^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // 4. So Ua ^%^ 1.0 I.I 1.25 2.5 ■^1^ I i» 1^ 12.2 I ^ IIIIIM •Uuu 1.4 il.6 7 'V' \^ ^ '^ y CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Senes. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical MIcroreproductions Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques 1980 Technical Notes / Notes techniques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Physical features of this copy which may alter any of the images in the reproduction are checked below. Coloured covers/ Couvertures de couleur L'Institut a microfilm^ le mellleur exemplaire qu'il lui a 6t6 possible de se procurer. Certains d6fauts susceptibles de nuire i la quality de la reproduction sont no'i:68 ci-dessous. 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The following diagrams illustrate the method: L'exemplaire fllm6 fut reproduit grAce d la g6r6rosit6 de r6idL;>!l3sement prAteur suivant : Bibliothdque Agriculture Canada Les cartes ou les planches trop grandes pour dtre reproduites en un seul clich6 sont fiimAes A partir de Tangle sup6rieure gauche, de gauche d droite et de haui en bas, en prenant b nombre d'images n6cessaire. Le diagramme suivant iiiustre la mAthode : 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 !Z fL ^ /fe^ >£,<:, ^ ^C EXTRACT FROM THE J 6th REPORT OF THE Dairymen's Association of the Province of Quebec I-'*- Selection of Milch Cows AND ECONOMY IN THEIR FEEDING. LECTUPE BY J. C. CHAPAIS, AfiHi8t.iint Dairy Commilas'imier for the Dominvrn, of Canada. THE COLnURN COW. ILLUSTRATED WITH TWENTY MAGIC LANTFRN TABLEAUX BY E. CASTEL, SEC. D. A. MONTREAL: THE HERALD PUBLISHING COMPANY, 1898. Chap, 159 V,. \.. iil 1 in.-) EXTRACT FROM THE 16th REPORT OF TIIH Dairymen's Association of the Province of Quebec Selection of Milch Cows AND I'X'ONOMY IN TilKlH FKKDIMi. LECTURE BY J. C. CHAPAIS, AsHtsfdiit Ddirij ('oii't-ni'iUKioiicr far tin' Diimi il'ltiii of ('tlii((. SrMM.MiV:-rr;.s;.s)// Ihrn■yh>g.-rnu^]^vl\t\-^^ tlu- c-lnrt CMUs...-F,i , in p.u s „f ,lain-<.n.ls .... tl.r ...a.-k.-t.-Hist...y of the onisrs ..I this hill - How f. L.rct, it"^- -H..W CM., tlu. cost of i.i'(.anci..,u ...ilk 1m. l..\vMv.i ^-1.1 two ways. -The li.'sf thr i.ni>vov.....(«..t of th.. .i.ilcl.-eows ol (^),„.l,..,..--ll..> total profit to 1m. .ralisr,! l.v thci.- i...l).-ovci......t.-llow to ....l..'..v.' thr ..■I'ds ot [„ild.-c.ows.-])..ti..iti;.n of a.y.MHl „.ilcli-coNv.-C'l.ilk-l..y..,l. — SiUM'i-io.-itv of thcCana.lia.i cow.-Pi'oofs of this s.iiM..io..,tv.-ln;iivul.ial .tit..(l..S ,.F M.ild.-(-..WS.--Hc.^.Uity.-hMli-.VO.-Thri,- i...l..MtM..(H. ... l..v,M - ,il,.l,.e<.ws.-St..av of fo.ii- tvpfs of cms of .liH;..v.,t h.vr.ls, is .vua,..ls the cost of ii.ilk.— l)iHi>.-eiit appearance of these types.- I ype ot the .,ec - l„.ast -Tvpr of the niilk-heast. -Kxtei-ioi- foi'M. of ,U<'*»'' "nlkn.s.- Imp.a.t- ee of a'tlioio.ioh kiiowle.lii'e of tie....— Study of these n.ai ap in- ill tlii. hest aiice ol a thoroiion kiio\\ leu^.- -m ti v.... — ►-.......' -- ■,, , , , ,,,, . tvpes of Canadian a.i.l United-States ...ilch-cows.— i he head.- I he .leck.— 'hi,, ,l,„„l,!,,s._The dew-la]).-The l..-isket.-Tlie n '^^--l 'j' """^ ^''"l^-- The ..iilk-.s/n';/K/.s..-The tail.-The le^s (/.,//,,s.)._'lhe udde.-^Seconda.-v sio-ns —Second Wav of lowciny' the cost of milk i...(Mluction.— Lowe '....u' the ccrst of the food of ...ileh-cows: hy the use of ensilage ; l.y tl.eu.se ot tuhe.s. roots co.'u: hv laving down Letter pastures than we have at present ; d..in- so hv the use of .'..•chai'[. Custel's i.ii.},ne-lanteni. , . , .,, . (1^. Lit.railv : •'.«.. luilleis- t..lls ..at of one ^rist." " .l/oWy tlio y<'ar l1' cIlL'l'MO- ll«- En(r|ish ■eased oiii- i^Iaiiii last 1 7,()()0,0()0 tvs (Hit of oars ai^o : iiiscs the tile price in Cana- 4' pay m liii."; tlint that our mutton, g'ei'rttinjr less, the I will l,c' 't hlMllir milk in s is the »'''i)itnt le cows do not It is Let US 1 have (\j in tn ic w X o r^ -y 3^ !^ HI o ^ /*» ^ N tvit\i wc v i h i nj nj in the should increase tlic yield ol' cncli cow liy ii i|Uait n Any, t'nnii May to Octolui': at tlircc cents a ijiijirt this woiihl increase tlie iiicoiiie of tlie [novince liy S| d.-lMi.OO a (lay, that is ??I ,.s24,7.1.'{ for the six iiioiiths ; ami il' the increased yield were two (juarts a day, !?3,(i4!), .')()(» for the Hanu' period ! How is tills improNcnient of oui- lierds to lie reached' in oider to i-eply to tins (jUestioii, we MMist ^^'t at a true definition of a protitMliJe milch cow. The most pi'otitalih.' mildi cow, is tiie cow, never mind aliotit hei' lireed, tliat eiv^'s every year, for tli<( loiii^est time, tlie i,'reatest yielpy-;;(>- lucky at it' Hy no means. ( )n tlie contrai-y, we had lietter look and see if there is not to In' fouml here in oiir province a lireed tiiat supplies nioi-e generally than any otlier iireed the aiiove defined milcii cow. As for me, the searcli is made and dom with : anii,\\ itliout sayinj;' a word aeainst tlie ilolstcins, Ayrshires. (inrnseys or .leiseys, I have loii^- ayd satisfied my.self that tlie liestciw for one farmers is tlie little ( 'anailian cow. She lias yiveii her proofs, and I do nut iieiil ty foreigners. In ISflo a Iierd of ("anadlan cattle, lioiinht iiy Messrs. t'iiarles ('oHnirn iV: Son, of i'ortland- ville. \,^',. n-.ive the followine' results to tl:e iJalicock test: one, !Li of fat per itU) His. of milk, another S.(! a tliird and a fourth, S.'l '■'. 'I'liis, for the four cows, is an avei-am- of S.d of fat per 100 |i>s in};- lieeii represented to him that tliere was no class opened for her lireed, he entered M'l-; »it tlir«'i' ■'Itl.-ISti.OO H illM- |l' t'utoivtl luT, liy prniiissioii of tin- conimitti'c, aiuonjj; the Kii^jlisli Jorsi'y.s. She suiti'd tlic piiri'-l'i'cd .Icrsi'v vci'v wtdl in appcaniiici', and won the si't'oinl prize. This litsit'cr is n'pni.si'iitcd in the anncXL'd on^^ravin;,', from a photograph taki'n the day niivr the competition. I.l'.-tidVKKNdlt llnWI.AS s rWAIHAS IIKU'KI!, If the i|U('sti(iii of l>r I nnist not he ne^'lcptcd, there is Miiother thai innst not he neyiecte(l eitlier, lunl that is the iiiS>ich a cow is not a ])ni'ehase for a farmer who aims at estahlish- in^; a herd of j^ood milkers, to ])efpetuate tliem afterwards, and to in\prove them i»y the I'earin^- of the heifers tliat come from the cows that are the formation of the hei'd. What sudi a man nee('s is cows that for three or four ixenerations come from <;ood milkers, from mother to dauj^hter. It is l>ei'e we see the fjreat shart; that pedigree has in the hreeding of thorouiihhred stock. The more marked the hereditary type, the easier the formation of good herds of first-class milkers. In order to sliow you the enormous differenci' presented by different types of cows, in regard to the profit to he got out of them, I will .show^ you the four cows, " Dido," " Becky," " Aline," and " Dora." 8 wliic ineut of 1 >n his othfi (livi( liav( {fem UJ > These cows lielonj,^ to the Minnesota Experiment-Station, the herd of wliicli establishuieiit has been for sevei-al years subjected to a sei'ies of experi- ments of a most interesting;' nature, with a view to estal)lish the cost of a pcnni'^ of butt.'r. These tests, etc., were under tlie manajijeiiient of I'rof. Haecker, and to his kindness we ai"e indebted for the engi'avings of these foui- cows and of two otliers to b(! mentioned liereafter. The professor, foi' experinwut purposes, divided liis lierd into four f>Toups, each of which is i-epresented on the sli(h' you liave l)ofore ycHi. "Dido" is the type of the Initcher's lieast: "Becky" of the general purpose cow, witli a tendency to make meat; " Olive " of the common coi .ay cow ; and " Dora " of the good milkei's. The first of tliese cows, " Dido," is a sliorthorn, weigliing l.^.^O pounds. Her liutter cost I o;,' cents a |)round, the average of her group being 15 cents a pound. 'I'he second, " iieeky," is a lialf-bred dersey, weight, 950 lbs; lior butter came to 12.'. cents a [)0unil, tliat of her group to l-'i cents. S o o UICKV 10 '.-* The tliii'd, " Olive, ".M half-bred Guernsey, (SOO pounds in \veii;lit, <;ave hutter costing 114 cents: lier group cost 12^ cents. OMVK. " Dora," the fourth, is a Jersey of 875 lbs. The group's butter, 10 cents Dora's, 9.'. cents m^" I iii'Eiiiara'iV'' DORA, These figures are enough to sliow how important it is for the farmer to keep cows of good milk-type, able to yield good milk at a reasonable eost for fooil. Let us suppo.se tiien, for a moment, the case of a farmer whose cows are all of the tir.st t^'pe : his te(l t'oi- the eni,n-avino-.s of the two cows, "Etliel " and " H(>nston," with adjoinino- diagrams. er, 10 cents |||il!|!!!ili* ETItEU Ethel weighs 1 ,200 lbs., a grade Durham. She was classified by Mr. Haecker at one tune among the groups of butcher's cows, at another among the general purpose cows. In the experiment we are now considering, she calved December the 20th. On the 1st January, a few days after calving, her butter cost for food the same as Houston's cost. iier to keep )st for food. i are all of utter fit the :ows are all 'ould result IIOISTON'. Now, the latter formed part of the sam.i group as Dora, and was always the best ot the group, and in the former experiment produced l)utterat a cost of only .) cents a pound ; but, since that she has done much better. Houston is a cross d 12 lu'twt'cii Guernsey and 'ersc •. ans. Calviii^f, in the second ex- periment, on the J^Uth No'.emiH'r, on the 1st January she was giving butter at 4 cents a ))oun'l, jiisL tlie mie cost as " Ktliel's " butter. Just as till' (liagrai <'fore you shows, the cows wei'e kept under ol)serva- tion up to .Nb'iy 1st; au.l viiile the "Houston," Guernsey -Jersey, laitter fell duriiig three weeks to less than 4 cents a pound, as cost oi' pnxhiction, and con- tinued invariably below 5 cents all the experinient-tin;e, " Kthel, ' the Shorthorn cross, gradually increase(l in the food-cost of lier Imtter, week after wiiek, till, four months after calving, it reached hard upon 12 cents a ])ound. "■ ~~ -._ — ~ "T~ ' , " ■ "" ' " Mm ,1 " J/NV CI J/ Nl Ml i F EVi \\i R n BiU kR i H/ ^r; i Hi iROH A\ Rl L a fill, ik« •1 r) V t tf I' t } 10 ^If IT t\ is. L- r « IS » « n » 4 5 . -If «? # Tl.. . u^ . m la XI .i 1 1 i 1 1 J . - MM ■-i U ^ 1 1 1 ^ \ i S«M#2^ 1 mm K i — -n iESgS r^ • r j , L.— i- ] — ,. t^;- 1 L 1 n , 1 J J E V^IE L- Zl D !C. « 1 10 Hi Tt Nl-s dHov. 1 ■s 1 1 'i 1 i r -f- t 4 isi nr ( m «^ B - --^ 1 4 • ; 4 i' ^ : fO 3 i i » 4 9 « " I L ^ . - NO JSl ON i oc MR 1 t 1 -J P^ JR.'V lEitrri CI] MKW 'l> D'llNI ; L IV IE tIE B 'Jim I j ^ ci i iSTw i 1 Qt COI \m Mr vt P( 101 UiTJDNIarONlEl Ndor Bl IT rss i i ■ ' : .; ' 1 ■ ! 1 ' ^ I-.-.. ^•.' . . ■ . L.:. .. 1 i 1 1 1 IF i 1 M 1 • In examining earerully these two cows, as we did the other four, are not you. as well as !, struck with the iunnense diiference between the two types, or the l)etter to state the point, the differenc<' between the Imfrlicrx coiv, "Dido," and till' ilii'i rif roir, "Dora," between a bad milker like " Ethel," and a gooil milker like ■ Houston " { This leads me to speak to yon aluait the necessity of a dairv farmer thoroughly undei'standing the ])oints that charcicterises a good milker, so as to be aiile to select a good milkei- when he has to buy one. H" ho is ignorant of these points, and has to buy a cow at a time when she is dry or ni'arly so, he cannot judg(? f)f her capabilities by seeing her milk and weighing the yield, but nnist trust to the sellers good faith, and he, the .seller, having to estimate the value of the animal on sale, will be always inclined, even almost unintentionally, to exaggerate that value. On the contrary, he who is well drilled in the know- ledge of the points of a good nn'lker will have an infallible guide to go by. i;{ e second cx- <4 butter at 4 ilor obsorva- , butter fell ou, and con- e Shorthorn r week, till, CI. iSIJQNl iir. are not two types, •IV, "])ido," ooil iin'Iker of a dairy milker, so is i,(,'norant ai-l^' so, he yield, but tiiiiate the entionally, the knovv- 3 by. It is therefoi'o useful to dairymen to know the ])oints oi' a t(ood milkei-, so we will study them together, l)y examining attentively the portraits of two of the l)est milch-eows of this contiiient. ji \ssi:\ \. There, then, is " Massena," a J-^u'sey from tlie well-known herd of ]\[rs. Jones, of Broekville, Out. She has produced (i4() ])ounds of battel- in a year, and that is sufficient praise in itself. She pi-e.seiits within seven points the perfection of buiUl and signs of a good milker. Now, see " Pauline Paul," the Holstein (2199 H.H.B.), the property of AFr. 1). F. Wilbur, Oneonta, N.Y. This cow, known in the States as " The Queen of the World's Dairies," has given, in -Hio consecutive days, 1,1.54- lbs. of butter I «5i(r» I'M LINK PAll.. 14 Nfcndyiiiu' the two (iliiiosfc perfect tvi),.^ U uilll, , i . > the extcnor points that .listinlui^;,! l^':u:!ii:\:lt I T" ' '■""•'^'' ''' '''-''"■' '^' iVrr/,'— 'I'll,, neck i.s slender and loose. of J^ou!!J'~^^""!'fi''^''\'"''^^''^' ^vluch, in the ox an.l the lar.-er type :^^^'i:.:ti;lta^:L!^' '""^^^ '^ '''^-'^ *"^- ^--^^'^^- ^^ ^'-- the other '' "" *''" ^"'' ^'^'^^"' " ^^^'^'l " '^".) entered ly her owner Mr. Cha.s. Sohi'.soii, of Nashotah, U'is., in the competitiju of dairy-cows 1 I'ANIIMC -Nl). I at the Columbian E.xposition at Chicago (fJOO lbs. of butter in a year, including \ being dried oti' for 5 weeks before calving). A very proper cow in general, but \ in her lulder surprisingly good. Massi'iia's udder is not so good in front : but it I is the only deficient point in that superb cow (v. page 1!)8). In competitions she ■. iisually lo.st 7 marks out of the 100, 5 of which wei'e for a faulty udder, 1 for the neck being a little short, I for the line of the back being a little .sunken. is ')!•: Kill, L'NI). We have here a view of tlie lulder of "Do Kol 2ii(l," taken from the rear; it is perfect of its kind. The othcial record is H.S] Ihs. of milk in one day ; nW'l Ihs. in 7 days, (hirinj,^ whieh slie j^ave 2(i.57 lbs. of luitter. She is the dam of De Kol 2nd"s Pauline, whom we saw in the eni^ravin^, and also of De Kol 2nd's Queen, record 2.S Ihs. 7 oz. of butter in 7 days. Does not tliis tell in favor of the iuHuence of heredity i* The udder of a good milker when emptied should be flabby and in folds; soft as a rag, to use a conunon phrase. Big udders are .sometimes met with that remain liig when emptied ; the.se are what are termed fle.shy udders, and never belong to a good cow : their Imlk is due to an abundance of flesh, that leaves but little room for milk. Sccoiuhirji ladicafionn. — There are .several other signs of a good milker that one meets with in the same animal as the others I have just mentioned. Such are a fawn-color round the eyes, the vulva, the interior of the ears, and between the thighs ; the existence of tiny yellow pellicles inside the ears and cm the udder : tlie supplejiess (jf the skin and the flneiiess of the hair on the udder; the marks called the " e.scutchecm," on that part which the believers in this sign call the " mirror." I call thesi; signs secondary, because the}' only act as corro- boratives of the indicia given by those I have mentioneil. By a little study of tlu signs of good milkers in animals of the best cla.ss, and by accustoming oneself to examine every cow one sees from the point of view of her signs as a milker, the eye becomes trained, and in a very short time one becomes a ca])ital ju i ne tlun^' that will j^reatly tend to le.ssen -ost of producing' milk. I do not intend to eidar^c upon this to-iii;,,dit. Thi ■. ;. rts of our association, which each of our memhers receive, are f\dl (/f it. 'I'lr.' suiistitu- tion of potatoes, iniin;4'els, cai'rots, corn, for most of the hny and ;,n'ain, is another of the things that fanie-rs may employ in le.sscnin;^ the cost of the ration his cow receives, and which, conseiniently, will les.sen the cost of their milk-yield. This is another thine; that niay he found fully treated in several of our reports. III. A tlunl way of lesseiiinj^ the (;ost of nnlk is to create a I'ich and productive pasture for our cows in summer, at a cheaper rate than that we now provide l»y means of the clovers, thuu<;h the clo\ i r is doubtless the Iti'st of all pasture- plants for milch, cows, 'iut, lud'ortunattdy, it has the serious defect of <»nly lasting two years, so that we are oldisfed to lireak up the land and sow clover again every two years, if we want to renew the ])asture. We have then to find .some other pasture-plant that will stand longer and he, therefore, less costly. This ])lant we have already, if we choose to make use of it, and, in my opinion, it is, aftei' clover, the hest suiteil to pasture. 1 mean the Orchai'd-gruss or Cocksfoot, of which the following is a representation. This gra.ss is so valuaMe for the improvement of pastures, that I thiid< it well to giv(! you as many details concei'uing it as possible. Tlie following is its hotardcal description, by the Alibe Pi'itvenelier, in tlw Flore ( 'anadienut; : Per»'nnial, stem two to four feet liigh, rather rcnigh. Leaves lineai', plane, rathei- kci'l-shaped, glaucous, slightly I'ongh, with the sheath divided only in the upper part. Lingules pointed, jagged. Spikelets generally four-tlowi'red, greenish or violet-tinged, in unilateral compact glomera, making a unilateral panicle, with distinct orfMiches. Flowers more or less ciliateil on the keel of the lower glume or husk, (ilunies very Vine(|ual. Anthers lai'ge and yellow. Is found in Canada, in meadows, in grassy spots, especially where .shadt''d. Flowers in June. Orchard grass grows all over our province, up to 47 'i N.L., and probably still further north. It does well in all kinds of .soil, dry oi' damp, though not if swampy, and it acconnnodates itself to land too poor for other grasses. This (|ualitv makes it very u.seful for .sowing on poor land and on dry sloping banks, to prevent land- slips. In fact, it does well everywhere, espi'cially, of cour.se, on good clay loam. It stands heat and frost well, and yields lots of gi-ass, par- ticularly if it is fed or cut frei^uently. Shade .seems to suit it ; hence, its name of orchard-grass. Must not be sown with timothy, as it is too hard for feed by the time timothy is tit to cut. Nothing can be better for permanent pasture, IS of Icssciiiii"' l.st sIlOWM llOW mill tlint is til MS til CfKlHHlli- ini • cii'.uirh II "OSt (if rii( ; ,. rts of 'I'll/ sulistitu- aiii. is mmtlicr III' till' nitiiiii 'ir iiiilk-yicM. il' iiur rrpiirts. ml proihictive now provide 1" nil piistni'o- Iri'cct lit' mily nl siiw clover ' thru til find I', less costly. I my opinion, hai'il-i^'i'fiss or at I think it llowino' is its ( 'aiiaiiii'iinc : liiu-ar, plani', iiled only in (lur-HowiTcd, fi nni lateral le keel of the I 3'ellow. Is l(''d. Flowers ind probalily , thongli not I'asses. This opinijf lianks, of course, on f {.jrass, par- ice, its name I for feed by eut pasture, (irt't'ii. Green. Dry. Dry. 7:1,0 70. S !).S 15. ;j l-'.O •_M li.ll 6.2 •J (1 4.1 K.l 12.3 S.L' s.l :v2.i 24.8 1:1.;! i:!.:i 41.(1 ;w.i (l.'.l 1 .1 2.0 n.H 21 liecanse it is }ierennial. Sown with common red clover, or the small red, it lieconies tit foi' miiwiiiL; or ;;ra/in<; at the .same time as thoy do, and s]iriii<;s M;,fain rapidly as .soon us eut. It lasts much lon^^er than common red clovei', which never lasts more than two years, and all animals like it excessively in a |iasture. Til show the luitritive value of orchard jj^rass, I i^ive her<' a short compara- tive liilile of its analysis, Imtli f^reeii and as hay, with that of clover as a compai'ison. It shows the i|uuntity of water, .salts, protein, cellulo.se, and of other non-nitroo'eiKMis matters, and of fat, contained in lOJ Ihs. : Orcliiird-liriiss llcil-Cluver Uri'liurd-tiriiss Ueil-Clover Water Salts I'lnleill ('ellulnse (HlitT iiMii-iii. iiiiiUers : Fat The seed of Orchard-era.ss sticks loiii-' to tiic stem after it is rine, and there need he no hui'ry to harvest it. It is soinetliinn' like a small ahortivc oat, is lony in sluipe, blunt at oiu' end, and with an elon;^ated ji int at the other ; 2i lines loiii,mnd one-half a line in diaiiitter. Very li^ht ; not above 14 lbs. to a bushel. It is sold in the i;lume or husk, and is whitish or ifrayish in colour. Out of a hundred .seeds, in a i^iiod sample, fifty ou^ht to grow. Orchard-grass is sown, like all other seeds heic, with a grain crop ; if with elover seed, the two )/((/,s/ \>v put in separately, thus: Suppose your land is in good heart and jiioperly fitted, sow the grain first and harrow it in well, and then follow with H lbs. of orchard-grass to the arpent : give one turn of the hai-row, and then sow the clover mixtui'e of 10 lbs. of conniion red, or small clover, -!• lbs. of alsike, and 1 lb. of white clover, rolling the field afterwards. Vou will not see much oichard-gra.ss the first year, as it only runs to .seed the second season, when you w 11 see a ijuantity of tufts all over the ])iece, as it tillers a great deal and grows in tufts. If \i.u want it tor hay, mow as soon as the spikelets apj)ear, never later, as it would be too hard for hay. It is not advis- able to sow it in meadows, liut if it is desired to lie sown alone for hay, it will reijuire a .si'eding of fi'om 25 lli.s. to 2N lbs. an arpent (.'JO lbs. to '.V.i lb.s. an aci-i'). Ha}^ from this plant loses 59/^ in drying. In oi'der to show the vast saving made by the use of a grass of this kind to prolon', the duration of jia.stures, let us see t\)r a moment, how much the renewal of a clovei- pasture of five acres every two years would cost. For a good pasture, 10 lbs. of small red, 4 lbs. of alsike, and 1 lb of white clover are needed. 22 Calculatino; these at onlinary market prices, say ten cents for tlio .-ed an seedings S'iS 40 Cost of mixture for "i acres, 6 years lU 25 Balance to good. $;i7 L'o 15 00 22 80 n with clover As may be easily seen, this question of the economizing of the cost of the production of milk deserves to be studieu in every point. In it there is no detail too trivial for the practical far.'ner who aims at getting from dairying the maximum of profit at the least outlay. This is t'.ie only way to ct)ntend with success against the competition that is causing the j^i'ogressive fall of the profits of the dairy industry. should have 1 00 40 16 1 44 3 00 5 6 00 a 25 1 25 1 60 L 25 I ;)5 ;j9