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 /APPLIED \M<SE Inc 
 
 16S3 East Uoin Strtct 
 
 RochMttr, Hn Yorh 14609 USA 
 
 (716) *82 - 0300 - Phon. 
 
 (7t6) 288-5989 - Fo« 
 
9f? 
 
 DOMINION UEI'AUTMENT OK AGRICULTURE 
 
 LIVE STOCK BRANCH 
 
 JOHN BRIGHT, 
 
 Commissioner. 
 
 H. S. ARKELL, 
 
 Asst. Commissioner. 
 
 
 SHEEl' AND GOAT DIVISION 
 
 PAMPHLET No. 2 
 April. 1914 
 
 PREPARING WOOL FOR MARKET 
 
 By T. RKG. ARKELL. 
 
 The time for sliearine sheep n-.UEt be reRulcted by the conditions under which 
 they are maintained. On tlie r.inch it will naturally be later than on the farm, since. 
 In the event o( stormy and cold weatlier, shelter cannot be so readily provided tho 
 slieep. April Is the real wool harvest month for the small nockholder, and the early 
 part of June for the rancher. Shearing, under any condition, should always be com- 
 pleted before the hot weather coramencea. Sheep bearing lieavy fleeces in Gummer will 
 
 ; not thrive or fatten ; and It Is truly remarkable to note, at times, the rapid increase In 
 weight they will make, If properly cared for, after the fleece Is removed. Feedera for 
 
 I an early market have long recognized this fact, and have made a practice of shcarin,; 
 
 ' their wethers in midwinter and confining them in a warm place. By this means they 
 are able to get them in good condition for tha Easter market. 
 
 Shearing should be done upon a smooth board floor, never on the dirt. It should 
 be the strict aim of tlie shearer to keep th? fleece in as clean a condition as possible. 
 Dung locks and tags must not bo Included Tlie fleece should be rolled up compactly 
 from tall to neck with the bright surface outward. If the wool Is long, a portion of the 
 
 I neck piece may be twist 3d •'.ghtly to form a rope, and this taken for tying the fleece. 
 
 j However, paper twine 1- gaining greatly In favor for this purpose and its use Is to be 
 
 I commended. Paper twine must not be confused with the sisal or ordinary binder twine, 
 
 I which Is most objectionable. Sisal fibres usravel and Id a combing fleece will appear 
 
 \(^ 
 
 2.T<i> oe> 
 
In the top. For Htmilar reaHonH, the wool should be packed only In cloiiely woven jute, 
 hemp or paper-lined sacks. 
 
 Wool, from the time It U clipped, should be kept absolutely dry; nor should the 
 sheep be shorn while wet. It Is mistaken shrewdness to attempt to i^ell damp wool, for 
 the increase In weight due to moisture is a most uncertain quantity and difficult to 
 determine, and the dealer will naturally make, before buying., a sufficient reduction to 
 assure the safe-guarding of his own Interest?!. Besides, dealers who recognl.-e tnat 
 iarmers are making a constant practice of presenting damp wool for sale will soon 
 l>ecome most thary of purchasing their wool at all. Such wool. If kept In sacks, will 
 eventually assume a permanent yellowish stain, which limits its use to the manufacture 
 of dark-colored fabrics. Mildew may also attack wtt wool in storage, and from this 
 'ause the tensile strength of the fibres may l:e so seriously impaired as to greatly 
 reduce the value of the wool for manufacturing purpor.en. 
 
 Probably one of the worst defects of Canadian wools obtained from sheep raised 
 on the small form is their dirty condttinn, due to Iho presence of excessive quantitie.-i 
 of straw and chaff. If the chafT is found only In the neck and belly the damage is not 
 so great, since these can be skirted from the rest of the fleece and used separately. 
 However, not always is it confined to these parts, but Is frequently included in the 
 entire fleece. This condition constitutes most undesirable wcol. which n'.ust b3 dl jposcd 
 of at a reduced price in the reject class. Since chaff adheres closely to the wool fibres. 
 F.courlng will not remove it. The manufacturer must further carbonirie the wool, that 
 
 
 
 Ik:' ; J^^^^^^H 
 
 What «lioulil conslitntc a ii'inishBlile offense. Slicep Radlv Infestf li with Tit k» 
 
 Id, Immerse it in a solution of dilute sulphuric add, 8Ub8e<iuently drying It at a high 
 temperature. The animal fibres of the wool are little, if at all, affected by the acid, 
 but the vegetable matter is completely destroyed. All this should help to show how 
 troublesome dirty wool is to manufacturers and, if sheep raisers expect keen compe- 
 tition In the purchase of their wool or a high price, the preparation of a clean article is 
 absolutely necessary. Moreover, it should always be remembered that the more dirt 
 there is incorporated In a fleece, the liiBher will be the shrinkage; and wool is bought 
 by the manufacturer entirely upon the basis of tlie clean or scoured pound. 
 
 Another defect, sometimes serious, comprehends the presence In wool of liberal 
 quantities of insoluble oil paint or tar, primarily used In branding the sheep. Scouring 
 will not remove them. Paint locks, therefore, must be cut from the fieeco by the sorter 
 to the mill and cannot be used In manufacture, thus representing a complete loss to the 
 consumer. There are proprietary materials upon the market which will give a perma- 
 nent mark under ordinary weather conditions, and yet scour perfectly In the mill. 
 
 Tubwashing, which is still pursued to some extent in Canada, cannot be called a 
 
/ 
 
eommMdabU piactlca tad juttiflcatlon of It U quMtlonabla. Wool In this eoDditlon 
 !• conflnod to a Torjr rottrlctad market. Pew large manuracturer*, either woreted or 
 woolen, ear* now to handle it, and there la Tirtualljr no aale tor it in the export trade. 
 It waahlng li followed at al!. It were better done on the abeep'! back and the wool aold 
 In that condition. Siniu tubwaiiiing will easily cause a ihrinkag* In medium grade 
 wool from )S to 46 per cent, it will generally be found that, if cost of labor is computed 
 at a reasonable rate, the operation resultti in a negative gain or flnancial loss compared 
 with selling In a greasy state. In tubwaithing, nioroover. tli« various qualities of tht> 
 fleece are so badly mixed as absolutely to prevent sorting, which comprises a sepa- 
 ration or division of the fleece into lots runtalning flbrea of reasonably uniform length 
 and fineness. Thitt operation is performed In the mill, and each wurt may he used for 
 a dilTerent purpose In manufacture. Sorting is necessary by reason that a great dis- 
 parity exists in the quality of wool growing on <ll(rerent parts of the body. The 
 finest wool Is on the shoulder; the coarsest, on ilie thighs: and the shortn««t, on the 
 belly. To serve m a practical Illustration, a medium fleece may be roughly differen- 
 tiated into Ave classes or sorts: back. Hides and brisket; neck; belly; thlglis; and 
 brokes, or short locks and tags. 
 
 Wool well prepared, clean and honestly irrpdod, will always And a ready market. 
 It should be the Pu.pose of every shrep ralrer to have for sale an article that buyers 
 recognise as possessing high merit, specially :o far as cleanliness is concerned. 
 All dealers will eagerly seek It then. Couipetttion will Im* created and a higher prlcn 
 gained. If wool can be obtained in a sufficiently large (luantlty, an advantagcoiia prU'e 
 will be still more easily secured. Co-operative eale of he wool will attain this result. 
 Wool sold in this fashion had bent be classlfled or graded, and each Krade disposed of 
 separately. The grading consists merely of a division of the fleeces into three or tour, 
 or perhaps, if great dissimilarity exists, more lota, according to flneneas and lencrth of 
 staple. The very dirty fleeces are thrown Into one let known as "rejection". A car- 
 load (20,000 lbs.) of each grade will make it worth while for the manufac'.urers to 
 bid upon It, and it can be sold directly. 
 
 Of course, it most always be remembered that, under condUlona of cllmalo and 
 agriculture In Canada, wool does not comprehend the main produc' 'rom the sheep. 
 Sheep raisers should aim directly towards the production of a flrst-clas.. utton animal. 
 Wool, however, must not be neglected, hut it should never be the object to produce ■■\ 
 flne delaine fleece, rather a medium (luality, for always where fineness of fleece la 
 empha8i::3d. mutton characteristics cannot attain the highest perfection. The feature 
 upon which the greatest stress should be placed Is cleanliness. Endeavor to keep it 
 clean from such foreign material ot straw, burrs and ticks. Dead ticks, if very numer- 
 ous, are especially objectionable. To obviate their presence, dip the sheep in some 
 good, reliable material twice a year, in the fall before going into winter quarters and in 
 the spring after shearing. Ticks are never helpful friends but always dangerous 
 enemies. 
 
DHWcnoNg roR carino po.« sheep in order to produce a good 
 
 QUAUTY AND CONDITION OF WOOL 
 
 Urkin, in oil ,„d fr«,u..nUy will, a f^H,le or »e«li niT-. TI.Ih a,^ „„t .on.tltulo 
 rt^lr-bU wool for «.le. Wh-re rhrep «r« KUrv«l for • p^rM. ,l.« e.r«-,H will l^ 
 -hown I,. ,|.e wool by a we.k .«tIon wl... „ will hrwik readily and. .rnirmly 
 cnnot b« U.M »«ilHf.oiorlly for romhInK or worM^Kl jurpo..,. « »n»«l«*«Hy. 
 
 hupr. '='»,'•'"'"'«''''";''•""•' '»■ t»ken to keep t.e wool free from ,l«Hff, l.«y and 
 hurra. Tl l« ..n b. .v„|,|. i „y „„„, p,„p„ ,^ ^,.^, ,„j ,,^ preventing h.y 
 
 o.- straw dropplnic upon th. Hheep durlnx feedlnn. 
 
 (3) If Hheep are H.«urln«. If poaatble keep the wool well clipped behind ho oa 
 to prevent the rormatlon of heavy diinR lo.kii. 
 
 .t.. 'V f"**"*' '» -llmlnate In breedlnn operatlonH black xheep from the nock 
 Mate only nheep poMeaaln* pure white wool, nia.k w,h,1 i. nold in the reject cla.n. ' 
 
 not .eZ fLTe' w'ooT"- """ "'" "" '"°' "' '"' "'"''' "' '"'"""'"•' »"- '*" 
 
 w„~."'. Shp-P •hould be dipped In Home reliable material twice a year. In the :»11 
 before entering winter quarters and In the Hprlng after shearing. 
 
 DIRECTIONS FOR PnEPARING AND PACKING WOOL 
 
 n«r- Ih!. .f !!'!"*/'"*"''' ""^ '''""' °" " •^'•'"" ^^'^ "«"»'• "»•"« on the dirt, and the 
 neece should be kept as compact as possible. 
 
 In th. Im "'•^- »'"°"W ^ "«» '»'"» paper twine, never binder or sisal twine. Turn 
 
 sacks. 
 
 (3) The wool should be packed in very closely woven Jute, hemp or paper-lined 
 
 (4) Tags, dung • or stained pieces should never be included with the fleece, 
 
 hut always packeu separately If wool is adhering to them. ' 
 
 (6) AH black or gray fleeces should be packed by themselves. 
 
 from t!,!*„.!^'°'' T^"' """r"""^ ""»'""" •>»«»ty «""« length, may well be kept apart 
 from the others and offered for sale as a distinct class. 
 
 (7) The wool should be absolutely dry at shearing and sl.ould never subse- 
 quently. be permitted to become wet. ** 
 
 H„„ **!.. '^"'"""''''"^ ,*'«">'•» not be practised. If washing is f.,ilowed at all, let It be 
 
Machine Shmrinil oa » Lanic Hvale