imitation of cut stone, the ceiling was divided into frescoed 
 panels. The Sunday school room in the basement is capacious, 
 neat and well lighted. The basement also contains apartments 
 for a library and a ministers' vestry. 
 
 197 
 
I \ 
 
 II 
 
 » 
 
 TORONTO : I'AHT AND I'UEHKNT. 
 
 "ReLIQIOUS and Ch^F^ITABLE IjSgTITUTIOf^S. 
 
 IIK rt'ligious and charitable institutions of the city are 
 very nunierouB, and formed to meet tlie wants of all 
 classes, old and young, male and female. There are 
 young men's Christian associations and there are young women's 
 Christian associations, there are boys' homes and girls' homes, 
 homes for infants, and home-^ for old people. As the city is dis- 
 tinguished for its many and beautiful church edifices, bo is it 
 equally distinguished for its abundant charity. Almost every 
 want or ill that can distress human nature has some institution 
 or some society organised for the mitigation of it. Here are 
 found societies of almost every conceivable form of benevolence, 
 for the visitation of the sick, for the cure of the maimed and 
 crippled, for the alleviation of the pangs of child-birth, for the 
 care of the orphan and foundling, the support of the aged and 
 infirm, the reformation of unfortunates and criminals, for the sup- 
 pression of vice and intemperance, for guarding and soothing the 
 mad, for clothing the naked, feeding the hungry, and for the 
 prevention of cruelty to animals. Here are found Protestant 
 homes and Roman Catholic homes ever ready and willing to 
 assist the infirm and needy ; here are found societies of almost 
 every nationality assisting in the good work of guiding or pro- 
 moting the social and moral well-being of their fellow-country- 
 men. 
 
 Of the suras devoted to charitable m es by the various societies 
 and institutions in Toronto no exact f tatement can be made, but 
 from the various annual reports of tie larger public institutions 
 it is manifest that a sum of near upoL p quarter of a million of 
 dollars is annually spent in the relief of distress of various 
 forms. The space at our disposal will not allow of a detailed 
 description of all the religious and charitable institutions of the 
 city, but the following comprise the principal : 
 
 198 
 
UKMOIOIH AND CHAIlITAIUiK INHTITITIONS, 
 
 The Young Men's Christian Association Building is .situ- 
 ated on Queen street west, at tlie corner of J ames street. This 
 fine structure was erected in 1872, from a design by Messrs. 
 Smith & f'ommel, and extends over an area of one hundred and 
 twenty feet by seventy feet ; is three storeys high, exclusive of 
 tlie basement. In the basement a first-class gymnasium is pro- 
 vided for the use of members of the association, also several 
 cellar kitchens and boiler room. On the ground floor there are 
 three stores, with warerooms attached, and in the rear of tliese 
 the height of the gymnasium is continued fi'om the basement. 
 On this floor are also the janitor's rooms. The first floor con- 
 sists of a reading-room forty-three by thirty-eight feet, the 
 library being ranged along one side, with shelving for six 
 thousand volumes. There are also on the same floor a parlour, 
 secretary's room, lavatories, and large lecture hall with double 
 gallery, seating one thousand five hundred. The main entrance 
 to the hall is twelve feet wide, leading direct from the street. 
 The second floor is divided into smaller rooms for class and com- 
 mittee rooms and passages to the galleries of the large hall. The 
 third Hoor, rising into the mansard roof, contains eight rooms. 
 The outside of the btiilding presents a handsome appearance, 
 being of the best white brick, with stone and galvanized cappings. 
 A mansard roof, in which there are dormer windows, and a tower 
 eighty feet high rising over the main entrance, form prominent 
 features of the building. The cost of erection was forty-one 
 thousand dollars. 
 
 Young Women's Christian Association. — The objects of 
 this institution are to provide suitable accommodation and a 
 comfortable home for young girls coming from different parts of 
 the country, who require shelter or permanent protection against 
 the dangers and temptations consequent on leaving the parental 
 roof to earn a livelihood in the city. The aim of the institution 
 is not to offer charity, but rather to inculcate self-dependence ; 
 the desire of the committee being to make it eventually self-sup- 
 porting. All its inmates during the past year, numbering one 
 hundred and ninety, have paid for their board according to their 
 
 199 
 
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 ^1 
 
 means, with the exception of about twenty who were received 
 until they obtained suitable employment. It has proved a great 
 boon to not a few young women who arrived in the city stran- 
 gers, and who found in it shelter, Christian counsel, sympathy, 
 and prr.ctical help. A rule is made and adhered to, not to re- 
 ceive domestics who have held situations in the city, except in 
 oxtraordinary cases, and then not witliout an explanatory note 
 from their last emiiloyer. The average charge for board is $2.60 
 per week, more or less, according to the means of the applicant. 
 
 The Lrirl's Home is a neat and attractive building of red 
 and white brick, erected at a cost of upwards of $15,000, on Ger- 
 rard street east. It is designed for the rescue and care of young 
 girls, and the bestowal of careful attention to their veligious, 
 moral, and temporal welfare, also the maintenance and support 
 of boys and girla under five years of age. About one hundred 
 and seventy girls were received into this institution during the 
 past year. 
 
 The Boys' Home. — This institution, which is a neat red 
 and white brick structure, with cut stone dressings, in the 
 Gothic style of architecture, is situate on the east side of George 
 street. The building is 73 by 30 feet, with a projecting portico 
 in front. The basement story contains the dining hall, kitchen, 
 pantries, store rooms, laundry and bath rooms. On the ground 
 floor ib placed the school room, the reception room, and board 
 room. The two upjier stories contain the dormitories, which 
 are large and well ventilated. The institution is designed to 
 furnish a home f. " destitute boys not convicted of any crime. 
 It is open to boy? »m all parts of the .Province of Ontario 
 without regard to creed or nationality, and each boy is allowed 
 to attend any place of worship, which cither he or his friends 
 or relatives may choose, on every Sunday morning. Divine ser- 
 vice is also celebrated in the home every Sunday afternoon. 
 The home at present contains about seventy boys, whose ages 
 range from five to fourteen years, and is at all hours open to the 
 visits of ministers of every denomination and all others who 
 feel ail interesc in the welfare of destitute children. The com- 
 
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 mittee of management is comprised of a number of the most 
 active lady philanthropists of the city, whose labom's in this 
 good work are worthy of every encouragement. The vast 
 amount of misery and crime prevented by tha operations of this 
 home 'can never be fully realized, and but a faint conception of 
 it formed by those who are among the most active workers 
 in carrying out the aims of the institution. Mva. Munro is the 
 matron of the home. 
 
 The Magdalen Asylum, situate on Yonge street, is designed 
 for the reclamati(m of fallen women. About eiglity inmates are 
 annually received into this institution, which is worthy of all 
 support, and is accomplishing a good work. 
 
 Toronto General Hospital (on Don and Sumach streets) is 
 a stately white brick building of the old English domestic style 
 of the hftcenth century. The site is dry, airy, and comprises 
 about four acres of land. The hospital is very complete in all 
 its arrangements and appliances for the comfort and well-being 
 of the patients. The grounds are neatly laid out and well cul- 
 tivated. During the past year 1,087 patients were received into 
 the hospital, and 7,854 persons received medicine and treatment 
 as external patients. Of the 1,087 patients treated in the hos- 
 pital, 756 were from the city of Toronto, 284 were from various 
 other parts of the Province, 16 from the United States, and 31 
 were emigrants and foreigners. The average stay of the 
 patients in the hospital was fifty-one days. The entire receipts 
 of the hospital and the sources from which they were derived 
 are as follows : 
 
 * cts. 
 
 Trom the Provincial Government ot" Ontario 11,200 00 
 
 " Paying patients 8,565 91 
 
 Income from property belonging to the hospital 8,590 16 
 
 Subscriptions, donations and bequests of private | 
 
 mdividuals ) •'•^ ^' 
 
 Other sources 551 6a 
 
 $45,460 66 
 
 The expenditures for the same period amounted to $40,051.58, 
 
 wliff'" 
 
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 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 
 
 and include, among other items, $3,415.95 for beer, wine, spirits 
 and medicines ; $13, 601. 8(5 for bread, butter, meat, milk, &c. 
 
 The Provincial Lunatic Asylum — Queen Street west, opjio- 
 site Trinity College. — The Provincial Lunatic Asylum, the 
 largest public edifice in Toronto, is situated in the western por- 
 tion of the city on Queen street, about two and a half miles from 
 the Central (or St. Lawrence Hall) Market. It is located on part 
 of the old Garrison Common, commanding a splendid view of 
 the lake, and also near to Trinity College and the Crystal Palace. 
 The building has a frontage of six hundred and forty-four feet, is 
 four storeys high, and has two large wings, one at each end of the 
 edifice. The basement contains the kitchens, heating furnaces, 
 bakery, store-rooms, tailor's • shop, etc., etc. The floors above 
 the basement are appropriated to the patients and their medical 
 attendants. The grounds si.ppropriated to the Asylum are fifty 
 acres in extent, and are enclosed by a substantial brick wall. 
 They are used partly for agricultural and horticultural purposes, 
 and partly as flower gardens and promenades for the patients. 
 The Asylum stands in the midst of a beautiful flower garden, well 
 cultivated and tastefully laid out. Few places in Toronto or its 
 vicinity exhibit such lieauty of decoration and of highly improved 
 culture as the Asylum grounds. In the front garden is a handsome 
 fountain, thirty feet high ; and in the roar are two smaller foun- 
 tains. This building stands third, in point of size and in the 
 number of its inmates, on the Continent of America. The insti- 
 tution is under the direction of a medical superintendent, 
 aided by a competent staff consisting of fifty-one male and 
 forty-eight female assistants. During the year 1875 the 
 daily average number of patients under treatment was six 
 hundred and fifty, maintained at an average cost of one 
 hundred and twenty-nine dollars and forty-two cents per head 
 for the year. The entire cost of maintaining the Asylum for the 
 year 1S75 amounted to eighty-four thousand one hundred and 
 twenty-five dollars and seventy-three cents. About twelve thous- 
 and dollars per annum is spent for butcher's meat, fish and fowl, 
 eight thousand dollars for flour, two thousand dollars for beer. 
 
 202 
 
wine and spirits, nearly five thousand dollars for butter, seven 
 thousand five hundred dollars for groceries, and about thirty 
 thousand dollars for other miscellaneous requirements of the 
 institution. Nearly twenty-two thousand dollars is paid for sala- 
 ries of Superintendent and assistants, etc., etc. The produce of th® 
 farm and garden is mainly consumed by the patients and attend- 
 ants, and last year, at the ordinary market prices, the produce of 
 the farm was worth five thousand one hundred and ninety-eight 
 dollars, and the garden one thousand one hundred and ninety- 
 nine, or a total of six thousand three hundred and ninety-seven 
 dollars. 
 
 In addition to these institutions there are the Burnside Lying- 
 in Hospital, Kichmond street ; the House of Providence, Power 
 street, and Orphan Asylum, under the care of the Sisters of St. 
 Joseph, which has for its object the relief and comfort of the 
 aged and infirm. The Infant's Home, Yonge street, for the care 
 of infants of women in service; the House of Industry, Elm 
 street, for the relief of the aged poor ; the Newsboys' Lodging 
 and Industnal Home, Frederick street ; the Protestant Orphans' 
 Home ; the St. Nicholas Home, for working boys ; the Toronto 
 Dispensary, the Hospital for Incurables, the Eye and Ear 
 Infirmary, the Prisoners' Aid Society, the Society for the Pre- 
 vention of Cruelty to Animals, the Koyal Canadian Humane 
 Society, &c. 
 
 203 
 
,1 
 
 I 
 i 
 
 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 
 
 The pREg3. 
 
 HE first newspaper published in the Town of York, (now 
 Toronto), was the Ljjper Canada Gazette and American 
 Oracle. It wr.s a weekly publication, the price three 
 dollars per annum, size about fifteen inches by nine, or nearly 
 half the size of a single folio of the present Weekly Globe. It 
 was first issued at Niagara, in 1793, as a semi-official organ, 
 recording the acts of the Government and Legislative Assembly, 
 but shortly after the removal of the seat ot Government to York, 
 the prospectus of the Upper Canada Gazette and American Oracle 
 announced their intention to remove from Niagara and continue 
 the publication at York. It was printed on very coarse paper, 
 sometimes on blue paper, similar to that on the outside of maga- 
 zines, and Government Blue Books ; no doubt this happened only 
 when the usual stock of brownish-white ran out, and the arrival 
 of the new supply was unavoidably delayed. The local informa- 
 tion was generally very meagre, affairs in Great Britain and the 
 States occupying most space. The editorials were not lengthy, 
 nor so highly seasoned, as is the case so frequently with many 
 now published in this City. The first issue of January, 1802, 
 contained only the following editorial : 
 
 The Oracle: York, Saturday, January 2nd, 1802.— " The 
 printer presents his congratulatory compliments to his customers 
 on the New Year." 
 
 The Gazette continued its existence under various names until 
 1826, when its publication ceased. About fifty newspapers 
 weekly and daily, have since this time, made their appearance, 
 and again ceased to exist. Some of these papers were start'^d, or 
 mainly supported, for a time, at least, by political aspirants, 
 who, by the influence which they hoped to bring to bear for or 
 against the administration, for the time being, expected to clear 
 
 204 
 
THE PRESS. 
 
 a path for their own advancement. Among the more prominent 
 of the press of tlie past may be noticed the Colonial Advocate, 
 first issued by William Lyon Mackenzie, at York, in November, 
 1824. No newspaper in the early annals of the press of Upper 
 Canada excited so much attention, or commanded such inHuenco 
 as the Advocate. Its editorials displayed an ability thtni not 
 frequently met with, while its bold, pungent, and sarcastic attacks 
 soon brought it into conflict with the authorities of the day. It 
 ceased to exist in 1834. Among others may be mentioned the 
 Observer, issued in 1820 ; the Canadian Freeman, in 1825 ; the 
 United Empire Lmjalist, the Courier, the Patriot, and the 
 Examiner which began in 1838, under the management of Mr. 
 Hincks, (now Sir Francis), and for a short time commanded a 
 considerable circulation and influence. There are at jn-esent 
 near forty newspapers and periodicals publish'^l in the city, viz.: 
 four dailys, fifteen weeklies, ten montiilies, two semi-monthlies, 
 and the remainder bi-monthlies, quarterly and annually. Three 
 large dailies, viz.: The Globe, The Leader, nnd 'The Mail publish 
 morning and evening editions, and The I'elcgram is published 
 every evening. 
 
 The Globe. — The name of the Toron^^o Globe is familiar to 
 almost every newspaper reader in the Dominion, owing partly 
 to its large circulation and long standing, and partly to its 
 connexion with the name of its founder, the Hon. George 
 Brown, who is also the Managing Director of the present Globe 
 Printing Company, and who has been for many years one of the 
 most prominent public men in Canada. The first number of the 
 GloJic was issued on the 5th of March, 1844. It was at first 
 published weekly, the size of the sheet being very much less than 
 that on which the Dailif Globe is now published. The subscription 
 price was four dollars per annum, and when the edition reached a 
 thousand the circulation was thought to be enormous. In 1846 
 the Globe began to be issued twice a week, the subscription price 
 remaining as it was, and in 1849 both tri-weekly and weekly edi- 
 tions were issued, the price of the former being four dollars per 
 annum, and the latter two. In October, 1853, the first number 
 
 205 
 
m 
 
 m 
 
 j> 
 
 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 
 
 of the Daily Globe appeared, the size hein,"; ahout haK what it is 
 at present, and the total circulation of the editions, daily, tri- 
 weekly and weekly, heing about six thousand. Small as this 
 number may seem, it was then considered an exceedingly satis-. 
 factory result of nine years' operations, the success of the new ven- 
 ture having been unprecedented in the annals of Canadian jour- 
 nalism. From that time to the present the progress made has 
 been still more rapid, owing partly to judicious and well directed 
 business enterprise, and partly to the increase which has taken 
 place in the population and wealth of the City, and of the Pro- 
 vince at large. The number of persons to whom a daily paper is 
 a necessity was each year larger than the year before, and the 
 Glebe had always succeeded in securing a very large proportion 
 of the benefits thus resulting to the newspaper press. The tri- 
 weekly edition was discontinued many years ago, the daily and 
 weekly editions being found amply sufficient to meet the public 
 maud. Certain mechanical improvements in the paper and a 
 more effectual method of canvassing, almost doubled the then 
 circulation some eight years ago, and another very large expan- 
 sion has resulted from the alterations effected at the beginning 
 of the past year (1876) in the Weekly Globe, which was changed 
 from an eight to a sixteen page paper, a great many new and 
 original departments being at the same time introduced. The 
 joint circulation of the two editions is now over sixty thousand, 
 an increase of over one thousand per cent, since 1853. The 
 advertising patronage, on which journals have mainly to depend 
 for support, has of course increased in as rapid a ratio as the 
 circulation, the business public not being slow to procure the 
 advantage, to use as a medium, the journal which has for years 
 far surpassed all others in Canada in the number of its readers. 
 At the time when the Globe was started there were five political 
 journals in existence in Toronto, three of which — the Colonist, 
 the Patriot, and the Herald — were published semi-weekly, while 
 the other two — the Examiner and the Mirror — were, like the 
 Globe, weekly publications. All these journals with one excep- 
 tion have ceased to exist, the Globe having out-lived not only 
 
 206 
 
THE PRESS. 
 
 these but a number of other more recent candidates for public 
 support. For the last twenty years it has held the position of 
 the leading journal of America, and it enjoys at present, and has 
 enjoyed for years, a larger circulation, in proportion to the size 
 of its constituency, than any other journal in the world. The 
 building at present occupied by the (jIoJ)(^ is the sixth used for 
 that purpose since its establishment in 1844. Of these four have 
 been on King street and two on Yonge. The expansion of the 
 business connected with its publication, together with the require- 
 ments of its job printing department, necessitated some years 
 ago the selection of still more extensive premises than any pre- 
 viously occupied, and as the best way to obtain a suitable place 
 was to erect a building si)ecially designed for the purpose, this 
 course was resolved upon, and the work begun in the spring of 
 1864. The site selected was an eminently appropriate one in 
 every respect, being close to the Post Office, the Municipal 
 Headquarters, the Law Courts, and the Telegraph offices, and in 
 the very heart of the busiest part of the oity. The Glolie office 
 is situated on the north side of King street east, a few yards from 
 Yonge street, having a frcmtage on King street of thirty-five feet. 
 It is three stories in height, and is constructed of white, pressed 
 brick, faced with Ohio stone. On the ground floor are situated 
 the counting-room, which occupies the front of the building, and 
 the job and newspaper press-rooms which occupy- a total length 
 of two hundred and thirty feet. On the second flat, the front of 
 the building is taken up with the private office of the Hon. Mr. 
 Bro^vn, and the editioral sanctum of the Canada Farmer, which 
 is published by the Globe Printing Company. In rear of these 
 is situated the job composing room, and hand-press room. The 
 front of the third flat is occupied by the Globe editorial rooms, 
 in rear of which is the news-room, a large and well lit apartment, 
 nearly two hundred feet in length and thirty feet in width. The 
 press-room is thoroughly equipped with the latest and most im- 
 proved machinery, both presses and folders. The Canada Fanner 
 and Weekly Globe are printed from stereotyped plates, the pro- 
 cess of stereotyping being carrried on in the job department. 
 
 207 
 
 i 
 
 
 
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 vi ii': 
 
 hi- l:', 
 
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 II 
 
 f 
 
 TORONTO : PAST AND PKE8ENT. 
 
 Undt-rncath tlie l)uil(linfj; ai*e numcrouH ct'Uars for storing paper 
 and fuel, the whole constitiitiHg one of the most extensive and best 
 arranged newspaper and priutinf,' oftices in America. 
 
 The Mail. — The Toronto Mail, established in 1870, is, ac- 
 cording to the "Canadian Newspaper Directory" for 1876, the 
 second most extensive journal in point of size, circulation and 
 influence in Ontario. Like its rival, the Globe, it expends large 
 sums in obtaining latest news. It has agencies in Montreal, 
 and some other principal cities, and the telegrams and general 
 reports found in its cohnnns are marked by promptitude and 
 accuracy. The Mail is the organ of the Conservative party in 
 Ontario ; and perhaps on no journal can a greater amount of 
 editorial talent be found. It has a substantial circulation 
 throughout the Dominion, and its influence is daily and deser- 
 vedly on the increase. It is printed by a company, of which 
 T. C. Patteson is manager, who is also editor-in-chief. 
 
 The Christian Guardian. — The Toronto Christian Guardian, 
 established in 1829, is a weekly joiu'nal in the interest of the 
 Wesleyan Methodist body, and was long conducted by the 
 founder of the Ontario common school system, the Eev. Dr. 
 Egerton Kyerson. The Rev. E. H. Dewart is present editor. 
 The Guardian, after forty-seven years, still preserves its ancient 
 vigor and usefulness. 
 
 There are also published in the city the following papers and 
 magazines: — Leader, daily; /It/t'er^iser, weekly ; British American 
 Presbyterian, weekly ; Canadian Baptist, weekly ; Canadian Gen- 
 tleman's Journal and Sportina Times, weekly ; Christian Journal, 
 weekly; Dominion Churchman, weekly; Irish Canadian, vfeekly; 
 Monetary Times and Trade Review, weekly ; Orange Sentinel, 
 weekly ; Patriot, w^eekly ; Tribune, weekly ; Bee Hive, monthly ; 
 Canada Lancet, monthly ; Canada Law Journal, monthly ; Cana- 
 dian Independant, monthly ; Canadian Magazine, monthly ; 
 Canadian Monthly and National Review, monthly; Canadian 
 Pharmaceutical Journal, monthly ; Home and Foreign Record, 
 monthly ; Journal of Education, monthly ; Local Courts and 
 Municipal Gazette, monthly ; Sunday School Banner, monthly. 
 
 2o8 
 
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EDUCATIONAL ESTABLISHMENTS. 
 
 EdUCATIOIMAL E3Ty\BLI3HMEf^(T3. 
 
 ■*!..':■ 
 
 |JTpj educational ostal^lishments of Toronto arc tlu' glory 
 and pride of her citizens. In these institutions, l)oth 
 public and privat? she stands unsurpassed, and if 
 compared with ot'aer cities :)f similar age and population she 
 has no rival. In connection with higlier education she has 
 Toronto University, Trinity, Knox, and I'^pper Canada Colleges, 
 all of which have high reputations as seats of learning. There 
 are numerous handsome common and grammar schools, and 
 many first class private day and boarding schools, some; of 
 which are well known throughout the entire Dominion, and also 
 in tbe Ignited States. 
 
 The University Buildings (see plate 4(5) are situate in 
 University Park (adjoining Queen's Park), and are one of the 
 noblest piles of architecture on the Vmerican continent, and 
 as a seat of learning, st^cond to none on this side of the Atlantic. 
 The buildings, in their princij)al features, are in tlie Norman 
 style of architecture, with massive tower and richly sculptured 
 doorway for the main entrance. The chief facades are to the 
 south and east — the former of great and massive elevation, for 
 distant effect from the lake and city, the latter of more broken 
 and picturesqui' outliue for combination, with tlie beautiful 
 ravine lying between it and the miiin park avenue, from which 
 it will be chielly viewt'd. The general outline of the building 
 approaches the form of a s(|uare, having an internal quadrangle 
 of about 200 feet s(|uare, the north side of which is left open 
 to University Park. The main frontage on the south is about 
 300 feet long, with missive Nornuin to\V( )• in the centre, 120 feet 
 in height, and comprising two storeys, tliat on the ground being 
 d'ivoted to lecture rooms, the uppe'- stony [to the library and 
 museum. The east side of t)ie building is 2(50 feet in length, 
 •'.nd entered by a subsidiary tower. The west end of the quad- 
 
 209 
 
 ■in' 
 
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 J-^--%- 
 

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 Vi 
 
 rangle is about 200 feet in length, and used as residences for 
 students. The whole cost was $500,000. University Park ori- 
 ginally consisted of 104 acres, but in 1859 fifty acres were 
 granted towards forming Queen's Park, and the rest retainrd 
 for the University, which are well laid out. VViUiin the grounds 
 are the buildings of the Magnetical Observatory. 
 
 Knox College. — Knox College, although the title was no 
 given till 1840, may be said to have been iiiHtitutcd in 1844, 
 when at a meeting of the Presbj^terian Church of Canada, on the 
 14th of October, it was resolved to appoint a Professor of Divin- 
 ity and a Professor of Literature and St'i(;nc(', for conducting tlie 
 studies of young men aiming at the ministry; the Professors to 
 be, for the present, stationed at Toronto. The Eev. Andrew 
 King, a deput}' from the Fne Church of Scotland, was appointed 
 interim Professor of Divinity, and the Rev. Henry Esson, of St. 
 Gabriel Street Church, Montreal, was appointed Professor of 
 Literature and Science. During the lirst session of 1844-5 the 
 attendance was fourteen, five of whom had been students of 
 Queen's College, Kingston, before the disruption which took 
 place in July, 1844. The classes were conducted in a room in 
 Mr. Esson's house, on James street. The Synod, at the same 
 nueting, in view of Dr. Robert Jiurns, of Pai.sley, (who had been 
 called by the newly organized congregation of Knox Chui'ch), com- 
 ing out, and of his varied qualifications, appointed him as Pro- 
 fessor of Theology, the appointment being subject to any contin- 
 gency arising from the Synod resolving at a future time to 
 separate the otlice of professor from that of pastor, or such 
 other circumstances as might effect the decision of the Sjnod as 
 to the character of the institution, or the locality of the Theological 
 Seminary of the Church. Tiie Syncwl of 1845 cujfirmed the 
 appointment of Dr. Burns as Professor of Divinity, and that of 
 Mr. Esson as Professor of Literature and Philosophy. Li 184G 
 the Synod, with a view of placing the institution on a more 
 cxtcj^led and etticient basis, appointed a committee to consider 
 the tiue,4ion of the incorporation of the college, its name, the 
 number of its professors, the t\;:'u!. ..;' ' suitable building and 
 
 ri 
 
 i 
 
 
 .»,-• I'-.'i 1 /■;■. ^■.■'■*. ,■ -it • ■'■■ 
 
EDUCATIONAL E8TABLISHMKNTS. 
 
 the establishment of an Academy for the preliminary training of 
 young men, and a boarding house for the students. On the 
 report of the committee, it was agreed that the College should be 
 called Knox College, and that steps thould be taken for establish- 
 ing an Academy or High School. This was done in the course of 
 the year, the Academy being superintended by the Rev. A. Gale, 
 M. A., formerly of Hamilton, aosisted by the Rev. T. Wightman 
 and Mr. T. Henning. No steps were taken for the erection 
 of building ; but the College and Academy found suitable 
 accommodation in Ontario Terrace, in the premises, which, 
 after being enlarged r. ^d altered, are now occupied by the 
 Queen's Hotel. During the session of 1840, able assistance 
 was rendered the College by the Rev. Robert McCorkle, of St. 
 Ninian's, Scotland, also by the Rev. \V. Riutoul, who con- 
 ducted the classes in Hebrew and Biblical criticism. The 
 Synod of 1847 confirmed the appoiniment of Mr. Gale as Princi- 
 pal of the Academy, and as Professor of Classical Literature in 
 Knox. College. The Synod at the same meeting, in considera- 
 tion of the incriiased number of students requiring the undivided 
 services of a professor, resolved td separate the Professorship of 
 Theology in Knox Colhv^e from the pastorship of Knox Church, 
 and to send the Rev. John Bayne, of Cialt, to Britain to confer 
 with the Colonial Committee of the Free Church, and secure, if 
 possible, the appointment of a Professor of Theology. This mis- 
 sion Wiis undertaken and fulfilled, and the result was the appoint- 
 ment of the Rev. M. Willis, DA)., v.-ho continued to teach Theo- 
 logy with distinguished success for a period of twenty-three 
 years, until the session of 1809-70, when, in consequence of 
 advancing years, he was compelled to resign the oflfice he had so 
 long and so ably filled. The Synod, when resolving to separate 
 the Professorship of Theology from the otHci' of Pastoi ot Knox 
 Church, expressed their sense of the great obligations under which 
 they were to Dr. Burns for the valuable services he had rendered 
 to tiie College, his watchfulness over the spiritual interests of the 
 students, and his diligence and zeal In collecting books for the 
 library, In .1848 the Synod, having expressed thoir great satia- 
 
 I. 
 
 211 
 
TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 
 
 faction at having obtaintd the vahiable services of Dr. "Willis, and 
 with the view of promoting the efficiency of the College, appointed 
 the Rev. William Rintoul as Professor of Hebrew, it being under- 
 stood that the appointment would be an interim one, its per- 
 manence being dependent on the provision that might be made for 
 Oriental Literature in what was then King's College, now the 
 Toronto University, Mr. llintoul discharged with great diligence 
 and efficiency the duties of the chair of Hebrew for several years, 
 when, in consequence of changes in the University, it was considered 
 no longer necessary to maintain a professorship of Hebrew in Knox 
 College. In 1849-50 the Eev. William Lyall, afterwards connected 
 with the Divinity Hall at Halifax, in Nova Scotia, rendered impor- 
 tant service to the College and Church as Professor of Literature 
 and mental training. The names of others might be mentioned 
 with honor in connexion witli important services rendered when 
 necessary to ihe College, from time to time. It would be especi- 
 ally unjust not to mention the name of the Rev. Ralph Robb, of 
 Hamilton, who, until prematurely cut off in 1850, was ever ready 
 to give aid when called upon to do so. In the early part of 1853, 
 Professor Esson, who had been connected with the College from 
 its infancy, and had done much to advance its interests and pro- 
 mote the improvement of the students, was removed by death. 
 He was succeeded by the Rev. George Paxton Young, of Knox 
 Church, Hamilton, who entered on his duties at the beginning of 
 the session of 1853-4, and brought to his work talents of the very 
 highest order, and zeal and aptitude for teaching, which were 
 highly appreciated by the successive classes of students who came 
 under his care. In 1854 it became necessary to remove from the 
 premises hitherto occupied in Ontario Terrace, Front Street, and 
 the property of Elmsley Villa, formerly occupied by the Right 
 Hon. the Earl of Elgin, wlien Governor-General of Canada, was 
 purchasod and enlarged so as to afford accommodation for the 
 clasBes and boarding apartments. In 1856 the Synod added to 
 the staff by appointing Rev. Dr. Burns as an additional professor, 
 the departments c^ Church Histoiy and P'vidence being assigned 
 to him, while the department of Exegetical Theology was assigned 
 
 2ia 
 
EDUCATIONAT, KSTABLISHMENTS. 
 
 to Professor Young. In 1858 an Act of incorporation for the 
 College was obtained. From the first establishment of the 
 College it was not intended that any arrangements should be 
 made for instruction in ihe literary branches. After Professor 
 Gale's retirement and death, which took place in 1854, Rev. John 
 Laing, and subsequently Mr. James Smith, acted as teacher in 
 the preparatory department. After the retirement of he last 
 namel gentleman, instruction in the preparatory department had 
 been jTiven by some of the senior students appointed from year 
 to year by the Senate, with the exceptions of the years 18G8-9, 
 1869-70, and 1870-71, when Rev. Professor Young, who had 
 resigned his position on the College staff in 186-1, undertook, at 
 the request of the Synod, the charge of the literary classes. 
 Professor Young having resigned in 1864, the Rev W. Caven, was 
 in 1866 appointed Professor of Exegetical Theology, assistance 
 having been given during the intervening years by the Rev. W. 
 Gregg, of Cooke's Church, Toronto, and Rev. "W. Caven, as 
 lecturers. At different times valuable assistance was rendered 
 the College by the following gentlemen, who were appointed by 
 the supreme court of the Cluu'ch to lecture in particular branches, 
 viz. : — Rev. Dr. Ure, of Goderich ; Rev. Dr. Inglis, of Hamilton, 
 now of Brooklyn ; Rev. Dr. Topp, of Toronto ; and Rev. Dr. 
 Proudfoot, of London, who continues, by appointment of Assem- 
 bly, to lecture on Homiletics and Pastoral Theology. Dr. Willis, 
 having resigned his chair in 1870, the General Assembly of 1871 
 appointed Dr. D. Inglis as his successor. Having conducted the 
 classes with great efficiency and success for one session he re- 
 signed the chair, and accepted a call addressed to liim by a con- 
 gregatit>u in Brooklyn. He was succeeded by the Rev. William 
 McLaren, who had himself been an aluminus of the College, 
 thf Rev. William Gregg, formerly of Cooke's Church, having 
 be«a in 1871 called l)y the Assembly to the chair of Church 
 Histc^T' and Ubolgt-tics. The staff of teachers consists at the 
 present of the following : l^v. W. Caven, D.D., Principal of the 
 College, aad ?^ofessor of Exegetical Theolopy ; Rev. W. Gregg, 
 MA., Proft^ior of Church History and Ubolgetics; Rev. W. 
 
 21^ 
 

 u 
 
 McLaren, Professor of Systematic Theology; and Rev. J. J. A. 
 Proudfoot, D.D., lecturer on Homiletics and Pastoral Theology. 
 Classes in Greek and Latin are conducted hy two of the more 
 advanced students appointed from year to year. In 1875 the 
 College removed from the premises on Grosvenor street to the 
 new buildings erected on Spadina avenue. These Imildings, 
 erected at a cost of about $100,000, are commodious and hand- 
 some, affording ample space for class rooms, library, public hall 
 and students' rooms. About eighty students may be comfortably 
 accommodated. The College has a partial endowment of about 
 $46,000, the principal part being from the estate of the late 
 William Hall, of Peterboro', but for the present depends mainly on 
 the contributions of the congregations throughout the Church. It 
 is hoped that ere long it may be fully endowed. (See plate 25.) 
 
 Trinity College ((^ueen street west) is a very handsome 
 structure of white brick with stone dressings, and is designed in 
 the third period of pointed English architecture. It has a fron- 
 tage of 250 feet, with projecting wings, 53 feet each. The porch 
 of the i^i'incipal entrance is of cut stone, over which is a bay 
 window and ornamented gable to correspond. There are also 
 handsome bay windows in each wing, with gal>les and windows 
 similar'to those in the entrance. The centre building is sur- 
 mounted by a bell turret, and smaller turrets ornament the 
 wings. The building is designed to accommodate eighty stu- 
 dents, with class roomn, chapel, library and museum, also pri- 
 vate residences for the provost and two senior professors. It 
 stands in a Epacious park of twenty acres, facing the 
 bay, and is a great ornament to the west end of the 
 city, and a noble monument of the zeal of Dr. Strachan, the 
 first Protestant Bishop of Toronto, by whose exertions the col- 
 lagfi was erected in 1851. 
 
 Normal School Buildings. — One of the most attractive 
 spots in Toronto are the buildings and grounds of the Depart- 
 ment of Public Instruction for the Province of Ontario. The 
 buildings are situate in the ce^tro nj tin open square of about 
 eight acres, |)oni»tttut on lllu iioHli by Gervai'il street, the east by 
 
 214 
 
Church street, on the west by Victoria street, and on the south 
 by Gould street. The grounds in fx-out of the buihlings are 
 much admired and beautifully laid out, designed no less to 
 cultivate the taste of the teachers in training than to contri- 
 bute to the gratification of the public. During the summer 
 months the southern portion of the grounds present a rich dis- 
 play of rioral beauty, and many choice specimens of Canadian 
 and foreign trees, tiowers and shrubs will be found here. The 
 main building is of white brick with stone dressings, and is one 
 hundred and eighty-four feet in front, by eighty-five feet deep. 
 The front is in the Eoman Doric order of Palladium char- 
 acter, having for its centi four stone pilasters the full height 
 of the building, with pediment, surmounVfcd hy an open Doric 
 cupola. In the centre of the building is a large examination or 
 lecture hall, capable of accommodating seven hundred persons. 
 The offices of the Minister of Education, the Hon. Adam 
 Crooks, are in the western wing. The museum contains a num- 
 ber of casts of antique and modern statues, busts, groujis, also 
 samples of Assyrian and Egyptian sculpture, including a C(dos- 
 sal human-headed winged bull, a four-winged figure with mace, 
 Sardanapulus and army besieging a city, a very striking slab 
 representing a wounded lioness, horses, lions, male and female 
 figures, &c. The museum also contains a large and valuable 
 v'lollection of copies of some of the works of the great masters, in 
 Dutch, Flemish, Spanish and the Italian schools of painting, some 
 very choice electrotypes of the art treasures in the South Kensing- 
 ton Museum, London ; a large number of chromo-lithographs, 
 photographs, engravings of modern sculpture, one hundred and 
 fifty specimens of ivory carvings, of various jjeriods from the 
 second to the sixteeiith century ; a beautiful collection of casts 
 of gems, medals, coins, &c., and some very fine casts of loaves, 
 fruit, (Vc. In the various rooms will also In* fiuiud some beauti- 
 ful models of stri\ui vessels, including steam ram ami utliev 
 
 ouriovsities and hjkm ' 
 
 limiwu {hvM, (h-eck, 
 and numerous other objects of intuvowt and instruction. Tht 
 
 I 
 
 shipg of war, ouriovsities and Hucn-iuiinirt »»l natural history, 
 sample of Esquiu\n\i\ ([{vm, (ll-eck, Uoman and English tiulUBj 
 
 215 
 
TOnONTO : I'AHT AND PRESENT. 
 
 Normal Schools are situate on the north side of the main build- 
 ing, and are designed for the training of common school 
 teachers. Nearly two hundred student teachers attend annually 
 during the two sessions and receive tuition free, besides a ses- 
 sional allowance towards defraying the expenses of their board. 
 The play yards, gynniastic and cricket grounds are at the east, 
 west and north of the buildings. 
 
 Loretto Convent (east side of Bond street, near St. Michael's 
 lloman Catholic Cathedral) is a spacious Gothic building, erected 
 by the Ladies of Loretto in 1862 as a first class academy for 
 young ladies desiring to receive a finished and elegant educa- 
 tion. This institution stands very high as an educational esta- 
 blishment, and has bo«n remarkably successful. The respect- 
 able and retired neighbourhood of the academy, which forms 
 part of the square occuined by the cathedral, is admirably 
 adapted for the purpose for which it was chosen. 
 
 Bishop Strachan School. — This establishment, conducted in 
 Wykcham Hall, Buchanan street, was founded in 1867, its 
 object being the higher education of young ladies in the various 
 secular branches of a liberal education, and also the inculcation 
 of Christian doctrine as contained in the Bible and and Book of 
 Common Prayer, Wykeham Hall, formerly the residence of the 
 late Sir J. B. Macaulay, is iin extensive and handsome building 
 admirably adapted for school purposes; it stands in the midst of 
 beautiful grounds, affording ample scope for the physical exer- 
 cise and recreation of the students. The governing body con- 
 sists of the Ilight Reverend the Lord Bishop of Toronto, and a 
 council of clergy and laity. The staff of instruction is com- 
 posed of five resident lady teachers and twelve non-resident 
 teachers, including Messrs. Carter and Torrington, teachers of 
 vocal and instrumental music, and Messrs. James Hoch and M. 
 Matthews instruct in drawing and painting. Gold, silver aud 
 bronze medals are presented annually by His Excellency the 
 Governor-General, Dr. Hodder, Alexander Marling, Esq., and 
 also by the council, to the pupils in the various classes who 
 acquit themselves most satisfactorily. 
 
 216 
 
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 TORONTO : I'ABT AND PKESKNT. 
 
 Normal Schools are situato on the iiortli side of the mam build- 
 in^', and arc tlosignt'd for the training of common G(rhool 
 k^nchors. Nearlv two hundred student tf;achers attend annually 
 during tho two BesHions ami roc^ivo tuition free, liosidoB a ses- 
 sional alJo^vauc<; towards defraying the expenses of their hoard. 
 The play viirdB, gy/nnastic and crickrt grounds are u1 tlie c:isl, 
 ^vcst and north of the bnildinj^s. 
 
 Loretto Convent (oa;.^ Hide of Bond wtreot, near St. Miciia* Tr^ 
 l^onran Catholic Cathedrali is a apaciouB Gothic hnihUng, erected 
 hy the Ladies of Loretto in 18f)'2 as a lirst cht.8S academy for 
 yomig ladies desiring to receive n liuighed .aid elegant educa- 
 tion. 'Chis iu.stitulion ;UiUids vt-ry high a'- nn educational , Hta 
 bliRhmont, and !'a'- btyfen iv!u„rl\ahly 'iUv'* (• aj'uL The respect- 
 ai'lo ttnd rriir,;] .■■•igLhourliood ot {1.,= fi'-.d^my. which f')rn::-' 
 pait (.f the -^'lanro occupn'd )<; -.!,♦. i:ifhedr'i,l, is admirably 
 adiiptf'.i for tne ))(ii-»)0'.>f' f -i- Vi5, . h •,[ ^\<■^u I li(»Hen. 
 
 Bisliop Struchan SJchooi. ■ Thiv ..wlaithshment. conducted iji 
 Wykeiiaio li vi , (iuchanan -it.''-..!^ mus founded in 1807, itn 
 object hv'ing the uiglur odiicution of young ladies in the various 
 secular branchrri of a liberal e. location , and -ilHo tlu) inculcati-ni 
 of Christian doctrine as ccuitaincd in the Bibh? and and ]^0(^k of 
 C<minion Prayer, Wykeham Hall, f(,j nurlv the rorsidence of the 
 late Rir .1. H. ^hn luilay, is an L'xt* nsive and handsome huihh'ng 
 admirably adapted for scdiool purposes, it standn in the mid.^t of 
 bcautifu! gronuds, alfcn-ding ample HC()pe for tn<! physical exer- 
 cise and recreation of the students. The governing body con- 
 sists of the liight lirvorend the Lord BiHhop of Tcu'onto. an^l m 
 council of clergy and laity. The Htaff of instruction i-! com- 
 nf>Hed of live resident htdv teachers and twelve -^uon-rosident 
 teaoherH. including Messrs. Civ/tGr and Torrington, teachern of 
 vocal and iuHtrumcntal music. :5.nd Mert»rs. James Hoch and M. 
 MatthewH instruct in drawing and painting. Gold, silver and 
 bronze raeiials are prenonted annually by Ilia Excellency the 
 Governor-General, J>r. Hoddyr, 41ex»kuder Marling, PIsq., and 
 ab-w) by the council, to the pupils in the various elafises who 
 acquit tbAmft«lvef! mo8t satirtfaetorilr. ^ " - 
 
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 3tH.C00Pc:R IMPORTERS OF 
 FIRST CLASS GENTS FURNISHING GOODS «tc&<e., 
 
 COR VONQE* ADfcLAIDE STS 
 
 HAPTARAWUNSON JAMES STARK 
 
 BOOK SELLS we fcOTATl ON Eli» IMflORItR OF STAPLE * FANCY DRY 0000 SHAWLSitc 
 
 SKINOSTWEST. 174Y0NBE STRtf.T . 
 
I 
 
EDUCATIONAL ESTAlUilSHMENTS. 
 
 Upper Canada College. — Upper Canada College stands 
 on a site of nine acres, opposite the Government House, front- 
 ing on King street west, and con8i-,l;s of a row of plain brick 
 buildings. The Collej^c was founded in 1829. In an advertise- 
 ment in the Upper Canada Gazette of December 17th, 1829, the 
 following appeared : " This College will open after the approach- 
 ing Christmas vacation, on Monday, the 8th of January, 1830, 
 under the conduct of the masters appointed at Oxford by the 
 Vice-Chancellor and other electors in July last. Principal, the 
 Eev, J. H. Harris, D.D., late Fellow of Clare Hall, Cambridge. 
 Classical department, vice-principal, the Eev. J. Phillips, D.D., 
 of Queen's College, Cambridge; first classical master, the Kev 
 Charles Matthews, M.A., of Pembroke Hall, Cambridge ; second 
 classical master, the Eev. W. Boulton, B.A., of Queen's College, 
 Oxford. Mathematical department, the Eev. Charles Wade, 
 M.A., Fellow of Caius College, Cambridge, aud late mathema- 
 tical master at EL abeth College. French, M. J. P. de la Haye. 
 English, writing, aud arithmetic, Mr. Gr. A. Barber and Mr. J. 
 Padfield. Drawing master, Mr. Drury. Signed, G. H. Mark- 
 land, secretary to Board of Education. York, Upper Canada, 
 December 2nd, 1829." The College has long enjoyed a high repu- 
 tation as a seat of learning. Many of our leading men have 
 received their education either wholly or in part at this College, 
 and the distinguished success of its pupils in our universities has 
 attracted marked attention, and afforded ample proof that it is 
 conducted in a most efficient and successful manner. T'* Col- 
 lege is munificently endowed, and is modelled after the cele- 
 brated English grammar schools, aiming to impart a sound 
 classical and commercial education. Eight exhibitions, varying 
 in value from $40 to $120 per annum, are open to competition 
 of the whole Province. The College proper contains large and 
 well ventilated class rooms, a library, a laboratory, and a public 
 hall, the residences of the principal and the various masters 
 being on ther side. The College boarding house is a spacious 
 structure, fitted with every appliance to promote the health and 
 comfort of the boarders. The gymnasium is replete in all the 
 
 iL= 
 
 217 
 
 I 
 
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 ■ 1 ''V^:* 
 
 ii 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 apparatus usually found in these rooms. The lawn is hand- 
 somely laid out, and the cricket and playgrounds are very exten- 
 sive. His Excellency the Governor General is the visitor, and 
 annually offers the highest prize to the head boy. The present 
 staff of masters consists of the principal, G. E. R. Cockburn, 
 M.A., assisted by ten other teachers. 
 
 Public Schools. — The present public school system of On- 
 tario is the outgrowth of upwards of sixty years of legislative 
 care, together with the addition and modification of many of the 
 principles of the American and European systems. The Rev. 
 Dr. Ryerson, who was appointed Superintendent of Education 
 in 1844, undertook a tour through Europe and America with a 
 view of examining the various systems of national education, 
 and afterwards presented a report, in which he suggested the 
 main principles upon which the school system of Ontario was 
 afterwards conducted. The public schools of the city are 
 managed by a board of school trustees, composed of two repre- 
 sentatives from each ward in the city, who are elected by the 
 citizens for a term of two years. The trustees liave very large 
 powers : they appoint the teachers, fix their lalaries, purchase 
 sites, for which they can compel a sale, build schoolbouses, and 
 levy rates for all the funds that may be required. They may 
 establish circulating libraries, and borrow money for school pur- 
 poses. The obligations of trustees are also extensive. They are 
 bound to provide adequate school accommodation (defined by 
 law) for all children of school age, to employ a sufficient number 
 of qualified teachers, to permit all residents between the ages of 
 five and twenty-one to attend school free of all charges ; they 
 must take a census of children between seven and twelve years 
 of age in their bounds, and if any have not received instruction 
 for four months in the year they must notify the parents, and 
 can impose a rate of $1 per month for every such child, or 
 complain to a magistrate, who may fine and, in default, imprison. 
 The city schools are twenty in number, and have about 7,000 
 children in attendance. The following statement, made in an 
 address presented by the chairman of the School Board, Dr. 
 
 2l8 
 
EDUCATIONAL ESTABLISHMENTS. 
 
 W. W. Odgen, to His Excellency the Right Hon. the Earl of 
 Dufferin, K.P., K.C.B., Governor- General of Canada, &c., during 
 his late visit to one of the city schools, illustrates the remark- 
 able progress of these schools : "It affords us much satisfaction 
 to assure your Excellency that, since your visit in 1872, our 
 public schools have made rapid and substantial progress in 
 several important particulars. The schools have increased in 
 number from twelve to twenty, and the teachers have increased 
 from sixty-two to one hundred and twenty-two, an increase of 
 nearly 100 per cent, in less than five years. « * * q^ 
 the occasion of your Excellency's former visit the school pro- 
 perty was valued at $150,000 ; to-day it is worth $315,000. 
 * * * With a view of securing sufficient accommodation 
 for the rapidly increasing number of pupils wishing to attend 
 our schools, and to secure a more thorough and efficient system 
 of classification, wo have, during the present year, built three 
 schools, much larger than any heretofore erected in Toronto, for 
 the use of the more advanced classes." The School Board of 
 Toronto make it a rule not to appoint any teacher to the schools 
 who holds any certificate lower than a 2nd Class B — no tliird 
 class certificates being recognised by the Board, consequently the 
 school teachers as a class in Toronto stand among the most effi- 
 cient and successful teachers in the Dominion. 
 
 'W 
 
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 w£r, 
 
 219 
 

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 » 
 
 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 
 
 Mu|MiciPAL 
 
 I HE city is governed by a Council consisting of a 
 mayor and aldermen, who are annually elected by 
 the popular vote of the citizens on the first Monday 
 in January. The Council is divided into sub-committees, having 
 charge of the various departments, such as finance, public works, 
 fire, water and gas ; markets, &c. The committees meet at 
 stated periods, or as necessity may arise, and present reports of 
 their proceedings to the Council. The Council is generally 
 composed of tradesmen, with a fair sprinkling of merchants ; 
 but even here, in this most English of Canadian cities, it is to 
 be feared that some of its members have not a single eye to the 
 interests of their fellow citizens. 
 
 Nevertheless, the city is on the whole judiciously governed, 
 and with as much economy as .is possible under any corporate 
 body. Everything is done to promote the health and comfort of 
 the citizens, and to render the city attractive to visitors. Eail- 
 ways are encouraged 'with a liberality seldom exceeded. Manu- 
 factories are fostered as much as possible, and few cities of the 
 same age can boast of such a system of drainage, so efficient a 
 fire brigade, such streets, or so smart and effective a police force. 
 
 The ratable value of the property in the city in 1876 
 amounted to $47,676,273, and there are properties exempt from 
 taxation amounting to $7,681,170, making a total of $55,357,443 
 as the ratable assessments of the city. The following are the 
 principal items of exemption : 
 
 Church Properties. 
 
 Episcopal. 
 
 17 churches, schools, and 7 ministers' residences ... $558,904 00 
 
 Trinity College 175,611 00 
 
 Bishop Strachan School 43.408 00 
 
 $777,924 00 
 
 220 
 
tl 
 

 
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 ! 
 
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 JJPPER MILL 1. 
 
 xl 
 
 *^-".^ 1 
 
 s«?* 
 
 
 DON PAPER MILLS 
 
 
 • Ill 
 
 
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 mi I ' 
 
 
 
 
 - *-r*W 
 
 UOWEn MILL. ti-«4^ ' ' -y^^--: 
 
 THQs TAYLOR & BROS 
 
 
 
 --'■»?,, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 lM*S-t.. 
 
 i* XJ 
 
 MIDDLE' Ml LL. I'^'^'S^ ^: 
 
 1*^ 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF MAN I LLA,NEWS,BO0K,&r WRAPPING PAPERS &^ 
 
MC.VIfU'itL. 
 
 PUKSU'KTEUIAN. 
 15 churches, schools, and ministers' resuientfs *if>'.7'>5 "'■' 
 
 Knox coiif^c J!:'*:!".^ 
 
 $392,705 00 
 
 Wksleyvn Mkthopiht. 
 12 chinches, schools, and n-inisters' rcBidcnut's |;uv>,7'i''< <-'>^ 
 
 Baptist. 
 6 rhurches, schools, and niiniHtcr;' itrsidtn-: R ii~i.i''i <»'> 
 
 ' ruiMlTHE Mf.rimiilfcT. 
 5 churches, schools, am! iinris.ters' residences ^i^o.S-^i oe 
 
 3 chinches, schools, &c «f)5,iu5 -ex.. 
 
 BlULE CHIUriTU-N. 
 2 churches, schools, and miniblers' rcsiidences 631A1S 00 
 
 14 churches, school-., and lesiderces, Unitarian, | 
 
 Jewish SynaKogUf, Catholic Apostolic, Re- [ ftij^.ofto 00 
 formed Episcopal. Methodi&t Episcopal, Dis- j 
 cipk.x, Lutheran, New Jerusalem, &c .' 
 
 Total Protestant churches, 74 *i,?yi..5^-J *'<> 
 
 colk-gfK, J ; 11,020 00 
 
 * 1, 902,402 00 
 
 KOMAN ('aTHOI.IC. 
 
 Scliurches ••• ••■•• ^-312.522 00 
 
 Schools, convents, religious and thuritabie in.sti- ; _ 
 
 tutions ' 
 
 ♦724,;s46 00 
 
 • Total exemptions of church property S2,faO,648 00 
 
 Keligious and charitable institutions 7'J')-9^5 »" 
 
 EUUCAXIONAL jNftTlTU'riOSi^. 
 
 •20 Public schools, 5 colleges, Normal LSchnc-U^rH i ^.j^^ytj .^q 
 
 grounds ■ ...... ) ^ 
 
 Ontario Government property 2,514,089 00 
 
 Dominion " ' i, 136.0 j8 00 
 
 " Corporation property 930,236 00 
 
 An attempt is now being ina^e by a HpKfki coramittee of the 
 CSpuncil to annul the law allowing thype exc-mptions. 
 
m:' 
 
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 THO? TAYLOR &BRO? 
 
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 .L.-'*-<4*S' _ 
 
 MANUKAv-oKERS OF MAN! LLA.NEWS.BOOK.&r WRAPPING PAPERS 
 
MUNICIPAL. 
 
 PRESBYTEniAN. 
 It, churches, schools, and ministers' residences, 
 Knox College 
 
 Wf.sleyan Mkthodist. 
 12 churches, schools, and ministers' residences 
 
 Baptist. 
 6 churches, schools, and ministers' residences 
 
 PUIMITIVE METlIOniST. 
 5 churches, schools, and ministers' residences 
 
 Congregational. 
 3 churches, schools, &c 
 
 Bible Christian. 
 2 churches^^schools, and ministers' residences 
 
 Other Churches. 
 14 churches, schools, and residences. Unitarian, 
 Jewish Synagogue, Catholic Apostolic, Re- 
 formed Episcopal, Methodist Episcopal, Dis- 
 ciples, Lutheran, New Jerusalem, &c 
 
 Total Protestant churclies, 74 
 
 *' " colleges, 3 
 
 •300,705 00 
 92,000 00 
 
 •392.705 00 
 $299,728 00 
 
 $172,321 00 
 
 080,541 00 
 
 •65,105 00 
 
 •21,018 00 
 
 $93,060 00 
 
 01,591.382 00 
 311,020 00 
 
 PtOMAN Catholic. 
 
 5 churches .*. 
 
 Schools, convents, religious and charitable insti- 
 tutions 
 
 $1,902,402 00 
 
 $312,522 00 
 411,724 oo 
 
 Total exemptions of church property 
 
 Religious and charitable institutions 
 
 Educational Institutions. 
 30 Public schools. 5 colleges. Normal Schools and 
 
 grounds 
 
 Ontario Government property 
 
 Dominion " " 
 
 Corporation property 
 
 •724,246 00 
 
 $2,626,648 00 
 779.983 00 
 
 2,214,911 00 
 
 2,314,089 00 
 
 1,136,038 00 
 
 920,236 00 
 
 An attempt is now being made by a special committee of the 
 Council to annul the law allowing these exemptions. 
 
 221 
 
 i 
 
» 
 
 Excluding the corporate property from the list the yearly 
 loss to the civic revenue amounts to $184,410, calculating the 
 taxation at the rate levied for the present year. ■ 
 
 The Fire Brigade. — Previous to 1855 the Fire Brigade con- 
 sisted of a number of volunteer companies, but, ov/ing to the 
 general dissatisfaction manifested, an act was pp^ised by the 
 City Council on the 24th of September, 1855, to repeal the law 
 under which they were organised, and to make provisici for their 
 organis ition and mancogement hereafter. By virtue of this Act 
 the Brigade was placed under the control and direction of 
 the Committee on Fire, Wa';er and Gas for the time being. At 
 this time the force consisted of one chief engineer, two assistant 
 engineers, two engine companies of thirty-five men each, two of 
 thirty men eacii, two of twenty-five each, one hook ?'id ladder 
 company of twenty-five men, and one hose company of forty 
 men, or a total force of two hundred and forty-eight men, with 
 six manual engines, ten hose reels, with about ?,500 feet of hose 
 (good and bad), and two hook and ladder carriages. The ex- 
 penses of the department were nbout $17,000 per annum. The 
 population of the city was about 40,000 inhabitants, and the 
 water supply was most miserable. At the present time (twenty 
 years later) we find a much smaller, much more costly, but also 
 a much more efficient force. Now (1870) the Brigade consists 
 of one chief engineer, one superintendent of the fire alarm tele- 
 graph, one assistant superintendent, fifty-seven men and drivers 
 of engine hose reels, four steam fire engines, eleven hose carts, 
 with about 7,000 feet of hose ; two hook and ladder apparatus, 
 with fire escapes ; one salvage waggon, and nineteen horses. 
 The mechanical arrangements in connection with tue fire sta- 
 tions are very perfect and efficient in every department The 
 fire alarm telegraph is extended tl'vough all the main streets of 
 the city, about ninety fire alarm signal boxes having connection 
 with the chief sti'tion. There are now six tiro stations in various 
 parts of the city, and three more in course of erection. The 
 men and horses in the Brigade are v/eR trained, and it is a 
 matter of surprise to strangers to notice the horses in the diffe- 
 
 222 
 
rent stations. The instant an alarm is given they lea,ve their 
 stables and promptly taUe their place inside the shafts of the 
 engines, or hose carts, to which they respectively belong. The 
 electric signal which gives the number of the box from which 
 thu alarm is somideJ, also opens the doors of the stables, and 
 releases the horses from their stalls, and so efficient is the entire 
 Brigade that but two or three minutes elapse before the force 
 reach the most distant point in their respective districts after an 
 alarm of fire is sounded. . ^ ,-'; : 
 
 The Police Force. — The police force of Toroiito is probnbly 
 the finest, best drilled, most effective, and mort intelligent civic 
 police force on the American continent. The force consists of 
 eighteen officers, and one hundred and thirteen men, the average 
 height being 5 feet 10|^ inches. One hundred and fifteen miles 
 of the city streets arc patrolled by the force, seventy men being 
 on duty at night and thirty during the day. Major Draper, thu 
 chief, is assiduous in his efforts to promote the physical com- 
 forts of the men, and also their moral and intellectual status. 
 In his last report to the Council he made several suggestions 
 with this view, huch as providing a gj-^mnastic apparatus at all 
 the police stations, and a recreation room and library at the head- 
 quarters. During the year 1876 nearly $20,000 value of stolen 
 property was recovered by tha police, and restored to the owners ; 
 5,0-44: mnles and 1,106 females, a total of 6,150 persons, v.-3re 
 arrested during the year; of this number 2,969 were discharged 
 or dismissed, 2,968 porBons were committed for being drunk or 
 disorderly, 698 for larceny, 279 for vagrancy, 1,056 for breach 
 of the city by-laws. 
 
 The Water Supply — Of tne numerous public works in 
 which the citizens of Toronto are interested there are none of 
 more importance than those by which the inhabitants are sup- 
 plied with pure water for ordinary domestic purposes. From 
 tlie foundation of the city in 1794, the wants of the people 
 were supplied from public wells, or the water was carried from 
 the bay for the daily use of the inhabitants. On the 18th of 
 September, 1841, an Act was passed by the Provincial Legisla- 
 
 il23 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 s;?j^ 
 
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 iure, incorporating Joseph Masson, Albert Furniss, and John 
 Strang luider the style and title of "T^he Toronto Gaslight and 
 Water Company." The company was authorised to raise a sum 
 not exceeding £40,000 sterling for the purpose of completing 
 and maintaining said gas and water works. Works were con- 
 structed under the powers of this Act (at the time ample 
 enough for the requirements of the city), the water being taken 
 direct from the bay, into which the sewage of the city ran, and 
 was consequently very impure, and great repugnance was mani- 
 fested by the citizens against the system. In 1871 a special Act 
 was granted for the election of five commissioners, who, vith 
 the mayor, should have power to construct such new works as 
 might be necessary for suppl3'ing the city with water. Under 
 the powers of this Act the commissioners are completing ar- 
 rangements by which the city will be supplied with water taken 
 from the open lake beyond the island, and from an analysis of 
 the quality of this water, supplied to the University, it was 
 found to be almost absolutely pure. Powerful pumping 
 engines have been erected, a reserve reservoir has been 
 built, the streets are being laid with service pipes of a 
 capacity ample for many years to come, and a pressure of water 
 from the street hydrants, sufficient to send enormous streams 
 over the highest buildings in case of fire is now secured. 
 Though the process of pipe-laying is not yet complete, the ex- 
 penditure in connection with these vt^orks has been nearly 
 $3,0^0.000. 
 
 Markets. — The first regular market of which we have any 
 account was established in 1803 by special proclamation of 
 Governor Hunter, upon the site where now stands the present 
 St. Lawrence Market. It is airj', convenient, and well 
 adapted for the purposes intended. St. Andrew's Market, 
 a very neat building, erected for the convenience of the 
 citizens in the western portion of the city, was opened in 1875. 
 Its internal plan is similar in design to the St. Lawrence Market. 
 St. Patrick's Market, on Queen street west, is a very small and 
 inconvenient building, hardly worthy the name of a market. 
 
 29t4 
 
ft.O.MOKStS RE5, 
 
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 ('inofu )!• ILirakr ipon ^li. .-ik' wJi'.-r^^ uow sf!tii(l>; tlin jp ..>•(• 
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 ailaa»t("l \>^\' (tie pnrjio.vci-, n.tiMi'i- .1. ^'■. Anili'fw'.s Mati* 
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 bi. t*tttriek s jVIarkt't.. on i>UBoi) r.tiret wcwt, ik a vory smaU rtnil 
 mconv! jiieiit ])uiklirtp'. Uanllv -wortiiv the nam'' of a inai,kt't. 
 
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 G.D.MORSE'S RES, 
 
 '^.£scr 
 
 H. S.HOWUANOa^ RES, 
 
 
 « 
 
MUNICIPAL. 
 
 The Parks. — Toronto can now boast of three parks for the 
 healthful recreation of her citizens. The Queen's Park, in the 
 centre of the city, is a well- wooded piece of land of about fifty 
 acres, adjoining; University Park, and contains the monument 
 erected to the memory of the volunteers who fell during the 
 Fenian raid at Eidgeway. It is surrounded l)y some of the finest 
 villa residences of the city, affords some fine natural views, and 
 is approached by two splendid avenues, Queen street avenue 
 being over a mile in length, 120 feet in width, and one of the 
 finest avenues in Canada. High Park, situated beyond the 
 western limits, was recently presented to the city by Mr. Howard, 
 an ohl citizen. It comprises some four hundred acres of hill 
 and dale, extending from the lake shore to Bloor street, the 
 northern limits of the city, and affording numerous views of the 
 surrounding country. Nature has been very prodigal in her 
 gifts to these acres, rich groves, beautiful vales, ripj)ling streams, 
 green hills and rocky mounds abounding and meeting the eye at 
 every step. The view of Lake Ontario from the high lands of 
 the park is unsurpassed from any point on the lake shore. 
 One of the conditions of Mr. Howard's grant is that he be 
 buried in a tomb, marked by a rustic monument which he has 
 had constructed in the vicinity of his residence — Colborne Lodge 
 — and this monument is much admired for its simple beauty. 
 It is surmounted by a marble cross, is placed on a rough stone 
 pedestal about ten feet high, and is surrounded by an iron fence, 
 which, for about one hundred and sixty years, was part of an 
 enclosure of old St. Paul's, in London. Mr. Howai'd has spent, 
 in obtaining relics for these grounds, and in beautifying them in 
 various ways, as much as $40,000. As an example of his assi- 
 duity in such work, he went to the trouble and expense of reco- 
 vering the St. Paul's railing above mentioned from a ship- 
 wrecked cargo which had become submerged on its way hither. 
 Phoenix Park is situate in the eastern portion of the city, adjoin- 
 ing the River Don. Though as yet nothing has been done in 
 making walks, &c., in a few years this will be a favorite spot for 
 recreation with the denizens of the eastern portion of the city. 
 
 225 
 
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 TOUONTO : PAST ANP PRK8ENT. 
 
 Mayors of Toronto since its Incorporation : 
 
 1834 — William Lyon Mackensie, 1855 — (ieorge \V. Allan. 
 
 first Mayor elected in the Pro- 1856 — John H. Robinson. 
 
 vince. | 1857 — John Hutchinson. 
 
 1835 — R. R. Sullivan. 1859-60 — Hon. A. Wilson. 
 
 1836 — Dr. Morrison. 1861-62-63 — John G. Howes. 
 
 1O37— George Gurnett. 1864-65-66— F. H. Medcalf. 
 
 1838-39-40— John Powell. 1867-68 — James E. Smith. 
 
 1841— George Munro. 1869-70— S. B. Harman. 
 
 1842-43-44— Henry Sherwood. j 1871 — Alexander Manning. 
 
 1845-46-47— William H. Boulton. 1872-73 — Joseph Sheard. 
 
 1848-49-50— George Gurnett. j 1874-75 — F. H. Medcalf. 
 
 1851-52-53 — John G. Bowes. 
 
 1876-77 — Angus Morrison. 
 
 185 —Joshua G. Beard. 
 
 ■ 
 
 Population of Toronto from 1793 : 
 
 1793 — Two families of Mississauga 
 
 1O30 — 2.86o. 
 
 Indians encamped on present site 
 
 1833—8,731. 
 
 of Toronto. 
 
 1842—15,336. 
 
 1794 — Governor Simcoe, staff, and 
 
 1845—19,706. 
 
 Queen's Rangers. 
 
 1850—25,766. 
 
 1801—336 (about 200 miltary). 
 
 1855-42,500. 
 
 1806—580. 
 
 i860 — 45,000. 
 
 1812 — 950, 
 
 1865—47,500. 
 
 1817 — 1,200. 
 
 1870 — 50,506. 
 
 1826—1,677. 
 
 1875—68,678. 
 
 ! 
 
 The ratable property within the city limits has increased 
 
 from $32,000,000 in x872, to a present (December, 1876) total 
 
 of $48,000,000, or an increase of 50 per cent, dm-ing the four 
 
 years. 
 
 _ - 
 
 • Tt ".:';'; ' ■ 226 
 
 
NATIONAL HOCIETIKS. 
 
 MaTIO)SAL 30CIETIEg. 
 
 J ANY a family, in their bright dreams of a home in 
 I the Far West, have left the land of their nativity 
 sJl with high hopes and light hearts, only to find them 
 selves, by some untoward fate, landed upon a strange shore 
 among a partially strange people, destitute even of the means 
 of procuring the necessaries of existence. It was therefore of 
 tiie utmost importance to have a centralization of benevolent 
 efforts, that immediate relief might, on an emergency, be ob- 
 tained. To this feeling we owe the existence of our St. 
 George's, St. Andrew's, and St. Patrick's societies. 
 
 The St. George's Society was organ zed in 1836 for the 
 purpose of uniting Englishmen, and the descendants of En- 
 glishmen, in a social compact for the promotion of mutual and 
 friendly intercourse, and for affording to such persons of 
 Erglish birth or descent, as may stand in need of them, advice 
 and counsel, and such pecuniary assistance as the funds of the 
 society may enable it to give. Welshmen were also to be in- 
 cluded until a St. David's Society was organized. Among the 
 early office bearers we find the names of William AVakefield, 
 Henry Eowsell, W. B. Jarvis, G. P. Ridout, Rev. Henry Scad- 
 ding, J. G. Beard, G. Wells, W. H. Phipps, and others well 
 known to the citizens of the present day, for the interest they 
 take in everything conducive to the welfare of the city. The 
 society numbers several hundred members. 
 
 St. Andrew's Society. — This society was organized on the 
 5th of May, 1836, under the name and style of "St. Andrew's 
 Society of Toronto, and Home District of Upper Canada." 
 Among the early office bearers are the names of Hon. W. 
 Allan, William Proudfoot, Peter Paterson, Isaac Buchanan, 
 Lewis Carfry, A. McNabb, William Henderson, Rev. Drs. Jen- 
 
 227 
 
 :1 
 
 i 
 

 
 
 u 
 
 1 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 nings and liarclay, James Baine, James Fisken, Hugh Mac- 
 donell, John Stewart, Tliomas Hamilton, and others. 
 
 St. Patrick's Society. — This society was re-organized in 
 1844, under the presidency of Dr. King. It had been in exis- 
 tence for several years before, but dwindled down to a mere 
 name, but it is now one of the strongest national societies, in 
 point of numbers, and certainly the most showy in street parades. 
 
 German Benevolent Society. — The German National 
 Society was established in 1802, and incorporated by special 
 Act of the Provincial Legislature in March, 1872. The objects 
 of the society are the relief of needy and distressed German 
 immigrants to this Province, as well as others of • German 
 descent, and for the mutual assistance of members in case of 
 sickness or death. The officers of the society are elected semi- 
 annually. The constitution of the German Benevolent Society 
 partakes more of the nature of a provident society than does 
 any other of the national societies, provision being made for a 
 stated weekly payment to the members in case of sickness, and 
 in case of the death of any member, or of any member's wife, 
 the rules provide '* that the society shall provide an honorable 
 burial, and the sum of $20 shall be paid out of the society's 
 funds to defray the expenses thereof." If night watching be 
 necessary in any case of sickness, the expenses of the same are 
 paid by the society. The widows of deceased members have 
 also a monthly allowance made them for the term of one year, 
 " provided she leads a moral life." The present president of 
 the society is Mr. John Kelz, of Yonge street- 
 Irish Protestant Benevolent Society. — This society was 
 established in 1870, the object being to furnish advice and in- 
 formation to those Irish Protestants who arrive as strangers in 
 our midst, to assist those of them who, from sickness or misfor- 
 tune, staud in need of pecuniary aid, and to promote the wel- 
 fare of Irish Protestants generally. Since its formation the 
 society has annually aided (as far as its funds would allow) from 
 100 to 250 cases. From the report of the society for the past 
 
 228 
 
year, 1875-76, we make the following extracts: — "During the 
 past year the Charitahle Committee of the society iias favoruhly 
 entertained 82 applications for relief, representing no less than 
 269 individuals, many of them old and infirm, and others of 
 them suffering from disease. The assistance rendered has been 
 given in the form of fuel to the amount of $24'8,95, and in gro- 
 ceries and other necessaries, payment of rent, and cash in small 
 sums to the amount of $2S>8.8(), making in the aggregate the 
 sum of $547.81." The principal officers of the society are: — 
 President, Hon. Vice-Chancellor Blake ; vice-presidents, A. T. 
 McCord, senior, Esq. ; Warring Kennedy, Esq. ; F. W. King- 
 ston, Esq. ; J. G. Hodgins, Esq., LL.D. ; G. M. Kvans, Esq., 
 M.A. 
 
 In addition to these societies there are the Sons of England 
 Society, open to Englishmen; or persons of English descent ; 
 the Jean Baptiste Society, tlie Hibernian Society, and a 
 society of Nova Scotians is now being organized in the city. 
 
 .-'*;;■'" i ^*'''' -I.rtt- 
 
 22g 
 
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I , 
 
 
 TORONTO : I'AST AND PRESENT. 
 
 FF{IEf^DLY gcCIETIEg. 
 
 HE ORDER OF ANCIENT FREE AND AC- 
 CEPTED MASONS.— ThiH order, one of the mont 
 iiiriueiitial in the world, is exceedingly strong in the 
 ])ominion of Canada, but more especially in the Province of 
 Ontario, and the city of Toronto may be regarded as the metro- 
 polis of freemasonry, not only of Ontario, Imt also of the 
 Dominion. For upwards of eighty years masonry has liad an 
 existqnce ni this city, being first introduced into Little York 
 (as Toronto was then called) in 1704, the first lodge l)eing 
 known as the Rawdon Lodge, of which the present St. 
 Andrew's Lodge, organised in 1822, may justly claim to be 
 the descendant. At present twelve lodges, with 1,200 mem- 
 bers, are located in the city and suburbs. Annexed is a list 
 of lodges with principal officers : — M. W. Bro. J. K. Kerr, 
 Toronto, Grand Master; U. W. Bro. Daniel Spry, Toronto, 
 D.D.G.M. 
 
 St. Andrew's Lodge, No. i6.— W. Bro. W. C. Wilkinson, 
 W.M. ; R. W. Bro. James Bain, treasurer ; R. W. Bro. Joseph 
 B. Reed, secretary. Meets in Masonic Hall second Tuesday in 
 each month. 
 
 King Solomon's Lodge, No. 22. — W. Bro. W. J. Hambly' 
 W.M. ; W. Bro. W. S. Lee, treasurer ; H. Bickford, secretary 
 Meets in Masonic Hall every second Thursday. 
 
 Ionic Lodge, No, 25, G.R.C. — W. Bro. J. A. Temple, 
 M.D., W.M.; W. Bro. J. W. Farrell, treasurer; W. Bro. A. 
 F. McLean, secretary. Meets in Masonic Hall first Tuesday 
 in the month. 
 
 Rehoboam Lodge, No. 65. — W. Bro. W. Brydon, W.M. ; 
 V. W. Bro. James B. Nixon, ti-easurer ; V. W. Bro. F. Wright 
 
 230 
 
KBIKNDLY SOC'IKTIKH. 
 
 Becretary. 
 month. 
 
 Meets in Masonic Hall tirHt Tluirsflay in the 
 
 St. John's Lodge, No. 75, G.R.C.— W. Bro. Seymour Por- 
 ter, VV.M. ; \V, Bro. John Ritchie, treanurer ; W. Bro. U. 
 Boddy, secretary. Meets in Masonic Hall hrnt Monday in the 
 month. 
 
 Wilson Lodge, No. 86, G.R.C.— W. Bro. Alexander Patter- 
 son, W.^I. ; W. Bro. James Harris, treasurer ; W. Bro. Niven 
 Agnew, M.D., secretary. Meets in Masonic Hall on third 
 Thursday in the month. 
 
 Stevenson Lodge, No. 218. — W. Bro. James Martin, jun., 
 VV.M. ; W. Bro. James Smith, treasurer ; W. Bro. W. L. 
 Hunter, secretary. Meets in Masonic Hall on the second 
 Monday in the month. 
 
 Doric Lodge, No. 318, G.R.C. — W. Bro. J. Summers, 
 W.M.; R. W. Bro. J. H. Cornish, treasurer; R. W. Bro. A. 
 Jjirdine. stcretary. Meets in Masonic Hall on the third Wed- 
 nesday in the month. 
 
 Zetland Lodge, No. 326, G.R.C. — W. Bro. R. J. Hoveuden, 
 W.M. ; W. Bro. James Norris, treasurer ; W. Bro. A. Jardine, 
 secretary. Meets in Masonic Hall on the fourth Friday in 
 the month. 
 
 York Lodge, No. 156, G.R.C — W. Bro. John Fisken, 
 W.M. ; W. Bro. William Long, treasurer ; David Waterhouse, 
 secretary. Meets in Masonic Hall, Eglinton, Friday on or 
 before full moon. 
 
 Ashlar Lodge, No. 247, G.R.C. — W. Bro. J. S. Donald- 
 son, W.M. ; W. Bro. William Booth, treasurer ; W. Bro. N. 
 E. F. Easton, secretary. Meets in Town Hall, Yorkville, on 
 the fourth Tuesday in the month. 
 
 Orient Lodge, U.D., G.R.C— R. W. Bro. J. Q. Burns, 
 W.M. ,■ R. 7y\ Bro. J. W. Lewis, treasurer; R. W. Bro. G. H. 
 Copas, secretary. Me«ts in Masonic Hall, Don Mount, on 
 the second Tuesday in the month. 
 
 231 
 
TORON'l 1 : PAST AND PRESENT. 
 
 Occident Lodge, U.D. — W. Bro. JaJies Wilson, W.M. ; 
 W. Bro, James Price, jun., treasurer; W. Bro. Join. Linton, 
 secretary. Meets in Masonic Hall, Richmond street west, on 
 the first "Wednesday in the month. > ^^ *v 
 
 The Independent Order of Oddfellows. — The Oddfellows 
 number eight lodgec in the city, embracing among the 
 members many of our most respected and affluent citizens. 
 It was not until 1848 that the order was instituted in Canada, 
 when a lodge was opened i.i Montreal, and six years after- 
 wards the first Toiunto lodge was opened. The aggregate 
 membership in the city is now said to be near two thou- 
 sand. 
 
 Lodge io8, Eennyworth's Pride, South London Unity 
 Improved Independent Order of Oddfellows. — This order 
 was established on 2GtL of September, 1876. The founders of 
 the lodge are J. H. Benny worth, P.G.P., and Bro. H. Hider, 
 This lodge has progressed very :<-apidly since, the number of 
 members at the present time being about fifty. 
 
 The Ancient Order of Foresters. — This Order, established 
 upwards of a century ago in Great Britain, has only within 
 the last few years taken root in Canada, the first court being 
 opened at the Gloucestershire Hotel, King street east, about 
 fouj years ago. Though so recently established the Foresters 
 of Toronto now have several courts in the city, and some 
 seven hundred members. It is a purely benevolent institution, 
 recognising neither creed nor politics in its constitution. 
 
 The Knights of Pythias. — "The knights," as the mem- 
 bers delight to style themselves, are a branch of an American 
 order, and very effective in street parades by their semi-mili- 
 tary dress. The order partakes of something of a benevolent 
 institution, and counts about two hundred members in Toronto 
 and its vicinity. c ,: . ,: '. -; 4/ ; .. ,- .j^.. 
 
 Loyal Orange Association. — There are thirty-three Orange 
 lodges in the Toronto district, and eighteen lodges of Orange 
 Young Britons and 'Prentice Boys, The total number >f mem- 
 
 233 
 
hers in tho Toronto district is about 3,000. It is to be regretted 
 tbat tbe usefulness of the order is hindered, and its character 
 certainly not improved, in consequence of the action of a few 
 of the officers, who prostitute their official position tr aid the 
 schemes of a certain class of politician i. The order is now 
 looked upon by muny as a purely political organisation, and its 
 mural influence in the city is consequently far below v/hat its 
 numbers and wealth would warrant. 
 
 TEMPERANCE ORGANISATIONS. 
 
 The Temperance Societies in the city are very numerous, 
 respectable, and influential ; probably none other of the secret 
 societies have so much power in influencing public opinion as 
 they have. This perhaps may be accounted for from the fact 
 that having a clearly defined purpose, they constantly and con- 
 sistently strive to promote the success of their aims, enlisting 
 the sympathies of all creeds, and the support of all shades of 
 politicians. That they have accomplished much is very evident, 
 perhaps the most conclusive proof of this being that they have 
 driven the "drinksellers" to assume the defensive, and to hold 
 public meetings to excite sympathy for them in their trade, and 
 in doing this their champions brought such ridiculous argu- 
 ments in support of the drink traffic as to cover themselves with 
 ridicule. The various orders of the organization are the British 
 Templars with the following lodges : 
 
 Crusade Lodge, No. 4. — Meets every Wednesday evening 
 in the Missionary Church, Elizabeth street. Paul Stewart, 
 provincial deputy. 
 
 Jesse Ketchum Lodge, No. 87, — Meets every Thursday 
 evening in the Temperance Hall. Brock street. R. H. Flint, 
 provincial deputy. - 
 
 Queen City Lodge, No. 210. — Meets every Friday evening 
 in the Temperance Hall, Temperance street. James Colville, 
 provincial deputy. 
 
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 TORONTO: PAST AND PRESENT. 
 
 Sons of Temperance. — G. M. Rose, P. G. W. P. ; John 
 McMillan, G.W.A. This section embraces eleven divisions or 
 lodges, meeting weekly in various parts of the city. '■■ 
 
 The Independent Order of Good Templars numbers 
 twelve city lodges, meeting weekly and has upwards of 1,500 
 members, Mr. H. M. Graham being the district deputy. 
 
 In addition to the above secret orders there is the Tem- 
 perance Reformation Society, James Foster, first vice-presi- 
 dent ; John Innes, second vice-president; W. S. Finch, trea- 
 surer; J. 1). Nasinith, secretary ; E. M. Morpliy, corresponding 
 secretary. 
 
 The Ontario Temperance and Prohibitory League. — 
 Robert Maclean, president ; Rev. William Scott, Rev. J. M. 
 Cameron, Rev. E. H. Dewart, A. Farewell, and E. Coatsworth, 
 vice-m'esidents ; George M. Rose, treasurer ; Jacob Spence, 
 general secretary. 
 
 234 
 
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 TIIK ''LUBH- 
 
 The Clubs. 
 
 athletk: cambs 
 
 |H E to RO N to lac ROSSE C L U a Lacvo^m, 
 tli(^ uationiil gaino, ik exceedingly iKvpulai- !<•! Xhe^ city, 
 arid doubtless much of this-* yopnlarity ]b due to the 
 !u;Tb reputuiiou achieved by the roroiito chib for their Kpif ndid 
 Atid seiontific play. Tbongli caiupiratividy a younp club— boint^ 
 .organized iu 1857 — it is to-day the champi.ni of the Dominion. 
 :.nd couHeiiaentiy of the world, having won Ibe iniieh-coveted 
 prize, after five keen contoHtn, from th.' 8liavnr<.)ek Club of Mon- 
 treal, in the fall of IHlo. Since tht: Toroutos won the cham- 
 pioas flags. \be hardest fought and most exciting games over 
 played in the Dominion have taken place on the grouiida of this 
 r'.Uib. The displays of Hpeed, science, and dogged determination 
 if! the variouh ganien played ^vith Ibv Monti-eal chd>s have 
 v'vcited the admiration of all beholders. Fium the inception of 
 t)io gam..' up to 187r., the Moutfea! clubs had without intevmi.-f- 
 •iion held the championship, and during the seaaon of IHrti.jitty 
 were determined to carry back to Montre>*i the prjae no nobiy 
 wrested from Ih6m h\ 1B75. Previous to the f«rat tmich the 
 Montreal players looked upon thiH aH a mftt*';*' 'vf if-n'tnitity, but 
 in the first Rtruggle the Shamroclcs found ? Is *t tuejr old uppo 
 uents played with auch unity and such w^mitie pre«!iHion, the 
 entire team working together with a vnafriihie-like rttgiilarity, 
 that smprised and uBtonished the hith«rfe»» invincible Shamrockn, 
 who returned to Montreal without than .prize the)^ expected to 
 carry off. The remaining contefits became aJowwt iuterriational 
 in the interest excited in the ProvinccB of QR^beo and Ontario. 
 But the Torontos in every instance proved themselves the victors, 
 
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THK CLUUH. 
 
 The Clubs. 
 
 ATHLETIC CLUBS. 
 
 HE TORONTO LACROSSE CLUB. -LaeroKse, 
 the national game, is exceedingly popular in the city, 
 and doubtless much of this popularity is due to the 
 high reputation achieved by the Toronto club for their splendid 
 and scientific play. Though comparatively a young club — being 
 organized in 18.57— -it is to-day the champion of the Dominion, 
 and consequently of the world, having won the much-coveted 
 prize, after five keen contests, from the Shamrock Club of Mon- 
 treal, in the fall of 1875, Since the Torontos won the cham- 
 pions' flags, the hardest fought and most exciting games ever 
 played in the Dominion have tak'in place on the grounds of this 
 club. The displays of speed, science, and dogged determination 
 in the various games played with the Montreal clubs have 
 excited the admiration of aU beholders. From the inception of 
 the game up to 1875, the Montreal clubs had witliout intermis- 
 sion held the championship, and during the season of 1870 they 
 were determined to carry back to Montreal the prize so nobly 
 wrested from them in 1875. Previous to the first match the 
 Montreal players looked upon this as a matter of certainty, but 
 in the first struggle the Shamrocks found that their old oppo- 
 nents played with such unity and such scientific precision, the 
 entire team working together with a machine-like regularity, 
 that surprised and astonished the hitherto invincible Shamrocks, 
 who returned to Montreal without the prize they expected to 
 carry off. The remaining contests became almost international 
 in the interest excited in the Provinces of Quebec and Ontario. 
 But the Torontos in every instance proved themselves the victors, 
 
 235 
 
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 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 
 
 their magnificent play always making up for any deficiency in 
 weight or speed. The last game with the Shamrocks ended in a 
 draw, time not allowing the game to he played out, hut hefore 
 time was called the Torontos had scored two games to their 
 opponents' one, thus showing thtmselves to he the hest men, 
 although the rules declared the match a draw. The Torontos 
 have played during the season of 1876 nine matches, all o* 
 intense interest. Out of this number they only lost the first 
 match with the Ontarios, defeating the St. Regis and Caughna- 
 wauga Indians, the Ontario, Tecumseth, Montreal, and Sham- 
 rock clubs. They have now had the honor of beating every club 
 against which they have been pitted during their nine years o^ 
 existence. Though often defeated in the seasons of their ap- 
 prenticeship, they have never lost courage or faith in each other, 
 and now have the reward of their determination. The club 
 numbers about 150 members. Their grounds are situated on 
 Jarvis street, and are without doubt the finest in the Dominion. 
 The field, once a rough hill, was levelled and re-sodded at great 
 expense, and the members of the club deserve great credit for 
 their enterprise in undertaking an expenditure, which, at the 
 time, looked so serious. Considering the performances and 
 enterprise displayed by them, the Torontos beyond all doubt 
 rank first among the athletic clubs of the Dominion. 
 
 The Ontario Lacrosse Club is the strongest local rival of 
 the Torontos, having early in the past season defeated the 
 Torontos in a match for the championship, but in the next 
 match the Torontos placed beyond all dispute their superiority 
 over the Ontarios. The Ontarios at one time possessed among 
 its members some of the finest players in the Province. 
 
 There are several other lacrosse clubs in the city, the 
 Athletics and the Tecumseths, both giving promise of becom- 
 ing very dangerous rivals of the Torontos ere long. Of cricket 
 clubs there are several, that in connection with the Toronto 
 Lacrosse Club being one of the strongest. Base ball, the 
 national game of our cousins across the border, has also its 
 
 236 
 
THE CLUBS. 
 
 admirers in the city, several very fair clubs being organized. 
 For winter sports we have snow-shoe clubs and football clubs, the 
 University Football Club claiming to be the champions of the 
 Province. There are also a number of curling and skating 
 clubs. 
 
 AQUATIC CLUBS. 
 
 Royal Canadian Yacht Club. — The Royal Canadian Yacht 
 Club was organized about twenty-live years ago under the name 
 of the Canadian Yacht Club, and in August, 1854, by special 
 parraissiou of Her Majesty the Qii^ju, ths club assumed the title 
 of " Rjyal." The club house is situate on King street west, 
 near York streat. The ext3rior is plain an I unassuming, but the 
 intarior is beautifully furnished and fitted with every requisite to 
 promDfc3 the comfort and pleasure of its members. The club 
 also owns a larga frame sfcruature, erected on the edge of the 
 bay, near the foot of Simcoe street, which is devoted to the use 
 of the mambars during the summer season. The club numbers 
 about 233 mambars, tha eiitrauca foe baing $50, and an 
 annual subscription of $20. Soma of the fastest yachts in the 
 Amarican waters are owned by the members of the club. The 
 following yachts form the present fleet owned by the club : 
 
 Name. Owner. Class. Tonnage. 
 
 Countess of DulTerin Major Gifford Schooner 220 
 
 Mooja E. Molson, Esq Steam Yacht 160 
 
 Vixen M. P. Hayes, Esq... Schooner 95 
 
 Oriole W.C.Campbell " 40 
 
 Ripple E. Jones, Esq " 35 
 
 Lady Stanley Commodore Hodder Sloop 33 
 
 Geraldine A. K. Boswell, Esq. Schooner 28 
 
 Gorilla Major Gifford Sloop 29 
 
 Fawn S. Hodder, Esq Cutter 28 
 
 Brunette H. Stevenson, Esq. Sloop 22 
 
 Coral A. McMaster, Esq... " 19 
 
 Kestrel W. Hope, Esq Schooner 19 
 
 Rivet R. Elmsley, Esq Cutter 16 
 
 G. Eadie, Esq " 15 
 
 Ida 
 
 Mazeppa J. Kennedy, Esq. 
 
 237 
 
 Sloop 
 
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 SBaiaLi'i-' 
 HUwfiiniiiii; 
 
 TORONTO : PAST AND PRE8KNT. 
 
 The Argonaut Rowing Club is an enterprising and highly 
 successful cluh, numhering among its members several first-class 
 oarsmen. His Excellency the Earl of Duflferin, Governor-Gene- 
 ral of the Dominion, being the patron of the club, Henry 
 O'Brien, president ; Dr. Spragge, vice-president; and H. Lamb, 
 captain. The club house is on the Esplanade, at the foot of 
 York street. 
 
 The Toronto Rowing Club is in connection with the Royal 
 Canadian Yacht Club, having rooms on York street, between 
 King and Wellington streets. These clubs have done much to 
 foster a love of aquatic sjjorts among the young men of the 
 city, and no doubt but that they have been mainly instrumental 
 in inciting Mr. Hanlon (a citizen of Toronto) to those contests 
 which have resulted in placing him in the position of the cham- 
 pion sculler of the world. 
 
 SOCIAL AND POLITICAL CLUBS. 
 
 The Toronto Club is a social club, in much favour with 
 the leading merchants and gentlemen of the city. The build- 
 ing is a plain brick structure, situate on the east side of York 
 street, between King and Wellington streets. 
 
 The National Club is a very neat red and white brick 
 structure, professedly non-political, but it is generally recognised 
 as the home of the " Canada First " party, a party whose aims 
 are the independence of Canada in all things political. Pro- 
 fessor Goldwin Smith is president ; Lieutenant-Colonel Scoble, 
 secretary. (See plate No. 42.) 
 
 The United Empire Club is the Canadian Carlton, the 
 headquarters of the Canadian Conservatives. It is a beautiful 
 cut stone structiire, erected at a cost of over $72,000, and is 
 situate on King street west, between Bay and York streets (see 
 plate No. 35), and is magnificently fitted up, everything that 
 money could procure has been brour^t within its walls to pro- 
 mote the comfort of its members. The dining and drawing 
 
 238 
 
THt! CLUIIH. 
 
 rooms are maf:;nificent upartrnents, and the smokint; and reading 
 rooms are models of ease and luxury. The billiard room is a 
 large, airy, and well lighted apartment, admirably adapted for 
 the pleasures of the game. The club has a very large member- 
 ship. The entrance fee is $30, and the annual subscription 
 $20. Sir John A. Macdonald is president, and Mr. A. B, 
 Campbell, secretary. 
 
 The Reform Association Rooms. — The Ikformers have 
 not thought fit to go to a large expenditure in erecting pulatia* 
 club premises, but they have secured central and commodious 
 rooms on King street east, near Toronto street, which have been 
 comfoi'tably furnished, and contain a reading room supplied 
 with all the principal newspapers of the Dominion, representing 
 all shades of political opinion. Certainly in this respect the 
 committee have been liberal enough. Here is found the 
 Toronto Globe and Mail side by side. The Montreal Herald 
 and the Montreal Gazette, each giving their different views of 
 the political questions of Quebec and the Dominion. The 
 Canada Scotchman and the Irish Canadian are to be found on 
 the tables. The press of Manitoba and British Columbia are 
 here represented. Newspapers, journals, and periodicals from 
 all partp of the Dominion, with the leading American and 
 British journals, are to be found on these tables. The 
 Reformers appear to trust more to the literary and intellec" 
 tual character of their rooms, rather than to the social, to 
 render them attractive. A very successful literary and debating 
 society has been organised in connection with the association* 
 and steps are now being taken to organise working men's 
 Reform clubs in various parts of the city. The Hon. John 
 McMurrich is president, and Mr. Patullo, secretary. 
 
 - -i-l?- 
 
 239 
 
 \ . 
 
TOUONTO : PAST AND I'KKSRST. 
 
 .1 
 
 Place3 Of Amu3ejvient y^ND "Recreation. 
 
 OliONTO is well provided with places of amuseinent 
 and recreation. Her two theatres are unsurpassed by 
 I any on the American continent for completeness of 
 littinj,'s, and comfort of their furnishings. There arc a number 
 of halls, W(,'ll ailaptud for social meetings, lectures, and variety 
 entertainments; and the magnificent lake in summer affords end- 
 less opportunities for exercise and pleasure by boating and sail- 
 ing, or patronising some of the many pleasure excursions pro- 
 vided by such steamers as the " Empress of India," and the 
 *'City of Toronto" in trips across or along the lake. The 
 former boat, the *' Empress of India," daring the past season 
 became almost a necessity to the citizens, and added much to 
 their summer pleasures by opening out new places for picnics 
 and excursions along the shore of Lake Ontario. Perhaps no 
 other city in America could boast of so largo an excursion 
 steamboat, conducted on temperance principles, and no doubt 
 much of her popularity was due to this fact. It is to be hoped 
 that the ijroprietors of the steamer will every year place her at 
 the disposal of the citizens, and now rid of the meddling and 
 muddling interference of one or two officious persons, this 
 steamer will be more popular than ever. The following are 
 thb rtrincipal places of amusement : 
 
 jNirs. Morrison's Grand Opera House (Adelaide street, a 
 few doors west of Yonge street.) — This structure, both internally 
 and externally, is one of the finest opera houses on the conti- 
 nent of America ; it is built of white brick, with stone dressings 
 and has a very pleasing and imposing appearance. It has a 
 frontage on Adelaide street of 91 feet, and a depth of 208 feet. 
 The principal entrance is on a level with the street, through a 
 spacious corridor 16 feet wide, 50 feet long, and 14 feet high, to 
 
 240 
 
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 '*^6'SS»N HOUSE P. Smeahs !'«<«.. 
 
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 ■:i,.HOR«l-.i C° GR^XSENNiEit'FROKTS^ 
 
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 PACIFIC aUiLDlNt.S, ..ino F''MmP*iu> 
 
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 TO HOST-.! ; PAHT AND PKBSK.VT. 
 
 Placets of AMuscf.iENT /.nd T^LCREATio 
 
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 OJiCNTO is well providt'd with places of nnustiaiPiit 
 and recreation. Her two tbeatj'eb are uufeurpsisscKl ty 
 any on the Arncricftii continent for corupletenes^H of 
 ijttiiijis, and C;,.TDforfc (.f their furninhings. There aro u rujiuu^r 
 of hails, well adapted for 8 jciu! meetings . tofitur.-s, imd variotj 
 cntortamrnciits : and the maguitifent lake in summer affords vrsfi 
 leas opportuRitrei^ for ext^rfiUr and pleasure hy buating and m^l- 
 irjp, or patruiiiaing socitc of thu \mmy pleasure excurpio-;* *» 
 vidad l;>y >:ueh sti-amera a^-i liie " Enip "tsd 'J IiidiM," and ;fe- 
 "Oitv .ff Torouto ■' in uipf aoro!*^ >ir along ih-' lake. hv 
 fornior bt»ut, the " Empr-s;^ >if Iiullu,' dnriag the past b+'**->m 
 became a Inioiit a necessity to thr: citizons, and added mu'.'*- i-y 
 their rjuiunmr pleasures by opouiag out new places for iHciik-A 
 and vxcursions along Vm- suoire (;f Lake Ont'ivio. Pcrhafi* s»> 
 other city in Apiorica could boast of ho largo an e!^c'a-U*;n 
 stearDhoat. conducted on tomperanoe princiidos, und no d<:nt?^i 
 much of Jier poi>uIarity was duo to this fact. It is to be b-^imJ 
 that fchn proprietors of tli^i steaiitor will every year plact! ij#r s* 
 the disposal of the citiisens, and now rid of tiie meddling at.; 
 muddling ixiurfereneo of one or 'two olBciouB persona, tfe- 
 Htmimex will be ni' ^-e pop'.ilor than lU'er. The foibwuig iw^- 
 ihe principal })laceb of amusunnent • • 
 
 Mrs. Morrison's Grnnd Opera House (Adelaide «tre<»|, ^ 
 faw doors west of Yongc •street.; — This Btructure, both iKie.«ia% 
 anil externally is one of the fiiii fit opera houses bn tho cant? 
 nent of America, it is built of wlsite brick, with stone dr«8si»g>'i 
 ftf..* hiiH a very pleasing and imposing appearance. It lias 'k 
 frontage on Adelaide street of 91 feet, and a depth of 208 ,fe*l% 
 Th<^ priueipal entrance is on a level with the street, throP5rh » 
 (Spttciows corridor lo feet wide, 50 foet long, and 14 foot high, V- 
 
 240 
 
CANADA LIFE BUILDING'^ 
 
 HUGHES BRO.^ IMPORTERS o^DRYGOODs"" 
 
 MiiillliiilJJ 
 
 R6i?)SlN HOUSE G P. Shears Phop. 
 
wmm 
 
 t 
 
 m 
 
 '^,\ 
 
 t 
 
PLACES OF AMUSEMENT AND IlECUEATION. 
 
 the main vestibule, which is 24 feet wide by 65 feet long and 18 
 feet high, in which are the box and ticket offices, stairs to family 
 circle, &c. Beyond the vestibule is the inner lobby, from which 
 access is had either to the parquet or balcony, or by wide and 
 easy stairs to the dress circle. The auditorium is arranged with 
 parquet, containing 304 orchestra stall chairs, parquet balcony 
 containing 104 chairs ; parquet sofa seats, 218 ; dress ckcle 
 containing 370 seats, and eight private boxes with six chairs in 
 each, and ;"illei*y with GOO seats, making a seating capacity of 
 1,(544, and camp stool and standing room for iJOO more, every 
 one having a perfect view of the stage. There are also ladies' 
 and gentlemen's cloak and hat rooms, dressing rooms, &c. The 
 proscenium and arch are of chaste and ornate design, and con- 
 tain eight private boxes. The orche itra is depressed below the 
 stage so as not to obstruct the view. The stage is 53 by 65 feet, 
 and is fitted up with all the latest improvements, and e(]uipped 
 with a splendid and full stock of scenery, curtains, properties, 
 and appointments. The entire building is heated by steam at a 
 low pressure from ii safety boiler in a tire-proof cellar, outside 
 the main building, and ample provision is nuido to guard against 
 fire by placing on the stage two tire plugs with hose, ready for 
 instant use, and tire extinguishers are distributed throughout 
 the building. The auditorium is brilliantly illuminated by a 
 centre sun-light in the dome, chandeliers under the galleries, 
 and brackets on the walls, all lighted by electricity. The con- 
 struction of the building is of the most substantial character, 
 and the decorations and furnishing is in the very best artistic 
 taste and style. It can be made into a magniticent ball room, 
 being provided with a floor covering the entire orchestra seats. 
 See plate 38. 
 
 The Royal Opera House (on King street west, near York 
 street) is a very neat and comfortably titted up theatre, com- 
 plete in every essential to promote the comfort and enjoyment of 
 its patrons. It is said to be one of the best constructed 
 theatres on the American continent, and the seats are so 
 
 241 
 
 r 
 
 ;f^ i 
 
ill: -I 
 
 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 
 
 arranged that every one has a full view of the stage. It has a 
 seating capacity of over 1,700. 
 
 Albert Hall is a beautifully proportioned hall, most admi- 
 rably adapted for chamber and public concerts, balls, &c. Here 
 during the season, many miscellaneous; musical entertainments, 
 lectures, itc, are held. Its situation, being almost in the very 
 centre of the city, makes it an exceedingly popular place of 
 amusement. 
 
 Shaftesbury Hall is essentially the home of all notable 
 literai'y visitors, and is the chief lecture hall of the city, as 
 almost all the principal lecturers visiting this city appear before 
 a Toronto audience on the platform of this hall. It can accom- 
 modate about 1,700. 
 
 Other halls devoted to public entertainments are the Agricul- 
 tural Hall, corner of Queen and Yonge streets ; the St. Law- 
 rence Hall, King street east ; the St. Andrew's Hall, and the 
 new Masonic Hall on Queen street west. 
 
 Horticultural Gardens. — These gardens, which were first 
 opened on the occasion of the visit of His Royal Highness the 
 Prince of Wales in 1860, are situate on the north side of Ger- 
 rard street, between Jarvis and Sherbourne streets, and are a 
 pleasant and favorite resort of the citizens during the summer 
 months. The grounds occupied by the gardens are ten acres in 
 extent, and were acquired as follovrs : The central five acre's 
 were a gift to the Horticultural Society in 1858 by their presi- 
 dent (Hon. (t. W. Allan), and the outer five acres, the use of 
 which the society had been allowed by Mr. Allan to enjoy, at a 
 merely nomin'al rental, up to the end of 1863, were at the close 
 of that year, purchased by the city and handed over to the 
 society, upon condition that they should throw open the whole 
 of their grounds to the public without charge. The gardens are 
 accordingly now open free of charge during the summer months 
 from six in the morning until eight o'clock at night, after which 
 hour the directors u^-ve the right, under their agreement with 
 the city, to charge an admission fee to those attending the pro- 
 
 242 
 
 m 
 
tirst 
 58 the 
 Ger- 
 I are a 
 lumer 
 [res in 
 acre's 
 lyresi- 
 ise of 
 , at a 
 close 
 10 the 
 rhole 
 IS are 
 lonths 
 Aiich 
 with 
 pro- 
 
 PLACES OF AMUSEMENT AND RECREATION. 
 
 menade concei'ts or other performances given during the summer 
 evenings'in the pavilion. In 1863 the directors expended nearly 
 $7,000 in improving the gi'ounds, building the pavilion and a 
 forcing house for growing bedding-out plants and flowers for the 
 decoration of the gardens. 
 
 College Avenue is one of the approaches from Queen street 
 to the University and Queen's Park, and is a beautiful drive and 
 promenade lujarly a mile in length and 120 feet in width. It is 
 thickly planted with the English chestnut, Canadian maple, and 
 other trees on each side, through the centre of which is the car- 
 riage drive, flanked by a grass border of about ten feet. Under 
 the trees is a footpath for pedestrians, and a number of ru stic 
 seats are placed at various well-shaded points. This avenue is 
 one of the finest in the Dominion, or perhaps on the American 
 continent, and was laid out in the year 1829 or 1830 by the 
 University of King's College 'now the University of Toronto. In 
 1859 this, with the Yonge street avenue, which is narrower and 
 crosses it at right angles near its northerly termination, together 
 with fifty acres of the University Park, were granted to the City 
 Corporation on lease for a term of 999 years for the purpose of 
 a public park to be kept in order by the City Council. 
 
 The Island. — A favourite res(n*t of the citizens during the 
 summer season, for a stroll along the shore of the open lake. 
 Ferry boats run from Yonge street wharf every few minutes 
 during the season. 
 
 '; t I 
 
 
 243 
 
> 
 
 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 
 
 Financial In^titutioj^^. 
 
 BANKS. 
 
 HE TORONTO BANK is situate on the corner 
 of Wellington and Church streets, and is an imposing 
 stone structure. (See plate 36.) This institution ranks 
 as one of the soundest banking companies in the Dominion, 
 its management being characterised by considerable caution, 
 judgment, and ability. It was established by a number of 
 Toronto merchants, and from 'ts establishment has enjoyed a 
 remarkal)l(' degree of prosperity. The capital is $2,000,000. 
 The directors are William Gooderham, Esq., president; James 
 G. Worts, vice-president ; William Cawthra, A. T. Fulton, 
 James Appleby, and George Gooderham. George Hague, 
 cashier ; Hugh Leach, assistant cashier. The bank has 
 branches at Montreal, Peterboro', Barrie, Cobourg, Port Hope, 
 Collingwood, and St. Catherines. 
 
 Ontario Bank. — The splendid building of this institution is 
 situate on the corner of Scott and Wellington streets, and is one 
 of the handsomest stone structures in the cit3\ See plate No. 27. 
 The bank was established in the year 1857 with a capital of 
 $1,000,000, the head office then being in the town of Bowman- 
 ville. The capital has since been increased to $3,000,000, and 
 •n May, 1875, the head offices were removed from Bowmanville 
 f^o Toronto. The present directors are the Hon. J. Simpson, 
 senator, president; Hon. W. P. Howland, C.B., vice-president; 
 His Honor the Hon. D. A. McDonald, Lieutenant-Governor of 
 Ontario ; C. S. Gzowski, Esq. ; Donald Mackay, Esq. ; A. M. 
 
 244 
 
FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 Smith, Esq.'; W. McGill, Es(i., M.D. Mr. Diivid Fisher is the 
 general manager. In addition to the important branch in 
 Toronto, conducted as heretofore by Mr. Alexander Fisher, it has 
 brandies in the following places, viz.: Montreal, Ottawa. Peter- 
 boro', Lindsay, Port Hope, Bowmanville, Oshawa. Wh'tby, Port 
 Perry, Guelph, Mount Forest, Prince Arthur's Landing, and 
 Winnipeg. The Ontario Bank are the financial agents of the 
 CxoveriiJient for the disbursements connected with the public at 
 the two latter offices, and also receives deposits for the Dominion 
 and Ontario Governments at all their branches. The bank lias, 
 since its oi)ening, paid to its stockholders a semi-annnal dividend 
 of four per cent. The reserve is now $525,000. 
 
 Imperial Bank of Canada. — Among the number of banks 
 which h.avf:^ sprung out of the enterprise of Toronto capitalists, 
 the Imperial stands in the foremost rank of recognised success- 
 ful and ably managed financial institutions. The bank first 
 began business in the Masonic Hall Buildings on Toronto street, 
 and shortly afterwards secured the business, by amalgama- 
 tion, of the Niagara District Bank of St. Catharines. The 
 offices in the Masonic Hall soon became too small for the grow- 
 ing business, and the directors [/urchased the Corn Exchange on 
 Wellington street. These premises are situate in the very ccmtre 
 of the business portion of the city, and have a substantial stone 
 front, with massive doorway and arched windows, the general 
 appearance of the whole being somewhat attractive and im- 
 posing. See plate No. 29. The internal arrangements are admi- 
 rably suited for banking purposes, the general office being 62 by 4B 
 feet, and 17 feet in height. The cashier's private office is a tine 
 room in the front of the building, with a general entrance from 
 the front of the counter, and private entrances to the vault and 
 directors' rooms. The capitiil is $1,000,000, of which over 
 $800,000 is paid up. H. S. Howland (late vice-president of the 
 Canadian Bank of Commerce) is the president, and T. R. Mer- 
 ritt, Esq., (late president of the Niagara District Bank) is the 
 vice-president, and the directors are Messrs. John Smith. Robert 
 Carrie, Hon. J. R. Benson, John Fisken, P. Hughes, T. R. 
 
 245 
 
 I- 
 
 ■4 
 
t 
 
 TORONTO : PAST AND PHKSENT. 
 
 Wadsworth, and William Ramsay- The cashier and general 
 manager is D. K. Wilkie, Esq. The bank has branches at St. 
 Catharines, Ingersoll, Port Colborne and Welland. 
 
 The Federal Bank. — The Federal Bank, established a few 
 years ago, under the able management of Mr. Strathy, and a 
 directorate cf undoubted integrity, wealth, and ability, at once 
 assumed a foremost position among the financial institutions of 
 the city, and -is steadily becoming one of our strongest banks. 
 The capital is $1,000,000. The directors are S. Nordheimer, 
 president ; William Alexander, vice-president ; Edward Gurney, 
 jun. ; Benjamin Lyman, William (lalbraith, John S. Playfair, 
 George W. Torrance. The bank premises are situate on Wel- 
 lington street west (see plate No. 28) adjacent to the principal 
 wholesale business houses of the city. 
 
 The Canadian Bank of Commerce is the second largest 
 bank in Canada, its capital and transactions being exceeded only 
 by the Bank of Montreal. The capital authorised and 
 paid up is $6,000,000. The bank has twenty-five branches 
 in the Dominion, and also in New York, Chicago, and Buf- 
 falo, in the United States, with agents and bankers in 
 almost every European city. The directors are Hon. Wil- 
 liam Mc^Iaster, president ; Noah Barnhart, F. W. Cumber- 
 land, W. ElUott, Adam Hope, J. Michie, J. S. Stayner, G. Inglis, 
 W. N. Anderson, general manager; J. S. Lockie, local manager. 
 
 The Dominion Bank (King street west). — Capital paid up, 
 $970,250; reserve, $225,000. The Dominion Bank has seven 
 agencies in the Province of Ontario, and is looked u^jon by the 
 mercantile community as one of the most flourishing and suc- 
 cessful of the young banks. The directors are J. Austin, pre- 
 sident ; P. Howland, vice-president ; J. Crowther, .Tames 
 Holden, Joseph H. M'iad, Hon. Frank Smith, J. Severn. 
 
 BRANCH BANKS. 
 
 The Quebec Bank. — The Toronto branch of this bank 
 occupy commodious ofliees in the western portion of the Toronto 
 
 246 
 
FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 lager. 
 
 V\ up, 
 
 Iseven 
 [y the 
 siic- 
 
 I pi'e- 
 lames 
 
 Ibauk 
 'onto 
 
 Bank Huildin^jH. See plate No. 80. Tlif (Quebec Bank is the oldest 
 in the Dominion, havinj^ been incorporated by Royal charter, A.l^. 
 1818. The authorised capital is $3,000,000, of which $2,500,0( 
 has been subscribed and paid up, and the reserve fund now 
 amounts to >i^^)00,00(). The head offices are in Quebec, and for 
 nuiny years the bank has regularly paid dividends at the rate of 
 eight per cent, per annum. The directorate is composed of 
 gentlemen of undoubted integrity and influence, and conse- 
 quently the bank has always enjoyed public confidence, and 
 for many years a high reputation for prudent and careful 
 management. The important branc'i at Toronto is under the 
 management of James L. Scarth, Esq. The bank has also 
 branches in Montreal, Ottawa, Pembroke, Three Rivers, St. 
 Catharines, and Thorold. The foreign agents are Messrs. Mait- 
 land, Phelps and Co., New York; the Union Bank of London, 
 London, England, and Gustave Bossange, Paris, France. 
 James G. Ross, Esq., is president; James Stevenson, Esq., 
 cashier ; Charles Henry, inspector. 
 
 The Bank of Montreal (corner of Yonge and Front streets). 
 — This is a branch of the largest bank in the Dominion, the 
 liead office being in Montreal. The character of this bank is 
 as familiiir as household words among our merchancs, and the 
 Toronto branch transacts a v.ery large business with our leading 
 merchants, and its manager, G. W. Yarker, Esq., enjoys the 
 fullest confidence and esteem c' all classes of the mercantile 
 comnumity. The capital of the bank is $12,000,000. 
 
 Bank of British North America (corner of Yonge and 
 WelHngton streets). — Head offices, London, England. S. Taylor, 
 Esq., manager of Toronto branch ; J. P. Lawless, accountant. 
 
 Merchants' Bank of Canada (10 Wellington street west). — 
 Head office, Montreal. A. Cameron, manager of Toronto 
 branch. Capital, $8,000,000. 
 
 Consolidated Bank (Wellington street east). — Head office, 
 Montreal. Capital, $4,000,000. Thomas M'jCraken, manager 
 of Toronto branch. 
 
 Molsons' Bank (King street west.) — Head office, Montreal. 
 
 247 
 
 ; i 
 

 TORONTO : PAHT AND I'RESRNT. 
 
 INSURANCE COMPANIES. 
 
 The British America Fire and Life Assurance Company 
 
 wiiH incorpovatfd by Act of tlic I'urliaiiioiit of I'ppcr (!iuui(la 
 in February, A.J).. '8:J:{, ;{ AVilliain IV. cliap. 18, Sir John Col- 
 borne, afterwards Lord Seaton. beinf? Lieutenant-(70vernor. The 
 corporators were William >raxwell. Jam((S Meyers. John G. Cul- 
 verwell, David Mrowne, iiicliard Northcote, Itichard (!rispiii. 
 William Ware, Alex. Dixim, Thomas Wallis. llichard Fl. Oates, 
 William Stennett, Alex. Krskinc. George Alunro. William I'roud- 
 foot, James King, Alex. Wood, the Hon. and Bight Rev. John 
 Strachan. first Lord Bishop of Toronto, Thomas fiercer .Tones. 
 James Cull, the Hon. Mr. Justice Sullivan, A. W. Hart, Messrs, 
 Gamble iV Birchall, the Hon, Mr. Justice Hagerman, William B. 
 Jarvis, Sherifi" of York, the Hon. .Tolni Kolph, H. A. Parker, 
 Samuel P. Jarvis, Watkins it Harris, H. C. Ferries, S. Washburn, 
 John Ross, J. Baby, J, M. Strange, John Kitson. S. Coekburn, 
 S. P. Hurd, J. G, Chewitt, B. W. Bonycastle, G. W. Haughton, 
 Thomas Bell, 'SI. Macnaniara, James Such, Ge(n-ge A. Barber, 
 John H. Dunn, Alexander Hamilton, Peter Diehl, John Bishop, 
 senior; the Hon. Henry J, Boulton, C. J. Baldwin and the Hon, 
 John Elmsley. The late Honorable William Allan was ai)pointed 
 governor at the organis^ation of tlie Company. In Octoijer, 
 1842, tlie Company was authorised by the Legislature of 
 Canada to extend its operations to inland marine insurance, 
 and, by an Act in August, 1851, its powers were further vx- 
 tendcd to include ocean nuirine insurance. By 16 Vic, chap. 68. 
 the name of the Ccnnpany was changed to "The British America 
 Assurance Company.'" On the death of Mr. Allan, in 1856, the 
 late Mr. George Percival Ridout was appointed governor. He 
 discharged his duties until his death in June, 1873, when the 
 present governor, Mr. Peter Paterson, was elected. Ill health 
 having compelled Mr, Birchall to resign the office of managing 
 director which he had held from the organization of the Company, 
 Mr. F. A. Ball was appointed manager in July, 1878. The pre- 
 mium receipts from 1834 to 1875, inclusive, amounted to 
 
 248 
 
I any, 
 pre- 
 
 bd to 
 
 ¥ 
 
 BRIChH AMc.tiL 
 
 urtON'fO ONT. 
 
 r.HR «;rotTT tt FRONT. 
 
r 
 
 If 
 
 u 
 
 t 
 
 'I 
 
 I I 
 
 roUONTo : VAHT A>'It PUESKVr. 
 
 INSURANCE COMPANIES. 
 
 The British America Eire and Life Assurance Company 
 
 w.is iiK^iM-p'jiMttMl !»y \(f <)\' tilt I'juliauient of I ppir (.'iiiuida 
 ill F< l)vunrv. A.i>.. 'H'X\, M \V!Jli>U!i [\ . .imp. Irt, Sir .K/iiii Col- 
 b irof. nftri wfinK l.iivd Sffiton, boiu;^ T.iHiit(:iiiuit-(l<»\«'i)i.ir. 'I'lu' 
 <<n-])(»rHl(a-^ \vi i-r Willi. till M.i\\\» 'I, .)iiri!"S MrvtrH, .loim (J. Cu' 
 vcrwoll, David Mrowuo. I!i(lmr<l Nm tJiCdtf, Kicliiird ('ris])i>). 
 Williiiin WtD-f. Ali\. hixoii, 'Ihniii.iH Wiiliis. liiclmnl ll.Oulis, 
 William St..iiiiif,t Al.\. JMsliiuc, (ii-oiv.* Minno. William rr..ufl- 
 f'Hii. Jiim.!s Kiiii^. Alf\. Wod'l, \\\<- Wm. and l?ij,'lit htv. .folin 
 8t,rHc!iHii liist- Loril Hixhop <>i" Jifiiito. 'rhomiis Mt-rccr .Ioju-h 
 •Tfunts Cull, f.hf Mon. \l> .t.-Tir, Sullivan. A. W. dart. \fr;,srs. 
 GsmiMt' iV Bit-eli ;!l. l!> H.»!i. ;v!r. .lu-^ti... I!;i,'.r(>rmaii, WiUiiun B. 
 Jarvis. Sru--r -f Vuk. the n.'>r. .!.>lii: Puilpli, K. A. V-.ivk-r. 
 SauuK'l V J.iivin, Wiitlvin'^. A- iruv,.s f{. ('. !■ .mtm-s. S. Wjisltbuni. 
 .iolitj lUifo'. ,1. ('■il.v. .1. M. .sfn\n;.n . ' 'hi; Kitson. S. ( ' ickhiini. 
 9:. W Hiinl.J. v.. Ch-witt. li. W. f 'istl.-. (;. W Ifsiiu'litoii, 
 
 Tlii)ii)(vs l<:'ll. M. Mjicii.inutra. 'a.n) - Siu-h. (u'orjn- A. Burlier. 
 .ioLii II. I Ml. in. \U\aii(iei llaimltoii. Pctrr Dirlil. .lohii Bisliu]), 
 tieiiior; thf FToi). Henry .1, iJuulxMi. »"..!. Bnidwiii and tli.- lion 
 'lohu Khiiriit'y. J'hi^ late Uoiiornlilr Wiiliam Allan was apiiolnttd 
 govcrnoi" ill llic ur.i^ani/.ation of tJit- ('.>in)niny. In Dctobfr, 
 1842, tiio ('ouij;any wav anlhnris((l 1)\ tiic I.t'i^isiatiiri- nf 
 C'lnnda to i-xtniul it- opf-ivttiiiiis lo inhiiid uiaruie iiK-uirano, 
 and, i.*v an Act in •\n,un'^'. IH")!, its powers wcr( riutlur tv- 
 t< ndtd to iiudii'lf ocnm iHiirine insiutincc l>y ]() Vir., chap. nS 
 tin' naiiH' of Die Conipjii;^ wjih ('liiinf.>d to "'I liv l^ritish Amencji 
 Ass^u-anco Comjxiny.'" On tin' <i.;,-irii tA' Mi-. Allan, in 18r>ti. th» 
 late My. (jcorgo I'.'rci^ai Itidoiit was appointed jjjovoni.ir ll.f 
 uiBchargt-d his diiti'.:i luitii ins death nj -imw, 1873, whrn the 
 prc8Put };ovonior.. Mr. I'ct. r rjiti-i.-von. ^va.s eloctfd. Ill ht-alfeii 
 haviii;.: comptdled Mr. Birchall to r<^i^: . tho ottin' of nianagiug 
 director which he had held ironi the or-fanization of the Company; 
 Mr. ¥. A. BiiJl was appoiiitod man.«.g<^r iu duly, 1873. Thp-pre- 
 miTun receiptH from 1H,}4 to 187.'>, iiudusive, amounted to 
 
 248 
 
;■«*'• 
 
 "^-^ 
 
 ^!^mm 
 
 "^i^m-it^ 
 
 '",««™tt.p„„';^ TORONTO ONT. 
 
 *^ ■*". 
 
■ma!^ 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 ? 
 
FINANCIAL INSTITITTIONB. 
 
 $4,814,532.99, and tlie losses to $3,163,599.88, and the com- 
 pany has now over one million dollars of realised assetf- 
 
 Western Insurance Company (head offices, corner of 
 Church and Colborne streets.) — The Western Insurance Com- 
 pany of Canada wis incorporated in 1851. Its ntmiinal capi- 
 tal is 5t»800,0()0, of which sum iB400,000 has been paid ':i. The 
 charter of the company <;ives the directors power to increase 
 the capital to $2,000,000. The Western is a company of 
 which Toronto may well he ])roud, for it is <me of her most 
 successful i'lstitutious. and has earned a name for stability and 
 successful management throughout the entire Dominion, as also 
 in the United States, where the company transacts business. 
 During the quarter of a ceritnry that the company has been in 
 existence it has received upwards of four and a half millions of 
 dollars for premiums, and has paid during the same period 
 nearly three millions of dollars to its patrons for losses sus- 
 tained. For the last ten years the dividend paid to stockholders 
 has averaged ten per cent, per annum, and since 1851 the divi- 
 dend has been at the rate of 15 per cent., in addition to which 
 a bonus of $70,000 has been applied to capital stock. Few, if 
 any, companies on this side of the Atlantic can shov/ a better 
 record than this. The Hon. John MjMurrich is president. 
 
 The Queen City Fire Insurance Company. — Tliis com- 
 pany was established in 1871 for the express purpose of effect- 
 ing insurances in the city of Toronto, eacli risk being rated on 
 its own merits, according to the law of average! Since its esta- 
 blishment the company has continued to grow in po^jular favour, 
 and now ranks among the most successful companies in the city. 
 The directors a^e now erectirig splendid offices for the company 
 on Church street, adjoining the i)remises of the J3ank of 
 Toronto. W. H. Howland, Esq., is president; Hugh Scott, 
 Esq., manager and secretary ; and Thomas Walmsley, Esq., 
 assistant secretary. 
 
 The other lire companies are the Isolated Risk, the 
 Hand-in-Hand, the Beaver and the Toronto Mutual, 
 
 249 
 
 
 
i 
 
 i 
 
 M 
 ^ 1 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 ; 
 
 
 
 
 
 !,: ' 
 
 1 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 
 
 the Provincial, tlie Anchor Marine, uiul the Canadian 
 Lloyds. 
 
 LIFE INSURANCE COMPANIES. 
 
 The Confederation Life Insurance Company is the only 
 Toronto company doing a general business throughout the 
 Dominion. Its management displays an amount of energy and 
 liberality seldom met with in so young an institution. Though 
 established only five years ago it has attained a very large 
 amount of popular favour, and now ranks among one of the 
 strongest life companies doing business in the Dominion, and 
 in the amount of aimual business acquired promises to run 
 the oldest Canadian a very close race. Its directorate em- 
 braces some of the most influential and wealthy men in the 
 Dominion. 
 
 The Toronto Life and Tontine Company transacts a 
 small business in the . Province of Ontario, but is steadily 
 gaining the confidence of the people by the promptitude of its 
 payment of claims and liberal dealing with assurers. 
 
 LOAN AND SAVINGS COMPANY. 
 
 Canada Permanent Loan and Savings Company. — One of 
 the most noticesibh- features of recent Canadian Financial 
 History, especially in Toronto and the Province of Ontario, is 
 the extraordinary development of home Institutions, organized 
 for the purpose of supplying capital to the owners of real estate. 
 Although the loans may not, in every instance, have gone into 
 proper liauds, or been turned to profitable account, there can be 
 no doubt, that in the uuijority of cases the borrowers have been 
 individually benefited, much land has been brouglit under cultiva- 
 tion, and the productiveness of the soil of the country increased, 
 while the inducements to invest, in the tangible shape of remune- 
 rative interest and unquestionable security, have tended to encour- 
 
 250 
 
su 
 
 m: 
 
 
 9- ^w-' 
 
 / 
 
 
 ,.:-.Vtif'"".-V':!>'> 
 
 ■^i»K 
 
 >i'f/iT:\- 
 
 
 *•■■ 
 
 ^^ 
 
 S^r, 
 
 
 &4' ' 
 
 i^^JU^ 
 
 P* '!^ 9^' 1 jt n*^ i*'^*^ •.^^* , *!i^W^ ?>"■ 
 
 ,J)^'«Ma,?f*!^' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 N.:^:- 
 
 ^-^.afiB^--'^'^^* ; 
 
 ^-swiiifet 
 
 ;-vM 
 
 
 .■•4»i *™''^iAjv 
 
 "-»*•«* j<|fci'«iit).«' * 
 
 ^_ > J* *B*V^^,^^ , y 
 
 \ n 
 
 i|L 
 
 CAKApA PERMANENT LOAN -^SA'vi^^j. Con' ' n 
 
1 
 
 i 
 
 ! 
 J 
 
 'iCXi'ii ■ ''\W AND PliK'^K 
 
 i 'I C'VMicial, ihf ATK'hr.r Mamie, ;m.'1 
 
 CiinadicU! 
 
 LIFi?: IN^URANCh: COMIANIES 
 
 'flu; Confeilera'ioii L.itV: Irij:....ran< i; Company i> iLe ouli 
 
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 LOAN A'-n; S:^VINGS COMPaNV 
 
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 CANiA3A PERMANENT LOAN ^SAVlMi^:. COMr ,N\ 
 

 
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FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 age lial)its of economy and forethought throughout the community. 
 Twenty years ago tlie chief sources from whence loans upon real 
 estatv' in this Province were procured, were: 1st. Companies 
 organized in and obtaining their capital from Great Britain ; and 
 2nd, The limited and uncertain resources of private capitalists. 
 The former, in the early days of the Province, when there 
 was little or no accumulated capital for such a purpose, did good 
 service, but they confined themselves mosily to large transactions, 
 and the loans were attended with enormous expenses, and haras- 
 sing delays. Their stockholders residing abroad, while availing 
 themselves of the high rate of interest prevailing here, contri- 
 l)uted nothing to the revenue of the country, and, besides this, 
 their system of lending was not calculated to afford borrowers 
 facilities for paying off their debts. All that these companies 
 wanted was the payment of interest, which, being sent across the 
 Atlantic, a constantly increasing drain was created upon the 
 lavailable resources of the country. Private lenders, men who had 
 accumulated a few hundreds or thousands of dollars, were few 
 and far between, and obtained rates proportionate to the scarcity 
 of the supply, and the necessities and limited information 
 of tile borrowers. From twelve to twenty per cent, per 
 annum were by no means uncommon rates, in those days, 
 wlien the Usury Laws were in force, and were supposed to 
 iix the value of money at six per cent. Attempts had been 
 made to form building societies in the cities and chii'f towns, 
 iiieir operations were limited and almost entirely local, 
 the system on which they were conducted was complicated, their 
 existence temporary and uncertain, and consequently they soon 
 i)ecame unpopular. Well conducted Provincial Institutions on a 
 sound basis, which would gather into a common "eservoir the 
 small streams and pools of capital lying unproductively idle or 
 running to waste, and thence furnish to farmers and landowners, 
 the funds so urgently needed to enable them to clear up and im- 
 prove their estates, was still a desideratum which Loan and 
 Savings Companies have since supplied. Foremost in accom- 
 plishing this great hcmie work stands the Canada Perma- 
 
 251 
 
 I I 
 
/ 
 
 i I 
 
 TOKONTO : I'AHT AND I'KKHEKT. 
 
 nent Loan and SavingH Company. From tl-e tirst it struck 
 out an independent course, and its successful manap;enient 
 and wide-S2)read operations have i-ontrihuted larf^eiy, to se- 
 cure for the Loan Companies of Ontario the hi<i;h position they 
 now enjoy. The tirst publislied (Government Returns rehiting to 
 these companies are for the year 1803, when the total assets of 
 these companies in Ontario was $1.58(), 181.00 of wliich 
 amount the Canada contributed iBl.034.-.i58.00. 'I'he increase 
 in the capital controlled by tliese Companies may be seen 
 from the following table: 
 
 1863, Total Assets $1,586,131 00 
 
 1868 " 3,521,716 00 
 
 '^7i " 8,928,350 00 
 
 1875 •' 16,911.517 00 
 
 The Canada Pernuinent was incorporated in March 1800. At 
 tirst and for many years it had to struggle against prejudice and 
 opposition, which have now entirely disappeared. Its progress is 
 brieriy epitomized in the following table, showing the position 
 of the Company at the end of the tirst year and of the two foUow- 
 ing decades : 
 
 V..,r I'aid up I,,,,! A . I ■ i,r.- Cash Trail- Reserve Market X'alui- 
 
 » ear. r^^^;.™! I olal Assets. Liabilities. ,. , r t.-.„ i 
 
 Capital. sactions. I'und. of Stock. 
 
 .■< .-< .Tl .•i .•< 
 
 iS.IS ■■■ .ii..3i/- ()K,7<).S ;,j,t5j ii)i,;j5 
 
 1865... iirii,i)Hi 1,4111,6^8 M7.t72 1,402,712 .i7v"'' 1 i,i per cent. 
 
 1875 ... 1,578,32s .i,78o,i27 1.370,540 .5,408,720 5"5.4".i '"" 
 
 Since the close of last yeai' the Company has increased its 
 paid up capital to ^l,7oO,000 and its total assets now amount to 
 upwards of y*V*((.r l//7/io//.s ((ml half of J)oW(rs, consisting almost 
 entirely of tirst mortgages on real estate valued on the aggre- 
 gate ar more than fourteen milli(ms of dollars. 
 
 ", iiile affording to stockholders, depositors and debenture holdei s 
 a safe and protitable investment, the Company has from time to 
 time reduced its rates to borrowers, and increased the facilities 
 for repayment. The system of redemption by yearly and half 
 yearly instalments, spread over along term of years, was adopted 
 
 252 
 
expressly to suit the cireumstanceH of the agricultural community. 
 At first entirely local, its business soon assumed a Provincial 
 character, its ramifications extending into every cimnty in the Pro- 
 vince. Local appraisers are specially ai>pointed through whom 
 h)ans may he obtained in the most remote districts, without the 
 borrower leaving his home, at the same rates which are obtained 
 at tilt monetary centres. The influence of the Company in thus 
 equalizing the rate of interest can scarcely be over estimated. 
 The following table, showing the aggregate monthly instalments 
 required to repay a loin of $1,000 and interest in ten years, will 
 Illnufvofa fli<j rofliipfioiitj Tvisiflp ill tlip liifps nf iiit.p.rpst : 
 
 NOTICE. 
 
 Canada Permanent Loan and Savings Company. — Since 
 going to press, the Ontario Government returns for 1876 have 
 been published, shewing the existence of thirty-seven Companies, 
 whose aggregate assets amount to $21,789,844. The capital of 
 the Permanent has been increased to $2,000,000, and its total 
 assets considerably exceed $5,000,000, 
 
 .iggre- 
 
 oldeis '■ 
 
 line to 
 
 pilities 
 
 d half 
 
 lopted 
 
 on the western suu^ ot L'oroiitu Street, a view ot wtiicli 
 will be found on plate 14. 
 
 -t^ 
 
 «S3 
 
 j 
 
5 
 
 XOHONTO 
 
 >AHT AND I'HKHENT. 
 
 nent Loan and Savings Company. From the lirnt it struck 
 out an independent course, and its successful management 
 and wide-spread operations have contributed largely, to se- 
 cure for the Loan Companies of Ontario the higli position they 
 now enjoy. The first puolished (Tovernnient lUturns relating to 
 these companies are for the year 1863, when the total assets of 
 these companies in Ontario was $1,;')8(),181.00 of which 
 amount the Canada contributed ^1.084, 258. 00. The increase 
 in the capital controlled by these Companies may be seen 
 from the following table: ' , 
 
 A^it 
 
 :'>.mi:-^<4 
 
 
 ■I :/;..: 
 
 
 1875 .. 
 
 1,578,32s 
 
 1,4111, D^n 
 .1,780,127 
 
 .137,172 
 ' .370,54" 
 
 1,402,712 
 ,i,4oH,72o 
 
 37,77'' 
 5"5,4'>5 
 
 1 13 per cent. 
 
 Since the close of last year the Company luis increased its 
 paid up capital to $1,750,000 .ind its total assets now amount to 
 upwards of Four MiUions mid half of Dollars, consisting almo.st 
 entirely of first mortgages on real estate valued on the aggre- 
 gate at more than fourteen millions of dollars. 
 
 While affording to stockholders, depositors and debenture holders 
 a safe and profitable investment, the Company has from time to 
 time reduced its rates to borrowers, and increased the facilities 
 for repayment. The system of redemption by yearly and half 
 yearly instalments, spread over along term of years, was adopted 
 
 25a 
 
expreHsly to suit the circuniHtaiiWH of the agricultural community. 
 At first entirely local, its business soon assumed a Provincial 
 character, its ramilications extending into every ccmnty in the Pro- 
 vince. Local avjjraisers are 8i)ecially appointed through wh(mi 
 loans may he oStained in the most remote districts, without the 
 borrower leaving his home, at the same rates which are obtained 
 at the monetary centres. The influence of the Company in thus 
 equalizing the rate of interest can scarcely be over estimated. 
 The following table, showing the aggregate monthly instalments 
 required to repay a loan of $1,000 and interest in ten years, will 
 illustrate the reductions made in the rates of interest : 
 
 In 185J total instalments required $i,b56 00 
 
 In i86t " ** 1,584 00 
 
 In 1872 " " I1524 00 
 
 In 1876 " " 1,476 00 
 
 As a Depository for Savings this Company has fulfilled a useful 
 mission. It has now accounts open with 1,325 depositors, who 
 have at their credit $1,122,385.96. It issues Debentures payable 
 either in sterling in Great Britain or in currency in Canada, 
 thus afi'ording to investers a nu)rtgage investment without its 
 risks and trouble. Everything seems to indicate for this Com- 
 pany a future; [)rosperity as enduring as its past has been pro- 
 gressive and satisfactory. 
 
 The Head Offices of the Company are in its own buildings 
 on the western side of Toronto Street, a view of which 
 will be found on plate 1-4. 
 
 ■<^^ 
 
 «53 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ ■" 
 
 
i 
 
 iH^i 
 
 TORONTO : PAST \ND PRESENT. 
 
 The Hotel?. 
 
 HE hotels of Toronto are in miiny respects indiciitive 
 of the city itself. Extermilly they are solid, unpre- 
 tious structures, but their internal furnishinj^s ami 
 management have won them a world-wide reputation among the 
 travelling community for home comforts, and their thorough 
 cleanliness. Many American cities of smaller size can boast of 
 more ornate or imposing hotel l)uil(lings than Toronto, but few, 
 however, can equal, and certainly none excel it, in really good, 
 comfortable, and well-managed hotels, at the most moderate 
 charges. Everything that money can supply has been lavished 
 to render these establishments comfortable and attractive. Few 
 of the palaces of the Old World are more splendidly furnished 
 and embellished, and no where can the traveller tind more real 
 comfort than in such hotels as the Rossin House, Queen's, or 
 American. 
 
 Most of the lirst-class hotels of the city are conveniently 
 located near to the railways, steamboats, ;md places of amuse- 
 ment. Strangers visiting the city may depend upon finding in 
 its public buildings, churches,, schools, colleges, and manufac- 
 tories much to instruct and interest them, while its hotels will 
 fm'nish accommodation unsurpassed, and the longer the visit is 
 prolonged the more will they admire the Queen City, its institu- 
 tions and, people. The following are regarded by the citizens 
 and travelling community as the leading hotols of the city : 
 
 The Queen's — (see plate 30 for illustrsi tion) — is situate on 
 Front street, between York and Bay streets, in close proximity 
 to the railway depots and business portions of the city. It 
 commands fine views of the harbour, island, and Lake Ontario, 
 and from the cupola on the top of the building a magnificent 
 and extensive view of the city and lake is obtained. The late 
 
 254 
 
THE HOTEIiS. 
 
 Captain Dick opened the Queen's in 1862 ; it then contained 
 about seventy rooms. Rapidly growing in popuhir favour fre(pient 
 enhirgements became necessary. Fii 1874 it was almost entirely 
 rebuilt, and still further enlarged by building wings at the 
 eastern and western ends of the house, and adding anotlier 
 storey to the centre portion of the building, whieli was thiished 
 off with a French roof and handsomt! cupola, giving a very neat 
 and pleasing appearance to tlu' whole. I'pwards of !^l;U),l)()() 
 was spent in these additions, and general iuiprovemcnts of the 
 house. It now luis a frontagL! of over 240 feet, with four side 
 wings, each 150 feet long, and a centre wing 108 feet, contains 
 250 rooms, and can with ease accommodate 500 guests. The 
 rooms are magnificently furnished, hangings, furniture, and 
 carpets being en suite, and of the most sumptuous description. 
 Several rooms on each flat are arranged to be occupied in suite, 
 and have bath I'ooms and every modern convenience attached. 
 The ladies' parlour is a very beautiful apartment in the western 
 wing, and furnished in a style to satisfy the most fastidious 
 taste. There are public and private dining rooms, and also 
 billiard rooms. There is a gentlemen's parlour and reception 
 room, and every modern comfort and convenience will be found 
 in this house. A carpenter, upholsterer, and painter are kept in 
 the house, so that broken furniture, torn carpets, or scratched 
 walls do not meet the eyes of guests at the Queen's. Thu fur- 
 nishing of this house is not of the gaudy description so fre- 
 quently met with on the American continent ; everything here 
 appears to have been done to secure home comforts, at the same 
 time to meet with the approval of the most critical of visitors. 
 Under the management of the present proprietors, Messrs. 
 McGaw and Winnett (who were managers of the establishment 
 for the late Captain Dick), the high reputation of the house has 
 been fully maintained. 
 
 The Rossin House Hotel (corner of York and King streets)- 
 — The Rossin House has long engaged the highest reputation 
 among the travelling community for the excellence of its 
 management, furnishing, and general arrangements. Tt was re- 
 
 255 
 

 i' 
 
 
 
 ^Ijii 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 TORONTO . PAST AND I'RESKNT. 
 
 built and re-opened in 18(57 by the present proprietor, G. P. 
 Shears, Esq., who obtained almost a national fame at the 
 famous old Clifton House at Niagara Falls. The Eossin House 
 is one of the most massive, imposing, and commodious hotel 
 buildings in the city. Its situation is central, being within a few 
 minutes walk of the principal public buildings, places of amuse- 
 ment, and business portions of the city. It has a frontage of 
 240 ^eet on King street, which is pre-eminently the fashionable 
 business stre»^t, and the favourite city promenade and drive of 
 the elite of Toronto. The main entrance is on Yark street, and 
 ihe hotel has a frontage on this street of 200 feet ; there is also 
 a Vt^ing at the eastern end 100 by 50 feei. The house is noted 
 for its large and splendidly furnished rooms, and open, a'ry cor- 
 ridors. The dining room is 100 feet long, 50 feet wide, 22 feet 
 in height, and very elegantly frescoed. Many of the rooms 
 are arranged in suites, with baths, &c., attached, and the cor- 
 ridors are all 10 feet wide and 16 feet high. The house has 
 ample accommodation for over 500 guests. The parlours are 
 large, maguilicei'.tly furnished, and pleasantly situated. The 
 billiard room is 70 by 40 feet, exceedingly well lighted and com- 
 foj'tably furnished. The charges rang;' from §2 to $4.50 per 
 day, according to location of rooms. During its existence the 
 Eossin House has sheltered many of tlie celebrities that have 
 passed through Toronto, including His Eoyal Highness the 
 Prince of Wales and suite. Prince Arthur's suite, also General 
 St'sted, Acting Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario, who had his 
 rooms and headquarter • at the Eossin House for over a year. 
 The pages of the visitor' egister also uear testimony to the 
 presence of many of the i..»bility of England" and Kurope, and 
 a large number of literary and dramatic notabilities. 
 
 The American Hotel (a view of wliich appears on plate 31) 
 is situate on tlie coriu'r of Yonge and Front streets, and is one 
 of the first ol)jects Avhich meets the eye of the traveller on 
 arriving by the Great Western Eailway, or by the Montreal and 
 Niagara steamers. The American is a square, substantial, brick 
 building, with little uretenBions to architectural beauty, but well 
 
 

 VALKF-R House. 
 
 DAVID WA.LKE.R 
 
 ';* 
 
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 I(jUONTO ; FA.S'l AND j'-HKSlAT. 
 
 i)iult and i\--<p'.,)\vd it' Lbr>7 by Hm' pi-cBcDt proniittoj-, ('.. P. 
 >h".ar.-, Ksi^., .vlu,' ohliiiuuii Hijii..;a a ii:!t'A!aHl f ;!(■ at tli-- 
 laiiJOUH .)i,i (Jlil'u.i- JliJiiSt' .i,r, Nia.^uj.i, I'iills. Tuh Hossjh Hovih.' 
 )-S oiii:' ('1 fliti ji:-;«st (ii;i.s.-'\.\ tiuisuMii-:;, and Cu!i.iiu(Mli()iis lio?.! 
 I'laidiM^s ill tliu ritv. U • SiiUiatic; is ct Mtrtd, hniu>i ^vitiiin - fc,«^ 
 iiiriii'tc^ Vi';il'>. uf tliv jirii-i ipa] public luuldinj^,-. |jiac. s of ::'.. j.se 
 iiiciit, cDni biisiUtsH }i()rU;.i;h oi .f.rif (.a'.;,. JT hii.s a l'ront;iL(e <v< 
 ■iiOtcctui Kin.^strett. wbiolj is pr./4ii!iu(utl\ ilif fa-iliiiaiabii 
 uu,iiiu-riM stiret. rui-i the f';i.,t>iu-i!:i.' i:it\ \n\^ ,! rKUtc iiiul tli-i/t' ci" 
 tii>' (■/,•;'< of ']'<.)r(,»iiio, '^Ik aiain i fitJaiur is (mi York hfr. •;![,. ;uni 
 LiK.- hutiJ, lutH !•., frojititi^' -Ml tin:- sti-:-..'i <.l -iOO fcijt ; tlicre i,-^ iii,--' 
 a ^viii.cj ut tbi- <ni.stoni t:U(i i'io i,v ".o fi^, i . rjjr house is notetl 
 
 's i;t!\-c ;in<t 'Ptcii«i: 
 
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 Thf Am< : ,1 un Hotol . - vi; 
 •^itiiut. on t!;*.' ronii-i' nt ^ '.'i 
 
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 It'll iii>-'!.«( t! 
 
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 ■56 
 

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 ^'1 i 
 
 WAT 
 
 Ul 
 
THE HOTELS. 
 
 known for its interior couifortH. This is one of the older,t 
 hotels in the city, but was rebuilt and entirely remodollod in the 
 fall of 187;J. Its situation is all that could be desired, being in 
 tlio very heart of the business i)ortion of the city, having a fron- 
 tage on two of its most important streets, directly opposite the 
 new Custom House (one of the finest buildings in the city), sur- 
 rounded by wholesale houses, banks, ttc, aiul within easy dis- 
 tance of the principal retail stores, theatres and, other places of 
 public amusement. It has ample accommodation for 200 guests, 
 with suites of rooms for families. The whole house is elegantly 
 and comfortably furnished. In winter the house is heated with 
 liot air, and iu summer the refreshing breezes from Lake 
 Ontario make it one of the most desirable of spots, the building 
 l)eing near to the waters of the bay. Mr. Brown, the proprietor, 
 claims (and with justice, too) that this is a first-class hotel in 
 every respect, except in charges, (See plate 31.) 
 
 The W^alker House is a fine new brick building, expressly 
 built for an hotel, and contains all the modern improvemiaits 
 calculated to promote the comfcu't of the guests iind convenience 
 of the attendants. The house contains accommodation for 
 about 150 guests, and is adjacent to the Union llailway Station, 
 many of the wholesale houses, and the Parliament Buildings. 
 It commands a fine view of Toronto bay and Lake Ontario, 
 rendering it a pleasing resort at all seasons. The terms of this 
 house are $2 per day. Mr. iJavid Walker, formerly of the 
 American Hotel, is the proprietor. (See plate 21.) 
 
 The Windsor Hotel. — This commodious hotel, formerly 
 kno.vn as the Mansion House, is situate on the north-west corner 
 of King and York streets. The premises are most admirably 
 adapted for the requirements of a lirst-class hotel, but until 
 recently, having been under a management not calculated to 
 attract patronage, the house has not met with that favour which 
 the situation and general arrangements of the hotel should com- 
 nuiud. During the present month (January, 1877) Mr. Scully, 
 formorly of the Queen's Hotel, and more recently of the Couchi- 
 cliing Hotel, which under his management attained a most 
 
 457 
 
 U 
 
 I- 
 
tIKi 
 
 ii' 
 
 ;i 
 
 i 
 
 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 
 
 enviable reputation with the travelling community, has re- 
 opened the house, I'iter a complete re-painting and re-furnishing, 
 and now the Windsor Hotel supplies to travellers and business 
 people all the requisites of a first-class city hotel. The rooms 
 are large, clean, and airy, and most comfortably furnished. The 
 table is suppHed with every delicacy of the season, and the 
 cuisine is under able and experienced management. The charges, 
 $2 per day, are exceedingly moderate for the accommodation 
 provided, and the whole establishment being under the personal 
 superintendence of Mr. Scully, no b^'tter guarantee can be given 
 for cleanliness, comfort, and good management. (See plate 32.) 
 
 The Shakespere Hotel (corner of York street and King 
 street west.) — This is one of the most attractive hotel buildings 
 in the city. During the past year (1870) it was entirely re-built 
 and re-fiunished at a very great expense. The building was 
 specially erected for hotel purposes, and is a perfect model of 
 convenient arrangement, every modern appliance tending to pro- 
 mote health and comfort being found here. The furnishing is 
 everything that could be desired, and the proprietor, James 
 Powell, is an able and courteous' manager. (See plate 28.) 
 
 St. James's Hotel. — This is the nearest house to the Grand 
 Trunk and G refit Western depots. Its proprietor, Mr. Abel 
 Smith, is well known as being for many years the excellent 
 caterer at the Railway Refreshment Rooms, Stratford. The St. 
 James is comfortably furnished, well managed, and the fare 
 really excellent. It is one of those few hotels where the guest 
 immediately feels himself at home, and makes himself at home, 
 more nearly approaching a thorough English hotel, than jyrv- 
 bably any other in the city. Visitors to the St. James nuiy 
 rest assured of finding a good table, clean rooms, home comforts, 
 and every attenticm. (See jjlate 44.) 
 
 The Johnson House, situate in the East Market square, 
 is largely pal..onised by farmers, commercial men, and visitors. 
 Its situation is central, is very comfortably furnished, and has 
 accommodation for about 100 guests. A telegraph office is on 
 the premises, also extensive stabling for horses. (See plate 37.) 
 
 258 
 
PRINCIPAL BUILDINGS. 
 
 mi 
 
 Pf{I]s|CIPAL Buildinq3. 
 
 IVERSITY COLLEGE.— A luairnificent and ini- 
 
 )f btiildi 
 
 the N( 
 
 stvlo of arclii- 
 
 ]iosing pi 
 
 tocture, beautifull}' situated near Queen's Park, erected 
 at a cost of over $500,000 ; see Education.\.l Establishmknts, 
 page 209 for full descrii)tion. 
 
 For descriptions of Trinity College, Knox College, 
 Upper Canada College, and Normal Schools see section Edu- 
 cational Institutions, pages 210 to 218. 
 
 St. James's Cathedral (corner of Church and King streets). 
 — A beautiful structure in the early English Gothic style, noted 
 for its tall tow^'r and spire (the highest on the American conti- 
 nent) and graceful proportions. Cost about .'^ITOjOOO. See 
 Churches, page 177. 
 
 Metropolitan Methodist Church (MetrojMditan oquare. 
 Queen and Church streets). — A splendid white brick building, 
 relieved with cut stone dressings, noted for its general beauty, 
 magnilicent organ (one of the largest and most i)Owerful in 
 America), and well-trained choir. Erected at a cost of nearly 
 $150,000. See page 184. 
 
 St. Michael's Roman Catholic Cathedral (bond. Church 
 and Shuter streets). — A line structure in the early decorated 
 style of English Gothic. Nave 170 feet long, 50 feet in height, 
 and rich ceiling ; tower and spire 250 feet in height. See 
 page 196. 
 
 Jarvis Street Baptist Church (corner of Jarvis and (ier- 
 rard streets). — One of the most imposing church edifices in the 
 city in the Gothic style. Interior 'design novel and striking. 
 Erected at a Cost of about §100,000. See page 172. 
 
 259 
 
 I ii h 
 

 » 
 
 TORONTO : PAST AND PUKSKNT. 
 
 New St. Andrew's Presbyterian Church (corner of Simcoe 
 btret't and King street west). — A very effective tind massive 
 looking edifice in the Norman style of architecture. See page 195. 
 
 Other churches worthy of notice are Knox Church, (^ueen 
 street west; Carlton Street Primitive Methodist Church, 
 and Bay Street Congregational. 
 
 Provincial Lunatic Asylum (Queen street west, near Trinity 
 College). — The largest huilding i', the city. The grounds, wdiich 
 are highly cultivated and very ornamental, are open to visitors. 
 See Chauitahle Institutions, page '202. 
 
 The Custom House and Examining Warehouse. — Two 
 
 of the handsomest huildings in the city, foot of Yongc street, 
 near King street. 
 
 Near these two huildings will he found some splendid 
 specimens of street avchitecturo in wareliouses, hanks, 
 i.'^'c. On Front street arc to he seen Messrs. McMaster's ware- 
 house ; corner of Front and Yonge streets, Bank of Alontreal ; 
 corner of Yonge and Welliugt(m streets, liank of British North 
 America, and on Front and Scott streets the magnilicent huild- 
 ing of the Briti "> America Insurance Company. And several 
 other fine l)uildings will he noticed around licro. 
 
 Toronto Post Office is situated cm Adelaide street, facing 
 Toronto street. The style of architecture is Italian. It is 75 
 feet in front hy GO feet in depth, and 5() feet high to the eaves, 
 but a dome carries it 34 feet higher. The huilding is of richly 
 wrought Oliio stone, three stories high, with a basement and 
 lofty attic in a ^lansard roof. The front elevaticm is composed 
 of a central break, which is relieved with complex columns and 
 pilasters, with polished caps and marbled bases, and moulded 
 cornices at hiights corresponding with each floor. On each side 
 of the central break is a recess bay, and beyond, at each outer 
 angle, a tower having instriat d pilasters, and a continuation of 
 the cornices as on the pilasters of the central break. The 
 business transactions of the Toronto Post Office ranks first in 
 the Dominion of Canada, considerably exceeding that of Mon- 
 
 260 
 
VCVlll ' 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 icin-; 1 
 
 1 
 
 is 75 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 aves. j 1 
 
 •iolily ' 
 
 1 and 
 
 loscd ' 1 ! 
 
 i and ' 
 
 iildud I 
 
 1 side 
 
 outer I 
 
 oil of •> 
 
 The : 
 
 st in ' 
 
 Mon- 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 treal. As Montreal is generally considered the lirst office in the 
 Dominion, the foHowiug statement from the Postmaster-Gene- 
 ral's re[)ort for 1H74 of the a'^'j;regate business of the two ollices 
 will show their relative position : 
 
 Montreal, 
 
 1 
 
 oronto. 
 
 Postal Revenue $172,322 48 $140,801 25 
 
 Money orders issued 1731899 18 176,915 67 
 
 Money orders paid 833,47775 841,45694 
 
 C')inmission on orders issued 
 Savings Bank deposits 
 
 2,707 69 
 
 .7<J4 43 
 
 50,803 00 249,107 00 
 
 Savings Bank repayments ... 49,285 46 261.571 87 
 
 Total monetary transactions. ..$1,282,495 56 11,672,647 16 
 
 This is not au excejitional statement, for the business of the 
 Toronto OtHce has been gradually growing larger year by year, 
 until now it exceeds that of Montreal, Montreal has a staff of 
 oni hundred and forty-two employees and an annual pay list of 
 §();i, 010.27, while Toronto has a staff of ninoty-iieven em- 
 ployees, and a salaries pay list of $42,353, or 50 per cent, less 
 than ]\Iontreal. Toroato ranks as the first post offiue in the 
 Dominion. 
 
 The Receiver-General's Office (Toronto street, west side). — 
 A cut stoiie l)uildiug ; the style of architecture is the Grujc:)- 
 lonic, after the Temple of Miuerva at Athens. It is 48 feet 
 front, by 90 feet in depth. 
 
 The Parliament Buildings (Front street). — A larg-j brick 
 pile devoid of all ornam jiitation, unworthy of the Province, but 
 containing fine lygislativo chambar and library. It is contem- 
 plated shortly to erect a better building for the business pur- 
 poses of the Province. 
 
 The Central Prison. — A very fine pile of buildings, built for 
 an industrial prison for male oft'enders. 
 
 St. Lawrence Hall (King street east, between Church and 
 Jarvis street). — St. L iwi neo Hall is a very substantial and ele- 
 gant building in the Italian st3'le of architecture, though its 
 beauties are greatly concealed from view in consequence of its 
 abutting abruptly on the street. It was erected on the site of 
 
 261 
 
the old City TTiill. The principal front is on King street ; there 
 are shops on each side of the central part of the huilding, with 
 carved and moulded piers on the ground (loor, sustaining the 
 rich entahlatures with l)ak'onieH to the fir.st floor windows. The 
 entir(! frontage is 150 feet. In the centre is an archway, with 
 ornamented hron^^ed iron gates, leading to an arcade of 
 shops, the rear of which is occupied as the hutchers' market, 
 having shops on hoth sides, each shop having connection with a 
 sciuare leading from East and West Market streets respectively, 
 which are occupied hy farmers for the sale of produce. On the 
 central roof is a cuixda or dome, supported hy a rustic hase, 
 with windows, the dome being 17 feet in diameter. In the 
 cupola is the bell, 2,130 lbs. in weight, also the city clock, the 
 faces of which are set to the four cardinal points. The whole 
 is terminated by a small cupola and flagstaff, the height to the 
 top of tl iipola Ixdng 120 feet. The hall in the front part oi 
 the building, on the first floor, is 100 feet long, ;-38|- feet wide, 
 with a gallery at one end, under which is the reception room. 
 (See plate 31.) 
 
 City Hall. — The headquarters of the various departments 
 of municipal goverrmient, a plain brick and stone structure, 
 which must very soon give place to a better and more commo- 
 dious building. See plate No. 80. 
 
 The Police Court and Central Fire Station. — A neat red 
 and white brick edifice on Court street, containing the stipen- 
 diary magistrate's court and offices, and the headquarters of the 
 Fire Brigade. 
 
 The Drill Shed. — A strong and massive-looking building 
 erected iov the purpose of drilling the local volunteers, and 
 storing their arms. Sec plate No. 3'2. 
 
 The British America Insurance Company's Building. — 
 (See plate 13.) 
 
 The Mechanic's Institute, on the corner of Church and 
 and Adelaide streets, is a commodious structure, in the Italian 
 stjde of architecture. The building contains a large and com- 
 
 262 
 
 d 
 
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 fl^f'^' 
 
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 M 
 
 thr .)!<| ('it,\ lifli. Til. ['rij:''i);il I'toiPii- .'II Kiiv.: .Mi.'.'f : Ih.i-' 
 .•irc yli..i),s I. II ..;icii 'III., i.r th. (•* iitt;i! |i;i.rt, o!" th» Imiliiniu', ''■.n*^ 
 
 '•fU'^f'.l lUliI lllMii! !.il ],', :- (Ml tlif ;,'!■'. I. lid |Im.,i, ,MI.>U:;ilill|4 l!i<- 
 rich i'i,t;il)hit!!i.'s vitli I..M .oil! -s h) t!it (ii>l ft.mr 'Airirltus. Hi- 
 ( (itiii- fi-.>"i;i;;i [■' j,")U ii ri,. h' tli« c."!!:!''' 1.- if ;ui-li\Vi.v. wid. 
 
 i"l!aH(i/iilcil lif.iti -I'] ir.li uUli-^. IcHiii'i',' t. un :il(:nl(. n' 
 
 .-ili<tl'--.. t!" iiiiv t-f \i:.i, in .i-.';i{i:.';l •,,-. t.!u' l>ui ■hci-!-'' iii-.rkft 
 liaX'.n^ ,in>|is u;i Lvitli -I'lis, fat-li sliop inviiio- r.iiuh . ti'Mi ^v'tii ,; 
 ..[u.irc i, it.li;.., ;v..tii r.;i,,t -.,,., i W,.;:f MnrK-'f .rt.ii,^ r. .jncfivi i-. , 
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 v.tlti vviniiu", , ;r:( ^ r,,. r,..|ii.^ \(i u: di.niH t.. r. In f.Ii. 
 
 ' I'r"';' i-. ^i" !■ ■;. -' I '.i; llu,. i:i -A, I ;.!. ^tist,, the cih- i-iock, Mi, 
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 ■II'- '. .i:':;.-.: ^ U< U. ; ii.K.;'. . -^ i Ol ! !'...♦ lol;;' liS' i'l ,[, \M,tf. 
 ■A ill! J u:.. ii'-!.- ,^ ■'.;>•. M.'i, i.iMl.' I ii'v 'i ;-. Uir i-i-}i!;.iii r.M)n>. 
 
 ■!.•,'• 1 
 1 : 1 • / ; . i 
 
 C;ty Hall. 'i lie i,.M'!i.'i,(rS J '< ul ll,' MiCiDi!:- i- }iii liui.');! - 
 I't lllUliii i|.iil >j..Vt-lli;'.; ;;l , .1 i.'iiil! hv ' ',■: ;i;;(] -li.;;!- -Ull.tii!, , 
 \viiii;ii Uiir.l. \. rv ^•■•■••i '.:!-^( jm^icc t.i i i.-tf. r .>r.i u,,,!,, ., ,).,;,<,.. 
 •ll^.lis Iniiiiii,/ ;. Sv't .M:li,f \.). :i!). 
 
 Th-' Pol;...- Court and CerUrai F^re Station. ^ \. u. :(t >■. ,! 
 
 Mill! wii't • 1.1 ;t i. ^\:\\.- Li. vuiirt >!;•,.!;. i.tiniiii;. j,^ tlic st'p* u- 
 
 .|'l!-\ !i:-ll.:;4r;lt:.'--, C-il'j ,; . 1 . 1 ■.ifl , '■. - ii;,l ( h(: if ;1 > i : j IKD'ti •)■-., ,1 t ,-,. 
 ;■ i Cr ' Il'i ';';ii ii.'. 
 
 The Drill Shed. A srvoi'.- .md iii:.>si vr-!.l(^l^ii|(r bnildi''.'.; 
 .r.'cti'd \>n- tii;. iiiii-t!(W(. >if .u-iM;!'..' ']).■ loci?! .iiii.r . ■■-, ai'-l 
 .-^tc.riviL' ti .'ii.' ;i!::ii-.;. See ]>Ui\r' X.;. .')'2. 
 
 The: British America Insurance Company'^ Building.- 
 
 •Si.( jil.it. i:{.' 
 
 The Mechnric':> Inf-.titute. on \'hv ■ oviur . !' (diiit;'!. ni».i 
 :iiul Ailidui;!'' .srr»>t;tc, is ;i. couimoiHons strnctnrc, in U.,-- (fali.'i.. 
 
 vtvlt. >.!■ ;irfiiiiec(.ure. I'ji; biiiliiin;:' c Jiiiain.s n lii.i<'i' hih! 
 
 (.••Olli 
 
 I 
 
 1 1 
 
 2b2 
 
S.M PETERKiN MAPMOUNTtR 710u£enS' VY. HOWARDS BLOCK COR YQNGE & ALICE ST 
 
 I' 1 
 
 s<lti 
 
 W DAVIES Z. C".' PORK PACKING tSTABLIbM M ENT. 
 
 MACii^B & MARSH 5.FR0NT S' E. 
 
 OMTARIO BANK 
 
 IHVIUi. ARCHI 
 
 
 ( f« 
 
modious music hall, 75 by 53 feet. It also contains a lecture 
 theatre capable of holding 800 persons, a large reading room, 
 library, committee, and apparatus rooms, with all the necessary 
 accommodation. 
 
 Shaftesbury Hall, Young Mens's Christian Association 
 (Queen street west). See Kkligious and Cir.vuiTAJiLE Institu- 
 tions, page 199. 
 
 Albert Hall (Yonge street, near Queen street.)— See under 
 Places of Amusement, page 242. 
 
 Canadian ' :stitute (Richmond street er ' — A very neat 
 building ; the home of the Torcmto Canadian Literary Society, 
 and also the York Pioneers. 
 
 Bank of Toronto. — See Financial Institutions, page 214. 
 
 Ontario Bank. — See Financlvl Institutions, pfi<i;e 244. 
 
 Bank of British North America (corner of Youge and 
 Wellington streets) is a line stone structure. 
 
 Osgoode Hall (situate on Qnoen street west, near College 
 uYcnue). — Osgoode Hall, named after the Hon. William Osgorjde, 
 the hrst Chief Justice of Upper Canada, is a line classic struc- 
 ture, erected at a cost of over S250,000, and stands in the 
 middle of six acres of oi- lainental grounds. It is the seat of 
 law for the Province of Ontario, and contains court rooms, iuul 
 oflices for the superior courts of the Province. Osgoode Hall is 
 to Ontario what the Four Courts, Dublin, are to Irehiiid. VjX- 
 tenuilly, Osgoode Hall cannot e([ual the Four Couits in nrcliitcc- 
 iural grandeur, but as an interior the Temple of Thermis at 
 Toronto cannot be compared to that whieh the goddess owns in 
 ])ul)lin. In Hublin the Courts themselves are shabby, and the 
 interior generally disa[)poiuting, but in Toronto the Courts iwo 
 exceedingly commodious and pleasing in appearance, wliile the 
 piissages, vestibules iind halls are very handsonu', and richly 
 adorned. The library is a most magnilicent rootu, few. if iiny, 
 legal libraries equalling it. Many line portraits of cnii- 
 uint judges will be found in the various rooms ami halls of 
 the building. It is the seat of the Law Society of Upper 
 
 
 263 
 
TORONTO : PAST AND mESENT. 
 
 Canada, which is governed by a treasurer uiid benchers, niuler 
 the provisions of the Provincial Act, passed in the thir^j -seventh 
 year of the reign of his late Majesty King George III. A law school 
 has be' • established, under the direction and tuition of tliree 
 readers, designated respectively, the lieader on Common Law, tlie 
 Header on Equity, and the Eeader on iieal Property. Four 
 scholarslii])s have, been established, one for students under one 
 year's standing of ,t*30 per annum ; one for studi-nts of two 
 years' standing, of i,'40 per annum ; one for students under 
 three years', .t'50 per annum ; and one for students under four 
 years' standing, of i'OO per annum. The benchers sit in convo- 
 cation e'. ory term for the admission of studeias and barristers, 
 and the examination of applicants seeking admission as attor- 
 neys, and for other purposes connected with tin general alfairs 
 of the society. (See plate 18.) 
 
 Masonic Hall. — Head offices of the Cauiula Permanent Loan 
 and Savings Company. This fine sirueture is situate on tlu^ 
 west side of Toronto street, whert' much of its beaut,y is lost, 
 in consequence of the height of thi> building abutting on to the 
 sidewalk. Viewing the building from the east side of the street, 
 itschaste and 1)> ; utiful;ippfiirance atonecimpresHeH the beholder, 
 the eluboratcl;, iinislied fr'Hit rcciilling to tlit. mind memoi'ies of 
 the exterior of the stately eathcdral at ^lilan, to v.liich city its 
 style of iireliitceture is said to be peculiar. The richiuss. 
 variety, be'auty and general ii->nnony of the numherless perptvn- 
 dicular lines carry the eye -d o'^ t upwards to their entire 
 height, and give a lightness anU e'ejuanee to the whole structure. 
 The wliob of the up])er part of the front is carried out in 
 carved Ohio freestone. The soutluan I'ud, on tlie ground tlo(»r. 
 is occu})i."d by the commodious offices of the Canada Pernnuient 
 Jjuilding Society, tiie northern end heing oceu[(ied liy the eoin- 
 modious offices of ^[essrs. J^auder and Proctor, barristers ami 
 general agents of the Star Jiife Insurance Company, and 
 the sliow rooms of Mv. llitclicock, tlu' general agerit of the Sin- 
 ger Sewing jMachine Company. 'I'he first and second lK)ors ai'e 
 divided into handsome suites of offices, the entrances to which 
 
 264 
 
PRINCIPAL BUILDINGS. 
 
 are through a largo and imposing tloorwny in the centre of the 
 huilding, where a wide staircase leads to the 8pa"i<>us halls 
 uhove. Thv ^Masonic chambers consist of an ante-chamber, 
 armoury, coat, chapter, supper and eiicampuient rooms. The 
 Ijuildiugs are 102 feet front by 75 feet deep, and are five storeys 
 high, exce])t the centre part, Mhich is six. They were erected 
 in 1H57-5H by the enterprising firm of A. & S. Nordheimer, at 
 a cost of over $100,000, and have verj' recently been purchased 
 by the Canada Pernniaent Loan and Savings Society, who, for 
 many years, have occupied a portion of these buildings. (St'O 
 plate opposite Canada Permanent Loan and Savings Society, 
 page 250.) 
 
 Lieutenant-Governor's Residence is a palatial building, 
 situate on the corner of King and Simcoe streets, and is designed 
 n the modern French style of architecture. Fine red brick is 
 usi'd in the walls, relieved with Ohio cut stone dressings, and 
 galvanised iron cornices painted and siinded to imitate stone. 
 Tile main building is three storeys in height al)0ve tlu' basement, 
 with steep mansard roof, covi'red with ]\rell)ourne slate, and re- 
 lieved by handsome segmental domes, lighting the tliivd storcsy 
 apartments. Ti»\viai's Simcoe street the fnmtage is a!)out HO 
 feet, and in the centre of it rises a tower 70 feet higli, llnished 
 with a very line wrought iron railing. Covering the main en- 
 trance, under the tower, is a large handsome carriage porch, 
 supported on clusters of Corinthian columns, resting on cut 
 stone pedc^stals. Along the south front, which looks ovei' the 
 main garden, and on to the lake, a line verandah runs along, 
 and the doorway is deeply rt'cessed with massive cut stone arch 
 and jambs. J>road cut stone ste^is lead into a vestiiiule 12 l\( t 
 s(|uare. The frontage of the main building and kitchen wing 
 on King street is li)4 feet. '1 he interior of tlu' building is 
 linished in the most H'ibsta,ntial and elaborate nninner. and with 
 every modern convenience. This ouilding contains one of the 
 linest halls and stairways m the ])on!inion. The grounds are 
 extensiNC and pictures(]Ue, and are well laii^ out with llower beds 
 and shrubbery. The building cost cner ^102,000. 
 
 265 
 
m 
 
 \l \- 
 
 Grand Trunk Railway Station.— Among the many fine 
 !iiiil(liiio[s wlii<'h adorn tho {)ueen City, one of tlio first in im- 
 portance, if not in architectural pretensions, is the Grand 
 Trunk Railway station and offices. It is pleasantly situated on 
 the Esplanaile, directly fronting and overlooking tin hay, and 
 extending in length from York street to Pimcoe strei^t. Strangers 
 entering the city hy steamboat obtain a splendid view of tiie 
 building, which has an imposing and very attractive nmunrtinof. 
 It is the finest, most convenient, and best appointed station in 
 the Dominion of Canada, and was erected in 1S73 at a cost of 
 over !B2r>0,000. It covers an area of 4m hy 125 feet. Tl)e 
 principal extrvual features of tlie building consist of a tower 
 170 feet high, and a smaller tower at each end 100 feet high. 
 The roof is constructed of glass and iron. The central tower 
 contains an illuminated clock, from whioii are worked three 
 large dials in the interior of the station, and also two in the 
 train despatcher's office, from the latter two the correct time is 
 transmitted by telegraph over an extent of 503 miles of rail 
 each morning at nine o'clock. The central clock is ri'gulated 
 daily liy electricity from the Observatory in University Park. 
 
 >f,^ 
 
"^■"'^■'■■"•"•w 
 
 rail 
 
 at I' (I 
 
 ^^:. -V* ■ .'-^■w^^^S*** ^'* --'- " --'---^ ^'' '-- •" 
 
 r- 
 
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 -%,. 
 
 
 -III 
 
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 ''• ,'' :- 
 
 1«^ 
 
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 4» 
 
 I 
 
 -^ 
 
 
 K IS 
 
 
 Ji 
 
 HS";i^. 
 
 
 
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 ^'iciis. :-^^^v^-^^i^"- "fei 
 
 
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 \ ■ I' 
 
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 ■ . ' 
 
 11'.; 
 
 ni 
 
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 ' ' • " =' '/' n ' .' \'. 1 •'l!. . .! : !, 1 ir ,i 111 ''ii ^ 
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 I 
 
 ].. ■ '. ■ r. ! 
 
 ,i ,^N; 
 
SHAKESPEREHGTEL. J POWELL PROP" 
 
 THO>> GRIFF' rM/jS.:.« GROCERS 
 
 THE TORONIO HHt\MNG ?. MALIING COMPANY 
 
 f-tOtHAL ti*-rNt\ 
 
 ARCfA STEWART m/'PORTEHS. 
 
TRADR AND COMMERCE. 
 
 Trade and Cof^jviERCE. 
 
 BREWERIES AND DISTILLERIES. 
 
 HE TORONTO BREWING AND MALTING 
 COMPANY.— The abov. Company, in 1874, pur- 
 chascid the l)nil(lings and business, established eigh- 
 teen years ago by the late IMr. John A.ldred, and by making 
 considerable additions to the buildings and pbint, the con- 
 cern became one of the largest, if not the largest, of the 
 kind in the Dominion of Canada. The property has three 
 frontages, namely, on Simcoe, Anderson, and William street, 
 the principal froijtage being on Simcoe street, and is of 
 white brick, with cut stone facings, on very heavy stone 
 foundations. Beneath these buildings are extensive cellars 
 or vaults, arched over with brick, and kept carefully at 
 an even temperature winter and summer. Here the beer 
 and porter is stored away and kept to ripen, and the stranger 
 feels completel}^ lost as he follows his guide through the 
 mazes of these dark and gloomy subterraneous excavations. 
 The business of the company, as its name indicates, is that ot 
 manufacturing nmlt, and of browing ; the quantity of malt 
 made during the season, say, fi'i^ui the 1st of October to the 1st 
 of Juno (eight months'), being about '250,000 bushelH, the greater 
 part of which is exported to the United States. The company 
 now brews the enormous quantity of 6,000 gallons at each bvew, 
 being the hirgost Itrews now made in thin oonu|i',\, lU', probably, 
 on thife continent ; and wlu n il is remembered that one of thom\ 
 brews can be made every day if ro(Hiirod, Out 'O wlm like a (\ro|» 
 of good beer neex\ not hv at'vald that it cannot be suppllect 
 fast enough to keep their whistles wot, ov< t\( all oveUts, damp. 
 
 267 
 
TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 
 
 Tt may not ])0 uninteresting, even to i)roliibitionists, to take a 
 brief glance at ^he process of making beer anil porter ; and, 
 first, we must picture to ourselves the sturdy farmer in the early 
 spring-time sowing the barley, and afterv/ards watching it with 
 anxious care until it becomes the beauteous waving golden 
 l)earded grain we all so much admire. It is then garnered, care- 
 fully guarded the while from every passing shower, lest its deli- 
 cate brightness should be tarnished, and its market value thus 
 diminished, for, in this respect, the ripe barle}' is as sensitive 
 to the lightest shower, as a maiden's virtue to the faintest brciith 
 of scandal. The grain is afterwards sold to the malstor or his 
 buyer, and the jolly farmer disappears from the scene with the 
 golden reward of his heavy toil in his horny palm. The process 
 of malting then begins by tlie barley being elevated to barley- 
 lofts on the top floor of the malt houses.. It is then let down 
 through spouts into large steeping tubs, in which it remains 
 covered with water until thoroughly steeped. The water is then 
 drained off, and the barley is thrown in a heap on the malting 
 floor, where it remains until germination commences, when it is 
 spread out over the floors thinly or thickly, according to the 
 temperature, and is turned frequently for some days until ger- 
 min ition ceases. During this period the malster must l)e ever 
 vigilant, and his men work day and night turning and tending 
 the malt, for a single hour's delay would spoil a whole 
 floor of milt irretreivably. When sufficiently malted, the grain 
 is placed in the kilns provided with perforated iron or tile floors, 
 and heated Ijv ever-burning furnaces below. Here it is again 
 turned from time to time until it is thoroughly dried. It is then 
 unloaded off the kilns into malt chambers or bins, where it is 
 carefully weighed by the' lynx-eyed excise officer (who has been 
 watching the malting process from its commencement), and it is 
 then locked up by him until the duty of thirty-six cents per 
 bushel is paid to Crovernnient, after which it is released to the 
 brewer. IJut before we commence to brew we must go to the 
 farmer for our hops. In his hop yard in Septemb-n- v,-e see the 
 graceful tendrils winding around and clinging to the tall hop 
 
 268 
 

 
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 1'' Miu^ D'U ih- iiiant if -tmu, '.-Xiya l\> j<!(ilni)if i'/!ii:-ts. tn ttiiv • a 
 
 J)'-.i.. •■vf riui i |;i'-turi' to oursi jv<,s ilu: stu'-ily fam;,'! in ih ' eari^ 
 b[>r!H;4-tiifi" so^viIlJ; Ui'. harli'^s, and af't- r\v.ii«l> \\;i!,.-li'n<^ it v,i!b 
 nu-ciuas r.in- nnti! it !;t'c..:>i;;. fit; liOant-'ou:? v.;!,\in;^ i^i! '.^n 
 licariifU i-ii'aiii We al! .-.' lUJi'.'h a'i'uiili'. ii i^ ih(!i garnered, ran- 
 f^'ii} gua!'J< 1,1 the \vijih;'[r.>in • vt i-v ]<i:'.:^r,li\<:?, s'in\\-.,r, li-^t iln (U-i!- 
 ^•atr' b)-iin]ttii;^r, shiiuir! b*; t-ua-i-iliril. a. id il-^ marki't vain- tii;)', 
 duniiii-ditsi, lur. ii; Uii:i v.; i[^?-t'l.. the n|.^- «t>ari' y is a-' iu^ai^ilivi- 
 ti> Uic hujhl..-,t fihivwrr. I- a nriid^adt; virf up to thr laiiittvst brtath, 
 of Kcaiuii)!. Til. !/r'\ii! i.~ M.u,>i-\\!ia d.^ .--dd t,i tht' mal,-t'V <ti- his 
 uavia', and i)i<- i diy tiu-.n:-!' disap!'>''n>^ IVo'-ii tin' <Lr^:\o with Idu' 
 goli.ij'Ji ri'vcard! "t' !:i.-; ii'-i,, vy loi' in his ',,!•. riiy nnhn,. Id;-' pro('t«-; 
 
 i;l lUaltin'.; li-t U i'vUHw 1- V Jh. 
 
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 (f in?i 'acvtited !■) bariov- 
 
 loits (iu Uiet'>j- Si'W.:- of \b iU;iH ibiur'-. it ir^, t!p n I'^l, down 
 liirontjh 8])0uts iii''o ia; 4« j^lfv^ninp thb-;. in whia'i it vcjnu:!!;-* 
 V.' vivr.id With vjilAv uiai^ thor'.)nj;ih\ r'ti-'piH'. Tih: wat'^r ;h thou 
 (1rr.dn"d "!f. axiil i}u Ui>-r\i.} is liicowii hi ;l heap on tli^' niaitis!^ 
 iioor. vr!),!'!' h if'n.aufK nntii j.»r= wiiu;:ii:*n r<innin-nc'-?>, wIk n it is 
 spveud «>iii KVi'T the Hoor?; th'tdy or thiiddy, an' u'diiof to tin* 
 teJiija-TatiU't'. .viid U^ turuKi f'r^ .ni.; iitdy iV)j; ^miiu- da.y;- oHiii ;_; r 
 a^ia ition {'.'a^v^. iHiian^^ liii-.; poviod tlic i lai ;t(.i- rnU:-t ho cvcj- 
 vh:dhini, and his n^ai woik day au.i ?HL;ht tiiiaunir and tending 
 the niair. for !i singlt^ lioiu' s dtduN \v..u.iil npoil a wiiulv 
 ilooi- -.)£ nt 'U ntctVi'iVuhiy. Wh'U su.rtiri<^'iitly )U;idti^fi. tJw; •4i"uii. 
 lii j>ia<;<'d, ill thi idlnn. in'ovid^-fi /.itii [icrfoi'at^-d iron .ir tiit; il".,n-:'. 
 and iicato'l by c vordiurnini; turi)ari-'H b-do'V. fiere it ih? H;i;i!a 
 turned ii'om tin\e to tlcuo tints' it is fch* ruu[;idy (h:iod. It is th-Mi 
 unloadi-d off ill*' iuius aito malt chaudnn-^ or binss, where it ij- 
 Cflrefully WHjuhed by the iyu'C-tyed (txemo oOicer (who. has biou* 
 wakiiiug the injitiuK pi'oft'i^H froai Hh coiunujMwinnnty, tind it is 
 tiiou locked up by bins nutii the 4td.y o! tliirty-fiix ctuits pur 
 biiHhfd it pnid to (lonirnrmMit, after v^diich it h lele.-Hod to tht: 
 brewer. But before we eouitvitnco te brew wo invi;st go to th© 
 farmer for our hopn. To hU liop yard, in Bepfcember w-c. see 1)^0 
 4tfl(5«ftiItc?Mr}k wiiidiHg ftroutnl nud slm^ug tn tlit? tail iiap. 
 
 268 
 
f'%"sr"^wf>;: 
 
 J.6ILLE3PIE atC? IMPORTERS. 
 
 CANADA PERMANENT LOAN & SAVING COMPANY. 
 
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poles, and the beautiful and fragile branches of blossoms hang- 
 ing down in wealthy profusion over the long alleys between the 
 rows of plants, and flecking the ground with waving shadows, 
 altogether forming a fitting home for the fairy spirit of the beer, 
 as the clustering purple vineyard forms a fitting home for the 
 fairy spirit of tiie wine. But, now, the blossoms being ripe, a 
 host of men, women and children come from the nearest village 
 or hamlet and commence the hop-picking, and the hop yard is 
 soon shorn of all its beauty. The hop-blossoms, when picked, 
 are ca/ried to kilns and dried, and are afterwards packed in 
 bales weighing about 200 lbs. each, which are sold to the brewers 
 at from fifteen to forty cents per pound, according to the quality 
 and season. We now return to the brewer, who, after screening 
 his malt, grinds it between two large iron I'ollers. It is then 
 mixed with nearly boiling water, and passed into the mash tubs, 
 where it remains for a short time. The liquor, or wort, as it is 
 technically called, is then allowed to run off into the boiler, 
 where the hops are thrown in and the whole boiled by steam or 
 fire heat. After sufficient boiling it is run off into large flat re- 
 ceptacles called coolers, and when thorouglily cooled it is again 
 run into fermenting tuns oj.- vats, where it ferments until it is 
 again drawn off into working puncheons or tuns, from which it 
 is finally racked oft' into 1)arrels or kegs, varying in size from 10 
 to 125 gallons, more hops are put into the barrels, and it is 
 stored away in the cellars for use. The intricacies and secrets 
 of brewing are many, and can only be learned by actual prac- 
 tice. The annual expenditure for barrels in such an establish; 
 aient as this is very heavy, greatly owing to the carelessness of 
 its customers, who, by neglecting to stop up the vents and l)ur.gs 
 of the barrels when they have emptied them, cause them to be- 
 come musty and useless. The winter is the l)rewer's busiest 
 time ; he is then pouring down money, in the shape of stock ale 
 and porter, into his cellars, and, if, during the ensuing summer, 
 it does not come up good and sound, woe betide him — -he had 
 better emigrate to the Cannibal Islands, or some other e(|ually 
 beniglited land, where the noble art of brewing is unknown. 
 (See plate 28.) 
 
 269 
 
 i 
 
i-. 
 
 
 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 
 
 The Don Brewery. — Tlie extensive brewing, malting, and 
 bottling establibhment of Measrs. Davies Brothers is situate on 
 the west bank of the Eiver Don. Great ingenuity has been dis- 
 played by the Messrs. Davies in fitting up and so arranging the 
 various departments that more business is done in proportion to 
 the number of hands employed than in any other establishment 
 of the kind in the Dominion. By using the city waterworks the 
 water is forced to the highest level in the brewery, and thus they 
 are enabled to do away with the time-honoured pump. This is 
 tiie first, or one of the first, breweries in Canada fitted up with- 
 out a i)ump, and the arrangement of the tubs has been found to 
 be so perfect that other brewers adopted the same style. The 
 bottling department is very extensive and complete in all its 
 arrangements, thousands of dozens of prime ales and porters 
 are ranged on shelves in a large room, and thousands of gallons 
 in casks on racks, ready for bottling. Here the interesting pro- 
 cess of washing the bottles by machinery, rinsing and draining 
 them, then bottling the ale, corking and tinfoiling, ikc, is car- 
 ried on with wonderful rapidity. The corking machine is of 
 English make specially imported for the firm, iuid excites tlie 
 admiration of all beholders by its perfect working. Their malt- 
 ing department is also very extensive, two large kilns being kept 
 constantly going night and day drying the malted barley. Hops 
 form a ver\' heavy item of expense in such breweries as Me^^srs. 
 Davies, who largely use English and Bavarian hoi)s. See plate 80. 
 
 Messrs. Cosgrove & Son's brewing, malting, and bottling 
 establishment (a sketch of whose premises will be found on 
 plate 87), situate on Niagara street, near (^ueen street west, is 
 very complete in all its arrangements. The firm is reputed to 
 be one of the li'rgest brewers in the city, their ales havhig a 
 well known and wide reputation for excellence of quality. The 
 water used is brought in pipes a considerable distance from a 
 spring, which is said to possess certain local and very valuable 
 mineral qualities not to be found in any other water around the 
 city, antl which in some degree accounts for the well known popu- 
 larity of Messrs. Cosgrove's ales. 
 
 -ir-^-^ 
 
 270 
 
;, and 
 titc on 
 n\ Ris- 
 ing the 1! 
 •tion to 1 1 
 shmcut 
 )rks tlie 
 lus they 
 This is 
 Ap with- 
 founil to 
 B. The . 
 i\ nil its 
 I porters 
 f gallons 
 
 sting pv'^- 
 tl raining 
 ■ is mar- 
 ine is of 
 cites the 
 leir inalt- 
 »eing kept 
 sy. Hops 
 8 Mep'srs. 
 plate 30. 
 bottling 
 found on 
 ■t west, is 
 eputed to 
 
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 having n 
 
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 ice from a 
 
 • valuable 
 
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 ('■■;tiU.<h*>hm'_'ut. -a. .ikotcli ot wlio^'' pu-mi^'f*- v.iil b'- found 
 plate 157). !-it.uate on X'iai'-'.rrt. Htrt-efc, noar (^U'cn stricr v.o.st 
 
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 ) < ouq'lot'- in a.l! its arrun 
 
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 tilt' "lart^fTit brvwers in tiie (;it.\', th<ui'" iiiu-s iia\in 
 
 W'U kiK wM aiu! Vvidt' r.-pntatioii for excellotico of i]U;difcv. 
 wat. r usih' ib hj'ouglii m pipo:, a. «on>!!doi'ablu dihitauct' fii 
 r'pi'ing, wiiieii ih said U) posbess eertaiu loeivl and ven vui; 
 iniiic'riil ij[iiaUties not to be found iu any other water aronu; 
 eitv. aiil which in some degr^^p accouuts forthewcdlknovvii ^ • »r 
 iiiritv or Messrs. Cosltovc'.-j hIos. 
 
 aye 
 
 'Ik 
 

 1 
 
TIIADE AND COMMERCR. 
 
 William Copland's Brewery. — The brewing:; estrtblishmcnt 
 of William CKpland, rarliament atreet. is well known in a id 
 Hi'omul Toronto, liavinj:; attained a wide repuiation for the ex'-el- 
 lence of it.s jirodiiets during the many years of its existence. 
 The premises on Parliament street are well suited for their pur- 
 jwse, being ri.'plete with every convenience and modern improve- 
 ment to b(' found in tlie most comi)lete and extensive establish- 
 ments. These premises occupy three sides of a square, and 
 have a very large capacity for production, and which, to meet the 
 requirements of the trade, are taxed to their utmost extent. 
 See plate 85. 
 
 The East End Brewery, established in 1HG2, and now 
 owned by Mr. Aldermen Aik'n, is situate on iUver street, on tiie 
 western bank of the Don Kiver. The buildings are of brick, 
 three storeys high, and are admirably arranged. The mains 
 from the waterworks of the city are brought into the building, 
 and only city water used. The brewery is one of the most com- 
 pact in the city, and only "XXX" ales and porters are brewed 
 here. 
 
 Gooderham & Worts' Distillery. — Toronto boasts of many 
 large establishments, but the colossal distillery of Messrs. Good- 
 erham and Worts towers far above all the other manufactories 
 or trading establishments of this city in the muUi})licity and 
 extent of its business ramifications. The principal buildings of 
 the firm (a view of which will be found on plate 18) are situate 
 on Trinity street, and are massive stone and brick structures, 
 and cover several acres of ground. This distillery is the largest 
 in the world, exceeding in capacity any of the mannnoth esla- 
 blishmeuts in the Uiiited States or Great Jiritain, the production 
 being over two million gallons of spirits annually, the duty pay- 
 able to the Dominion treasury exceeding a million and a half of 
 dollars. The daily production of the distillery during the busy 
 season represents a revenue to the Treasury of $7,000 per day. 
 The annual consumiition of cereals is about i500,000 bushels of 
 Indian corn, 100,000 bushels of rye, 51,000 bushels of barley, 
 25,000 bushels of oats, and ten tons of hops. It is computed 
 
 iji 
 
TORONTO : PAST AND PUE8ENT. 
 
 that this firm conHiinus the fruits of the hihonr of upwards of 
 81,000 acres of arahle land, and over 8,000 tons of coal is 
 annually imported to meet the requirements of this gigantic 
 estahlishment. One hundred men are employed in the distillery, 
 but this nunil)er represents only a small portion of the men em- 
 ployed by the working of the lirni. To bring 700,000 bushels o^ 
 cereals to their vats every year represents a large nmnl)er of 
 persons in the carrying in-ocess ; to remove over 2,000,000 
 gallons of snirits fi'om the premises, which latter alone repre- 
 sents 40,000 l)arrels, of fifty gallons each, finds employment for 
 a large number of persons. Every day during the distilling 
 season 100,000 gallons of refuse are produced, all of which is 
 consumed for feeding cattle in and around the city. Adjacent 
 to the distillery are large sheds in which from 2,500 to 8,000 
 head of cattle are kept for fattening for exportation to the 
 English nuirket, and the cattle fed at these byres are said to be 
 greatly superior to Western cattle for export. The cartage of 
 this refuse for outside cattle alone employs from 400 to 500 
 teams daily. Immediatelj' connected with the distillery, in fact, 
 one of the feeders, is the Toronto and Nipissing liailway, largely 
 owned Dy Gooderham and Worts. The firm also hold the largest 
 portion of the stock of the liank of Toronto, one of the most 
 successful monetary institutions of the country, W. Gooderham. 
 senior, being president. The City Treasury receives from the 
 firm nea?-iy ^10,000 per annum for city taxes. To sum up, the 
 Messrs. Gooderham and Worts own the largest distillery in the 
 world, they feed more cattle, directly and indirectly, than 
 are fed by any other establishment outside Texas; they mainly 
 run a railway, which is of gi'eat benefit to Toronto and the 
 northern country ; they are the principal owners of a bank, 
 than which none ranks higher in public confidence. They 
 directly sustain a hundred families in Toronto, pay the largest 
 revenue to the Dominion Treasury of any firm in Canada, and 
 are by far the heaviest local taxpayers. Toronto owes much to 
 the enterprise and energy of this firm, for a long number of 
 years they have done much to promote the growth and extend 
 
 272 
 
' vn-ti^-'tr-rtimr. 
 
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 .w^4-^„ufo. .I'.ilwtliferl 
 
 ■•••t 
 
 ^^OTili 
 
 
 
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 ALBERT HALL. 
 
 
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 it: 
 
TOROrTO: PAST AND PBESENT. 
 
 M 
 
 11 
 
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 1 1 
 
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 that this firm cor>mimeg the fruits of the luHour of upwards of 
 91,000 ai're^ of arable latid, awl over 8,000 tons of coal u 
 annually iixiporifd to meet tb« reqniremc-iiis oi this gigantu. 
 establishment. Ow IiuiKlred men are employoil in the distillery , 
 but this number r+^prtsonts only a small porlion of the men em 
 ployed by the working of tht firm. To hriiig 700,000 boHhelH o;^ 
 cereala to their vats every year ropreeents a largo number of 
 per^jiiB ill the carrying process; to remove over 2,000,0fw» 
 gallons of Hpu'itB from the premisos, which latter almie repre- 
 sents -10,00{/ barrt'ln, of fifty gallonB each, finds tmploymeitit for 
 a ia?"ge numl.r of persona. Evt'i'y dny during the dii.{iiiin,>, 
 Kcn son 100,000 guilouB of. refuse are produced, all of ^^^l3it-.^ ;- 
 eoM^mmed for fteding cuMh in and aroimd the city. Adjura.:' 
 io the dist.ilor\ ait- large HUvAti, hi viiactt frocc 2,500 to 3,0t?^ 
 htad of eat II' aft' i»«pt fyr f»tfeeinng for exportation to t).- 
 I'ugii5Hh nia.'ktt, mi^i t'n • ■;i,'t*.^* ^M ^^ lihi.se byres are said to l>- 
 gr^Jivfly 8Hj[nj-ioi to V^wsstt-rn catile for export. The cartajire »^- 
 tliift refHce for outside cattle alone employs from 400 to ">'»* 
 Hnims dailv. ImracdiatelT connected with tlie distillery, in fa- s 
 one of tlie feedeis, 13 the Toronto md ^'ipi8Hing Kailway, larL-^*- 
 owned by Gooderliam and Worts. The firm also hold the hn\^, .' 
 portion of ihe ntock of the Batik of Toronto, one <f the m--*f 
 sucfteflsfid monetary institutioub of the country, W. Gooder)»«MS 
 »unior, being president. The City Treasiuy receives fro?? ;he 
 linn nearly $10,000 per annum for city t«xes To sum up, tlu 
 Messrs. Gooderhan; and Worts onn the largent dibtitlory in il- 
 world, they feed more enttle, direotly and indirecth. tb, 
 are led by any other ef«trtb;i«hment out8ide Texa:^; they mai 
 run a vaihva}, whieh ia of great benefit lo Toronto and it- 
 northern country ; they are the principal owmirs of a h 
 than which none, ranks higU^ir in public coididence. '1 . 
 directly sugtain a hundred familieti in '^' i "to, pay the \ni ' ■ 
 revf'Tine *'» *b'' }V.»=w,i,,., TftHisury #f aity .iiui in ilaimdft -I 
 
 tl 
 
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 CI TY HALL 
 
 RiDOUT.AlKENHCADi CROMBIE 
 
 It 
 
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 QUft.N'S HOTtLi-M^GAw A WinnhttProp" 
 
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 ;^ _orx]rrunn ifv fie; 
 
 '*.**<?ij 
 
 ALBERT HALL, 
 
 PDNTEFi ROSEaCO. RiBltSHtRS. 
 
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TRADE AND COMMERCK. 
 
 the commercial influence of the Queen City of the West, and are 
 ever ready on all occasions to assist any enterprise or movement 
 that may tend to improve the social welfare of their employees 
 or the city generally. 
 
 MANUFACTURES. 
 
 Safe- 
 
 -making in Toronto. — Safe-making, as ahranch of Cana- 
 dian industry, is of little more than twenty years' giowtli, yet so 
 vigorous has that growth been that safe manufacturers have lieen 
 able to hold the Canadian market in their own hands, against 
 the keen competition of Brit'sh and American makers, and have 
 earned a very enviable reputation throughout the Dominion, and 
 also in the United States. How to preserve the books and valu- 
 able papers of business men from fire, and the cash and securities 
 oi banks and brokers from robbery, has been the constant aim of 
 all safe-makers ; but more particularly has this been the case 
 from the early part of the present century. Since 1801, when 
 we may say the ingenuity and mechanical skill of Great Britain 
 was first directed towards this object, over one hundred and sixty 
 patents have been taken out for these objects, with what success 
 the business community of Canada are somewhat familiar. Such 
 names as Chubb, Milner, Hobbs and Chatwood, are as familiar 
 as " household words " with those of our commercial men who 
 have seen their earlier days in Great Britain, while their con- 
 tinued race of improvements to meet the skill of professional 
 burglars has been the admiration of the civilized world. Safes 
 are now made that defy the fiercest tires, and keep their contents 
 perfectly secure and unharmed : but to meet the skill of the pro- 
 fessional burglar, with his scientific knowledge, appliances, and 
 magnificently made tools, has proved a much more difficult task, 
 for here the ingenuity and skill of the trained mechanic has been 
 met with euual ingenuity and skiU on the part of the professional 
 cracksman. Within a very recent period the burglar almost 
 kept pace with the safeniaker in this race of honesty against dis- 
 honesty ; but of late years he has continued to lose ground, and 
 
 s 273 
 
 ? ii 
 
 3, . 
 
 WrA'l 
 
'. - I 
 
 li i 
 
 •It 
 
 i 
 
 to-day safes are made which promise to defy the attempts of 
 the burglar quite as effectually as they do the ravages of fire. 
 The burglar-proof safes of to-day, made with welded iron and steel 
 chilled, interlaced and bolted together, is as far ahead of the 
 burglar safe of twenty years ago as Canada is now to what it was 
 then. x\tterapts to open the modern safe by drilling are not now 
 made by the cracksman, he knowing full well that here the safe 
 makers have conquered him. Now he tries gunpowder ; with the aid 
 of an exhaust air pump he tries to burst the lock and blow open the 
 door, as was the ca«c until the attempted robbery of the Hochelaga 
 Bank at Montreal about two years ago. But even here again the 
 burglar has been conquered by the Toronto made safes of Messrs. 
 J. & J. Taylor, who have patented a plan of inserting rubber 
 tubing of a peculiar make in a sunk grove in the jam, and pressing 
 the door home by powerful lever bars, connected with the eccentric 
 hinges on which the massive door revolves. By this means the 
 safe is made perfectly air tight, and the solid chilled steel bars 
 composing the body of the safe make any attempts in that direc- 
 tion by burglars, with drills, equally fruitless. The only other 
 resort left to the professional cracksman is to pi'ocure the combina- 
 tion and unlock the safe in the ordinary way. An instance o^ 
 how daringly successful such an attempt can be made is furnished 
 by the recent robbery of the Northampton Bank in Massachusetts, 
 when about three quarters of a million of money and securities 
 were abstracted. After carefully laying their plans the robbers 
 on that occasion entered the dwelling of the cashier, bound and 
 gagged every member of the household, and compelled the cashier 
 to give them the combinations of the safe lock, and thus their 
 object was easily accomplished. Even this risk can now be 
 effectually guarded against by the celebrated time lock of Sargent 
 and Grenleaf, for which Messrs. J. & J. Taylor are the sole agents 
 for this Province. By those locks the safe may be locked for any 
 number of hours from one to forty-six, neither bank official nor 
 burglar being able to unlock it till the time fixed has expired. 
 These locks are of the finest clock work made, each being furnished 
 with two separate and distinct sets of works, so that should one 
 
 274 
 
TRADE AND COMMERCE. 
 
 go astray the other would still do what was required. Nothing 
 appears to have been done to this important branch of industry 
 in Canada until 1853, when twc brothers, James and John 
 Taylor, began operating on King street in a small frame build- 
 ing, now reijlaced by a splendid block of stores. In a few years 
 their increasing business required larger premises, and to meet 
 the demands of the time premises on Palace street were erected. 
 In 1869, these premises being found too small, they bought 
 the large factory at the corner of Front and Frederick streets, 
 where the business is now carried on with a staff of above one 
 hundred employees. This structure is of red and white brick, 
 three storeys high, 75 feet front and 160 feet deep. In the rear 
 of this, the main building, is the foundry where the firm do all 
 their own castings, the stabling for horses, iron shed, black- 
 smiths' shop, and filling room. Throughout the entire premises 
 the machinery is all of the most modern make, embracing the 
 latest improvements suitable for the special work to which it is 
 devoted. The firm have always endeavoured to construct a per- 
 fect fire and thiof-resistiag safe, and in this endeavour they 
 have always kept abreast of the times, and each successive _\ oar 
 witnesses new improvements in both branches. The business of 
 the firm now extends throughout the entire Dominion, and not- 
 withstanding the almost prohibitory tariff imposed upon articlf 3 
 of Canadian manufacture by the United States Government, 
 numbers of J. & J. Taylor's safes are found in various States 
 of the Union, and repeated experience has long since proved 
 that these Toronto manufactured safes stand second to none in 
 withstanding the attempts of the scientific burglar or the 
 ravages of the fiercest fire. (See plate 29.) 
 
 Robert Hay & Co. — The extensive furniture manufactory 
 of E. Hay and Co. (see plate 41), covering an area of over 
 six acres, and bounded by Front, Bay, and Lome streets and the 
 Esplanade, was established in 1835 by Messrs. Jacques and 
 Hay, and carried on by them until the former gentleman 's 
 retirement in 1875, during which time it was twice coiiipletely 
 destroyed by fire, in the years 1854 and 1856. The business 
 
 Mr 
 
 275 
 

 
 
 ii 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 TORONTO : PAST AND rUESENT. 
 
 continued by R. Hay and Co. (Hay, Rogers, and Craig), is the 
 largest in Canada, giving employment to over 500 men, the 
 fruits of whose labour find a market in every part of the 
 Dominion, besides which considerable quantities of their goods 
 are imported to London, Glasgow, and other parts of the 
 United Kingdom, and occasionally to Spain. In 1307 tliis enter- 
 prising firm was creditably represented at the Exposition Uni- 
 verselle in Paris, where, in consideration (>f the excellence and 
 cheapness of their work, they were awarded a medal and dip- 
 loma. Furniture made by them, of elaborate design and work- 
 manship, had also a conspicuous place at the Centennial Exhi- 
 bition at Philadelphia in 1876. Besides the principal factory, 
 which is 200 feet long, and five stories high, the interior of which is 
 arranged in a most compact and complete manner, and fitted up 
 with the most costly and improved appliances in the shape of 
 machinery for the manufacture of their wares, there are smaller 
 adjoining workshops, and several finishing departments, where 
 the most skilled labour is employed, in giving to the fur- 
 niture the fine polish for which it is so celebrated. On the 
 water's edge, below the principal factory, stands a large store- 
 house containing great quantities of goods ready for shipment. 
 The retail warehouse, a large and neat building, stands on the 
 corner of King street west, and extends back 180 feet along 
 Jordan street to Melinda street. Here is always kept a large 
 stock of the very best work, giving a display of choice furniture, 
 well worthy of a visit, and where salesmen are always at hand 
 to show visitors around whether they be inclined to purchase or 
 not. There is one quality remarkably displayed in this esta- 
 blishment by all the employees ; visitors may always depend upon 
 receiving the utmost courtesy and attention to all their ques- 
 tions. (See i^late 41.) 
 
 Christie, Brown & Co.'s Biscuit Factory. — Messrs. Christie 
 Brown and Co.'s biscuit factory, situate on the corner of Duke 
 and Frederick streets, Toronto, was erected in 1874, and is built • 
 of red brick, relieved with white brick and stone dressings, has 
 stone basement, and contains in all four stories. Entering by 
 
 276 
 
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 •iunONTO ; PAST >.NP I'liKSBNT. 
 
 coMtinuodbyRrilay antU'o. (Hay, liogPXH, and Crai^<,, is the 
 largtst ill Cftnaan. giving oiupJoymtnt to owr /lOO mt:)j, the 
 fruits of whose hibour find a market in evtuy port of tlio 
 Doininiou, bosules whieji considerable fjurtiititif s of their goods 
 aro iuiportod to Tjoudon, GlfiHgow. and otJier pai't« of the 
 United Kingdora, and occaBionally to Sx^ain. In 18»i7 this enter- 
 priainf^ lirm was creditably represented at the ExpoBilion l.^ni- 
 versello in Paris, whore, in eonsideration of the excoik-nce and 
 cht-apuebB of their work, they were awarded a, nudai and dip- 
 h)ma. Furniture made, by tlieni. of ehiborate design nnd work- 
 manship, had also a eonspieuous pia.-.o at the Centeimial Exhi- 
 bition at PbiladelpJda ni I87ft. Besides the principal factory, 
 whicJi irt 200 feet h.)ng. and fiv.- storie|ihi!ih. the interior of whicli is 
 arranged in a most <-.»n!pttf c- and eojupli'te niauner, and fitted up 
 with the mmi eostiy and impro%ed s'pidianceH in the shape of 
 uiachiTiery for the loatnttrtfitei-e of their waroB, there are HUialler 
 adjoining work^hm-i, ami s» r«.<iul finishing departments, where 
 tJu;!. most skthe>l hibour ia employu-d, ni giving to the fur- 
 niture the tine polish for which it is bo cehibrated. On the 
 water's edge, below the principal factory, ntandy o large ntore- 
 house containing ijrreat (piantitie.s of goods ready for shipment. 
 The r ail warelnnise, a large and neat building, staJids on the 
 corner of King ^stre^^t west, and extendn back 180 feet alou;/ " 
 Jordan Hireet to iVtelinda street. Here is always kept a larg« 
 stock of the very best work, giving a display of ehoice furnitare, 
 well worthy of a visit, and where salesmen are always r^ hAixti 
 to show visitors around whether tliey be inclined to purcluwe or 
 not. There is one quality remarkably displayed in this esta- 
 blishment by all the eraployees ; visitors may always depend npmi 
 receiving the utmost courteaj and attention to all their qvm' 
 tiona. (See plate 41.; 
 
 Christie, Brown & Co.'s Biscuit Factory .—Measri^. (lhrist» 
 ^Wr,xvn and Co.'s biscuit factory, situate on the c^irner of ©»iie 
 -. i. Frederick streets, Tor^uito, was erected in 1874, and is bwli 
 ■ -dixn-k, relieved with white brick mild stone dressii" " - 
 ■^ ii .-imeut, and ■-'>v^-,rv- *n all four stories. F ' 
 
 276 
 

 PLPLER *SHEPPARD. LEATHER IMPORTERS 
 
 GLOVER HARRISON IMPORTER 
 
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TRADE AND COMMERCE. 
 
 the main entrance on Duko street the, visitor linds on the ri<i;ht 
 the sample room tilled with samples, ViU'v tastofuUy arranj^ud, 
 of the diffei'ent varieties of biscuits manufactured by the iirm. 
 On the left is the counting house and partners' private room. 
 Passing through the nail, we next enter the shipping depart- 
 ment, a room 00 by JJIJ feot. Here the biscuits are all arranged 
 according to variety, and two men are constantly kept busy 
 marking them for their various d-jstinationg. The order ob- 
 served, ccmsidering the amount of goo>ls shipped and received, 
 is well worthy of note. Passing to the next room the visitor 
 finds himself in the midst of the machinery used in the factory. 
 Here locomotion is restricted, for he is surrounded with wheels, 
 straps, shafts, and machinery of all kinds, yet everything is so 
 arranged that the various employees of the establishment can 
 uttend to their many duties without the least apparent clash ; in 
 fact, the very proximity to each other seems to be a great advan- 
 tage;, as the dough passes from one machine to another in regu- 
 lar succession until it reaches the ovens, of which there are two 
 of the reel construction, and one revolution of these ovens bakes 
 the goods, when they pass by means of a steam hoist to the top 
 storey t(. bd packed into boxes. Adjoining this is a sm ill bake 
 shop, witn machinery and oven, for fine goods. Proceeding to 
 the second storey we enter an immense flour storage room 
 capable of holding from 2,030 to 3,000 barrels. Off this room 
 are the manager's, mixers' and weighing rooms. Then follows 
 the mixing room, where all the mixing is donj by machinery of 
 the most recent English and American make. Sjme faint idea 
 of the important part played by machinery in the manufacture 
 of biscuits may be formed, when it is known that as many as 
 seventy-five barrels of flour mile into the various kinds of bis- 
 cuits can be mixed, baked, and packed into boxes in ten hours. 
 The third flat is one immense room, 60 by 90 feet, in which the 
 packing is done by lads, with a superintendent. If to this army 
 of lads we add the weighers, nailers, and box carpenters, the 
 visitor can form a comprehensive idea of this branch of industry, 
 and of the enterprise of the propi-ietor.-i, Messrs. Christie and 
 
 277 
 
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 Brown. We are informed that thin is the hirRest estahliKhniont 
 in tlic Dominion cxcluHively devoted to the manufacture of biH- 
 cuits. (See phite 40.) 
 
 Lyn-;an Brothers & Co.— Tlie liouse of Lyman Brothers 
 and Co., manufacturing chemists, is one of the oldeyt husiness 
 liouses in the city. EHtahlishod by J. W. Brent two years before 
 Toronto attained the dignity of a city, when its popubitiim was 
 not one-tenth its present number, the drug store of J. AV^ Brent 
 and Co. soon became well known in "muddy York." In 18-40 
 changes were cflected in the name of the house, when it became 
 Lyman, Farr and Co., and from that time down to the present 
 day the name of Lyman has been one of the most prominent 
 and one of the most reliable business names in Toronto. The 
 firm first began business on the south side of King street, in the 
 block opposite St. James's Cathedral, this being at that time 
 the best and most central business part of the city. With the 
 increase of their business larger premises became necessary, and 
 consequently they removed to the retail store still bearing their 
 name in the western end of St. Lawrence Hall on King street. 
 Messrs. Lyman Brothers and Co. have for a long period been 
 transacting a wholesale drug, paint and oil business, and their 
 connection now in this line is one of the largest in the Dominion. 
 Their magnificent new warehouse, situate at 71 Front street east, 
 is one of the finest of our commercial buildings; it is 45 feet front 
 by 200 feet deep, and contains four Hats, basement, and sub- 
 cellar, giving an area of upwards of 45,000 square feet of floor- 
 ing for storage. The building cost upwards of $50,000. To 
 attempt to enumerate the variety of articles kept in this mam- 
 moth establishment is simply an impossibility, but here will 
 be found every requisite required in the drug trade from store 
 furnishings, to oils, paints, and patent medicines. The 
 immense quantities of all kinds of goods kept astonishes 
 the visitor, who could never conceive that so many medi- 
 cines were consumed in Canada. The firm have a large 
 laboratory on Front street, some little distance east of the 
 warehouse, which is said to be one of the most perfect on the 
 
 278 
 
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 n ::urlTd: PAST AND PftfeSEKT. 
 
 ■':}.• .", led that tins is the largest estabiiBhment 
 U ively devofed to the .manufucturo of bia- 
 
 "m> ^ Co. - -The hewee of Lyman .Bi'oth'=;p 
 
 'ti.', chtiMiffte, is cme oi" the oldest business 
 .L.,uablisli»;'d by J. W. Brent two years before 
 Toronto attaiijud tlie rliguity of a city, when its popiiiation was 
 not oiie-feuib its preseut nuinb*'r,.tho drng fctorc of J. W. Brent 
 aud Co. soon bccariie well known iu " ilvuddy Yos-k.'' In 1840 
 ehange;,4 were oiTectod in the linme of t);«; h"ii3c, whfcii it heciixuf* 
 Lyman, Farr arid Co., and from tlistt, time (hwn io the nreseilfc 
 day tlifc uamc of Lyman has k^p otie i>f the most prominent 
 and .»)ifi of thy most reliable HirIus;** names in Toronto. The- 
 firm ih-st hogim buHiwt^fls mn Ife »«j«th side of lling street, in tlie 
 block opposite M:^ Jii#i#»'f> Cathedral this being at that time 
 t' '■' b<^^f am! mmi .•.'ntrai business pitt of the city. With the 
 meri'use of then* biisinefH hirgi:i jw-eniises beeanie iieeesnary, aoti 
 consequently they nj.n..ved to the retail ^tort- still bearing tboL- 
 name in the weattTn end of St. tjawrence Hal! on Kiog Btreel, 
 Itfesars. Lyman Brotherw and Co. have for a long period bees 
 transacting a wholestile drug, paint and oil business, and tbt# 
 connection now in this line is one of the largest in the Doniiiiioii. 
 Thpir nuignifieen*^ newwaiiehouBe, situate at 71 Front streek ett«, 
 m one of the fiucfjfc of our commercial buildings; It h 15 feet frottt 
 by 20<* feet cieep, and containn Umr flats, liaseincuit, antl ssib 
 cellar giving an area of npv/ards of 4^000 squrre feet of finm-^ 
 mg for Btorage. The building cost upwards of $50,000. f« 
 attempt to eniuT^ ' ' the variatv of arfi ' '- pt in this nrnm. 
 
 moth eRtablishv, .;»,..,!„ .,, 
 
 be found every r. j,.:...; , ,..». 
 fufniBhings, to oils, paints, a: 
 ; urnense qimmitieB of ftll kin. 
 the visitor, who eould i,. 
 
 'iLiv, but here ^Si 
 I If-' trade from ,st,«»w,- 
 .:i iof^difiinew. Tl^- 
 .'oofls kept awfeoni'sKi 
 tiiat m nianv i-, • 
 
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 278 
 
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TRADE AND COMMERCE. 
 
 continent in its fittings, equipments, and producing capacity. 
 Here a large number of experts are employed in the manufac 
 ture of pure chemicals. In the manufacture of nitrate of silver, 
 sulphur, and ether, they stand far beyond all rivals. Their dis- 
 play at the Centennial Exhibition proved beyond all doubt 
 that this firm can most succeessfully compete against any other 
 European or American manufactory in the (puility and purity of 
 their chemicals. (See plate 36.) 
 
 Booth & Sons, Brassfounders. — This business was esta- 
 blished m 1853 at St. Catharines by the late Mr. Henry Gough 
 Booth. In 1855 he removed to Toronto. Notwithstanding that 
 Messrs. Booth and Son have on three occasions lost heavily by 
 lire — having had nearly the whole of their premises burnt down 
 on each occasion — they have, since being in Toronto, carried on 
 a successful business, which is now the largest of its kind in the 
 Dominion of Canada. The chief work thev do is for brewers, 
 distillers and plumbers, and some idea of the extent of it may 
 be gathered from the fact, that for one firm of distillers alone 
 they have, during the last twelve months, finished over 80,000 lbs. 
 weight of copperwork. They also manufacture steam revolving 
 pans for sugar coating, copper bath boilers, kettles, baLhs, candy 
 pans, *' Fire King Extinguishers," sinks, soda water fountains, 
 patent carbonic acid generators, dye kettles, vacuum pans, 
 rollers for paper makers, varnish kettles, patent Bandelot beer 
 coolers, dentists' vulcanisers, steam fire engine fittings, steam- 
 boat fittings, copper heaters for tanners, apparatus for testing 
 gas meters, standard imperial measures, &c. Booth and Sons' 
 business is now carried on in two buildings on Adelaide street 
 west, one a large three storey brick, the other a lofty single one. 
 The latter is fitted up with forges and furnaces for tinning and 
 braising the metals. The other building contains macliinery, 
 viz., steam hammer, lathes, rolling machines, &c., also store 
 room and office. 
 
 J. D. Nasmith. — The premises occupied by Mr. J. D 
 Nasmith were erected in 1849 by the father of the present pro- 
 prietor to replace buildings destroyed by the great tire of that 
 
 ' 
 
 if' 
 
 279 
 
i;i ill 
 
 TORONTO : PAST AND PBESENT. 
 
 year. The former buildings occupied by Mr. Nasmith were of 
 some local interest, having for a time been occupied as the prin- 
 cipal office of the British Herald newspaper. In Deceraber, 
 1844, Mr. Nasmith, senior, commenced the manufacture of 
 machine made biscuits, one of the pioneer essays in a trade that 
 is now carried on very extensively in most large cities of the 
 Dominion. In July, 1870, the present occupant came into 
 the business. In 1874 the original structure was consi- 
 derably enlarged and improved by the erection of a sub- 
 stantial brick building over the whole former yard, con- 
 taining extensive cellars, engine room, driving; shed, and a 
 capacious flour loft where the raw material is stored. From the 
 loft the raw materi J is passed to the workshops in the base-, 
 ment by means of shoots, which saves much handling. In 1875 
 after a visit to many rAiiea in the United States to gather in- 
 formation, &c., Mr. Nasmith commenced the manufacture of 
 aerated bread by steam power, an article for many years in use 
 in Britain and the States, but hitherto unknown in Canada. 
 It is well known that bread obtains its porousness or light- 
 ness by the formation of severpi methods of gas in the 
 dough. First, it is obtained and created from the material of 
 the dough by fermentation ; secondly, the introduction of che- 
 micals, as in the various baking powder preparations ; thirdly, 
 by the forcible introduction of gas already made, and forced into 
 the dough in. a close vessel under high pressure. The first step 
 in the manufacture of aerated bread is the preparation of the 
 gas (carbonic acid) from whiting dust, soda, or some such car- 
 bonate, by the application of sulphuric acid. This gas, the 
 same as is used in aerated waters, is thoroughly washed from all 
 impurities, and passes to a receiver. The flour, water and salt 
 having been put in a spheroidal vessel (kneader) is mixed to 
 dough, the kneader is then hermetically sealed, and the atmo- 
 sheric air contained in the receiver is as thoroughly withdrawn 
 as possible. The gas from the receiver is now forced into the 
 kneader by means of a powerful pump, the latter in the mean- 
 time being in operation, so that every particle of air is charged 
 
 a8o 
 
 ii 
 
uniformly. When the necessary pressure is ohtained, varying 
 according to circumstances, from 100 to 180 lbs. to the square 
 inch, the dough is drawn off through a faucet in the l)ottom of 
 the kneader into pans, and immediately placed in the oven. 
 The various points of advantage in this process are manifest. 
 No change takes plnce in the constituents of the flour, as in fer- 
 mentation; no deleterious residue remains in the dough, as in 
 the use, more or less, of all baking powders ; and last, but not 
 least to many, all manipulation by hand of this, one of the 
 principal articles of diet, is entirely done away with. (See 
 plate 38.) 
 
 The Phoenix Coffee and Spice Mills. — The spice and 
 coffee mills of Messrs. Harper, Douglass and Co., and known as 
 the Phffinix Mills, are situate at No. 107 Front street east. The 
 premises are of three storeys, built of brick, and admirably 
 adapted for the purposes to which they are devoted. Every im- 
 provement which experience in the past history of the coffee or 
 spice manufacturer has found to be desirable or necessary has 
 been adopted by Messrs. Harper, Douglass and Co. An inspec- 
 tion of the premises at once impresses the visitor that he is in 
 a manufactory where n.inds oi a thoroughly practical acquain- 
 tance with the business controls, every inch of space being uti- 
 lized and put to the best advantage. The basement floor is 
 occupied with the ball blue and blacking manufactory, in the 
 manufacture of which the firm have earned an enviable repu- 
 tation. The first iioor is occupied with the offit 3. store and 
 sample rooms, these departments abutting on to Front street, 
 while in the rear is the coffee roasting mill. This mill, it is 
 claimed, is superior to any of the mills now in use, being of a 
 new and superior make, and the only one of its kind in the 
 Dominion. In the upper floor we And the spice mill, the mus- 
 tard mill, and the crackers for pounding the mustard seed. 
 These are constructed upon the most modern plans, with all the 
 latest improvements. The whole of the machinery is driven by 
 steam power. For the purpose of grinding, two run of stones 
 are kept constantly running. Thus here we find that all the 
 
 281 
 
lii! 
 
 various processes connected with the {^rinding and roasting of 
 spices, coffee, mustard, itc, are carried on under one roof in an 
 extensive and systematic manner. Tlie sliipping facilities of the 
 lirm are all that could be desired, the manufactory being adja- 
 cent to the tracks of the various railways running into and 
 through the city, and is also convenient to the wharves for water 
 transport. 
 
 Don Paper Mills. — These mills, three in number, are situate 
 adjacent to the city of Toronto, on the banks of the River Don. 
 The first, or lower mill, is about three miles, the second or middle 
 mill, foiu" miles, and the third, or upper mill, about five miles 
 distant from St. Lawrence iVlarket. The present proprietors 
 erected these mills in 1846, and in 1847 began the manufacture 
 of paper. The mills are now kept in full operation, and so 
 large is the demand for the special papers manufactured at 
 these mills that they are kept running night and day (Sundays 
 excepted). They also supply a very large portion of the print- 
 ing paper now used for the daily and weekly papers of this city 
 and throughout the Dominion. There is also manufactured at 
 the mills coloured paper for poster bills, also all kinds of book, 
 manillas, roll, expressing, tea and common papers, paper bags, 
 &e. The proprietors have earned a name not always to 
 be found among paper manufacturers, namely, that of always 
 putting the fall count of sheets in every ream (viz., 480), 
 and for the accommodation of printers will, when ordered, put 
 up 500 sheets to the roam. The annual consumption of these 
 factories is something enormous. Hundreds of tons of rags, 
 straw, esparto grass, ropes, canvas, and other innumerable ele- 
 ments used in the manufacture of this useful economy, are con- 
 sumed at these factories. The firm have a large warehouse, 
 storeroom and ofhces at No. 30 West Market square (St. Law- 
 rence Market) where all orders are received and retail traders 
 supplied. The firm supply goods to all parts of the Dominion 
 from New^foundland to the Red River. Messrs. Taylor Brothers 
 employ no travellers. (See plate 23.) 
 
 282 
 
rORftANLf£& C WHCLr.5AL!:- GROCERS 
 
 
 ,^-' 
 
 ■k 
 
 
 i 
 
 ■.:nlDY8iGLa,.v;.. importers 
 
■pap 
 
 TOUONTO : PAST AND PTtKSENT. 
 
 il 
 
 I 
 
 !l 
 
 ramus processes connected with the grinding and roasting of 
 spicea. mihe, musturd, &c., are camod on under one roof in an 
 exteufeiv« and syateniatic nmnrier. The sliipping facilities of tbrt 
 firm are all that i-oiild be dtr-sired, the mannfactorv being adja-' 
 cent to the trackg of th.' various raihvavs running into and 
 through the city, and is alno convenient to the wharves for water 
 traiiHport, 
 
 Don Paper Mills.— The^e u)llts. three in number, are situate 
 adjaci .it to th<' eitv of Torontu, en the banks of tlie lUvet Don. 
 Tile first, 'U- i*iwer mill, is jib -at thiee wile.-i,the second or middle 
 miih four mileH. and th.«> thij-d, or uppt-c mill, about live miles 
 distant frt)n-i St. Lawrene. Mariiet. Tl'.e present proprietors 
 erected these ratlia in 3h46 »ti4 ra IK.|7 began the manufaeture 
 of paper. Tii^ milk ape Si» l^A in full operation, and bo 
 birge i:.i the clemA«4 fur ilm sptfiai papei's raanufactured at 
 these mills that they are kept nuauing nigitt and day \Bundays 
 excepted}. Tiii v aho supply a ^fuy birge portion of > the print- 
 ing paper nov used for the daily nnd weekly papers of this city 
 ami througliuut the J)oiainion. Th.?re is also uianufactured at 
 the mills coloured paper for ])o,ster l>ill8, also all kinds of book, 
 manillas. roll, expresning, tea and cominon psipers, paper bags, 
 lie. Ti»o proprietors havt; earned a name nut ahiayB fcv 
 be found among paper manufacturers, namely, that of alway^i 
 putthig the fall mnnt of sheets in evnry ream (viz., 4B0u 
 and for the acconnnodation of printe-rs will, when ,ordered, pu? 
 up 500 shteta to the ream. The annual consumption of th««.«- 
 faetorioB is something enormous. Jiundrt'ds' of tons of rai^, 
 straw, esparto -a-asH, ropea, canvaa, and other innumerable ol*"- 
 .ments used in the manufacture of this useful economy, are n-im- 
 sumed at these factories. The firm have a large warehoum," 
 storeroom and offices at No. 30 West Maiket square (St. La-w- 
 rence Market) where all orders are received and retail tra;lerH 
 supplied. The fii-m supply goods to all parts of the Doimoion 
 from Newfoundland to the Bed River. Messr.s. Taylor J!: 
 ei;) ploy no travellers. (See plate 2B.) 
 
 282 
 
is fity 
 
 eii at 
 
 )ook. 
 
 •iBOu 
 
 I. put 
 
 «.■«■- 
 
 iriiiloii 
 hers. 
 
 tl 
 
 CRAV!P,TORRANCF.S& C» WHOLE.SALE GROCERS 
 
 HUNTtBJkM Phoro 
 
 UNION BLOCK. 
 
 SAMSON.KENNEDY 8^ GElMMELlMPORTERS. 
 
 WHITE ft C°5.WELL1NGT0NSTE 
 
 ■ 
 
» '1 I I I 
 
TUADE AND COMMKRCE. 
 
 G. D. Morse & Co.'s Soap and Candle Works. — The 
 extensive soap and candle works of the ahove firm, a view of 
 whicli appears on plate 38, are situate nt the eastern end of 
 the cit}' of Toronto, occupyinr^ upwards of three acres of {ground, 
 and adjacent to the Don Station of the Grand Trunk Railway, 
 from which is a siding to the loading doors of the factory. Tliis 
 railway facility avoids lonj* and expensive cartage to general 
 freight stations, and allows the import or export of goods in 
 bulk. By this convenience, goods loaded at the door of the soap 
 works can be freighted to (Quebec, I'ortland, New York, or Hali- 
 fax without unloading or change of cars. Merchants and other 
 shippers only know the advantages of sucli an arrangement. 
 To detail the various manufactures in this establishment would 
 take to much space ; the staples, however, may be briefly noted. 
 First in importance, because of universal use, are the laundry 
 soaps, of which immense quantities are manufactured weekly, 
 the firm making no less than eight brands, which are well 
 known throughout the entire Dominion. The great desideratum 
 for the successful manufacture of household soaps is the situa- 
 tion of the works, for, in these days of keen competition, it is 
 necessary to obtain the raw material at minimum prices, com- 
 bined with the highest excellence in manufacture to ensure good, 
 cheap, and pure articles, which Morse and Co.'s productions are 
 reported to be. With cheap canal freights from New York, and 
 ocean freights from Britain, ad('ed to the manifest advantage of 
 being in the chief city of the tallow-producing Province, it would 
 indeed be singular if this firm did not outstrip the rival produc- 
 tions of other cities not jo favourably located. These facts, no 
 doubt, in some degree account for the immense increase in the 
 business of this firm each successive year, resulting in a present 
 capacity of 1,000 boxes per week in the laundry branch alone. 
 From the household branch we reach, by an easy transition, the 
 toilet department, whicli occupies the entire second storey of the 
 building. This branch of the business increases with the growth 
 of the country, and the development of those refined tastes 
 which invariably attach to advancing civilisation. Early preju- 
 
 283 
 
 ! 
 
 1 
 
 
n 
 
 mi 
 
 dices, especially among British people who have eHtablishetl their 
 homes with us, gave preference to imported toilet soaps, hut ex- 
 perience has proved Canadian toilets, as manufuctured in 
 Toronto, to he everything that the most relincd and lesthetic 
 could desire. At this establishment every variety of fancy soap 
 is made that is practically in use, comprising magnums, honey, 
 glycerine, castile, rose, transparent glycerine, t&c, with an infi- 
 nite number of special brands when large orders are executed. 
 In these days of gas and cheap coal oil it seems antiquated to 
 refer to the candle department, yet the extent of this trade in 
 Canada alone is surprising. This ttrm turns out thousands of 
 boxes every season of superior white tallow candles resembling 
 in colour and finish sperm. Without doubt, Messrs. (1. D. 
 Morse and Co. s establishment has the most extensive range 
 of lard oil presses in the Dominion, a distinction warranted by 
 the reputation the lirm has fairly won among the woollen and 
 other manufacturers throughout the country. Here, age in, the 
 raw material is at hand, the packing houses which yield the dif- 
 ferent grades of lard being almost adjoining. In addition to the 
 foregoing specialties, the firm is well known as tallow manufac- 
 turers, and much of the superior brand is exported to the Mari- 
 time Provinces and Great Britain. 
 
 The Toronto Packing House.— This establishment is 
 situated near the left bank of the Don river, between Front 
 street east and the Don Station of the Grand Trunk Railway 
 Company. The proprietors are Messrs. Davis and Co., the busi- 
 ness being established on a small scijle by Mr. William Davis in 
 1854. In 1860 he made Lis first shipment to England, which 
 consisted only of a few hams and sides. Since then the business 
 has grown with that rapidity characteristic of Toronto enterprises, 
 until now over 25,000 hogs per annum are shipped by this firm. 
 The hogs are received alive at the packing house, where, after 
 resting twenty-four to forty-eight hours, they are speedily con- 
 verted into bacon, hams, barrel pork, lard, &c. The animals 
 on arrival at this establishment are driven into a pen, which 
 may be truly described as the condemned cell, when a boy 
 
 284 
 
TRADE AND COMMERCE. 
 
 il tlieir 
 nit ex- 
 L-ed in 
 ■Hthetic 
 jy soap 
 honey, 
 lu iuti- 
 :ecuted. 
 lilted to 
 Viidc in 
 ands ol" 
 umljUng 
 . G. D. 
 ■e range 
 ,uted by 
 ilen and 
 51: in, the 
 the dif- 
 n to the 
 lanufac- 
 lie Mavi- 
 
 (juictkly attaches a chain round tho hind h'g of a pig, and in 
 about ton seconds he is wound up and hung by a hooiv at the 
 end of tlie cliain to a bar, and here his arrival has been ex- 
 pected, for the executioner is in waiting for him, his throat is 
 cut, and as the position is favourable to the rapid How of blood, 
 death is very speedy. This plan has been found to be much 
 quicker, and the cause of far luss suffering t the old 
 
 fashioned plan of knocking thoin on the head, and is uuopted in 
 all the large establishments in the Western States, All the pig's 
 comrades follow in quick succession, and when dead are slid 
 along the aforenamed bar to tlie scalding tub, or the furnace, as 
 the case niay require — for in this establishment two modes are 
 adopted of removing the hair, th(! one by scalding in hot water, 
 and the other by passing them through a furnace, almost as hot 
 as Nebuchadnezzar's. This latter plan is the moat expeditious, 
 and the bacon so treated is for the London market,' the scalded 
 for Liverpool and the North of England. After leaving the fire 
 or water, whichever may be his lot, he rapidly passes through 
 the hands of about twelve men, who decapitate and wash him 
 off with a stream of water from the city waterworks. The car- 
 case is then hung up, split in two, and allowed to hang till next 
 day. when the sides are placed upon a table composed of rollers, 
 on which they roll from one man to another, each armed with a 
 sharp knife and a saw, and each man takes his particular share. 
 By these means the sides are (piickly dissected into hams, Cum- 
 berland, Stratford, and Staffordshire bacon. From the tables 
 they pass into the cellars or curing room, where they remain in 
 salt two to four weeks, according to circumstances. When suffi- 
 ciently cured to bear transportaticm, they are sorted out accord- 
 ing to size 8"'' ..tality, packed into boxes, loaded into cars 
 (which are broug t by a siding up to the packing house door), 
 and shipped off to Liverjiool. The superfluous cuttings and 
 lean meat are converted into pork sausages (for the benefit of 
 Torontoniane) by two large choppers driven by steam power, and 
 are sold with bacon, hams, Sec, at Mr. Davis' well known retail 
 store on Queen street west. The side lard is melted in huge iron 
 
 285 
 
j ■■ 
 
 1 
 
 II 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 Ll 
 
 
 
 TORONTO: PAUT AND PRESENT. 
 
 tanks by steam, aud drawn off into tierces, barrels, and kegs, 
 some of which are sold here, and the balai'ce shipped to Liverpool. 
 In and about the main building are four large ice houses, contain- 
 ing, when tilled, about 3,000 toih. Thic is necessary for summer 
 use, otherwise the business could not be carried on. Messrs. Davies 
 and Co. have facilities for can-ying on the business on a much 
 larger scale, but are circumscribed by the difficulty of procuring 
 hogs. This manufacture is of considerable benetit to the city as 
 there are a large number of men employed during the winter 
 months, and at good wages. The proprietors, keeping pace with 
 the scientific discoveries in tliis utilitarian age, are now about to 
 erect machinery for drying aud dissecting the blood and otiier 
 refuse, which is said to be equal to guano as a fertiliser, (^See 
 plate 27.) 
 
 H. E. Clarke & Co.'s Trunk and Bag Factory.— This, the 
 largest manufactory of its kind in the Dominion, is situate on 
 King street west, near Niagara street, and sovers a large area. 
 The premises have a frontage on King street of 104 feet and 
 extend back to Adelaide streeL a depth of 416 feet. On the King 
 street front, or south end of the lot, the offices and manufactory 
 are situate, the eastern portion being occupied by the box sheds, 
 store sheds, &c., and about midway between the factory aud 
 Adelaide street, the planing mill and box factory is located . 
 The manufactory is well adapted for carrying on the large trade 
 commanded by the firm. In the manufacture of travelling 
 trunks the whole work is carried on in divisions-; a certain nun\- 
 ber of men are employed exclusively in making the cases, 
 another section covers them, and anotlier linos and finishes 
 them, and so from the lumber yard to tiie planiug mill, from the 
 planing mill to the workshop, and from the workshop to the 
 storeroom the trunks pass rapidly from hand to hand uutil tlie 
 rough dry planks which are seen piled in. immense stacks in the 
 northern part of the yard gradually euKU'ge out of the store- 
 room the beautifully finished and useful articles so indispensable 
 to all travellers. The number of hands employed in the making 
 of trunks and bags ir about seventy, but the firm are making 
 
 286 
 
 „_j|i 
 
"'^ 
 
 [his, the 
 tuate on 
 rse urea, 
 feet amt 
 the King 
 ufactory 
 |)X sheds, 
 ory and 
 located . 
 Mre trade 
 L-avelUng 
 liin num- 
 le caseft, 
 finishes 
 Ifroni th". 
 I) to the 
 lutil the 
 ks in the 
 tie store - 
 
 [pens! 
 
 ihle 
 
 mil 
 m 
 
 iknig 
 aking 
 
 TRADE A\D COMMEUCE. 
 
 arrangements for extending their premises and increasing their 
 facilities for mapufacturnig these articles. They have intro- 
 duced many novelties '•! travelling equipage since they first 
 commenced business, which is upwards of twenty-three years 
 ago. In addition to the manufacture of travelling bags and 
 trunks of all kinds, an enormous number of packing cases of 
 ah kinds and sizes are made here, sample cases for travellers, 
 suitable for light goods and heavy goods, soap boxes, spice 
 boxes, biscuit boxes, etc. The number of boxes, bags, and 
 trunks manufactured by the firm number about eighty thousand 
 annually. At the Centennial Exhibition, whero the competition 
 in trunks and bags wa° very keen owing to the efforts made by 
 American manufacturers, this firm received an International 
 Award for fitness, quality, and cheapness. Their retail store 
 is at 105 King street west. 
 
 Lamb's Blacking and Glue Factory. — The business of 
 this firm was first established in 18537 by the late Peter R. 
 Lamb, and is now owned by Mr. Daniel Lamb and his mother, 
 the widow of the original founder. ^Mr. Da'.iiel Lamb now 
 manages the multifarious business carried on in their exten- 
 sive works. The works are situated in the north-eastern 
 part of the city, and are very capacious and most admi- 
 rably adapted, both by structure and location, for the pur- 
 poses to which they ari devoted. The buildings form 
 a triange, embracing over two acres of ground, the principal 
 buildings being of brick, and five storeys high. Eleven other 
 buildings are devoted to the manufacture and storage of the 
 goods used and consumed by the firm. The firm are extensive 
 maimfacturers of Grlue, Ground lione. Blacking, Superphos- 
 phate of Lime, and Animal Clmrcoal, which meets with a 
 ready sale, and have exported their products to Great 
 Britain, the United States, and continental Europe. In 
 the manufacture of Blacking, Lamb and Co. have achieved a 
 fame in America equal to that of Day and Martin in Europe. 
 Lamb's Blacking, Snow Blacking, and Leather Preserve are as 
 familiar as " household words " in many homes. 
 
 \^h 
 
 287 
 
M '^■ 
 
 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 
 
 Todhunter, Black & Co. — The manufacture of chocolate 
 and cocoa in Toronto, or in fact, in the Dominion, is of very 
 recent orif];in. It was not until 1874 that Mr. Black first im- 
 ported the seeds of the cocoa tree into Ontario, and this was the 
 first importation made in the Province foi manufacturing pur- 
 poses. Cocoa and chocolate in our luxury-loving day have become 
 a necessity in many families, and as their valuable dietary proper- 
 ties become more known it will become more popular with the 
 masses of the people. It has been stated by some of the 
 most eminent analysts that cocoa resembles beef in its nutritive 
 constituents, and as an article of diet largely exceeds in value 
 milk and wheaten flour, in this respect differing widely from tea 
 and coffee, it being a flesh-fv-t-mi. -^rink, while they are ra-her 
 condiments and stimulants. inc}' state that one half the 
 weight of cocoa consists of fat, and twenty per cent, of albumi- 
 nous material. In addition, cocoa contains starch, which is 
 absent in milk and beef, and present in but a small pro- 
 portion in wheat. Many eminent medical i)ractitionerR also now 
 hold that chocolate, as an article of diet, unmistakably exercises 
 the most beneficial effect in all cases where there is any disease 
 of the lungs. Messrs. Todhunter, Black and Co., of this city, 
 now manufacture large quantities of both cocoa and chocolate, 
 and a brief sketch of their works will be found interesting to the 
 general reader. The factory is situate or 'lu: north side of Ade- 
 laide street east, between Church and . • is streets. It is a 
 large three storey building, fitted wiih , b' lery and steam 
 power for the special manufacture of cocoa - . ■' chocolate. In 
 the basement we find the engine, boilers, and mill for spice 
 grinding. On the first floor are the offices, sample room, choco- 
 late mill, store and packing rooms. Here we find a large 
 number of bags recently arrived filled with the seed of the cocoa 
 tree, which resembles in appearance a large bean. From this 
 room the beans are taken to one of fhe upper doors, where the 
 bean is roasted in a manner similar !;> coffee. They are then 
 taken to tiie cracking mill, which splits the beans, and from 
 here tliey are carried to the winnowing machine, which strips 
 
 288 
 
chocolate 
 i of very 
 
 first im- 
 s was the 
 ring pur- 
 'e become 
 ■y proper- 
 
 with the 
 e of the 
 
 nutritive 
 
 in value 
 
 from tea 
 ire ra-her 
 
 half the 
 f albumi- 
 which is 
 nail pro- 
 
 also now 
 
 exercises 
 ly disease 
 this city, 
 chocolate, 
 ing to the 
 ie of Ade- 
 . It is a 
 lid steam 
 •late. In 
 
 for spice 
 )m, choco- 
 d a large 
 ' the cocoa 
 Prom this 
 where the 
 f are then 
 
 and from 
 lich strips 
 
 If 
 
 Mm 
 
 n 
 
:1 i8 
 
 WESTERN ASSURANCE COMPANY 
 
 TAYLOR iWILSON CIGAR MANUF« 
 
 f! 
 
 JMmr 
 
 R 
 
 '.-*,.«»»*••- 
 
 dirm^: 
 
 ^^ 
 
 rox iCO MANUFACTURFRS OF DOORS SASH BLINDS Ac, 
 
 CPANEScBAIRD COMMISSION MERCHTS J H.RO&ERS.KlN&S^E 
 
 R.WALKER 8>SCNS.nRY'60CCil 
 
IGAP.MANUF* 
 
 NOS «S*c., 
 
 MKERJ.S0NS.RRV6C()(6j 
 
 th.\Ot AK«» »1**)«MKBCE. 
 
 the seeds free from husks an*! *.»-»^^'5 particle of dirt or dust 
 Thay are tlion hrought, back to %!»■< AM tJoor and put into a 
 griiiditig mil! rnujiing at a gree^v *»^>««4 , Herfc a complete 
 ' transfornmtioM takes pl?*t>.!. the lid^?, #i-^ H«4i»g beau comes 
 from thp grinding mill in ihe form <M^^i^\-m^, 4uk bwwo fniid. 
 This fluid m nm mut n largo }m&, %«;>*^iM»i mth stO^tM, and 
 here sugar ixud a «»'i«;ht iuimixturft la jtdded. The 
 
 SHKur, of which o»lv the v*>ry fimis-t ..i>, ^,;, ,l^ ,4 groiJti^ iu * 
 rniil making over 800 revolutions pjfr t«ti-'^v, t£ is. tfn?u cuii 
 mto moulds, wiujii, after c<>oiittg, H is Hi for v- ;.*v>iil!l£fc8£ ta,Uk>, 
 aifording a most rofreshiijg and dt«iiciou» i^wn.' a^'v, «^Jii}s j>: ttwf 
 ♦nanipulatiou nndergone i>v chocoiati^' This th-m miU all tfsvjf 
 chocolate three juid often " four timew, tbus raaiuug it uousuhIIv 
 iine. in tlio preparation of ordin^iry cocoa a little mor<. maJU- 
 Illation is necessary, but, niverthdeas, the pi'occss i^ much tlm 
 
 Wilson's Brush Factory, — Tho miinufiicture of all kinds 
 i>f domestic and faoc\ t*8rfi<-?hes i-i enrrifed on to n oonsjd^'rable 
 E^sfecnt at this eatabfehmtu-it. 5th>4»t of the whole i^ak' dwaU'ri* of 
 Wxic Prtjviuce, if not of iho entire BommioJi, avh i^uppiiyii] hy th& 
 maruifacturers of 'J'oronto. Thert^ ib very littia miiti-^i- wnvU 
 or u)[u;-ljinery rtjcjuired in tu<! raanafaftttre vij" hm^ri^u.:. M^. 
 Wib<m's fii/torv is ritnale on .Shurbinn-nci m!!-^.*!. n<n\t Kio^ 
 *fe»t*t, and vraa eslabli.shed iu lhH'2, und here ail k.r.d< 4)t 
 brJiaht'S art: mauflfartured, fiom th.- snndl ti<y Urs**v •'>i' Ji'r '»-' 
 'fani to the largest domestio i>room. or the bm*^^ '^i:-'4 Mr lasus.' 
 ffttiturjng j^ rpos<^s. Here we iind bra^i^> i«as# fff /» lii^^ j*3»* 
 of ihc wild boar of Mus'^ia, Vw cuitis*tk% v^ teki^^ J'-smiNh 
 the R«!?sian. noblenuui with a tiv^m*'- *'? t*ir<:irf«s .# (H*«!6iiJer:iKl« 
 iiuporlanec to him, ;i.rI herii.uifti Ai, jis*i|^ s»;<*.i!',>«* l»t!ft4h> of thn 
 vrii known French wliisk, \vhi<5h, '^^ ' •f««»? i?4 »«# Wi«g so i<i««.:h 
 t-heftper. 18 far more popub^r juib; fittAt^ri^^^: -Mi^r hmvf^nf xm 
 j»«o^le. Th« buHine.sa is under ii>,- f x^'-ow*;^ yHp«^i intent! poei- of 
 Mr, Wiiain, who Ims ha4 ft^-fetj^ i^Twmj^^r «>*^^^^^ l)ru»h 
 
 jnarittfa<!turei), aud, like most (jUksc t*f tht', ifity'* ii»f<fl»ffl'!ti?rin*^ 
 estttldi^jMenis, kee^ pace wUh tt» jfw^e 
 
 -;i 
 
 ■■!( 
 
TW"""""^ 
 
 VVLS'^LRN 
 
 TAYl.OaS.WtL.- N CIGAPM&Nvn* 
 
 fev. ■#'" 
 
 1^ 
 
 FOX AGO MANUFACTURERS OF OOORS SASH SUNOS 4kc. 
 
 ir 
 
 i I 
 
 ..■4**1 
 
 CRANEX'BAiEiO COMMISSION ME. 
 
 ,! H.RQGERS.niM&S' t KWAuu- 
 
OAPWfcWV 
 
 .iil'-t 
 
 C tj 6<^- 
 
 TUADE AND COMMERCE. 
 
 the seeds free from husks and e\ery j)!ii'ticle of dirt or dust. 
 They are then brought back to the first tloor and put into a 
 grinding mill running at a great speed. Hero a complete 
 transformation takes place, the hard, dry looking bean comes 
 from the grinding mill in the form of a thick, dark brown fluid. 
 This fluid is run into a large pan, heated with steam, and 
 here sugar and a slight admixture of vanilla is added. The 
 Hugar, of which only the very finest is used, is ground in a 
 mill making over 800 revolutions per minute. It is then run 
 into moulds, when, after cooling, it is fit for the breakfast table, 
 affording a most refreshing and delicious beverage, such is the 
 manipulation undergone by chocolate. This tirm mill all their 
 chocolate three and often four times, thus making it unusually 
 fine. In the preparation of ordinary cocoa a little more mani- 
 pulation is necessary, but, nevertheless, the process is much the 
 same. .,_ >;. ..-■,,' 
 
 Wilson's Brush Factory. — The manufacture of all kinds 
 of domestic and fanc}' brushes is carried on to a considiu'able 
 extent at this establi.shmeut. Most of the whole sale dealers of 
 the Province, if ; jt of the entire Dominion, are supplied by the 
 manufacturers of Toronto. There is very little intricate work 
 or machinery required in the manufacture of brushes. Mr. 
 Wilson's factory is situate on Sherbourne street, near King 
 street, and was established in 18G2, and here all kinds of 
 brushes are manufactured, from tlie small toy brush of the in- 
 fant to the largest domestic broom, or the brush used for manu- 
 facturing purposes. Here we find brushes made from the hair 
 of the wild boar of Russia, the cultivation of which furnish 
 the Russian noblemau with a source of income, of considerable 
 impo:'*^ance to him, and here also we find brushts made of the 
 well known French whisk, which, by virtue of its being so much 
 cheaper, is far more popular in the majority of the houKts of the 
 [X3ople. The business is under the personal superintendence of 
 Mr. Wilson, who has had a long practic.tl experience in brush 
 manufactures, and, like most other of the city's manufacturing 
 establishments, keeps i>ace with the growth of the Province. 
 
 289 
 
--!— ■■^■■pi 
 
 
 Heintzman & Co.'s Piano Manufactory. — The pianos 
 inanufacturcd by this tinn, wliicli was established in 18(50, liave 
 given the highest satisfaction to all their patrons from its esta- 
 blisliment, the; instruments comparing favourably and ecpially to 
 those of the most celebrated makers. Mesws. Heintzman 
 ai)pear to nave ft)llo\ved the })rinciple of the celebrated English 
 makers, namely, that of allowing the instruments to build up 
 their own reputation, feeling assured that the intrinsic worth of 
 their instruments will attain for the tirm the distinction of being 
 first-class piano manufacturers. The Heintzman piano is a very 
 strong favourite wherever introduced, often being preferred be- 
 fore those of the most celebrated American makers. This is 
 more especially the case after ., few years' trial and close com- 
 parison. Then the one great distinctive feature of the Heintz- 
 man piano bt'comcs clearly manifest, namely, its lasting quality, 
 lu this resi)ect the unanimous testimony of all who use them 
 places this instrument 'oeycmd all rivals. Mr. Heintzman, in 
 1872, invented and patented an improvement in the mechanism 
 of the piano, which has resulted more successfully than the 
 most sanguine expectations of the inventor ever anticipated. 
 This improvement consists of a metal bridge, which not only 
 forms an aijraffe of the finest character, imparting a clearness 
 and purity of tone in the treble, not excelled in any piano manu- 
 factured, but strengthens the instrument in the weakest part. 
 Of all pianos, the charming brilliancy of the upper notes are 
 wonderful. Mr. Heintzman has spent \ipwards of forty years 
 in piano manufacture, being one of the oldest, if not the oldest 
 on the contiui nt. Since their establishment in Canada the firm 
 have manulactujed nearly two thousand pianos. The factory is 
 situated on King street, adjoining the liossin House Hotel, is a 
 commodious four storey brick building, very compact and ell 
 ada. ted for the manufacturing purposes to which it is devoted. 
 The first fioo- is occupied as office, 8how,_r.nd packing rooms. 
 The second floor is devoted to regulating and finishing pianos- 
 On this floor there is also a very spacious show room, where a 
 large number of ]iianos of various styles are always kept in 
 
 ago 
 
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 have 
 
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 rooniB. 
 Ipianos- 
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 ■kept in 
 
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 riiiUi piiiiii) ii . 'Hi" . •:(« »! I 
 in tliin ftTi; (■' I U<-' Ufni ■'■ 
 
 TOUO.VTO : I'^Sr AND I'ltFSKNT. 
 
 Heintzmdn 8c Go's Piano Manufactory. 'I'Ik- (.iaiioft 
 rautmt.-ictrind by t'lis >^iv\n. whifh w.is .hlal'lisl!'.! m JS('.0. Iiavi- 
 l^ivcn th(' iii^'Jifst satiftfiictirni tn rili ttn-ir p:it;'. Viw fnon hm t>ta- 
 blis'inuMit. <li<' in^lrmiHiits coincai hi;^ faviHint'-l.'' am' r(|ii!illy to 
 th.ipe of tlu' nioHt. nlplnatcil iiialutr,. Ms, is. litiiitzman 
 appi^Jir to Have fuH^nvrd t\i" \n\nr\\)\<- <4 (lit- r^ ! l'i-;it« .i i'.nuli^it 
 malu rs, iiHimiy, tli.-it of ail'>\vni'^ tlu iicst,! uui! iit.-, to l.aila up 
 their own ;. [iiitation, fi^Iin.rMissiiifil tlmr tli.' inti-in-^u- -xtMi t-f 
 their inHtnim. \\i> will iitt;Mt! tV.rl.ii' linii tiu- 'lt<iiiii-t).>n 'f U-'um 
 jirht-rliisf^ piiUiO inMimfiU-rtif.irt. Tit- l!-lul/n,ai! p!;Mi.> is a v.r\ 
 HtfOMur faroni-it'j wIm-iv vi'V iurji-.xluctMl ctiti. !>i iim' pn 1 '•e-(.'it i)'' 
 toiv,'H!ios.' f'f th" iUo-'t '•'■u'hvwiriX N'!(.i-;<-i-!i aiMki-rs. Thi?* ' ^ 
 mniv . ^pv.i:>liv t.!«.^ '-is.' ■-.if-- ■■* ^ "■ ^' if ^ 'n.^\ and I'li^^o cm.: 
 Ti:, I, -h,. .»,.• ..<.'■; S.I, «;.(>■.- ieutui-t i>f fill- li- iilt/ 
 
 ,, ,,-.,! i; o-.t ;\', :* : !a"-i ii>;j; nUillli" 
 •. - 1 -<;iii!i'n V ' •[ ;i II \vlio '.. ^> ti;v -T 
 pla.<U'. ih;- ii)-i .■li.'.HV ■• ;. ,.! uM nv.M-. ).l: . litinfvii;au. ' = 
 1J^72, itj^-iitt'?! 4iit.l pntoni'>i an ;ui;iruVi'HH'iit in ti.i- i.i. i'Si.tu: v 
 of tlio piaiio. Ahu-ii hiih rcHMJ'-il lu^-r.' ^ucH-rtsluilv tlu'U tn 
 
 lUd!^* :^unuU!Jl' ! XprrlUTt 111;, -jf tllf IMViIiJOl •.'\'-r !t M t Id j '.it ' •- * 
 This it.lj.roV. !!!• Ul ^■Oiih!^l.^ of :i l'u;,.l i'lMf^r, Wl.u!; ii.'l ( = '., 
 
 flij'm:- a.H (<'//• v/i. of th. fi!u.-i t liara -o^'. onp-a ili-! ;t ritnih- •■ 
 and lA-id} o( 'oia m tlie lroi.it.. not csvAu^'l ;u :ro. noui-. mn'i ■ 
 fiU'tm-e.l, Inii sii-eii<;to<i)s il'O lusti uiiH!.i iu Iip w.ak'.-^t o,, ,. 
 ()f a!! jMunos. tin' charinirK; liiiloatii ) -1 tii'' l.^ i "i' ■"•t'-~ •< ; 
 wou.ierliil. Mr. Ihintznuo. t;.,s ^p._-nt -uj.winilv ',i loriA ;, 
 in pint.:> miHUila.ctiirf. li.-int:; oo< i-l' tii old' -i, U ^'<'^ !'•• '■ 
 uTi the <.H»nt!ri. i)t. ^,i1u•l tiio'v sv,i,;bii-a.'n<-in in Cinti.ita tiu 
 have !utuii!ia.rl!U'Oil ntaiviy lu.> UKui^ari'' piiuiui. '1 h-- iac..- . 
 situatt-a on Kuii.^ stroot. ndjaiuiag Mui Rosr-ui IJou-' iloir^ .• < 
 cOTun-' dious foiu ht(,.ri j l-viok hiiildin-. very <-()inp;ut Ui.: ^.-ii 
 ada ted fur lln- nijuuilactufing piirpobi--. 1.. \viiicii il .s ii= ^ '."il 
 Tilt iirst iiou- i& otcupiid ah otlit'c, sli'vw.jinu pu um^f r-vK.uh. 
 Tlie second tiou:- is dr. .ted t'> .■(•■gula.ting uud tinihldn" pn*uu.> 
 On ttris ftooT there i^ nlso n. rcry spncicniB show rocm, *ti fv rt 
 large tmmber of juanos of various sfyks a.re ai-wajB kept in 
 
 2go 
 
t*u 
 
 :-.^■■■^ 
 
 
 HEINTZMAN 8t C? 115 StilZ KING ST WEST. 
 
 
 1 
 ■ A 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 . 
 
 11 
 
stock. Tlic third fltuit is occupied by the casi-, key, and Houud- 
 ing hoard makers. The fourth Ho )r in exchisively devoted to 
 varnishing and linishing. Thus, under one roof, we find every 
 process of the piano nninufacture carried on, a hirg(* number of 
 first-class workmen being constantly einph>yed, under the per- 
 sonal snpervii?" .: of Mr. Heintznnm, whose long experience is a 
 Hullicient gu.irantee of excrllent arraugenicnt and successful 
 management. All the lumber used in this factory is of choice 
 selection and thoroughly seasoned, of which thi^y keep a large 
 stock on hand. It is a nuitter of gratilication to Canadians to 
 know, that in their miilst they have a 2)iano manufactory that 
 can eomix'te with the be.^^ American linns in making a piano 
 combining all the requi-- .-j elements of external beauty, rich- 
 ness and fullness of tone, and al)ove all noted for its lasting 
 qualities — an instrument that finds its most ardent advocates in 
 the homes where it is constantly used. Messrs. Heintzman 
 have obtained eleven diplomas at various exhibitions in Canada 
 and the United States, and were awarded a medal and higluist 
 awards at the Centennial Exhibition at Philadelpl ia. 
 
 Messrs. Hastings & Peterkin's planing mill, Bay street, 
 opposite Temperance street, is one of the largest eHtablishments 
 of its kind in the city. The building is a substantial structure, 
 four storeys in height, fitted up with the jnost modern machinery. 
 The peculiar feature of this firm is the wondtrfuUy fine scroll 
 and fret work executed by them. We here saw some of the 
 finest rope moulding, scrolls, and filagree work, executed with an 
 astonishing rapidity. Under the hands of their skilful workmen 
 and si)lendid machinery, a piece of plain bo'U'd soon became 
 transformed into a work of art. The firm do a large business in 
 doors, sashes, and blinds, and carry on a large business as 
 dealers in lumber, shingles, &c. (See plate 39.) 
 
 .Taylor & ^A^ilson. — There are some fifteen or twenty firms 
 in the city engaged in the manufacture of cigars, all of whom 
 claim to be able to furnish the choicest and most fragrant weed. 
 Some of the firms trust to the popular names affixed to their 
 productions to command a sale, others to the inherent qualities 
 
 m 
 
 
 291 
 
 P' ' P 
 
I ,- 
 
 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 
 
 ot the cigars themselves, and other firms rely upon a past repu- 
 tation or the injunctions of the law courts to entice the smoking 
 population to favour their goods. T)ie firm of Taylor and 
 Wils(m, a view of whose saleroooms will he seen on plate 34, 
 manufacture uU descriptions of cipirs, numy of whi*^'.! are 
 known by tlie trade as leading brands. The ever popular 
 " Maple Leaf " brand is most extensively known, not only 
 among smokers, with whom it is a great favourite, but also 
 among the legal frateiuity, as having been the cause of consi- 
 derable attention in the courts of the Province in consequence 
 of exciting the jealous ire of another maker The firm have 
 every facility for the transaction of a la-go business, and are 
 continually extending their list of customers. Their city trade 
 is large, and outside they supply many extensive dealers 
 throughout the Province. All the cigars of their manufacture 
 are recognised as standard goods, their aim being to maintain a 
 reputaticm for fine quality in each and every style of the brands. 
 Their factory is on the west side of Jiay stnet, between King 
 and Adelaide streets, where they employ a large number of 
 hands, many of the best workmen of the city being in their 
 employ. Messrs. Taylor and Wilson have had a large expe- 
 rience, and personally superintend the business. 
 
 Copp, Clark & Co. — This firm, who are printers, stationers, 
 booksellers, itc, continue the business established in 1842 by 
 the late Hugh iMobie, and the reputation of the firm is well 
 known tiiroughout the entire Dominion. The businerss was con- 
 ducted on King street until 1870, when tlu' requirements ()f their 
 increasing trade compelled the firm to secure larger premises on 
 Colborne street. At the present time ihe firm have two large 
 establishments, the wholesale warehouse on Front street, and 
 the manufactory on Colborne street. The warehouse on I'ront 
 street is a large brick building, with a somewhat attractive iron 
 front, consisting of five fioors, all of which are nearly 200 feet 
 long. This warehouse is devoted exclusively to the publishing 
 and wholesale ti-ule. In tlie lower fiats are the stationery de- 
 partments. The third fioor is devoted to miscellaneous books 
 
 292 
 
r 
 
 |! ! 
 
 !,'l 
 
 TCtliUNTO ; i'ABT AND PKKSEXT, 
 
 of the figAXH tlu-mselves, and otber tiniiH rely xipoii a past repu- 
 tation or the injunctiorts; of the hiw courts to ei tice tbo smoking 
 population to fiivour their goo<l8. 'I'lio tirni of Taylor and 
 Wilnoii, a view oi' nvIickg- srJerooomfi will be Hi-vu on phtte M, 
 nifniafacUu-o ull ueritjriptions of fi'^iirs, lunny of uhit-ii uro 
 known l>y the trsxh! as U-ridiiig brands. Tb-' ever popuhir 
 '* Miiple i.eaf ■' bnind is most t'xtunsivtdy iiuown, Jior, luily 
 among snsoktrH, vuth wlioui it Ij^ a firtut fuvourite, but also 
 among the legal fraternity, as having been the canst! of consi- 
 derable sittenliou in t!i.; c* nrts (jf the I'rcivinee in cimsecpienec 
 of exciting the jefUoiis ire <>( another maker, the tirui luiYe 
 every facihty for the tranguctir.?) of a large huBiness, and are 
 eonliaualiy o-iLeudiug their iist of eu.^bnuors. 'Hi' ix city trade 
 is large, and outHide tliey «;n|,iply iiiaiiy exteririive dealers 
 thre-ughoai the Frovincd- Al! n\e eigais of their rnaviufaetinx 
 ai-fi i'eeogni:^"d a? Httindard ReHT'd?. their aim beiug to maintain a 
 reputation Un: hjit 'iuit!';ty m <.ae!> arid every Htyle of the brands. 
 Their factory is <ni the we^t side of JJny stnet. between King 
 finil .\d(;laido sfreete;, where tliey employ a targe m.imber of 
 hands, many of the best wurknn 'i of the i-ii- beiug iu their 
 
 Muplo)-. Messrs. Tayh 
 
 iv ari' 
 
 Wil 
 
 Bon 
 
 Ir.iAi 
 
 iiail 
 
 lar 
 
 je expe 
 
 rience. and personally supt ruitend tlie lMi;,im ss. 
 
 Copp, 
 
 Clark ik Co. -This hnn, wh«» are prin 
 
 '■V!- 
 
 atione 
 
 booksellerH, i.H:e.. (ontinue the buBineBH i'shihhKhtMl m lHi2 
 the lale Hugh Si oiije, and ^lie r< putaiion of lii-; iJrm iii \ 
 
 known t.hrtmc:hout the entire Dtsminioji 
 
 The b 
 
 Ibinr 
 
 was 
 
 ducted on King f^trecd uni.il lb70, whei' tlit r.quireni.ait- of th- 7 
 ijioreusiug trade compelled tii^; linn lo Bicuro iarg' r promises • » 
 Coihurne street. At the present time tiic tinn haM^' two Ijuv-^ 
 establiidmnntK, the whoiesale v/a,rebou:Ae on Front -^tre^ t, ;u. i 
 the viiiinufactory on Ccdborne street. 'the warelionso 00 Kru^.s 
 street i-^ a hirge briek biiihling, witli a senu^vhai attiactne ,''oa 
 frunt, coasistlnu of five floors, at) of which are nearly 'im ?.•<■{; 
 Thi.3 warehouse in dcA/ote.d e.N:cluHively to tlie puhliv* aig 
 In the lower llata are the Ktation-rv de- 
 ited to miseellanoou-... i>onk» 
 
 and wliolesalo tradt 
 
 nartnn uiB, 
 
 The third 
 
 vo 
 
 '"«p' 
 
 -;t 
 
DOBBIti;< CARRIE IMPORTERS 9 FRONT S'W 
 
 UE.CLUB 
 
 
 W. COPLAND'S EAST TORONTO BREWERY. 
 
 THO? MAY AC? IMPORTERS 
 
 BRONSDONSr C» IMPORTERS. 
 
■:\\ I 
 
TRADE AND COMMKRCE. 
 
 ami Bibles, the fourth to school books and fancy goods, and the 
 fifth to such miscellaneous articles as are not in such constant 
 demand as the others. The stacks of envelopes, paper, and 
 such like goods to bo seen at times makes one wonder where a 
 market can be found for it all. Tiie manufactory on Colborne 
 street is a doubk' building of white brick, containing four Hats, 
 the first b 'iu^ ociiupied by the olUce.s, storeroom, engine, power 
 presses, lithographic and i)rintiug machines. On the second 
 floor is ►the co.upDsitors' department in the east building, and 
 the hand lithographic and copperplate in the western, "he 
 third flat is devoted to the manufacture of blank books, letter- 
 press bookbinding, and similar work, with rooms for artists 
 and engravers, while on the fourth flat will be found a number 
 of girls engaged in folding, stitching, and otherwise making 
 ready for the binders bolow. One feature of the business of 
 Copp, Clark and Co. deserves especial notice : it is the only house 
 in Canada (and there are but few seen in the United States) 
 where the whole !)usiness of printing — letterpress and litho- 
 graphic, engraving, blank book manufacture, and letter[)ress 
 binding is carried on under one roof, with these facilities and 
 advantages. The firm are able to complete work where punc- 
 tuality and promptness are essential in a manner not attain- 
 able by houses that have to wait upon one another. We may 
 add that Copp, Clark and Co. undertake all kinds of book and 
 job printing and lithography, every description of mercantile 
 forms, as well as the most elaborate maps and i^lans. Respect- 
 ing their work in this department it may be sutficient to say 
 that the special maps in the Canadian Exhibit at the Centennial 
 Exposition, which, were jn'onounced superior to any others, 
 English or American, were litliographed by this firm, while their 
 highly attractive and artistic show cards are well known over the 
 Dominion. - . - ^ - .:^::_^i4^. 
 
 Messrs. Eichhorn & Carpenter's Cigar Manufactory. — 
 The cigar factory of Messrs. Eichhorn tt Carpenter is situate at 
 No. 77 Front street east, and gives employment to a large num- 
 ber of hands. Mr. Eichhorn was for many years manager for 
 
 
 293 
 
 ■M 
 
'fp 
 
 I' 
 
 ill 
 
 TOKONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 
 
 Mr. C. P. Reid ; unci it was wliilo under his management that 
 the firm attained its popularity for the quality and numufactnre 
 of its cigars. The premises occupied ])y Messrs. Eichhorn & 
 Carpenter are most admirably adapted for the 2)urpose, and 
 have every fucility for the transaction of a large business. They 
 strive to manufacture the best possible domestic cigars, and 
 many of the l)raiids, such as the " Squirrel " and " Defiance," 
 are among the most popular cigars favored by the lovers of the 
 weed. The manufacture of these goods is under the personal 
 8Upervisi(>n of Mr. Eichhorn. 
 
 Messrs. Withrow & Hillock are tlio proprietors of one of 
 the most complete and etiicient wood working establishments in 
 the city, laiown as the East Toronto Planing Mill, and door, sash, 
 blind, wood turning and moulding factory. The building is 42 
 by 100 feet, is built of tlie finest brick, four storeys in height, 
 including the basement. The western wing of the building eon- 
 tains the engine room, with a 70 horse-power engine, fuel 
 rooms, &c. Tlie sho2)s are replete with the best machinery of 
 the several kinds, and the firm are at any moment prepared to 
 furnish all the usual requisites of the building trade in any quan- 
 tity. All the joiner work m connection with this establishment is 
 kiln dried. In addition to their business as manufacturers thev 
 carry on a large business as dealers in lumber, shingles, sashes, 
 sewer pipes. Sec, a large stock of which is constantly kept on 
 hand in their extensive yard adjoining the n)ill. Mr. Witlirow, 
 the senior partner, is one of the most active and enterprising of 
 the city aldermen, is chairman of the Public Works Com- 
 mittee, and also a member of all the important committees. 
 (See plate 38.) ' . , I;. .^vtK 
 
 S. M. Peterkin's Wood Carving and Picture Frame Store 
 is situate at 71 Queen street west, and is the largest of its kind 
 on Queen street west; and here will always be found a varied 
 and valuable assortment of choice wood carving, executed ui>on 
 the premises. The stock also contains a well assorted variety 
 of chromos, oil paintings, engravings, photographs, mii-rora, &c. 
 Mr. Peterkin's stock is well worthy of examination. 
 
 294 
 
ill 
 
 Canada Stained Glass "Works. — Tho stained glass works of 
 Mr. Josoi)li McCavislaiul is tlie only one of its kind in tlus city, 
 aixl we believe that in this branch of his businens ho stands 
 without a rival. During a recent visit to his "stahlishnunt it 
 was our good fortune to see one of the choicest and most 
 artistic specimens of glvss painting and staining ever produced 
 in the Dominion. At the late Centennial Exhibition, Mr. 
 McCausland contributed some splendid specimens of the woik 
 produced at his establishment — work which was not only a credit 
 to the ability of his work, but also to the city. Mr. McCausland 
 also conduces a large houst; painting and decorative business, and 
 is well known throughout the Province for the beauty and e.vcel- 
 lence of his lianner painting. 
 
 Messrs. Whittier, Son & Co., Manufacturing Chemists, 
 have recently fitted up an extensive warehouse and laboratdry 
 at 102 Front street west. The premises are roomy and well 
 lighted, extending through to the next street, and include three 
 storeys and a basement. In the basement are the engine and 
 boiler, and a large ijuantity of machinery and appliances pecu- 
 liar to the business, a striking feature being a giinder, or mill, 
 which makes 800 revolutions per minute. There are also stills, 
 evaporators, retorts, &c., in almost endless variety, in which 
 herl)s, gatliered in Europe, the United States, and Canada, are 
 being treated in the most ingenious and skilful manner. They 
 are ground, dissolved, evaporated, and dried, the medicinal pro- 
 perties being carefully preserved, while the refuse portions are 
 thrown into the furnace for fuel. On the ground tioor are the 
 offices and an elegant sample room. On the second floor is a 
 room devoted to the comp»mndiiig .md putting up of medicines, 
 the remainder of the space being devoted to storage and machi- 
 nery. On the third floor are stored large quantities of herbs 
 and other raw materials ready to be operated upon. At present 
 nearly all the herbs are imported, but the projectors of the 
 enterprise hope, ere long, to manufacture largely of herbs from 
 Canadian growth, which au to be found in large quantities in 
 different parts of the Dominion, but which are now, year after 
 
 295 
 
 m 
 
 H-kJi 
 
 m 
 
 
TOUONTU : PAST AND I'RESENT. 
 
 year, K"i"o to wustc, Itcciiuso their value is unknown. Among 
 the componiids mcanufactured by this finn sugar-coated pills of 
 vax'ioUH kinds constitute an important feature, the quantity that 
 they turn out daily of this one class of medicines being such 
 that wo would consider it a tolerably important industry of itself. 
 The venture of these enterprising gentlemen is one whose impor- 
 tance can hardly be overratfl, as it promises not only to fiu-nish 
 retail chemists with articles of home manufacture which they 
 have hitherto been compelled to import, but to build u}) an ex- 
 port trade out of Canadian products that have hithei-to been 
 :'l lowed to go almost entirely to waste. 
 
 Niessrs. Fox & Co.'s planing mill is situate on King street 
 w^'st, near Brock street, and is one of the most compact and 
 complete planing and sash factories in the city. The mill, 
 which fronts on King street and abuts on to Charlotte street, is 
 replete with the best machinery, erected with a siiecial view to 
 turning out the largest possible amount of work in the shortest 
 given time. 'J'he firm are dealers in timber and general house 
 building materials, having a commodious yard in the rear of the 
 mill. For view of premises see plate 34. 
 
 William Barchard's Packing Case Factory is situated 
 on l)uke street, near Berkeley street. Here the major part of 
 the innumerable varieties and sizes of packing boxes which the 
 requirements of a city with so many multifarious kinds of 
 manufactures as the city of Toronto, arj manufactured. Here 
 are made the small cigar bjx and the large case for the dry- 
 goo.ls merchant or tlie pitino manufacturer, Mr, Barchard on 
 an average makes over 300,000 boxes per annum. Adjoining 
 his workshop is a large and well stocked lumber yard, ct)ntain- 
 ing sawn lumber of all kinds. Mr. Barchard is one of the 
 pioneers of Toronto. Arriving in Camida in 1833 he took up 
 his residence in what was then in reality little York. For many 
 years he worked as an operative, running the first circular saw 
 that was put up in the e.ty when in the employ of ]\[essrs. 
 Manning and Coleman. In 1.858 he began business on his own 
 account upon the lot he now occupies. The whole amount of 
 
 2g6 
 
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 ^^l^^ll^^n«r^r'l^ii1'^"■lll^^-»'l«l^■'^'rf'■ 
 
 LYMAN BROUC*^ MANUFACTURE DRUGGISTS 
 
Nil 
 
his capital at that time consistefl of $7 ; with tliis sum he piir- 
 cliasod a load of lumber at a yard on Y<mgt! street, which he 
 made into boxes, and then sold them to the citv merchants. 
 From this small boginninji;, after years of hard perseverance, 
 his business has f^rown to be oije of the largest of its kind in the 
 city. Mr. Jiarchard is a member of the York Pioneers Society, 
 and is able and at all times willing to enter into a conversation 
 about Toronto in the past, and the stru^jgles of the early 
 settlors in and around the Queen City. 
 
 Hunter, Rose, & Co.— The name of Hunter, Kose, and 
 Co. is as familiar as a " household word " throughout the ei;tire 
 length and breadth of the I)(Mninion of Canada. "Whether in 
 the crowded cities, the busy towns, the rising villages, or in the 
 backwoods settlements, some of the works of the house may be 
 found. The firm of Hunter, Rose, and Co. is the largest and 
 most com])lete of its class in the Dominion of Canada. For a 
 period of ten years it printed the official documents, reports, 
 &c., for the Parliament of the Dominion, and in 18G0 opened a 
 branch establishinoit on King street in this city, and undertook, 
 under the Sand field Macdonald ministry, the public printing of 
 the Province, and has still continued under the different admi- 
 nistrations to perform that work. Shortly after opening their 
 branch in Toronto the firm launched into th(i ])ublig\ing busi- 
 ness under our copyright laws, and tlieir business grew so 
 rapidly that the branch house soon became the principal esta- 
 blishment. The business having outgrown the capacity of their 
 establishment on King street, they began tlio erection of their 
 present premises on Wellington street, which they entered in 
 1875. These premises which, in external appearance, internal 
 capacity and completeness, surpass any other printing and 
 binding establishment in the Dominion, are situated on Welling- 
 ton street west, between Yonge and Bay streets, and have a 
 frontage of 30 feet, four storeys in heiglit, are built of fine 
 white pressed brick, finished with stone dressings, and extend 
 back to a depth of 164 feet. Upwards of one hundred and fifty 
 bands are at at present employed in the various departments of 
 
 297 
 

 TOUONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 
 
 the house. In the press room on the basement floor are ten 
 machines of the most recent American make, all run by steam 
 power. On this floor also is the electrotyping and stereotyping 
 departments. The front portion of the first floor is occupied by 
 the general offices, the private offices of the members of the 
 firm, the sample and store room, and behind these a large, airy, 
 well lighted I'oora, devoted to the compositors, about fifty of 
 wliom arc here employed. The upper floors are devoted to the 
 binders, folders, and trimmers, ai.d the numberless machines 
 necessary in this branch. To give some idea of the iiulustry of 
 this house it is only necessary to say that, in addition to their 
 regular commercial job printing, they have, duri'igthe past four 
 years, issued from their office upwards of 140,000 volumes of 
 literature, 80,000 vedumes of which we'e reprints of British 
 authors, on which they have paid royalty. For their customers 
 they have also issued over 50,000 volumep of parliamentary 
 documents and Ontario statutes, and 90,000 volumes of general 
 literature, reprints, and original woriis of British, Canadian, and 
 American authors, and they have also printed and bound nearly 
 2,000,000 schoolbooks, and thousands of copies oJ pamphlets. 
 At the Centennial Exhibition, held in Philadelphia in 1876, the 
 firm exhibited a number of books printed and bound in their 
 establishment, for which they were awarded an Intirnational 
 medal for excellence of printing and the ])ublishing of good 
 books. 
 
 Char1c~ Boeckh's Brush Factory. — A very large business 
 in the ma- tcture of Ijrushes of all kinds is carried on in 
 Toronto, the largest establishments in the Province being situate 
 here. Among the largest manufactories of this kind in the 
 Dominion is the factory of Charles Boeckh. It is assuredly by 
 far the largest in Toronto. This establishment is situated on 
 York street, immediately opposite the Bossin House. It was 
 established in 1850, when the manufacture of the superi(n- kind 
 of brushes was altogether unknown in Canada. Witliout asking 
 for a bonus, as is the faaJiion in these days, Mr. Boeckh, guided 
 by the encouraging advice of a few leading merchants, trans- 
 
 2g8 
 
are ten 
 y steam 
 eotyping 
 tipied by 
 s of the 
 ge, airy, 
 
 ■ lifty of 
 cl to the 
 nachincs 
 lustry of 
 
 to their 
 past four 
 lumes of 
 
 ■ British 
 
 Listoraers 
 
 imeutary 
 
 f general 
 
 lian, and 
 
 k1 nearly 
 
 mphU'ts. 
 
 87(), the 
 
 in their 
 
 national 
 
 of good 
 
 )nsiiiess 
 d on in 
 g situate 
 
 in the 
 redly by 
 uitod on 
 
 It was 
 lor kind 
 t asking 
 
 guided 
 ^, trans- 
 
 "* M?Ac;aMS^ Co 
 
 T ! ON£R S A tSOOK & 1 N I' 
 
 50 ON i Mf-: 
 
 •J riALL . 
 
TORONTO; i'A8T AXI) I'REHRNT. 
 
 II I 
 
 III: 
 
 til! liouMc. Tn tl).' TH-c'sa i-oa»i ou tho Vui.icnu-'nt iloor nr<^ t'^n 
 n.iHohiiics of ih,:^ moat recent Anieitcaii nink.,-, r.ll run by steam 
 power, ( >n this .lioor aloo U ihe ekictrotyjuivcj uvl Htervc.tvpin.s^ 
 dopartiU' nts. Tlie front jiortiou of the iirst il.;ur is uceapiod by 
 Mtt^ g.;i'r'r;!i office^, ilic prnate nfHcrH of tijv iiiombtrs of the 
 lirnt, the .siunn}':; .iih! -.tore ;oo"iu. aiul bdurid thfcHe a largi*, airv, 
 Wi'i) lighted luoiu,. <l',:V''f;vl to the compositors, ubuut iil'ty of 
 
 '.Viii'll! .lii.ihlTr .'aipliiV'd. Tlr l|i[) :r H'JOVS !lVt! (unof.f.i! ■(' tlj*: 
 
 lijiulcr^-, Mfici-y., liiitl trinivocr^j. jiTiil the utirub'-rit ss ina.Ju'K s 
 iii^cessary in this l^ranch. To u;ive soro. itlea of tiie iudustry vi 
 thin Ikm:-*: it i- only mvc-'^.^avy t-.* '-/ly ihat, a: adiiition to their 
 vij;:uhtr ^(.nimevsrial juh priutiog. they luiv-s dui'ir!«? tlje pa^i four 
 .>',w;:, iot^Oinl fron; tluMr ..nli:-' tip^v.^tds of 1 lo.iKjO volunwi; of 
 litcralore, Bo.nOO vciuoii ■• :,! whu'is W(,r.' r, -prints of BriMf:,b 
 liuflioi-, mo which thi'i h<i\! p;!.ii{ p»y-!tty. t^'.a- <})(i;; cuhtooiir'^ 
 tfi'-y !iaie ftli^^ !>*rtih i owr rH(.i|f>o votuinc^^ of ]>urliaiui'tt!a'-\ 
 
 0(H iiOl>'ll 
 
 a.no ( 
 
 )u'faj 
 
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 anil ',"),i'M»0 ^ i.iiiiou'.H of wm-'ral 
 
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 :!na! wor 
 
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 ao a:!t! 
 
 lU'i ai'i! th.-v liavc ateio oriuti 
 
 ■i!!-h. i:_.a!U!!!t'in, aaai 
 (I and bound r!(-'a.ri\ 
 
 '2.C'i>0.0'!0 --.diiuilbof.'ks. and th^as^aud;^ o-f copies, of [iaoiphlfir*. 
 At ibc {'t'otMinai! hlxhibilion, h'dd in I'hilad' Inbia m 187'. th*^. 
 
 !ir?i) 
 
 I vhjfjiti'd a, JjiliUi 
 
 <' 1. ...s 
 
 jcr 'vi iH) 
 
 oKh [inuti'O and i.'0!a.t,i 
 
 thi 
 
 stabiifdi'iin^nt, ^'n' ^viiio'i tb<'V were awarded uu It-dvriia.tioTii 
 
 'UciLa! f^.ir (wrfliciu- 
 
 j'iiotinj; fiiHl the pablii-diitig ttf 
 
 » 
 
 i i 
 
 i 
 
 Charles Bo.;okh'.s lirush Factorv.— A vij'\- iarce bii ii 
 
 in 
 
 atodiO 
 
 nriisnoH 
 
 all kiii'l^ is carrn (i o;< 
 
 I > t 
 
 •u'<aj'. > 
 
 !iv' hir;.ic,-.t ( bSablishsatiuts in tb=v IVoMUCti boiii;-! ;dttu«b 
 hia-'. Amoo;:; tin- la revest tu»rta!'a«dovi'.w of tbi^ k'n.d iii t!?' 
 ]^"0.,ii).uvn iH tliu factory ('f (.'harb>s ina'tkli. (! is as8nr<idly ^ 
 1'ar till' hagi'st in Tor'aito 'i'!ii^ t'SitablinhuHait is s;ti!ate«l - ' 
 i York -'U*o<d. iuoucdiatoly oijpiisife tpo Rossin ffooso. It <v-^ 
 j eHtabiihHp'd tJT If^oO.'whon thf innnufat'tnn; o*' tt'- ; itpr'rijjr i-^** • 
 
 ol laaisb 
 
 i.'t) vViO 
 
 altojioihor nnlajown in ('anada. Withnvit n^h' 
 
 for n bojuitj, a^ Ui Uto faiibion in thrs d.i'. .-i, ^[r, }5oi'<'kb, },;u ■ 
 hy tU« euooura;^diig advici' of a fo\y It-udiug ujorelniuth, tr.-^S' 
 
■IV 
 
 -— «>*i*»s»w 
 
 
 wrx^T, .. 
 
 
 H.M-^Adams^ Co El 3 Merrill 3^ Co 
 
 STATIONERS <Sc BOOKBINDFRS PAPER BOX MANUFACTORY 
 
 50 ONTARIO HALL . 
 
 i 1 u 
 
 ft 
 
 M 
 
 ■'•■ "■ ' i ' 
 
 
Ill 
 
 mm I 
 

 TRAPE ANI1 COMMERCE. 
 
 ferred his business from New York to Toronto, and by his prac- 
 tical knowh'dge, close attention, and general business character, 
 he has met with a very satisfactory measure of success. The 
 factory is a large substantial brick building, three storeys high. 
 The first floor contains the show room, offices and shipping 
 department. The second floor is devoted to the manufacture 
 of fine varnish brushes, and the third is the paint brush and 
 bristle preparing, and miscellaneous brushmaking department. 
 Every class of brushes are now manufactured here ; bu'; Mr. 
 Boeckh has earned a special reputation for the manufacture 
 of brushes used by painters, varnishers. plasterers, and furni- 
 ture makers; in fact these brushes are considered sup riortoany 
 others in the American or European markets. The chisel- 
 shaped, oval, and flat varnish brushes of finest French bristles, 
 broken in, ready for use, for the finest ear, coach and picture 
 varnishing, are in reality brought to perfection. The paint and 
 kalsomine brushes are made of the best stock of bristles, im- 
 ported direct from Russia, and are manufactured by the most 
 skilful workmen. No better criteriim of the character of Mr. 
 Boeckh's goods can be than that they were considered surpassed 
 by none during the late Centennial Exhibition, and the jurors 
 recommended that his exhibit be sent to the Australian Exhibi- 
 tion, and the Dominion Govermnent, acting on this reccmimend- 
 ation, have accordingly sent all the sample exhibits of Mr. 
 Boeckh to Australia. 
 
 Messrs. Northrop & Lyman's Patent Medicine Warehouse 
 is situated in the sautliern portion ot the Rankin Block, on 
 Scott street. This lirm first begun business at Newcastle, in 
 1854, but removed to Toronto in 1874, their business having 
 grown to such a size it was impossible for them to supply their 
 customers from that point for want of proper facilities for ship- 
 ping. Tliey are now the largest dealers in patent medicines in 
 the Dominion. The quantities of goods handled by this house 
 is something enormous ; the thousands upon thousands of cases 
 annually passing through their warehouse is most astonishing, 
 and the business in rapidly increasing year by year. At the pre- 
 
 299 
 
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 i. 
 
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 li 
 
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 {-7 
 
 TOllONTO : PAST AND PUESENT. 
 
 sent time their weekly business exceeds in amount the sales 
 made during the whole of the first year of tlie fniu's history, 
 Messrs. Northrop & Lymm are proprietors and mahufacturers 
 of Dr. Thomas's "Eclectric Oil," of which enormous quantities are 
 sold, and t!ie popularity of which has caused several unprincipled 
 ])ersons to endeavour to sell imitation oils, calling' tliem "Elec- 
 tric" or "Electron" oils, and when you ask for Dr. Thomas's 
 Eclectric Oil they hand out their imitations, so persons pur- 
 chasing have need be careful to see that they get the genuine 
 oil. They are also the Canadian Ageiits for Dr. J. C. Ayer & Co.'s 
 celebrated medicines. The firm consists of Henry S. N(n*throp 
 and John Lyman. 
 
 John Holmes' Boot and Shoe Factory. — The warehouse of 
 John Holmes is a very attractive structure, situate on Front 
 street, adjoining the magnificent structure of the British America 
 Insurance Company's Offices. It is built of red and white brick, 
 with iron dressings, is four storeys in height, and has a frontage 
 of 30 feet, and a depth of about 105 feet. The factory is one of 
 the best known in the Dominion for the manufacture of fine 
 goods, Mr. Holmes having the reputation of standing first among 
 the manufacturers of this special line of goods in the Province. 
 
 H. McAdams & Co., Ontario Hall, 50 Church Street, 
 
 wholesale stationers, booksellers, manufacturers of shipping 
 and jewellers' tags, dealers in coloured surface papers, embossed 
 and gilt ; card stock and cut cards of every colour, tint and 
 quality, including Bristol, railroad ticket, ivory, enamels, with 
 everything new in Scotch marbles, granites, arabesques, snow- 
 flakes, &c. They claim to be the* first manufacturers of card- 
 board in the Dominion, having opened the trade in Montreal in 
 1871-2 ; through them it has sprung into an important branch 
 of industry, entitled to the encouragem3nt of all well wishers and 
 Sup])orters of home manufacture and enterprise. The Toronto 
 establishment was started with the view of developing more ex- 
 tensively the western trade, and supplying the continuous de- 
 mand from that direction, Having found sufficient trade to fully 
 occupy their energies in the western Provinces, the present 
 
 300 
 
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 lit iuul 
 ■Is, with 
 
 S, BUOW- 
 
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 trcal ill 
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 Toronto 
 nore ex- 
 oiis de- 
 to fully 
 present 
 
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 TOfiONTO : X\\>.V AND PCF.SKNT, 
 
 s.;»il tiiDi' I heir wcoklv Inisiiu'sn cxccm-iIs it! anumiit iiie rinlcis 
 rn;uj.' (luring the wholt- (tf the {irHt year of the 'irmV lii.story. 
 M<'-.;;rs. Xdi-turop iV Lynuu juvj i-r'tpi-i.-lors uiid uiai.afactiu'cro 
 oi ])r. T^-iiiias';i " Eckic-tric ()il,''of \i'!iich (Mioriiittu..-. ■jauiinf.ii'.s urt: 
 ■S'tJil. ilii^ the puputnrity of winrui iiu.-, i- lUSiMl sev.-riil iiiij-riiicinli'i] 
 j'l'f--..,),,- Ir. en-lcivour in ,.i.|i iniit;!,tii)n (<iis. falling tlu'tii " Eicc- 
 Irit-'" <u- '• }';ic'M>iiJii " oiU, uiirl w!)'. n .\i>uh-'-; fu' Dr. I'liomus';:; 
 l'/t:!tM;tri<'. (),i (■ii-'v Irui'l out tiii'ir imirtitjons, -m pc-rtmuis pui'- 
 ••linsilii,; !i;i,Vi' iict.'fi' !>(■ cir.xful tr' sc.; tjjal tiifj ^^ t, the Lviuiin', 
 niL TiH*\ aro i«,Ho the ('aiui'luin .i'^vi-.t.-- I'm- !>r. J. C. Ay.-r A' To.'v 
 (■< h'brfiit rl mt.dirijics. Tht; iinii. ro)isi-:t - ui' H< Miy S. Northi^v- 
 tun! ■Jn]iii i.y!iiiU!. 
 
 John Holmes' Boot and Sho^ Fa -.ory. — Tiu' waielj.jiiM.' i>f 
 Jolui ILiuier^ i- a -^Li-y !'Ui-a,;i ht '^trui ti!!-", situiU" ou l'i-<iiif, 
 str.'t;!.. Uiii'Usun^ th.' in !^^ii;ii<' >jjt ^tnirtMr, •4t)\- !>i!t!'-;;i Viiii'iii'a 
 In'^urtlDC.- C.)!!iM;uiy's {)U\j - it i uaill .)t rvd :i\v\ white l.t'uJv, 
 '\itii ifO'j tirt SMil!!^^. t:~ ti.i; ,.U,v,-\y i). h ■i^;h',a.n(| tia.h a tro:iUi;c 
 ■of: -Mi f.'(*, athl a <h jiih .>r a.'' .nt lij;-. t •• t. Th^' fa.'twry i^ oik of 
 till', l/s'ht kii.M\n i!r thr' 1 !.)LU!iii-)!i Cur th;- : 1 iaiiu i'a r I ill'.: d; '"iu 
 g!H)<ls, Mr. HohiKiii h:).viii;4 Uic rtipii!:ai aui of standing lirst u;uo!i:.f 
 t!ie Jijanuuitturers ,.f thib .■;;.■■• . Iiu.- of ..a, ,),!.. in \^u^ I'rovim-v. 
 
 H. McAdams & Cu,, Ontario H;.!), 50 Church Street, 
 
 ulioiosfil.- .-tatiMiua-'-, i>u:i\;H.jll'Ts, inaiMifa.riiMV)--- of .■>iuppiu,t 
 
 aiiit j( \v<li'-ri5 tit;.';';. <h:i|i-iv iu t:u!oui;i'il .--ni'fa.re jj.ip r-, ^iulr'-.sna 
 
 JUiii -'It; card ^:tnc|c and .oi? i-ard^ o-' e\ury '^'ilo ir. tint an - 
 
 tjiiahiy, iiichi'iuij^ Bristol. ia.ih-o,id t!r!,.'i. ivory, (Oiani ■!■<, wii,., 
 
 iw-'iytliing Me:, in S-Mtvh nuirhho-;, i^rauites. ara!.K. ^qsur^; ^!l..-v • 
 
 jiak^'rt, Ac. Tiscv .aairu t) f.p trio Jh->st inaiiuhtetur.'rri of cir ; 
 
 'iwaid iu tlic !.).oitiiii(ai. lonan;.^ op, -nod th'j Iraiie iji/^finitroal im 
 
 iB>t-2; diviuigh liiinu it ha:^ .^puoj^ iuto an iioa./rtatiL hi.uvh 
 
 of i!ii!ur,*ry, ordar'i^d to tiu un'a>itragt'!;i •■nt of all W'Al wi-hci-^ and, 
 
 ^i![>pol■^a•a of ht'iui;- luaijuhiri^ur'-' and i'u1>^rpn.?c. i'n.' Toi-i.oto 
 
 o.-itaifhshiuoui \-v'as ^;tarivli with thv view of (h vet..piiii4 m )fe . x- 
 
 tcusixely tho western trade, ;:nd f'!!pJ.''y^"o ''"' *'->''tiiuiou-> dc- 
 
 maiid I'ruiu thatdirettiiHi, liaviog foinid sutliciv^nt trii<lo tw futly 
 
 occupy their vii.Tgie.s m thu westivn Provmccvs, tiio pr*:-«t!j-!{ 
 
 ^^00 
 
 
 
: .1 
 
 'A i1 , 
 
 ■i-,u :■' 
 
 i - li int 
 
 >i'i. lit.fi 
 
 
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 uUy 
 
 H!jn 
 
 % t 
 
 * 
 
TRADK ASn COMMKRCE. 
 
 members of the firm conchuled tlieir CDiinection with tli<ir origi- 
 nal partners in Montreal, and now liokl the business in them- 
 selves. In addition to their l)()ok-l)inding, stationery, &c., they 
 offer special advantag< s to the printing traile and dealers in cut 
 cards. Having hetn the lirst to introduce the specialty of cutting 
 from'the boards, possessing every facility therefor, they are now 
 able to supply orders for any siiapes or sizes on the shortest notice. 
 
 E. S. Merrell & Co., Paper Box Manufacturers, Ontario 
 Hall. — The lirm of E. S. Merrell iS: Co. has only been in 
 business since April 1st, 1877, but already they are doing the 
 largest business in the city, witli a trade that is increasing every 
 day ; they occupy the north store No. 50 Church Street, as a sale 
 and sample room, where will be found upon their tables, samples 
 of boxes from the largest shoe and shelf i)().\. to the smallest 
 velvet lined boxes They make a specialty of jewellers' velvet and 
 silk lined boxes and trays, glove, handkerchief, ribbon and fancy 
 boxes of all kinds, cornucopias and holiday boxes of every des- 
 cription : in fact everything in the box line can be found at their 
 factory. Their business relations with the States are such that 
 they can buy their stock at much lower figures than any other 
 house in the Dominion, so they can sell at prices that defy com- 
 petition. They are always pleased to show their stock to all 
 who may call, and we are satisfied that all who call will be 
 pleased with their visit. 
 
 McColl, Stock & Anderson — The firm of McColl, Stock & 
 Anderson is exclusively engaged in the trade of lubricating oils, 
 and American refined lamp oil, embracing every grade of 
 machinery oils from that which is used for oiling watches and 
 clocks, or sewing machines, and the various grades of machinery 
 used in all kinds factories and mills, to that of railroads and 
 steamboats. Their oils are largidy composed of petroloum, 
 chiefly American, prepared by certain processes, the knowledge 
 of which has been acquired by years of experience, and this 
 product of nature is found to bo specially adapted fo'; lubricating 
 purposes. Their special brands of machinery oils, are the 
 
 301 
 
H 
 
 II 
 
 ill 
 
 TOnONTO : PAST AND PnESKNT. 
 
 "Globe Macliinc Oil," " Clialli'Uf^e Liiltricator," and others. 
 These brands bi'inj^ thio natural oils sciiningly compjundod by 
 nntiirt', are the best lubricators known at the present time ; when 
 applied they adhere to tlie surface of t!je metal, iilling the finest 
 inequalities ; they also act as a preventative of heatiufj;, an in- 
 estimable quality in a lubricant. The development of the 
 trade in petroleum oils for machinery lubricatinj^ purposes, in 
 the Dominion, is largely due to the energy with which the fact 
 of its superior merits has bi-en brought before the manufacturers 
 by individual members of this tirin. Mr. George B. Stock has 
 byen identified with the oil trade ever since the introduction of 
 petroleum as a lubricator, and was among the first to present its 
 superior merits to the numufacturing industries of the country. 
 At a latter period, Mr. Isaac Andt'rson became interested in this 
 branch of industry, and has given it, like Mr. Stock, his entire* 
 attention for several years past, so that with their combin(id 
 experience, and the facilities which the firm iu maiufacturing ' 
 and producing have at their command, the consumers ivn^ 
 dealers of machinery oils have ample guarantees of the merits of 
 the goods turned out by this house. The offices and sample 
 room of the firm are situated at No. 11 Adelaide Street east, 
 near the Post Office. 
 
 Milburn, Bentley & Pearson's building, situate on the 
 corner of Church and Cjlborne streets, is a large square 
 brick building, with projecting columns, having nothing in its 
 style beyond its solidity to attract attention, yet it is one of the 
 most celebrated structures in the city, being intimately associ- 
 ated with the past of Toronto, in its days of infancy, when it 
 was known as " muddy York." This building was the old 
 Masonic Hall, and for many yeiirs was the principal public hall 
 of the place. Here most of the public assemblies and large 
 social gatherings were held; here, too, many of the Cliurches 
 of the city fir.st formed themselves and organized. Here the 
 strolling players and the public lecturers appeared before the 
 public of the capital of Ontario, in a room now devoted to 
 the storage of medicines, calculated to heal almost every ill or 
 
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 COR or CHURCH * COLBORNL STS. 
 
TRADE AND COMMERCE. 
 
 pain to which miin is heir. This old and well known building 
 with its many associations, will be remembered by those frequent- 
 ing Board's Hotel, or better known as the llussell House, then the 
 only tirst-class hotel in muddy York, and although built up- 
 wards of fifty years ago, compares favourably with huildings of 
 recent structure. The present occupants, Messrs. Milburu, 
 tJentley ife Pearson, ai'e making many changes in the interior of 
 the building, and b3t utifying it externally ; converting a large 
 Ijortion of it into a wholesale patent medicine depot, and for the 
 manufacture of their proprietary medicines (which have a large 
 and increasing sain) consisting of the Victoria compound syrup 
 of hypophosphites whi-h is liighly recommended for general 
 debility, and all the derangements of the nervous system ; also, 
 Victoria JSuclui and Uva lirsi, which is recounuended by medical 
 men for all diseases of the kidneys. Hagyard's YeUow Oil 
 for sprains, bruises, burns, cVc, is largely used. Hagyard's 
 Pectoral J3alsam for coughs, colds and all huig diseases, has a 
 large sale. Dr. Fowler's Extract of Wild Strawberry, well known 
 for its curative properties in cholera, cholera morbus, and all 
 summer complaints. The qunntity of these medicines disposed 
 of, together with many other preparations they manufacture, is 
 something wonderful. They commenced business in the Village 
 of Acton in the year 18j7, but owing to the increase in business, 
 removed in 1873 to this city, where the facilities for douig busi- 
 ness were equal to the energies displayed by them ; a large and 
 profitable business has been tlie result. The building they are 
 now occupying is situated on the north-east corner of Church 
 and Colborne Street (the old ^ftitionic Hail), a view of which will 
 be found on accompanying jdate, is a four-storey brick building, 
 extending along Colborne Street 100 feet, and having a frontage ou 
 Church Street of 50 feet; the tirm have their otiice, sample-room 
 and shipping department on the first floor, the second floor is 
 used for manufacturing pm-poses, the upper portion of the build- 
 ing, being devoted to the storage of goods handled by tluin ; the 
 development of their business has been on a itace with the rapid 
 growth of the city of late years. 
 
 303 
 
TORONTO : PAST AND PRESKNT. 
 
 i^ 
 
 Mirror and Picture Frame Manufacturing Establishment. 
 ^Fossrs. Liiird iiiul Roberts carvers, <i;il(irrs, and picturi; frame 
 inaimfacturerB of Kin;^^ street west, have recently introduced a new 
 industry into Toronto, and api)ear b(t|)t upon developing it to 
 a very large extent, Tlie lirni, which \h one of tiio iiUiast in 
 Toronto, was established by Mr. I'ell, ii; 1H4(), and although it is 
 less than fifty years since; it was first established, it is one of the 
 oldest firms and establislunents in the I'rovini'f. Mr. Laird, fhe 
 present senior partner, succeeded to the business in the year 
 1859, and has attained a }""','li reputation for j:!reat excellence in 
 workmanship, and for the ch. 'ste and elegant charact or of bis 
 designs. Unlike many im[)orthig houses, this firm nninufactui-e 
 nearl}' the whole of the gojdb they sell, from the simplest frame 
 to the most elaborate and coally mirror ; they have been cele- 
 brated for the care and judgnu'nt shewn in tlic collection of fine 
 arts, paintings, engravings, \c. At the beginning of the present 
 year, Mr. Huberts introduced the art of silvering mirror plate, 
 by a deposit of pure siver in lieu of the old mercurial process, 
 an art till then almost unknown in Canada, thus avoiding the 
 great risk consequent upon importing, and saving a large pro- 
 portion of cost, and giving a better article. 
 
 \Vilson's Vinegar Manufactory on Bay Street, betwen King 
 and Adelaide Streets, is one of the largest manufacturing estab- 
 lishments in the Dominion This factory which is situated on the 
 east side of the street, is a large three storey brick building, with a 
 frontage of 70 ftnt, and a deptli of 85 feet. The capacity for 
 manufacture is 700 to 800 gallons per day, and Mr. Wilson is now 
 making extensive alterations and additions to the premises, 
 which will enable him to double the capacity of product. The 
 vinegiir manufacture at this (establishment is . '1 made from pure 
 si)irit, and lias a most I'avouralile reputation throughout Canada. 
 It is by some supposed that the use of vinegar injures the 
 heji.ltli, !»iit medical m(>n now pronounce that, if not used m 
 exc;jss, it is a most usti'ul and healfhv condiment. 
 
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 III 
 
 LoNCACRE C^RRIA5E WoRKS l/VlLLlAtvi DiXON pROP, 
 
 53Af 5 ADELAIDE ST W. 
 
it 
 
TRADE AND COMMERCE. 
 
 William Dixon's Carriage Works, a view of which is shown 
 op[)08ite pag(,! ;J04, situate on Aduhiido street west, Nos. 58 and 55, 
 • (adjoining Grand's well-known sale stables), between Bay and 
 York streets. This neat and attractive structure was erected 
 during the present summer, and is one of the most imposing and 
 best arranged carriage factories in the Province of Ontario. The 
 
 1 
 
 style of architecture is Veimtiati, and tho materials are red 
 brick and cut stone with white brick dresshigs. The l)uilding 
 contains four storeys and a basement, having a fi-ontage of 50 
 feet on Adelaide street, and extends back DO feet. The basement 
 is used as the blacksmiths' shop and iron woiking d.'parti.ieut. 
 The ground and first floors are usod as showrooms, and the 
 stock on hand embraces some fine specimens of the carriage 
 builder's art m buggies, phietons, landaus, and family carriages, 
 some of them being marvels of beautiful finish and perfect 
 workmanship. The upper floors of the building are devoted to 
 the various departmauts of the trade, and the repairing 
 of all kinds of vehicles, sleighs, cutters, &c. Mr. Dixon first 
 began business in this city in 1857, at that time doing all the 
 work himself, and since then tho business has gradually de- 
 veloped until now he is the head of the largest carriage building 
 establishment in the Dominion, and certainly tiie best known of 
 all Canada makers —the name of W. Dixon upon any vehicle 
 being considered a guarantee of good iuii.terial and good work- 
 manshij). A large number of carriages are built by Mr. Dixon, 
 his average build at present being from 300 to 400 per annum, 
 and these are shipped to all parts of the Dominion, occasionally 
 to the States and Eurone. To the latter place a large business 
 appears to be opening up, for there cm he no doubt but that 
 our Canadian carriagi; builders can successfully compete with 
 the European builders, both as to the elegance and durability 
 (;f the workuiauship produced. On thi' oiMM\niim ol' the writer 
 visiting these wovks, u h Mtiim'iil uarriagu was being pack(u| anij 
 (•used for shipnu-nt to England, frou\ wHiUUin the »il''.|ei' ioV jf;3 
 nmnufacture luid \m>\\ m<H^. it proof oj i\\e ftrstcUss wotjiUUUI- 
 shit) of Mr. Dixon. 
 
 u 305 
 
 \ 
 
. --ui; 
 
 M 
 
 ■ At 
 
 i!' 
 
 
 l: 
 
 TOnONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 
 
 E. B. Sanderson's Shoe Factory, on Victoria Htrect, is a 
 large rod brick structure, specially erected for the manufacture 
 of boots and shoes. Tlie factory is situate on the oast side of 
 Victoria street, near Adelaide street. Probably no department 
 of the trade of Toronto has had so rapid a growth as that of the 
 shoe trade. Only a few years ago (jne or two houses only were 
 to be found in the Queen City of the West, manufacturing for 
 the trade, but at the present time over a dozen lirm ■. are 
 kept busily engaged, some of them working almost niglit and 
 day to supply the wants of their customers. Some of the lirms 
 now manufacture exclusive lines of goods ; some devote them- 
 selves exclusively to heavy goods, others to tine goods. The 
 firm of E. B. Sanderson is noted chiefly for its manufacture 
 of ladies' and misses' and ciiildren's wear — and in tliis branch 
 Mr. Sanderson employs a large number of hands : and goods 
 manufactured by him are found in almost every town and city 
 in tlie Province. 
 
 A. iSc W. Burns' Beaver Soda Water Works.— Whether it 
 be from the rapidly increasing number of the supporters of the 
 temperance movement, or from the improvement made in the 
 manufactiu'e of soda water and lemonade and other temperance 
 beverages, it is manifest that the manufacture of these beverages 
 has rapidly increased in number and importanct;, and probably 
 none of them show so great a local development as the factory 
 of A. & W. Burns. This factory is the oldest of its 
 class in Toronto; was established by John Shannon hi 180'), 
 and for upwards of ten years has been conducted by the 
 Messrs. Burns. The factory now is situated at Nos. 5 and 7 
 Buchanan street, corner of Yonge street, and was specially l)uilt 
 for a soda water factory twelve years ago. It was at that time 
 situated in the midst of a thick bush, which extended without a 
 single break along the front of Yonge street from College 
 Avenue to Hayter street, and ran back a long distance; and 
 now, in the short space of a dozen years, tlie whole of this land 
 has been covered with dwellings, stores, and manufactories, so 
 closely that not a vacant building lot can be found in the 
 
 306 
 
)rol)!il)ly 
 
 fiictury 
 
 of its 
 
 11 1805, 
 
 by the 
 
 and 7 
 lyl)uilt 
 at time 
 tliDUt a 
 College 
 ; and 
 
 is hind 
 )ries, so 
 
 in the 
 
 vicinity. This establishment on an average produces upwards 
 of 2,000 dozen of lemonade, Belfast ginger ale, sarsaparilla, 
 and soda water, each day, the bottles being filled and corked by 
 machinery. Upwards of 7,000 dozen liottles are used by the 
 firm for their trade. Messrs. A. it W. Burns transact one of the 
 largest trades in the business, their waggons visiting all the 
 districts around Toronto. 
 
 Lugsdin & Barnett's, 115 Yonge Street.— This business 
 was established in 1807. The building consists of three storeys, 
 the whole of which are occupied in the manufacturing and sale 
 of saddles, harness, trunks, valises, whips, and general furnish- 
 ing of riding and hunting materials. The firm employ the 
 large number of twenty-five hands, for whom, so large is their 
 business, they find constant and steady employment all the year 
 round. This firm took the Dominion prize at the Centennial 
 foi ladies' and gents' saddles, and they have also taken first 
 prizes at several of the Provincial Exhibitions held in Canada. 
 Their riding saddles and harness are equal to the best English 
 manufacture, and, in fact, on account of their lightness, 
 are better adajited for use in this country. They do a large 
 export business to British Columbia, Manitol)a, California, and 
 have also sent goods to Europe. Tliey have a large and varied 
 stock in the store of riding bits, race saddles, trotting and 
 interfering ])oots. They make a specialty of sample trunks for 
 commercial travellers, of which they have a large stock, as also 
 English and American goods, always on hand. 
 
 Charles Wilson, 481 Sherbourne street, established business 
 in Toronto in 1875, having removed from Montreal, in which 
 place he carried on a lar^^c business for many years. The 
 manufactory in Toronto is situate on Bleecker street above 
 Wellesley, and consists of a two story rough-cast building. On 
 the first floor is the latest improved English machinery for the 
 bottling, corking, &c., of ginger ale, soda water, and other 
 aerated beverages. Mr. Wilson has devoted a great deal of 
 time and expense to bring the lieveragcs made by him to the 
 highest state of perfection, and the large business that he is 
 
 111 
 
 307 
 
IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
 T 
 
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 12.2 
 
 I.I 
 
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 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Coiporation 
 
 33 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 VVeBSiEff.N.Y. MS 80 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
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 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 
 
 doing bears testimony to the satisfaction his articles give. The 
 average number of bottles used per day is 400 dozen, or 9,600 
 dozen bottles per month. Taking into consideration the enor- 
 mous stride the temperance movement has made of late, not 
 only in Toronto, but throughout all Canada, the demand for 
 these drinks, that satisfy but at the same time do no injury to 
 the peo])l(', must of necessity increase to a very large extent, and 
 the iH'oprietor of this establishment seems to the -v^riter to be 
 looking at this fact with a keen eye to business, if one may 
 judge by the extent of his works. A visit to Mr. Wilson's 
 factory would both interest and asti nish the visitor by the enor- 
 mous amount of bottles used in his establishment. 
 
 S. Trees & Co., 42 Wellington Street East.— This firm 
 was established in 1805. The premises consists of a four storey 
 brick building, with a frontage of 25 feet and a depth of 100 
 feet, and is well adapted for the large wholesale and manufac- 
 turing business of saddlery hardware, collars, saddles, travelling 
 bags of all descriptions the firm does. The ground and first 
 floors are occupied as offices, show, and ware rooms. The 
 two upper floors are used for manufacturing purpdses, the base- 
 ment being used as a store room. This is the oldest house in the 
 trade in Toronto. Messrs. S. Trees & Co. having a manufac- 
 tory in England, and one of the partners residing there, are in a 
 position to supply customers with English goods better than 
 any other house in the trade. Tliey make a specialty of Eng- 
 lish whips and horse clothing. Their stock l)3ing large and 
 varied, country harness makers are supplied with every require- 
 ment, the firm doing a large business in this line. They are 
 also importers of American saddlery hardware, i^c. 
 
 Dixon, Smith & Co., 81 Colborne Street, Manufacturers 
 of Leather Belting and Fire Engine Hose, established 
 business ni 187'2. The premises consist of a three storey brick 
 building. On t)ie ground floor are the offices, steam engine, 
 and hide room. On the upper floors the various processes 
 through which the leather passes, and the number of machinos 
 that are used, in preparing the same before completion, are quite 
 
 . 308 
 
ve. The 
 
 or 9,600 
 
 :be enor- 
 
 latc, not 
 
 luaud for 
 
 injury to 
 
 :tent, and 
 
 ter to be 
 
 one may 
 
 Wilson's 
 
 the enor- 
 
 Chis firm 
 jur storey 
 th of 100 
 maiuifac- 
 travelling 
 1 and first 
 
 H. The 
 ;ho base- 
 use in the 
 manufac- 
 are in a 
 ter than 
 of Eng- 
 arge and 
 y^ require - 
 They are 
 
 Tfacturers 
 Itablished 
 toy brick 
 engine, 
 jrocesses 
 knachinos 
 are quite 
 
 TRADE AND COMMERCE. 
 
 interesting, such as trimming, gh.sKiug, rolling, cutting machines 
 and stretching frames, A:c. There are also large numbers of 
 hides in the various stages of drying. In the basement are 
 large vats for retanning and currying the leatiier, Messrs. 
 Dixon, Smith & Co. have all the hides from whioh they manu- 
 facture carefully selected and tanned expressly for their own use, 
 and the personal attention which they have devoted to their 
 business is shevtU in tlie various first class in'izes they have 
 taken at the c'ifferent Exhibitions, viz.: 1st prize for oak tanned 
 belting at Ottawa, 1875 ; again at Hamilton in 187(5, wliere 
 they obtained two 1st class prizes for their goods, and a bronze 
 medal awarded by the Iniernational Commission at Pliiladelphia, 
 1870. 
 
 Messrs. Rice Bros., lo Melinda Street, Manufacturers of 
 Cioth Faced Linen Collars, Cuffs, and Fronts, opened a 
 branch oftlce in Toronto in January, 1870. The firm started 
 business in Montreal in 18G3, their trade then being of a very 
 limited character making only the small number of about 
 500,000 collars a year. To show the extent the business has in- 
 creased it will only be necessary to say that the fi m has manufac- 
 tured and sold the almost incredible amount of seventeen millions 
 of collars in one year. The success of the business is due to the 
 sujDerior quality of the paper that is manufactured, the firm 
 using only the very best description of American and English 
 goods. The stock cousisfs of every style of collars, fronts, and 
 cuft's that are made. » 
 
 George Constable, Bread, Cake, and Biscuit Manufac- 
 turer. — The building recently erected by Mr. Constable is one of 
 the best business structures on Queen street west. This house 
 occupies the site recently covered by a snuill insignificant frame 
 building, which was previously occupied bv Mr. Constable. 
 The building is of red brick with stone dressings, in the modern 
 French style of architecture; it is two storeys in height, sur- 
 mounted with a very light and ornamental looking mansard 
 roof. (See plate M.)^ The store and sale room is one of the 
 neatest and most conveniently arranged in the city, and cou- 
 
 3oy 
 
TOnONTO : PAST AND PRESENT, 
 
 tains the finest soda fountains probably to be found throughout 
 the entire Province. It is constructed of v^iriously coloured 
 marble, with beautiful silver gilt mountings, being ornamented 
 with Egyptian figures in bronze, such as the Sphinx and the 
 human-headed bull, &c , and is certainly a beautiful work of 
 art. It was exhibited at the Centennial Exhibition, and com- 
 manded much admiration, at which place Mr. Con table 
 purchased it. In wedding cakes Mr. Constable does a large 
 business, the ornamental part of which he imports direct from 
 England. An ice cream parlour is attached to the shop, the 
 same being made by steam power, giving it a much smoother 
 taste than by the old way of making it by hand. The 
 bakery, is furnished with steam power upon the latest and 
 most improved pattern ; it i" situate behind the store, and the 
 arrangements are such that a larger amount of work can be 
 accomplished in a given time than in any other establishment cf 
 the kind in the city. 
 
 WHOLESALE HOUSES. 
 
 John Macdonald & Co. — The warehouse of John Mac- 
 donald and Co. (see plate 37) is situate in the very centre of the 
 business portion of the city. It is built of cut stone, in the 
 Venetian Gothic style of architecture, is five storeys in height, 
 and neat and imposing in appearance. When first erected it far 
 surpassed in external appearance every other business establish- 
 ment in the city for size and ornate finish. Its principal en- 
 trance is on Wellington street, and the building extends through 
 to Front street, being Nos. 21 and 23 Wellington street, and 28 
 and 30 Front street. Mr. Macdonald, the founder of the house, 
 began his career as a merchant in the year 1849 on Yonge street 
 near the corner of Richmond street. In 1852 he removed to 
 Wellington street, entering upon an exclusively wholesale busi- 
 ness, and nearly opposite the present premises of the firm. In 
 the year 1862 he erected the premises he now occupies, since 
 which time additions and improvements, have been made, 
 
iroughout 
 coloured 
 iiamented 
 c and the 
 il work of 
 and com- 
 Con table 
 3 a large 
 rect from 
 shop, the 
 smoother 
 md. The 
 atest and 
 , and the 
 k can be 
 shment of 
 
 )hn Mac- 
 itre of the 
 le, in the 
 height, 
 ited it far 
 istablish- 
 |cipal en- 
 through 
 It, and 28 
 |ie house, 
 igc street 
 loved to 
 Jo busi- 
 lirm. In 
 38, since 
 made, 
 
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 'VHO'LESAl.E HOUSES 
 
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 John Iv'a;'-,!oM..>Iu & C:.).- J'I;m. \M)r( h: ■, •; ■ ..; ]-ini '-!:t::- 
 
 ''v't!;i|.i . ""u ('1 1-^!/'. Ifllit'' •>•'; ; •^ -^il^ial;!; iU :i; Vi I'V c, j)'!-. Mf 'ilf' 
 
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 SUVl'MSS'',! ill. i.xt'jllal H j)].<r;'l';iri' •.'\--iy mT 1 |,'r llll--) li« .;• < •l.!i'!i^il- 
 
 lUt'iit. P' t''.' city in: -i/.(; lii.i i.iii.'.r.i' fii.i.sM. l.i.-; |Tiu"ii.ri , u- 
 trjinc'-' is nil Wiii'.Tvy.i'ii Ht.r. ot, ;ui ' Uu- bu' Jiu'.^' '.v^-'H,! ' t!.r. .;...'!, 
 to Front .itrt . t. D.-iu;^ Nos. ';.', I am' I') ^^.^ll■l.^I on .,ti\ji.t, .u'.J :.\^ 
 
 ■ uvl .'!•() i'"ri)ufc st)'', .:t. Ml- Mai-i'lO'iii iu, ti).- fv;iHl.''T 'if tli<- i,l.ni;!i' 
 
 l.oj;su>. his ciin • v as a iti");fii:inl iu tli'jycar IS I'.) un \,>riV' ■■'in'Ot 
 iu:i\v the C(i!!.er of I'iulir.orul sinv t. b? iH/jiii tie iviuDr-.-.l to 
 WplHiigton ---ti^/i^t, ••iitorm!.' n\nn\. an ox'^hi.iiv! ly wliolitHaio husi- 
 Uf*:^s, iiiui u<^url}' oi'poisito the preat ut prtuiiHOH of the llrni, in 
 the \'ir\,v ].8<.)!2 ho oioctt'd the i>roiiiiseH Ij.j now oc'tupif^:, siuoc 
 wliich time aikliti'ms lUiU improveDieata.. have been raade, 
 
 310 
 

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 t 
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 ■II' Vili^' 
 
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 lu made, 
 
 ! JOi-iNSO\ HOUSE V/.G J-. .-.ON Prop' 
 
 ;V10LS0N*S BANK. 
 
 COSGRAVE&CC,MAl.rSit.RS,BREWERS A BOTTLERS^ COR OF OUECN a. NIAGARA 8TS. 
 
 HEfN'/MAN & C?« PiANO FACTORY 
 
 JNO.M'rDONALD &C" IMPORTERS^ WGORnON CARPET WARE 
 
V \ 
 
 
TRADE AND COMMERCE. 
 
 making the building one of the most commodious and conve- 
 nient business houses in the city. Toronto enjoys an enviable 
 reputation for the general stability and business integrity of its 
 principal trading houses, yet a reference to a city directory of 
 twenty or twenty-live years ago will disclose the fact that almost 
 the entire number of firms carrying on l)usiness at that date 
 have disappeared. The firm of John Macdonald & Co. has 
 gone on modestly yet steadily, always keeping abreast of the 
 times, year by year increasing its business, until to-day it ranks 
 among the oldest as well as the largest in the Dominion. 
 From the very outset of his business career Mr. Macdonald 
 struck out a bold and somewhat original course. He set his 
 face against the habit of soiling goods at a fixed advance upon 
 the sterling cost, and although he stood almost, if not entirely, 
 alone for many years, there are few houses of any standing in 
 the country to-day which have not followed his example, and 
 are now, like him, selling their goods in the currency of the 
 country. The house is widely known for another peculiarity : it 
 employs no travellers ; and although the wonder with many is 
 how the business of the house caui be maintained by ignoring a 
 custom so generally adopted by the trade, the fact nevertheless 
 remains that not only is the trade of the house maintained, but 
 extended every season. The house was the first in the country 
 to adopt the system of distinct departments, each having its own 
 buyer and staff of salesmen, assistants, &c. The house has an 
 office in Manchester, England, and in addition to its imports 
 of British and Continental goods, deals very largely in Canadian 
 and American dry goods. We have no opportunity of knowing 
 the extent of the business carried on by the firm, but it is beyond 
 all doubt very large ; in fact the general impression is that the 
 amount of the annual sales of the house are exceeded by very 
 few firms in the Dominion. Mr. Macdonald is the author of a 
 very valuable little work on " Business Success ; What it is, 
 and how to Secure it." It was delivered in the form of a lec- 
 ture before the Toronto Young Men's Christian Association, of 
 which Mr. Macdonald is president, and was so eminently prac- 
 
 ni 
 
 W 
 
'! 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 li 
 
 tical, abounding with so many happy ilhintrations of liow to 
 attain success, and clearly pointing out the chief causes of 
 failure, that it was felt by those who heard it to he too vaLuihle 
 an effort to pass away with a mere newspaper report, so Mr. 
 Macdonald was rcfpiested to publish it, which he accordingly 
 did. The following brief extract from this work is quite charac- 
 teristic of its author, and those who are acquainted with his 
 mode of business will see that he himself fully follows the line 
 of action he lays down for others : — " Be the mainspring of 
 your own business, the controlling and directing power which 
 keeps the whole in constant and harmonious motion ; impress 
 every one around you that you are master of your own busi- 
 ness, able to guide your vessel in the tempest as in the calm ; 
 that difficulties but inspire you with greater earnestness to 
 achieve greater results. Take an interest in every one in your 
 employment ; an interest in their comfort, welfare, and happi- 
 ness. Give them your confidence ; don't suffer faitliful services 
 to go imrewarded. Advertise your business ; better, however, a 
 hundred times never do so, than do it untruthfully. * * * 
 Do not expect to escape without detractors. There never was a 
 successful num, and there never will be, who had not and who 
 will not have his enemies. * • * * Keep wisely extend- 
 ing your business, making all you can ; and, as you do so, 
 giving all you can." Mr. Macdonald was unanimously elected 
 representative of the Central ])ivision of the City of Toronto on 
 the resignation of Robert Wilkes. He takes a prominent and 
 very active interest in the church with which he is connected, 
 and all philanthropic objects llnd in him a warm supporter. He 
 is intimately connected with many of the linanciul institutions 
 of the city, and of him it may truly be said that he is one of the 
 merchant princes of Toronto. 
 
 Messrs. Samson, Kennedy, & Gemmel's wareliouse is 
 sitiiate on the south-west corner of Scott and Colborne streets, 
 one of the most central situations in Toronto. It is in the very 
 heart of the business portion of the city, near to the principal 
 
 3" 
 
f liow to 
 oauses of 
 ) viiLiiible 
 L-t, HO Mr. 
 3conlingly 
 te cluirac- 
 [ with his 
 ■i the line 
 1 spring of 
 ,ver which 
 ; impress 
 own husi- 
 the cahn ; 
 ftttness to 
 ne in your 
 ,n(l happi- 
 ul services 
 
 lowever, a 
 
 * * «- 
 
 (vcr was a 
 tind who 
 y extend- 
 lou do so, 
 ly (dected 
 Toronto on 
 inent and 
 connected, 
 ;)rter. He 
 istitutions 
 bne of the 
 
 Miouse is 
 
 streets, 
 
 the very 
 
 I principal 
 
 hotels, Cnstom House, and hanks, and within a few minutes 
 walk of th(! railway and steamhoat depots. Some of the finest 
 examples of street architecture to he found in the city are in the 
 immediate neighhourhood. Fronting on to Scott street are the 
 magnificent huildings of the British America Insurance Com- 
 pany, the Pacific Block, the Bank of Ontario, the Montreal 
 Telegraph Company, ^'C. Messrs. Samson, Kennedy, and Gem- 
 mel's warehouse is a plain wliite hrick structure of four storeys, 
 (see plate 83) presenting no striking external features heyond its 
 solidity and size. Internally it is one of the most complete, 
 conveninit, and commodious husiness houses in the city, afford- 
 ing four spacious and well lighted fiocu's, each 50 hy 123 feet, 
 giving every facility for an elfoctive display of joods. Passing 
 through the various rooms a stranger is annized at the immense 
 piles and the variety of the goods here displayed. On the base- 
 ment floor are located unbleached cottons, tiannels, blankets, un- 
 opened packages, Sec. The ground floor contains an endless dis- 
 play of English and American bleached cottons, prints, and 
 heavy goods. The third floor we find filled with an immense 
 assortment of haberdashery, to enumerate which would rec^uire 
 a respectalile sized catalogue. Ribbons of all shades, widths, 
 and qualities are here, as are also laces of all kinds, to suit the 
 taste of the millionaire or the humble cottager. The fourth 
 floor exhibited a very large stock of black goods, fancy dress 
 goods, muslins, parasols, shawls, silks, »tc. This house was esta- 
 blished in the fall of 1800, and by the enterprising management 
 of the firm, not only partook of the general prosperity of the 
 city, but attained a success that will compare favourably with 
 the greatest commercial leaps that the last ten years have 
 recorded. The system of management is that adopted by the 
 large English houses, of placing each department under the con- 
 trol of an experienced manager. Mr. Samson, the senior partner, 
 resides in Europe, and purchases all the heavy goods. Mr. 
 Macaw, the junior partner, visits twice a year the English, 
 French, and German markets to purchase haberdashery and 
 general fancy goods. A special buyer also visits periodically the 
 
 313 
 
Hii 
 
 M! 
 
 Continental markets. The countinfr Iiouhm is under the special 
 control of Mr. Gemmel. The general management of the ware- 
 house and the execution of all orders, are looked after by Mr. 
 Kennedy. (Sec; plate ;}!}.) 
 
 Messrs. Debbie & Carrie — The warehouse of this firm is 
 situate on Front street, near its juncticm with Yonge street. 
 The situation is very central, being adjacent to the new Custom 
 House, the principal hotels, banks, and railway stations, and in 
 the very heart of the wholesale trading houses of the city. The 
 building is spacious, well lighted, four storeys in height, and 
 built of white brick , with highly ornamented iron front dress- 
 ings, and has a very neat external appearance. See plate 35. 
 The linn was established in the l)eg'nning of the year 1867. 
 Mr. Dobbie had previously carried on a retail dry goods busi- 
 ness in this city, Mr. Carrie having carried on a large retail dry 
 goods business in St. Thomas. Their lirst premises were No. 
 3 Wellington street east, and subsequently extended through to 
 45 Yonge street. Shortly afterwards, linding their business 
 called for increased accommodation, they removed to the Iron 
 Block in August, 1871, being burnt out in February, 1872, by 
 the destructive fire which originated in the centre of the block, 
 and necessitated their removal temporarily to No. 3 Wellington 
 street west. On the block being rebuilt they removed to their 
 present premises. The firm do a large and increasing trade, 
 enjoy a high reputation, and command the confidence of the 
 mercantile community. 
 
 J. Gillespie & Co — The firm of J. Gillespie Ot Co. is the 
 picneer of the wholesale hat and fur trade of Toronto, having 
 commenced business in the year 1865 at No. 39 Yonge street. 
 At this time the wholesale and general trade of the city was so 
 depressed that premises for any trade could then be obtained at 
 a rental barely sufficient to pay taxes. We believe that this 
 was the first house in Toronto to sell goods to the trade as far 
 east as Montreal, and in the very first year of its existence its 
 success was established, the sales made being larger than most 
 of the old and well known houses. With each succeedmg year 
 
 314 
 
e special 
 lie ware- 
 by Mr. 
 
 1 firm is 
 3 street. 
 Custom 
 I, and in 
 ;y. The 
 i^lit, and 
 it dress- 
 plate 35. 
 ir 1867. 
 xls busi- 
 etail dry 
 vere No. 
 rough to 
 business 
 the Iron 
 1872, by 
 le block, 
 llington 
 to their 
 g trade, 
 of the 
 
 is the 
 
 having 
 
 street. 
 
 was so 
 
 lined at 
 
 liat this 
 
 as far 
 
 knee its 
 
 ^1 most 
 
 g year 
 
 
 
 ■■•" ■~'-^- 
 
 . -stev 
 
 'iPlEi'C'^ WHoLESAL-: HATS ?■(,•«,'> 'cTWa/, JiitOBS Blirriii.f !^.r 
 
iH3 
 
 i 
 
 !i 
 
 H 
 
 TOftOMTO : i>ASt AKD PBESKN'T. 
 
 Covitir.. ntixl 7Uiirkcts. Tbo v/tintitsg .hoi>se Is under the special 
 cnrth'ui of Mr. (hmmel. Tbo general majiagoment of the ware- 
 lio'iw an '*.'■;" v.t:cuti(>ii <•? all (;;''i%;r,,. ure looked ui'tur by Mr. • 
 K«'iui«?idy, {K'H.' r\inU' TS.i 
 
 Mc-ssrs Debbie & Carrie Tne wartihou-jo of this firm is 
 
 Mil]if»t<^. Oil iiunt ;-ji,i-'H?., Hear its jiuu-ti'n\ witii 'Yongf stveot. 
 
 ''fi:' sjin-vtioa 1.^ ^'i-ry (''fjiral, i-.'ing Hcljucoiit to tha lunv f^uBtom 
 [k)n:e, tb<^)jrii'(;ipa! kott'ls. fianlus, ;tud >-niiway Ht.itioiiLi and in 
 tbf vvi'v ij',;H.rt of the «!i()i.,.-;ijr trading hoiu-t'H oi thf- city, 'Vhu 
 buiiditji^ )H sp.i'ions. \xv.\l ligbicd, IV'Ui' .storcvt* iu hei^^dit. aai!" 
 ixiilt of .vltil.; hii.'l- , w'dh lu<:(ii\y oraaincntod ircu front drc^s- 
 ui^H, Mill iifi-^ a v'orv neat i'Xt«;raa] appwu'aiict'. 8et; pinto 85. 
 Tile t: ■•!? was '■,-;taMHh<'d ui tht- bef^imiiri!:; i'/ tbo year 18it<. 
 Mf- Dijb!)!'- ImX previously aurit^ii 'H^ % i'.t;»il d 7 goouw basi- 
 
 .;.-••• ii) 'hi-' fity. Mr. ('tirri^i \\^,y^.u^ rwr::u.l aw a biri:;'' retail drv 
 :i}j-M\H ba-!i!H!8:^ Hj Sl !';>5Ui|,:. Imu iirni pnnni»es were No. 
 '•) Wi*\lf\\5X}!: -^'.■i * i;,ti^l, urn' HSji/Sit'CjUcntly fxlendi'd througii to 
 i;> ^--fsg,' -!»0''>*. Sjir.rrly aftt-rwarda. iindiug their busiuesy 
 (7S.ii(;d i'l'T iis< ixiiht'd ii''":(tm)niida!ifi;u, t]i.(-y ro;iiovf;d to the Iron 
 Block u! Au.'Miit. IHIi, luiiii; i)i)i.'nt out in '\ibrnary, 1'872, by 
 the dt st;-i;, tiv(; tifi, .vlucU on^ain-ited ii; t.t;t-' c<rntre of the bloi-k, 
 ntjd. rip«'(.'>hi!tat.(';l tiioir rouioval temporMrily to No. 3 Wolliagt-on 
 bivtiC't \v(;.st. _ On ilu Idoolv bein^ reb^^Ut tlioy removed to their 
 pri'Kfni ]).-cniis<>s. T^ir tirm do a lur;:fe and increasing trade, 
 enjoy a i.iij?! r^ !'Ut;J:o'i, 'uul 'x^nunand tb • conlidenco of the 
 nu'icantih i-Oiuniuuitv. 
 
 J. Gvlh/spie &. Po. — Tiie iirni of J. (rillospit; «^ Co. is tJi«; 
 pioiiciT of liif; wiiolewi-vb: hiifc itnd fn- trade of 'i'orouto, having 
 cdniiucnci'd buBincss in the yna'- 1B05 at No. 39 "^'ongo street. 
 Artblt* time tiic wholusale and general tradt^ of tbt! city was 80 
 depress' < iliiit promise^) for any tnide could then bo obtftined at 
 %: .*,«,n';;.i liart !y BuUiciont t<> pay inxos. We believo that iWs 
 ftitjj ihf. first houBt- in Toronto to ml) goodf^ fo the ti'ade m t»it 
 <:iv^a» Montreal , tuid in'thu very first year of its eristouct) its 
 «ite<!eas wm. t ;-tab!ished, the mhlm raadfc being larger than most 
 of thi- -id and ■•■-^''cwown.houBM. With ck': .it::-,-"!'':-' v -'■ 
 
 X 
 
 314 
 
I! 
 
 
 I mm: 
 
 1 1 
 
 r-i 
 
 
 J Gl UESPIEfcC" WHOLtSALE HATS FURS STRAW OOODS BUFFALO ROBES *<- 8/c 
 
 64- a< ea YONO L sTREtr, 
 
■^■ 
 
 ■4 
 
TRADE AND COMMERCE. 
 
 the business of the house has steadily increased, until it is now 
 one of the largest in the Dominion, extending its operations 
 from the Atlantic to the Pacific. The premises now occupied by 
 the firm are situate on the corner of Yonge and Melinda streets, 
 and were erected for them in 1869. The building at first formed 
 two warehouses, one being occupied by Messrs. Thomas May 
 & Co., who moved into their new building in 1874. The busi- 
 ness having v?ry largely increased by this time, the partition 
 walls were taken down and a fourth storey added, with a hand- 
 some mansard roof, making it one of the most extensive ware- 
 houses in the Dominion, far exceeding in appearance, capacity, 
 and internal arrangements, any other establishment in the hat 
 and fur trade. Their stock consists chiefly of American and 
 English felt hats, straw goods, &c., furs and manufactured fur 
 goods, and buffalo and fancy robes of all kinds. They make a 
 large collection of buffalo robes in the North West Territories, 
 and are every year doing a larger proportion of this trade. In 
 consequence of the advantages offered by the geographical posi- 
 tion of Toronto, both as regards the fur-bearing regions, and the 
 section of country in which most of these goods are used, 
 they are enabled to control this branch of tin business. While 
 paying special attention to mink, beaver, otter, and all other 
 Canadian furs, they also deal largely in imported skins, such as 
 South Sea seal, ermine, Persian, and Astracan lamb, &c. The 
 great bulk of the manufactured fur goods are made for them in 
 Toronto, though they have some special lines made for them at 
 other points in Canada, and they also import from Europe and 
 the United States such as can be bought to advantage in those 
 countries. Retail dealers throughout Ontario and the West 
 now fully realize the natural advantages of Toronto as a dis- 
 tributing point, consequently, since the establishment of large 
 houses here the wholesale trade of Toronto has steadily flourish- 
 ed, while that of some other places has either remained at a 
 standstill or retrograded. (See plate 25.) 
 
 Hughes Brothers — The house of Hughes Brothers, which 
 was established in 1853, is composed of two brothers, Patrick 
 
 .1 i 
 
 i ^!3 
 
 
 i| i !'< i 
 
 I 
 
 
 ' i 
 
 315 
 
!■« 
 
 i 
 
 and Bernarrl B. Hughes. They were l)oin in Newry, County 
 Down, Ireland, and emigrated to this country when very young, 
 Patrick, the eldest, commenced the business with a very small 
 stock and poor premises. When his brother attained his majo- 
 rity he was admitted partner in the firm. Since first enter- 
 ing into commercial life they have been unremitting in their 
 attention to business. They have built up one of the 
 largest wholesale dry goods importing houses in the Do- 
 minion. Their* wareliouse (see plate 26 for view) is sit- 
 uate on the corner of Yonge and Melinda streets, and ex- 
 tends along Melinda street to Jordan street, The front 
 elevation on Yonge street is of finely cut stone ; the Melinda and 
 Jordan streetf' front is of white brick, relieved with stone dress- 
 ings. It comprises live largo floors, each 208 feet long. The 
 entire building is heated by steam, and requires twe)ity-one 
 large marble-topped radiators to distribute it. The situation 
 and number of windows make it one of the best lighted ware- 
 houses in the Dominion. The business of the house is carried 
 on in the departmental system^ by which the manager of 
 each department is a merchant in himself, having his own 
 staff of assistants, and devoting his whole energy and atten- 
 tion to the requirements of his department and customers. The 
 senior partner is a director of the Imperial Bank, the Toronto 
 Savings Bank, Merchants' Marine Insurance Company, and 
 other local institutions. 
 
 Messrs. Tackaberry, Joselin & Joselin's is situate on the 
 north side of Colborne street, near the corner of Yonge street, 
 and is a commodious, neat brick building recently erected, con- 
 taining four light, cheerful floors. Its situation is in the very 
 centre of the wholesale trading houses of the city. Tlie firm 
 devote considerable attention to the American markets, not only 
 to goods manufactured in this country, but to the purchasing of 
 foreign goods in bond in New Y^ork, Philadelphia, and Boston, 
 and in connection with the business a sample room is being 
 established, embracing every line connected with the dry goods 
 trade, so that here merchants will be enabled to select from as 
 
 316 
 
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 ■fii 
 
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 ;?,V*;»;"V>5nTi-*^ 
 
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 ^iiiiTB 
 
 *"«i*^. 
 
 
 f. s ,^,; 
 
 
 mJ^] 
 
 •s 
 
 
 rin'Tff 
 
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 ' ■' i'"*«"" » ' »i«ii j ia ilaOAMuMwiil !S^iE5iu^iS>^ I ^EtMbiatatl 
 
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 in 
 
 
 
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 ii! 
 
 
 
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I 
 
 roKOMii ; rvST AND I'litlrfl'.MT. 
 
 m, 
 
 niul l^<-;M;iv.! )). !!ui']i»'t?. '!*'-. V -vrrt' i;<)!u I!! N'V,'-v, (-oiinty 
 
 .Uriii-ick. ih( i-ldcst, i:.ii.":,ii tji; 'i rlif )i'i,Miit'H..H \'\i'.lL ;i. \'V\ snuill 
 nti.'.;k Ul.J j.)i.'i;l' 1)1 .!t D' i:-<." V\ !' l' hi-^ l>i' il.iii'i (iti.aiiK;'' ha IPiijO- 
 rily hi- \v;t,.s :uii>iii''' i pii''tr:i i iti ilj,- \'-v\n. ;--iai'i' fir^t t r^ter- 
 ![!;.': ^i^» (•.•■inntprci;. i iiif i'.^;' !i,i\' lu-cn ujn'f juii, t.iU!.' ni th"i); 
 JiUcntt'ii: :,u It;;: i.:.--;s. V.'it ■■ liav.. hiiijt ii[) OW ''( Lho 
 
 ';ir.:;i'^il ".vh'i)' su! ■'>'•} iV'.'i.- 'lupoi! io^^- liMM-rs in the l- v 
 !:iii;i('M. T';iii-' \> unhoi;.- \:-,<<. [ilaK, 2'' i; , \-[<.\\} i- s^t- 
 M;it<> wu Mir v'l.rnor lU' 'i'nnut; aiiii .Mcliihl-i. ■•^r-'-i'tr.. 11:11! rx. 
 
 t'irvuti.,n v 'Ju!!,^.' ^^^c■.Jt is >i tin.i_^ ■•;it slou'^ ; li'o \l(!]ii;dii, an-] 
 
 Ji^ilan .--u .CI - i'n,!i: i- of .v*:'!*' !■! '-•!; ; t'" •■• 'i -v, it!i Ki.^nM;' dreHs- 
 
 nu 
 
 '•■!iU i'fi.->< .- !iVr lii; 
 
 t I'lMi iil.liiillljj; J- li -:■:' .) 
 
 iiisif 'iniri,' 
 
 •I -i ; M 
 
 I !i ■.>i)s [.t'i Ufii^. Tin; 
 
 lit r .Klil-i-S ^\V('Mt\ -iiji.i 
 
 'I't. i^. Til-' siiaiifion 
 
 >t (h 
 
 (.- I,"', 
 
 lli:;i|t,(i \*;tJ'(! 
 
 It.li-.f^ i. 
 
 on ir\ M 
 
 .!'• i,'!i:-;in 
 
 f till N'llise- i> i-,llTif:ti 
 
 I , ; , I : 
 
 n,i, i!\' \\!!'('.;t (,(■ !ii,.i);i! 
 
 r of 
 
 (KU;: 
 
 ■ i I'lirinL-nl )^ 
 
 '.i.i'miaiii m umvi'' 
 
 M;l" m 
 
 ju-i "wn 
 
 4rtrt' of iisf-i>riuit,~, ;uiil lie . .iriiiir !iis vvliuli (.'iiei.:.rv uiul jitttra- 
 
 tioii to til. 
 
 Millx'^IHl'^H-^ Ot lll>J (((.'piti 
 
 ti'tlU^'iit U,l 
 
 '■ii.-.;.>nrr,s. 
 
 Tin 
 
 >^ii!(n' partner i.s a 'i.re. 
 
 iov 
 
 luriM/iiai l'.;uik. th 
 
 h.. 1 
 
 (■ ! iii'i/'lllii 
 
 Sa\ilU.':. I 
 
 IMIK, ,\i''i'Cli;!J! 
 
 "Al, 
 
 itijii' uisii.i ;ili'T ColUtvaiiV. iiTi( 
 
 M:,.v !, 
 
 OMirr 
 
 ill .11- tlilltJ- 
 
 M 
 
 essrs. Tackabt'i-ry, Joseliti Ofc Jijselin'^ js situalr. on tlui 
 
 north si.ii ui C'M!)''!it*' Htn.-r, ;u:u- 
 
 ii'.' I'll 
 
 Vli.'l i;i 
 
 OJl!jt ril\ 
 
 Ulll is ■! C'l 
 
 inmodioii-i, IK Hi; !>nck liuikiuiv; fft-n'ly ( i(Ot'.''i. coii- 
 (•liiHifni il'Hsr:-,. U.s sit,uatioii 19 in U'f vrvy 
 
 tail! in ji tour li<4ii 
 
 oiiiii'.' >'!' the wiuiloi^ait' tirniitiLf 
 
 If.) of tiio citv. 
 
 ("irni 
 
 0) 1 1 
 
 devoff <->'i;si(l( lablr atteutioji t'' yr.c A in oik, ui nisiikf't.s. nut 
 to guuilH nian!if)i('(i.u""til in l!ii;-> cour.iry, Init to tln' pur';!ia;:in}^ of 
 tVa<u}4U !:{ooi1b ui I'oml in Nc ,v Voi]., Pfiihoi* .Ipbin. and Boston, 
 Hcil in eoniu'otio'i with tl'.e )iu •l•l^;Ha sauijile t>i m; i,s being 
 ofctiihlii^ht^d, embracing fV(>i'y hm connecttni witii tho dry coodti 
 tradi', HO tliat here merchants -.viU be t'na!)ltii to stloct from' uh 
 
 
bounty 
 - Hiuall 
 
 ^ t'ttr- 
 
 i ih'-ir 
 ■ if Llio 
 
 i 111) ''-v 
 
 f^- ■'''"■ 
 ■nty-i'!'''* 
 
 •,i WiU'O- 
 
 ■arrieii 
 "lis <>\\n 
 
 ;ui(l 
 
 ,.:l tUfi 
 
 ■il. cuii- 
 vc!-y 
 ,■ I'lrni 
 
 t 0)ll} 
 iUH (if 
 
 16 beiug 
 vy coods 
 from' u.-i 
 
 * 
 
 ^i 
 
 
 1 ? 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 1 
 
 ; i 
 
 
 ! 1 
 i M 
 
 \ 
 
 Tackaberry Josclin 8< JosE-LiN Importers OF American Dry Goooq 
 
TRADE AND COMMERCE. 
 
 great a variety of samples as if they personally visited the 
 United States. Their general stock will consist of such goods 
 only as are in active demand. Tfie lirm also represent some 
 of the hest housfs on the continent of Europe and Great Britain 
 and Ireland. The lirm is composed of R. J. Tackaberry, E. J. 
 Joselin, and Charles Joselin, all of wliom are well known as 
 young men of considerable business experience and enterprise. 
 (See plate I.) 
 
 Bryce, McMurrich & Co.— Tiiis firm, which occupies the 
 handsome building No. 34 Yonge street, began business in 
 Toronto in the spring of 1833, the year preceding the incor- 
 poration of Toronto as a city, and since that time has kept 
 jjace with the growing business developments of the city. At 
 this time the adjoining lots were covered with frame buildings 
 of the poorest description, the only respectable lojking struc- 
 tures being the premises of the Bank of Montreal and ware- 
 house then occupied by Messrs Maffatt, Murray & Co. Front 
 street did not contain a single warehouse, and where some of 
 our handsomest city structures now stand was then covered 
 with rank grass and pools of stagnant water. As an instance 
 of the rapid development of the locality it may be mentioned 
 that the lot now covered by the house of Bryce, McMurrich 
 & Co. was, a few years previous to its purchase by the present 
 occupants, sold for 4*110 sterling, or above $440, and lots in the 
 immediate locality of a similar size are now said to be worth 
 $10,000. (See plate F., opposite page 318.) 
 
 Robert McPhail's Wholesale Fancy Goods Warehouse 
 is situated on Front street west, immediately adjoining the 
 splendid warehouse of the Messrs. McMaster. The house is 
 devoted to the exclusive handling of the wide range of articles 
 coming under the trade term fancy goods, which really means 
 any article of use or ornament. To attempt any enumeration 
 of such a stock would be utterly impossible, but we may mention 
 space is devoted to the display of jewellery, school books, 
 stationery, &c. The building is a plain, substantial three 
 story brick structure, a view of which will be seen on plate 36. 
 
 317 
 
I pi 
 
 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 
 
 I 
 
 I; 
 
 I'f 
 
 Galbraith Christie & Co., Hats, Furs, and Straw Goods. 
 
 — This is the oldest and best l<nown hat and fur house in the 
 Province of Ontario, having originated in Hamilton as far back 
 as 1852. Mr. Galbraith some years later meved to Toronto, 
 the firm's name then being D. Galbraith & Co., the Hamilton 
 firm being continued under the style of T. Cliristie & Co., the 
 two firms meanwhile continuing their partnership connection. 
 In the fall of 1876 the two firms were amalgamated in Toronto 
 under the firm name of Galbraith, Christie it Co. They manu- 
 facture largely all classes of Turs (ladies' and gentlemen's wear). 
 They are also particularly interested in the Canada Felt 
 Works (at Hamilton), which factory is now producing beyond 
 all question the most desirable goods of the best value oft'ered 
 to the trade in the Dominion. The trade fully recognizes this 
 fact, as the special daily enquiries for these wool hats amply 
 prove. They also manufacture largely, caps of all descriptions, 
 mitts, gloves. Sec. They are also extensive importers of all 
 classes of goods in this particular line of busines;, (manufac- 
 tured and in the raw), from England, the Continent, and the 
 United States. For a number of years they have been direct 
 importers frofti the North-West of the largest and most choice 
 assortment of bufl'alo robes offered to the trade. In the spring 
 season they show possibly the most extensive and varied stock 
 of men's, ladies' ard children's straw goods in the Dominion. 
 Their new premises, situated on Front street, are the largest, 
 the most commodious, and the best adapted for their business 
 in the Province, having been specially fitted up for their con- 
 venience and use. (See plate 38.) 
 
 Messrs. Nelson & Sons. — The extensive warehouse of 
 Messrs. Nelson and Sons, a view of which is given on plate 
 40, is situate on Front street west, between York and Bay streets. 
 It is a very substantial and somewhat imposing building of 
 white brick with stone dressings, five storeys high, including 
 basement, has a frontage of 33 feet, and a depth of 148 feet, 
 with a wing at the north end of 56 by 33 feet. The different 
 flats are well lighted, are fitted up in the best style with every 
 
 318 
 
-^. iV -i 
 
 joods. 
 
 in the 
 
 X back 
 
 orouto, 
 
 imilton 
 
 ^0., the 
 
 section. 
 
 roronto 
 
 ' manu- 
 
 i wear). 
 
 la Felt 
 beyond 
 offered 
 
 zes this 
 
 s amply 
 
 riptions, 
 
 •s of all 
 
 nanufac- 
 and the 
 
 >n direct 
 
 st choice 
 le spring 
 iL'd stock 
 ^minion, 
 largest, 
 business 
 leir con- 
 
 kouse of 
 )ii plate 
 streets. 
 [kUng of 
 ^icluding 
 L-18 feet, 
 I different 
 til every 
 
 
 '^'^ ^::S, I -'^^f^ 
 
 j..,vCH ii.. O' , ;i rcitf: or BRrn-:?M^ rDREfCN O?^*. CjODC?;;. 
 
^nr 
 
 c < 
 
 in 
 
 TOHONTO : VAST ANn j'UE3iiNT. 
 
 Galbraith Cijristie- & Co., Hats, . -.:^, and Straw C»-.,.>c;n 
 -- riiih \? tin; oU'i Kt aiiil buht kiiuuii l.'ut aii'l fnr invu-,. in Uiv 
 rrovnii'.t' of ( *ntiii'it', li.iviiiL,' <>ri;;ui;iti'(l i)i Uuki'.Woii a.i fvr Uu-^ 
 us iHTilI. Mr 'tivl'.u'aitli ivinu war.-* lati r in- v/.d U- 'I'^i'-*')'- 
 tlif til Ill's iiamr f lif.'ii i'i.'ir ;, l'." fialhruiil) A' ("n.. thr i [}.ii:)i!'< /• 
 tirrn i>fi!ii^' (wii! ii -i/Hj u.. '< r tljc Myh, ol '1. ('hrititif 0; ( '>., •- 
 t'M nriiis ji,« ;in>v }jiU- cuj tiriuiri)/ I'i.t jimi tnt rslup comn^«;ii. !■ 
 
 !li iJji- ftlll u' If-iT*"! thr t'.vo llrir.K wt Vf !Uf;iil;VUniit{;(l iii TniTj:-;. 
 uiiilfr tlif i'ni; Uviii'' "f «'ii!bi!)itli. <'lii-is(R a ( ,. ']'h<-\ luuw'j 
 fa.>t-!ir" l)irj:;t.'l;> .;!' (•la-:-'.'.s i.)f' I'ui-h Mutl,',,-' mil vfr^lv ni' h'b W' j.f 
 Tlu'y an; ;il.-i lannailruly i'lt' rf-U'ii in t;l:r ('.ri;t<";( V-'.i. 
 "Wm'k-! ,1* , Jiaii!!iliMi. v-liii- l'iiri</n in t;(>'v ]ir(v!iit'iiij' bt > :i..i 
 Jill ']iJ<"-(4)<in (he .i; 'St, (li -,ir;)!ilf ';'.k!!- dt' l'.-; !>' i^t \":llu«' _,iit!''i-iv. 
 to th' t.r::(!(.' ill ii;. i* > ■- i'^'^ *n-A r.,l,y ■ i .•n,'-ii;^. ^i Hii^. 
 
 pi'.'V'-. i'hty iiK* n MM.iiiir! ..I. ^jr. /civ. call- ol' ;ijl iii';,rri}tl/' f. , 
 
 in!i''">. ■!.•>■• '■ i i ; ■lit.' >'!.-■• 1 S'l-lj^iv MhpiM't- )■;- 0.^ .v 
 
 (,)(i; ■( 't , ■' ■<■ ••'.- t .;vi,i,-ufiir liri <>! husUn .->,. UiuuiUit^i 
 
 (Ufni :; <\ (I! n.'" I■t^•^ jf.iUi l'lii.;.;Uiil, lh(.' t 'tiiil ilV.-iit, llUii t; , 
 
 i'niti-'fi ^tiitf'ci. I'l'i ;t iivniib'V m; viiii',- lii* y i.ii'.c incii 'in-. • i 
 iiui»irt„;rs '■■<.'■, llic N'-i-Hi-W . •;' uf till- larf.^i'.sl ai'.d )\wt fin-iCi 
 n,sfMMl,iu:-'iit of l.'UJTi:.!" rcix', i^f'r;-,! to !(ji- tvadf. Ik tin' ^itrin-p:^ 
 SfiisoTi fluy «liaV' i-o^t-iblv tlaj ni' -t vKtcur-'iM' v.nd vu'i<.<l •r.\:><'k 
 o\ v.ww'a. liiiiii s" iiUi'. Aiildyvn' < -liaw j^oods in tlir .Domiuiou. 
 '.riicii a '.v {lifinivts, ^ituaff.'d on Fiojit strs-t t, ar*; tlio lar!,^t-t, 
 tin; M'l. ' ^•oiunj< '.v"itif-, )im1 iho btst atiaptoil fsw their bUvsiut'r!^ 
 i'. !'t<i .•)of.'.c, iiavir.j.- Jkcd ppocisilly littt;'! up foi [lieir coii- 
 
 aiid 
 
 M 
 
 t'hi-VS. 
 
 Nel 
 
 MC ■-=)-: 
 
 Noi 
 
 son 
 
 •-on ano 
 
 •Soe platf ;3H. 
 
 OiiS. 
 
 J'l. 
 
 ("xteilblV*! \T;U' iiuUSti o 
 
 f 
 
 •'OJlf 
 
 '.i"iV (u M'llicl! IH '-flVt'Ii on 
 
 plafct^ 
 
 40. iii sitaate i.»n F''( i:t .-.tr/ot w.'st, litt\V(-on \\>rk and Buy rftrcct,=* 
 It is a \(fy .sub.-^tautial and .-o'i.i*-wliat ii'4)o.7i.ti.g l>mlding of 
 
 vhite bm k wit!) &VmhC' druabuifr^, live .sti 
 
 ('*,- i'H 
 
 igk, including 
 
 basenit'iit, lias a. h'oningo. of ;.58 fi-ot, iUid a doptb of XiS feet, \l 
 witli a wing at the north end of 50 by diih'-t. TJio ditforent fr 
 fl&ti> are wtdl lighted, are fitted up in tho best :->tyle with every ii 
 
 
.#^ i k. t 
 
 •M 
 
 rCl« 
 
 
 in Uu 
 
 
 ■ hw' 
 
 
 ^ ('.•'!»- 
 
 
 ji.i"-''. 
 
 
 ->.. ?' 
 
 
 l.<:i,".. ■■ 
 
 
 
 
 lU'lw'J 
 
 
 \V< H' 
 
 
 ;, 1-U 
 
 
 lu , :uJ; 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 :v M thi- 
 
 
 ■; a?i.|'I', 
 
 
 rlVl.' !' . 
 
 
 h 0'. i' 
 
 
 iiauuli'.' 
 
 
 ,■■•■.] t; s 
 
 
 11-. •■.« 
 
 
 ■ li.iCt 
 
 
 i..-i"K 
 
 
 !,>! ;-, ',.;>(••'; 
 
 
 '.niiuiun. 
 
 
 Y^^i-A, 
 
 
 ;,UriUM.'c^ 
 
 
 i'jir con- 
 
 
 ..i8«' t'f 
 
 * 
 
 . 1! plate 
 
 ; \ 
 
 -trcot «- 
 
 < 
 
 
 :mg --if 
 
 i - 
 
 
 loiiuluig 
 
 
 
 H Aoet, 
 
 
 
 ' itforent 
 
 \ i 
 
 
 ih every 
 
 i: 
 
 Bnvct M?MURRiCH ^ C? Importers of British Sc Foreign Dry Goods. 
 
 i M 
 
morarn improvement calculated to meet the requirements of 
 purchasers. The age of the house, and its well known reliability, 
 have given it a rejiutation throughout the Dominion that 
 enables it to make sales to an amount far in advance of 
 similar houses ; in fact it is the leading house m the Dominion 
 in this special line' of trade. To attempt to enumerate the 
 stock kept on hand would be far beyond the space at our dis- 
 posal in this volume, but a fair idea may be gathered 
 of the extent and variety of articles here displayed by 
 noticing the chief features of each flat. The first floor, or base- 
 ment; is a well lighted apartment, devoted exclusively to the 
 show of wooden ware of all kinds for use or ornament. 
 The second floor is a fine room, containing a magnificent 
 and costly display of fancy goods, embracing jewellery, clocks, 
 vases, bronzes, and marble statuettes, dressing cases, travelling 
 bags, children's carriages. Sec. The sides of the room are 
 covered with shelviug, containing the general stock, samples of 
 which are displayed in cases arranged in the centre of the room. 
 The general ofiices and packing department are also on this flat 
 at the northern end. The third floor contains an endless varietv 
 of toys, mats baskets, musical instruments, &c. The fourth 
 storey is dedicated to the storage of wicker-work baskets, 
 brooms, &c. The fifth floor is devoted to the manufactu:-e of 
 corn brooms, &c. The firm was established in Montreal in 
 1840, when, finding their business rapidly extending in Upper 
 Canada, they decided upon opening a branch in Ontario in 1808, 
 and recognising the superior advantages of Toronto as a distri- 
 buting point, they selected it as the base of their operations 
 The rapid growth of the city during tlie last few years, and the 
 large increase in the business of the firm have si.:ce proved the 
 wisdom of their choice. See plate 35. 
 
 Phillips, T' orne & Co., wholesale glass, china, and 
 earthenware merchants, do an extensive business in their line, 
 making a speciality of French china, in which they claim to be 
 the lai^est importers in the Dominion. . Their premises are 
 situate at 23 Front street west, and are built of white brick, with 
 
 11!i^ 
 
 l~^'i\ 
 
■Mi 
 
 mmmm 
 
 If; 
 
 m* 
 
 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 
 
 stone dressings (a sketch of which will be found on plate 26). 
 They occupy four flats, eacli 28 by IGO feet. The first flat is 
 used for the storage of heavy goods in original packages. On 
 the next we find the offices, warerooms for open stock, and pack- 
 ing room. Going upstairs to the next, or third flat, we find the 
 sample room, and here is represented every line the firm deals 
 in, and si3ecimens of artistic work from rJmost every civilized 
 nation may here be found. :Fine decorated vases from Bohemia 
 are found beside fancy china cups and teys of German manu- 
 facture. Eich dinner sets, tea sets, vases, and lamps from Paris 
 and Limoges arc in close juxtaposition with Staftbrdshire ware 
 of all kinds, English and Continental glassware in cut wines, 
 decanters, tumblers, and American glassware from the Western 
 and Eastern factories. Bronze clu ndeliers, lamps, electro-plated 
 ware. Britannia metal goods, &c., from celebrated American 
 manufacturers; and cutlery from Sheffield and Birmingham. 
 Leaving the sample room and ascending to the fourth 
 flat we find stowed here hundreds of boxes and barrels of glass- 
 ware, chimneys, tumblers, &c. Messrs. Phillips, Thorne and 
 Co., although only a young firm, have established a connection 
 far exceeding that of many of the old Montreal houses, and dis- 
 tribute their goods to the far western Province of Manitoba. 
 (See plate 20.) 
 
 Zimmerman, McNaught & Co. — This lirm occupy the 
 premises first door west of Yonge street on Meliud.i street, the 
 structure being part of the warebouse of J. Gillespie ifc Co., a 
 view of which will be seen on plate 25. The firm is 
 exclusively wholesale, and deals extensively iu all kinds of 
 English and American gold and plated jewellery, and American, 
 Swiss, and English watches. These goods they import at first 
 hand direct from the manufacturers. In addition to the 
 jewellery stock, they keep on hand an immense assortment of 
 English and American table and pocket cutlery, and iin almost 
 endless variety td' fancy and useful articles, known to the 
 hardware and jewellery trade as electro-plated ware. The firm 
 are the exclusive agents for the manufactures of the " Meriden 
 
 320 
 
plate 26). 
 irst Hat is 
 tges. On 
 and pack- 
 re find the 
 firm deals 
 y civilized 
 a Bolieniia 
 lan manu- 
 fi-oni Pavis 
 Isliire ware 
 cut wines, 
 le Western 
 3ctro-plated 
 L American 
 irmingbam. 
 the fourth 
 pis of glass- 
 rhorne and 
 connection 
 es, and dis- 
 f Manitoba. 
 
 \ - 
 
 11 
 
I I 
 
 I'lKON TO : I'AriT AND I'UKSKNT. 
 
 .•UiUf ibi.-fishii' {-A tJ'ftch I'l* -ivlii'-li -.vill in' finind on ;;,!;txf 'i6>. 
 They uccupv rcuv lint^, .mh^i 2H by M5u feot. TIh- lij-:<t ibt ih 
 used ior Uk- Ht' •(.(.;, of !^;;.vy li'rA^ m oii'Ainnl p;u.kn-^rs On 
 the i;'\t ut fi'i i ibe oili- .-. "wiiri'voouis fcr opnii >-i .rV, iuV? fM.'K- 
 ui':; rodcu. (mi. ^- ii|.stHii-s t,<. ttu- ii<'\t. or iiiinl Htit. \v. it!- i tlit 
 :-:trrii:l' iomij, smi i hi'Ti' > .? ri.'prcst'iitod cvt^^y !uie tiii^ linn ''•'H.Ii:' 
 ill, ii'ul s[m;(m>:i- ;.- 'vJ' artistic woj k iV'iri;; ;ll!lli)■^v ovt-vy v>\ ■.<.:./■ { 
 indion iti;i3 !ir!r i ,' f'-uiiii. ki""iiit t'l('(^i>riiiod vav-'.; froui 1]<'! - *•-;> 
 ai;- foil!:'! h'M'U' r-ii.-v rhilia on;)- :fnd toy- -! ''icrriVi u ;t*:«; ■• 
 
 UlCl iiTi 
 
 liH'il U!.:!; 
 
 <a- M't^, it :i '-ft .. \;i:-:->, ;iliil 'uin]-.-. iVoii: '': 
 
 aiul l:U.:ih:i"h iivi' iij rill;;*' jtixrupiit^nioii wjiii i-;ia1^Vi);>lHiMrf wm 
 
 <H»\\ive i!i 
 
 •!ii vri 
 
 i.i'-n 
 
 u til ■ \V 
 
 
 v'.'i ; 
 
 i;m;i.r-,.vi ii 
 
 ruaruii.i.i < 'ir- 
 
 i j>;n\t'< 
 
 • i,.^ 
 
 H- '*''. Ull'K 
 
 Vft''' 
 
 iUi' 
 
 'V<.-il I;- 
 
 ■)'■{■ 
 
 fr .rn 
 
 ('.».' 1 1:1 
 
 ■at. 
 
 uUU'l'C 'i 
 
 iti ■■ I anil Birmiriir!'?vw. 
 
 t> tlif^ fn-ri! 
 
 . n'.lMi; 
 
 lundriui,; ci mm\<;-~ iiM 
 
 ;t. l.'iri-cis of 
 
 uv^. 
 
 tS.-r. \f :'s<rs. Philliits, '] hoiiir' ;.-»-i;»*' 
 
 (>!.. • iii:'>iiu;li only a >.utug tirui, !i';v.^ t;,-tiil/itbViO(i n duiao't 
 that oi' ui;iiiv v)f rlif- old Moiitr.^jil iou!^. s. and •; 
 
 tai- (:\<":;(,:iunL 
 
 trihiite tiipiv !:<>(> 
 ('Set lihlfi' '^'i.i 
 
 trie hi!" s\f 
 
 -t'-ni I'rovin-n' 
 
 )f M 
 
 ot Mani» 
 
 Zi;)inicr;uaxi McNaugl^l cS: Co. '\lu 
 
 ti;- 'r,i-' 
 
 di, 
 
 VlfW 
 
 ■s :a--.t ■- 
 ;'i-: I- )n,<4 
 
 ,r ,vl.ir! 
 
 if ^'u!l- ' sdrt^ft o;i 
 
 jirru wi.'ciijy 
 
 \^ ai'idioUHi; ■> 
 
 f J. (lil 
 
 etnnr i' 
 
 ;^' (" 
 
 t'-l 
 
 [date 
 
 d' 
 d'iio liii 
 
 '\cJir-.;v(''\- wli 
 
 ma * 
 
 'onl.s ovifiistvidy in ail kiud^ 
 Kii;.^lis': Mild Aincrican g^-d and phit-d )u-.vnlkr\ , and Auw.v 
 Swiss, iiud Lii-libii sv.t'dirH. I'll •-.• ^^o >dn i hoy import at tk 
 
 I-' !♦.•:■ 
 
 h'. nd (tireot h>.i]n tlii' li 
 
 imif;u-tm<rri. li\ addition V 
 
 j(:\vt:!li:i7 otocds, tiu.^y ki'f'j) uu hand 'n) imuKMih!' nst^ortraM r' ■• 
 Ena;liHh and Amt-ncrin \n''<Av ;ti(rj pit.-dift t;uti"vy. and an art^'-^^ 
 
 <ai( 
 
 U;r>ij vari 
 
 .'ty of fancy and u-t.i'id aidndc-, k)io\YU to V ; 
 hardware and jo.wi Ika-y trade an tdfctrc-platod waro. Tli*' jIr*, 
 sr^e the exciuHivo agovnis i>»r th(; niUiul'actnri-s of the "Mor^^fe* 
 
 320 
 
 
 ■.-.iM^ iV » — H . . wfaf. : 
 
b.( 
 
 
 1 . 
 
 I 
 
 «t. list iu 11 
 
 \\ -.O'^l ''- 
 
 •ou; t 
 ui vi'!'- ■ 
 
 •t,VO-p!.*-"' 
 
 1,-. f..:fVU 
 S of ;.l(;: ■ 
 
 Aiui'-rs '!-.^ 
 At ti^ 
 
 tt» * - 
 
 11 
 
 :/ •*.«>< ,^ 
 
 JNO.D.NASMITH BREADS BiSCUlT BA*\ER. 
 
 ,4 
 
 i''.;.j\i 
 
 l,A>.OI<tMAKTIN I 
 
 GRAND OPERA. HODS£ 
 
 I'fi'j*- 
 
 
 //^- 
 
 
 ^nftto^-ti^^^J. ■■- 
 
 WITHROW !k HILLOCK, EAST TORONTO PLANING MILLS. 
 
 
 
 |TH0MSON Jr BURNS.HARDWARF. &EARTHENWARE MERCH''!' CALPRMTH.CriRISfltaC? M'CiVfWN K[RRICAH&C! 
 
 i 
 
 fj' 1 
 
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 .^ 
 
 'M:. 
 
Cutlery Company," the oldest and most reliable cutlery manu- 
 factory in America. This Company was deservedly awarded 
 a diploma and highest honours at the Centennial Exhibition for 
 the excellence of their exhibits. They also represent the 
 manufactures of the "Derby Silver Company," and " Meriden 
 Silver Plate Company," whose magnificent display of electro- 
 plated hollow ware, sj)oons and forks, at the Centennial Exhi- 
 bition attracted so much notice, and were awarded a medal for 
 beauty of design and excellence of finish. 
 
 Messrs. Thomas May & Co — The warehouse of this til^m 
 is one of the handsomest and most comirodious in the city, and 
 is situate on Wellington street west, between Bay and York 
 streets. The building is in the Louis XIV. style of architecture, 
 designed by Langley, Langley & Burke, 180 feet deep, by 40 
 feet frontage, and is five storeys high. Tlie front is highly 
 ornamented, being of finely cut stone, the massive columns, 
 imposing doorway, and beautifully carved centrepiece giving it 
 an imposing beauty not equalled by any other importing house 
 in the city. The housa is a branch of the Montreal firm of T. 
 May and Co., the largest importers of millinery, fancy dry 
 goods, mens' and boys' felt hats, &c. This house has been 
 established over tsventy-five years. The firm consists of Messrs. 
 J. Kichard Wolff, T. A. May, and James Paters jn, Mr. Paterson 
 being the resident partner of the firm. See plate 85. 
 
 Cramp, Torrances & Co — The warehouse of Cramp, Tor- 
 rances and Co. is situate on the corner of Front and Church 
 streets. The warehouse is a very largo red brick structure, 
 with stone dressings, admirably located for business purposes. 
 It is a plain, neat, massive, and commodious structure, 
 abutting on to the south side of Front street, near its junc- 
 tion with Wellington street, and extending about 150 feet along 
 Church street. This is a branch of the well known house of 
 Cramp, Torrances and Co., of Montreal, and confines its opera- 
 tions almost exclusively to the importation of teas, sugars, 
 coffees, &c. The Toronto branch is under the miaagement 
 of Mr. George Torrance. See plate 33. 
 
 V 321 
 
 Vm 
 
 m 
 
 ^M 
 
 
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I^> 
 
 Mf ' 
 
 r 
 
 III 
 
 II I 
 
 TORONTO : PAST AND PRK8ENT. 
 
 Brown's Carriage Furnishing Warehouse. — In tliiH age of 
 commerce wlien the mechanical arts have been developed to a 
 degree of perfection undreamt of by our forefathers, tlie hum 
 of industry, tlie whirr and buzzing of the factory, and the busy 
 throng passing ak)ng our streets, and docking into the grea* 
 business houses, form the irueet picture of a city's inosierity 
 and best carries the idea of how a city wliich only 80 years ago 
 consisted of a few straggling log huts, (with a population h'ss in 
 number than the hands now to be found employed in some of 
 the factories within its limits) has become one of the wealthiest 
 and most populous cities of the Dominion, llapidly as the 
 various trades of the Queen City have deveh)ped themselves, the 
 carriage luirdware trade has probably had the most rapid 
 xp in j(ii. Willi 11 1 (^lal ee cf tiade, means of carriage of all 
 kinds becomes an increased necessity, the old ox team gives way 
 to the light waggon, wealth induces luxury, and biiggies and 
 other light running vehicles become in demand, and, to supply 
 the necessary furnishings, houses exclusively devoted to the 
 trade have sprung up. As an example of this class of trade we 
 select the house of W. Brown on King street east. This house 
 stands midway between the old Com-t House and Jail, shown on 
 theview opposite page 25. and was erected in 1842, and for 
 some years was devoted to the hardware business. In 1841) A. 
 Dixon it Sons began the saddlery and harness business here, 
 and in 1800 Mr. Ih'own having succeeded Dixon *fc Sons began 
 to keep a stock of carriage hardware and furnishings exclusively. 
 On entering this store a stranger would be first struck with its 
 great depth, and the immense variety of the goods meeting hi's 
 view. The sale and shipping room extends from King street 
 back to Court street. The front or King street end of the store 
 is occupied by the offices and sale room — the Court street end 
 being devoted to the receiving and storage of goods, itc. The 
 endless samples of carriage and waggon springs, axles, wheels, 
 hubs, spokes, felloes, &c., are an evidence that it is 
 one of the leading establishments of the Province. The 
 first floor is devoted to the trimming departments, and here will 
 
 322 
 
 .7 
 
tliiH age of 
 eloped to a 
 i, the liiuii 
 id the busy 
 o the }i;reat 
 i pioB|eiiiy 
 ► years ago 
 ition leas in 
 in some of 
 e wealthiest 
 idly as the 
 mselves, the 
 most rapid 
 rriape of all 
 ni gives way 
 buggies and 
 i\, to supply 
 oted to the 
 of trade we 
 This house 
 il, shown on 
 42, and for 
 In 184i) A. 
 ,siness here, 
 Sons l)egan 
 p exclusively, 
 ick with its 
 ueeting hi's 
 King street 
 )f the store 
 t street end 
 i, cSic. The 
 es, wheels, 
 Ithat it is 
 mce. The 
 d here will 
 
 be found plushes, velvets, cloths, moquettes, and the well-known 
 genuine English corduroy, which is now being extensively used 
 for trimming vehicles. In this room are also some fine samples 
 of leathers, enamelled oil cloths, and fancy lamps. In 
 the rear a large room is devoted to the storage of moss, curled 
 hair, &c. The two ui3i)er floors are packed with wooden ware of 
 all kinds, one room being devoted to sleigh and cutter stuff, &c. 
 The basement is stored with hubs of all kinds, sizes, and makes, 
 from the hub fit for the infant's carriage up to the massive hub 
 of a traction engine, almost large enough for a butcher's block. 
 It would be impossible to enumerate all the goods kept in stock 
 by Mr. Brown. 
 
 Messrs. Macnab & Marsh — This firm was originally com- 
 posed of William Lyman, Alfred Savage, and John Macnab, 
 who commenced the hardware business in 18(58, They then oc- 
 cupied premises on the north side of King street east. After a 
 few years Mr, Savage retired, and the firm continued business 
 under the style of Lyman and Macnab, The business of the 
 firm rapidly increased, so that in a few years their premises be- 
 came too small. The warehouse now occupied by Macnab and 
 Mai'sh was built by Lyman and ]\[acnab in 1869, It is a spacious 
 and substantial four storey red brick building, situate on the 
 south side of Front street, three doors east of Yonge street, and 
 is in the main business part of the city. It has a frontage of 
 35 feet, and a depth of 180 feet. The ground and first floors 
 are occupied by heavy goods, such as nails, glass, spades, 
 shovels, metals, &C, The second and third floors are stored 
 with shelf goods, in which the firm do a very large business. 
 The warehouse is complete with all modern impro'^^ements, 
 having tramways for moving heavy goods, is heated with steam, 
 and one of Killey's new water engines has just been put in, by 
 means of which a ton weight can be raised the entire height of 
 the building in less than one minute. In 1870 Mr. Lyman died 
 and his interest was bought by Mr. Marsh. In 1873 the firm 
 built their large storehouse on the Esplanade for storing iron, 
 which will hold over 1,000 tons of bar iron. It is very conve- 
 
 323 
 
 I ■ 
 
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 Sa^i 
 
 
 M 
 
 ml 
 
 b 
 
 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 
 
 niently situated, both for receiving and shipping goods, being 
 alongside the wharves, and only a few feet from the tracks of the 
 Grand Trunk, Great Western, Northern, and Toronto, Grey and 
 Bruce Hail ways. A large yard is also used on Church street for 
 storing pig iron, grindstones, and other heavy and bulky goods. 
 See plate 27. 
 
 Messrs. Pearcy & Stewart's Wholesale Paint and Colour 
 Warehouse. — Is situated on Bay street, between King and 
 Adelaide streets, and is one of the most extensive, if not the 
 most extensive establishment of its kind in the city. The 
 building is of red and white brick, three storeys in height, with 
 a frontage of 42 feet and a depth of 106 feet. The ground floor 
 is occupied with the sample room, offices, and shipping depart- 
 ment. The upper floors are a furnished store Imnse. In a 
 stock so large and varied it would be impossible to attempt any 
 enumeration. The Arm has a large and varied supply of colours, 
 dry and in oil, varnishes, brushes, artist's, grainer's, gilder's, and 
 painter's supplies of every description, and window glass both 
 plain and coloured. They are also general agents for Craig &Rose, 
 paint, oil, and colour manufacturers. Edinburgh. See plate 28. 
 John Hallam, 83 and 85 Front Street East, Dealer in Hides 
 Sheepskins, Wool, Leather, &c., was established in 1866. The 
 premises consists of two stores, having a frontage respectively 
 of 28 and 30 feet, and a depth of 90 feet, and are built of red 
 brick, four storeys high. On the first floor are the offices, and 
 the rest of the building, together with the basement (in which is 
 done the curing of hides, and storing of casks of oil for tanner's 
 use) is used for the storing of large quantities of hides, wool, 
 leather, &c. To give some idea of the extent of the business 
 the following figures may be interesting : — Last year there was 
 purchased 50,000 sheepskins, 35,000 hides, 21,000 calfskins, 
 500,000 lbs. tallow ; and wool was shipped to teh United States 
 to the extent of half a million pounds ; sales at the store on 
 Front street amounted to $350,000. Mr. Hallam also runs a 
 tannery at the Don for wool pulling, and a manufactory for 
 patent and enamelled leather at Oakville, at which business to the 
 
?oods, being 
 ;rack8 of the 
 0, Grey and 
 2h street for 
 )ulky soods. 
 
 and Colour 
 
 King and 
 i, if not the 
 
 city. Tlie 
 leight, with 
 ground iioor 
 ing depart- 
 11 se. In a 
 attempt any 
 i of colours, 
 jilder's, and 
 
 glass both 
 raig&Rose, 
 ee plate 28. 
 5r in Hides 
 186(5. The' 
 L'espectively 
 built of red 
 ottices, and 
 in which is 
 for tanner's 
 lides, wool, 
 iie business 
 
 there was 
 calfskins, 
 ited States 
 he store on 
 also runs a 
 ifactory for 
 ness to the 
 
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 BANK OF MONTREAL. 
 
 
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,C? PHOTOGRAPHERS 
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 TKADE AMD COMMSIIC^ 
 
 |0tLL.TAiL0R-3lJ.33.KlN6S'.*. 
 
 ivnionnt of $30.0<K) was (ione last yoar. Th»/rt« aro about -tf) men 
 eii)i))(iy<^d at Ixjth place «. Hee pUvh" 4%, 
 
 Thomson & Burns, Nos. .«€ #«»4 !«? Front Street, 
 VVholepale liDpoiters aiul l)ffili>r« in ^m<i urtrl Het»vy Hard- 
 ware, (Miina, GlafisM'iire, ami Eav»:hvi.^«t.?y* Tbdr )msinesfl 
 was eiUubiii^hed in li^^f*. and earri»ril y« ,a ;*s»^naifs6S of their 
 own. Tli« bujjd^nit in 'J iinl brick, Wtt<i '^''■^■■^ ifu in bciRhl,' 
 liavinga fiftnitt<j«: <« M^ it.H witti h, hrih «%C' r 'th<< |>h8o.- 
 
 ment i« u.-fd ex<?ltiviivfly for ihi- uti>m8^> .,*^ »«i«^»fi»;ii!;i'.arp-, And 
 V'l'tue vnay be hl'Cix many hai\t.lri'ii« oi >rmtfr^- {>•(• 'h ni:^ut*i 
 floor art) t)ie <>f!?cf8. in rear of which (in ^?<^. iH* js k'n^j^t a., itk^s,^- 
 .«itoek of cavthonware, ont of which orders art? eT'^euif-rt^ 'fu*»t 
 Hackugt: bni^inc'sa is uxteiibive. On tU< Or^t flix>r i>f thiti Ij^JM 
 ing is a \()y largo show room, wljcre a bnjtu- can ft-o .^v<n 
 artich' in Lhis branch of tl:*iir businuBS, fi-oui the oomnuaif^fit 
 description ef oarthoiiware to tb<' ctlebrated prcdtictio?i8 in 
 Ohinii (>f Mt«^rji. HaviiJand. oX i. hnogos, France. On the 
 second {h>ov tIu;ro in ktipfc an inimenst- i^toek of yjlnssware, 
 wliich for tht- m;«jrt part i?> sold by pUiks^'H. This» dcp^'iitn-nt 
 of their businesi!! is under tht) s?t}<i rvJwVan vf v mj*it'»jS's'V. Vibosc 
 duty it is to soe tfiat tho stock t« *iL*i»r«ii;;4hlt *ti*t'> v.-i-ft<>^:. «nd to 
 caiefi'lly \s^tch all fluctuations ^n thv v?tfi'4i-' r'>M^ ■ i^ ,,f pro- 
 dnction. 'I'he hardware department ift ^^^Mfrk4 'O m No 'i^^ 
 The groin'd floor, 3o x 180, is used »^xciwsiV''-ty for tin' hUiffi^' 
 \)f all he.iv.v cuodH, sii-h as tuiils", havw. winduv.- (jlers<, fys-sH: 
 ginc, wire, spadt-s and hiiovcltj, asuienltuval implenif'nt««. c ♦T*»^<?.Si\' 
 <te. A trnai xfui^vay nnift alons- its Hutire Icnsfth. {?{?*,* #b;ff, 
 ail goods for tranf{)orf' 'ti }}iimt^'-i t'< {Iju rear. 'I'ht*' #•"' A^'-m, <>{ 
 «tarne size as th« gvoniid rf-^or, ban the additi^f />!' e^ ':-'i.^*ht : 
 the ofiice of the bard«;ir<- >otaia:j:cr is lorft«*^> ^^p, fhj this 
 flat may bo seen a large und complete st-oelt *^' :;«s^f;"fl liju'dware. 
 eoinprelu-nding the productions of C-reat Bi^v-^. ?^ ?&*=ed Siato^ 
 .Ganadft, and fxormany, bnildor'i* ;»»ki fiKn%::-isi?' ■;, -m^A hovtsehuid 
 hardware of evory description, as ajao • "' ;.;*feetr4)-jv4a4*^, cttj. 
 The firina alKo have a stationery depru wiiitth, wiili a host 
 
 of soiallwarea, brushes (ftc. forms a w8?:|iii;»iinii ihet is :3eldoiJi 
 
 ?35 
 
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 41 
 
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 lOfvC' 
 
 ■-jp^'a- ai^X' 
 
TRADE AND COMMEItOE. 
 
 amount of $80,000 was done last .year. There are about 45. men 
 employed at both places. See plate 41. 
 
 Thomson & Burns, Nos. i8 and 20 Front Street, 
 Wholesale Importers and Dealers in Shelf and Heavy Hard- 
 ware, China, Glassware, and Earthenware, "^heir business 
 was established in 1855, and carried on in premises of their 
 own. The building is of red briok, three storeys in height, 
 having a frontage of 90 feet with a depth of 180 feet. The base- 
 ment is used exclusively for the storage of earthenware, and 
 where may be seen many hundreds '\ crates. On the ground 
 floor are the offices, in rear of which (in No. 18) is kept a large 
 stock of earthenware, out of which orders are executed. Their 
 package business is extensive. On the first floor of this build- 
 ing is a very large show room, where n buyer can see every 
 article in this branch of their business, from the commonest 
 description of earthenware to the celebrated productions in 
 China of Messrs. Havilland, of Limoges, France. On the 
 second floor there is kept an immense stock of glassware, 
 which for the most part is sold by package. This department 
 of their business is under the supervision of a manager, whose 
 duty it is to see that the stock is thoroughly maintained, and to 
 carefully watch all fluctuations in the various markets of pro- 
 duction. The hardware department is carried on in No. 20. 
 The ground floor, 35 x 180, is used exclusively lor the storage 
 of all heavy goods, such as nails, axes, window glass, paint, 
 zinc, wire, spades and shovels, agricultural implements, cordage, 
 &c. A tram railway runs along its entiro length, upon which 
 all goods for transport is passed to the rear. The first floor, of 
 same size as the ground floor, has the addition of a sky-light ; 
 the office of the hardware manager is located here. On this 
 flat may be seen a large and complete stock of shelf hardware, 
 comprehending the productions of Great JJritain. United States, 
 Canada, and Germany, buildev's and mp«Jianie's, and household 
 hardware of every description, as also cutlery, electro plate, i&c. 
 The firm also have a stationer v department, which, with a host 
 of smallwares, brushes &c., forms a combination that is seldom 
 
 3*5 
 
 m 
 
 ktfiL "AILORVi*^ 
 

 seen in any one establishment ; the general dealer is therefore 
 saved the trouble and annoyance of iiaving a number of 
 accomits to look after. The two departments, I.e., the earthen- 
 ware and liardware,. are kept separate and distinct. The 
 salesmen are those who thoroughly understand their business, 
 and who, although at all times desirous of furthering the 
 interests of the establishment, yet do not bore the intending 
 purchaser. The extensive character of their various purchases, 
 coupled with an abundance of capital necessary for its effective 
 working, warrant them in believing that their goods are at all 
 times purchased to the best advantage. See plate 8. • .%:. 
 
 ■; The Pacific Buildings — The Pacific Buildings, situate on 
 the uorth-oast corner of Front and Scott streets, is one of the 
 most handsome buildings in the city, and is devoted to, mer- 
 cantile purposes. It was erected in 1874, and is a white brick 
 building with Ohio stone dressing, mansard roof, and is in the 
 modernized Corinthian style. It has a frontage of 72 feet on 
 Frout street, 30 feet frontage on Wellington street, and a depth 
 of 162 feet on Scott street ; it is four storeys in lieight, with 
 basement. There is a large courtway from Scott street to the 
 rear of the building, giving access to the back part of the 
 premises. See plate 2(5. 
 
 V Messrs. C. & J. Allen, who occupy a portion of the Pacific 
 Buildings, are doing a wholesale fin(3 gold, jewellory, and fancy 
 goods business, in English, French, and (lerman goods. They 
 hold a tine assortment of samples, from which they take import- 
 ing orders, enabling the merchants to purchase with equal 
 facility as if personally visiting the European market. They are 
 also the sole agents in Canada for James Spicer & Sons, 
 London, England, wholesale export stationers ; Lightbourne, 
 Aspinwall & Co., paper hanging manufacturers, Manchester, 
 England ; and Hayram, Smith & Co., cutlery manufacturers, 
 Sheffield. 
 
 E. L. Slaughter, Erie Freight Agent, occupies offices in 
 the Pacific Building, on tlie corner of Scott and Wellington 
 streets. 
 
 326 
 
 "Hi 
 
TRADE AND COMMEUCE. 
 
 Joseph & Davidson, Wholesale Dry Goods, have also 
 offices and warerooms in the Pacilic Buildings, 30 Front street. 
 The firm consists of 11. F. Josei)h and Wm. M. Davidson. 
 
 Massey Geddes, Steamboat and General Shipping Agent, 
 also occupies offices in the Pacific Buildings, 33 Front street. 
 
 J. Segsworth & Co., Importers of Watches and Jewellery, 
 have officos ond warerooms in the Pacif • Buildings, 21 Scott 
 street. This firm have also a retail watchmaking and jewellery 
 establishment at 113 Yonge street. 
 
 The Firm of M. & L. Samuel may be taken as the repre- 
 sentative house of the city dealing in sheet and ingot metals 
 and tinsmith's supplies. Tlie house commiuced business in 
 'f \to in 1857, aud for same few years afterwards their 
 business was confined to very small limits, owing to Montreal 
 being the recognized market for this class of goods, but as in 
 other trades established ia Toronto, on^sun^rs sooi found that 
 their requirements could be as well and as cheaply supplied in 
 Toronto as in Montreal. By constantly keeping on hand a well 
 assorted stocic of the best brands in all the staple lines, and by 
 an enterprising system of management, combined with a desire 
 to always supply the needs of the tnide, Messrs. Samuel have 
 built up a very large trade, far exceeding many of their older 
 competitors of Montreal, and to-day they do tlie most extensive 
 metal an(' ivdware business in the Province of Ontario. In 
 1871 the i ■ ; ! ;ded shelf hardware to their business, and in 
 this bra.ic: -i' keep a large and w.dl assorted stock. They 
 carry a very larg stock of galvanized iron, which has of late 
 years come so much into use for ro )fiiig pui-poses. Tne chief 
 brands kept are the celebrated Mare wood aud Gaipjl Oik 
 Canada Plate. For the last two years Messrs. Samuel have 
 imported the well-known M. L. 0. brand, which is acknowledged 
 by the trade to be superior to any other kind in the market. 
 In ingo; iion, sheathing copper, English and Russian sheet 
 iron, iccA md iron pipes, tinmen's and plumber's tools, they 
 appear to have immense stosks. The firm have a house in 
 Montreal, and in 18(50 Mr. M. Samuel, the senior partner, went 
 
 327 
 

 to reside in England, where he has since remained and devoted 
 his whole time to purchasing supplies for the Canadian house. 
 Their house on Yonge street is a large three story hrick 
 building, devoted mainly to the storage of metals and heavy 
 goods. Tmo years ago they also erected a large and attractive 
 three story brick building fronting on Jordan street, and im- 
 mediately in the rear of the Yonge street warehouse. This 
 building is devoted to the storage of lighter goods, and 
 glassware, &c. 
 
 The Hardware Store of Messrs Ross & Allen is one of the 
 oldest business houses on King street. The firm was originally 
 established by John Mead in 1839, and for a large number of 
 years was carried on by him, being the only store of much 
 importance in the then central part of the city. At the time of the 
 erection of this store it was in the very heart of the business 
 portion of the city, and in this locality the whole of the whole- 
 sale and retail trade of Toronto was carried on. Since that 
 time, however, the wholesale trade of Toronto has located itself 
 on Front and Wellington streets and the lower portion of Yonge 
 street, and King street east has become the centre of a generi^l 
 trade, and the especial depot of the farming community. The 
 store of Messrs. Eoss & Allen is a commodious three story 
 structure, and contains a very large stock of general hardware 
 goods, consisting of cutlery of every grade, tools of all descrip- 
 tions, builder's hardware, and a large assortment of farming 
 implements. 
 
 Pepler & Sheppard. — Messrs. Pepler and Sheppard, a sketch 
 of whose building appears on plate 31, were the first to introduce 
 into this country the system of selling hides and skins by auction 
 on comnn'ssion, thus affording to the butchers and farmers a 
 depot to which they might send their goods for sale, and by 
 these means enable them to realize the same price as the large 
 dealer who sells in bulk. This system has been introduced in 
 Toronto by Messrs. Pepler and Sheppard, after having seen its 
 success in England and Scotland, where it has all but super- 
 seded the old system of buying from the butcher and farmer 
 
 J28 
 
TRADE AND COMMERCE. 
 
 by the dealer who lias a great advantage over the seller owing 
 to his having a quantity insufficient to coraraand the attention of 
 the tanner. This system helps to give to the public articles 
 produced from hides and skins at the lowest prices, as it does 
 away with the dealers' heavy profits. Although this system has 
 been but recently introduced, it has met with great success, 
 having receivta the ardent sui)port of the principal butchers of 
 
 the district. Vr ■ J';. :■?:• '-■v;-,.'; ■■'•>.•-■ :':wfr I-.-'; 
 
 John Rennie & Co.'s warehouse and manufactory is 
 situate at 25 Front street west. It is a white brick structure, 
 with stone dressings, having a somewhat neat external appear- 
 ance, and the internal arrangements are well adapted to the 
 business carried on therein. The building, which is located 
 nearly in the centre of the Iron Block, is four storeys high, each 
 flat being 165 by 30 feet. The firm devote tlieir entire attention 
 to the manufacture and importation of the following departments 
 of the dry goods trade, namely : gentlemen's furnishings, corsets 
 and skirts, haberdashery and smallwares. They employ about 
 fifteen salesmen and travellers. (See plate 26.) 
 
 McGiverin, Kerrigan, & Co. — This establishment, a branch 
 of the well-known hardware house of W. IMcGiverin & Co., of 
 Hamilton, was establislied in Toronto in 1874. The house deals 
 in all kinds of hardware, making a specialty of the following 
 .lines of articles: — Builders' liardware, mechanics' tools, table 
 cutlery, machinists' tools, also hoop iron, Ofcc. The manage- 
 ment of the Toronto branch is under the management of Mr. 
 Kerrigan, The location of the house is very central, occupying a 
 portion of what is known as Smitli's block on Front street west. 
 The warehouse comprises four large liats. all of wliich are 
 stored with every grade of goods coming witliin the range of 
 hardware goods. (See plate 38.) 
 
 Steele Bros. & Co., Importers and Dealers in Foreign and 
 Home Grown Field and Garden Seeds, first established 
 in 1873 with R. C. Steele as resident and managing partner, 
 this gentleman having had fifteen years' experience in the retail 
 business before starting in Toronto. S. E. Briggs was admitted 
 
 329 
 
 !■ ;■ 
 
 lliiij;!, 
 
^mviv 
 
 I , 
 
 J! 
 
 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 
 
 as a partner in the lirm in 1876, having been in the retail 
 business for ten years, most of the time in connection witli the 
 bouse. The firux's business has increased to such an extent 
 that they are having erected for thein a large warehouse, 
 situated on the corner of Front and Jarvis streets. It is a red 
 brick building with cut stone dressings, three storeys in height, 
 together with an extensive basement, having a frontage of 34 
 feet and a depth of 124 feet. The premises will have a powerful 
 hydraulic machine for hoisting the goods from the basiauent to 
 the upper storeys, together with every facility for carrying on 
 their business with the smallest outlay of time and labour. 
 When completed the building will be the largest seed warehouse 
 in the Dominion, The offices and retail store will be on the 
 first floor. The firm grow large quantities of choice garden 
 peas, wbif^h are sold to leading houses in the United States and 
 Great hritain. They also largely export Red and Alsike (^lover 
 seeds, &g. As evidence of the growth of the foreiga business 
 of the house it may be mentioned that in December, 187(5, they 
 shipped goods direct to San Francisco, California, to Richmond, 
 Virginia, and to London, England, Messrs. Steele Bros. & Co. 
 imported from Manitoba the firsi shipment of wheat ever 
 brought from that Province in the fall of 1876. This enterprise 
 munt assuredly prove a great boon to the farmers of Ontario 
 anu Quebec in procuring for them a ciuinge of seed from the 
 virgin soil of the Red River Valley, and will assist materially in 
 drawing attention to the splendid farming lands of our great 
 North-West Territory, The members of the tirm are J. S, 
 Steele, R, C, Steele, and S. E, liriggs. See plate N. 
 
 Thomiis Lailey & Co,'s Wholesale Clothing House, 
 14 Front Street West. This business was commenced by the 
 present senior partner in 1855, and is now carried on by him 
 and his son, William H. Lailey, under the style named above. 
 The customers of the firm are chiefly in Ontario, but extending 
 to the Province of Quebec, Lower Provinces, and Manitoba, 
 Their warehouse is three storeys high, the two upper flats 
 having a depth of 180 feet. On the lownr floor are the offices, 
 
 330 
 
.fH''}VH.i 
 
 n« 
 
 :3b? 
 
 ,:fk^,}iww. 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 ^> T* 
 
 -■Lxfa " toiti^-. *■*<■■ 
 
 
 'M. 
 
 __'— -(t—Uo,,*- 'Wi,/ 1,'. 
 
 f^Jwif''- 
 
 ^! 
 
 eS^*®^-^ 
 
 tELE Bros & Go, Seep M.erohant5» Ckii ef Pf fftt it J^«v«8- STi?E*Tf > 
 
 Hi;: 
 
 vrlU- 
 
1^^ 
 
 I ; 
 
 I I 
 
 I 1 
 
 ! '• 
 
 I i 
 
 'I'OiiONTD ; f'AST ANP PiffiHKNT 
 
 UK a piutiiHr iu the Urm in letTO, having bdeu lu thu rytaii 
 btisiuesr* for tm xmvi*, irioat of thf tiiiifc iu connection with Wm 
 biHige. The firm's husinesni has mcrpased to niieh an exttiit 
 tiiut tiiey an: iiasin^i ta-ected fur tbfin :i. hirge wnit/hoiuu'. 
 Hituatcd (ju thf. c.orjjar of Fro'it iutd JarviH Htreets. \i, in a rf-l 
 f;riok buUdiiiju' with cut strMie dnihshigs, thvtMi storeys iu hoigiit 
 togtiiitT u'jth an extiairjivti i/astMntiit. lirtviitg a S>oiita.ge of 34 
 feot and a ti'.'pi.a of \-M foot, 'i'he pri'iiiinvs will liavH a pinvt^rfu] 
 hydraulic iuaeiuiu; for hoi.stiuj,; the (,'oods frota tho l.iasenu'ut to 
 the npjHir storoyti, to}.';ethei' w.th (?vv;ry faoihty for o.tn-yiTig on 
 their hu.snioHs witli tJu- Hmalietit outlay of tune and lalniur. 
 When cuiMnieted tltn huiiding will be tho iai's^ti^i noed w.utdions'-^ 
 ill i\x(i ! 'i'luiniou. '['lie ollict;*^ %n.iX V4'%m\ niwi:^' will he on iht 
 lirHt floor. Tiie urm ^^,-i>« Uvrgi *|«}tuutii---i ui eii()ice !:!;arden 
 pt3aH. wiiifh are !>;>i.l i.? ls<iMlm^ L'miiCfj !xt Uic ( nittd Statfc^ aau 
 (.Iroat Bi-iiaiiK 'fh-y also mrj^eiy vKp rt H' d aiid Airulu; clov';r 
 ticK'-^irt. itc. A.H <--yjikri»e'5 of tiu; growth of the for(;ijj;u busiat'rvii 
 <vf littf h->H!-»;> ji' UH»y h-^ raeuii(,aed that in Ih'Ciaulier, IH7<', th-jy 
 HUippMii g< o,i- (-bfx't to JSan Francisco, CahioniJa,. to lli(,'h.mond, 
 \ ogi'Sia, H](t! to Liaidon, Raglii.ad. I^ic^Hrs. K'.?riie J'ros, a; Co 
 imported fr 'Oi Manitoba tho lirst hhjpiiiunt of wiicat e\ v 
 brought 11 om that Proviiicr' in the hiii of lH7b. fhis cnicrpiiBS-. 
 miiKt aisHuredly provu a gii at buuu« to the i:u-:!)u rrf of Ootar;>' 
 and Quebec in procuring for them a change of seed from tH* 
 virgin .«oil of t}.e }»ed IJiver Vaihy, and will assist materiiiily u- 
 drawing attention to the nph>ndid farjoing hinds of our gre;t* 
 North- We8t Tc^rritory, Tbt; tneiuberH of tin; ]irm a)e J f-. 
 Btoole, H. C Btfole, and H. K. Briggs, Sv.'e plate N. 
 
 Thomas Lailey & Co. s Wholesale Clothing House 
 1-1 Front Htret't West. i.iiiB bubiness was eounneiijed by Usr 
 predijjit senior partner m iMoo, and. i.t> novv carried o;; b\ bisi* 
 and (iiH Bon, VViUiaia H. Jjailoy, nndev tf le btyb^ named abovt 
 The euBtomerfci of t.lie firin are fduetly in Ontario, but exteftdi«*f 
 to the Proviactf of Quebee, Lttwwi' .Pro\incoB, and Manite?te. 
 TMr Farehonae. is tlitea akaio^H M^h^ ttie two. up^HU- Mafct 
 having ft depth of 180 feet. On the h>wor floor are the oMmn, 
 
 1 :\ : .^' 
 
PLATE N 
 
 the retail 
 1 wit) I 1lu.i 
 an oxtttit. 
 
 t irf a i»-l 
 ill h''iglit 
 L,i;^i; of :^ t 
 
 ivrying on 
 ml lalHiuv. 
 
 \,v oil thi 
 iit' gav<ku' 
 
 Isik'.' clovij- 
 ;u busiat'-^:- 
 
 l.S7<', tJ.i-.\ 
 1 liichuio\)'i, 
 
 ros. 'A: (,' 
 
 rroui tiv- 
 ilrriiiUy 1.- 
 
 )iy Hout-c 
 
 •.'il l>v il» 
 
 \\v:i[ alK)Vi 
 I, ('xtt:ridij»f 
 
 1' 
 
 1^ 
 
 1 
 
 li 
 
 
 l^^d 
 
 
 ^•g-^^SSNi'l 
 
 -v»t, ,.^^*; ■ 
 
 ■-i-w.-vv«p^.--.iH„»«5^. 
 
 t ri 
 
 I ( 
 
 I 
 
 :'f!^ 
 
 NeleBros&Go, Seed Merchants, Gor of Front & Jarvis Streets. 
 
ipiai 
 
TRADE AND COMMERCE. 
 
 1/ 
 
 and part of the stock of goods in the piece. The second floor is 
 entirely occupied with ready-made clothing. On the upper Hoor 
 is kept the heavier woollens and trimmings, used in making up, 
 the rear part being used for cutting rooms. The length of time 
 this business has been in operation, giving constant employ- 
 ment to a large number of hands, and now paying during the 
 year wages to the amount of $25,000, must give this firm some 
 claim to rank with those who have contributed to the growth of 
 Toronto. 
 
 J. L. Bronsdon & Co., occupy commodious premises on 
 the west side of Yonge street, near its junction with King 
 street. The business was establislied in 1869 under the name 
 of Bronsdon Sc Patou, and is one of the oldest paint and colour 
 houses in Toronto. The building is four storeys high, having a 
 frontage of 25 feet and a depth of 75 feet. Immediately in the 
 rear is a brick warehouse tliree storeys high, 30 feet frontage 
 with a depth of 60 feet. Tlie tirm do a very extensive business 
 in all classes of goods pertaining to the oil and colour trade. 
 The goods sold by this firm are from celebrated English manu- 
 facturers, among whom will be found the well-known firm of 
 Blundell, Spence & Co., who are noted for their superior linseed 
 oils; Bramdram & Bros., whose white leads are so well-known : 
 Charles Turuer & S )nH, Noble ifc Hoare's, and Lane's celebrated 
 varnishes; Pouleur Freres, and Caaucis' window glass; Peri- 
 tainis' French brushes, and numerous other well known manu- 
 factures. They also have, a large supply of colours, dry and in 
 oil, varnishes, brushes, artists, grainers, gilders, and painter's 
 supplies of every description, window and sign glass is at all 
 times kept in stock. See plate 35. 
 
 WHOLESALE AND RETAIL STORES. 
 
 John Kay's Retail Dry Goods Establishment. — This 
 establishment, which is situated OJi the corner of King and 
 Yonge streets, is amongst the oldest and largest in the city. 
 It was founded upwards of thirty years ago by Betley & Kay 
 (Mr. Betley having retired from business twelve years ago). 
 
 331 
 
! 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 
 
 The first Hat is filled with ii large assortment of the best Di'y 
 Goods which can bo purchased in Foreign and English markets. 
 On the second flat, south, there is the largest and finest stock 
 of Cariu'ts in the Province, obtained direct from the most cele- 
 brated English makers ; some of the designs are manufactured 
 for, and confined to Mr. Kay. There is also on the north end 
 of this fiat a spacious show room, where the latest patterns of 
 French and English millinery and mantles are exhibited. The 
 third fiat is used in making dressL.s, mantles, and millinery to 
 order, under the superintendence of experienced forewomen. 
 Mr. Kay has also a very extensive stock of the best Oil Cloths 
 which can l)e obtained in England. When it is menticmed that 
 this establishment can boast of a good many customers who 
 have dealt with it for upwards of a quarter of a century it is a 
 strong recommendation in itself. Besides having an extensive 
 city business a large ct untry trade has always been done, and 
 is steadily increasing. For sketch of the building see plate 41. 
 Messrs. Ridout & Co. — The Birmingham, Sheftield, and 
 Wolverhampton warehouse was established by Messrs. George 
 Percival and Joseph David Eidout (l)rothers), in the year 1832, 
 in the premises familiar to the inhabitants of the city as the 
 Wakefield Auction Mart, removing therefrom the following year 
 to their tl)«n new and, comparatively, with its surroundings, 
 large and handsome building, still in their occupation at the 
 corner of King and Yonge streets, which, since that time, has 
 been in honourable association with their name over the whole 
 area of Upper Canada, and also the best known feature or land- 
 mark in the city of Toronto. The building of the Brothers 
 Bidout, with the warehouse of Mr. Munro, at the corner of 
 King and George streets, was the example and incentive to that 
 substantial and elegant class of store buildings now ornamenting 
 the city in so many different parts, and which, during construc- 
 tion, in consequence of being considerably west of the under- 
 stood business limits, was watched by the citizens (at thut 
 time about 4,000) and country visitors as a wonderful and 
 hazardous enterprise on the part of the proprietors, both iuex- 
 
 332 
 
TRADE AND COMMERCE. 
 
 periencod young men, aged respectively twenty-three and 
 twenty-four years. Yet t'e Messrs. Ridout at the commence- 
 ment of their business career, felt every confidence in building 
 so far west of the then l)U8iness limits of the place, and events 
 have since proved the soundness of their judament in selecting 
 Toronto as a proper place from whence to furnish the dealers of 
 Upper Canada with supplies directly imported from British and 
 foreign niiiuufacturers. The enterprise of a few pioneer firms 
 like Messrs. Ridout has done much towards hastening the esta- 
 blishment of Toronto as the commercial metropolis of Western 
 Canada. The Messrs. Ridout for nearly half a century have 
 been noted for a characteristic quietness in the management of 
 their business, and safely conducted it through the disturbed and 
 dangerous years immediately preceding and following t rebel- 
 lion of 1837, and through the various periods of fin;iucial de- 
 nression since then. The present partnership of Ridout, Aiken- 
 uead, and Crombie was formed upon the retirement of Mr. Fer- 
 cival Ridout in 18(57. The -senior partner, Mr. J. D. Ridout, is 
 we believe the oldest merchant of Toronto now actively engaged 
 in commercial ijursuits. He is president of the Canada Perma- 
 nent Loan and Savings Society, the wealthiest and most success- 
 ful institution of its kind in the Dominion of Canada, and to the 
 interests of which he devotes a considerable iiuiouut of at- 
 tention. See plate 30. 
 
 ♦'The Golden Lion." — Messrs. Walker and Sons' dry goods 
 store, known to the residents of Toronto as the " Golden 
 Lion," is one of the handsomest and largest retail Dry 
 Goods stores in the Dominion. Erected in 1807 at a cost of 
 over $40,000 it at once became a landmark in the most fashion- 
 able and busy street of the city, by its solid and imposing, yet 
 at the same time highly ornamental and airy appearance. The 
 premises have a frontage ot 52 feet and a depth of 210 feet. 
 The front of the building is of cut stone, with a veiy beautifully 
 finished cornice, surmounted by a fine large figure of the noble 
 Lion, also cut in stone. For the first 30 feet the front of the 
 structure is composed almost entirely of plate glass, and is 
 
 .ir. 
 
 I 
 
 
 ^1 !l ' 
 
 333 
 
divided into four large panes, running from the sidewalk up to a 
 massive ornamental iron girder, extending the entire width of 
 the building. The windows and doorway contains over 1,500 
 square feet of glass. The interior is beautifully finished and the 
 arrangements for the comfort of purchasers and the ready and 
 effective display of gcods are very perfect and complete. The 
 first floor is divided by partitions, separating the dry goods 
 department from the clothing wareroom. In the centre of the 
 Dry goods, or east side, is the stairway leading up to the show 
 room, replete with a splendid assortment of millinery, shawls, 
 mantles, and ladies' underclothing. Here is also the fancy 
 department and house furnishing goods, unci at the south end is 
 the carpet room. This room ia the largest undivided show 
 room in the Dominion ; it is 51 by 130 feet, and furnished and 
 fitted up in t.ie most complete manner. The third and fourth 
 floors are devoted to the wholesale department, work rooms, 
 &o,. One of the chief features of the store is the large dome, 
 over 40 feet in diameter, and rising 56 feet from tlie first floor, and 
 containing about 1,(500 square feet of glass, giving a splendid light 
 to the first and second floors. " The Golden Lion " was esta- 
 blished mH 183G by Mr. Eobert Walker, a few doors west of 
 the present site. In 1847 two st(me-fronted buildings were 
 erected by P. Patterson, Esq., and Eobert Walker on the pre- 
 sent site at a cost of $30,000, and for twenty-one years were 
 occupied by Messrs. Walker and Sons, and the other b}' P. Pat- 
 terson and others. In 1867 Mr. E. Walker, having acquired the 
 whole of the site, pulled the two buildings down, and erected the 
 present store at a cost of over $40,000 ; and it is now the 
 largest retail store in the Province. The rapid growth of the 
 business of this firm has more than kept pace with the business 
 growth of the city. Beginning in 1880 in a small fram.e build- 
 ing, employing only two salesmen, it and one other are the only 
 surviving firms then in the dry goods trade. In 1856 growth of 
 business compelled ';he erection of new premises, and ten to 
 twelve salesmen were then found necessary to meet the demands 
 of its patrons, and this decav^e of twenty years finds the firm 
 
 334 
 
TRADE AND COMMERCE. 
 
 walk up to a 
 ire width of 
 i over 1,500 
 shed and the 
 le ready and 
 [iipk^te. The 
 le dry goods 
 centre of the 
 to the show 
 nery, shawls, 
 so the fancy 
 3 isouth end is 
 dividfc.1 show 
 "urnished and 
 rd and fourth 
 work rooms, 
 e hirge dome, 
 first floor, and 
 spl'nidid hght 
 1 " was esta- 
 oovs west of 
 uildings were 
 on the ]>re- 
 ine years were 
 ler by P. Pat- 
 ly acquired the 
 nd erected the 
 it is now the 
 Kiowth of the 
 the business 
 frame build- 
 are the only 
 856 growth of 
 '8, and ten to 
 the denumds 
 finds the firm 
 
 located in the handsomest and largest retail establishment in 
 Ontario, with a staff of over forty salesmen, cashiers, and book- 
 keepers, with a stock of goods always on hand varying from 
 $150,000 to $250,000, and a large branch establishment in 
 London, Ontario. "Jee plate 34. 
 
 Mason, Risch & Newcombe's Pianoforte and Organ 
 Warerooms. — Toronto is acknowledged to be the musical head- 
 quartfrs of the Dominion, as here more pianofortes organs and 
 other musical instruments ai'e sold than in any other city in 
 Britisli America Of several large firms trading exclusively in 
 musical instruments that of Messrs. Mason, Eisch and New- 
 combe may be taken as an example of the trade, having a large 
 and varied stock of pianofortes and cabinet organs, displayed in 
 a commodious l)uilding. with elegantly appointed show rooms. 
 The premises of the above firm, a sketch of which will be found 
 on plate G, are situate at No. 32 King street west. The 
 building, wliich has been expressly fitted up to meet the require- 
 ments of their trade, is a fine brick structure, 100 feet deep by 
 2() feet wide, and consists of three floors and a basement. The 
 first rioor is occupied as the principal show room. Here are to 
 be found pianos and organs from the most celebrated American 
 and European makers, suitable alike to the palatial drawing room 
 of the millionaire or the more humble cottage of the artizan. 
 The second fioor is anotlur very fine and beautiful show' room, 
 70 by 20 feet, possessing admirable acoustical properties, and is 
 devoted to the display of pianos of the best nuikers, and the 
 better class of second-liand -nstrmnents The third or upper 
 is occupied as a repairing shop, thv3 firm dohig a large business 
 in this department, being well-known for the successful maimer 
 in which instruments are treated l)y them. They employ only 
 skilled artizans, most of the men liaving been brought from 
 Germany specially for their business. The mechanical arrange- 
 m ents throughout the building for handling the various 
 i nstruments are very complete. In the basement a revolving 
 platform receives the cases containing the instruments into the 
 building, where they are unpacked and at once transferred to 
 
 Kh 
 
 335 
 
H 
 
 ■ i 
 ■J 
 
 t 
 
 ■■ • 
 
 1 
 
 ¥' 
 
 
 
 a monster hoist, which conveys them with the greatest celerity 
 to any part of the building desired. Thus by a well organized 
 system and mechanical appointments, a considerable amount of 
 manual labour is saved, and all risk of damage to instruments 
 avoided. Each instrument on being unpacked is personally 
 inspected by one of the members of the firm, and is then trans- 
 ferred to the attention of the tuners and regulators, who 
 examine every detail in the mechanism, so that should the 
 slightest derangement have occurred to the action during the 
 process of transportation the remedy is at <mce applied. By 
 this means a purchaser in Canada receives his instrument in as 
 perfect condition as though received from the factory direct. 
 The importance of attention to this particular cannot be too 
 highly valued, and its adoption is doubtless one of the elements 
 of the success which has distinguished this house from its 
 commencement . 
 
 Page's Block. — This tine and substantial block of buildings 
 on Yonge street, just north of Queen street, which is the pro- 
 perty of Mr. C. Page, senior, was erected by the late Hon. J. H. 
 Cameron in 1856, Alderman Sheard being the architect. At 
 that time it was thought by nearly every business man to be too 
 far north from the centre of trade, and that to endeavour to 
 establish a business of any magnitude could only end in, disaster 
 and ruin, but Mr. Page, who came from England with his 
 family to this city in 1857, and occupied the store now so well 
 known as the London House, thought he saw a great future for 
 Yonge street, being as it is an artery through the very centre 
 of the city, and he has not been disappointed, having by industry 
 and attention to the wants of his customers, built up one of 
 the largest and most successful retail dry goods businesses in 
 the city. Great improvements have been made from time to 
 time in this immediate locality to suit the times, and the re- 
 quirements of an ever-incveasing volume of trade. The boot 
 and shoe store of «'*• Merryfield occupies the southern end of 
 the block, and is No. 190 Yonge street. Mr. Merryfield is one 
 of the oldest established boot and shoe dealers in the city, he 
 
 336 
 
eatest celerity 
 well organized 
 able amount of 
 to instruments 
 is personally 
 is then traus- 
 3gulators, who 
 at should the 
 ;ion during the 
 e applied. By 
 strument in as 
 factory direct, 
 cannot be too 
 I the elements 
 )use from its 
 
 k of buildings 
 5h is the pro- 
 ite Hon. J. H. 
 architect. At 
 man to be too 
 endeavour to 
 nd in, disaster 
 land with his 
 i now so well 
 reat future for 
 le very centre 
 tig by industry 
 lilt up one of 
 businesses in 
 from time to 
 i, and the re- 
 [e. The boot 
 ithern end of 
 rrylield is one 
 in the city, he 
 
 4 
 
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 TOnoKTf.) ; I'ASr AND I'lljiSf.M-. 
 
 a 'u >u.^tn' hoist, svhi.-b c-nvt-ya tlwm with t.bo -rcatvst (H^lfrity 
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 Mason Kisch k Newcombe Piano-Fort .Warerooms. 
 
m >>■« !:! 
 
having first commenced business in 1853. At that time Yonge 
 street presented a wid-jly ditferent appearance than now. Then 
 green fields and vacant lots met the eye of the pedestrian — 
 where handsome stores and solid blocks of buildings now stand. 
 Then the shoe trade of the city did not number half as many 
 establishments as are to be found on Yonge street alone, and 
 what was still better for the consumer, home-made goods were 
 the staple commodity, and not cheap slop work. In this latter 
 respect Mr, Merrytield still maintains his well known reputation, 
 as in his establishment the very best class of goods that can be 
 bought for the money will be found. Poor slop work has no 
 place on his shelves. His trade is essentially a good family 
 trade and ordered work. Mr. Merryfield is one of the old school 
 of solid tradesmen, letting the value and dm*ability of his goods 
 be his own bill poster. No. 192 is occupied by Mr. Frisby as a 
 tailoring and outfitting establishment, and is well known to 
 large numbers of the citizens as a store where good articles at a 
 moderate price can be procured. The stock consists of a well- 
 selected assortment of all kinds of cloths, tweeds and gentle- 
 men's outfittings of all kinds. Nos. 194 and 196 are in the oc- 
 cupation of Messrs. Page and Sons, the owners of the block, 
 as a dry goods store, and known as the London House. Pro- 
 bably no other store on Yonge street is batter known than the 
 London House. Since the business ,..s first established by Mr. 
 Page, senior, the volume of trade transacted has steadily 
 increased, and department after department has been added 
 until now no better filled store or larger or more valuable stock 
 can be 'ound within the entire length traversed by Yonge street. 
 The salerooms rank among the finest in the city, a good light 
 being obtained throughout, and the firm is noted for its elegant 
 openmgs each season. During the past year Mr. Page, senior, 
 retired from active participation in the business, which is now 
 conducted by his sons, who appear determined to give the same 
 careful attendance and supervision, and carry out the same rule 
 of strict integrity in all transactions that has characterised 
 Mr. Page, senior. The next store is occupied by Mr. West as 
 
 w 
 
 337 
 
■If •••i. 
 
 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 
 
 a boot and shoe depot. Nos. 202 and 204 is occupied by the 
 extensive tailoring establishment of Mr. J. Brimer. This is 
 the largest and best iitted up exclusive tailoring store in the city. 
 The sale and show rooms are large, 28x75, light, and exceedingly 
 neat in appearance. The shelves and counters are tilled with 
 the most select and choicest goods of the season. The goods of 
 the most celebrated woollen factories of Great Britain and the 
 American continent are constantly kept in stock, together with 
 the more fancy goods of French manufacturers. Mr. Brimer 
 has had a long practical experience in the trade, and as the 
 best cuttei s and workmen are kept, a sati factory fit may always 
 be depended upon, as the writer can speak T^om his own \)ev- 
 sona experience. The workroom is immediately behind the 
 saleroom. William McMaster, junior, occupies the northern 
 end of the block, which is Nos. 206 and 208, as a dry goods 
 store, and one of the best and most complete stocks of retail dry 
 goods in this street, and prol)al)ly in the city, will be found 
 in this establishment. Mr. ^fcMaster cultivates a family trade, 
 and trusts to the quality and value of his goods to obtain ])ublic 
 favour instead of puffing low and poor articles at low prices as 
 cheap bankrupt stocks, a practice wliich, during the late period 
 of depressed trade, has become a somewhat common proceeding 
 with many houses. In visiting this store we were struck with 
 the large variety' of the j)atterns and fabrics into which dress 
 goods are now manufactured, and the immense variety of 
 articles which a first class dry goods store handle. See plate 22, 
 Messrs. Wm. West & Co. also occupy a store in this 
 block, known as the " Golden Boot," Nos. 198 and 200. This firm 
 was established in 1868 on a small t-cale, but finding their tracb^ 
 increasing they were compelled l.> enlarge their premises to 
 their present commodious exter'. The store has a frontage of 
 24 feet and a depth of 75 feet, and is neatly fitted up. The office and 
 manufactory is in the rear. Messrs. West & Co. have a very 
 large and select stock of boots and shoes, and as they confine 
 themselves to doing only a cash business they are enabled to 
 give their customers far better value for their money than other 
 
 338 
 
TBADE AND COMMKRCK. 
 
 pied by the 
 •. This is 
 in the city, 
 exceedingly 
 t' iilled Avith 
 ^he goodH of 
 lin and the 
 )rfethov with 
 Mr. Ikimer 
 and as the 
 t may always 
 lis own per- 
 ' behind the 
 the northern 
 a dry goods 
 5 of retail dry 
 will be fomid 
 family trade, 
 I obtain i)ublic 
 low prices as 
 le late period 
 on proceeding 
 re struck with 
 ) which dress 
 HI- variety of 
 See plate 22. 
 store in this 
 00. This firm 
 ing their trade 
 premises to 
 ii frontage of 
 The office and 
 have a very 
 ,8 they confinr 
 are enabled to 
 ley than other 
 
 firms which give long credit. They employ the l)est workman- 
 ship to be obtained, and a trial of their goods will be sure to 
 give perfect satisfaction. 
 
 J. Robinson & Co. — Few, if any, cities on the American 
 continent can surpass the stores of our principal dealers m gold 
 and silver wares for variety, value, and first class workmunship 
 of the goods therein displayed. As an example of one class 
 having numerous representatives in the City, let us examine the 
 store of Joseph llobinson and Co., known as the Sheffield House, 
 15 King street west, a few doors from Yonge street. Ex^.ernally 
 Ave find a plain brick building of three storeys, and a shop win- 
 dow always remarkable for its neat and eft'ective displays of sil- 
 verware and electro-plate goods. Stepping inside we find a 
 splendid saleroom 120 feet long, and 24 feet broad, beautifully 
 fitted up on both sides with cases in bluck and gold, containing 
 such a really magnificent stock of electro-plated ware as to 
 cause a feeling of surprise on seeing the numberless patterns, 
 styles, and variety of articles, and the truly artistic workman- 
 ship manifested in the goods manufactured by this interesting- 
 and beautiful process. Here are large cases filled with tea and 
 cofiee sets, kettles, urns, epergnes, vases, and centre pieces ; iu 
 fact, every requisite for the use or ornamentation of the break- 
 fast, dinner or sapper table, fit for the palace or cottage, and in 
 adjoining cases we notice Communion sets to suit the require- 
 ments of either high or low churches, christening basins of all 
 sizes and patterns, children's mugs in close proximity to claret 
 jugs, tea i)itchers, cu})s and flagons for their seniors. In other 
 cases we find almost every conceivable ornamental or useful 
 article of domestic requirement produced in Britannia metal, 
 looking quite as bright and beautiful as in the more costly 
 metals. And here, too, will be found cutlery of all kinds, 
 from the costly and finely-finished goods that grace the table of 
 the palatial mansion, to the common horn-handled knives and 
 forks for the laborer's cottage. In fancy articles there appears 
 to be everything that can be desired from a match box to the 
 beautiful siWer fitted dressing case or work box. In this de- 
 
 339 
 

 
 nm 
 
 
 TORONTO : PAST AND PRKSENT. 
 
 partmeiit we t'md articles of rertu. in Parian ware, Bohemian 
 glass, china, and the unrivalled productions of Wedgwood and 
 Minter. On the counters are cases lilled with the most costly 
 watches, the most delicate and tinely-finished lockets, brooches, 
 and rings, from the plaiu gold ring so much desired by all ladies 
 to the valuable and elaborately-finished gem, sparkling with 
 diamonds and pearls. It would be utterly impossible to 
 attempt to enumerate all the goods displayed on the various 
 tloors of this house, but visitors can rest assured of being 
 amply repaid for any trouble in visiting this establishment by 
 the many and costly arfciclns of artistic workmanship always to 
 be found here. This house was established upwards of twenty 
 years ago, and now do a very largo wholesale trade, their tra- 
 vellers visiting all ports of the Dominion. Their retail busi- 
 ness is known to be one of the largest in the city, and certainly 
 the stock far surpasses that of any other house in extent. 
 
 James Stark's dry goods store is situate on the v/est side 
 of Yonge street, near Queen street. Tiie external appearance 
 of the store is somewhat remarkable, as being the remains of 
 a style original in Toronto. This was one of the earliest brick 
 blocks erected on Yonge street, and at the tirie of its erection 
 was considered a remarkably handsome structure, and now ap- 
 pears neat and attractive. The store is well known to the citi- 
 zens through the pushing enterprise of Mr. Stark, who keeps 
 himself constantly before the public as selling cheap goods. 
 His stock is always large and well assorted, embracing a wide 
 range in all kinds of domestic cloths, dreos goods, shawls, 
 mantles, hosiery, and fancy goods. See plate L. 
 
 Stanton & Vicars, Photographers, Nos. 47, 49, and 51 
 King street west, two doors east of Bay street, have opened one 
 of the finest and best lighted Photographic Studios in the 
 Dominion. It is a three storey building, having a frontage of 
 60 feet. On the first floor is a large and neatly fitted show 
 room and oflice. On the second floor is the operating room, 
 having a range of 62 feet, making it unequalled for taking 
 groups and full size portraits. The third floor is used ex- 
 
 34° 
 
re, Bohemian 
 edgwood and 
 ! most costly 
 its, brooches, 
 I by all ladies 
 •arkling with 
 mpossible to 
 . the various 
 red of being 
 blishment by 
 lip always to 
 Luls of twenty 
 le, their tra- 
 ■ retail busi- 
 iiiid certainly 
 extent, 
 ihe west side 
 1 appearance 
 le remains of 
 earliest brick 
 f its erection 
 and now ap- 
 m to the citi- 
 k, who keeps 
 cheap goods, 
 racing a wide 
 sods, shawls, 
 
 
 k !■ 
 
 
 f (■! 
 
 49, and 51 
 e opened one 
 udios in the 
 a frontage of 
 f fitted show 
 irating room, 
 d for taking 
 r is used ex- 
 
 lir 
 
 m 
 
JOHN KAY.IMPORTEROFDPY GOODS CARPETS &* J.HAlLAM, FRONT S^ 
 
 .1^ 
 
ifiAlH \N'n (50MMKK' 
 
 AM, FRONTS^ 
 
 #'f. 
 
 All II 
 
 uiiiHivf'h for pbot')gnt{>)!ii' printiii).' Tiit^ luvw* rnent in Uj>c«1 for 
 fixifjg iiiut wrt^ibiuf,'. Dit; gulUry has *>i;i«u Mti«l up witli th^• 
 lut^^fet. :iinl the most liaprovrrl appni'n'ii- find Hjj)iifii!<'t;H. Ir. thf 
 fvtiut i,"< ilie ivcoi>li.in niiil t<»iKt nioiiis, fwrmKL-cd wilii i v* i- • 
 
 C-O)lV0TUCll('t'. 
 
 ahlu (iiivcticu of Mr. Sr;int.i>i' ■■ ,vLu j»i;u!ai;i<l tua- Inti pli-'to- 
 j^rapliiv l.'otiM' :l I'.-.vinn ,t (.4.. fcf ^ix _\ ars^ wJu' * if. h;"l 1 
 
 lust t'v, (jit^> M ;♦».-, ■.vttf'Xj )th».Ui;/':\;>hy vvn - in u.-i iufanoy iii fhe 
 
 (layu* 
 
 rrf'"t.V).>U!;.' ((•»• Kll", 
 
 :it'' (>:'.■'. '.J r>>s I 
 
 rl i-,..;rh 
 
 al! iiH I liiiii|<--n ji.nii impruvL tu'.'iiLh. \\x. Staiil'tii fi»r i.i.iiiy vcurs 
 '.i 111 th': !:iaruit'iL:'t';r'' i.'i' sou.c nf (he ui.^rt 
 
 juh but II ' iiifa; 
 
 importftVi^ <'h,M))ic:.nl |';t j-.-: -it'on-. r- 
 )iini ail ;''ivui(ta^^' <'Vt?' nuuif iioM- 
 
 i.j til 
 ■ili 
 
 e ItMvi* wlni'li L;lVl•<^ 
 
 i.in<:U ;. ('.'.lutdiHii iif 
 M'H>! Ihv IJj-t ail'!*! N^'ho i(itrO(ltu-ed i>h-)t(tgi-:iiiti\' i'l U.'.! ^^t>)♦l' (ii' 
 I'^'.'T, ni\i\ iiUH ])ail '.iiuifi' ins i/i'iuai^tuifjijt tv.irae 
 M)'. S!;u)tuu hiiH had a iaiv:e 
 
 "VN'fst. >'iii;iij'. 
 
 al 
 
 > ;.. ' . - ill lh<-- {.'n)(li!<-,t.'<»it (jf !ifir-si/,(; |ioltrnit-» u\ tu! ul 
 ]>a-lvl !•> the ci'ij r<: pi.'itn-.^r-ujhy, ah.i liavui;:; iiiaih plioK.i- 
 .i:);!ji!i3' a clur^^ stu'l> at^ an art. iiin ^l,!li in t>^,)isiu^ ana lis^liting 
 is o/!'i-!!',\ of <n:i[W.>\ Mir' iwrtnu^s <<f rvbildivn, at itl! tinu'h a 
 c 1 ;')})orat!'.'!', i'l"! t .li- iia'i> >;«»oil aial always MUHer^^fui. 
 
 ■^I •• iitti' !U'«' O'Dgag' (i oil a, j'l!.>t<.;.;raphi • i-nioSinala u ;'ronp -d' 
 I .. rni'. ■;;(«> M^lht <.'!u ,1, ,;i\ II,: .i ! lort r.i it, r.n is- i.'iv'r'- oT '. .{^ 
 !,i.<Ji'is aiiii f.,1. rtit DK'n, l<'j:,ts.ut-'i- with ih- pacK Ti: > i- a ;•,*.■» 
 cl' wovVujaiJhij'.ji i! 'ii'' pii<)T(>;^va)>hi'/ art U' v * i;";'.i''..' ;it(. i:',. ,•! 
 
 U! tile i>v),lHUUu!l. [i.:J X^['..U !1) ' .,'~Iii.aI. 1|\ ' ! I !; v.^ii V\i ^I't; ; v uf ;i 
 
 ■ i>)t •••■.■ the jMiiiiic ;,i' '\ii?ril'>. Ml, \'ii;;r-^ -i hy i)f'.:i >';iv)ii a. 
 :ujtin i'actari!!!^ <'i;ci:.,i. , . j!:..l u- ". ■ r.vr'\"v '.a !,\n->aiij. and wo 
 !i;ivo no d adii [!!■" ii- >■ h>ai w i i .;!i1.(-i - i:;?::. rHirri >f pul^.u 
 pat'^-n.ia.;.:'.'. 
 
 James M. Rogers 'i'iij "mohsi. v- -a-,' K>t th..- ;'id<-st i'UsU!.! .-a 
 
 }iou6o.s ill tho city, Iniriir i;;-,taDli.)h-.;d vy t;" 'VitL; .■ ■■>''. Uh- p'^--nit 
 pi'oprietar ill ihn youi' lSl;i, wiiOtt i .n -rii.; v. i.^ if-iuc j-u.-nf a^ 
 Muddy roik. Tho luicicut si^u c^i ilu^ frriii\nhhm'.:r.\ wti.s at one 
 time tho boat known laudniaik in tl-t? citv Airaust cverv 
 
 3+f 
 
 
 
 •K. 
 
w 
 
 AM.FHOU- 
 
 TRADE AND COMMERCE. 
 
 ciubively for photographic jjriuting. The basement is used for 
 hxing and washing. The gallery has been fitted up with the 
 latest and the most improved apparatus and appliances. In the 
 front is the reception and toilet rooms, furnished with every 
 convenience. The staft' of operators and artists are under the 
 able direction of Mr. Stanton (who managed the late photo- 
 graphic house of Ewing »fe Co. for six years), who has had a 
 large and varied experience in the art of photography for tlie 
 last twenty years, when photography was in its ixifancy in the 
 daguerreotyping (or silver plate pictures), and has gone through 
 all its changes and improvements. Mr. Stanton for many years 
 has been engaged in the manufacture of some of the most 
 important chemical preparations used by the trade, which gives 
 him an advantage over most houses. Though a Canadian he 
 was the first artist who introduced photography in the State of 
 West Virginia in 1857, and has had under his management some 
 of the largest galleries in the States. Mr. Stanton has had a large 
 experience in the production of life-size portraits in oil and 
 pastel by the aid of photography, and having made photo- 
 graphy a close study as an art, his skill in posing and lighting 
 is worthy of praise. His portraits of children, at all times a 
 difficult operation, are extremely good and always successful. 
 The firm are engaged on a photographic combination group of 
 the Toronto Hunt Club, giving a portrait on horseback of both 
 ladiea and gentlemen, together with the pack. This is a piece 
 of workmanship in the photographic art never before attempted 
 in the Dominion, and when finished will be well worthy of a 
 visit by the public of Toronto. Mr. Vicars is by profession a 
 manufacturing chemist, and is well known in Toronto, and we 
 have no doubt the new firm will obtain a large share of public 
 patronage. 
 
 James H. Rogers.— This house is one of the oldest business 
 houses in the city, being established by the father of the present 
 proprietor hi the year ]815, when Toronto was better known as 
 Muddy York. The ancient sign of the estal)lishment was at one 
 time the best known landmark in the city. Almost every 
 
 ARfeH'. 
 
 3+1 
 
resident and every visiting farmer was acquainted with the 
 Indian Trapper that used to adorn the front of this store, and 
 convey to dealers the nature of the business conducted within. 
 The store has been altered to meet modern requirements, and 
 the saleroom is now one of the most attractive in the city. The 
 internal arrangements comprise all that modern art can do to 
 render a saleroom attractive, elegant, and convenient. Large 
 cases constructed of fine wood and plate glass with black and 
 gold panels reveal the finest furs in caps, cuffs, and ladies 
 apparel. Mr. Eogers transacts a large wholesale trade in furs, 
 and is a large exporter of raw furs to London and Leipzig markets. 
 A number of men and women are kept constantly employed 
 in the manufacturing department. During the summer months 
 one of the finest displays of hats, caps, Sec, is always kept in 
 stock. A view of the store will be fo md on plate 34. 
 
 McCormack Bros. — The grocery store of McCormack Bros., 
 Nos. 431 and 433 Yonge street, and situate on the corner of 
 Yonge and Ann streets, is a commodious block of three storeys 
 in the plain but neat style of architecture so prevalent among 
 the business houses of Toronto. The premises have a frontage 
 of 66 feet on Yonge street, and extend 120 feot along Ann 
 street. The firm first began business on the corner of Elm and 
 Yonge streets in the year 1870, bat the rapid develoiiment 
 of their trade rendered more commodious j)remiscs necessary, 
 and the present buildings were erected by them in 1870 for the 
 special purposes of their trade, and to which they are so 
 admirably adapted. Their business is divided into three 
 departments, viz., the general grocery, flour and feed, and ale 
 and porter bottlers. In the general grocery department the 
 house may fairly be taken as a representative first class estab- 
 lishment, everything required by families or kept by grocers or 
 liquor deabrs, being found among the stock. As bottlers 
 of ales and porters Messrs. McCormack rank as the most ex- 
 tensive retailers in the city, being sole agents for Carling's well- 
 known ales. All the city trade is handled by them. Their 
 storage cellars are very extensive, well lighted, and kept at an 
 
 342 
 
TRADE AND COMMERCE. 
 
 with the 
 ;ore, and 
 d within. 
 Buts, and 
 ity. The 
 3an do to 
 t. Large 
 black and 
 bud hidies 
 le in furs, 
 or markets, 
 employed 
 ler mouths 
 ays kept in 
 
 nack Bros., 
 16 corner of 
 hree storeys 
 lent among 
 a frontage 
 laloug Ann 
 lof Elm and 
 Icvelopment 
 necessary, 
 870 for the 
 ,liey are so 
 into three 
 sed, and ale 
 liirtment the 
 class estab- 
 ly grocers or 
 As bottlers 
 he most ex- 
 Lrliug's well- 
 Ihem. Their 
 kept at an 
 
 even temperature during summer and winter. The stranger 
 visiting their cellars would be greatly astonished to see the 
 stock of bottLs here stored. Wo believe that upward of three 
 thousand dozen bottles are always kept on hand ready for 
 delivery, i;.id that the daily numl)er of bottles handled by the 
 firm in their vats now exceed 750 dozen bottles per day. The 
 flour and feed branch is carri(!d on in No. 438, and so is kept 
 entirely distinct from the grocery department. 
 
 T. Webb's Confectionery Establishment. — The store of T. 
 Webb, corner of Agnes and Yonge streets, is one of the best 
 known landmarks on Yonge street, for probably few, if any, of 
 the stores on this street have been so long devoted to the same 
 trade. The business was established by the father of the present 
 proprietor in 1842, when the store presented a much more primi- 
 tive appearance than now. The house soon became famous for 
 the quality of the bride cake here made, and to-day Mr. Webb in 
 this depaitmont stands beyond all rivals for the celebrity of 
 his cakes. The windows always contain very tine samples of 
 wedding cakes, ready for shipment. Mr. Webb ships these cakes 
 to all parts of the Dominion, and even to Europe so wide has 
 the fame of the Dominion wedding cake house extended. In 
 connection with the store are ice cream rooms, very comfortably 
 fitted out to meet the requirements of his patrons. (See plate J.) 
 
 Messrs. Kent Bros., sign of the Indi i Clock, 1(16 Yongo 
 street. This business was established in 1807. The firm 
 erected the sign of the Indian '^lock, which is quite a novelty 
 in the city ; it keeps perfect tim each quarter being struck by 
 an Indian squaw and the hou/ by an Indian cliief. These 
 figures are of a large size and have a very natural appearance. 
 It is illuminated all night at considerable expense to the firm, 
 and is a great ))oon to the public of Toronto. Messrs. Kent 
 Bros, keep the most experienced workmen that can be obtained, 
 and iiaving direct communication with the observatory are 
 thereby enabled to give correct time to all time pieces en- 
 trusted to them for repairs. They have a large and varied 
 stock of clocks, watches, jewellery, spectacles, itc, continually 
 
 343 
 
 ;i, ff 
 
 ' i' 
 
a 
 
 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT, 
 
 on haucl. The Patent Spectacle Indicator of thift firm's inven- 
 tion gives the strtngth of lens required for any sight 
 immediately, thereby dispensing with the unpleasantness of 
 trying on the dozens of glasses so often found necessary in 
 other instances before getting such as are suitable. A full 
 assortmert of all qualities of sijectacles always on hand. The 
 firm guarantee a perfect fit and satisfaction even to the most 
 fastidious. 
 
 Hart & Rawlinson — There are few cities that excel Toronto 
 
 in the richness of the book stores. Asa class the principal 
 
 stores of the city contain large numbers of standard and 
 
 valuable works. As an example of the best of the book and 
 
 stationery stores of the city that of Messrs. Hart & Rawlinson 
 
 of No. 7 King street west may be cited. It is certainly locnted 
 
 on tl:e most faBlnonable street of the city, and its stock is 
 
 comprised of goods calculated to meet the requirements of 
 
 its patrons. The stock consists of general fancy stationery 
 
 goods, and a very large number of standard works of the most 
 
 popular British and American authors. The firm are also 
 
 Dominion agents for Zuccato's Papyrograph, for multiplying 
 
 fac-simile copies of writings, designs, &c., and are publishers 
 
 of the Canadian Monthly and National lieview. (See plate L.) 
 
 Wm. Brown, 478 Queen Street West, was established in 
 1867, and was tbe first dry goods store that was opened on Queen 
 street. The stand was at that time further west, the proprietor 
 removing to his present commodious premises in 1870. The 
 house is known as the "Leading House," situate in the Franklin 
 Block, opposite Portland street, and is a three story red brick 
 building, with white brick columns and window arches. The 
 stock consists of a large assortment of dry goods, gents' fur- 
 nishings, mantles and millinery. In the iiack part of the store 
 is the mantle and millinery department. The store is well 
 lighted and fitted up in a neat and attractive manner. 
 
 John T. Wilson, 161 Queen Street West, first establislied 
 businei;s in 1872 in a store east of his present stand, but on 
 account of the same rapidly increasing removed to his present 
 
 344 
 
firm's inven- 
 • any sight 
 isantness of 
 necessary in 
 able. A full 
 1 hand. The 
 to the most 
 
 ixcel Toronto 
 the principal 
 tandard and 
 he book and 
 & Eawlinson 
 ;ainly located 
 
 its stock is 
 uirements of 
 y stationery 
 
 of the most 
 rm are also 
 ■ multiplying 
 re publishers 
 le plate L.) 
 stablished in 
 led on Queen 
 he proprietor 
 1 1870. The 
 the Franklin 
 ry red brick 
 arches. The 
 1, gents' fur- 
 
 of the store 
 
 store is well 
 
 Br. 
 
 it established 
 
 tand, but on 
 
 ) his present 
 
 *A 
 
 i-V ' 
 
 ii 
 
n 
 
 H.E CLARKE &C°-WAREROO!V1S 105 KING S^ W. 
 
 
 NOHRISii. 'oOrLR.PIANO WARt'ROOMb 
 
 JNO YOUNG, N?3eiY0NGE S^ 
 

 'fif 
 
 
 (nxo^ncA 
 
 »N6,N";361YCNGES"- 
 
 XKAPK 4Xi;» t\)iIMRKO'F<, 
 
 arldi-f^ , whit!Ji conVifits^of a rwt !«ri<»k 1)uil(liiu', thvo«r jJlorevs 
 
 high, 
 
 i«an3M:ri root'. U i^ sj.;uat.e bet-wtvn Cbilefj*! Avuniu- and 
 
 Sitacoo etvoot. with a fruutagf^ t>f 20 \ml ttiiii h ' '>0 fm»t ciH^jK in 
 tb*' rear of the Btorft ib tlie workshop for Ui'^ uiamitKi*tehng of 
 tin. copxx'.v, and .shoet iron. Mr. WiIhom iu^ a li)vg( , I't^^^i. miA 
 iieaw lumlware ai^i >ioofi€ fun^ishitig tr.'fl*. aiKl a tviri'*?i --t •-'a 
 of laj-iji^^ f)f al! 4i;«cription6. f;htt>»/i««4ii r<. <>yv\-f\ mngc>j, At' 
 
 George Coleman.- -Ti *■ c»wfe''.iifn>f-t'; t !»ta!>i^'l;ni*"iu» ;;r,:^ 
 
 biii!<t!;'.!;8 in Iho «.'ity. Tin; buijdin;.^ »h a V'-rv tMur t'liv ^!.Mry 
 red brick Kirricture. with iron dr(.;saiMj»>4. 'St-r plui*' tl ; Mr. 
 rolenmr; coitiracnct-d busijit-fif? in ji i-iua^l iVitmi' h.^ildui!.; on 
 King »strei't a short diatanc^. east of hs.-* pr< • iitt pr.:UiiBf"- in IH-'C'. 
 and ill \^ui hVi erected the ntou- and n•^|'l'. <r: by a^iw 'v-f-nju,'.''. 
 Mr Colt'titan diwji oue of fcht? laigoHt. if n >t Oe iaiJ.•^ts fiiL'cy 
 conftctiOEr-^ i V *jfj*i litftli'i'v iragic in ciiv <--itv, itmi his .o'lmi* are 
 ihv favour;^- nusoirt ^>?' iliV' }»4ief? of-Torout.) f<H' hnici! antl li{.^ht 
 refri.sh)tif-nts, and maiiy of <.>ur it'Sid.ln.^i ^ 
 t}'.ke a liR)it Innch. 
 
 nv^'^S ]l>ri) M-i'i' i' .i'V 
 
 Peter McCuUoch. Whoiesah.'. RrnmLaiK? Gcnvral Grocer, 
 220 Yonge alreei Tbiw j^tor.' \\a^ -itarttMi ir. l*v7'i ■■udt^r ttiewtyh; 
 of McCuiioeU & M(}rt/in, r.ud i^ nov sjojidn^ «.- .i >^;i.-!y )y Mr, W 
 McCui1o«'h. The ifuiti is >ivtuat''! 'n). Tiif civitH-i r.i Mli.Tt i-; i 
 Yonge HLivtiis, hiivin^ a. dc[it!! ■'.; .\!i>i'.rt >- !».■>'; i ah mt Ihu^-.-,. ' 
 •and. a frontage of 25 ft'ft ou Yo(ii«* .Mtro' t. T!i> -t.H'.^ hrbs r-. •*•* 
 uonv«iii<^Ut*.!' for Uu' ht.i".'<-> nad iiuv. a-sia;:- bijijntr-*-, thf h.iu-. - •> 
 doing, foi' fii.o»'J*y ;r*>'^t'Jiip'-, wiru ■ i )U;H>!, t^..^^, .v.;, T!;-- -'! *• 
 is roplete with u> U??,"' •'iKik. T'l.- n-.n^ >>{ w'ooii f-i-> i' .,«*>•• injv< • 
 a S|>6ciaiit;j have imf-if --//teefud -uti. fhi ;-:r(;a!:t .s't c;ir.} jvi-j ^•- 
 best of marketH, and am .?ll<-fvvi -.J. :■.. i.r..*r.i that '.>iU J««f-«;- -' ti 
 paribou with any h'ouHe ip thv ir^' i^j, Tb' |.>i<;'r»?»'t^;>'j-^ j- •> 
 courteoiia and agretnihlf? gCffti€T;i,';r.. ;a.u] ^1!] giv^, ^^^?t>- x- ^^'v i- 
 ■are, entire HatiBfuotiou t-') HMt ou-.'.oi.n<Jr?| tmt jrJLi*'=^ii4' Uim 
 -^ith a call. TLo grocery bu»iiiieMh ba*? l>*>«i>i *«^»%'%ii#t} for tho 
 . ist 30 to 10 vfovH, ,. --- ... 
 
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addresB, which conaists of a red brick building, three storeys 
 high, maiiHard roof. It is siaiate between College Avenue and 
 Simcoo street, with a frontage of 20 feet and is 100 feet deep. In 
 the rear of the store is the workshop for the manufacturing of 
 tin, copper, and sheet iron. Mr. Wilson has a large, light, and 
 heavy hardware and house furnishing trade, and a varied stock 
 of lamps of all deecriptions, chandeliers, stoves, ranges, &c. 
 
 George Coleman. — The confectionery establishment and 
 
 luncheon room of George Coleman is one of the best known 
 
 buildings in the city. The building is a very neat three story 
 
 red brick structure, with iron dressings. (See plate 41.) Mr. 
 
 Coleman commenced business in a small frame building on 
 
 King street a short distance east of his present premises in 1852, 
 
 and in 1874 he erected the store and dwelling he now occupies. 
 
 Mr. Coleman does one of the largest, if not the largest, fancy 
 
 confectioner}' and bakery trade in the city, and his rooms are 
 
 the favourite resort of the ladies of Toronto for lunch and light 
 
 refreshments, and many of our leading business men here daily 
 
 take a light lunch. 
 
 Peter McCulloch, Wholesale, Retail, and General Grocer, 
 
 220 Yonge street. This store was started in 1872 under the style 
 of McCulloch & Morton, and is now conducted solely by Mr. P. 
 McCulloch. The store is situate on the corner of Albert and 
 Yonge streets, having a depth on Albert street of about 130 feet 
 and a frontage of 25 feet on Yonge street. The store has every 
 convenience for the large and increasing business the house is 
 doing, for family groceries, wines, liquors, teas, &c. The store 
 is replete with a large stock. The teas of which the house make 
 a speciality have been selected with the greatest care and in the 
 best of markets, and are offered at a price that will bear com- 
 parison with any house in the trade. The proprietor is a 
 courteous and agreeable gentleman, and will give, the writer is 
 sure, entire satisfaction to any customers that will favour him 
 with a call. The grocery business has been established for the 
 last 30 to 40 years. 
 
 345 
 
 ^ ^1 
 
 ' ri 
 
 f 1 
 
jt i1 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 1 
 
 J 
 
 1 
 
 M 
 
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 V 
 
 .; 
 
 Alexander Hamilton's Painting, Glazing, and Paper- 
 Hanging Warehouse, situate at 1H;J King street east, is one 
 of the oldest business establishmouts of tl-e city. Mr. Hamilton 
 came to York in 1820, and after spending several years with 
 his father, who was one of the tii'st settle's in T )ronl;o Toivn- 
 ahip, on coming of age he went to New York and acquired a 
 trade as a carver and gilder, and was the first person to carry 
 on the business in Western Canada. The country being too 
 new and too poor to support such a business, he combined the 
 painting, glazing and kindred branches, lieturuing to Toronto 
 (then Little York) in 18"21), he has since that date carried on 
 business in Toronto, witnessing and actively assisting in the 
 development of one of the finest and most properous cities in 
 Her Majesty's Dominion. Mr. Hamilton has embellished most 
 of the public buildings in the city, chief among which is the 
 interior of Osgoode Hall, the beauty of desi;.' nd artistic work 
 of which will long stand as an enduring monument of the 
 painter's art and Mr. Hamilton's slull. Mr. Hamilton is one of 
 the most active members of the York Pioneers Society, and has 
 been intimately connected with the organization of many of the 
 local ])ublic institiitions. 
 
 Morrison's Dry Goods, Millinery, and Mantle Establish- 
 ment, 808 and '670 Yonge street, corner of Walton street, is 
 the principal dry goods house in the northern part of the city. 
 The remarkable growth of this house will in some measure 
 indicate the rapid development of business in this section of the 
 city. Mr. Morrison first began business a few doors south of 
 his now prosperous establishment in 1873, at a time when the 
 most sanguine citizen would have deemed it folly to hope for so 
 large a trade as is now done by him. In 1875, the business 
 having increased so rapidly, he found it necessary to secure a 
 larger store. He then removed to his present premises, and 
 here a more rapid development was made now manifest, for in 
 1876 it was found necessary to double the space to accom- 
 modate the inci'easing trade ; and again during the present 
 year still further enlargements were made, making it now the 
 
 346 
 
Paper- 
 is one 
 Hamilton 
 ,1-8 with 
 
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 (juired a 
 to carry 
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 lied the 
 
 Toronto 
 irriecl on 
 ; in the 
 
 cities in 
 led most 
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 t of the 
 is one of 
 
 and has 
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 stablish- 
 
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 ho city, 
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 hen the 
 )e for so 
 • usiness 
 secure a 
 ses, and 
 t, for in 
 accom- 
 present 
 now the 
 
 \\' 
 
 most commodious store on the entire length of Yonge street. 
 The shop has a frontage on Yonge street of 35 feet, and a depth 
 of 75 feet ; in the centre is a commodious counter exchisively 
 devoted to gloves ; to the right, as you enter, will be seen large 
 piles of staple goads ; to the left, iiosiery and fancy goods, in 
 great variety ; in the rear, as you ascend about two feet, are 
 the dress, mantle, and costume department ; to the left you 
 enter the large and c(>inmodious millinery show room, while up 
 stairs are the various workrooms in connection with the 
 establishment. The store is well lighted throughout, and 
 furnishes every convenience for the rapid transaction of a large 
 business. The stock embraces all staple lines in domestic and 
 fancy goods, dress goods, millinery, mantles, hosiery, gloves, 
 &c. In gloves and hosiery one of the largest stocks in the city 
 are kept on luind, 
 
 John Riddell, 31 and 33 King Street West, — This is one of 
 the oldest and most fashionable tailoring establishments in 
 Toronto, Mr, Riddell is one of the pioneers of the West, 
 having been in business ever since the year 18-iO. The store 
 is an iron fronted building. Renaissance style of architecture, 
 four storeys high, with mansard roof, having a frontage of 36 
 feet and a depth of 80 feet. The show room on the ground 
 floor is 70 feet long, and is a large and elegant place of business. 
 The back part of the store is used as offices and cutting room. 
 The entire buildiag is heated by steam. See plate 3!), 
 
 W, H, Lake, 562 Queen Street West, lirst started business 
 in 1872 on a small scale, his store being only 20 feet by 30 feet, 
 but in 187i), on account of increased business, it was found 
 necessary to extend the premises to 136 feet deep. This is the 
 first hardware store that was establ'shed west of Brock street. 
 The stock consists of light and heavy hardware, general house 
 furnishing goods, china, glass, crockery, and earthenware, as 
 also stoves and ranges, A large assortment is also kept of oils, 
 colours, varnishes, painters' materials, window glass. The 
 stand is large and well lighted, and well adapted for the purpose 
 of showing off the large stock on hand. 
 
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 TOUONTO : PAST AND PRK«BNT. 
 
 Walker & Larmour's Tailoring Establishment, 2 Rossin 
 HoUHe HouHe Block, King street west, is n line, commodious, 
 and well fitted store, having a frontage of 20 feet and a depth 
 of 70 feet. The firm started husiiiess in 187B, and import their 
 stock from the best firms in England and Scotland. The store 
 is specially fitted up for a gentlemen's tailoring establishment, 
 and employing, as they do, none but the most experienced 
 cutters and workmen, they guarantee to gentlemen a perfect tit 
 and entire satisfaction of their goods. 
 
 J. M. Coombe, St. Lawrence Buildings. — This Drug Store, 
 one of the oldest medical establishments in the Province, was 
 conducted by Messrs. Lyman Bros. &. Co. for many years, a 
 name that is known throughout all Canada, and recently sold 
 to Mr. Coombe, formerly of Richmond and Yonge streets, who 
 started business in 1858, and has consequently during his long 
 business career obtained a knowledge and experience in his 
 profession which will command the confidence of the public. 
 The store is so well known that it needs no comment, and the 
 present i)roprietor has a large and varied stock of all sorts of 
 perfumes, fancy articles, chemicals, kc. He also deals in oils, 
 paints, brushes, varnishes, dye stuft's, patent and proprietary 
 medicines, &c. A view of the store will be seen on plate 31. 
 
 R. Moir, Staffordshire House, 299 Yonge Street, was 
 established in 18G0, and is one of the oldest of the retail china, 
 glass, and earthenware stands in the city. The store is 60 feet 
 long, and he has two large storerooms above. In the rear of 
 the premises there is every convenience for the packing of 
 crates, itc. Pic-nic parties will find everything they may 
 require in crockery and glassware at a reasonable percentage. 
 The store is full of elegant English and French china, breakfast, 
 dinner, tea, and dessert sets, vases, terra cotta goods, etc., in 
 endless variety ; also a large assortment of bronze lamps, table, 
 glassware, and fancy articles. The proprietor has just returned 
 froni Europe, where he has made large j)urchases, selected with 
 the greatest of care, and which he trusts will please the most 
 fastidious taste. -','■■■ - ^ " J^ 
 
 34« 
 
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TRADK AND COMMKROE. 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 L.. Chapman, 261 Yonge Street, is an old and practical 
 watchmaker nml jeweller. He first started business in Belfast, 
 Ireland, where he continued for sixteen years, after which he 
 came to Toronto. He is one of an old family of watchmakers, 
 his father having been in business in Dublin, Ireland, as far 
 back as 1814. Mr. Chapman has been established in business 
 for the last fourteen years in Toronto, and has consequently 
 acquired a thorough practical knowledge of his business in all 
 its branches. He imports botli from England and Germany, 
 and his store is replete with a large assortment of clocks, 
 ranging from one dollar and upwards. There is also an endless 
 variety of watches, rings, and jewellery of every description ; 
 also a large assortment of choice fancy articles. 
 
 Hugh Miller & Co.'s Drug Store, Kiug Street Elast, is one 
 o'' the oldest buildings in the city devoted to the retail trade. 
 Its external appearance at once reminds one of the i»astof Toronto, 
 quaint attempts made at ornatennssof style being of a character 
 long since abandoned. The internal, however, is in the most 
 modern style of equipment, and fitted up with the attractive and 
 costly show cases so popular among all modern chemists and 
 druggists. In tl. rear of the store is a laboratory, where the 
 different preparations are prepared. Messrs. Miller Sr Co. 
 make a specialty of several articles ; we may mention that of 
 Prepared Glycerine for the hands and face, 1,200 gross being 
 mi.de in one year ; als ). Chines? Garden Powder ; Yorkshire 
 Cattle Feeder, used throughout Europe and Canada : and 
 Miller's Tick Destroyer, a prompt remedy for all affections of 
 the skin to which sheep are subject. Messrs. Miller have 
 testimonials from all parts of the world, speaking in the highest 
 terms of their various preparations, Mr. Miller is one of the 
 oldest merchants in town, having commenced business in 1842. 
 James Foster & Sons.— This house, which is situate or. the 
 south side of King street east, was originally occupied by a man 
 named Champion, one of the pioneers oi the hardware business 
 in Toi'onto some thirty years ago, but he not making a success 
 of it Mr. James Foster, seeing that a good business might, under 
 
 349 
 
 m 
 
judicious management, be established, bought the stock in trade 
 and st irted the concern ^\ith a determination to make it a 
 success. His untiring efforts have not been thrown away, for 
 now it is one of the most extensive estabhshments in the 
 Dominion. The present stand originally consisted of two stores, 
 which, as the business increased, were thrown into one, making 
 one of the finest in the city, the dimensions being a frontage of 
 26 feet and 90 feet dei^th. In 1873 the sons of Mr. James 
 Foster succeeded to the business, which their father by untiring 
 energy had brought to such a firm standing. The last men- 
 tioned members of the firm have now added a wholesale and 
 jobbing department to the business. They have a large and 
 varied stock always on hand, which to enumerate here would 
 occupy too large a space, but it will suffice to say that in general 
 hardwa.-e, house furnishing goods, agricultural implements, 
 &c., the store will be found to contain one of the largest and 
 best assorted stocks in the city. During the jast five years the 
 business has largely increased, and the firm now enjoy a large 
 share of the patronage extending over the entire Province. 
 
 Chas. A. Mitchell's Drug Store, corner of Church and Queen 
 streets, is in emu of the finest brick blocks in the locality. The 
 block, which is three storeys high and built of red brick, was 
 erected some two years ago on the site occupied by a number of 
 dilapidated dwellings, and now the locality is fast becoming the 
 centr«^ of a large area of business of all kinds. This store is 
 situated opposite the beautiful grounds known as McGill Square 
 (and on which now stands the Metropolitan Church), is admir- 
 ably located, and contains a large and complete stock of drugs 
 and druggist's sundries, the latter consisting of the finest 
 imported perfumery, a full assortment of toilet goods and all 
 the bet,L proprietary, medicines. Mr. Mitchell has also estab- 
 tablislied in connection with his business a large dispensing 
 trade, and as this branch is one tJiat rcijuires special qualifica- 
 tion Mr. Mitchel.' s extended experience in the best American 
 and Canadian houses peculiarly fits him lor itt? management, t 
 which he gives Lis personal supervision. 
 
 350 
 
; in trade i 
 aUe it a \ 
 Lway, for 
 3 in the 
 »vo stores, 
 e, making 
 L-ontage of 
 Ir. James 
 y untiring 
 
 last men- 
 [esalc aud 
 
 large and 
 lere would 
 , in general 
 nplements, 
 argest and 
 i years the 
 
 oy a large 
 
 1.' 
 n\ee. 
 
 and Queen 
 ility. The 
 ])rick, was 
 number of 
 coming the 
 his store is 
 ill Square 
 , is admir- 
 k of drugs 
 the finest 
 tin and all 
 tlso fc stab- 
 dispensing 
 |l qualifica- 
 Americau 
 genient, t 
 
 TRADE AND COMMERCE. 
 
 Messrs. Crawford & Smith's Dry Goods Store, 49 King 
 street east, is a substantial stone etructiu'e, very neat and attractive 
 in appearance. This firm began business a little east of the 
 present store hi 1857^ and in 1875 removed to their present 
 premises, which are consideniMy larger than the building they 
 formerly occupied. This house has an advantage over many 
 iHtaliliHlimonts in th(! city in the fact of all the depart- 
 ments heing on the same floor. The house makes a 
 specialty of the hosiery department, having in this department 
 probably the largest stock of any house in the city. The 
 domestic departnnnt is large, and contains a well-assorted 
 stock. The store; is admirably adapted for the purpose to which 
 it is devoted, heing well lighted and fitted up in a neat and 
 attractive style. The upper rooms contain the workrooms of the 
 mantle, millinery, and dressmaking departments, in which the 
 firm do a large trade. See plate M. 
 
 Thomas Crean's Merchant and Military Tailoring Estab- 
 lishment, No. 485 Yonge street, is a neat four story brick 
 building in the modern style, with a frontage of 25 feet nnd a 
 depth of 50 feet. This establishment is noted as being one of 
 the principal military tailoring houses of the city in this 
 department, Mr. Crean having had upwards of 20 years prac- 
 tical experience as ^Master Tailor in Her Majesty's Service. 
 During the last 10 years he has resided in Toronto, and is now 
 Master Tailor to the Queen's Own Rifles and other volunteer 
 regiments in the city and neighbourhood, and with whom he 
 carries on a large business, supplying all the needs of the 
 officers and men in the way of clothing and accoutrements, 
 supplyin^f all unifin-ms in accordance with the regulations 
 issued from the ollicers of the Horse Guards. During the last 
 three years Mr. Crean has, in addition to his military bur.'nesH, 
 carried on a merchant tailoring and fashionable outfitting 
 establishment, keeping on liaud a choice selection of goods 
 adapted to meet the wants of the general public. 
 
 Graham's Carpet and House Furnishing Warehouse 
 is one of the best known estahlishments on Kinjr street, two 
 
 35^ 
 
 \i i 
 
 
 ■I ■ 
 
 •; I 
 
 
TORONTO : PAST AND PRKSKNT. 
 
 doors east of Yonge street. The store — a view of which will be 
 found on plate 17 — is a four storey brick building, is severely 
 plain in style, but, at the time of its erection, was thought to 
 be something really splendid for Toronto. The interior of the 
 store is most admirably adapted for the display of carpets, 
 curtains, mats, and oilcloths, being very large and commodious. 
 The front show room on the ground floor devoted to Kidder- 
 minster carpets is a room 54 l)y 28 feet, the sides of the room 
 being stocked with Kidderminster carpets of all qualities and 
 designs. The Oiilets room, 50 by 20 feet, is behind the 
 Kidderminster room, and is fitted up with every modern ap- 
 pliance for the display of these heavy goods. The Brussels 
 carpet room is a very fine room upon the first Moor, and is 
 replete with a very large selection of the finest and most costly 
 Brussels manufacture. In carpets and general stock of mats, 
 rugs, cornices, and stair rings, the house probably stands first 
 in the Province. 
 
 Photography in Toronto. — No city in the Dominion excels 
 Toronto in the reputation achieved by its photographic artists. 
 Here are found some of the largest, the most complete, and best 
 fitted establishments in the Dominion, and for artistic excellence 
 of the work therein shown, the variety of subjects treated, and 
 general reputation cannot be surpassed on thex\merican continent. 
 As a fair specimen of the photographic galleries of the city, that of 
 Messrs. Hunter and Co. may be cited. (See plate 39.) Its 
 situation. King street west, is central for citizens generally, and 
 for strangers on a temporary vibit to the city, being in close 
 proximity to all the principal hotels, warehouses, banks, and 
 fashionable stores. The show room is a fine, well lighted apart- 
 ment, 25 b}' 75 feet, beautifully furiiished, and where is always 
 to be found a large collection of portraits executed in oil, crayon, 
 and photographs of the leading men of the Dominion and the 
 United States, photographs of Canadian scenery, the chief 
 public buildings of Toronto and other crties. Some choice land- 
 scapes by eminent artists are nearly always found on the walls, 
 together with specimens of watei colour drawing, a considerable 
 
 352 
 
h will be 
 
 severely 
 louglit to 
 or of the 
 f carpets, 
 nmodious. 
 o Kidder - 
 
 the room 
 blities and 
 ohind the 
 lodern ap- 
 3 Brussels 
 )or, and is 
 aost costly 
 k of mats, 
 stands tirst 
 
 nion excels 
 )hic artists. 
 ,e, and best 
 excellence 
 ,reated, and 
 continent, 
 city, that of 
 39.) Its 
 le rally, and 
 |ig in close 
 hanks, and 
 Ihted apart- 
 is always 
 Lil, crayon, 
 \)n and the 
 the chief 
 ihoice land- 
 L the walls, 
 onsiderable 
 
 number of fine engravings, lithographs, &c., with innumerable 
 articles of rertu, in mottoes, frames, screens, mirrors, albums, &c. 
 
 R. Carswell, Law Bookseller and Stationer. — Toronto is 
 recognized as the seat of law and learning for the Province of 
 Ontario, — in fact, it may be said, for the entire Dominion, — so it 
 has of late years become the emporium for the Dominion for the 
 supply of all works required by the profesfc'on. Probably in no 
 trade now conducted in the city, has the tendency to centraliza- 
 tion been so manifest. Business men of all branches of com- 
 merce feel compoUtid to acknowledge the importance of Toronto as 
 a distributing point. Its geographical position is drawing within 
 its limits representatives of all business houses wherever located 
 in Canada, and in some instances it is absorl)ing the entire 
 business in special lines, entirely within its own limits. This 
 tendenc^y is most clearly manifested in that branch of business 
 named in this article. A. few years ago Montreal was the main 
 source from which nearly all the legal supplies of the Dominion 
 were drawn; only one or two houses iu Toronto divided the trade 
 with ^lontreal ; but now the transactions of tlie house of R. 
 Car;- well alone exceeds those of the entire Dominion. The liouse 
 is situated at 28 Adelaide Street East, near the Post Office, and 
 had its beginning in 18(53, at which time a large discount on 
 United States publications was allowed, aud large numbers of 
 valuable reprints of English law reports were sold at very low 
 prices. * * * Six years ago the house sent out travellers, 
 and its business rapidly expaaled.and now travellers of the house 
 make regular visits to all the chief towns and cities in the 
 Dominion. The firm supplies many of the large public libraries 
 in the United States with Canadian law publications. The 
 house has published a large number of valuable law books of 
 well known writers ot the bar. Its buHiaerts ir rapidly increasing, 
 in volume evory year, and it has now min law !> tics for sule 
 than all the other establishments m the Domini -n 
 
 McLean Howard's Block is situated tm the ce j r of Yonge 
 and Alice streets, and is one of thi' oeaieiit blocks of stores on 
 Yonge street. The structure is built of red brick with 
 
 r . ; , I 
 
 353 
 
^senigmm 
 
 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 
 
 dressings, it is thx'ee storeys in height, surmounted with a hand- 
 some mansard roof, and presents a very ornamental and 
 attractive appearance. (See pUite '27.) The eastern end of the 
 block is occupied by the store of J. P. Hammerton as a glass 
 and china store, and Mr, Hammerton's display is every way 
 worthy of the building, for here will be found one of the finest 
 and most extensive displays of glass and china ware to l^e seen 
 in the entire length of this celebrated street. Some choice 
 specimens of cliina, cut, engraved and coloured glassware, 
 together with a large quantity of ordinary staple goods, is 
 always to be found in stock. Messrs. Cameron & Kippax 
 occupy the centre store as a dry goods house, their specialty 
 being dress goods, mantles, shawls, itc. The house is admir- 
 ably adapted for tlie business, being well lighted and com- 
 modious, enabling visitors to make an accurate inspection of 
 colours and stock. The corner store is occupied by Mr. Merrick 
 as a millinery and dry goods house. 
 
 Tea. — Great as tlie consumption of tea is throughout this 
 continent it is surprising how little the majority of the folks 
 know of the proper method of infusing the fragrant teas. A 
 common mistake with a great many people is the idea that to 
 get slrong tea it is necessary either to boil it or at an}' rate to 
 let it stand a long time on the hot stove very nearly on the 
 point of xtewing. They are not aware that even to let it stand 
 too lonj? exirst*^fi from the herb all bitter qualities, which have 
 been jprott^/itnfA'A by the medical profession to be eminently 
 poittOTious. ^/w ii4-9iee i« to purehase from a tea dealer who 
 underrttand*! his tr^Ae, smd can suppiy a genuine article in which 
 strength ix n ii-aturai ♦'juality. 'I'ea tb«t requires to be boiled or 
 8tewe«l in order to draw 'mt ii<n strength, it is worse than folly to 
 buy ; so nure as y(y» do ■'/', w'tll tlwre be poison in the cup. 
 (Quantities vf worthless stuff art; (Continually being palmed on 
 the public as UtH. which i* not lif to o»e, and the cause of it is 
 lack of judgjnerit araong gvon^^ra ii» the *ftlection of their stock. 
 A word of caMion her^ coiMjernwjg adulteration woii|d ii|Hn j\(»| 
 b*' out of place. In the»« tinges of \\^\\'^ iJUshllig adulteration 
 
 354 
 
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 & Kippax 
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 ^'hich have 
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 dealer who 
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 lan folly to 
 n the cup. 
 palmed on 
 ise of it is 
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TRADE AND COMMERCE. 
 
 is carried on to such a pitch, and disguised in such a cunning 
 manner that none but experts can '^'etect it ; hence a double 
 reason for dealing at a reliable house. Let us recommend the 
 Montreal Tea Company at 317 Yonge street (late 115 and 117 
 King street), who deal exclusively in teas and coffees and make 
 a specialty of tea, having an advantage over most of the trade 
 in the selection of their stock. Their premises are ,/ell and 
 neatly fitted for the purpose, and one can soon satisfy them- 
 selves by paying a visit to such a place. The proper way to 
 make tea is to scald your tea-pot, and having put in the tea 
 pour on boiling water and lot it stand ten minutes with a thick 
 woollen cover, away from the fire. If the water is hard add a 
 pinch of carbonate of soda, and than you will have a cup that 
 cheovs and does not undermine the health. 
 
 McGee's Block, on the oast side of Yonge street, between 
 King and Adelaide streets, is a solid and neat structure built in 
 brick, four storeys in height, v/ith stone and iron dressings, in 
 one of th3 best business parts of the city. J. H. Matthews 
 and Brother's line arts gallery is in the southern portion of 
 this block. Messrs. Matthews deal largely in picture frames, 
 mirrors, fancy stands, &c , and here are always to be found 
 some choice sketches in oil or water colours, and a large num- 
 ber of English, American and Contii)ental chromo-lithographs, 
 photographs of celebrities, photographic stands. Sec. Messrs. 
 Bawdon and Co., merchant tailors, occupy the middle store 
 of the block. Their sale room extends the entire depth of the 
 building, and contains a large assortment ofl ready-made cloth- 
 ing. Cloths of all makers from the finest AVest of England doe- 
 skins to the coarsest of Canadian tweeds will be found on the 
 shelves. Gentlemen's furnishings of all kinds, suitable for all 
 pockets, are to be found here. The Oshawa Furniture Com- 
 pany occupy the northern and most extensive portion of the 
 block. The Oshawa Furniture Company have a large manufac- 
 tory in the town of Oshawa, and these rooms have recently been 
 opened for the sale of articles of fiu-niture manufactured by the 
 Company, and every description of house, office, and hotel fur- 
 
 sas 
 
TOnONTO ; PAST AND PRESENT, 
 
 niture. The stock embraces a wide range of beds, bedding, and 
 beilroom furniture of all grades from the commonest plain 
 wood to the moSt elabofately ftnished inlaid suites. The upper 
 rooms contain some splendid drawing room sets, library tables, 
 des-ks, &c.; in fact these rooms contain some of the Mnest goods 
 in i;he city as regards design, solidity, and finish, 
 
 I. & H. Cooper's gtaitlemen's furnishing establishment is 
 situate on the south-east corner of Yonge and Adelaide streets. 
 The store is a plain red brick building, with no attempt whatever 
 at external adornment. The intei'lor of the store, however, pre- 
 sents a very handsome and attractive appearance, the arLicles of 
 underclothing, hosiery, gloves, &c., being well and tastefully dis- 
 played. This is beyond doub^. the most complete and extensive 
 gentlemen's furnishing establishment in the city. Here will be 
 foui A goods from all the prominent manufacturers of Eu' >pe 
 and America. The firm are well known in the city as being the 
 best shirt makers in Ontario. There are no authentic statistics 
 of the number of collars, cuffs, shirts, &c., sold in Toronto 
 during the year, but the number must be immense, if only 
 judged from the enormous number of boxes of collars, cuffs, 
 shirts, ttc, received and disposed of by this firm each year. The 
 business is personally conducted by I. Cooper and H. Cooper. 
 (See plate F, o[)posite page 218.) 
 
 Gordon's Carpet Warehouse. — Mr. Gordon's store may be 
 taken as the representative of its class on Yonge street, being 
 situated on the west side, near Adelaide street. Here will 
 always be found a large stock of all kinds of oil cloths, carpets , 
 curtains, and house furnishings. i\[r. Gordon is well and 
 favourably known in the city as an energetic, enterprising 
 tradesman. 
 
 Thomas Griffith & Co., grocers and whie merchants, 
 London and Italian warehouse. The building occupied by this 
 firm is a handsome brick three storey building with mansard 
 roof, and is situate at 218 Yonge street, corner of Albert street. 
 This may be considered as one of the pioneer firms of Toronto, 
 being established in the wholesale and retail grocery business 
 
 356 
 
TUADK A?fD COMMERCK. 
 
 nearly a quarter of a century. This house for many years was 
 exclusively engaged in the direct importing trade from almost 
 every market in the world, entering largely into fi'uits, wines, and 
 brandies from Spain, Portu::;al, Italy, and France, and teas from 
 China and Japan. The importation of direct cargoes of sugar, 
 molasses, and cigars from Havana, also occupied their atteirtion 
 for many years. For a long period this lirm ranked foremost in 
 the importation of special lines of fancy groceries, so much so 
 that their name became "familiar as household words" for 
 delicacies of all kinds. In 1872 the London and Italian Ware- 
 house was opened as a retail establishment, and now Toronto 
 can boast of having one of the finest stores and business houses 
 in the Dominion, devoted to the sale of pvery article coming 
 within the miscellaneous range of groceries. (See plate 28.) 
 
 Mr. Howarth's Drug Store is situate at No. 243 Yonge 
 street, and is one of the oldest houses on the street, retaining its 
 original name. Mr. I. ^warth is one of the oldest traders of 
 Toronto, having commenced business on Queen street in 1849, 
 and ten years afterwards removed to Youge street. The store 
 is a neat white brick building of three storeys, and is fitted up 
 in a very chaste manner, the stock consisting of all the staple 
 and fancy articles found in all drug stores transacting an 
 extensive business. Mr. Howartli is noted for tlie large dis- 
 pensing trade he has for many years carried on. 
 
 Alexander's Jewellery and Watch Store, BoOY'^onge street, is 
 (Hie of the largest and best iitted stores of its class in the 
 northern portion of the city, and has, witli the rapid growth of 
 this section of Toronto, accumulated a large business in lioth 
 departments of the trade. Mr. Alexander always has on 
 hand a choice stock of jewellery, watches, ttc., but his establish- 
 ment is most noted for the repairing of all kinds of watches, 
 jewellery, &c., in wliich branch Mr. Alexander has had upwards 
 of twenty years' practical experience in the repairing of watches, 
 jewellery, &c. 
 
 N. McEachren, igi Yonge Street, occupies a store situated 
 in Albert Hall, having a frontage of 26 feet and a depth of 200 
 
 357 
 
mmm 
 
 '. .4 
 
 feet. In the front is a show room, with a cutting; and fitting 
 room attached. In the rear are rooms for manufacturing pur- 
 poses. Mr. McEachren makes milit&ry tailoring a specialty, 
 and has for many years been one of the principal military 
 tailors in Toronto, and has an undisputed reputation for perfect 
 fit and workmanship. See plate 30, 
 
 G. B. Smith & Co.'s, Drug Store, 354 Yonge Street, 
 (four doors north of Elm), is located in the centre of a three 
 storey red brick building with large show window, and wer 
 lighted throughout, presenting a brilliant, and very attractive 
 appearance. Although this firm have only been three years 
 established they have obtained for themselves a reputation and 
 patronage which is unsurpassed by many of the older estab- 
 lished pharmacies. The dispensing department has always 
 received the greatest care and attention. The store is neatly 
 fitted up with costly show cases, in which is a large variety of 
 perfumery and fancy articles of all descriptions. They also 
 deal in patent and proprietary medicines. In the rear of the 
 store is a neatly fitted up laboratory. . 
 
 William Mara's Grocery Store, north-east corner of John 
 and Queen streets, is one of the most prominent and one of ihe 
 best structures devoted to trading purposes on Queen street 
 west. It is a three story brick building in the modern Eretich 
 style, surmounted by a handsome mansard roof, and has a 
 frontage of 22 feet, and a depth extending along John street of 
 100 feet. The trade of th^ establishment is probably the largest 
 family grocery trade in the western division of the city, and the 
 store in its fittings and stock gives marked evidence of the 
 rapid strides which Queen street is making towards becoming 
 one of the most im'iortant business thoroughfares in Toronto. 
 The store contains a very large assortment of general groceries 
 and liquors, Mr. Mara in some lines of goods being the only 
 dealer in the city. We believe he is the only trader in the 
 Province who imports direct Greek wines. 
 
 Cheesworth and Frazer — Messrs. Cheesworth and Frazer, 
 merchant tailors and gentlemen's outfitters, occupy the eastern 
 
 358 
 
and fitting 
 cturing pur- 
 a specialty, 
 pal military 
 1 for perfect 
 
 nge Street, 
 
 e of a three 
 
 w, and wel* 
 
 ry attractive 
 
 three years 
 
 putation and 
 
 older estab- 
 
 has always 
 
 )re is neatly 
 
 ge variety of 
 
 They also 
 
 ? rear of the 
 
 ner of John 
 one of the 
 ueen street 
 ern Fretich 
 and has a 
 ni street of 
 the largest 
 ty, and the 
 once of the 
 s becoming 
 in Toronto, 
 al groceries 
 hig the only 
 ader in the 
 
 and Frazer, 
 the eastern 
 
 
 TRADE AND COMMERCE. 
 
 portion of the ground floor of the United Empire Club building . 
 (See plate 35 for view.) This house has an established reputa- 
 tion for the excellence of material kept in stock, and the work- 
 manship of all articles produced. The premises are well lighted 
 and most admirably adapted for a first class tailoring establish- 
 ment. 
 
 Thomas Claxton's Musical Emporium is situate at 197 
 Yonge street above Queen street ; also a brancli store at 362 
 and 3»)4 Queen ;^treet west. The Yonge street establishment 
 is a large and commodious store devoted to the sale of all kinds 
 of wind and other musical instruments. The stock c(msists of 
 a very large assortment of concertinas, violins, drums, brass 
 and reed instruments, and instrumental framings and fittings, 
 and a large selection of sheet and book music. Mr. Claxton 
 supplies musical organizations with their required instruments 
 at trade prices. At the Queen street branch will be also found 
 a large assortment of musical instruments, fancy goods, and 
 Berlin wools. 
 
 China Hall is a well known house among the citizens of 
 Toronto. Those who have had need to purcliase anything in 
 china or glassware, probably have visited the well stocked show 
 rooms of Glover Harrison, and casual passers are struck with 
 the beautiful and artistic goods always displayed in the window. 
 Mr. Glover Harrison's establishment, better -known iis Cluna 
 Hall, is situate on King street east, and is a quaint, old- 
 fashioned structure, but very commodious. The show room is 
 22 wide and 110 feet deep, and is remarkable for the choice 
 stock of French and other china, and plain, cut, engraved and 
 coloured glassware always to be found on its shelves, counters, 
 and in its show cases. The very finest productions of the 
 European factories may here be seen in almost every imaginable 
 article of manufacture. Beautiful Parian busts and statuettes 
 of the world's celebrities will also be found here, intermingled 
 with the most successful imitations of tropical and native 
 flowers, glass shades, table equipments, and flower stands, &c. 
 
 Behind the saleroom is a largo warehouse storei with plain and 
 
 * 
 359 
 
.3 I! 
 
 
 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 
 
 fancy earthenware, in quantities one would tliink ample enough 
 to meet the requirements of the whole Province. 
 
 J. H. Same's Furniture Warehouse This lirm have 
 
 splendid show rooms in the Albert Hall buildings, Yonge street. 
 Their show room is elegant and commodious, and has a frontage 
 of 20 feet and a depth of 200 feet, with office attached. The firm 
 is well known for the excellent and durable workmanship, 
 which characterizes all grades of furniture kept by them. Here 
 will be found furniture in oak, pine, and cherry, freely inter- 
 mingled with chestnut and maple, and black walnut ; and most 
 artistically carved bedroom and parlour sets, and splendid par- 
 lour and library suites, finished in oil and varnish. In the 
 finishing and upholstering department, which is conducted in 
 the rear in a large room 60 by 60 feet, the most exquisite pro- 
 ductions, such as display the finest taste and rarest execution, 
 are always to be found 
 
 Messrs. Norris & Soper. -The establishment of Messrs. 
 Norris and Soper, wholesale and retail piano and organ dealers. 
 No. 8 Adelaide street east, is a neat and solid three storey brick 
 building, with a frontage of 25 feet and a depth of 140 feet. 
 Modern pianofortes are so'near a duplicate of one another that 
 generally there is but little to particularise ; but, in this case, 
 their leading piano, " The Mathushek," is something of a 
 novelty, the arraii^ement of strings and bridjjes being such as to 
 give greater length, particularly to the latter this being a point 
 long admitted by manufacturers as a very important one, giving 
 more bridge room and individuality to the strings, purity of tone 
 and vibration in proportion to the grain of the sounding board 
 crossed by the bridges, and when it is remembered that the 
 pitch of a tone is determined by the number of vibrations in a 
 second — so me a hundred and some a thousand, and all interme- 
 diate numbers between — the importance of bridge room is evi- 
 dent, and in this particular piano there is nearly two feet more 
 bridge than in any other square piano made. The makers, and 
 many artists, claim for this a volume and beauty of tone found 
 elsewhere only in concert grands. Over five thousand of these 
 
 360 
 
iple 
 
 enough 
 
 tirm have 
 oiige street. 
 8 a frontage 
 . The firm 
 )rkman8hip, 
 hem. Here 
 'xetAy inter- 
 
 ; and most 
 plendiii par- 
 sh. In the 
 onclucted in 
 xquisite pro- 
 st execution, 
 
 of Messrs. 
 L-gan dealerB, 
 storey brick 
 of 140 feet, 
 .nother that 
 1 this case, 
 ■thing of a 
 such as to 
 ing a point 
 one, giving 
 [irity of tone 
 ding board 
 ■d that the 
 ations in a 
 [ill interme- 
 om is evi- 
 feet more 
 takers, and 
 Itone found 
 1(1 of thesp 
 
 TRADE A 
 
 ko 
 
 COMMKRCE. 
 
 pianos are now in use, with a constantly increasing demand. 
 They are made in thi-ee sizes, viz. : 5 feet inches, and 
 6 feet 10 inches long, and also concert grands. This firm also 
 handles pianos from other makers, hut their trade is principally 
 wholesale, controlling the ]\[athushek and Fischer pianos for 
 the Dominion, and Prince organs for Ontario and Quebec. They 
 have about seventy-live local agents throughout the Dominion, 
 and are constantly extending their wholesale trade. See 
 plate 42. 
 
 Shapter & Jeffrey's Drug Store, 443 Yonge Street, corner 
 of Carleton street, is a neat red brick building, two storeys high, 
 with white brick facings, having a frontage of '23 feet and a 
 depth of 80 feet. This is the oldest and most reliable dis- 
 pensing drug store in the city, and does one of the largest 
 dispensing trades. Mr. Shapter settled in Toronto in 1848, 
 having been in business in England for eight years previously. 
 So long an experience pt)ints to the firm as one that is cal- 
 culated to win the confidence of the public, for in no business 
 is such care and attention required as in that of a dispensing 
 chemist. The store is fitted up with attractive and costly show 
 / cases, so universal with all modern drug stores, and which 
 shows off to great advantage the fancy toilet articles, perfumery, 
 &c. There is also a large stock of proprietary medicines always 
 on hand. , 4 ^ ..,,f !,.•;>•...> 
 
 lyiessrs. A. & S. Nordheimer.— This firm was established in 
 1841, and is the oldest house in the Dominion trading in music 
 and musical instruments. It was first commenced by Mr. A. 
 Nordheimer in Kingston, which was at that time the capital of 
 the Province. After the removal of the seat of Government, 
 their headquarters were removed to Toronto. Shortly after 
 branches were opened in various parts of the Province, and they 
 now have houses in all the principal cities of the Dominion, and 
 the esteem in which they have been held as business men, 
 always supplying the best article of the kind that can be pro- 
 duced, is evidenced in the fact that they have now become 
 wealthy, fortunately for their fellow citizens theii' wealth has 
 
 361 
 
TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 
 
 til.'' 
 
 been devoted to whatever would contribute to the promotion o f 
 high musical art, and in this w y is a benefit and an ornament to 
 the various cities with which they are connected by business. 
 They are now, and have been for years, the most extensive firm, 
 and the largest purchasers on the continent of the Steinway, 
 Chickering, Dunham, and Haines Pianos. They are also, by 
 this very success which they have had, and by their integrity as 
 business men, Members of the Board of Music Trade in the 
 United States — publishing houses of importance only being 
 eligible for such membership. ' " ' '""' "' " 
 
 LUMBER MERCHANTS. 
 
 Silliman's Lumber Yard. — The lumber yard of Mr. Billiman 
 and known as the Crystal Palace Lumber Yard, is the largest in 
 or around the City of Toronto. It is situate at the foot of 
 Niagara street, and, having direct connections with the Grand 
 Trunk, Great Western, Northern, Toronto, Grey & Bruce, and 
 Toronto and Nipissiiig Railways, has excellent shipping 
 facilities. It covers an area of upwards of three acres, and 
 always contains an immense pile of all kinds. Mr. Silliman has 
 for many years carried on a very large lumber trade in various 
 States of the Union, and has consequently acquired a thorough 
 practical knowledge of the requirements of the trade both in 
 Canada and the United States. Perhaps no fact could more 
 clearly show the importance attained by the lumber trade of 
 Toronto, and its rapid development, than the establishment of 
 so large a yard in our midst, by so thoroughly practical a man 
 as Mr. Silliman. A view of his yard will be seen on plate H. 
 
 S. S. Mutton & Co.'s Lumber Yard, on the corner of Queen 
 and Sherbourne streets, is one of the most extensive yards in 
 the eastern portion of the city. The yard has a frontage on 
 Queen street east of 55 feet, and 160 feet on Sherbourne street, 
 the office being on the south-western corner of the lot. Here 
 
 362 
 
 lii 
 
 m\ 
 
=7=:=r^T-. 
 
 promotion o f 
 I ornament to 
 b}* business, 
 xtensivelirm, 
 he Steinway, 
 are also, by 
 • integrity as 
 Trade in the 
 only being 
 
 Mr. Silliman 
 the largest in 
 t the toot of 
 th the Grand 
 ; Bruce, and 
 mt shipping 
 e acres, and 
 . Sillimau has 
 le in various 
 i a thorough 
 trade both in 
 t could more 
 aber trade of 
 bblishment of 
 ictical a man 
 •n plate H. 
 rner of Queen 
 sive yards in 
 , frontage on 
 journe street, 
 he lot. Here 
 
 
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 ird iii "111- mid-st, by .so V.i*>r-)ny. 
 
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 ke H. 
 
 S. S. Mutton & Co.'s Lumber Vard. on fe o.i>rnor of Quctsn 
 
 a :>>{ S!u-vl)Ouriit! rutroots, is *)u<' of tbe :xu)»t ^tit^uKive yardd ir; 
 
 ti.'O. castera portion of tho city. The yard h^^ a. troutage im 
 
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 >•■: 111 -I 
 
 
 tii- f><;i Oi 
 
 •-l.'*' rs, ;i 11 
 
 •-'i'iuiiiai r.jis 
 
 vai'Ji'U,- 
 
 I)' i>ih 
 
 j.' both i.i.( 
 
 ca' a »niui 
 
 of Quctir. 
 
 dd it: 
 
 .\ai' 
 
 ;)tttge t)iJ 
 
 ei •;«*;; 
 
 )t. 
 
 i.,i0i« 
 
is always founvi a large quantity of ail kinds of lumber, bill 
 stuff, &c. Mutton & Co. have recently removed to 35 Adelaide 
 street east, where they now carry on a wholesale lumber 
 business. 
 
 Collins Brothers, having recently bought out the business 
 and stock of S, S. Mutton, have made arrangements for extend- 
 ing their line of operations, so that now, in addition to tlieir 
 ordinary lumber trade )f the yard, they are dealers in coal 
 and cordwood, for which extra trade they have the most 
 ample accouimodation and unusual facilities for promptly 
 meeting all the demands that may be made upon them, 
 either for the supply of dealers or householders. Their yard 
 is well stocked with all kinds of manufactured and unmanu- 
 factured lumber, bill stuffs, skirting, flooring dressed and un- 
 dressed, shingles, and all kind,: of builders' requisites in soft or 
 hard woods. In the retail section a large stock of beech, 
 maple, and pine cordwood, cut and uncut, will always be 
 found on hand, ready for prompt delivery. Coal of all kinds 
 at current rates, may also always be had on the shortest 
 notice. Messrs. Collins Brothers appear to have detei'mined 
 that noii only will they maintain the large business formerly car- 
 ried on here, but to considerably extend it, and their well knowr 
 . energy and business ability will no doubt speedily bring about 
 the result. The firm is composed of W. A. Collins and J. W. 
 Collins. 
 
 Bryce Brothers & Co — The firm of Bryce Brothers and 
 Co., lumber merchants, and doalers in all kinds of building 
 requisites, rank among the foremost in this particular branch 
 of the city trade. Their yard, known as the St. Lawrence yard, 
 is situate in the eastern part of the city, on what may be 
 regarded as the original site of Toronto in its infant days, for 
 near where this lumber yard now stands at one time stood the 
 Parliament buildings of the Province, and close around them 
 the whole of the business places and dwellings of the early 
 founders of what was once " muddy York," now Toronto. The 
 yard is at the foot of Berkeley street, and extends about 250 
 
 363 
 
* ,-Si; 
 
 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 
 
 yards west aloiij,' Front street. It closely adjoins the Toronto 
 and Nipissing Eailway depot, by which line large quantities 
 of sawn and nnsawn lumber is daily brought into the yard. 
 The tracks of the Grand Trunk, Northern, and Toronto, 
 Grey and Bruce, and Great Western Railways are also closely 
 adjacent to this yard. Tliese lines, together with the exten- 
 sive wharfs adjoining the yard, gives to Bryce Brothers un- 
 usual facilities for the shipment of orders to all parts of the 
 . Dominion, and to the neighbouring Republic, to the Eastern 
 Stotv ■ of which large shipments are annually made. The 
 firm are largely engaged in building operations, probably 
 being the largest builders in Toronto, and have the sole right 
 to sell in the city all the building requisites manufactured by 
 Knox Brothers, of Wal):erton. A large quantity of pine, 
 hardwood, dressed lumber, and sash and door mouldings, will, 
 always be found in etock. 
 
 Somers Atkinson 410 Queen street west, was first estab- 
 lished in the lumber trade in the year 1850, his shipi)ing being 
 then done at Tinning's old wharf. At that time the lumber 
 trade was in its infancy, lumber being hauled from 50 to (50 
 miles to the Toronto market (this was in the year in which 
 Lady Elgin turned the first sod on the opening of the Northern 
 Road, nearly opposite the Parliament Buildings), and has been 
 in the shipping'trade ever since, doing a large export business 
 to the United States. During 1876 he commenced the retail 
 trade at the above address, having purchased the old stand of 
 Samuel Scarlett. The yard has a froi7tage of 90 feet and a 
 depth of 800 feet, with an extension to Vanauley street. The 
 yard is well supplied with a select stock of pine, lumber, &c., 
 principally drawn from the mill at Severn Bridge. Mr. Atkin- 
 son having a large practical experience in the inspection of 
 lumber, purchasers will find his stock of the finest quality and 
 best value in the market. He has also an extensive trade 
 both at home and abroad. 
 
 Donogh, McCool & Oliver.— This firm are the successors of 
 8. R. Briggs, who may be regarded as the pioneer of that branch 
 
 364 
 
TRADE AND COMMERCE. 
 
 Of the lumber trade of this citv Ti 7^^"^"^ 
 established by Mr. Brians in 1Hfi« i • . ''"'^'' ^^^ ^^-s* 
 
 ^i-st ever, departrnTnt o L^^ 7 ^V'^ "'"^ ^^^ 
 recovering from thp i.o i Toronto was rapidlv 
 
 merebaut to eml«„-k i„ .,,„ „,„.., ^^ , "' ""^ "" «>■»» lumber 
 
 au,I cargo lot,. Tbi., H™ '" ^:"" !'"'' "''"'^ "' ^''"'"« »'' 
 
 coa„ectio„s, ,.,„UtMaci i";rV ,r T"' °^'"''""'«' '™<'« 
 '.«-«e unci iuoreasing lit ' ™" "'"'^ '"'■'■ '^ ''"'"« « 
 
 The «™ ao a b.,.°loc : ;C: 't" U "': '"'"" «'"'-■ 
 
 vvLst.iii trade. (See plate K.) 
 
 BANKEHS, BHOKKHS, REA. ESTATK AO.NTS. 
 
 R- H. Brett, General Banker ^ru i , • 
 Brett is situate at the nortl.... " , '"'. "^''^'^''"'^' ^I'^uhu of R. H. 
 Yorlc Chambers, ou W^ ~^^ '>"^^^^^^^" '-vvn as 
 
 Ml the principles of tb,> P„ i- i'- husmess is conducted 
 
 c.u.ent account,, a , ' i,f e 't """' '""" ''""'"■ « ""»'« 
 change on London an." tS, "" T"" "''""^''^' "'■"-«- 
 available in all tbe prineir.,! t ""''"""" ''™"« °" '""""""i. 
 and tbe Continent o eZI'I": "' f ™-" '''■''-'. I-hun, 
 
 only> for foreign banking r;::L:,:"fl °""'°"™' <"-"" 
 Canada. See plate 20. ""'"■anlile firmn n, every part of 
 
 wh^: rJc^'^Lfce'l: ^TZr' B^-e-.-Tbi, bo„.. 
 Oh.unbsra, Toronto .tre I o„e , f "T;"'' ""^ "' "'^ y^'' 
 'he city, Mr. VV. B. Ph pp, b , ! T "'"' '''"'"°''" «™^ '" 
 in the city. He was also M * ^''" """'''«■ ao'l hrok.r 
 
 in Toronto, wiJciTrei:::":^";' °' "" '"' '"•"*"« «"-*; 
 
 by him to tbe satisfac^fon o*„l, 1"'"'''?' """ " "^ «'°-^ 
 active member „, tbe St Geo ie ?"" *■ ''''^^ « ■"" 
 office of President, and fo 'man ' T'' ""' '"'» "^W "=» 
 -neoftheSocie;y.s!,l:™IC l^heen Treasurer; be 
 
 ' ~ ^"^'"^ ^-'-« - ^^ys «d":r r~ 
 
 !f 
 
 li 
 
 i !t 
 
TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 
 
 kinds, and is well-known, and enjoys a very high reputation 
 among the merchants of Toronto. (See plate 20.) 
 
 Private Bankers — The private banking establishment of 
 Robert Beaty is situate at No. 53 King street east. Mr. Beaty 
 is one of the Board of City Stock Brokers, and in addition to his 
 stock buying business transacts a general banking and movcy 
 exchange business, and is among the oldest of the private banks 
 of the city. 
 
 Paarson Brothers, Real Estate Aigents, Brokers, and 
 Valuators. — In an age like the present, when the public are 
 invited, through inducements of larger profits and dividends 
 being held out to them, to invest their money in undertakings 
 of every description, it behoves every right-thinking man before 
 parting with his cash, to ask himself the question, "What guar- 
 antee have I that my caj)ital is safe ? " It is a lamentable 
 fact that many a poor widow and orphan have lost their all, 
 and besn made, destitute and brought to want by indirectly 
 investing their money in concerns of wliich they knew compa- 
 ratively nothing, but relying upon the plausible inducements 
 held out by some fancy prospectus got up by unscrupulous pro- 
 moters. On the other lumd it cannot be gainsaid that many 
 widows and fatherless children live in ease and even affluence by 
 having had the good fortune of being counselled and advised by 
 conscientious as well as shrewd business men to invest their 
 money in property that yields them a fair, advantageous, and 
 every year increasing revenue. There cannot be a question 
 about the fact that of all investments, that in real estate is the 
 best, the safest, and at the same time the most profitable. 
 The firm of Pearson Brothers, of 17 Adelaide street east, have 
 already acquired an enviable reputation in real estate transac- 
 tions and as valuators. They are men of undoubted ability 
 and sound judgment, and their honesty and integrity stands 
 high in the commercial world. They rightly and justly advise 
 every man to become his own landlord, and there is many a 
 family in this Canada of ours whose head has been called 
 away in the prime of life, and at a most unexpected moment, 
 
 366 
 
"^rrr- 
 
 reputation 
 
 ishment of 
 
 Mr. Beaty 
 
 lition to his 
 
 and morc-y 
 
 livate hanks 
 
 •okers, and 
 e puhlic are 
 1(1 dividends 
 andertakings 
 o man hefore 
 ■'What guar- 
 a himeutahle 
 f)3t their all, 
 by indirectly 
 knew compa- 
 dnducenients 
 vupulous pro- 
 ,id that many 
 1 affluence by 
 lid advised by 
 invest their 
 itageous, and 
 e a question 
 estate is the 
 ist profitable. 
 ■et east, have 
 Istate transac- 
 iibted ability 
 egrity stands 
 justly advise 
 ire is many a 
 been called 
 ited moment, 
 
 w*i 
 
 .«s 
 
 kl 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 J- 
 
 
 
 
 . .>^tiv; 
 
 •"**«Mi..v 
 
 
 '..fVfUna* SMITH fMrOF^ittKb OF 
 
 
 PEARS v>N flRO^> 
 REAL ESTATI B«OK»;W: 
 
vm 
 
 i! 
 
 z::^::::!. 
 
 ri>ROHT0 : PABT AND VBKSSMT. 
 
 Xifjds, and ie weil-knowu. -md wn^oyw » very high reputation 
 auumg tliCvToerchanta of rojr*'ttk'. ( S^w^ piftte 20.) 
 
 Private Bankers — Ti?'. pfivak' banking itstablishmont of 
 Jt<4><'rt i^eRtr it Hituiite «i \t>. 58 King ntree-t east. Mr. Beaty 
 ^h ow' of Ibt? Board of ( ilv Sfoi'.l: Broluu-s, iind in addition to las 
 block buying bu.siiifsti lr«!iT^iH'tH u gem»nt! banking und money 
 cxehaiigi! ])UHitu'Hs. and /s vJi>'*vi;^ the oldeht of tbe priyate banks 
 i»f fcbf! city. 
 
 Pearson Brotbvirs, Real Estate Agents, Brokers, and 
 Valuators. — In Hr> ago like iUi- present, \viifn tlic public use 
 iTivited, fcbrouf;li inducfiuioats of larger prolita find dividends 
 being held out to them, to inv^-ftt thfir nioney in undertakings 
 of every description, it })e)tovt'8 <?v&Fy rf^gbMhlsty;*'.^ J^^^^ i>«l'jr(' 
 j)artin5:^ with hi:-i cash, t(; ukj; Im^m''^' ■-•i^^ifc/' l^bgrt gttar- 
 
 antte have I thnt my fapibj,! m *.,;.. . h w » 'lamfniiibltj 
 fact that ran nv a pouv vi.!,-.', ,tn<i f^iphan have lost their uli, 
 iuicl bt'BU iDUii;' rii'-itiivitf- ;tud moimiit to M'ant bv jndirectlv 
 in\( si -n-,: i'rcLr in-v(Mv ia tru'mis of wliich they kneM' conipa- 
 ;ituv\;'v iii'tiitsi^, hui tvhiug upon the pinuHihlt) iudus-enient-; 
 ht !;i out J>y x,>tv,,^ fancy proHptictus got up by unai-.rapulonH pro- 
 moters. ' On th'- other hiind it ca.nitot be gainsaid tliat many 
 widov,s nnd fathvi-lens ('hildrtsn iive-).n««i£*i;i«nd even atttueuee by 
 haVinf:; had i:hi go<Hi fortune of ihWag, envmekh^ and advised b)' 
 eouseifuitui js as well as sjlirevcti *mKiue»8 ivien to invest their 
 tn^vn-y in pvop-'T-ty that yields fcl>ivi.n a fair, advantageow?, and 
 e.eiy viar tnCreaHing revenue. 'I'here cannot be a t|uestiou 
 iibou! tiif. uuii iJuit of all investi^ai(?n£s. that tn real estate is the 
 best, t]ie Mafest, and -.it the. f<ame time ihe most protitabk. 
 The firm nf Pearson Brother.', o/ 17 .Adelaide «treet ea»t, liuvi. 
 alreauy acquired an eaviabU reputaticoi in real. <!!»»tai5e transac- 
 tionH iind a» valuator:- They are meLtt of nmhuibttHd abilit} 
 aiid sonnd jtiibrnjent, and their, Ijonosly 4nd iiitegrity stands 
 iiigli in the conuiu ifial world. They .n^^itlyaadjiistly advise 
 *rery mwrto become hijS3tjn!,fffiA!oriK ami SRere is ruaijy u 
 family in this Canada of "buys v.-hoj-- " •/ has been called 
 *way fe iSil» prJTOC' of life, and at a muHt; uuexpocted moment, 
 
 366 
 
 f 1 
 
reputation 
 
 shrDont of 
 
 Mr. Beaty 
 
 ition tc liis 
 
 >kers, and 
 
 pub!i(j !.u?e 
 
 il dividends 
 
 ndertakiijgs 
 
 - ^i, lv«loro 
 
 »-,.rt:^t giiar- 
 
 ®t theii' all, 
 )y iiulitectly 
 
 iudiifUViieBi-; 
 lapuiouH pro* 
 [1 tlittt maTiy 
 atHuejitje by 
 [l lulvised by 
 invest ihtiir 
 uj!;eous, awd 
 a ijuestioxi 
 •ate is the 
 proiitable. 
 ast, liavo 
 < tranaa'c- 
 !.c«d ability 
 Igrity stands 
 liritly i^dviBi' 
 ;• ia many a 
 been culled 
 L] n»omoKt. 
 
 G CONSTAELt BAKER 
 
 Hiiiiia^SiiBiiSii 
 
 CRAW FOROfc SMITH IMPORTERS OF 
 MIU-INERV MANTAES FANCY 4t STAPLE DW GOODS 
 
 PEARSON BROS 
 REAL ESTATE BROKERS 
 
TRADE AND COMMERCE. 
 
 who have to thank Messrs. Pearson Brotheru that they have a 
 home of their own, one on which no man can lay his hand. In 
 a young coimtry like ours, it follows in the natural course of 
 things, that real estate rises considerably in value, and this is 
 the more perceptible in large towns and cities, and an agent 
 who is thorcaghly alive to his business will find out those spots 
 which are still vacant, and which can be bought at a reason- 
 able or even low rate, and we are informed on good authority 
 that Pearson Brothers make it their special business, by closely 
 wat ching the market, to have always a number of these lots and 
 houses on hand, and at the disposal of their customers ; and 
 we are quite certain that intending purchasers and investors will 
 find it to their advantage to consult as well as have their busi- 
 ness transacted through the agency of Messrs. Pearson Brothers 
 of Toronto. 
 
 Lake & Clark, Estate and Financial Agents.— This firm 
 have made the business of the sale of real estate and the 
 loaning of money a specialty for the past seven years, and have 
 made a large business connection, which, with their correct and 
 honourable dealings, recommend tlidm to parties who desire to 
 transact business in that line. Recently they commenced the 
 issue of the " Land Owner and Investor," a monthly paper 
 giving information as to the purchase and sale of real estate 
 and investments, also containing a list of properaes for sale. 
 In this line of business it is advisable for parties to entrust 
 their matters with thorough and largely experienced persons 
 who conscientiously endeavour to carry out the trust imposed 
 upon them, and are responsible for what they do. Their offices 
 are large and conveniently situated, being nearly opposite the 
 Post Oftice, No. 41 Adelaide street east. (See plate K.) 
 
 Scarth, Cochran & Co. — B'or description see Union Block, 
 under Miscellaneous Business Houses, page 375. 
 
 
 367 
 
i 
 
 m 
 
 k 
 
 ;.^' : 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS BUSINESS HOUSES. 
 
 W. H. Stone, Undertaker.— The undertakerH of Toronto 
 are a pretty numerous class, but there are only a very 
 few that are favoured with the select trade, namely, the fur- 
 nishing and equipment for the principal families and for i)ul)lic 
 funerals. As a representative establishment of this class let UB 
 take a walk into the establishment of W. H, Stone, 230 Yonge 
 street, and this we may regard as the most com|)lete in the 
 city. On entering the sale room we find a large number of 
 coffins of all sizes, and made of walnut, rosewood-, and oak ; here 
 to will be seen caskets of the most costly kind, ranging up to 
 $290. Behind the sale room is the trimming room, where every 
 appliance and necessary stock is found. Connected with the 
 trimming room is the workshop, adjacent to which wo find 
 the carriage room with its three hearses, and one of these is a 
 beautifully artistic piece of workmanship, costing upwards of 
 $1,500. The stables are in close contiguity to the carriage 
 room, and contains a splendid team of jet black horses, which 
 for size and colour most nearly approach the celebrated Flemish 
 horses. Mr. Stone has conducted many of the principal 
 funerals of the city, both public and private, during the last 
 two years. 
 
 Hutchinson & Burns, 140 and 142 Simcoe Street, 
 manufacturers of buggies, landaus, and family carriages. Both 
 of these gentlemen are thoroughly practical men and of long 
 experience, having been in the carriage business since 1842. 
 They opened their present establishment in 1870, which is large 
 and well adapted for their trade. They have a frontage of 52 
 feet and a depth of 100 feet ; there is also a large blacksmith's 
 shop fronting on Nelson street, connecting with the main 
 building on Simcoe street. On the first floor is the office and 
 show room, and in the rear is the wood shop. On the second 
 
 368 
 
■y^'' 
 
 SES. 
 
 of Toronto 
 only a very 
 ily, the fur- 
 k1 for i)ul)lic 
 3 class let us 
 , 239 Yonge 
 iplete in the 
 i number of 
 id oak ; here 
 rtnging up to 
 where every 
 ted with the 
 hieh we find 
 of these is a 
 
 upwards of 
 the carriage 
 orses, which 
 ited Flemish 
 le principal 
 iug the last 
 
 coe Street, 
 
 ages. Both 
 and of long 
 since 1842. 
 bich is large 
 utage of 52 
 blacksmith's 
 the main 
 e office and 
 1 the second 
 
 
 
 %*^ 
 
 f ! t ."" "» 
 
 low „.. - 
 
 
 '--"^W" ■ 
 
 1...... 
 
 
 
 ■ikix 
 
 .-x-S.'^"-^'-''*^"' 
 
 *.,■ 
 
 ^-.'-aiisafcr.ii ■ 
 
 Lake ^ Cl-ark, 
 LAND ^LOAN O f^ F I C t 
 
 UuNUUH. MSCOOL .2 
 
 WHOLESALE: LU h 
 
 rjs/ 
 
1 1 
 
 ToKO!<T«:> . p\«T .*'Ht) pfiv:»Km. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS BUSINESS HOUSES. 
 
 I 
 
 It 
 
 ;■ ■ 
 
 W. H. Stone, Undertaker ~Vm andertakinh of Torouto 
 arc a pretty nuiueroui* iA;xm, b,ut hliore aro ovdy a very 
 r>.\\ tbai; uto favoured with tlie aelwil trade, immelv, tbft fiu: 
 iiishmrr and eqaipirtoat fur the priucipal faiuilies and for I'lifilio 
 fiincivils. A.8 a repn\st.-!utatiM> erftablisliuient of thin class U'i us 
 take ;i walk iuto ti.c- vKt.ihJi.s imcxjt of W. H. Htone, 2^9 Yojigo 
 street, aiid iliia we may V'i'^iii\\ jis the wo-^ t-,-- ' • in the 
 city. On futoriug H^- saiJc rotw* ^ir- pi J % ,\^^. .*iH»r of 
 cuftinB of '.yi nizt'H, and madi* of '^u ■;«;;> '<>•♦->- ,^ and c»Tk ; bwe 
 C') wili bt- H<'.t'ii ca»k(.;t>; *>f tLf moHt contly kind, mu'^ittg up to 
 f290. Tk'liAiid tile H.fclo room ih tii«' triiiu.fui^ room, where every 
 a])pliaia»-' o.nd iu:i'f'^pr*:y su^ek is fuiihit. Connected w^itU the 
 truMfjiujjc ;'v>-.iitt v^ fhv* work'sLop, adj:ic*iiit to which we find 
 the earn. iij:*^ fff^iii with its thrfto heaxHes, anil one of those is a 
 ImiutiUiUy ai-tisti-^! pi'.^co of ',voikaiAU»hij.t, coating upwards of 
 $i-50(.». Tiie stii.bb.iH aro ij; do.si^, C'j)»tif;uit> to the carriage 
 I'oom, ;nid conttiius a spk^udid ttwrt v./ j<'t I 'lack liojaef}, which 
 for si,-.o aud co'-'ai: nioHt it'^avlv iipprosvch lijt! oek-braitd Fleraiah 
 horsea. Mr. Stojie has cixidciv'tod iiiauy of tho principal 
 fnnersiif! of t}»rt city, both pubhi-. aii<l private, dtihrig the Imi 
 two yt'ar». • ; ^ -■ 
 
 Hutchinson & Barns, 140 and 142 Simcoe Street, 
 inanufftoturers of buggiea, li*nd«u&. and i'amily carriages.. Both 
 of theHt^ gentlemen m^ thoroughly 4)ract;if!al men aijd of- long 
 experieTice, having been in the oarriago bap.uiefi«f. since 1842. 
 They opened thyir prosent tiatablishment in IHtd, *kicJt ia large 
 and woil :idaptf.'d fs>r their trade. T|fc$y have > %ntago of 62 
 ffcet and a dtptb of 100 feet ; there let altt^ a krg«' blacksmith'H 
 shop froiitiiig oij Nelson street, e4i4}ne«tr|iij|g with the main 
 bnilding on Siuiooo street. On th«> tirst floor is the oflice and 
 »i?QW room, an4 in ihe rear i*-4fe«^-wo<*d«hof>.~ On the second 
 
 ''■>> 
 
5KS. 
 
 of Toronto 
 
 Illy a "■'try 
 
 V, th« fur 
 
 I for I'lililic 
 
 class U'l us 
 
 2'<f> Yojige 
 
 in the 
 
 r^^r of 
 
 (i oak ; beie 
 
 .u^iag up to 
 
 where evtry 
 
 etl with the 
 
 ;iich wejiad 
 
 i" tliQ«o is a 
 
 ujnvards of 
 
 f: carriage 
 
 •ics, wliicb 
 
 tl Klomifili 
 
 rijicipal 
 
 g tJ»t hist 
 
 . Street, 
 ^*. Both 
 ui of long 
 ;tic?^ 1342. 
 «U lA large 
 iago of 52 
 l;ick<>oiithV 
 the main 
 office imd 
 tiw steond 
 
 Lake &l Clark. 
 LAND &LOAN OFFI Ct. 
 
 DoNOGH. M?CooL & Oliver 
 
 WHOLESALE LUMBER 
 
TBADE AND COMMERCE. 
 
 floor are the various departments, such as painting, gearing, 
 trimming, and varnishing rooms. Here can be seen carriages 
 in all their stages, from the ommancemant of the making of 
 the wood work until the completion of the neatly appointed 
 buggj or carriage. Their stock is male from the best seasoaed 
 wood, and all of second growth timber. The firm use exclusively 
 the celebrated Noble & Hoare's English varnish. They do an 
 export trade to the United States. For heavy ft^mily carriages 
 the lirm took the first prize in the Crystal Palace in 1875. 
 They have a large stock of splendid specimens of carriage 
 building art in the various buggies, landaus, &c. The writer on 
 his visit to the works noticed a splendid English brougham, a 
 perfect gem ; the whole of the trimmings vvere imported from 
 England. One noticeable feature in the carriage which must 
 render it a luxury to the occupant is a dial placed on the inside, 
 with a corresponding dial in front of the coachman, by which 
 he is told the wishes of the occupant as simply as reading the 
 face of a clock. The firm employ twenty-two men all the year 
 round. 
 
 Jamieson & Carroll, 66 Adelaide Street West, Manufac- 
 turers of Lime, Bricks, and Brick Making Machines. This firm 
 was originally in the building trade for many years, and started 
 in their present basiness in 1873. l^heir brick fields are at 
 Seaton village, where they employ a large number of men 
 mak ug their bricks by machinery, a thing only recently 
 attempted in Canada, dispensing as it does with the old-time 
 horse power. The firm have now working three large Martin 
 machines. One of these maciiines is capable of turnmg out the 
 enormous number of 3,000 bricks per hour. Messrs. Jamieson 
 & Carroll are part owuers of the Patent Martin Self-acting 
 Stock Brick Machine, and sole owners for Canada. This 
 machine is automatic in its couatruction, and is what is termed 
 a sand striking machine, the moulds being dusted with fine 
 sha.vp sand before placing them in the midline. The lime 
 works are at Alton station, on the Toronto, Grey, and Bruce 
 Railway, where the firm have an immense qaarry of first class 
 
 369 
 
,i « 
 
 .f- 
 
 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 
 
 lime stone, large draw kilns workinii; clay and night ; and so large 
 is their business that they have often great difficulty in supply- 
 ing their orders. 
 
 Singer Sewing Machine Co.— Tlie fivst store at the north of 
 the Masonic Block is occupied by the " Singer Mauuiaoturing 
 Company of New York," manufacturers of the world -lenowned 
 " Singer " sewing maeliines, who establislieci their headqu.trters 
 for Canada lun-e in 1874, and under the able management of 
 Mr. li. C. Hickox the Canadian trade of this Company has 
 amounted to so much that it is now looked upon as one of the 
 principal branches of the New York otfice. The Singer has 
 become a houseliold word in every portion of the globe, and the 
 great popularity of the machines may be judged from the sales 
 of 1876, when thev sold the enormous number of 262,316 
 machines, being in excess of all competitors by the astonishing 
 number of 153,022 machines. See plate 14. 
 
 Burnett's Livery, Boarding and Sale Stables. — Mr. Bur- 
 nett began the business in the beghjnmg of the year 1873, to 
 supply a want that was generall}' acknowledged to be felt in 
 Centre Toronto, namely, a first class livery, where civility, 
 courtesy, and first-class equipments and horses could be had. 
 Ml. Burnett keeps (m hand good reliable saddle and driving 
 horses, and comfortable stylish vehicles of all kinds will always 
 be found on his premises either for sale or hire. He also 
 boards horses by the day, week, or longer periods at very low 
 rates, and holds periodical auctitm sales of stock and vehicles, 
 making returns to the vendors as soon as disjiosed of. He also 
 undertakes commissions for the sale or purchase of horses. 
 
 Call on him at No. 
 
 carriages of all descriptions, liarness, &c 
 1() Adelaide street west. - -<«/;': 
 
 John Young, Undertaker. — Probably nothing causes more 
 surprise in Toronto, to visitors from the British Isles, tiian the 
 undertaking establishments of the city. To residents and 
 natives of the American continent the sight of coffins and 
 funeral fittings in store windows is a master to whicli custom 
 has luade the sight as familiar as the store of the grocer or 
 
id 80 large 
 in supply- 
 
 e north of 
 uiactiiring 
 -lenowned 
 adqu.trtcrs 
 geinent of 
 npany 1ms 
 one of the 
 inger has 
 le, and the 
 the sales 
 )f 262,316 
 istonishing 
 
 -Mr. Rur- 
 
 ^r 1873. to 
 
 be felt in 
 
 :e civility, 
 
 d he had. 
 
 1 driving 
 
 vill always 
 
 He also 
 
 Vf'ry low 
 
 vehicles, 
 
 He also 
 
 )f horses, 
 
 ini at No. 
 
 iHos more 
 , than the 
 onts and 
 ffins and 
 1 custom 
 
 grocer or 
 
 TRADK AND COMMKRCK. 
 
 baker, but to the Britisher it is a sight which causes intense sur- 
 prise. In hip own land he never sees coffins publicly exposed, 
 and such as he may happen to see in the chamber of death are 
 either made of oak or metal; so the beautifully polished woods 
 and finely finished cottii.'sof America are matters of surprise and 
 wonder. The establishment of Tohn Young, Yonge street, may 
 be taken as a very good example of this kind of trade, for here is 
 kept one of the largest and best stocks in the city. See plate 42. 
 
 The Star Life Assurance Society has its chief office at 
 No. 32 Mocrgate street, London, England. It was organised 
 in the year 1843, and by careful and economical management 
 has grown to its present influential position. It is one of the 
 wealthiest corporations now doing business in Canada. The 
 Star has an insurance reserve capital of $7,000,000 (seven 
 millions of dollars), invested for the benefit of policy holders, 
 The Star has a larger proportion of its reserve invested in 
 Canada than any other Life Insurance Company having its head 
 office out of the Dominion. The Company is largely denomina- 
 tional in its composition, having originated with a few leading 
 men connected with the Methodist Church in England. The 
 denominational feature is still maintained in England, and the 
 Dir ectors are chiefly Methodists. The chairman is Mr. Alder- 
 man McArthur, Member of the British House of C(nnmonH for 
 the London borough of Lambeth. A. W. Lauder, Esq., IVl.F.P., 
 is the Secretary and Treasurer of the Society in Canada ; office, 
 Np. 1 Masonic Hall Buildings. See plate 14. 
 
 The Restaurants of Toronto.— Like the leirding hotels the 
 restaurants of Toronto are very favourably known amonii; the 
 travelling connuunity. To the country merchants or temporary 
 visitors to the city, the leading restaurants afford every con- 
 venience and comfort which the daily visitor finds at the most 
 costly hotels. Their popularity is best attested by the number 
 of city merchants and others who daily dine at their tables, 
 many of the leading merchants preferring the restaurants to the 
 hotels for daily fare. As an example of this class of houses we 
 may instance tlie establishment of M. A. Thomas on King 
 
 371 
 
street west, and usually known as Thomas' Chop House. The 
 poiJularity of this e^ tablishraeut in Toronto is well known, and 
 in fact much of the high favour enjoyed by the leading 
 restaurateurs of Toronto is in some degree owing to 
 the reputation achieved by this house under Mr. Thomas' 
 management. The house was established upwards of twenty 
 years ago, and is now the oldest of its class in the city, and 
 during the whole of that time, by a combination of the best parts 
 of the English and American systems, Thomas' Chop House has 
 been a synonymous name for popular favour. The situation of 
 the house is most admirable for its purpo.se, being on our 
 principal public street, between \ongo street and Bay street, 
 and in the very centre of the busines,- part of the city. The 
 ground floor contains a well appointed bi*r and lunch counter, 
 with a light luncheon room adjoining, and on the tirst floor 
 is a finely fitted dining room suitable for ladies and private 
 
 parties. ./■i;--i-ii.r^M,' - ■- 
 
 J. L. Rawbone, 123 Yonge street, Gun, Rifle, and Gun 
 Implement Manufacturer. This house, established in 1870, is 
 now the leading establishment in Ontario for everything con- 
 nected with sportsmen, and is situated on Yonge street near 
 Adelaide street. It is the only manufactory of breech -loading 
 gun implements in Canada, in addition to which Mr. Eawbone 
 has also the largest gun implement factory in the United States, 
 from whence he supplies goods to his American, English, South 
 African, and Australian customers. The celebrated " llawbone 
 Creaser," and the " Kawbone Combined Hand Turnover Eammer 
 and Extractor," are the products of this house. The house 
 obtained honours at the Centennial and Australian Exhibitions 
 in its exhibits. The fact that previous to starting his factory in 
 the States the American houses ordered largely from him in 
 preference to tiieir own makers in spite of a prohibitory duty of 
 40 per cent., speaks volumes for his workmanship and figures. 
 Sportsmen may rely upon obtaining the genuine article from 
 Mr. Rawbone, he having been a large manufacturer in England 
 previous to 1870. 
 
 372 
 
se. The 
 own, and 
 leading 
 )\ving to 
 Thomas' 
 )f twenty 
 city, and 
 ;)est parts 
 louse has 
 t nation of 
 ; on our 
 ay street, 
 ity. The 
 I counter, 
 tirst floor 
 id private 
 
 and Gun 
 I 1870, is 
 hirg con- 
 itreet near 
 ih -loading 
 Rawhone 
 id States, 
 Ish. South 
 llawbone 
 Rammer 
 le house 
 hibitions 
 'actory in 
 liim in 
 duty of 
 figures. 
 Icle from 
 [England 
 
 The Palace Store, 470 Yonge Street, occupied by Mrs. 
 Kelley. — The Palace store, 470 Yonge street, corner of Grcnvillo 
 street, occupied by Mrs. Kelley, is a large brick building three 
 storeys high, with stone dressings; it has a frontage of 25 feet by 
 GG feet deep. This business was commenced in 1874, and has been 
 steadily increasing. Mrs. Kelley imports largely of Berlin wools, 
 embroidery, and ladies' small-wares, with the latest designs in 
 English, German and American fancy work. Orders for ladies' 
 furnishing goods, stamping, embroidery, brackets, banneretts, 
 slipper cases, &c., &c., can be executed at the shortest notice ; 
 and the social standing of her numerous patrons is a guarantee 
 that the work is done in first class style. The interior of the 
 store, with its neat and attractive show cases, is filled with a 
 large and extensive stock of beautiful fancy articles, and the 
 lady must indeed be most fastidious who cannot find a design 
 to suit, or an article fit for a present. 
 
 Messrs. Walsh & Co.'s Imperial Soda Water Works, 124 
 Berkeley Street.— This factory was establislied in the year 
 1868, and is now the oldest in the city. Mf. Walsh commenced 
 business on Clare street, but fielding increased accommodation 
 necessary, four years ago removed to his present premises on 
 Berkeley street, which wore formerly occupied by Mr. Charles 
 Boeckh's Brush Factory ; the building is 30 feet front by G6 feet 
 deep. The capacity of the factory is very great, and as many 
 as twelve hundred dozen of ginger ale, soda water, and sarspa- 
 rilla, have been turned out in one day, everything being done by 
 the most improved machinery — bottling, washing, corking, &c. 
 The business amounts to about 100,000 dozen a year, and in the 
 manufacture of the^ie beverages there is about $5,000 worth of 
 the finest granulated sugar used. There is no doubt a large busi- 
 ness will bo done by these factories in the future, on account of the 
 large stride the temperance movement has made of late through - 
 out the city. Mr. Walsh supplies many of the leaduig saloons 
 and restaurants of the city. » ;j^_ 
 

 
 Canada Permanent Loan and Savings Company. — Since 
 going to press, the Ontario Government returns for 1876 have 
 been published, shewing the existence of thirty-seven Companies, 
 whose aggregate assets amount to $21,709,844. The capital of 
 the Permanent has been increased to $2,000,000, and its total 
 assets considerably exceed $5,000,000. 
 
'. — Since 
 
 176 have 
 
 npanies, 
 
 pital of 
 
 ts total 
 
 Rossin Houise. — This iioiise has recently been leased by 
 Mark H. Irish, lor tlie past live years proprietor of the justly 
 celebrated Park Hotel, Madison, Wisconsin. The Rossin House 
 Hotel Company liave, since February last, expended twenty-live 
 thousand dollars in permanent improvements, enlarging the 
 offices, gentlemen's reading rooms, laying marble floors, and 
 now have under contract the building of a spacious and mag- 
 nificent Ordinary. Mr. Irish has refitted and refurnished the 
 entire house in the latest and most elegant style, including new 
 passenger and baggage elevators (a convenience heretofore 
 unknown in any hotel in Canada), wliich secures to the Rossin 
 all the convenience and comfort that can be found in the modern 
 hotels in New York and Chicago. The terms are $2, $2.50, and 
 $3 per day, according to locatio||j_ for all rooms except those with 
 
 373 
 
l)arlourH and baths attached ; rooms without board $1 to $2 per 
 day. In order to sii})ply a want long felt by parties visiting 
 Toronto for a day's shopping from adjoining cities and towns, 
 Mr. Irish has fitted up a ladies' reception room with toilet 
 attached for their especial accommodation. For description of 
 hotel see pages 255 and 256. 
 
 The Union Block. — The Union block, situate on the north- 
 west corner of Toronto and Adelaide streets, is one of the hand- 
 somest buildings in the city devoted to business purposes. It 
 was erected in 1874, and is built of white pressed brick finished 
 with stone dressings, and is in the Italian style of architecture. 
 A dome surmounts the north-east corner of the building, and 
 gives a somewhat imposing appearance to the structure — sur- 
 rounded as it is with some of the finest examples of street 
 architecture to be fraud in the city. This block does not loose 
 anything by comparison, but rather brings out of this contrast 
 the bennty of some of the adjacent buildings. The upper'floors 
 of tht) "building are devoted to offices, principally occupied by 
 barristers, architects, &c. The ground floor is occupied as 
 follows : — (For illustration see plate 38.) 
 
 The Post Office Book and News Store occupies the corner 
 of the block. Mr. Wilkinson, the proprietor, succeeded Mr. 
 Irving in this business, and by his energy and enterprise has 
 made this one of the most popular book and news stores in To- 
 ronto. A visitor entering tliis store would be struck by the 
 innumerable number of newspapers and periodicals here 
 kept ; almost every illustrated paper published in Europe or 
 America will be seen here, and a very large collection of photo- 
 graphs of celebrities of every country, together with books and 
 stationery. 
 
 The Union Loan and Savings Company also occupy offices 
 in this block. This Society was established in 1865 with a 
 capital of $500,000, their total assets being $670,682. Their 
 twelfth annual report shows the Company to be in a highly 
 prosperous condition, having paid two dividends of ten 
 per cent, for the year ending February, 1877, and added to the 
 
 374 
 
. to $2 per 
 )s visiting 
 nd towns, 
 vith toilet 
 iription of 
 
 he north - 
 the hand- 
 poses. Ft 
 k finished 
 hitecture. 
 ding, and 
 lire — 3ur- 
 
 of street 
 not loose 
 
 contrast 
 per 'floors 
 mpied by 
 upied as 
 
 he corner 
 3ded Mr, 
 prise lias 
 s in To- 
 by the 
 lis here 
 a rope or 
 >f photo- 
 )oks and 
 
 py offices 
 ) with a 
 . Their 
 1 highly 
 
 of ten . 
 d to the 
 
T MANUFACTURERS 
 
 1 1 
 
 
 .()()<) 
 
 
 »»ia 
 
 jnsult^'iu; 
 
 
 8ati»fft«fe!> 
 
 
 - -• *■ :•:■ ■ ' : 
 
 ■• 
 
 .- 1 ' 
 
 
 .^•viAry 
 
 
 TIUDK AND <*«>5!MKB0E. 
 
 r^mrm f nod the iciim of $15,000, w 
 bmigneatlv 1? p<jr eeat, on the p»i 
 
 p;i,ny. \\}!i $373,000. Tliirt 
 
 (iopres«uiii -u wuainert.s in all branclh.r 
 the siharebtf«1>Mvi and prove to them {•'■: 
 cartlall} guttiiicu. Thts i'rew.leut of fcUo v.* 
 Hietiai'dsoa ; Vit*f'- >'rr<i.lf»nf, \tfhnr ijort\ 
 
 Scarth & Co., 38 Toronto Str 
 
 *»4 I. Mfinhet-B of t 
 
 <?hai>g0, (renftrai ut6 Noi ' • 
 
 Investment (Jorapauy (Lunitf > ^nta cit i 
 
 ohant'H Marine fnsur^uce Oomptfcuy, ior Wvstwin 0' >■ * 
 W. ■ >it of the Collin'H Bay Ku. d 
 
 J*'"! .var iiag Ouui]i>,t ^' J'l )>ntish Ciinadiau 
 
 racni Company (Lini i4»itul of i:t500,0(iO •...uii:^,, 
 
 hiif< its iit'.id officer 1.. i-.M., .I'.iwJ >4«Mnni« an inHueutial 
 
 !!H)t>holder». Thi"'^- 
 .nd Ib daii^ 
 
 ■ti'sents :' 
 
 -uitiringlluj 
 
 i'u J.JJ ;the Si- 
 
 Directorate tb<«*v iTi'l a w , .1,:. 
 Compimy laiids . v ii.<lv:tnff.'jxJoi! 
 
 lai'ge and rtnaunerati . ' 
 
 Insurance Gorapanj 
 
 was orgauizt'd in Montr* 1HT6, 
 
 Directorate many of tire isiluoiiial n*6n 0' 
 
 V satisfactory rtjLJort fur the 
 jjiMioral dtiprt^BBion in ail kinds ot u^i. 
 il7vi/iti»;d »i A'^Ul per e«nt. for the ytsM> i'^ii 
 [)eu!4es of orgAnixatioM, sw weXl as iayiag asido a large anm for 
 losses not due or a-djtusted, the Dirftctorn vram able to Cfwry to » 
 fund fot^the re-ingn«*iiOf of dl oul-tanrliaM HskB ^>f the Com- 
 pany $88,032. 11 Koni largtl^. '' what would aetuaV'\ 
 '. rHqnircd. The Collin'H Bay IMti <• F<awAj?d|ng * 
 
 . - Dcrootors many •# i'ai-^ mmlfc.a-inea iu 
 
 (.)uliuici. fui • s doing a very Ur^e *nd protital»k bn^jneij-. 
 Sdartli, Ooehrant; & €0. also nogotifttft hand fj and . ajid 
 
 biiv dnd .sell ■-■ ' - ■ ■'■' i; . 
 
 375 
 
 i • 
 
 
 • 1 
 
 !i 
 
 11 
 
 ; i 
 
 BUILDINGS. 
 
'; 
 
 
t I 
 
 -.41 > 
 
 ■ ; ' J i L U i N li S 
 
 TRADE AND COMMBUCK. 
 
 reserve fund the sum of $15,000, which now amounts to $60,000, 
 beiuf^ nearly 17 per cent, on the paid up capital of the Com- 
 pany, which is $B75,000. This statement, consideiinf^ the 
 depression of business in all branches, must ho satisfactory to 
 the shareholders and prove to them that their interests are 
 carefully guarded. The President of thj Company is Francis 
 liichardson ; Vice-President, Arthur Lepper ; Secretary and 
 Treasurer, W. Maclean. 
 
 Scarth, Cochrane & Co., 38 Toronto Street, Stock Brokers 
 and Real Estate Agents, Members of the Toronto Stock Ex- 
 change, (xeneral Managers of the North British Canadian 
 Investment Company (Limited), G-eneral Agents of the Mer- 
 chant's Marine Insurance Company, for Western Ontario. Mr. 
 W. D. Scarth is also President of the Collin's Bay Bafting and 
 Forwai'ding Company. The North British Canadian Invest- 
 ment Company (Limited), with a capital of t'500,000 sterling, 
 has its head offices in Glasgow, Scotland, and has an influential 
 Directorate there, and a wealthy body of shareholders. This 
 Company lends ou very advantageous terms, and is doing a 
 large and remunerative business. The Merchant's Marine 
 Insurance Company of Canada, with a capital of $1,000,000, 
 was organized in Montreal in 1875, and has among its 
 Directorate many of the influential men there. It presents a 
 very satisfactory report for the first year, considering ilm 
 general depression in all kinds of trade, for besides paying a 
 dividebd of eight per cent, for the year, paying off all the ex- 
 penses of organization, as well as laying aside a large sum for 
 losses not due or adjusted, the Directors wev'^ ble to carry to a 
 fund for the re-insurance of all outstanding risks of the Com- 
 pany $38,032, a sum largely in excess of what would actually 
 be required. The Collin's Bay liafting and Forwarding Com- 
 pany has for Directors many of tlie leading lumbermen in 
 Ontario, and is doing a very large and profitable business. 
 Scarth, Cochrane & Co. also negotiate bonds and debentures, and 
 buy and sell stocks on commission. 
 
 375 
 
t -1 
 
 II 
 
 PRIVATE SCHOOLS. 
 
 The citizens of Toronto have good reason to feel proud of the 
 many splendid educational Institutions in the various parts of 
 the city. 
 
 The fame of her Colleges of Divinity, Medicine and Classics, 
 and her School of Practical Science, have spread far beyond the 
 limits of the Province, or the Dominion, and earned an enviable 
 reputation for the Queen City as a seat of learning. 
 
 The Public Schools of the city as seen on pages 218 and 219, 
 have also done vanch to earn for Toronto the enviable reputation 
 she now enjoys. But ample as are the facilities offered by the 
 free scbocls of the city for imparting a hberal education to the 
 masses of the rising youth, yet it is an obvious fact that the 
 superior private schools of the city supply a necessary want for 
 imparting a training in any special department such as specially 
 ([ualifying the students for commercial pursuits ; and, in the 
 case of young ladies' schools, affording a higher and more ac- 
 con&plished education, are effecting a good work, and doing 
 much to spread the fame of our fair city as a seat of learning. 
 On the other hand there are some private schools that are 
 generally regarded as scholastic Institutions of which the citi- 
 zens are justly proud, both on account of their high character 
 and the successful result of the system followed. One of these 
 had the honor, in October, 1872, of a visit from His Excellency 
 the Governor-General, Lord Dufferin, who paid a well merited 
 compliment to the excellence of the management and the char- 
 acter of the education imparted by giving his own name to the 
 school in commemoration of the event. The educational estab- 
 lishment of Miss Dupont, known as the Dufferin House, the (me 
 referred to, may be selected as the model, supplying in the 
 fullest degree all the essential requirements of a private school, 
 affording a higher, more liberal, and more select scholastic 
 training than any other public or private Institution the city 
 
 376 
 
3ud of the 
 8 parts of 
 
 d Classics, 
 jeyond the 
 m enviable 
 
 i and 219, 
 reputation 
 red by the 
 tion to the 
 ct that the 
 y want for 
 as specially 
 md, in the 
 more ac- 
 and doing 
 if learning. 
 s tbat are 
 1 the citi- 
 character 
 e of these 
 |Excellency 
 11 merited 
 the chuT- 
 ,me to the 
 njil estab- 
 0, the (me 
 |iig in the 
 ,te school, 
 scholastic 
 li the city 
 
 boasts. Dnfferin House is a commodious detached three storey 
 structure, built of white brick, finished with stone dressings. 
 The situatitm, on the upper part of John Street, is open and 
 healthy, being about the same level above Lake Ontario as Uni- 
 versity College, an ^. the grounds afford ample room for recrea- 
 tion. The interior is admirably adnpted for the requirements of 
 a boarding and day school, che rooms being large, comfortably 
 furnished, and well ^'ontilated and heated tbroughout, affording 
 all the comfovtb of a well regulated honip. The course of study 
 embrac^.j all that is requisite for a thorough English education, 
 including French, German, Italian, Latin, Music (vocal and 
 instrumental), and Drawing. The course of instruction is under 
 the personal arrangement of Miss Dupont, who has long enjoyed 
 a very high, veputatiou as a successful teacher. She is also 
 assisted by her sister. Miss Amy Dupont, and a staff of eleven 
 assistant teachers, including three resident governesses. 
 
 J PRIVATE RESIDENCES. 
 
 The visitor to Toronto has many sights to see in her public 
 buildings and trips on her magnificent lake, but the wealth of 
 some of her enterprising merchants contributes many an ex- 
 quisite scene in their private residences and grounds. Promi- 
 nent among these is the magnificent house and grounds of S. 
 Nordheimer, Esq. It is situated on the Davenport Road in the 
 northern limits of Yorkville- -a beautiful residence built in the 
 French style of architecture. The approach to the mansion is 
 so constructed that as one crosses the many rustic bridges with 
 their silvery stream laibl)ling beneath, it makes one fancy that 
 he is in" fairy land. 'I'he drive, in its several windings will, at 
 each turn, bring in view some new piece of charming scenery. 
 From mnuy a prominent knoll one may descend to an entrancing 
 deli, where we find arb; irs of the ciioicest construction, where one 
 may rest av '.lile and inhale the fragrant perfumes emitted from 
 the nvimerous flowers and plants that at once tell u^ lat no 
 
 377 
 
TORONTO : PAST AND PRESKNT. 
 
 tyro has helped nature to render it such a lovely place. It is, 
 with the excei)tion of Sir Hugh Allan's residence in Montreal, 
 the most superb place in the Dominion. The scenery from the 
 mansion is of the utmost grandeur, embracing a bird'.i eye view 
 of the city and bay, together with a glimpse ot Niagara Falls in 
 the distance. The residence internally is also fitted up with 
 magnificent luxury. On visiting the stabling we again see the 
 same lavish expenditure and taste which characterizes the entire 
 establishment. See plate 25. ^. ^ * - 
 
 Situated on Sherbourne street, between Carleton and Welles- 
 ley street, is the residence of H. S. Howland, Esq, It is of 
 classic architecture ; the grounds are artistically lai'l * and 
 very spacious; the house is surrounded with numerous trees 
 and shrubberies, presenting a picture of luxury and coolness 
 that must be perfectly delightful to the residents. 
 
 Oaklands. — The residence of John Macdonald, Esq., M.P., 
 situated on the ridge above the corporation limit of the village of 
 Yorkville, is built in tlie Gothic style. The visitor in passing this 
 delightful spot is at once struck with its beauty, which conveys 
 the idea that one is in some pleasure grounds, as most assured- 
 ly it must be to che family residing therein. From this point is 
 obtained a fine view of the city and lake. See plate 25. 
 
 Situated on the corner of Isai)ella and Hunter streets, is thf 
 residence of John Hallam, Esq. The building is in the Goth: 
 style of archictecture, and is delightfully situated. The ho, H( 
 is surrounded by tastefully laid out grounds, with a wealth of 
 flowers that is perfectly refreshing to gaze on. Adjoining the 
 house is a large conservatory, full of the choicest exotics ; and 
 there is a large orchard connected with the pleasure grounds. 
 See plate 2-4. . y .;-.;,<• /•ii;-. 
 
 Crescent Place. — The residence of George I). Morse is 
 situated on the corner of Wilton Crescent and South r^ivk 
 street; it is of Gothic architecture and substantially built, fud 
 althougli of plain external appearance, has the look of bei'ig 
 erected for comfort instead of show. It is placed on one of the 
 finest crescents in the city, and surrounded with its lawn and 
 
 378 
 
*"*rrT'r rT^^"^ ">f <r'^^'' : T "" 'T^''*^*'-^r'^*'~-T-^'''' 
 
 je. It is, 
 Montreal, 
 from the 
 i eye view 
 I Falls in 
 I up with 
 a see the 
 the entire 
 
 id Welles- 
 It is of 
 f\ *■■ and 
 rous trees 
 d coolness 
 
 Isq., M.P., 
 8 village of 
 lassing this 
 ;h conveys 
 Ht asBured- 
 lis point is 
 5. 
 
 ets, is thf 
 ;he Goth: 
 The ho, K 
 . wealth of 
 I'jiuing the 
 [oticH ; and 
 grounds. 
 
 Morse is 
 
 |i)uth T'lvli 
 
 built, »:url 
 
 \i of being 
 
 )ne of the 
 
 lawn and 
 
 gj tm.ii». 
 
 '* 
 
 fJWtBB. 
 
 --'^■^itmhcz 
 
 :._\ i^"^AS 
 
 ,^!: 
 
 >'tf- J'*i . 
 
 .,..^. 
 
 .... ■'! 
 
 i vv t d3' s r« s r H b L i ,•> r* M t.n ( ^N 1 «* •^- >. 
 
 '..:* 
 
 M 
 
 D O M ) t^ i&*4 V' V i,i^ ^i t^ ^ 
 
 ;a'JS,i... i' WltiiW twQf 
 
l! 
 t I 
 
 i I 
 
 j t 
 
 n 
 
 iy'm has bfipeil na,tnm m rm^m it such «. 1 )V'4y' place. It ia, 
 wttb tite exet ♦;(](»» of Btr f?H>fte Mian's re8i»te*se« in Mo!itroal, 
 Ih*^ rao:rf yiijxfjfi. piatfo it) hhh \}mmmm. Tuti <■ ,>iwiv fruni iIk? 
 iuiinsion i;^ of th-" utuuxsl; grsjBtfotif, cmbrfieiujv <; bu"<i"s uvc vi.vw 
 oi tho eity <tiui bay. togetlioe ^illj & glimpse of NifiKftra FalJH in 
 the fliHlanc.:. Tlu- iHsi(l*>nr'f' witeruftlly i« duo fitted up with 
 inagnifieent hixucy. Oji v4stfi«g tka stablmg we again h<.u; the 
 sanu; laviHl» . >;|ioiitlJtnr« an^i tsw^ which charactoiiii^K tho entire 
 .estabh^hment 8er> p]Me 2i>. 
 
 "'tiiatf'l .'>n ;Sherl>onrne street, between Carleton and Welles- 
 l.e\ -t-ed.,. in tiie rcHid^^ufie of {J. S. Htnviau.J. .E^jq. It is of 
 eias&ic arch'fectm*; ; Uu grounds ftr<? »?fi*t|f'ii^j-v hxni wit ftTHl 
 Very spacusvis ; tho hous*- i-^ HH3'r:n!-?)t4»'»l iUtin mviM-'r^M^ **■«•*« 
 and hlirn'ihvu'ie-,, inv-cciS-itv ;^ j>:<Mtr-. .;• .u-..'r> 4u4 ooohi.^S;* 
 tiiat wiiist :>(' p.rff'^h dfliglitiBi fn um >'f''stdi*nt«. 
 
 Oaklands.-^ Thfc residettct; ol )oiM. Mat^doiiald, Esq., M.P.. 
 -^ituH ttjjoij tt;t; fi.i-^ ktA'Vt' th'^' I ■»"[><. laiiovi lijuit ui■i;li^• vtUagc of 
 ^orivviiit. i^ ; ?• j :u t;, . tfrvthiu 8fyt* , The vi:,itoi lu pasr^iiig rtii!- 
 d^dsgJitflii .»|^."t. i^i at oncfc! struck with its beauty, which <;onveys 
 thn idea that i>ne is iu sonio [Joasare gj-ounds, as indBi asHJirod- 
 iy it luuhi; be to the fiimily reEiiding thenjiii. From ihis jsoint is 
 ol.taiued a hue viow oi' tii, city aiwl lak See pLttu -.iS. 
 
 iSisurtted on th-; eoi'iicr o[ l8ai>e!|»>«Mii Hunter f^tveet;:;, in lite 
 rtiSidenov ni ,h)iin Hailairt. K-u, Th*- h widiug i« in the (Joihir 
 styh? oi' urcliicttoiure, aiid ih d>d%irtl«tly fsituatod. Fae hou.<K 
 it^ .sarruu.nde<l i:v iiiy.U:.i\\lly iaid wi gi-.Hiridij, with ,1 woaiUi oi' 
 tlowurb tisat 1^^ miU'rih i-fo-hing ki0,m on. Adjoining th<^ 
 hourie \n n hirg^ "ousorvatory, full at %Lio choictist iixouo?* : i«nd 
 there is a iarg*: orchard t'-oi}ur.(?tt}d with t\w pkapui''^* ^Khtmh, 
 
 Crescent Place.— -Thi- refiidenct of t3*wrs,g> B. M^Mim ib 
 situated on tlif comer of Wdtan C'V«^.'*c"*»nJ ?*nd Haittli Pai-k 
 street: it ia of Crothic arohituc-turo aa4 s^uh-fii-'»iiaily bttilt. awl 
 aithouffh uf j^jhiin f-itt^rnal oppt^arhn-^*-. ha'^ tin* look of ;•,;- 
 erected t'r»r r<iral'i>rt itisirad 01 Hn.AS . It ii? ffk<--od oir om 
 finest fie- .'<>xit.- ;«! th<' cit;', afifi ftHrroandod witii its lawa ajid 
 
 .37* 
 
 ■ If 
 
 i 
 
 
J 
 
 
 • ( 
 
 M3, It ia, 
 Montreal, 
 h\)\w ih<> 
 , uvc view 
 1, Falln in 
 ; up with 
 
 1 SCt; the 
 
 d WelleH- 
 
 It IS of 
 
 ,Bq., M.?.. 
 
 s'illa^e of 
 
 h <:onvoyis 
 
 'ittt i,s 
 
 , is llto 
 
 |iu <n)thir 
 
 riu' lioiist 
 
 ;uih ol' 
 
 ins;: Uio 
 
 i^s : iJtnil 
 
 i-u.iuds. 
 
 -;■.!.. J*.ft.t IB 
 
 ;;!h Park 
 
 I'uili. ftnd 
 
 if beJu;:: 
 
 of the 
 
 1)1 wn and 
 
 i : 
 h 
 
 !i 
 
 »'- .. ,.;.,*!l(Jf*SS«AA»«C»i 
 
 T Webb's Establishment i^J i»42 
 
 Dominion Wedding Cake: House:. T WtBB Prop 
 
1 1 
 
MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 gardens. Its outhouses and stables denotes to the observer that 
 be is looking on the residence of one of Toronto's merchants. 
 See plate 24. 
 
 Oakham. House.-The beautiful residence of Mrs. John Mc- 
 Goe is situated on the corner of Church and Gould streets. It 
 is a very substantial and well built house, was erected by Mr. 
 Thomas, architect, and intended for his own residence. It 
 is of the Gothic style of architecture. The grounds are small, 
 but tastefully laid out with statues placed here and there, which 
 are arranged with pleasing effect, and add materi»liy to the 
 pleasantness of the grounds. An inviting arbor in the centre, 
 covered w.-t.h a mantle of twining green of delicious perfumes, is 
 a tempting place to rest from the heat and enjoy (the perfume of 
 the liowers. Mrs. McGee has fitted up the interior of the resi- 
 dence with an exquisite taste that must be seen before any one 
 can realize the luxury to be found. The drawing room itself is 
 simply superb, every article in the room being made in perfect 
 Gothic style ; the walls are exquisite' - painted, and the fresco 
 work denotes the skill of a master hand. With its mirrors and 
 beautiful furniture it constitutes one of the most perfect and 
 luxuriously furnished rooms it is possible to imagine, and cer- 
 tainly the most delightful it has been the pleasure of the writer 
 to have seen for a length of time. The whole of the house is 
 fitted up with the same good taste, and throughout displaying 
 tho grandest style of Gothic architecture. See plate 19. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS- 
 
 A Pleasure Trip from Toronto to Niagara Falls— 
 
 The tourist visiting Canada and the United States has u 
 multitude of sights and scenes to visit ana admire that are so 
 totally different to the classic lands of Italy, Spain, the Europum 
 contment and all ancient countries, with their legends and 
 historical memories, that it must be, by mere reason of its 
 change, perfectly refreshing in these the new countries of the 
 
 379 
 
1 i 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 TORONTO : PAST AND PRESENT. 
 
 world. Nature in her wild grandeur and gorgeous scenery takes 
 the place of old memorials, and from no part can there be a 
 more delightful trip than from Toronto to Ni.igara Falls. 
 Niagara ! ! Who is there that does not feel a thril). of romantic 
 joy at the very mention of Niagara. The name is familiar to 
 one and all, and no matter in what quarter of the globe we are 
 we find tourists on their way to see this grand work of nature. 
 Being in such close proximity as we are to this enviable place, 
 we see excursionists daily, almost hourly, wending their way to 
 the steamers plying from this city, We took our departure on 
 board the well-known steamer " Southern Belle," a well fitted 
 boat, (m which one can find everything that tends to make such 
 a trip a pleasure that may be thought of in years a^ter. As w-e 
 steamed across the bay there was to be seen many a pleasure 
 party enjoying a sail in trim-looking yachts, outriggers, and 
 boats of every description. The " Belle " makes fast time, and 
 before we could fully realize the fact we found ourselves entering 
 the mouth of the river, where stands out prominently Fort 
 Niagara, from which we see floating in the breeze the well- 
 known Stars and Stripes of America, making us at onc^ feel 
 that we can shake our American cousin by the hand. Taking 
 the cars from Niagara we were soon landed at Niagara Falls 
 Station, and took our first eager look at the " Falls ; " but 
 what pen can attempt to describe the awful grandeur that bursts 
 upon the gaze ! We feel that we are inadequate to the task of find- 
 ing words to describe it, for one stands feeling he is in the presence 
 of one of the Creator's marvellous pieces of work. Crossing the 
 magnificfnt Suspension Bridge (which is classed as one of the 
 finest structures to be found in bridges in the world) we fin'l 
 ourselves on the American side. The tourist from this point is 
 enabled to get a full view of the grand scene, with its volumes 
 of water ever pouring down over the mighty precipice. When 
 taking the view one feels awed, and is much inclined to stand 
 and gaze, until some friendly voice reminds him that there are 
 other points of interest here to be seen. At the Falls we find 
 everv accommodation, there being numerous hotels and resorts. 
 
 380 
 

 3 scenery takes 
 ,n there be a 
 [i-igara Falls, 
 ir of romantic 
 is familiar to 
 3 globe we are 
 )rk of natm-e. 
 n viable place, 
 ; their way to 
 departure on 
 a well fitted 
 to make such 
 after. As w-e 
 ay a pleasure 
 itriggers, and 
 "ast time, and 
 elves entering 
 ainently Fort 
 eze the well- 
 s at oncd feel 
 and. Taking 
 Niagara Falls 
 ' Falls ; " but 
 iir that bursts 
 le task of find- 
 1 the presence 
 Crossing the 
 s one of the 
 orld) we AitI 
 this point is 
 ; its volumes 
 ipice. When 
 ned to stand 
 lat there are 
 I'alls we find 
 and resorts. 
 
 MIHCRLLANEOUS. 
 
 Carriages can be readily secured, whereby the tourist can take 
 a drive that is enjoyablo, embracing as it does such romantic 
 scenes that are unparallelled. After having our greed for sight 
 seeing so well satisfied by the grandeur here to be found we 
 reluctantly repaired to the boat, and feeling thoroughly tired 
 out we enjoyed a quiet return trip across the lake in the 
 refreshing cool of the evening to the City of Toronto. 
 
 Steanr.er " Southern Belle," Capt. Wm. Donaldson, formerly 
 the famous " Rothesay Castle." This steamer was built at Ren- 
 frew on the Clyde, by Messrs. Wm. Simmons ife Co., to run the 
 blockade during the late American war, and is consequently 
 one of the fastest boats on fresh water, especial attention having 
 been paid to make her attain great speed. Her gross tonnage 
 is 427 tons ; length, 200 feet. She is driven by two oscillating 
 engines of 600 horse power, and was fitted with a pair of new 
 boilers three years ago. The " Belle " was thoroughly over- 
 hauled this spring, and her paddle wheels were raised twenty 
 inches, which has removed the cause of all the trivial stoppages 
 the steamer experienced last year. The new iron work was 
 done in first-class style by Messrs. Neil Currie & Co., and the 
 engine work by A. J. Cameron, her engineer (who is an ex- 
 perienced and well-known engineer to all steamboat owners in 
 the Province), tlie consulting engineers being tlie (xovernment 
 Inspectors. She is making her trips this year in faster time 
 than ever, having made the trip from Niagara to Toronto in one 
 hour and fifty-seven minutes, and this too with only 25 or 30 
 pounds of steam ; an assurance of safety for the public. The 
 sponsors placed on her sides give her accommodation for fully 
 200 passengers more than she was able to carry before. The 
 " Southern Belle " makes cheap trips (twice a day) tri-weekly, 
 which is a great boon to the public, and her owner, D. S. Keith, 
 deserves every encouragement for the enterprise and spirit he 
 has displayed in catering for the citizens. No expense has been 
 spared in the internal fittings of the steamer, the gentlemen's 
 and ladies' saloon being fitted up with every convenience that 
 can conduce to the comfort of the passengers. There is an 
 
 381 
 
m^ 
 
 li 
 
 TORONTO : PAST AND PRE8KNT. 
 
 elejifaiit piano in tho ladies' salooji. Mr. Keith having a 
 custoniH officer on board, bonded freight can be sent through 
 without any trouble to the shipper. The " Belle " runs in con- 
 nection with tlie Canada Southern Railway, connecting with the 
 trains at Niagara. 8ee plate 11. 
 
 The Toronto Necropolis.— This cemetery, laid out a few 
 years ago by three or four of our city merchants, comprises a 
 plot of rolling ground fifteen acres in extent, stretching from 
 Sumach street on the west to the banks of the Don, and from 
 the Plank lload to the old Castle' Frank lioad on the north. In 
 the centre r)f the grounds is a neatly constructed mausoleum or 
 vault for the reception of the dead, and where, during winter, 
 when the ground is impervious to the mattock, they are kept 
 for a considerable time. There is also a chapel, and a residence 
 for the Superintendent within the enclosure. This is a pleasant 
 spot for a Necropolis ; on the one hand it overlooks the 
 Don, and is on the other sufficiently distant from the crowded 
 city to be secluded from its busy him. Hither may the mourner 
 lonely wend to drop a silent tear over the dust of the dear 
 departed, or strew fresh flowers around the narrow house. 
 Here, too, the visitor may profitably spend a silent hour. The 
 cemetery has recently passed into the hands of the Trustees of 
 the Toronto General Burying Ground, commonly called Potters 
 Field, a place now comprised within the Municipality of York- 
 ville and interdicted as a burying ground. The remains have 
 within the last year been exhumed and taken to the Necropolis 
 and other places. 
 
 The Crystal Palace.— In the early part of 1852 the Pro- 
 vincial Agricultural Association turned its attention to the 
 subject '^f a building for holding their exhibitions. The tender 
 of Messrs. Smith, Jkirke it Co. proposing to construct an iron 
 and glass building for the sum of -t'4,H70 Is. Od. was accepted, 
 and the time being limited the work was immediately com- 
 menced. To meet the expense incident on the erection of 
 permanent buildings, the City Council voted the very liberal 
 sum of £5,000, and the Council of the United Comities of York 
 
 3«2 
 
MI8CELL.\NEOtJ8. 
 
 J havinf? a 
 ent through 
 runs in con- 
 ing with the 
 
 i out a few 
 
 comprisoH a 
 atching from 
 n, and from 
 le north. In 
 ausoleum or 
 iring winter, 
 hey are kept 
 d a I'esidence 
 is a pleasant 
 verlooks the 
 tlie crowded 
 ' the mourner 
 of the dear 
 rrow house, 
 hour. The 
 Trustees of 
 illed Potters 
 ity of York- 
 mains have 
 e Necropohs 
 
 5'2 the Pro- 
 ntion to the 
 The tender 
 net an iron 
 as accepted, 
 iately com- 
 erection of 
 very liberal 
 ies of York 
 
 and Peel voted 1*1,000 to the same object. The building is 
 cruciform in style, the main body of it forming a parallollogram 
 25() feet in length and Of) feet in width, with two central pro- 
 jections in tlie north and sauth parallels, 16 feet by 04 feet and 
 1() feet by 44 feet, giving an extreme width of 144 feet, which 
 includes a covered entrance or porch in the southern front, 1() 
 feet by 82 feet. 'I'here are four (entrance doors, one in the 
 centre of each parallel. Tiie total area, under the roof is up: 
 wards of ;);},2H0 superficial feet, which includes a space of 1,280 
 superficial feet covered by four spacious stairs leading to the 
 gallery. The superficial extent of the gallery is estimated at 
 11,000 feet. The extreme height from the ground floor to the 
 central roof is 55 feet. The walls are chiefiy east iron and glass 
 after the design (in a considerably modified form) of the Crystal 
 Palace of 1851. There were used in the construction of the 
 Palace 30,000 feet of tin, upwards of 800,000 feet of lumber, 
 0,000 feet of glass, 3() cwt. of nails, and 98 tons of cast iron. 
 
 St. James' Cemetery.— This Cemetery comprises sixty -five 
 acres of rolling ground, and tastefully laid out under the super- 
 intendence of Mr. J. G. Howard, architect. It contains some 
 very good specimens of sculpture. There is a receiving mauso- 
 leum or vault near the centre of the grounds. There is also a 
 residence for the Superintendent and a handsome chapel for the 
 officiating clergyman. The Cemetery is in connection with' St. 
 James' Cathedral, and under the superintendence of its clergy- 
 men and churchwardens. 
 
 Royal Magnetiral Observatory. — This institution was 
 founded by the Imperial (iovernineut in 184(5, and the ollicers 
 commenced their operations in a wooden building. In 1854 
 new buildings of stone of a more substantial (-haracter were 
 eommen«ed, and completed in 1855. The main building is a 
 rectangular structure, about 54 feet xTom north to south, in the 
 directioii of the magnetic meridian ; 44 feet from east to west, 
 and 1() feet in height, exclusive of the roof. At the north-west 
 corner and included' in the above horizontal dimensions is a 
 square tower, 16 feet by 16 feet, the top of which is 45 feet 
 
 383 
 
i J' 
 
 TOKONTO : PAST ANU PHE8ENT. 
 
 abovo the pironnd. From the Houthcrn face of the main huildiuj,'. 
 and at rif,'ht anj,des to it, extendH a paHKa^,'(' 'kk feet wide, which 
 communicattiK at its southern extremity with a room 20 feet hy 
 18 feet, appropriated to the ol)servations for determining the 
 horizontal magnetic intenHity. On the east and west sides of 
 this passage and comnuniicating with it by a second transverse 
 
 « 
 
 passage are two stnall rooms, the transit room and tlie ahsohite 
 decHnati(m room. The extreme kmgth of the whole building is 
 126 feet and 78 feet wide. 
 
 Church of the Holy Trinity omitted in Churches). — 
 This Church was built about twelve years ago. from an anony- 
 mous donation of t5,0()0 by a lady in England. Of this sum 
 over t'8,(K)0 was paid for the church, the ))alance being funded 
 for an endowment. The church is an ol)long building in the 
 debased Gothic wtyle, with a shallow i)rojectiou for a chancel, 
 and two shallow transepts. There are two spira' air cases at 
 ••he west end, terminating in battlemented turre petitions of 
 
 which are used at various other points by way of ornament, and in 
 some cases as chimneys. The church is large and roomy. 
 There is a gallery in one of the tidnsepts in which is the organ, 
 and another gallery in the west end. The ceiling forms an 
 obtuse angle, [)lastered and ribbed with narrow wood mouldings, 
 the principals showing through at intervals and curved, resting 
 on irioulded wood corbels. The church is seated with low, open 
 benches of good construction, and is noted for its splendid choir. 
 
 384 
 
lain huildiug, 
 
 wide, which 
 
 1 20 feet by 
 
 rmininp; the 
 
 't'Ht sides ol" 
 d transverse 
 the ahsohite 
 'i buihling is 
 
 hurches). — 
 ail auony- 
 Of this Hum 
 eiiiR funded 
 dinf? in the 
 r a chancel, 
 \\x caaes at 
 petitions of 
 nent, and in 
 and roomy, 
 the organ, 
 ; forms an 
 mouldings, 
 red, resting 
 1 low, open 
 i)ndid choir.