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L 1- -IN i >T»MltW«i*iJa>toaefe^-*'"^'»<^' ^v- , •fc ' I " 'n ii .m i /m '''^CT l ' i>i l »ia,-«»7 '=-— ■ iiiiiiiiiim. i ii aWiP^ ****■*'' 34517 David Clapp * Son, Printers, 331 Wasbington Street. ^ '^•V^^'tlfrdrfi^- ^'•*'-* ' IV Two letters of Christopher Kilby, Esq., one of ^'^ W'""'" Penperrcll, Bart., and the "Instructions ot (ieneral HnuWock to Colonel Shirley," sovcrnor of the province of iMassacluisctts, appear '"The':ilSK-"are the property of Captain Luther Dan.e, of Ncwburyport, Mass., by whose courtesy copies were taken by ChaZ W. Tattle, EBq.f and placed in n.y hands «- H>l-atK.n m the Historical and Genealogical Heoisteu. Ihcse and other Penncrrell papers came into Captain Dame's possession from his mSuS uncle Medical Director Charles Chase, U. S N who was bomTn Kittery, Maine, and lived for many years m the bparhawk iCi? As wUl be seen, tl»ey relate to matters of pubhc mterest, and contain fiicts that have never before appeared in print. For "he explanatory notes upon those papers, and fur the sketches of two important personages therein named, I have drawn ma- terials, as far as possible, from original sources, some of which are """t^^^^X^^-^ — «f Lieutenant-general James St Ckir, and of Admiral Sir Charles Knowles, it seems strange that nether of them has been counted worthy of notice in any bio- g SLldictionary, in America or Europe. Tlus on-^n is hard^^ le.s strange than that the name of Admiral Knowles is not meii- tSned in our American histories, except in connection with a disturb- anceln Boston, in November 1747,-an affair of no polmcaU.gnifi- cance whatsoever. October, 1874. ^- ■^'■'I'taai^'i*''- ^'*-* ' i nii ii ij) ii> j_j mm imif»- i ]-l) M M * »«M y '*->'-~*fei!i«. ■•II rEPPEllKELL PAPERS,' WITH SKKTOIIE.S OF LT. OEN. TIIK IIONOKABLK JAMES ST. CLAIU, AN1> ADMIUAI- SIU ClIAKIiES KNOAVLE.S, IJAUT. THE followiiigf inomoriiil of Christopher Kilhy,* addressed to the Duke of Newcastle, is cumuhitivc evidence of liis iiiHu- cncc and active interest in our colonial affairs, lie had the confidence of tlie leading? men of his day, hoth in England and America ; and his I'elations with Sir William Pepperrell, in particu- lar, were of the most friendly nature. Tiic latter, when he was in Eny that means intluee tlie Intlians to join tlieni anil thereby ho cnahletl to cut oil' and destroy such parties of his jNIajesty's American Sulijet!tH as may jios- sihly he advanced towards Canada in faith of being supported by the Ex- peililion which has lieen notitiiid to them. "That there has been no Intelli;;enco from Louisburg since January last, and none from lloston since the niitldle of April. "That the next Atlvices which may be hourly expected, will proh.ably bo of the utmost Importance. " Wherefore your IMemorialist most liumbly i)r.ays, if the whole of tho present Kxpetlition under his Fixcelleiicy, General St. Clair, should not bo immetliately necessary to the more important Concerns of the Kingilom, that such other part of the saitl Armament as will not be prejudicial to his Majesty's Service in Europe may be continueil a few days in such Situation, that if the Advices from America shouhl make it necessary, they may bo sent forward to perfect any ])lan eiitert;d into by his Majesty's American Subjects for an attack, or to alli)rd them such succour as may possibly be of absolute necessity for their dtifeiice and Security. " Anil your memorialist shall ever pray, &c. '' Loiuhn, Jiili/ 1, 171(;." Mr. Kilby's iiicmorial, it will 1x5 observed, is an earnest appeal to the ministry to send immediate reinforcements to America in an- ticipation of a threatened attack liy the French fleet. We may more fully understand the urgency of the case, if wc recall the history of the times touching the long contest between France and Great Britain for territorial and political supremacy in North America. The capture of Louisburg' in 1745, brought about chiefly by the energy and prowess of New-England troops, stimulated the inhabi- tants of the eastern province^, especially ^Massachusetts, to attempt fur- ther conquests ; in fact, to bring the whole of North America under tho dominion of the British crown. This idea seems to have definite- ly shaped itself in the minds of Governor Shirley, Sir William Pep- pcrrell and AdmiralAVarren as early as the month of October, 1745,' and the project was at once pressed upon the attention of the ministry. ' Letters of PoppciTcll, Shlrluv, ami otlicrs, iiboiit tlie first Louislmrg cxpcdititm will he found in llie Mass. His. Sot-iety'sCollections, i. 13-CO. Sec also the IIistouicai, and Gknea- rofJicAL llrfitsTEii, V. 88, xii. 203. » See I'rovin. Piipcrs of Ncw-IIamppliire, v. 949-.'50, for letters of Governors Shirley nntl Wentwortli on this sulyect, as early as April, 1745. ircceilontiMl dis- ; is to 1»() iippro- < in tliiit ii.iit of wHJljIy to iiiiii'fli asses, and ho'ig i tlieir Kiiemics cc. nmy probably and destroying )va Sootia, dis- pillaginj,' every jxccptcMl), may n Isle, and not ontreal, bnt by enabled to eut ets as may pos- i)d by tbo Ex- c January lust, ill probably bo I whole of tlio should not bo the Kingdom, 'judicial to his sueh Situation, , they may bo ity's American possibly bo of arncst appeal incrica in an- Wc may more the history of Great Britain I. ;hicfly by the il the inhabi- ) attempt fur- mcrica nndcr !iavc definite- rVilliam Pcp- tobcr, 1745,» the ministry. pcdition will ho CAI, AND GENKA- jvcrnors Shirley \ Tlic latter pivc their approval ; and in tlio eii.-iiinjij spring' the DiiUc of NewcuHtle, heoretary of utate for tlie eolonics, entered nimn the work with more than Ills ordinary zeal. All the pruviiieial uoverii- or.s, aw far sonth ad Virginia, were urged to eixiperate in the I'xpedi- tion. Shirley and iV'pi>errell received lu-ders to jiiit their royal regi- ments in coiulition for garrison duty at Lonisbnrg, and to promote the design by every means in their power. The plan oi' the eanipaign contemplated an invasion of Canada by land and naval foret's eoin- blncd : the former nnder the command of Lieut»iiaiit-general .lames St. Clair,' and the latter under Athniral Sir I'eler Warren. It was intended that a srpiadron of ships-of-war and a large number of troops should be sent from Europe, making a jmietiini at Loulsburg with the troops raised in New-Kngland ; and that they should proceed, together, up the St. Lawrence. 'I'he forces raised in New- York, and further south, were to rendezvous in Albany, and thence, under the command of IJrigadier-gencral William (Jooeh, j^vcrnor of Virginia, move against Crown Point and Montreal. The province of Massachusetts raised three thousand men for this expedition, and the other provinces furnished in all about as many more. But to the great disappointment of all the provinces concern- ed, especially of the New-England, the movement was delayed until the season was too far advanced, and then was given uj) by the ministry, after extensive j)reparations had been made both in England and America. This result was chiefly due, it was alleged, to delays caused by conflicting orders from the war-ofKee, based upon the disturbed condition of Europe and the embarrassments of the British administration. It now appears, however, that the miscarriage of this expedition was mainly owing to the inefiicieney of the Duke of Newcastle. France, in the meanwhile, was not an idle spectator of the events transpiring in America. The success of the jjrovincial forces at Louisburg, while it astonished all Europe, aroused France to attempt not only the recovery of what she had lost, but the concjucst of Nova Scotia and the extirpation of the English along the sea-coast from Nova Scotia to Georgia. For this she had plenty of troops, a for- midable navy, and able commanders. The plan concerted by Shirley, PepperrcU and Warren for the conquest of Canada, above referred to, was no secret at Versailles, and the assembling of the French expeditionary force at Brest was as well known in Boston as in Ijon- don. Preparations for the reduction of Canada were being rapidly perfected in America ; yet it was obvious that the provincial trooi)s unaided .by the navy of Great Britain could accomplish but little; and that the removal of so large a portion of the arms-bearing population from the sea-coast would expose it to sudden and ruinous it is noteworthy that tlirce other ofTiccrs of this Purnnmc figure more or less prominently in the military annals of Europe and Anierica in the 18tli century, namely : (ien. Patrick, Ocn. Arthur, and Sir John ; the last named as quartermaster-general under Braddoek. 8 ^ nttackH l>y the enemy. The news nt hint eaine that the IJivnt i*i|iia(h'()M liatl ejraped (he Ilritinh eniixerH and naiK'd weftwanl, ai.* were already in the AVect Indien and in other American waters. Tin; threatening movementrt of the hitter, the expi-cted arrival of the entire fleet with troops, and the delay of the auxiliary forecH proiuised from Kn^daud, produced iutenne and prolou<{ed excitement in America, hucIi ai* wu nii^ht have experienced at almost any period of our late war, had our Bea-port8 heen menaced for months with the dcHcent of the comhined navies of France and (ireat llritain. " Knirland," Hays lintchinsou, "was not more alarmed with the Spanish arnuuhiiu ITiHH, than Itoston and other Xorth American seaportH were with the arrival of this tieet hi their neif^hhorhood." He adds, "The firmest mind will hcnd upon the first advice of inuninent (huiger t(» its country. Kven the great De Witt swooned when he first opened a letter jfiving intt^lli- gence of Enghmd's confederatin}f with France to euBlave the Dutch, though the next moment he recovered his natural courage and viva- city.'" So in the presence of a great external danger, the amhitioua longing of the patriots of 171<) for colonial independence was turned, ns it was on other like occasions, into an appeal for succor from " the hand of tyranny," hut it revived as soon as the peril had vanished. Kverythlng was done ))y the New-England i)r()vinces in this emergency tlmt was practicahle ; hut what they couhl not, and the Ikitisli navies did not, accomplish was brought ahout by tempests and sickness. The French armadas of 174(i, like the Spanish of 1588, perielied without striking a single effective blow. The Honorable James St. Clair, at this time a lieutenant-general in the British army, was selected to command this expedition. He was the second eon of Lord Henry St. Clair, eighth Lord Sinclair. The family of St. Clair was one of the most ancient and highly connected in Scotland; its descent from Norman, Scandinavian, and Scottish kings and nobles being clearly traceable* His elder brother having engaged in the rebellion of 1715, was attainted by act of parliainent, and, upon the death of their father, the estates and the title passed to James, who thus became dejure ninth Lord Sinclair. 1 Jut he never assumed the title ; and when , subsequently, his brother's attainder was removed, James trans- ferred to him the family estates. James entered the army, and on the 26th of July, 1722, obtained the rank of colonel ; that of major-gen- eral on the 15th of August, 1741 ; and that of lieutenant-general, the 4th of June, 1745. In the latter year he was quartcrmastcr-genc- ' lluteliinson's History, ii. 382. » Burke's I'curagc iiiid UuroncUige (od. 1857), title Suxclaiv. I ■ I *i-t>-i^-.iinfti naiaiiiiiiiiij -itTfTf iff^iii' rViaiVi ^T^'-"^^*^*■^¥^^* t tlic llroHt eitwanl, ai,(l iicc Bcnt (Hit itioiiH 1)1) our voir iilrctidy tln'ciiti'iiiii;; •f fifct witli tn Kn^rliiiid, , Kiicli III* wo nir, lisul our 10 coiiihiiu'il liutcllillfOII, than Ito><(oii of tlii;* fleet I will Ik'miI Kvcn tlio \'mi>tiii';' of sixteen Mliip>-ol-tlie-line, eii;lit tri^^'iles, and two lioinl.-ketelies. with land- troops to the iiiiinlier of .'i, «<><>, -••t "iit from rivmonth on the I llh' day of Septeniher, 17l<>. This attempt, owiii;: l" i"> almost total iLrnoranee of the condition ot the places to lie attai'ked, on tlu' part liiilhof the war-olliceaiid ol the commanders of the expclition, proved an utter failure.' The conduct of the Mritisli ministiy in iiiidcrtak- this expedition, as well as in alianiloiiini:' the one lately pro- I, was j;ravely censured in liolli henii-pheres. They fiirni-hcd xamph" finee then repeatedly and unwisely imitated, of a ealii- net or an administration nf civilians overruling;- the jml^.-'menl of experienced otheers upon purely military allaiis, and from no hij^her motives than such as spriii;; out of party exi^'cneies.' (leneral St. Clair was a memlier of parliament many years, ha\ ini,' heen elected for the Dysart liorou;;hs in 172-*, and -iiiiscipiently f.ir the counties of Sutherland and Kile. At the time of his death, which occurred at Dysart near the eloseSif the year 17<;:i, he was a memher of ]iarlianient for the county of Fife, c;overnor of Cork, and colonel of the first re;iinient of foot, or " the royals." It is an interesting fact that, \'hcii the expedition of 17lti des- tined for Canada was preparing, the celel.rated David iiiiine accept- ed the invitation of iJeneral St. C'lair to accompany him as military secretary; and went in that capacity with this otlicci in the attempted redu(!tion of I'Orient. Uy a|)pointinent of his chief, Hume also tilled the difHcult and responsihie position of judge advocate.'' Suhseipiently, in the diplomatic missions of (Jeneral St. Clair to the courts of Austria anil Turin in 17 IS, IIiiiiu! was his secretary and aide-de-camp. The failure of the attempted reduction of !"( )iient hecaine the suhject of hitter and eiuUess controversy, and it is fortu- nate that we liow have a candid and intelligihle account of that ' Iliinic snvs, on ttio 1 'itli, tint tlie larficr niinibpr of authorities sny, the lltli. '' Comi>arc'Chanioek (liio. Navalis), CaiiiplieirH Lives of tlie Aihniruls, the Nuval Chron- icle, mill tlie fjoneral histories of this perioil. •' See IViiUTol'i'.s Hist. tTniteil States, iii. I(U, ami other aiitliorities. ■• Hiirton's Life ainl Corresiiondeiiee of na\ i.l lliiiue, I. 2ll'.l-210, iri ves the ihitc as Noveinlier 30; Imt accordiiiRto tlie (ieiitleiiiair> Maira/iiie, xxxii. imo, liiMliath onnrreil O.toher lih. • 'i'lie ailvaiitaf.'e to the lii-toriaii IVoiu hnviu:.' heen an eye-wi'iiess (jf niilitiny o|i,iMti(,ii-, ns eviileiiieU liv the works of I'liuiydiilos, Xeno|ilioii, I'olybiiis, (iiii.cianliiii, Davila and Ilaidii, and, iii'a less defiree. Iiy the histories of Nieljiihr and Uiime, has not escaped the uttuiitiuii uf historicul studcnti>. ^ *"' asrvTrs "rsssrrr^jTS^^ i > » ■ ■' : . iwi j iwi "^f*^ rT:-r»~^;'f/.ii'"**'*'BS2KSi;~:;3a»£.. r';7.' i^JEJS.- -i- ri^ 10 expodifion drawn l>v tlic pen of I Iiinie himself.' Vrnt for the ohanfre in the directiou of tlie Canada expedition, it is probahle that 15of*ton ^v(ndd have liad the honor of a visit from Hume, the most distinguished pl.ilnsopher and liistorian of liis age ; for Christopher Kill)y in a htter to Thomas llancoek, wrhtcn just before the Heet was expeeted to sad for America, re(iuests Hancock to aUow (leneral St. Clair to lodge at his house,— the Hancock House' of our day,— till he could he other- wise acconimoilated.* [CIIIUSTOI'IIKR KILIJY TO mi WILTJAM rKlTKlUlKLI-."] " Spring Ganlcii, 30 May, 1747. •'Hon'' Sin. ^ . ^ ,. "I have delivered Major Wise who goes Passenger in one ot the men of war, your Patent for Baronet, in a box with the Uroad Seal, llie (;r'vnt of Arms from the Herald's ollice in a Glass l< rame cased, a Small 15ox containing vour own watch & La8 . . 4 and £('.1 1<>. 8. making £100. & two from Robert Mclvennen' tor £100 &■ £.^0 I have never had any information of Mr. McKennen's bemg ui the Kcmuent, and adding him & Lt. Whatmongh' to the list of Lieutenants i malu.s •>■> instead of 21, and that Whatmongh is a L.eutcnan seems Evident as he has been the subject of a Court Marti.al, and a Court of Emmirv has satt upon his Commission. It is however very extraordmary that the return of the Court of Entpiry which vvas delivered mo the Secretary at war's own hands is not to be found. But as t ,e Secretary at v'r has wrote to Louisbourg on this occasion the aflair will doubtless be deared up. I think it impossible that Lieut. Whatmough can have one of the Eleven blank Commissions Lt. Col. Ryan carry'd with h.m to deliver vou And the other ten were filled up here-the seventh m rank & dated the 7'" September was given to one William Fulhvood whom I never saw or could hear of. But I appreheiul however that may be that its very n atcS to know whether this same Mr. Whatmough was appointed by your d rec io IS or with your consent, for it was never intended that any ot the amirs o"swhich\vent from hence should be iill'd up by any other Pey- ser There is certainly some thing wrong about tins commiss.on .as his power of attorney to his wife bears date before Mr. Whatmough s departiu^e fiom El -land. I can come at nothing respecting this aflair here (as the reu rii of- the Court of Enquiry is lost) to be depended up..n further than [h "e In imations. I fear I sludl not be able to procure any more money f!^m the Pli Ollice on acc't of the non-commission othcers & private mens . Burton's Life and Correspondence of David Hume, i. (Appendix A). a Built in 1737, nnd token down m l«w. : lf;Sy;i'po^;;uo?^."mko\,fN;^Sie:'^U tvouldbc interesting to Unow what has become of these articles. » John Tufton Mason. 8 Edmund Dwijiht. ' 5i;Ki»n.n a ;^ ^.^1^ L^'l^^nS^l.e.el. : |?:;::S W^auSu ^"."""«^ - ^'^^^n 4 pepper... OS the .urua uaiuc of this olfleer. ^m/m^-Eh^ "-• • •^- t for the change l)le that Bdfiton (ft(listingui>-«. D. Ivennen' for £100 vennen's being in list of Lieutenants is a Lieutenant rtial, and a Court rery extraordinary lelivered into the s the Secretary at will doubtless bo h can have one of ith him to deliver h in rank & dated ihoui I never saw y be that its very appointed by your ed that any of the by any otlier per- ;omniission as his ;mough's departure atl'air here (as the upon further than ! any more money ers & private mens A), tcrestiug to know what icn'cU. buruumc of this offlcer. I f:\ 11 subsistence till we have advic^e from Louisbours after their ships arrival there, and the paymaster's deputy r of suits by what ininht pass muster with the General Ollicers than what were absoluti!- ly neees'iry to the men on the spot. It will be necessary that an exact nccount should be kept of the expensce of Inlistin,atli thro his late success, which however robs North \merica of his .^ood si>r- vices, and I shall bo very glad if we are not neglected thro a persuasion that the takinjr of the men of war intended thither Inis removed every dan- ger. I am inijialiently waiting the pleasure of a letter from you, & am with the greatest respect to Lady Peppcrell, your Family & all its friends, " Sir, Your most obedient humble Sev't " Cuius. KlLBY." "All the officers of both Regiments are under orders to proctsed to their posts on jiain of being superceeded except Capt. IJoyle who has leave of absence for the reiovery of his health." Lieutenant-colonel William Ryan, spoken of in this letter, was an officer in Pepperrcll's rfiyal American regiment. lie was an Knglish- nian, and when he fir.-^t joined the regiment brought (ner a number of commissions. From some of these he erased names and dates, sub- stituting others ; and some which Avere sent in bliuik he filled uj), without"autiu)rity. lie also made false accusations against his col- onel, Sir WilKam Peppcrrell, charging him among otlier things with selling commissions For his conduct in this matter Kyan, upon the king's order, was tried by a court-martial, and cashiered.' [sir AVILLIA.M PEri'EKUELL TO MU. SECUETAUY COKllETT.] "Tiseatacpia in New-England, Sept. 12, 1719. " IIOXOUAIU.E Siu: " As I make no doubt but that long before this you have heard that His Majestys Ship Ajnerica" is all comi)leated, and will yoii be pleased to "-ive mo liberty to d&iire this favor of you, that as Col. Nath'l Meservo ' Dr. Parsons (I.ifo of Sir Williiim Poppcnt'll) and Aihinis (Annals of Porlsmoiith) aio in error in sayiiif? that Admiral Wanen was niiidc a Uuoiict. -' Parsons'.-." l.ifo of Pi'ppc'.Ti'll. •" A list if the vosM'ls of war Imilt in Portsmouth lictwoon the yoais Hi») ami m\S, with histniiial imti's, by Comiiiodoio Geo. Hcmy Pixhle, U.S.N., will ho loiind in llie ULUisJiat, xxii. 393-402. ' ff^ ym^*^!" ' * f, 1! fi 12 the l.uil.lcr of s(l ship hv tho dcslro of Rear Admiral Knowlcs made her some fo»a U>u, rcferreil to in the preceding letter, was the tliird vessel of war l)uilt in I'ovtstnouth, N. II. Her constructor was Colonel Nathiiniel ^Icservc,' lieutenant-colonel of Moore's regiment at the siege of Louisburg, in 1745. He was col- onel of a regiment imtlcr Abercrombie and ^Vinslow m the Crown Point expedition of 17.^(), and held the same rank in the expedition aj, aud Admiral Venmii, iieurlv a ecntuiy later, failed in tlieii eltoitr- to rediue tlie.-e lurl-. ;*'=-'r-?'Trr--' ^^-7j^~.^ -^.T: ' "^ 10^ f** S-^BTiVA 14 dollars, from Vera Cruz. This battle lasted from three o'clock in the afternoon to cloven o'clock at night, and but for the darkness would have resulted in a complete victory.' In 1752, Kear-admiral Kuowles, then a member of parliament for Oatton in Surrey, was appointed governor of Jamaica, in room of Edward Trelawney, Esq. ; and his administration, which tcr- minjited by his resignation in January, 1756, was generally con- ceded to have been eminently successful.' In 1757 he was second in command to Admiral Sir Edw.ard llawke in the fruitless expedition against la Kochefort. Upon the management of this expedition, particulnrly upon Admiral Knowles's part in it, Smollett, then a mer- cenary scribbler, made such severe strictures in the Critical Review, us led to his being tried on the charge of writing and publishing a false and malicious libel, fined £100, and imprisoned in tlic Marshal- eca.' Smollett was originally a loblally-boy, or inferior attendant on the surgeon on board Conunodore Knowles's ship at la Guira, and from the latter received his first warrant as surgeon's mate, and repeated acts of kindness, which he afterward repaid in his libels and in his history of England, with the baseness characteristic of his nature, " by sup- •prcssing or distorting every circumstance that tended to the honor of his former patron." * For such conduct neither Smollett nor his friends could invoke for him the charity ordinarily extended to the rashness of youth ; nor could they claim iuununity for him on the ground that he had reached that condition, sometimes seen in the case of an old man who has outlived all his capacities, save for the vices of avarice and menelacity, and all his faculties except that which has become strong- est tlu'ough habitual exercise in depicting his own infirmities. In 1755, Admiral Knowlcs had been advanced to be rear-admiral of the blue, and vice-admiral of the white ; and, after his return to Eng- land, he was promoted vice-admiral of the red. Subsequently he was promoted to be admiral of the blue, and admiral of tiie white. In October, 1765, he was created a baronet, and in November was made risar-admiral of the navies and seas of Great Britain, as successor to Lord Ilawke. In (Jctobcr, 1770, he accepted the invitation of the Empress Ca- tharine to i)reside over the department of marine in liussia, and was made a member of the imperial council of state. There he remain- ed till 1774. lie re-constructed and greatly enlarged the Russian navy on his own plans, and built the docks of Cronstadt and other im- ' Compare Cliaviinrk niul tlic criticisms of T)r. Bcrkenhoiit on the conduct of this buttle. Tlie aullKiritics coiiilict in dates and in oiilnioiis. 2 Clianidik. iv. 302-3. Niiviil Clironicic, i. llG-118. " Adniral Knuwlts wonlil Iiavc overlooked tlie liliei, bnt liis friends, nmon;; whom were tlie Earl of Man^lield, tlicn Mr. Mnrray, and lliinie Caniiiliell, afterward lord-register of Scot- l.Mid, would not perinit it. 'J'lie ad'nnral beinfin gentleman, disdained to notice the cowardly bluster of an nnon.vnions iiainjihletecr; believing, no doubt, that the uttererot the ealuuiny would be the tirst victim of Ids owi. ninlice. ■• Wright's Life of Miijor-ge ncral Jiinu's Wolfe, 375, 380; Naval Chioiiielc, i. 119 (5th cJ.). See also lluna',-. ojiinion of .Siuollelt as au hisloriaii )'clock in the rknees would f parliament ica, in room , which tcr- ^nerally con- vas second in S8 expediti(m 3 expedition, :, then a mer- tical Review, publifhing a tlie Marshal- tcndant on the , and from the peatcd acts of his history of re, " hy siip- ) the honor of Lild invoke for •f youth ; nor that he had ■ an old man f avarice and lecome etrong- mities. rear-admiral of ■cturn to Eng- [uently he was he white. In liber was made 18 successor to Empress Ca- ussia, and was ere ho remain- d the Russian t and other im- Luluct Of this buttle. ion;; whom wore the )r(l-r('gister of Scot- I notice the cownrclly ;cic'r ot the ealuuiiiy nitle, i. 119 (5th ml.). 15 portant works. His services, lioth professional and political, in be- half of Russia and England, at the same time, are entitled to special notice. Tliey stamp him as a naval officer and engineer of extra- ordinary skill, and as a statesman of no mean capacity.' When he entered the service of the Empress Catharine, in 1770, his own government, with whose consent that stej) was taken, dropped him from his hard-earned rank in the navy, and ttjok away his half-pay allowance. Catharine, too, was mean in her rewards ; and, after tour years of brilliant an4's an intimate friend and correspondent' of Sir AViHiam Pep- perrell, who relied much ui>on his judgment. He f^requently visited boston; and brought Sir William to this place on Ins second return from Louisburg, in October, 1747. It was during this visit that an event occurred, which has furnished a text on which historians and annalists, from that day to this, have founded statements, more or less highly colored, at the expense of Admiral Knowles. Cratliercd from Hutchinson, from the newspapers of the day, and other equally credible soui-ces, the most material facts in the case are as ^"""ws : After refitting his ships, which had been badly shattered^ by the violent storm which they encountered on their way from Louisburg, the admiral proceeded to Nantasket roads and anchored. VVlnlc waitin-' there for the assembling of the merchant-fleet which he was to convoy, a large number of his men deserted. In accordance with ' Naval Chronicle, iii. ,. ,,„ , a Pi-oviiKiiil rapcis of Ncw-Hftrnpoliirc, y. 534-6. p„„„ns.„ t ifc> of Pepncrrcll. !< Sovcml of Admiral Knowles's letters will l.c found in .^n'^^a" J ^JiJ^^" / 'f.^scl .oners iiig Post, Oct 5, and 12, 1747.) t^ -■> trttfiy^ -feu'g-- ^•'■*-i • tindiciition of line for disco- u luctliod for •ceded the in- :nowle(lged."' 10,000 by the pork, l)ut he jiisiition from >f this recipe beef and pork ste, iind iiiucli [)arcd by this lition after six recii)C, or one ,ics and in the icacy i:^ as well le tro|)ics. bted in many navy, and fre- commanders ; whose services JUS naval com- )nnection with lo, as a com- fi for detcrmin- adaexpedition the American William Pcp- quently visited J second return is visit that an historians and (lents, more or cs. Gathered d other equally •e as follows : littered* by the om Louisburg, lorcd. While t which he was iccordancc with c of PeppcrrcU. mid tlio scliooners incoimterc'd tlic liiir- ■ her 16 uppur deck ely. (Boston Even- 17 the custom of that period, in such cases, the admiral ros..lvC(l to make "ood his lot*s by impressments ; and on the scventcntli ot Novemi)e" he sent ofhocrs an.l men in Ix.ats to lioston to accom- plish that purpose. They took sailors from the mcrcliant-ycssels and laborers from the wharves, 'i'his proceeding- called to^vtlicr an excited mob of "foreij,m seamen, servants, ne-roes and other pi-r- Bons of mean and vile condition," ' who seized and held some ot tlic officers, and assaulted the town-house in King (now State) street, where the general court was then in session, and where one or more of the ofHcers had taken refuge. The whole town and vu imty was under the control of the mob for three days, and several ot the naval officers barely escaped violence. The governor, havmg called in vain up(m the local militia for support in his eilorts to re- store order, took refuge in Castle William. Alter several days of tumult, with threats of violence on the one side and of retaliation on the other, negotiations were had with the admiral, and he was in- duced to release most, if not all, of the inhabitants who had been imi)re8sed ; and quiet was restored. The tact and wise counsel of Sir William PepperrcU were successfully employed in these negotiations.' The act which provoked this mob, is entitled to the beneht of such anolo"-y as may be drawn from the custom of the navy in cases ot de- sertion ; from the admiral's averment that his ofHcers had exceeded instructions ; and from the fact, alleged, that many of his deserters had taken refuge on board the very merchant-ships which he was waiting to conduct beyond the reach of French and Spanish cruisers.* But^a more pleasing incident occurred during an earlier visit of the admiral, in April, 1747, when the news arrived of the brave defence of the garrison at " Number 4 " (on Connecticut River in New-Hamp- shire) by Captain Phinehas Stevens, against a protracted assault by a party of French and Indians, under the lead of ^I. Debelino. A(huir.d Knowlcs was so well pleased with the conduct of Cap- tain Stevens that he presented him with as costly and elegant a Bword as could be procured in Boston. And afterward the town- ship, "Number 4," was named Charlcstown, by Captain Stevens and his associate proprietors, in honor of the admiral.* ' Lnpcnnco of «ie " Freelioldcrs ntid other Inliabitants of Boston" in their addrcns to Gov sKy?Nov.20, 1747. f Boston Evening Post Dec. 21 1747. ) Sec nlsothc governor's proclamation. (BostonEvcnniflPostof Nov. 23; Ncws-Lettcr. N.>v 27.) ^" Mr Bancroft (History, iii. 4G.5), in referring to Admiral Knoulcs in eonnccion with this affiUr seems to adopt the lans.iigc applied to tliat offlcer l.y Smollett m his strictures in the Critical Review. Where is the evidence of their correctness r ..„,,•. =„ 0-,-,^ a A somewhat different version of tins affair is pivcn l.y Cliarno. k (Cio. Aain/f*, iv- 3-J6) . (A letter from Louisburg, dated Nov. 17 W, 1747.) "We have advice from N^w- an p- 8h re that there has been an insurrection at 'l5..ston,occa..ionc(l by Admiral Kiiowles o Icri g n Bchooner to be advertised to go as a privateer on the Spanish main, for which hey."-'" ."!' for volunteers, and a great number of men enlisted, but when he was ready witli his ships osaU he declared tlic^chooncr a ship of war, and ini.ned iate Iv ii.ipresscd all the nic n. m the merchant ships in tlie harbor that were ready to go uii. cr his convoy. 1 his exasperated te people to such a degree that they detained some of his oltlcer.s on s K,ie and c. me 1 theiJ barge upuitothc streets. Oov. Shirley retired to his eastlc, .and them mini 1'^' "'ere his ships up into the town, threatening to (iic.ipon it if they did not clease ' » ' . '^^^^ '"'^ barge; but was prevented by the winds shifting while he was !>''''" «'l -.'''''',' ':«S'^^'\', mischief might have ensued ; the people being in pos.session ol all the liatteriesof thetown. * Boston Evening Post, No. GU. Belknap, ii. 248-2ol. 3 IS 111 flic sMiiiP iiiniitli anil yc'iii" ii corrcspoiuli'iico todk jiliKV lichvcon tidsiiili Willanl, .si'crctiiry t»t the iiroviuco of Mans^acliusctts, and Admiral KikiwIih, wliicli wa.-* hdiKtraldo to the cliaractei' of hotli tlu'se iiHiH.' An unsinjncd, iiiitoy of Secretary Willard's Icltcr ivails as follown : " Sii;, — I doubt not luit von will coiKlesaMid to allow mo the Kreciloin to ac(|iiaiiit yon with my ( Jritt'iVi Surpriso to hcurtlu! Namoof (iodprophaniMlyes- tiTilay. It seems to mi' a yreat I'liliappiiicss tliat tli(Mlistinf!;uisIied IJepnta- tioii yon enjoy (vfc i Itelieve very Justly) of a pnhliek tt self deiiyiiifj Spirit t& ^eiiiiiiK! Love to your C'oniitry, & those Ahilitys of I^Iind which render tliese Virtues ill a <,'eiitleinan of yonr hi-ili Hank eminently usefid to Maii- kiiiil, slionld he in any Dej^ree iinjiaired hy sneh a i'ractiee. I presuim; you have observed the Sense which the Lej^i.tlatiire of Ureal IJrilain has ex- pr(\sse(l of this too common Evil in their late Act for suppressinjf it. Hecanso the Unles of Hospitality mij^ht seem to forbid my interposing in this Caso yesterday, tho' with the greatest Modesty it Humility, I have ehos(Ui this Ah'thod to dischaij,'!! my iiidispeiisible duty as well to yon as to that j,'lorion8 Heiiii; upon whom I depend for every Moment of my Existence it for every UK'ssiinf which I enjoy, it at whose awful 'rribunal I must very soon apjiear to receive the decisive Sentence on my eternal State. " I have the utmost ('onlideiice in yom- Goodness to excuse this Liberty. " I remain with great respect & with sincere desires of your best Prosperity, " Sir, Your most humble, &c The following is the reply : " Boston, April -lO'" 17 17. ",Sii!, — I liavc the favour of your Letter tmd beg to assure you I receive your kind Admonition (w"* great Candor) as I persuade myself you intended ' Ailniiral Knowlcs Imd a wann anil impulsive tcmjHjranicnt, wliich Bometlmcs led him into errors ot'jiulfiincnt ami coiuliict. But more than once when ho did not deserve it, he was visited witli oenHiire and even abuse. On the 2tth of Uccemlier, 1747, Dr. William Douglass, then a resident of Boston, pub- lished in the xvth Number of his monthly magazine (entitled "A Summary, Historical and Political ") a seurrilous attack on the personal and professional character of Admiral Knowlcs, a copy of which Gov. Shirley sent to the admiral, alter he had sailed for Jamaica, witlithe remark that the author was beneath notice. For this defamation of his character, the admiral brought an action against Douglass, in the inferior court of jiidic.ituro for the county of Suffolk, Mass. ; and at the July term, 1748, the plaintiff was beaten, the defendant ol)tnining judgment for costs. On appeal to tho snpcrior court, iitthe February term, 1748-9, tho admiral obtained judgment for damages, in the sum of £750 sterling, and fur his costs. From this judgment Douglass appealcoai' this Lihoity. of your best lie, &c. 1 .W 17 17. you I receive f you inteiuled netimcs led him ilcservc it, lie was of Boston, piib- niary, Historical U'tcr of Admiral ilcd for Jumaic'tv, nst Douglass, in July term, 1748, 'n appeal to tlio int lor damages, iiglass appealed, ipon, the admiral jpcal was further lor in the second magazine, liut ho ions. It wius the 1 colonics, is often rsoual friendship ss ponrs out his c deals his bites 1 rules of truth, if invective until vritteu more like arfarc. I t h* 10 it ; ami am truly Sony I slioiilil traiis;,'r('SH tlie j^nat {'onraiiii>ol our M;ikcr, as well as the Laws of Hospitality; permit uu^ to assure you 1 have us j;reat all Alihoreiiee of the Crime as any man liviiiu' lias, ;iiiiio.son, Kdward, wlio reached tlie rank of captain in tlio royal navy, and was lo.stin the tiloop-ot-war Peregrine, which foimdoird on l\or return voyaoc rnun North Ame- rica in 1 7().?. In 1750 he married his second wile, Maria-Ma;;(lalciia- Teresii liouji;ct, of an old Lorraine family. Siie was a dainilitcr of Fi'i-dinandComptc de Uoiijict, a ^feneral in the Austrian vserviee, liy his wife will) was a descendant luaternidly from the father of the celeln-a- ted (!lievalicr de IJayard's fatlier. Uy this mania-,'!' he had three children: Charles Henry ; and (wo daiiiihters, one of whom in 17.S1 married John Winder, Es(|., of Vaynor I'ark, Montifomeryshire. This house and jmrk once l)elon.'ovcml)er Is,)], and, prohalily, was buried in the eluu'<'ii of St. Nicholas in (iiiildford, Surrey, near his father's i-emains. In the norlii jiailery of that church, says the historian of Surrey, is a small, neat mural moimnient hy IJelmes, of white marble, tlisplaying a sareophayus and funeral pall, with the followiiifi: inscription : "In memory of Sir Clins. -Henry Knowles, Admiral of tlie l\ed, Bart. G. C. li. Born in Kin<,'stou, Jamaica, on the I.")tli of Aiiifiist, 1754 ; at which time his fatlier, Sir Clias. Knowles, Uart. was .. j, ..^tiiHHit :# 20 Lc;.n.^liiliirc for liid Sorvii-cs and from liin Sovereign IIoiK.rary «li>liiifliitii,i." [IIUADUOCK TO Simtl.KV.] " fiistrvrttons fa Coluiicl WlUium Sfiirlei/. '• Yuii atr to tiikc upon y<>ii Hm; conimiinil of your own and Sir 'William I'cppcrn'irs IJcuitni'nt and" to pnic.ril willi all convcnitjiit Kxpidition to at- tempt the Kednrtion of tlm Krcncli KorU at the Stri^i;.dit of Nia;?ani. " You arc to leave in the Fort at (),s\vei,'o. iIk' (larrison already ordered thither, I'ousistin-,' of two C'onipanieH of Sir William Tepperrell's UeMiment, and the two Independent Companies of New-Vork, with such tiirthor Augmentation as you shall judjic necessary for its Dcfenei! and il it shall find it absolutely necessary "for ids Majesty's Service to lesson that (iarrisoii by eallin" some'of these Troops to your assistance, You are to do it. "You 'are with all imaj^inable Dispatch to put the Fort at ()swe-,'o mto Kuch a State of Defence and to enable the Garrison to make a propter Ue- sistanee in Case of bi'ing attaek'd, " You are to make application to Gov". Delancey for the ISIoney wanted for siu-h Purpose out of those appropriated by the Governnu^nt of New York lor the Defence of their Frontiers; Hut in Case you should lind any Delays which mav be prejudicial to the intended Expedition, You are then to draw for sudi Sums upon his Majesty's Treasury, which shall be ndorm' . of th(> necessity of honouring your Draughts. "You shall liiid out some proper IVrson to act as En-,'ineer to whom you shall niakeaii allowance often Shillings p' Day Ster'. and charge to your contingent Account such Fxpences as shall arise from the I'ayment of (iunncrs. INIatros- ses and all others employed about the Train taking Care at the saine 1 line to lessen the Expence tljat as many of them as may be are udisted Soldiers. " 111 Case you should succeed in your attack upon the Forts at the Strei'dits of Nia"ara, You are immediately to put it in good Kepair and to make such Additions as to render it defensible against any Attemj.ts. "You are to detach emplov or leave such Garrisons of the Iroops under your Command as shall be jmlgd by you most projjcr for his INIajesty's Service. "You an; to take all Opportunities and use your utmost Eii(U'avours to in- form me from Time to time of vour Scituation and all remarkable Ocurrciices that in Case the French slioidd have thrown such Ucinforcem". into their Forts at Nia-nira as to frustrate your Attempts that I may by these Intercour- ses settle a Jiniction with you as soon as the affairs of tlu- Ohio are detiTineii' . " You are impower". to draw upon his Majesty's Treasury for all siicli Monies as shall be wanting to carry on the Service having Regard at the same Time to all proper Oeconomy. . , , -.i " And if anything to the forwarding the Charge you are entrusted witli shou'' not be mentioned in these Instructions you are to use your best judg- ment therein. ^,, ^ , ., ,..ih i--- .. " Cmnp at AJexaudria [ \ a.], April 1 0'" 1 / o,). The forc"-oing letter of General Braddock, \vrittcn three months before his 'clcfeat and death,' refers to the military movements un- ' (iovonior Sliirlcy's sou Willkmi, uiiliUiry secretary to Qcu. Bruddoek in this cxiiudition , was iilffu liilkd. n llontirary Sir >Villiiun X'llitioll to ilt- •t'lidy (inlci'cd ll's l!(';;iiiiciit, siicli t'lirtlior 11(1 il' it shiill tiiiil (liinison «lo it. ().s\vcj,'() into a proper Uu- lonoy waiitt'd mciit of New Diiid iiiid any You arc tluui til 1)0 inronii''. lioin you sliall ourcoiilin^oiit lucrs, IMatros- I saiuo 'I'imo to ■.vd Soldiers. Forts at the d Kopair and Attempts. Troops under jesty's Service, leavours to in- ile OcurreneoH u". into tlieir lose Intereour- are dt.'ti'rnien''. y for ;dl sneli Uegard at the sntrusted with ,'oiir best judg- Ukaddock. three months )vciucnt8 un- n tliib cxiicUition , I SI ilertakcn by the BritJHh provornmcnt in the year ITrif) nsitiiiHt the Frcncli oiit-|»()strt in Nortli Anieriea. Maj()r-f,'ciienil Kdwanl llnwl- «h»ck wart appointed to c«)nnnand, and l)ron;,dit over a conHitk-rahlc l)ody of re^'ular trooprt. The plan of operationH tlccided upon hy him in consultation witlj the provincial <;overnor»' conteuiplateent8, and a l)ody t»f In- diaiirt. TIjc first and third of these expeditions were failures ; the second was attemh-d with success ; hut witii that exception, the mili- tary operations of this year reflected little credit upon the \vis(h)ni of the administration at home, or upon the men chosen to conduct them in the field. The student of this period of American history is familiar with the stories of jealousy of provincial otlicers and of contempt for provincial troops, often injudiciously manifested hy Ih-itish (jtKeers. The jealousy and plotting,' unfriendliness of ( Jovcrnor^ ,^!''''!''>'. ^"*' ward Sir William I'eiiperrell aree(|ually familiar facts. This feelinj,', to which Pepjierrell was always and everywhere superior, also showed itself in the campaij^'n of 1755.' Pepperrell, however, had already proved his capacity for military service, and could point to assured results. Shirley, on the cvmtrary, had neither military capacity nor cxiierience ; audit is fairly presumable that, had Peiipcrrcll conducted the expedition to Niaf,'ara, the issue wouhl have heen satisfactory. The selection of Shirley is incxplicahle save on political <,n-oiinds ; for the evidence is conclusive that, at the war-ofHce in London, his military abilities were hehl in light esteem. The fimr "Pepperrell Papers " in this article were pro1)al)ly select- ed indiscriminately from the mass of Sir William's public corres- pondence, and preserved by their late owner for no other reason, apparently, than that they at one time belonged to a man who filled a large space in the affairs of North America a century and a (piartcr ago." It so hai»pens, however, that they are the only four Pepper- rell Papers now known to be extant, which, taken collectively, group the names of so many eminent men of his time. These venerable relics bring before the mind's eye a long proces- sion of men and events. Some of these events and a i\)\v of the.-e men have already received their proper place in history ; but their names and deeds are ovcrshachjwed by the more recent and, to us, more important epoch of the American llevolution. Ui»on the ' The convention wfts hcUl at Alexandriii, Vii., April U ; and was ntti-ndod l.y Kdward Braddoi'It. coiicral and commandcr-in-cldef of His Majesty's forces in Noitli Aiulmu;:!; William Slnrloy, f,'ovcrnor of Massadiusetts ; Rol)crt Dinwiddie, liciit.-^ovcnior of V iifjinia ; James De Lanecy, lieut.-fjoVLTnor of Ncw-Yorii ; Horatio Sliarpe, iiouL-govurnur ul Mary- land; and KolK'rt Hunter Morris, lieiit.-novernor of I'l^nnsyivauia. 2 Tursous's Life of Peiipcrrcli ; llutcliinsoii's History, iii. J 22 f iri!4tnry of tliat oikh-Ii iind of tlio colonial porioti, our 1l!^H ; wltilc tlic |iro\in- cial period yd wuitn for tliul dctailt'd and anipK; di.xcouivt; it dttnandH, Tlic vcarH which nrc covcri'd liy thcno papcrn, wcro crowch-d l»y inti'i'cHtin^ and important cvi'ntn, in \vhi(!h ^rcat men, a.-* I'^tiniatrd by their contcniporariofl, took the; h>ad. Such were Home of tlie men wlio were either pernonally enj^a^ed in or remotely connected with the capture of Louishurj;, — the tirMt Htcp toward the overtlu'ow of French pow«'r in America. Many of them came to;;ether (m American noil, hut after a nhort time they separated, and were never a^^ain imited in any mili- tary enterprise. It in noteworthy that not many years after their reparation the lnr;;cr nuniher were ih-ad, and that few if any of tliein are now represented hy (K'Hceruhints hearinj^ their namcH. I'eppcrrell died in Kittery, Maine, tluly it, 17'>J); Waldo, on the I'enolwcot, May 2>\, 17."»!* ; Shirley, in Koxhury, MaHsachusctts, March 21, 1771; Warren, in Irelanil, July 21t, 17.')2; Kilhy, in the parish of Dorkin;;, eo. Surrey, Kn;;., in Octohcr, 1771 ; Knowlcs, in Lond«m, Novemher .'{(>, 1777; Thomas I'elham Holies, Duke of Newcastle, Noveniher 17, 17(5Mj Ahercromhie, at (Jliw- sauffh, Ilanfishirc, Scotlaml, April 23, 17)S1 ; General St. C'lair, in Scotland, near the close of 17(12. The names of several of these men arc perpetinitcd in tlie names of towns in the Tnited States. That of Kilhy is happily still lutrne l»y a street in Iloston. ('ohmel John Tufton Mason, the heir-at-law of the vast estates in Xew-IIampshire that at one time ri^ditfully l)clon;fed to his ancestor, ("aptain John Mason, was an oHicer in IVpperrcH's royal Anierican reginient, and participated in the cap- ture of Li)uishuront J'orlnmoiilh, 1st Scries. ■■' Coll. of Ncw-IIiimpsliirc His. Sw. iii. (Art. Clagclt). Tlic version of this inscription there ^'lvcn bv Mr. Atherton dill'cnJ from Adams's version (Annals of I'ortsnioutli). Neither H correct. ir )iif«toriiiiiH ' llic pruviii- (lif^'tmrHi! it crowdtMl Ity art vMtiiiiiiti'*! illy cui^aj^iMl isliiir}^, — tilt! I) America, utter ti t«li(>rt II any iiiili- ycaiH nlh'i' that ti'W if loariuj; tlirir Waldo, on aHMacliiiHcttri, i ; KilKy, in i»l)('r, 1771; lliani lIolluH, )ii!, at ( Jlan- St. C'liiir, in n the nainoR ily utill borne ic lu'ir-at-law inc ri^ditt'ully an otticcr in in tlu' cap- i. In honor , hi.s place of nothcr name, (till presjerved !'li wa.s taken , hy a l?rilit
  • rowni8l» yellow s tlirue t'et't tlirco n lliirkiicss The liiKlii thu whole is ; tliirty-i'lRlit iind i (It'i'p. Over tho ' — llamblcs about )(■ tills iiiscriiitioii ul' I'oittimoutli). 98 held that ofllce, and tho rh"of inMiecMliip of the ntate, Thie» cover heiirrt the lulkmini,' iuMii^.i«"i»j conumwed hy Wyaemaa ( 'la;,'ett : SARA, CATnKKfNA, ct ANNA, KLIZAllKTHA, ,Ioliannit< 'I'ufton Mat*on ( "hortia Structoris Filifu ornati«ainiiv Hoc IJaptiHtorinni ex (Jullicis Munuhiia apiid Sinc;,'allian», «ul> AnHpiciirt prinlicti .ruhanniri ac(pii»ituin, Kclettiiu An;,dicanie iipnd l*ort-«inoiith in I'rovinciu vnlj,'o vo -cuta New Ilainpfhire liheraliter contnlernnt Anno Domini 1701, ct vicc««inio eexto l*raMlieationi« AIvTIIl'lil lUlOWNK : Wi-^eman Clagett et Samuel Livermore KcIci^iiO IVocnratoribuet. -^ft jiWS"- iT-- ,*•« >w>' ' ■■^^^{ftiari8!gada-.-&.r,«.- l.-!;iWttfett8i^-a -n.-,-^-?