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 llt'iiC'tt if OLHuUl^ 
 
PR 
 
HAWKINS'S 
 
 PICTURE OF QUEBEC; 
 
 MITH 
 
 HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 QUEBEC : 
 
 PRINTED von THE PROPRIETOR BY NEIIJSON & COWAN. 
 
 1834. 
 
f 
 
 . 
 
 'ijif 
 
 H 39 
 
 Histori 
 
 Entered according to Act of ProTincial Parlianjent in the Office of the Pro- I ^^ ^^ 
 thoaotary, Quebec, 5ih August, (834. g bec— 
 
 Croi: 
 
 to S 
 
 Entered, August 29tb« 1834, in the Office of the Clerk for t.ie Southern District M Pran 
 
 of New- York. ■ ^*^**" 
 
 i 
 
 k ?' ■' 
 
 i3> 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Page. 
 DEDICATION vii. 
 
 Preface, i^* 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 latroduction of the subject 1 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Historical sketch of discovery, previous to the time of 
 Jacques Cartier. — Madoc, Prince of Wales — Claim of 
 the Norvveffians— Period of Modern Discovery — Co- 
 lumbus — John and Sebastian Cabot — Voya<je of Cor- 
 tereal — Discovery by the French — Giovanni Verazzano 
 - -Canon de bronze 8. 
 
 )ffice of the Pro- 
 
 1 Southern Dietiict 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Historical sketch continued. — First and second voyages 
 of Jacques Cartier. — Discovery of Canada — and of Que- 
 bec — Description of Stadacona, and the harbor of St. 
 Croix — Discovery of Hochelafra, or Montreal — Return 
 to St. Croix — Disastrous winter of 1536 — Return to 
 France 34 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Historical sketch continued. — Third voyag-e of Jacques 
 Cartier. — He winters at Cap Rouge — Voyag-e of Rober- 
 val — Return of Jacques Cartier to France — Fate of 
 Roberval 55 
 
IV. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Historical sketch continued. — (Irand project of Colifrny 
 — Settlement in French Florida— Romantic story of the 
 Chevalier De Gonr^nies — His speech in Champlain 
 — Abortive voyag-e of La Roche — Other voyaj^es — 
 Pontffrave — Chanvin 71 
 
 CHAPTER Vr. 
 
 Historical sketch concluded. — First voyaj^e of Champlain 
 — Enterprises of De Monts — Foundation of Quebec... 89 
 
 CHAPTER Vn, 
 
 Etymolog-y of the Mords Canada and Quebec. — The Suf- 
 folk Seal— Account of the Duke of Suffolk 107 
 
 CHAPTER vnr. 
 
 The Castle of St. Lewis. — Foundation — Capture by Kertk 
 — Remarkable scone therein — Des"ribed by La Potherio 
 and by Charlevoix— Destruction by lire — Stanzas 128 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 Ancient appearance of the City. — General description — 
 The Citadel— The fortifications U9 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 Relifjious establishments — Ancient and Modern. — RecoUet 
 Church and Convent — Jesuit's College — Hotel Dieu 
 — Ursuline Convent — Seminary of Quebec — General 
 Hospital 175 
 
 CHAPTER XL 
 
 Relijifious establishments concluded. — French Cathedral 
 Church of the CongTejjation — St Roch— Notre Dame — 
 des Victoires — Prophecy — English Cathedral — Monu- 
 ments — Other places of worship — St. Andrew's Church 
 —St. John's— St. Patrick's— Wesleyan Chapel 222 
 
 CHAPTER Xn. 
 
 lutendant's Palace. — Bishop's Palace — Parliament House 
 — Court House — Government ultices — Jail — Freema- 
 sons' Hall — Chien d'Or — Montcalm House — Marine 
 Hospital — Chasseur's Museum — Places of Education... 244 
 
CHAPTER XIIl. 
 Monument to Wotfe and Montcalm. — Ceremony on 
 layinir the first stone — Inscriptions — Stanzas — Captain 
 Alexander 265 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 The Lower Town — iiarliest notice — Trade — Manners — 
 Climate in 1700 — Description in 1720 — Present state 
 and public buildinnfs — Exchan}re — Trinity House — 
 Banks — Other buildings — Corporation 8eal 282 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 Sieves of Quebec. — Capture in 1629 — Repulse of Phipps, 
 in 1690 — Abortive attempt in 1711 — Expedition in 
 1759 — Preliminary sketch — Convention at Alban}'^ — 
 Governor Pownall — General Townshend's Despatches 
 — Battle of the Plains — Death of Wolik — Intended 
 Monument — Death of Montcai m 298 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 Sieo-es continued. — Memorabilia of Vie') — Eraser's High- 
 lander's — Anecdotes , 373 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 Sieges continued. — Reception of the news in England — 
 Chronological series of occurrences there — Promotions, 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 Sieges continued. — General Murray's defeat — His des- 
 patches — Final acquisition of Canada 410 
 
 Siesres concluded 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 ■Arnold's expedition in 
 
 1775— Sieffe 
 
 and storming on the 31st December- 
 mery 
 
 •Death of Montgo- 
 
 422 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 Geology of Quebec and the vicinity — General character of 
 the environs — Extract from Fouchette — Conclusion... 442 
 
TH 
 
 KNIGH' 
 
 My J 
 
 I Fourth 1 
 )f Comr 
 ^our Lo 
 in North 
 lepartur 
 md appi 
 >ws ad mi 
 Ihe Kin a 
 
TO 
 
 THE RIGHT HONORABLE GENERAL 
 
 f 
 
 THE EARL OF DALHOUSIE, 
 
 KNIGHT GRAND CROSS OF THE MOST HONORABLE MILITARY 
 ORDER OF THE BATH, &C. &C. &C. 
 
 My Lord, 
 
 Iff 
 
 When His late Majesty King George the 
 [Fourth was graciously pleased to confer the honor 
 )f Commander-in-Chief of his Armies in India, on 
 ^our Lordship, the capital of the British dominions 
 in North America hailed it, amidst regret for your 
 leparture, as a proud mark of the Sovereign's (avor, 
 uid approbation of your Lordship's long and ardu- 
 >us administration of the Government of this p'lrt of 
 [he King's dominions. 
 
'•II 
 
 Vlll. 
 
 Convinced, my Lord, that whatever relates to the 
 
 renown of this important and interesting city will not 
 
 be unacceptable to you, I beg leave to dedicate the 
 
 following pages to your Lordship : they may serve 
 
 to recall to your mind the portion of your valuable 
 
 public life, passed in this quarter of the world, in 
 
 which the honor of the King and the best interests 
 
 of the Province were so conspicuously upheld by 
 
 your Lordship. 
 
 I have the honor to be. 
 
 My Lord, 
 
 Your Lordship's, 
 
 Faithful and devoted Servant, 
 
 ALFRED HAWKINS.! 
 47, St. Lewis Street, 
 
 Quebec, November 10th, 1834. 
 
elates to the 
 ; city will not 
 dedicate the 
 y may serve 
 rour valuable 
 bhe world, in 
 best interests 
 [y upheld by 
 
 Servant, 
 :D HAWKINS. 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 Some delay has unavoidably taken place in the pub- 
 lication of this work, but the subject is so full of 
 interest that it was found impossible to confine it 
 within the bounds originally intended, namely, a 
 volume of two hundred and forty pages. 
 
 With a desire, therefore, of embracing the most 
 important historical facts connected with this city, 
 I have availed myself of the valuable information 
 which has been kindly afforded by several gentlemen 
 conversant with the early history of this coun- 
 try ; and I beg to express my acknowledgments to 
 those gentlemen, and to the many friends who have 
 taken an activ'^e interest in the progress of this work. 
 I should be wanting, indeed, in justice, if I did not 
 I here express how deeply sensible I am of the obliga- 
 tions which I owe to A. Thom, Esquire, M. A. for 
 the original Prospectus of this work, which has been 
 duly estimated wherever it has been read ; and I es- 
 Iteem myself particularly fortunate in having obtained 
 the assistance of J. C. Fisher, Esquire, L. L, D., 
 Iwho arranged and classified the various materials sub- 
 litted to him, and from whose classical pen the 
 Jfeatest portion of the following pages proceeds. 
 
 A. H. 
 
7 
 
 3. 
 
 4. 
 
 0, 
 
 6. 
 
 7. 
 
 1. View 
 
 2. Title pa 
 Suffolk 
 Castle { 
 Hope-G 
 Dallioii! 
 Officers 
 St. Joh 
 Prescoti 
 St. Le 
 Palace-( 
 Parliam 
 Marine 
 Quebec 
 
PLATES. 
 
 DIRECTION TO THE BINDER. 
 
 1. View of Quebec from Beauport to face title page. 
 J2. Title page, Engraved Plate and Great Seal. 
 
 3. Suffolk Seal to face Page 118 
 
 k Castle St. Lewis do 128 
 
 h. Hope-Gate do 152 
 
 16. Dalhousie-Gate do 156 
 
 Officers Barracks do 158 
 
 St. Johns-Gate do 165 
 
 Prescott-Gate do 170 
 
 tL St. Lewis-Gate do 172 
 
 Palace-Gate do 247 
 
 Parliament House do 253 
 
 Marine Hospital do 261 
 
 Quebec Harbor do 291 
 
!l^i 
 
 Th] 
 the Bi 
 on the 
 the fro 
 Great 
 a camf 
 with ei 
 the Fri 
 of Gn 
 Fortre 
 ture ar 
 characl 
 and so 
 terest 
 its glo 
 quent 
 wrestec 
 British 
 the str 
 
NEW 
 
 PICTURE OF QUEBEC ; 
 
 WITH 
 
 HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 CHAPTER THE FIRST. 
 
 The year 1759, so remarkable for the successes of 
 the British arms, and which reflected such lustre up- 
 on the expiring reign of George the Second, found 
 the frontiers of Canada the chief seat of war between 
 Great Britain and France. The successful result of 
 a campaign, planned with singular skill, and executed 
 with equal valour and conduct, placed the whole of 
 the French possessions in America under the standard 
 of Great Britain. The capture of the city and 
 Fortress of Quebec, remarkably strong both by na- 
 ture and art, was an achievement of so romantic a 
 character, so distinguished by chivalrous enterprise, 
 and so fraught with singular adventure, that the in- 
 terest attending it still remains undiminished, and 
 its glorious recollections unfaded. By the subse- 
 quent capitulation, a most important Province was 
 wrested from the French, and reduced under the 
 British sceptre— the population of which, fostereu by 
 the strength and generosity of British protection, 
 

 ill ! 
 
 ■A 
 
 mv 
 
 m 
 
 2 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 has grown from seventy thousand to half a million 
 of souls, enjoying a degree of rational liberty and 
 happiness unequalled on the surface of the globe. 
 Not less in an historical than in a national point of 
 view, the battle of the Plains of Abraham calls up 
 the proudest feelings of patriotic exultation. The 
 various advantages derived by the empire from the 
 accession of so large a territory, are not more obvious 
 to the statesman, than the virtue and heroism of the 
 youthful leader of the expedition, and the bravery 
 of his troops, are themes of just pride to the lover of 
 his country. Young in years, but mature in expe- 
 rience, Wolfe possessed all the liberal virtues, in 
 addition to a perfect, an enthusiastic knowledge of the 
 military art ; with a sublimity of genius always 
 the distinguishing mark of minds above the ordinary 
 level of mankind. His glorious and lamented death 
 in the arms of victory — together with that of his 
 gallant antagonist, Montcalm, by whom nothing was 
 omitted in the power of an able and zealous officer 
 to perform, — have thrown a classic celebrity around 
 the subject of the present volume, and render Que- 
 bec an object of attention and curiosity to the intel- 
 ligent of every country. 
 
 Whatever may be the future destiny of this re- 
 markable city, whether as the Metropolis of the 
 flourishing Colonies of British North America, the 
 Royal Standard of Great Britain shall continue to 
 "wave for ages over the battlements of its Citadel 
 — quod sit Diis visum ! — or whether in the course of 
 time a new and independent empire shall spring up 
 on this Continent, allied to and connected with 
 Great Britain by the remembrance of past benefits, 
 the enjoyment of free institutions and of reciprocal 
 mercantile advantages, Quebec, either on the ground 
 
 f: 
 
 of its 
 its p 
 
 maim 
 weste 
 noge 
 
 BEC, ( 
 
 Lawn 
 
 with 
 
 insens 
 
 ieave 
 
 physic 
 
 feeling 
 
 bygon 
 
 While 
 
 nished 
 
 wliile, 
 
 lied th< 
 
 by a I 
 
 tenants 
 
 from tl] 
 
 streng 
 
 civilisa 
 
 not of 
 
 chiefly 
 
 ed witl 
 
 plunge 
 
 to the 
 
 civilisa 
 
 ligion. 
 
 tribes 
 
 supposi 
 
 tion wll 
 
 tives 
 
 earliesti 
 
 amiabh 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 8 
 
 • a million 
 iberty and 
 
 the globe, 
 ml point of 
 m calls up 
 tion. The 
 re from the 
 lore obvious 
 roism of the 
 ;he bravery 
 the lover of 
 ire in expe- 
 l virtues, in 
 ^ledge of the 
 nius always 
 the ordinary 
 [lented death 
 
 that of his 
 . nothing was 
 alous officer 
 brity around 
 
 render Que- 
 
 to the intel- 
 
 ly of this re- 
 dpolls of the 
 A.merica, the 
 continue to 
 f its Citadel 
 the course of 
 all spring up 
 nnected with 
 past benefits, 
 of reciprocal 
 on the ground 
 
 
 
 of its ancient historic fame, its natural sublimity, or 
 its political and commercial importance, must ever 
 maintain a superior rank among the cities of the 
 western world. Whatever may be thy future destiny, 
 no generous stranger shall hereafter visit thee, Que- 
 bec, or wander along the classic shores of thy Saint 
 Lawrence, and not gaze on the prospect before him 
 with unrepressed delight — no liberal mind shall be 
 insensible to the beauties of thy locality — none shall 
 leave thee without acknowledging the moral and 
 physical grandeur of thy associations, and without 
 feeling the soul elevated by the recollection of thy 
 bygone glories, both of religion and of arms ! 
 While history blushes for the cruelties which tar- 
 nished the Spanish occupation of Hispaniolar — and 
 while, in Mexico and Peru, Cortes and Pizarro sul- 
 lied their glory, and moved the horror of Las Casas, 
 by a war of extermination against the heathen 
 tenants of the soil — here in Quebec was established 
 from the earliest period at which the Colony acquired 
 strength, an organized system for the conversion and 
 civilisation of the Aborigines, by means of the Cross, 
 not of the sword. Here peaceful pursuits were 
 chiefly followed, and a friendly intercourse maintain- 
 ed with the savages by means of zealous Priests, who 
 plunged fearlessly into the trackless forest, imparting 
 to the wild hunter the practical results of the arts of 
 civilisation, and the holy inspirations of revealed re- 
 ligion. The attachment of the French to the Indian 
 tribes among whom they were thrown, may be justly 
 supposed to have sprung from the hospitable recep- 
 tion which the early settlers met with from the na- 
 tives on their first coming to the land. The very 
 earliest record, indeed, places them in the most 
 amiable light ; and leads to the mortifying couclu- 
 
NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 H* 
 
 ■'t 
 
 f 
 
 if 
 
 ! 
 
 sion, that Europeans, generally speaking, either 
 never discovered the true methods of conciliation, or 
 that they seldom retr-mbered them in practice. The 
 incident alluded to o: '•red in the second voyage of 
 Verazzano, in 15*25, and is to be found originally in 
 Ramusio, Vol. III. p. 421. At the desire of 
 Verazzano, a young sailor had undertaken to swim to 
 land and accost the natives ; but when he saw the 
 crowds which thronged the beach, he repented of his 
 purpose, and although within a few yards of the 
 landing place, his courage failed, and he attempted 
 to turn back. At this moment the water only reach- 
 ed his waist ; but overcome with terror and exhaus- 
 tion, he had scarcely strength to cast his presents 
 and trinkets upon the beach, when a high wave 
 threw him senseless on the shore. The savages 
 ran immediately to his assistance, took him up in 
 their arms, and carried him a short distance from the 
 sea. Great was his terror when, upon recovering 
 his recollection, he found himself entirely in their 
 power. Stretching his hands towards the ship, he 
 uttered piercing cries, to which the natives replied 
 by loud yells intended, as he afterwards found, to 
 reassure him. They then carried him to the foot of 
 a hill, stripped him naked, turned his face to the sun, 
 and kindled a large fire near him. He was fully im- 
 pressed with the horrible thought that they were 
 about to sacrifice him to the sun : his companions on 
 board, unable to render him any assistance, were of 
 the same opinion. They thought, to use Verazzano's 
 own words, " that the natives were going to roast 
 and eat him." Their fears, however, were soon 
 turned to gratitude and astonishment : the savages 
 dried his clothes, warmed him, and showed him every 
 mark of kindness, caressing and patting his white skin 
 
 with 
 
 duct 
 
 poin 
 
 show 
 
 l^hus 
 
 they 
 
 ianti] 
 
 iher 
 
 bretli 
 
 pensc 
 
 for tl: 
 
 the u 
 
 sionai 
 
 thems 
 
 the F: 
 
 exemj 
 
 remai] 
 
 A pro 
 
 Ton V 
 
 remna 
 
 the F 
 
 diorn, 
 
 nion o 
 
 and re 
 
 tv^ho n( 
 
 be wel 
 
 lituate 
 
 pital, c 
 
 8ie W( 
 
 peacefi 
 
 ground 
 
 Claims 
 
 ibered, 
 
 |)ec to 
 
 #trengt 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 npr, either 
 iliation, or 
 tice. The 
 voyage of 
 riginally in 
 desire of 
 to swim to 
 le saw the 
 jnted of his 
 irds of the 
 3 attempted 
 only reach- 
 tnd exhaus- 
 lis presents 
 high wave 
 ;'he savages 
 him up in 
 ice from the 
 1 recovering 
 rely in their 
 he ship, he 
 tives replied 
 ds found, to 
 ) the foot of 
 e to the sun, 
 vas fully im- 
 they were 
 npanions on 
 ice, were of 
 Verazzano's 
 ng to roast 
 were soon 
 the savages 
 d him every 
 is white skin 
 
 with apparent surprise. They then dressed him, con- 
 ducted him to the beach, tenderly embraced him, and 
 pointing to the vessel, removed ^o a little distance to 
 show that he was at liberty to return to his friends. 
 Thus did the untutored Indians treat the first European 
 I they had seen with true Christian charity — the phi- 
 llanthropist laments to add, that it is doubtful whe- 
 ther violence was not offered to the first of our red 
 Ibrethren who fell into the power of the white dis- 
 pensers of civilisation. The efforts of the Jesuits 
 for the conversion and instruction of the savages — 
 the universal kindness and benevolence of the Mis- 
 sionaries wherever they succeeded in establishing 
 themselv^es, perpetuated this friendly spirit towards 
 the French among the neighboring Indians, so often 
 exemplified in the annals of the country, and which 
 remained after the cession of the Province in 1763. 
 A proof of this feeling may yet be found in the Hu- 
 ron Village and establishment of Lorette, where the 
 Temnant of those Aborigines were protected by 
 the French ; and where they survive at this day, 
 diorn, it is true, of their ancient power and domi- 
 nion over the forest, but still entertaining friendship 
 and respect for, and receiving protection from those 
 who now rule the land of their forefathers. It may 
 be well questioned, whether an Indian settlement so 
 lituated, under the very walls, as it were, of the ca- 
 pital, can now be found in any province or part of 
 iie western hemisphere. These are some of the 
 peaceful and moral glories which throw such interest 
 ground the history and locality of Quebec. As to her 
 §laims to military renown, it need only be remem- 
 >ered, that it has been the peculiar fortune of Que- 
 )ec to be the arena of a conflict which affected the 
 ^trength and influence of two of the most powerful 
 
 A 2 
 
6 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 '1i 
 
 and highly civilised nations of the old world, Great 
 Britain and France. Quebec is the only city on 
 the North American Continent which has been re- 
 gularly fortified, and which has resisted the sieges 
 and assaults of disciplined troops. When it last fell, 
 the whole French system of colonial empire fell 
 with it — a system which, had it been followed with 
 vigor equal to the conception, might have proved 
 fatal to the interests of the English colonists — and a 
 colonial empire which extended from the Gulf of 
 St. Lawrence to the mouth of the Mississippi, The 
 result of this conflict, and the circumstances which 
 achieved that result, render Quebec peculiarly inte- 
 resting to everji true Briton ; while the conse- 
 quences, so favorable to the liberty of the subject, 
 and the full development of the resources of the co- 
 lony, have converted the field of military defeat into 
 a scene of civil triumph in the estimation of every 
 loyal Canadian. To either race the ground is sa- 
 cred- To the one, the Plains of Abraham are at 
 once the Hastings and the Runnimede of the other. 
 By our brethren of the Union, the site of Quebec 
 cannot be visited without peculiar interest. The 
 great event which consecrated the Heights of Abra- 
 ham, while it for ever extinguished French domi- 
 nion in America, established the security of the 
 English colonists of that day, and eventually laid 
 the foundation of the present gigantic republic. 
 
 The scenic beauty of Quebec has been the theme 
 of general eulogy. The majestic appearance of 
 Cape Diamond and the fortifications — the cupolas 
 and minarets, like those of an eastern city, blazing 
 and sparkling in the sun — .the loveliness of the pa- 
 norama — the noble basin, like a sheet of purest sil- 
 ver, in which might ride with safety an hundred sail 
 
 of th 
 
 St. G 
 
 side 
 
 I with i 
 
 moral 
 
 —the 
 
 teous 
 
 frown i 
 
 purple 
 
 wliich 
 
 d*oeii, 
 
 siirpas! 
 
 travelli 
 
 ning i 
 
 tp mini 
 
 promoi 
 
 ^Q pr 
 
 from a 
 
 legions 
 
 unique 
 
 stiinds, 
 
 ai|d alo 
 
 .^ 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 ►rid, Great 
 ily city on 
 IS been re- 
 the sieges 
 L it last fell, 
 empire fell 
 llowed with 
 lave proved 
 lists — and a 
 ;lie Gulf of 
 isippi. Tlie 
 iances which 
 juliarly inte- 
 the conse- 
 the subject, 
 ;es of the co- 
 -y defeat into 
 :ion of every 
 round is sa- 
 )raham are at 
 of the other. 
 e of Quebec 
 iterest. The 
 ghts of Abra- 
 Vrench domi- 
 lurity of the 
 entually laid 
 .epublic. 
 ;en the theme 
 ippearance of 
 -the cupolas 
 city, blazing 
 iS of the pa- 
 of purest sil- 
 hundred sail 
 
 of the line — the graceful meandering of the River 
 St. Charles — the numerous village spires on either 
 side of the St. Lawrence — the fertile fields dotted 
 with innumerable cottages, the abodes of a rich and 
 moral peasantry — the distant Falls of Montmorency 
 — the park-like scenery of Pointe Levi — the beau- 
 teous Isle of Orleans — and more distant still, the 
 frowning Cap Tourment, and the lofty range of 
 purple mountains of the most picturesque forms 
 which bound the prospect, unite to make a coup 
 deceit, which, without exaggeration, is scarcely to be 
 surpassed in any part of the world. If the scientific 
 traveller, amid the sensations experienced on scan- 
 ning the various beauties of the scene, should recall 
 tp mind, in ascending the highest elevation of the 
 promontory, that he is standing upon the margin of 
 ijie primeval and interminable forest, extending 
 firom a narrow selvage of civilisation to the Arctic 
 legions, he will admit that the position of Quebec is 
 unique in itself, and that in natural sublimity it 
 atiinds, as to the cities of the continent, unrivalled, 
 and alone. 
 
 1 
 
a 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 ft is ( 
 asy 1 
 astei 
 
 CHAPTER THE SECOND. 
 
 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF DISCOVERY PREVIOUS TO THE 
 TIME OF JACQUES CARTIER, 
 
 Before we proceed to the descriptive portion of tWng- < 
 our volume, it has been thought necessary to give a and it 
 sketch of the progress of maritime discovery in this riea in 
 part of the continent, with historical notices and ^neca 
 recollections connected with the capital of British alK)ve. 
 North America. The original volumes in which diitanc( 
 the voyages of the discoverers, and the early annals tint the 
 of the country are to be found, are not always easy tilt east 
 of access by general readers ; many being contained t^se oi 
 in scarce and costly works, or in the scattered frag- of'the 
 ments of more recondite authorities. The present froin th| 
 essay has therefore been compiled to furnish a com- The 
 prehensive manual of the progress of civilisation in Mtdea 
 the Province, as an appropriate introduction to the 
 immediate object of this publication. Although this |j 
 subject has been treated by various authors, whose 
 books are familiar to the public, we trust that some 
 new matter, or some facts placed in a novel point of 
 view, will be found to repay the reader for the time -^ 
 bestowed in the perusal of this chapter. « tThen 
 
 If the existence of the New World, as it has fre- " the o| 
 quently been called, from the late period of its dis- " ti vasi 
 covery, was unknown to the Ancients, it would seem "^ipJu 
 with some show of reason to have been not altoge- *%io loi 
 ther unsuspected by them. From several passages iip a bo( 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 9 
 
 ID. 
 
 VIOUSTO THE 
 
 ive portion of 
 savy to give a 
 ico7ery in this 
 1 notices and 
 Ltalof British 
 mes in which 
 le early annals 
 pt always easy 
 eing contained 
 scattered frag- 
 The present 
 furnish a com- 
 
 civilisation in 
 oduction to the 
 
 Although this 
 authors, whose 
 trust that some 
 
 novel point of 
 
 er for the time 
 
 r. 
 
 I, as it has fre- 
 griod of its dis- 
 it would seem 
 een not altoge- 
 everal passages 
 
 t is certain that an idea was entertained, that it was 
 asy to sail from the western coast of Spain to the 
 astern shores of India. They had, however, no 
 ea of the magnitude of the globe, and imagined 
 ||iat a few days would be sufficient for such a 
 llDyage. The existence of an immense continent 
 intervening between their point of departure and the 
 ^treme shores of India, was beyond their concep- 
 "tfbn, as it was of the early European navigators. 
 IDbe object of the first adventurers of whom any 
 tMng certain has reached us, was a passage to India, 
 aad it may be said that they stumbled upon Ame- 
 lioa in their route. Aristotle, Strabo, Pliny and 
 ^jtneca entertained the crude opinion mentioned 
 i^ve. Strabo alone seems to have imagined the 
 diltance between the two continents, when he says, 
 itet the ocean encompasses all the earth ; that in 
 tilH east it washes the coast of India, and in the west 
 tftise of Africa and Spain, and that, if the vastness 
 ofjthe Atlantic did not hinder, they might soon sail 
 fttkn the one to the other upon the same parallel. 
 The following remarkable passage is from the 
 Mtdea of Seneca, the Tragedian : — 
 
 ■f 
 
 
 Venient annis 
 Saecula seris, qiiibus Oceaniis 
 Vincula rerum laxet, et inserts 
 Pateat tell us, Tiphysqiie novos 
 Detegat orbes, nee sit terris 
 
 Ultima Thule. 
 
 ** iThere will come a time in after ages, when 
 ** Jthe ocean will loose the bonds of matter, and 
 **% vast country will be discovered, and a second 
 '^Tiphys will reveal new worlds, and Thule shall 
 "|io longer be the extremity of the earth." And 
 a book, ascribed to Aristotle, the Carthagi- 
 
10 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 nians are stated to have discovered, far beyond the 
 pillars of Hercules, an Island in the Atlantic Ocean, 
 of great extent and fertility, watered by large and 
 magnificent rivers, but entirely uninhabited. This 
 enterprising people are said to have planted a colony 
 there, which was afterwards recalled, owing to some 
 political objection, which forbad distant colonization. 
 The Tyrians are also said to have evinced some in- 
 tention of occupying this Island, and were proceed- 
 ing to carry their purpose into execution, when 
 they were prevented by the jealousy of the Cartha- 
 ginians. It was pretended by some writers that 
 this Island was Hispaniola, by others, one of the 
 Azores. The boldness of the Carthaginian naviga- 
 tors is suflSciently authenticated ; and however we 
 may be inclined to doubt the probability of their 
 having ventured as far as the West Indies of mo- 
 dern days, it is by no means impossible that they 
 had acquired some imperfect notion of Islands and 
 lands in the western hemisphere. One fact, how- 
 ever, is clearly ascertained, that their belief in the 
 existence of such Islands or continent did not induce 
 any subsequent colony to go in search of them ; nor 
 is there any reason to believe, that America received 
 any portion of its early inhabitants from civilised 
 Europe, prior to the close of the fifteenth century. 
 
 We may here mention a curious passage in the 
 lost writings of Cornelius Nepos, quoted by Pompo- 
 nius Mela : " A king' of the Boii made Quintus 
 " Metellus Celer then Proconsul of Gaul, a pre- 
 " sent of some Indians who had been thrown by a 
 " tempest on the coast of Germany." The Romans 
 concluded from this circumstance, that coming, as 
 these savages did, from India, it was practicable to 
 make the tour of Asia and Europe round the north, 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 11 
 
 by traversing the imaginary ocean which, as they 
 supposed, occupied the site of Siberia and of the 
 north of Russia. I'his explanation cannot now be 
 admitted ; but the fact still remains, that Indians, or 
 dark complexioned people of some nation or other, 
 actually reached the coast of Germany or Gaul, 
 some time before the year of Rome, 694, the com- 
 mencement of Caesar's conquests. In all probabi- 
 lity, they were Esquimaux, either from Labrador or 
 Greenland. The same circumstance again occurred 
 in 1680 and 1684. In Wallace's Account of Ork- 
 ney, it is mentioned that some Greenlanders arrived 
 there in the kind of boats peculiar to them, which 
 were preserved in the Church of Barra, and in the 
 College Museum of Edinburgh. 
 
 MADOC, PRINCE OF WALES. 
 
 On the discovery of America by Columbur , seve- 
 ral prior claims were attempted to be put in by dif- 
 ferent nations, founded on tradition ; and stories 
 were revived which had been well nigh consigned to 
 oblivion. The claim advanced by the Welch merits 
 relation, as having been made by a people o^' kin- 
 dred stock with ourselves. Their tradition respect- 
 ing the discovery of America is, that about the year 
 1170, one of their Princes, Madoc, son of Owen 
 Guyneth, Prince of North Wales, sailed to the New 
 World, and there established a colony of his coun- 
 trymen. The cause of his emigration is stated to 
 be this : — the sons of Owen disputed the division 
 of their father's dominions, and Madoc fearing the 
 consequences of the disunion, like another Teucer, 
 chose to seek a new habitation in a foreign land, 
 rather than to hazard the dangers of civil convulsion. 
 
12 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 He is said to have steered due west, leaving Ireland 
 on the north ; and thus to have arrived at an un- 
 known country, the continent of America, on which 
 he landed. He afterwards returned to Wales, and 
 took • thence a second supply of people, but was no 
 more heard of. The objections to this story are its 
 improbability, and want of supporting evidence. 
 The Welsh were at no period a naval people ; and 
 in the age of Madoc, must have been ignorant of all 
 navigation, but that of rivers and coasts. Jt should, 
 however, be mentioned in justice to the claims of 
 our Welsh fellow countrymen, that this tale was by 
 no means invented after the real discovery of Ame- 
 rica, in order to establish a fabricated title. Mere- 
 dith Ap Rees, who died in 1477, a famous Welsh 
 poet, composed an ode in honor of this Madoc, 
 wherein was handed down the tradition, with an ac- 
 count of his discoveries, several years anterior to the 
 time of Columbus. Of the tradition itself there can 
 be no doubt. Indeed, in an American publication a 
 few years ago, we have seen it stated, in reference to 
 this supposed voyage of Madoc, that a people quite 
 distinct from the Aborigines, both as to language 
 and physiognomy, had been lately discovered in 
 Mexico, and were supposed to be descendants from 
 the colony of Madoc. Their language was said to 
 be somewhat similar to the ancient British, or Celtic ; 
 and several Celtic words have also been traced in 
 the Mexican tongue. The Celtic is undoubtedly 
 one of the most ancient languages, and its roc ts may 
 still be found in most of those of the civilised world, 
 from the Persian to the Scottish, Irish and Welsh. 
 A few words may have been adopted into the Mexi- 
 can : it is indeed mentioned, by Vater, that he had 
 found eighteen Celtic words in ten American Ian- 
 
 i 
 *^*, 
 
 f! 
 
 gui 
 tho 
 mo 
 jan 
 kin 
 the 
 dire 
 and 
 ers, 
 nab 
 ven 
 
 & 
 
 A 
 tribe 
 gula 
 mos 
 turie 
 
 ihe 
 
 the ^ 
 
 very 
 
 land 
 
 ries ; 
 
 short 
 
 be su 
 
 tinen 
 
 turie! 
 
 their 
 
 In tl 
 
 scrip! 
 
 coast 
 maux 
 dimin 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 13 
 
 ng Ireland 
 at an un- 
 , on which 
 Vales, and 
 but was no 
 ory are its 
 evidence, 
 eople ; and 
 lorant of all 
 It should, 
 e claims of 
 tale was by 
 'y of Ame- 
 tle. Mere- 
 nous Welsh 
 this Madoc, 
 with an ac- 
 terior to the 
 elf there can 
 )ublication a 
 reference to 
 leople quite 
 to language 
 iscovered in 
 Indants from 
 was said to 
 ih, or Celtic ; 
 ten traced in 
 undoubtedly 
 Its rocts may 
 alised world, 
 and Welsh 
 to the Mexi- 
 that he had 
 Imerican lan- 
 
 guages. The traditions of the Ct^ltic nations, and 
 those derived from them, have always been of the 
 most marvellous quality — witness the fanciful Tro- 
 jan origin of the first settler in Britain, Brutus, who 
 kindly bestowed his name on the sea-girt Island ; and 
 the derivation of the Irish Celts ^'rom positive and 
 direct emigration of Egyptian, Phoenician, Greek 
 and Milesian origin, under various imaginary lead- 
 ers, all and several of whom, as well as an intermi- 
 nable list of kings, are gravely set down in the 
 veracious Chronicles of Eri. 
 
 CLAIM OF THE NORWEGIANS. 
 
 America must have been known to the barbarous 
 tribes of Asia for thousands of years ; but it is sin- 
 gular that it should have been visited by one of the 
 most enterprising nations of Europe, nearly five cen- 
 turies before the time of Columbus, without awaken- 
 ing the attention of either statesmen or philosophers. 
 The Norwegians, with far higher pretensions than 
 the Welsh, founded their claim to the early disco- 
 very of America on their well known voyages to Ice- 
 land and Greenland in the tenth and eleventh centu- 
 ries ; and having undoubtedly penetrated within so 
 short a distance from the New World, they may fairly 
 be supposed to have touched on some part of that con- 
 tinent in their annual voyages for nearly three cen- 
 turies, distinguished as the old Northmen were by 
 their enterprise, hardihood and love of adventure. 
 In the year 1001, Biorn is said, in Icelandic manu- 
 scripts of good reputation, to have landed on the 
 coast of Labrador, where he met with the Esqui- 
 maux, whom he called Skraelmgues, from their very 
 diminutive stature. In the following year it has 
 
 B 
 
14 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 been maintained, on reasonable evidence, that they 
 had a settlement in Newfoundland, which they called 
 Vinland, from the vines growing there. We shall 
 find that the same fondness for the vine, and a simi- 
 lar abundance of that tree, induced Jacques Cartier 
 to give tlie name of " Isle of Bacchus," to what is 
 now termed the Isle of Orleans. They passed the 
 winter there, and found that on the shortest day the 
 sun rose at eight o'clock, which fixes the place of 
 their visit to the 49th degree, the latitude of New- 
 foundland, or of the River St. Lawrence. The follow- 
 ing story is amusing : — One day a German sailor of 
 the name of Tuckil was missing, but soon returned 
 shouting and leaping for joy ; having, as he said, dis- 
 covered the intoxicating grape of his own country, 
 the expressed juice of which, according to the story, 
 had had its usual effect upon his brain. To prove 
 the truth of his assertion, he led some of his com- 
 rades to the fortunate spot, and they gathered seve- 
 ral bunches of grapes, which they presented in tri- 
 umph to their commander, who called the country, 
 in consequence, Vinland. This ancient settlement, 
 however, after some years, seems to have been relin- 
 quished, although it is believed that some traces of 
 it have lately been discovered. 
 
 We find it mentioned in Haliburton's History of 
 Nova-Scotia, that the wild vine is well known there ; 
 and all New England abounds with the wild purple 
 grape, som6 vines of which are very prolific. There 
 is the best evidence that it may be turned to ac- 
 count in the manufacture of wine. An American 
 writer observes, that there is not the slightest doubt 
 that this vine may be cultivated so as to yield a 
 thousand fold more than now, of large and finer 
 fruit ; and the product will be abundant of almost 
 
 ''^ 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 15 
 
 that they 
 ey called 
 We shall 
 d a simi- 
 5 Cartier 
 
 what is 
 assed the 
 ;day the 
 
 place of 
 of New- 
 lie follow - 
 
 1 sailor of 
 returned 
 said, dis- 
 
 i country, 
 the story, 
 To prove 
 his com- 
 red seve- 
 red in tri- 
 5 country, 
 ittlement, 
 een relin- 
 traces of 
 
 history of 
 wn there ; 
 ild purple 
 ;. There 
 ed to ac- 
 American 
 test doubt 
 o yield a 
 and finer 
 of almost 
 
 ■M 
 
 any flavored wine the manufacturer may choose. 
 The pure juice, lightly expressed, and somewhat 
 sweetened with ugar, will furnish a wine of most 
 delicate flavor, similar in color and taste to a Fron- 
 tignac and Muscat ; and the quality may be changed 
 by a stronger expression of the astringent qualities 
 of the skins, until the wine will, in that respect, run 
 through all the varieties of claret and port, still re- 
 taining, however, much of the original Muscat 
 flavor. 
 
 A Danish gentleman, of the name of Rafn, 
 who has been engaged in researches respecting 
 these early voyages, has ascertained from original 
 documents, various facts previously unknown ; 
 among others, that America, first discovered in 985, 
 was repeatedly visited by the Norwegians in the 
 eleventh, twelfth and thirteenth centuries — that the 
 embouchure of the St. Lawrence, and in particular the 
 Bay of Gaspe, was their principal station — that 
 they had penetrated along the coast, as far south as 
 Carolina, and that they introduced a knowledge of 
 Christianity among the natives. We understand 
 that he is preparing a work on this subject. And 
 the accounts of the voyages of the old Scandina- 
 vians to America, have lately gained a new confir- 
 mation, by the discovery of a Runic stone : which, in 
 the year 1824, was found under 73° N. latitude, on 
 the coast of Greenland. The inscription translated 
 is as follows : — " Erling Sigvalson, and Biorn Hor- 
 " deson, and Endride Addson, Saturday before 
 " Gagnday (Rogation Day) the 25th April, erected 
 " these heaps of stone, and cleared the place in the 
 « year 1135." 
 
1 I 
 
 16 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 PERIOD OF MODERN DISCOVERY. 
 
 I 
 
 We now come to a period at which may be dated 
 the real discovery of the American Continent The 
 invention of the compass had given courage to the 
 timid navigators of the fifteenth century. They no 
 longer coasted along the shores, and sought popula- 
 rity and applause by visiting Islands adjoining the 
 continent of Africa. The discos "^rer of unknown 
 regions, ardent in the pursuit of knowledge, of 
 glory, and of gain, and proud in the patronage of 
 princes, verified the description of Horace, and 
 launched boldly into the Atlantic main : — 
 
 llli robur et aes triplex 
 Circa pectus erat, qui fragilem truci 
 
 Commisit pelago ratem 
 Prinius, nee timuit prsecipitem Africum 
 
 Decertantem Aquilonibus, 
 
 Nee tristes Hyadas, nee rabiem noti ; 
 
 * * *^ * 
 
 tit * * * 
 
 Quern mortis timuit gradum 
 Qui siccis oculis monstra natantia. 
 
 Qui vidit mare turgidum et 
 Infames scopulos ? 
 
 Or oak, or brass, with triple fold 
 
 Around that daring mortal's bosom roU'd, 
 
 Who first to the wild ocean's rage 
 
 Launch'd the frail bark, and heard the winds engage 
 
 Tempestuous, when the South descends 
 
 Precipitate, and with the North contends ; 
 
 Nor fear'd the stars portending rain, 
 
 Nor the loud tyrant of the western main. 
 
 # * # « 
 
 7F * * * 
 
 ■/ 
 
 What various forms of death could fright 
 
 The man, who viewed with fix'd, unshaken sight. 
 
 The floating monsters, waves inflam'd 
 
 And rocks for shipwreck'd fleets ill-famM ? 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 17 
 
 COLUMBUS, 
 
 •:■;* 
 
 Althougli the honor of the discovery of the New 
 World may be divided amonjr three powers of Eu- 
 rope, and oach be content with a share of the fame 
 — the West Indies having been discovered by the 
 great Columbus, in 1492, for the Spaniards — New- 
 foundland, and the continent now called the United 
 States, by the English, under John and Sebastian 
 Cabot, in 1497 and 1498 — and Canada by the 
 French, under Jacques Cartier, in 1535, we are ne- 
 vertheless disposed to claim for the English the 
 principal merit of the discovery. We contend, that 
 independently of England having first entertained 
 the propositions of Columbus in 1488, the absolute 
 discovery of Newfoundland, by John Cabot, in 1497, 
 a year before Columbus discovered South America 
 at the mouth of the Orinoco, gives to the English 
 an indefeasible title to the first discovery of the 
 American Continent, although no steps were taken 
 until many years afterwards to establish the British 
 ascendancy over the countries in question. 
 
 It is generally known, that the object which en- 
 gaged the ambition, excited the cupidity, and stimu- 
 lated the adventures of the early navigators, was the 
 discovery of a passage to India and the spice coun- 
 tries, by sailing round the Southern extremity of 
 Africa ; and thence taking an Eastern course — a 
 passage which was afterwards successfully effected by 
 Vasco de Gama, the famous Portuguese navigator, 
 in 1497. The Venetians are said to have had some 
 information about the West Indies in the year 1424. 
 It is certain that about the year 1 474, the renowned 
 Columbus, Colombo, or Colon, as he is respectively 
 
 B 2 
 
18 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 called, a native of the Genoese territory, struck out 
 a new and ingenious theory ; by which he contended 
 on rational and philosophical principles, drawn from 
 the sphericity and magnitude of the earth, which at 
 that period had been ascertained — that a shorter and 
 more direct passage to the East Indies might be 
 found by steering across the Atlantic due West. 
 After first offering the result of his conviction to the 
 Genoese Republic, his native land, by which it was 
 neglected — afterwards to the King of Portugal, who 
 basely endeavored to take advantage of the project 
 without employing its author in the execution — 
 Columbus proceeded to Spain, having first sent his 
 brother Bartholomew to England : where, after resid- 
 ing for some time in poverty and neglect, owing to 
 his capture by pirates on the voyage, he succeeded 
 in completing and publishing a Map of the World, 
 dated 21st February, 1480, which he afterwards 
 found means to present to the King, Henry VII. 
 The following lines more remarkable for their sub- 
 ject and their antiquity than for any poetical merit, 
 were inscribed upon this Map. 
 
 Terrarum quicunque cupis feliciter oras 
 Noscere, cuncta decens docte pictura docebit, 
 Quae Strabo affirmat, Ptolemoeus, Plinius atque 
 Isidorus ; noa una tamen sententia cuique. 
 Pingitur hie etiam nuper sulcata carinis 
 Hispanis zona ilia, prius incognita genti « 
 
 Torrida, quae tandem nunc est notissima multis. 
 Pro autore, siye pictore. 
 
 And a little lower were these additional lines : 
 
 Genoa cui patria est, nomen cui Bartholomceus, 
 Columbus de terra rubra, opus edidit istud, 
 Londiniis, An. Dom. 1480, atque insuper anno, 
 Octava decim&que die cum tertia mensis 
 Febr. Laudes Christo caatentur abundd. 
 
 Tl 
 
 ** soe 
 
 " of 
 
 " ele) 
 
 " and 
 
 *' not 
 
 *' Toi 
 
 ** ove 
 
 V \ 
 
 «<the 
 
 « the 
 
 *^Chr 
 
 It i 
 
 the K 
 
 explaii 
 
 the m 
 
 despat 
 
 Colum 
 
 ikn agi 
 
 Kings 
 
 tibe vo] 
 
 €lastile 
 
 In neg 
 
 ^ntinu 
 
 hy vexj 
 
 to Eng 
 
 its Moi 
 
 termine 
 
 •Dticipa 
 
 Jfeneroi 
 
 €lxpens€ 
 
 llhich \ 
 
 \ly. [ 
 
 .first ; 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 19 
 
 truck out 
 ontended 
 iwn from 
 which at 
 orter and 
 might be 
 le West, 
 ion to the 
 ch it was 
 ugal, who 
 le project 
 ecution — 
 t sent his 
 fter resid- 
 owing to 
 succeeded 
 le World, 
 ifterwards 
 enry VII. 
 their sub- 
 cal merit, 
 
 ue 
 litis. 
 
 ines : 
 ■bus. 
 
 The sense of these lines is to this effect : " Who- 
 ** soever may desire to obtain a correct knowledge 
 " of the coasts of countries, may learn from this 
 " elegant engraving, all that Strabo, Ptolemy, Pliny, 
 ** and Isidorus assert on this subject, although they do 
 
 * not agree on all points. Here is also set down the 
 
 * Torrid Zone, formerly unknown, but lately sailed 
 
 * over by Spanish ships, and now known to many. 
 1' A Genoese by birth, Bartholomew Colombo, of 
 ^ the red earth, published this work at London, on 
 ** the 21st day of February, 1480. Praise be to 
 «« Christ." 
 
 ■ It appears that in consequence of this application, 
 |he King was desirous of having the subject fully 
 explained to him; and with his usual sagacity seeing 
 |he merits of the proposal, he assented to it, and 
 iespatched Bartholomew in search of his brother 
 Columbus, with an invitation to the English Court. 
 An agreement was actually entered into between the 
 King and Bartholomew in 1488, four years before 
 Ae voyage of Columbus in the service of Isabella of 
 Castile. The latter in the mean time was engaged 
 ll^ negociations with the Spanish Princes, and so 
 ntinued until 1492 ; when wearied and disgusted 
 vexatious delays, he was on the point of returning 
 England and availing himself of the patronage of 
 Monarch. At this critical juncture, Isabella de- 
 llrmined to patronise and forward the discoveries 
 lilticipated by Columbus, out of her own resources, 
 ienerously offering her jewels towards defraying the 
 pense — while her thrifty spouse, Ferdinand of 
 rragon, refused to bear any portion of the charges, 
 'lich were supplied from the treasury of Castile 
 ly. Thus it appears that England had the honor 
 first admitting the proposals of Columbus ; and 
 
NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 that it was by mere accident tliat the discovery of 
 the West Indies, was subsequently made by Colum- 
 bus in 1492 under Spanish, and not under British 
 auspices. 
 
 JOHN AND SEBASTIAN CABOT. 
 
 Henry VII. having been thus disappointed, endea- 
 vored to procure the services of other mariners of 
 experience, for the purpose of making discoveries on 
 the plan submitted by Bartholomew Columbus. In 
 the year 1494, two years after the discovery of the 
 West Indies, John Cabot, a Venetian Merchant, was 
 resident in Bristol : upon whose enthusiastic spirit 
 the deeds of Columbus had made a deep impression ; 
 and who thought himself capable of performing ex- 
 ploits as a seaman equal to those of the great Genoese. 
 Fired with this ambition, he made application to the 
 King, Henry VIL, who readily granted him Letters 
 Patent, dated March 5th, 1495, authorizing the said 
 John Cabot, or Kabotto, and his sons Louis, Sebastian 
 and Sanchez, to sail with five ships for the discovery 
 of unknown regions in any part of the globe. They 
 were empowered to subdue and possess them as the 
 King's Lieutenants, stipulating to pay to the Crown 
 one-fifth part of the net profits of the adventure, and 
 to return with their vessels to the port of Bristol. 
 The result of this voyage was without doubt the dis- 
 covery of North America. On the 24th day of June, 
 1497, they discovered the coast of Labrador, to 
 which they gave the name of Terra primum visa, 
 or Primavista, The opposite Island they called St 
 John's, having landed there on St, John's day, tlie 
 24th June. This is now the Island of Newfoundland 
 Prince says, that the land discovered by Cabot was 
 
 in la 
 
 Nov£ 
 
 ward 
 
 rence 
 
 Cabo 
 
 [was p 
 
 ^privy 
 
 'the m 
 
 *King 
 
 iPaten 
 
 ^£ngla 
 
 dred t 
 
 'before 
 
 mentic 
 
 *' said 
 
 About 
 
 Receive 
 
 iumme 
 
 althou^ 
 
 Was pr< 
 
 sailed ( 
 
 West p; 
 
 ,Newfoi 
 
 ree of 
 
 )vera 
 
 inie c( 
 
 Jeautifi 
 
 i|ates, 
 
 t499, 
 
 Cab 
 
 sland. 
 
 \d eat 
 
 >ngue, 
 
 Te addi 
 
 knt in 
 
 » 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 21 
 
 iscovery of 
 by Colum- 
 ider British 
 
 nted, endea- 
 mariners of 
 scoveries on 
 lumbus. In 
 )very of the 
 erchant, was 
 siastic spirit 
 impression ; 
 forming ex- 
 eat Genoese, 
 cation to the 
 . him Letters 
 zing the said 
 lis, Sebastian 
 ;he discovery 
 lobe. They 
 them as the 
 ;o the Crown 
 venture, and 
 rt of Bristol, 
 oubt the dis- 
 day of June, 
 .abrador, to 
 orimum visa^ 
 ey called St 
 n's day, the 
 ewfoundland 
 )y Cabot was 
 
 latitude 45. If so, it was in the peninsula of 
 I Nova Scotia, and as they coasted the land North- 
 I ward, they must have entered the Gulf of St. Law- 
 ^ rence in pursuit of the Northern passage, John 
 ^ Cabot returned to England in August, 1497, and 
 was presented with ten pounds by the King from his 
 ,«iprivy purse as a reward to him, " who had found 
 "^Ithe new Isle." In February, 1498, new style, the 
 'King granted to the same John Cabot second Letters 
 'Patent, with authority to sail from any port in 
 England, in six vessels of not more than two hun- 
 dred tons each, and with more favorable terms than 
 ^before. In this second commission, he expressly 
 Mentions " the lands and isles of late found by the 
 **' said John in our name and by our commandment." 
 \About this time, however. Sir John Cabot, who had 
 ^received the honor of knighthood, died ; and in the 
 iummer of the year 1498, Sebastian Cabot, his son, 
 although a young man of twenty three years of age, 
 ^as promoted to the command of the expedition, and 
 lailed on a voyage of discovery, in search of a north- 
 west passage into the south seas. He soon reached 
 .Kewfoundland, and proceeded as far as the 56th de- 
 yee of latitude north ; whence, being unable to dis- 
 1|over any such passage, he returned and examined the 
 lame coast towards the south, until he came to the 
 
 Jeautiful country, at present called Florida. Fabian 
 Jates, that in the fourteenth year of Henry VII. 
 f499, there were in London three wild men brought 
 ^ Cabot to the King, " taken in the new found 
 ** land." They were clothed in the skins of animals, 
 d eat raw flesh : they spoke in a strange uncouth 
 ngue, and were very brutish in their behaviour, 
 e adds, however, that such had been their improve- 
 ent in the civilising atmosphere of London, that 
 
22 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 il 
 
 »(' 
 
 ii i 
 
 when he next saw them two years afterwards, dressed 
 in English habits, he could with difficulty recognise 
 them. 
 
 In claiming the merit of a prior discovery of North 
 America for the English, it must be obvious that 
 there is no intention to detract from the fame of 
 Columbus. It is difficult, indeed, to repress astonish- 
 ment at the success of that illustrious navigator, and 
 at the magnitude and splendor of his discovery. We 
 regard the great Columbus with admiration as the 
 first who conceived and executed a mighty design, and 
 brought about the revelation of a new world — but 
 must not deny praise, though of an inferior degree, to 
 those gallant spirits who followed him in his glorious 
 career. It is a remarkable historical fact, and one 
 highly honorable to English enterprise, that not only 
 did Henry VII. listen favorably to the propositions 
 of Columbus, some years before they were accepted 
 by the Spanish Court, but that, although Columbus 
 landed in Hispaniola so early as February, 1493, he 
 did not ascertain the existence of the continent of 
 South America until May, 1498 — whereas there is 
 certain evidence that almost a year before, an Eng- 
 lish vessel had reached the shores of the North Ame- 
 rican continent. Sir John Cabot, therefore, was 
 undoubtedly the first discoverer of this continent, 
 which Columbus did not see until a year afterwards ; 
 while his son Sebastian was the first discoverer of 
 Florida, so called in 1512, when it was taken posses- 
 sion of by the Spaniards under Juan Ponce de Leon, 
 who passes with many as the original discoverer. 
 
 Neither Cabot or Columbus were destined to 
 know that their names were immortalised in those of 
 the lands they had discovered. An attempt was 
 lately made to give the name of Cabotia to the Britisli 
 
 ii; Provi 
 
 f taken 
 
 I Vespi 
 
 ble ca 
 
 me 
 
 robbe 
 
 lion w 
 
 $re le 
 
 keen \ 
 
 can ne 
 
 treatec 
 
 Cabot 
 
 ifiie sei 
 
 ^ndert 
 
 Ibssary 
 
 fesided 
 
 called J 
 
 1548, ] 
 
 Englan 
 
 pounds 
 
 In con( 
 
 flat th( 
 
 respect; 
 
 Cpabot, 
 
 ^Hmts o 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 23 
 
 ,rds, dressed 
 y recognise 
 
 ;ry of North 
 )bvious that 
 :he fame of 
 ess astonish- 
 srigator, and 
 overy. We 
 ation as the 
 V- design, and 
 r world — but 
 or degree, to 
 I his glorious 
 act, and one 
 that not only 
 propositions 
 ^ere accepted 
 rh. Columbus 
 iry, 1493, he 
 continent of 
 reas there is 
 )re, an Eng- 
 ; North Ame- 
 lerefore, was 
 lis continent, 
 I afterwards ; 
 discoverer of 
 taken posses- 
 nee de Leon, 
 iscoverer. 
 
 destined to 
 2d in those of 
 attempt waj 
 to the Bri " 
 
 Provinces of this continent — but that of America, 
 taken from the spurious pretensions of Amerigo 
 Vespuccio, a drawer of charts, has by an unaccounta- 
 ble caprice, supplanted the noble name of Columbia. 
 The bold usurpation of a fortunate imposter has 
 robbed the discoverer of the new world of a distinc- 
 tion which belonged to him of right ; and mankind 
 §xe left to regret an act of injustice, which, having 
 keen sanctioned by the lapse of so many ages, they 
 can never redress, Columbus, however ungratefully 
 treated, has been redeemed by fame. Sebastian 
 Gabot lived long in great reputation. He entered into 
 file service of Spain, but returned to England, and 
 undertook a third voyage in 1517, which it is unne- 
 (iessary to touch upon in this place. He afterwards 
 iesided in London, and built a fine house atBlackwall, 
 fBlled Poplar, which names still remain. In the year 
 $548, he was made, by Edward VL, grand pilot of 
 England, with a fee of one hundred and sixty six 
 pounds thirteen shillings and four pence per annum. 
 la concluding this notice of Cabot, we may mention 
 tiiat there are at present in Boston and Philadelphia, 
 WNpectable families, bearing the name and arms of 
 Cabot, who are generally considered to be descen- 
 Aints of the great navigator. 
 
 VOYAGE OF CORTEREAL. 
 
 4 The next voyage in the order of discovery was 
 t|at undertaken in 1500, three years after the re- 
 |rn of Sir John Cabot, by the Portuguese : a nation 
 whose genius and perseverance the world owes 
 [e highest triumphs of geography and navigation, 
 was conducted by Gaspar Cortereal, a gentle- 
 \n who had been educated in the household of the 
 
! il 
 
 24 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 King of Portugal, and who is represented as a man 
 of enterprising and determined character, ardently 
 thirsting after glory. Pursuing the track of Sir John 
 Cabot, he reached the northern extremity of New- 
 foundland, and is considered to have discovered the 
 Gulf of St. Lawrence. He also sailed along the coast 
 of Labrador, northward ; and appears to have pene- 
 trated nearly to Hudson's Bay. He returned to 
 Lisbon on the 8th October, 1500. The character of 
 this voyage was less honorable to the cause of discovery 
 than any of the former ; it having been undertaken, 
 apparently, rather for the purpose of obtaining timber 
 and slaves, than for the advancement of the cause of 
 science. He brought back to Portugal no less than 
 fifty seven of tlie natives, who were coolly destined 
 to slavery, and whose superior capability of labor 
 appears to have been a subject of gratifying specu- 
 lation. In a letter written eight days after their ar- 
 rival by the Venetian Ambassador at the Court of 
 Lisbon, these unfortunate persons are thus described : 
 " they are extremely fitted to endure labor, and will 
 " probably turn out the best slaves which have been 
 " discovered up to this time." Such was the cold 
 blooded speculation of avarice, even among a people 
 so renowned for honorable achievements as the Por- 
 tuguese of that day ! It has, indeed, been conjec- 
 tured that the name. Terra de Laborador, was given 
 to this coast by the Portuguese slave merchants, in 
 consequence of the admirable qualities of the natives 
 as labourers, and in full anticipation of the future 
 advantages to be derived from this unchristian traffic. 
 These cruel designs were, however, frustrated by 
 accumulated distress and disaster. In a second voy- 
 
 was a 
 
 after 
 
 a gre 
 
 fitted 
 
 of th 
 
 infer] 
 
 One 
 
 new 1 
 
 ruled 
 
 map ] 
 
 l^ern 
 
 St. L 
 
 the nj 
 
 stren^ 
 
 claimi 
 
 the a 
 
 tually 
 
 Ab. 
 being 
 in An 
 rived ] 
 Normj 
 for co( 
 ithe ad 
 Tives 1 
 . Harfle 
 In 150 
 brouffl 
 natura 
 Ifrom 
 
 ■.v 
 
 age, in 1501, Cortereal was lost at sea; and a third, i"^^'^^ P 
 undertaken by his brother Michael, in search of hiin 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIOKS. 
 
 25 
 
 i as a man 
 jr, ardently 
 : of Sir John 
 ity of New- 
 covered the 
 ng the coast 
 have pene- 
 returned to 
 character of 
 of discovery 
 undertaken, 
 ining timber 
 the cause of 
 no less than 
 ally destined 
 [ity of labor 
 fying specu- 
 fter their ar- 
 ihe Court of 
 as described : 
 bor, and will 
 ch have been 
 was the cold 
 )ng a people 
 ; as the Por- 
 )een conjee- 
 or, was given 
 lerchants, in 
 >f the natives 
 )f the future 
 •istian traffic, 
 frustrated by 
 second voy- 
 and a third, 
 earch of hiin 
 
 was alike unfortunate. Neither of the brothers was ever 
 afterwards heard of. The King of Portugal, feeling 
 a great affection for these gentlemen, is stated to have 
 fitted out at his own expense an expedHion, consisting 
 of three armed vessels, which returned without anv 
 information as to the manner or place of their death. 
 One brother still remained, who was anxious to re- 
 new the attempt to discover their fate, but was over- 
 ruled by the persuasion of the king. In an old 
 map published in 1508, the Labrador coast is called 
 Terra Corterealis ; and the entrance into the Gulf of 
 St. Lawrence was long known to the Portuguese by 
 the name of the Gulf of the Two Brothers. On the 
 strength of the voyage of Cortereal, the Portuguese 
 claimed the first discovery of Newfoundland, and of 
 the adjacent coast of America ; and maps were ac- 
 tually forged to support these unfair pretensions. . 
 
 DISCOVERY BY THE FRENCH. 
 
 About the year 1504, we first hear of any attempt 
 being made by the French to obtain, if not a footing 
 in America, still a share in the advantages to be de- 
 rived from its discovery. At this date, some Basque, 
 Norman, and Breton fishermen, commenced fishing 
 for cod on the great bank of Newfoundland, and near 
 |the adjacent shores. From them Cape Breton de- 
 lves its name. In 1506, Jean Denys, a native of 
 , Harfleur, made a map of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. 
 In 1508, a Pih)t of Dieppe, by name Thomas Aubert, 
 brought into France some natives of America, who 
 .naturally excited great curiosity. It does not appear 
 ^from what part of the coast they were taken, but 
 Imost probably from Cape Breton. 
 
26 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 I! 
 
 GIOVANNI VERAZZANO. 
 
 Some years afterwards, the conquests of the Spa- 
 niards in America began to excite the attention and 
 cupidity of Europe, but the further progress of dis- 
 covery in those northern parts of the continent with 
 which the French fishermen were acquainted, offer- 
 ing no prospect of inexhaustible mines of gold and 
 silver, such as were found in Mexico and Peru — the 
 French, although a people, undoubtedly, of the high- 
 est genius and enterprise, evinced an unaccountable 
 apathy upon this great subject, and for several years 
 entirely neglected it. At length, in 1523, Francis I. 
 a monarch deeply captivated with the love of glory, 
 wishing to excite the enterprise and emulation of 
 his subjects in matters of navigation and commerce, 
 as he had successfully done in the sciences and fine 
 arts, caught a generous enthusiasm for maritime dis- 
 covery ; and eager to vie in all things with his great 
 rival Charles V. fitted out an armament of four ships, 
 the command of which he entrusted to Giovanni 
 Verazzano, or Verazzani, a Florentine navigator of 
 great skill and celebrity, then resident in France, and 
 willing to undertake a voyage which might prove no 
 less honorable than profitable to him. Previously to 
 this time, a bull of donation had been issued by the 
 too famous Alexander VI. then Pope, by which he 
 liad conferred the new world as a free gift upon the 
 Kings of Spain and Portugal. Neither England or 
 France, however, acknowledged the inherent right of 
 the Pope to make such magnificent gifts of an un- 
 known world. The English sent out voyages of dis- 
 covery without demanding leave of his Holiness ; 
 and a shrewd observation of the French King is 
 
 hand 
 acqui 
 ofth( 
 "shs 
 «div 
 
 a 
 
 
 me 
 see 
 
 qu€ 
 Ve 
 
 birth 
 
 accou 
 
 are 'v 
 
 would 
 
 Of his 
 
 JVIona 
 
 l*emar] 
 
 4o the 
 
 fefterw, 
 
 the ne 
 
 and CO 
 
 tea G 
 
 Frenc 
 
 have h 
 
 hud lu 
 
 ffentlej 
 
 5ie gli 
 
 and lui 
 
 Not 
 
 irst ex 
 
 •econd 
 
 J)aup}i 
 
 |525; 
 
 lerly d 
 
 iirrived 
 
 pefore 
 
% 
 
 WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 27 
 
 )f the Spa- 
 ;ention and 
 Tess of dis- 
 tineiit with 
 ited, offer- 
 ,f gold and 
 Peru — the 
 3f the high- 
 accountable 
 everal years 
 J, Francis I. 
 ^e of glory, 
 mulation of 
 d commerce, 
 ices and fine 
 maritime dis- 
 ith his great 
 ►f four ships, 
 ) Giovanni 
 navigator of 
 France, and 
 rht prove no 
 ^-eviously to 
 ssued by the 
 by which he 
 jift upon the 
 England or 
 rent right of 
 'ts of an un- 
 cages of dis- 
 3 Holiness ; 
 Cch King is 
 
 handed down, showing that he was not disposed to 
 acquiesce in any division made exclusively in favor 
 of those Princes. " What," said Francis, pleasantly, 
 " shall the Kings of Spain and Portugal quietly 
 " divide all America between them, without suffering 
 " me to take a share as their brother ? I would fain 
 " see the article in father Adam's will, which be- 
 " queaths that vast inheritance to them." 
 
 Verazzano was born about the year 1485, of noble 
 birth ; and from his letters to Francis I. giving an 
 account of his voyage, published in Ramv':io, which 
 are 'vritten in a very simple and elegant style, it 
 would appear that he had received a liberal education. 
 *Of his reasons for entering the service of the French 
 JVIonarch nothing is known. Charlevoix makes a 
 remark worthy of rememLrance, that it was greatly 
 to the honor of Italy, that the three great powers who 
 tifterwards divided among them nearly the whole of 
 the new world, owed their first discoveries to the skill 
 and conduct of natives of that country — the Spaniards 
 to a Genoese — the English to a Venetian — and the 
 French to a Florentine. Another Florentine might 
 have been handed down with approbation to posterity, 
 liad he not by a species of treachery unworthy of a 
 
 fentleman, given his name to the largest quarter of 
 le globe, to the prejudice of the great discoverer 
 |nd master spirit of the age^ Columbus. 
 4 Nothing certain is known of the particulars of the 
 Irst expedition of Verazzano. He commenced his 
 •econd voyage of discovery with a single vessel, the 
 pauphin, about the close of 1524, or the beginning of 
 1 525 ; and having left Madeira, he steered in a wes- 
 terly direction for nine hundred leagues, until he 
 frrived upon a coast, which he declared had never 
 efore been seen by either ancient or modern navi- 
 
28 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 ; 
 
 gators — " una terra nuova, non piu dagPantichi ne 
 " da moderni vista." This land is supposed for good 
 reasons to have been in latitude 32"^, and is now 
 known as Savannah. The country was thickly inha- 
 bited, as he judged from the number of fires which 
 were burning along the coast. Of the beauty of the 
 scenery he gives a very glowing description, highly 
 eulogizing the delightful climate, and the handsome 
 stature and appearance of the natives. From this 
 spot Verazzano, with indefatigable zeal, pursued his 
 course, coasting along the shores and narrowly ex- 
 amining every inlet in hopes of a passage through, 
 until he reached the land discovered by the Bretons 
 in kit. 50°, which is evidently Newfoundland : thus 
 completing the survey of a line of coast extending 
 for seven hundred leagues, and embracing nearly the 
 whole of the United States, along with a considerable 
 portion of British North America. In none of the 
 old accounts of this navigator, has justice been done 
 to his great services and zeal. This was without 
 doubt an enterprise of great magnitude and deter- 
 mination, well deserving to be carefully recorded, as 
 comprehending one of the most extensive ranges of 
 early discovery. It is of particular interest at the 
 present day, as having been the means of first mak- 
 ing us acquainted with that noble country, whose 
 history is so important ; and v/hose destinies, even 
 after a progress unrivalled in rapidity, appear at tlii;: 
 moment to be scarcely arrived at maturity. 
 
 To this extensive region Verazzano, as he w?*^ 
 justly entitled to do, gave the name of New France 
 and on his return laid before his patron, Francis I. 
 a plan for its further and complete survey, together 
 with a scheme for the establishment of a colony 
 therein. We are not informed what part of tht 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 29 
 
 gVantichi ne 
 3sed for good 
 and is now 
 thickly inha- 
 f fires which 
 >eauty of the 
 )tion, highly 
 lie handsome 
 , From this 
 [j pursued his 
 narrowly ex- 
 age through, 
 ' the Bretons 
 idland : thus 
 ist extending 
 ng nearly the 
 t considerable 
 n none of the 
 Lce been done 
 
 was without 
 ie and deter- 
 
 recorded, as 
 ive ranges of 
 terest at the 
 1 of first mak- 
 intry, whose 
 estinies, even 
 appear at thii 
 
 ity. 
 
 o, as he vf?"- 
 N^ew France 
 jn, Francis I. 
 ^ey, together 
 
 of a colony 
 t part of tht 
 
 continent it was the intention of Verazzano to select 
 for colonization ; but it is most probable that the 
 scene of his operations would have been chosen on the 
 Atlantic shore of one of the southern United States. 
 Nor does it require the aid of imagination to con- 
 I ceive, how different would have been the historic 
 detail of events, and how changed the condition of 
 the whole of North America, had he been enabled 
 if^to carry his grand project into full and successful 
 execution. He was not permitted by Providence 
 to do so ; and his future proceedings are enveloped 
 in a mystery which it is now vain to attempt to pe- 
 netrate. It is related that he actually sailed on his 
 third expedition with the full intention of founding 
 a colony, and that he never more was heard of. 
 Hakluyt says, that he made three voyages, and pre- 
 sented a chart of the coast to Henry VHI. Ramu- 
 sio, the publisher of the most ancient and perhaps 
 the most valuable collection of voyages extant, 
 could not discover any particulars of this last expe- 
 dition, or even ascertain the year in which it took 
 place. It is most probable, if we divest the story 
 and the supposed fate of Verazzano, of the fable and 
 ipomance in which they have been involved by the 
 lapse of ages, and the perpetuation of error — that 
 finding, on his return to France, his patron Francis I. 
 a prisoner at Madrid, in the hands of the Emperor 
 Charles V. — having been taken at the memorable 
 battle of Pavia on the 2^)th February, 1525, and 
 detained in captivity until the 18th March in the 
 following year — and seeing no chance of further em- 
 ployment, he left the service of France, and de- 
 fended on his own resources. It would sufficiently 
 Account for his never afterwards having been heard 
 ff, if he withdrew from the observation of French 
 
 c 2 
 

 30 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 nautical men, and retired to private life in his native 
 country. 
 
 Although there is no evidence that Verazzano 
 even approached any part of Canada, we have been 
 more diffuse in our notice of this navigator, from 
 the circumstance of a tradition extant in this coun- 
 try from ail early period, that the River St. Law- 
 rence was the scene of his death. It certainly has 
 always been asserted, and believed down to our own 
 times, that his third voyage proved fatal to him and 
 his crew. The truth is, that no account of the de- 
 tails of his third voyage, if indeed it was commenced, 
 which is rather doubtful — and least of all any relation 
 of the manner or place of his death can now be 
 discovered : for the best of all possible reasons, as 
 will be presently shown to the satisfaction of the 
 reader. Tlje story of his having been massacred 
 with his creW, and afterwards devoured by the sa- 
 vages, is an absolute fable ; and it is rather hard, 
 without a shadow of evidence, to fix upon the red 
 inhabitants of this continent the character of An- 
 thropophagi. The Baron La Hontan, who Tisited 
 Quebec in 1683, repeats the fable, and observes : 
 " Verazzano was the first who discovered Canada, 
 " but to his cost, for the savages eat him." La 
 Potherie, who was here in 1698, says nearly the 
 same thing : — Le Beau, who arrived in Canada in 
 1729, speaking cf its discovery, says, that " Veraz- 
 " zano took possession of the country in the name 
 '• of Francis I. that he had the misfortune to be 
 ''- devoured by the savages, without having pene- 
 " trated as far as Jacques Car tier." He gives no 
 authority for this assertion ; and, doubtless, only re- 
 peated the tradition of La Hontan, who after all 
 seems to mention it more in jest than as really be- 
 
 lievin 
 the St 
 « Je 
 
 (C 
 
 (C 
 
 uns 
 enc 
 jett 
 « et 
 itself; 
 ble th 
 of Gi] 
 voyag 
 wards 
 fate. 
 
 Af( 
 
 make, 
 
 Itructii 
 posite 
 
 Three- 
 
 C'hasse 
 
 jl|rang( 
 
 «pon tJ 
 
 volume 
 
 His tori 
 
 i|iow tl 
 
 .^erishe 
 
 |er, eil 
 
 up the 
 
 Tors, \\ 
 
 account 
 
 in the 
 
 fuade h 
 
 the seas 
 
 le deal 
 
 »•■ 
 
rW 
 
 his native 
 
 Verazzano 
 have been 
 rator, from 
 this coun- 
 r St. Law- 
 rtainly has 
 to our own 
 to him and 
 of the de- 
 ommenced, 
 iny relation 
 can now be 
 reasons, as 
 ;tion of the 
 1 massacred 
 by the sa- 
 ather hard, 
 >on the red 
 jter of An- 
 tvho Tisited 
 observes : 
 ed Canada, 
 him." La 
 nearly the 
 Canada in 
 t " Veraz- 
 n the name 
 tune to be 
 ying pene- 
 e gives no 
 iss, only re- 
 o after all 
 really be- 
 
 WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 31 
 
 lieving it. Charlevoix, with better taste, repudiates 
 the story as altogether fabulous. His words are ; 
 " Je ne trouve aucun fondement a ce que quelquea 
 " uns ont public, qu'ayant mis pied a terre dans uii 
 " endroit ou il voulait batir un fort, les sauvages se 
 " jeterent sur lui, le massacrcrent avec tons ses gens 
 " et le mangerent." With respect to the tradition 
 itself, if derived from the Indians, it is not improba- 
 ble that it had reference to the manner of the death 
 of Gaspar Cortereal, who perished on his second 
 voyage ; and who, from his previous cruelties to- 
 wards the natives, may be said to have provoked his 
 fate. 
 
 LE CANON DK BRONZE. 
 
 A few years ago an ancient cannon of peculiar 
 make, and supposed to have been of Spanish coii- 
 Btruction, was found in the River St. Lawrence, op- 
 posite the Parish of Champlain, in the District of 
 Three-Rivers. It is now in the Museum of Mr. 
 Chasseur, and will repay the visit of the curious 
 stranger. The ingenious writer of the Treatise 
 i^pon this piece of ordnance, published in the second 
 volume of the Transactions of the Literary and 
 pistorical Society of- Quebec, has endeavored to 
 l^ow that it belonged to Verazzano — that the latter 
 .|^erished before the second voyage of Jacques Car- 
 eer, either by scurvy or by shipwreck, on his way 
 ^p the river towards Hochelaga. He also endea- 
 vors, with great stretch of fancy, to explain and 
 {ccount for the pantomime enacted by the Indians 
 [I the presence of Jacques Cartie , in order to dis- 
 |uade him from proceeding to Hochelaga so late in 
 ' e season, by their recollection of, and allusion to 
 e death of Verazzano, some nine or ten years be- 
 
ad 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 i^l! 
 
 fore. But if they had really known any thing res- 
 pecting the fate of this navigator — and it must have 
 been fresh in their memory if we recal to mind how 
 comparatively short a period had elapsed — is it not 
 most likely that they would have found means, 
 through the two native interpreters, to communicate 
 it to Cartier ? Yet it appears that the latter never 
 so much as heard of it, either at Hochelai, now the 
 Richelieu, where he was on friendly terms with the 
 chief of that village — or at Hochelaga, where it must 
 have been known — or when he wintered at St. Croix, 
 in the little River St. Charles — or yet when he 
 passed a second winter at Carouge ! The best evi- 
 dence, however, that the Indian pantomime had no 
 reference to Verazzano, and to disprove at once 
 the truth of the tradition respecting his death in any 
 part of the St. Lawrence, is to show, which we shall 
 do on good authority, that at the very time when 
 Cartier was passing the winter at St. Croix, Veraz- 
 zano was actually alive in Italy. From a letcer of 
 Annibal Caro, quoted by Tiraboschi, an author of 
 undoubted reputation, in the Storia della Lettera- 
 tura Italiana, Vol. VII. part 1, pp. 261-262, it is 
 proved that Verazzano was living in 1537, a year 
 after the pantomime at St. Croix ! 
 
 While on the subject of the Canon de Bronze, it 
 may be noticed that Charlevoix mentions also a tra- 
 dition, that Jacques Cartier himself was shipwrecked 
 at the mouth of the river called by his name, with the 
 loss of one of his vessels. From this it has been 
 supposed that the Canon de Bronze was lost on that 
 occasion ; and an erroneous inscription to that ef- 
 fect has been engraved upon it. In the first place 
 the cannon was not found at the mouth of the River 
 Jacques Cartier, but opposite the Parish of Cham- 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 f thing res- 
 must have 
 [) mind how 
 d — is it not 
 md means, 
 jmmunicate 
 latter never 
 lai, now the 
 [ns with the 
 iiere it must 
 it St. Croix, 
 3t when he 
 lie best evi- 
 nime had no 
 )ve at once 
 death in any 
 lich we shall 
 r time when 
 roix, Veraz- 
 1 a letter of 
 in author of 
 ella Lettera- 
 11-262, it is 
 537, a year 
 
 le Bronze^ it 
 IS also a tra- 
 shipwrecked 
 ime, with the 
 it has been 
 lost on that 
 to that ef- 
 he first place 
 of the River 
 sh of Cham- 
 
 plain : in the next, no shipwreck was ever suffered 
 by Jacques Cartier, who wintered in fact at the 
 mouth of the little River St. Charles. The tradi- 
 tion as to his shipwreck, and the loss of one of his 
 vessels, most probably arose from the well known 
 circumstance of his having returned to France with 
 two ships, instead of three, with which he left St. 
 Malo. Having lost so many Kien by scurvy dur- 
 ing his first winter in Canada, he was under the ne- 
 cessity of abandoning one of them, which lay in the 
 harbour of St. Croix. The people of Scitadin hav- 
 ing possessed themselves of the old iron to be found 
 in the vessel, it of course soon fell to pieces ; and in 
 process of time arose the tradition that Jacques Car- 
 tier had been shipwrecked. The removal of the 
 scene of his supposed disaster, from the St. Charles 
 to the River Jacques Cartier, was an error of Char- 
 levoix. 
 
 4 Before we conclude this notice of Verazzano, it 
 inay be mentioned, that in the Strozzi Library at 
 Florence is preserved a manuscript, in which he is 
 gaid to have given with great minuteness, a descrip- 
 |ion of all the countries which he had visited during 
 his voyage ; and from which, says Tiraboschi, we 
 Jerive the intelligence, that he had formed the de- 
 sign, in common with the other navigators of that 
 f ra, of attempting a passage through those seas to 
 ilie East Indies. It is much to be desired, that 
 |ome Italian Scholar would favor the world with the 
 ^publication of this manuscript of Verazzano. 
 ■* 
 
) > 
 
 34 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 I!' : ' .i'! 
 
 "II 
 
 CHAPTER THE THIRD. 
 
 HISTORICAL SK fCH CONTINUED. — FIRST AND SECOND 
 VOYAGE OF JACQUES CARTIER. 
 
 In the year following the supposed loss of Veraz- 
 zano, Stephano Gomez, the first Spanish navigator 
 who came upon the American coast for the purpose 
 of discovery, sailed from Spain to Cuba and Florida 
 — thence northward to Cape Razo, or Race, in lati- 
 tude 46°, in search of a northwest passage to the 
 East Indies. We have not been able to find any 
 particulars of this voyage. It establishes the proba- 
 bility of the coasts of the Gulf having been visited 
 by the Spaniards before the time of Jacques Cartier ; 
 a tradition which is mentioned by Charlevoix, who 
 says that the Baye des Chaleurs, so called by Car- 
 tier, had previously borne the name in old maps, of 
 Baye des Espagnols. 
 
 The French were partially deterred by the ill-suc- 
 cess of their endeavors to profit by the discoveries of 
 Verazzano ; but after the interval of a few years 
 they resolved to make a new attempt. The advan- 
 tages of the establishment of a colony in the newly 
 discovered country were represented anew to the 
 King by Philippe Chabot, Admiral of France ; and 
 the project was again favorably entertained by Fran- 
 cis I. The Admiral introduced to His Majesty 
 Jacjjues Quartier, or Cartier, an experienced 
 navigator of St. Malo, as a person eminently quali- 
 
 fied 
 
 <( 
 
"*. 
 
 WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 35 
 
 ). 
 
 AND SECOND 
 
 )ss of Veraz- 
 ish navigator 
 the purpose 
 i and Florida 
 Llace, in lati- 
 >sage to the 
 to find any 
 es the proba- 
 been visited 
 c[ues Cartier ; 
 irlevoixj who 
 led by Car- 
 old maps, of 
 
 y the ill-suc- 
 liscoveries of 
 a few years 
 The advan- 
 in the newly 
 anew to the 
 France ; and 
 ned by Fran- 
 is Majesty 
 experienced 
 inently quali- 
 
 fied to conduct the enterprise ; and he was accord- 
 ingly appointed to the command. He received his 
 instructions from Charles de Mouy, Knight, Lord of 
 Meilleraye, and Vice Admiral of France ; and the 
 *' captains, masters and mariners having sworn to 
 behave themselves truly and faithfully in the service 
 of the most Christian King of France, under th* 
 charge of the said Cartier, upon the 20th day of 
 April, 1534, they departed from the port of St. Malo, 
 with two ships of three score tons a piece burthen, 
 and sixty one well appointed men in each." See the 
 first relation of Jacques Cartier in Hakluyt, vol. III. 
 p. 201. On the tenth of May, they arrived at New- 
 foundland; and made Cape Bonavista, which still bears 
 the same name, in latitude 48°, 30'' according to the 
 lame relation. Finding the coast there completely 
 ice bound, they sought for anchorage ; and found 
 k in the harbor of St. Catherine, now Catalina, four 
 or five leagues to tae south east. Here they remain- 
 ed ten days, and on the 21st May, sailing towards the 
 north, they came to the Isle of Birds, which must 
 by no means be confounded with Bird Island in the 
 Gulf of St. Lawrence ; but is supposed to be Funk 
 Island, about fourteen leagues from Cape Freels, the 
 ifearest land. After some curious accounts of the 
 Mrds which he found there, Cartier indulges us with 
 a story of a bear, which we shall extract for the 
 amusement of our readers. " Albeit the said Island 
 is fourteen leagues from the main land, notwith- 
 standing bears come swimming to eat of the said 
 birds ; and our men found one there as great as any 
 epvv, and as white as any swan, who in their presence 
 leaped into the sea ; and upon Whitsun Monday, 
 (lollowing our voyage towards the land,) we met her 
 by the way, swimming towards land as swiftly as we 
 
36 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 i 
 
 could sail. So soon as we saw her, we pursued her 
 in our boats, and by main strength took her, whose 
 flesh was as good to be eaten as the flesh of cattle of 
 two years old." 
 
 Cartier in this voj'^age appears to have made a 
 pretty accurate survey of nep.rly the whole of New- 
 foundland, having almost circumnavigated it, passing 
 through tLe Straits of Belleisle. Changing his course 
 somewhat to the so'ith, he traversed the Gulf of St. 
 Lawrence, then for the first time known to Europeans, 
 unless we admit the tradition respecting the prior 
 visit of the Spaniards ; and approaching the continent 
 on the 9th July, he came to the Boye des Chaleurs, 
 so calle*' from the great heat of the summer at that 
 place, it has kept the name to the present day. 
 Here he was delighted with the beauty of the country ; 
 and with the friendly and peaceable behaviour of the 
 natives, with whom he established a kind of traflic. 
 The following description of the Indians is worth 
 copying in the quaint words of Hakluyt : " We saw 
 certain wild men that stood upon the shore of a Lake, 
 who were making fires and smokes ; we went thither 
 and found there was a chaiiiiel of the sea that did en- 
 ter into the Lake, and setting our boats at one of tl 
 banks of the channel, the wild men with one of their 
 boats came unto us, and brought us pieces of seals 
 ready sodden, putting them upon pieces of wood ; 
 then, retiring themselves, they would make signs unto 
 us, that they did give them us." — " They call a hat- 
 chet in their tongue, cocki ; and a knife, bacon. We 
 named it the Bay of Heat." 
 
 From this hospitable place, where the natives seem 
 to have displayed some of the politesse of modern 
 society, Jacques Cartier proceeded to Gaspe, or 
 Gachepe Bay : where on the 24th July, he erected a 
 
 crosi 
 
 the 1 
 
 ten 
 
 his r( 
 
 carri( 
 
 fiecoii 
 
 captu 
 
 jealoi 
 
 Wglitl 
 
 nativt 
 Jhadaf 
 for th 
 Thel 
 him tc 
 ibowei 
 JHm f( 
 l^d Ji 
 
 lifllowi 
 
 SOdder 
 
 euforci 
 
 ^re 
 
 Sttaigh 
 
 ibirm, 
 
 tiuned 
 
 wiis bu 
 
 Wlys 
 sKortly 
 wares, 
 two of] 
 to the 
 tllern in 
 put aboi 
 
 t 
 
 db 
 
 / wei 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 ar 
 
 pursued her 
 her, whose 
 of cattle of 
 
 ive made a , 
 ole of New- 
 el it, passing 
 ig his course 
 3 Gulf of St. 
 ) Europeans, 
 ng the prior 
 the continent 
 des Chaleurs, 
 liner at that 
 present day. 
 f the country; 
 laviour of the 
 und of traffic, 
 ians is worth 
 " We saw 
 ore of a Lake, 
 went thither 
 that did en- 
 at one of tl 
 one of their 
 eces of seals 
 les of wood; 
 ike signs unto 
 ley call a hat- 
 bacon, "VVe 
 
 natives seem 
 
 je of modern 
 
 10 Gaspe, ot 
 
 he erected a 
 
 cross thirty feet high, with a shield bearing the three 
 Fleurs-de-Lys of France, thus taking possession in 
 the name of Francis I. Here he remained about 
 ten days ; and on the 25th July, he commenced 
 his return to France. As the two natives whom he 
 carried off from Gaspe acted a conspicuous part in the 
 second voyage, we shall extract the account of their 
 capture. The Indians seem to have evinced some 
 jealousy at the erection of the cross, which they 
 lightly interpreted into a claim of authority over their 
 native country ; and their Chief, clad in bear's skin, 
 had approached, but not so near as usual, to the ships, 
 (pv the purpose of remonstrating in a long oration. 
 The French used the following stratagem to induce 
 fcim to draw nearer. " His talk being ended, we 
 jrfiowed to him an axe, faining that we would give it 
 kim for his skin, to which he listened, for by little 
 and little he came near to our ships. One of our 
 fellows that was in our boat, took hold on theirs, and 
 suddenly leaped into it, with two or three more, who 
 enforced them to enter into our ships, whereat they 
 were greatly astonished. But our Captain did 
 ^aightways assure them, that they should have no 
 liarm, nor any injury offered them at all ; and enter- 
 twned them very freely, making them eat and drink. 
 'M\cn did we show them with signs, that the Cross 
 was but only set up to be as a light and leader which 
 ways to enter into the port ; and that we should 
 shortly come again, and bring good store of iron 
 wares, and other things. But that we would take 
 two of his children with us, and afterwards bring them 
 to the said port again — and so we clothed two of 
 them in shirts, and coloured coats, with red caps, and 
 pit about every one's neck a copper chain, whereat 
 iksty were greatly contented : then gave they their 
 
 D 
 
38 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 old clothes to their fellows that went back again, and 
 we gave to each one of those three that went back, 
 a hatchet and some knives, which made them very 
 glad. After these were gone and had told the news 
 unto their fellows, in the afternoon there came to our 
 ships six boats of them with five or six men in every 
 one, to take their farewell of those two we had de- 
 tained to take with us ; and brought them some fish, 
 uttering many words which we did not understand, 
 making signs that they would not remove the Cross 
 we had set up." From the 25th July to the 15th Au- 
 gust, Cartier coasted along the northern shores of the 
 Gulf, and would seem to have entered the mouth of 
 the St. Lawrence ; but meeting with boisterous M'ca- 
 ther, without further delay he made sail for France^ 
 and passing again through the Straits of Belleisle, 
 he arrived in safety at St. Malo on the 5th Septem- 
 ber, 1534. 
 
 
 HIS SECOND VOYAGE, AND DISCOVERY OF CANADA. 
 
 t 
 
 The Report of Jacques Cartier, and the relation 
 of his successes and projects, highly calculated as 
 they were to stimulate the nascent spirit of enter- 
 prise, induced the French Court to resolve upon the 
 establishment of a colony in New France. The na- 
 vigator himself was treated with great favor ana d'^z- 
 tinction ; and through the influence of his patron 
 Charles de Mouy, Sieur de Meilleraye, Vice Admi- 
 ral of France, he obtained from Francis I. a new 
 commission with more temple powers than before, 
 together with a considerable augmentation of force. 
 When every thing was p/epared for the sailing of 
 the expedition, the favor of the Almighty was in- 
 voked upon the undertaking. By the express com- 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 39 
 
 ^ain, and 
 ^ent back, 
 [lem very 
 the news 
 ime to our 
 
 1 in every 
 e had de- 
 some fish, 
 nderstand, 
 the Cross 
 
 2 15th Au- 
 ores of the 
 ) mouth of 
 erous wca- 
 for France^ 
 ■ Belleisle, 
 th Septem- 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 le relation 
 culated as 
 t of enter- 
 upon the 
 The na- 
 or ana fl'C- 
 his patron 
 'ice Admi- 
 I. a new 
 an before, 
 n of force, 
 sailing of 
 TY was in- 
 press com- 
 
 s 
 
 mand of Cartier, who appears to have been devoutly 
 disposed, the whole company, having first confessed, 
 and received the sacrament in the Cathedral Church 
 of St. Malo, on Whitsunday, May 16th, 1535, pre- 
 sented themselves in the Choir, and received the be- 
 nediction of the Lord Bishop, in his full pontifical 
 robes. On the Wednesday following. May 19th, 
 Cartier embarked with a fair wind, and made sail 
 w^ith the following armament under his command : — 
 the Great Hermina, of one hundred and twenty tons, 
 on board which was Cartier himself, and several gen- 
 tlemen volunteers — the Little Hermina of sixty tons, 
 — and the Hernierillon, of forty tons burthen. The 
 number of their respective crews is not given. On 
 the very next day after putting to sea, the weather 
 proved contrary, and the little fleet was tossed about 
 for more than a month without making much pro- 
 gress. On the 25th June they parted company, 
 each endeavoring to make the best of the way to the 
 place of rendezvous, on the coast of Newfoundland. 
 The General's vessel, as Cartier was called, arrived 
 fir<?t at Newfoundland on the 7th July ; and awaited 
 the arrival of tiie others at the appointed spot. It 
 was not, however, until the 26th of the same month, 
 that the three vessels were re-united. After taking 
 in necessary storf;S of wood and v/ater, they pro- 
 ceeded together co explore their way through the 
 Gulf, but abo'ii. the 1st August were forced to put 
 into a harbor, which they called St. Nicolas ; and 
 where Cartier, as before, took possession of the coun- 
 try by erecting a cross. Charlevoix says, this har- 
 bor was on the north shore near the mouth of the 
 St. Lawrence ; and he describes it as being in lati- 
 tude 49° 23", and as the only place which preserved 
 to his time the name originally given by Jacques 
 
 ^v w 
 
40 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 Cartier. Leaving this haven on the 7th, and coast- 
 ing along the north shore, on the tenth day of 
 August, a day ever memorable in the annals of 
 Canada, they came, in the wordc of Hakluyt, to a 
 ^* goodly great gulf, full of Islands, passages and en- 
 trances towards what wind soever you please to 
 bend." In honor of the Saint whose festival is cele- 
 brated on that day, Cartier gave the name of St. 
 Lawrence to the Gulf — or rather to a bay between 
 Anticosti and the northern shore, whence the name 
 ^as extended in the course of time - >t only to the 
 whole of this celebrated Gulf, but to the magnificent 
 River of Canada, of which this is the embouchure. 
 
 The Gulf of St. Lawrence which Jacques Cartier 
 had now traversed, and to which he had given its 
 enduring name, is about eighty leagues in length ; 
 and in modern navigation, with a favorable wind and 
 current way be sailed over in twenty-four hours. 
 The French were necessarily a much longer period 
 in crossing it, exploring as they proceeded princi- 
 pally the northern shore. The breadth of the Gulf 
 seems to have been accurately determined by Car- 
 tier, who states the distance " between the southerly 
 lands and the northerly," to be about thirty leagues. 
 Cape Rosier, a small distance to the north of the 
 point of Gaspe, is properly the place which marks 
 the opening of the gigantic river ; and it is thence 
 that the breadth of its mouth must be estimated at 
 ninety miles. Measured from the eastern extremity 
 of Gaspe, its width is one hundred and twenty miles. 
 
 Leaving the Bay to which they had given the 
 name of St. Lawrence on the 12th August, they dis- 
 covered, on the 15th, an Island towards the south, to 
 which Cartier gave the name of the Assumption, in 
 honor of tue day. The English afterwards called it 
 
WITH HISTORICAL BECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 41 
 
 Anticosti, as being somewhat similar in sound to its 
 Indian name, Natiscotec, From this Island Cartier 
 continued his course, like an experienced mariner 
 closely examining both shores of the river ; and 
 when practicable, opening a communication with the 
 inhabitants. On the 1st September he entered the 
 mouth of the River Saguenay, which is accurately 
 described ; and which must have given him an ex- 
 alted idea of the country he had thus discovered. 
 On the 6th he reached the Isle aux Coudres, so 
 called from its filberts, which he describes as " big- 
 ger and better in savour than the French, but some- 
 what harder," • 
 In the second relation of Jacques Cartier, pub- 
 lished in Hakluyt, which we have taken as the basis 
 of this account, it is stated, that he obtained consi- 
 derable information respecting the country he was 
 approaching, from the two natives whom he had taken 
 to France from Honguedo, or Gaspe, on his previous 
 voyage ; and who having been several months in 
 that country, were no doubt able to act the part of 
 interpreters between Cartier and the natives, in his 
 ascent of the St, Lawrence. It would appear from 
 this, that Canada for an immense extent must have 
 been peopled by one widely scattered Tribe of Abo- 
 rigines—since the language spoken from Quebec to 
 Gaspe was either the same, or so nearly allied, as to 
 enable the interpreters to be serviceable in their 
 capacity. The French, however, from their own 
 ignorance of the Indian tongues, could noc detect 
 imposition, if any was practised or intended ; and judg- 
 ing as they did from their own momentary impressions, 
 it is evident that they were prepared to receive as 
 entitled to credit all that these men told them. For 
 instance, it is scarcely possible to suppose that the 
 
 D 2 
 
42 
 
 IINIlH 
 
 i! 1 
 
 I'M!, 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 two interpreters could have been not only personally 
 known to the natives of the shore, as they landed in 
 their boats in various places, but also to those of the 
 St. Charles, near Quebec. It is clear that the 
 Indians must have spoken, as they always do 
 figurately ; and that the French understood them 
 literally. At the entrance of the River Saguenay the 
 following incident happened : — " We met with four 
 boats full of wild men, which as far as we could per- 
 ceive, very fearfully came towards us, so that some 
 of them went back again, and the other came as near 
 us as easily they might hear and understand one of 
 our wild men, who told them his name, and then took 
 acquaintance of them, upon whose word they came 
 to us." Again, on coming to anchor between the 
 Isle of Orleans and the north shore, Jacques Cartier 
 says, " We went on land and took our two wild 
 men with us, meeting many of those country people 
 who would not at all approach unto us, but rather 
 fled from us, until our two men began to speak unto 
 them, telling them that they were Taignoagny and 
 DoMAGAiA ; who so soon as they had tak . ac- 
 quaintance of them, began greatly to rejoice, dancing 
 and showing many sorts of ceremonies ; and many 
 of the chiefest of them came to our boats, and 
 brought many eels and other sorts of fishes, with two 
 or three burthen of great millet, wherewith they 
 made their bread, and many great musk melons. 
 The same day came also many other boats, full of 
 those countrymen and women to see and take ac- 
 quaintance of our two men." That the mere enun- 
 tiaiion of their names by the interpreters should have 
 proved a talisman of such power is scarcely credible, 
 if we regard these names merely as proper to the in- 
 dividuals before their first adventure with Jacques 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 43 
 
 jrsonally 
 anded in 
 se of the 
 tliat the 
 ways do 
 od them 
 lenay the 
 with four 
 ould per- 
 that some 
 le as near 
 nd one of 
 then took 
 hey came 
 ween the 
 es Cartier 
 two wild 
 try people 
 [)ut rather 
 peak unto 
 AGNY and 
 Itak . ac- 
 j dancing 
 nd many 
 oats, and 
 with two 
 ith they 
 melons. 
 ,ts, full of 
 take ac- 
 ;re enun- 
 lould have 
 credible, 
 Ito the in- 
 lli Jacques 
 
 Cartier in the Bay of Gaspe. But the irresistible 
 supposition is, that these names, which seem to have 
 produced every where such extraordinary effect, 
 must have been altogether special and peculiar, 
 adopted by the interpreters themselves, according to 
 the Indian custom, as designating the most remarka- 
 ble event in their lives — .namely, that they had been 
 taken away from their own to a foreign land by white 
 strangers, whence they had returned in safety. In 
 this view only, is it easy to account for the apparent 
 effect of the names when heard ; and for the anxiety 
 of the Indians of the St. Lawrence to " take ac- 
 quaintance" with their travelled brethrent 
 
 HE DISCOVERS QUEBEC. 
 
 Pursuing his voyage which was now becoming 
 more and more interesting, Cartier left the Isle aux 
 Coudres, and soon reached an Island, which from its 
 beauty and fertility, as well as from the number of wild 
 vines which grew there, he called the Isle of Bacchus. 
 It is now the Island of Orleans, and greatly enhances 
 .he beauty of the prospect from the high grounds of 
 Quebec. Here, on the 7th September, he opened 
 a friendly communication with the natives ; and on 
 the following day, " the Lord of Canada, whose 
 proper name was Donnacona," came with twelve 
 canoes full of his people, eight being in each, to visit 
 the strangers as they lay at anchor between the Is- 
 land and the north shore. Commanding the attendant 
 canoes to remain at a little distance, Donnacona, with 
 two canoes only, approached close to the smallest of 
 the three vessels. He then commenced the usual ora- 
 tion, accompanying it with strange and uncouth ac- 
 tion ; and after conversing with the interpreters, who 
 
44 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 ! i 
 
 informed him of their wonderful visit to France, and the 
 kindness with which they had been treated by the white 
 men, penetrated apparently with awe and respect, he 
 took the arm of Cartier, kissed it, and placed it upon 
 his neck, an expression of feeling eloquent of amity 
 and confidence. Nor was Cartier backward in ex- 
 changing friendly salutations : he immediately went 
 into the canoe of the chief, and presented him and his 
 attendants with bread and wine, of which they par- 
 took together, and " whereby the Indians were 
 greatly content and satisfied." He then parted with 
 them on the most satisfactory terms. At this dis- 
 tance of time it is impossible not to feel great interest 
 in Cartier's first interview with the Chiefof a country 
 discovered by his perseverance and skill, and destined 
 afterwards to be so celebrated in the annals both of 
 France and England. As we have before mentioned 
 the devout character of Cartier, it is not improbable 
 that some strong religious feeling may have prompted 
 his conduct on this occasion. It is also remarkable, 
 and seems to corroborate the observation, that in this 
 first interview he gave them no presents, reserving 
 that for a future opportunity. 
 
 Donnacona departed with the same state in which 
 he came : while Cartier, having so far prosperously 
 advanced towards the interior of an unknown country, 
 became desirous of finding: a safe harbor for his ves- 
 sels, then at anchor near the east end of the Isle of 
 Orleans, He accordingly manned his boats, and 
 went up the north shore against the stream, until he 
 came to " a goodly and pleasant sound," and a " little 
 river and haven" admirably adapted for his purpose. 
 In this spot, after some necessary preparations, he 
 safely moored his vessels on the 16th September ; 
 and according to his devout and grateful custom, he 
 
 nam 
 
 the 
 
 Dor 
 
 hast 
 his £ 
 
 DEi 
 
 As 
 
 epocl 
 
 be m 
 
 of Ja( 
 
 "ale 
 
 sent c 
 
 intere 
 
 Then 
 
 sant i 
 
 basin 
 
 Cartie 
 
 name( 
 
 tered v 
 
 of the 
 
 cording 
 
 Boiies, 
 
 missior 
 
 andCh 
 
 have ui 
 
 bor ch( 
 
 have as 
 
 now cs 
 
 St. La\ 
 
 But it 
 
 centurie 
 
 recordin 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 45 
 
 ce, and the 
 the white 
 espect, he 
 ;ed it upon 
 t of amity 
 ird in ex- 
 itely went 
 lim and his 
 L they par- 
 Jans were 
 3arted with 
 t this dis- 
 ?at interest 
 fa country 
 id destined 
 lals both of 
 mentioned 
 improbable 
 2 prompted 
 emarkable, 
 that in this 
 reserving 
 
 :e in which 
 •osperously 
 
 n country, 
 for his ves- 
 jthe Isle of 
 [boats, and 
 
 I, until he 
 
 id a " little 
 lis purpose, 
 lations, he 
 jeptember ; 
 
 pustom, he 
 
 named the place the Port of St. Croix, in honor of 
 the day on which he had first entered it ; and here 
 Donnacona, with a retinue of five hundred persons 
 hastened to pay him another friendly visit, to welcome 
 his arrival in the territory. 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF STADACONA, AND THE HARBOR 
 
 OF ST. CROIX. 
 
 As this event forms one of the most important 
 epochs in the ancient history of the country, we shall 
 be more particular in our account of the proceedings 
 of Jacques Cartier ; and our sketch will now assume 
 " a local habitation *■ familiar to all who at the pre- 
 sent day are acquainted with the scene, and equally 
 interesting, we trust, to the intelligent antiquarian. 
 There can be no doubt, that the " goodly and plea- 
 sant sound," above mentioned, was the beautiful 
 basin of Quebec ; and that the place selected by 
 Cartier for laying up his vessels, to which he gave the 
 name of Port de SL Croix, and where he afterwards win- 
 tered was in the Little River St. Charles, to the north 
 of the city — which name it afterwards recelv^rd, ac- 
 cording to La Potherie, in compliment to Charles des 
 Boiies, Grand Vicar of Pontoise, founder of the first 
 mission of Rccollets of New France. The old writers, 
 and Charlevoix himself, as has been mentioned above, 
 have unaccountably mistaken the locality of the har- 
 bor chosen by Cartier ; and misled by the name, 
 have asserted that it was at the entrance of the River 
 now called Jacques Cartier, which flows into the 
 St. Lawrence, about fifteen miles above Quebec. 
 But it has been well observed, that although three 
 centuries have elapsed since the incidents we are 
 recording took place, the localities still remain un- 
 
46 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 changeable, and may be easily recognised. The port 
 of St. Croix is thus described by Cartier himself : 
 " There is a goodly, fair, and delectable bay, or 
 creek, convenient and ht ».o harbor ships ; hard by, 
 there is in that river od^ place very narrow, deep, 
 and swift running, but it is not the third part of a 
 league, over against which there is a goodly high 
 
 piece of land, with' a town therein, that is the 
 
 place and abode of Donnacona : it is called Stadacona 
 .... under which town towards the north, the river 
 and port of the Holy Cross is, where we staid from 
 the 15th September until the 6th May, 1536 ; and 
 there our ships remained dry." There cannot be a 
 more accurate description. The "one place" jn the 
 River St. Lawrence, " deep and swift running," 
 means of course that part immediately opposite the 
 Lower Town ; and, no doubt, it appeared by compa- 
 rison " very narrow" to those, who had hitherto seen 
 our noble river only in its grandest forms. The town 
 of Stadacona, the residence of the Chief, stood on 
 that part of Quebec which is nov covered by the 
 Suburbs of St. Roch, with part of hose of St. John, 
 looking towards the St. Charles. TK"^ area or ground 
 adjoining is thus described, as it no doubt appeared 
 to Cartier three centuries ago : " as goodly a plot of 
 ground as possible may be seen, and therewithal very 
 fruitful, full of goodly trees even as in France, such 
 as oaks, elms, ashes, walnut trees, maple trees, vines, 
 and white thorns, that bring forth fruit as big as any 
 damsons, and many other sorts of trees, under which 
 groweth as fine tall hemp as any in France, without 
 any seed, or any man's work or labor at all." The 
 exact spot in the River St. Charles where Cartier 
 moored his vessels, and where the people passed the 
 winter, is supposed on good authority to have been 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 47 
 
 the site of the ohi bridge, called Dorchester Bridge, 
 where there is a ford at low water, close to the Ma- 
 rine Hospital. That it was on the east bank, not far 
 from the residence of Charles Smith, Esquire, is evi- 
 dent from the river having been frequently crossed by 
 the natives coming from Stadacona to visit their 
 French guests. To all who witness the present state 
 of Quebec — its buildings, population and trade, em- 
 ploying a thousand vessels — these early accounts 
 handed down from the first European visitor must be 
 full of interest, generally accurate as they are in 
 description, but falling, how far, short of the natural 
 beauty of the position ! 
 
 DISCOVERY OF HOCHELAGA OR MONTREAL. 
 
 The relations between the Fi-ench and Donnacona 
 continued of the most friendly character, and not a 
 day seems to have passed without some communica- 
 tion between them. But the object of Jacques Car- 
 tier was by no means attained, or his ambition satis- 
 fied with the knowledge of Stadacona — he had re- 
 ceived from the interpreters information of the 
 existence of a city of much greater importance, the 
 capital of an extensive kingdom, as they described 
 it, situate at a considerable distance up the River of 
 Canada. Thither he determined to proceed at all 
 hazards, considering his voyage limited only by the 
 discovery of Hochelaga. Undeterred by the late- 
 ness of the season — deaf to the dissuasions of Don- 
 nacona and the interpreters, with one of whom he 
 had every reason to be dissatisfied, he having refused 
 to accompany him further — the Indians had recourse 
 to a device, a kind of masquerade, or pantomimic re- 
 presentation, intended to produce fear in his mind as 
 
I'.' 
 
 \l\ 
 
 liiMi 
 
 48 
 
 NEW PICTURB OF QUEBEC, 
 
 to the result of his expedition, either from the hosti- 
 lity of the natives of Hochelaga, the dangers of the 
 river, or the inclemency of the winter which was fast 
 approaching. This ridiculous mummery was treated 
 by Cartier with merited contempt. Charlevoix seems 
 to think, that Donnacona was influenced by jealousy, 
 lest he and his people should be deprived of the ad- 
 vantages of an uninterrupted communication with the 
 white strangers, from whom the Indians had, doubt- 
 less, obtained so'eral presents, some of utility, others 
 gratifying to their personal vanity. It is by no 
 means improbable, however, that the Indians, who 
 had given Cartier no reason to suspect their good 
 faith, were perfectly sincere. An amusing incident 
 is thus told in Hakluyt : — " Donnacona desired our 
 captain to cause a piece of artillery to be shot off, 
 because Taignoagny and Domagaia made great 
 brags of it, and had told them marvellous things ; 
 and also because they had never heard nor seen any 
 before : to whom our captain answered, that he was 
 content, and by and by he commanded his men to 
 shoot off twelve cannon charged with bullets, into 
 the wood thai was hard by those people and ships, 
 at whose noise they were greatly astonished and 
 amazed, for they thought that heaven had fallen 
 upon them, and put themselves to flight, howling, 
 crying and shrieking, so that it seemed hell had 
 broken loose." 
 
 On the 19th September, Cartier commenced his 
 voyage to Hochelaga with his pinnace, the Herme- 
 rillon, and two long boats, capable of holding thirty- 
 five persons with arms, ammunition and provisions ; 
 leaving his two larger vessels in the harbor of St. 
 Croix, well protected by " poles and pikes driven 
 into the water and set up" — but better by the stout 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 49 
 
 the hosti- 
 rers of the 
 ;h was fast 
 vas treated 
 voix seems 
 y jealousy, 
 of the ad- 
 3n with the 
 ad, doubt- 
 lity, others 
 is by no 
 dians, who 
 their good 
 rig incident 
 desired our 
 be shot off, 
 made great 
 JUS things ; 
 DT seen any 
 that he was 
 his men to 
 ullets, into 
 and ships, 
 liiished and 
 had fallen 
 lit, howling, 
 Id hell had 
 
 hearts of their gallant crews. His ascent of the river 
 was prosperous, and he speaks of the scenery on both 
 sides as extremely rich and beautifully varied, the 
 country being well covered with tine timber and 
 abundance of vines. The natives, with whom he had 
 frequent communication, are represented as kind and 
 hospitable, every where supplying him with all they 
 possessed, the taking of fish being their principal 
 occupation and means of subsistence. At Hochelai, 
 now the Richelieu, they received a visit from the 
 chief of the district, who also attempted to dissuade 
 thein from proceeding further, and otherwise showed 
 a friendly disposition : presenting Cartier with one 
 of his own children, a girl of about seven years of 
 age, whom he afterwards came to visit, together 
 with his wife, during the wintering of the French at 
 St. Croix. On the 28th they came to Lake St. 
 Peter, where, owing to the shallowness of the water 
 in one of the passages between the Islands, they 
 thought it advisable to leave the pinnace. H. re 
 they met five hunters, who, says Cartier, " freely 
 and familiarly came to our boats without any fear, 
 as if we had ever been brought up together. Our 
 boats being somewhat near the shore, one of them 
 took our captain in his arms and carried hitn on 
 shore, and lightly and easily as if he had been a child 
 of five years old, so strong and sturdy V/as this fel- 
 low." 
 
 On the 2nd October they approached Hochelaga, 
 and were received by the natives there with every 
 demonstration of joy and hospitality. " There came 
 to meet us," says the relation, " above one thousand 
 persons, men, women and children ; who afterward 
 did as friendly and merrily entertain and receive us 
 as any father would do his child, which he had not 
 
 E 
 
50 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 ii,iii;:, ;■ 
 
 of long time seen Our captain seeing their 
 
 loving kindness and entertainment, caused all the 
 women orderly to be set in array, and gave them 
 beads made of tin, and other such trifles ; and to 
 some of the men he gave kniv^es. Then he returned 
 to the boats to supper, and so passed that night, all 
 which while all those people stood on the shore as 
 near our boats as they might, making great fires, and 
 dancing very merrily." 
 
 The place where Cartier first touched the land, 
 near Hochelaga, appears to have been about six 
 miles from the city, and below the current of St. 
 Mary. On the 3rd October, having obtained the 
 services of three natives as guides, Cartier, with ].is 
 volunteers and part of his men, in full dnss, pro- 
 ceeded to visit the town. The way was well beaten 
 and frequented ; and he describes the country as the 
 best that could possibly be seen. Hochelaga was 
 situated in the midst of larire fields of Indian 
 corn ; and from the description, must even then 
 have been a very considerable place, and the metro- 
 polis of the neighboring country. The name is 
 now lost, but on its site standjs the rich and flourish- 
 ing city of Montreal. It was encompassed by pali- 
 sades, or probably a picket fence in three rows, one 
 within the other, well secured and put together. A 
 single entrance was secured with piles and stakes ; 
 and every precaution adopted for defence against 
 sudden attack or siege. The town consisted of about 
 fifty houses, each fifty feet in length by fourteen in 
 breadth, built of wood and covered with bark, " well 
 and cunningly joined together^" Each house con- 
 tained several chambers, built round an open court 
 yard in the centre, where the fire was made. The 
 inhabitants belonged to the Huron tribe, and appear 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 51 
 
 ing their 
 
 I all the 
 
 tve them 
 ; and to 
 returned 
 
 night, all 
 
 shore as 
 
 fires, and 
 
 the land, 
 about six 
 ent of St. 
 tained the 
 T, v'ith Ins 
 dress, pro- 
 veil beaten 
 ntry as the 
 lelaga was 
 of Indian 
 even then 
 the metro- 
 name is 
 d flourish- 
 ed by pali- 
 rows, one 
 rether. A 
 Lud stakes ; 
 ice aorainst 
 
 to have been more than usually civilised. They 
 were devoted to husbandry and fishing, and never 
 roamed about the country as other tribes did, al- 
 though they had eight or ten other villages subject 
 to them. Cartier seems to have been considered in 
 the light of a deity among them ; for they brought 
 him their aged king, and their sick, in order that he 
 might heal them. Disclaiming any such power, 
 Cartier, with his accustomed piety prayed with them, 
 and read part of the gospel of S't. John, to their great 
 admiration and joy. He concluded by distributing 
 presents with the utmost impartiality. < n reading the 
 whole account, we cannot but be favorably impressed 
 by the conduct and character of those Indians, so diffe- 
 entfrom that of some other tribes, or the generality of 
 savages. It is probable, however, that the fighting 
 men or warriors of the tribe were absent on some ex- 
 pedition. Cartier appears to have behaved on the 
 occasion with great discretion, and to have shown 
 himself eminently qualified for his station. After 
 having seen all that was worthy of note in the city, 
 he set out to examine the mountain, which was about 
 three miles from Hochelaga. He describes it as 
 tilled all round and very fertile. The beautiful view 
 from the top does not escape his notice, and he states 
 that he could see the country and the river for thirty 
 leagues around him. He gave it the name of Mont 
 Royal, wdiich was afterwards extended to the city 
 beneath, and the whole of the rich and fertile Island, 
 now MontreaL 
 
 RETURNS to ST. CROIX. 
 
 Cartier, having accomplished his object, returned to 
 his boats accompanied by a great multitude, who 
 
52 
 
 NEW PICTURE OP QUEBEC, 
 
 r 
 
 when they perceived any of his men fatigued with 
 their long march, took them upon their shoulders and 
 carried them. The natives appeared grieved and 
 displeased with the short stay of the French ; and on 
 their departure, which was immediate, they followed 
 their course along the banks of the river. On the 
 evening of the 4th October, they came to the place 
 where they had left the pinnace ; and having made 
 sail on the 5th, they returned happily to St. Croix, 
 rejoining their companions on the 11th of the month. 
 The mariners who had been left behind had had 
 the precaution, during the absence of Cartier, to 
 entrench and fortify their vessels so as to defy attack. 
 On the day after their return, Cartier was visited by 
 the Chief, Donnacona, who invited the French to 
 visit him at his village of Stadacona. Accordingly, 
 on the 13th, Cartier proceeded with all his gentlemen 
 and fifty mariners to their town, about three miles 
 from the place where the ships were laid up. The 
 houses were well provided, and full of all things 
 necessary for the approaching winter : the inhabitants 
 seemed docile, and in the words of Jacques Cartier, 
 " as far as we could perceive and understand, it were 
 a very easy thing to bring them to some familiarity 
 and civility, and make them learn what one would.'* 
 The country around is stated to be well tilled and 
 wrought, and these Indians seem to have been by 
 no means ignorant of agriculture, or deficient in 
 energy to clear the land; for it is mentio»»ed that 
 they had " pulled up the trees to till and abor the 
 ground." 
 
 e: 
 e 
 
 perc 
 
 be e 
 
 cust( 
 
 they 
 
 itself 
 
 out 
 
 dead, 
 
 deed, 
 
 raofe 
 
 preca 
 
 the 
 
 the 
 
 ceivec 
 
 were f 
 
 and th 
 
 were r 
 
 The 
 
 this wi 
 
 logiqu( 
 
 Novem 
 
 St. Chi 
 
 informe 
 
 over as 
 
 1536, tl 
 
 canoes, 
 
 firm in 15 
 
 his vess( 
 
 the mod 
 
 cessary j 
 
 On th 
 
 tertained 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 53 
 
 d witli 
 ers and 
 ed and 
 
 and on 
 followed 
 On the 
 he place 
 ig made 
 t. Croix, 
 B month, 
 had had 
 irtief, to 
 fy attack, 
 dsited by 
 ^'rench to 
 jordingly, 
 ;enilemen 
 iree miles 
 bp. The 
 ill things 
 
 habitants 
 Cartier, 
 it were 
 
 amiliarity 
 would." 
 
 tilled and 
 
 I been by 
 
 cient in 
 
 ned that 
 
 ibor the 
 
 »j 
 
 DISASTROUS WINTER OF 1536 — RETURN TO FRANCE. 
 
 The whole voyage of Cartier had been so far pros- 
 perous, but the winter, new to Europeans, was yet to 
 be experienced. Their want of fit clothing and ac- 
 customed nourishment was probably the reason why 
 they were attacked with scurvy, which first showed 
 itself in the month of December. In March, 1536, 
 out of one hundred and ten persons, twenty-five were 
 dead, and not three remained in health. Great, in- 
 deed, as must have been their sufferings, their cou- 
 raofe seems never to Juive deserted tliem ; and the 
 precautions taken by Cartier to conceal his loss and 
 the extreme weakness of the garrison, as we may call 
 the entrenchment round the ships, were well con- 
 ceived and proved quite successful. At length they 
 were persuaded to use a decoction of the spruce fir ; 
 and the effect was so instantaneous that in six days all 
 were recovered. 
 
 The following facts, relative to the climate during 
 this winter, are gathered from the " Pastes Chrono- 
 logiques," and are worthy of notice. On the 15th 
 November, 1535, old style, the vessels in the River 
 St. Charles were surrounded by ice ; and the Indians 
 informed Cartier, that the whole river was frozen 
 over as far as Montreal. On the 22nd February, 
 1536, the River St. Lawrence became navigable for 
 canoes, opposite to Quebec, but the ice remained 
 firm in St. Croix harbor. On the 5th April, however, 
 his vessels were disengaged from the ice. To obtain 
 the modern dates of these occurrences, it will be ne- 
 cessary to add eleven days to each period. 
 
 On the 21st April, Cartier seems first to have en- 
 tertained suspicion of the intentions of the Indians^ 
 
 £ 2 
 
!: r 
 
 I li i 
 
 54 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 from the circumstance of a number of " lusty and 
 strong men whom they were not wont to see," mak- 
 ing their appearance at Stadacona. They were pro- 
 bably the young hunters of the tribe who had been 
 out during the winter, in search of deer ; and who 
 had not previously fallen under the observation of the 
 French. Cartier having determined on an immediate 
 return to France, resolved to anticipate the move- 
 ments of the Indians by a coup de main on his part ; 
 and accordingly on the 3d May, and in a manner 
 which not even the extreme urgency of the case could 
 excuse or palliate, he carried his plan into execution ; 
 and. seized Donnacona, the interpreters, and two 
 other Indians of note, for the purpose of presenting 
 them to the King. They were treated, however, 
 with much kindness, and seem to have been soon re- 
 conciled to their lot. 
 
 Nothing now remained but to make sail for France, 
 which they did on the 6th May. They were com- 
 pelled to remain by contrary \^inds at the Isle au^: 
 Coadres until the 2 1st, and afterwards coasting slowly 
 along, they finally sailed from Cape Race on the 19th 
 June ; and arriving at St. Malo on the 6th July, 1536, 
 they concluded this important voyage. 
 
 if ,1'f 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 55 
 
 CHAPTER THE FOURTH. 
 
 sn soon re- 
 
 HISTORICAL SKETCH CONTINUED. THIRD VOYAGE OF 
 
 JACQUES CARTIER — AND OF ROBERVAL. 
 
 If, among the perilous and adventurous occupa- 
 tions of active life, there is one requiring more energy, 
 skill, courage and patient endurance than another, it 
 is when man, in a fragile skiff, comparatively a nut- 
 shel — subject to dissolution ^nd destruction from a 
 thousand unforeseen accidents — not only entrusts 
 himself to the mighty and mysterious deep, a slave to 
 the elements and the sport of the waves ; -but fired by 
 love of science and ambition of discovery, tempts the 
 secret dangers of an unproved climate, and commits 
 himself to the natives of a barbarous shore, where a 
 single act of indiscretion on his part, or of suspicion on 
 theirs — either open violence or secret treachery, would 
 be alike fatal to his return ! How long is the catalogue 
 of scientific and enterprising travellers who have 
 fallen victims to the cause of discovery ! Cook — 
 Park — Belzoni — Burckhart — Denham — Clapperton, 
 and Laing have perished for science and for fame ; 
 but in a great soul it is the cause which conquers all 
 personal considerations — and though the lives of dis- 
 coverers are sacrificed, science is still on the advance. 
 New competitors spring up, undeterred by the fate 
 of those who went before, and rivals of their fame ; 
 and as if it were destined that the unknown of the 
 world should be revealed — the present age has wit- 
 
 •*}%- 
 
56 
 
 NEW PICTURE OP QUEBEC, 
 
 jllli "i -i ..iS 
 
 11'^^ ; 
 
 nessedwith admiration the intrepid Lander, and the 
 patient, highminded Ross, penetrating with equal de- 
 termination into the Arctic highlands, and the torrid 
 shores of Africa ! A race of people, living in a fro- 
 zen region, and under a degree of cold, once suppos- 
 ed to be fatal to vegetation and to life, yet possessing 
 all the aiTeetions of humanity, has been discovered by 
 the one — while a new outlet for the fructifying com- 
 merce of Great Britain is likely to be afforded by 
 the operations of the other. 
 
 To return from this digression. Notwithstanding 
 that in the discovery of Canada by Jacques Cartier, 
 the love of science had but little share, the operations 
 of which we are treating undoubtedly applied a stimu- 
 lus to geographical researches, and were decisive of 
 future improvement. But although really of such 
 magnitude and importance, their result does not seem 
 to have satisfied general expectation on the part of 
 the French nation. The common people affected to 
 treat lightly the acquisition of a country whence nei- 
 ther gold or silver could be '^r.iracted — but for the 
 honor of the French name and of science, there were 
 persons attached to the Court who thought differently, 
 and who were not to be deterred by the failure of one 
 or two attempts. They justly considered that the 
 possession of New France was not to be lightly relin- 
 quished — and they listened favorably to the accounts 
 given by Cartier, who always represented the lands 
 as highly fertile, the climate salubrious, and the in- 
 habitants docile, kind and hospitable. He represen- 
 ted above all, what had the most powerful influence 
 upon his own mind, the glory of converting the na- 
 tives to the true faith ; as worthy of a Prince who 
 bore the titles of the most Christian king, and of the 
 eldest son of the Church. The presence of the Indian 
 
 chief 
 great 
 \ anxic 
 arrivt 
 tised 
 been 
 sensa 
 conve 
 reborn 
 counti 
 lived 
 in wli 
 whom 
 one lit 
 than of 
 in En< 
 the Sai 
 Amo 
 attempi 
 Franco 
 of hijO'h 
 and wh 
 and dis 
 and tale 
 letters p 
 ing him 
 under tli 
 and Lie 
 guenay, 
 upon hii 
 authorit 
 named s 
 General 
 were "t 
 former v 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 57 
 
 and the 
 ?qual de- 
 he torrid 
 in a fro- 
 ? suppos- 
 ossessing 
 jvered by 
 ing com- 
 orded by 
 
 listanding 
 5 Car tier, 
 operations 
 d a stimu- 
 lecisive of 
 Y of such 
 not seem 
 le part of 
 iffected to 
 lence nei- 
 for the 
 lere were 
 fferently, 
 Te of one 
 that the 
 tly relin- 
 accounts 
 the lands 
 d the in- 
 epresen- 
 linfluence 
 the na- 
 nce who 
 d of the 
 e Indian 
 
 chief, Donnacona, and his companions, no doubt 
 greatly aidod his representations. The reader will be 
 anxious to know the fate of these Indians after their 
 arrival in France. It appears that they were bap- 
 tised at their own desire and request ; and having 
 been introduced at Court, produced an extraordinary 
 sensation. Cartier states, that Francis I. frequently 
 converseH with Donnacona, who appears to have cor- 
 roborated all that had been stated respecting the 
 country. These natives, however, were not long 
 lived : they pined away in the new state of society 
 in which they v/ere placed ; and of ten in number 
 whom Cartier brought over, all died in Brittany, save 
 one little girl. Probably, the change of diet, rather 
 than of climate, proved fatal to them : as it did recently 
 in England ii the case of the King '^nd Queen of 
 the Sandwicli Islands. 
 
 Among those who were anxious to make another 
 attempt to establish a colony in Canada, was Jean 
 Fran(^ois de ia Uoque, Lord of Roberval, a gentleman 
 of high reputation in his native province of Picardy ; 
 and who appears to have been familiarly known to 
 and distinguished by Francis, as a man of bravery 
 and talent. He solicited and obtained from the King, 
 letters patent, dated the 15th January, 1541, appoint- 
 ing him to the command of an expedition of discovery, 
 under the high sounding, but empty titles, of Viceroy 
 and Lieutenant General in Canada, Hochelaga, Sa- 
 guenay, Newfoundland, Belleisle, &c.; and conferring 
 upon him in those countries the same powers and 
 authority which he himself possessed. Cartier was 
 named second in command, with the title of Captain 
 General and leader of the ships. Their instructions 
 were " to discover more than was done before in the 
 former voyages, and attain, (if were possible,) unto 
 
I "I ' 
 
 i> I. 
 
 58 
 
 NEW FIGURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 the knowledge of the country of Tjaguenay," where 
 the French still fondly hoped that the precious metals 
 might be discovered. The port of St. Malo, whence 
 the two former voyages had been undertaken, was 
 again chosen for fitting out the expedition. It has 
 been stated in a recent publication, that " the king 
 would listen to no proposals for the establishment of 
 a colony ;" and that it was reserved for " private 
 adventure to accomplish that which had been neglec- 
 ted by royal muniiicence." We find, however, in 
 Hakluyt's account of the third voyage of Jacques 
 Cai % f^'rect evidence, tending to vindicate Francis 
 I. Wi lu d hitherto been the constant friend of ma- 
 ritime advci. ire, from the charge of apathy and 
 indiiference on this occasion. " The king," says 
 this relation, " caused a certain sum of money to be 
 delivered, to furnish out the said voyage ^ith five 
 ships, which thing was performed by the said Mon- 
 sieur Roberval and Cartier." 
 
 The latter, having with all diligence fitted out the 
 five vessels at St. Malo, expected the coming of 
 Roberval with arms, ammunition and other stores 
 which he had engaged to provide elsewhere. This 
 gentleman, who was opulent, had indeed contracted 
 to furnish two other vessels at his own charges, to be 
 fitted out at Honfleur : whither he proceeded in order 
 to expedite the equipment. Another proof of the 
 interest taken by the King in this expedition is found 
 in the fact, related by Cartier, that while he was 
 waiting the coming of Roberval, at St. Malo, he 
 received a positive command from Francis to depart 
 immediately without the Viceroy, on pain of his dis- 
 pleasure. Accordingly, Roberval gave him full power 
 and authority to act as if he himself were present ; 
 and promised to follow with all necessary supplies 
 
 is 
 
 ;B :■ 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 59 
 
 from Honfleur. Having victualled the fleet for two 
 years, Cartier sailed on the 23d May, 1541 ; but as 
 before, storms and contrary winds dispersed the ships, 
 which nevertheless at the end of a month reached the 
 place of rendezvous on the coast of Newfoundland, 
 Here they delayed so lon<^ in expectation of being 
 joined by Iloberval, that it was not until the expira- 
 tion of three months from the time of sailing, that he 
 reached his former station in the harbor of St. Croix, 
 whence he had taken Donnaconaa few years before. 
 Almost all the old accou its, which are singularly con- 
 fused and incorrect, mention that Cartier fixed his 
 establishment on his third voyage in Cape Breton ; 
 and they are silent as to this lii> secon ' visit to 
 Canada. But the third relation of Jacqut;: v artier, 
 to he found in Hakluyt, is conclusive on his point: 
 " We arrived not," says he, " before the haven of 
 St. Croix, in Canada, (where in the formtr voyage 
 we had remained eight months,) until th*? 2r'3d day of 
 August." Nothing can be clearer than this descrip- 
 tion : indeed there is no part of the ancient history 
 of tlie country better developed, than the proceedings 
 of Cartier on his third voyage. He constantly refers 
 to the experience he had gained, and to circumstances 
 which happened on his former visit ; so that it is 
 matter of surprise that any misconception should have 
 existed as to the scene of his last operations in the 
 St. Lawrence. 
 
 Immediately on the arrival of the French at St. 
 Croix, the Indians thronged to see them ; and appa- 
 rently welcomed them with every token of satisfaction. 
 The person who had succeeded to the dignity of 
 chief, paid Cartier a visit of ceremony with seven 
 canoes, and made enquiries after the absent Don- 
 nacona. The Captain readily acknowledged the 
 
60 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 \'il :'i 
 
 death of that chief in France, but from prudential 
 motives, concealed that of the other Indians : account- 
 ing for their absence by saying, " thaJ; the rest staid 
 there as great lords, and were married, and would not 
 return back unto their country," Although no emo- 
 tion of anger or surprise was perceivable in the 
 countenance or manner of the Indians, on receiving 
 this information — and it would have been derogatory 
 to their character to evince any — it was evident that 
 they began from that time to regard their former 
 friends with distrust and dislike^ They naturally 
 anticipated that a fresh supply of natives would be 
 required by these insatiable strangers — that the scene 
 of the capture of Donnacona would be repeated — and 
 they looked forward to the result with dismal fore- 
 bodings. 
 
 Cartier, having for some reason become dissatisfied 
 with his former position at St. Croix, probably from 
 the altered behavioiir of the natives of Stadacona, 
 selected, on the 26th August, another station at the 
 mouth of a little river, between three and four leagues 
 higher up the St. Lawrence, where he laid up three 
 out of the five vessels he had brought with him 
 from France. Here he gave directions for construct- 
 ing two forts, one at the bottom of the cliff, on a level 
 with the water ; and another on the high land or 
 point above, with a communication by means of stairs 
 cut in the solid rock. This fort he called Charles- 
 bourg Royal. The other two vessels remained in 
 the road at the mouth of the river, until the '2nd Sep- 
 tember; when they sailed for St. Malo, under the 
 command of his brother-in-law and nephew, both 
 excellent pilots. By them he transmitted letters, 
 informing the King of what had been done, and of the 
 non-arrival of Koberval. Having witnessed the coin- 
 
 no w c 
 and Li 
 posed 
 supply 
 
 tained 
 as well 
 above i 
 iie had 
 first raj 
 the nat 
 who tre 
 whom t 
 appears 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 il 
 
 irudential 
 account- 
 rest staid 
 would not 
 [\ no emo- 
 le in the 
 receiving 
 lerogatory 
 adent that 
 eir former 
 r naturally 
 s would be 
 it the scene 
 gated— and 
 lismal fore- 
 
 
 mencement of the two forts, and appointed tlie 
 Viscount de Beaupre to the command in his absence, 
 Cartier resolved to carry into effect, as far as possible, 
 the ulterior objects of the expedition ; and he accord- 
 ingly proceeded, on the 7th September, with two boats, 
 for the purpose of examining the Saults or Rapids 
 above Hochelaga, which he believed were to be 
 passed on the way to Saguenay — " in order that he 
 might be the readier in the spring to pass farther, 
 and in the winter time to make all things needful in 
 readiness for the business." On his way up the River 
 St. Lawrence, he did not fail to pay a visit to the 
 hospitable chief of Hochelai, now the Richelieu, to 
 whom in remembrance of his former friendship and 
 services, among other presents, he gave two young 
 boys, that they might learn the language. With a 
 fair wind they arrived at the first Sault above Hoche- 
 laga on the 11th September ; and having in vain 
 endeavored to pass it in one of the boats doubly 
 manned, they landed and found a portage, which 
 conducted them to the second Sault. These Saults 
 are described as three in number ; and form what is 
 now called the Sault St. Louis, between Montreal 
 and Lachine. They found the inhabitants well dis- 
 posed and hospitable, serving them as guides and 
 supplying them with pottage and fish. Having ob- 
 tained all the information he could extract by signs 
 as well as words, and having been told of a great Lake 
 above the Saults, Cartier returned to the place where 
 he had left the boats at the commencement of the 
 first rapid. Here they found a large concourse of 
 the natives to the amount of about four hundred, 
 who treated them in a friendly mannei: ; and with 
 whom they exchanged presents. Cartier, however, 
 appears now to have distrusted the Indians whenever 
 
I i 
 
 I 
 
 I* 
 
 1;' 
 
 tiVii 
 
 62 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 they appeared in numbers ; and satisfied with the 
 knowledge he had acquired of the rapids, he prepared 
 to return to the winter quarters at Charlesbourg" 
 Royal. On the descent of the river, he again stopped 
 at the dwelling of the Chief of Hochelai, who was 
 absent at Stadaconr ; whither, as Cartier afterwards 
 found, he had proceeded to concert with the other 
 tribe what they should do against the French. 
 
 HE WINTERS AT CAP ROUGE. 
 
 We now come to another highly interesting portion 
 of local history. It has been stated that the old his- 
 torians were apparently ignorant of this last voyage 
 of Cartier. Some place the establishment of the fort 
 at Cape Breton, and confound his proceedings with 
 those of Roberval. The exact spot where Cartier 
 passed his second winter in Canada is not mentioned 
 in any publication that we have seen. The fol- 
 lowing is the description given of the station in 
 Hakluyt : ** After which things, the said captain 
 went with two of his boats up the river, beyond 
 Canada" — the promontory of Quebec is meant — 
 " and the port of St. Croix, to view a haven and a 
 small river which is about four leagues higher ; which 
 he found better and more commodious to ride in, 
 
 and lay his ships, than the former The said 
 
 river is small, not passing fifty paces broad, and ships 
 drawing three fathoms water may ente in at full 
 sea ; and at low water there is nothing but a channel 
 
 of a foot deep or thereabout The mouth of the 
 
 river is towards the south, and it windeth northward 
 like a snake ; and at the mouth of it towards the east 
 there is a high and steep cliff, where we made a way 
 in manner of a pair of stairs, and aloft we made a 
 
 appeal 
 
 spot, ( 
 
 of Qiu 
 
 probat 
 
 and re 
 
 On 
 
 the sus 
 
 sition ( 
 
 formed 
 
 fort, am 
 
 as befo 
 
 who ha( 
 
 of India 
 
 he alw. 
 
 with an 
 
 take all" 
 
 in the fc 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 63 
 
 witli the 
 prepared 
 rlesbourg 
 n stopped 
 who was 
 ifterwards 
 the other 
 ch. 
 
 Ingj portion 
 he old his- 
 last voyage 
 of the fort 
 idings with 
 ere Cartier 
 ; mentioned 
 I The fol- 
 station in 
 aid captain 
 er, beyond 
 IS meant — 
 laven and a 
 her; which 
 to ride in, 
 The said 
 \, and ships 
 in at full 
 ut a channel 
 louth of the 
 northward 
 ,rds the east 
 . ade a way 
 we made a 
 
 fort to keep the nether fort and the ships, and all 
 things that might pass as well by the great as by this 
 small river." Who that reads the above accurate 
 description will doubt, that the mouth of the little 
 river C^ap Rouge was the station chosen by Jacques 
 Cartier, ior his second wintering place in Canada? 
 The original description of the grounds and scenery 
 on both sides of the River Cap Rouge is 'equally 
 faithful, with that which we have extracted -ibove. 
 The precise spot on which the upper fort of Jacques 
 Cartier was built, aftervards enlarged by Roberval, 
 has been fixed by an ingenious gentleman of Quebec, 
 at the top of Cap Rouge height, a short distance 
 from the handsome villa and establishment of Henry 
 Atkinson, Esquire. There is at the distance of 
 about an acre to the north of Mr. Atkinson's house 
 a hillock of artificial construction, upon which are 
 trees indicating great antiquity ; and as it does not 
 appear that any fortifications were erected on this 
 spot, either in the war of 1759, or during the attack 
 of Quebec by the Americans in 1775, it is extremely 
 probable that here are to be found the interesting site 
 and remains of the ancient fort in question. 
 
 On his return to the Fort of Charlesbourg Royal, 
 the suspicions of Cartier as to the unfriendly dispo- 
 sition of the Indians were confirmed. He was in- 
 formed that the natives now kept aloof from the 
 fort, and had ceased to bring them fish and provisions 
 as before. He also learned from some of the men 
 who had been at Stadacona, that an unusual number 
 of Indians had assembled there — ^and associating, as 
 he alwc vs seems to have done, the idea of danger 
 with any concourse of the natives, he resolved to 
 take all necessary precautions, causing every thing 
 in the fortress to be set in order. 
 
 iU 
 
 mm 
 
! 
 
 t; 
 
 n 
 
 mi 
 
 64 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 At this crisis, to the reg^ret of all who feel an inte- 
 rest in the local history of the time, tlie relation of 
 Cartier's third voyage abruptly breaks off. Of the 
 proceeding's during the winter which he spent at Cap 
 Rouge, nothing is known. It is probable that it 
 passed over without any collision with the natives, 
 although the position of the French, from their nu- 
 merical weakness, must have been attended with 
 great anxiety. 
 
 VOYAGE OF ROBERVAL — RETURN OF JACQUES 
 CARTIER TO FRANCE. 
 
 It has been seen that Roberval, notwithstanding 
 his lofty titles, and really enterprising character, did 
 mot fulill his engagement to follow Cartier with sup- 
 plies sufficient for the settlement of a colony, until 
 the year follovring. By that time the Lieutenant 
 General had furnished three large vessels chiefly at 
 the King's cost, having on board two hundred persons, 
 several gentlemen ol quality, and settlers, both men 
 and women. He sailed from Rochelle on the 16th 
 April, 1542, under the direction of an experienced 
 pilot, by name John Alphonse, of Xaintonge. The 
 prevalence of westerly winds prevented their reach- 
 ing >Jevvfoundland until the 7th June. Oti the 8th 
 they entered the road of St. Jolin.^ M'here they found 
 seventeen vessels engaged in the fisheries. During his 
 stay in this road, he was surprised and disappointed by 
 the appearance of Jacques Cartier, on his return from 
 Canada, whither he had been sent the year before 
 witli live ships. Cartier had passed the winter at tlie 
 fortress described above; mid gave as a reason for 
 the abandonment tif the settlement, " that lie could 
 not wil;h his small company withstand the savages 
 
 whic 
 
 tinu< 
 
 rich 
 
 Kol)^ 
 
 gold 
 
 ill a : 
 
 also 
 
 prom 
 
 its na 
 
 so str 
 
 the so 
 
 go ba 
 
 is mo 
 
 passer 
 
 penni 
 
 and til 
 
 fond I 
 
 Uire ; 
 
 perfor 
 
 had en 
 
 hardsh 
 
 to pre\ 
 
 anchor 
 
 leave < 
 
 inipossi 
 
 termim 
 
 turned 
 
 Roherv 
 
 is most 
 
 destinei 
 
 took no 
 
 complei 
 
 wa> ext 
 
 Jacques 
 
 have tixl 
 
 K' 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 65 
 
 I an inte- 
 jlation of 
 Of tlie 
 nt at Cap 
 e that it 
 i natives, 
 their nu« 
 ided with 
 
 LCQUES 
 
 hstanding 
 racter, did 
 with sup- 
 ony, until 
 Laeutenant 
 chiefly at 
 id persons, 
 both men 
 the I6th 
 perienced 
 ige. The 
 lieir reach- 
 hn the 8th 
 lliey found 
 .Juring his 
 pointed by 
 turn from 
 ?ar before 
 it;er at the 
 eason for 
 ,t he couhi 
 e savages 
 
 i 
 
 which went about daily to annoy him." He con- 
 tinued, nevertheless, to speak of the country as very 
 rich and fruitful. Cartier is said, in the relation of 
 llohervars voyage in Hakluyt, to have produced some 
 gold ore found in the country, which on being tried 
 in a furnace, proved to be ^ood. He had with liim 
 also some diamonds^ the natural production of the 
 promontory of Quebec, from which the Cape derived 
 its name. Tlie Lieutenant General having brought 
 so stronof a reinforcement of men and necessaries for 
 the settlement, was extremely urgent with Cartier to 
 go back again to Cap Rouge, but without success. It 
 is most probable that the French, who ha*', recently 
 passed a winte' of hards'iip in Canada,, would not 
 permit their f^«ptain to attach himself to the fortunes 
 and the particuhir views of Robervah Perhaps, the 
 fond regret of home prevailed over the love of adven- 
 ture ; and like men who conceived that tliey had 
 performed their part of the contraci' into which they 
 had entered, they were not disposed to encounter new 
 hardships under a new leader. In order, therefore, 
 to prevent any 0{)en disi^greement, Cartier weighed 
 anchor in the course of the night, and vithout taking 
 leave of Roberval, made all sail for FVance. It is 
 impossible not to regret this somewhiit inglorious 
 termination of a distinguished career. Had he re- 
 turned to his fort, with the additional strength of 
 Roberval, guided by his own skill and experience, it 
 is most probable that the colony would have been 
 destined to a permanent existence. Ca'tier under- 
 took no other voyage to Canada ; biit lie afterwards 
 complefed a sea chart, drawn by his own hand, which 
 wa> extant in the possession of one of his nephews, 
 Jacques Noel, of St. Malo, in 1587 : who seems to 
 have taken great interest in the further developement 
 
 F 2 
 
 V 
 
 >1 • ' , 
 ■ t 
 
 ') 4 
 
 '4 ; 
 
66 
 
 NEW PICTURE OP QUEBEC, 
 
 !|i,; ll 
 
 !!' Ml 
 
 \\ I 
 
 of the vast country discovered by his deceased uncle. 
 Two letters of his have been preserved, relating to 
 the maps and writings of Cartier : the first written 
 in 1587, and the other a year or two later, in which 
 he mentions that his two sons, Michael and John 
 Noel, were then in Canada, and that he was in ex- 
 pectation of their return. Cartier himself died soon 
 after his return to France, having sacrificed his for- 
 tune in the cause of discovery. As an indemnification 
 for the losses their uncle had sustained, this Jacques 
 Noiil and another nephew, De la Launay Chaton, re- 
 ceived in 1588, an exclusive privilege to trade to 
 Canada during twelve years; but this was revoked four 
 months after it was granted. 
 
 Roberval, notwithstanding his mortification at the 
 loss of Cartier*s experience and aid in his undertaking, 
 determined to proceed ; and sailing from Newfound- 
 land about the end of June, 1543, he arrived at 
 Cap Rouge, " four leagues westward of the Isle of 
 Orleans," towards the end of July. Here the French 
 immediately fortified themselves, "inaplace fit to com- 
 mand the main river, and of strong situation against 
 all manner of enemies." The position was no doubt 
 that chosen by Jacques Cartier the year previous. 
 The following is the description given in Hakluyt of 
 the buildings erected by Roberval : " The said Gene- 
 ral on his first arrival built a fair fort, near and some- 
 what westward above Canada, vi'hich is very beautiful 
 to behold, and of gref*t force, situated upon a high 
 mountain, wherein there were two courts of buildings, 
 a great tower, ard another of forty or fifty feet long, 
 wherein there wtre divers chambers, an hall, a kit- 
 chen, cellars high and low, and near unto it were an 
 oven and mills, and a stove to warm men in, and a 
 well before the house. And the building was situated 
 
 i ■ 
 
 Ifr: 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 m 
 
 3d uncle, 
 ilating to 
 : written 
 in which 
 ind John 
 as in ex- 
 died soon 
 \ his for- 
 mification 
 s Jacques 
 haton, re- 
 trade to 
 looked four 
 
 ion at the 
 dertaking, 
 Newfound- 
 arrived at 
 the Isle of 
 he French 
 fit to com- 
 on against 
 s no doubt 
 previous, 
 akluyt of 
 iaid Gene- 
 land some- 
 beautiful 
 on a high 
 buildings, 
 feet long, 
 [all, a kit- 
 it were an 
 in, and a 
 las situated 
 
 upon the great River of Canada called France-Prime 
 by Monsieur Roberval. There was also at the foot 
 of the mountain another lodging, where at the first all 
 our victuals, and whatsoever was brought with us was 
 sent to be kept, and near unto that tower there is 
 another small river. In these two places above and 
 beneath, all the meaner sort was lodged." This fort 
 was called France-Roy ; but of these extensive build- 
 ings, erected most probably in a hasty and iiiartificial 
 manner, no traces now remain, unless we consider as 
 such the mound above mentioned, near the residence 
 of Mr. Atkinson, at Cap Rouge. 
 
 On the 14lh September, Roberval sent back to 
 France two of his vessels, with two gentlemen, bearers 
 of letters to the King ; who had instructions to return 
 the following year with supplies for the settlement. 
 The natives do not appear, by the relation given, to 
 have evinced any hostility to the new settlers. Unfor- 
 tunately, the scurvy again made its appearance among 
 the French ; and carried off no less than fifty dur- 
 ing the winter. The morality of this little colony was 
 not very rigid — perhaps they were pressed by hunger, 
 and induced to plunder from each other — at all events 
 the severity of the Viceroy towards his handful of 
 subjects appears not to have been restricted to the 
 male sex. The method adopted by the Governor to 
 secure a quiet life will raise a smile : " Monsieur 
 Roberval used very good justice, and punished every 
 man according to his offence. One whose name was 
 Michael Gaillon, was hanged for his theft. John of 
 Nantes was laid in irons, and kept prisoner for his 
 offenco ; ar. ^ others also ^irere put in irons, and divers 
 wer« whipped, as well men as women : by which 
 means they lived in quiet." 
 
 ;' 
 
 la 
 
68 
 
 NEW PICTURE Ot QUEBEC, 
 
 
 tl 
 
 
 We have no record extant of the ether proceedirigs 
 of Roberval during the winter of 154ti. Thj} Ic*^ broke 
 lip in the month of April ; and on the 3th Juvu\, the 
 Lieutenant General departed from the winter 'quar- 
 ters on an exploring expedition to the 1 rovince of 
 Saguenay, as Cartier had done on a former occasion. 
 Thirty persons were left behind in the fort under 
 the command of an Olfficer^ with instructions to 
 return to France, if he had not returned by the 1st 
 July. There are no particulars of this expedition, 
 on which, however, Roberval employed a considera- 
 ble time. For we find that on the 14th June, four of 
 the gentlemen belonging to the expedition returned 
 to the foi':, having left Roberval on the way to Sa- 
 guenay ; and on the 19th, some others came back, 
 bringing with them six score weight of Indian corn ; 
 and directions for the rest to wait for the return of the 
 Viceroy, until the 22d July. An accident happened 
 in this expedition, which seems to have cf/aped the 
 notice of the author of the treatise on the Canon de 
 bronze^ whioh we have noticed in a former chapter. 
 It certainly gives an authentic account of a shipwreck 
 having been suffered in the St. Lawrenct : to which, 
 perhaps, the finding of the cannon, and iUs tradition 
 about Jacques Cartier, may with some probability be 
 referred. The follov. ^n<r is the extract in question : 
 " eight men and one btirk were drowned and lost, 
 among whom were Monsieur de Noire Fontaine, and 
 one named La Vasseur of Constance." The error 
 as to the name might easily arise : Jacques Cartier 
 having been there so short a time before, and his ce- 
 lebrity in the country being so much greater than 
 that of Roberval, or of any of his companions. 
 
 The rest of Roberval's voyage is wanting. He 
 xuust have acquired a very general knowl';.^dge of the 
 
 piiot 
 rate * 
 chani 
 coast 
 searc 
 W 
 contr; 
 of Ca 
 berva 
 these 
 exami 
 antiqi 
 tices ( 
 accoui 
 Indian 
 served 
 to Iiav 
 and tl 
 hmitec 
 the wi 
 the in 
 open 1 
 Rob 
 mated 
 the Wt 
 Char] 
 him b; 
 himself 
 oecasio 
 Afn 
 having 
 embark 
 Achilie 
 ia Fran I 
 
 e; 
 u 
 
 ii' 
 
 I r 
 
I 
 
 y^JIJ 
 
 WITH HISTOKICilL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 •6, if we rely upon the account published by his 
 pilot Jean Alphonse, who also gives r<. tuicrally accu- 
 rate description of ti>e River St. Lawrence, and of the 
 channel from sea. He is said to have examined the 
 coast of North America as hi^h as latitude 52°5 in 
 search of a passage to the East Indies. 
 
 We have already said that great uncertainty and 
 contradiction exist in the different historical accounts 
 of Cartier's third voyage, and the expedition of Ro- 
 berval. Our account is founded on the relation of 
 these two voyages in Hakluyt's collection, carefully 
 examined and compared with other authorities. The 
 antiquarian will be satisfied with the earlier no- 
 tices of Canada ; but it is to be lamented that the 
 accounts of the two last winters, passed among the 
 Indians by Cartier and Roberval, have not been pre- 
 served. Up to this time no progress whatsoever seems 
 to have been made in the civilisation of the country ; 
 and the different expeditions appear to have been 
 limited to the occupation of a particular spot during 
 the winter, and a fruitless exploration of the route to 
 the imaginary golden region, during the period of 
 open navigation. 
 
 Roberval returned to France in 1543 ; and ani- 
 mated by the duty which he owed to the King, on 
 the war again breaking out between the Emperor 
 Charles V. and Francis I. his active disposition ie^. 
 him back to the profession of arms. He distinguished 
 himself in this war, as he had done on many previous 
 occasions. 
 
 After the death of his royal Patron, in 1547, 
 having got together a band of enterprising men, ho 
 embarked again for Canada in 1549, with his brother 
 Achilie, who was reputed one of the bravest warriors 
 in France, and who was honorably named by Francis I. 
 
 
 n 
 
 *? 
 
iii;; 
 
 .. ;,,, 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 Jl 
 
 
 70 
 
 KEW iSCTlJRE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 'Le Gendarme d'AnnihaL In this voyage all these 
 gallant men perished, or were never afterwards heard 
 of ; and with them says Charlevoix, feil every hope 
 of an establishment in America, since no one could 
 flatter himself with the expectation of being more 
 fortunate than these two brave adventurers. 
 
 ■ t.i,-''.'*/' 
 
 HISTOl 
 OF ( 
 
 R( 
 
 OF ] 
 
 The 
 
 longer 
 
 cils. ' 
 
 the dej 
 
 Englar 
 
 whose ] 
 
 hies ai 
 
 Domes 
 
 exploit 
 
 France 
 
 tention, 
 
 the adv 
 
 direct i 
 
 influenc 
 
 liad ma( 
 
 fertility 
 
 celebrat 
 the liu^ 
 
 of Franc 
 view of 
 extendi I 
 bined a 
 home, 
 both the 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 71 
 
 all these 
 irds heard 
 very hope 
 one could 
 eing more | 
 
 5. 
 
 CHAPTER THE FIFTH. 
 
 HISTORICAL SKETCH CONTINUED. GRAND PROJECT 
 
 OF COLIGNY. SETTLEMENT IN FRENCH FLORIDA 
 
 ROMANTIC STORY OF DE GOURGUES. VOYAGE 
 
 OF LA ROCHE PONTGRAVE*. 
 
 The gallant and enterprising spirit of Francis I. no 
 longer predominated in the French Court and coun- 
 cils. That monarch died in 1547, two months after 
 the death of his friend and rival, Henry VIII., of 
 England. Fie was succeeded by Henry the IL. in 
 whose reign commenced the civil and religious trou- 
 bles arising from the persecution of the Huguenots. 
 Domestic convulsion is always favorable to maritime 
 exploit ; and owing to the internal condition of 
 France, America continued to be regarded with at- 
 tention. Checked, however, by the ill-success of 
 the adventurers in the north, the French began to 
 direct their views towards a more southern latitude, 
 influenced by the reports of some French sailors, who 
 had made a voyage to Brazil, the riches, beauty and 
 fertility of which country they greatly vaunted. The 
 celebrated Gaspard de Cgligny, early attached to 
 the Huguenot doctrines, had been ap|)ointed Admiral 
 of France, by Henry II., in 1.552. With the political 
 view of aggrandizing the power of France, and of 
 extending her name and institutions abroad, he com- 
 bined a patriotic desire to secure her tranquillity at 
 home. He saw no readier means of accomplishing 
 both these ends, than to found a series of colonies 
 
 
79. 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 r 'j 
 
 '^0 
 
 composed entirely of persons of his own persuasion, 
 where the doctrines of the Reformed Church, pro- 
 scribed and persecuted in France, might be perpetu- 
 ated in a new world ; — and where a place of refuge 
 might be secured, should the political persecution of 
 the age compel him to relinquish his native land. 
 There is every reason to believe that this grand 
 scheme extended to the projected colonization of the 
 shores of the St. Lawrence on the one hand, and of 
 the Missisippi on the other. The political effects of 
 such apian, if it were possible to carry it into execu- 
 tion, might have been well anticipated by Coligny : 
 a single glance at the map of North America will show 
 with what a gigantic grasp a colonization, gradually 
 extending itself along the banks of those two great 
 rivers, would have hemmed in all the future settle- 
 ments on the Atlantic shores, between the Gulf of 
 St. Lawrence and that of Mexico. 
 
 Giving way to the prejudice in favor of Brazil, 
 Coligny at first proposed to the King the establish- 
 ment of a colony upon that coast. The project was 
 approved, and Nicholas Durand de Villegagnon, 
 Knight of St. John of Jerusalem, and Vice Admiral 
 of Brittany, was appointed to the command. This 
 expedition entirely failed ; but amidst the raging of 
 the civil wars of France under the reigns of Francis 
 IL and Charles IX., Coligny, who had put himself 
 at the head of the Calvinists, found leisure to resume 
 his project of a settlement in America. He now 
 turned his attention to Florida, which had been seen 
 by Verazzano ; and where the fertility of the soil, 
 and the goodness of the climate held out every pros- 
 pect of success. The River Mississippi had been 
 discovered by Ferdinand de Soto, about the period 
 of the last voyage of Jacques Cartier ; and the Spa- 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 73 
 
 ersuasion, 
 irch, pro- 
 ; perpetu- 
 of refuge 
 ecution of 
 Ltive land, 
 his grand 
 tion of the 
 id, and of 
 lI effects of 
 nto execii- 
 r Coligny : 
 ;a will show 
 , gradually 
 B two great 
 ture settle - 
 the Gulf of 
 
 establish- 
 )roject was 
 llegagnon, 
 Admiral 
 and. This 
 raging of 
 of Francis 
 put himself 
 e to resume 
 He now 
 i been seen 
 of the soil, 
 every pros- 
 i had been 
 the period 
 id the Spa- 
 
 ZQ 
 
 \Q 
 
 niards claimed the territory. Coligny, however, 
 about the year 1562, obtained permission from Char- 
 les IX. to make an attempt towards establishing a 
 colony in Florida, which the King was the more 
 ready to grant, inasmuch as the Huguenots were his 
 bitterest enemies ; and he hoped thus to free himself 
 from some of the turbulent spirits of the age. Ac- 
 cordingly, on the 18th February, 1562, Jean de 
 llibaut, a zealous Huguenot, sailed from Dieppe with 
 two vessels, and a chosen crew. Having arrived on 
 the ccast of Florida, about St. Mary's River, he suc- 
 ceeded in establishing a settlement, and built a fort. 
 Two years afterwards, Coligny sent out a reinforce- 
 ment under the command of Rene de Laudonniere, 
 in which Charlevoix takes care to record, there was 
 not a single catholic. It appears from different au- 
 thorities that Coligny had the great project we have 
 alluded to much at heart ; but although the settlement 
 in Florida was the only part of the scheme which was 
 carried into effect, it was after a few years abandoned, 
 perhaps in consequence of Coligny's death. The 
 survivors of this colony, after sanguinary wars with 
 the Spaniards, accompanied by various romantic in- 
 cidents, finally returned to France in 1568. Although 
 no attempt was made to colonize any part of Canada 
 during nearly fifty years after the loss of Roberval, in 
 1550, — with the exception of the fishing voyages to 
 the banks of Newfoundland, and that of the two 
 grand nephews of Jacques Cartier in 1588 — there 
 can be no doubt that the project of Coligny outlived 
 that distinguished patriot, that it had been commu- 
 nicated to the principal Calvinists of France, and was 
 by no means lost in oblivion. We shall find that 
 several of the leaders of the subsequent expeditions 
 of trade and discovery, both to Canada and Acadie, 
 
 G 
 
 1)1 
 
 ■4 ,111 
 
74 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF gUEBEC, 
 
 I I> 
 
 
 were Huguenots, up to the time of Cliamplaiii. A 
 dilTerent policy was then adopted, by the advice of 
 that zealous Catholic ; and the French determined to 
 lay the foundation of their dominion over ihe Indians 
 in the influence of the European priesthood. A 
 part of that system was necessarily to exclude the 
 Huguenots, and not to allow in any form a division 
 in the influence of the white man over the red man, 
 by showing that the former were not altogether 
 agreed in all points of the religion, which theii red 
 brethren were called to adopt. The consequence 
 was that, in 1627, the Huguenots in Canada were 
 not allowed the free exercise of their religion, as sti- 
 pulated by the convention entered into with Coligny 
 by Charles IX. 
 
 The fate of Gaspard de Coligny, and the horrid 
 massacre of St. Bartholomew's day, 157*2, are too 
 well known. The base, unnatural treachery of the 
 King, who at the moment when he was plotting the 
 assassination of the Admiral, had the execrable hypo- 
 crisy to address him by the name oi father, has 
 covered the memory of that prince with an immor- 
 tality of infamy ! Coligny fell basely murdered by 
 a menial hand in his own house. His corpse was 
 cast out of the window, the head struck oft*, and the 
 body suspended by the feet from a gibbet. Such, 
 in times of passion and religious persecution, now 
 happily unknown, was the end of a man who was in 
 advance of his age — who sought only to obtain liberty 
 of conscience for himself, [ nd for those who professed 
 tho same tenets. It was with the reluctance of a 
 patriot, that he was compelled to seek it amidst the 
 horrors of civil war. Well might it have been said 
 at the time — 
 
 ii.ii 
 
 ij 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 75 
 
 Excidat ilia dies levo, ne postera credaot 
 
 &>u;cula I 
 
 Let this pernicious hour 
 
 Staud aye accursed in the calendar! 
 
 ROMANTIC STORY OF THE CHEVALIER DE ' 
 
 GOURGUES. 
 
 Although an account of the settlements made by 
 the French, under the encouragement of Coligny, on 
 the coast of Florida, does not strictly belong to the 
 present subject, it would be unpardonable, in our his- 
 torical recollections, to pass over the singular and chi- 
 valrous story of the Chevalier de Gourgues : which 
 is much less generally known than it deserves, as ex- 
 hibiting all the devotion of ancient heroism, and as a 
 striking example of the ruling passion surviving the 
 softening operation of time, and triumphing finally 
 over every impediment. 
 
 The French and Spaniards had been long at bitter 
 enmity ; and the wars between them were carried on 
 with all the exasperation of ancient rivalry and mutual 
 hatred. The encroachments of the former upon the 
 territories claimed by the Spaniards in Florida, raised 
 the liveliest indignation in the minds of a people not 
 less martial and chivalrous than the French ; — and 
 when Vie add that these encroachments had been 
 chiefly made by the Piuguenots, a race held in sove- 
 reign detestation by the Catholic Spaniard, and per- 
 secuted to a degree of intensity by Philip II., the 
 height of animosity to which they were excited can 
 easily be conceived. No were the French less sus- 
 ceptible of angry and vindictive feelings ; to which 
 may be added the poignant stings of offended na- 
 tional pride. They had never forgiven the captivity 
 
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 k<^ 
 
.'! .,■ 
 
 \\i' 
 
 i 
 
 i!l«; 
 
 ai'i!: 
 
 Ji, 
 
 76 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 of their popular and gallant Prince, Francis I. ; — the 
 me^nory of this supposed disgrace still rankled in the 
 population — nor was it ever wholly eradicated, until 
 adequate reparation was made to the national honor, 
 by the accession of a French Prince to the throne of 
 Spain, many years afterwards. Notwithstanding a 
 short cessation of the warfare between these two great 
 powers, the passions we have attempted to describe 
 remained in full force. 
 
 Laudonniere passed the winter of 1564 in the 
 fort whirh he had built near the mouth of 3t. Mary's 
 River, and which he called La Caroline. In August 
 1565, having experienced the mutinous disposition of 
 part of his force, superadded to the horrors of famine, 
 he was preparing to abandon the enterprise, and to 
 return to France, when he was joined by Ribaut with 
 seasonable supplies. On the 4th September, they 
 were surprised by the appearance in tlie road of six 
 large vessels, which proved to be a Spanish fleet, 
 under the command of Don Pedro Menendez, Hos- 
 tilities were immediately commenced; and the French, 
 having an inferior force of four vessels, were obliged 
 to put to sea, chased by the Spaniards. The former, 
 liowever, being the' better sailors, after distancing 
 their opponents, returned to the coast, and re-landed 
 their troops about eight leagues i;om the fort of La 
 Caroline. Three of the Spanish vessels kept the 
 open sea, while the others lay in the road watching 
 an opportunity to attack the French fort. Hibaut, 
 who was a brave but obstinate man, persisted in his 
 resolution to put out to sea again for the purpose 
 of meeting and fighting with the Spanish vessels. 
 I'he season was extremely tempestuous, and Laudon- 
 niere, having first vainly endeavored to dissuade 
 his colleague from the rash attempt, fortified himself; 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 77 
 
 I. ; — the 
 ed in the 
 ted, until 
 lal honor, 
 throne of 
 tanding a 
 two great 
 ) describe 
 
 64 in the 
 :t. Mary's 
 [n August 
 position of 
 of famine, 
 se, and to 
 Libaut with 
 nber, they 
 'oad of six 
 nish fleet, 
 ez, Hos- 
 |he French, 
 re obliged 
 he former, 
 distancing 
 |l re-landed 
 fort of La 
 kept the 
 |d watching 
 Uibaut, 
 sted in his 
 |lic purpose 
 sh vessels. 
 d Laudon- 
 o dissuade 
 d. himself ; 
 
 and made every preparation to resist the attack which 
 he anticipated. At length, notwithstanding the very 
 heavy and long continued rains, the Spaniards were 
 descried by the French sentinels advancing to the 
 assault on the 20th September. The ramparts, main- 
 tained with spirit by a small force, were soon sur- 
 mounted and carried — the gallant defenders slain in 
 the breaches. Laudonniere, fighting his way bravely, 
 was the last to leave the fort, and succeeded in escap- 
 ing to the woods ; where he rallied a few of his 
 straggling countrymen, and whence he ultimat( ly 
 returned to France, The remainder, with the fort, 
 fell into the hands of the Spaniards. Nor did 
 the disasters of the French end here. The vessels 
 commanded by Ribaut were driven on shore by the 
 storms then prevalent — many of the people lost — the 
 survivors and their commander became prisoners 
 to the Spaniards. The French were cruelly, and 
 with bitter taunts, put to death. Se 'eral were hung 
 from the neighbouring trees with this insulting leiJ^md 
 — " Ccux-ci n'ont pas ete tralte de la sorts en qunlite de 
 Francois, mais comme Mretlques et ennemis de Dieu.^ * 
 Ample chastisement was, however, about to be in- 
 flicted — Champlain, who writes of this transaction 
 with the blunt and honest indignation of a soldier, in 
 his own fiimiliar and quaint style observes, — " Cciix- 
 ci furent payes de la menie monnoye, qu'ils avoient 
 payes les Fran(j:ois" — " they were repaid in the same 
 coin with which they had paid the French." So 
 Shakspeare truly says. 
 
 In these cases, 
 We still have judffernent here : that we but teach 
 Bloody instructions, which, henijr tauijht, return 
 To pliit,nio the inventor. This even-hnnd«'d justice 
 ( ominends the ingredients of our poison'd chalice 
 To our own lips. 
 
 G S 
 
 > 11 
 
 < * 'I 
 
 a 
 
 ; ■ 'i 
 
r.i 
 
 
 m^- 
 
 f0\ 
 
 
 I 
 
 78 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 This outrage excited the deepest indignation in 
 France ; but the avowed hatred of the Court towards 
 Coligny and the Huguenots prevented public satis- 
 faction being demanded from Philip II. The instru- 
 ment of a just retribution was not wanting to the 
 emergency ; but it was reserved for a private indivi- 
 dual to redeem the honor of the French name. " En 
 Tan 1567," says Champlain, " se presenta le brave 
 Chevalier de Gourgues, qui plein de valeur et de 
 courage, pour venger cet affront fait a la nation 
 Fran^oise, et recognoissant qu'aucun d'entre la no- 
 blesse, dontla France foisonne, ne s'offroit pour tirer 
 raison d'une telle injure, entreprint de le faire :" — 
 " In the year 1567, there presented himself the brave 
 Chevalier de Gourgues, who full of valor and courage 
 to avenge the insult on the French nation, and ob- 
 serving that none among the nobility, with whom 
 France abounded, offered to obtain satisfaction for 
 such an injury, undertook himself to do so." He 
 was a gentleman of Gascony, and there were at that 
 period few inferior officers in France, or perhaps in 
 all Europe, who had acquired a more brilliant repu- 
 tation in war, or had undergone greater vicissitudes. 
 When very young he had served in Italy with honor ; 
 and on one occasion, having the command of a small 
 band of thirty men, near Sienna in Tuscany, he was 
 able for a considerable time to withstand and repulse 
 the assault of a part of the Spanish army : until, all 
 his men being slain, he yi*^lded himself prisoner. 
 Contrary to the usage of war among generous foes, 
 he was sent to the gallies in chains, as a robber-slave. 
 The galley, to which the indignant De Gourgues 
 was condemned, was afterwards captured by the Turks 
 on the Sicilian coast, and sent into Rhodes. Again 
 putting to sea with a Turkish crew, it was encoun- 
 
 his 
 
 and afl 
 expatij 
 attemp 
 
 t. .i 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 79 
 
 nation in 
 t towards 
 jUc satis- 
 he instru- 
 ng to the 
 ite indivi- 
 [ne. "En 
 a le brave 
 eiir et de 
 
 la nation 
 ntre la no- 
 , pour tirer 
 
 faire :" — 
 f the brave 
 nd courage 
 in, and ob- 
 with whom 
 ifaction for 
 b so." He 
 
 ere at that 
 
 perhaps in 
 |lliant repu- 
 
 icissitudes. 
 ith honor ; 
 of a small 
 
 .ny, he was 
 [and repulse 
 until, all 
 
 llf prisoner. 
 
 lerous foes, 
 bber-slave. 
 
 le Gourgues 
 
 ly the Turks 
 es. Again 
 as encoun- 
 
 tered and taken by the gallies of the Knights of 
 Malta ; and De Gourgues recovered his liberty and 
 his sword. He afterwards made several passages to 
 Brazil, and the coast of Africa, still treasuring up 
 vengeance on the Spaniards ; and he had just return- 
 ed to France from one of his voyages, with the repu- 
 tation of the bravest and most able among her 
 navigators, when he heard of the disastrous tale of 
 La Caroline, and the disgraceful manner in which 
 his countrymen had been put to death by the Spa- 
 niards. Like a patriot, he felt keenly for the honor 
 of his country ; and as a man, he burned for an op- 
 portunity of satiating his long dormant revenge on 
 the perfidious Spaniards, for their unworthy treatment 
 of himself. At this time too there was circulated in 
 France a narrative intituled, the " Supplication of 
 the widows and children of those who had been mas- 
 sacred in Florida," calculated to rouse the national 
 feeling to the highest pitch. These united motives 
 urged De Gourgues to a chivalrous undertaking — no 
 less than to chase the murderous invaders from 
 the coasts of Florida at the sword's point, or to die in 
 the attempt. He accordingly proceeded to make his 
 preparations, which, however, were concealed with 
 great skili and address. He raised a considerable 
 sum by selling; his property, and by loans obtained 
 from his friehds ; and disguising his real purpose, 
 gave out that he was bound as before to the African 
 coast. The squadron consisted of three vessels, with 
 crews amounting to two hundred and fifty souls, 
 amply provided for twelve months. Thus equipped 
 he sailed, on the 23d August, 1567, from Bordeaux ; 
 and after some time, began to unfold his real design, 
 expatiating in glowing language on the glory of the 
 attempt, and the righteousness of the quarrel. 
 
 m 
 
 ^■Xf 
 
 v' 
 
 h ili 
 
 hi 
 
80 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 SPEECH OF DE GOURGUES, FROM CHAMPLAIN. 
 
 " Mes compagnons et fideles amis de ma fortune, 
 vous n^estes pas ignorans combien je clieris les braves 
 courages comme vous, et Tavez assez tesmoigne par 
 la belle resolution que vous avez prise de me suivre 
 et ussister en tous les perils et hazards honorables 
 que nousaurons a soufFrir et essuyer, lorsqu'ils se pre- 
 senteront devant nos yeux, et I'estat que je fais de la 
 conservation de vos vies ; ne desirant point vous 
 embarquer au risque d'un enterprise que je s^aurois 
 reussir a une ruine sans honneur : ce seroit a moy 
 une trop grande et blasmable temerite, de hazarder 
 vos personnes a un dessein d'un accez si difficile ; ce 
 que je ne croy pas estre, bien que j'aye employe une 
 bonne partie de mon bien et de mes amis, pour 
 equiper ces vaisseaux et les mettre en mer, estant le 
 seul entrepreneur de tout le voyage. Mais tout cela 
 ne me donne pas tant de sujet de m'affliger, comme 
 j'en ay de me resjouir, de vous voir tous resolus a une 
 autre entreprise, quiretourneraa votregloire, sc^avoir 
 d'aller venger I'injure que nostre nation a rece'iie des 
 Espagnols, qui ont fait une telle playe a la France, 
 qu'elle saignera a jamais, par les supplices et traicte- 
 mens infames qu'ils ont fait souffrir a nos Frani^ois, 
 et exerce des cruantez barbares et inouies en leur 
 endroit. Les ressentimens que j'en ay quelquefois, 
 m'en font jetter des larmes de compassion, et me 
 relevent le courage de telle sort, que je suis resolu 
 avec I'assistance de Dicu, et la vostre, de prendre une 
 juste vengeance d'une telle felonnie et cruante Es- 
 pagnolle, de ces coeurs lasches et poltrons, qui ont 
 surpris mal-heureusement nos compatriotes, qu'ils 
 n'eussent ose regarder sur la defense de leurs armes. 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 lis S( 
 J'ay 
 tres-1 
 chers 
 faites 
 lonte 
 d'affe 
 de rei 
 de voi 
 "C 
 you a 
 like y 
 provec 
 all the 
 they s 
 you I 
 safety 
 any en 
 lure : 
 terneri 
 ficult ( 
 conside 
 in it a 
 friends, 
 sea, m} 
 But all 
 as 1 ha 
 upon ar 
 glory- 
 nation 
 incurab 
 treatme 
 they hi 
 
 descript 
 tears of 
 
 lil'ififl 
 
 I'i'il 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 81 
 
 ^PLAIN. 
 
 a fortune, 
 les braves 
 loigne par 
 me suivre 
 honorables 
 'lis se pre- 
 e fais de la 
 point vous 
 je s^aurois 
 roit a moy 
 e hazarder 
 iifficile ; ce 
 uploye une 
 amis, pour 
 IT, estant le 
 is tout cela 
 "•er, comme 
 jsolus a une 
 ire, s^avoir 
 receiie des 
 la France, 
 i et traicte- 
 ; Francois, 
 es en leur 
 uelquefois, 
 on, et me 
 suis resolu 
 rendre une 
 Iruante Es- 
 s, qui ont 
 tes, qu'ils 
 urs armes. 
 
 
 lis sont assez mal logez, et les surprendrons aiscment. 
 J'ay des hommes en mes vaisseaux qui cognoissent 
 tres-bien le pais, et pouvons y allez en seurete. Voicy, 
 chers compagnons, un subject de relever nos courages, 
 faites paroistre que vous avez autant de bonne vo- 
 lonte a executer ce bon dessein, que vous avez 
 d'affection a me suivre : iie serez vous pas contents 
 de remporter les lauriers triomphans de la despouille 
 de vos ennemis ?" 
 
 " Companions, and faithful friends of my fortunes, 
 you are not ignorant how highly I value brave men 
 like yourselves. — Your courage you have sufficiently 
 proved by your noble resolution to accompany me in 
 all the dangers which we shall have to encounter, as 
 they successively present themselves — my regard for 
 you I have shown by the care I have taken for the 
 safety of your lives. I desire not to embark you in 
 any enterprise which may result in dishonorable fai- 
 lure : it would be in me a far too great and blameable 
 temerity to hazard your safety in any design so dif- 
 ficult of accomplishment, which, however, I do not 
 consider this one to be ; seeing that I have employed 
 in it a good part of my own fortune, and that of my 
 friends, in equipping these vessels, and putting to 
 sea, myself being the sole undertaker of the voyage. 
 But all this does not give me so much cause for regret, 
 as I have reason to rejoice, seeing you all resolved 
 upoii another enterprise, which will redound to your 
 glory — namely — to avenge the insult suffered by our 
 nation from the Spaniards, who have inflicted an 
 incurable wound upon France, by their infamous 
 treatment, and the barbarous and unheard of cruelties 
 they have exercised upon our countrymen. The 
 description of these wrongs has caused me to shed 
 tears of pity ; and inspires me now with such deter^ 
 
 (:4 
 
 
 I'll 
 
 i 
 
 ■■'■ i 
 
 in '1 
 
82 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 mination, that I am resolved with the assistance of 
 God and your aid, to take a just revenge for this 
 felonious outrage on the part of the Spaniards — those 
 base and cowardly men, who unhappily destroyed our 
 friends by surprise, whom with arms in their hands 
 they dared not to have looked in the face. The enemy 
 is poorly lodged, and may be easily surprised. I have 
 on board persons who know the country well, and we 
 can reach it in safety. Here, my dear companions, here 
 is a subject to rouse our courage ! Let me see that 
 you have as good will to perform this noble design, 
 as you had affection to follow my person ! Will you 
 not rejoice to bear away triumphant laurels, bought 
 by the spoil and ruin of our enemies ?" 
 
 This enthusiastic speech produced its full effect. 
 Each soldier shouted assent to the generous proposal ; 
 and was ready to reply with Euryalus, 
 
 Est hie, est animus lucis contemptor ; et istura 
 Qui vitu bene credat emi, quo tendis, honorera ! 
 
 Like thine, this bosom g-Iows with martial flame. 
 Burns with a scorn of life, and love of fame- 
 And thinks, if endless ^lory can be sought 
 On such low terms, the prize is cheaply bought. 
 
 Having thus obtained the full co-operation of his 
 gallant band, De Gourgues steered for the coast of 
 Florida ; and passed some time in reconnoitering the 
 position of the Spaniards, and in acquiring froni the 
 Indians full particulars of their strength and resources. 
 These were, indeed, sufficiently formidable, amount- 
 ing to foui* hundred fighting men, provided with 
 every munition of war. No way discouraged by this 
 superiority of numbers and of position, De Gourgues 
 made a furious attack upon the two forts, on the day 
 before the Sunday, called Quasimodo, in April, 1568, 
 
 in ten 
 
 niard; 
 
 and h 
 
 aritipf 
 
 whicij 
 
 persoi 
 
 niouni 
 
 iier de 
 
 contei 
 
 commi 
 
 du ran 
 
 eiix ;"- 
 
 in ham 
 
 the he£ 
 
 the S^i 
 
 fate of 
 
 in the ] 
 
 Indians 
 
 and Jia 
 
 to him 
 
 soners i 
 
 sacred, 
 
 remain c 
 
 their en 
 
 from th( 
 
 of the fc 
 
 C03lxlIE J 
 ET MEU 
 
 being S 
 derers." 
 De G 
 flestinati^ 
 stance t( 
 plained 
 outrage a 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 83 
 
 stance of 
 i for this 
 Is— those 
 •oyed our 
 eir hands 
 he enemy 
 [. I have 
 U, and we 
 [lions, here 
 e see that 
 ►le design, 
 Will you 
 Is, bought 
 
 full effect. 
 IS proposal ; 
 
 am 
 nl 
 
 ame, 
 
 ation of his 
 ,he coast of 
 [oitering the 
 g from the 
 d resources, 
 lie, amount- 
 ivided with 
 ,ged by this 
 e Gourgues 
 on the day 
 pril, 1568, 
 
 intending to capture them by escalade. The Spa- 
 niards offered a very gallant resistance ; but the fury 
 and impetuosity of the French, stimulated by national 
 antipathy, by the particular nature of the revenge 
 which they contemplated, and fired by the valor and 
 personal example of their heroic chief, soon sur- 
 mounted all opposition. " Nostre genereux Cheva- 
 lier de Gourgues," says Champlain exultingly, " le 
 coutelas a la main, leur enflamme le courage, et 
 comme un lion a la teste des siens gaigne le dessus 
 du rampart, repousse les Espagnols, se fait voye parmi 
 eux :" — " our brave Chevalier de Gourgues, sword 
 in hand, inflames their courage, and like a lion at 
 the head of his troop, mounts the rampart, overthrows 
 the Spaniards, and cuts his way through ihem." The 
 fate of the Spaniards was sealed — many were killed 
 in the forts — the rest taken, or put to death by the 
 Indians. De Gourgues, thni crowned with victory, 
 and having fully succeeded in an enterprise which 
 to him seemed so truly glorious, brought all the pri- 
 soners to the spot where the French had been mas- 
 sacred, and where the inscription of Menendez yet 
 remained. After reproaching his fallen enemies with 
 their cruelty and perfidy, he caused them to be hung 
 from the same trees, affixing this writing in the place 
 of the former. " Je n'ay pas fait pendre ceux-ci 
 COMME Espagnols, mais comme traitres, voleurs, 
 ET meurtriers :" " I hang these persons not as 
 being Spaniards, but as traitors, robbers and mur- 
 derers." 
 
 De Gourgues, on developing his real design and 
 destination to Florida, which he did in the first in- 
 stance to his chosen friends, had pathetically com- 
 plained that ever since he had heard of the Spanish 
 outrage at La Caroline, he had been unable, however 
 
 'I' 
 
 41 
 
 I'M 
 
184 
 
 NEW PICTLRE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 werried with toil, to obtain his usual rest by niglit 
 — that, his imagination was ever occupied by the 
 semblance of his countrymen hanging from the trees 
 of Florida — that liis ears were startled with piercing 
 cries for vengeance ; — and that sleep, •' nature's soft 
 nurse," would never visit him again, 
 
 No more would weigh his eyelids down. 
 And steep his senses in for<;etf'ulues8 — 
 
 until he had won her offices by a full and exquisite 
 revenge on the Spaniards ! The accomplishment 
 of his cherished purpose must have been a high and 
 vivifying relief to an ardent spirit like De Gourgues. 
 He now declared with exulting delight, that sleep, that 
 " balm of hurt minds," had once more deigned to visit 
 his couch ; and that his rest was now sweet, like that 
 of a man delivered from a burthen of misery too great 
 to bear ! 
 
 Having accomplished this remarkable expedition, 
 and inflicted, in a spirit accordant with that of the 
 times, a terrible retribution on the Spaniards, De 
 Gourgues sailed from the coast of Florida on the 3d 
 May ; and arrived in France on the 6th June, where 
 he was received by the people with every token of 
 joy and approbation. In consequence, however, of 
 the demand of the King of Spain for redress, he 
 was compelled to absent himself for some time, until 
 the anger of the Court permitted him to reappear. 
 The narrative of this expedition was long preserved 
 in the family of De Gourgues. 
 
 Champlain, in whose Voyages this romantic story is 
 to be found, seems to have been a passionate admirer 
 of the conduct of De Gourgues, and thus enthusias- 
 tically concludes his account of the expedition :— 
 " Ainsi ce genereux Chevalier repara I'honneur de 
 
 la n 
 
 See 
 
 poui 
 
 nati( 
 
 tilho 
 
 pens 
 
 ee q 
 
 plus 
 
 did t 
 
 natfo 
 
 had I 
 
 if he 
 
 Span 
 
 by a 
 
 honor 
 
 and 
 
 far m( 
 
 ilL'i 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 85 
 
 , by nig^^t 
 .d by the 
 1 the trees 
 h piercing 
 ature's soft 
 
 I exquisite 
 mplishment 
 a high and 
 ; Gourgues. 
 it sleep, that 
 gned to visit 
 et, like that 
 ry too great 
 
 expedition, 
 that of the 
 niards, De 
 a on the 8d 
 Ijune, where 
 lerv token of 
 however, of 
 redress, he 
 |e time, until 
 |to reappear, 
 g preserved 
 
 intic story is 
 late admirer 
 IS enthusias- 
 :pedition :— 
 'honneur cle 
 
 la nation Francoise, que les Espagnols avoient oft'en- 
 sce : ce qu'autrement eust ete un regret a jamais 
 pour la France, s'il n'eust venge I'affront receu de la 
 nation Espagnolle. Entreprise genereuse d'un gen- 
 tilhomme, qui I'executa a ses propres cousts et des- 
 pens, seulement pour I'honneur, sans autre esperance : 
 ce qui lui a rcussi glorieusement, et ceste gloire est 
 plus a priser que tons les tresors du monde :" " Thus 
 did this brave Knight repair the honor of the French 
 nation, insulted by the Spaniards ; which otherwise 
 had been an everlasting subject of regret to France, 
 if he had not avenged the affront received from the 
 Spanish people. A generous enterprise, undertaken 
 bv a gentleman, and executed at his own cost, for 
 honor's sake alone, without any other expectation ; 
 and one which resulted in obtaining for him a glory 
 far more valuable than all the treasures of the world." 
 
 ABORTIVE VOYAGE OF LA ROCHE. 
 
 It has been stated that the Norman, Basque and 
 Breton fishermen continued their occupation on the 
 great Bank, and along the shores of Newfoundland. 
 By degrees, they established a sort of barter with the 
 natives ; and the traffic in furs soon became an ob- 
 ject, which the love of novelty, the facility of the 
 trade, and its profitable nature soon rendered of 
 greater interest than the precarious life of a fisher- 
 man. Many of the masters of the fishing vessels 
 became fur dealers ; and carried home skins of great 
 rarity and value. 
 
 At length, after half a century of civil discord, 
 France having recovered her former peace and pros- 
 perity under the auspices of Henry IV., the greatest 
 of her Kings, the taste for colonial adventure 
 
 H 
 
 " -1 
 
 
 ;■: I -i'i 
 
 :1 
 
I: 
 
 86 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 revived ; and tlie Marquis De la Roche, a native 
 of Brittany, obtained from the King a commission 
 similar, and powers equal to those possessed for- 
 merly by Roberval. These Letters Patent were 
 dated on the 12th January, 1598 ; and contained the 
 first establishment of the feudal tenure in this coun- 
 try. Authority was given to La Roche, as the 
 King's Lieutenant, " to concede to gentlemen lands 
 in Fiefs, Seigniories, Counties, Viscounties and Raro- 
 nies, and other dignities holding from tht- king — and 
 to those of lower degree, subject to such charges and 
 annual payments, as he might think proper to im- 
 pose." To this extensive commission, neither the 
 preparations nor the result bore any proportion. 
 La Roche contented himself by fitting out a single 
 vessel, which he put under the command of Chedotel, 
 an experienced pilot of Normandy ; and embarked 
 himself for the purpose of exploring the countries 
 under his government. The whole conduct of this 
 expedition was so devoid of foresight, that it would not 
 be worthy of mention, but as forming a link in the 
 historical chain. The first fault committed by La 
 Roche was the reinforcing his crew by the admission 
 of forty convicts taken from the prisons — the next was 
 the place chosen for his temporary settlement. This 
 was Sable Island, about twenty-five leagues to 
 the South East of the Island of Cap Breton : a spot 
 since remarkable only for the number of vessels 
 shipwrecked upon its dangerous sands and shores. 
 La Roche was probably induced to select Sable 
 Island from its vicinity to the coasts he wished to 
 explore ; and from the tradition that the Baron de 
 Lery had intended to establish a colony there so 
 early as 1518. Having disembarked the unfortunate 
 convicts, whose destiny proved still more misera- 
 
 and : 
 went 
 resid 
 of tl 
 last t 
 the j 
 The 
 wild ( 
 each ( 
 every 
 were < 
 as a r< 
 Franc 
 to ret 
 damag 
 vexatii 
 his use 
 
 o 
 
 ^ Not' 
 
 tion, ai 
 
 all pre^ 
 
 the ea 
 
 wealth 
 
 trade, 
 
 favorab 
 
 the att< 
 
 been gr 
 
 to ^rade 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 87 
 
 , a native 
 ommission 
 essed for- 
 tent were 
 itained the 
 this coun- 
 le, as the 
 jmen lands 
 ; and Baro- 
 king — and 
 havges and 
 pcv to im- 
 ncither the 
 proportion, 
 ut a single 
 •f Chedotel, 
 d embarked 
 e countries 
 fhict of this 
 it would not 
 link in the 
 ted by La 
 e admission 
 ^he next was 
 ent. This 
 leagues to 
 ion ; a spot 
 of vessels 
 and shores, 
 jelect Sable 
 e wished to 
 Baron de 
 ly there so 
 unfortunate 
 lore misera- 
 
 ble than if they had remained in their former cells 
 — .La Roche proceeded to survey the adjacent coasts ; 
 and returning to take off the people left on Sable 
 Island, was so long prevented by continued gales, 
 that he was constrained ti) leave them to their fate, 
 and set sail for France. The poor wretches under- 
 went every kind of hardship in their inhospitable 
 residence — in the course of seven years but twelve 
 of the forty remained alive, when a vessel sent at 
 last to their relief took them back to France, just as 
 the survivors were giving way to utter despair. 
 The King had the curiosity to see them in their 
 wikl dress of skins as they landed, and presented 
 each of them with fifty crowns, and full pardon of 
 every offence. Smith adds, that some of their skins 
 were of great value, and were seized by the Captain 
 as a recompence for his (:rouble. On their arrival in 
 France, however, they comp'^lled him by legal means 
 to return their property, and to pay them heavy 
 damages. La Roche, who was overwhelmed with 
 vexations arising from lawsuits, and the expenses of 
 his useless expedition, soon after died broken hearted. 
 
 ,» 
 
 OTHER VOYAGES — PONTGRAVE — CHAUVIN. 
 
 Notwithstanding the failure of La Roche's expedi- 
 tion, and the repeated ill success which had attended 
 all previous efforts to establish a colony in Canada, 
 the eager anticipation of a mine of commercial 
 wealth to be found in the prosecution of the fur 
 trade, with which the French began to be more 
 favorably impressed, urged on new adventurers to 
 the attempt. Although an exclusive privilege had 
 been granted to La Roche, private speculators began 
 to trade to the St. La'trence, without notice on the 
 
 i 1 
 
 
 S 1 . :,i' 
 
H H 
 
 :ii!l 
 
 88 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 part of the Government. A considerable merchant 
 of St. Malo, by name Pontgrave', distinguished 
 himself by making several voyages to Tadoussac, 
 at the mouth of the River Saguenay, whence he 
 returned with furs sufficiently valuable to induce 
 him to persevere. He soon perceived the possibi- 
 lity of making this traffic extremely lucrative, if it 
 could be brought to flow through one authorised 
 channel ; and accordingly persuaded M. Chauvin, 
 a captain in the navy, to make application to the 
 King for an exclusive privilege, and for powers simi- 
 lar to those conferred upon La Roche, Chauvin was 
 a calvinist, and, in fact, of the same name as the great 
 reformer, Calvin being merely the Latin name of 
 Chauvin. He was jointly concerned with Pontgrave; 
 and attempted without success to establish a trading 
 post at Tadoussac. After making two voyages 
 thither in 1600, and the following year, with but lit- 
 tle profit, Chauvin died as he was preparing for a 
 third. 
 
 m to lij 
 
 1 V^tt) 
 
 m Cha! 
 
 j 1 pany 
 li trade 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 89 
 
 CHAPTER THE SIXTH. 
 
 HISTORICAL SKETCH CONCLUDED. FIRST VOYAGE 
 
 OF CIIAMPLAIN — DE MONTS FOUNDATION OF 
 
 QUEBEC. 
 
 # 
 
 At this period the colonization of the country seems 
 to have been entirely disregarded. The only object 
 of these frequent voyages was the prosecution of a 
 petty fur trade. M, Chauvin was succeeded in his 
 privilege by the Commander De Chatte or De 
 Chaste, Governor of Dieppe ; who founded a com- 
 pany of merchants at Rouen, in order to establish the 
 trade in a liberal and efficient scale. He equipped 
 an armament under the command of Pontgrave ; who 
 also received letters patent from the King, authoriz- 
 ing him to make further discoveries in the St. Law- 
 rence, and to establish a settlement on the coast. 
 
 Here a new epoch in the history of Canada may 
 be said to present itself. Colonization, under the 
 auspices of a man of talent, energy and patriotism 
 was about to assume a new aspect; and after seventy- 
 years of mismanagement and disaster, was for the 
 first time to be attended with success. Samuel 
 Champlain, a gentleman of Saintonge, Captain in 
 the Navy, arrived in France from the West Indies, 
 where he had been employed nearly three years, and 
 had acquired the reputation of a brave and expe- 
 rienced officer. The Commander De Chatte, anxious 
 to engage the services of an officer of such merit, 
 
 H S 
 
 m 
 
 t! ;u 
 
 ■ ; it. 
 
90 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 immediately proposed to Champlain to tahe a com- 
 mand in the expedition destined for the St. Lawrence; 
 and the King's consent having been obtained, the 
 appointment was accepted. Champlain and Pont- 
 grave accordingly set sail in 1603, laid up their ves- 
 sels at Tadoussac ; and in a light boat with a crew 
 of only five persons, ascended as far as the Sault St. 
 Louis, which had been discovered by Jacques Cartier. 
 It is said that on this first voyage Champlain was 
 struck with the appearance of Quebec, and first form- 
 ed the idea of selecting it as a site for a future 
 colony. 
 
 The Indian settlement of Hochelaga, which in our 
 account of Cartier's visit, we designated by the im- 
 posing name of a city, from its comparative impor- 
 tance and population, had dwindled at the time of 
 Champlain to a place of no moment. He does not 
 even notice it, not having thought it necessary to go 
 on shore, for the purpose of visiting it. 
 
 Champlain made an exact chart of the coasts he 
 had seen, together with a description of the country ; 
 which on his return to France he submitted in person 
 to the King, who avowed his intention of patronising 
 his future endeavors. The death of De Chatte, which 
 they learned on their arrival at Honfleur, was matter 
 of deep regret to Champlain, on account of his high 
 personal qualities, and the confidence reposed in him 
 by Henry, 
 
 ENTERPRISES OP DE MONTS. 
 
 After the death of De Chatte, Pierre du Guast, 
 SiEUR DE MoNTS, a townsman of Champlain, gen- 
 tleman of the Chamber in ordinary to His Majesty, 
 and Governor of Poiis, obtained the most extensive 
 
 com 
 
 Vir^^ 
 
 to 5^ 
 
 with 
 
 of 
 
 toge 
 
 tenai 
 
 obtai 
 
 himsi 
 
 he si 
 
 nativ 
 
 in teg 
 
 lutere! 
 
 De 
 
 his pre 
 
 several 
 
 ports ( 
 
 was en 
 
 He sai 
 
 1604, y 
 
 mediat( 
 
 Nova ;! 
 
 and by 
 
 left Fra 
 
 settlem* 
 
 vessel ) 
 
 of Can 
 
 ci'oachir 
 
 of De IV 
 
 and was 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 91 
 
 le a com- 
 ^awrence; 
 lined, the 
 ind Pont- 
 their ves- 
 ith a crew 
 5 Sault St. 
 es Cartier. 
 iplain was 
 first form- 
 r a future 
 
 hich in our 
 by the im- 
 tive impor- 
 he time of 
 [e does not 
 ssary to go 
 
 e coasts he 
 e country ; 
 |din person 
 latronising 
 latte, which 
 was matter 
 of his high 
 ised in him 
 
 du Guast, 
 
 )lain, gen- 
 
 fis Majesty, 
 
 It extensive 
 
 commission yet granted by the King, reaching from 
 Virginia to the Esquimaux River, or from latitude 40° 
 to 54°. This gentleman had already made one voyage 
 with Chauvin as a volunteer. He had also the power 
 of conceding lands between latitude 40° and 46°, 
 together with the usual titles of Viceroy and Lieu- 
 tenant General. De Monts was a Calvinist, and 
 obtained the free exercise of his form of leligion for 
 himself and all his friends ; but on the condition that 
 he should establish the catholic worship among the 
 natives. He reposed the utmost confidence in the 
 integrity and skill of Champlain ; and to this gentle- 
 man, and his predecessor, M. de Chatte, belongs the 
 credit of associating in their enterprises, the cele- 
 brated founder of Quebec — who by his personal qua- 
 lities, high character and valuable services, greatly 
 contributed to render Canada an object of lasting 
 interest to France and to European Christendom. 
 
 De Monts continued the company established by 
 his predecessor, and reinforced it by the addition of 
 several considerable merchants from the dilFerent 
 ports of France, particularly Rochelle : so that he 
 was enabled to fit out a very complete armament. 
 He sailed from Havre-de-Grace on the 7th March, 
 1604, with four vessels, of which two, under his im- 
 mediate command, were destined from Acadie, or 
 Nova Scotia. He was accompanied by Champlain, 
 and by a gentleman named Poitrincourt, who had 
 left France with the design of making a permanent 
 settlement with his family in the new world. A third 
 vessel was despatched under Pontgrave to the Strait 
 of Canso, for the purpose of preventing any en- 
 croachment by other parties on the exclusive rights 
 of De MontSt The fourth was ordered to Tarloussac, 
 and was destined to carry on the fur trade with 
 
 tm 
 
 ,f,'l. 
 
 »3 
 
 .^ '4i 
 
 14 ■ 
 
92 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 'Ir^V 
 
 that post. On the 6th May, De Monts arrived 
 at a harbor on the coast of Acadie, where he com- 
 menced the rigid assertion of his privilege by seizing 
 and confiscating an English vessel. As a singular 
 recompense for the loss of his ship, he called this 
 harbor Port Rossignol, from the name of the master, 
 which was Nightingale, Thence they sailed to the 
 Island of St. Croix, about twenty leagues to the west- 
 ward of the River St. John, where De Monts disem- 
 barked the people, and passed the winter. Finding 
 the place inconvenient, in the spring of 1605, he 
 removed the establishment to Port Royal, now An- 
 napolis, discovered by Champlain, who had been 
 diligently employed in surveying the coast. Here a 
 fort was built, of which Pontgrave was at first ap- 
 pointed Lieutenant ; but De Monts soon afterwards, 
 bv virtue of his commission, conceded the whole 
 establishment of Port Royal with a large domain to 
 M. Poitrin court ; which grant was a few years after 
 recognized and confirmed by Letters Patent from the 
 King, being the first concession made in North 
 America. De Monts returned to France in the au- 
 tumn of 1605 : when he found his influence at Court 
 on the wane, heavy complaints having been made 
 against him by the persons interested in the Fisheries, 
 who belonged to every port in the Kingdom. They 
 represented with considerable unanimity, if not with 
 truth and justice, that under pretence of preventing 
 their trade with the Indian hunters for furs, he had 
 thrown every impediment in the w:iy of their lawful 
 occupation in the fisheries^ to their great injury, and 
 to the prejudice of the Revenue. These statements 
 were listened to at Court, and De Monts was depriv- 
 ed of the exclusive privilege, which had been granted 
 to him for ten years. Not, however, disheartened 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 93 
 
 by tins reverse, he entered into a new engagement 
 with M. Poitrincourt, who had followed him to 
 France ; and equipped a vessel, which sailed from 
 Rochelie on the 13th May, 1606, for the purpose of 
 succouring the people left at Port Royal. This Co- 
 lony, considering itself forgotten by the founders, 
 was on the point of returning to France. Thus op- 
 portunely reinforced, however, it speedily encreased 
 in prosperity under the able management of Poitrin- 
 court, who appears to have been a person of superior 
 talents and resources. He was here joined by his 
 friend Marc Lescarbot, an Advocate of Paris, who, 
 urged by an eager desire and curiosity, unusual with 
 persons of his profession, had left the practice of the 
 Courts to examine the new world : — 
 
 Ig-notis errare locis, igaota videre 
 riumina gaiidebat. 
 
 This gentleman- proved of the greatest service in 
 meliorating the condition of the settlement. He is 
 described as now piquing the pride, and now animat- 
 ing the drooping spirits of the settlers ; by which 
 means, added to indefatigable exertion in his own 
 person, he succeeded in gaining the love of all. 
 Every day his ingenuity was successfully put to the 
 test, by some invention of utility to the people ; and 
 he afforded an eminent example, how advantageous 
 to a new settlement are the resources of a mind 
 cultivated by study, and guided by zeal and reflexion. 
 It is to this learned and ingenious person that we are 
 indebted for an excellent history of New France, 
 published in 1609. We must acknowledge in him 
 an accurate and judicious author, equally capable of 
 establishing a Colony, of regulating its internal eco- 
 nomy, and of writing its natural and political history. 
 
 m 
 
 '■: 
 
u 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 M. Poitrincourt maintained possession of Port Royal 
 for several years, until he was dispossessed by the 
 English, who finally acquired the sovereignty of 
 Nova Scotia. 
 
 The enemies of De Monts still persevered in their 
 misrepresentations, and at length succeeded, to the 
 great indignation of Champlain, in depriving him 
 altogether of his commission, a very trifling indem- 
 nification only beinof allowed to him in return for his 
 extensive disbursements. The next year, in 1607, 
 he solicited Iiis re-appointment — but only obtained a 
 renewal of his former privilege for one year, on con- 
 dition of forming a settlement on the River St. Law- 
 rence ^ to which, by the advice of Champlain, the 
 King had lately turned his serious attention. 
 
 Neither the coiiipany to which De Monts belonged, 
 or the associates of his voyages, had abandoned him 
 in his adversity. Two vessels were fitted out at 
 Honfleurin 1608, under the command of Champlain 
 and Pontgravc for Tadoussac, and the St. Lawrence, 
 while De Monts remained in France endeavoring to 
 obtain an extension of his Patent, but without suc- 
 cess. This failure, however, did not prevent him 
 from afterwards fitting out some vessels, by the aid 
 of the company, and without any commission, in the 
 spring of 1610 — for the River St. Lawrence, under 
 the same able command. 
 
 Champlain, who, as stated above, was a zealous 
 catholic, makes great objection to the employment 
 and admixture of the Huguenots in these expeditions 
 of De Monts. Indeed he prognosticates ill success 
 to every undertaking where so preposterous an union 
 was permitted. The following story is told in his 
 peculiar Style : — the parties must have been com- 
 posed, according to the poet, of that stubborn crew, 
 
 entn 
 
 train 
 
 de D 
 
 J'ay 
 
 coups 
 
 ne s^ 
 
 le me 
 
 tre se 
 
 este b 
 
 contro 
 
 beau i 
 
 tantosi 
 
 diverse 
 
 de Tau 
 
 apporti 
 
 lences 
 
 de la r( 
 
 " Some 
 
 that is, 
 
 ^ood fj 
 
 who are 
 
 Ministe 
 
 differeni 
 
 better n 
 
 I know 
 
 plained 
 
 tied the 
 
 determir 
 
 were firs 
 
 French i 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 95 
 
 ort Royal 
 ed by the 
 eignty of 
 
 •ed in their 
 
 led, to the | 
 
 riving him 
 
 ng iudem- 
 
 urn for his 
 
 r, in 1607, 
 
 obtained a 
 
 jar, on con- 
 
 ;r St. Law- 
 
 mplain, the 
 
 ion. 
 
 ts belonged, 
 
 ndoned him 
 ^tted out at 
 Champlain 
 ;. Lawrence, 
 Leavoring to 
 ;ithout suc- 
 (revent him 
 by the aid 
 ision, in the 
 nee, under 
 
 Of errant Saints, whom all men grant 
 To be the true Church militant ; 
 And prove their doctrine orthodo:. 
 By apostolic blows and knocks. 
 
 " II se trouve quelque chose a redire en ceste 
 entreprise, qui est, en ce que deux religions con- 
 traires ne font jamais un grand fruit pour la gloire 
 de Dieu parmy les infideles, que Ton veut convertir. 
 J'ay veu le Ministre et nostre cure s'entre-b'attre a 
 coups de poing, sur le diflferend de la religion. Je 
 ne S9ay pas qui etoit le plus vaillant, et qui donnoit 
 le meilleur coup, mais je sc^ay tres bien quele minis- 
 tre se plaignoit quelquefois au Sieur de Mons d'avoir 
 este battu, et vuidoient en ceste fa9on les poincts de 
 controversee. Je vous laisse a penser si cela estoit 
 beau a voir ; les sauvages estoient tantostd'un coste, 
 tantost de l*autre, et les Francois meslez selon leur 
 diverse croyance, disoient pis que pendre de Tune et 
 de I'autre rel^'gion, quoy que le Sieur de Mons y 
 apportast la paix le plus qu'il pouvoit. Ces inso- 
 lences estoient veritablement un moyen a Tinfidele 
 de la rendre encore plus endurcy en son infidelite :'* 
 " Some fault is to be found in this enterprise, and 
 that is, that two opposite religions can never produce 
 p^ood fruit, to the glory of God, among the infidels 
 who are to be converted. I have seen the Huguenot 
 Minister and our Cure engage at fisticuffs, upon the 
 difference of religion. I know not which was the 
 better man, or who gave the harder blows ; but this 
 I know very well, that the Minister sometimes com- 
 plained of having been thrashed, and thus they set- 
 tled their points of controversy. I leave you to 
 determine if this was decent to behold : the natives 
 were first on one side and then on the other ; and the 
 French took part according to their respective creed, 
 
 '!■'■« 
 
p::l 
 
 il' 
 
 
 96 
 
 NEW PICTURE OP QUEBEC, 
 
 abusing each other's religion, although De Monts 
 did all in his power to keep the peace. These follies 
 were truly a method of rendering the infidel more 
 hardened in his infidelity." 
 
 FOUNDATION OF QUEBEC. 
 
 Om the 13th April, 1608, Pontgrave having been 
 already despatched in a vessel to Tadoussac, Cham- 
 plain, who had obtained the commission of Lieute- 
 nant, under De Monts, in New France, set sail from 
 Honfleur, with the express intention of establishing 
 a settlement on the St. Lawrence, above Tadoussac, 
 at which post he arrived on the 3d June. After a 
 short stay, he ascended the River, carefully examin- 
 ing the shores ; and on the 3d July, reached the spot 
 called Stadacona, now Quebec, rendered so remark- 
 able by the first visit of Jacques Cartier in 1535. 
 Champlain, whose ambition was not limited to mere 
 commercial speculations — actuated by the patriotism 
 and pride of a French gentleman, a faithful servant 
 of his King, and warmly attached to the glory of his 
 country, — thought more of founding a future empire 
 than of a trading post for peltry. After examining 
 the position, he selected the elevated promontory, 
 which commands the narrowest part of the great 
 River of Canada, the extensive basin between it and 
 the Isle of Orleans, together with the mouth of the 
 Little River St Charles, as a fit and proper seat for 
 the future metropolis of New France, and there laid 
 the foundation of Quebec, on the 3d July, 1608. 
 His judgment has never been called in question, or 
 his taste disputed in this selection. Its commanding 
 position, natural strength, and aptitude both for pur- 
 poses of oflfence and defence, are evident on the first 
 
 vie 
 sub 
 emj 
 
 Her 
 
 sin, 
 to th 
 hyfe 
 vines 
 to mj 
 were 
 dens ] 
 wasfo 
 ing w 
 magaz 
 plain 
 be rea 
 day; 
 je chei 
 je n'ei 
 seitue 
 remplie 
 ployay 
 y faire 
 nous fis 
 convert, 
 ce h'eu 
 
 ^Jyverna 
 the 3d 
 our dwe 
 i'or it tl 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 97 
 
 )e Monts 
 ese follies 
 [idel more 
 
 aving been 
 ,ac, CHA.M- 
 
 of Lieute- 
 et sail from 
 establishing 
 
 Tadoussac, 
 
 le. After a 
 illy examin- 
 ;hed the spot 
 d so remark- 
 tier in 1535. 
 ,ited to mere 
 [le patriotism 
 ;hful servant 
 glory of his 
 luture empire 
 Ir examining 
 promontory, 
 ,of the great 
 itween it and 
 [mouth of the 
 oper seat for 
 nd there laid 
 July, 1608. 
 question, or 
 commanding 
 .oth for pur- 
 ton the first 
 
 view — while the unequalled beauty, grandeur and 
 sublimity of the scene mark it as worthy of extended 
 empire : 
 
 hoc re^num gentibus esse, 
 
 Si qua fata siaant. jam turn tvnditque fovetque. 
 
 This noble site, prove fate hereafter kind. 
 The seat uf lasting empire he designed. 
 
 Here, on the point immediately overlooking the ba- 
 sin, and on the site reaching from the grand battery 
 to the Castle of St. Lewis, he commenced his labors 
 by felling the walnut trees, and rooting up the wild 
 vines with which the virgin soil was covered, in order 
 to make room for the projected settlement. Huts 
 were erected, some lands were cleared, and a few gar- 
 dens made, for the purpose of proving the soil, which 
 was found to be excellent. The first permanent build- 
 ing which the French erected was a store house, or 
 magazine for the security of their provisions. Cham- 
 plain thus describes his first proceedings, which will 
 be read with interest by the inhabitant at the present 
 day : " J'arrivay a Quebec le 3 Juillet, ou estant, 
 je cherchay lieu propre pour nostre habitation ; mais 
 je n*en peus trouver de plus commode n'y mieux 
 
 scitue que la pointe de Quebec laquelle estoit 
 
 remplie de noyers et de vignes. Aussi tost j'em- 
 ployay une partie de nos ouvriers a les abbatre ; pour 
 
 y faire nostre habitation La premiere chose que 
 
 nous fismes fut le magazin pour mettre nos vivres a 
 
 convert, qui fut promptement fait Proche de 
 
 ce lieu est un riviere agreable ou anciennement 
 hyverna Jacques Cartier :" — " I reached Quebec on 
 the 3d July, where I sought out a proper place for 
 our dwelling ; but I could not find one better adapted 
 for it than the promontory, or point of Quebec, 
 
 *! 
 
 iti1 
 
!■* 
 
 98 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 ... 
 
 which was covered with walnuts and vines. As soon 
 as possible, I set to work some of our laborers, to 
 
 level tliem, in order to build our habitation The 
 
 first thing which we did was to build a store house to 
 secure our provis. ■: under shelter, which was quickly 
 
 done Near .als spot is an agreeable river, 
 
 where formerly wintered Jacques Cartier." A tem- 
 porary barrack for the men and officers was subse- 
 quently erected on the higher part of the position, 
 near where the Castle of St. Lewis now stands. It 
 must be remembered that at the time of the landing 
 of Champlain, the tide usually rose nearly to the base 
 of the rock, or cote ; and that the first buildings 
 were of necessity on the high grounds. Afterwards, 
 and during the time of Champlain, a space was re- 
 deemed from the water^ and elevated above the 
 inundation of the tide ; on which store houses, and 
 also a battery level with the water were erected, hav- 
 ing a passage of steps between it and the fort, on the 
 site of the present Mountain Street, which was first 
 used in 1623. 
 
 Champlain had now, humble as they were, suc- 
 cessfully laid the foundations of the first French 
 Colony in North America. One hundred and sixteen 
 years had elapsed since the discovery of the new 
 world ; and it was only in the year previous, that 
 on the whole continent, north of Mexico, a European 
 nation had at length succeeded in establishing any 
 settlement. This was efi'ected by the English under 
 Captain Christopher Newport, who laid the founda- 
 tion of a settlement at Jamestown, Virginia, on the 
 13th May, 1607, two hundred and twenty seven years 
 ago. The chivalrous character and adventures of 
 Captain John Smith, and the interesting story of 
 Pocahontas, have conferred a peculiar interest on 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 99 
 
 As soon 
 )rers, to 
 
 The 
 
 house to 
 i quickly 
 le river, 
 A tem- 
 as subse- 
 position, 
 Linds. It 
 e landing 
 3 the base 
 buildings 
 fterwards, 
 ;e was re- 
 ibove the 
 .uses, and 
 gcted, hav- 
 ort, on the 
 \\ was first 
 
 were, suc- 
 st French 
 ind sixteen 
 f the new 
 vious, that 
 , European 
 ishing any 
 rlish under 
 the founda- 
 lia, on the 
 .even years 
 entures of 
 g story of 
 nterest on 
 
 the early history of this colony. It may be noted 
 as a singular contrast with the growth of the English 
 colonies afterwards, that at the death of Queen 
 Elizabeth, in 1603, there was not a European family 
 in all the northern continent : at present the great 
 State of Virginia alone, — of which the germ was 
 a colony of one hundred souls, of whom fifty died 
 during the first year ; and which, as described by 
 Chalmers in his political annals, " feeble in num- 
 bers and enterprise, was planted in discord, and 
 grew up in misery," — numbers upon its soil no 
 less than twelve hundred thousand inhabitants ! The 
 disappearance and eradication of the Indians has 
 been still more extraordinary. Of the countless 
 tribes who filled up the back country of Virginia 
 at the time of the first settlement by the English, it 
 appears by the census of 1830, that there existed only 
 forty-seven Indians in the whole State ! 
 
 The summer was passed in finishing the necessary 
 buildings ; when clearances were made around them, 
 and the ground prepared for sowing wheat and rye : 
 which was accomplished by the 15th October. Hoar 
 frosts commenced about the 3d October, and on the 
 15th the trees shed their leafy honors. The first snow 
 fell on the 18th November, but disappeared after two 
 days. Champlain describes the snow as lying on the 
 ground from December until near the end of April, so 
 that the favorite theory of those who maintain the 
 progressive improvement of the climate, as lands are 
 cleared in new countries, is not borne out by the 
 evidence of Canada. From several facts it might be 
 shown that the wintry climate was not more inhos- 
 pitable in the early days of Jacques Cartier and 
 Champlain than in the present. The winter of 
 
 ii| 
 
100 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF J^UEBEC, 
 
 Hii 
 
 lu.,!il 
 
 1611 and 1612 was extremely mild, and the river 
 was not frozen before Quebec. 
 
 From the silence of Champlain respecting the 
 hamlet or town of Stadacona, which had been visited 
 by Cartier so often in 1535, it would seem probable 
 that it had dwindled, owing to the migratory predilec- 
 tions of the Indians, to a place of no moment. He 
 certainly mentions a number of Indians who were 
 " cabannez," or hutted near his settlement ; but the 
 ancient name of Stadacona never once occurs. It 
 will be recollected that Cartier spoke of the houses of 
 the natives as being amply provided with food against 
 the winter. From the evidence of Champlain, the 
 Indians of the vicinity appear to have degenerated in 
 this particular. They are represented as having ex- 
 perienced the greatest extremities for want of food 
 during the winter of 1608; and some who came over 
 from the Pointe Levi side of the river, were in such a 
 state of wretchedness, as hardly to be able to drag 
 their limbs to the upper part of the settlement. They 
 were relieved and treated with the greatest kindness 
 by the French. 
 
 The ice having disappeared in the spring of 1609, 
 so early as the 8th April, Champlain was enabled to 
 leave the infant settlement of Quebec, and to ascend 
 the river on the 18th, for the purpose of further ex- 
 ploring the country. He resolved to penetrate into 
 the interior ; and his mingled emotions of delight 
 and astonishment may easily be conceived, as he 
 proceeded to examine the magnificent country of 
 which he had taken possession. During this summer, 
 he discovered the beautiful lake which now bears his 
 name ; and having returned to Quebec in the autumn, 
 he sailed for France in September 1609, leaving the 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 101 
 
 the river 
 
 cting the 
 :en visited 
 1 probable 
 y predilec- 
 nent. He 
 who were 
 t ; but the 
 )ccurs. It 
 e houses of 
 ood against 
 PLAIN, the 
 enerated in 
 having ex- 
 int of food 
 ) came over 
 re in such a 
 Lble to drag 
 ent. They 
 st kindness 
 
 ig of 1609, 
 enabled to 
 
 Id to ascend 
 
 Ifurther ex- 
 letrate into 
 of delight 
 
 |ved, as he 
 I country of 
 lis summer, 
 Iw bears his 
 Ihe autumn, 
 heaving the 
 
 settlement under the command of Captain Pierre 
 j Chauvin, an officer of great experience. 
 
 Champlain was well received on his arrival by 
 Henry IV,, who invited him to an interview at 
 Fontainebleau ; and received from him an exact ac- 
 count of all that had been done in New France, with 
 a statement of the advantages to be expected from 
 the new establishment on the St. Lawrence, — at which 
 recital the King expressed great satisfaction. De 
 Monts, however, by whose means the settlement 
 of Quebec had been formed, could not obtain a 
 renewal of his privilege, which had now expired : — 
 notwithstanding which, he was once more enabled 
 by the assistance of the company of merchants, to 
 fit out two vessels in the spring of 1610, under the 
 command of Champlain and Pontgrave. The latter 
 was instructed to continue the fur trade with the 
 Indians at Tadoussac, while Champlain, having with 
 him a reinforcement of artisans and laborers, was to 
 proceed to Quebec. He sailed from Honfleur on the 
 8tli April, and arrived at Tadoussac in the singu- 
 larly short passage of eighteen days. Thence as- 
 cending the river to Quebec, he had the gratification 
 of finding the colonists in good health, and content 
 with their situation. The crops of the previous year 
 had been abundant, and every thing was in as good 
 order and condition as could be expected. 
 
 To pursue further the proceedings of Champlain, 
 and his discoveries in the interior, does not properly 
 fall within the scope of this work, but belongs to the 
 History of Canada. It may be well, however, to 
 observe in this place, that owing to the political error 
 committed by this otherwise sagacious chief, when he 
 taught the natives the use of fire-arms, and joined 
 them in an offensive league against the Iroquois, 
 
 I 2 
 
 ill 
 
p 
 
 I'TJJI 
 
 i 
 
 102 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 who were at first supported by the Dutch, and after- 
 wards by the English Colonists of New- York, — 
 Champlain not only laid the foundation of that 
 predatory and cruel warfare which subsisted with lit- 
 tle intermission between his countrymen and the five 
 nations, notwithstanding the conciliatory efforts of 
 the Jesuits — but he may with reason be considered 
 as the remote, although innocent cause, of the ani- 
 mosity afterwards engendered between the Provin- 
 cialists and the French, owing to the excesses of the 
 Indians in the interest of the latter, and of a war 
 which terminated only with the subjugation of Canada 
 by the British arms in 1760. 
 
 Champlain, who made frequent voyages to France 
 in order to promote the interests of the rising Colony 
 and who identified himself with its prospects by 
 bringing out his family to reside with him, was wisely 
 continued, with occasional intermission, in the chief 
 command until his death. In 1620. he erected a 
 temporary fort on the site of the Castle of St, Lewis ; 
 which he rebuilt of stone, and fortified in 1624. At 
 that time, however, the Colony numbered only fifty 
 souls. It appears from the Parish Register then 
 commenced to be regularly kept, that the first child 
 born in Quebec of French parents was christened 
 Eustache on the 24th October, 1621, being the son 
 of Abraham Martin and Margaret L'Anglois. In 
 1629, Champlain had to undergo the mortification of 
 surrendering Quebec to an armament from England 
 under Louis Kertk, who on the 22d July planted 
 the English Standard on the walls, just one hundred 
 and thirty years before the battle of the Plains of 
 Abraham. Champlain was taken as a prisoner of 
 war to England, whence he returned to France, 
 and subsequently to Canada in 1633. The inhabi- 
 
 tant! 
 
 Frei 
 
 left 1 
 
 the 
 
 Man 
 
 C] 
 
 ands 
 
 and I 
 
 nearl 
 
 publi 
 
 tleme 
 
 of Di 
 
 pleasi 
 
 deficit 
 
 tial in 
 
 cover( 
 
 formei 
 
 commj 
 
 with r 
 
 and m 
 
 ing an 
 
 Att 
 
 in Can 
 
 by sons 
 
 soJdien 
 
 many j 
 
 Lawrer 
 
 tlemenl 
 
 and in 
 
 that re 
 
 Jacques 
 
 outlay ( 
 
 adventu 
 
 or Prov 
 
 dred th( 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 103 
 
 and after- 
 wr-York, — 
 >n of that 
 id with lit- 
 md the five 
 efforts of 
 considered 
 [)f the ani- 
 he Provin- 
 ^sses of the 
 d of a war 
 Q of Canada 
 
 2S to France 
 ing Colon; 
 rospects by 
 , was wisely 
 in the chief 
 e erected a 
 f St, Lewis ; 
 1624. At 
 [d only fifty 
 gister then 
 e first child 
 christened 
 )ing the son 
 nglois. In 
 tification of 
 .m England 
 uly planted 
 ne hundred 
 e Plains of 
 prisoner of 
 to France, 
 'he inhabi- 
 
 tants were well treated by Kertk, who was himself a 
 French Huguenot Refugee, and none of the settlers 
 left the country ; which was restored to France by 
 the treaty of St. Germain-en-Laye, on the 29th 
 March, 1632. 
 
 Champlain, who combined with superior talents 
 and singular prudence a temperament of high courage 
 and resolution, after a residence in New France of 
 nearly thirty years, died full of honors, and rich in 
 public respect and esteem, in the bosom of the set- 
 tlement of which he was the founder, about the end 
 of December, 1635. His memoirs are written in a 
 pleasing and unaffected style ; and show that he was 
 deficient in none of the qualities which are so essen- 
 tial in the leader of difficult enterprises, and the dis- 
 coverer of new countries. His obsequies were per- 
 formed with all the pomp which the colony could 
 command ; and his remains were followed to the grave 
 with real sorrow by the Clergy, Officers, and the civil 
 and military inhabitants, Father Le Jeune pronounc- 
 ing an appropriate funeral oration. 
 
 At the death of Champlain the French possessions 
 in Canada consisted of the fort of Quebec, surrounded 
 by some inconsiderable houses, and barracks for the 
 soldiers, a few huts on the Island of Montreal, as 
 many at Tadoussac, and at other places on the St. 
 Lawrence, used as trading and fishing posts. A set- 
 tlement had just been commenced at Three Rivers ; 
 and in these trifling acquisitions were comprised all 
 that resulted from the discoveries of Verazzano, 
 Jacques Cartier, Roberval, Champlain, and the vast 
 outlay of De la Roche, De Monts, and other French 
 adventurers. At the time we are writing, the Colony 
 or Province of Lower Canada contains nearly six hun- 
 dred thousand inhabitants — Quebec possesses over 
 
 '. liV 
 
 34, 
 
 I ' 1 
 
104 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 1 
 
 three thousand houses, and a population of near thirty- 
 thousand souls. That of Montreal is as numerous ; 
 and ThreeJR,ivers is progressively improving in 
 wealth and resources. The social and commercial 
 intercourse between these flourishing towns is main- 
 tained by means of magnificent steamboats of un- 
 rivalled safety and expedition — those floating palaces, 
 in which a thousand human beings are often trans- 
 ported from city to city. The trade of the Province, 
 instead of being limited to a few small craft engaged 
 in the fisheries or the fur trade, employs more 
 than a thousand vessels of burthen, enriching the Pro- 
 vince with an annual immigration of from twenty-five 
 to fifty thousand souls, the aggregate of whose capital 
 is immense ; — and conveying in return the native pro- 
 duce of the Canadas to almost every part of the empire. 
 Pitt must have been prophetically inspired when he 
 gave to the great seal of Canada its beautiful legend, 
 for nothing could be more applicable to the double 
 advantages of one extensive branch of its commerce 
 — the Timber trade — 
 
 AB IPSO 
 
 DUCIT OPES ANIMUMQUE FERRO — 
 
 Gains power and riches by the selfsame steel. 
 
 Instead of a few huts on the River's side, the country 
 on each bank of the St. Lawrence has been long 
 divided into rich Seigniories, and the fertile soil cul- 
 tivated by an industrious, a virtuous and contented 
 population — by a people to whom foreign dominion, 
 instead of deteriorating their former condition, has 
 been the herald of all that can render life precious. 
 It has given to them the unrestricted enjoyment of 
 their rights, language and religion — protection against 
 external foes, together with the full security of their 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS 
 
 105 
 
 near tliirty 
 lumerous^ ; 
 )roving in 
 jommercial 
 ns is main- 
 )ats of un- 
 ing palaces, 
 ►ften trans- 
 e Province, 
 tft engaged 
 f)loys more 
 ng the Pro- 
 twenty-five 
 hose capital 
 J native pro- 
 f the empire, 
 red when he 
 tiful legend, 
 ) the double 
 ts commerce 
 
 domestic usages, customs, laws and property — per- 
 fect exemption from the burthens of taxation, and a 
 state of rational happiness and political freedom un- 
 equalled on the face of the globe. The following 
 beautiful passage from Virgil will strike every one, 
 as singularly applicable to the condition of the Ca- 
 nadian farmer, or habitant : 
 
 O fortunatos nimium, sua si bona norint, 
 A«^rioolas ! quibiis ipsa, prooiil discordibus armisi 
 Fundit humofacilem victum justissitna tellus. 
 Si non in^entem foribus doraus alta superbis 
 Maae salutaatum totis vomit sedibus undam ; 
 
 * 
 
 # 
 
 At secura quies, et nescia fallere vita, 
 Dives opura variarum ; at latis otia fundis, 
 Speluncse, viviqiie lacus ; at friofida tempe, 
 Mugitusque boum, raollesque sub arbore sorani 
 Non absunt. Illic saltus, et lustra ferarum, 
 Et patiens operura, parvoqueassuetajuventus, 
 Sacra Deum, sanctique patres. Extrema per illos 
 Justitia excedens terris restiufia fecit. 
 
 ! steel. 
 
 the country 
 been long 
 tile soil cul- 
 d contented 
 n dominion, 
 indition, has 
 ife precious, 
 njoyment of 
 ction against 
 rity of their 
 
 O happy, if he knew his happy state, 
 
 The swain, who free from discord and debate. 
 
 Receives his easy food from nature's hand, 
 
 And just returns of cultivated land. 
 
 No palace with a lofty gate he wants, 
 
 To admit the tides of early visitants ; 
 
 But easy quiet, a secure retreat, 
 
 A harmless life, that knows not how to cheat. 
 
 With homebred plenty the rich owner bless. 
 
 And rural pleasures crown his happiness. 
 
 Cool grots are his, and living lakes, the pride 
 
 Of meads, and streams that through the valley glide ; 
 
 And shady groves that easy sleep invite. 
 
106 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 And after toil a soft repose at night. 
 Wild bPBsts of nature in his woods abound ; 
 And youth, of labor patient, plough the ground, 
 Inured to hardship and to homely fare ; 
 Ifor venerable age is wanting there, 
 In great examples to the youthful train; 
 T*7or ought is there religion to profane. 
 From hence Astrsea took her flight, and here 
 The prints of her departing steps appear. 
 
 Having thus conducted the reader to the founda- 
 tion of Quebec, we conclude the historical sketch of j 
 the progress of early discovery and settlement in this 
 part of the North American continent. 
 
 ? ' 
 
 ^^ 
 
nd ; 
 ground. 
 
 d here 
 ar. 
 
 > the fouiida- 
 ical sketch of 
 lement in this 
 
 WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 107 
 
 CHAPTER THE SEVENTH. 
 
 ETYMOLOGY OF THE WORDS CANADA AND QUEBEC 
 THE SUFFOLK SEAL. 
 
 There are few subjects on which greater ingenuity 
 I has been displayed, and more time and labor expend- 
 led, than on etymology. Every votary of this study 
 Ihas a favorite theory — the fancy runs wild, and even 
 [the gravest writers have indited most deliberate ' 
 [nonsense, when led astray by the ignis fatuus of 
 letymological research. The vulgar signs of obscure 
 [taverns and ale-houses have not been rejected as 
 subjects for the lucubrations of antiquaries ; — and 
 [such uncourtly and degenerate phrases as " The Bull 
 md Mouth," and " The Bag o' nails," have been 
 restored by antiquarian lore into the historic and 
 classic appellations of " Boulogne Mouth," and " The 
 iBacchanals." Even the Spectator has elevated the 
 )ld hostelry of Isabella Savage into that of " La 
 lelle Sauvage." Taking a bolder range, Vallancey 
 lias demonstrated, at least to his own satisfaction, that 
 tbespeech of the Phoenician in the Poenulus of Plautus 
 Is pure Irish ; but the climax of absurdity was reached 
 |)y an author of the name of Lemon, who, in 1783, 
 )ublished an " English Etymology," the avowed aim 
 3f which was to prove, that almost all English words 
 are of Greek origin. This author says, with all the 
 gravity of a man in full possession of his senses, — 
 I' There are many words in our language that con- 
 
 1;,; 
 
 !'* 
 
108 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 M 
 
 
 tinue to wear so strange and uncouth an appearance 
 as would require more than Qildipus to develope and 
 disentangle from their present intricate and enigma- 
 tical disguises. Thus the expressions hot-cockles, 
 scratch-cradle, link-boy, bogle-hoe, haut-gout, bon-mot, 
 kickshaws, Crutched-Friars, and innumerable others 
 can only be explained by their etymologies, every one 
 of which is Greek ! ! 
 
 The force of nonsense could no further go — and 
 the reader may be assured, that the whole work is in 
 strict conformity with this extract : the writer, ne- 
 vertheless, was a beneficed clergyman, and a man of 
 letters. 
 
 The etymology of the names, " Canada" and 
 " Quebec," has been disfigured and encumbered by 
 definitions equally puerile. Such fancies were pecu- 
 liar to the times, which followed the discovery of 
 America. Innumerable were the conceits of the 
 Elizabethan age — the learned plunged without com- 
 pass into the unknown seas of etymological discovery; 
 and even the wise Bacon, and the severe Coke were 
 addicted to this pursuit. In the age before that, 
 during the time of the blufif King Harry, " the so- 
 vereignest thing on earth" was a name conveyed in 
 a rebus ; and such devices are still seen on the walls 
 and mouldings of the most celebrated of the English 
 Cathedrals. But the sagacious etymologists of former 
 days by no means recognised the necessity of ac- 
 quaintance with the primitive language of which the 
 words they undertook to explain were composed. 
 They pursued a "royal road" of their own; and 
 undertook to discover in the Spanish tongue the root 
 of phrases which existed only in the aboriginal speech 
 of the Indian native. Thus the etymons of Canada 
 and Quebec have been sought for, where there was 
 
 Cham 
 " Can 
 hypoti 
 countr 
 " Bea 
 Paris, 
 the pr 
 placed 
 The d( 
 above, 
 old wri 
 the Sp; 
 moreov 
 ever toi 
 nent; 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 109 
 
 appearance 
 jvelope and 
 nd enigma- 
 hot-cockles, 
 mU bon-mot, 
 liable others 
 es, every one 
 
 ler go — and 
 le work is in 
 ; writer, ne- 
 md a man of 
 
 :anada" and 
 cumbered by 
 es were pecu- 
 discovery of 
 iceits of the 
 without corn- 
 eal discovery; 
 re Coke were 
 before that, 
 •ry, " the so- 
 conveyed in 
 on the walls 
 .f the English 
 ists of former 
 
 iessity of ac- 
 of which the 
 [re composed, 
 ir own ; and 
 Ingue the root 
 ' -iginal speech 
 .ns of Canada 
 [ere there was 
 
 less probability of finding them than in the languages 
 of Japan and Otaheite ! , 
 
 Father Hennepin, one of those etymological saimns, 
 whose labor? it were great pity should be lost, tells 
 us that the Spaniards were the first discoverers of 
 Canada ; and that finding in it nothing worthy of 
 their cupidity, they bestowed upon it the negative 
 appellation of " El capo di nada," — " Cape Nothing" 
 — whence by corruption its present name. La 
 Potherie follows in the same track, and with more 
 particularity recites the same derivation. Charlevoix 
 gives the same story with a little variation. He tells 
 us that the natives of Gaspe frequently repeated the 
 words, " Acanada" — "Nothing here," — to the French 
 under Jacques Cartier, words which they had received 
 from the Spaniards who had visited them before his 
 time. Charlevoix supposes that the French were 
 thus induced to consider it the name of the country ; 
 but in a note he adds, with some hesitation, another 
 definition, to which we shall have occasion to return. 
 Champlain contents himself with using the word 
 " Canada" very sparingly, without any notice or 
 hypothesis as to derivation, the appellation of the 
 country being in his time New France, In the 
 " Beautes de I'histoire du Canada," publis!ied in 
 Paris, the same fanciful etymology is given ; but 
 the preferable definition, noticed by Charlevoix, is 
 placed first in order, as deserving greater attention. 
 The derivation of the name " Canada," as given 
 above, is clearly fanciful. 1 1 does not appear in the 
 old writers, and was a weak attempt to derive from 
 the Spanish a word of evident Indian origin. It is, 
 moreover, extremely uncertain whether the Spaniards 
 ever touched at Gaspe, or on any part of the conti- 
 nent; and it seems highly probable that the tradition 
 
 K 
 
 
 iff 
 
no 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 itself received currency from the spurious etymology, 
 which rendered it necessary, for the sake of probabi- 
 lity, to show that the Spaniards had reached the 
 coast previous to the coming of the French. 
 
 Having thus discussed the fanciful derivation of the 
 word, let us consider its more probable source and ety- 
 mology. Cartier, in whose narrative there is no men- 
 tion of the words " Aca nada," as used by the natives 
 of Gaspe, or Baye des Chaleurs, gives the name of 
 " Canada" indifferently to the whole region which 
 he discovered from the Sault ^'^t. Louis to the Gulf 
 of St. Lawrence — to the great River itself— and also 
 to the immediate portion of the country in which he 
 wintered, and of which Donnacona is stated, in page 
 forty-three, to have been Lord, And he does this 
 on the authority of the two native interpreters 
 whom he had originally taken from Gaspe. We 
 conceive it utterly irrational to suppose that, at that 
 early period, the name of Canada was extended over 
 this immense country. The migratory habits of the 
 Aborigines would effectually prevent such a con- 
 clusion. They usuallj^ distinguished themselves by 
 their different Tribes, called from the name of 
 some wild animal ; but not by the country which 
 they inhabited or hunted over ad libitum, and with 
 all the independence of savage life. They gave 
 rather a name to the locality, than adopted their 
 own from any fixed place of residence. Thus, 
 the Iroquois and the Ottawas added their appella- 
 tions to the Rivers which ran through their hunting 
 grounds ; and the Huron Tribe, who gave their 
 name originally to the Lake, on the downfall of their 
 ancient dominion — even when confined within the 
 limits which their too powerful enemies had imposed, 
 and living in the midst of another people — still 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 Ill 
 
 proudly distinguished themselves as the Huron In- 
 dians of Lorette ; and their habitation, under the 
 name of the Huron Village, is visited with interest 
 and curiosity to the present day. It has never been 
 pretended that any tribe of Indians bore the name of 
 Canada, which must inevitably have been the case, 
 had that extensive region been so called by the Abo- 
 rigines, as Cartier supposed. The natural conclu- 
 sion is, that the word " Canada" was a mere local 
 appellation, without reference to the country — that 
 each Tribe had their own " Canada," which shifted 
 its position according as they migrated either from 
 caprice, or from the necessity of acquiring new hunt- 
 ing grounds — in short, that the suggestion contained 
 in the note of Charlevoix, Nouvelle France, volume 
 the first, page nine, of the quarto edition, and 
 repeated in " Beautes de I'Histoire du Canada," 
 affords the real solution of the difficulty : " Quel- 
 qu'uns derivent ce nom du mot Iroquois Kannata, 
 qui se prononce Cannada, et signifie un amas de 
 cabanes ;" — " Some derive this name from the Iro- 
 quois word Kannata, pronounced Cannada, signifying 
 a collection of huts," The adoption of this name 
 by the French under Cartier was natural. Where - 
 ever they found any collection of huts in their inter- 
 course with the natives from Gaspe to the Sault St. 
 Louis, they met with the word " Canada" in answer to 
 their enquiries ; and they accordingly believed it to 
 be the name of the country, instead of the particular 
 village which they had discovered. 
 
 Father du Creux, who arrived in Canada about the 
 year 1625, in the preface to his Historia Canadensis, a 
 quarto volume written in elegant latin, gives the name 
 of Canada to the whole valley of the St. Lawrence, 
 confessing, however, his ignorance of the etymology in 
 
 ii' 
 
112 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 P 
 
 
 the most ingenuous manner : " Porro, de etymologia 
 vocis Canada nihil satis certi potui comperire : pris- 
 cam quidem esse, constat ex eo, quod iliam ante 
 annos prope sexaginta passim usurpari andiebam 
 puer. At Marcus quidem Lescarbotius fluvium S. 
 Laurentii vocat identidem Magnum fluvium Canada, 
 seu latina appositione. Magnum fluvium Canadam, 
 nee de vocis origine quicquam prodit :" — " I have 
 been able to discover nothing certain respecting the 
 etymology of the word Canada ; but it is evident that 
 it is an old name, because when a boy, more than 
 sixty years ago, I heard it every where used. Mark 
 Lescarbot always calls the River St, Lawrence the 
 great River of Canada, but mentions nothing con- 
 cerning the origin of the words." It will be recol- 
 lected that Lescarbot, who was a man of learning 
 and talent, published his book in 1609. 
 
 From a paper among the unpublished transactions 
 of the Literary and Historical Society of Quebec, we 
 gather that the Indian word " Canada," which is pro- 
 nounced as if written thus, Kaugh-na-daugh, is a com- 
 bination formed of the first syllables of two distinct 
 words, implying a collection of huts. This comprehen- 
 sive method of forming a word from the first syllables 
 of other words is usual with the Indians, accustomed to 
 vary their definitions, according to every impres- 
 sion made upon their senses and powers of perception. 
 The first of these syllables is met with in several 
 Indian names at present existing ; as in Kaugh-na- 
 waugh-a, or the Village of the Rapid, an Indian 
 settlement nearly opposite to Lachine ; and in the 
 word Kaugh-yu-ga^ or Cayuga, one of the five nations 
 or Iroquois. The latter is found in the name Onon- 
 daugh-a, Onondaga, another of the five nations; 
 and both occur in the same word in Kaugh-na-daugh- 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 113 
 
 ymologia 
 re : pris- 
 iam ante 
 andiebam 
 luvium S. 
 i Canadae, 
 Canadam, 
 -" 1 have 
 ecting the 
 ddent that 
 more than 
 ;d. Mark 
 ^rence the 
 ithing con- 
 be recol- 
 )f learning 
 
 ransactions 
 Juebec, we 
 hich is pro- 
 h, is a com- 
 wo distinct 
 lomprehen- 
 st syllables 
 !UStomed to 
 ry impres- 
 perception, 
 in several 
 iKaugh-na- 
 an Indian 
 and in the 
 ve nations 
 lame Onoii- 
 e nations; 
 rna-daugh' 
 
 I 
 
 ga, or Canandaigua, in the Gennessee country. 
 Charlevoix also mentions that the Kennebec Indians 
 were called Canibas, Kaugh-ni-has \ and that the 
 River Kennebec was originally called Canibequi. 
 The intermediate and connecting syllable na is very 
 probably the particle of, — as in Irish Celtic we find 
 Mac-na-mara, Son of the sea, Con-na-mara, Head of 
 the sea, or a promontory. Without falling into the 
 error of the fanciful etymologists of whom we have 
 spoken above, it may be remarked, that this peculiar 
 formation of the Indian compound may possibly exist 
 in every language, as part of the original process of 
 their invention. There are certainly some traces of 
 it discoverable in the Latin, a few of which, for the 
 amusement of the curious, we subjoin : 
 
 Malo is formed of 
 
 Nolo . . . . 
 
 Macte 
 
 Nubo . . . . 
 
 Caveo 
 
 Tuens, tueor . 
 
 Aucupo 
 
 Manceps, mancipium 
 
 Duco . . . . 
 
 Contraho . . . 
 
 Traho . . . . 
 
 Magis volo, 
 Non volo, 
 Magis aucte» 
 Nube €0. 
 Catus eo. 
 
 Tutus ens, tutus eo, 
 Avem capio, 
 Manu capio. 
 Duo cum eo. 
 Con-trans- habeo, 
 TranS'haheo, 
 
 That the Indian solution of the disputed etymology 
 of Canada is the correct one, has been lately sup- 
 ported in so remarkable a manner by the authority of 
 a native Indian, that it may now be considered conclu- 
 sively established. Duponceau, in the transactions of 
 the Philosophical Society of Philadelphia, states in a 
 note his conjecture as to the origin of the name of 
 Canada, founding it upon the fact that in the trans- 
 lation of the Gospel of St. Matthew into the Mohawk 
 
 K 2 
 
 II: 
 
 \ 
 
 51 
 
 .1 i 
 
 1 
 
114 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 tougue, made by Brant the Indian Chief, in the 
 upper Province, the word Canada is always used to 
 signify a village. The mistake of the French who 
 thus took the name of a part for that of the whole is 
 quite pardonable in persons ignorant of the Indian 
 language. They afterwards ernleavored to substi- 
 tute the name of New France, but without success. 
 
 We now approach a subject of considerable inte- 
 rest and no slight difficulty — namely, the etymology 
 of the name of Quebec. The Indians at the time of 
 Jacques Cartier uniformly called it Stadacona. 
 That name had perished before the time of Champlain, 
 owing, probably, to the migration of the original 
 tribe, and the succession of others. Indeed, the place 
 itself has been shown to have been inconsiderable at 
 his day, both as to importance and population. The 
 Indians of Cartier's time were probably the Mon- 
 tagnez, or inferior Algonquins, who afterwards retired 
 to the neighborhood of the Saguenay : at the period 
 of the arrival of Champlain, Quebec was possessed 
 by a kindred tribe, or Upper Algonquins. 
 
 La Potherie has furnished a derivation of this word, 
 as fanciful as that which he had already given of 
 Canada, without, however, vouching for its proba- 
 bility ; — " On tient, que les Normands qui etoient 
 avec Jacques Cartier, a sa premiere decouverte, ap- 
 per^evant au bout de ITsle d'Orleans, un cap fort 
 eleve, s'ecrierent Quel bee / et qu'a la suite du terns 
 le nom de Quebec lui est reste. Je ne suis pas 
 garand de cette etymologic :" — " It is said, that 
 the Normans with Jacques Cartier at his first dis- 
 covery, perceiving from the end of the Isle of 
 Orleans a lofty cape, exclaimed. Quel bee ! what a 
 promontory ! and that in the course of time the 
 name of Quebec remained to it. I do not vouch for 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 115 
 
 jf, in the 
 yrs used to 
 rench who 
 3 whole is 
 he Indian 
 to substi- 
 t success. 
 :able inte- 
 etymology 
 the time of 
 
 TADACONA. 
 
 Champlain, 
 le original 
 d, the place 
 iiderable at 
 tion. The 
 y the Mon- 
 ards retired 
 i the period 
 8 possessed 
 
 ,f this word, 
 "ly given of 
 )r its proba- 
 qui etoient 
 luverte, ap- 
 in cap fort 
 lite du terns 
 ne suispas 
 said, that 
 lis first dis- 
 the Isle of 
 ^ec / what a 
 )f time the 
 )t vouch for 
 
 this etymology." It is hardly necessary to ob- 
 serve that this derivation is entirely illusory and im- 
 probable ; altho igh it must be confessed that the 
 word itself, according to its present orthography, 
 would lead us to consider it of Norman origin ; and 
 it may generally be admitted, that in newly disco- 
 vered lands almost all names are taken from some 
 particular quality, or else transfered from another 
 country. The associations which give rise to this 
 practice are perfectly natural — they are connected 
 with the finest feelings of human nature, and founded 
 upon the love of country. It has, indeed, been inge- 
 niously argued, that Quebec was so called after 
 some spot on the River Seine, probably Caudebec ; 
 brought to the remembrance of the first discoverers 
 by the apparent resemblance of the locality. 
 
 We have seen that the first Indian name of Que- 
 bec was Stadacona, given to it by the tribes pos- 
 sessing this portion of the country previously to the 
 Hurons. The Huron name is Tia-ton-ta-rili, 
 which signifies the place of the strait. Any one 
 who observes the narrowing of the river at Cape 
 Diamond, and its contraction to less than three quar- 
 ters of a mile in breadth, will admit that it presents 
 a striking natural feature ; and it would be peculiarly 
 apparent to the eye of a savage, whose perception of 
 every change in the natural economy and physical 
 appearance of objects, possessing the highest interest 
 as being connected with his sole pursuits of hunting 
 and war, is wonderfully acute. All the Indian names 
 of places are descriptive ; and the same name, or one 
 bearing the same sense, in two different languages or 
 dialects, will not appear to have any recognisable 
 resemblance to him who does not understand both. 
 It is highly probable, then, that Stadacona was of the 
 
 ;t 
 
 'M 
 
116 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 ! li^l 
 
 same import: as the name ^ivcn by the Hurons, and 
 meant the phice of the strait. 
 
 In the earlier period of the history of this country, 
 wlien many of tlie inhabitants were familiar with the 
 Indian tonii^ues, and when the import of the last 
 Indian name was well known, the singular error was 
 fallen into of snpposintr that Quebec was the Indian 
 word vvhich sij^nirted the place of the strait. Char- 
 levoix is the writer on whose authority this error, as 
 we conceive it to be, has been transmitted ; although 
 it has been somewhat inconsiderately thrown back 
 upon Cham plain, who wrote more than a century 
 before Charlevoix. The latter says in his third letter, 
 speaking of the River St. Lawrence : " Au dessus 
 de risle d'Orleans, il se retrecit tout a coupde cette 
 sorte, que devant Quebec il n^a plus qu'une mille 
 de largeur ; c'est ce qui a fait donner a cet endroit le 
 nom de Quebec, qui en langue Algonquin signifie 
 retrecissement .•" — " Above the Island of Orleans, it 
 suddenly narrows, and that to such a degree as to be 
 no more than a mile wide opposite to Quebec ; from 
 which circumstance this place has been called Quebec, 
 which in the Algonquin tongue signifies a strait" 
 That this statement was made to Charlevoix upon the 
 spot, there is no reason to doubt ; but it may have 
 arisen from error, and was probably founded on the 
 Huron name, the import of which was the place of 
 the strait. The latter being familiarly known, owing 
 to the residence of the Hurons at Lorette, and Que- 
 bec having been considered an Indian word, in the 
 course of time it came to be regarded as of the same 
 meaning, although no such import can at the present 
 day be traced. Thus Quebec was handed down as 
 the place of the strait by Charlevoix : one wntei 
 repeated it after another, — , , , 
 
 Cham 
 
 thorit) 
 suppor 
 of Can 
 langua 
 But th 
 assertic 
 vaut u 
 liabitar 
 ~« fin 
 which t 
 Again, 
 aiiisi ap 
 so calk 
 plain sa 
 110 certi 
 given t« 
 dation ( 
 being t 
 tical CO 
 indicat 
 the sec 
 confluer 
 St. La 
 of Quel 
 authorit 
 the Indi 
 root Jiaj 
 lariguag 
 acquaint 
 
 Vk 
 
1 
 
 ons, and 
 
 country, 
 r with the 
 f the last 
 error was 
 ;he Indian 
 t. Char- 
 j error, as 
 ; although 
 [•own back 
 a century 
 ;hird letter, 
 Au dessus 
 up de cette 
 I'une mille 
 t endroit le 
 Liin signifie 
 I Orleans, it 
 •ee as to be 
 ibec ; from 
 ed Quebec, 
 a strait.^^ 
 ix upon the 
 may have 
 ded on the 
 ;he place of 
 own, owing 
 , and Que- 
 |ord, in the 
 lof the same 
 the present 
 led down as 
 one wiitei 
 
 iil 
 
 WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 117 
 
 Mensuraqiie ficti 
 Crcscit, ct aiulitis illiquid iiovusadjicitauctor. 
 
 So the story grew, 
 And each narrator added something; new. 
 
 CiiAMPLAiN, the earliest and, doubtless, the best au- 
 thority on the subject has also been adduced in 
 support of this opinion, in a note to Smith's History 
 of Canada, page IG : " Quebec, in the Algonquin 
 language signi(ie>a strait. Champlain, vol, 1, 115." 
 But the words ot Champlain by no means prove the 
 assertion here made. He says, in page 115, " Trou- 
 vant un lieu le plus estroit de la riviere, que les 
 liabitans du pays appellent Quebec, je fis bastir, &c. :" 
 — " finding a place where the River was narrowest, 
 which the inhabitants call Quebec, I began to build." 
 Again, at page 124, we find, " La pointe de Quebec, 
 ainsi appelle des sauvages :" — " The point of Quebec, 
 so called by the savages." This is all that Cham- 
 plain says, and it is by no means conclusive. There is 
 no certainty from this, that the name of Quebec was 
 given to this place by the Indians, prior to the foun- 
 dation of the city, from the mere circumstance of its 
 being the narrowest part of the River : the gramma- 
 tical construction of the first quotation by no means 
 indicates that : on the contrary, it would appear from 
 the second quotation that it was the point, at the 
 confluence of the Little River St. Charles with the 
 St. Lawrence, to which the savages gave the name 
 of Quebec. There being nothing, therefore, in the 
 authority of Champlain decisive of Quebec being 
 the Indian word for a strait, it may be added, that its 
 root has never yet been discovered in any Indian 
 language ; and that in the opinion of persons well 
 acquainted with the native dialects, Quebec has not 
 
 i 
 
 1 ■■! 
 
 i:-!ia 
 
 I .; 
 
 '■q 
 
118 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 to the ear any sound of an Indian word. The 
 Algonquin tongue is of singular softness and sweet- 
 ness, and may be considered as the Italian of the 
 North American languages. Quebec, originally so 
 written, is a harsh, abrupt sound, of which no parallel 
 can easily be found in any of the Indian tongues, 
 least of all in the Algonquin ; in which the sound P 
 was always substituted for that of B, while in the 
 Huron language the latter consonant is altogether 
 rejected. Both these facts throw considerable dif- 
 ficulty around the supposed Indian derivation of the 
 name, with its present orthography. 
 
 On the other hand, the word bears intrinsic evi- 
 dence of Norman origin. The first syllable is French, 
 and the last, 6ec, was uniformily applied by them to 
 designate a promontory or cape, of which abundant 
 instances may be adduced from their ancient maps. 
 But evidence has lately been discovered, which esta- 
 blishes, beyond doubt, that the word is of European 
 origin, supposed on the best grounds to be Norman ; 
 and that it was a place of sufficient importance to give 
 one of his titles to a distinguished statesman and 
 warrior, so early as the 7th year of the reign of 
 Henry V. of England, the hero of Agincourt. 
 
 On the opposite side is an engraving, which accu- 
 rately represents the impression of the seal of Wil- 
 liam DE LA Pole, Earl of Suffolk, a person of 
 historical celebrity during the reigns of Henry V, 
 and VI. The arms on the shield, the supporters, 
 the helmet, and a representation of the Earl with the 
 cap of maintenance upon his head, and ruff aroanri 
 his neck, are quite perfect. The legend which is 
 mutilated may thus be supplied : " Sigillum Wil- 
 lielmi de la Pole, Comitis Suffolchije Domini 
 DE Hambury et de Quebec." It is probable 
 
vord. The 
 and sweet- 
 lian of the 
 .riginally so 
 1 no parallel 
 an tongues, 
 ;he sound P 
 while in the 
 3 altogether 
 iderable dif • 
 ation of the 
 
 itrinsic evi- 
 le is French, 
 by them to 
 ch abundant 
 ncient maps. 
 , which esta- 
 )f European 
 be Norman; 
 tance to give 
 itesman and 
 the reign of 
 court. 
 
 which accu- 
 eal of WiL- 
 a person of 
 of Henry V, 
 e supporters, 
 ,arl with the 
 ruff around 
 3nd which is 
 LLUM WiL- 
 HiiE Domini 
 is probable 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 / 
 
 s: 
 
 
 T^ 
 
 :^ 
 
 /6 
 
 
 /, 
 
 z 
 
 r 
 
 /rd. 
 
 c^n 
 
 /^'O 
 
 y 
 
 A 
 
 Ca-^^>-<c. 
 
 
 y////M/.KenV. 
 
 I'or //a4/'4ws^ /?rA'//'/'(f (Juf^'d-. 
 
 ivuM 
 
 
 ' i 
 
 
''^^■c 
 
 from t 
 betwe< 
 from 
 vend c 
 or Do 
 either 
 King i 
 possess 
 name, 
 ders its 
 Ameri( 
 given i 
 the yet 
 i^'rance 
 marriag 
 land. 
 
 WiL: 
 
 of Suffo 
 the tim 
 Michae 
 Chance 
 II., 1.31 
 instance 
 of an ii 
 life to t] 
 of Mich 
 who hai 
 Edward 
 LA Pol 
 Hume a 
 firmest 
 renowne 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 119 
 
 from the space that a third word intervened originally 
 between the two latter titles. The plate is copied 
 from one in Edmonstone*s Heraldry, and proves be- 
 yond doubt that Quebec was a Town, Castle, Barony 
 or Domain, which the powerful Earl of Suffolk 
 either held in his own right, or as Governor for the 
 King in Normandy, or some other of the English 
 possessions in France. The orthography of the 
 name, corresponding literally with the present, ren- 
 ders its identity with that of the capital of British 
 America indisputable. The date of the seal, as 
 given in Edmonstone, is the 7th Henry V,, or 1420, 
 the year of that King's nuptials with Catharine of 
 i^'rance, daughter of Charles VI.. who by her second 
 marriage was grandmother of Henry VII. of Eng- 
 land. 
 
 iji 
 
 ! 3 
 
 . -1 ii i 
 
 ACCOUNT OF THE DUKE OF SUFFOLK. 
 
 William de la Pole, Earl, Marquess and Duke 
 I of Suffolk, one of the most conspicuous personages of 
 the time of Henry V. and VI., wac grandson of 
 Michael de la Pole, first Earl of Suffolk, Lord 1-Iigh 
 Chancellor of England, during the reign of Richard 
 II., 1386. The first Earl presents a remarkable 
 instance, in the days of feudal and baronial splendor, 
 of an individual rising from comparatively humble 
 life to the highest office of the state. He was the son 
 of Michael de la Pole, an eminent merchant in Hull, 
 who had been ruined by lending money to King 
 Edward HI. during the French warf^. William de 
 LA Pole, the subject of this notice, is spoken of by 
 Hume as a person of the greatest capacity and the 
 firmest character ; and is classed among the many 
 renowned generals who distinguished themselves in 
 
lt>0 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, y] 
 
 the French wars. He was constantly einployed in 
 enterprises of the greatest trust ; and was equally 
 efficient in the cabinet and in the field. It was his 
 elder brother, who is introduced^ as having fallen in 
 the glorious battle of Agincourt together with the 
 Duke of York, in the beautiful episode of Shaks- 
 PEARE, King Henry the fifth, Act fourth, Scene 
 sixth : 
 
 From helmet to the spur, all blood he was. 
 In which array, brave soldier, doth he lie, 
 Lardin"' the plain ; and by his bloody side, 
 (Y(d<,ef«^llo\v to his honor-owinof wounds,) 
 The noble Earl of Suffolk also lies. 
 Suffolk first died, and York, all hafjg-led over. 
 Comes to him, where in gore he lay insteep'd. 
 And takes him by the beard — kisses the gashes, 
 That bloodily did yawn upon his face. 
 And cries aloud — Tarry, dear cousin Suffolk ! 
 My soul shall thine keep company to Heaven: 
 Tarry y sweet soulyfor 7nine, thenjfy a-breast. 
 As, in this glorious and well-foutjhtenjitldy 
 We kept together in our chivalry ! 
 Upon these words, I came, and cheer'd him up : 
 He srail'd me in the face, raught me his hand. 
 And, with a feeble gripe, says, — Dear my lordy 
 ' Commend my service to my sovereign. 
 So did he turn, and over Suffolk's neck 
 He threw his wounded arm, and kissed his lips ; 
 And so, espous'd to death, with blood he seal'd 
 A testament of noble-ending love. 
 The pretty and sweet manner of it forc'd 
 Those waters from me, which I would have stopp'd ; 
 But 1 had not so much of man in me. 
 But all ray mother came into my eyes, 
 And gave me up to tears. 
 
 In 1423, William de la Pole, in a fierce and 
 well disputed action, defeated the Scottish and FrencliJ 
 army commanded by John Stuart, Constable of 
 Scotland, and the Count.de Ventadour, before Cre- 
 
 mou 
 
 diffic 
 
 iiigh( 
 
 lery 
 
 siden 
 
 celeb 
 
 OF C 
 
 scene 
 the a 
 succee 
 was CO 
 to JeTi 
 Joan ; 
 to capi 
 self pr 
 before 
 tlier he 
 answer, 
 Renau 
 lienor, 
 upon w 
 which d 
 diately i 
 
 SUFF( 
 
 pensatec 
 I payment 
 I of an arr 
 
 ally of E 
 
 Ito Comp 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 121 
 
 nployed in 
 vas equally 
 It was his 
 ing fallen in 
 er with the 
 J of Shaks- 
 3urth, Scene 
 
 IS. 
 
 e, 
 s,) 
 
 over, 
 teep'd, 
 gashes, 
 
 iffulk ! 
 mven : 
 reast, 
 tidy 
 
 liim up : 
 
 hand, 
 
 |/j!/ lord, 
 
 \k 
 
 I his lips ; 
 
 le seal'd 
 
 have stopp'd ; 
 
 in a fierce audi 
 lish and Frenclil 
 I Constable ofr 
 lur, before Cre- 
 
 vant in Burgundy, taking those generals prisoners, 
 and leaving Sir William Hamilton and a thousand 
 men dead on the field. This victory was of the greatest 
 importance to the successful issue of the war, and the 
 operations of the Regent, Duke of Bedford. In 
 1428, he commanded the English forces at the fa- 
 mous siege of Orleans, where he displayed, under 
 difficult circumstances, talents and qualities of the 
 highest order. At this siege he had a train of artil- 
 lery with him, which about that time was first con- 
 sidered of military importance. It was here that the 
 celebrated Joan of Arc, commonly called the Maid 
 OF Orleans, made her first appearance upon the 
 scene ; and effected by means of superstition what 
 the arms of France had in vain attempted. She 
 succeeded in raising the siege in 1429, and Suffolk 
 was compelled to retreat with his panic-stricken army 
 to Jergeau, where he was besieged by the irresistible 
 Joan ; and after a gallant defence forced reluctantly 
 to capitulate. Suffolk was obliged to yield him- 
 self prisoner to a Frenchman named Renaud ; but 
 before he submitted, he asked his adversary whe- 
 ther he were a gentleman ? on receiving a satisfactory 
 answer, he demanded whether he were a Knight ? 
 Renaud replied, that he had not yet attained that 
 honor. " Then I make you one," replied S"uffolk : 
 upon which he gave him the blow with the sword, 
 which dubbed him into that fraternity ; and he imme- 
 diately surrendered himself his prisoner. 
 
 Suffolk's disgrace an ' misfortune were soon com- 
 pensated. Having effected his liberation by the 
 I payment of a large ransom, he was again at the head 
 of an army; and in conjunction with the powerful 
 ally of England, the Duke of Burgundy, he laid siege 
 to Compiegne in 1430, the garrison of which was 
 
 •I 1 
 
 :i ^! 
 
 3 
 
 ilil 
 
 itil 
 
 U. 
 
1*j2 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 commanded by the Maid of Orleans in person. 
 Here the fortune of Joan of Arc deserted her ; or, 
 according to common opinion, she was, through jea- 
 lousy on the part of some French officers, purposely 
 left unprotected in a sally which she had ordered, 
 and was taken prisoner by the Burgundians. Her 
 subsequent fate was a foul blot upon the character of 
 the age : after some time passed in prison and in 
 fetters, she was burned as a sorceress in the market 
 place of Rouen* in 1432. 
 
 At the Congress held at Arras, in 1435, Suffolk 
 was one of the English Commissioners, together with 
 the Cardinal of Winchester, to whose party in the 
 state he had attached himself, in opposition to the 
 Good Duke Humphrey of Glocester. The Cardinal's 
 party were desirous of peace with France, at almost 
 any sacrifice ; and as they prevailed at court, Suf- 
 folk was despatched to Paris, in 1443, and concluded 
 a truce for two years with the French King. One of 
 the consequences of this truce, the marriage of Henry 
 VI. with Margaret of Anjon, became so unpopular with 
 the nation, that it ultimately caused the ruin of the 
 Minister by whom it had been brought about. Suf- 
 folk, who was the agent in this affair, is generally 
 supposed to have had a tender interest in the regards 
 of Margaret ; and his influence became paramount 
 in the state, bringing with it all the ills which en- 
 compass the perilous station of a royal favorite in 
 rude and factious times. After the King's marriage 
 he was created Marquess, and first Duke of Suffolk, 
 and he even received a vote of thanks from the Par- 
 liament. The entire loss of France a few years af- 
 terwards, which was commonly attributed to the 
 treachery of the Duke of Suffolk, on account of 
 his sunDosed attachment to the Queen and the 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 123 
 
 in person, 
 d her ; or, 
 hrough jea- 
 purposely 
 ad ordered, 
 Hans. Her 
 [character of 
 son and in 
 the market 
 
 5, Suffolk 
 tgether with 
 arty in the 
 tion to tlie 
 eCardinaPs 
 ), at almost 
 court, SuF- 
 p concluded 
 \g. One of 
 ^e of Henry 
 )opular with 
 ruin of the 
 'Out. SuF- 
 :s generally 
 the regards 
 paramount 
 s which en- 
 favorite in 
 's marriage 
 ' of Suffolk, 
 m the Par- 
 V years af- 
 ted to the 
 account of 
 n and the 
 
 French interest, exasperated the m'nds of the people 
 and he was impeached by the Commons, in 1450. 
 The charges against him, which are to be found at 
 full length in the Rolls of Parliament of that reign, 
 28th Hen. VI. would not probably bear any strict scru- 
 tiny; but as he was besides suspected by the people of 
 having been implicated in the cruel murder of the Good 
 Duke Humphrey, the favorite of the nation, the tide 
 of unpopularity was too powerful for him to stem. 
 Then, as now, there were few to aid a falling Minis- 
 ter. The Duke, indeed, faced his accusers with great 
 constancy, and made a bold and manly defence in the 
 House of Peers, insisting upon his innocence, and 
 even upon his merits, and those of his family in the 
 public service. He stated that he had served his 
 country in thirty-four campaigns — that he had been 
 employed for the King in France for seventeen years 
 without once returning to his native land — that he 
 had been himself a prisoner, and had only regained 
 his freedom by the payment of an exorbitant ransom. 
 His father had died of fatigue at the siege of Har- 
 fleur — his eldest brother had been killed at the battle 
 of Agincourt — two others had perished at Jergeau 
 where he had been taken prisoner — and his fourth 
 brother, who had been his hostage while he was em- 
 ployed in procuring ransom, had also died in the hands 
 of the French. He complained that after his long 
 services, after having repeatedly received the thanks 
 of his sovereign, and of the Commons, after having 
 been for thirty years an unspotted Knight of the Gar- 
 ter, he should at length be suspected of having been 
 debauched from his allegiance by that enemy, whom 
 he had opposed with the utmost zeal and fortitude ; 
 and of betraying his royal master, who had rewarded 
 his services by the highest honors and greatest offices 
 
 m 
 
 ii'l -3 
 
 ^^K 
 -^ 
 
iuLli 
 
 I W\ '■" 
 
 124 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 that it was in his power to confer. This spef :^ only 
 the more exasperated his enemies ; and in order to 
 save him from their fury, Suffolk was sent by the 
 King into banishment for five years, in the hope 
 that he might then return to court without danger. 
 But his inveterate foes were not to be so baffled : 
 they employed a fast sailing vessel to intercept him 
 in his passage to France, which came up to him near 
 Dover. His head was immediately struck off on the 
 side of the vessel, and the body cast into the sea. 
 This nobleman is one of the Dramatis Personse of 
 Shakspeare, in the first and second parts of King 
 Henry VI. The dying scene is thus given in the 
 second part, Act the fourth. Scene the first. 
 
 Whitmore : 
 Suffolk : 
 Whitmore : 
 
 Suffolk : 
 
 Captain: 
 
 Genlleman 
 Suffolk : 
 
 I lost mine eye in laying the prize aboard ; 
 And, therefore, to reveng-e it, shalt thou die. 
 Look on iny Georg-e, I am a g-entleman ; 
 Rate me at what thou v ilt, thou shalt be paid. 
 And so am T : my name is — Walter Whitmore — 
 How now ? why start'st thou ? what, doth 
 
 death affright ? 
 Thy name affrights me, in whose sound is death. 
 A cunning man did calculate my birth, 
 And told me — that by water I should die : 
 Yet let not this make thee so bloody minded. 
 Thy name is Gualtie7\ being rightly sounded — 
 Stay, Whitmore ; for thy prisoner is a Prince, 
 The Duke of Suffolk, William de la Pole. 
 Convey him hence, and on our long boat's side 
 Strike off his head ! 
 
 My glorious lord, entreat him, speak him fair. 
 Suffolk's imperial tongue is stern and rough, 
 Us'd to command, untaught to plead for favor. 
 Far be it, we should honor such as these 
 With humble suit : no, rather lot my head 
 Stoop to the block, than these knees bow to any, 
 Save to the God of Heaven, and to my King ; 
 True nobility is exempt from fear : — 
 More can 1 bear, than you dare execute. 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 125 
 
 Some of the charges preferred by the Commons 
 against Suffolk seem to afford a distant clew to the 
 word " Quebec," which appears upon his seal. He 
 was accused of having acquired for himself, and be- 
 stowed upon his creatures and friends large posses- 
 sions in France, to the prejudice of the Crown : — his 
 unbounded influence in Normandy was complained 
 of, where it appears he lived and ruled like a mo- 
 narch ; and where he had so far acquired the affec- 
 tion^of the inhabitants, that when they threw off their 
 allegiance to England, the vulgar attributed it to the 
 disaffection of Suffolk himself, through the interest 
 of the Queen. Having shown, therefore, that this 
 great nobleman had been closely connected with the 
 English possessions in France for so many years, it 
 is not unreasonable to conclude, that during his 
 long services he had acquired the French title of 
 " Quebec," in addition to his English honors. Many 
 of the English Peers, distinguished in the wars of 
 France, received titles of honor in that country ; as 
 did the great Earl of Shrewsbury, " English John 
 Talbot," who was created Earl of Valence by 
 Henry VI. We have not been able to find, in the 
 libraries to which we have access, any enumeration of 
 the several titles of honor borne by the Duke of Suf- 
 folk ; but there can be no doubt that such may be 
 discovered in the British Museum, or the Herald's 
 College. Whenever such discovery is made, the 
 precise character of the place whence he took his 
 title of " Quebec," which must have been of some 
 importance, since it is introduced on his seal of arms, 
 will no doubt be satisfactorily explained. That such 
 a name existed nearly two centuries before the found- 
 ation of this capital, bearing the self same orthogra- 
 phy, must be acknowledged to be a striking and 
 
 l 2 
 
 b i 
 
 m 
 
 1 
 
 : S 
 
 ,1 
 
 ■i 
 i 
 
 ,1 
 ' •! 
 
 i 
 
 ,., !;' 
 
126 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 remarkable circumstance. Even as a mere coinci- 
 dence, it is curious, and altogether, we think, con- 
 clusive, that " Quebec," so written, has no claim to 
 the character of an Indian word. The earliest writer, 
 Champlain, and those who followed him, gave it the 
 present mode of spelling. Father du Creux,in order to 
 adapt the word to the Latin, uniformily writes it, " Arx 
 Kebeccensis, Kebeccum ;" and in the Latin inscrip- 
 tions which ^ ave been found in the foundations of 
 the Recollet Church it is written with a K. Hence 
 the initials in the French Cathedral, P. K., for 
 " Paroecia Kebeccensis." In Major Walley's jour- 
 nal of the expedition against Canada under Sir 
 William Phipps, in 1690, it is called " Cabeck." 
 With these exceptions it has uniformly preserved the 
 Norman orthography, as given in the Suffolk seal. 
 Granting, then, the Norman origin of the word, it 
 may be asked how we dispose of the positive evidence 
 of Champlain, who tells us, that the " point of 
 Quebec was so called by the savages ?" This is not 
 so difficult as at first view it may appear. We learn 
 from La Potherie, that the little River St. Charles 
 was called by the natives, Cabir-Coubat, on account 
 of its serpentine course. " II y a une riviere a une 
 petite demie lieue de la, appelee Cabir-Coubat par 
 les sauvages, a raison des tours et detours qu'elle 
 fait :" Voyage de PAmerique, Tom. 1. p. 124. 
 Here then is an entire change in the Indian descrip- 
 tion, equally accurate, but taken from another feature 
 of the locality. We had before, the " place of the 
 strait :" we have now, " the winding river." It has 
 been stated that there is no proof that the name of 
 " Quebec," heard by Champlain, was descriptive of 
 the former appellation : there is every probability 
 that it was taken from the latter. We believe, then, 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 127 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 m 
 
 that the word, Coubat, was the sound heard by 
 Champlain, as applied by the natives to the " point," 
 where the little river flows into the St. Lawrence ; 
 and which spot was chosen by him for his first settle- 
 ment. The time and quantity of the words themselves 
 correspond : the number of the syllables and letters 
 is the same, while the initial breathing is exa^ ' 
 similar. One, pronounced by an Indian, ir . *!• 
 easily be mistaken for the other. Lee any v^e 
 slowly repeat the Indian name, Coubat. several times, 
 always remembering the Italian softness of pro- 
 nunciation which distinguished the Algonquin dialect; 
 and he will not find it difficult to come to the conclu- 
 sion, that he has at last found the true origin of the 
 celebrated name, which in the mouths of the Freitch, 
 already familiarised to the present termination, ac- 
 cording so well wilii the locality, soon assumed the 
 form, orthography and pronunciation of Quebec. 
 
 The result of the foregoing observations amounts 
 to this : That ae etymology of the word Canada 
 is proved to be the Iroquois word Kannata, signifying 
 a collection of huts, or a village; while there are 
 strong grounds for believing that the name Quebec, 
 per se, is in fact a Norman word. That some Indian 
 name which resembled it in sound was heard by 
 Champlain, and considered to be that of the place 
 where he settled — that this Indian word was most 
 probably the latter division of their name for the 
 River St. Charles, Cabir-Coubat ; and that from 
 this word, it gradually acquired its present appella- 
 tion. 
 
 )i 
 
 iP 
 
 i 
 
128 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 i\.. 
 
 If :,a 
 
 CHAPTER THE EIGHTH. 
 
 THE CASTLE OF ST. LEWIS — ITS FOUNDATION — CAP- 
 TURE BY KERTK REMARKABLE SCENE THEREIN 
 
 DESCRIBED BY LA POTriFRIE AND BY CHARLE- 
 VOIX — DESTRUCTION BY FIRE. 
 
 Few circumstances of discussion and enquiry are 
 more interesting than the history and fate of ancient 
 buildings, especially if we direct our attention to the 
 fortunes and vicissitudes of those who were connected 
 with them. The temper, genius and pursuits of an 
 historical era are frequently delineated in the features 
 of remarkable edifices : nor can any one contemplate 
 them without experiencing curiosity concerning those 
 who first formed the plan, and afterwards created and 
 tenanted the structure, rhese observations apply 
 particularly to the subject of this chapter. 
 
 The history of the ancient Castle of St. Lewis, or 
 Fort of Quebec, for aoove two centuries the seat of 
 government in the Province, aflfords subjects of great 
 and stirring interest during its several periods. The 
 hall of the old Fort, during the weakness of the colony, 
 was often a scene of terror and despair at the inroads 
 of the persevering and ferocious Iroquois ; who, hav- 
 ing passed or overthrown all the Frehch outposts, more 
 than once threatened the Fort itself, and massacred 
 some friendly Indians within sight of its walls. There, 
 
 § 
 
 r 
 
 1^ 
 
 
 n 
 
 i 
 
 s 
 
 -i 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 
 y. 
 
 
 
 n ,^ 
 
 
 -^1 
 
 lil ' 
 
ION — CAP- 
 i: THEREIN 
 Y ClIARLE- 
 
 nquiry are 
 ; of ancient 
 ition to the 
 I connected 
 Irsuits of an 
 ;he features 
 ontemplate 
 rning those 
 !reated and 
 ions apply 
 
 . Lewis, or 
 ilie seat of 
 cts of great 
 ods. The 
 the colony, 
 ihe inroads 
 
 who, hav- 
 posts,more 
 
 massacred 
 Is. There, 
 
 > 
 
 r 
 
 L*-l 
 
 ^ 
 
 y. 
 
 
 
anoi 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS 
 
 129 
 
 too, in intervals of peace, were laid those benevolent 
 plans for the religious instruction and conversion of 
 the savages, which at one time distinguished the policy 
 of the ancient Governors. At a later era, when, 
 under tiie protection of the French Kings, the Pro- 
 vince had acquired the rudiments of military strength 
 and power, the Castle of St. Lewis was remarkable, 
 as having been the site whence the French Gover- 
 nors exercised an immense sovereignty, extending 
 from the Gulf of St. Lawrence, along the shores of 
 that noble river, its magnificent lakes, — and down the 
 course of the Mississippi, to its outlet below New 
 Orleans. The banner which first streamed from the 
 battlements of Quebec, was displayed from a chain 
 of forts, which protected the settlements through- 
 out this vast extent of country : keeping the Eng- 
 lish Colonies in constant alarm, and securing the 
 fidelity of the Indian nations. During this period, 
 the council chamber of the Castle was the scene 
 of many a midnight vigil, — many a long deliberation 
 and deep-hid project, — to free the continent from the 
 intrusion of the ancient rival of France, and assert 
 throughout the supremacy of the Gallic lily. At 
 anolh«r era^ odbsequent to the surrender of Quebec 
 to the British arms, and until the recognition of the 
 independence of the United States, the extent of em- 
 pire, of the government of which the Castle of Quebec 
 was the principal seat, comprehended the whol * 
 American coiicinent, north of Mexico ! It is asto- 
 nishing to reflect for a moment, to how small, and, as 
 to size, comparatively insignificant an island in the 
 Atlantic ocean, this gigantic territory was once sub- 
 ject ! 
 
 Here also was rendered to the representative of 
 the French King, with all its ancient forms, the fealty 
 
130 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 and homage of the noblesse, and military retainers, 
 who held possessions in the Province under the 
 Crown — a feudal ceremony, suited to early times, 
 which imposed a real and substantial obligation on 
 those who performed it, not to be violated without 
 forfeiture and dishonor. The King of Great Britain 
 having succeeded to the rights of the French Crown, 
 this ceremony is still maintained.* 
 
 In England, it is also still performed by the Peers 
 at the coronation of our Kings, in Westminster 
 Abbey, although the ceremonr is much curtailed of 
 its former impressive observaKices. 
 
 The Castle of St. Lewis was in early times rather 
 a strong hold of defence, than an embellished orna- 
 ment of royalty. Seated on a tremendous preci- 
 pice, — 
 
 ,- t On a rock whose haughty brow 
 
 Frown'd o*er St. Lawrence' foaming tide— 
 
 and looking defiance to the utmost boldness of the 
 assailant, nature lent her aid to the security of the 
 position. The cliflf on which it stood rises nearly 
 two hundred feet in perpendicular height above the 
 
 * Fealty and homage is rendered at this day by the Seiffniors 
 to the Governor, as the representative of the Sovereign m the 
 following form : His Excellency being in full drevss and seated 
 in a state chair, surrounded by his staff, and attended by the 
 Attorney General, the Seignior, in an evening dress and wearing 
 a sword, is introduced into his presence by the Inspector Ge- 
 neral of the Royal Domain and Clerk of the Land Roll, and 
 having delivered up his sword, and kneeling upon one knee 
 before the Governor, places his right hand between his, and re. 
 peats the ancient oath of fidelity ; after which a solemn act is 
 drawn up in a register, kept for that purpose, which is signed 
 by the Governor and the Seignior, and countersigned by the 
 proper officers. 
 
 sitior 
 lie t 
 July, 
 taken 
 name, 
 comm 
 might 
 be n( 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 131 
 
 ry retainers, 
 ; under the 
 early times, 
 )bligation on 
 ited without 
 jreat Britain 
 ench Crown, 
 
 by the Peers 
 Westminster 
 1 curtailed of 
 
 times rather 
 Uished orna- 
 ■ndous preci- 
 
 m tide— 
 
 D 
 
 Idness of the 
 
 curity of the 
 
 rises nearly 
 
 ht above the 
 
 ythe Sei^niorb 
 iovereign in the 
 ress and seated 
 ttended by the 
 ess and wearing 
 e Inspector Ge- 
 
 and Koll, and 
 upon one knee 
 een his, and re* 
 
 a solemn act is 
 which is signed 
 ersigned by the 
 
 river. The Castle thus commanded on every side a 
 most extensive prospect, and until the occupation of 
 the higher ground to the south west, afterwards 
 called Cape Diamond, must have been the principal 
 object among the buildings of the city. 
 
 When Champlain first laid the foundation of the 
 Fort, in 1620, to which he gave the name of St. Lewis, 
 it is evident that he was actuated by views of a po- 
 litical, not of a commercial character. His mind was 
 in better keeping with warlike enterprises than the 
 acquirement of wealth, either for himself or his fol- 
 lowers. He was perfectly disinterested in all his 
 proceedings ; and foreseeing that Quebec would be- 
 come the seat of dominion, and invite a struggle for 
 its future possession, he knew the necessity of a 
 strong hold, .and determined to erect one, in oppo- 
 sition to the wishes of the company of merchants. 
 He tells us, that on his return from France, in 
 July, 1620, having read the King's commission, and 
 taken possession of the country in the Viceroy's 
 name, by his direction — " Part of the laborers 
 commenced a fort, to avoid the dangers which 
 might occur, seeing that without one there could 
 be no security in a country removed by its dis- 
 tance from all hopes of assistance. I placed this 
 building in an excellent situation, upon a mountain 
 which commanded the passage of the St. Lawrence, 
 one of the narrowest parts of that River ; and yet 
 none of the company's associates were able to per- 
 ceive the necessity of a strong hold, for the preserva- 
 tion of the country, and of their own property. The 
 l»ouse thus built afibrded no satisfaction to them ; but 
 for that matter, I felt it my duty, nevertheless, to 
 carry into effect the commands of the Viceroy ; and 
 this is the real way to avoid receiving an affront, for 
 
 j^ 
 
 ; fi 
 
132 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 an enemy, who finds that there is nothing to be 
 gained but blows, and much time and expense to be 
 thrown away, will be cautions how he hazards his ves- 
 sels and their crews. This shows that it is not always 
 the thing to follow the passions of men, which obtain 
 sway only for a time — we ouffht to have some con- 
 sideration for the future." In 1621, Champlain 
 received from the King a su. nly of arms and ammu- 
 nition for his garrison ; which, however, he complains 
 of as inadequate to the defence of the Fort. In 1G23, 
 the barrack, or building for the soldiers and people, 
 fell into such a state of decay, that it was determined 
 to construct a new one of stone ; and the site chosen 
 for this building appears to have been within the 
 ramparts of the Fort, nearly on the brink of the 
 precipice, and wliere tae Castle of St. Lewis now 
 stands. Its design is thus described by Cham- 
 plain as having been drawn by himself : " I made 
 the plan of a new building, which was, to throw down 
 all the old one, except the magazine, and in a line 
 with that to erect other considerable buildings of 
 eighteen fathoms, with two wings of ten fathoms on 
 each side, and four turrets at the four ungles of tlie 
 edifice : with also a ravelin before it commanding the 
 River, and the whole inclosed with ditches and draw 
 bridges." This description would give a front of two 
 hundred and twenty eight feet ; but it is most pro- 
 bable, that it was never finished to that extent. All 
 the necessary materials were carefully collected dur- 
 ing the winter of 1623, by the eighteen laborers whom 
 Champlain had at his disposal ; and every one was 
 kept in full employment. The inconvenience of as- 
 cending the mountain from the water side to the Fort, 
 induced him, this winter, to make a more commo- 
 dious ascent by means of a winding pathway, which 
 
 ^^ was 
 in CI 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 133 
 
 was first opened on tlie 29th November. This 
 road was afterwards widened, by removing portions 
 of the rock ; and a row of houses was built upon it, 
 whence it derived its modern name of Mountain 
 Street, leading from Prescott-Gate to the Lower Town 
 market-place, through Notre Dame Street, which 
 was the original course of the serpentine ascent made 
 by Champlain. The square or market-place in the 
 Lower Town, was not built upon until many years 
 afterwards ; and was originally called La place de 
 Notre Dame de la Victoire, the Church having been 
 consecrated in honor of the Virgin, by that title, in 
 consequence of a vow made during the siege of Que- 
 bec by Sir William Phipps, in 1690. This title 
 was afterwards changed to Notre Dame des Victoires, 
 m consequence of the shipwreck of the English fleet 
 in 1711, which was considered a second victory. 
 
 On the 20th April, 1624, a violent gale of wind 
 blew off part of the roof of the Fort St. Lewis, carrying 
 it thirty paces over the rampart. This was caused by 
 its too great height, and the second story was con- 
 sequently taken down. It will be recollected that a 
 similar accident happened only a few years ago, not- 
 withstanding that the building was substantially built 
 of stone, and the roof strongly covered with tin. On 
 the 1st May, Champlain marked out the line of the 
 new buildings, and began to sink the foundation in 
 the rock. Following the custom usually observed 
 on similar occasions, he took care to deposit a stone 
 with an appropriate inscription, commemorative of 
 the occasion ; an account of which merits to be tran- 
 scribed in the words of the original narration : " Le 
 6 de Mai, Ton commenc^aa ma^onnerlesfondements, 
 sous lesquels je mis une pierre, ou estoient gravez 
 les armes du Roy, et celles de Monseigneur, avec 
 
 M 
 
 i 
 
134 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 la datte dii temps, et mon nom escrit, comme Lieu-*' 
 tenant de mon dit Seigneur, au pais de la nouvelle 
 France, qui estoit une curiosite qui me semble 
 n'estre nullement hors de propos, pour un jour a 
 I'advenir, si le temps y eschet ; monstrer la posses- 
 sion que le Hoy en a prise, comme je Tai fait en 
 quelques endroits, dans les terres que j'ay decou- 
 vertes :" — " On the 6th May, we commenced the 
 mason work of the foundation, under which I depo- 
 sited a stone, on which were engraved the arms of 
 the King and of the Viceroy, with the date and my 
 own name thereon, as Lieutenant in the country of 
 New France, which would hereafter prove a piece of 
 antiquity by no means out of place^ should the time 
 ever come, in order to show the possession which the 
 King had taken of the country : a proceeding that 
 I have adopted in other countries which I have dis- 
 covered." The structure of which Champlain here 
 speaks was, in all probability, the original on which 
 the present Castle was afterwaras completed ; and as 
 the old foundations must still remain, it would be 
 proper, — on clearing away the present mass of ruins, 
 preparatory to the erection of a new residence for the 
 Governor-in-Chief of British North America, worthy 
 of the site, — to make careful search for this stone, 
 which would, indeed, be a curiosity of great local in- 
 terest. It will, most probably, be found not far from 
 the north-east angle of the main building. In order 
 to avoid confusion between the terms Castle^ and 
 Fort, of St. L«wis, it should be explained, that Jvese 
 were separate structures, the one within the limits of 
 the other ; and that in addition to the Castle, the 
 Fort contained several other buildings, such as a ma- 
 gazine, guard-room, and barrack for the soldiery, 
 together with a considerable area, the whole enclosed 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 135 
 
 nme Lieu* 
 la nouvelle 
 ne semble 
 un jour a 
 r la posses- 
 I'ai fait en 
 j'ay decou- 
 nenced the 
 iclil depo- 
 ;he arms of 
 ate and my 
 country of 
 e a piece of 
 dd the time 
 )n which the 
 ceding that 
 I have dis- 
 mplain here 
 al on which 
 ted ; and as 
 it would be 
 ass of ruins, 
 ence for the 
 rica, worthy 
 this stone, 
 eat local in- 
 not far from 
 ^, In order 
 Castle^ and 
 i, that ilvese 
 the limits of 
 Castle, the 
 ich as a ma- 
 he soldiery, 
 ole enclosed 
 
 I 
 
 
 within a rampart, built originally of logs ; and looking, 
 as Father du Creux observes, " towards the con- 
 tinent," that is, from the River, or towards the city. 
 The front towards the River is sufficiently protected 
 by its lofty and, rugged eminence. The site of the 
 first Fort is understood, from the description of Father 
 du Creux, to have been at the south-east point of the 
 ground which is now occupied by the grand battery, 
 at a place called the Sault^au-Matelot, from a favorite 
 dog of that name which there threw itself over the 
 cliff.* Champlain afterwards removed it to a situation 
 somewhat more elevated ; and the ramparts enclosed 
 the space occupied at present by the various buildings 
 appertaining to the Castle, and fronting towards the 
 Place (VArmes. The street leading from the latter 
 to Mountain Street, is still called Fort Street; and 
 that in the Lower Town, immediately under the Cas- 
 tle, bears the appropriate name of Sous-le-Fort Street. 
 After the death of Champlain, it appears from Father 
 du Creux, that his successor, Montmagny, put the 
 Fort into complete repair. A rampart was made 
 towards the Place (TArmes, of oak and cedar filled 
 up with earth, and cannon were mounted on the top. 
 
 * " Ad laevam fliiit amnis S. LaurentU. ; ad dextram S. 
 Caroli fluviohis. Ad confliientero, Promontorium assurg^it, 
 saltum nautce vu\oro vocant, ab cane hujus nominis, qui se alias 
 ex eo loco praecipitem dedit. Hujus in promontorii crepidiiie 
 Arx sediticata. £t initio quidem, ut tenuia sunt rerum vel 
 magnarum primordia, vallum potiiis, qiiam Arx fuit, stipitibus 
 utcunque inter se commissis, exiguaque g'leba coalitis, operl^ 
 curaque Camplenii : quae moles rudis, indi^estaque, cum ad 
 hunc annum perstitisset, a Monteraagnio re, virisque paulo 
 auctiore paulatim disjecta, cessit ei munitioni qiise nunc est, 
 loncre (irmior eadem, et ad artis regulam, normamque exactior." 
 Hii^toria Canadensis, p. 204. 
 
 ii 
 
 i: 
 
136 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 I 
 
 It had also a covered way for the protection of the 
 garrison : the whole being surrounded by a dry 
 ditch. 
 
 England and France being then at war, Cham- 
 plain received information, in July, 1629, of the 
 arrival of an English sq^ i Iron at Pointe Levi. That 
 an attack should be made so late in the season was 
 entirely unexpected, and Champlain was nearly left 
 alone in the Fort, his men having been detached on 
 various duties. This English armament had been 
 despatched by Sir David Kertk, who then lay at 
 Tadoussac, and was under the command of his brother 
 Thomas, as Vice- Admiral. Another brother, Louis, 
 had the command of about one hundred and fifty 
 soldiers. In his weak, and really helpless condition, 
 which is feelingly portrayed in his narrative, Cham- 
 plain had no alternative. He was compelled to 
 capitulate. A white flag was therefore hoisted at 
 Fort St. Lewis, in answer to one which had been dis- 
 played by the English ; and an officer coming on 
 shore, the terms of surrender, wliich were generous 
 on the part of the assailants, wer » agreed upon and 
 signed on the 20th July, 1629. On the 22d, Louis 
 Kertk planted the English Standard on one of the 
 bastions of the Fort, with all ceremony. A feu de 
 joie was fired by the troops, drawn out upon the 
 ramparts ; and salutes from the cannon of the Fort, 
 which were answered by the shipping in the harbor. 
 
 Champlain, who expresses himself satisfied with 
 the generous conduct of Kertk, arrived at Plymouth, 
 as a prisoner of war, on the 20th October in the same 
 year. In 1632 he published his " Voyages," or 
 personal memoirs ; and resumed the government of 
 the Colony, which had been restored to the French, 
 in 1633. ... 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 137 
 
 Ion of the 
 by a dry 
 
 ar, Cham- 
 29, of the 
 ,evi. That 
 season was 
 nearly left 
 etached on 
 had been 
 ;hen lay at 
 his brother 
 her, Louis, 
 d and fifty 
 8 condition, 
 ive, Cham- 
 mpelled to 
 hoisted at 
 id been dis- 
 coming on 
 •e generous 
 { upon and 
 22d, Louis 
 one of the 
 A feu de 
 t upon the 
 f the Fort, 
 the harbor, 
 tisfied with 
 t Plymouth, 
 in the same 
 oyages," or 
 ernment of 
 the French, 
 
 1 
 
 In 1690, a remarkable scene occurred in the Castle 
 of St. Lewis, which at that period had assumed an 
 appearance worthy of the Governors General, who 
 made it the seat of the Koyal Government. This 
 dignity was then held by the Count de Frontenac, 
 a nobleman of great talents, long services, but of ex- 
 treme pride. He had made every preparation that 
 short notice would permit for the reception of the 
 English expedition against Quebec, under Sir Wil- 
 liam Phipps, which came to anchor in the basin on 
 the 5th October, old style. Charlevoix, using the 
 new style, makes the date the 16th. The English 
 had every reason to expect that the city was without 
 defence, and that they might capture it by sur- 
 prise. An officer was sent ashore with a flag of 
 truce, who was met half way by a French Major ; 
 and, after a bandage had been placed before his eyes, 
 was conducted to the Castle by a circuitous route, 
 that he might hear the warlike preparations which 
 were going on, and feel the number of obstructions 
 and barriers of chevaux-de-frise which were to be 
 passed, in the ascent to the Upper Town. Every 
 deception was practised to induce the Englishman to 
 believe that he was in the midst of a numerous gar- 
 rison ; and some of the contrivances were ludicrous 
 enough. Ten or twelve men were instructed to 
 meet him, to cross his path at different places, and 
 to pass and repass constantly during the way. The 
 very ladies came out to enjoy the singular spectacle 
 of a man led blindfold by two Serjeants in this manner, 
 and bestowed upon him the nickname of Colin Mail- 
 lard, There can be little doubt, however, that he 
 perceived the trick played upon him. On arrival at 
 the Castle, his surprise is represented to have been 
 extreme, on the removal of the bandage, to find him- 
 
 M 2 
 
 I '. 
 
f!lif 
 
 llilll 
 
 'liiiiiLij : 
 
 138 
 
 self in tbi 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 of the Governor General, th< 
 
 presence 
 
 Bishop, the Intendant, and a large staff of Frencii 
 officers, arrayed in full uniform for the occasion, who 
 were clustered together in the centre of the great 
 hall. The English officer immediately presented to 
 Frontenac a written summons to surrender, in the 
 name of William and Mary, King and Queen of 
 England ; and drawing out his watch and placing it 
 on the table, demanded a positive answer in an hour 
 at furthest. This last action completed the excite- 
 ment of the French officers, who had been with dif- 
 ficulty able to restrain themselves during the delivery 
 of the summons, which the Englishman read in a loud 
 voice, and which was translated into French on the 
 spot. A murmur of indignation ran through the 
 assembly ; and one of the officers present, (he Sieur 
 de Valrenes, impetuously exclaimed, " that the mes- 
 senger ought to be treated as the envoy of a corsair, 
 or common marauder, since Phipps was in arms 
 against his legitimate sovereign." Frontenac, although 
 his pride was deeply wounded by the unceremonious 
 manner of the Englishman, conducted himself with 
 greater moderation ; and, without seeming to have 
 heard the interruption of Valrenes, made the following 
 high-spirited answer : " You will have no occasion 
 to wait so long for my reply. Here it is. I do not 
 recognise King William, but I know that the Prince 
 of Orange is an usurper, who has violated the most 
 sacred ties of blood and of religion in dethroning the 
 King, his father-in-law ; and 1 acknowledge no other 
 legitimate sovereign of England than James the Se- 
 cond. Sir William Phipps ought not to be surprised 
 at the hostilities carried on by the French and their 
 Allies — he ought to have expected that the King, 
 my master, having received the King of England 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 139 
 
 eneral, the 
 of French 
 casion, who 
 f the great 
 resented to 
 der, in the 
 Queen of 
 I placing it 
 in an hour 
 the excite- 
 m with dif- 
 the delivery 
 ad in a loud 
 ;nch on the 
 h rough the 
 t, 4he Sieur 
 lat the mes- 
 3f a corsair, 
 as in arms 
 ac, although 
 jeremonious 
 limself with 
 ng to have 
 he following 
 no occasion 
 s. I do not 
 tthe Prince 
 ed the most 
 ihroning the 
 ge no other 
 mes the Se- 
 )e surprised 
 ;h and their 
 the King? 
 of England 
 
 under his protection, would direct me to make war 
 upon people who have revolted against their lawful 
 Prince. Could he imagine, even if he had offered 
 me better conditions, and even if I were of a temper 
 to listen to them, that so many gallant gentlemen 
 would consent, or advise me to place any confidence 
 in that man's word, who has broken the capitulation 
 which he made with the Governor of Acadia? — who 
 has been wanting in loyalty towards his sovereign — 
 who has forgotten all the benefits heaped upon him, 
 to follow the fortunes of a stranger, who, while he 
 endeavors to persuade the world that he has no other 
 object in view than to be the deliverer of England 
 and defender of the faith, has destroyed the laws and 
 privileges of the kingdom, and overturned the Eng- 
 lish Church — crimes, which that same divine justice, 
 which Sir William invokes, will one day severely 
 
 punish." , 7 rir.ti-,/: '• t • 
 
 The Englishman, hereupon, deman led that this 
 reply should be reduced to writing : which Frontenac 
 peremptorily refused, adding, — " I am going to an- 
 swer your master by the cannon's mouth. H • shall 
 be taught that this is not the manner in which a person 
 of my rank ought to be summoned." The bandage 
 having been replaced, the English officer was re-con- 
 ducted with the same mysteries to his boat; and was 
 no sooner on board the Admiral's vessel, than the bat- 
 teries began to play eighteen and twenty-four pound 
 shot upon the fleet. 8ir William's. own flag was shot 
 away by a French officer, named Maricourt ; and 
 having been picked up by sofr;e Canadians, was hung 
 up as a trophy in the Cathedral Church, where it 
 probably remained until the capture in 1759. The 
 English bombarded the town, which, in spite of the 
 bold front of Frontenac, was in a terrible state of 
 
 4 
 
 til 
 
m'i 
 
 . 
 
 mil 
 
 140 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 confusion and alarm ; and did some damage to the 
 public buildings. - ' • -' ' ' ' ; 
 
 Charlevoix seems to admire greatly the haughty 
 bearing of Frontenac on this occasion : it is but just 
 to remark, however, that by his own showing, the 
 Englishman executed his mission with the greatest 
 coolness and presence of mind ; and that the insult 
 he received was little creditable to those who knew 
 not how to respect a flag of truce. . ; 
 
 Sir William Phipps, ancestor of the present Earl 
 of Mulgrave, was generally blamed for the failure of 
 this expedition, perhaps unjustly. Finding the place 
 on its guard and prepared to receive him, it would 
 have been madness to have commenced a regular 
 siege, at that advanced period of the season. As it 
 was, he lost several of his vessels on his passage back 
 to Boston. It should be remembered also, that it 
 was Quebec aijainst which he was sent, itself a natu- 
 ral fortress, and when defended by a zealous gar- 
 rison, almost impregnable. . And it is admitted by 
 Charlevoix, that had Sir William Phipps not been 
 delayed by contrary winds and the ignorance of his 
 pilots, — najr, had he even reached Quebec three days 
 sooner, he would have completely accomplished his 
 object, and Quebec would have been captured be- 
 fore it could be known in Montreal that it was even 
 in danger. - 
 
 '»n There were great rejoicings at Quebec for the vic- 
 tory ; and the King of France ordered a medal to be 
 struck, with this inscription : " Francia in novo orbe 
 victrix, Kebeca Hberata M, DC, XC" The Count 
 de Frontenac was certainly one of the most distin- 
 guished of the French Governors. He died in Que- 
 bec in 1698, and was buried in the Recollet Church, 
 which formerly stood near the site of the present 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS 
 
 141 
 
 age 
 
 to the 
 
 he haughty 
 ; is but just 
 owing, the 
 he greatest 
 ; the insult 
 i who knew 
 
 resent Earl 
 le failure of 
 ig the place 
 n, it would 
 I a regular 
 soil. As it 
 lassage back 
 also, that it 
 tself a natu- 
 zealous gar- 
 Idmitted by 
 ps not been 
 ance of his 
 c three days 
 nplished his 
 aptured be- 
 it was even 
 
 for the vic- 
 medal to be 
 in novo orbe 
 The Count 
 nost distin- 
 ied in Que- 
 llet Church, 
 the present 
 
 English Cathedral. The only memorial of him in 
 Quebec, is to be found in the Street which was called 
 from his family name, Buade Street. 
 
 La Hontan, who was in Quebec during the time 
 of the siege in 1690, in an engraved view of the city 
 in his work, gives the Castle only one story. La 
 PoTHERiE, who was here in 1698, gives also a view 
 of the city as it then appeared. The Castle of St. 
 Lewis is represented as two stories high, and with a 
 lofty attic ; forming a very conspicuous object. To 
 the left is seen the square inclosure, in which is now 
 placed the obelisk erected to the memory of Wolfe 
 and Montcalm. It was then a garden, apparently 
 without trees. Of the Castle itself, he gives the fol- 
 lowing description : " It stands upon the brink of 
 a vast clitF, one hundred and eighty feet high. Its 
 fortifications are irregular, having two bastions on the 
 city side, without any ditch. The house of the Go- 
 vernor General is one hundred and twenty feet long, 
 in front of which is a terrace of eighty feet, which 
 overlooks the Lower Town and the channel. The 
 edifice is pleasing, both as regards its interior and ex- 
 terior, on account of the wings which form the build- 
 ing in front and rear. It is two stories high, and 
 there is still wanting a wing of thirty-three feet long. 
 On the side of the house there is a battery of twenty- 
 two embrasures, partly inclosed in the building, and 
 part without, commanding the Lower Town and the 
 River. At four hundred paces above is Cape Dia- 
 mond, four hundred and eighty feet high, upon which 
 stands a redoubt which commands the Upper Town 
 and the adjacent country." 
 
 Charlevoix, who arrived in Quebec, in 1720, 
 furnishes an account nearly similar, though not so 
 diffuse. He says, " The Fort or Citadel is a fine 
 
142 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 building, with two pavilions by way of wings ; you 
 enter it through a spacious and regular court, but it 
 has no garden belonging to it, the Fort being built 
 on the brink of the rock. This defect is supplied in 
 some measure with a beautiful gallery, with a balcony, 
 which reaches the whole length of the building : it 
 commands the road, to the middle of which one may 
 be easily heard, by means of a speaking-trumpet ; 
 and hence, too, you see the whole Lower Town under 
 your feet. On leaving the Fort, and turning to the 
 left, you enter a pretty large esplanade, and by a 
 gentle declivity you reach the summit ef Cape Dia- 
 mond, which makes a very fine platform," 
 
 Such was the state of the Castle of St. Lewis, with 
 occasional reparations and additions, until near the 
 close of the last century ; when, from its tendency to 
 decay, it was found necessary to erect a new building 
 for the residence of the Governor, on the opposite side 
 of the square. This structure has no pretensions to 
 beauty or style of architecture, but contains seve- 
 ral well-proportioned rooms. The Ancient Castle, 
 notwithstanding, continued to be occupied by the 
 officers of government until 1809, during the admi- 
 nistration of General Sir James Henry Craig, 
 Knight of the Bath ; when it was put into complete 
 lepair, at an expense of ten thousand pounds, a 
 third story superadded, and it recovered its former 
 honors as the residence of the Governor-in-Chief 
 of Lower Canada. Thus renovated, it acquired, 
 insensibly, the name of the New, v liile the build- 
 ing opposite obtained that of the Old Chateau. 
 By popular error, therefore, as is not unfrequently 
 the case, the attributes of these two buildings were 
 reversed. In the latter continue to be held the 
 Levees on state occasionp ; and there are spacious 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 i4d 
 
 nngs ; you 
 3iirt, but it 
 being built 
 supplied in 
 1 a balcony, 
 uildiiig : it 
 ch one may 
 g-trumpet ; 
 Fown under 
 ning to the 
 I, and by a 
 • Cape Dia- 
 
 
 fy 
 
 Lewis, with 
 
 til near the 
 
 tendency to 
 
 lew building 
 
 opposite side 
 
 [etensions to 
 
 litains seve- 
 
 ent Castle, 
 
 jied by the 
 
 g the admi- 
 
 iRY Craig, 
 
 to complete 
 
 pounds, a 
 
 its former 
 
 r-in-Chief 
 
 acquired, 
 
 e the build- 
 
 ,D Chateau. 
 
 nfrequently 
 
 Idings were 
 
 )e held the 
 
 ire spacious 
 
 : 
 
 and convenient rooms of reception for public enter- 
 tainments, with apartments for the residence of one of 
 the officers of the Governor's personal staff. In 
 this building are to be seen two paintings of lasting 
 interest, being the likenesses of Their Majesties, 
 King George the Third, and Queen Char- 
 lotte, painted by Sir Joshua Reynolds, and present- 
 ed by His Majesty to this Government. To those 
 who remember the venerable Monarch in his latter 
 days, this picture, taken in early manhood, will as- 
 sume the character almost of antiquity. In the ball- 
 room, there is also a good copy of Sir Thomas 
 Lawrence's full length portrait of King George 
 the Fourth. 
 
 The length of the modern Castle of St. Lewis, in- 
 cluding the wings, was more than two hundred feet ; 
 and that was the extent of the gallery in front, com- 
 manding one of the most beautiful views in the world. 
 The depth was about forty feet. Its exterior was plain 
 and unassuming, the interior well arranged, and ap- 
 parently well adapted for the purpose for which it was 
 design'fed. The apartments on the first floor, in which 
 the family of the Governor -in-Chief resided, were 
 furnished in an elegant and tasteful manner, orna- 
 mented by valuable paintings, drawings and prints, 
 and various objects of vertu. Although by no means 
 large, or equal to those found in the private residencjs 
 of tlie nobility generally, they presented a very pleas- 
 ing coup d'cBil, when thrown open to those who were 
 honored with the entree. Here were given the pri- 
 vate entertainments of the Governor, to which the 
 gentry of the city and vicinity were freely invited 
 during the winter, always the season of hospitality in 
 Canada. . , . „, ,. • . ^ > . 
 
 li 
 
 153 
 
i 
 
 144 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 We have now to record the destruction of this 
 edifice, over whose historical glories we have dwelt 
 with so much pleasure. About noon, on Thursday, 
 the 23d January, 1834, an alarm of fire was given 
 — the tocsin sounded — and to the eager and anxious 
 enquiries of the citizens, running to and fro, the ap- 
 palling answer was given, " To the Castle, the 
 Castle !" On hurrying to the scene, volumes of 
 black smoke, rolling from the roof, told the fearful 
 truth. The fire was first discovered in a room on 
 the upper story, and having spread through its whole 
 extent, and taken hold of the rafters which supported 
 the massive roof, it burned downwards with irrepres- 
 sible fury, until it triumphed over the entire build- 
 ing. As no flame was apparent from the outside for 
 a considerable space of time, i> was scarcely believed 
 by the anxious spectator, that the whole pile was en- 
 dangered. Vain hopes were even entertained that 
 the lower ranges of apartments might be saved. At 
 last, the devouring element burst its way through 
 the strong tinned roof with tremendous force, and 
 the flames, thus finding a vent, spread with dreadful 
 rapidity through every part of the building :-r 
 
 — — Toto dcscendit norporo pestis : 
 
 ^ec vires heroum, iafusaque flumina prosunt. 
 
 Every possible exertion to subdue the conflagra- 
 tion was made by the different Fire Companies, the 
 troops of the garrison, and inhabitants of all classes. 
 Some of the most respectable citizens, of every pro- 
 fession, were seen busily occupied in removing the 
 valuable furniture and effects ; and others assisted in 
 conveying to a place of safety some of the ornaments 
 of the dinner table, which was Uiid ; and at which, by 
 invitation, they were to have been partakers that 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 145 
 
 ction of this 
 e have dwelt 
 •n Thursday, 
 re was given 
 and anxious 
 I fro, the ap- 
 Castle, the 
 volumes of 
 1 the fearful 
 n a room on 
 igh its whole 
 ch supported 
 i^ith irrepres- 
 entire build- 
 le outside for 
 3ely believed 
 pile was en- 
 ;rtained that 
 B saved. At 
 wsLy through 
 IS foice, and 
 svith dreadful 
 ing :^ 
 
 osunt. 
 
 e conflagra- 
 mpanies, the 
 of all classes, 
 of every pro- 
 •emoving the 
 rs assisted in 
 le ornaments 
 i at which, by 
 &r takers thut 
 
 very day, of the Governor's hospitality. On a pedes- 
 tal which stood at the head of the principal staircase, 
 close to the entrance of the first drawing-room, was 
 placed a bust of the immortal Wolfe, bearing the 
 following elegant inscription : - 
 
 * Let no vain tear upon his tomb be shed, 
 
 ^ ,^ A common tribute to the common dead; 
 
 ' But let the good, the g-enerous and the brave, 
 
 ■ ' With godlike envy sign for such a grave ! 
 
 This invaluable bust, in the melee and confusion, would 
 probably have been destroyed, had not a gentleman 
 made it his first care to rescue it, and to convey it, like 
 another Palladium, to a place of safety. 
 
 The intense cold of the <^ay added considerably to the 
 difficulty of suppressing the flames. In the morning 
 the thermometer indicated twenty-two degrees, and 
 during the day from four to eight degrees below zero, 
 with a cold and piercing westerly wind. The engines 
 were, therefore, soon frozen up, and could only be 
 rendered serviceable by constant supplies of warm 
 water. At length it became too apparent, that any 
 successful attempt to arrest the progress of the flames 
 was hopeless — all efforts to save even a portion of 
 the building proved ineffectual — and the morning 
 disclosed to the sight of the inhabitants a mass of 
 smoking ruins, to remind them of the loss which the 
 Province and the city had sustained. 
 
 Apart from the painful sense of the destruction 
 of this ancient and celebrated building, so iden- 
 tified with our colonial history, the sight itself was 
 throughout the day deeply impressive — at night 
 fall, grand in the extreme. The extent of the 
 structure, the numerous windows and openings, its 
 great elevation and peculiar position as to the Lower 
 
 N 
 

 i 
 
 146 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC,?' •• ' 
 
 Town, actually overhanging its streets, so that the 
 burning flakes fell upon the roofs of the houses below, 
 combined to make this mastery of the flames almost 
 an object to be admired. The scene, from the Lower 
 Town, was truly picturesque; and at a distance, 
 the view of the fire, and its reflection on the ice and 
 snow, have been described as singularly beautiful. 
 
 The Provincial Parliament being then in session, 
 His Excellency the Governor-in-Chief sent down 
 the following message, on the 24th January, 1834 : — 
 
 " Aylmer, Governor-in-Chief. 
 " It is with regret that His Excellency feels him- 
 self under the necessity of informing the House of 
 Assembly, that the ancient Castle of St, Lewis, which 
 he occupied as his official residence, caught fire yes- 
 terday about noon, and that notwithstanding the 
 efforts of His Majesty *s troops, of his Honor the 
 Mayor of Quebec, of the gentlemen of the Seminary, 
 of the firemen and the crowd of citizens of all classes, 
 who had hastened to the spot, and exerted themselves 
 unceasingly to save thav public edifice, it Las entirely 
 become a prey to the flames. 
 
 ** Castle of St. Lewis, 
 «« Quebec, 24th January, L<^4." 
 
 This was replied to in the Legislative Council 
 by a loyal address of condolence, and an expression 
 of readiness on their part to unite in any appro- 
 priation which might come before them, for the 
 purpose of erecting a suitable residence for the Gover- 
 nor-in-Chief of these Provinces. It has been generally 
 regretted that the House of Assembly did not proceed 
 upon this message ; but it is to be hoped and expect- 
 ed on the part of the people of the Province, that 
 another session will not be allowed to pass over vath- 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 147 
 
 out an appropriation being made by their represen- 
 tatives, for an object so necessary and indispensable, 
 and at the same time, so independent of party feeling 
 and prejudice. The beauty of the vacant site, and 
 the extent of the area will afford an opportunity of 
 erecting an edifice worthy of its ancient fame, honor- 
 able to the Province, and ornamental to the city of 
 Quebec, as yet too deficient in public buildings 
 where taste in architecture is displayed. 
 
 Such is a sketch of the history of the Castle of 
 St. Lewis, for above two centuries the seat of colonial 
 government:. It is now a heap of blackened ruins. 
 Relics like these, however, at once engage the at- 
 tention by recalling images of past grandeur, of 
 names once illustrious, and of deeds that still adorn 
 the historic page. Nor is there any mental associa- 
 tion productive of so much melancholy pleasure, as 
 that which unites the idea of those who tenanted an 
 ancient edifice in its prosperous day, with the con- 
 templation of the solitude and ruin to which the pile 
 has since been doomed. 
 
.AJ^ 
 
 II! 
 
 148 
 
 ' KKW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 THE RUINED CHATEAU. 
 
 Here, from these storied walls, in nncient day 
 
 By Champlain raised, the patriot and the brave — 
 
 The Gallic Lily once claimed reg-al sway. 
 Where'er St. Lawrence rolls his mighty wave ? 
 
 Thy latest* Chief, who ne*er from honor swerv'd. 
 With ebbinorlife resigned his pride of place-^ 
 
 Thy fealty changed, thy glories all preserv'd, 
 The Bi itish Lion guards thee from disgrace I 
 
 Lo . shall thy gentler triumphs be our theme, 
 'L'h/ beauteous d;imes, thy gallant, plumed train ; 
 
 The gi ; t and good flit by me as a dream. 
 Who once kept here their hospitable reign ! 
 
 Here has the table groaned with lordly cheer — 
 Here has the toast, the dance, the well-trill'd song. 
 
 Welcomed each coming of the infant year. 
 And served the festive moments to prolong I 
 
 Still, midst these luined heaps, in mental pain, 
 Does faithful memory former years restore— 
 
 Recall the busy throng, the jocund train. 
 And picture all that charmed us here before ! 
 
 Yet now, how changed the scene ! 'Tis silence all — 
 Save where the heedful sentry steps his round ! 
 
 We may not look upon that ruined hall. 
 Nor venerate the site so long renown'd ! 
 
 Sings 
 
WITH HISTORICA^i RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 149 
 
 ve — 
 
 Lin : 
 
 songf, 
 
 all— 
 
 CHAPTER THE NINTH. 
 
 ANCIENT APPEARANCE OP THE CITY — GENERAL DES- 
 CRIPTION — CAPE DIAMOND — THE FORTIFICATIONS. 
 
 The settlement of colonies has always been a sub- 
 ject of deep historical interest and research. Their 
 successful establishment has, indeed, been attended 
 with the happiest results to mankind By them new 
 worlds have been peopled — langupget perpetuated 
 — commerce extended, and the art of navigation 
 brought to its present state of perfect^'on. The bles- 
 sings of true religion have been communicated to 
 man, redeemed from his savage sti »e ; while cities and 
 turretted walls have supplanted the solitude of the 
 desert and the forest, or taken the place of the pri- 
 mitive caves and wigwams of the aboriginal inha- 
 bitants. By colonies the face of the earth has been 
 cultivated, and the produce of the soil rendered the 
 means of subsistence and social happiness. 
 
 The principal design of the French settlements in 
 Canada, — after the trade in peltry had proved suf- 
 ficiently attractive to the associated merchants of 
 France, to induce them to maintain their property in 
 the country — was evidently to propagate the Chris- 
 tian religion as professed by the founders of Quebec, 
 to tame and civilize the heathen, and to bring him 
 to the worship of the true God. It was a common 
 
 N 2 
 
i 
 
 150 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 saying of Champlain, " That the salvation of one 
 soul was of more value than the conquest of an em- 
 pire !" Their next object was of a more mundane 
 and political complexion, namely, to acquire a prepon- 
 derance on the American continentby means of their 
 priesthood, — and through the influence wliich gra- 
 titude for their services had procured them among 
 the Indian tribes, to whose temporal and spiritual 
 wants they had rendered themselves nearly equally 
 necessary, and whose affections they left no means 
 unattempted to engage and retain. 
 
 This policy, long acted upon, influenced every 
 part of their system. It extended even to the cha- 
 racter of the earliest edifices which they erected in 
 this country. The only permanent buildings were 
 those devoted to the purposes of war and religion. 
 The irregularity of the lines of the different streets 
 in Quebec is attributable to the same remote cause. 
 Any one who examines the site of the city will per- 
 ceive at once, that the greater portion of the area 
 was occupied from the first by its public buildings. 
 To show this more clearly, let us take a brief survey 
 of the ancient city. 
 
 The space occupied by the buildings of the ancient 
 Fort, afterwards the Castle of St. Lewis, was very ex- 
 tensive, reaching from Prescott-Gateto the commence- 
 ment of the acclivity of Cape Diamond, and including 
 the large open space where Wolfe's column now 
 stands. Formerly there were no houses between the 
 Castle and the Cape, and St. Lewis Street was merely 
 a military road. Immediately in front of the Castle 
 was an esplanade or open space, still called the 
 Place d'Armes, on one side of which stood the Church 
 and Convent of the Recollet Monks. Their build- 
 ings, with the garden, occupied the whole site on 
 
t no means 
 
 WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 151 
 
 which stand the Court House and the English Cathe^ 
 dral. They possessed the entire area between St. 
 Anne and St. Lewis Streets, and gave the modern 
 name of Garden Street. Not far from the corner of 
 the Place d^Armes, in St. Anne Street, there stands 
 within the precincts of the Church close, a venerable 
 tree, the last relic of those which once shaded the 
 RecoUet fathers — a touching monument of olden time 
 — perhaps the last tenant of the primeval forest. 
 Under this tree or on its site, tradition relates that 
 Champlain pitched his tent, on landing and taking 
 possession of his new domain. Here he lived until 
 the habitation, which he was building near the brink 
 of the rock, was ready for the reception of his little 
 band. In the rear of the Recollet Church, at a short 
 distance from it, was the Ursuline Convent, still oc- 
 cupying with its garden a considerable space enclosed 
 within St. Anne, St. Lewis and St. Ursule Streets. 
 Beyond the latter were the ancient ramparts of the 
 city. St. Anne Street divided the possessions of the 
 Ursuline Nuns from those of the Jesuits. The Col- 
 lege of the latter stood in a considerable square, now 
 the market-place ; and was surrounded by a garden, 
 planted with lofty and umbrageous trees, extending 
 from St. Anne to St. John Streets. The French Ca- 
 thedral, occupying one side of this square, and its 
 attached buildings covered a space reaching to Fort 
 Street, and was divided from the Place d Armes by 
 a road, which was afterwards Buade Street. At the 
 descent into Mountain Street, the buildings belong- 
 ing to the French Cathedral communicated with the 
 site occupied by the Bishop's Palace and gardens, 
 reaching to the edge of the rock. The ancient Palace 
 is said to have been equal to many similar establish- 
 ments in France. From the French Cathedral to the 
 
152 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 f 
 
 Grand Battery, the site is covered with the buildings 
 and garden of the Seminary, bounded also by Hope 
 Street, formerly Ste. Faraille Street, and St. George's 
 Street. The Seminary garden overlooks the Lower 
 Town, near the place formerly called the Sault-au- 
 MateloL At a short distance from it are the grounds 
 belonging to the Hotel Dieu, which extend along 
 the summit of the cliff from Hope-Gate, and are 
 bounded irregularly by Palace Street and Couillard 
 Street. The different buildings above enumerated 
 with their spacious gardens, added to the sites occu- 
 pied by the magazines, and other government build- 
 ings, together with the spaces reserved for military 
 purposes, occupied nearly the whole of the level 
 ground within the ramparts. It is evident, therefore, 
 that the early inhabitants had no alternative ; and 
 were compelled to build in directions leading from 
 one of these public buildings to another, or around 
 their precincts. Those who came to settle in Quebec 
 were, doubtless, attracted by the neighborhood of 
 the different churches, and the protection afforded 
 by the Fort. They erected their small and tempo- 
 rary habitations as near as possible to the con- 
 vents, whence, in times of scarcity or sickness they 
 received support and medical aid. Hence the wind- 
 ing and irregular character of some of the smaller 
 streets, particularly of those in the vicinity of the 
 Hotel Dieu and the Ursuline Convent. 
 
 The nature of the ground, or rather rock, on which 
 the city is built, effectually preventec ny regularity 
 of design. The most level site wa« the easiest and 
 cheapest — strait lines were disregarded in comparison 
 with present convenience — consequently, a house 
 
 'here a level foundation could best 
 
 was 
 
 ,ly 
 
 1^ 
 
 I. 
 
 ^1 
 
 be found ; and those places which were rugged and 
 
 It 
 
;Iie buildings 
 Iso by Hope 
 
 St. George's 
 C8 the Lower 
 ;he Sault-aU" 
 3 the grounds 
 jxtend along 
 ite, and are 
 ,nd Couillard 
 
 enumerated 
 le sites occu- 
 nment build- 
 
 for military 
 
 of the level 
 nt, therefore, 
 'native ; and 
 leading from 
 r, or around 
 fie in Quebec 
 bborhood of 
 tion afforded 
 
 and tempo- 
 to the con- 
 ickness they 
 ce the wind- 
 
 the smaller 
 
 inity of the 
 
 ck, on which 
 ly regularity 
 e easiest and 
 1 comparison 
 ly, a house 
 m could best 
 rugged and 
 
 . 1 
 
 c 
 
t 
 
 precipit 
 more er 
 difficult 
 During 
 1608, 
 poorly 
 partly 
 kept tli( 
 any ex 
 Little, 
 they re 
 winter, 
 air. Ai 
 venienc* 
 that wl 
 1639, i 
 they we 
 pany of 
 
 Mo.VTM 
 
 govern n 
 having f 
 niture ii 
 a rude ki 
 of the sj 
 embellis 
 cient ap 
 buildinq^ 
 cumstan 
 quent hi 
 of taste 
 the arch 
 and dura 
 symmetr 
 within tl 
 came in 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 153 
 
 precipitous were left unoccupied, until some one, 
 more enterprising or with better means, overcame the 
 difficulty, and succeeded in establishing his edifice. 
 During the first fifty years after the foundation in 
 1608, the houses were extremely small, mean and 
 poorly furnished ; partly from want of means, and 
 partly from fear of the Iroquois, whose incursions 
 kept the inhabitants in constant dread, and prevented 
 any expense being incurred in these particulars. 
 Little, however, sufficed for the first colonists : all 
 they required was shelter and warmth daring the 
 winter. The summer was passed chiefly in the open 
 air. As an example of the want of furniture and con- 
 veniences in the old habitations, it may be mentioned 
 that when the Hos/ntalUres arrived in Quebec in 
 1639, ror the purpose of founding i,he Hotel Dieu, 
 they were lodged in a house belonging to the com- 
 pany of Merchants, lent to them by the Chevalier de 
 MoNTM-VGNY, who succcedcd Champlain in the 
 government. The house is, indeed, described as 
 having four rooms and two closets ; b ut the only fur- 
 niture in it for the accommodation of these ladies was 
 a rude kind of table made of boards, and two benches 
 of the same material ! The absence of architectural 
 embellishment must always be lamented ; but a suf- 
 cient apology for the want of symmetry in the 
 buildings of Quebec, may be found in the peculiar cir- 
 cumstances of the early settlers, and the subse- 
 quent history of the colony. Even now, no degree 
 of taste is discernible in the public buildings. — 
 the architects have had principally in view strength 
 and durability — utility has rather been consulted than 
 symmetry of construction. Almost all the houses 
 within the works are built of stone, either rough as it 
 c-ame in masses from the rock, or hewn into shape 
 
tl 
 
 154 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 at the fancy of the architect, and afterwards covered 
 with paint or cement. 
 
 The capital of the Province of Lower Canada, and 
 the principal seat of British dominion in America, 
 cannot be approached by the intelligent stranger 
 without emotions of respect and admiration. It is 
 situated on the north-west side of the great River St. 
 Lawrence, in latitude 46° 59' 15'', and longitude 
 71° 13'. A ridge of high land commencing at Cap 
 Rouge, and extending for about eight miles along its 
 bank, terminates at the eastern extremity in a lofty 
 promontory, three hundred and fifty feet high above 
 the water, rising in front of the beautiful basin formed 
 by the confluence of the little River St. Charles with 
 the St. Lawrence. There stands Quebec, formerly 
 the seat of the French empire in the west — purchas- 
 ed for England by the blood of the heroic Wolfe, 
 shed in the decisive battle of the Plains of Abraham. 
 A commodious harbor, which can aflford a safe ancho- 
 rage for several fleets — a magnificent river whose 
 banks are secured by steep cliffs — a position on a 
 lofty rock, which bids defiance to external violence, 
 together with extraordinary beauty of scenery, aic • 
 some of the natural advantages which distinguish the 
 City of Quebec. The River St. Lawrence, which 
 flows majestically before the town, is one of the 
 greatest, most noble and beautiful of rivers ; and at 
 the same time, the furthest navigable for vessels of 
 a large size of any in the universe. From its mouth 
 in the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the harbor of Que- 
 J3i,c is three hundred and sixty miles ; and vessels 
 from Europe ascend to Montreal, which is one 
 hundred and eighty miles higher up its course. A 
 precipice of naked and rugged rock, nearly three 
 hundred feet high, divides the Upper from the Lower 
 
 iown. 
 
 cipice, 
 
 conside 
 
 reign t 
 
 is built 
 
 the roc 
 
 numero 
 
 the ace 
 
 channel 
 
 eleven 
 
 of the r 
 
 and go 
 
 The U 
 
 pearanc 
 
 dually a 
 
 —em be 
 
 lofty sp 
 
 from the 
 
 I 
 
 On t 
 
 • the pro 
 hundred 
 and ten 
 whence 
 land, 
 telegrap 
 hattery. 
 DEL of 
 powerful 
 there 
 it has 
 celebrate 
 been 
 
 U 
 
 ca 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 155 
 
 ids covered 
 
 Z^anada, and 
 n America, 
 nt stranger 
 ition. It is 
 ^at River St. 
 d longitude 
 icing at Cap 
 lies along its 
 ty in a lofty 
 t high above 
 basin formed 
 Charles with 
 JEC, formerly 
 ;st — purchasj- 
 roic Wolfe, 
 of Abraham, 
 a safe ancho- 
 river whose 
 position on a 
 nal violence, 
 scenery, aio 
 stinguish the 
 rence, which 
 one of the 
 vers ; and at 
 or vessels of 
 •om its mouth 
 )or of QuE- 
 and vessels 
 which is one 
 s course. A 
 nearly three 
 )m the Lower 
 
 Town. The latter, embracing the foot of the pre- 
 cipice, and skirting the base of the promontory to a 
 considerable extent on both sides, is the mart of fo- 
 reign trade and the principal place of business. It 
 is built on ground made partly by excavations from 
 the rock, or redeemed from the water ; and contains 
 numerous and convenient wharfs and store Iiouses, for 
 the accommodation of trade and navigation. The 
 channel before the town is rkpid — its breadth is about 
 eleven hundred and thirty-four yards. The depth 
 of the river opposite the city is about thirty fathoms 
 and good anchorage is every wliere to be found. 
 The Upper Town presents the picturesque ap- 
 pearance of a fortified city — whose houses rise gra- 
 dually above each other in the form of an amphitheatre 
 —embellished and diversified by large buildings and 
 lofty spires, pouring a flood of light and splendor 
 from their bright tinned roofs. 
 
 * THE CITADEL. 
 
 On the extreme left, on the highest point of 
 • the promontory, is Cape Diamond, rising three 
 hundred and fifty feet above the level of tiie river, 
 and terminating towards the east in a round tower, 
 whence is displayed the national standard of Eng- 
 land. Immediaiely in the rear is the cavalier and 
 telegraph, and adjoining may be seen the saluting 
 hattery. The fortress on Cape Diamond, or Cita- 
 del OF Quebec, is a formidable combination of 
 powerful works ; and while it is admitted that 
 there i ^ no similar 'nilitary work on this continent, 
 it has been considered second to few of the most 
 celebrated fortresses of Europe. It has frequently 
 been called the Gibraltar of America ; and 
 
 
 !l 
 
 i 
 
ii 
 
 'iWW 
 
 i i 
 
 156 
 
 i?£W PICTUAE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 it is, indeed, wortLy of tl^e great nation, wKo^ /- 
 fame and enduring renown are reflected in this du^ 
 (fauvre o( nature and of art — con^^cviicwd at tlie e:- 
 pense of Great Britain for our def^!)f!e — at once a 
 monument of her own power, and a pledge of protec- 
 tion to one of the most valuable, although remote, 
 possessions of the British Crown ! Quebec is one 
 of the strongest and most distinguished of those 
 " military posts," which are alluded to in the following 
 beautiful passage from a speech lately pronounced by 
 the Honorable Daniel Webster in the Senate of 
 the United States, which we extract as peculiarly 
 applicable to our present subject ; and as deriving 
 weight and interest from the splendid talents and 
 long established fame of the eloquent orator. Mr. 
 Webster eloquently describes Great Britain as 
 " a power to which, for purposes of foreign conquest 
 and subjugation, Rome, in the height of her glory, 
 is not to be compared ; a power v.hich has dotted 
 over the surface of the whole globe with her posses- 
 sions and military posts, whose morning drum-beat, 
 following the sun, and keeping company with the 
 hours, circles the earth daily witli ^nie continuous and 
 unbroken strain of the martial airs of England." 
 And truly, when we look to our own country, what 
 just cause of pri le and dignity do we behold ! The 
 halcyon days of lu ace have long returned — the tem- 
 ple of Janus is, we trust, for ever closed — yet, when 
 the storm of war was at the highest, never did the 
 eagle wing of Kn(;land soar more loftily, never did 
 her star beam in brighter splendor ! Then, amid 
 the ruin and the wreck of demoralized natiors, she 
 stood forth the firm and generous pilot — when others 
 slept, and were worn out with the/r woe, she ever 
 watched at the giddy helm — her greatness grew with 
 
 ii»-. 
 
 ■^ 
 
 
 
 '^•' 
 
 6^ 
 
 r t. 
 
 J. 
 
 ^ 
 
 (x; 
 
 -v 
 
lation, wlio^r 
 d in this chf 
 ed at the ei- 
 »— at once a 
 igc of protec- 
 uigh remote, 
 UEBEc is one 
 bed of those 
 the following: 
 lonounced by 
 :he Senate of 
 
 as [leculiarly 
 I as deriving 
 d talents and 
 orator. Mr. 
 
 Britain as 
 eign conquest 
 
 of her glory, 
 ch has dotted 
 h her posscs- 
 g drum-beat, 
 mv with the 
 )ntinuousand 
 of England." 
 ountry, what 
 diold ! The 
 ed — the tem- 
 
 — yet, when 
 never did the 
 ly, never did 
 
 Then, amid 
 1 natiois, she 
 -when others 
 roe, she ever 
 !ss grew with 
 
 r« 
 
 -I 
 
 'J. 
 
 -i 
 
 71 
 
the mac 
 wings 
 — her c 
 she sti 
 salvatio 
 
 ;l-i^' 
 
 t 'f 
 
 Capi 
 
 in whic 
 
 in vein 
 
 From t 
 
 beautif 
 
 it bears 
 
 ing roc 
 
 cumsta 
 
 St. La 
 
 works I 
 
 to the 
 
 richly i 
 
 examir 
 
 excelle 
 
 nearly 
 
 on wli 
 
 windin 
 
 f/lacis, 
 
 where 
 
 leads i 
 
 into til 
 
 sides ' 
 
 along 
 
 land a 
 
 a mas 
 
 Dalh 
 
 the ol 
 
 the IV 
 
 officer 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS 
 
 167 
 
 the madness of the gale — lier swiftness Lung on the 
 wings of the storm — her proud pendants floated aloft 
 — her course was steady — her track was secure ; and 
 she still pointed to that beacon where peace and 
 salvation showed their hallowed, but CApiring flame I 
 
 Cape Diamond is composed of dark colored slate, 
 in which are found perfectly limpid quartz crystals, 
 in veins, along with crystallized carbonate of lime. 
 From these crystals, which are certainly extremely 
 beautiful, and sparkle like diamonds, came the name 
 it bears. Professor Silliman considers the prevail- 
 ing rock to be of transition formation, from the cir- 
 cumstance of the region on the other side of the 
 St. Lawrence being decidedly of that class. The 
 works upon the summit are nearly complete, according 
 to the most approved laws of fortification ; and will 
 richly repay the visits of those who are admitted to 
 examine them, both as to external beauty and interior 
 excellence. The approach to the Citadel, which is 
 nearly two hundred feet higher than the ground 
 on which the Upper Town is situated, is by a 
 winding road made through the acclivity of the 
 fjfacisy from St. Lewis-Gate, and commanded every 
 where by the guns of the different bastions. This 
 leads into the outward ditch of the ravelin, and thence 
 into the principal ditch of the work, built upon both 
 sides with walls of solid masonry, and extending 
 along the whole circumference of the Citadel on the 
 land and city sides. The main entrance is through 
 a massive gate of admirable construction, called 
 Dalhousie-Gate, a view of which is given on 
 the other page. Within the arch ot the gate are 
 the Main-Guard rooms, for a detachment and an 
 officer, who are relievtvl every day ; and in front of 
 
 t: 
 
 i m 
 
 e- 
 
 
 m 
 
^ 
 
 158 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 ;.■» 
 
 it is a spacious area, — used as a parade ground, — or 
 rather an enlargement of the ditch formed by the 
 retiring angles and face of the bastion. This is a 
 splendid work, presenting a most august appearance, 
 and combining strength and symmetry with all the 
 modern improvements in the art of fortification. It 
 is named Dalhousie-Gate and Bastion, in honor 
 of a distinguished nobleman and gallant officer, 
 Lieutenant General the Earl of Daliiousie, G. 
 C. B. ; who succeeded the Duke of Richmond, as 
 Governor-in-Chief of these Provinces, in 1820. In 
 the face of this bastion are loopholes for the fire of 
 muscjuetry from within : on the top are embrasures 
 for the cannon. The loopholes serve also for the 
 admission of air and light into the casemated barracks 
 within for the troops composing the garrison. They 
 are commodious and well adapted both for comfort 
 and safety, being well ventilated, and proof against 
 fire and missiles of every description. These bar- 
 racks are at present occupied by the Thirty-Second 
 Regiment of the line, commanded by Lieutenant 
 Colonel the Honorable John Maitland, third son of 
 the Earl of Lauderdale. On the top of Daliiousie 
 lUsTioN is an extensive covered way, or broad gravel 
 walk, with embrasures for mounting cannon, com- 
 manding every part of the ditch and glacis, and every 
 avenue of approach to the citadel. From this ele- 
 vated spot is obtained a delightful view of the 
 surrounding scenery and the harbor—the whole 
 fbrmin|r a panorania that has been pronounced by 
 competent judges not inferior in beauty to the cele- 
 brated Bay of Naples. An equally magnificent 
 view is also commanded from the summit of the ca- 
 valier, on which stands the telejftaph, at the eastern 
 extremity of the Citadel ; as well as from the obser- 
 
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WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 159 
 
 vatory of Mr. Watt, on its western point towards the 
 Plains of Abraham. Within the Citadel are the 
 various magazines, storehouses, and other buihlings 
 required for the accommodation of a numerous gar- 
 rison ; and immediately overhanging the precipice to 
 the south, in a most picturesque situation h>oking 
 perpendicularly downwards on the river, stands a 
 beautiful row of buildings with a paved terrace in 
 front, built of cut stone, and contaifurvi^ the mess 
 rooms and barracks for the officers of the garrison, 
 their stables and spacious kitchens. The roof of this 
 building is covered with bright tin, and from its ele- 
 vated site, it is a beautiful and conspicuous object 
 from Loretto and the road to Lake St. Charles. 
 
 About midway between the officers* barracks anvl 
 the observatory of Mr. Watt, is a building containing 
 machinery worked by steam, by which large trucks 
 holding masses of stone, cannon, stores, and all 
 heavy weights, are easily drawn up by means of a 
 railway on an inclined plane, from the wharf at the 
 water's edge to the summit of Cape Diamond. There 
 is also an artificial descent of near six hundred steps, 
 which conducts the workmen safely in a few minutes 
 from the garrison to the Lower Town. The inclined 
 plane is al out five hundred feet long ; and is reserv- 
 ed for the use of Government only, 
 
 THE FORTIFICATIONS. 
 
 Without presuming to give a technical description 
 of this noble fortress, it may be said to combine every 
 invention and precuation, that science and art could 
 devise and execute for the protection of the city, and 
 theseeurity of the garrison. * ® $ 
 

 IMAGE EVALUATION 
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 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 33 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
 

 
 i^ 
 
 
 V"0 
 
 
160 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 From the earliest times, Quebec may be said to 
 have been a fortified town. The incursions of the 
 Iroquois soon compelled the French to construct 
 defensive fortifications at some distance from the 
 Fort, which the nature of the ground permitted them 
 to do, without any very great labor. The city is 
 defended on every side, except the south-west, by 
 its natural elevation and almost inaccessible crags, 
 varying in height from fifty to three hundred feet 
 above the water. All that was necessary, therefore, 
 was to erect defensive works extending from Cape 
 Diamond on the south, to the River St. Charles on 
 the north, and facing towards the west. These, 
 doubtless, supplied the original outline and design 
 of every subsequent defence, and of the elaborate 
 works and ramparts which now protect the city on 
 that side. The first defences were very imperfect as 
 fortifications, consisting, most probably, of palisades, 
 with an embankment of earth. It has been shown 
 that, in 1629, Champlain had no means of de- 
 fen(;e against the English ; nor is it probable that 
 the works extended beyond the site of the Fort. 
 Afterwards, it was found necessary to enclose the 
 the various charitable and monastic institutions with 
 a rampart, in order to protect them against the sud- 
 den inroads of the Iroquois : thus the city gradually 
 improved in resources and in efficient means of de- 
 fence, until Quebec was made the seat of the Royal 
 Government in 1663. 
 
 After the death of Champlain in 1635, his succes- 
 sor, Montmagny, entirely rebuilt the Fort. He 
 made a rampart towards the Place d'Armes of oak 
 and cedar filled up with earth, and strong enough to 
 allow him to mount cannon upon it Stone bastions 
 were afterwards constructed, one at each angle front- 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 161 
 
 be said to 
 [)ns of the 
 
 construct 
 ; from the 
 flitted them 
 'he city is 
 th-west, by 
 sible crags, 
 indred feet 
 r, therefore, 
 from Cape 
 Charles on 
 St. These, 
 and design 
 he elaborate 
 the city on 
 imperfect as 
 of palisades, 
 been shown 
 eans of de- 
 )robable that 
 >f the Fort. 
 
 enclose the 
 
 tutions with 
 
 tnst the sud- 
 
 ty gradually 
 
 eans of de- 
 
 if the Royal 
 
 his succes- 
 
 Fort. He 
 
 rmes of oak 
 
 ig enough to 
 
 lone bastions 
 
 angle front- 
 
 
 ing the city, connected by a curtain. The Fort 
 then, according to Colonel Bouchette, " covered 
 about four acres of ground, and formed nearly a pa- 
 rallelogram. Of these works only a few vestiges 
 remain, except the eastern wall, wliich is kept in 
 solid repair." It is stated by the same author, that 
 the building, where the public entertainments are 
 usually given, once constituted " part of the curtain 
 that ran between the two exterior bastions of the old 
 fortress of St. Lewis." 
 
 At the period of the fruitless attack upon Quebec 
 by Sir William Phipps, in 1690, the fortifications 
 had assumed considerable military consequence. By 
 the indefatigable activity of the Count de Frontenac, 
 the city was defended by eleven stone redoubts, 
 serving as bastions, and communicating with each 
 other by means of curtains made of pickets, ten feet in 
 height, strengthened within by embankments of earth. 
 The following is Charlevoix's description of the works 
 in the Upper Town at this time : " A battery of eight 
 pieces of cannon was commenced upon the height on 
 one side of the Fort. The fortifications began at the 
 Intendant's Palace, on the shore of the Little River 
 St. Charles, ascending towards the Upper Town 
 which they inclosed, and terminated at the mountain, 
 near Cape Diamond. They also continued from the 
 Palace along the cliff, in the form of a palisade, as 
 far as the fence of the Seminary, where it was ter- 
 minated by inaccessible cliffs, called the Sault-au- 
 Matelot, on which there was a battery of three pieces 
 of cannon. A second palisade was also constructed 
 above the other, finishing at the e^me place, and 
 serving as a protection for the musqueteers. The 
 entrances of the city, where there were no gates, were 
 barricaded with heavy logs, and hogsheads filled with 
 
 o 2 
 
162 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 J: 
 
 earth. Small pieces of ordnance were mounted upon 
 them. In the course ot the siege a second battery- 
 was made at the Sault-au-Matelot ; and a third at the 
 gate leading to the River St. Charles. Cannon was 
 besides mounted all round the Upper Town, and 
 particularly on a wind-mill, which served as a cava- 
 lier." 
 
 In 1703, the Fortifications were restored by the 
 Chevalier De Callieres, then Governor, who died 
 immediately afterwards ; but it was not until 1720, 
 that the city was fortified in a regular manner, with 
 ramparts built of stone, and with bastions on the 
 south-west front, according to the rules of art. Char- 
 levoix, who was in Qijebec at this period, in des- 
 cribing them as an eye-witness, refers to the plan 
 sent to France by M. Chaussegros de Lery, the 
 chief Engineer, to be deposited in the Louvre, with 
 the plans of other fortified places. This plan was 
 found so superior, that it was immediately adopted 
 by the Court of France ; and the new works were 
 commenced in June, 1720, under the direction of 
 that eminent engineer. He was descended from a 
 family of French noblesse, among whom they reckoned 
 Jean de Lery, who accompaniedVillegagnon in his 
 voyage to Brazil, under the patronage of Coligny, 
 noticed in page seventy-two of this work. This gen- 
 tleman was a Huguenot Clergyman, and acted as 
 Chaplain to the expedition. He published an account 
 of this voyage in 1585, dedicated to Coligny, which 
 is to be found in the Library or the House of Assem- 
 bly. The descendants of this family hold honorable 
 stations in the Province to this day. 
 
 On the occasion of taking down part of the French 
 works on Cape Diamond, in 1795, for the purpose 
 of rebuilding them, a leaden plate, with the following 
 
 a, 
 ■'i 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 16S 
 
 3untecl upon 
 ond battery 
 I third at the 
 Cannon was 
 Town, and 
 d as a cava- 
 
 tored by tbe 
 )r, who died 
 t until 1720, 
 lanner, with 
 tions on the 
 sfart. Char- 
 riod, in des- 
 to the phm 
 E Lery, the 
 Louvre, with 
 lis plan was 
 Ltely adopted 
 works were 
 direction of 
 nded from a 
 hey reckoned 
 ^agnon in his 
 of Coligny, 
 This gen- 
 and acted as 
 ed an account 
 ligny, which 
 se of Assem- 
 ^Id honorable 
 
 )f the French 
 
 • the purpose 
 
 the following 
 
 inscription was found, commemorating the com- 
 mencement of the new and i.nproved fortifications : 
 
 Rejjnante Lndovico XV, 
 Christianissimw (Tallorum Rejfe, 
 iEtatis Sute annnra ajjente Xliira, Re^iii Vum : 
 Aun^ustissimo ac Potentissimo Principe, 
 
 Hiice Aurtiliaueiisiiim Philippo, 
 Rpffis avunculo: Rejrnum Gubeniante. 
 Iiltistr«issimo acserenissirao Principe, 
 Ludovico Alexandro de Bourbon, 
 Tohisae Comito, 
 Concilio Maritirao Reifjue marilimse pra>posito. 
 Iliustrissimo Joanne D'Estree, Franciie Marescallo, 
 Americae Septentrionalis, Meridionalisque pro Re^e, 
 Concilii Maritirai prieside, 
 Ac maris prsefecti l.e<rato : 
 Philippo de Ri^faud, Marchione de Vaudreuil, 
 Novae Franciae (inbernatore : 
 hisce Munimentis 
 Regiis sumptibus Conciliique Maritimi autoritate extructisy 
 Prima hsec posuit fundameuta, 
 Michael Bejjon : 
 Civilis Disciplinae 
 Rei Judiciariae, ^Erariae, ac Maritirase, 
 
 atque hnjus Colouiaj prKfectns. 
 Dinirente Gasp : Chanssegros de Lery : 
 Reg-io bellicoriun operum machiuatore. 
 Nonis Juuii. An. Dom. MDCCXX. 
 
 TRANSLATION. 
 
 " In the eleventh year of the life, and fifth of the reinrn, of 
 His Most Christian Miijesty Louis XV., Kin«r of the French— 
 the most au;»ust and powerful Prince, Philip, Duke i»f Orleans, 
 Uncle to the Kinjr, beinor reg-ent of the Kin^rdoin— the most 
 illustrious a'ld ierene Prince, Louis Alexandre de Bourbon, 
 Count of Thoiilonse, Presidi^nt of the Maritime (]ouru:il am! of 
 Naval affairs — the most illustrious Jean D'Estree, Marshal of 
 France, President of the Maritime Council of North and 8outh 
 America, and Vice-Admiral— Philippn de Rig^nud, Marquis de 
 Vaudrenil, (lovernor of Sew France— the first founr^ations of 
 these fortifications, built at the Royal expense, and by authority 
 
164 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 ji I of the Mai itirae Council, were laid by Michael Beg-on, Intendant 
 
 i i of this Colony, and of its civil, judiciary, fiscal and nava! affairs 
 
 jl I — under the direction of Gaspard Chausseg-ros de Lerv, Military 
 
 II I Royal Enjrineer, on the tifth day of June^ MDCCXX." 
 
 We have already given the state of the fortifications 
 in 1690 : the following is the description of the de- 
 fences in the Upper Towi;, as they appeared to 
 Charlevoix, previous to the improvements of De 
 Lury, in 1720 : " On the side towards the gallery 
 of the Fort is a battery of twenty-five pieces of can- 
 non. Higher still is a small square Fort, called the 
 Citadel, and the ways which communicate from one 
 fortification to another are extremely steep. To the 
 left of the harbor quite along the road, as far as the 
 River St. Charles, are good batteries of cannon, with 
 several mortars. From the angle of the Citadel, 
 which fronts the city, has been built on oreillon of a 
 bastion, from whence has been drawn a curtain at 
 right angles, which communicates with a very ele- 
 vated cavalier, on which stands a wind-mill fortified. 
 As you descend from this cavalier, and at the distance 
 of a musket shot from it, you meet first a tower for- 
 tified with a bastion, and at the same distance from 
 this a second. The design was to line a'l this with 
 stone, which was to have had the same angles with 
 the bastions ; and to have terminated at the extremity 
 of the rock, opposite to the Palace, where there is 
 already a small redoubt, as well as on Cape Dia- 
 mond." 
 
 From the period of their renovation by De Lery, 
 the fortifications were maintained by the French Go- 
 vernors with great care, until the' capture of Quebec, 
 in 1759. They were then repaired by the English, 
 and again at the time of the memorable siege of 
 the Americans in 1775 ; since which period they 
 
ofon, Intendant 
 id iiava! affairs 
 Lerv, Military 
 
 !brtifications 
 
 I of the de- 
 ippeared to 
 ?nts of De 
 
 tlie gallery 
 3ces of can- 
 , called the 
 te from one 
 p. To the 
 s far as the 
 annon, with 
 lie Citadel, 
 ^reillon of a 
 L curtain at 
 a very ele- 
 
 II fortified, 
 he distance 
 
 tower for- 
 tance from 
 •1 this with 
 mgles with 
 I extremity 
 re there is 
 ZJape Dia- 
 
 De Lery, 
 rench Go- 
 f Quebec, 
 e English, 
 e siege of 
 jriod they 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 165 
 
 
 fiU 
 
 •i^. 
 
 1 
 
 ^. 
 
 •?^ 
 
 liave received such additions, and successive repara- 
 tions, — together with outworks of great strength on 
 the land side, — as render this fortress of the north, 
 in the estimation of military judges, not inferior to 
 many of the most celebrated strong holds in Eu- 
 rope. 
 
 Exclusive of the space within the Citadel, whose 
 works occupy about forty acres, the fortifications are 
 continued all round that portion of the city which is 
 termed the Upper Town. They consist of bastions, 
 connected by lofty curtains of solid masonry, and ram- 
 parts from twenty-five to thirty feet in height and 
 about the same in thickness, bristling with heavy 
 cannon — round towers, loopholed walls, and massive 
 gates, recurring at certain distances in the circumfe- 
 rence. On the summit of the ramparts from Cape 
 Diamond to the Artillery barracks near Palace-Gate, 
 is a broad covered way, or walk, used as a place of 
 recreation by the inhabitants, and commanding a most 
 agreeable view of the fertile country towards the 
 west. This passes over the top of St. John's, and 
 St. Lewis-Gate, where there is .stationed a Serjeant's 
 guard. Above St. John/s-Gate, at the end of the 
 Street of that name, devoted entirely to business, 
 there is at sun-set one of the most beautiful views 
 imaginable. The River St. Charles gamboling, as 
 it were, in the rays of the departing luminary, 
 the light still lingering on the spires of Lorette and 
 Charlesbourg, until it fades away beyond the lofty 
 mountains of Bonhomme and Tsounonthuan, pre- 
 sent an evening scene of gorgeous and surpassing 
 splendor. 
 
 The city being defended on the land side by its 
 ramparts, is protected on the other sides by a lofty 
 wall and parapet, based upon the cliff and commenc* 
 
166 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 ^iV'V.; 
 
 in<i^ near the River St. Charles at the Artillery Bar- 
 racks. These form a very extensive rarij^e of build- 
 ings : the part within the Artillery-Gate being occu- 
 pied as barracks by the Officers and men of that 
 di».tint^uished corps, with a <^arden and mess-room. 
 They are much admired for their apparent comfort 
 and neatness, presenting altogether a very agreeable 
 aspect. The part without the gate is used as maga- 
 zines, store houses, and offices for the Ordnance depart- 
 ment. These buildings were erected by the French 
 before 1750, on the site of others which had formerly 
 stood there. They are of stone, two stories high, 
 well secured against fire; and are nearly six hundred 
 feet in length, by about forty in depth. Until lately 
 several apartments on the upper story were occupied 
 as an armoury ; and between thirty and forty thou- 
 sand stands of arms of different descriptions were 
 there arranged in a beautiful and imposing manner. 
 These have been removed to the Citadel, as their 
 more appropriate place of deposit. 
 
 Immediately adjoining the Artillery Barracks, and 
 connecting the works on the left with their continua- 
 tion along the St. Charles, stands Palace-Gatf, 
 having a guard-house attached on the right. This 
 has lately been rebuilt, and is the most classical and 
 beautiful of the five gates of Quebec. Though per- 
 fectly strong for all purposes of defence, it has a light 
 and airy appearance, not unlike in design one of the 
 gates of Pompeii. It stands at the northern extre- 
 mity of a broad and well proportioned street, called 
 Palace Street, from the circumstance that it led to 
 the Intendant's house or palace, which formerly stood 
 on the beach of the St. Charles outside the gate, on 
 the site of the present King's wood yard. This 
 
 buildli 
 rica'.i 
 Frol 
 
 c(l alo| 
 of th( 
 distant 
 wjdk d! 
 the CO 
 IIopeJ 
 qiictr] 
 the w( 
 appeal 
 the S 
 gate, 
 works 
 ; the gr; 
 at the 
 gate t 
 opposi 
 antrle * 
 perper 
 part ol 
 tlerner 
 Baiti 
 halls € 
 the ha 
 which 
 escarp 
 above 
 high ; 
 ohser> 
 of pre 
 tims." 
 Clc 
 place 
 
 I 
 
"i 
 
 Artillery Bar- 
 'antre of build- 
 ite being occu- 
 l men of that 
 id mess-room, 
 parent comfort 
 .ery agreeable 
 used as maofa- 
 finance depart- 
 by the French 
 li had formerly 
 stories high, 
 y six hundred 
 Until lately 
 were occupied 
 nd forty thou- 
 jriptions were 
 osing manner, 
 tadel, as their 
 
 Barracks, and 
 eircontiniia- 
 alace-Gatf, 
 right. This 
 classical and 
 Though per- 
 it has a light 
 ^n one of the 
 rthern extre- 
 street, called 
 lat it led to 
 ►rmerlj^ stood 
 the gate, on 
 yard. This 
 
 WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 167 
 
 building was destroyed during the siege by the Ame- 
 rica'.i troops unitor General Arnold, in 177.'). 
 
 From PALACfci-GATE the fortificationr. are continu- 
 ed along the brow of the cliff overlooking the mouth 
 of the St. Charles, until they reach Hope-Gate, a 
 distance of three hundred yards. A broad and level 
 walk divides the outward wall from the possessions of 
 the community of the Hotel Dieu. The wall near 
 Hope-Gate and guard-house is loopholed for inus- 
 quctry ; and all the approaches are commanded by 
 the works, which here present a lofty and formidable 
 appearance, projecting over the rugged cliff. On 
 the St. Charles side, midway between it and the 
 ^ate, a very picturesque view of the rock and the 
 works may be obtained. At Hope-Gate commences 
 the gradual elevation of the ground which terminates 
 at the eastern point of Cape Diamond. Beyond the 
 gate the wall is continued until it reaches a point 
 opposite St. George Street, and the store house at the 
 angle of the Seminary garden. Here it reaches the 
 perpendicular cliff called the Sautt-au-Matclot, on 
 jtart of which Ciiamplain commenced his first set- 
 tlement, in 1608. From this eminence the Grand 
 B-viTERYj-mounting a range of heavy guns, carrying 
 balls of thirty- two pounds, commands the basin and 
 the harbor below. In front of the Grand Battery 
 . which extends to the Bishop's Palace, and where the 
 escarpment of the cliff is nearly three hundred feet 
 above the water, the stone parapet is but a few feet 
 hiujh ; and the black artillery, as Professor Silliman 
 observes, projecting over the cliff', " look like beasts 
 of prey, crouching, and ready to leap upon their vic- 
 tims." 
 
 Close to the Bishop's Palace, long used as the 
 place where the Sessions of the Provincial Legis- 
 
168 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 LATURE are held, is Prescoti'-Gate and guard- 
 house : the former built of stone, and presenting an 
 appearance of massive strength. Under its arcli 
 is tlie principal avenue to the Lower Town, by 
 Mountain Street. It is protected on either side 
 by powerful defences, and by works which con- 
 nect it on the right with the Castle of St. Lewis. 
 Here the stone rampart, or wall, forms part of that 
 building, and is supported by counter-forts, or but- 
 tresses, built upon the solid rock, and immediately 
 overlooking the Lower-Town at an elevation of 
 more than two hundred feet. To the right, or south- 
 west side, of the Castle is the Governor's garden, 
 one hundred and eighty yards long, and seventy 
 broad, within which is a small battery, also command- 
 ing part of the harbor. In front of the Governor's 
 garden, the fortifications are continued for three hun- 
 (Ired yards ; until they reach the foot of the glacis^ 
 or acclivity towards Cape Diamond, crowned at that 
 point by the round tower and flag-staflf. 
 
 The extent of the ramparts towards the land side, 
 from the south-west angle of the Citadel to the cliff 
 above the River St. Charles, is stated by Colonel 
 Bouchette to be eighteen hundred and thirty-seven 
 yards. Within this rampart is the Esplanade, be- 
 between St. Lewis and St. John's-Gate. It is a 
 level space covered with grass, two hundred and 
 seventy-three yards long, and of irregular breadth. 
 Here are mounted the several guards on duty at 
 the Citadel and other public buildings, each fore- 
 noon, except Sunday, at eleven o'clock ; and occa- 
 sional parades of the garrison take place, particularly 
 on the King's birth i'ay. The muster of the City 
 Militia is also annually held here. The circuit of 
 the fortifications which enclose the Upper Town is 
 
 til 
 
and guard- 
 )reseiiting an 
 der its arcli 
 [I Town, by 
 1 either side 
 
 which con- 
 ? St. Lewis. 
 tS part of that 
 .forts, or but- 
 [ immediately 
 
 elevation of 
 ght, or south- 
 nor's garden, 
 
 and seventy 
 dso command- 
 
 GovERN oil's 
 for three hun- 
 of the glacis^ 
 bwned at that 
 
 the land side, 
 iel to the cliff 
 d by Colonel 
 thirty-seven 
 
 PLANADE, be- 
 
 ATE. It is a 
 hundred and 
 gular breadth. 
 Is on duty at 
 rrs, each fore- 
 ik ; and occa- 
 e, particularly 
 ;er of the City 
 ■"he circuit of 
 PER Town is 
 
 U"IT« HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 169 
 
 I 
 
 two miles and three quarters : the total circumference 
 outside the ditches and space reserved by government, 
 on which no houses can be built on the west side, is 
 about three miles. The average diameter is about 
 fifteen hundred yards. 
 
 Generally speaking, the city may be said to be 
 entirely surrounded by a strong and lofty wall of 
 hewn stone, constructed with elegance as well as 
 with regard to durability. Its castellated appear- 
 ance, owing to its ditches, embrasures, round towers, 
 battlements and gates, add much to its grand and 
 imposing effect from without. It has been stated that 
 there are five gates, opening in different directions 
 to the country, the Suburbs and the Lower Town. 
 Two are in the rampart towards the south-west : name- 
 ly, St. John's and St, Lewis-Gate, protected by out- 
 works of great strength and powerful combination. 
 Through the latter is the lOad leading to the spot ren- 
 dered for ever memorab'.j by the death of Wolfe, 
 to the Plains of / braham and the Race Course. 
 This road is kept in repair by the military autho- 
 rities, and is bordered by genteel houses and we'l 
 stocked gardens. On the left of this road, on the brow 
 of a slight ascent about half way to the race stand, 
 is one of the four Martello Towers erected at 
 different distances between the St. Lawrence and 
 the St. Charles. Cannon are mounted on the sum- 
 mit of these towers to sweep the undefended plain 
 below ; and they are so constructed that, if taken by 
 an enemy, they can be easily laid in ruins by the 
 shot of the garrison, while on the opposite side facing 
 the plains they are of immense thickness. Through 
 St. John's-Gate is the populous suburb bearing 
 that name ; and the road leading to the beautiful 
 parish of St. Foy, li^ ed with agreeable residences and 
 
170 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 Villas. Alon^ this road was the favorite drive of the 
 Canadian helle, before the conquest, in 1759. Pa- 
 lace-Gate and Hope-Gate both open to the River 
 St. Charles and the Lower Town. The former leads 
 also to the new market on the St. Charles, from which 
 there is a fine view of the city and fortifications on 
 that side. Prescott-Gate is the principal thorough- 
 fare to the Lower Town ; and notwithstanding the 
 steepness of the ascent, heavy burthens are conveyed 
 up the hill with comparative ease by the hardy little 
 horses of Norman breed, generally employed by the 
 carters. 
 
 Having thus made the circuit of the fortifications, 
 it is necessary to notice the different barracks and 
 military buildings for the accommodation of the troops 
 composing the garrison. Besides those contained 
 within the Citadel, and the Artillery barracks, the 
 spacious building in the market-place, formerly the 
 the College of the Jesuits, has long been occupied 
 by the King's troops, under the name of the Jesuits 
 Barracks. This edifice is of stone, three stories high, 
 and measures two hundred and twenty-four feet by 
 two hundred, being in shape a parallelogram. The 
 piincij al entrance into the barracks is from the 
 market-place, opposite to the French Cathedral, 
 Through a lofty passage admittance is gained into a 
 considerable area, the buildings around which are 
 occu])ied by the soldiers. On the other side is an 
 arch leading to the barrack yard and offices, 'lo 
 the left of the great entrance is a large door open- 
 ing into a hall. Here is the room set apart for 
 the Garrison library, the property of the military, 
 containing a number cf valuable books and msips. 
 The barrack yard is enclosed by a wall two hundred 
 yards long, in St. Ann Street, in which is the bar- 
 
 
 > 
 
rive of the 
 759. Pa- 
 tbe River 
 rmer leads 
 rom which 
 ications on 
 thoroiigb- 
 anciiiij? the 
 3 conveyed 
 hardy little 
 yed by the 
 
 rtifications, 
 irracks and 
 if the troops 
 contained 
 irracks, the 
 jrmerly the 
 ^'n occupied 
 he Jesuits 
 toriesbigh, 
 ur feet by 
 ram. Tlie 
 from the 
 Cathedral, 
 ined into a 
 which are 
 side is an 
 ffices. To 
 door open- 
 t apart for 
 |ie military, 
 and maps. 
 ,vo hundred 
 is the bar- 
 
Cios< 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS 
 
 171 
 
 rack-gate and main-guard. This was formerly the 
 garden belonging to the College. A little beyond the 
 gate is the barrack office, a neat and substantial stone 
 building standing nearly opposite to the Scottish 
 Church. The Jesuits 13arracks are at present occu- 
 pied as the qua^t^rs of that highly distinguished Re- 
 giment, the 79th, or Cameron Highlanders. This 
 is one of the few which wear the " garb of old Gaul ;" 
 and makes a picturesque and highly military appear- 
 ance in the field, very attractive to the numerous 
 strangers who conclude their summer tour by a visit 
 to the interesting capital of Lower Canada. The 
 79th Regiment is under the command of Lieutenant 
 Colonel Duncan Macdougall. 
 
 In the Place d* Amies, opposite to the Court House, 
 is the Commissariat Office, where the business of 
 that efficient department is conducted. Their ex- 
 tensive stores are in the Lower Town, upon the 
 King's Wharf; and are solely appropriated to the 
 purposes of government. They are of stone, two 
 hundred and fifty feet in length, with corresponding 
 depth, and were erected in 18*2 L Opposite to the 
 gate and entrance into the King's Wharf, is a guard 
 house for its protection. 
 
 In St. Lewis Street, about half way between the 
 Commissariat Office and St. Lewis-Gate, is a stone 
 building on the left, occupied as quarters for those 
 officers of the garrison, who do not reside in the 
 Citadel. In rear is the spacious mess-room of the 
 officers of the 79th Highlanders. On the east, and 
 in rear of the officers' quarters, at the end of a court 
 or avenue leading out of St. Lewis Street, is the Mi- 
 litary Hospital, a building of great length, and com- 
 pletely provided with every necessary appointment. 
 Close to it are the remains of an old military work, on 
 
172 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 M 
 
 an eminence nearer tbe Cape, called Mount Carmel. 
 In the print of the ancient city, in La Potherie, 
 Voyage de TAmerique, this height appears to have 
 been surmounted by a windmill, which was fortified, 
 and was probably one of the outworks on that side. 
 On it stands at present a convenient cottage and 
 garden, the property of government, and usually ap- 
 propriated to the residence of the commanding En- 
 gineer of the District. 
 
 Opposite to the officers' quarters in St. Lewis 
 Street are the military offices ; in a private house, 
 rented by the Government for the purpose. Adjoin- 
 ing to St. Lewis-Gate, and fronting to the Esplanade 
 is the Royal Engineer Office; and in the rear are 
 the spacious yard and work shops of the Royal Sap- 
 pers and Miners, a detachment of which corps is 
 always stationed in Quebec. The officers of the 
 Royal Engineers have charge of the Fortifications, 
 and of all military works. The Government labo- 
 ratory, on the right hand of the road leading to the 
 Citadel, opposite to the Royal Engineer yard, stands 
 on the site of an old powder magazine, close to which 
 the remains of General Montgomery were interred 
 on the fourth day of January, 1776. 
 
 We have already mentioned the extensive stores 
 within the Citadel, as containing all the materiel of 
 war for a numerous garrison. In addition to these, 
 and to the stores at the Artillery Barracks, the 
 Ordnance Department has a spacious building of 
 stone, together with a powder magazine, in the 
 bastion between St. John's-Gate and the Artillery 
 Barracks. In various parts of the works, they have 
 also large depots and magazines of cannon, gun pow- 
 der, carriages, shot, and other munitions of war, for 
 the convenience and supplyof the garrison. 
 
 
:Carmel. 
 Potherie, 
 rs to have 
 s fortified, 
 that side, 
 ttage and 
 isually ap- 
 nding En- 
 
 St. Lewis 
 ate house, 
 Adjoin- 
 Esplanade 
 tie rear are 
 loyal Sap- 
 :h corps is 
 ers of the 
 rtifications, 
 Uent labo- 
 ding to the 
 rard, stands 
 se to which 
 ;re interred 
 
 isive stores 
 materiel of 
 )n to these, 
 Tracks, the 
 building of 
 le, in the 
 Artillery 
 they have 
 , gun pow- 
 of war, for 
 on. 
 
 ^Ji 
 
 7. 
 
 p- '—. 
 
 
'!m 1?": r*': 
 
 Mt 
 
 ■J r 
 
 ' .ii 
 
 1* 
 
 It ha 
 ci pally 1 
 to the n 
 nally a 
 and thei 
 Allee. 
 
 Wee 
 transcri' 
 professo 
 tumn ol 
 
 "Qu 
 tainlv a 
 taining 
 com pad 
 terial — 
 walls an 
 cannon- 
 costume 
 in langi 
 whom t] 
 and in i 
 country 
 the ocei 
 yet disp 
 fine cap 
 crowdec 
 winding 
 — situat 
 rope — e 
 Europej 
 the cold 
 rent lar 
 pulatiori 
 populati 
 of ever) 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 173 
 
 It has been seen that St, Lewis Street is prin- 
 cipally the site of the offices and buildings belongings 
 to the military departments. This street was origi- 
 nally a military road from the Fort to the outworks, 
 and thence into the forest ; and was called ha Grand 
 Allee. 
 
 We cannot conclude more appropriately than by 
 transcribing an elegant peroration from the pen of 
 professor Silliman, who visited this city in the au- 
 tumn of 1819:— 
 
 " Quebec, at least for an American city, is cer- 
 tainly a very peculiar place. A military town — con- 
 taining about twenty thousand inhabitants — most 
 compactly and permanently built — stone its sole ma- 
 terial — environed, as to its most important parts, by 
 walls and gates — and defended by numerous heavy 
 cannon — garrisoned by troops, having the arms, the 
 costume, the music, the discipline of Europe — foreign 
 in language, features and origin, from most of those 
 whom they are sent to defend — founded upon a rock, 
 and in its highest parts, overlooking a great extent of 
 country — between three and four hundred miles from 
 the ocean — in the midst of a great continent — and 
 yet displaying fleets of foreign merchantmen in its 
 fine capacious bay — and showing all the bustle of a 
 crowded sea-port — its streets narrow — populous, and 
 winding up and down almost mountainous declivities 
 — situated in the latitude of the finest parts of Eu- 
 rope — exhibiting in its environs, the beauty of an 
 European capital — and yet, in winter, smarting with 
 the cold of Siberia — governed by a people of diffe- 
 rent language and habits from the mass of the po- 
 pulation — opposed in religion, and yet leaving that 
 population without taxes, and in the full «njoyment 
 of every privilege, civil and religious : Such are the 
 
 p 2 
 
ik- 
 
 174 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 prominent features, which strike a stranger in the 
 city of Quebec !" 
 
 'i he latter [)art of the above extract may be con- 
 sidered a just tribute to the merit of Great Britain, 
 from the pen of an accomplished and liberal minded 
 foreigner, equally honorable to both. 
 
 '■:i .: ) 
 
 i'M 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 175 
 
 ) . 
 
 CHAPTER THE TENTH. 
 
 RELIGIOUS ESTABLISHMENTS — ANCIENT AND 
 
 MODERN. 
 
 The totally different policy observed by the Eng- 
 lish and French Governments, as to the religious 
 establishment of their Colonies in North America, 
 although easily, assigned to the opposite motive of 
 each, presents, at the present day, a very interesting 
 contrast. The English Colonies, — founded by zeal- 
 ous Dissenters, or by persons who conceived that 
 all established forms of religion savoured of tyranny 
 and oppression — soon received the most judicious 
 encouragement from the Parent State, and obtained 
 advantaofeous charters from the Crown. Thev en- 
 tared with spirit into commercial enterprises, and 
 made rapid advances to riches, prosperity, and power. 
 The French, on the other hand, were established by 
 men of a different stamp, attached to the forms of 
 their ancient religion — who sought to enhance their 
 own reputation, and to extend the glory and power 
 of their country, by penetrating among the savage 
 tribes — by converting them to their own faith — f y 
 rigidly excluding what they considered the contami 
 nation of calvinistic doctrines — and by sending among 
 them Missionaries, in order to establish a religious 
 dominion over them. Actuated by these powerful 
 
:J 
 
 176 
 
 NEW PICTURE OP QUEBEC, 
 
 incentives, tliey commenced by keeping p^ood faith 
 with the sava-res, — they cultivated their friendship, 
 and took part in their enmities as good and trusty 
 allies. Thus tK soon acquired over the Indian 
 mind an influence . .r more extensive than any other 
 European nation. But the result of this conduct 
 was not politically successful, as regarded the advance 
 of the Colony. By far too great a portion of toil, of 
 zeal, and of authority seems from the first to have 
 been directed to the Indian tribes, if we may judge 
 from the result of an amiable, though, perhaps, mis- 
 taken policy. The subserviency of their colonial 
 system, and even of commerce itself, to the propaga- 
 tion of the religion of the state is apparent through- 
 out the early history of this Colony, and hence its 
 tardy progress under the French Government ; and 
 its present inferiority, as to riches and population, to 
 the English colonies planted about the same period. 
 Whatever neglect, however, the temporal affairs 
 of New France might have experienced, before it was 
 taken under the protection of the Roj'^al Government 
 in 1663 — it is clear that nothing had been left unat- 
 tempted from the earliest times, to provide for the 
 spiritual welfare of the settlers, and for the Instruc- 
 tion of the neophytes among the savages. As et.rly 
 as 1614, on the formation of a new and more exten- 
 sive company of merchants trading to New France, 
 Champlain had the devotion to introduce, and suf- 
 ficient interest to obtain the passing of a clause in the 
 articles, by which they engaged to defray the expenses 
 of four ecclesiastics, who were to be sent out for the 
 important object of spreading the true religion among 
 the natives. The views of the pious founder of 
 Quebec are thus explained : *' Seeing that we had 
 no Priests, we obtained some through the interference 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 171 
 
 of the Sieur Houel, who had a peculiar aflFection to- 
 wards this holy desiprn, and who told me that the 
 Recollet Fathers would be proper for this purpose, 
 both to reside in our habitation, and to convert the 
 infidels, I agreed in this opinion, they bein^ void 
 of ambition, and conforming altogether to the rule of 
 St. Francis. I spoke of it to My Lord, the Prince, 
 who entered into my views; and the company oifer- 
 ed of their own accord to support them, until they 
 could obtain a Seminary, which they hoped to do, by 
 means of the charitable donations, that might be 
 bestowed upon them for the care ami instruction of 
 youth." Champlain accordingly sailed from Hon- 
 fleur on the 24th April, 1615, with four Recollet 
 Fathers ; and after a favorable passage, without meet- 
 ing ice or any other impediment, they reached 
 Tadoussac on the 25th May, where they returned 
 thanks for their safe arrival. 
 
 The first establishment of the religious commu- 
 nities of Quebec, has a peculiar interest ; and it is 
 difficult to determine which is more worthy of ad- 
 miration, the liberality of the design on the part of the 
 founders, or the devotedness and fearlessness display- 
 ed by those appointed for its execution. The early 
 history of Canada teems, indeed, with instances of 
 the purest religious fortitude, zeal, and heroism — of 
 young and delicate females, relinquishing the com- 
 forts of civilisation to perform the most menial offices 
 towards the sick — to dispense at once the blessings of 
 medical aid to the body, and of religious instruction 
 to the soul of the benighted and wondering savage. 
 They must have been upheld by a strong sense of 
 duty — an overpowering conviction of the utility of 
 their purposes, — a full persuasion of their efficacy, 
 both towards their owa eternal salvation, and that of 
 
178 
 
 KEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 ''!!; ' 
 
 I .' 
 
 ;: P 
 
 their newly converted flock. But for such impres- 
 sions, it would have been beyond human nature to 
 make the sacrifices which the HopltaUeres made, in 
 taking up their residence in New France. Without 
 detracting from the calm and philosophic demeanor 
 of religion at the present day, it is doubtful whether 
 any pious persons could be found willing to undergo 
 the fatigues, uncertainty and personal dauger, expe- 
 rienced by the first missionaries of both sexes in New 
 France. Regardless of climate, to whose horrors 
 they were entirely unaccustomed — of penury and 
 famine — of danger to the person — of death, and mar- 
 tyrdom itself — they pressed onward to the goal to 
 which their religious course was directed — and sus- 
 tained by something more than human fortitude — by 
 divine patience — they succeeded at length in esta- 
 blishing on a firm foundation the altars, and the faith 
 of their country and their God ! For ambition's 
 sake, for lucre, for fame — men have braved danger 
 in a hundred fights, until the world by common con- 
 sent has elevated the successful tyrant to the rank 
 
 m 
 
 of a hero among his fellows — but to incur the horrors 
 of savacre life, the risk of torture and even death — in 
 a word, the agonizing suspense and constant anxieties 
 of a missionary, for no other reward than that of self 
 approbation, and with no other support than that of re- 
 ligion — requires courage and devotion of a far higher 
 order, and merits glory of the most enduring charac- 
 ter. The labors and privations of the first religious 
 communities, who established themselves even within 
 the walls of Quebec, were many — their paths were 
 dark, dreary and intricate ; but the bright star of 
 enthusiasm, like the clew of Ariadne, carried them 
 along — they felt that if one glimpse of the sacred 
 light they bore could be brought to dawn upon the 
 
 ben id 
 zeal ^ 
 gotten 
 
 Ithj 
 ventun 
 were I^ 
 Tliey " 
 Missior 
 D'Olbi 
 seph is 
 Champ 
 in 161( 
 of the 1 
 their hi 
 station 1 
 year, tl 
 
 llURONf; 
 
 for the 
 l^uplessi 
 men, an 
 some evi 
 of escapi 
 French 
 there wc 
 after ware 
 Father P 
 fluence t 
 "ary int 
 informed 
 fliation of 
 between 
 unlucky 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 179 
 
 I impres- 
 Duture to 
 made, in 
 Without 
 [lemeanor 
 I whether 
 3 undergo 
 fer, ex pe- 
 es in New 
 ,e horrors 
 nury and 
 , and mar- 
 ie goal to 
 —and sus- 
 itude — by 
 h in esta- 
 id the faith 
 ambition's 
 ed danger 
 nmon con- 
 the rank 
 ithe horrors 
 death—in 
 t anxieties 
 that of self 
 that of re- 
 far higher 
 ng charac- 
 t religious 
 ven within 
 )aths were 
 ht star of 
 Tied them 
 the sacred 
 upon the 
 
 benighted souls of those tliey wislied to save, their 
 zeal would be amply rewarded, and their labor for- 
 gotten. 
 
 THE hecollet church. 
 
 It has been stated that the first ecclesiastics who 
 ventured to the unknown regions of New France 
 were Ilecollets, brought out by Champlain, in 1615. 
 They were four in number, the Superior of the 
 Mission, and Fathers Joseph Le Caron, Jean 
 D'Olbeau, and Pacifique Duplessis. Father Jo- 
 seph is stated by Charlevoix to have accompanied 
 Champlain when he wintered in the Huron country, 
 in 1616 ; and having acquired some knowledge 
 of the language, he even at his first visit observed 
 their haunts, and fixed in his own mind the proper 
 station for evangelical missions. In the following 
 year, tlie alliance between Champlain and the 
 HuRONS would have been for ever interrupted, but 
 for the skill and penetration of Father Pacifique 
 Duplessis. The Hurons had murdered two French- 
 men, and fearing the vengeance of Champlain, 
 some evil disposed chief suggested a dreadful method 
 of escaping it, by the extermination of the whole 
 French settlement. To this treacherous proposal 
 there were found but few listeners : one of whom, 
 afterwards, in a fit of remorse revealed the plot to 
 Father Pacifique. By dint of his persuasions and in- 
 fluence they were induced to renounce their sangui- 
 nary intention ; and Champlain, having been 
 informed of the whole proceeding, accepted the me- 
 fliation of the Recollet, and adopted a middle course 
 between European and Indian ideas of justice. I'he 
 unlucky affair was thus compromised : one of the 
 
 
H ■ 
 
 I I 
 
 III 
 
 III 
 
 ;. ! 
 
 180 
 
 ^EW PICTURE OP QUEBEC, 
 
 Huron iniirdcrcrs was g^iven up by that people, aiul 
 a valuable preseut of furs appeased the relations of 
 the deceased — so that a crisis was safely passed, which 
 niijrht have proved fatal to the existence of the infant 
 colony. 
 
 In 16*20, Champlain, arriviufr from France with 
 three additional Hecollet Fathers, learned with great 
 regret the death of the good Father Pacifique. It 
 appears that the original habitatiun of these eccle- 
 siastics was on the border of the liiver St. Charles, 
 where they had a small lodge and JSeminary ahout 
 lialf a league from the Fort, on the spot where the 
 General Hospital now stands. It was comnienceii 
 before the year 1620; and in 162'2 was defended by 
 n small Fort against the incursioiis of a pa»'tj of 
 Iroquois, who being unable to effect its capture, 
 wreaked their vengeance upon the Hurons, several 
 of whom they surprised and put to death. 
 
 After the capture of Quebec by the Kertks In 
 16'29, the Rtjcollet Fathers returned to France. On 
 its restoration to the French Crown in 163'2, the 
 return of these ecclesiastics to Can aha was opposed by 
 the Company, on the ground that being of the nuMi- 
 dicant order, they were ill adapted to the wants of a 
 new country. This policy prevailed until !(>(>}), 
 when they obtained from the King of France an edict 
 for their re-establishment. Father Cesahe'e Hi:k- 
 veau, accompanied by two other Priests, and a lay 
 brother, accordingly sailed for Quebkc o?i the ir)tli 
 July in that year ; together with M. Talon, the 
 Intendant, and a portion of live hundred fainilirs, 
 whom the King was about to send «>ut as settlers. 
 This vessel having been obliged to put into Lisboi), 
 after three months boisterous weather, in retnrniiiyj 
 to liochclle, perished in sight of that harbor, and 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS 
 
 181 
 
 people, and 
 B relations of 
 )assed, which 
 ; ot the infant 
 
 France with 
 C(i with great 
 \^cifiquc. It 
 ■ these ceclc- 
 • St. Charles, 
 ninary about 
 i)t where the 
 9 commenced 
 I defended by 
 
 )f a p«»'*v «f 
 t its capture, 
 irons, several 
 ith. 
 
 he Kertks lii 
 France. On 
 in 1G32, the 
 as opposed by 
 of the men- 
 »e wants of a 
 until lG()t), 
 Irance an edict 
 saue'k Hi Il- 
 ls, and a lav 
 on the 15(11 
 Talon, the 
 ired families, 
 lut as settlers. 
 into Lisbon, 
 lin returninjr 
 harbor, and 
 
 every soul was lost. In May 1G70, Fatlier Ger- 
 main Allard, Provincial of the Hecollets, embarked 
 for Quebec with M. Talon, three other eccle- 
 siastics, and a Deacon of the name of Brother 
 Luke, famous for his skill in painting. Tliis voyage 
 was prosperous, and the Provincial had the gra- 
 tification of seeing his brethren once more j)hiced 
 in possession of the ])roperty on the River St, 
 Charles, which they had held before the capture 
 of Quebec by the Kertks, in 1(>'21). He then 
 returned to France. The IldcoUets having been 
 thus re-established, rendered by their piety and 
 example the greatest services to the colony, where 
 they were greatly respected. They continued to 
 reside on the River St. Charles until 1690; when 
 Mouseigneur de St. Vallier, then Rishop of Que- 
 bec, being desirous to establish a Cieneral Hospital, 
 as an asylum for all the poor, and the house which 
 was occupied by the Recollets at Notre Dame cks 
 Anges, on the bank of the St. Charles, appearing 
 every way convenient for that object, a negoeiation 
 was entered into between the Bishop and the Fathers 
 for the transfer of their property. The Recollets 
 were desirous to approach nearer to the scene of their 
 duties ; and the proposal of the Bishop having been 
 made acceptable to them, they ceded their property 
 on the St. Charles, and received a lot of land im me- 
 diately op})osite to the T'ort of St. Lewis, between 
 vSt. Anne, St. Lewis, and Garden Streets, when they 
 soon afterwards erected their Church and Convent. 
 La PoTiiERiE and Le Beau, the latter of wlunn 
 resided with the Recollet blathers for a year, both 
 speak of their Monastery and Church as handsome 
 and convenient. Charlevoix gives the following 
 
 o 
 
182 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 description of it : " The Fathers Recollet have a 
 large and beautiful Church, which might do them 
 honor even at Versailles. It is very neatly wainscot- 
 ed, and is adorned with a large tribune or gallery 
 somewhat heavy, but the wamscoting of which is 
 extremely well carved, and in which are included 
 the confession seats. This is the work of one of their 
 brother converts. In a word, nothing is wanting to 
 render it complete, except the taking away some pic- 
 tures very coarsely daubed ; Brother Luke has put up 
 some of his hand which have no need of those foils. 
 Their house is answerable to the Church ; it is large, 
 solid and commodious, and adorned with a spacious 
 and well cultivated garden." 
 
 The ancient Church and Conventof the Recollets 
 were destroyed by fire in 1 796, and on the site stands 
 now the English Cathedral, of which we shall pre- 
 sently make more particular mention. 
 
 The following inscriptions were discovered ten 
 years ago, on plates deposited in the corner stones of 
 the former Recollet Church and Convent. The 
 first was found on the 23d July, 1824, by some 
 workmen employed in levelling the Place d'Armes^ 
 on part of which those buildings stood : the second 
 was discovered some time afterwards. . • 
 
 D. O. 4 M. 
 Anno Dni. 1693, 14 Jul. Quae 
 Seraphici Bonaventuk^e festo solemnis 
 Agebatur, Sedente Innocentio XII ® . suramo 
 '.' Pontifioe, 
 Rejfnante Renfe Christianissimo 
 LuDovico, Maffno XIIII j 
 Ad perpetuara Dei Gloriam, 
 
 Virflfinis Deiparae honorem, 
 Seraphici Patris Francisci laudem, 
 I^ecnoD, Divi Antonij de Padua 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 183 
 
 '" ' Expressam invocationein : • 
 
 niustrissiinus ac Reverendissimns Dnus. Dniis. 
 Joannes De La Croix de Saint Vallier, 
 Seciindiis Episcopus Quebecensis, 
 Resedificandae novae ff 'urn mino : Recollectonini 
 Ecclesise et Doraiis gratia : Joco Conventus antiqui 
 
 nostrse Dorainse Angelorum. 
 Eoruradem ff'ura, ab ipsomet eximia charitate 
 
 et pietate in xenodochiiim rautuati et 
 mutati, necnon, scquanimi pietate et 
 
 gratitudiue, ab lisderaflF'bus libera cessi : 
 Hunc hujusce Ecclesise et Conventus 
 Sancti Antomj de Padua, 
 primarium Lapidem 
 admovit ; 
 
 And on the reverse side the following : 
 
 eidem ministrabat 
 
 F. Hyacinthus Perrault, 
 
 Comniissarius provMis totius 
 
 Missionis Guardianus dicti contus, 
 
 et novi iEdificij promotor indignus. 
 
 TRANSLATED. . 
 
 To God the best and most high, 
 
 In the year of our Lord 1693, 14th July, 
 
 On which was celebrated the festival of the Seraphic 
 
 Bonaventure, 
 
 During the Pontificate of Innocent XIl. Sovereign PontiflF, 
 
 In the reign of the most Christian King 
 
 Louis the Great XP''. 
 
 To the perpetual glory of God, 
 
 The honor of the Virgin Mother of God, 
 
 In praise of the Seraphic Father Francis, 
 
 And the express Invocation of St. Anthony of Padua : 
 
 The Most Illustrious and Most Reverend Lord 
 
 John de la Croix de Saint Vallier, 
 
 Second Bishop of Quebec, 
 
 In order to the rebuilding a new Church and mansion. 
 
 For the minor-brothers Recollets, 
 
184 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 I' i 
 
 lastead of the Ancient Convent of our Lady 
 Of Angels belonging to the same Brothers, which he, with per- 
 fect Charity and Piety acquired and converted into an asylum, 
 and which the same Brothers with equal piety and gratitude 
 freely surrendered, hath placed this, the First Stone of this 
 Church and Convent of St. Anthony of Padua. 
 
 On the reverse side. 
 
 Assisted by 
 
 Brother Hyacinthe Perrault, 
 
 Provincial Commissioner of the whole mission, 
 
 Guardian of the same Convent, 
 
 And the undeserving forwarder of the newedifice. 
 
 The second inscription was as follows :— 
 
 \.h 
 
 
 D. O. 4- M. 
 
 Anno Domini 1693, 14 Julii, 
 
 Seraphim sacra die, 
 
 illustrissimus ac nobilissimus Dominus 
 
 Dominus Joannes Bochart de Champigny 
 
 Noray, rei judiciarise civilis necuon cerarii 
 
 regii in tota nova Francia prwfectus, 
 
 concessis a se fratribus minoribus Recoil : missionum 
 
 Canadensium, pro insigni erga ipsos charitate, 
 
 in vicinio suo, terra et fundo, eorura Eremitor : 
 
 Nostrse Dominre de Portiunculo nuncupati, 
 
 prope Quebecum.in memoriale perenne veteris 
 
 eorum Conventus, tunc ?isui Pauperurc sacri, 
 
 hujus primarii Lapidis eorura novae sancti 
 
 Anton ij de Padua Ecclesiee et Conventus 
 
 Quebecensis positione munificentiam 
 
 et benevolum affectum 
 
 consignavit. 
 
 ,) 
 
 TRANSLATION. 
 
 To God the best and highest, 
 In the year of our Lord, 1693^ 14th July, 
 A day sacred to the Seraphim, 
 The most illustrious and noble Lord 
 
 i. 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 185 
 
 John Bochart do Champi^ny Noray, 
 
 Intendant of Justice of Police and of the 
 
 Royal Treasury in all New France, — 
 
 having' granted a lot and ground on his premises 
 
 to the minor Brothers RecoUets of the Canadian 
 
 Missions — through great charity towards them, 
 
 hath, (by placing this first Stone of their 
 
 new Church and Con ont of St. Anthony 
 
 of Padua at Quebec,) recorded the 
 
 munificence and benevolent Intent of those 
 
 Anachoritos of our Lady called Portiunculam 
 
 in perpetual memorial of their ancient 
 
 Convent near Quebec, 
 
 at that time sacred to the use of the Poor. 
 
 THE JESUITS COLLEGE. 
 
 In 16*24, Champlain, who had arrived in France 
 from Quebec, found that the Duke de Montmorency 
 had resigned the Viceroyalty of New France to his 
 Nephew, Henry de Levy, Duke de Ventadour, a 
 nobleman of great piety, who had retired from pub- 
 lic affairs, and devoted himself solely to spiritual 
 concerns. His object was to use the weight of his 
 influence, and all the means which he possessed, in 
 the conversion of the Indians ; and having continued 
 the government of the country in the hands of 
 Champlain, he does not appear to have further in- 
 terested himself in its temporal prosperity. He was 
 greatly attached to the Order of Jesuits, and deter- 
 mined to employ them in the execution of his pious 
 designs. Accordingly, three Jesuits, by name. Fa- 
 thers Lallemant, Le Brebceuf, and Masse', and 
 two Friars, Francois and Gilbert, embarked with 
 De Caen, in 1625, and arrived safely in Quebec, 
 where they founded the Jesuits' mission. They were 
 men of extraordinary zeal and piety, eminently qua- 
 lified for the undertaking, and were all afterwards 
 
 Q 2 
 
186 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 ill) 
 
 distinguished in the history of the country. Father 
 Breboeuf, after many years residence among the 
 savages, fell at last a victim, by an excruciating death, 
 to the ferocity of the Iroquois, together with the 
 Huron tribe with whom he resided. Champlain says 
 of this worthy Priest, that he had a peculiar gift in 
 acquiring languages, and that he had learned more 
 of the Indian tongues in three years than others had 
 done in twenty. 
 
 On the arrival of these Jesuits in Quebec, they 
 were hospitably received by the Recollets ; and were 
 entertained for the space of two years at their house 
 on the St. Charles, until they were able to establish 
 themselves. On the 10th March, 1626, they obtain- 
 ed a grant of the Seigniory of Notre Dame des Anges^ 
 one league in front by four in depth, in which was 
 situated the Recollet Church and Fort. 
 
 On the 15th April, 1626, Champlain embarked 
 for Quebec, and with him three other Jesuits, Fathers 
 NoYROT, De La Noue, and a Friar. They arrived 
 at Tadoussac on the 29th June, and at Quebec on 
 the 5th July. In the vessel with the Jesuits, which 
 was freighted by themselves, were twenty laborers, 
 who were a great acquisition to the colony at that 
 time. The permanent population then amounted to 
 only fifty-five souls ; and the ecclesiatics were scat- 
 tered throughout the different missions in the country 
 parts. 
 
 From what is stated by Champlain, it appears 
 that the Jesuits, as well as the Recollets, resided 
 on the little River St. Charles, in their lately acquired 
 seigniory. They afterwards, however, removed 
 into the city, still keeping their pastures and garden 
 on the St. Charles, called La Vacherie, Champ- 
 lain says, in 1629 : " As to the Reverend Jesuit 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 187 
 
 Fathers, they have only sufficient land cleared and 
 in crop for themselves, and their servants to the num- 
 ber of twelve The Recollet Fathers have much 
 
 more land cleared and in crop, and were only four 
 in number," The latter had however only between 
 four and five acres in cultivation. 
 
 After the capture of Quebec in 1629, Louis 
 Kertk visited the habitation of the Jesuits, and ac- 
 cepted three or four pictures which they offered him. 
 The English Chaplain also took some books which 
 he asked from the Priests. After having examined 
 the residence and clearance of the Jesuits, Kertk 
 proceeded to visit the Recollets, from whom it does 
 not appear that he received any thing, probably on 
 account of their well known poverty and self denial. 
 Their pictures, however, were at that day famous, 
 owing to the skill of one of their order, Brother 
 Luke. It must not be concluded from this, that 
 either the Priests, or the French inhabitants, gene- 
 rally, were ill-treated on this occasion. Champlain 
 expressly says : " On recevoit toute sorte de cour- 
 toisie des Anglois." The only complaints he made 
 were against the conduct of a French renegado in 
 the English service, who did every thing in his power 
 to annoy his former friends and countrymen. 
 
 The Jesuits, as well as the other ecclesiastics, re- 
 turned to France in the autumn of 1629. On their 
 embarkation, however, at Tadoussac, we regret to 
 state that they were deprived of their silver chalices 
 by order of Sir David Kertk, who imagined he was 
 performing a meritorious service, instead of laying 
 himself open to the accusation of avarice and un- 
 licensed plunder, unworthy of the doctrines he 
 professed, and the country whose commission he 
 bore. 
 
 f:-\ 
 
 «6il 
 
188 
 
 NEW PICTURE OP QUEBEC, 
 
 M i.i: 
 
 The following curious scene occurred at Tadoiis- 
 sac, before the embarkation of the Jesuits. One of 
 the parties was the celebrated De Brebceuf, whose 
 miserable death we have before alluded to — the other 
 was Captain Jacques Michel, a French Calvinist, 
 who held a command under Kertk, and was reputed 
 a brave and experienced officer. 
 
 " General Kertk, speaking to the Jesuit Fathers, 
 observed, * Gentlemen, you had certainly some bu- 
 siness in Canada, if it was o Jy to enjoy what belong- 
 ed to M. De Caen, of which you have dispossessed 
 him.* * Pardon me, Sir,* replied the Father, ' it was 
 only the pure intention of promoting the glory of 
 God which brought us here, exposing ourselves to 
 all dangers and perils for that object, and the con- 
 version of the savages of this country.' Michel 
 interrupting him, said : * Aye, aye, — convert the 
 savages ! rather to convert the beavers !* Upon 
 which the Father promptly, and without reflection, 
 replied, * that is false.* The other lifted up his hand 
 saying, ' but for the respect due to the General, I 
 would strike you, for giving me the lie.* The Father 
 rejoined : ' you must excuse me, I did not intend 
 to give you the lie. I should be very sorry to do so, 
 the term I used is one in use in the schools, when 
 a doubtful question is proposed, not considering it 
 any offence. Therefore I ask you to pardon me, 
 and to believe, that I did not say it with any inten- 
 tion of offending you.' " 
 
 When Champlain resumed the Government of 
 New France, in 1633, after the treaty of St. Ger- 
 main-en-Laye, he was accompanied by Fathers De 
 Breboeuf, and Masse. Fathers Le Jeune and De 
 Nolie had embarked for Quebec the year previous. 
 Father Noyrot had perished by shipwreck in 1629. 
 
 J* 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 189 
 
 The number of officiating priests in Quebec, in 1636, 
 was fifteen, with four lay brethern, employed in the 
 education of youth. 
 
 Charlevoix represents their Indian allies as 
 highly gratified at the return of the French ; and 
 gives an amusing description of the impression made 
 upon them by the different manners of the English, 
 during their occupation of Quebec, from 1629 to 
 1633. The savages were much disconcerted when 
 they found the new comers by no means disposed 
 to allow them the same liberties, which the French had 
 permitted with the greatest good-humor. This was 
 bad enough, but matters soon became worse. The 
 Indians had been accustomed to enter the houses of 
 their French friends and protectors, with the greatest 
 freedom and absence of ceremony. To the French, 
 who adapted themselves with great facility to any 
 line of conduct which was likely to conciliate, it was 
 easy to permit this familiarity. But it was widely dif- 
 ferent with the English. They by no means tolerated 
 the intrusion of the Indian, whose habits and feelings 
 they little understood ; and at last became so much 
 annoyed with it, as to chase the astonished savage, 
 and expel him from the threshold, as Charlevoix ex- 
 presses himself, a coups de batons. The consequence 
 was, that although the Indians continued to trade 
 with the English in furs, they, generally speaking, 
 absented themselves from Quebec during the stay 
 of Kertk ; and when the French returned, welcomed 
 their re-appearance with every sign of sincerity and 
 congratulation. 
 
 The Jesuits adroitly took advantage of this feel- 
 ing and began to establish distant missions. Fathers 
 De Breboeuf, Daniel, and Davost went to reside in 
 the Huron country : not, however, without op- 
 
 
 ^m 
 
 11 8,1 
 
190 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 I 
 
 position on the part of some of the chiefs. After 
 spme years they made several proselytes among the 
 HunoNs, and even many of the chiefs came and de- 
 manded the rite of baptism. ' 
 
 The colony was now encreasing every year in 
 population and resources ; and it began to be con- 
 sidered, that nothing could tend more favorably to 
 the reformation of morals and the diffusion of religion, 
 than a College for the instruction of youth. In 
 1625, on the first cdming of the Jesuits to New 
 France, the idea of forming such an establishment 
 captivated the imagination of Rene Rohault, eld- 
 est son of the Marquis de Gamache, who had 
 become a member of the Society of Jesus. His rela- 
 tions enabled him to offer six thousand crowns of gold 
 to the General of the Order, in order to effect the 
 foundation of a College in Quebec. The donation 
 was graciously accepted ; but the capture of the 
 place by the English necessarily delayed the perfor- 
 mance of the condition. After the restoration, it 
 was uetermined to prosecute the original design. 
 
 The foundation of the Jesuits' College was ac- 
 cordingly laid with great ceremony, in December, 
 1635. The site was the same as that which the 
 buildings now occupy, on the other side of the square 
 in which the French Cathedral and Seminary were 
 afterwards built. Their Church, however, stood upon 
 that part of Garden Street, which has since acquired 
 the name of the Hay market. On the removal of the 
 Church, the street was widened to its present breadth. 
 Behind the College and Church, were the extensive 
 grounds and garden belonging to the order. In 
 1639, the Jesuits' Church served as the Paroisse of 
 Quebec : it is described as being then a handsome 
 building of wood, with an arched roof and gallery, 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 191 
 
 jiiiefs. After 
 ;es among the 
 came and de- 
 
 ; < 
 
 very year in 
 ;an to be con- 
 2 favorably to 
 on of religion, 
 )f youth. In 
 suits to New 
 establishment 
 OHAULT, eld- 
 ae, who had 
 js. His rela- 
 srowns of gold 
 
 to effect the 
 riie donation 
 ipture of the 
 ed the perfor- 
 
 estoration, it 
 al design. 
 
 and sucli appropriate decorations as gave it all the 
 appearance of a Church. 
 
 In 1640, on the I4th June, the College and Church 
 of the Jesuits was entirely destroyed by fire; and 
 the Fathers were accommodated by the Hospitalieres 
 of the Hotel Dieu with the loan of their own house. 
 The Chapel of the Hotel Dieu then became the 
 Paroisse of Quebec ; and the Hospitalieres went to 
 reside at a house in the neighborhood. 
 
 The establishment of the Jesuits' at Syllery was 
 commenced in 1637, under the auspices of their 
 Superior, Father Le Jeune. The funds were sup- 
 plied by the generosity of the Commandeur de 
 Sylleri, who sent out workmen from France for the 
 express purpose. The site was chosen by Father Le 
 Jeune, about four miles above Quebec on the north 
 shore, and still retains the name of the founder. 
 Here were established several Indian families who 
 had become Christians — and the intention was by 
 their proximity to Quebec, to preserve them from 
 the attacks of the Iroquois — and from the danger of 
 famine, by instructing them to cultivate their own 
 lands. The Hospitalieres, who arrived from France 
 in 1639, assisted the Jesuits in the good work ; and 
 during four years took up their residence at Syllery, 
 where they tended the sick under circumstances of 
 great privation, self denial, and fortitude. 
 
 It was also to the representations of the Jesuits 
 that the subsequent establishment of the Hotel Dieu 
 and of the Ursuline Convent were owing : — the for- 
 mer for the attendance of the sick, and the latter for 
 the instruction of female children — both objects of 
 the greatest importance to the welfare of a new co- 
 lony. 
 
 •f 
 
 i 
 
;i|ji I 
 
 'II 
 
 ' I! 
 'ill 
 
 
 i| iHi 
 
 i.( ^1 
 
 192 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 The following is the account given by La Po- 
 therie of the old College and Church of the Je- 
 suits : — it must be observed that the present build- 
 ings were erected subsequently to the visit of 
 Charlevoix in 1720 : — " The College was founded 
 by Father Gamache, who made a donation thereto 
 of twenty thousand crowns. The Church is very 
 handsome. The ceiling is in compartments of squares, 
 filled with various figures and symmetrical ornaments. 
 The garden is large, having a small wood of lofty 
 trees, where there is a very pretty walk." Charle- 
 voix gives a less favorable description : '* The 
 College in some sort disfigures the city, and threatens 
 falling to ruin every day. Its situation is far from 
 being advantageous, it being deprived of the greatest 
 beauty it could possibly have had, which is that of 
 the prospect. It had at first a distant view of the 
 road, and its founders were simple enough to imagine 
 they would always be allowed to enjoy it ; but they 
 were deceived. The Cathedral and Seminary now 
 hide the view, leaving them only the p/ospect of tlie 
 square, which is far from being a sufficient compen- 
 sation for what they lost. The court of this College 
 is little and ill-kept, and resembles more than any 
 thing else a farmer's yard. The garden is large and 
 well kept, being terminated by a small wood, the 
 remains of the ancient forest which formerly covered 
 this whole mountain. The Church has nothing 
 worth notice on the outside except a handsome stee- 
 ple ; it is entirely roofed with slate, and is the only 
 one in all Canada which has this advantage : all the 
 buildings here being generally covered with shingles. 
 It is very much ornamented on the inside : the gal- 
 lery is bold, light and well wrought, and is surround- 
 ed with an iron balustrade, painted and gilt, and of 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 193 
 
 excellent workmanship : the pulpit is all gilt, and 
 the work both in iron and wood excellent : there are 
 three altars handsomely designed, some good pic- 
 tures, and it is without any dome or cupola, but a flat 
 ceiling handsomely ornamented. It has no stone 
 pavement, in place of which it is floored with strong 
 planks, which makes this church supportable in win- 
 ter, whilst you arc pierced with cold in the others." 
 
 The Jesuits* College was afterwards rebuilt in its 
 present form, and must have been considered at the 
 time a noble edifice. From this seat of piety and 
 learning issued those dauntless Missionaries, who 
 made the Gospel known over a space of six hundred 
 leagues, and preached the Christian faith from the 
 St. Lawrence to the Mississippi. In this pious work 
 many suifered death in the most cruel form : all un- 
 derwent danger and privation for a series of years, 
 with a constancy and patience that must always com- 
 mand the wonder of the historian, and the admiration 
 of posterity. 
 
 The property which the Jesuits acquired by pur- 
 chase, by grants from the King, and by donations 
 from individuals, was very considerable. In the year 
 1764, the order was abolished by the King of France, 
 and the Members of the Society became private in- 
 dividuals. The last Jesuit, Father Casot, died in 
 1800, when the property of the Order fell to His 
 Majesty, in whom it is still vested. 
 
 It has been stated that the Church originally stood 
 in the Haymarket, opposite to Garden Street. The 
 College has been long appropriated by the Imperial 
 Government as a barrack for a Regiment of Infantry, 
 which has always been quartered in the city. Until 
 a few years ago, the last surviving trees of the forest 
 were to be seen in the angle in the rear of the barrack 
 
 R 
 
Ill li 
 
 J 
 
 »lj lllil 
 
 
 B! 
 
 194 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 office. They have since perished, or have been re- 
 moved ; and the spacious barrack yard now occupies 
 the site where the Jesuits once rejoiced in their 
 umbrageous walks, and were wont, like the Philoso- 
 phers of old — 
 
 —— inter sylvas academi quter ere verura. 
 THE HOTEL DIEU, 
 
 We have already mentioned the dangers and pri- 
 vations endured not only by the Missionaries, who 
 were conducted by religious fervor into the recesses 
 of the forest, far from the habitations of civilised 
 man — but by young and delicate females, sprung 
 from ancient and respectable families, who flocked 
 to New France as to a glorious field of Christian 
 exertion. Of these none were more conspicuous than 
 the HospiTALiEREs, or religious ladies forming the 
 community of the Hotel Dieu. 
 
 One of the first objects of the Colony of Cham- 
 plain after its restoration to the French, in 1683, 
 was the foundation of an Hotel Dieu in Quebec. 
 Europeans, who came to establish themselves in a 
 rude and untried climate, after a navigation in those 
 days both long and perilous, were subject to frequent 
 and distressing maladies, particularly during the win- 
 ter ; against the rigors of which they were unprovided 
 both as to clothing and diet. To alleviate the evils 
 which arose from the general want of those comforts 
 which are peculiar to a state of advanced civilisation, 
 they had no other resource than in public and cha- 
 ritable foundations. Nor was such an establishment 
 as the Hotel Dieu less neces&ary in regard to the 
 Indians. In addition to the absence of medical care 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 195 
 
 amongf themselves — their ignorance of the more for- 
 midable diseases, and their natural dislike to witness, 
 much less long to tolerate, even their nearest con- 
 nexions in a state of feebleness and sickness — ren- 
 dered them insensible, while in their savage state, 
 to the delicacy of medical attendance, and incapable 
 of providing other than temporary remedies for sick- 
 ness or accident. To the Nuns Hospitalieres the 
 savages, who were overcome by sickness, in the 
 neighborhood of Quebec, owed the cure of their 
 bodies, and their soul's health — zeal and charity 
 combined to render such proselytes dear — and Chris- 
 tianity must have appeared to the converted Indians 
 in its most attractive and endearing aspect — not only 
 insuring happiness in a future state, but presenting 
 immediate consolation and relief from the bitterness 
 of their personal maladies. 
 
 The colony being as yet too poor to undertake 
 this necessary establishment, through the represen- 
 tations of the Jesuits, the subject came to be discuss- 
 ed, and soon to be popular among the rich and 
 powerful of the mother country. In 1636, the 
 Duchess D'AiGUiLLON, niece to the famous Car- 
 dinal De Richelieu, resolved to found an Hotel 
 DiEU in Quebec, at her own expense. She was, 
 however, liberally assisted by her relative ; and 
 during their joiat lives, they continued to testify 
 their kindness and affection towards the foundation. 
 By contract passed on the 1 6th April, 1637, they 
 gave an annual rent of fifteen hundred livres, on a 
 capital of twenty thousand, as a commencement of 
 their laudable and benevolent design : on condition 
 *' that the Hospital should be dedicated to the death 
 and precious blood of the Son of God, shed for the 
 mercy of all mankind ;" and that masses should be 
 
!! :l 
 
 
 I 
 
 W.i 
 
 fM 
 
 196 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 \ I 
 
 said forever for the repose of the souls of the founders. 
 This donation was afterwards doubled in amount — but 
 the revenues appear never to have been equal to the 
 expenses incurred ; and of late years the pecuniary 
 aid of the Legislature has been frequently bestowed 
 upon this deserving" community. 
 
 In the execution of the foundation, the Duchess 
 D'AiGuiLLON obtained from the Company of mer- 
 chants a considerable concession of waste lands, 
 which they called Ste. Marie ; and a grant of a piece 
 of ground within the precincts of the city, being the 
 site now occupied by the Hotel Dieu, its buildings 
 and spacious garden, covering altogether about twelve 
 acres. 
 
 The Duchess had proposed to the Hospitaliires of 
 Dieppe to take charge of the new foundation at 
 Quebec. These Nuns joyfully accepted the offer; 
 and three of their community eagerly prepared them- 
 selves for a voyage across the Atlantic, in discharge 
 of what they considered a religious duty. The eldest 
 was chosen superior ; her age was twenty-nine — the 
 youngest was on!y twenty-two years old. 
 
 The fleet for New France at that time had its 
 rendezvous at Dieppe ; where, amidst the encourage- 
 ment and congratulation of all classes interested in 
 the design, they embarked on the 4th May, 1639, 
 accompanied by other vessels, having on board 
 Madame De La Peltrie, and three Ursuline Nuns, 
 destined for a new Convent at Quebec — several Je- 
 suits, and other Priests for the different missions. 
 After a rough passage, and some danger from the 
 ice, they arrived safe at Tadoussac on the 15th July. 
 Here they remained some days, subjected to much 
 inconvenience, until they found a small vessel to 
 take them up the river to Quebec On the 31st 
 
 ll't- 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 197 
 
 pnt missions. 
 
 July, they approached the harbor, but the tide being 
 against them, it was resolved to land upon the Isle 
 of Orleans, then uninhabited. They passed the 
 night in wigwams constructed for the purpose, one 
 for the Nuns, another for the Priests, and a third for 
 s the crew. The next morning they prepared to de- 
 part, having first ordered the muskets to be dis- 
 charged, and fires to be made in the woods, in token of 
 their joy and gratitude for their safe arrival in the 
 land of promise — the scene of their Christian labors. 
 These fires being observed from Quebec, the Che- 
 valier de Montmagny, who had succeeded Cham- 
 plain in the Government, sent forward a canoe, 
 which soon returned with the gratifying intelligence 
 of the arrival of the Nuns. The first of August, the 
 day on which these ladies arrived, so long and so 
 ardently desired, was thought worthy of being cele • 
 brated as a Fete. The shops were closed, and all 
 labor suspended. The troops were under arms, and 
 the Governor at their head received the religious 
 heroines on the river side, under a salute from the 
 Fort. On landing, they reverentially kissed the 
 chosen ground ; and after the first compliments, 
 were led by the Governor, amid the acclamations of 
 the people, to the Jesuits* Church, then the Paroisse, 
 where Te cleum was sung, and High Mass performed, 
 in thanksgiving for their safe arrival. 
 
 Notwithstanding the joyful reception which these 
 Nuns met with, such was then the poverty of Que- 
 bec, that they for some ♦^imc suffered the greatest 
 privations, even to the want of necessary food and 
 clothing, until they were permanently established in 
 the Hotel Dieu, which did not arrive for many years 
 afterwards. They were at first lodged, as has been 
 stated elsewhere, in a small house belonging to the 
 
 R 2 
 
198 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 iiij !:ii 
 1 1. * 
 
 in 
 
 Company, where their only furniture was a table and 
 two benches. They were even indebted to the Go- 
 vernor for their first meal in New France ; and as 
 their baggage was still on board their vessel at 
 Tadoussac, they were obliged to sleep on branches 
 of trees, laid upon the floor, until the 15th August, 
 when they received their furniture and effects. 
 
 After taking lessons in the Algonquin tongue from 
 Father Le Jeune, they commenced their labors by 
 receiving several sick persons, whom they tended 
 with great care, as well Indians as French. The 
 small pox broke out among the former with great 
 virulence, and the nature of their employment would 
 have been intolerable to delicate femalesj had they 
 not been supported throughout by a powerful sense 
 of religious duty. 
 
 In 1640, they gave up their house in Quebec 
 to the use of the Jesuits, whose residence had been 
 destroyed by fire ; and retired to St. Michel, which 
 had been lent to them by Monsieur de Puiseaux. 
 As the site of their grant in the city, on which the 
 Hotel Dieu now stands, appeared to them, ia the 
 infancy of their pecuniary means, every way incon- 
 venient from its rocky and uneven nature, and the 
 deficiency of water, which could only then be obtain- 
 ed by descending the steep cliff to the River St. 
 Charles — they determined to suspend the buildings 
 which had been commenced upon it, and to erect a 
 stone house at Sillery, in the neighborhood of the 
 establishment of the Jesuits there. They were 
 induced to do this the rather, as the Indians greatly 
 preferred a residence there to Quebec ; although 
 not long afterwards, the incursions of the Iroquois 
 rendered Sillery a much less secure position. The 
 Hospitaliires of Quebec, having been joined in 1640 
 
 
 ill. 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 199 
 
 by two additional Nuns from the community of 
 Dieppe, makings in all five, laid the first stone of their 
 buildings at Sillery, on the 9th July, with great ce- 
 remony ; but continued to reside at St. Michel until 
 it was habitable in 1641. Their condition on taking 
 possession of this house, which was in an unfinished 
 state, was uncomfortable in the extreme. They 
 were more than a league from Quebec, living among 
 savages, with no other French protectors than the 
 Missionaries. Here they passed the first winter in 
 great distress, still, however, continuing their atten- 
 tion to the savages, converting aiui healing them. 
 They resided at Sillery foui* years, after which, 
 owing to the frequent incursions of the Iroquois, they 
 were obliged to return to Quebec, — where they resid- 
 ed in a small house on the river side, lent to them by 
 the Governor — and resumed their building on the 
 present site of the Hospital. They were at this 
 time seven in number. 
 
 As soon as a portion of this first building, which 
 stood upon the site of the present Hotel Dieu, was 
 covered . in, the HospiCalieres took possession ; and 
 personally aided the workmen in completing it by 
 their manual labor. I'heir Chapel was consecrated 
 on the 16th March, 1646, an occasion of great joy 
 to the little community, which consisted at this time 
 of only five professed Nuns, a Chaplain, four boarders, 
 a female domestic, and seven laboring men. During 
 this year, they successively administered relief to 
 forty-six natives of France, and one hundred and 
 twenty savages, some of whom remained five and 
 six months in the Hospital. They had moreover 
 under their constant protection a wigwam of ten 
 savages, whom they maintained all the year round. 
 
 I' J 
 
200 
 
 NEW PICTURE OP QUEBEC, 
 
 ! il 
 
 It appears by a bargain made by these Nuns for 
 the clearance of the ground about the Hotel Dieu, 
 that one hundred and fifty livres per arpent, equal 
 to six pounds five shillings, Halifax currency, was 
 the common price at this time for the performance of 
 such work. 
 
 At this period they had acquired, partly by pur- 
 chase and partly by concession, the farm of St. 
 Sauveur ; having sold their lands at Sillery to M. 
 D*Auteuil. They also received a gift of the Fief 
 St. Igna<»e, half a league in front by six in depth, from 
 M. Giffard, Seignior of Beauport, as a dowry for his 
 daughter, who took the veil in 1648. The dread of 
 the Iroquois, however, prevented the settlement of 
 this Seigniory until the year 166-2. 
 
 Three Nuns having arrived from France in 1648, 
 the number of these devoted ladies was encreased 
 to nine. About this time a number of families 
 came out from France to settle in Quebec ; and to 
 these the kindness and attention of the Hospitalieres 
 were found of signal benefit immediately after their 
 
 arrival. 
 
 In 1649, after the utter destruction by the Iroquois 
 of two Huron Villages, called St. Joseph and St. 
 Ignace, and the cruel death of Father de Breboeuf 
 and Gabriel Lallemant, the Missionaries, the unfor- 
 tunate Hurons — broken hearted, and utterly unable 
 to bear up against the incessant attacks of their 
 hereditary enemies — or rather, the sad remains of 
 that once powerful and interesting people, took re- 
 fuge near Quebec, where they were kindly received 
 and hospitably treated by the Hospitalieres and the 
 Jesuits. The descendants of these Huron refugees 
 are now to be found in the village of Indian Lorette 
 presenting a striking and melancholy contrast with 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 201 
 
 their former power and condition, when they stepped 
 as lords of the soil over the magnificent country 
 which borders the waters of Lake Huron. Relative 
 to the massacre of St, Joseph and St. Ignace, there is 
 a picture at present in the Chaplain's room of the 
 Hotel Dieu, which derives its interest from its sub- 
 ject, the dreadful death of the Missionaries, and the 
 torture to which they were exposed by the refined 
 cruelty of the Iroquois. 
 
 The first Hospital, being built of wood, and only 
 fourteen feet wide, was soon found too limited for the 
 accommodation of the numerous applicants. By great 
 exertions, and by the donations of generous individu- 
 als both in the colony and in France, the Hospita^ 
 Hires were enabled to build another, more commodious 
 in dimension, and far more solid in construction. 
 The first stone was laid on the 15th October, 1654, 
 by M. De Lauzon, the Governor, in presence of the 
 Clergy and principal iidiabitants. The new buildings 
 which consisted of an Hospital, now the temale ward, 
 a choir, and a Church were finished in 1658, and the 
 latter was consecrated by the Abbe de Quelus, 
 Grand Vicaire, on the 10th August. Mass was first 
 celebrated on the 15th of the same month. 
 
 The weakness of the Colony, and the defenceless 
 state of Quebec in 1660, may be imagined from the 
 fact, that such was the dread inspired by the Iroquois, 
 who hovered around to the number of seven hundred 
 warriors, that it was not considered safe for the 
 Hospitaliires and the Ursulines to remain in their 
 respective convents during the night. They accord- 
 ingly removed every evening to the Jesuits' College, 
 where apartments were assigned to them. Patroles 
 were established at night to protect the city, which, 
 
202 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 but for these precautions, would assuredly have been 
 fired by their daring and implacable assailants. This 
 state of alarm continued for three weeks ; when the ip^nante 
 Iroquois made a simultaneous attack on all the (IV, ben{ 
 posts between Three-Rivers and Quebec, killing 
 no less than eighty French, and a great number of 
 Algonquins and Hurons. They established them 
 selves in the Isle of Orleans, whence M. De Lauzon, 
 son of the former Governor of that name, lost 
 his own valuable life, and the lives of his fol- 
 lowers, in vainly attempting to dislodge them. Sa- 
 tisfied with their triumph, they at length retired, 
 leaving Quebec once more to repose ; and restoring 
 the Nuns to their accustomed charitable duties. 
 
 In 1672, the Colony had acquired sufficient 
 strength to ensure its security from the Iroquois ; and 
 as many settlers came out each spring, the wants of 
 an encreasing population rendered the augmentation 
 of the Hotel Dieu again necessary ; and under the 
 liberal patronage of M. Talon, the Intendant, wLo 
 may be called the Pericles of Quebec, another 
 ward and an additional wing were undertaken, the 
 first stone of which was laid on the 5th May, 1672, 
 in the presence of the Bishop, and other dignitaries. 
 On the 20th of the same month, the Intendant, in 
 order to show the respect he entertained for the 
 Duchess D'Aiguillon, the original founder of the 
 Hotel Dieu, caused a brass plate to be inserted 
 into the foundation stone, bearing the arms of that 
 illustrious lady, and the following Latin inscription, 
 written by his Nephew, who is spoken of as a young 
 man of much promise at the time : — 
 
 it'precantj 
 vitate, cc 
 iua in pai 
 rissirao 
 oliticaj 
 uadarat 
 uflfct Hos 
 Eminentisl 
 eptis A\gi 
 loria sem 
 
 To the 1 
 
 the Mothe 
 
 reign of t 
 
 Louis XI 
 
 the Caaa( 
 
 Superior < 
 
 whole colo 
 
 the poor 
 
 Talon, I 
 
 France — t 
 
 founded, < 
 
 second 111 
 
 D'Aiguill 
 
 Cardinal 
 
 glory. Ii 
 
 In 16 
 
 building 
 quent ii 
 appeara 
 The 
 building 
 Gate a 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 203 
 
 EfFUSO CiIRISTI 8ANGUINI ET 
 
 MI8ERIC0RDLE MaTRI, SEDENTB 
 
 Clemente X. 
 
 esfnante invicto, pacifico Rege Christianissimo, Lcdovico 
 
 IV, benedicente Francisco, primo Canadensium Episcopo, 
 
 t'precante Virgfinum Hospi talari um, preside Kenata a Na- 
 
 iritate, complaudente Colonia universa : nee non pro singnlari 
 
 ua in pauperes et segros incolas chariiate, procurante illus- 
 
 rissirao Viro D. D. Joanne Talon, iErariae, Juri, ac toti 
 
 oliticaj Rei, Nova? Gallijc suramo Pnefecto. Quod olim pi6 
 
 undarat Nosocomium,angesc;ente Colonia, hoc novo liberaliter 
 
 uo^et Hospitio, imraortaiis mcmoriie et omni laudiim gcnere 
 
 Eminentissitni Diicis Cardinalis Armandi superstes, et sorore 
 
 eptis dignissiraa, Maria h Vigenerot Ducissa, cui 8alus et 
 
 loria sempiterna. Anno salutis instauratse M.D.CLXXII. 
 
 r . 
 
 translated. 
 
 To the honor of the blood of Christ, shed for mankind, and 
 Ithe Mother of Mercy, in the Pontificate of Clement X. in the 
 reicrn of the invincible, peaceful and most Christian King- 
 Louis XIV. with the benediction of Francis, first Bishop of 
 the Canadians, and at the request of Rene de la Nativite, 
 Superior of the Nuns HospitaliereSf with the applause of the 
 I whole colony, also as a mark of his peculiar affection towards 
 I the poor and the sick, and by the instrumentality of Jean 
 Talon, [ntendant of Justice, Police and Finance in New 
 France — the same Hospital which she had originally so piously 
 founded, on the encrease of the Colony, was augmented by a 
 second liberal donation, by Maria de Vignerot, Duchess 
 D'Aiguillon, surviving niece of the immortal and most eminent 
 Cardinal Duke Armand, to whom be health and everlastiog* 
 glory. In the year of salvation MDCLXXII. 
 
 In 1696 considerable additions were made to the 
 buildings of the Hotel Dieu, which, with subse- 
 quent improvements gradually assumed their present 
 appearance. 
 
 The present edifice is a substantial and capacious 
 building, three stories high, standing between Palace- 
 Gate and Hope-Gate. Its longest portion is one 
 
 Hi 
 
 ^ri 
 
 -I: 
 
204 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 hundred and thirty yards, by seventeen in depth. 
 On the north-west side, the wing is only fifty yards 
 lonjT, and two stories high. Every medical care and 
 delicate attendance is here gratuitously aiforded to 
 the afflicted poor by the religious community, which 
 consists of a Superior, about thirty three Nuns, two 
 Novices and a postulant. The Church is simple and 
 plain, having a few paintings which may De seen on 
 proper application being made to the Chaplain. 
 Several are also distributed throusfhout the various 
 rooms and wards. Three or four pictures are stated 
 to be originals, and are by eminent masters : as The 
 Natlvify, by Stella, a French painter who died in 
 1661 : — The Virgin and Child, by Coypei, who died 
 in 1707, and St, Bruno, by the celebrated EustacLe 
 Le Sueur, who died in 1655. He was called the 
 Raphael of France, and his principal work was the 
 life of St. Bruno, in a series of twenty-two pictures, 
 preserved in the Chartreux, at Paris. 
 
 THE URSULINE CONVENT, 
 
 This Institution,*as well as that of the Hotel Dieu, 
 owes its origin to the powerful representations of the 
 Jesuits settled in New France. The object of the 
 latter was not, however, merely to provide the means 
 of religious instruction and education for the female 
 children of the French residents. They contem- 
 plated the instruction also of the young daughters of 
 the converted Indian — so extensive and philanthro- 
 pic were the views of this order. The Company 
 of merchants to whose direction the temporal affairs 
 of the Colony were confided, — men of worldly views, 
 and more anxious for a good return of furs, than 
 solicitous of extending to the savage benefits, which 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 205 
 
 seemed to them unnecessary and premature — took 
 no steps to promote the settlement of the Ursulines. 
 In justice it should be added, neither did they take 
 measures to prevent it. 
 
 Several unsuccessful attempts were made to carry 
 into effect a foundation so desirable as that of the 
 Ursulines, whose peculiar province it was to devote 
 themselves to the education of female children. At 
 length, as in the case of the Hospitalieres, it was re- 
 served for a young widow of Alen^on, a person of 
 rank and fortune, named MaJame De la Peltrie, 
 to surmount every obstacle ; and to accomplish her 
 purpose by devoting her whole fortune, and conse- 
 crating even personal labor to the good work. With 
 two Ursulines from Tours, and one from Dieppe, 
 she attended the rendezvous of the Canada fleet ; 
 and sailed on the 4th May, 1639, for Quebec, in 
 company with the Hospitalidres, as mentioned above. 
 
 The courage and devotion of Madame De La 
 Peltrie have been highly celebrated. Persons of 
 similar qualities have appeared in almost every age 
 to meet the wants of society — without whose energy 
 and self denial few of those philanthropic institu- 
 tions, to which the world owes so much at the present 
 day, would have been matured, and successfully 
 established. This devout lady give up all to carry 
 into effect her laudable design ; and is even said 
 to have at one time worked with her own hands in 
 the cultivation of the ground, on which the Ursuline 
 Convent now stands. She divested herself of all 
 superfluous clothing, aad parted with her wardrobe 
 to supply raiment to the poor children of the colo- 
 nists, whom she fed as well as clothed : her whole 
 life indeed was a series of charitable deeds, which 
 have rendered her name illustrious in the religious 
 
 s * . ■ 
 
206 
 
 NEW riCTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 ! 
 
 I 
 
 annals of Canada. The fruits of her valuable foun- 
 dation are to this day experienced, in the excellent 
 education which is ail'orded to young females in the 
 school of the Ursuline Convent. 
 
 The reception of the Ursulines has been already 
 described under the Hotel Dieu. The Hospita- 
 litres went immediately to Sillery — the Ursulines 
 were established in a small house on the river side, 
 most probably on the St. Charles. Like the Hos- 
 pitalieres they suffered trials and privations innume- 
 rable. Scarcely had they arrived, when the small 
 pox broke out in Quebec. But they were not dis- 
 concerted : they indeed preserved their health, and 
 had presence of mind enough, in the midst of death, 
 to employ themselves in the study of the Indian 
 languages, in order to render themselves more use- 
 ful to the community among which they had begun 
 their pious career. It has been stated that their Srst 
 intention was to educate the female children of the 
 Indians. Finding this to be inconvenient, and almost 
 impracticable, tliey were, after some years, reluc- 
 tantly compelled to abandon that part of their de- 
 sign. 
 
 The Ursulines completed their first Convent in 
 1641. It was built most probably of wood ; and 
 stood within the present possessions of the Commu- 
 nity, between St. Lewis, Garden, St. Anne, and St. 
 Ursule Streets. A very curious pictorial plan, or 
 map, of the original Convent is still in existence. 
 In this, St. Lewis Street appears merely a broad road 
 between the original forest trees, and is called La 
 Grande Ailee — without a building immediately on 
 either side. At a little distance to the north oi La 
 Grande Alice, is a narrower path, called Le Petit 
 Chemin, running parallel and leading into the forest. 
 
aluable foun- 
 the excellent 
 emales in the 
 
 been already 
 Ihe Hospita- 
 the Ursulines 
 le river side, 
 ike the Hos- 
 tions innume- 
 tien the small 
 were not dis- 
 ir health, and 
 nidst of death, 
 of the Indian 
 ves more use- 
 ey had begun 
 that their first 
 lildren of the 
 nt, and almost 
 years, roluc- 
 t of their de- 
 
 st Convent in 
 ■ wood ; and 
 the Commii- 
 Anne, and St. 
 orial plan, or 
 in existence. 
 y a broad road 
 i is called La 
 imediately on 
 e north of Lo- 
 lied Le Petit 
 nto the forest. 
 
 WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECiFONS. 
 
 207 
 
 This smaller path went exactly through the choir of 
 the present Chapel ; the great door of which is be- 
 tween the two roads, but close to the narrower one, 
 as described in the map. A small brook ran, appa- 
 rently from Cape Diamond, diagonally across both 
 La Grande Allee and Z/C Petit Chcmin ; and th«^"ce 
 into Garden Street. Close to the spot wher «.) 
 Chapel now stands, and nearly in front . -le 
 great door, was the residence of Madame De La 
 Peltrie, the founder of the Convent ; which is 
 described in the plan as occupying, in 1642, the 
 corner of Garden Street, nearly opposite to the classi- 
 cal school and residence of the Reverend D, Wilkie. 
 The Ursuline Convent itself stood to the north- 
 west of Madame De La Peltrie's house, abutting 
 on Le Petit Chemi?i, which ran parallel to St. Louis 
 Street, and fronting towards Gardvsn Street. It is 
 represented as being a well proportioned and substan- 
 tial building, wo stories high, with an attic — four 
 chimnies, and a cupola, or belfry in the centre. The 
 number of windows in front were eleven on the upper 
 story ; which contained the parloir, dormitory, and 
 infirmary. On the lower story were the Chapel, 
 and other necessary apartments. The door leading 
 to the parloir, which was in the upper story, opened 
 on the south end : that of the Chapel was in front 
 of the building. The Convent was surrounded by a 
 court, in which, according to the ancient plan, was the 
 well. Several female children are represented as 
 taking their recreation there between the hours 
 of school attendance. In other compartments of 
 this singular map are seen, La Mere de l'In- 
 carnation, so celebrated by Charlevoix, instruct- 
 ing the young sauvagesses, under an ancient ash 
 tree i^^M^re St, Joseph, going to teach the cate- 
 
208 
 
 NEW PICTURE OP QUEBEC, 
 
 I 
 
 cl»ism to the Huron and Alj^onquin neophytes ; and 
 Me?'e St, Croix, accompanied by a young Canadian 
 boarder, proceeding to visit the wigwams of the sa- 
 vages, some of whom are represented as residing in 
 the forest, inclosed within the precincts of the 
 Ursulines. With the exception of the buildings of 
 the Convent, its court yard, and Madame De La 
 Peltrie's house, all the ground including both sides 
 of bt. Lewis Street, is represented in the picture as 
 ill the natural state. In La Grande Allee — the pre- 
 sent St. Lewis Street — v/e see M. Daillebout, the 
 Governor, on horseback, riding gently along — he 
 has, apparently, just been conversing with Ma- 
 dame De La Peltrie, who is entering her own 
 h* use, conducting a young female by the hand. In 
 Garden Street are several priests, probably Recol- 
 lets, approaching the Convent. 
 
 The plan we have attempted to describe is proba- 
 bly the most ancient, as it is the most interesting, 
 representation extant of any portion of Quebec in 
 its early days. 
 
 In 1650, the Convent was destroyed by fire — an 
 enemy which provec -.lOSt destructive to the early 
 establishments of Quebec. The fire broke ou' on the 
 30th December ; and was occasioned by some coals 
 which had been left by a sister employed in the bake- 
 house, which was in a cellar at the north end of the 
 building. The Nuns made their escape by the door 
 at the south end, which led by a staircase to the 
 parloir ; but the building was entirely consumed. 
 Its inmates, to the number of fourteen, were kindly 
 received, and hospitably entertained during three 
 weeks, by the Nuns of the Hotel Dieu. On the 21st 
 January, 1651, they removed to the house of Madame 
 De La Pelthie, which had been prepared for their 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 209 
 
 n 
 
 reception. On this occasion a solemn act, or conven- 
 tion, was drawn up and executed by the Superiors of 
 the Ursulines and the Hospitali^res, the purport of 
 which was, " that in order to preserve a perpetual 
 and indissoluble union and love between the two 
 Communities, there shall exist between them for the 
 future an entire friendship, and participation of spi- 
 ritual goods, with a mutual exchange of good offices, 
 and prayers." 
 
 In the plan of the old Convent to which we have 
 above referred, there is also introduced a represen- 
 tation of Sister St. Laurent, a woman of extraor- 
 dinary merit, who is described as one of the most 
 sainted Nuns the Community ever possessed. She 
 greatly contributed to the re-establishment of the 
 UiisuLiNE Convent, after this fire, not only by her 
 intelligence and economy, but evcii by personal 
 labor. 
 
 On the 2 1st October, 1686, on the F^te of St. 
 Ursula, and during the performance of high mass, 
 the Convent caught fire, and was a second time 
 burned to the ground, without any conjecture as to 
 the manner in which the accident originated. No- 
 thing was saved from the rapidity of the flames, 
 neither provisions, or linen, or any other clothing 
 than that in use at the time. Once more, the Ur- 
 sulines took refuge with the Ilospitalieres, who 
 received them as kindly as before, to the number of 
 twenty-five ; and they again remained for the space 
 of three weeks under the roof of the Hotel Dieu, 
 receiving every possible mark of attention and com- 
 miseration from that Community. In the mean time, 
 such was the utility of this Institution, that every 
 one took an interest in the reparation of the disaster. 
 The Governor and the Intendant, the Jesuits and 
 
 s 2 
 
 ii'i I 
 
210 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QULBEC, 
 
 i'iii 
 
 other Communities all contributed by every means in 
 their power. The rebuilding of the Convent was 
 soon commenced ; and a small house was hastily 
 constructed, in which they passed the winter, all the 
 necessary furniture and utensils having been gene- 
 rously supplied by the HospitaliSres. It was singu- 
 lar, that on the very day on which the Ursulines left 
 the Hotel Dieu, accompanied, as a mark of respect 
 and friendship, by the Superior and one or two of the 
 Nuns Hospitaliires, the latter were near being reduc- 
 ed to the same extremity as that from wliich they had 
 relieved the Ursulines. One of the HospitaliireSi 
 who had returned much fatigued, after passing the day 
 in assisting the Ursulines to establish themselves in 
 their temporary residence, fell asleep in her cell, 
 leaving a candle burning in the socket, which soon 
 communicated to the furniture. Fortunately, the 
 sister whose duty it was to see that all was secure 
 before retiring for the night, discovered the accident 
 in time to save the life of the careless Nun, and pro- 
 bably the whole building from destruction. 
 
 The Ursuline Convent of Quebec having been 
 found of such utility, the inhabitants of Three- 
 Rivers made application to Monseigneur de St. 
 Vallier, then Bishop, for a separate foundation of 
 Ursulines for that Borough. This was accomplish- 
 ed in 1697, when the Ursuline Convent was esta- 
 blished there, depending upon the w^i^munity of 
 Quebec ; and uniting, with their own consent, the 
 office of Ursulines with that of HospitaliSres — at 
 once educating the female children, and administer- 
 ing to the wants of the sick. A similar union of the 
 duties of these two Communities was found convenient 
 in Louisiana, where the Ursulines were established 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 'Vt 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS 
 
 211 
 
 at New Orleans in 17*25, and combined with their 
 other occupations the care of the Hospital. 
 
 The Nunnery, which with its garden and outbuild- 
 ings occupies seven acres of ground within its own 
 Fief of St. Joseph, is a plain but commodious edifice 
 of stone, two stories high, forming a square of about 
 thirty-eight yards long, by forty feet deep. The rest 
 of the site, with the exception of the court, is occu- 
 pied by a productive garden, and surrounded by a 
 stone wall. The Chapel and Choir of St. Ursula 
 is ninety-five feet long, and forty-five feet broad. 
 Quite plain o.nd unpretending without, its altars are 
 highly adorned, and the whole interior is not deficient 
 in a venerable and religious appearance. Within the 
 grating, it is connected with the Convent ; and opens 
 to the public towards Garden Street. In the ancient 
 plan above mentioned, the exact site of the present 
 door is accurately laid down, as we have described it 
 above. 
 
 Within the precincts of the Convent lie buried the 
 remains of the gallant Marquis De Montcalm, who 
 was mortally wounded in the eventful battle of the 
 Plains of Abrrham, 13th September, 1759. A 
 y?9r or tVfO ago a plain mjirble slab was placed in 
 the Ursuline Chapei to the memory of this brave 
 hut unfortunate soldier, by His Excellency th« 
 Lord Aylmlr, Governor-in-Chief of these Pro - 
 vinces. The following is the simple inscription up- 
 on this sb.'i) : — 
 
 Honneur 
 
 h 
 
 Montcalm ! * 
 
 Le destin en lui derobant 
 
 La Victoire, 
 
 L'a recompense par 
 
 Uoe Mort Gloiieuse ! 
 
212 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 
 The Ursuline Chapel contains several good pic- 
 tures, which may be examined on application to the 
 Chaplain. Among them is a Mater Dolorosa by 
 Vandyke : a picture on a religious subject by the 
 celebrated Le Sueur: — The Capture of Christians 
 by Algerine pirates^ by Restout, historical painter to 
 the King of France, who died in 1753 : — Two pic- 
 tures, The Saviour at meat in SimorCs house, and, 
 A full length portrait of the Redeemer, by Champagne, 
 an eminent Flemish painter, who was afterwards 
 painter to the Queen of Frpnce, and died in 1674. 
 
 The community of the « Jrsulines consists of a 
 Superior, forty-two professed Nuns, and some novices. 
 Their rules are rigidly exclusive, and their Convent 
 is not open to public inspection, beyond the Parloir 
 and the Chapel. It is in its interior neat, well ar- 
 ranged, and tastefully decorated. The Nuns are 
 devoted to the instruction of young females in useful 
 knowledge, and ornamental education when required; 
 their school has long been esteemed one of the best in 
 the Province. The paintings executed by them- 
 selves are much admired : their embroidery and fancy 
 work are sold at high rates. The proceeds of the 
 skill and labor of these Nuns go to augment the 
 common stock, and enable them to extend their 
 usefulness without diminishing the fixed property of 
 their Community. 
 
 THE SEMINARY OF QUEBEC. , 
 
 This highly useful and meritorious establishment 
 was founded and endowed by Monseigneur De 
 Laval de Montmorency, first Bishop of Canada, in 
 the year 1663. It was intended at first chiefly as 
 an Ecclesiastical Institution, with a few young pupils 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 213 
 
 who were educated here for the ministry. — At the 
 extinction of the Jesuits* Order, the members of the 
 Quebec Seminary, although the institution was in 
 distressed circumstances, threw open its doors to J\ie 
 youth of the country generally. Professorships were 
 established, and all the ordinary branches of litera- 
 ture and science began to be taught. The buildings 
 were twice burned to the ground, during the life of 
 its venerable founder, who had resigned his Bishopric, 
 and retired to the Seminary ; where he spent the last 
 twenty years of his useful and pious life — he died 
 Ion the 6th May, 1708. The first fire took place on 
 the 15th November, 1701, during the absence of 
 most of the priests. The Bishop escaped half dressed, 
 land, With the other ecclesiastics, was received into 
 I the Bishop's Palace. Not discouraged by the des- 
 truction of this offspring of his piety and munificence, 
 he determined that no means should be left untried 
 to rebuild it. A strong representation was made to 
 the Court ; and a yearly pension of four thousand 
 [ livres was granted as an aid towards its re-establish- 
 Iment. After four years labor had been bestowed 
 upon it, it was again set on fire, on the 1st October, 
 1705, by the carelessness of a workman, whose 
 [pipe communicated to some combustible matter. 
 lOn this occasion Bishop De Laval retired to the 
 Jesuits* College. The Seminary was rebuilt, but 
 was destined to be almost totally destroyed during 
 the siege of 1759, previous to the battle of the Plains 
 of Abraham. Its disasters were even not yet com- 
 plete, for it was once more partially consumed by 
 ifireinl772. 
 
 The authority of the Seminary resides in a Board 
 I of Directors, five or seven in number, one of whom is 
 Superior, elected triennally. The other officers are 
 
 P.I 
 
 Hi 
 
 
 ij :i 
 

 *?.! 
 
 ■ mil 
 
 
 214 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 the Siiperior*s two assistants, the Procureur, a direc- 
 torof the theologicaldepartment,or Grarid^Seminaire, 
 the two directors, or rather, the director and principal 
 Prefet des Etudes of the College, and the Steward, 
 Assistant' Procureur, All these, except the last, are 
 appointed yearly by the Board of Directors. Besides 
 the five or seven directors, there are, or may be 
 several aggregate, or associate members of the esta- 
 blishment. 
 
 The members of the establishment receive no 
 emoluments — they consecrate themselves, gratuitous' 
 ly, to one of the most arduous as well as of the most 
 meritorious works, the education of youth. All the 
 Institution guarantees to them is " food and rai- 
 ment," in sickness and in health — they make no spe- 
 cial vows — hence they are at liberty to leave the In- 
 stitution, when ever health or any other important 
 cause requires it. Except the Superior, the Procureur 
 and Assistant-Procureur, they are all commonly en-, 
 gaged in teaching either divinity or the sciences. 
 
 The present number of Professors is as follows : 
 three for the theological part, or C and-Seminaire ; 
 and twelve, including the Prefet des Etudes, orP !n- 
 cipal for the College. — The annual number of pupils 
 is 260, of whom 110 are boarders — the others board 
 at home, or with some relation in town. 
 
 The branches of education taught are chiefly, 
 French, English, Latin and Greek ; Geography; 
 Arithmetic ; ancient and modern History, both sacred 
 and profane ; Latin poetry ; Belles-Lettres, Rhetoric, 
 and a very extensive course of Philosophy, whict 
 includes Logic, Metaphysics, Ethics, Algebra, Geo- 
 metry, occasionally Conic Sections, Astronomy, 
 Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, Architecture, &c.; 
 
 ^ 
 
 
WITH HlSTOItlCAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 215 
 
 rs of the esta- 
 
 it receive no 
 
 to wkicli must be added lessons in Natural History, 
 Mineralogy, Geology, Drawing, Music, &c. 
 
 The collegial course is divided into nine classes, 
 occupying so many years — boys who can read and 
 write are admitted into the first or elementary class — 
 with higher qualifications, they are allowed to enter 
 into more advanced classes — boys of superior talents 
 will of course complete their studies in less time. 
 
 In this Institution no payment is made for tuition 
 —the boarders pay £17 10s. yearly, but of that 
 sum a deduction is made for all absences of eight 
 days or more. The day scholars pay 10s, in the fall, 
 and a like sum in the spring, for wood, candles, &c. 
 A small salary is paid to professors who are not mem- 
 bers of the establishment. 
 
 The annual public exercises are very splendid and 
 interesting — they are attended by crowds of the most 
 respectable citizens — the Governor-in-Chief, if not 
 absent from town, usually assists at the distribution 
 of prizes with which the exercises close. 
 
 The commencement or vacation takes place about 
 the 15th August. The pupils return at the expira- 
 tion of six weeks. 
 
 The funds of the Seminary hardly suffice for its 
 support. It has, however, by means of long and strict 
 economy, and still more by large sums of money 
 arising from the sale of property given to the Institu- 
 tion by several rich individuals in France, previously 
 to the French Revolution, and partly recovered since 
 the restoration of the Bourbons, been rebuilt upon 
 a much larger plan, since 1820. 
 
 The Seminary buildings, including the Chapel, 
 are divided into four wings, three stories, and in 
 some parts four stories high. Three of these wings 
 inclose a spacious court, where the pupils spend their 
 
 if 
 
w 
 
 216 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 liiiia 
 
 hours of recreation. The fourth wing, instead of com- 
 pleting the square, turns out at right angles with the 
 central one, and faces with it a large and beautiful 
 garden. The latter is one hundred and seventy 
 yards long and two hundred broad, containing seven 
 acres of ground. It faces the grand battery and 
 overlooks the harbor. It includes several rows of 
 planted fruit trees, lilachs, &c. ; a bocage of forest 
 trees, and a terrace from which the view of the basin 
 and of the surrounding scenery is most magnificent 
 The whole length of the Seminary buildings on 
 three of its sides is seventy yards. The fourth wing 
 is fifty yards long. They are in width forty-two feet, 
 except the old or central wiiig, which is only thirty 
 feet wide. I'he interior is traversed at each story by 
 immense corridors leading to the halls, dormitories, 
 refectories, classes, apartments of the Priests and of | 
 the Bishop, who resides in the Seminary. In the 
 Bishop's antichamber are suspended the portraits of j 
 his twelve predecessors. . ; > . v * : : .. ^ -..\ 
 
 ;. The Chapel of the Seminary, the vestibule of 
 which is at the grand entrance to the buildings from 
 the Cathedral and market square, contains the best 
 collectioji of paintings to be seen in the country, of 
 the French school and by eminent masters. They 
 are, The flight of Joseph to Egypt, by Jean Baptiste 
 Vanloo, a French portrait painter, who died in 1746. 
 He was the brother of Carlo Vanloo, in great esteem 
 at Paris. Jean Baptiste Vanloo was painter to the 
 King of France. He went to England, and became 
 the favorite painter in London. His pictures are 
 natural, thoroughly finished, and in no part neglect- 
 ed. The wise men of the East adoring the Saviour^ 
 by Bourieu ; — The' Saviour's sepulchre and intermetU, 
 by Hutin ; — The Ascension of the Lord Jesus, — Tk 
 
 III 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 217 
 
 Day of Pentecost^ — and St Jerome writing, by the 
 brothers Champagnes* These were both eminent 
 artists, uncle and nephew, and natives of Brussels : 
 Philip was a landscape painter and died in 1674. 
 He was painter to the Queen of France, and mem- 
 ber of the Academy of Painting. He designed cor- 
 rectly, had an agreeable tone of color, and well 
 understood the principles of perspective. His ne- 
 phev/, Jean Baptiste Champagne, died in 1688. He 
 was a good artist, and studied under his uncle. He 
 was professor of the Royal Academy. The trance 
 of St, Anthony, by Panocel d'Avignes : — Peter's de-' 
 liverance from prison, by Charles De la Fosse, a 
 French painter, who died in 1716. He was a dis- 
 ciple of Le Brun, and was sent by Louis XIV. to 
 finish his studies at Rome. He imitated Titian 
 and Paolo Veronese, and became an excellent colo- 
 rist. He was fond of large compositions, and much 
 employed in royal palaces and public buildings. He 
 was invited to England by the Duke of Montague, 
 and employed by him in ornamenting his townhoiise, 
 now the British Museum. The Baptism of Christ, 
 by Claude Guy Halle : The terror of St» Jerome 
 at the recollection of a vision of the day of Judgment, 
 by D*Hullin : The Egyptian Hermits in the soli- 
 tude of Thebais, and another on the same subject, by 
 Guillot : The Virgin ministered U7ito by Angels, 
 by De Dieu : The Saviour, and the Woinan of 
 Samaria at Jacob's well, by Lagrende : A large 
 figure of the Saviour on the Cross, by Monet ; — and 
 above the altar, a small oval picture, representing 
 two Angels, by Charles Le Brun, an illustrious 
 French painter of Scottish extraction, who died in 
 1690. He is reported to have drawn figures with 
 charcoal at three years old. At twelve, he drew a 
 
 T 
 
I III 
 
 
 218 
 
 KEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 picture of his uncle, which is even now considered a 
 fine piece. 
 
 A very beautiful apartment, adorned with modern 
 Ionic columns, is the congregation hall, or interior 
 Chapel of the StuderMS. The library contains about 
 8000 volumes. In **: ? Philosophical Cabinet are to 
 be seen a very valuable collection of instruments, 
 which is rapidly increasing : a number of antiquities 
 and Indian utensils, — a small mineralogical cabinet, 
 composed at Paris under the direction of the cele- 
 brated Abbe Hauy — some geological specimens, 
 fossils, petrifactions, &c. — numerous specimens of 
 the precious and other ores from South America — 
 shells, insects, — and an imitation of the Falls of 
 Niagara. 
 
 THE GENERAL HOSPITAL, 
 
 It has been stated in the account of the Re collet 
 Convent, that this extensive establishment, — situate 
 on the River St. Charles, about a mile from the 
 walls, and near the spot whc re Jacques Cartier 
 first wintered in New France — owes its foundation 
 to Monseigneur de Saint Valli?r, second Bishop of 
 Quebec, who bought the property of the Recollets 
 at Notre Dame des Anges, and procured for them a 
 site opposite the Fort of St. Lewis, on which at pre« 
 sent stands the English Cathedral. The Bishop 
 expended a very large sum in those days, one hun- 
 dred thousand crowns, on the buildings, which were 
 intended for a General Hospital for invalids, and 
 as an asylum for persons permanently afflicted with 
 disease. The Hotel Dieu was instituted for the 
 care of incidental maladies. • ^ ; 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 219 
 
 Previously to the foundation of the General 
 Hospital, there had been established at Quebec 
 since 1688, an office for the relief of the poor, Bu- 
 reau des pauvres, to which every colonist and com- 
 munity vvas bound to furnish an annual sum, to be 
 expended under the management of Trustees. The 
 revenue of this ofTice amounted to two thousand 
 livres a year, which were sufficient at that time to 
 relieve the helpless poor, and to prevent mendicity, 
 which was not tolerated. The country parishes in 
 the same manner provided for the maintenance of 
 their poor. The Bishop, having undertaken to relieve 
 the city from the support of its helpless and infirm 
 poor, obtained the junction of these funds with the 
 revenue of his own foundation ; and the Trustees of 
 the Bureau des Pauvres were chosen also adminis- 
 trators of the General Hospital. 
 
 The foundation was at first under the charge of 
 the sisters of the Congregation ; but afterwards, in 
 1692, not without great objection on their part, it 
 was placed under the care of the Hospitalieres, re- 
 ceiving from the community of the Hotel Dieu its 
 Superior, and in all twelve professed Nuns. In 1701, 
 the Nuns of the General Hospital were made a 
 separate and independent community, and are so at 
 the present day. 
 
 The following is the account given by Charlevoix 
 of this splendid foundation : 
 
 " At the distance of half a quarter of a league you 
 find the Hopiial-GeneraL This is the finest house 
 in all Canada, and would be no disparagement to our 
 largest cities in France ; the Fathers Recollets for- 
 merly owned the ground on which it stands. M. 
 De St. Vallier, Bishop of Quebec, removed them 
 into the city, bought their settlement, and expend- 
 
220 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 ed a hundred thousand crowns in buildings, furniture, 
 and in foundations. The only fault of this hospital 
 is its being built in a marsh ; they hope to be able 
 to remedy it by draining ; but the River St. Charles 
 makes a winding in this place, into which the waters 
 do not easily flow, so that this inconvenience can 
 never be effectually removed. 
 
 " The prelate, who is the founder, has his apart- 
 ments in the house, which he makes his ordinary 
 residence ; having let his palace, which is also his 
 own buildirg, for the benefit of the poor. He even 
 is not above serving as Chaplain to the Hospital, as 
 well as to the Nuns, the functions of which office he 
 fills with a zeal and application which would be ad- 
 mired in a simple priest who got his bread by it. 
 The artisans, or others, who on account of their great 
 age, are without the means of getting their subsis- 
 tence, are received into this hospital until all the beds 
 ill it are full, and thirty Nuns are employed in serv- 
 ing them. These are a scion or colony from the 
 hospital of Quebec ; but in order to distinguish them, 
 the Bishop has given them certain peculiar regula- 
 tions, and obliges them to wear a silver cross on their 
 breast. Most part of them are young women of 
 condition, and as they are not those of the easiest 
 circumstances in the country, the Bishop has portion- 
 ed several of them." 
 
 The General Hospital is at present a Nunnery, 
 governed by a Superior, having forty-five professed 
 Nuns, a few Novices and Postulanies, The whole ap- 
 pearance, both external and internal, of this Hospital is 
 regular and pleasing ; while the general arrangement 
 and economy are highly creditable to the institution. 
 Its front is two hundred and twenty-eight feet long 
 —its form nearly square. The main building is 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 221 
 
 thirty-three feet deep ; but on the south-west side, a 
 range of one hundred and thirty feet long has fifty 
 feet in breadth. 
 
 The Chapel is very neat, and has a gallery commu- 
 nicating with the Hospital, for the use of the indigent 
 sick. A separate house is appropriated to the rece])- 
 tion of the insane : the Province, however, requires 
 an establishment on a larger scale for these unfortu- 
 nates. At Three-Rivers there is an establishment 
 for the insane under the charge of the Ursulines of 
 the Convent. 
 
 The means of the General Hospital, from its 
 unrestricted character, have been found inadequate to 
 defray the expenses of the establishment, and the 
 deficiency is occasionally supplied by grants from 
 the Provincial Parliament. The Nuns are distin- 
 guished for the manufacture of Church ornaments, 
 and for their skill in gilding. The produce of the 
 sale of these works becomes part of the general fund 
 of the Institution. 
 
 1 f 
 
 ' } ' 
 
 Is 
 
 I «, 
 
 • . i- > 
 
 T 2 
 
 . { 
 
• "I 
 
 ,•4 H 
 
 ''; t'lM 
 
 222 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 ' CHAPTER THE ELEVENTH. 
 
 RELIGIOUS ESTABLISHMENTS CONCLUDED — FRENCH 
 AND ENGLISH CATHEDRALS — OTHER PLACES OF 
 WORSHIP. 
 
 The rise and prosperity of the Colony, and the 
 improvement of Quebec, may be uated from the 
 period when it became the seat of the Royal Govern- 
 ment in New France. The Colony began imme- 
 diately to reap the fruits of the change of system, 
 which followed the resignation of the Company's 
 charter into the hands of the King, Measures were 
 adopted to infuse a more liberal spirit into the Colo- 
 ny, to raise the quality and character of the settlers, 
 and to give a higher tone to the society. The King 
 took a most judicious method to accomplish this. 
 He resolved to confer upon the Government a dogree 
 of comparative splendor, worthy of the great nation 
 of which it was a dependency. In 1664, he sent out 
 to Quebec the most brilliant emigration that had 
 ever sailed from France for the new world. It con- 
 sisted of a Viceroy, a Governor-General, an Inten- 
 dant, and other necessary officers of the Civil 
 Government — the Regiment of Carignan, command- 
 ed by Colonel de Salieres, and officered by sixty or 
 seventy French gentlemen, most of whom were 
 connected with the Noblesse. Many of these gentle- 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 223 
 
 men settled in the Province, and having obtained 
 concessions of the waste lands, became the Noblesse 
 of the Colony, and were the ancestors of the best 
 French families of the present day. The beneficial 
 manner in which this infusion of superior blood, edu- 
 cation and accomplishments must have operated, as 
 regards the social and domestic manners of the Colo- 
 nists, previously devoted to the humblest occupations 
 of trade, may be easily imagined. Liberal tastes 
 were encouraged — sentiments of honor and genero- 
 sity pervaded the highest rank in society, the influ- 
 ence of which was speedily felt through every class 
 of the inhabitants. The Marquis de Tracy, who 
 had the Commission of Viceroy, staid little more 
 than a year in the Province. He made a successful 
 expedition against the Iroquois, and returning to 
 France, carried with him the aflfections of all the 
 inhabitants. He maintained a state which had never 
 before been seen in Canada, rightly judging, that in a 
 Colony at so great a distance from the Mother Coun- 
 try, the royal authority should be maintained before 
 the public eye in all its external dignity and observan- 
 ces. Besides the Regiment of Carignan, he was allow- 
 ed to maintain a body guard, wearing the same 
 uniform as the Garde Royale of France. He always 
 appeared on state occasions with these guards, twenty- 
 four in number, who preceded him. Four pages im- 
 mediately accompanied him, followed by six valets, — 
 the whole surrounded by the officers of the Carignan 
 Regiment, and of the civil departments. M. De 
 CouRCELLES, the Governor General, and M. De 
 Talon, the Intendant, had each a splendid equipage. 
 It is mentioned in an interesting French manuscript, 
 from which we have taken much valuable informa- 
 tion never before published, that as both these gen- 
 
2-24 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 I 
 
 tlemen were men of birth, education, handsome 
 figure and accomplished manners, they gave a most 
 favorable impression of the royal authority, then first 
 personally represented in New France. 
 
 Although Quebec at this period contained little 
 more than seventy private houses, after the establish- 
 ment of the Seminary it was found necessary, viewing 
 the march of improvement which ha^I just commenced, 
 to construct the Cathedral Church on a scale suf- 
 ficiently large for the encreased population ; and with 
 a splendor corresponding with the new prospects 
 of the Colony under the Royal Government. After 
 about three years labor, the French Cathedral was 
 finished on its present site, between Buade Street, 
 the Bishop*s Palace, and the Seminary, with its front 
 towards the Jesuits' College. It was consecrated 
 under the title of the Immaculate Conception, on the 
 18th July, 1666, with all the imposing ceremonies 
 usually observed on similar occasions. Before this 
 time, the Jesuits' Church had been used as the Pa- 
 roisse of Quebec. 
 
 The French Cathedral was built under the 
 auspices of Monseigneur FRAN901S de Laval, first 
 Bishop of Quebec, to whom the Colony was also 
 indebted for the creation of the Seminary. 
 
 In 1659, the great success of the Missionaries in 
 converting the Indians to the true faith induced the 
 Jesuits to recommend the appointment of an Eccle- 
 siastic of superior rank, in order to confirm the nascent 
 piety of the colony, and to reprf^ss any disorders in 
 its spiritual government which Eight arise, without 
 the care and supervision of an authorised head of the 
 Church. At their instance, FRAN901S De Laval, 
 Abb^ de Montigny, of the noble house of Montmo- 
 rency, and at that time Archdeacon of Evreux, was 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 225 
 
 selected as the person on whom the Episcopal dig- 
 nity should first be conferred in New France. He 
 arrived in Quebec, according to Charlevoix, on the 
 6th June, 1659, with the title of Bishop of PETRiEA, 
 and the rank of Vicar Apostolical, accompanied by- 
 several Priests and Chaplains, He was received 
 with every mark of joy and distinction in his new 
 diocese, as the first Prelate of New France ; and took 
 up his residence for three months after his arrival in 
 apartments belonging to the Nuns Hospitaliires, 
 at the Hotel Dieu, The first Pontifical Mass is 
 mentioned in the Jesuits' Journal to have been per- 
 formed on the 29th June : doubtless in their own 
 Church, which then served as the Paroisse. Quebec 
 was not, however, erec4;ed formally into a Bishops* 
 See until 1670, owing to some difficulties which 
 arose. It was to hold of the PopEj but to be attach- 
 ed to the Archbishopric of Rouen. In order to 
 I support the See, the King conferred upon it the 
 revenues of the Abbey of Maubec ; which in the 
 I time of Monseigneur de St. Vallier, the second 
 Bishop, were augmented by those of the Abbey of 
 Benevent. The Bishop was entitled to the second 
 seat in the Council, or that next to the Governor. 
 The chapter originally was composed of the Dean, 
 1 Grand Precentor, Grand Archdeacon, a Theologal, 
 land twelve Canons. This establishment was, how- 
 ever, afterwards reduced, for want of sufficient reve- 
 Inue. The Bulls, and other necessary and expensive 
 [formalities for installing the new Bishop were still to 
 )e obtained, and they required his presence in France; 
 [so that it was not until 1674, that the King's Letters 
 iPatent were finally issued, and the See was officially 
 [constituted. This excellent prelate finding, in 1684, 
 that his strength was not equal to the fatigues of his 
 
ir 
 
 226 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 
 Diocese, repaired to France ; and obtained the King's 
 permission to retire. He was succeeded by the Abbe 
 De St. Vallier, who came out in 1685, and was after- 
 wards consecrated second Bishop. Bishop De Laval, 
 as stated above, retired to his foundation of the Semi- 
 nary, where he lived respected and beloved until his 
 death in 1708, at an advanced age. To the second 
 Bishop of Quebec, the city was also indebted for 
 the establishment of the General Hospital, where he 
 himself resided, having let the Episcopal Palace for 
 the benefit of the poor. 
 
 The Fre nch Cathedral occupies the south side 
 of the market square in the Upper Town, and im- 
 mediately adjoins the Seminary. It is distinguished 
 rather for its solidity and neatness, than for splendor 
 or regularity of architecture. The aisles, considera- 
 bly lower than the nave of the Church — and the lofty 
 tower and spire built without, and separated from 
 it on the south side — in the manner of the round 
 towers which are seen near the old Churches in 
 Ireland and in other countries, — destroy all external | 
 symmetry, yet do not detract from the religious ap- 
 pearance of the pile. The Cathedral within is very I 
 lofty, with massive arches of stone dividing the nave 
 from the aisles, above which is a ^-allery on each side | 
 running the whole length of the interior. It is de- 
 scribed by Colonel Bouchette, in his statistical work, I 
 as two hundred and sixteen feet in length, by one I 
 hundred and eight in breadth. It is able to contain 
 a congregation of about four thousand persons. At 
 the east end are the grand Altar and Choir, superbly 
 decorated. There are also four small Chapels in the 
 aisles, dedicated to different Saints. In a transverse 
 gallery at the west end is the Organ, which thougli 
 
WITH Historical recollections. 
 
 2-27 
 
 fine, is by no means so powerful in tone as that in 
 the English Cathedral. 
 
 I'he Church suffered severely during the bom- 
 bardment prior to the battle of the Plains, in 1759. 
 In an old print extant, it is represented as almost in 
 ruins, having been set on fire by shells discharged 
 from Pointe Levi. The consequence was, that the 
 fine pictures and other ancient ornaments of the 
 Cathedral were mutilated, or entirely destroyed. 
 Those which are now seen upon the walls were 
 placed there when the building was renovated, after 
 the cession of the Province to Great Britain. 
 
 Within the Choir, a little to the right of the Altar, 
 is a marble tablet with the following inscription to 
 the memory of the late Phhop, Monseigneur Plessis, 
 who is freshly remembered for his piety and virtue : 
 
 D. O. M. 
 
 Hie Jacet, 
 
 Illust : et Rev : J. O. I*les8Is, 
 
 Episcopus Quebecensis. 
 
 Ingenio perspicaci, 
 
 Singular! in rebus agendis peritia, 
 
 Constant! tuendae dlsciplinse studio, 
 
 Multisque dotibus aliis ornatum praeclaris 
 
 Vix parem reperias. 
 
 Eximi^ pietate, zelo, summa prudentia 
 
 Ac doctrina, necnon eloquentiae gravitate, 
 
 Canadensi, per quatuor lustra, prsefuit ecclesiee. 
 
 Scientiarum studiis honorera. 
 
 Patriae decus, religion! splendorem 
 
 Attulit. 
 
 Magna raoliri, ardua vincere, 
 
 Consiliis advcrsa suis patienter sustinere 
 
 Ipsi praeclara laus fuit. 
 
 Quera iter trans mare aggredientcm, 
 
 Quo bonis amplioribus aHluerent oves dilectse^ 
 
 Anxia viderat, 
 
228 
 
 I I 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF J^UEBEC, 
 
 Homa reducem post 13 menses, et votis redditum, 
 
 Tota civitas exultans recepit. 
 
 Plurimisque mainis rebus gestis, majora meditatus, 
 
 Vitse laboris et glorise 
 
 Cursum confecit, 
 
 Anno rep. sal. MDCCCXXV. prid. Non. Decemb. 
 
 Aetatis suae LXIII. 
 
 Hie ora, Lector, ; ; ; 
 
 Ubi vivens orabat. 
 
 ' The Roman Catholic Church of the Con- 
 gregation stands on the hill leading from the 
 Esplanade to St. John's-Gate. It is not of ancient 
 construction, and perfectly plain in its interior. Its 
 spire is seen immediately above the ramparts. 
 
 The Roman Catholic Church of St. Rock's 
 is the place of worship frequented by the inhabitants 
 of that populous suburb. It is also a modern edifice 
 of very spacious dimensions, with a spire ; and is 
 situated in an open space, fronting towards the 
 Vacherie, or former possessions of the Jesuits. It is 
 well finished within, and has several paintings. In 
 the Sacristy are portraits of Pope Pius VII, and of 
 Bishop Plessis, a great benefactor to this Church. 
 The ground on which this Church is built was given 
 by the Honorable John Mure. 
 
 The Church of Notre Dame d^s Victolres is the 
 only one in the Lower Town belonging to the Frencli 
 inhabitants. It stands in the square, or market 
 place, plain and substantial within and without ; and 
 possesses claims to antiquity, having been built and 
 used as a Church previously to 1690, In that year 
 amid the joy caused by the defeat of Sir William 
 Phipps, in his attempt to capture the Town, the lek 
 of Notre Dame de la Victoire was established, to be 
 annually celebrated in this Church on the 7ih Octo- 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 229 
 
 ber — that being the day on which the first intelligence 
 of the coming of the English was received. On that 
 occasion, it is stated that M. De La Colombiere, the 
 Archdeacon, preached an eloquent discourse. After 
 the shipwreck of the English fleet in 1711, which 
 was considered by the inhabitants as a second victory, 
 and little less than a miraculous interposition in their 
 favor, this Church received the name of Notre 
 Dame des Victoires, in order to commemorate both 
 occasions at the same time. The same preacher, M. 
 De La CvOLOMbiere, is stated in our French manu- 
 script to have again delivered a most eloquent ser- 
 mon, *• which was listened to by the auditors with 
 transports of joy." 
 
 Thifi Church was also destroyed by the fire from 
 the Pointe Levi batteries in 1759. It is said that 
 it contained at that time a piv,ture representing a 
 city in flames, with an inscription stating " that in 
 the yoar 1711, when Quebec was menaced with a 
 siege by Admiral Walker and General Hill, one of 
 the Religieuses prognosticated that the Church and 
 the Lower Town would be destroyed by the British 
 in a conflagration before the year 1760." We know 
 not how far this tradition may be founded on fact ; 
 but it would seem that the inscription, in those terms, 
 must have been placed upon the picture after the 
 prophecy was accomplished. The story is, however, 
 said to have been well attested, and to have made 
 considerable impression on the minds of the people 
 at the time. Our French manuscript mentions the 
 joy of the people at the defeat of the attempt in 
 1711, but contains no allusion to the supposed pro- 
 phecy. > ; , < 
 
 • 1 
 
 I 
 
 St 
 
 
 ■il 
 
230 
 
 HEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 CA'lHEDRAL OF THE CHJRCH OF ENGLAND. 
 
 It has been stated that the Convent, Church and 
 Garden of the Recollet Fathers occupied the site 
 in the front of the Castle of St. Lewis, as far as 
 the Ursuline Convent in the rear, and contained 
 within St. Lewis, St. Anne and Garden Streets. 
 After the burning of the Church and Convent in 
 1796, the buildings were razed to the foundation, 
 on the extinction of the order, and the ground ap- 
 propriated as a site for the new English Cathedral, 
 Tl ' Court House is also built on part of the 
 jrrcu id. The area in the centre of the Place (TArmes 
 was i\<\ always so large. Until a few years ago the 
 foundations of the Recollet Church were to be traced 
 upon the rocky surface, several yards in advance of 
 the present boundary on the western side. On le- 
 velling these foundations, and the rock on which they 
 stood, two plates were found, the inscriptions on which 
 were given in the account of the Recollet Church. 
 In the month of July, 1834, on sinking one of the 
 posts which surround the area of the Place (T Armes^ 
 some human bones were discovered very near the 
 surface. As, from their situation, they must have 
 been outside the Convent, it may be fairly supposed 
 that they were the remains of one of the Aborigines, 
 buried there before the coming of the French. 
 
 The English Cathedral was built by the bounty of 
 Government, upon the representations of the first 
 Bishop of Quebec, and consecrated in 1804. It is an 
 edifice of regular architecture and very respectable 
 appearance, standing in a spacious area, handsomely 
 enclosed by iron rails and gates, and planted with 
 trees. Its exterior length is 135 feet, its breadth 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 231 
 
 ENGLAND. 
 
 73 ; tlie height of the spire above the ground, 1 52 ; 
 from the floor to the centre of the arch within, 41. 
 The communion plate of this Church is very mag- 
 nificent, and persons in London went to see it while 
 making in the hands of Rundell and Bridge. This 
 plate, together with the altar cloth, hangings of 
 the desk and pulpit, which are of crimson velvet 
 and cloth of gold, and books for divine service, was 
 a private present from King George the Third. A 
 good peal of eight bells, of which the tenor bell is 
 about 16 cwt., was procured some few years ago, 
 by the subscriptions of the congregation. The 
 Church has an excellent organ and a regular Cathe- 
 dral choir, but no Dean and Chapter. It serves also 
 as the Parish Church, until such an .difice shall be 
 erected, with a reservation in favor ot t ue Episcopal 
 rights. Near the altar is an elegaat font of white 
 marble. 
 
 Two new galleries have been recently constructed 
 in the Cathedral, thrown back o each side of the 
 organ, for the accommodation, respectively, of the 
 children attending the male and female National 
 Schools — the front of each is allotted to the orphans 
 of the Asylums, in their distinctive dresses. 
 
 11 
 
 i 
 
 MONUMENT TO THE LATE LORD BISHOP OF QUEBEC. 
 
 A beautiful monument, to the memory of the late 
 Bishop of Quebec, the Right Reverend Jacob 
 Mountain, D. D., has lately been erected in the Ca- 
 thedral Church, within the rails of the communion- 
 table, immediately over the spot where his mortal 
 remains are deposited, occupying the lower part of 
 the space of which the remainder is appropriated to 
 the second table of the commandments. 
 
 {if: , 
 
232 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 The dimensions of this monument are eight feet 
 by six, and its weight exceeds two tons. The work, 
 which is executed by Nicholls, is of white marble, 
 upon a marble ground, finished off in a semi-circular 
 form at the top. The execution is very superior, 
 the whole effect extremely striking, and the likeness 
 of the Bishop most satisfactory, — although the friends 
 who remember him in this country, where the nature 
 of the climate induced him to dispense with the wig, 
 regret that the head is not represented with his own 
 venerable hair. The principal object is his bust in 
 the episcopal dress, the whole head inclining forward 
 and standing out entire, from the shoulders upward. 
 The bust rests upon a pedestal on which the arms, 
 surmounted by the mitre, are carved, and below, the 
 inscription is engraved. On the other, a full length 
 figure of Religion, clasping a bible to her breast, with 
 the emblematical appendages of the cross and the 
 crosier, or pastoral staff. 
 
 The monument forms a conspicuous ornament of 
 the church, and is a suitable memorial of the excellent 
 prelate who was the first occupier of the see, and 
 procured the erection of the building itself. It is 
 a circumstance, however, which ought not to be left 
 unnoticed, that, upon his demise, a desire was ex- 
 pressed by his clergy, and formed the subject of very 
 gratifying communications which passed among them, 
 to combine in paying a tribute of this nature them- 
 selves to his memory, if not rendered unneces- 
 sary by the proceeding which might be adopted by 
 the family. The inscription is as follows, and we 
 are sure that it will be regarded as simple and mo- 
 dest : — * ' 
 
 i*- 
 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 233 
 
 i 
 
 Hie Jacet 
 Viradmodum rererendus 
 , Jacob Mountain, S. T. P. 
 t Episcopus Quebecensis, 
 Ecclesiae Anijlicanse, 
 in Canadis fiindator, 
 Qui obiit A. S. MDCCCXXV. 
 iEtatis suaB LXXV, 
 Episcopatus XXXIII ; 
 Pnesul in divine munere obeundo, 
 Promptus, lidelis, indefessus ; 
 in memoriam > 
 viri egregfii, 
 • et sibi carissimi, 
 hoc marmor 
 conjux et liberi 
 superstites 
 P. C. 
 
 r I 
 I 
 
 /I 
 
 The remains of Charles Lennox, Duke of 
 Richmond, Lennox, and Aubigny, Governor 
 General of these Provinces, are interred beneath 
 the altar. He died, supporting to the last the tor- 
 ments of hydrophobia with undaunted constancy, on 
 the *28th day of August, 1819. No monument has 
 yet been erected to his memory, although no man 
 died more universally beloved. 
 
 The following are the inscriptions upon the other 
 monuments : — . 
 
 fi- 
 
 5ii' 
 
 Sacred to the Memory ■ 
 
 of Lieutenant General Peter Hunter, 
 
 LieutenantGovernor of UpperCanada and Coinmander.in-Chief 
 
 of his Majesty's forces in both the Canadas, 
 
 who died at Quebec, on the 21st August, 1805, 
 
 aged 59 years. 
 
 u 2 
 
 i!| 
 

 234 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 His life was spent in the 8er?ice of his King and country. 
 
 Of the various stations, both civil and military, which he filled, 
 
 He discharged the duties with spotless iutegrity, 
 
 unwearied zeal, and successful abilities. 
 
 This memorial to a beloved brother, whose 
 
 mortal part rests in the adjacent place of burial. 
 
 Is ere ^ted by John Hunter, M. D. of London. 
 
 In memory of Thomas Dunn, Esq. of Durham, in England, 
 
 who departed this life on the 15th April, A. D. 1818. 
 
 In the 88th year of his age. 
 
 During his long residence in this country, 
 
 where he established himself soon after the conquest. 
 
 He held several important situations under Government: 
 
 He was one of the original Members of the Legislative 
 
 and Executive Councils, 
 
 In which last capacity, during two different vacant intervals, 
 
 He administered the Government of the Province. 
 
 His known integrity and goodness 
 
 procured him the confidence and respect of the community ; 
 
 And he was eminently possessed of those private qualities 
 
 Which cause men to be beloved during life, and lamented 
 
 io death. 
 
 , *s f -• ' ; ti "blessed are THE DEAD 
 
 "which DIE IN THE LORD." , , j 
 
 Sacred to the Memory of 
 The Honble. Carleton Thomj Monckton, 
 Fifth son of Robert Arundel, fourth , Iscount Galway, 
 By his wife Elizabeth, daughter of Daniel Matthew, Esquire, 
 
 of Felix Hall, Essex, 
 And great nephew of the Honble. BrigadierGeneral Monckton, 
 who succeeded to the command of the British army 
 Upon the death of General Wolfe, at the splendid victory 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 235 
 
 achieved on the heif^hts of Abraham, 13th Sept , A. D. 1759. 
 
 At the age of fifteen he entered the array and served in Spain, 
 
 And at the Battle of Waterloo was a Lieutenant 
 
 in the 16th Regt. of Light Dragoons. 
 
 He some years afterwards became a Captain 
 
 in the 24th Regt. of Infantry, which he accompanied to Canada, 
 
 and died after a short illness at Quebec, on the 10th May, 
 
 A. D. 1830, 
 
 li\ the 31th jear Ok 'lis age, beloved by his brother Officers, 
 
 ana sincerely lamented by all who knew him. 
 
 This tablet was erectod by his sorrowing brothers and sisters, 
 
 as a testimony of their fond affection to o:<u 
 
 most justly dear to them, 
 
 and in the humble hope that, through faith in Christ Jesus, 
 
 the only Savio'ir, they, together with him, 
 
 may be blessed as are those that die in the Lord. 
 
 ^1 
 
 I 
 
 Sacred to the Memory 
 
 of 
 
 Captain Thomas Impett, 
 
 late of the 32nd Regiment, 
 
 who died at Quebec 
 
 on the 15th February, 1833, 
 
 aged 40 years and 5 months. 
 
 This monument was erected by his 
 Brother Officers, as a token of their esteem and regard. 
 
 \ ' 
 
 •li. 
 
 The dignitaries of the Church of England are : 
 The Honorable and Right Reverend Father in God, 
 Charles James Stewart, Lord Bishop of Que- 
 bec, attached to the Province of Canterbury, 
 younger brother of the Earl of Galloway: — and the 
 very Reverend George Jehosaphat Mountain, 
 D D,, Archdeacon of Quebec, son of the first 
 Bishop of the diocese. 
 

 i 
 
 236 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 There are four Chapels of the Church of England 
 within the Parish of Quebec. The principal of these 
 is that of the Holy Trinity, in St. Stanislaus Street, 
 Upper Town, which is a private chapel, built by Chief 
 Justice Sewell ixi 1824, at the suggestion of the late 
 Bishop of Quebec, to provide for the increase in the 
 Cathedral congregation. It is a handsome building, 
 with a front of cut stone, in length 74 feet, in breadth 
 48 — it has an organ, and is calculated to hold 700 
 persons. The officiating Clergyman is the Reverend 
 Edmund Willoughby Sewell. 
 
 The other three chapels, wliich are small and with- 
 out any kind of architectural pretensions, are St. 
 Matthew's, or the Free Chapel, In St. John's Sub- 
 urbs, fitted up, as it now exists, in 1828, where the 
 services and the accommodation ave altogether gra- 
 tuitous: — St. Paul's, or the Mariner's Chapel, at t^»n 
 base of Cape Diamond, close to the place called 
 UAnse des Meres, built of wood, (over a school 
 house of stone, connected with the institution,) con- 
 secrated in 1832, and served without additional salary 
 by the evening lecturer of the Cathedral ; — and St. 
 Peter's, or the French Protestant Chapel, now fitting 
 up in the Suburb of St. Roch, in the upper part of 
 a building recently purchased for a Male Orphan 
 Asylum. It is called the French Protestant Chapel, 
 because it is in part designed to provide a service for 
 Guernsey and Jersey families resident in Quebec, 
 some of whom are imperfectly acquainted with the 
 English tongue. The orphans, who will be accom- 
 modated below", arc at the charge of the Rector and 
 Church Wardens of the Parish,, and their mainten- 
 ance is defrayed out of the collections made weekly 
 in the Cathedral, which also provide for several 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 237 
 
 other charitable objects. The interior economy of 
 the Institution is confided to a Committee of ladies. 
 The Female Orphans before mentioned occupy 
 the rooms over the two school rooms, in the National 
 School house, a building m the plain Gothic style, 
 near St. John's-Gate, witJiin the walls. Both the 
 original fitting up of the rooms for the Female Or- 
 phan Asylum, and the maintenance of the inmates 
 have been solely provided for by means of the annual 
 Bazaar held by the ladies composing the Committee 
 of the National School, who also assisted, from their 
 first Bazaar, many other charities in the place. 
 
 CHURCH OF SCOTLAND. 
 
 It is believed that a regularly ordained Clergyman 
 of the Church of Scotland has officiated to the Pres- 
 byterians of that persuasion in Quebec, ever since 
 the conquest in the year 1759 ; but it is certain that 
 an " apartment was assigned by the King's repre- 
 seniative in the Jesuits' College, as a place of worship 
 for the members of the Scotch Church," previous 
 to the year 1767, and occupied as such without 
 interruption, until the 6th October, 1807: when 
 Colonel Isaac Brock, Commandant, (His Honor the 
 President having declined to interfere in the matter,) 
 requested the congregation to be prepared to remove 
 ; thence " on the shortest notice," as it was found ne- 
 cessary to appropriate it to the accommodation of 
 the troops. 
 
 On the 3rd November, 1807, the Governor-in- 
 Chief commanded his Secretary to address a letter 
 to the Clerks of the Peace, of which the following is 
 an extract : 
 
H 
 
 238 
 
 NEW PICTURE OP QUEBEC, 
 
 I 
 
 Jl 
 
 " The Governor-in-Chief having found it neces- 
 sary to appropriate to military purposes the room in 
 the Jesuits* Barracks, which has hitherto been made 
 use of by the Presbyterian congregation at Quebec, 
 as a place of worship, I have it in command from His 
 Excellency to desire, that, till a more permanent 
 provision for their accommodation can be made, you 
 will allow the said congregation to assemble on the 
 Sundays in the lower room of the Court House, in 
 which the Justices of the Peace hold their Sittings." 
 
 On the 30th November, 1808, letters patent 
 were issued by His Excellency Sir James Henry 
 Craig, Knight of the Most Honorable Order of the 
 Bath, granting, as a place for the erection of a Church 
 for the public worship or exercise of the religion of 
 the Church of Scotland, a certain lot or piece of 
 ground in St. Anne's Street, Upper Town, unto 
 Alexander Spark, John Blackwood, John Mure, 
 David Munro, and John Paterson, and their succes- 
 sors, in trust for ever. 
 
 In the month of February, 1809, the Committee 
 appointed by the congregation to solicit subscriptions, 
 reported that the sum of £1547, currency, had been 
 subscribed, and such farther subscriptions expected, 
 that they considered themselves authorized to contract 
 for the building of a Church on their lot, sixty feet by 
 forty; inside the walls — which, being finished, was 
 consecrated and set apart by the name of Saint 
 Andrew's Church, for the ordinances of christian 
 worship, on the 30th November, 1810, by the late 
 Rev. Dr. Spark. 
 
 Dr. Spark died suddenly on the 7th March, 
 1819. The Rev. Dr. Harkness, the present incum- 
 bent, was ordained as his successor by the Presbytery 
 of Ayr in Scotland, on the 7th March, 1820, and 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 239 
 
 id it neces- 
 the room in 
 D been made 
 I at Quebec, 
 and trom His 
 e permanent 
 )e made, you 
 emble on the 
 rt House, in 
 leir Sittings." 
 etters patent 
 James Henry 
 , Order of the 
 )n of a Church 
 the religion of 
 ot or piece of 
 r Town, unto 
 John Mure, 
 d their succcs- 
 
 the Committee 
 . subscriptions, 
 ;ncy, ha<l t>eeii 
 dons expected, 
 ized to contract 
 ft, sixty feet by 
 finished, was 
 lame of Saint 
 js of christian 
 lo, by the late 
 
 le 7th March, 
 
 (preisent incum- 
 
 the Presbytery 
 
 Irch, 1820, and 
 
 preached for the first time to the congregation on 
 the 4th June following. 
 
 In the year 1821, the Church being found far from 
 adequate to the accommodation of its members, a 
 Petition was presented by the Trustees to His Ex- 
 cellency ihe Earl of Dalhousie, for an additional space 
 of ground to enable them to enlarge it — with which 
 His Excellency was graciously pleased to comply, 
 and also to grant an aid of £300 currency, out of the 
 monies arising from the Jesuits' Estates, besides ge- 
 nerously subscribing £50 currency, towards carrying 
 the same into effect. 
 
 The enlargement was completed in May, 1824, 
 and with the exception of the above mentioned sums, 
 cost the congregation by voluntary subscription near- 
 ly £2300 currency. The Church, as it now stands, 
 is 95 feet by 43 inside the walls, and can accommo- 
 date 1300 sitters. The number of communicants 
 exceeds 300 : upwards of 260 individuals received 
 the Sacrament of the Lord's Supper in the Church, 
 on the 2d day of March last. 
 
 The Trustees are incorporated by an Act of the 
 Provincial Parliament, which was assented to by His 
 Majesty in Council, on the 3 1st January, 1831, 
 and the royal assent thereto was signified by the 
 proclamation of His Excellency the Governor-in- 
 Chief, on the 29th April, 1831. 
 
 A school, in connection with the Church, was 
 erected by the Trustees in the year 1831, who re- 
 ciived in aid of the building, the liberal sum of £400 
 currency, from the Provincial Legislature. The 
 I school ^s under the management and direction of six 
 |membeid of the Church, chosen annually by ballot 
 at a general meeting of the congregation, held on 
 [the first Sunday in the month of May, in the Church 
 
 
240 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 
 immediately after divine st^rvico in the forenNon, 
 when a report of the proceedings ot the Commi .r 
 for the previous twelve montiis U laruished ly the 
 Secretary. The number of S(?}>oi?»,r?, now in atten- 
 dance is 112. The present teacliersaie Mr. Seaton, 
 and his assistant, Mr. Laurie. 
 
 There is also a Sunday School in connexion with 
 the Church, which meets every Sunday at half-past 
 9 o'clock, and is numerously attended. 
 
 The late Dr. Spark had an allowiince from Go- 
 vernment of £50 sterling per annum, which has been 
 continued to his successor. This is the only pro- 
 vision as yet made by Government for the Clergy 
 of the Church of Scotland in Lower Canada, witli 
 the exception of a similar sum allowed annually to 
 the Senior Clergyman of Saint Gabriel's Churcli, 
 Montreal, although the Presbytery of Quebec con-! 
 sists, at present, of twelve regularly ordained Cler- 
 gymen of the Church of Scotlaiid« 
 
 In 1830, the congregation of Saint John's Chiirdi, 
 (previously an indepenoent vv congregational Cha- 
 pel,) professing themselves to be willing to con- 
 form to the doctrine, discipline and laws of tliel 
 Church of Scotland, made application to the Glasgow 
 Colonial Society for Missionary purposes, to send 
 them out a rs^j^ularly ordained Clergyman to be their 
 Pastor, and In consequence, the llev. Mr. Clugston 
 was ordained to that Church by the Presbytery cfl 
 Forfar in Scotland. The present number of com- 
 municants is from 120 to 130, 
 
 ST. John's chukch. 
 
 This building stands in St, Francis Street, and is 
 without ornament. It was erected in the ye«ir 1816) 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 241 
 
 and up to tb< ear 1830, it had been occupied as a 
 place of worship by Con^regationalist*?, It is now, 
 and has been since the date last spevnlrf^d, a place of 
 worship in connexion with the Church of Scotland, 
 and is named St. John's Church. The Minister and 
 Trustees of St. John's Church were incorporated 
 by Act of Parliament in the year 1831. 
 
 ST. PATRICKS CHURCH. 
 
 The Irish Catholics of Quebec, finding by the 
 rapid increase of their number, that they could no 
 longer conveniently assemble for public worship in 
 the small Church of the Lower Town, came to the 
 spirited determination of building a Church on an 
 extensive scale, which would afford accommodation to 
 all the Catholics of the City and Suburbs, using the 
 English language. To effect this, they called a ge- 
 neral meeting of all the members of iheir body, and 
 immediately opened a subscription, which to the ever- 
 lasting honor of their fellow citizens of every deno- 
 mination, met wich the strongest marks of public 
 approbation, evinced by the gratifying circumstance, 
 that many of the most generous subscribers to the 
 undertaking were ProtestantSc 
 
 In the fall of 1831, a spacious lot of ground in rear 
 of Palace Street was purchased for the s'im of 
 £2,300 J and in the month of June following, the cor- 
 ner- stone of St. Patrick's Church was laid with the 
 usual ceremony. This circumstance took place just 
 at the ever memorable time when that dreadful 
 Ecourge, the Cholera Morbus, first burst upon the 
 inhabitants of Quebec. The spirit and zeal of the 
 Congregation on this trying occasion are beyond all 
 
 X 
 
 J! 
 
 
 , 1 ii i 
 
MM^ 
 
 
 V;V:,,:;(, 
 
 i|ii 
 
 R 'i.:; 
 
 242 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, ' 
 
 praise, ior tl-.eir persevering magnanimity in prose- 
 cuting the undertaking throi gli all the unforeseen 
 difficulties which arose out of the panic created in 
 the public mind by that desolating pestilence — so 
 that in the short space of twelve months the building 
 was ready for dedication, which ceremony took place 
 on the first Sunday in .Fuly, 1833, amid the hearty 
 rejoicings and thanksgivi^g^s of a generous people. 
 
 St, Patrick's Church is a fine substantial stone 
 building, covering an area of 136 feet by 62. It 
 fronts St. Helen Street, and is entered by three well 
 moulded doors, the largest of which is in the tower, 
 the other two in the side aisles, besides the two en- 
 trances to the east and west. It is lighted on each 
 side by a double tier of windows well made and in 
 admirable proportion. The roof and galleries are 
 supported by massive pillars with bases and capitals. 
 Ilie ceiling is to be 48 feet high, richly embossed 
 and ornamented with scriptural emblems. The 
 steeple is handsome and well proportioned, and stands 
 120 feet from the ground to the ball which supports 
 the cross. There are very extensive and mag- 
 Tiiiicent galleries round the inside, terminating over 
 the Sanctuary, furnished with a triple range of ele- 
 gant pews, which, with those of the ground flat, are 
 calculated to accommodate an immense congrega- 
 
 • lon. 
 
 The interior of this Church when finished, com- 
 prising pillars, columns, arches, ceilings, the grand 
 variegated altar, tabernacle and canopy, the adorned 
 Sanctuary, the flank and end windows, organ, &c. 
 vyilh all their varied tracery, will present a coi//> d\nl, 
 tj strU<e the beholder with religious awe and admira- 
 ti 'ii. 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 243 
 
 There is attached to this Church, under the patro- 
 nage of the Pastor, the Rev. Mr. McMahon, a 
 Christian Doctrine Society, whose duty it is to in- 
 struct the youth of the congregation in the principles 
 and duties of their religion. The members of this 
 Society have founded a circulating library, consisting 
 of religious and moral works, for the benefit of the 
 congregation, a circumstance highly creditable to the 
 zeal and public spirit of the Irish Catholics of Que- 
 bec. 
 
 i'*-| 
 
 \% 
 
 WESLEYAN CHAPEL. 
 
 The Wesleyan Methodists have a Chapel situated 
 in St. Anne Street in the Upper Town. This build- 
 ing was erected in 1816, and is, both in the exterior 
 and interior, extremely plain. The congregation is 
 generally as large as can be comfortably accommo- 
 dated ; and it has been in contemplation to remove 
 the present, and erect a larger edifice in the same 
 place. 
 
 They have also a smaller Chapel in Champlain 
 Street in the Lower Town. This was built in 1830, 
 and was intended to afford the means of grace to 
 such of the sailors who visit this port during the 
 summer, as were disposed to attend divine worship. 
 
 There are two Sabbath Schools connected with 
 tliese Chapels; and the number of children attending 
 each, with the attention they give to the instruction 
 with which they are furnished, afford much encou- 
 ragement to those by whom they are conducted. 
 
im 
 
 244 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 CHAPTER THE TWELFTH. 
 
 THE INTENDANT's PALACE — THE BISHOP's PALACE 
 
 THE PARLIAMENT HOUSE OTHER REMARKABLE 
 
 BUILDINGS. 
 
 Next to that of the Governor General, the 
 office of Intend ANT was of the greatest importance 
 and celebrity in Quebec. It was established by the 
 Proclamation of the King of France, in 1663, 
 erecting the Sovereign Council for the affairs of the 
 Colony ; which consisted of the Governor General, 
 the Bishop, the Intendant, four Councillors, to be 
 named by the preceding, with an Attorney General 
 and chief Clerk. The number of Councillors was 
 afterwards encreased to twelve. 
 
 The authority of the Intendant was, indeed, little 
 inferior to that of the Governor, except in being 
 judicial, not executive. He had the superin tendance 
 of four departments ; namely, of Justice, Police, 
 Finance and Marine. The Intendant was declar- 
 ed to be President of the Sovereign Council, leaving, 
 however, the first place to the Governor, and the 
 second to the Bishop. This caused great displea- 
 sure to the Governor, on whose continued repre- 
 sentations it was afterwards ordered, in 1680, that 
 the Governor and Intendant should assume no 
 other quality in the Council than that of their re- 
 
 i -'! ■' 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 245 
 
 spective offices. La Potherie, who visited Quebec 
 in 1698, says, that the Governor was then merely an 
 honoriry Councillor. He sat at the upper end of a 
 round table, meaning most probably at the part 
 farthest removed from the door. The Bishop sat on 
 his right, also an honorary Councillor, and the 
 Intendant on the left. The latter performed the 
 office of President, although he had not the title. 
 The Councillors themselves were seated according to 
 seniority, and all wore their swords. The Inten- 
 dant collected the votes, beginning with the junior 
 Councillor, and finishing with the Governor Ge- 
 neral. He then gave his own opinion, and pro- 
 nounced the judgment of the Council. In Le Beau's 
 time, who visited Quebec in 1729, the arrangement 
 of the seats was somewhat ditferent. The Council- 
 lors were then twelve in number, nearly all merchants 
 of the Lower Town. " The Intendant," he says, 
 " claimed the right of presiding in the Council ; but 
 the Governor General took his seat in the Hall 
 of Justice, in such a situation as to be opposite the 
 Intendant, with the Councillors, or Judges, arranged 
 on either side : so that they both seemed to preside 
 ill an equal degree." The Intendant named 
 originally by the King was M. Robert, whose com- 
 mission was dated 21st March, 1663. This gentle- 
 man, however, never arrived in Quebec ; and the 
 first Intendant was M. De Talon, who arrived in 
 16G5, with the Marquis DeTracy, and the Carignan 
 Regiment. Of this gentleman the most honorable 
 mention is made in the annals of the country. The 
 following anecdote has been handed down, of his first 
 arrival in Quebec. Previous to his leaving France, 
 the Superior of the Hotel Dieu had written to him, 
 recommending that Community to his protection. 
 
 X 2 
 
t246 
 
 NEW PICTURE OP QUEBEC, 
 
 I 
 
 On the next day after his arrival, >ivith the true gal- 
 lantry of a French gentleman, he determined to 
 assure her in person of his good wishes, but first put 
 in practice a little ruse, which, as the story runs, 
 redounded, in the denouement, both to his own and 
 to the credit of the Superior. Coming to the Nun- 
 nery, without equipage and plainly dressed, he 
 requested to speak with the Superior, without giving 
 any name. The Superior approached, accompanied 
 by a Nun, the Mother Marie de la Na'ivite, — when 
 assuming the character of his own gentleman or 
 valet, he assured them in the most polite and well 
 conceived terms of the respect and interest which 
 M. De Talon had always felt towards their Commu- 
 nity, and promised on his part that nothing should be 
 wanting to promote their welfare. As he spoke 
 admirably, with great confidence and earnestness 
 of manner, the other Nun, who was a person of saga- 
 city, making a sign to the Superior, replied, that she 
 was not deceived in believing him to be of higher 
 rank than that which he chose to assume* On M. De 
 Talon's requesting to be informed, what there was 
 about him to induce her to entertain such an opinion, 
 the clever Nun made answer, that there was that 
 in his language and appearance which convinced her 
 that she had the honor of speaking to the Intendant 
 himself. On this he acknowledged his attempt at 
 dissimulation, and his great satisfaction at receiving 
 so elegant and so obliging a compliment. It may be 
 imagined that the result of this interview was a last- 
 ing friendship between the Intendant and the Com- 
 munity. He was mainly instrumental some years 
 afterwards, in rebuilding the Hotel Dieu on a more 
 extended scale, as described in our account of that 
 
be true gal- 
 termined to 
 but first put 
 story runs, 
 Kis own and 
 to the Nun- 
 dressed, he 
 thout giving 
 accompanied 
 Jjri7e,— when 
 rentleman or 
 Jlite and well 
 \terest which 
 :heir Commu- 
 ing should be 
 As he spoke 
 d earnestness 
 erson of saga- 
 plied, that she 
 ) be of higher 
 , On M. De 
 rhat there was 
 ch an opinion, 
 here was that 
 convinced her 
 le Intendant 
 lis attempt at 
 n at receiving 
 It. It may be 
 ew was a last- 
 aud the Com- 
 il some years 
 leu on a more 
 tccount of that 
 
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IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-S) 
 
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 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WfST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 
 
 (716) 877-4503 
 

 
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WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 247 
 
 
 establishment ; and was besides distinguished for 
 his liberality on many other occasions. 
 
 THE INTENDANT's PALACE. 
 
 i 
 
 ; wm 
 
 Immediately through Palace-Gate, turning to- 
 wards the left, and in front of the Ordnance buildings 
 and storehouses, once stood an edifice of great extent, 
 surrounded by a spacious garden looking towards the 
 River St. Charles, and as to its interior decorations, 
 far more splendid than even the Castle of St. Lewis. 
 It was the Palace of the Intendant, so called, because 
 the sittings of the Sovereign Council were held there, 
 after the establishment of the Royal Government 
 in New France. A small district adjoining is still 
 called, Le Palais, by the old inhabitants, and the 
 name of the Gate, and of the well proportioned street 
 which leads to it, are derived from the same origin. 
 
 The Intendant s Prlace was described by La Po- 
 therie, in 1698, as consisting of eighty toises, or 
 four hundred and eighty feet, of buildings, so that it 
 appeared a little town in itself. The King's stores 
 were kept there. Its situation does not at the pre- 
 sent time appear advantageous, but the aspect of the 
 River St. Charles was widely different in those days. 
 The property in the neighborhood belonged to the 
 Government, or to the Jesuits — large meadows and 
 flowery parterres adorned the banks of the river, and 
 reached the base of the rock ; and as late as the time 
 of Charlevoix, in 1720, that quarter of the city is 
 spoken of as being the most beautiful. The en- 
 trance was into a court, through a large gateway, the 
 ruins of which, in St. Vallier Street, still remain. 
 The buildings formed nearly a square — in front of 
 

 M 
 
 248 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 the river were spacious gardens, and on the sides 
 the King*s store houses. Beyond the Palace, to- 
 wards the west, were the pleasing grounds of the 
 Jesuits, and of the General Hospital. 
 
 This building, like most of the public establish- 
 ments of Quebec, went through the ordeal of fire, 
 and was afterwards rebuilt with greater attention to 
 comfort and embellishment. In September, 1712, 
 M. B'egon arrived as Intendant, with a splendid 
 equipage, rich furniture, plate and apparel befitting 
 his rank. He was accompanied by his wife, a young 
 lady lately married, whose valuable jewels were the 
 general admiration. A fire, which it was found im- 
 possible to extinguish, broke out in the night of the 
 5th January, 1713 ; and burned so rapidly, that the 
 Intendant and his lady with difficulty escaped in their 
 robes de chamhre. The latter was obliged to break 
 the panes of glass in her apartment, before she had 
 power to breathe, so as to attempt her escape through 
 the smoke with which the passages were filled. Two 
 young French women, who attended Madame Begon, 
 perished in the flames — the Intendanfs valet anxious 
 to save some of his master's'clothes, ventured impru- 
 dently within the burning chambers, and was con- 
 sumed by the flames — his secretary, desirous of 
 rescuing some valuables, passed several times through 
 the gardens towards the river in front of the house, 
 without shoes, and was frozen. He died in the Hotel 
 Dieu, a few days afterwards. The loss of the Inten- 
 dant was stated at forty thousand crowns : his lady 
 lost her jewels and rich dresses. Such, however, 
 were the resources of M. Begon, that he is said to 
 have lived with as much state in the Bishop's Palace, 
 where he established himself, as he had maintained 
 before the fire. On this occasion, the papers and 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 249 
 
 records of the Treasury were lost, as well as the regis- 
 ters of the Council, and other valuable documents 
 belonging to the King op France. The Palace 
 was afterwards rebuilt in a splendid style by M. 
 Becon at the King's expense. The following is its 
 description, given by Charlevoix, in 1720, a few 
 years afterwards ; " The Intendant*s house is called 
 the Palace, because the Superior Council assembles 
 in it. This is a large pavilion, the two extremities of 
 which project some feet ; and to which you ascend 
 by a double flight of stairs. The garden front which 
 faces the little river, which is very nearly on a level 
 with it, is much more agreeable than that by which 
 you enter. The King's magazines face the court on 
 the right side, and behind that is the prison. The 
 gate by which you enter is hid by the mountain on 
 which the Upper Town stands, and which on this 
 side affords no prospect, except that of a steep rock, 
 extremely disagreeable to the sight. It was still 
 worse before the fire, which reduced some years ago 
 this whole Palace to ashes ; it having at that time no 
 outer court, and the buildings then facing the street 
 which was very narrow. As you go along this street, 
 or to speak more properly, this road, you come first 
 of all into the country." 
 
 The Intendant's Palace was neglected as a place 
 of official residence after the conquest in 1759. 
 In 1775, it was occupied by a detachment of the 
 American invading army, and destroyed by the fire 
 of the Garrison. The only remains at present are 
 a private house, the gateway alluded to above, and 
 several stores belonging to Government, formed by 
 repairing some of the old French buildings. The 
 whole is now known by the name of the King's wood- 
 yard. 
 

 l\ 
 
 250 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 THE BISHOP S PALACE. 
 
 This IS one of the ancient buildings of Quebec, 
 having been erected soon after the establishment 
 of the See ; and possesses a degree of Jiistorical 
 interest, standing on, probably, the first cleared 
 land in this part of the continent. Nothing could 
 be more beautiful than the site chosen. It is at the 
 south-eastern extremity of the grand battery, be- 
 tween it and the descent into the Lower Town by 
 Mountain Street. It is believed that here was the 
 first clearance made by Champlain, who commenced 
 his labors at the end of St. George Street, near the 
 stone store of tlie Ordnance department, and continu- 
 ed them as far as the Recollet Convent anu the Place 
 d'Armes, He built his first Fort nearly on the site 
 of the Bishop's Palace. It was afterwards, as has 
 been mentioned in another place, removed to a more 
 commanding position, that of the Castle of St. 
 Lewis. 
 
 The Bishop's Palace commands an extensive 
 prospect towards the north, with a delightful view of 
 the basin, and of Pointe Levi. The garden was for- 
 merly inclosed, reaching to the brow of the precipice 
 called the Sault-au-MateloL It was divided from 
 that of the Seminary by a wall, as at present ; and 
 another wall ran along the ascent from the Lower 
 Town. A gateway, which was nearly opposite the 
 rear of Mr. Clouet's house, gave admittance to the 
 Eveche, or the official residence of the Bishop, to 
 which it has been customary to apply the title of 
 Palace. 
 
 It was originally intended that the Bishop's Pa- 
 lace should make in figure an oblong square, the 
 
 
c, 
 
 WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 251 
 
 s of Quebec, 
 establishment 
 e of liistorical 
 ( first cleared 
 Nothing could 
 1. It is at the 
 d battery, be- 
 ower Town by 
 t here was the 
 ^ho commenced 
 street, near the 
 Qt, and continu- 
 it ana the Place 
 arly on the site 
 terwards, as has 
 loved to a more 
 Castle of St. 
 
 Is an extensive 
 lightful view of 
 garden was for- 
 lof the precipice 
 Is divided from 
 tt present ; and 
 fom the Lower 
 ■ly opposite the 
 [mittance to the 
 fhe Bishop, to 
 dy the title of 
 
 Bishop's Pa- 
 
 ng square. 
 
 the 
 
 fourth side bounded by a wall fronting the ascent from 
 Mountain Street. The Chapel, left centre, and one 
 wing towards the south-west were, however, the only 
 buildings that were finished. With the exception of 
 the Chapel, which was lately pulled down to make 
 way for the \oii\ev facade of the new House of As- 
 sembly, these buildings remain as they were originally 
 finished. They are of cut stone ; and although the 
 Palace was little more than half executed on the 
 original plan, it must have been, even so, an elegant, 
 spacious and not unworthy residence for the Bishops 
 OF New France. The first Prelates, however, do 
 not appear to have made much use of this habitation. 
 Bishop De Laval retired to the Seminary, and 
 Bishop De St. Vallier to the General Hospital. 
 In 1713, it was occupied by the Intendant, M. 
 Begon, after the destruction of his house by fire. 
 
 La Potherie, after giving an accurate descrip- 
 tion of the Palace as it appeared then, says : " There 
 are few Episcopal Palaces in France which would 
 equal this in beauty, if it were finished. All the 
 Cures from the country Parishes, who have business 
 in the city, are here accommodated with lodgings, 
 and generally dine with the Bishop, who is almost 
 , constantly in the Refectory." Charlevoix mentions : 
 " In the Episcopal Palace there is nothing finished 
 [but the Chapel, and one half of the building project- 
 led by the plan, according to which it is to be an 
 oblong square. If ever completed, it will be a mag- 
 nificent edifice. The garden extends to the brow of 
 [the rock, and commands the prospect of all the road." 
 When its present Constitution was given to this 
 [Province, the Bishop's Palace was chosen as the 
 jplace for the sittings of the Legislative Council 
 ind Assembly. The Bishop received in lieu of it 
 
252 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 ■ ^n 
 
 an annuity from the Imperial Government. TLe 
 Chapel of the Palace was fitted up as a Chamber 
 for the Provincial Assembly. It was sixty-five feet 
 long by thirty-six wide, and in this building the Ses- 
 sions continued to be held, until it was removed to 
 make way for the new edifice. 
 
 The Legislative Council Chamber is at present 
 in that part of the Bishop's Palace which im- 
 mediately adjoins the new building ; commanding 
 from the windows in the rear one of the most beautiful 
 views imaginable. The Chamber is fitted up in an 
 appropriate manner. At the upper end is the 
 Throne, from which His Excellency the Gover- 
 nor-in-Chief addresses the two other branches of 
 the Legislature, at the opening and close of tbe 
 Session. It is of crimson and gold, surmounted by 
 the Imperial Arms. On the right, is a full length 
 picture of His Majesty George III., after Sir 
 Joshua Reynolds : — on the left, one of His late Ma- 
 jesty George IV., after Sir Thomas Lawrence, 
 This building, together with the south-western wing, 
 contains the Library. Speaker's Room, Committee 
 Rooms, and Ofl&ces, belonging to the Legislative 
 Council. In the vaulted rooms below, which are spa- 
 cious and airy, receiving light from the east, are the 
 offices of the Secretary of the Province. These 
 formed once the Refectory of the Bishop's Palace, 
 where the Prelate showed daily hospitality to the 
 Cures^ who came to visit him from the country pa- 
 rishes. 
 
 The reader is referred to the Plate representing 
 Prescott-Gate. On the right he will find a south 
 view of the Bishop's Palace, which has remained in 
 the same state, with the exception of the loop-holed 
 wall in front, since its first erection. 
 
£C, 
 
 ernment. The 
 p as a Chamber 
 s sixty-five feet 
 uilding the Ses- 
 vas removed to 
 
 ber is at present 
 ,ACE which im- 
 ; commanding 
 e most beautiful 
 I fitted up in an 
 ler end is the 
 ^CY the GovER- 
 ber branches of 
 and close of the 
 surmounted by 
 !s a full length 
 III., after Sir 
 f His late Ma- 
 mas Lawrence, 
 b-western wing, 
 )m, Committee 
 le Legislative 
 7^ which are spa- 
 he east, are the 
 iviNCE. These 
 shop's Palace, 
 (spitality to the 
 the country pa- 
 
 ite representing 
 will find a south 
 has remained in 
 f the loop-holed 
 
 0' 
 
TtT 
 
 --1 
 
 % 
 
 
 r-^. 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^. 
 
i 
 
 "I 
 
 
 MA 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^, 
 
 
 , P-- 
 
 *'i ^ « ^''^B 
 
 ^ 
 
 rtil ' ' T^2iH 
 
 u-^ 
 
 ^* PI 
 
 
 
 1 < 
 
 l*j.'H*'^ 
 
 1 f ■ 
 
 ^^^^a 
 
 I ^ 
 
 
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 '-'' '^ -HM 
 
 1 :^ 
 
 .'-'^^H 
 
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 l^'"^ 
 
 1 1 
 
 himm 
 
 K i" 
 
 WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 253 
 
 THE PARLIAMENT HOUSE. 
 
 The Plate on the opposite side represents the 
 Parliament House, as finished, on the site of the 
 Bishop's Palace. The centre and north-western 
 wing are only completed, so that the whole build- 
 ing, including the old part, now for the first time 
 has assumed the figure intended at the original 
 foundation. The union of the old and the new parts 
 of this building, while it speaks by contrast the great 
 advance of the Province in resources and population, 
 forms an interesting: link between its ancient and 
 modern history. The venerable Palace of the 
 Bishops, neglected without, but useful and com- 
 modious within, rears its modest front by the side of 
 the massive, /flfacfe of its less unpretending, but more 
 durable successor ; aff'ording a moral lesson of the 
 rise and decay of buildings, of empires, of man him- 
 self, and of the mutability of all sublunary affairs. 
 
 It has been stated that the sittings of the Provin- 
 cial Assembly were held in the Bishop's Chapel 
 until 1834. It will be remembered, that the House 
 OF Commons in England holds its sittings in what 
 was once the small Chapel of St. Stephen, West- 
 minster. The Bishop's Chapel stood upon the 
 site of the central part of the new Parliament 
 House, the fagade of which is imposing from its 
 strength and loftiness, and from the dome and spire 
 with which it is crowned. Four massive cut pillars 
 support a pediment, within which will be contained 
 the " Imperial Arms of Great Britain," as repre- 
 sented in our Plate, taken from the original design 
 with which we were favored. Within the fa(;ade 
 is the new House of Assembly, a spacious Cham- 
 
 Y 
 
254 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 \ , 
 
 ber, seventy-nine feet long by forty-six broad, and 
 twenty-eight feet higli from floor to ceiling. The 
 interior is not yet finished, but it will, no doubt, be 
 worthy of the building and of the Province, From 
 the dome there is a splendid view of the picturesque 
 scenery around, which is gained by ascending a stair- 
 case until the spectator reaches a small gallery on 
 the outside, and encircling the dome, at the base of 
 the lantern. The whole building is solid and sub- 
 stantial, being of cut stone. The remaining apart- 
 ments are all for the use of the Assembly. The 
 Wardrobe and Library are large and in due propor- 
 tion : the passages and staircases wide and well ven- 
 tilated. Every care has, in truth, been taken to 
 meet the convenience of the Members, and to expe- 
 dite the business of the Province. The centre of the 
 New Parliament House was designed by Mr. 
 Berlinguet, the wings by Mr. Baillarge. The whole 
 was built by Mr. Fortier, Master Mason ; and the 
 sums voted by the Legislature to defray the expense 
 amount to £16,000. 
 
 It is to be hoped that no long time will elapse, ere 
 the liberality of the Legislature shall have provided 
 for the completion of the New Parliament House, 
 as represented in the engraving. But in order that 
 the building should be seen to advantage, it is 
 highly necessary that the row of houses, which would 
 seem to have intruded themselves between Freema- 
 sons* Hall and the Seminary, should be removed by 
 an Act of the Legislature, on a fair compensation. 
 When these improvements are made, the Parlia- 
 ment House will appear one of the finest buildings 
 in North America. 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 255 
 
 THE COURT HOUSE. 
 
 It has been stated that tlie Court House ^ wU- 
 pies part of the site once belongin^r to the llecollet 
 Fathers, and forming the western side of th«^ ancient 
 Place d'Armcs, immediately opposite to the Fort. 
 The Court House stands at the angle of St. Lewis 
 Street and the Place d^Armes, to the south of the Eng- 
 lish Cathedral. Its front is on the north side of St. 
 Lewis Street, looking towards the Commissariat Office 
 across an open space, in which is a broad walk 
 of stone flags. The edifice is built of grey stone, 
 plain and substantial, standing within an area inclosed 
 by an iron railing, and is one hundred and thirty-six 
 feet long, by forty-four feet broad. The roof, like 
 ti^at of most of the public buildings, is covered with 
 tin. The approach from St. Lewis Street is by a dou- 
 ble flight of stone steps, leading to an arcade, or ves- 
 tibule ; from which are passages leading to the rooms 
 below, and wide staircases to the Courts above. Im 
 mediately in front of the lower story, and facing the 
 arcade, is the chamber in which the Court of Quar- 
 ter Sessions is held. On the right are the Policei 
 Office, the Justices' Room, and Grand Jury Room. On 
 the left, the Offices of the Prothonotary of the Court 
 of King's Bench. On the upper floor is the Court 
 of King's Bench, fitted up in an appropriate manner, 
 with a gallery for spectators. Immediately behind 
 the Bench, as in the Quarter Sessions' Room, are 
 the Imperial Arms. To the left of the Court of 
 King's Bench are the Judges' Chambers, and 
 the Court of Appeals ; and on the right, the 
 Vice-Admiralty Office, the Sherift''s Office, and the 
 Advocate's Wardrobe. The Court of Vice-Ad- 
 
256 
 
 NEW PICTURE OlP f;^UEBEC9 
 
 MiRALTY is generally held in the Quarter Sessions' 
 Room. Ill the basement are kept the records of 
 the Courts. 
 
 Previous to the erection of the Court House, 
 the Judges sat in the Jesuits' College. The Com- 
 missioners appointed for the work, were the Honor- 
 able Jonathan Sewell, now Chief Justice of the 
 Province, John Mervin Nooth and Amable 
 Berthelot Dartigny, Esquires. The Court 
 House was finished in 1804, at an expense to the 
 Province of £30,000. Though entirely void of orna- 
 ment, it is, generally speaking, convenient, although 
 the great encrease of the legal business of the Pro- 
 vince seems to require greater accommodation as to 
 space. 
 
 the government offices. 
 
 These Oflfices, several of which were formerly held 
 in the lower apartments of the Bishop's Palace, and 
 others in different parts of the Upper Town, arc now 
 for the most part united in a large building, which 
 stands on the north side of the Place d'Armes, and 
 adds considerably to its general appearance. It is a 
 well proportioned and strongly built stone house, 
 three stories high, ^ighty-six feet in length, and forty- 
 four in breadth. It was built in 1803, by a joint- 
 stock company, incorporated by an Act of the 
 Provincial Parliament ; and was originally design- 
 ed for a grand hotel for the reception of stran- 
 gers visiting Quebec, under the title of the Union 
 Hotel. This spirited undertaking did not, how- 
 ever, answer the expectations of the projectors ; and 
 the property was subsequently offered at public 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 257 
 
 sale, and purchased by His Honor the Chief Jus- 
 tice, who raised an additional story. It is rented 
 from this gentleman by the Province, it having 
 been found most convenient to concentrate the 
 offices of Government as much as possible under 
 one jof. The following offices are at present 
 kept in this building : — The offices of the Civil 
 Secretary of His Excellency the Governor-in- 
 Chief. and of the Assistant Secretary : — Of the 
 Executive Council, the Commissioner of Crown 
 Lands, the Inspector General of Public Accounts, 
 the Surveyor General, the Royal Institution, the 
 Adjutant General of Militia, and the Hydrogra- 
 phical Office, under the superintendence of Captain 
 Bayfield, R. N. 
 
 On the first floor, in front of the principal story, 
 are the rooms occupied, with permission of the Go- 
 vernment, by the Literary and Historical So- 
 ciety of Quebec, founded, in 1824, by the Earl of 
 Dalhousie, Governor-in-Chief, and incorporated in 
 1830. In the large room are their extensive collec- 
 tions of mineralogical and other specimens, admira- 
 bly arranged and scientifically classed. In the 
 smaller one are held the meetings of the Society ; 
 and here, during the winter, are delivered their lec- 
 tures on classical and scientific subjects, ?. r. 
 
 the jail. 
 
 
 It has been mentioned that under the early French 
 Government the public Prison was situated in rear 
 of the old Palace of the Intend ant. Fifty years 
 ago, the vacant apartments of the Recollet Con- 
 vent were used as a place of temporary restraint for 
 
 Y 2 
 
258 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QtJEBtC, 
 
 prisoners, who had fallen under suspicion of treason- 
 able practices ; but latterly, the common Jail was 
 kept in part of the range of buildings which now 
 adjoin the Artillery Barracks, at the east end. 
 
 The present Jail was erected during the adminis- 
 tration of Sir James Craig, and was first occupied 
 in 1814. The cost, to the amount of £15000, was 
 defrayed by a vote of the Legislature, It is one 
 hundred and sixty feet in length, by sixty-eight feet 
 in breadth. Behind it, in a separate building, is the 
 House of Correction for females ; and between the 
 two is the court yard of the male prison, in part of 
 which the inmates are allowed to take exercise under 
 certain regulations. 
 
 The situation of the Jail is advantageous as to 
 elevation and airiness, being at the top of St. Stanis- 
 laus Street, in a line towards the north with the 
 Scottish Church. There are, however, strong ob- 
 jections to its position in the heart of a populous 
 city. Its interior is under the best regulations, and 
 is remarkable for cleanliness and general salubrity. 
 For some years past an useful society of gentlemen, 
 among whom are numbered the heads of the Clergy, 
 have met, by permission of the Sheriff, in the Chapel 
 of the Jail, once a week, where any prisoner may 
 state any peculiar hardship that may attach to his 
 case. It is called the " Quebec Jail Association," 
 and its objects are to promote education, industry, 
 and moral improvement among the prisoners. It 
 is supported by donations and annual subscriptions. 
 
 freemasons' hall. 
 
 ' T) is building is immediately opposite to the Ge- 
 neral Post Office, situated in Buade Street, near 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 259 
 
 reous as to 
 
 the steps leading through Prescott-Gate, to the 
 Lower-Town. The house formerly had an uninter- 
 rupted view in front as far as the wall of the Seminary, 
 the buildings which now intervene being of modern 
 date. It is remarkable in the local history of the 
 city, for a representation in stone over the entrance 
 from Buade Street, of a dog gnawing a bone, with 
 an inscription in French. This having been al- 
 ways gilt, has acquired the name oi Le Chien d'Or ; 
 and the following explanation of its origin has been 
 handed down to the present day : — 
 
 Mr. Philibert, who resided in this house, was a 
 Merchant of high distinction during the time when 
 M. Begon, whom we have mentioned above, was 
 Intendant of New France. The latter had formerly 
 been a merchant of Bordeaux ; and came to Quebec 
 in 1712. Diflferences occurred between him and 
 M. Phttjbert, over whom superior interest and 
 power gave M. Begon every advantage. Unable 
 to obtain redress for his injuries, real or supposed, 
 M, Philibert bitterly, although covertly, expressed 
 his sentiments under the image of the Chien d'Or, to 
 which he added the following inscription in old 
 French : 
 
 I 
 
 Je svis vn Cfhen qvi ronge l'os. 
 
 En le rongeant je prend mon repos. 
 
 Vn tems viendra. qvi nest pas venv * ' ' 
 
 QvE je mordray qvi mavra aiordv. 
 
 M. Begon determined on revenge, and M. Phili- 
 bert, descending the Lower Town hill, received the 
 
 sword of M. De R , a French Officer of the 
 
 garrison, through his body. The perpetrator of this 
 murder made his escape and left the Province ; but 
 the crime was too atrocious to be forgiven. The bro- 
 
260 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 ■■^f 
 
 ther of M. Philibert came to Quebec to settle the 
 estate, with a full determination of taking personal 
 vengeance on the assassin. So determined was he 
 to execute this part of his mission, that having as- 
 certained that M. De R had gone to the East 
 
 Indies, he pursued him thither. They met in a 
 street of Pondicherry — engaged on the spot — and the 
 assassin fell mortally wounded under the sword of 
 the avenger. 
 
 The Chien d'Or remains to perpetuate this tale of 
 bloodshed and retribution. 
 
 MONTCALM HOUSE, 
 
 A little to the west of Hope-Gate, within the 
 Fortifications, and immediately adjoining the termi- 
 nation of the garden wall of the Hotel Dieu, looking 
 towards the north-east, stands the building once 
 inhabited by the brave Marquis De Montcalm. It 
 is now divided into three private residences. The 
 entrance appears originally to have been through a 
 court yard in the rear ; and as the walls of the build- 
 ing next to the fortifications are very thick, and the 
 foundations massive, it is very probable that it was 
 once intended for defence on the side looking to the 
 basin. 
 
 It is at present no otherwise remarkable than as 
 having been the residence of the French General, 
 whose fame the battle of the Plains of Abraham has 
 perpetuated in the same scroll with that of his suc- 
 cessful and lamented antagonist. 
 
to settle the 
 (ig personal 
 led was he 
 t having as- 
 to the East 
 ' met in a 
 ot — and the 
 lie sword of 
 
 this tale of 
 
 within the 
 ^ the termi- 
 eu, looking 
 tiding once 
 rcALM. It 
 ices. The 
 I through a 
 f the build- 
 ;k, and the 
 that it was 
 king to the 
 
 le than as 
 
 li General, 
 
 )raham has 
 
 of his suc- 
 
 i.f. 
 
 
flC 
 
 t5l 
 
 'f. 
 
 r. 
 
 
 '•^ 
 
 to 
 in 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 261 
 
 1 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 1 ;^ 
 
 ■s 
 
 ■-s- 
 
 .t 
 
 S 
 
 THE MARINE HOSPITAL. 
 
 This building, ot which, as it will appear when 
 finished, a view is given on the other side, is situated 
 not fur from the General Hospital, on the bank of 
 the Little River St. Charles ; and nearly opposite 
 to the spot where Jacques Cartieu first wintered 
 in 1535. 
 
 In 1831, it was resolved to erect an Hospital, out 
 of the city, for the reception of sailors and persons 
 coming by sea who might be afflicted with disease. 
 Mr. H. M. Blaiklock, Architect and Civil Engineer, 
 was appointed to prepare plans and estimates under 
 the Commissioners, Messrs. Clouet, Cannon and Dr. 
 Morrin, which plans were approved by the Gover- 
 nor-in-Chief. The estimated cost was £'23,000, 
 and the expenditure up to the present time has been 
 £15,000, defrayed by different votes of the Legisla- 
 ture. 
 
 The Marine Hospital, when completed, will 
 contain upon the ground or first story, Catholic and 
 Protestant Chapels, with apartments for the officiat- 
 ing Ministers : — Housekeeper's and Steward's apart- 
 ments and store-rooms : — Nurses' apartments: — two 
 large kitchens : — Wards for sixty patients, with 
 Baths and all necessary conveniences. The prin- 
 cipal story will contain a large entrance hall, ap- 
 proached by a double flight of stone steps on the 
 exterior : — a Museum, forty-five feet in length : — 
 p.partments for the Medical Officers : — examining 
 rooms : — operating theatres, and accommodations for 
 sixty eight patients. The third story will have 
 apartments for the chief Nurses, and wards for one 
 hundred and forty patients. The upper story is 
 
262 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 also planned as a Lying-in Hospital^ only, for thirty- 
 four patients, and the attics will contain sixty, mak- 
 ing a total of accommodation for three hundred and 
 sixty-two persons. Each story is fitted up with hot, 
 cold and vapor baths ; and each ward has from one 
 to three ventilating flues to convey the foul air to 
 the roof of the building by machinery. The water 
 used is drawn from the River St. Charles, filtered, 
 and conveyed to the top of the Hospital. In the 
 basement story are extensive cellars, kitchens, laun- 
 dry, and other domestic conveniences. 
 
 The exterior of the Marine Hospital is of the 
 Ionic order ; and the proportions are taken from the 
 Temple of the Muses on the Ilissus near Athens. 
 With the wings it measures two hundred and six feet 
 from east to west. The wings are one hundred feet 
 in depth ; and the whole premises contain an area of 
 about six acres, to be laid out in gardens and pro- 
 menade grounds for the convalescents. 
 
 The ceremony of laying the first or centre stone 
 took place amid a large concourse of respectable citi- 
 zens on the anniversary of the King's birthday, 28th 
 May, 1832, It was laid by His Excellency the 
 Lord Aylmer, Governor-in-Chief, and a plate, 
 commemorating the occasion, with the date, and 
 name of the Architect, Mr. Blaiklock, and of the 
 Commissioners, was deposited with the usual forms. 
 
 The centre and west wing are completed, and the 
 building was opened as an Hospital in July, 1834. 
 
 chasseur's musseum. 
 
 In St< Helen's Street, in the Upper Town, a few 
 yards from St. Patrick's Church, is the residence 
 of Mr. Chasseur, formerly Carver and Gilder ia 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 263 
 
 this city ; who with a love of science that cannot be 
 too much applauded, commenced, in 1824, to employ 
 his leisure in making a collection of the indigenous 
 animals of Canada, chiefly, however, limited to birds 
 and quadrupeds. His collection of birds amounts to 
 about five hundred, among which several very curi- 
 ous ornithological specimens will be found. His 
 exertions have so far met with the approbation of the 
 Legislature, that a few years ago a pecuniary aid 
 was voted to this enterprising zoologist, who has cer- 
 tainly made the best collection of natural curiosities 
 extant in the Province. He intends to complete the 
 Mus.^UM with an enlarged collection of all our native 
 animals ; and is daily making progress in his lau- 
 dable undertaking. 
 
 In this Museum is to be seen the brass cannon, 
 known as the Canon de bronze^ which was found a 
 few years ago in the River St. Lawrence, nearly 
 opposite the Pai.bh of Champlain. It is to be la- 
 mented that there is upon it an inscription, errone- 
 ously stating it to have been found at the River 
 Jacques Cartier, and to have been once in the pos- 
 session of the discoverer of New France, being 
 thereby adduced as a proof that Jacques Cartier 
 had been wrecked at the mouth of the River, which 
 bears his name. This subject has been treated in 
 pages thirty-one, and sixty-eight, of this work. 
 
 I ' 
 
 PLACES OF EDUCATION. 
 
 Besides the Quebec Seminary tS; ae are the 
 Grammar School of the Royal In r^UTioN, con- 
 ducted by the Reverend R. Burrage : the Clas- 
 sical School of the Reverend D. Wilkie : The 
 
264 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 National School, already mentioned : the Scbool 
 of the QuEBFX Education Society, and the 
 British and Canadian School. The three last are 
 chiefly elementary. There are also several private 
 ?hools for both sexes, Sunday Schools, and the 
 useful establishment of Infant Schools has lately 
 been successfully introduced into this city. In the 
 Esplanade, is the highly valuable establishment of 
 Mr. McDonald for the instruction of deaf and 
 dumb children. In the Parish of St. Roch there is 
 also a School supported by the Roman Catholic 
 Bishop ; and in the Suburbs of St. Lewis is the me- 
 ritorious foundation of J. F. Perrault, Esquire, the 
 venerable and consistent promoter of elementary in- 
 struction in his native city. 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 265 
 
 the School 
 and the 
 •ee last are 
 ral private 
 i, and the 
 has lately 
 y. In the 
 isLment of 
 ■ deaf and 
 ich there is 
 n Catholic 
 i is the me- 
 ^squire, the 
 Qcntary in- 
 
 CHAPTER THE THIRTEENTH. 
 
 MONUMENT TO WOLFE AND MONTCALM — CEREMONY 
 ON LAYING THE FIRST STONE — INSCRIPTIONS. 
 
 That nearly seventy years should have elapsed, 
 without this well merited tribute to the military vir- 
 tue and devotion of these Heroes having been 
 paid in the country of their fame, can only be attri- 
 buted to the circumstances of a gradually rising 
 Colony, whose attention to the Arts and to architec- 
 tural embellishment could only be expected after 
 years of prosperity, peace, and the accumulation of 
 riches. Pericles, having enriched his country by 
 years of prosperous administration, civil and mili- 
 tary, betook himself to the embellishment of his na- 
 tive city. Rome had been long victorious over every 
 enemy, before her heroes and patriots had leisure 
 from the camp to adorn the Forum with edifices, 
 whose magnificent remains are the admiration of all 
 beholders. The family De' Medici did not excel 
 in the Arts, or contribute to the classic riches of 
 Florence, until a long course of commercial enter- 
 prise and success had elevated them from merchants 
 to the rank of Princes. So it has been in all ages, 
 that the Arts, as well as the Laws, have been silent 
 during periods of war and commotion ; nor has their 
 voice been listened to, except under circumstances 
 when the human mind, withdrawn from the turmoil 
 
266 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 of active collision, has sought repose in the charming 
 studies which elegant ease alone enables men to 
 pursue with steadiness and eftect. Amongst the 
 people of the United States, it is only within a 
 few years that any public tribute, or classic memorial, 
 has testified the common admiration of the world 
 directed towards the memory of Washington. 
 The chisel of Canova, and the hand of Chantrey 
 have still more recently been employed on national 
 monuments to his honor. Indeed, there is some- 
 what of morbid feeling in this propensity of mankind 
 to neglect the offering of public tokens of gratitude 
 to great men, during the age which witnessed their 
 deeds, and benefitted most from their services. It is 
 the consciousness of this fact, which has directed the 
 views of illustrious men rather to the certainty of 
 posthumous fame, than to the rewards of present 
 celebrity and popular applause — 
 
 ,:'H 
 
 Sui memores alios fecere merendo. 
 
 And this feeling is part of the divine inspiration, of 
 that immortal breath, which more or less is the ani- 
 mating principle of great souls ; — but which the 
 grosser impressions of mankind, in the main envious 
 and detracting, have derogated by calling it ambi- 
 tion. Memorials, therefore, of a purely classical 
 nature have generally been the works of posterity; 
 and the experience of time demonstrates, that as 
 there is nothing more honorable to the age whicli 
 confers them, so there is nothing more lasting and 
 perennial than the fame, which is handed down by 
 such monuments. Well, indeed, did the Poet fed 
 this truth, and it must be given in his own language 
 to have its full effect, when he prophetically enunie- 
 
WITH HISTORICAL ilECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 267 
 
 rated, among the means of immortality to illustrious 
 persons — 
 
 INTISA NOTTS MARMORA IMJCI-ICIS, 
 
 VER ur/K sriRiTi's i:t vita hkdit ijoms 
 
 POST MORTEM UUl lUUS. 
 
 It was reserved for the Earl of Dalhousie, then 
 Goveunor-in-Chief of these Provinces, — a noble- 
 man whose generous spirit and munificent patronage 
 had already been evinced in the foundation of the 
 Literary and Historical Society — to bring this inte- 
 resting subject before the public, and set the exam- 
 ple in raising a fit monument to the memory of 
 Wolfe and Montcalm in the Metropc lis of British 
 North America, the stake for which these gallant 
 soldiers contended. A subscription list for the pur- 
 pose was accordingly circulated among the gentry of 
 Quebec, under the auspices of His Excellency ;' 
 and the call for so laudable an object was promptly 
 responded to. Not only the inhabitants of British 
 origin, but the Canadian public, headed by the Ro- 
 man Catholic Bishop and several of the Clergy, 
 hberally contributed to the erection of this Monu- 
 ment. 
 
 This praiseworthy design was not improbably 
 suggested to the mind of the Earl of Dalhousie, by 
 a perusal of the letter of Monsieur De Bougain- 
 ville to the great Earl of Chatham, then Secretary 
 of State, inclosing a copy of an inscription for an 
 intended Monument to be erected at Quebec to the 
 memory of Montcalm by the French Government. 
 The answer of Lord Chatham, speaking no doubt 
 the sentiments of the youthful Monarch, was con • 
 ceived in the most generous spirit. The marble 
 slab with the inscription was engraved, and shipped 
 
268 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 for Canada ; but the vessel never reached her des- 
 tination. 
 
 A general meeting of the subscribers to the in- 
 tended Monument was held at the Castle of St. 
 Lewis on the 1st November, 1827, His Excellency 
 the Earl of Dalhousie in the chair, who address- 
 ed the meeting in a speech, of which the following 
 is an extract : — 
 
 iji 
 
 Iff -r- -^ 
 
 " Gentlemen, I feel it peculiarly my duty to address this 
 meeting lo-day, as having taken the lead in proposing for 
 consideration a subject chiefly interesting to the public in and 
 near Quebec. 
 
 " When I first notified the proposal of raising a monument 
 to the memory of Generals Wolfe and Montcalm, I did net 
 presume to offer any advice, no* did 1 urge feelings that had 
 prompted to my own mind the undertaking of s^'''" a work — 
 these I was sure would come far better at a Ueneral Meeting 
 from individuals infinitely better qualified than I am ; and it 
 is therefore my principal object in calling this meeting to-day, 
 to hear the opinions and suggestions of all who may be dis- 
 posed to express them. 
 
 " In the first place, however, 1 beg permission to present to 
 you two drawings, or designs, which are the performance 
 and composition of Capt. Young, of the 79th Regiment. I 
 think, I may take the liberty with hira to say, that these are 
 produced from repeated conversations he and 1 had on this 
 subject, during our daily walks last winter : they are subject 
 to revisat, to alteration, and even to a total abandonment of 
 them for others, if other suggestions shall be made, or larger 
 means than we have calculated upon shall be found. But on 
 this point, I would particularly impress upon your considera- 
 tion, that I do not propose any splendid trophy equal to the 
 great names, the subject of it. A monument worthy of Ge- 
 neral Wolfe, and worthy of England, has been placed in 
 Westminster Abbey. My only object is to remove a subject 
 of general regret, * that in Quebec, nothing is found to honor 
 the memory of WolfEj nothing more than if his great achieve- 
 ments had been effected in other countries distant or unknown 
 to us.' — Thus limiting oui views, I think a plain Column, 
 simple and unpretending in its architecture, the most fit, and 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 2G9 
 
 led her des- 
 
 the least obnoxious to public criticism ; I think it the most 
 becoming a private subscription, and above all, most liUely to 
 be immed'ately accomplished — these desig-ns, however, are 
 now submitted to you. 
 
 " 1 ouffht, here, to state, that a most handsome offer has 
 been made at New York, to contribute to the subscription list; 
 and although it had not been intended to pco beyond the limits 
 of Canada on the subject, yet I have accepted the oflfer as the 
 expression of these liberal feelings. 
 
 •* There remains only one point more for me to remark upon, 
 but it is one which I feel as peculiarly callinff for an explana- 
 tion. It is the idea^ that it may, by some, be thought groat 
 presumption in any individual to stir and act upon a matter of 
 such high public interest as this is, without having previously 
 shown that the public, (I mean the Legislature of this Pro- 
 vince) has not chosen to undertake the work ; to this. Gen- 
 tlemen, I have only to say, that it is my intention to submit 
 the subject, and also our progress in it, to the consideration of 
 the Legislature ; but \ would also prepare the means of work- 
 ing upon the smaller funds, should my public recommendation 
 of it fail on the greater scale. 
 
 " X shall, by and by, beg leave to propose a small Committee 
 of Management in all minor details, but always with the idea 
 of renewing ray calls for General Meetings, as our progress 
 shall advance. 
 " i now leave the subject. Gentlemen, to yourselves." 
 His Excellency then named the following Committee ; 
 
 The Honorable the Chief Justice, — Chairman, 
 
 Mr. Justice Taschereau, 
 
 Major General Darling, 
 
 Lieut. Colonel Cockburn, R. A. 
 
 Capt. Young, 79th Highlanders, 
 
 Capt. Melhuish, R. E, 
 
 Mr. George Pemberton. 
 
 On Thursday, the 15th November, 1827, the very 
 imposing and interesting ceremony, of laying the 
 first stone of the Monument, took place in the pre- 
 sence of a large and most respectable assemblage of 
 spectators. The troops of the garrison, consisting 
 of the 66th and 79th Regiments, under the com- 
 mand of Colonel Nicol, 66th Regiment, paraded 
 
 z 2 
 
270 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 \ I 
 
 at eleven o'clock, and formed a double line, facing 
 inwards, their right reaching to the foot of the Glacis, 
 and the left resting upon the Castle Guard-House. 
 The Masonic procession, with Claude Denechau, 
 Esquire, Right Worshipful Grand Master, at their 
 head, the Officers composing the Grand Lodge in 
 full Masonic costume, the Merchants and I'reres du 
 Canada, the Sussex and St. Andrew's Lodges, reach- 
 ed the Castle of St. Lewis, preceded by the Band of 
 the 66th Regiment ; and entering the lower garden 
 through the Castle yard, lined each side of the prin- 
 cipal walk, through which the Countess of Dal- 
 HousiE, and a party of ladies, reached the spot 
 where the ceremony was to be performed. In the 
 mean time His Excellency the Earl of Dal- 
 HousiE, attended by the Chief Justice, the Lord 
 Bishop, his Staff, and the Committee, passed through 
 the avenue of troops from the Castle, receiving the 
 usual honors. His Excellency, having first con- 
 ducted the Countess, and the other ladies, to a sta- 
 tion most convenient for witnessing the ceremony, 
 placed himself in front of the stone, and in a clear 
 and audible voice, snoke as follows : — 
 
 " Gentlemen of the Committee, we are assembled upon an 
 occasion most interesting" to this country — if possible more so 
 to this city — We are met to lay the Foundation of a Column 
 in honor of two illustrious men, whose deeds and whose fall 
 have immortalized their own names, and placed Quebec in the 
 rank of cities famous in the history of the world. 
 
 " Before, however, we touch the first stone, let us implore 
 the blessing of Almighty God upon our intended work." 
 
 The Rev. Dr. Mills, Chaplain to the Forces, 
 
 then offered up the following 
 
 PRAYER. 
 O Almighty Lord of Heaven and Earth I without whose 
 blessing no w ork of man caa prosper, look down, we beseech 
 
 we are i 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 271 
 
 Thee, with an eye of favor upon this our undertaking'. We 
 kuovv, O Lord ! that, unless Thou buildest the fabric, their 
 labour is but lost that build it; and therefore we humbly pray, 
 that this Column, which we are about to erect in honor of 
 those distinguished Warriors, whose names it is destined to 
 bear, may transmit their Fame to distant ages, uninjured by 
 flood or by flame, unscathed by the Thunder's rending- bolt, or 
 the mining shock of the Earthquake. May no assault of fo- 
 reign foe, no dangerous division withiii our walls, loosen one 
 stone from the structure ; but may it long — long rear its head 
 iu simple majesty, the bri-jhtest gem and ornament of our city. 
 
 It hath pleased Thee, O Lord ! in thy good Providence, in 
 a great degree to tranquillize the world : there h a great calm 
 in the Universe: Thou hast said to the desolating tide of hu- 
 man Warfare — " Peace, be still ; hitherto shalt thou come, 
 but no further, and here shall thy proud waves be stayed !" 
 We pray, O Lord ! — most humbly and Heartily do we pray, — 
 that this happy state of things may continue and abound more 
 and more, till every source of discord dried up — every jarring 
 interest harmonized — the heavenly influence of the glorious 
 Gospel — that Charter of Love and Mercy to the whole human 
 race — be universally felt and acknowledged ; till the glad 
 strain of " Peace on earth, good will toward men," which 
 ushered in the Nativity of the Saviour, find a ready echo iu 
 every bosom ; and the blessed time at length arrive, when the 
 sword shall be turned into theplough-sharo, and the spear into 
 the pruning-hook — when nation shall not lift up sword against 
 nation, neither shall they learn war any more. But of this 
 hour, — now seen afar off only in indistinct vision, knoweth no 
 man : in the mean time, O Lord I the wrath of man shall 
 praise Thee, while the remainder of wrath it is — and will be — 
 thy province to restrain. * 
 
 Meanwhile also, O Lord ! we umbly hope and trusl, that 
 we are not forbidden to pray, even amidst all the pomp and 
 g^iitter of military parade, by which we are surrounded, in be- 
 half of these our Brethren — with an anxious concern for their 
 honor as Soldiers, while we feel for their salvation as Men — 
 that the great examples of the illustrious dead, whom we this 
 day hold out as patterns for their imitation, may now and ever 
 be regarded by them with an ardent desire to emulate their 
 worth. Yes ! Soldiers, Friends and Brethren ! we implore 
 the God of Armies, that should the battle once more bi '\et in 
 array against you, you may — each of you — buckle on your bar- 
 
272 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 ness, in humble — yet well-nfrounded — confidence in the Divine 
 protection — with no terrers of an evil conscience to appal you 
 m the hour of peril — no besettinfj sin to unnerve your arm, 
 and render it powerless in the conllict. Thus prepared — thus 
 strenifthened with mi<rht by the spirit in the inner man — 
 should you fall, my Brethren ! you will fall in {?lory ; you 
 will look forward, with the eye of faith, beyond the grave, to 
 a brijjhter crown — a fairer wreath, than Monarchs can bestow ; 
 and this Faith, triumphant over death and all its ag-onies, will 
 enable you, more than any thinof else, to evince, even amidst 
 the severest struggles of expiring Nature, the same heroic re- 
 signation, the same loyal devotedness to your King, and glow- 
 ing attachment to your Country, which blazed forth — like the 
 Sun's last flash before its setting — with such unextinguishable 
 lustre, in the breasts of these departing Warriors. 
 
 Grant, O Lord ! of Thine infinite Mercy grant, that such, 
 wherever duty calls them, may be tbe genuine feelings of Bri- 
 tish Soldiers ; — that their Patriotism, their Loyalty and their 
 Valour may be founded upon Religion as the best and surest 
 basis : and, with these feelings deeply rooted in our own 
 breasts, let us pray for our Country-— all jrreat and glorious as 
 she is — assured that they that love her shall prosper. Peace 
 be within her walls, and plenteousness within her palaces. 
 For our brethren and companions' sakes, we will wish her 
 prosperity. And seeking — and not seeking only, but striving 
 to do her good and to advance her glory by every means in our 
 power, do Thou, O God ! prosper the work of our hands upon 
 us : O prosper Thou our handy-work I Amea and Ameu." 
 
 This emphatic prayer concluded — His Lordship 
 thus addressed the Masonic Brethren : — 
 
 in arms c 
 
 tt 
 
 Right Worshipful Grand Master and Worshipful Brethren 
 of the (Jrand Lodge, 1 crave your assistance in performing Ma- 
 sonic Ceremonies and honors on this occasion.'* 
 
 The R. W. Grand Master, supported by the 
 R. W. Dy. G. Mr. Oliva on his right, and P. Dy. 
 G. Mr. Thompson on his left, with two G. Deacons 
 took his station on the east side of the foundation. 
 The Rt. W. the G. Masters and Rt. W. the G. 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 273 
 
 fill Brethren 
 
 Chaplain placed themselves on the opposite sides, 
 when the Corner Stone was lowered and laid with 
 the usual Masonic ceremony — the G. Master sup- 
 ported as above described, then advanced towards 
 His Lordship, to give the Three Mystic Strokes on 
 the Stone. During this part of the ceremony — the 
 G. Master repeated the following short Prayer, 
 " May this undertaking prosper with the Blessing 
 of Almighty God." 
 
 The presence on this occasion of Mr. James 
 Thompson, then in his 95th year, added to the deep 
 interest felf in the scene. The venerable companion 
 in arms of Wolfe was a connectinor link between the 
 age that witnessed his glory, and that about to erect 
 a Monument to his fame. While one remained who 
 conquered with him, the age of his glory was not 
 quite extinct : — the present took charge of the de- 
 posit, and pledged itself to its sacred keeping, by th 
 ceremony which we are now describing. 
 
 His Excellency turning to Mr. Thompson, re- 
 quested him to assist in the ceremony, in these 
 words : — 
 
 " Mr. Thompson — we honour you here as the companion in 
 arras and a venerable liTinj*- witness of the tall of Wolfe, do us 
 also the favor to bear witness on this occasion by the mallet 
 Id your hand." 
 
 Mr. Thompson then, with a firm hand, gave the 
 Three Mystic Strokes with the Mallet on the Stone. 
 ^The following appropriate prayer was next pro- 
 nounced by the Reverend Dr. Harkness, the Pro- 
 vincial Grand Chaplain : — 
 
 Most Gracious God / We adore Thee as the Great ArchU 
 tectoi Nature. In the beginning Thou laidest the foundations 
 of the Earth — The Arches of Heaven are the workmanship of 
 
274 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 Thy Hantl,— and by Thee was the Spirit of Man formed within 
 him. Thou makcst the Clouds Thy Cliariot — Thou walkest 
 upon the Wings of the Wind — Thou waterest the Hills from 
 Thy Chambers, — and the Earth is satisfied with the fruit of 
 Thy Works. Thou causest Grass to grow for tiie use of Cat- 
 tle,— and Herb for the service of Man. Thou hast appointed 
 the Moon for seasons, and the Sun knoweth his g"oin;f down. 
 O Lord, how manifold and wondrous are Thy Works ! In 
 MMsdora host Thou made them all. The Earth is full of Thy 
 Riches. Thouoh Thou dwellest on high in light inaccessible 
 and full of glory, — yet we r<»joice to think, that Thou humblest 
 Thyself to behold every thing that is done in this lower world. 
 And we fervently and earnestly pray that Thou wouldst now 
 look down with a propitious and approving eye on the present 
 undertaking of Thy humble Servants. May the Public Mo- 
 nument^ the foundation stone of which has now been laid, <ro 
 on and prosper, and when finished, may it completely answer 
 the laudable designs of those by whom it is undertaken and 
 promoted — We intreat Thee, O Lord, to give each of us grace, 
 that we may be enabled in oar respective spheres, to emulate 
 the Virtues of those Great, and Brave and Good Men, the 
 Memory of whose Heroic Deeds this Column is intended to 
 perpetuate. Enable us more and more to cherish and cultivate 
 the genuine Spirit of Christian liencvolcncCy which is ever 
 ready to pity the Objects of Misery and relieve Subjects of 
 Distress— which ever tills the heart with the tenderest sympa- 
 thy and the warmest compassion, — and which ever disposes us 
 to regard our fellow-creatures with the purest sentiments of 
 affection and the sincerest dispositions to promote their wel- 
 fare and happiness — Whatever diversity of religious sentiment 
 may be found to exist among us, may wo all be united in this 
 fjrand essential of the Religion of Jesus, " Charity towards all 
 Men" And may all our hopes of future happiness be built 
 upon " the foundation of the Apostles and Prophets^ Jesus 
 Christ himself being the Chief Corner Stoned 
 
 Grant, O INIost Merciful Father ! these the sincere desires of 
 our hearts, for the sake of Jesus Christ, our Lord, and Re- 
 deemer. Amen. 
 
 Captain MelhuisHj R. E. then deposited gold, 
 silver and copper coins of the present reign, in a 
 cavity prepared in the foundation stone, over which 
 
WJTH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 275 
 
 a plate with the following inscription, by the Rev. 
 Dr. Mills, was firmly rivetted : — 
 
 O 7 
 
 ;s, to emulate 
 
 HUNC LAPIDEM 
 
 MONUMENTI IN MEMORIAL 
 
 VIRORUM ILLUSTRIUM 
 
 WOLFE ET MONTCALM, 
 
 FUNDAMENTUM 
 P. C. 
 
 GE ORG I US COMES DE DALHOUSIE, 
 
 IN SEPTENTRIONALIS AMERICA PARTIBUS 
 
 AD BRITANNOS PERTINENTIBUS 
 
 SUMMAM RERUM ADMINISTRANS J 
 
 OPUS PER MULTOS ANNOS PRvETERMISSL'M, 
 
 (quid DUCI EGREGIO CONVENIENTIUS ?) 
 
 AUCTORITATE PROMOVENS, EXEMPLO STIMULANS, 
 
 MUNIFICKNTIU, FOVENS. 
 
 Die Novenibris XVA. 
 
 A. S. MDCCCXXVIL 
 
 GEORGIO IV BRITANNIARUM REGE. 
 
 The plan and elevation of the intended Monu- 
 ment, designed and executed with equal skill and 
 taste by Capt. Young, 79th Highlanders, was then 
 presented to the Countess of Dalhousie, who ac- 
 cepted the same with marked satisfaction. 
 
 The ceremony finished with a feu de joie from 
 the garrison, after which the regiments presented 
 arms, the Bands playing the National Air. Three 
 British Cheers then rent the air, given by the troops 
 and spectators to the memory of British valor, and 
 French gallantry. The troops on their return to 
 their Barracks passed the Governor in Chief in 
 review order, which concluded the ceremonies cf 
 the day. 
 
 The work was commenced in the spring of 1828, 
 but the sums subscribed, although extremely liberal, 
 
676 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 II 
 
 amounting to near seven hundred pounds, were found 
 inadequate to defray the expense of the Monument. 
 What was wanting was, however, supplied by the 
 liberality of Lord Dalhousie, to a large amount ; 
 who continued to feel the deepest interest in its com- 
 pletion, long after the favor of the Sovereign Lad 
 placed His Lordship in the supreme military com- 
 mand in the East Indies. 
 
 The memorial in honor of the two military chiefs 
 who fell at the head of the opposing armies, in that 
 decisive battle wli'-^h made these Provinces a portion 
 of the British Empire, is now completed, and is a 
 conspicuous, as it is the only classical, ornament of 
 the city. It was originally designed by Captain, 
 now Major Young, of the 79th, or Cameron High- 
 landers, (then on the personal Staff of His Excel- 
 lency the Earl of Dalhousie,) an officer whose 
 taste had been greatly cultivated by foreign travel ; 
 and is a combination of various beautiful proportions 
 to be found in some of the celebrated models of anti- 
 quity. It stands on the v;est side of Des Carrieres 
 Street, leading from the Place d^Armes to the glacis 
 of Cape Diamond, within an area taken from the 
 upper garden belonging to Government. In front 
 is a broad walk, which has become a public pro- 
 menade, overlooking the Castle garden, and com- 
 manding a fine vie w of the harbor, and the beautiful 
 scenery beyond it* 
 
 The Monument is a conspicuous object from the 
 River; but on account of the numerous spires which 
 rise around it in a distant view, it is seen to the best 
 advantage from the centre of the channel between 
 the Lower Town and Pointe Levi. It is strictly 
 classical in the proportions of every part. To the 
 top of the surbase is thirteen feet from the ground. 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 277 
 
 On this rests the Sarcophagus, seven feet three 
 inches high. The obelisk measures forty-two feet 
 eight inches, and the apex two feet one inch^ mak- 
 ing in the whole an altitude of sixty-five feet from 
 the ground. The dimensions of the obelisk at the 
 base are six feet, by four feet eight inches, taper- 
 ing conically to the apex, where the sides are dimi- 
 nished to three feet two inches, by two feet live 
 inches. This classical ornament of our city was 
 finished, with the exception of the inscription, on the 
 8th September ; and its completion was witnessed by 
 the zealous patron of the work, the Earl of Dal- 
 HousiE. On the morning of that day, not to be 
 forgotten by the numerous friends of that noble 
 Lord, being the day of his departure from the Pro- 
 vince, the Government of which he had conscien- 
 tiously administered for eight years. His Lordship, 
 accompanied by his successor in the Administration 
 of the Government, Lieutenant General Sir James 
 Kempt, G. C. B., and attended by the Staff, several 
 military officers, and a party of ladies and gentlemen 
 of the city and vicinity, proceeded to the walk in front 
 of the Governor's garden, to witness the completion 
 of the Monument. A few minutes after eight o'clock, 
 the apex, or cap-stone, was placed upon the summit ; 
 and the ceremony of tapping it with the mallet was 
 performed by his nephew and Aide de Camp, Cap- 
 tain Fox Maule, 79th Highlanders, as proxy for 
 the noble Earl, who ascended to the top of the obe- 
 lisk for that purpose. Thus was this chaste memo- 
 rial to Wolfe and Montcalm, through the exertions 
 of Mr. John Phillips, the builder, completed during 
 the summer of 1^28, to the great gratification of 
 His Excellency, who had all along expressed the 
 
 2 A 
 
278 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 { 1 1 
 
 strongest wish for its completion before iiis departure 
 from Quebec. 
 
 A prize Medal was offered, by the Committee for 
 the erection of the Monument, to the person who 
 should furnish the most appropriate inscription. The 
 author of " Men and Manners in America," 
 travelling in Canada, has thought fit to object to the 
 inscription being in the Latin language. He has also 
 found fault with the Monument itself^ as copied too 
 closely from one in Italy. To this latter objection, 
 it has already been replied, when it was stated that the 
 Monument is a combination of separate beauties 
 contained in distinct works of art, here made to pro- 
 duce the happiest effect, and possessing the most 
 perfectly classical union. It is, in fact, no copy of 
 any particular Monument, either as to composition, 
 or geometrical proportion. In answer to the former 
 objection, it is sufficient to observe that to have adopt- 
 ed an inscription in either French or English miglit 
 have been dissatisfactory to one portion of the inhabi- 
 tants ; and that by selecting the Latin, — a language 
 common to every civilised nation, to all scholars, and 
 almost universally adopted on similar occasions, — all 
 objections seemed to be obviated. Of the many 
 strangers who have visited this Monument, most have 
 expressed decided approbation on both the points, 
 objected to by Mr. Hamilton. Indeed the truly 
 Attic elegance and simple grandeur of this obelisk, 
 together with the chivalrous generosity and ingenuous 
 discrimination of its erection to the immortal memo- 
 ry of both of those heroes, Woi.fe and Montcai.iV, 
 deserve the grateful commemoration of every liberal 
 mind. 
 
 .>9^' 
 
 m.\ i-i 
 
 •jru. i 
 
 J.Vv- 
 
 i = J 
 
 
 vO 
 
 ; i . I < ) ^ 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 279 
 
 The Monument presents the foUowing^ inscription 
 on the Sarcophagus, or Cenotaph of the heroes. On 
 the front, in large letters : • ■ - .. / *w. r ^ ^ 
 
 MORTEM. VIRTVS. COMMVNEM. 
 FAxMAM. HISTORIA. 
 MONVMENTVM. POSTERITAS. > ; ,; , 
 DEDIT. -. at/* u 
 
 This inscription was honored with the prize Medal, 
 and was written by J. Charlton Fisher, L. L. D. 
 On the rear is the following, altered from that which 
 was inscribed upon the Plate deposited with the 
 foundation stone : 
 
 ■m 
 
 m 
 
 n 
 
 4 
 
 i 
 
 HUJUSCE 
 MONUMENTI IN VIRORUM ILLUSTRIUM MEMORIAM, 
 
 WOLFE ET MONTCALM, 
 
 FUNDAMENTUM P. C. 
 
 GEORGIUS COMES DE BALHOUSIE ; 
 
 IN SEPTENTRIONALIS AMERICiE PARTIBUS 
 
 /•' 4 
 
 AD BRITANNOS PERTINENTIBUS 
 
 SUMMAM RERUM ADMINISTRANS ; 
 
 OPUS PER MULTOS ANNOS PR;ETERMISSUM, 
 
 QUID DUCI EGREGIO CONVENIENTIUS ? 
 
 AUCTORITATE PROMOVENS, EXEMPLO STIMULANS, 
 
 MUNIFICENTIA FOVENS. 
 
 A. S. MDCCCXXVII. 
 
 GEORGIO IV. BRITANNIARUM REGE. 
 
 ax/ 
 
 On the north side of the Sarcophagus, looking to the 
 country, is the simple word " Montcalm," in large 
 characters ; and on the opposite side, that towards 
 the River by which he reached the scene of his 
 glorious victory and death, is inscribed the name of 
 " Wolfe." 
 
280 
 
 KEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 I X » • t 
 
 I 
 
 The following lines were written on the occasion 
 of laying the first stone of the Monument : the Latin 
 tetrastick by the author of the prize incription, and 
 the English ode by an officer of the 66th Regiment : 
 
 WOLFE— MONTCALM. 
 
 IIAVD ACIE8 EADEM — AST EADEM FATALI8 ARENA — 
 COMMVNIS VIRTVS— ATQVE PER»^NNE DECVS — 
 
 VICTRIX CAVSA PARKM MERITIS ET VICTA FAV0RE3I 
 VINDJCAT — STERNUM VIVERE FAMA DEDIT, 
 
 I , 
 
 ill 
 
 STANZAS 
 Addressed to His Excellency the Earl op Dalhousie. 
 
 Shall thousand Cenotaphs proclaim 
 On battle lields each »lorious name, 
 
 And on this hallowed spot — 
 These smilinsf Banks his valor gain*d, 
 Those frowninv Hei«fhts his blood hath stained, 
 
 Is only Wolfe's forg t ? 
 
 Deeply each British heart hath mourn'd 
 His dust nor trophicd, nor inurn'd, 
 
 Unnoticed and unknown — 
 Be THINE the stain to wash away, 
 Be THINE thy Country's debt to pay. 
 
 And for the wrong atone. 
 
 And thou, brave Veteran, on whose breast • : 
 Wolfe, dirg'd by Victory, sank to rest, 
 
 Come consecrate the Pile ! — , 
 Virtue and Valor have agreed, 
 The Christian Priests shall bless the deed. 
 
 And Heaven above shall smile. 
 
 I ! 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 281 
 
 Dalhousie. 
 
 Having" replied to the somewhat illiberal censure 
 of the author of " Men and Manners in America,'* 
 we must now advert, as connected with the too hasty 
 impressions and frequently erroneous conclusions of 
 travellers, to a statement contained in a recent pub- 
 lication, intituled, " Transatlantic Sketches" by Cap- 
 tain Alexander, 42d Royal Highlanders, F. R. G. 
 S. and M. R. A. S. It is known to all residents in 
 Quebec, that at the corner of St. John and Palace 
 Streets, there is a public house, yclept " General 
 Wolfe's Hotel ;" and that in a niche at the angle of 
 the wall, there has long been a diminutive statue, of 
 painted wood, said to be of that hero. Captain 
 Alexander thus gravely introduces it to his readers : 
 " I promenaded about the city, and had pointed out 
 to me the various objects of interest, particularly the 
 small statue of Wolfe, in a red coat, cocked hat and 
 knee breeches, set up in a corner of a street, to mark 
 the spot to which the conqueror of Quebec pene- 
 trated as a spy previous to his victory !" It is 
 certainly true that this statue was set up in honor 
 of Wolfe, after the conquest, by an individual of 
 more patriotism than taste ; but the tale of his having* 
 penetrated into St. John Street as a spy is in itself 
 so very improbable, and is besides so completely 
 negatived by the well known facts of his attack upon 
 the city, that it is really surprising how a traveller of 
 any reputation could have been so far imposed upon 
 as to record a story which his own historical infor- 
 mation ought to have warned him to reject. 
 
 ■vi i- 
 
 , {.1 • 
 
 % { . . 
 
 /.i.O ' Jill 
 
 ./..■. fir:." 
 
 ' > f 
 
 I i 
 
 2 A3 
 
!I82 
 
 NEW JPICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 ii, 
 
 mi 
 
 CHAPTER THE FOURTEENTH. 
 
 THE LOWER TOWN — EARLIEST NOTICE OF IT — ITS 
 
 TRADE, AND MANNERS IN 1700 DESCRIPTION IN 
 
 1720 PRESENT STATE AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 
 
 It has been stated that the Lower Town of Quebec 
 is built principally upon ground either gained by 
 excavation from the rock on which the Upper Town 
 stands, or, in the course of time, redeemed from the 
 water's edge. As the early inhabitants had recourse 
 to neither of these expedients, the site of their build- 
 ings in the Lower Town must have been very 
 confined. Before the establishment of the Royal 
 Government in 1663, a few scattered houses, maga- 
 zines and stores, occupied all the River side, from 
 the foot of the Sault-au-Matelot to the base of Cape 
 Diamond. The oldest account of the Lower Town 
 is to be found in the Latin work of Father Du 
 Creux, who came to New France about 1625, and 
 whose book is dated in 1664. He says : — " Below 
 the Citadel, from the Sault-au-Mateiot to Cape Dia- 
 mond, there is a level space, convenient for landing 
 merchandise, and the cargoes of vessels. This, if 
 protected by a wall of masonry, would be evidently 
 well adapted for a harbor, since the road is every 
 way proper for ships, the force of the waves being 
 broken by the interposition of the Isle of Orleans. 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 283 
 
 On this level space are the magazines of the French 
 merchants: at some distance apart, the store-houses 
 of some distinguished French gentlemen ; and, now 
 and then, some habitations of Frenchmen, who have 
 exchanged Oki for New France." 
 
 In the Voyage de VAmerique of La Potherie, 
 who visited the Province in 1698, there is an ep*- 
 graved representation of the Upper and Lower 
 Town. From this it appears that the River then 
 washed the foot of the cliff along St. Paul Street ; 
 and very few houses are seen from the Point to the 
 centre of Sault-au-Matelot Street. The greater 
 number are in the vicinity of the Place de Notre 
 Dame, or Lower Town Market-place, where they 
 were rather thickly clustered. Soua le Fort Street 
 is plainly delineated, as well as the Queen's Wharf, 
 which was then a platform planted with trees, where 
 there was a battery level with the water. Towards 
 the west, the buildings extended but a little way 
 beyond the King's Wharf. 
 
 TRADE OF QUEBEC IN 1700. ' .' ' 
 
 As an interesting recollection in the present ad- 
 vanced condition of Colonial trade, — now that the 
 commercial character of the British population is 
 fully developed, — we shall give an account of the 
 early trt ffic of the Lower Town, on the authority of 
 La Potherie. The houses, in which the merchants 
 hved for the convenience of business, were well 
 built, and of cut stone. All persons, except the 
 Clergy, and some of the Officers, Civil and Military, 
 were engaged in commerce, the revenues of their 
 lands being: insufficient to maintain their families : 
 and the country being in too rude a state to supply 
 
 I 
 
284 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 III 
 
 ill 
 
 ' 
 
 ! I 
 
 I 
 
 all the conveniences of life. The principal trade 
 was in peltry, which chiefly consisted of the produce 
 of the beaver. Those who were fortunate enough 
 to take these valuable animals, carried them to the 
 Farmer's Office, Bureau de la Ferme, the Director 
 of which paid for them in Bills of Exchange on 
 Fiance. In 1700, these Bills amounted to three 
 hundred and thirty thousand livres. The trade in 
 merchandise was by no means considerable ; and 
 was only profitable to a few foreign merchants who 
 brought with them, or every year imported from 
 France, goods to the amount of seven or eight thou- 
 sand Jrancs. Some few imported to the amount of 
 twenty thousand ; but they found it difficult to obtain 
 a sale during that year. Greater sales were made 
 of wine and brandy, than of any other commodity. 
 
 The period of most active business at Quebec, in 
 the olden time, was during the months of August, 
 September and October, in which the vessels arrived 
 from France ; so that at that time, one passage out- 
 ward and inward was all they were able to accomp- 
 lish. After the arrival of the vessels, there was a 
 kind of fair in the Lower Town — every shop and 
 store displayed newly imported treasures — and no- 
 thing was heard in the streets but the buz of the 
 shopkeepers recommending their wares, and of cus- 
 tomers endeavoring to make the best bargains they 
 could. About the end of October, the Hahitans 
 came in from the country to make purchases. Every 
 one endeavored to arrange his business before the 
 departure of the vessels ; as the Captains natur- 
 ally took advantage of the fine weather, fearful 
 of a gale from the north-east, which generally came 
 a few days before or after Allsaints* day. They con- 
 sidered that by postponing their departure until 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 285 
 
 November, they ran some risk of meeting with ice 
 in the River. From this reasofiing of the shipmas- 
 ters of that day, it would appear that there has been 
 no change in the climate for the last century, since 
 the Captains at present always hurry their departure 
 after the 10th November ; and various proofs might 
 be adduced from the old writers to show that it was 
 quite as mild, and the spring as early, in the time of 
 Champlain as at present. 
 
 La Potherie remarks the change in the appear- 
 ance of the Lower Town after the departure of the 
 shipping : " The road," he says, " which is all at 
 once left without craft has somewhat of a melancholy 
 appearance. All is still, and we are left in the situ- 
 ation of ants, having nothing to do but to lay in our 
 provisions for the winter, which is very long." 
 
 MANNER OF PASSING THE WINTER IN 1700. 
 
 CLIMATE, 
 
 About the end of September they began their pre- 
 parations by preserving vegetables for their soup. 
 Other vesretables and sallads were arranged in their 
 cellars, which appeared like so many kitchen gar- 
 dens. Every one, according to his means, provided 
 himself with butchers' meat, poultry and game ; 
 which when frozen they preserved all the winter. 
 The snow fell in quantities about the middle of No- 
 vember — all trade was at an end, and the greatest part 
 of the shops were closed. While the snow continu- 
 ed to fall, people remained at home. La Potherie 
 adds, as it were in their dens ; but it was widely 
 different when it became hard on the surface. 
 Then every body was in motion, carioles began to 
 
!|»1 
 
 286 
 
 i iji' 
 
 1 ii 
 
 
 t;l' 
 
 
 IPJI w 
 
 mi 
 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 run, vehicles which were found extremely commo- 
 dious, and which are described exactly as they are 
 used at present. They were then, perhaps, hand- 
 somer than now, being adorned with paintings and 
 armorial bearings. 
 
 Advent was passed with all the observances of 
 religion. On New Year's day, they interchanged 
 visits of friendship and congratulation, as at present. 
 The visiting season, however, than extended to eight 
 days, during which time every one was in motion, 
 and nothing v/as seen but gentlemen on foot and 
 in carioles running from house to house. As there 
 was no business to do, this was by no means a dis- 
 agreeable method of killing a week during a long 
 winter — now, it would be found diificult to devote 
 so long a period even to so pleasant an employment. 
 Until Lent, the time was passed agreeably enough. 
 Joy and pleasure held undisputed reign : handsome 
 entertainments were given : some there were so 
 aristocratic and exclusive, that persons were only 
 invited who were unexceptionable as to haut ton. 
 People were entertained on other days according to 
 their rank in life : one day. Officers of Government 
 and their Ladies — on another. Councillors and their 
 wives — on a third, the citizens generally. The wo- 
 men of the tiers etat in those days are represented 
 very favorably, and as far superior to persons of the 
 same condition in the Provinces of Old France, and 
 even in Paris itself. La Potherie says, they 
 spoke perfectly well, and with good accent. They 
 had no dialect, which indeed is generally lost in 
 a Colony. They had wit, delicacy, good voices, 
 and loved dancing to excess. They were naturally 
 prudent, and little addicted to trifling — so that when- 
 
 cessive, i 
 
 i! I 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 287 
 
 ever they admitted the addresses of a lover, it was 
 sure to end in marriage. 
 
 Lent was found a season the most tedious and diffi- 
 cult to pass of any part of the year, the climate dur- 
 ing the months of February and March beings the 
 most severe of the winter. The cold was then exces- 
 sive, but the weather nevertheless fine, and the sky 
 clear : a Canadian winter possesses indeed this dis- 
 tinction, that there is very little fog-gy weather, so 
 that every one preserved their health. People got 
 accustomed to the cold as to every thing else, and 
 without wearing too many clothes, the men weni; for 
 the most part with their coatS open. When there 
 was only two feet of i:;now upon the ground they 
 called it a very mild winter ; but it was generally 
 five or six feet deep, especially in the woods. 
 
 The long duration of the snow rendered it im- 
 possible to commence the sowing of grain before 
 May ; but the harvest was nevertheless gathered in 
 during the months of August and September. This 
 abundance of snow was like manure, enriching and 
 warming the soil. If the winters were cold, the sum- 
 mers, which in pointof fact were only June and July, 
 were not less insupportable. The heat was tl en ex- 
 cessive, more so than in the West Indies. Like the 
 cold, it came on without preparation, as it were tout 
 a coup. No spring was felt bringing on the warm 
 season by imperceptible gradations : the thaw came 
 without being remarked, and there were no de- 
 luges of rain as at Paris. Hard frost was some- 
 times known in the mornings of August ; but it used 
 to pass away and the warm days to return. Thun- 
 der was frequent in summer : it had a dull and hollow 
 sound, and generally fell whenever it was heard. 
 Unlike the thunder in the West Indies, it occurs in 
 
irrTTT 
 
 fill 11 
 
 > 11 
 ll 
 
 ' i| 
 
 li 
 
 ! 
 
 \^i I 
 
 288 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 Canada in extremely close weather, when there is 
 not a breadth of air* It is then that the heat is in- 
 tolerable, and a coid, or rather a hoarseness is to be 
 guarded against. 
 
 DESCRIPTION IN 1720. 
 
 Charlevoix, speaking of the harbor, observes, that 
 "there is no other citv besides this in the known world, 
 that can boast of a fresh water harbor one hundred 
 and twenty leagues from the sea, and that capable of 
 containing an hundred ships of the line. It certainly 
 stands upon the most navigable river in the universe." 
 The following is his description of the Lower 
 Town : " When Champlain founded this city in 
 1608, the tide usually rose to the foot of the rock. 
 Since that time the river has retired by little and 
 little, and has at last left dry a large piece of ground, 
 on which the Lower Town has since been built, and 
 which is now sufficiently elevated above the water's 
 edge, to secure the inhabitants against the inunda- 
 tion of the river. The first thing you meet with, on 
 landing, is a pretty large square, and of irregular 
 form, having in front a row of well built houses, the 
 back part of which leans against the rock, so that 
 they have no great depth. These form a street of 
 considerable length, occupying the whole breadth of 
 the square, and extending on the right and left as 
 far as the two ways which lead to the Upper Town. 
 The square is bounded towards the left by a small 
 Church, and towards the right by t^o rows of houses 
 placed in a parallel direction. There is also another 
 street on the other side between the Church and the 
 harbor, and at the turning of the river under Cape 
 Diamond, there is likewise anotlier pretty long flight 
 
 of hous 
 Meres. 
 enough 
 tween t 
 to the 
 been i 
 is impo 
 ^oing 
 been m 
 tie, anc 
 where 
 Upper 
 another 
 River t 
 notice 3 
 mer of 
 being e 
 This 
 rect, an 
 alterati< 
 bered tl 
 Palace 
 fence ; 
 as is sh 
 been fa 
 that thi 
 was mi 
 Fort. 
 Ctd'de- 
 Printin 
 LowEB 
 The ot 
 quentl) 
 in Qui 
 in his 
 
when there is 
 the heat is in- 
 seness is to be 
 
 , observes, that 
 3 known world, 
 r one hundred 
 that capable of 
 >. It certainly 
 the universe." 
 f the Lower 
 ?d this city in 
 ot of the rock, 
 by little and 
 iece of ground, 
 »een built, and 
 ve the water's 
 t the i nun da- 
 meet with, on 
 of irregular 
 ilt houses, the 
 rock, so that 
 •rm a street of 
 ole breadth of 
 it and left as 
 Upper Town, 
 eft by a small 
 ows of houses 
 is also another 
 hurch and the 
 • under Cape 
 tty Ion 
 
 g fliglit 
 
 WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 289 
 
 of houses on the banks of a creek called L^Anse des 
 Meres, This quarter may be reckoned properly 
 enough a sort of Suburb to the Lower Town. Be- 
 tween this Suburb and the great street, you go up 
 to the higher town by so steep an ascent, that it has 
 been found necessary to cut it into steps. Thus it 
 is impossible to ascend it, except on foot. But iu 
 going from the square towards the right, a way has 
 been made, the declivity of which is much more gen- 
 tle, and which is lined with houses. At the place 
 where these two ways meet begins that part of the 
 Upper Town which faces the River, there being 
 another Lower Town on the side towards the Little 
 River St. Charles. The first building worthy of 
 notice you meet with on your right hand in the for- 
 mer of those sides, is the Bishop's Palace ; the left 
 being entirely occupied with private houses." 
 
 This topography of Charlevoix is perfectly cor- 
 rect, and intelligible at the present day, very little 
 alteration having taken place. It will be remem- 
 bered that there was then no Gate near the Bishop's 
 Palace — a simple barrier of pickets was all the de- 
 fence ; and so it remained at the capture in 1759, 
 as is shown by an ancient print with which we have 
 been favored. It has been noticed in a former place, 
 that the path, afterwards called Mountain Street, 
 was made by Champlain after building the first 
 Fort. It is most probable that the descent into the 
 Cid-de-Sac, by the steps opposite to Mr. Neilson's 
 Printing O^ce, was the most ancient way to the 
 Lower Town, and was the one made by Champlain. 
 The other descent for carriages was made subse- 
 quently, and is spoken of by Le Beau, who was 
 in Quebec nine years after Charlevoix, as being 
 in his time extremely difficult for carriages. It 
 
 2 B 
 
■^' 
 
 II! 
 
 I! 
 
 H ! 
 
 /^ 
 
 III I 
 
 !i 
 
 111 
 
 200 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, ff^r 
 
 was so, indeed, until macadamized a few years ago ; 
 and even now it is very steep. ' 
 
 Until the year 1682, the houses in the Lower 
 Town were of v/ood. On the 5th August, in that 
 year, a fire took place which consumed the whole of 
 the buildings, except one house. All the merchan- 
 dise in the stores, which were full, was destroyed ; 
 and as expressed in our French manuscript, " they 
 lost that night more valuables than all Canada at 
 present possesses." The house which escaped the 
 flames belonged to M. Aubert De Lachenaye. 
 He was a rich and generous merchant, and liberally 
 assisted his countrymen with his power and means 
 in rebuilding their houses. He lent his money so 
 freely that there was scarcely a house in the Lower 
 Town which was not mortgaged to him ; and this 
 he did for no sordid purpose, but for the good of 
 the Colony, and of his fellow citizens. . 
 
 The Lower Town, as might be expected, suffer- 
 ed greatly from the fire of the British batteries in 
 1759, We have seen an old print representing the 
 state of the Place de 2^otre Dame^ or Lower Town 
 Market Place, drawn upon the spot, in 1761. The 
 Church was entirely destroyed, nothing remaining 
 but the walls very much shattered. The houses in 
 Notre Dawe Street, and on the opposite side of the 
 square, appear untenanted, many of them roofless, 
 and all in the vicinity more or less injured. The 
 size and height of the houses are the same as they 
 are now : that on the south-west angle of the square 
 appears exactly as at present. This print is inte- 
 resting, as showing the substantial and convenient 
 manner in which the best houses in the Lower Town 
 had been rebuilt, after the great fire mentioned above, 
 in 1682. In point of appearance they were little 
 
 a 
 
 !!!i! 
 
!w years ago ; 
 
 n the Lower 
 ugust, in that 
 . the whole of 
 the merchan- 
 s destroyed ; 
 script, " they 
 all Canada at 
 1 escaped the 
 
 Lachenaye. 
 
 and liberally 
 r and means 
 lis money so 
 in the Lower 
 im ; and this 
 
 the good of 
 
 )ected, sufFer- 
 h batteries in 
 resenting the 
 Lower Town 
 I 176L The 
 ng remaining 
 he houses in 
 te side of the 
 hem roofless, 
 njured. The 
 same as they 
 of the square 
 print is inte- 
 id convenient 
 Lower Town 
 itioned above, 
 y were little 
 
 
 s 
 
 I 
 } I 
 
;■ 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 li! 
 
 • 1' 
 
 i-1 
 
 S^K 
 
 
 i 
 
 inferior 
 ny, no i 
 repairei 
 
 PI 
 
 The 
 ther wii 
 describe 
 base, th 
 ing the 
 those R 
 includes 
 cliff, fro 
 St. Lau 
 on the K 
 wood- 
 houses 
 are also 
 Owin 
 trade of 
 are ext€ 
 structec 
 in the 
 But alt 
 been m 
 dation, 
 for the 
 houses 
 to be k 
 siness, 
 urgenc] 
 year ab 
 and this 
 
 n 
 
— m-ll 
 
 : .!- 
 
 
 
 (, 
 
 1^ 
 
 1 
 
 A' 
 
 ■ 1 ■; 
 
 k 
 
 „ ■<■■■ 
 
 
 ,'fs¥- 
 
 
 
 il 
 
 w. 
 
 1, 'w 
 
 
 '^ ^^ f: 
 
 m 
 
 .r 
 
 H4 
 
 K 
 
 WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 291 
 
 inferior to the buildings at present on the site : ma- 
 ny, no doubt, are the same, havino^ been substantially 
 repaired after the cession of the Province. 
 
 PRESENT STATE AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 
 
 The Upper and Lower Towns of Quebec, toge- 
 ther with the Suburbs, occupy a site which may be 
 described as a triangle, the J3anlieu line being the 
 base, the Rivers St. Lawrence and St. Charles form- 
 ing the sides, and the Point, at the confluence of 
 those Rivers, being the apex. The Lower Town 
 includes all the extent of buildings underneath the 
 cliff, from the spot where the Banlieu line strikes the 
 St. Lawrence on the south, to the King's wood-yard 
 on the St. Charles, towards the north. Beyond the 
 wood-yard is the populous Suburb of St. Roch. The 
 houses in Mountain Street below Prescott-Gate 
 are also in the Lower Town. 
 
 Owing to the great increase of late years in the 
 trade of the Province, several new wharfs, on which 
 are extensive storehouses, have recently been con- 
 structed on lots redeemed from the water, particularly 
 in the neighborhood of the Quebec Exchange. 
 But although very considerable improvements have 
 been made in the extent of its mercantile accommo- 
 dation, the Lower Town is still too much confined 
 for the convenience of the trade. Several counting 
 houses and mercantile establishments are still obliged 
 to be kept at such a distance from the centre of bu- 
 siness, as to be extremely inconvenient during the 
 urgency of the navigable season. During the last 
 year above one thousand vessels arrived in this port, 
 and this season the number will probably be as great. 
 
292 
 
 NEW PICTURE OP QUEBEC, 
 
 m 
 
 ■1;, ( 
 1 ' ' J ' 
 
 II I 
 
 One consequence has been, a very great influx of emi- 
 grants from the mother country, who arrive in vessels 
 engaged in the timber trade ; and who during their 
 stay in the harbor, and in their transit through the 
 Province, expend in the aggregate a very large sum 
 of ready money, out of the capital which they brin^ 
 with them for agricultural and other purposes. It is to 
 be hoped that these Provinces will long continue to be 
 annually enriched by the immigration of an indus- 
 trious and moral population from the mother country. 
 In noticing the subject of immigration, it would be 
 unpardonable to omit the conveniences afforded to 
 settlers and travellers by the numerous steam-boats 
 on the St. Lawrence, originally established by the 
 enterprise of the Honorable John Molson, of Mont- 
 real. Their safety, speed, and general excellence 
 are universally acknowledged by the numerous stran- 
 gers who visit this Metropolis. 
 
 THE QUEBEC EXCHANGE. 
 
 As a building devoted to general mercantile pur- 
 poses, this institution demands particular attention. 
 The first institution of this description in Quebec is 
 dated in 1817. It was established in a house at the 
 south end of St. Peter Street, whence it was removed, 
 in 1822, to a handsome room in the new building 
 erected by the Fire Assurance Company. An 
 annually encreasing subscription list led eventually 
 to the erection of the present commodious edifice of 
 cut stone. The ground on which it stands, a water 
 lot, was purchased in June, 1828, and contains ten 
 thousand superficial feet. The Honorable Matthew 
 Bell, from whom the site was purchased, gave, in 
 
 the mo 
 the und 
 his don; 
 public 
 truly c( 
 public, 
 to erecl 
 rable, a 
 ing roo 
 necessa 
 laid wit 
 1828. 
 
 The 
 Street ; 
 tations 
 Act of 
 
 The 
 an Exc 
 gate ■' J 
 busines 
 Readi: 
 sixteen 
 a comp 
 part is 
 but by 
 prietors 
 Libra] 
 on the 
 story. 
 
 The 
 was mj 
 ligence 
 for sev 
 He fell 
 hours i 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 293 
 
 ifliix of emi- 
 ve in vessels 
 (luring their 
 through the 
 y large sum 
 \\ they briii^ 
 OSes. It is to 
 )ntinue tobe 
 )f an indus- 
 her country, 
 it would be 
 ', afforded to 
 steam-boats 
 shed by the 
 N, of MONT- 
 il excellence 
 lerous stran- 
 
 rcantile pur- 
 ar attention, 
 n Quebec is 
 house at the 
 ivas removed, 
 lew building 
 
 MPANY. An 
 
 d eventually 
 3US edifice of 
 inds, a water 
 contains ten 
 le Matthew 
 ed, gave, in 
 
 the most handsome manner, as his subscription to 
 the undertaking, a fifth part of the purchase money, 
 his donation amounting to two hundred pounds. The 
 public spirit of the projectors of this undertaking was 
 truly commendable, and liberally supported by the 
 public. One thousand pounds was soon «ubscribed 
 to erect the building, and the income b' conside- 
 rable, arising from annual subscription. Jie read- 
 ing room, no difficulty was found in raising the funds 
 necessary for its completion. The first stone was 
 laid with Masonic ceremonies on the 6th September, 
 1828. 
 
 The edifice is situated at the east end of St. Paul 
 Street ; and has answered the most sanguine expec- 
 tations of the Proprietors, who were incorporated by 
 Act of the Provincial Parliament in 1830. 
 
 The lower part, or ground floor, was intended for 
 an Exchange, " where mei chants most do congre- 
 gate ' and make engagements for the transaction of 
 business. The centre story contains the excellent 
 Reading Room, fifty feet long, thirty broad, and 
 sixteen in height ; the windows of which command 
 a complete view of the basin and river. The upper 
 part is occupied at present by the Board of Trade ; 
 but by an arrangement between the respective pro- 
 prietors, it is generally understood that the Quebec 
 Library will be removed from its present situation 
 on the 1st May next, to a spacious room on that 
 story. 
 
 The excellent arrangement of the Reading Room 
 was mainly owing to the ability, zeal, and intel- 
 ligence of the late Mr. Henry Thompson, who had 
 for several years been the Keeper of the Exchange. 
 He fell a victim to the Asiatic Cholera, after a few 
 hours illness, in July, 1834, greatly esteemed and 
 
 2b 3 
 
m 
 
 III II '-'i 
 
 m 
 '"■■'II 
 
 1 iiiiini- 
 
 294 
 
 NEW PICTURE OP QUEBEC, 
 
 ill 
 
 iflii iiii. 
 
 iiiiii 
 
 lamented by all wlio knew him. The establishment 
 is at present under the judicious management of 
 Mr. R. Roberts, late merchant of this city. 
 
 THE TRINITY HOUSE. 
 
 This is a corporate establishment for the due re- 
 gulation of the Pilots who ply in the River St. 
 Lawrence, and for their charitable support after they 
 are disabled by age, accident, or infirmity. There is 
 also a fund for the relief of their widows and chil- 
 dren. It is governed by a Master, Deputy Master, 
 and Wardens, who are generally Merchants of Que- 
 bec. The business of the Corporation is transacted 
 in a house in St. Peter Street, not far from the 
 Quebec Exchange. 
 
 This establishment was no doubt founded in 
 imitation of similar institutions in England. In 
 the reign of Henry VIII., certain officers were incor- 
 porated by the name of Master and Wardens of the 
 Holy Trinity : *' they were to take care of the 
 building, seeping and conducting of the Royal 
 Navy." This Corporation had a foundation at Dept- 
 roRD, in Kent, containing fifty-nine houses for de- 
 cayed Pilots and Masters of Ships, or the widows of 
 such; and the men were allowed twenty, and the 
 women sixteen shillings per month. There is also 
 a noble establishment of this kind at Hull, in York- 
 shire, 
 
 THE BANKS— fire ASSURANCE COMPANY. 
 
 The Quebec Bank occupies the lower story of 
 the handsome stone edifice built by the Quebec 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 295 
 
 Fire Assurance Company, fronting in St. Peter 
 Street. It was incorporated in 1822, and is a Joint 
 Stock Company. 
 
 The Quebec Fire Assurance Company's Office 
 is on the second story of the building. This is also 
 a corporation. Above is the Quebec Library, a 
 large and vaiuable collection of books amounting to 
 upwards of six thousand. The property is vested in 
 Trustees, elected annually by the proprietors, and 
 persons are also received as yearly subscribers. This 
 Library was founded in the year 1779, during the 
 administration of His Excellency General Haldimand, 
 who liberally contributed one hundred volumes of 
 valuable works towards its formation. 
 
 The Office for Discount and Deposit for the 
 Montreal Bank, which is a branch of the parent 
 Bank in that city, is situated at the corner of St. Peter 
 Street and St. James's Street, not far from the Ex- 
 change. It was also incorporated in 1822, and is a 
 Joint Stock Company. 
 
 king's wharf and custom house. 
 
 OMPANY. 
 
 The King's Wharf has already been mentioned 
 as appropriated to the purposes of Government ; and 
 as having upon it the extensive stores belonging to 
 the Commissariat Department. Here is a battery 
 level with the water ; and the wharf itself is the 
 place of embarkation and landing of the King's 
 troops, for the Governors, and Officers of the Navy 
 and Army. 
 
 Immediately adjoining, on the west, is the New 
 Custom House, which has so far been lately com- 
 pleted. It is a plain stone edifice, well and substan- 
 
i'lli! 
 
 ii. 
 
 296 
 
 ! !! I 
 
 III 
 
 ' III iP 
 
 i 1 I 
 
 l" ' 
 
 i III 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 tially built. The interior is well adapted for the 
 convenience of business, and the long room has been 
 generally admired. 
 
 Very nearly opposite to the Custom House there 
 stood anciently a barrier, where the two w^ys diverge, 
 one to the steps leading to the Upper Town, and the 
 other to the harbor. It was near this spot that 
 the American General Montgomery, and other 
 officers, were killed by the discharge of a cannon, in 
 his daring attack upon the Lower Town, on the last 
 day of December, 1775. 
 
 At some distance beyond this remarkable spot, at 
 the foot of Cape Diamond, is the inclined plane 
 from the Citadel, which has been previously men- 
 tioned ; and further still is Y/olfe's Cove, where 
 that intrepid leader performed his extraordinary ex- 
 ploit, and to the astonishment of the French, suc- 
 ceeded in ascending the cliff, and in forming Lis 
 army in battle array on the Plains of Abraham. 
 
 Among the recent improvements in the Lower 
 Town, a spacious market for <jattle, hay, wood, and 
 other articles of country produce, was opened during 
 the last year, at the west end of St. Paii^ Street, 
 near the King's wood-yard. 
 
 The city of Quebec was incorporated by Act of 
 the Provincial Parliament in 1803. It is divided 
 into ten wards. The Common Council consists of 
 twenty members, from whoui the Mayor is c-anually 
 chosen. The first Mayor was Elzear Bedard, Es- 
 quire ; and for the current year, Edouard Caron, 
 
 Esquire, .■•..^-c.v - :u;-w/a-^^;^=:i70;; :nii: 
 
 The Corporation seal represents a female figure, 
 in a sitting position, leaning upon a shield, on whieli 
 is a lion passant, holding a Key. Above is a cor- 
 nucopia, and on the side a bee-hive. At her feet 
 
ipted for the 
 oom has been 
 
 [ House there 
 w^ys diverge, 
 Pown, and the 
 this spot that 
 -Y, and other 
 f a cannon, in 
 m, on the last 
 
 'kable spot, at 
 nclined plane 
 eviously men- 
 CovE, where 
 raordinary ex- 
 French, suc- 
 1 forming his 
 F Abraham. 
 in the Lower 
 ly, wood, and 
 opened during 
 :. Paiil Street, 
 
 ;ed by Act of 
 It is divided 
 icil consists of 
 ^or is manually I 
 I Bedard, Es" 
 
 UARD CaRON, 
 
 WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 297 
 
 is seen a beaver. The figure points to the river, 
 where there is a ship at anchor. In the back ground 
 is a representation of Cape Diamond. The follow- 
 ing are the legends on the seal, above — Natura 
 
 FORTIS, INDUSTRIA CRESCIT : bcloW CoNDITA 
 
 Quebecense, a. D. MDCVIII. Civitatis Regi- 
 MINE DONATA, A. D. MDCCCXXXIII. 
 
 
 I ■ *-■ 
 
 . i 
 
 L female figure, 
 lield, on which | 
 bove is a cor- 
 At her feet I 
 

 ill; 
 
 '''i'li 
 lilli 
 
 I'ii 
 
 
 ' 
 
 i i 
 
 
 '293 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 CHAPTER THE FIFTEENTH. 
 
 TH^, SIEGES OF QUEBEC. 
 
 One, who is conversant only with the petty and 
 broken lines of European geography, cannot form 
 any adequate conception of the political importance 
 of our impregnable fortress. Placed, as if by the 
 most consummate art, at the very lowest point that 
 effectually commands the navigation of the largest 
 body of fresh water in the world, Cape Diamond 
 holds, and must for ever hold, the keys not only of all 
 the vast and fertile regions, drained by our magnificent 
 river, bu^ of the almost untrodden world between 
 Lake Superior and the rocky mountains. — On one 
 side the icy barriers of the north, on the other, the 
 dangers, delays and distempers of the Mississippi will 
 for ever secure an almost exclusive preference to the 
 great highway of the St. Lawrence. In Quebec and 
 Montreal, respectively, must centre the dominion and 
 the wealth of half a continent. 
 
 Quebec has been styled the Gibraltar of America 
 — a comparison that conveys a more correct idea of 
 its military strength than of its commercial and po- 
 litical importance. Let the European reader com- 
 plete the comparison by closing the Baltic, the Elbe 
 and the Rhine, turning the Danube westward into 
 the English channel, and placing Gibraltar so as to 
 
 comman 
 sand mi 
 
 Queb 
 importa 
 spot in 
 nature 
 the mor 
 measure 
 
 The J 
 nization 
 of Queb 
 a lever 1 
 their foi 
 of these 
 (laments 
 French 
 were pi 
 were foi 
 
 The 
 many 
 unfetter 
 culture t 
 in the m 
 the iner 
 but un^ 
 French 
 English 
 ings of 
 while it 
 could ni 
 more en 
 
 From 
 sprung ] 
 subject 
 that Qu 
 
 n 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 299 
 
 command that noble stream's navigation of two thou- 
 sand miles. 
 
 Quebec, moreover, derives a vast degree of relative 
 importance from its being almost the or«ly fortified 
 spot in North America. Over the whole continent 
 nature has not planted a single rival ; while art in 
 the more level districts of the south was in a great 
 measure suspended by swamps and forests. 
 
 The spirit of the French system of American colo- 
 nization appreciated fully the unrivalled advantages 
 of Quebec, and made Cape Diamond the fulcrum of 
 a lever that was to shake the English colonies from 
 their foundations. Every page of the earlier history 
 of these regions forces on the reflecting mind a fun- 
 damental distinction, between the English and the 
 French colonies in North America. The former 
 were planted by an intelligent people ; the latter 
 were founded by an ambitious government. 
 
 The English settlements, forming, as it were, so 
 [many mutually independent states, directed their 
 unfettered energies into the natural channels of agri- 
 culture and commerce. — The French ones, entangled 
 in the meshes of a net of unparallelled extent, were but 
 the inert parts of a political machine, powerful, indeed, 
 but unwieldy, expensive and unproductive. The 
 French sought dominion in military power — the 
 English cherished the spirit and enjoyed the bless- 
 ings of freedom. Their fundamental distinction, 
 while it gave France a temporary preponderance, 
 could not fail to secure the ultimate triumnh of her 
 more enlightened, though less crafty, rival. 
 
 From the struggles between these hereditary rivals 
 sprung most of the eventful scenes, which form the 
 subject of this chapter ; and one cannot but wonder 
 that Quebec, the source of all the evils that afflicted 
 
 ^ 
 
ipi^' 
 
 i h 
 
 Mi 
 
 !i , ;■ 
 
 :ilii iiiiiS !i 
 
 ! ilir::=5 
 
 :!l 
 
 II 
 
 III !ii|;! 
 
 ii :i' 
 
 300 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 1 .7 
 
 the English settlements, was not more frequently 
 the main object of attack. 
 
 Sieges are from various causes, such as the vicis- 
 situdes of fortune, the concentration of interest, the 
 pre-eminent display of valour and generosity, and 
 other popular virtues, the most spirit stirring occur- 
 rences in warfare ; but one of the sieges of Quebec 
 is peculiarly interesting and important, from its cut- 
 ting off the contending commanders in the decisive 
 hour of victory, changing the civil and political con- 
 dition of vast and fertile regions, and bringing to a 
 close the European warfare which had rendered the 
 basins of the St. Lawrence and the Mississippi one 
 vast field of blood and battle. 
 
 Many years, however, before the political jealousies 
 of France and England rendered Quebec the object 
 of unremitting and vigorous contention, several In- 
 dian tribes, influenced partly by a natural dislike of 
 foreign intruders, and partly by hereditary hostility 
 towards the native allies of the strangers, had at- 
 tempted to sweep away the scarcely formed germs of 
 our ripe and rich metro^^ olis. In the year 1621, 
 when the whole population of Quebec xell short of 
 three score souls, the Five Nations, or, as they are 
 often termed, the Iroquois, surrounded a fortified 
 post on the shore of the River St. Charles, but fear- 
 ing the consequences of an actual assault, turned 
 their murderous wrath on the chief objects of their 
 vengeance, the Indian allies of the colony. It is but 
 just here to offer the tribute of applause to the supe- 
 riority of the French over the English in conciliating 
 the aboriginal savages of the North American con- 
 tinent. '--5 ■' ■■■-'■'' '■" ^'''^ ^'"> ''f' ? '' ' ■'■ '^' " -' 
 
 While the English fought their way by inches in 
 almost every settlement, the French generally lived 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 301 
 
 on fraternal terms with their immediate neighbors, 
 and engaged in hostilities with distant tribes rather 
 as allies than as principals. The Indian wars of the 
 English were generally civil ones ; those of the 
 French were almost universally foreign. — In the in- 
 cursions, of which we have instanced one, the aim of 
 the Iroquois was not so much the French, as the 
 Hurons and the Algonquins. 
 
 After a lapse of eight years of dubious security, 
 Quebec, as if in anticipation of its final and perma- 
 nent destiny, fell into the hands of the hereditary 
 enemies of France. 
 
 In the preceding year, that is in 16*28, Sir David 
 Kertk, accompanied by William de Caen, a traitor 
 to his country, penetrated as far as Tadoussac with 
 a powerful squadron, and thence summoned the 
 Governor of Quebec to an immediate surrender. 
 Champlain, who had founded the colony, and whose 
 name will live for ever in a Lake rich in historic 
 recollections, had at that time the command of Que- 
 bec. The gallant commander, relying perhaps as 
 much on a bold front, as on the strength of the de- 
 fences or the prowess of the garrison, saved the set- 
 tlement from Kertk's irresistible force by the spirited 
 reply of himself and his companions. 
 
 In July following, an English fleet under two bro- 
 tliprs of Sir David Kertk, who remained himself at 
 Tadoussac, anchored unexpectedly before the town. 
 Those, who know the difficulty, even in the present 
 day, of conveying intelligence, between Quebec and 
 the lower parts of the river, will not be surprised that 
 this fleet should have, almost literally, brought the 
 first intelligence cf its own approach. 
 
 The brothers immediately sent, under the protec- 
 tion of a white flag, the following summons, which 
 
 2 c 
 
302 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 I! -li! "■ 
 
 li 
 
 breathes at once a consciousness of strength and a I Thj 
 feeling of generosity. Irlson i 
 
 July I9th, 1629, I for in 
 Sir, • :- - ; . ■ r- - ^ .. ...i ,^ I rp^^ 
 
 Our brother having last year informed you that I persor 
 sooner or later he would take Quebec, he desires U8 1 Tha 
 to oifer you his friendship and respects, as we alsoldeparti 
 do on our part, and knowing the wretched state of I and th{ 
 your garrison, we order you to surrender the Fort 
 and settlement of Quebec into our hands, oiferin|r 
 you terms that you will consider reasonable, and 
 which shall be granted on your surrender. 
 
 That 
 of Enofi 
 sac, tha 
 treat wi 
 
 That 
 
 ChamplairCs answer. 
 
 Gentlemen, 
 
 It is too true that owing to the want of succourl/. /"^'' 
 
 and assistance from France, our distress is vervjr. ." ^ 
 
 great, and that we are incapable of resistance — lip ^® 
 
 therefore desire that you will not fire on the townj rJ^i^^' 
 
 nor land your troops until the articles of capitulatioil 
 
 can be drawn up. T^^^^ 
 
 I Ihat 
 
 Articles of Capitulation proposed hy Champlain. '^^ ^ ^ 
 
 That Messieurs Kertk shall prod uce the King of Engl 
 land's Commission, by virtue of which they summo/ 
 the place to surrender, as an evidence that war haj 
 been declared between Francf and England. Tha 
 they should also produce authority by which thej 
 were empowered by their brother David Kertk, Ac 
 miral of the Fleet. That a vessel should be furnishf 
 for transporting to France all the French, witho^ 
 excepting two Indian women. 
 
 That the soldiers should march out with their an 
 and baggage. 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 303 
 
 :rength and a 
 mlh 1629. 
 
 That the vessel to be provided to carry the gar- 
 rison to France shall be well victualled, to be paid 
 for in peltries. 
 That no violence or insult shall be offered to any 
 armed you that I person. 
 
 , he desires us I That the vessel to be procured shall be ready for 
 ;ts, as we also I departure three days after their arrival at Tadoussac, 
 itched state of I and that they shall be transported, 
 jnder the Fortf 
 
 hands, offering . . >i > .• Answer of the Kertks, 
 easonable, and 
 
 nder. That they had not the commission from the King 
 
 of England, but that their brother had it at Tadous- 
 sac, thiit they were empowered by their brother to 
 treat with Mr. Champlain. 
 That a vessel would be provided, and if not suf- 
 want of succour gcientiy j^rge, they would be put on board the ships 
 distress IS venj^f^jjg ^^^^ ^^ England, and from thence sent to 
 
 France. 
 
 That the Indian women could not be given up for 
 
 reasons to be explained when they met. 
 
 That the officers and soldiers should march out 
 
 , . with their arms, baa:a:aa:e and other effects. 
 hy Champlain, ^^ ^ 
 
 the Kin o" of Engl Champlain's own proposals of capitulation satis- 
 1 thev^summof^c^^^i^y demonstrate that, down to 1629, France had 
 re that war haf ^^dly any permanent footing in the country. By 
 
 Fnffland. ThJ^^P^l^^i^^g ^or the removal of " all the French," in 
 bv which thefc^ebec, Champlain seems to have considered that 
 
 ) vid Kertk Adf^^ Province was virtually lost to France ; and the 
 nld be furnishe >ingle vessel, which was to furnish the means of a 
 
 . French withoi eraoval, reduces " all the French" in Quebec to a 
 
 ?ery paltry number. The humanity of the victors, 
 t with their an 'owever, had the effect of inducing most of the colo- 
 lists to remain under the English Government. 
 
 pf resistance—] 
 ire on the town, 
 s of capitulatioi 
 
 ' 
 
^i'li 
 
 m 
 
 ! Mil ;^|., 
 
 304 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 With Quebec fell of course the whole of Canada 
 into the power of England. 
 
 Chai-.p'ain, with the partiality of a father for his 
 child, strove by the most pressing entreaties, and by 
 the most natural exaggerations, to make his country 
 wrest Quebec from England by negociation or by 
 arms. His countrymen, however, die not unani- 
 mously second the unsuccessful commander*s blended 
 aspirations of patriotism and ambition. With the 
 exception of a few placemen, and of a few zealots for 
 commercial intercourse and maritime enterprise, 
 most of the leading men of France considered Canada 
 merely as an expensive toy. — The government, 
 therefore, permitted three years to elapse without 
 employing any active means of recovering the lost 
 colony, and at last adopted the alternative of nego- 
 ciation, its cheapest and most powerful weapon against 
 the generous prowess of England. 
 
 In 1632, France recovered, by the treaty of St. 
 Germain-en- Lay f, Canada along with the Acadian 
 Peninsula and th<; Island of Cape Breton. 
 
 Connected with this point of our interesting sub- 
 ject, a few observations on the colonial supremacy of 
 Britain may not be deemed impertinent by the intel- 
 ligent reader. 
 
 Before the decay of the feudal system, and the 
 establishment of standing armies, had consolidated 
 the gigantic kingdoms of Spain and France, England 
 was more than a match in a fair field for either of her 
 more populous and more extensive rivals. Subse- 
 quently, however, to the introduction of those politi- 
 cal and military innovations, England was induced 
 as well by necessity as by inclination to cherish 
 her navy, as the safest and most efficient means of 
 maintaining her high position among the powers of 
 
With historical recollections. 
 
 305 
 
 lie of Canada 
 
 father for his 
 !aties, and by 
 e his country 
 ciation or by 
 L not unani- 
 der's blended 
 . With the 
 jw zealots for 
 e enterprise, 
 dered Canada 
 government, 
 apse without 
 ering the lost 
 tive of nego- 
 eapon against 
 
 ! treaty of St. 
 the Acadian 
 
 on. 
 
 teresting sub- 
 supremacy of 
 
 t by the intel- 
 
 stem, and the 
 d consolidated 
 ance, England 
 r either of her 
 Lvals. Subse- 
 }f those politi- 
 . was induced 
 on to cherish 
 nent means of 
 the powers of 
 
 Europe. Not only has her navy secured to her the 
 uninterrupted blessings of national independence, and 
 the proud rank of arbitress of Europe ; but it has 
 enabled her to reap the rich fruits of the colonial en- 
 terprise of France, Portugal, and Holland. Sic vos 
 non vobis, would have been the appropriate, though 
 haughty, inscription of her omnipresent and omnipo- 
 tent banner. As if by the unerring hand of destiny, 
 colony after colony, from Ganges' banks to Erie's side, 
 has been made to submit, notwithstanding repeated 
 restitutions, to the permanent dominion of the I3ritish 
 name ; and a nation separated from all other nations, 
 owes, chiefly to that very separation, the mastery of a 
 world, far more extensive than the " whole world," of 
 the Roman bard. But however humiliating to rivals 
 may have been the colonial conquests of England, the 
 conquered colonies have found, in the blessings of 
 political liberty and comparatively unrestricted com- 
 merce, an ample recompense for their share of na- 
 tional humiliation, and have generally acquiesced 
 with a feeling of peaceful gratitude in the milder and 
 happier order of things. 
 
 Champlain was reinstated in the government of 
 the recovered colony, and during the remaining years 
 of his honorable life was exempted from the troubles 
 at least of foreign invasion. 
 
 Quebec seems to have enjoyed a kind of dubious 
 tranquillity, untilabout twenty years after Champlain's 
 death, the Five Nations, to the unusually large num- 
 ber of seven hundred warriors, after having massacred 
 the natives and the colonists in the open country, and 
 committed the most cruel devastations, blockaded 
 Quebec for several successive months. — Such a siege 
 may occupy a very small share of our consideration ; 
 but the recollections of the tomahawk, and the knife 
 
 2c3 
 
11 
 
 |!l( i'!i' 
 
 ! ! ti'« 
 
 111 
 
 806 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF j;>U£BEC, 
 
 of the yelling children of the forest, are still vivid 
 enough in Canada, to rouse our definite sympathies 
 for the dangers and the distresses of the unhappy 
 citizens. The scene must have teemed with pictu- 
 resque horrors ; and many bold and thrilling achieve- 
 ments doubtless deepened its terrible interest. 
 
 This siege, although ultimately battled, was very 
 prejudicial to the welfare of Quebec: its dangers and 
 terrors drove many of the settlers to France in des- 
 pair, and almost led to the ruin of the colony. 
 
 After a lapse of about thirty years, (Quebec, under 
 the command of the gallant Count de Frontenac, 
 made a vigorous and honorable defence in 1690, 
 against the forces of Sir William Phipps, Governor 
 of Massachusetts. 
 
 As this siege in addition to its intrinsic interest, 
 was the fruit of the colonial system of France pre- 
 viously noticed, it demands a fuller and more cir- 
 cumstantial detail in any historical sketch of Quebec, 
 
 For some years before the date of this siege, the 
 French had vigorously availed themselves of their 
 geographical position not merely to harass, but to 
 circumscribe the colonies of New England and New 
 York. The possession of Acadia, which had been 
 restored by England, in defiance of the remonstrance 
 of the neighboring provinces, enabled France to 
 command and cripple the commerce and the fisheries 
 of the eastern colonies ; while the discovery of the 
 Mississippi, in the year 1673, and the subsequent 
 attempts of France to colonise its banks excited se- 
 rious alarms for the security of the more westerly 
 settlements. 
 
 The English colonies, roused to a sense of the 
 impending dangers, made unparalleled exertions both 
 
 by land 
 
 crafty a 
 
 In U 
 
 small fo 
 
 year ma 
 
 the true 
 
 The im 
 
 invasion 
 
 the begi 
 
 an attacj 
 
 multane 
 
 main de: 
 
 stances, 
 
 south, th 
 
 and mur 
 
 tants of 
 
 city. 
 
 The I 
 cowardly 
 annals o 
 fined te 
 determin 
 bled at I 
 all possi 
 from the 
 munitior 
 whole bi 
 selves at 
 the Fren 
 invasion 
 resisted 
 restitutio 
 implacab 
 Imanent 
 Wolfe. 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 307 
 
 by land and sea to deliver themselves fronr. their 
 crafty and restless neighbours. 
 
 In 1690, they took Port Iloyal in Acadia with a 
 small force of seven hundred men ; and in the same 
 year made a judiciously planned attempt on Quebec, 
 the true centre of the French power in America. 
 The immediate cause of this attempt was the cruel 
 invasion of the state of New- York by the French in 
 the beginning of the year. The French had concerted 
 an attack on the city of New-York, to be made si- 
 multaneously by sea and land ; but, though their 
 main design was disappointed by unforeseen circum- 
 stances, they sent forth marauding parties to the 
 south, that laid waste the country with fire and sword, 
 and murdered in cold blood the unresistinij inhabi- 
 tants of Schenectady with more than barbarian fero- 
 city. 
 
 The English colonists, provoked by an attack so 
 cowardly, so atrocious and so uncommon even in the 
 annals of American warfare, and haunted by unde- 
 fined terrors of future encroachmeiit and cruelty, 
 determined, by means of their commissioners assem- 
 bled at New-York, to carry the war into Canada with 
 all possible diligence. Having in vain requested 
 from the mother country a supply of ships and am- 
 munition, the colonists gallantly resolved to bear the 
 whole burden of the invasion, and to extricate them- 
 selves at all hazards from the rapidly closing net of 
 the French. It is more than probable that had their 
 invasion of Canada been successful, they would have 
 resisted by something more than remonstrances the 
 restitution of the Province to their inveterate and 
 implacable enemies, and have anticipated by a per- 
 manent conquest the triumphs of the immortal 
 Wolfe. 
 
 i 
 
308 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 , I 
 
 
 
 i IIU 
 
 i 
 
 The invading forces consisted of an army, that was 
 to cross the country under General Winthrop, and 
 a naval squadron under the command of Governor 
 Phipps. Of the army nothing more needs be said, 
 than that like every other army on a similar errand, 
 it was completely unsuccessful; to the squadron, which 
 conducted the siege of Quebec, our last attention 
 must be given. ^ 
 
 As soon as the Count de Frontenac, who had turn- 
 ed his earliest attention to the operations of the land 
 army, was apprised of its retreat, he led back his 
 troops with all possible diligence to reinforce the gar- 
 rison of Quebec, having oiJered the governors of 
 Montreal and Three-Rivers to follow him with their 
 disposable forces of militia and regulars. 
 
 By extraordinary exertions, the gallant Count put 
 the city in a state at least of temporary defence be- 
 fore the arrival of the hostile squadron, and seems to 
 have infused into his soldiers his own heroic confi- 
 dence of success. 
 
 Sir William Phipps appeared before the town 
 on the 5th October, old style. Charlevoix, who uses 
 the new style adopted by the French as early as 
 1582, calls it the 16th. Although he was certainly 
 neither a traitor nor a coward, the delay and irreso- 
 lution of the General were afterwards complained of, 
 probably owing to the great disappointment of the 
 English colonists, at the failure of the expedition and 
 the fruitless expense which had been incurred. On 
 the 6th October " it was concluded," says Major 
 Walley in his narrative, " that a summons should be| 
 sent ashore," of which the following is a copy : 
 
army, that was 
 kVinthrop, and 
 \ of Governor 
 
 needs be said, 
 similar errand, 
 ;quadron,wliicli 
 
 last attention 
 
 , who had turn- 
 on s of the land 
 e led back his 
 linforce the gar- 
 e governors of 
 him with their 
 ars. 
 
 llant Count put 
 iry defence be- 
 n, and seems to 
 n heroic confi- 
 
 before the town 
 levoix, who uses 
 ich as early as 
 e was certainly 
 elay and irreso- 
 s complained of, 
 lointment of the 
 a expedition and 
 L incurred. On 
 d," says Major 
 nmons should be 
 is a copy : 
 
 WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 309 
 
 ** To Count Frontenac, Lieutenant General, and 
 Governor for the French King at Canada, or in 
 his absence, to his deputy, or him or them in 
 chief command. 
 
 " The war between the two crowns of England 
 and France, does not only sufficiently warrant, but 
 the destruction made by the French and Indians un- 
 der your command and encouragement, upon the 
 persons and estates of their Majesties' subjects of 
 New England, without provocation on their part, 
 kth put them under the necessity of this expedition, 
 for their security and satisfaction, and although the 
 cruelties and barbarities used against them by the 
 French and the Indians, might upon the present oc- 
 casions prompt to a severe revenge ; yet being de- 
 sirous to avoid all inhumanity and unchristian-like 
 actions, and to prevent the shedding of blood as 
 much as may be, I, William Phipps, Knight, do 
 hereby and in the name and on behalf of their most 
 excellent Majesties' William and Mary, King and 
 Queen of England, Scotland, France and Ireland, 
 defenders of the faith, and by order of their Majesties* 
 said government of the Massachusetts colony in New 
 England, demand a surrender of your Forts and 
 Castles and the things and other stores, unembezzled, 
 with a seasonable delivery of all captives, together 
 with a surrender of all your persons and estates to 
 my disposal. 
 
 *' Upon the doing whereof you may expect mercy 
 roni me, as a christian, according to what shall be 
 ound for their Majesties' service and the subjects' se- 
 curity, which if you refuse forthwith to do, I come 
 )rovided, and am resolved by the help of God, ou 
 
I lli' 
 
 'III!! ^M 
 
 310 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, ' 'i ' >' 
 
 whom I trust, by force of arms, to revenge all wrongs 
 and injuries oft'ered, and bring you under subjection 
 to the Crown of England ; and when too late make 
 you wish you had accepted the favor tend»?red. 
 
 " Your answer positive in an hour — returned with 
 your own trumpet, with the return of mine, is re- 
 quired upon the peril that will ensue." 
 
 The circumstances attending the reception of the 
 English officer, the attempt made to impose upon his 
 imagination, his behaviour, and the spirited reply of 
 Frontenac will be found in a former chapter, in our 
 account of the Castle of St. Lewis. 
 
 Finding the place prepared for defence, Sir Wil- 
 liam after a fruitless attempt to capture it, on the 
 land side, by an attack on the River St. Charles, 
 contented himself with a bombardment of the city, 
 and retired after staying a week in the harbor. All 
 the English narratives of the siege plausibly enough 
 ascribe the defeat to Sir William's procrastinati!^g 
 disposition, but he seems on this occasion at least to 
 have had sufficient justification in the obvious impro- 
 priety of attacking a city almost impregnable by| 
 nature, and swarming with zealous defenders. 
 
 Charlevoix mentions that he was delayed by head 
 winds and by bad pilots. But Sir William's delay, 
 from whatever circumstances it sprung, was indubita- 
 bly the sole cause of the subsequent disgrace and I 
 disaster. Had the English forces arrived but three 
 days sooner they ecu Id not have failed to achieve an 
 easy and almost bloodless conquest ; but during that 
 period, time for defence was afforded, and M. de Cal- 
 lieres. Governor of Montreal, had reinforced thel 
 garrison with the troops of the upper country, and 
 rendered the besieged numerically superior to the 
 besiegers. But even in this apparently untoward! 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 311 
 
 circumstance Pliipps might have discerned the gleams 
 of certain victory, for the increased consumption of 
 supplies, originally scanty, would soon have enlisted 
 on his side the powerful aid of famine. 
 
 Our French manuscript clearly shows that even 
 before Sir William's hasty departure, the garrison had 
 deeply tasted the horrors of famine. The Nuns re- 
 stricted themselves to a daily morsel of bread ; and 
 the loaves which they furnished to the soldiers, were 
 impatiently devoured in the shape of dough — terror 
 and distress reigned in the city, " for," in the simple 
 but affecting language of the writer, " every thing 
 diminished excepting hunger." To add to the ge- 
 neral confusion, the English squadron kept up a tre- 
 mendous cannonade more to the alarm than to the 
 injury of the inhabitants. Major VValiey's Journal, 
 besides being too prolix for our limits, is less likely 
 to interest the sympathies of the reader than the nar- 
 rative of one of the besieged. We therefore take 
 the following extracts from our French manuscript : 
 
 " It is easy to imagine how our alarms redoubled, 
 when we heard the noise of the cannon we were more 
 dead than alive, every time that the combat was re- 
 newed. The bullets fell on our premises in such 
 numbers, that in one day we sent twenty-six of them 
 to our artillerymen to be sent back to the English. 
 Several of us thought that we were killed by them ; 
 the danger was so evident that the bravest officers 
 regarded the capture of Quebec as inevitable. In 
 Ispite of all our fears we prepared different places for 
 the reception of the wounded, because the combat 
 had commenced with an air to make us believe that 
 lour hospital would not be capable of containing those 
 who might have need of our assisttince : but God 
 spared the blood of the French ; there were few 
 
:UI{ ;;;ii| 
 
 312 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 wounded and fewer killed. Quebec was very badly 
 fortified for a siege ; it contained very few arms and 
 no provisions ; and the troops that had come from 
 Montreal had consumed the little food that there was 
 in the city." " The fruits and vegetables of our gar- 
 den were pillaged by the soldiers ; they warmed 
 themselves at our expense and burned our wood." 
 " Every thing appeared sweet to us, provided we 
 could be preserved from falling into the hands of those 
 whom we regard as the enemies of God, as well as 
 of ourselves. We had not any professed artillery- 
 men. Two Captains, M. De Maricourt and M. 
 De Lorimirr, took charge of the batteries and point- 
 ed the cannon f)0 accurately as hardly ever to miss. 
 M. De Maricourt shot down the flag of the Admiral, 
 and, as soon as it fell, our Canadians boldly ventured 
 out in a canoe to pick it up, and brought it ashore 
 under the very beard of the English." 
 
 ABORTIVE EXPEDITION IN 1711. 
 
 The defeat of Sir William Phipps was sensibly 
 felt by the people of New England, who indeed 
 were called upon to defray the expense, amounting i 
 to one hundred and Rfty thousand pounds. Theyi 
 frequently represented to the British Ministry the I 
 commercial advantages, which would result from the 
 total expulsion of the French from North America. 
 At last, in 1707, during the military glories of the 
 reign of Queen Anne, distinguished by a Marlbo- 
 rough, as this age is by a Wellington — the Earl I 
 of SuNDEKLAND, Secretary of State, determined to 
 make another attempt to dislodge the French from 
 their almost impregnable position at Quebec. The 
 
 armai 
 mand 
 ed fn 
 in cor 
 the af 
 
 OF S] 
 
 allied 
 
 In 
 
 in a si 
 
 exped: 
 
 Gener 
 
 of No^ 
 
 the na 
 
 officer 
 
 had th 
 
 into th( 
 
 peditio 
 
 LAND, a 
 
 Gen en 
 
 MASHi 
 
 was plj 
 Walki 
 Gulf o 
 the Egj 
 success! 
 I was Gel 
 ling 3,w 
 Ion thiS 
 
 ei^rlity. 
 
 vincial 
 iiad adi 
 hy six l| 
 quartei 
 Idition. 
 Ifactionj 
 
;c, 
 
 .'/ 
 
 WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 313 
 
 vas very badly 
 r few arms and 
 bad come from 
 [ that there was 
 )les of our gar- 
 they warmed 
 led our wood." 
 1, provided we 
 e hands of those 
 iod, as well as 
 ■es?ed artillery- 
 ricourt and M. 
 eries and point- 
 ly ever to miss, 
 of the Admiral, 
 boldly ventured 
 ought it ashore 
 
 1711. 
 
 'PS was sensibly 
 SID, who indeed 
 2nse, amounting 
 pounds. They 
 ish Ministry the 
 I result from the 
 North America. 
 T glories of the 
 1 by a Marlbo- 
 iGTON — the Earl 
 B, determined to 
 he French from 
 t Quebec. The 
 
 armament intended for this object, under the com- 
 mand of General Macartney, was, however, divert- 
 ed from its destination, and ordered to Portugal, 
 in consequence of the disastrous condition to which 
 the aifairsof the Queen's Ally, Charles III. King 
 OF Spain, had been reduced by the defeat of the 
 allied forces at Almanza. 
 
 In 1711, the project was resumed, only to result 
 in a signal and mortifying failure. The plan of this 
 expedition was suggested by a provincial officer, 
 General Nicholson, who had just taken possession 
 of Nova Scotia, on which occasion he had given 
 the name of Annapolis to Port Royal. This 
 officer had bror jht to London four Indian Chiefs, and 
 had the address to persuade the Ministry to enter 
 into the views of the New England States. The ex- 
 pedition consisted of five thousand troops from Eng- 
 land, and two thousand provincials, under Brigadier 
 General Hill, brother to the Queen's favorite, Mrs, 
 Masham. The naval force was very strong, and 
 was placed under the command of Sir Hovenden 
 Walk£R. The ^eet met with constant fogs in the 
 Gulf of St. Lawrence, and was nearly destroyed on 
 the Ej^g Islands on the 22d August. Despairing of 
 success, the Admiral called a council of war, and it 
 was Getermined to return to England without mak- 
 ing any further attempt. Eight transports were lost 
 on this disastrous day, with eight hundred and 
 eighty -four officers, soldiers, and seamen. The pro- 
 vincial land forces under General Nicholson, which 
 had advanced as far as Albany, and had been joined 
 hy six hundred Iroouois, returned to their respective 
 quarters on hearing of the failure of the naval expe- 
 dition. It is remarkable that during the heat of the 
 factions of that day, the Whigs affected to consider 
 
 2 D 
 
. 1i 
 
 :! i 
 
 ■'m 
 
 I'! 
 
 i !i; 
 
 I 11 
 
 ! 
 
 314 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 this attempt on Quebec so perfectly desperate an 
 undertaking, that it was made one of the articles of 
 impeachment against Harley, Earl of Oxford, that 
 he had suffered it to go on. • •. f 
 
 The Marquis De Vaudreuil, then Governor 
 General of Canada, omitted no duty of a brave 
 and prudent officer on this occasion. The rejoicings 
 at Quebec were naturally great at so signal a de- 
 liverance ; and the Church of Notre Dame de la Vic- 
 toire spoke the pious gratitude of the religious 
 inhabitants, by assuming the title of Notre Dame des 
 Victoires, . , 
 
 expedition of 1759. 
 
 If it be the province of History to record gr<^at 
 actions and glorious achievements, there cannot be 
 a nobler subject than this expedition, so distin- 
 guished for enterprise, conduct and success. By 
 the common consent of the world, Quebec is for 
 ever identified with the renown of the two great na- 
 tions who contended for its possession ; and the his- 
 tory of this period will always be referred to as 
 equally interesting, attractive and important. The 
 varied incidents of the expedition — the arrival before 
 the town — the attack of the fire ships — the fruitless 
 engagement at Montmorenci — the bombardment 
 from Pointe-Levi — the landing under the heights 
 of Abraham — the battle of the Plains — the death of 
 the two heroic leaders — the surrender — the subse- 
 quent fight at SiLLERY — the siege by the French— 
 and the arrival of the English fleet, form a series of 
 spirit-stirring events, which possess the mind of tlief 
 reader with the eager interest of vicissitude, as they 
 in turn develope the great gamie of war, played by 
 
^9 
 
 M 
 
 WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 315 
 
 desperate an 
 the articles of 
 Oxford, that 
 
 en Governor 
 uty of a brave 
 The rejoicings 
 io signal a de- 
 )ame de la Vk- 
 the religious 
 Sfotre Dame des 
 
 to record great 
 here cannot be 
 ^ion, so distiii- 
 [l success, iiy 
 
 Quebec is for 
 le two great iia- 
 in ; and the his- 
 
 referred to as 
 mportant. The 
 he arrival before 
 ps — the fruitless 
 e bombardment 
 rider the heights 
 is — the death of 
 ider — the suhse- 
 y the French- 
 form a series of 
 
 the mind of the 
 issitude, as they 
 war, played by 
 
 the most skilful hands, and for the noblest stake ! 
 The scene of this heroic drama, the actors, and the 
 event will be for ever memorable. The tale has been 
 handed down by various writers — but to do justice 
 to the narration requires the pen of Wolfe himself 
 —whose style was adorned with all the felicity of 
 C/Ksar, and whose celebrated letter to Mr. Pitt is 
 still considered unsurpassed as a military compo- 
 sition. 
 
 . . PRELIMINARY SKETCH. 
 
 A brief review of colonial affairs between the peace 
 of Utrecht, in 1713, and the commencement of the 
 campaign of 1759, appears a necessary introduction 
 to the glorious expedition of Wolfe. Notwithstand- 
 ing the peace of Ut..echt, the English Colonists 
 had never forgotten the defeat of Phipps in 1690, 
 or the failure of the expedition in 171 1. They still 
 smarted with the irritation occasioned by the inroads 
 of the Indians in the French interest ; and although 
 their hopes of finally curbing the encroachments of 
 the enemy had been often excited and disappointed, 
 they were far from being extinguished. The erec- 
 tion by the French of the strong forts of Niagara, 
 TicoNDEROGA and Crown Point, — all in most com- 
 manding situations, as a reference to the Map will 
 demonstrate, — was viewed by them as an infringe- 
 ment of the treaty of Utrecht, which provided that no 
 encroachment should be made on territories belonging 
 to the Five Nations. The attempts, also, made by 
 emissaries from Canada to detach those Indians from 
 the English alliance, naturally exasperated the colo- 
 nists, and led to the sanguinary conflicts which were 
 so frequent about the middle of the eighteenth cen* 
 tury. :u..:ju4* .-'.<-» iu' .Si " 4,; \-'. - ..... -■...-. • ^ , - 
 
ii'i: 
 
 :ii 
 
 It 
 
 I Ii 
 
 316 
 
 NEW PICTUUE OP f;>UEBEC, 
 
 The peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, in 1748, was in 
 one sense only gratifying to the colonists ; inasmuch 
 as the expense of the successful expedition against 
 LouiSBouRG had been reimbursed to them by the 
 British Parliament. But they were disgusted, and 
 with reason, that Cape Breton, " their own acqui- 
 sition," as they proudly termed it, had been restored 
 to France by that treaty. Very soon after the peace, 
 however, the restless spirit of the French began to 
 display itself. The American continent was not 
 destined to enjoy the blessings of internal tranquillity 
 for many years yet to come. The Governor of 
 Canada had sent a message to the Indians on the 
 eastern frontier of New England, dissuading them 
 from any peace with the English ; and on the other 
 side the French began to enlarge their own and to 
 circum.scribe the territories of their rivals. They had 
 constructed a chain of forts at the back of Vir- 
 ginia, Pennsylvania, and Nrw York. An Eng- 
 lishman taken in Ohio was passed along from fort to 
 fort until he arrived at Quebec. One of these forts, 
 that of Du Quesne, was actually in the territory of 
 Virginia. Crown Point was always an annoy- 
 ance to the Colonists, and from Ticonderoga issu- 
 ed those ferocious incursions of French and Indians 
 which spread terror and desolation throughout the 
 English settlements. So great was the dread of 
 this fortress, that its capture by General Amherst, 
 in 1759, was hailed by the northern colonies with 
 every demonstration of joy. 
 
 On all accounts it was seen in America that the 
 peace could not be of long continuance. While the 
 Governor General of Canada continued his endea- 
 vors to seduce the Five Nations, — he was evidently 
 preparing materials for a war which terminated in 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 317 
 
 the loss of all the French possessions on this con- 
 tinent. 
 
 ^ CONVENTION AT ALBANY. ' ' • 
 
 Such was the condition of affairs in 1754, hen 
 the English Minister recommentled a convcntiion of 
 delegates from the different assemblies, to be held at 
 Albany. This was an assembly the most deserving 
 of respect of any which had ever been convened in 
 America. The erection of the French forts — the 
 sending out of troops from France — the constant 
 encroachments of the Canadians were insisted upon ; 
 and in language not altoge'^her unlike the groans of 
 the ancient Britons, the i.r>h lists complained, that 
 without strong and energ ^tic opposition, they v/ere 
 likely to be driven at last into the sea by their inde- 
 fatigable enemies. At this convention appeared 
 Benjamin Franklin, who produced a plan for a 
 general union of the ditierent States, and for esta- 
 blishing a quota, and fixed rule for lev5ang men 
 and money throughout the colonies. This paper 
 was admirably drawn up, and presents the outline of 
 a very practicable federal union. The plan was 
 unanimously voted by the convention, but the diffe- 
 rent states were not disposed to entertain it; and no 
 notice was ever taken of it at home. - « 
 
 One great object of the remarkable convention, held 
 at Albany in July, 1754, was to establish that unity 
 of action and resistance which was so desirable and 
 so necessary in the operations of the sister colonies 
 against the French. The English colonies were 
 vulnerable in different degrees, and at different points. 
 They were under separate local governments. The 
 French possessions, from the Gulf of St. Lawrence 
 
 2d3 
 
318 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, I 
 
 to the Gulf of Mexico, were subject to one Go- 
 vernment ; and the energies of the whole could be 
 directed to the attack of any particular colony that 
 the Governor General at Quebec might choose to 
 select. The Legislature of each particular colony 
 had the exclusive control of its own militia ; — and 
 the contingents of men and money to be furnished 
 by each of the sister colonies in aid of the colony as- 
 sailed, depended upon the votes of each particular 
 Legislature. Hence there was a great difficulty in 
 obtaining an unity of action on the part of the whole 
 of the British colonies, corresponding with that which 
 prevailed in the French North American posses- 
 sions. 
 
 THE WAR BREAKS OUT, 
 
 The flames of war — the last war in America be- 
 tween the natives of England and France, — a war 
 in many cases of extermination, from the violence of 
 the passions excited, and the employment of the 
 Indians on both sides, were kindled in 1755. We 
 must omit the details — the unfortunate expedition of 
 Braddock — and the victory of the famous Sir Wil 
 LiAM Johnson over Baron Dieskau, in which the 
 former was wounded, and for which he was created a 
 Baronet. The three following campaigns were disas- 
 trous to the colonists, who were unable to make any 
 impression on the Canada side. The French troops 
 were commanded by the Marquis De Montcalm, an 
 officer of great military skill, who had already dis- 
 tinguished himself in various parts of the world. On 
 tho 14th August, 1756, he captured the Fort of| 
 Oswego ; and on the 9th August, in the following j 
 year, besieged and took possession of Fort Willia.m 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 319 
 
 ;t to one Go- 
 liole could be 
 r colony that 
 gilt choose to 
 ticular colony 
 militia ; — and 
 be furnished 
 the colony as- 
 ach particular 
 it difficulty in 
 t of the whole 
 vith that which 
 erican posses- 
 
 America be- 
 ll AN CE, — a war 
 the violence of 
 oyment of the 
 in 1755. We 
 e expedition of 
 mous Sir Wil- 
 J, in which the 
 le was created a 
 igns were disas- 
 )le to make any 
 e French troops 
 Montcalm, an 
 lad already dis- 
 the world. On 
 ed the Fort of 
 in the following 
 [ Fort William 
 
 Henry, defended by a numerous garrison, and com- 
 manded by officers of proved courage and experience. 
 The atrocities committed by the Indians in the 
 French interest, upon the unhappy and defenceless 
 captives on this occasion, showed the impossibility 
 of conducting the war, with such allies, on European 
 principles. It formed no part of the Indian warrior's 
 creed, that moderation in success added a nobler 
 wreath to the victor's brow, nor could he undcr- 
 sUind the distinction, 
 
 Parcere siibjectis, et dcbcllare superbos. 
 
 Montcalm had no participation in the cruel mas- 
 sacre of part of the captive garrison of William 
 Henry : he exerted himself to the utmost to restrain 
 the fury of the Indians, but in vain. 
 
 Undismayed by the result of three unsuccessful 
 campaigns, the colonists were determined to proceed 
 in their hostilities. In 1758, the Earl of Loudoun, 
 Commander-in-Chief of the Forces, appointed a meet- 
 ing of the Governors of New York and the New Eng- 
 land colonies at Hartford, on the 20tli February, 
 to take measures for another campaign. Nothing 
 satisfactory was concluded at this assembly, and Lord 
 Loudoun shortly afterwards returned to England. 
 At the next sitting of the Massachusetts Assembly, 
 letters were received from Mr. Pitt, calling upon 
 the Provincials to assist in the reduction of Canada ; 
 and so popular was this proposal, that no less than 
 seven thousand men w^ere voted. This was the 
 greatest exertion ever made by the Province. The 
 conquest of Canada alone could ensure the colo- 
 nists future peace ; and freedom from that dis- 
 tress which they were liable to whenever a war 
 
 I 
 
i-W^ 
 
 " /"• 
 
 320 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 iv; 
 
 ll 
 
 broke out between Enolynd and France. They 
 were aware, that whenever North America should 
 be united under the British Crown, there would 
 be no longer reason to dread tlieir French and 
 *ndian enemies, who had been a scourge tr the 
 colonies from their first settlement. It will readily, 
 therefore, be believed, that the first proposal of the 
 Ministry to undertake the reduction of Canada, by 
 an expedition on a grand scale, was received by the 
 colonists with joyful co-operation. . ;i . 
 
 The largest army that had ever been seen in Ame- 
 rica, consisting of six thousand regular troops and 
 nine thousand provincials, under General Abercrom- 
 bie, embarked on the placid bosom of Lake George 
 for Ticondeuoga, July 5th, 1758, only to meet with 
 disgrace and disaster. The attack upon this Fort fail- 
 ed completely, with the loss of fifteen hundred men, 
 including the popular and gallant Lord Howe, elder 
 brother of the Admiral, and of Sir William, a young 
 nobleman of the greatest promise. The Assembly 
 of Massachusetts, to testify their respect for his 
 merit and services, voted two hundred and fifty pounds 
 for the erection of a Monument to his memory, 
 which was put up in Westminster Abbey. 
 
 As some compensation for the ill-success of Gene- 
 ral Abercrombie, who was immediately recalled, 
 the fortified and strongly garrisoned town of Louis- 
 bo urg, in Cape Bre in, was taken in the most gal- 
 lant style by the army under General Amherst, and 
 Brigadier General Wolfe, who there developed his 
 extraordinary bravery, activity and military qualities. 
 Fort Frontenac, and Fort Duquesne, nv ar the 
 Ohio, were also captured by the colonists in the 
 campaign of 1758. 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 821 
 
 The year 1759 found the British Government still 
 determined to prosecute with vigor the reduction of 
 Canada. Mr. Pitt again called upon the colonists to 
 raise the same number of men as in the year before, 
 promising a recompense proportioned to the extent 
 of thoir exertion. 
 
 The plan for the operations of 1759 was laid with 
 greater care, and had better chances of success, from 
 the various points of attack, a- J the superior cha- 
 racter of the officers and troops errnloyed in its ex- 
 ecution, thin any of the previous campaigns. There 
 had been no attack of Canada by the River St. Law- 
 rence since the unfortunate expedition of 1711, 
 while the various attempts by Lake Champlain had 
 been foiled by the bravery, vigilance, and good for- 
 tune of the French commanders, who were far supe- 
 rior in the mode of warfare required. In 1759, 
 however, it was determined once more to combine 
 naval with military operations ; and to found upon 
 the plans of 1690 and 1711, a better combination, 
 and a more extended system of attack. 
 
 - GOVERNOR POWNALL'S PLAN. 
 
 The first idea of the combined operations of 1759 
 Iraust be referred to the convention at Albany, in 
 1754. Mr. PowNALL, afterwards Captain General 
 |of Massachusetts Bay, whence he was removed to 
 the Government of South Carolina, was present at 
 this assembly ; and laid before the Commissioners 
 several valuable memorials on the subject of the Co- 
 lonies. He also transmitted, in 1754 and 1755, to 
 the Earl of Halifax, then Secretary of State, various 
 letters proposing a general plan of operations found- 
 ed upon the nature of the service in North America, 
 
JiMlm ■'•"■nwr^itfflflafMrWII 
 
 822 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 I }i: 
 
 >! :J 
 
 ,11 A 
 
 !i 
 
 'illi •• 
 
 i i:l 
 
 These are still extant, and are documents of pre- 
 eminent ability, full of practical wisdom and deep 
 combinations. The King having united the service 
 in tin Colonies into one power of action, and under 
 one direction, by appointing a Commander-in-C hief 
 over all North America, Mr. Pownall afterwards 
 condensed the substance of these letters into a me- 
 morial, by order of the Duke of Cumberland, and 
 presented it to Tlis Royal Highness, on arriving in 
 Knghuid, in 17;')6, Mr. Pownall then proposed to 
 the Earl of Halifax, — " That after the English had 
 been repeatedly disappointed in their attempts to pe- 
 netrate? the country by the way of Crown Point and 
 Lake Champiain, and had lost Oswego and the corr 
 mand of the Lake Ontario, considering the reason 
 there was also to expect the defection of the Indians 
 in consequence thereof; ther i remair''?d no other 
 alternative, but either to make peace, or to chanfjt 
 the object of the tear, by making a direct attack up 
 the lliver St. Lawrence upon Quebec itself, urged 
 to a r.'ulical destruction of Car»ada." He recom- 
 mended the necessity of two tieets, and two armies, j 
 one for the attack of the River St. Lawrence, tliej 
 other to take post between Albany and Montreal, 
 so as to cover the Eriirlish Colonies. One of the I 
 fleets to escort and convey the army up the River 
 St. Lawrence, and th«j other to cover and protect the 
 sea line of tlie CoIot»ies. Nothing was done, how. 
 ever, with reference to this plan, in 1757 ; and inl 
 tlie following year the naval operations were limited 
 to tljo ca})ti!re of Louisbourg, 
 
 We lenru, from Governor PownalTs papers, tliatl 
 so far back as 1(>78, the French had a brigantine ofj 
 ten tons on Lake Ontario, and in the year followiiigj 
 a vessel of sixty tons upon Lake Erie. He gives! 
 
 an ad 
 
 Frenc 
 
 the l 
 
 —and 
 
 Frenc 
 
 speakj 
 
 the Fr 
 
 settled 
 
 lishern 
 
 settlen 
 
 conimtj 
 
 a list 
 
 ber of 
 
 at two 
 
 nine hi 
 
 dred ar 
 
 and the 
 
 also thj 
 
 valuab! 
 
 was fir; 
 
With historical recollections. 
 
 -) 
 
 323 
 
 lents of pre- 
 lorn and deep 
 jcl the service 
 •n, and under 
 nder-in-Chiet" 
 all afterwards 
 rs into a me- 
 [iiberland, and 
 m arriving in 
 n proposed to 
 e En[^lisli had 
 attempts tope- 
 own Point and 
 3 and the coir 
 •ing the reason 
 
 of the Indians 
 mv-A no other 
 ;e, or to chavfjt 
 rect attack up 
 wc itself, urged 
 " He recoin- 
 and two armies, 
 
 Lawrence, the 
 I and ISIontrcal, 
 s. One of tlie 
 up the Ulver 
 r and protect the 
 
 was done, how- 
 . 1757 ; and in 
 [vns were limited 
 
 iirs papers, that 
 a brigantinc of 
 year following, 
 
 Erie. He give> 
 
 an admirable account of the system by which the 
 French acquired and maintained their influence over 
 the Indian nations — their policy in building forts 
 —and makes a distinction betweti^. the English »ul 
 French settlements, which is somewhat curious. He 
 speaks of the English lands as settlements^ and of 
 the French, us possessions : the English having merely 
 settled without possession, as farmers, millers and 
 fishermen — whereas the French made not only actual 
 settlement, but took military possession and the 
 command of the country. Governor Pownall gives 
 a list of the F>ench forts, and estimates the num- 
 ber of troops in the different posts in Louisiana 
 at two thousand; whereof there were at New Orleans 
 nine hundred and seventy-five, at Mobile four hun- 
 dred and seventy-five, in the Illinois three hundred, 
 and the rest detached in the smaller forts. We find 
 also that in consequence of his recommendation, that 
 valuable species of force, called " Light Infantry,'* 
 was first eniployed in America, in the year 1757. 
 It was originally composed of provincials, and its use 
 and qualities in American warfare are admirably 
 described. 
 
 In the year 1758, Governor Pownall addressed to 
 Mr. Pitt a letter, dated from Boston, Decendier 5th, 
 intituled, an " Jilea of the service in America Jor the 
 year 1759," from which we extract thj following 
 remarkable passages, showing the extent of his in- 
 formation, and how nearly the event corresponded 
 with his recommendations. " If we have changed 
 the point, and brought it to its true issue, its natural 
 crisis, whether we, as provinces of Great Britain, or 
 Ciuiada, as the province of France, shall be superior 
 in America ; then the service to be done, is a general 
 ihvasion ofCanadcii in conjunction ivith the European 
 
324 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 
 ilii "111 
 
 troops and fleet ; then is our national strengtli 
 employed, and we must consequently be naturally 
 
 superior." " The road to Quebec, up the 8t. 
 
 Lawrence River, we possess by superiority of our 
 marine navigation. There is neither danger nor 
 difficulty, nor do I see how there can be any oppo- 
 sition to hinder the fleet getting up to the Isle of 
 Orleans ; and a superior army in the possession of 
 that, may, by proper measures, command the re^t of 
 the way to Quebec. If our army can once set down 
 before Quebec, it must take it : If Quebec be taken, 
 the capitulation may at least strip Canada of all the 
 regulars, after which the inhabitants might possibly 
 
 be induced to surrender." "But although this 
 
 attempt on Quebec, by way of the St. Lawrence 
 River, may be the only real, and will be the only 
 effectual attack on Canada: yet one other, if not two 
 false attacks will be necessary, one by way of Lake 
 Chainplain, the other by way of Lake Ontario. That 
 by way of Lake Champlain, may, as far as Crown 
 Point, be offensive ; and should then change into a 
 defensive measure, by taking strong post there." 
 
 , " A number of provincials will certainly be 
 
 necessary, and these such as are used to the water, 
 and ma^-ine navigation ; for such will be of the most 
 essential service in the passage of the army from Ik 
 lower end of the Isle of Orleans to Quebec, where 
 most of the difficulty and danger will be'* 
 
 The result of the campaign proved the foresight 
 of Governor Pownall. Quebec was taken as soon as 
 the army, by the glorious battle of the Plains, vas 
 enabled to sit down before it; and the operations of 
 General Amherst were limited dnring the campaign 
 of 1759 to the capture of Crown Point, which he for- 
 tified and made a defensive post. The operations oii 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 325 
 
 ■'HI 
 
 al strengtli 
 
 be naturally 
 
 , up the St. 
 
 ority of our 
 
 danger nor 
 
 \e any oppo- 
 
 ) the Isle of 
 
 possession of 
 
 nd the rest of 
 
 nice set down 
 
 sbec be taken, 
 
 uda of all the 
 
 iig:ht possibly 
 
 although this 
 
 St Lawrence 
 
 ill be the only 
 
 ther, ifnottwo 
 
 tvay of Lake 
 
 \ntario. That 
 
 far as Crotcn 
 
 change into a 
 
 r post there." 
 
 il certainly be 
 
 cl to the water, 
 
 le of the most 
 
 army from the 
 
 Qiiehec, when 
 
 d the foresight 
 |aken as soon as 
 the Plains, vas 
 ie operatic ns of 
 T the campaign 
 t, which he for- 
 .e operations oil 
 
 Lake Ontario were carried just to that eflfect which 
 opened the way for the next campaign, in 1760, 
 when General Amherst went that way to take pos- 
 session of Canada. 
 
 The project of the campaign, ultimately adopted 
 by the Ministry, was to make impressions on three 
 different parts at once, so as to distract the attention 
 and divide the forces of the French. The command 
 in chief was entrusted to General Amherst, who with 
 an army of twelve thousand men under his particular 
 command, was to reduce Ticonderoga and Crown 
 Point. He was then to cross Lake Champlain, and 
 proceeding along the lliver Richelieu, was to reach 
 the St. Lawrence, and unite himself to tlie army 
 destine^' to attack Quebec. General Prideaux, with 
 anotlier army, and with a large body of friendly In- 
 dians, under Sir William Johnson, on whom they 
 fully relied, was ordered to capture Fort Niagara, 
 which commanded the interior of the country, and 
 was considered one of the most important of the 
 French posts. He also, if successful, was to descend 
 to Montreal, and undertake the attack of that city. 
 The immediate attack from the sea was directed 
 solely against Quebec, and the troops were placed 
 under the command of Major General James Wolfe, 
 who had distinguished himself so eminently the year 
 before at the siege and capture of Louisbourg, and 
 who possessed the confidence and the affections of 
 Ithe army to an extraordinary degree. The Minister 
 in his choice of the youthful General regarded merit 
 alone. He required a man on whose abilities he could 
 Iroly ; and he was fully persuaded of the professional 
 jtalent of Wolfe, and of the immense resources of 
 Ills mind and character. Patronage Mr, Pitt disre- 
 toied) as the General was undistinguished by family 
 
 2 E 
 
'¥ 
 
 : ? :) 
 
 
 i 
 
 NEW PV:;TTJ]iE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 connexion or fortnne ; alihouj^h t^ori;j wlio were 
 placed under his command prssessed, in addition to 
 great merit, the reconir4je5i(lj.tions of high birth and 
 ministerial interest. It is understood that Wolfe had 
 the selection of all his Staff Officers ; and if so, no- 
 thing could more clearly demonstrate his own judg- 
 ment than the admirable selection which he made. 
 He had ample reason to be satisfied with every de- 
 partment ; for never was a General served with 
 greater zeal, courage and conduct. 
 
 The naval forces for the service in North America 
 consisted of twenty sail of the line, two ships of fifty 
 guns, twelve frigates, and fourteen smaller vessels. 
 Transports were to be procured, or were to meet 
 them, at Halifax and Lnuisbourg. The whole was un- 
 der the command of Vice Admiral Saunders, who had 
 under him Rear Admirals Philip Durell and Charles 
 Holmes, all officers of distinction in the service of 
 their country. Admiral Durell had wintered at 
 Halifax, and pursuant to instructions sailed for the 
 River St. Lawrence ns early as the state of the na- 
 vigation would permit, for the purpose of interrupt- 
 ing the early convoys from France. In this he was 
 iniaiiccessful, three frigates, having in convoy seven- 
 toer. vessels, with provisions, stores and a few recruits,! 
 having reached Quebec a few days before his arrival] 
 at Bic, on the 23d May. Here, however, he per- 
 formed a signal service to the expedition. Havind 
 hoisted French colors, the pilots in the River think- 
 ing his a French fleet, which might have be^n expect- 
 ed at that time, came unhesitatingly on board, andj 
 were detained until the arrival of Admiral Saunder^l 
 and the troops. They were then compelled to pil 
 the fleet up to the Isle of Orleans, which, althouglil 
 
 grie 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 327 
 
 i Willi werci 
 addition to 
 jrli birth and 
 'WoLFE had 
 Tid if so, no- 
 is own judg- 
 ch he made, 
 ith every de- 
 served with 
 
 orth America 
 , ships of fifty 
 nailer vessels. 
 were to meet 
 whole was un- 
 iders, who had 
 jll and Charles 
 ; the service of 
 d wintered at 
 i sailed for the 
 ;ate of the na- 
 se of interrupt- 
 In this he was 
 convoy seven- 1 
 d a few recruits, 
 efore his arrival 
 wever, he pcr- 
 Ution. Having 
 he River think-| 
 ive bepn expect- 
 y on board, and! 
 dmiral Saunder< 
 impelled to piM 
 which, althouglil 
 
 g^rievously, as may be supposed, aga^ist their will, 
 they safely accomplished. 
 
 Rear Admiral Holmes sailed on the 14th Febr i~ 
 ary for Halifax, with orders to hasten the prepa- 
 rations there and at Louisbourg; and on Sat^^day, 
 the 17th February, Admiral Saunders sailed horn. 
 Spithead with General Wolfe and the troops iiom 
 England. The rendezvous was appointed at Louis- 
 bourg ; but in consequence of that harbor being 
 blocked up with ice, the fleet proceeded to Halifax. 
 Here every exertion was made to forward the expe- 
 dition ; and General Wolfe obtained the admiration 
 and confidence of the army by the clearness and dis- 
 tinctness of his orders, as well as by his personal 
 activity and zeal. The transports having been pre- 
 pared for sea, the fleet sailed for Louisbourg, where 
 they were joined by the regiments in garrison, and 
 by other reinforcements from the Bay of Fundy, 
 making the whole force eight thousand men. 
 
 On the 6th June, they got clear of the harbor of 
 Louisbourg, and made sail for the River St. Law- 
 rence. They reached Isle aux Coudres on the '23d, 
 where they found Admiral Durell, who furnished the 
 fleet with the French pilots whom he had detain- 
 ed on board a month for that purpo . Admiral 
 Durell, whose force was augmented with ^ome of the 
 larger ships of war, remained at Isle aux Cov f'cs by 
 order of Admiral Saunders, to prevent the c nemy 
 from interrupting the siege on that side. On the 
 26th June, the fleet and transports came to anchor 
 oflfthe Isle of Orleans. 
 
 It may be here remarked, that as if the destiny of 
 the French rule in North America was about to be 
 accomplished, not the smallest disaster interrupted 
 the progress of the English fleet and army up the 
 
 w^% 
 
 
 fi 
 
328 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF JJUEBEC, 
 
 j; '' -if 
 
 t ;l 
 
 .p^, • 
 
 si' 
 
 m 
 
 111; ..<> 
 
 ■'1 ''iJ 
 
 ■■;ii 
 
 If I. 
 'Ill I' 
 
 i i 
 
 St. Lawrence. We have already mentioned the 
 difHciilty with which Sir William Phipps made his 
 way from the Gulf, in 1690 ; and have noticed the 
 shipwreck and destruction of part of the fleet under 
 Sir Hovenden Walker in 1711. Both those expe- 
 ditions, however, were commenced at later periods 
 of the season, when the navigation of the St. Law- 
 rence is not altogether certain. Phipps arrived be- 
 fore Quebec in the month of October, and Walker 
 was ship ^'recked in the latter end of August. Ad- 
 miral Saunders, in addition to the French pilots 
 whom he had received from Durell, at Isle mix Cou- 
 dres. naviijated the river bv the assistance of the 
 most accurate charts then in existence ; and the 
 skill of Captain Cook, afterwards so celebrated as 
 a discoverer, was advantageously shown on this 
 occasion.* The buoys in the Traverse below the 
 
 * Captain James Cook, was born at Marton, in tlie County 
 of York — the parish recrlster s^at<;s, that he was baptised No- 
 veniltor 3, 1728, his father was day labourer to Mr. Newburn. 
 Ill the year 1745, he was apprenticed for four years to a grocer 
 at Snaith, about ten miles from Whitby — having discovered a 
 strong propensity for the sea, his indentures were given up — 
 he was afterwards bound for three years, to Mr. Walker of 
 Whitbr, and sailed on board the Freelove, a vessel of about 
 four hundred tons, engaged in the coal trade between Newcastle 
 and London — he quitted the merchant service in 1752, and in 
 order to try his fortune as he expressed it, entered on board 
 His Majesty's ship Eagle, of 28 guns — nothing was heard from 
 him by any of his friends, until August, 1758, when a letter uas 
 received dated on board the Pembroke, before Louisbourg, July 
 30, 1758, in which he gave a distinct account of our success iu 
 that expedition — on the recommendation of Sir Hugh Palliser 
 he received the appointment of Master, and on the 10th May, 
 1750, joined the Mercury, then under orders for Canada. Sir 
 Charles Saunders, at the siege of Quebec, committed to his care 
 
 DiiKfe' 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLIiCTIONS. 
 
 329 
 
 sntioned the 
 pps made his 
 t noticed the 
 e fleet under 
 1 those expe- 
 later periods 
 the St. Law- 
 3S arrived be- 
 , and Walker 
 August. Ad- 
 French pilots 
 ; Isle aux Cou- 
 istance of the 
 nee ; and the 
 , celebrated as 
 shown on this 
 erse below the 
 
 on, in the County 
 WHS baptised No- 
 r to Mr. Nevvburn. 
 r years to a grocer 
 aving discovered a 
 s were given up-- 
 
 to Mr. Walker of 
 , a vessel of about 
 between Newcastle 
 cein 1752, and m 
 t, entered on board 
 in.r was heard from 
 J, when a letter was 
 re Louisbourg, July 
 
 nt of our success ni 
 f Sir Hugh Palliser 
 i on the 1 0th May, 
 rs for Canada. Sir 
 
 m-aitted to his care 
 
 Isle of Orleans had been removed by the French, 
 but the passage had been so well explored by Ad- 
 miral Durell, that the fleet got through without 
 accident. 
 
 Although the Marquis De Vaudreuil, who had 
 been Governor of Louisiana, was at that time Go- 
 vernor General of all New France, being stationed 
 at Montreal with five thousand men, the milit-ary 
 operations and defence of Quebec had been entrusted 
 to the well known talents and bravery of tlie com- 
 mander of the land forces, the Marquis De Mont- 
 calm, already so distinguished by his former cam- 
 paigns. He took every military precaution that a 
 zealous and experienced General could take, to 
 defeat the enterprize of the English, and to pre- 
 serve the colony. He was in possession of a com- 
 manding situation, of strong entrenchments, of a 
 fortress almost impregnable — with an army com- 
 posed of men combating upon their own soil, en« 
 couraged by the veteran troops of France, and 
 commanded by gallant, zealous and distinguished 
 officers. In a military point of view the chances of 
 war were all in favor of the French. But the Eng 
 !ish were commanded by one who was a Hero in the 
 truest sense of the word, undismayed by accumulated 
 difficulties, and with an appetite for glory which no 
 prospect of danger could afl*ect or deter. 
 
 We can imagine the feelings with which Wolfe, 
 iliaving safely landed his army on the 27th June, 
 
 services of the first importance. Lord Colville, and Sir Charles 
 Iboth patronised him, and by their recommendations he was ap- 
 Ipointed to survey the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the coasts of 
 jNewfoundland — he received a commission as Lieutenant, April 
 |lst, 17G0, and was made ('aptain 25th May, 17G8. 
 
 2 E 3 
 
330 
 
 NEW PICTURE OP QUEBEC, 
 
 ilBli 
 
 near the Church of St. Laurent, on the Isle of Or- 
 leans, — where they encamped in one line, about a 
 mile from the shore — proceeded to the west end of 
 the Island to reconnoitre the position of the enemy. 
 It must be confessed that the view he then beheld 
 was most magnificent and imposing. Amidst the 
 native beauty of the scenery, the French army pre- 
 sented its formidable front, extending along the 
 sloping ground upon the north shore, and occupying 
 the heights of Beauport, from Quebec on the right, to 
 the cascade of Montmoienci on the left. 'J'he vil- 
 lage of Beauport rose in the centre, among the bat- 
 talions of Old France — the right rested upon the k>t. 
 Charles, with the beautiful village of Charlesbourg 
 in its rear — the left extended to the chasm of the 
 Falls. The whole front was entrenched, and pro- 
 tected from the English cannon — while all accessible 
 points along the shore were occupied and defended 
 by batteries, and by every means which the science 
 of war provides. Beyond the right, a bridge had been 
 thrown over the River St. Charles, in order to com- 
 municate with the town and garrison. This was pro- 
 tected by teles du pont and strong works at each 
 end, as well as by two batteries, of eight guns each, 
 mounted upon hulks, sunk in the channel. The 
 enthusiastic spirit of Wolfe musthave comprehended 
 all th3 strength of this position, and all the glory of 
 surmounting it; nor could his gentle and highly 
 cultivated mind have been insensible to the extreme! 
 beauty of the scene, the tranquillity of which hisi 
 operations were so immediately to disturb. Looking | 
 upon the calm basin of the St. Lawrence, how aptly] 
 mii^ht he have exclaimed : 
 
 Bella, horrida bella, 
 
 £t Tybrim multo spumantem san<);uine ccrno ! 
 
 cordinj 
 
 of the 
 
 intrepil 
 
 capes \ 
 
 presagf 
 
 It bl 
 
 operatif 
 
 possess! 
 
 TON, S{ 
 
 of the 
 at Beai 
 village I 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 331 
 
 Isle of Or- 
 
 inc, about a 
 : west end of 
 f the enemy, 
 then beheld 
 Amidst the 
 ch army pre- 
 itr along the 
 nd occupying 
 11 the right, to 
 ?ft. 'l^he vil- 
 inong the bat- 
 l upon the St. 
 Charlesbourg 
 chasm of the 
 :hed, and pro- 
 le all accessible 
 and defended 
 ich the science 
 )ridge had been 
 1 order to com- 
 This was pro- 
 works at each 
 ight guns each, 
 channel. 1 "^ 
 3 comprehended 
 all the glory of 
 tie and highly 
 to the extreme 
 ty of which his 
 turb. Looking 
 •ence, how aptly | 
 
 m'jfuine ccrno ! 
 
 The French army was composed of about thirteen 
 thousand men, six battalions of which were regulars, 
 and the remainder well disciplined Canadian Militia, 
 with some cavalry and Indians. The right was 
 under the command of Brigadier General the Baron 
 l)e St, Ours, the centre of Brigadier General De 
 Senezergues, and the left of M. Ilerbin. The 
 garrison was commanded by M. De llamezay. 
 
 Although the fleet had safely arrived at the place 
 of disembarkation, no sooner were the troops on 
 shore than it met with one of those storms of wind 
 and rain which are frequent in the lliver St. Law- 
 rence. The hurricane was of such violence as to do 
 great damage to the transports, and boats of the 
 fleet, by their driving on board each other. The 
 element of fire was also employed for its destruction, 
 but happily without success. At midnight on the 
 28th June, the enemy sent down with the tide seven 
 fire ships, whose appearance at first was very for- 
 midable, as they lay in the proper channel. The 
 French crews, however, being anxious to get to land, 
 fired the trains on board much too soon, which en- 
 abled the fleet to prepare for their reception. Ac- 
 cordingly they were grappled with, and towed clear 
 of the shipping, with the characteristic coolness and 
 intrepidity of British sailors. These repeated es- 
 capes from imminent danger seemed to afford happy- 
 presages of ultimate success and triumph. 
 
 It being absolutely necessary for the combined 
 operations of the two services, that the English should 
 possess the command of the Basin, General Monck- 
 TON, second in command, was detached on the night 
 of the 29th with four battalions, with orders to land 
 at Beaumont, and to clear the south shore from that 
 village to Pointe Levi, which post he was to occupy 
 
if 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 and fortify — a duty which he accomplished with 
 little opposition. Here he immediately erected bat- 
 teries and works, the remains of which may be traced 
 at the present day. In the mean time, Colonel Guv 
 Carleton, afterwards Lord Dorchester, esta- 
 blished himself at the western point of the Isle of 
 Orleans, where he erected v^orks for the defence of 
 the magazines, stores, and hospitals. 
 
 Montcalm, who too late perceived the importance 
 of the works at Pointe Levi, sent a corps of sixteen 
 hundred men against them ; but these troops un- 
 luckily for themselves, and for the English General, 
 who was anxious to defeat so large a detachment, 
 fell into confusion, and having fired upon each other 
 instead of upon the enemy, returned in utter discom- 
 fiture. The batteries were completed at intervals 
 from Pointe Levi Church, where Monckton 'scamp 
 was, to the heights immediately opposite to the 
 Citadel ; and the Lower Town, together with the 
 principal buildings of the Upper Town, was laid in 
 ruins by their fire. After the surrender, it was found 
 that 'upwards of five hundred houses had been des- 
 troyed, a damage the more to be regretted as it fell 
 upon the inhabitants only, very little injury having 
 been done to the defences of the place. 
 
 General Wolfe, perceiving that the ground to 
 the eastward of the Falls of Montmorenci, on which 
 rested the left flank of the French army, was higher 
 than that on the enemy's side, determined to take 
 possession of it ; and having passed the north chan- 
 nel, he encamped there on the 9th July, not without 
 severe skirmishing and considerable loss. Here he 
 erected batteries which greatly galled the left of the 
 French intrenchments. He was aware that there 
 was a ford at the bottom of the Falls, through which 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 333 
 
 islied with 
 reeled bat- 
 ,V be traced 
 olonel Guy 
 ITER, esta- 
 tlie Isle of 
 defence of 
 
 importance 
 IS of sixteen 
 
 troops un- 
 ish General, 
 detachment, 
 n each other 
 itter discom- 
 
 at intervals 
 kton's camp 
 osite to the 
 ler with the 
 1, was laid in 
 , it was found 
 id been des- 
 tted as it fell 
 njury having 
 
 le ground to 
 aci, on which 
 y, was higher 
 nined to take 
 ; north chan- 
 , not without 
 )ss. Here he 
 the left of the 
 ire that there 
 hrough which 
 
 the hahitans pass at ebb tide ; and he liad also hopes 
 that possibly means might be found of passing the 
 River Montmorenci above, so as to fight with 
 Montcalm on terms of less disadvantage than direct- 
 ly attaciting his intrenchments. 
 
 Admiral Saunders, having advanced his vessels 
 nearer to the city, compelled the French naval force 
 to proceed up the lliver to Batiscan, leaving their 
 crews, however, who formed part of the garrison and 
 were useful in serving the artillery. 80 great, in- 
 deed, was the unanimity between the two services, 
 and the desire of mutual co-operation, thn*" in order 
 that General Wolfe might carry with him d) largo 
 a body of troops as possible on landing at Irlontmo- 
 ronci, the Admiral ordered all the marines to be 
 landed on the Isle of Orleans, and to do duty in the 
 works which had been erected there. 
 
 On the ]8th July, at night, General Wolfe de- 
 termined to proceed some distance up the river for 
 the purpose of reconnoitring the banks above the 
 town. With two men of war, two armed sloops and 
 some troops, he safely passed the batteries of the 
 |;(arrison ; and after a close observation found every 
 accessible landing place protected by the enemy from 
 Cape Diamond to Cape llouge. He could not 
 lavoid coming to the conclusion, that even if he should 
 etfect a landing, the body first put on shore could not 
 he reinforced before it was attacked by the enemy's 
 whole army. He seems, however, to have almost 
 determined on making the attempt at St. Michel, 
 about three miles from Quebec ; but finding the 
 enemy suspicious of his design, and some artillery 
 having been brought from the garrison to play upon 
 the shipping, he was forced to relinquish his inten- 
 jtion. The reader will find that circumstances finally 
 
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 IMAGE EVALUATION 
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 7 
 
 HiotDgraphic 
 
 Sciences 
 
 Corporation 
 
 23 WIST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, NY. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
A^ 
 
NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 compelled the army to adopt this mode of attack, 
 althoujrh at this period the General did not consider 
 it advisable to attempt it. Colonel Carleton was 
 ordered to land at Pointe aux Trembles with a detach- 
 ment, where he was disappointed in finding the ma- 
 gazines he had been led to expect ; and brought 
 away only a few prisoners, for the sake of acquiring 
 information. 
 
 On Wolfe's return to Montmorenci, he con- 
 ceived the design of attacking the Fr* nch in their 
 entrenchments. This attack, which looking at the 
 difficulties of the ground, appears to have been 
 carefully considered and planned with judgment, 
 took place on the 3lst July. It failed through want 
 of caution and excess of courage on the part of the 
 grenadiers, although the grounding of the boats upon 
 the ledge, some distance from the shore, was, doubt- 
 less the primary cause of the disaster. Time, which 
 was precious — since the tide making would cut off I 
 their retreat by the ford, if unsuccessful — was neces- 
 sarily lost by this accident, and the troops were! 
 thrown into some disorder. As soon as a new place 
 of disembarkation had been found, the grenadiers, to 
 the number of thirteen companies, supported by two 
 hundred of the second Royal American Battalion,! 
 made good their landing. Before, however. Briga- 
 dier General Monckton*s corps, designed to sup- 
 port them, could reach the shore, the grenadiersl 
 rushed forward impetuously to the attack of the en-| 
 trenchments in great disorder and confusion, occaj 
 sioned by the hurry of landing ; and received sol 
 severe a check from the enemy's fire, as to be obliged! 
 to take shelter in a redoubt at the water's edgef 
 which the French abandoned to them on their { 
 vance, contenting themselves with a cannonadinj 
 
'1 
 
 WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 a35 
 
 ode of attack, 
 d not consider 
 Jauleton was 
 I with a detacli- 
 nding the ma- 
 : and brought 
 ie of acquiring 
 
 renci, he con- 
 Fr' nch in their 
 L looking at the 
 
 to have been 
 with judgment, 
 ed through want 
 
 the part of the 
 31 the boats upon 
 
 lore, was, doubt- 
 r. Time, which 
 ig would cut off 
 jgful — was neces- 
 the troops were 
 )n as a new place 
 the grenadiers, to 
 
 supported by two| 
 lerican Battalion, 
 
 however, Briga- 
 
 designed to sup- 
 e, the grenadiers 
 
 attack of the en-l 
 
 confusion, occa- 
 
 , and received so 
 
 re, as to be obliged 
 
 the water's edge 
 liem on their ad 
 
 th a caunonadinf 
 
 from the entrenchment that commanded tlie re- 
 doubt. In this situation these gallant men continued 
 for some time under a most galling fire. Their 
 officers, careless of their persons and regarding only 
 their duty, fell in great numbers ; until at length 
 General Wolfe, finding his object defeated, called 
 off the grenadiers, and ordered them to form them- 
 selves behind General Monckton's corps, which 
 had landed in good order. The whole afterwarc^s 
 reimbarked without further loss or molestation. 
 
 Many affecting incidents occurred on this occasion. 
 The English Officers, many of whom were unaccus- 
 tomed to the nature of the warfare, particularly to 
 the Indian mode of attack, fell easy victims to the 
 unerring rifle of the latter ; yet never forgot their 
 character as soldiers, or their honor as Englishmen. 
 No disgrace attached to the soldiers — some instances 
 of devotion occurred which would have done honor 
 to ancient history. 
 
 After the failure of the attack at Montmorenci, 
 their share in which the grenadiers nobly redeemed 
 at the subsequent battle of the Plains, Brigadier 
 General Murray, afterwards Governor of Quebec, 
 was detached up the river with twelve hundred men. 
 After two unsuccessful attempts to land, he effected 
 his disembarkation at Deschambaud, where he took 
 a few prisoners, and burned a magazine, full of stores, 
 provisions, and spare' clothing for the French army. 
 From" the prisoners, they obtained gratifying intel- 
 hgence from the army of General Amherst, who 
 had been the first in motion of the three separate 
 armies, and who had taken possession u5 Ticonderoga. 
 Nor was this the only success. ^J hey also learned 
 that Sir William Johnson had captured Fort 
 Niagara, on the 25th July previous. The month 
 
336 
 
 NEW PICTURE OP QUEBEC, 
 
 of August was passed in various skirmishes, and in 
 expeditions on both shores of the river, rendered 
 necessary by the desultory hostilities of small parties 
 of Indians and Canadians — in the conduct of which 
 the inhabitants suffered unavoidably all the horrors 
 of war. 
 
 The despatches of General Wolfe and of the 
 Admiral, from which the foregoing particulars are 
 principally taken, were dated September 2d and 5th. 
 He touches with delicacy upon his own severe illness, 
 and describes feelingly, but with perfect self posses- 
 sion and confidence, the difficulties which he expe- 
 rienced : 
 
 " The Admiral's despatches and mine would have gone eight 
 or ten days sooner if 1 had not been prevented from writing by 
 a fever. I found mysolf so ill, and am still so weak, thai I 
 begged the general officers to consult together for the public 
 utility, lliey are of opinion, that as more ships and provisions 
 are now yet above the town, they should try, by conveying a 
 corps of four or five thousand men, which is nearly the whole 
 strength of the army, after the Points of Levi and Orleans are 
 left in a proper state of defence, to draw the enemy from their 
 present situation and bring them to an action. I have ac- 
 quiesced in their proposal, and we are preparing to put it in 
 execution. The Admiral and I have examined the town, with 
 a view to a general assault ; but after consulting the chief en- 
 gineer, who is well acquainted with the interior part of it, and 
 after viewing it with the utmost attention, we found that, 
 though the batteries of the Lower Town might be easily 
 silenced by the men of war, yet the business of an assault 
 would be little advanced by that, since the five passages leadin<r 
 from the Lower to the Upper Town are carefully entrenched, 
 and the upper batteries cannot be affected by the ships, which 
 must receive considerable damage from them and from the 
 mortars. The Admiral would readily join in this or any other 
 measure for the public service; but 1 could not propose to hira 
 an undertaking of so dangerous a nature, and promising so lit- 
 tle success. 
 
 > " To the uncommon strength of the country, the enemy have 
 added, for the defence of the river, a great number of floating 
 
 To 
 
 tract fJ 
 lieved,! 
 liimseli 
 
 ^!iii!!l„ 
 
ishes, and in 
 r^er, rendered 
 f small parties 
 duct of which 
 ,11 the horrors 
 
 ?E and of the 
 particulars are 
 er 2d and 5th. 
 I severe illness, 
 ;ct self posses • 
 ?hich he expe- 
 
 dhave gone eight 
 d from writing by 
 1 so weak, thai I 
 her for the public 
 lips and provisions 
 ^', by conveying a 
 s nearly the whole 
 n and Orleans are 
 enemy from their 
 tion. I have ac- 
 aring to put it in 
 ,ed the town, with 
 ting the chief en- 
 rior part of it, and 
 we found that, 
 might be easily 
 ess of an assault 
 ve passages lead! njr 
 efuUy entrenched, 
 r the'ships, which 
 lem and from the 
 11 this or any other 
 lot propose to hira 
 d promising so lit- 
 
 y, the enemy have 
 number of floating 
 
 WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 337 
 
 batteries and boats ; by the vigilance of these, and the Indians 
 round our posts, it has been impossible to execute any thing 
 by surprise. We have had almost daily skirmishes with these 
 savages, in which they are generally defeated, but not without 
 loss on our side. By the list of disabled officers, many of 
 whom are of rank, you may perceive. Sir, that the army is 
 ranch weakened. By the nature of the river, the most for- 
 midable part of this armament is deprived of the power of act- 
 ing, yet we have almost the whole force of Canada to oppose. 
 Ill this situation, there is such a choice of difficulties y that I am 
 myself at a loss how to determine. The affairs of Great Britain, 
 1 know, require most vigorous measures ; but then the courage 
 of a handful of brave men should be exerted only, where there 
 is some hope of a favorable event. However, you may rest as- 
 sured, Sir, that the small part of the campaign which remains 
 shall be employed, as far as I am able, for the honor of His 
 Majesty, and the interest of the nation, in which I am sure of 
 being seconded by the Admiral and by the Generals, happy 
 if our efforts here can contribute to the success of His Ma- 
 jesty's Arms in any other part of America. 
 
 I have, &c. 
 
 James Wolfe." ■ 
 
 Return of loss at the hatile of MontmorencL 
 
 Killed. Wounded. Missing, 
 
 Officers................ 11 46 
 
 Serjeants, 9 26 ' 
 
 Drummers, 7 
 
 Rank and tile 162 371 . 15 .^ 
 
 182 
 
 650 
 
 15 
 
 PREPARATIONS FOR LANDING. 
 
 ^ .»>: 
 
 ri 
 
 To the council of war alluded to in the above ex- 
 tract from this famous despatch, it is generally be- 
 heved, on contemporary information, that Wolfe 
 himself proposed a second attack upon the entrench- 
 
 2 F 
 
 ' IK I 
 
i r- 
 
 'i S!i!^::^ 
 
 t 'I ■ i 
 
 I : Hi; 
 
 ■ n:,i 
 
 338 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 merits between Montmorenci and the River St. 
 Charles. However gaUant such a design, and how- 
 ever gloriously the martial spirit of Wolfe was 
 displayed by the proposal, it appeared to the other 
 general officers, who had never flinched in the hour 
 of duty, so fraught with ruin and so big with dange- 
 rous consequences, as rather to be declined than car- 
 ried into execution. They protested, therefore, 
 against that design ; and in their turn proposed to 
 Wolfe to attack Quebec in the unexpected and 
 surprising manner by which it was subsequently ta- 
 ken, and which will be admired to the latest posterity. 
 The honor of having proposed this plan in the coun- 
 cil of war has been claimed by the family of Gene- 
 ral TowNSHEND for their distinguished ancestor. 
 Wolfe, having always his country's interest upper- 
 most in his thoughts, like a true patriot gave up his 
 own opinion, or rather instantly acknowledged the 
 splendid design which had been suggested to him ; 
 generously resolving to put it into execution, and to 
 place himself at the head of the enterprise — well as- 
 sured that he would be nobly seconded by the other 
 Generals. Such conduct on both sides was highly I 
 honorable to the officers present at this council, ail| 
 of whom were young men, full of ambition, and the I 
 desire of personal distinction. 
 
 The failure at Montmorenci had made a deep im- 
 pression upon the mind of Wolfe. He had a spiritl 
 impatient of anticipated censure — unable to bearl 
 disappointment, where he was conscious of having 
 deserved success — and he cherished an eager desire to 
 retrieve the laurels which he feared some miglitl 
 think had fallen from his brow. His situation 
 however, was such that he despaired of finding an 
 opportunity ; he was often heard to sigh, and ob 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 339 
 
 1 
 
 le Iliver St. 
 ign, and how- 
 WoLFE was 
 [ to the other 
 ed in the hour 
 o- with danjje- 
 [ined than car- 
 ed, therefore, 
 [1 proposed to 
 lexpected and 
 bsequently ta- 
 atest posterity, 
 n in the coun- 
 imily of Gene- 
 sl\ed ancestor, 
 interest upper- 
 iot j^ave up his 
 Lnowledged the 
 gested to him ; 
 ecution, and to 
 prise — well as- 
 jd by the other 
 ies was highly 
 this council, all 
 ibition, and the 
 
 lade a deep im- 
 He had a spirit 
 unable to bear 
 icious of having 
 n eager desire to 
 ed some miglit 
 His situation, 
 ed of finding an 
 ;o sigh, and ob- 
 
 served to betray great inward agitation. His con- 
 stitution, naturally delicate, gave way under his 
 excitement ; which added to the great fatigues he 
 had undergone, brought on a fever and dysen- 
 tery, and for some time totally disabled him. Such 
 was the aflfection of the whole army for Wolfe, 
 that his sickness made a general 'mpression upon 
 them ; and when his health, after ten days severe 
 illness, permitted him to return to the camp, and 
 once more to visit the guards and posts as usual, they 
 gave the strongest proofs of the most heartfelt joy, 
 and his presence infused fresh spirits into the troops. 
 With a view to the ulterior operations above the 
 town, several of the men of war had passed the 
 batteries, without receiving much damage, on the 
 27th, 29th and 30th August ; and on the 1st Sep- 
 tember, the sick and wounded were removed from 
 Montmorenci, to the Isle of Orleans. By the 4tli 
 September, the whole had left the camp at Mont- 
 morenci and taken post at Pointe Levi. This move- 
 ment, however, did not escape the notice of Mont- 
 calm ; who on the 3d, detached two large columns to 
 the northward, with the apparent design of crossing 
 the upper ford, and of either attacking General 
 Wolfe in his camp with diminished forces, part of 
 the army having been already transported to Pointe 
 Levi — or to fall upon his rear as he was quitting his 
 camp, and incommode him in re-imbarking the 
 troops. Wolfe, however, had so well digested his 
 plan, that his operations were performed without 
 any loss. No sooner were the French troops ob- 
 served in motion, that General Monckton ordered 
 a large detachment from his post at Pointe Levi to 
 embark in boats, and to stand towards the Beauport 
 shore. This feint had the desired effect, and Mont- 
 
 si 
 
iK.! 
 
 |i 
 
 340 
 
 KE\f PICTURE OF (QUEBEC, 
 
 iii, I 
 
 lillllllj'! 
 
 Pi! 
 
 P I 
 
 
 I': » 
 
 I |l 
 
 ' PI II 
 
 CALM recalled his two columns in haste. In the 
 mean time General Wolfe, having" withdrawn his 
 artillervj set fire to the camp, destroyed the works 
 he had erected, and re-imbarked his troops without 
 interruption, most of whom he ordered to encamp at 
 Pointe Levi, the remainder on the Isle of Orleans. 
 The latter afterwards joined the main body at Pointe 
 Levi. 
 
 The plan for landing under the heights of Abra- 
 ham having been completely digested, a series of 
 operations took place upon the south shore for the 
 purpose of deceiving, and distracting the attention of 
 the enemy. In this they were quite successful. On 
 the 5th September, a corps of six hundred men 
 marched up the south shore from Pointe Levi, at- 
 tended by sloops carrying one month's provision. 
 On the 6th, the main body received orders to march 
 above the town, taking with them only one spare 
 shirt, and one pair of stockings. They forded the 
 River Etchemin, and proceeded to a spot, whence 
 they embarked on board of the men of war and trans- 
 ports, under the command of Admiral Holm'^a, who 
 conveyed then some distance above Cape Diamond. 
 General Montcalm did not suspect, from the 
 small number of ships, that Wolfe had convey- 
 ed his main body up the river. He contented him- 
 self, therefore, with detaching Bougainville with 
 two thousand men to Cape Rouge to watch their 
 motions. On the 10th, the weather being wet, 
 and the troops much crowded on board, they were 
 landed on the south shore for exercise and refresh- 
 ment, and marched to the Church of St. Nicolas 
 where they took post, all their movements adding to 
 the uncertainty of the French as to their destina- 
 tion. Every preparation having been made — and 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 341 
 
 Admiral Saunders having engaged to co-operate 
 by a feint attack upon the entrenchments at Beau- 
 port — the eventful day approached when the blow 
 was to be struck. Hear Admiral Holmes had the 
 command of the naval force employed in covering 
 die disembarkation, the immediate management of 
 which was entrusted to Captain Chads, a name to this 
 day distinguished in the Royal Navy. On the 12th 
 September, General Wolfe issued the following 
 order : 
 
 " ON BOARD HIS MAJESTY's SHIP SUTHERLAND." 
 
 " The enemy's force is now divided : nfreat scarcity of pro* 
 visions is in their camp, and universal discontent among' the 
 (Juua.ilans. The second oHicer in comnian<l is «rone to Montreal, 
 or St. Johns; which jrives reason to think that General Amherst 
 is advancing- into the colony. A vi;^oroiis blow struck by the 
 army at this juncture may determine the fate of Canada. Our 
 troops below are in readiness to join us : all the light artillery 
 and tools are embarked at Pointe Li;,i ; ?*id the troops will 
 land where the French seem least to expect it. The Hrst 
 body that g"ets on shore is to march directly to the enemy, and 
 drive them from any little post they may occupy. The olHcers 
 must be careful that the succeedingf bodies do not, by any mis- 
 take, fire upon those who jfo before them. The battalions must 
 form upon the upper g^round with expedition, and be ready to 
 cliar;re whatever presents itself. When the artillery and troops 
 are landed, a corps will be left to secure the landing place, while 
 the rest march on, and endeavor to brinjj the French and Ca- 
 nadians to a battle. The officers and men will remember what 
 their country expects from them, and what a determined body 
 of soldiers, inured to war, is capable of doing-, against five weak 
 French battalions, ming-led with disorderly peasantry. The 
 soldiers must be attentive and obedient to their officers, and 
 the officers resolute in the execution of their duty." 
 
 The plan adopted was, that the troops should be 
 conveyed some distance up the river for the purpose 
 of deceiving the enemy, and of amusing M. De 
 
 2 f3 
 
 11 
 
342 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 ! I 
 
 I r} 
 
 ii ' ill 
 
 Bougainville. They were afterwards in the nio^ht 
 to drop down with the tide, and to land on the north 
 shore about a mile above Cape Diamond, in the 
 expectation of being able to ascend the heights of 
 Abraham, and to gain the open ground westward of 
 the city, where it was most open to attack. Nothing 
 could be more hazardous in the execution than 
 this design — the slightest accident might derange 
 the whole course of the operations — a night attack 
 was always liable to mischance — yet the plan was 
 carried into effect not only with complete success, 
 but with singular ease and good fortune. 
 
 On the evening of the l'2th September, Admiral 
 Saunders ordered all the boats of the fleet below 
 the town to rendezvous astern of one of the frigates. 
 Into these he put all the marines he could spare, 
 and under cover of some frigates and sloops of war, 
 ordered them to work up, and just at break of day, 
 on the 13th, to stand over to the Beauport shore, as 
 if intending a descent there. The frigates and sloops 
 were ordered to approach as near as possible, and to 
 cannonade the French lines. This feint had a good 
 effect, as it compelled Montcalm to leave a stronger 
 body, than he at first designed for that service, to 
 protect the entrenchments : at the same time that it 
 drew off his attention from the more important scene 
 ol action above the town. 
 
 At night on the l'2th, the main body quartered on 
 the south shore was ordered to embark in flat bot- 
 tomed boats, and to proceed up th^ river with the 
 tide of flood. The first division was composed of 
 the light infantry, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel 
 the Honorable William Howe, the regiments of 
 Bragg, Kennedy, Lascelles and Anstruther, with a 
 detachment of Highlanders, and the grenadiers of 
 
 I I 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 343 
 
 the Royal American Regiment, under the command 
 of Brigadiers General Monckton and Murray. 
 The night was clear and star light, and Bougain- 
 ville perceiving the boats, marched up the north 
 bank of the river to prevent any landing. About 
 an hour before day light, the boats fell down the river 
 with the tide of ebb, with great rapidity by the help 
 of oars, and keeping close to the shore. They were 
 followed at some interval by the shipping, and both 
 luckily escaped observation. About day-light on the 
 13th, they arrived at a cove below Sillery, now for ever 
 celebrated as Wolfe's Cove, which was the place 
 chosen for the disembarkation. The light infantry, 
 which had been carried a short distance below by 
 the rapidity of the lide, were the first that landed, 
 and scrambling up the woody precipice — the ascent 
 of which was so difficult, that the soldiers were oblig- 
 ed to pull themselves up by the roots and boughs of 
 trees — displaced a French guard at the top, under the 
 command of Captain De Vergor, which defended 
 the narrow path, and thereby enabled the rest of the 
 division to reach the summit. The boats in the mean 
 time had returned for the second division under 
 Brigadier General Townshend, which arrived and 
 landed in like good order. General Wolfe was 
 with the first division, and he was one of the first on 
 shore. On seeing the difficulty of ascending the pre- 
 cipice, he observed in a familiar strain to Captain 
 Donald McDonald, a very gallant officer of Eraser's 
 Highlanders, who commanded the advanced guard of 
 the light infantry : — " I don't believe there is any 
 possibility of getting up ; but you must do your en- 
 deavor." ■ ' ■ ■ 
 
 The exultation of Wolfe on thus finding himself, 
 with scarcely any loss, on the heights of Abraham, 
 
344 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 M 
 
 1 1 
 
 : 111; 
 
 ! Il 
 
 ■„„ '''ll 
 
 may easily be conceived. After more than two 
 months of solicitude, tlie object of his long and anxious 
 wishes was before him — his only remaining hope was 
 that Montcalm would give liim battle — 'of the re- 
 sult he entertained no doubt. The hour of triumph 
 so long sought for, so eagerly expected, was at hand 
 — he was determined that day to decide the supre- 
 macy of England or France, in America, before 
 the walls of her most important fortress : 
 
 Conspicitin pianos hostem descendere campos, 
 Oblaturaque videt votis sibi njille petitum 
 Tempus, in extremos quo mitterct omnia casus. 
 
 The first care of General Wolfe was to capture 
 a four gun battery on the left of the British, which 
 was accomplished by Colonel Howe — the next, to 
 draw up his little army to the best advantage, as the 
 regiments landed, in order to meet General Mont- 
 calm, who was observed to be on his march from 
 Beauport. 
 
 Montcalm could scarcely give credit to the first 
 messenger who brought him the news of the successful 
 landing of the English. Wolfe's extraordinary 
 achievement had indeed baffled all his plans, and 
 astonished to the utmost by this unexpected event, 
 he yet prepared for the crisis with promptness and 
 courage. He immediately adopted the resolution of 
 meeting Wolfe in the field, and of deciding the fate 
 of Canada in a pitched battle. In this determination 
 he is said to have acted against the opinion of the 
 Governor General, the Marquis De Vaudreuil, 
 who had come down from Montreal. . , 
 
 About nine o'clock the enemy advanced in three 
 columns, having crossed tho bridge of boats on the St. 
 Charles. Their force consisted of two thousand regular 
 
 troops 
 
 dred s 
 
 former 
 
 by a t 
 
 front I 
 
 and III 
 
 cessan 
 
 The 
 
 give fi 
 
 the sul 
 
 shall s 
 
 ticulars 
 
 trate ai 
 
 this acl 
 
 fall of 
 
 Letter f) 
 the B 
 Point( 
 Sir, 
 
 Ih 
 stant, H 
 the Fren 
 exerting" 
 pretty ea 
 great mis 
 that we I 
 out nnd( 
 were gi\ 
 therefore 
 the troo 
 be soon 
 that day. 
 
 P. S.- 
 diness an 
 
 As th 
 I am in 
 the tow- 
 
Wini HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 345 
 
 —the next, to 
 
 troops, five thousand disciplined militia, and five hun- 
 dred savages. At ten, Montcalm's line of battle was 
 formed, at least six deep, having the flanks covered 
 by a thick wood on each side — along the bushes in 
 front he had thrown about fifteen hundred Canadians 
 and Indians, whose fire was as galling as it was in- 
 cessant, until the battle became general. 
 
 The official despatches of General Tovvnshend 
 give full details of this memorable conflict, and of 
 the subsequent surrender of Quebec. To them we 
 shall subjoin several authentic and interesting par- 
 ticulars, which have been collected in order to illus- 
 trate and throw into the clearest light the glory of 
 this achievement, rendered for ever illustrious by the 
 fall of the two leaders. 
 
 Letter from the Honorable Brigad:er General Moncktov to 
 the Right Honorable Mr. Secretain Pitt, dated^ Camp at 
 PointeLevi, September 15, 1759. 
 Sir, 
 
 I have the pleasure to acquaint ynu, that, on the 13th in- 
 stant, His Majesty's troops g-iiinow a very sigfnal victory over 
 the French, a little above the town of Quebec. General Wolfe, 
 exerting himself on the right of our line, received a wound 
 pretty early, of which he died soon after, and I had myself the 
 great misfortune of receiving one in ray right breast by a ball, 
 that went through part of ray lungs (and which has been cut 
 out under the blade bone of my shoulder,) just as the French 
 were giving way, which obliged me to quit the field. I have 
 therefore, Sir, desired General Townshend, who now commands 
 the troops before the town, (and of which I am in hopes he will 
 be soon in possession,) to acquaint you with the particulars of 
 that day, and of the operations carrying on. 
 
 I have the honor to be, &c. 
 
 Rob. Monckton. 
 
 P. S. — His Majesty's troops behaved with the greatest stea- 
 diness and bravery. 
 
 As the Surgeons tell me there is no danger in my wound, 
 I am in hopes that I shall be soon able to join the army before 
 the tow: 
 
R 
 
 l-i' 
 
 ' 
 
 ' 
 
 I 111, 
 
 l! Ul 
 
 346 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 Letter from the Honorable Brigadier General Townsiiexd 
 to the Right Honorable Mr Secretary Pitt, datedy Camp 
 before Quebec, Sept. 20y 17 59. 
 
 Sir, 
 
 I have the honour to acquaint you with th* success of His 
 Majesty's Arms, on the 13th instant, in an action with the 
 French, on the heights to the west*i'ard of this town. 
 
 It heinfT determined to carry the operations ahove the town, 
 the posts at Pointe Levi and risle t/' Orleans being- secured, the 
 General marched, with the remainder of the force, from Pointe 
 Levi the 5th and 6th, and embarked them in transports, which 
 had passed the town for that purpose. On the 7th, 8th and 
 9th, a movement of the ships was made up, by Admiral Holmes^ 
 in order to amuse the enemy now posted alon^ the north 
 shore ; but the transports beinu^ extremely crowded, and the 
 weather very bad, the General thou<fht proper to cantoon half 
 his troops on the south shore j where they were refreshed, and 
 re-irabarked upon the 12th at one in the raornin}^. The li^ht 
 infantry, commanded b > Colonel Howe, the regiments o( Bragg, 
 Kennedy, Lascelles, and AnstriUher, with a detachment of 
 Hig-hlanders, and American Grenadiers, the whole beiuir under 
 the command of Brigadiers Monckton and Murray, were put 
 into the Hat-bottomed boats, and after some movement of the 
 ships made by Admiral Holmes, to draw the attention of the 
 enemy above, the boats fell down with the tide, and landed on 
 the north shore, within a league of Cape Diamond, an hour 
 before day break. The rapidity of the tide of ebb carried thera 
 a Uttle below the intended place of attack, which obliged the 
 light infantry to scramble up a woody precipice, in order to 
 secure the landing the troops, by dislodging a Capt.iin's post, 
 which defended the small intrenched pat the troops were to 
 ascend. After a little tiring, the light infantry gained the top 
 of the precipice, and dispersed the Captain's post; by which 
 means, the troops, with a very little loss from a few Canadians 
 and Indians m the wood, got up, and were immediately formed. 
 The boats, as the}'^ emptied, were sent back for the second em- 
 barkation, which I immediately made. Brigadier Murray, who i 
 had been detached with Aiistruther^s battalion to attack the 
 four gun battery upon the left, was recalled by the General, who 
 now saw the French army crossing the Kiver St. CharlesA 
 Geiierhl Wolfe thereupon began to form his line, having his 
 
 right c 
 these af 
 fifrenadi 
 and An 
 Brigadi 
 rear anc 
 
 who WR 
 
 which V 
 coliectec 
 advancii 
 immcdia 
 1 formet 
 l)V the ai 
 Webb's 
 subdivisi 
 in their 
 say had jj 
 a very g{ 
 bore it \\ 
 their fire 
 enemy w 
 protected 
 Mas com] 
 ofZrt So 
 and Indi 
 battalion 
 the rema; 
 Rousilloi 
 tie. Th. 
 and we 
 adniirab 
 attention 
 regard to 
 less to t 
 in good 
 ed on thi 
 yards, w 
 where g? 
 tragg\ 
 bayonets 
 received 
 the opp( 
 <'omnian( 
 I'art of 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 347 
 
 al TOWNSIIEND 
 
 r, dated, Camp 
 
 le success of His 
 action with the 
 i town. 
 
 above the town, 
 eiiig secured, the 
 irce, from Pointe 
 ransports, which 
 the 7th, 8th and 
 Admiral Holmes, 
 alon«r the north 
 rowded, and the 
 r to cantoon half 
 ere refreshed, and 
 nine?. The light 
 riments of 7?ro<7^, 
 a detachment of 
 hole boinff under 
 lurray, were put 
 movement of the 
 ! attention of the 
 dc, and landed on 
 liamond^ an hour 
 febb carried them 
 vhich obliged the 
 
 pice, in order to 
 r a Captain's post, 
 he troops were to 
 try gained the top 
 I's post ; by which 
 I a few Canadians 
 mediately formed, 
 for the second era- 
 idier Murray, who 
 ilion to attack the 
 y the General, who 
 Uiver St. Charles. 
 is line, having his 
 
 right covered by the Louisbourg grenadiers ; on the right of 
 these again he afterwards brought Otway'a ; to the left of the 
 grenadiers were iiragg's, Kennedy^^y Lascelles'Sy Highlanders, 
 and Anstrtdher^s ; the right of this body was commanded by 
 Brigadier Monckton, and the left by Brigadier Murray ; his 
 rear and left were protected by Colonel Huwe^s light infantry, 
 who was returned from the four gun battery before mentioned, 
 which was soon abandoned to him. Gen al Montcalm having 
 collected the whole of his force from tl.o Heauport side, and 
 advancing", shewed his intention to llank our left, where I was 
 immediately ordered with (General Ajnherst^s battalion, which 
 I formed en potence. My numbers were soon after increased 
 by the arrival of the two battalions of Royal Americans ', and 
 Webb's was drawn up by the General, as a reserve, in eig-ht 
 subdivisions with large intervals. The enemy lined the bushes 
 in their front, with 1500 Indians and Canadians, and I dare 
 say had placed most of their best marksmen there, who kept up 
 a very galling, though irregular, fire upon our whole line, who 
 bore it with the greatest patience, and good order, reserving 
 their fire for the main body, now advancing. This tire of the 
 enemy was, however, checked by our posts in our front, which 
 protected the forming- our own line. The right of the enemy 
 was composed of half the troops of the Colony, the battalions 
 of Zrt Sarre, Languedoc, and the remainder of their Canadians 
 and Indians. Their centre was a column, and formed by the 
 battalions of Bearnsiw^ Gidenne. Their left was composed of 
 the remaining" troops of the colony, and the battalion of lioyal 
 Rousillon. This was, as near as J can guess, their line of bat- 
 tle. They brought up two pieces of small artillery against us, 
 and we had been able to bring- up but one gun ; which being 
 admirably well served, galled their column exceedingly. My 
 attention to the left will not permit me to be very exact with 
 regard to every circumstance which passed in the centre, much 
 less to the right ; but it is most certain that the enemy formed 
 in good order, and that their attack was very brisk aiul animat- 
 ed on that side. Our troops reserved their fire, till within forty 
 yards, which was so well continued, that the enemy every 
 where gave way. It was then our General fell at the head of 
 f.ragg'sy and the Louisbourg grenadiers, advancing with their 
 bayonets. About the same time, Brigadier (reneral Monckton 
 received his wound at the head of Lasctlles's. In the front of 
 the opposite bat'alions fell also Montcalm ; and his second in 
 comniand is since dead of his wounds on board of our fleet. 
 V&ti of the enemy made a second faint attack. Part took to 
 
348 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 I :l 
 
 III! 
 
 some thick copse wood, and seemed to make a stand. It was 
 at this moment that each corps seemed in a manner to exert 
 itself, with a view to its own peculiar character. The grena- 
 diers, Bragg'Sf and Lascelles's, pressed on with their hayonets. 
 Brigadier Murray advancing with the troops under his cora- 
 mand hriskly, completed the route on this side ; when the 
 Highlanders, supported hy Anstruther^s, took to their broad 
 swords, and drove part into the town, and part to the works at 
 their bridge on the River St. Charles. , 
 
 The action, on our left and rear, was not so severe. The 
 houses, into which the light infantry were thrown, were well 
 defended, being supported by Colonel Howe, who taking post 
 with two companies behind a small copse, and frequently sal- 
 lying upon the Hanks of the enemy during their attack, dro^ 
 them often into heaps, against the front of which body I ad- 
 vanced platoons of Amherst^s regiment, which totally prevented 
 the right wing from executing their first intention. Before 
 this, one of the Royal American battalions had been detached 
 to preserve our communication with our boats, and the other 
 being sent to occupy the ground which Brigadier Murrayh 
 movement had left open, I remained with Arhersf^io support 
 this disposition, and to keep the enemy's right, and a body of 
 their savages, which waited still more towards our rear oppo- 
 site the posts of our light infantry, waiting for an opportunity 
 to fall upon our rear. 
 
 This, Sir, was the situation of things, when I was told, in 
 the action, that I commanded : I immediately repaired to the 
 centre, and finding the pursuit had put part of the troops in 
 disorder, 1 formed them as soon as possible. Scarce was this 
 effected when M. De Bougainvilky with his corps from Cape 
 JRougCy of 2000 men, appeared in our ioar. I advanced two 
 pieces of aitillery, and two battalions towards him ; upon which 
 he retired. You will not, J flatter myself, blame me for not 
 quitting such advantageous ground, and risking the fate of a 
 decisive day, by seeking afresh enemy, posted perhaps in the 
 very kind of ground he could wish for, viz. woods and swamps. 
 We took a great number of French officers upon the field of 
 battle, and one piece of cannon. Their loss is computed to be 
 about 1500 men, which fell chiefly upon their regulars. I have 
 been employed, from the day of action, to that of the capitula- 
 tion, in redoubting our camp beyond insult, in making a road 
 up the precipice for our cannon, in getting up the artillery, 
 preparing the batteries, . ud cutting off their communication 
 with the country. The 17th, at noon, before we had any 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 349 
 
 battery erocted, or could have any for two or three days, a flag- 
 of truce came out with proposals of capitulation, which I sent 
 back ag-ain to the town,a!lovvinw thera four hours to capitulate, 
 or no farther treaty. The Admiral had, at this time, brouji^ht 
 up his large ships as intendinor to attack the town. The French 
 officer returned at night with terms of capitulation ; which, 
 with the Admiral, were considered, agreed to, and signed at 
 ei>^ht in the morning, the I8th instant. The terms we granted, 
 will, I flatter myself, be approved of by His Majesty, consi- 
 dering the enemy assembling in our rear, and, what is far more 
 formidable, the very wet cold season, which threatened our 
 troops with sickness, and the fleet with some accident ; it had 
 made our road so bad, we could not bring up a gun for some 
 time ; add to this, the advantage of entering the town, with 
 the walls in a defensible state, and the being able to put a gar- 
 rison there strong enough to prevent all surprise. These, I 
 hope, will be deemed sufficient considerations for granting them 
 the terms I have the honour to transmit to you. The inha- 
 bitants of the country come into us fast, bringing in their arms, 
 and taking the oaths of fidelity, until a general peace de- 
 termines their situation. 
 
 1 have the honour to inclose, herewith, a list of the killed and 
 wounded ; a list of the prisoners as perfe^'t as I have yet been 
 able to get it ; and a list of the artillery and stores in the town, 
 as well as of those fallen into our hands at Beauport in con- 
 sequence of the victory. By deserters we learn, that the ene- 
 my are re-assembling what troops they can, behind the Cape 
 Rouge ; that M. De Levy is como down from the Montreal side 
 to command them ; some say he has brought two battalions 
 with him ; if so, this blow has already assisted General Amherst. 
 By other deserters we learn, that M. De Bougainvilley with 
 800 men and provisions, was on his march to fling himself into 
 the town on the 18th, the very morning it capitulated, on which 
 day we had not completed the investiture of the place, as they 
 had broke their bridge of boats, and had detachments in very 
 stronii: works on the other side of the itiver St. Charles. 
 
 I should not do justice to the Admirals, and the naval ser- 
 vice, if I neglected this occasion of acknowledging how much 
 we are indebted for our success to the constant assistance and 
 support received from thera, and the perfect harmony and cor- 
 respondence, which has prevailed throughout all our operations, 
 in the uncommon difficulties, which the nature of this country, 
 in particular, presents to the military operations of a great extent, 
 
 G 2 
 
 Ml 
 
 ui 
 
m 
 
 m 
 
 If ill 
 
 350 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF J^UEBEC, 
 
 and which no army can itself solely supply ; the immense labour 
 in artillery, stores, and provisions ; the long^ watchings and at- 
 tendance in boats; the drawin<r up our artillery by the seamen, 
 even in the heat of the action ; it is my duty, short as my 
 command has been, to acknowledti^e, for that, hovi' great a share 
 the navy has had in this successful campaign. 
 
 I have the honor to be, &c. 
 
 Geo. Tovvnshend. 
 
 Articles of Capitulation agreed on between General Townshend 
 and M. De Ra»iesay, Commander of Quebec, 
 
 Article I. M. De Ramesay demands the honours of war for 
 his garrison, and that it shall be conducted back to the army in 
 safety by the shortest road, with their arms, baggRge, six pieces 
 of brass cannon, two mortars or howitzers, and twelve rounds. 
 
 The garrison of the town^ composed of land forces^ marines, 
 and sailors f shall march, out with their arms and baggage, drums 
 beating f lighted matches, with two pieces of cannon, and twelve 
 rounds, and shall be embarked as conveniently as possible, in or- 
 der to be landed at the first port in France. 
 
 II. That the inhabitants shall be maintained in the posses- 
 sion of their houses, goods, effects and privileges. 
 
 Granted, provided they lay down their arms. 
 
 III. That the said inhabitants shall not be molested on ac- 
 count of their having borne arms for the defence of the town, as 
 they were forced to it, and as it is customary for the inhabitants 
 of the colonies of both crowns to serve as militia. Granted. 
 
 IV. That the effects belonging to the absent officers, or in- 
 habitants, shall not bo touched. Giumted. 
 
 V. That the said inhabitants shall not be removed nor 
 obliged to quit their houses until their condition shall be settled 
 by a definitive treaty between their most Christian and Bri- 
 tannic Majesties. Granted. 
 
 VI. That the exercise of the Catholic, Apostolic, and Roman 
 religion shall be preserved, and that safeguards shall be granted 
 to *he houses of the Clergy,and to the monasteries, particularly 
 to the Bishop of Quebec, who animated with zeal for religion, 
 and charity for the people of his diocese, desires to reside con- 
 stantly in it, to exercise freely and with that decency which his 
 character and the sacred mysteries of the Catholic, Apostolic, 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 351 
 
 immense labour 
 atchings and at- 
 f by the seamen, 
 ity, short as my 
 ow great a share 
 
 , &c. 
 
 'OWNSHEND. 
 
 .eral Townshend 
 bee. 
 
 mours of war for 
 sU to the aimyin 
 ifr«vp,oe, six pieces 
 id twelve rounds. 
 d forces, marines^ 
 d baggagcy drums 
 innon, and twelve 
 as possible J in or- 
 
 sd in the posses- 
 iges. 
 
 IS. 
 
 molested on ac- 
 iceof the tovvn,as 
 or the inhabitants 
 
 itia. Granted. 
 ent officers, or in- 
 
 be removed nor 
 
 ion shall be settled 
 
 hristian and tiri- 
 
 •stolic, and Roman 
 is shall be granted 
 teries, particularly 
 I zeal for reliction, 
 ires to reside con- 
 decency which his 
 atholic, Apostolic, 
 
 and Roman Relijpon require, his Episcopal authority in the 
 town of QuebeCy wherever he shall think it proper, until the 
 possession of Canada shall have been decided by a treaty be- 
 tween their most Christian and Britannie Majesties. 
 
 The free exercise of the Roman Religion, safeguards granted 
 to all religious persons, as well as to the Bishop, who shall be at 
 liberty to come and exercise freely and with decency the functions 
 of his office wherever he shall think proper ^ until the possession 
 of Canada shall have been decided between their Britannic and 
 Most Christian Majesties. 
 
 VII. That the artillery and warlike stores shall be delivered 
 up bona fide, ^i\di an inventory taken thereof. Granted. 
 
 VIII. That the sick, wounded, commissaries, chaplains, 
 physicians, surg-eons, apothecaries, and other persons employed 
 in the hospitals, shall be treated agreeable to the cartel, settled 
 between their Most Christian artd Britannic Majesties, on 
 February 6, 1759. Granted. 
 
 IX. That before delivering up the gate, and the entrance of 
 the town, to the English forces, their General will be pleased 
 to send some soldiers to be placed as safeguards at the Churches, 
 Convents, and chief habitations. Granted. 
 
 X. That the commander of the City of Quebec shall be per- 
 mitted to send advice to the Marquis De Vaudreuil, Governor 
 General, of the reduction of the town ; as also that this Gene- 
 ral shall be allowed to write to the French Ministry to inform 
 them thereof. Granted. 
 
 XI. That the present capitulation shall be executed accord- 
 ing to its form and tenor, without being liable to non-execution 
 under pretence of reprisals, or the non-execution of any pre- 
 ceding capitulation. Granted. 
 
 The pj'esent treaty has been made and settled between us, and 
 duplicates signed at the Camp before Quebec, September 18, 
 1759. 
 
 C. Saunders, G. Townshend, De Ramesay. 
 
 Killed in the Battle of the \3th. — One General, one Captain, 
 six Lieutenants, one Ensign, three Serjeants, forty-five rank 
 and file. ' 
 
 Wounded — One Brigadier General, four Staff Officers, twelve 
 Captains, twenty-six Lieutenants, ten Ensigns, twenty-five 
 Serjeants, four Drummers, five hundred and six rank and file. 
 Missing^ three rank and file. 
 
" :I1 
 
 352 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 ^m 
 
 I !>i 
 
 I iij 
 
 !P 
 
 ! 11 
 
 Artillery. — One Enj^ineer wounded, one Gunner killed, one 
 Bombardier, one Gunner, five matrosses, wounded. *>- - . 
 
 An Account of the guns, ^c. found vi Quebec on its surrender 
 to His Majesty's troops: 
 
 H Brass guns 6 { 
 
 )0und 
 
 er J. 
 
 Brass mortars 13 ] 
 
 nchos 
 
 1. 
 
 ^H 
 
 4 
 
 (( 
 
 3. 
 
 Do. howitzers 8 
 
 « 
 
 3. 
 
 ^H 
 
 2 
 
 (( 
 
 2. 
 
 Iron mortars 13 
 
 (( 
 
 9. 
 
 ^B Iron sfuns 
 
 36 
 
 (( 
 
 10. 
 
 10 
 
 C( 
 
 1. 
 
 ^^1 
 
 24 
 
 (( 
 
 45. 
 
 8 
 
 « 
 
 3. 
 
 ^H 
 
 18 
 
 (i 
 
 18. 
 
 r 
 
 ■ « 
 
 2. 
 
 ^H 
 
 12 
 
 « 
 
 13. 
 
 Shells 13 Indies 
 
 770 
 
 
 ^H 
 
 8 
 
 it 
 
 43. 
 
 " 10 
 
 150 
 
 
 ^H 
 
 6 
 
 (( 
 
 66. 
 
 8 and ) 
 
 90 
 
 
 ^H 
 
 4 
 
 t( 
 
 30. 
 
 « 6 5 
 
 
 ^H 
 
 3 
 
 « 
 
 7. 
 
 Brass petards 
 
 2 
 
 
 ^H 
 
 2 
 
 (( 
 
 3. 
 
 
 
 
 With a considerable quantity of powder, ball, small arms and 
 intrenching tools, &c. Ihe number of which cannot be ascer- 
 tained. 
 
 There have been also 37 guns and one mortar found on seve- 
 ral batteries between St. Charles and Beauport. 
 
 Letter from Vice-Admiral Saunders to the Right Honorable 
 Mr, Secretary Pitt, September 20, 1 759. 
 
 Sir, ' ■'' ■■ ■ \ ■ ' - 
 
 I have the greatest pleasure in acquainting you, that the 
 town and citadel of Quebec surrendered on the 18th instant, 
 and I enclose you a copy of the articles of capitulation. The 
 array took possession of the gates on the land side, the same 
 evening, and sent safeguards into the town to preserve order, 
 and to prevent any thing being destroyed ; and Captain Palliser, 
 with a body of seamen, landed in the Lower Town, and did 
 the same. The next day, our army marched in, and near a 
 thousand French officers, soldiers, and seamen, were embarked 
 on board some English catts, who shall soon proceed for 
 France, agreeable to the capitulation. 
 
 I had the n nor to write to }ou the 5th instant, by the Mod- 
 ney cutter : The troops mentioned in that letter, embarked on 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 353 
 
 ner hilled^ one 
 ded. •* 'V 
 
 on its surrender 
 
 Inches 
 (( 
 
 (( 
 
 C( 
 (C 
 
 tl 
 
 770 
 150 
 
 1. 
 3. 
 9. 
 1. 
 3. 
 2. 
 
 90 
 
 ; ..«■ ... 
 
 small arms and 
 cannot be ascer- 
 
 ir found on seve- 
 
 light Honorable 
 
 you, that the 
 he 18th instant, 
 itulation. The 
 id side, the same 
 ) preserve order, 
 Captain Pa//2ser, 
 r Town, and did 
 
 in, and near a 
 , were embarked 
 ooD proceed for 
 
 ant, by the Rod- 
 er, embarked on 
 
 board the ship? and vessels above the town, in the nig-ht of the 
 6th instant, and at four in the morninj*" of the 13th, beir-in to 
 land on the north shore, about a mile and a half above the town. 
 General Montcalm, with his whole army, left their camp at 
 Beauporty and marched to meet him. A little before te i both 
 armies were formed, and the enemy bejfan the attack. Our 
 troops received their lire, and reserved theii' own, advancing* 
 till they were so near as to run in upon them, and push them 
 with their bayonets; by which, in a very little time, the French 
 {Ifave way, and fled to town in the utmost disorder, and with 
 ^reat loss ; for our troops pursued thera quite to the walls, and 
 killed many of them upon the g-lacis, and in the ditch ; and if 
 the town had been further off, the whole French army must 
 have been destroyed. About 250 French prisoners were taken 
 that day, among" whom are ten Captains, and six Subaltern 
 officers, all of n'hora will g-o in the ^reat ships to England. 
 
 I am sorry to acquaint you, that General Wolfe was killed 
 in the action ; and General Monchton shot throug-h the body ; 
 but he is now supposed to be out of danger. General Mont- 
 calm , and the three next French officers in command, were 
 killed; but I must refer you to General Townshend (who 
 Avrites by this opportunity) for the particulars of this action, 
 the state of the garrison, and the measures he is taking" for 
 keeping possession or it. I am now beginning to send on shore 
 the stores they will want, and provisions for 5000 men ; of 
 which I can furnish them with a sufficient quantity. 
 
 The night of their landing. Admiral Holmes, with the ships 
 and troops, was about three leagues above the intended landing 
 place : General Wolfs, with about half his troops, set off in 
 boats, and dropped down with the tide, and were, by that 
 means, less liable to be discovered by the French centinels, 
 posted all along the coast. The ships followed them about 
 three quarters of an hour afterwards, and got to the landing- 
 place just in the time that had been concerted, to cover their 
 landing ; and considering the darkness of the night, and the 
 rapidity of the current, this was a very critical operation, and 
 very properly and successfully conducted. When General 
 Wolfe, and the troops with him, had landed, the difficulty of 
 gaining the top of the hill is scarce credible : It was very steep 
 in its ascent, and high, and bad no path where two could go 
 a-breust ; but thev were obliged to pull themselves up by the 
 stumps and boughs of trees, that covered the declivity. 
 
 2 g3 
 
354 
 
 NEW PICTURE or QUEBEC, 
 
 M 
 
 > i 
 
 Immediately after our victory over their troops, I sent up 
 all the boats in the fleet with artillery, and ammunition ; and 
 on the 17th went up with the men o? war, in a disposition to 
 attack the Lower Town, as soon as (jeneral 2'ownshend should 
 be ready to attack tiie upper ; but in the evening they sent out 
 to the camp, and offered terms of capitulation. 
 
 I have the farther pleasure of acquainting you, that, during 
 this tedious campaign, there has continued a perfect good un- 
 derstanding between the army and navy. I have received 
 great assistance, from Admirals Durell and Holmes, and from ail 
 the Captains; indeed every body has exerted themselves 'n 
 the execution of their duty ; even the transports have willingly 
 assisted me with boats and people on the landing the troops, 
 and many other services. 
 
 I have the honor to be, &c. 
 
 Charles Saunders. 
 
 THE BATTLE OF THE PLAINS DEATH OF WOLFE. 
 
 Any one who visits the celebrated Plains of Abra- 
 ham, the scene of this glorious fight — equally rich 
 in natural beauty and historic recollections — will 
 admit that no site could be fo?ind better adapted for 
 displaying the evolutions of military skill and dis- 
 cipline, or the exertion of physical force and deter- 
 mined valor. The battle-ground presents almost a 
 level surface from the brink of the St. Lawrence, to 
 the St. Foy road. The Grande-Allee^ov road to Cape 
 Rouge, running parallel to that of St. Foy, passed 
 through its centre, — and was commanded by a 
 field redoubt, in all probability the four-gun battery 
 on the English left, which was captured by the light 
 infantry, as mentioned in General Townshend's 
 letter. The remains of this battery are distinctly 
 seen near to the present race-stand. There were 
 also two other redoubts, one upon the rising ground, 
 
 1 1 ; 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 355 
 
 [lunition ; and 
 
 Saunders. 
 
 OF WOLFE. 
 
 in the rear of Mr. C. Campbell^s house — the death 
 scene of Wolfe — and the other towards the St. Foy 
 road, which it was intended to command. On the 
 site of the country seat called Marchmont, the pro- 
 perty of the Honorable J. Stewart, and at present the 
 residence of Mr. Daly, Secretary of the Province, 
 there was also a small redoubt, commanding the 
 intrenched path leading to the Cove. This was ta- 
 ken possession of by the advanced guard of the light 
 infantry, immediately on ascending the heights. At 
 the period of the battle, the Plains were without 
 fences or enclosures, and extended to the walls to 
 the St. Lewis side. The surface was dotted over 
 with bushes, and the woods on either flank were 
 more dense than at present, affording shelter to the 
 French and Indian marksmen. 
 
 In order to understand the relative position of the 
 two armies, if a line be drawn to the St. Lawrence 
 from the General Hospital, it will give nearly the front 
 of the French army at ten o'clock, after Montcalm 
 had deployed into line. His right reached beyond 
 the St. Foy road, where he made dispositions to turn 
 the left of the English. Another parallel line, some- 
 what in advance of Mr. C. G. Stewart's house on the 
 St. Foy road, will give the front of the British army, 
 hefore Wolfe charged at the head of the grena- 
 diers of the 22d, 40th, and 45th regiments, who had 
 acquired the honorable title of the Louisbourg Gre- 
 nadiers, from having been distinguished at the capture 
 of that place, under his own command, in 1758. To 
 meet the attempt of Montcalm to turn the British left. 
 General Townshend formed the 15th regiment en 
 Ipotence, or presenting a double front. The light 
 I infantry were in rear of the left, and the reserve was 
 
 fe-'".>. 
 
 is«?,- 
 
356 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 placed in rear of the right, formed in eight sub- 
 divisions, a good distance apart. 
 
 The English had been about four hours in posses- 
 sion of the Pla* and were completely prepared to 
 receive them, wli , . the French advanced with great 
 resolution. They approached obliquely by the left, 
 having marched from Beauport that morning. On 
 being formed, they commenced the attack with great 
 vivacity and animation, firing by platoons. It was 
 observed, however, that their fire was irregular and 
 ineffective, whereas that of the English was so well di- 
 rected and maintained, as to throw the French into 
 immediate confusion. It must be stated, that al- 
 though the French army was more numerous, it was 
 principally composed of colonial troops, who did not 
 support the regular forces as firmly as was expected of 
 them. Montcalm, on his death bed, expressed him- 
 self bitterly in this respect. The English troops, on 
 the contrary, were nearly all regulars, of approved 
 courage, well officered and under perfect discipline. 
 The grenadiers burned to revenge their defeat at 
 Montmorenci ; and it was at their head that Wolfe, 
 with great military tact, placed himself at the com- 
 mencement of the action. 
 
 About eight o'clock, some sailors had succeeded | 
 in dragging up the precipice a light six-pounder, 
 which, although the only gun used by the English in I 
 the action, being remarkably well served, played 
 with great success on the centre column as it ad- 
 vanced, and more than once compelled the enemy to 
 change the disposition of his forces. The French 
 had two field pieces in the action. The despatches 
 mention a remarkable proof of coolness and presence 
 of mind, on the part of troops who had no hopes but 
 in victory, no chance of safety but in beating the 
 
 [ere ahoi 
 le breast 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 357 
 
 enemy — for liad they been defeated, re-embarkation 
 would have been impracticable. The Eiiirlish were 
 ordered to reserve their fire until the French were 
 within forty yards. They observed these orders 
 most strictly, bearini^ with patience the incessant fire 
 of the Canadians and Indians. It is also stated that 
 Wolfe ordered the men to load with an additional 
 bullet, which did ^reat execution. 
 
 The two Generals, animated with equal spirit, met 
 each other at the head of their respective troops 
 where the battle was most severe. Montcalm was 
 on the left of the French, at the head of the regi- 
 ments of Languedoc^ Beanie and Gulenne — Wolfe 
 on the right of the English, at the head of the 28th, 
 and the Louisbourg Grenadiers. Here the greatest 
 exertions were made under the eyes of the leaders 
 -the action in the centre and left was comparatively 
 [a skirmish. The severest fighting took place be- 
 Itween the right of the race-stand and the Martello 
 owers. The rapidity and effect of the English 
 re having thrown the French into confusion, or- 
 ers were given, even before the smoke cleared away, 
 _o charge with the bayonet. Wolfe exposing him- 
 elf at the com-B j^ ^^ ^^^ 1^^^^ ^^^j^^ battalions, was singled out by 
 
 A rlfr"^® Canadian marksmen, on the enemy's left, and 
 had succee a^^l already received a slight wound in the wrist. Re- 
 ht six-poun J a^^.^^jlggg ^£ j.j^jg^ ^^^ unwilling to dispirit his troops, 
 the ^ng 1 Bg fyUg^j ^ handkerchief round his arm, and putting 
 served, piaye Bj^ggif ,^^ ^^^^ j^g^^^l q£ |.jjg grenadiers, led them on 
 )iumn as 1 B^ ^.j^^ charge, which was completely successful. It 
 ed the enemy to Bj^^^^^^j^^^^^^^^ ^.^j^ ^^^^ ^.^^^ of their heroic 
 
 J he ^^^" -fcder. He was struck with a second ball in the 
 The despatc ^ Joia ; but still pressed on, and just as the enemy 
 ess and presenc ■gj.g j^j-^^j^j. ^^ ^j^^ ^^^^ 1^^ received a third ball in 
 ad no hopes Du ■ ^^ ^^ ^ ^ mortally wounded. Dear, indeed, 
 
 ' in beating thef ^ ' ' 
 
 [I eight sub- 
 
 jrs in posses- 
 y prepared to 
 ed with great 
 y by the left, 
 norning. On 
 ick with great 
 oons. It was 
 
 irregular and 
 was so well di- 
 le French into 
 tated, that al- 
 merous, h was 
 ps, who did not 
 rtras expected of 
 expressed him- 
 glish troops, on 
 j-s, of approved 
 rfect discipline. 
 
 their defeat at 
 id that Wolfe, 
 
358 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 i I 
 
 H! 
 
 Pii 
 
 was the price of a victory purchased by the death of 
 Wolfe — of a hero, whose uncommon merit was 
 scarcely known and appreciated by his country, be- 
 fore a premature fate removed him for ever from her 
 service. It might have been said of him, as of Mar- 
 cellus, 
 
 Ostendent terris hiinc tantum fata, neque ultri 
 Esse sinent. Nimium vobis Romana propagfo 
 Visa potens, superi, propria hajo si dona tuissent. 
 
 He met, however, a glorious death in the moment 
 of victory — a victory which in deciding the fate of 
 Canada, commanded the applause of the world, and 
 classed Wolfe among the most celebrated Generals 
 of ancient and modern times. Happily, he survived 
 his wound long enough to learn the success of the 
 day. When the fatal ball took effect, his principal 
 care was, that he should not be seen to fall. — " Sup- 
 port me," — said he to an officer near him, — " let not! 
 my brave soldiers see me drop. The day is oursj 
 keep it !" He was then carried a little way to 
 the rear, where he requested water to be brouglitl 
 from a neighboring well to quench his thirst. Thel 
 charge still continued, when the officer — on whose! 
 shoulder, as he sat down for the purpose, thel 
 dying hero leaned — exclaiming, " They run ! theyl 
 run !" — " Who run ?" asked the gallant Wolfe,! 
 with some emotion. The officer replied, — " Thel 
 enemy, Sir : they give way every where !"- 
 " What ?" said he, " do they run already ? Pray,| 
 one of you go to Colonel Burton, and tell hin 
 to march Webb's regiment with all speed down t(j 
 St. Charles River, to cut off the retreat of the fugij 
 tives from the bridge. — Now, God be praised, I m 
 HAPPY !" So saying the youthful hero breathed hii 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 359 
 
 the death of 
 m merit was 
 country, be- 
 ever from her 
 m, as of Mar- 
 
 last. He reflected that he had done his duty, and 
 he knew that he shoukl live for ever in the memory 
 of a grateful country. His expiring moments were 
 cheered with the British shout of victory, 
 
 pulchrumque mori succnrrit in armis. 
 
 e iiUri 
 ropago 
 ji tuissent. 
 
 in the moment 
 ng the fate of 
 
 Such was the death of Wolfe upon the Plains of 
 Abraham, at the early age of thirty-two years ! It 
 has been well observed, that "a death more glorious 
 and attended with circumstances more picturesque 
 and interesting, is no where to be found in the an- 
 nals of history." His extraordinary qualities, and 
 the world andl^ingular fate, have afforded a fruitful theme ofpane- 
 ' ted Generals Hgyric to the historian and the poet, to the present 
 1 he survived B^^y* How they wpre appreciated by his gallant 
 » oess of the^"'^P^^^o"S in arms, may be learned by the subjoin- 
 t his principal 1^^ ®*^^^^^^ from a letter written after the battle by 
 ^ ' f. 11 ___« Sup"l^^"^^''^^ afterwards Marquess, Townshend, to one of 
 I him — " ^et not 
 
 ^K dav is ouTSjPo you, that my heart does not exult in the midst of 
 
 Vttle way toW'J^ success. I have lost but a friend in General 
 
 be brouglitB^^'oLFE. Our country has lost a sure support, and 
 
 1 • *i ;«cf Thp» perpetual honor. If the world were sensible at 
 his thirst. iuBB"t' r . \ a r^, • i- 
 
 nj. ^ whoseP^^ ^^^r a price we have purchased C^uebec in his 
 
 rnose theP^^tl^j it would damp the public joy. Our bestcon- 
 
 \ run ' theyt^^^^o" is, that providence seemed not to promise 
 
 11 t WoLFE,t^t he should remain long among us. He was him- 
 
 5 ,.1 (c "XheB^lf sensible of the weakness of his constitution, and 
 
 where l"-B^termined to crowd into a few years, actions that 
 
 1 A^r7 Prsivwoiild have adorned length of life." The feeling 
 
 already { iraw • ^u- u ^ir • i c 
 
 J <-oll h niB"^ aiiectina: manner m which Wolfe is spoken or 
 
 1, and tell a\m . . , ^ » j •. i l- - ^ c 
 
 1 d down toB' this letter, and its elegance or expression, conrer 
 
 "*! p fiio fiiffifciial honor upon the head and heart of the ac- 
 :reat or tne i»s'«^ i- i i v mi i • i i -n 
 
 , ised I DW^iphshed writer. 1 he classical reader will agree 
 
 ^ breathed IW^^ us in thinking, that he had in his mind at the 
 
 in 
 
360 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 
 id 
 
 IF 
 
 time the eulogy of Marcellus which we have 
 quoted above. 
 
 The spot consecrated by the fall of General 
 Wolfe, in the charge made by the grenadiers upon 
 the left of the French line, will to the latest day be 
 visited with deep interest and emotion. On the 
 highest ground considerably in advance of the Mar- 
 telio Towers, commanding a complete view of the 
 field of battle — not far from the fence which divides 
 the race-ground from the enclosures on the east, 
 and opposite to the right of the Eriglish — are the 
 remains of a redoubt against which the attack was di | 
 reeled which Wolfe so gallantly urged on by his per- 
 sonal example. A few years ago a rock was pointedl 
 out, as marking the spot where he actually breathed hi: 
 last ; and in one of the enclosures nearer to the road isl 
 the well whence they brought him water. It is men- 
 tioned in the statistical work of Colom^l Bouchette, 
 that one of the four meridian stones, placed inl 
 1790 by Major Holland, then Surveyor General ofl 
 Canada, " stood in the angle of a field redoubt wheref 
 General Wolfe is said to have breathed his last."! 
 As he had been conveyed a short distance to the rear! 
 after being struck with the fatal ball, it must be pre-l 
 sumed that this redoubt had been capiured ; andj 
 that the grenadiers were pressing on, when he receiv- 
 ed his mortal wound. This is corroborated by a letterl 
 which we have met with, written after the battle byf 
 an officer of the 28th regiments serving at the timel 
 as a volunteer with the Louisbourg Grenadiers un- 
 der Colonel Murray. He speaks of the redoubt inl 
 question as ** a rising ground," and shows tliatf 
 Wolfe was in possession of it previously to his lasj 
 wound : " Upon the Cieneral viewing the position ol 
 the two armiep, he took notice of a small rising 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 J361 
 
 ^hich we have 
 
 ground between our right and the enemy's left, 
 which concealed their motions from us in that quar- 
 ter, upon which the General did me the honor to 
 detach me with a few grenadiers to take possession 
 of that ground, and maintain it to the last extremity, 
 which I did until both armies were engaged, and 
 then the General came to me ; but that great, that 
 ever memorable man, whose loss can never be enough 
 regretted, was scarce a moment with me till he re- 
 ceived his fatal wound." 
 
 The place is now, however, about to be marked 
 to posterity by the erection of a permanent memorial. 
 Permission has been given to the writer of this ac- 
 count, to announce the intention of His Excellency 
 the Lord Aylmer to erect a small column on the 
 spot where Wolfe expired. This act of soldier-like 
 generosity will be duly appreciated ; and posterity 
 will have at last amply redeemed their long neglect, 
 and wiped away a reproach of more than seventy years 
 duration. The Monument in Quebec, common to 
 Wolfe and Montcalm — the stone placed in the 
 Ursuiine Convent in honor of the latter — and the 
 smaller column on the Plains, died with the blood of 
 Wolfe, will form a complete series of testimonials 
 — honorable to the spirit of the age, and worthy of 
 the distinguished individuals under whose auspices 
 they have been executed. 
 
 The memorial on the Plains will bear the follow- 
 ing inscription : 
 
 here died 
 
 ! ' WOLFE: 
 
 IN THE ARMS 
 
 ' '' ^'^ OF 
 
 VICTORY. 
 
 i 
 
 H 2 
 
!ili 
 
 i U'A 
 
 362 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 DEATH OF MONTCALM. 
 
 A death no less glorious closed the career of the 
 brave Marquis De Montcalm, who commanded the 
 French army. He was several years older than 
 Wolfe, and had served his King with honor and 
 success in Italy, Germany, and Bohemia. In the 
 earlier campaigns of this war he had given signal 
 proofs of zeal, consummate prudence and undaunted 
 valor. At the capture of Oswego, he had with his 
 own hand wrested a color from the hand of an Eng- 
 lish officer, and sent it to be hung up in the Cathe- 
 dral of Quebec. He had deprived the English of 
 Fort William Henry ; and had defeated General 
 Abercrombie at Ticonderoga. He had even foil- 
 ed Wolfe himself at Montmorenci ; and had 
 erected lines which it was impossible to force. When, 
 therefore, he entered the Plains of Abraham at the 
 head of a victorious army, he was in all respects an 
 antagonist worthy of the British General. 
 
 The intelligence of the unexpected landing of 
 Wolfe above the town was first conveyed to the 
 Marquis De Vaudreuil, the Governor General, 
 about day-break. By him it was communicated 
 without delay to Montcalm. Nothing could ex- 
 ceed the astonishment of the latter at the intelligence 
 — he refused at first to give credence to it, observ- 
 ing : — " It is only Mr. Wolfe with a small party, 
 come to burn a few houses, look about him and re- 
 turn." On being informed, however, that Wolfe 
 was at that moment in possession of the Plains of 
 Abraham,—" Then,"— said he, " they have at last 
 got to the weak side of this miserable garrison. 
 Therefore we must endeavor to crush them by our 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 363 
 
 career of the 
 ximanded the 
 s older than 
 ,h honor and 
 ■mia. In the 
 given signal 
 nd undaunted 
 ) had with his 
 id of an Eng- 
 n the Cathe- 
 le English of 
 ;ated General 
 had even foil- 
 ci ; and had 
 force. When, 
 braham at the 
 ,11 respects an 
 
 ral. 
 
 id landing of 
 nveyed to the 
 rnor General, 
 communicated 
 ing could ex- 
 le intelligence 
 to it, observ- 
 a small party, 
 t him and re- 
 ^ that WoiFE 
 f the Plains of 
 y have at last 
 able garrison, 
 h them by our 
 
 numbers, and scalp them all before twelve o'clock.'* 
 He issued immediate orders to break up the camp, 
 and led a considerable portion of the army across the 
 River St. Charles, in order to place them between 
 the city and the English. Vaudreuil, on quitting 
 the lines at Beauport, gave orders to the rest of the 
 troops to follow him. On his arrival at the Plains, 
 however, he met the French army in full flight to- 
 wards the bridge of boats ; and learned that Mont- 
 calm had been dangerously wounded. In vain he 
 attempted to rally them — the rout was general — and 
 all hopes of retrieving the day, and of saving the 
 honor of France were abandoned. 
 
 Montcalm was first wounded by a musket shot, 
 fighting in the front rank of the French left, — and 
 afterwards by a discharge from the only gun in the 
 possession of the English. He was then on horse- 
 back, directing the retreat — nor did he dismount until 
 he had taken every measure to ensure the safety of 
 the remains of his army. Such was the impetuosity 
 with which the Highlanders, supported by the 58th 
 regiment, pressed the rear of the fugitives, — having 
 thrown away their muskets and taken to their broad 
 swords, — that had the distance been greater from the 
 field of battle to the walls, the whole French army 
 would inevitably have been destroyed. As it was, 
 the troops of the line had been almost cut to pieces, 
 when their pursuers were forced to retire by the fire 
 from the ramparts. Great numbers were killed in 
 the retreat, which was made obliquely from the 
 River St. Lawrence to the St. Charles. Some severe 
 fighting took place in the field in front of the Mar- 
 tello Tower, No. 2. We are informed by an officer 
 of the garrison, that, on digging there softie years ago, 
 a number of skeletons were found with parts of sol- 
 
 1!l 
 
 liil 
 
364 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 
 
 diers' dress, military buttons, buckles, and other re- 
 mains. 
 
 It is reported of Montcalm, when his wounds 
 were dressed, that he requested the surgeons in atten- 
 dance to declare at once, whether they were mortal. 
 On being told that they were so, — " I am glad of 
 It," — said he. He then enquired how long he might 
 survive. He was answered, — "Ten or twelve hours, 
 perhaps less." — " So much the better," — replied he, 
 — " then I shall not live to see the surrender of 
 Quebec." On being afterwards visited by M. De 
 Ramesay, who commanded the garrison, with the 
 title of Lieutenant de Roi, and by the Commandant 
 de Houssillon, he said to them — " Gentlemen, I 
 commend to your keeping the honor of France. 
 Endeavor to secure the retreat of my army to-night 
 beyond Cape Rouge : for myself, I shall pass the 
 night with God, and prepare myself for death." On 
 M. DE Ramesay pressing to receive his commands 
 respecting the defence of Quebec, Montcalm ex- 
 claimed with emotion : — " I will neither give orders, 
 nor interfere any further : I have much business 
 that must be attended to, of greater moment than 
 your ruined garrison, and this wretched country. — 
 My time is very short — so pray leave me. — I wish 
 you all comfort, and to be happily extricated from 
 your present perplexities." He then addressed him- 
 self to his religious duties, and passed the night with 
 the Bishop and his own confessor. Before he died, 
 he paid the victorious army this magnanimous com- 
 pliment ; — " Since it was my misfortune to be dis- 
 comfited and mortally wounded, it is a great conso- 
 lation to me to be vanquished by so brave and 
 generous an enemy. If I could survive this wound, 
 I would engage to beat three times the number of 
 
 
M 
 
 m 
 
 WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 365 
 
 nd other re- 
 
 1) 
 
 such forces as I commanded this morning, with a 
 tliirct of British troops." 
 
 Almost his last act was to write a letter, recommend- 
 ing the French prisoners to the generosity of the vic- 
 tors. He died at iive o*clock in the morning of the 
 14th September ; and was buried in an excavation 
 made by the bursting of a shel' within the precincts 
 of the tJrsuline Convent — a fit resting place for the 
 remains of a man who died fighting for the honor and 
 defence of his country. 
 
 Besides the similarity of their fate, there was a re- 
 markable coincidence in the prominent points of the 
 characters of Wolfe andMoNTCALM. As competitors 
 for victory and fame, they had equal merit ; and both 
 eminently possessed those military qualities which 
 are necessary to attain success. Equally gallant, 
 zealous, and devoted to their country — animated with 
 the same love of glory — they were in other respects 
 similarly situated. Each had received literary cul- 
 tivation before he entered the military liervice. 
 Wolfe left a widowed mother, his father having 
 died in the same year, — Montcalm in addition to a 
 mother, left behind him a widow and children. 
 These, with an attachment to his unstained memory 
 which cannot be too highly esteemed, defended the 
 fame of Montcalm from the insinuations contained 
 in the calumnious defence of the Intendant Bigot, 
 who was arraigned for the mal-practices of his finan- 
 cial administration. They succeeded in fully vin- 
 dicating the memory of their son and husband ; and 
 their triumphant refutation was made by the French 
 Government as public as were the calumnies. 
 
 It is due to the military character of Montcalm 
 to state, that he did not at first despair of the French 
 cause, notwithstanding his own wounds and the loss 
 
 2 H 3 
 
>' i 
 
 I I! 
 
 366 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 of the battle. He declared to the council of war, 
 that twelve hours would suffice to re-assemble the 
 troops at Cape Rouge, and others scattered at a dis- 
 tance from the field of battle — to re-unite them to 
 the beaten forces, and to those who had not been en- 
 gaged — and to attack the victorious army with far 
 superior numbers, before they had secured them- 
 selves by entrenchments. This spirited advice was 
 not acted upon by the council of war. Vaudreuil 
 commenced a disorderly retreat towards Montreal, 
 by way of Indian Lorette, compelling the Hurons to 
 accompany him ; notwithstanding which apparent 
 act of hostility, the Indian Village remained unin- 
 jured by the English. ' 
 
 There is no record in history of so important a 
 victory being gained with so trifling a loss on the 
 part of the conquerors. The English had only forty 
 five rank and file killed, and five hundred and six 
 wounded. The total loss, including officers of all 
 ranks, was six hundred and sixty-four. The loss of 
 the French amounted to fifteen hundredkilled, wound- 
 ed and prisoners, among whom were many officers. 
 
 General Monckton, who succeeded to the com- 
 mand on the fall of Wolfe, was almost immediately 
 shot through the lungs, at the head of the 47th re- 
 giment, where he had been greatly distinguished. 
 The command then devolved on General Towns- 
 HEND, who had been engaged on the left. Colonel 
 Guy Carleton, Quarter Master General, k ceived 
 also a severe wound in the head. The Adjutant 
 General, Major Barre', afterwards Secretary at War, 
 and a distinguished member of the British Parlia- 
 ment, was also wounded. ... . 
 
 The French General Officers were even more un- 
 fortunate. The Baron De Senezuerges, second in 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 367 
 
 incil of war, 
 assemble the 
 ered at a dis- 
 mite them to 
 not been en- 
 irmy with far 
 ecured them- 
 jd advice was 
 Vaudreuil 
 is Montreal, 
 the Huronsto 
 hich apparent 
 jmained unin- 
 
 so important a 
 a loss on the 
 had only forty 
 indred and six 
 officers of all 
 The loss of 
 killed, wound- 
 many officers, 
 ed to the com- 
 st immediately 
 >f the 47th re- 
 distinguished, 
 ■neral Towns- 
 xcft. Colonel 
 neral, r( ceived 
 The Adjutant 
 cretary at War, 
 British Parlia- 
 
 even more un- 
 iGES, second in 
 
 command, was mortally wounded, and being taken 
 prisoner, died on board the fleet the next day. 
 The Baron De St. Ours also died of his wounds. 
 
 General Tow.^shend had the honor of finishing 
 the battle ; and preserved such an appearance of 
 good order and strength, that Bougainville, who 
 had advanced from Cape Rouge with two thousand 
 fresh troops, thought it most prudent to retire. The 
 battle of the Plains was, therefore, gained — the 
 English remained masters of the field. Gene- 
 rals TowNSHEND and Murray then performed the 
 gratifying duty of going to the head of every 
 regiment, and thanking them for their gallant con- 
 duct. The following days were employed in en- 
 trenching the camp, and in erecting batteries 
 against the town. On the 17th, however, propo- 
 sitions were made, which were accepted and ratified 
 on the iJ^th, and Quebec surrendered to the British 
 arms. , ,-"■ '■ : ' ..■ \ - , .-' • : ■ "--■■ . ;' v. 
 
 The same day Lieutenant Colonel Murray, com- 
 manding the Louisbourg Grenadiers, with three 
 companies of his battalion, a piece of cannon, and a 
 I detachment of Royal Artillery, took possession of the 
 Gates and of the Upper Town. The British stand- 
 lard was hoisted on the highest part of the fortifica- 
 Itions. The Lower Town was occupied by Captain 
 jHuGH Palliser, and a body of seamen detached 
 by Admiral Saunders. The French garrison march- 
 ed out with the honors of war, and with the prisoners 
 who were not wounded, were embarked the next day 
 [on board of transports for France. 
 
 Thus was effected by an inferior force, and without 
 lany assistance from the troops under General Am- 
 Iherst, the surprising and almost miraculous capture 
 lof Quebec, — a fortress nearly impregnable — while 
 
 I 
 
jl 
 
 m 
 
 \i 
 
 i i 
 
 
 368 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 M. De Levi, Governor of Montreal, was still at 
 the head of a numerous army — while the fortifications 
 were uninjured, and while the garrison was in com- 
 munication with Bougainville, and in daily expec- 
 tation of being reinforced with men, stores and pro- 
 visions by that enterprising officer. 
 
 Quebec having been reduced. General Towns- 
 HEND sailed on his return to England, with Admiral 
 Saunders. He had, indeed, accepted a commis- 
 sion only to serve during t -*^ campaign, and under 
 the express condition of returning at its termination. 
 On their arrival in the channel, Saunders received 
 intelligence of the Brest squadron having put to sea. 
 Instead, therefore, of making an English port, he 
 hurried to reinforce Admiral Hawke with three sail 
 of the line, in which spirited resolution he was joined 
 by Tov/nshend, who was his passenger.^ - 
 
 A garrison of five thousand men, well furnished 
 with provisions and stores, was left in Quebec under 
 General Murray, fi .^ i , , u i , „; >; 
 
 General Monckton soon recovered of his wounds 
 at New- York, whither he had proceeded, and of 
 which he was soon afterwards Governor. ^ 
 
 I'', t 
 
 '. .►, 
 
 I'-vj^^' N) -• .^' I ■ •^ 
 
 ■^'fi;." t ■ 
 
 LIST 
 
 ■Hi-. 
 
 ■■\ u- 
 
 . it. -. ■^ 
 
 Of the Naval and Military force on the Expedition against 
 Quebec, together with the General and Staff Officers. 
 
 Twenty ships of the Line, two of fifty guns ; eight frigates; 
 nine sloops ; three ketches ; three fire ships ; two armed ships; 
 one cutter; one store ship. 
 
 Charles Saunders, Commander in Chief, Vice Admiral of 
 the Blue. - . . 
 
 Philip Durell, Rear Admiral of the Red. '' ; ' 
 Charle,^ Holmes, Rear Admiral of the White. 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 369 
 
 xeneral Towns- 
 ,d, with Admiral 
 pted a commis- 
 lign, and under 
 t its termination. 
 jNDERS received 
 iving put to sea. 
 English port, he 
 E with three sail 
 on he was joined 
 nger. 
 
 1, well furnished 
 n Quebec under 
 
 ; _' ; J. 
 
 ed of his wounds 
 oceeded, and of 
 
 Expedition against 
 nd Staff Officers. 
 
 uns ; eight frigates; 
 j; two armed ships; 
 
 LAND FORCES. 
 
 Major General James Wolfe, Commander-in-Chief. 
 
 C Honble. Robert Monckton, J) 
 Colonels < Honble. George Townshend, > Brigadier Genls, 
 
 ( Honble. James Murray. ) 
 
 Lieutenant Colonel Guy Carleton, Quarter Master General. 
 Major Isaac Barro, Adjutant General, 
 p ( Horvey Smith, \ Aides do Camp to the Com man 
 
 uapis. ^ rj,^^^^^ j3gi,^ J der-in.Chief. 
 
 ^" ' *' C Richard Guillem, 1 
 
 Capts. ^ John Spittal, Ulaior^j ofRricrade 
 
 I Hon. Richard Maitland, I ^^^^"^"^ *** Brigade. 
 Lieut. Henry Dobson, J 
 
 Capts. j i^^ii^^ ' ( Assistants to the Quarter Master Genl. 
 
 Major Patrick Mackellar, Chief Engineer. , 
 
 First Brigade, - - - 
 Jlegiments, 
 ■' 15th 
 43d 
 . 48th 
 78th 
 Second Brigade, 
 
 28th 
 ^ . 47th 
 
 60th, 2d Bat 
 Third Brigade, 
 
 35th - - 
 ' ' 58th 
 
 < General Monckton, 
 Commanding Officers, 
 Major Irvine, 
 Lieut. Col. James, 
 
 - Lieut. Col. Burton, 
 Lieut. Coi. Eraser, 
 
 General Townshend, 
 Lieut. Col. Walsh, 
 Lieut. Col. Hale, 
 Major Prevost. 
 General Murray, 
 
 Lieut. Col Fletcher, 
 Major Agnew, 
 Lieut. Col. Young. 
 
 60th, 3d Bat. - • 
 
 The Grenadiers of the above ten Regiments, Lt. Col. Carleton. 
 
 ..^ fT'UiTf* c ) Lt. Col. Hon. Wni. Howe, 
 
 At Corps of Liffht Infantry from f ^^^^ ,^ ^^^ ^^^^^^ 
 
 the Regiments of the Line. 
 A corps of Rangers 
 
 John Bailing. 
 Major George Scott. 
 
 ef, Vice Admiral of 
 
370 
 
 'i I 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
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WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 371 
 
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372 NEW ncTURE or Quebec, 
 
 Strenotii of ill Fronch Army at tlu' Battle of Quebec, 
 , , Kith Soptembor, 176!>. 
 
 -i V * RIf;iIT rOMMN. 
 
 Colony troops .^.^O 
 
 llrjrt. of I.ii ^arro .WO 
 
 Uc^rt. of lian^iiedoc .5.'>() 
 
 Militia and I six pounder 400 
 
 2000 
 
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 itegfimcntof Poarn 3(50 
 
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 Militia 1200 
 
 1920 
 
 LEFT COI.rMN. 
 
 lleginient Hoynl Hou^sillon 650 
 
 ('olony Troops CM) 
 
 Militia 2300 
 
 3600 
 
 Grand Total 7520 
 
 - " , ■-■■•-, • I'l-- 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 I III I! 
 
 ( Ij 
 
 i III 
 
 The ^aval Force of the French consisted of the folio vviii<;| 
 
 vessels : 
 
 King's Frigates. Guns. 
 
 L'Atalante 60 
 
 La Pomooe y. 32 
 
 MKRCHANT VESSELS. 
 
 Le Machault 24 
 
 Le Seneclere 24 
 
 Le Dnc de Fronsac 24 
 
 Le Bienfaisant 24 
 
 The lovely Nancy 24 
 
 La Chezine 22 
 
 It 11' 
 
"> 
 
 \ \'-*J 
 
 :lc of Quebec, 
 
 ...WO ■ 
 ...500 
 ....5.50 
 ...400 
 __— 2000 
 
 WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 373 
 
 ', f M'. •• 
 
 t I 
 
 
 
 ,■* 
 
 •. t- 
 
 CHAPTER THE SIXTEENTH. 
 
 ...300 
 ...300 
 ..1200 
 
 1920 
 
 0.50 
 
 0.50 
 
 ...2300 
 
 _ 
 
 3600 
 
 lid Total 
 
 7520 
 
 In onlcr to do ample justice to the interesting 
 subject of which we now treat, and satisfied that no- 
 thing which tends to illustrate the j^lorious canipai{;^n 
 of 1759, will be read with indifference at the present 
 (l:iy, we devote this chapter to a selection from the va« 
 rious anecdotes and reminiscences, which have been 
 handed down, relative to the chief actors in the 
 eventful crisis which added anothc.' wreath to tlic 
 national fame, and a new Province to the British 
 Empire. 
 
 V ,' MEMORABILIA OF 1750. ' 
 
 ill 
 
 ;d of the following 
 
 Guns. 
 
 ,...60 
 
 ....32 
 
 ....24. 
 ....24 
 ,....24 
 
 24 
 
 24 
 
 22 
 
 ANECnOTE OF MR. I'lTT, AFTERWARDS EARL OF CIIATUAM. 
 
 The followinf'' anocdote of Mr. Pitt, the Minister who se- 
 lected Wof.FE as eminently Ht for the connmand of the expe- 
 1 dition ai^ainst Quehec, was communicated by his under Secretary 
 j of State, Mr. Wood, to a friend of his, and is a striking- proof 
 i(tf his honesty and energ-y of purpose. 
 
 Mr. Pitt souf^ht out merit wherever he could find it ; and 
 
 Iknowin'T that he could not give General Woefe a sutlicient 
 
 Miimber of troops, he told him that he would make it up to him 
 
 as well as he could, by giving him the appointment of all his 
 
 (tfTicors. Wolfe sent in his list, in which was the name of an 
 
 lorticer. Lieutenant Colonel Guy Carleton, who had unfortu- 
 
 jiKitoly made himself obnoxious to the then King, by some un' 
 
 guarded expression, concerning the Hanover troops, and which 
 
 lliiul, by some officious person, been repeated to Ilis Majesty. 
 
 I 2 
 
374 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF OUEBEC, 
 
 Lord Lifi^onier, then Commander-in-Chief of all His Majesty's 
 land forces, took in the list to the King-, who, as he expected, 
 made ohjections to a particular name, and refused to sig^n the 
 commission. Mr. Pitt seni Lord Lijjonier into the closet a se- 
 cond time, with no better success. His Lordship refused to g"0 in 
 a third time at Mr. Pitt's su;r<jestion. He was, however, told 
 his place would be vacant if he did not ; and that, on presendnn^ 
 the name to the .sovereif,M), for the th'rd time, he should tell 
 him the peculiar situation of the state of the expedition ; and 
 that in order to make any General completely responsible for 
 his conduct he should be made as much as possible inexcusable 
 if he failed ; and that, in consequence, whatever an otRcer, 
 entrusted with any service of confidence, requested, should, if 
 possible, he complied with. Lord Lig-onicr v. ent in a third 
 time, and told his Soverei;>n, what he was directed tosay. The 
 ^ood sense of this so completely disarmed his resentment, that 
 lie signed the particular commission as he was requested. 
 
 GENERAL WOLFE. 
 
 General Jai\ies Wolfe was born January 2nd, 1727, in 
 the Parish of Westerham, Kent. The County of York also 
 claimed the honor of his birth, and there was a dispute on the 
 subject. His father was Lieutenant General Edward VVolik, 
 who died Colonei-in-Chief of the 8th Uetriraent, on ihe 27th 
 March, in the same year with his illustrious son. He com- 
 manded that Regiment at the battle of Culloden, in 17 J5. He 
 was the second son — the eldest, Edwird, a youth of ^reat pro- 
 mise, also entered the army, and died younoc in Germany. 
 Another brother, younger than James, is mentioned as having 
 been at Louisbour^. 
 
 in the mismanajj^ed expedition against Rochford, under Sir 
 John Mordaunt, in 1757, Wolfe was Quarter Master General 
 with the rank of Lieutenaiit Colonel in the army. When the 
 General's conduct came under examination, he was called Uj)oii 
 as an evidem^e by both ])arties. The candor, precision, and 
 knowledge of his profession, with which he delivered it, gained 
 hini esteem ; and though only thirty years of age, his military 
 talents in conversation appeared with such lustre as recoiii- 
 niPiided him to the patronage of the Ministry, and of His Ma- 
 jesty (Jeorge H. His gallant conduct at the capture of 
 Louisnoi u(; completely established his fame, and led to his ap- 
 pointment to the command of the expedition against Queukc. 
 
\^ 
 
 WITH HISrORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 375 
 
 ill His Majesty's 
 , as he expected, 
 used to si^^n the 
 o the closet a se- 
 p refused to <?oiti 
 as, however, tohl 
 lat, onpresentin;; 
 ?, he should tell 
 expedition ; ami 
 ly responsible tor 
 isible uiexcusable 
 atever an otlicer, 
 [juest'! d, should, if 
 V, ent in a third 
 ectedtosay. The 
 s resentment, that 
 s requested. 
 
 try 2nd, 1727, in 
 nty of York also 
 IS a dispute on the 
 il Edward Woli k, 
 ment, on ihe 27th 
 us son. He corn- 
 en, in 1715. He 
 youth of^reat pro- 
 Duntj in Germany, 
 entioned as having 
 
 ochford, under Sir 
 ter Master General 
 t army. When the 
 he was called upon 
 [lor, precision, and 
 delivered it,oaiiuMl 
 of af?e, his military 
 eh lustre as reconi- 
 try, and of His Ma- 
 ul the capture ot 
 le, and led to his up- 
 on against Queiux. 
 
 In personal appearance he was what mijrht be called a plain 
 man. He had a fuce sharp and thin, red hair, coarse sUiri, fair 
 and freckled. His eyes were blue and benio^nant, he had a 
 smiling mouth, and a manner which assured you of the plea- 
 sant and happy disposition of him that wore it. 
 
 Wolfe's Physician, Dr. Hinde, died lately at Newport, 
 Kentucky, at the advanced age of ninety-two years, He was 
 represented in some of the pictures of the death of Wolfe, as 
 feeling- the fast ebbinnr pulse of the wounded hero. General 
 Wolfe was the object of his liveliest recollection, and to his 
 latest days he was accustomed to describe him as " a tall and 
 robust person, with fi.ir complexion and sandy hair, possessing 
 a countenance calm, resolute, contident, and beaming with in- 
 telligence." 
 
 General Wolfe was to have been married on his return from 
 Quebec to a ni(>st amiable and accomplished lady, Catherine, 
 daughter of Robert Lowther, Esquire, of Westmoreland, for- 
 merly Governor of Barbadoes. Six years after the death of 
 Wolfe, she became the wife of the last Duke of Bolton, and 
 died in 1800. 
 
 The letters of General Wolfe, amounting to more than two 
 hundred, passed from the hands of his friend General Ward, 
 whose family lived at Westerham, into those of Mr. Soutiiey, 
 who has written the life of Wolfe, published in Murray's 
 Family Library. We regret that this work has not yet fallen 
 into our hands. An account of his life was published in 1759, 
 by Kearslcy, the Bookseller, written by J. P., Master of Arts. 
 
 THE NIGHT BEFORE THE BATTLE OF THE PLAINS. 
 
 The late Professor Robinson, of Edinburgh, at that time a 
 Midshipman in the Royal Navy, happened to be on duty in the 
 boat in which General Wolfe went to visit some of his posts 
 the night before the bat le. The evening was tine, and the 
 scene, considering the work they were engaged in, and the 
 morning to which they were looking forward, was sufficiently 
 impressive. As they rowed along, the General, with much 
 feeling, repeated nearly the whole of Gray's Elegy, — which 
 had recently appeared, and was yet but little known — to an 
 officer who sat with him in th<' stern of the boat, adding as he 
 concluded, " that he would prefer being the author of that 
 poem to the glory of !)eating the French to-morrow." To- 
 morrow came, and the life of thisi illustrious soldier was glo-> 
 
376 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 riously terminated amidst the tears of his friends, and the shouts 
 of his victorious array : — 
 
 " The paths of glory lead but to the grave !" 
 
 THE LANDING PLACE. 
 
 It appears from General Townshend's despatch that the 
 landing was effected somewhat to the eastward of the entrench- 
 ed path, now the winding road from Wolfe's Cove. This 
 path after reaching Marchraont. crossed the Plains and joined 
 the St. Lewis road where the entrance is at present to the 
 course, The light infantry having ascended the precipice belovv 
 the pathway, dislodged the guard, and thus enabled the first and 
 second divisions to make use of the path, having freed it from 
 its impediments. It was very fortunate that the landing was 
 effected below the spot intended, as an alarm would otherwise 
 have been given, and greater loss would hrtve been sustained in 
 gaining the summit. 
 
 The following anecdote is abridged from Smollett : 
 " The PVetich had posted sentries along shore, to challenge 
 boats, and give the alarm occasionally. The first boat being 
 questioned accordingly, a Captain of Fraser's Regiment, who 
 had served in Holland, and was perfectly well acquainted with 
 the French language and customs, answered to Qui vit, which 
 is their challenge word, La France. When the sentinel de- 
 manded, a quel regiment ? — the Captain replied, De la Heine, 
 which ho knew by accident, to be one of those commanded by 
 Bougainville. The soldier took it for granted it was the ex- 
 pected convoy, and saying, Passe, the boats proceeded without 
 further question. One of the sentries more wary than the 
 rest, running down to the water's edge, called out, Pourquoi 
 est ce que vous ne parlez plus haut? — to which the Captain 
 answered, with admirable presence of mind, in a soft tone of 
 voice, Tai toi, nous serous entendus. Thus cautioned, the 
 sentrv retired without further altercation." This officer's 
 name frequently occurs, it was Captain Donald McDonald, of 
 Fraser's Highlanders. 
 
 ANECDOTE OF THE MOTHER OF WOLFE. 
 
 A little circumstance, eloquently related, has been handed 
 down, which shows a delicacy of sentiment, and a justness of 
 thinking, not very commonly exceeded, even among persons iu 
 the hig[her walks of life. 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 377 
 
 s, and the shouts 
 rrave !" 
 
 espatch that the 
 i of the entrench- 
 [■e's Cove. This 
 Plains and joined 
 t present to the 
 le precipice below 
 abled the tirst and 
 ,ing freed it from 
 t the landing: was 
 
 I would otherwise 
 been sustained iu 
 
 Smollett : 
 [lore, to challenge 
 } first boat being 
 's Reijiment, who 
 
 II acquainted with 
 to Qui vit, which 
 
 the sentinel de- 
 lied, De la Beine, 
 )se commanded by 
 ted it was the ex- 
 )roceeded without 
 re wary than the 
 ed out, Pourquoi 
 vhich the Captain 
 
 in a soft tone of 
 Lis cautioned, the 
 This officer's 
 laid McDonald, of 
 
 VOLFE. 
 
 has been handed 
 
 and a justness of 
 
 among persons iu 
 
 The mother of General Wolfe was an object marked for 
 pubh'c commiseration, by oreat and poignant distress. That 
 which jrave cause of general exultation, could not but pierce 
 hor breast with peculiar sorrow. In the accomplished ofticer, 
 whom the country and the world admired, she had lost a dutiful 
 aad afft'ctiouate son ; doubly endeared by his hiijh public me- 
 rit, and by the amiable virtues that adorned his private life. 
 He was her only son ; and within a few months she had lost 
 liis father ! The populace of the villag-e where she lived, 
 Westcrham, in Kent, unanimously agreed to admit no illumina- 
 tion or firiniirs, or any sign of rejoicing whatever near hor house, 
 lest they should seem by an ill-timed triumph, to violate the 
 sacreduess of her grief. 
 
 FUNERAL CEREMONIES OF WOLFE. ' \ 
 
 The remains of the lamented Hero were brought to Eng- 
 land for interment, with all honor and respect, on board the 
 Royal William^ of 84 guns. 
 
 At seven o'clock in the morninir of the 17th November, this 
 vessel, lying iu Portsmouth harbor, fired two signal guns on 
 the removal of the corpse. At eight o'clock, the body was 
 lowered into a twelve oared barge, which was towed by two 
 other twelve oared barges, and attended by twelve more, 
 ta the end of the point, in a train of gloomy, silent pomp, 
 which suited the melancholy occasion. During the solemnity, 
 all the honors that could be paid to the memory of a gallant 
 officer, were rendered to the remains of Wolfe. Minute guns 
 were fired from the ships at Spithead, from the time of the 
 body's Icijving the ship, to its being landed on the point at 
 Portsmouth, which was one hour. The Regiment of Invalids 
 was ordered under arms before eight o'clock ; and being joined 
 by a company of the train in garrison at Portsmouth, marched 
 from the parade there to the end of the point to receive the 
 remains with military honors. At nine, the body was accord- 
 ingly lauded, and placed in a travelling hearse, attended by a 
 mourning coach, and immediately proceeded through the 
 n:arrison. The colors in the Fort were struck half fiag-staflf : 
 the bells vvern muffled, and rung ir. oioiemn concert with tho 
 march. Minute guns were fired from the platform, from the 
 entrance of the corpse to the end of the procession. Tho 
 company of the train led the van, with arms reversed — tho 
 corpse n<»xt — and the Invalids followed the hearse. They 
 conducted the body to the Land-port gate, where the train open- 
 
 2 I 3 
 
378 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF J^UEBEC, 
 
 ed to the right and left, and the hearse passed through them 
 on its way to London. 
 
 Although there were many thousands of people assembled on 
 this occasion, not the least disturbance happened. Nothing 
 was to be heard but murmuring and broken accents in praise 
 of the dead Hero. The corpse was privately interred at 
 Greenwich, in the family vault, on the 20th November. 
 
 !! ; i| 
 
 I 
 
 li! 
 
 MONUMENT ERLCTED TO THE MEMORY OF GENERAL WOLFE, 
 IN WESTMINSTER ABBEY. 
 
 The subject is the tragic story of the General's death in the 
 very moment of victory. He is represented in the last agonies 
 of expiring heroism, with his hand closing the wound which 
 the ball that killed him had made in his breast, and falling into 
 the arms of a grenadier, who catches and endeavors to support 
 him on his haunches, while with one hand he holds his feeble 
 arm, and with the other points to glory, in the form of an Angel 
 in the clouds, holding forth a wreath ready to crown him. 
 On the pyramid, in relief, is the faithful Highland Serjeant who 
 attended him, in whose countenance the big sorroWy at the 
 mournful sight of his dying master, is so powerfully and pathe- 
 tically expressed, that the most insensible human being cannot 
 Jook upon him, without, in some sort, sh.iring in his grief. 
 
 This monument does equal honor to the artist who designed 
 it, and the sculptor by whom it was executed. Every part is 
 masterly. The lions that rest upon the base, and the wolves' 
 heads that ornament the flanks, are animated ; but, abo e all, 
 the alt-relief that decorates the front,and represents the landing 
 at Quebec, conveys such a lively view of the horrid rocks and 
 precipices which the soldiers had to climb, and the sailors to 
 surmount with the cannon, before they could approach to attack 
 the enemy, that one cannot tell which most to admire, the bra- 
 very of the troops, who could conquer under such diHiculties, 
 or the art of the sculptor, who conld make a representation so 
 striking. The inscription carries no marks of ostentation, but 
 simply records the facts in the following words : 
 
 To the memory of 
 
 ' ' James Wolfe, 
 
 Major General and Commandor-in-Chief 
 
 Of the British Land Forces, 
 
 On an expedition against Quebec ; 
 
 Who having surmounted, 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 379 
 
 1 through them 
 
 pie assembled on 
 pened. Nothinn; 
 accents in praise 
 itely interred at 
 »Joveraber. 
 
 lENERAL WOLFE, 
 
 'al's death in the 
 in the last agonies 
 the wound which 
 St, and falling into 
 [leavors to support 
 he holds his feeble 
 e form of an Angel 
 ly to crown him. 
 iland Serjeant who 
 big sorrow^ at the 
 erfully and puthe- 
 iraan being cannot 
 ig in his grief. 
 ;ist who designed 
 ed. Every part is 
 e, and the wolves* 
 8d ; but, abo e all, 
 resents the landing 
 e horrid rocks and 
 and the sailors to 
 approach to attack 
 to admire, the bra- 
 such difficulties, 
 a representation so 
 of ostentation, but 
 )rds : 
 
 n-Chief 
 
 s. 
 bee; 
 
 - By ability and valour, 
 
 All obstacles of art and nature. 
 
 Was slain in the moment of victDry, 
 
 On the 13th of September, 1759. 
 
 The Kinff and Parliament of Great Britain 
 
 Dedicated this monument. 
 
 MONUMENT IN WESTERIIAM CHURCH. 
 
 In April, 1760, a plain monument to the late General Wolfe 
 was erected in the Parish ol Westerham, in the County of 
 Kent, by some gentlemen of the vicinity. In the Inscription, 
 which is here given, the extraordinary honor intended to his 
 memory by the King and Parliament is alluded to, and the im- 
 propriety of a more expensive monument in luat place justly 
 'hown. 
 
 James 
 
 Son of Col. Edward Wolfe and Henrietta his Wife, 
 
 Was born in this FAk-ish, January 2nd, 
 
 MDCCXXVII. 
 
 And died in America, September the 13th, 
 
 MDCCLIX. 
 
 Whilst George in sorrow bows his laurelled head. 
 And bids the artist grace the soldier dead ; 
 We raise no sculptur'd trophy to thy name, 
 Brave youth! the fairest in the list of fame. 
 Proud of thy birth, we boast th' auspicious year, 
 Struck with thy fall, we shed a general tear ; 
 With humble grief inscribe one artless stone. 
 And from thy matchless honors date our own ! 
 
 I DECU8 I NOSTRUM. 
 
 - . ^ 
 
 CHARACTER OF WOLFE *BY SMOLLETT. 
 
 The death of General Wolfe was a national loss, universally 
 lamented. He inherited from nature an animating fervor of 
 sentiment, an intuitive perception, an ex*^„nsive capacity, and 
 a passion for glory, which stimulated him to acquire every 
 species of military knowledge that study could comprehend, 
 that actual service could illustrate and coniirm. This noble 
 warmth of disposition seldom fails to call forth and unfold the 
 liberal virtues of the soul. Brave above all estimation of dan- 
 
:l' 
 
 III 
 
 I 'n> 
 
 il! 
 
 
 'f" If 
 
 
 ff 
 
 380 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 jrer, he was also "[^enerous, g-entle, complacenf, and humane : 
 the pattern of the oflicer, the darlinff of the soldier : there was 
 a sublimity in hiso-enius which soared above the pitch of ordi- 
 nary minds ; and had his faculties been exercised to their full 
 extent by opportunity and action, had his judjjment been fully 
 matured by aj^e and experience, he would, without doubt, 
 have rivalled in reputation the most celebrated Captains of 
 antiquity. 
 
 CHARACTER OF MONTCALM. 
 
 The ensuino^ sketch of Montcalm is extracted from Manuel's 
 L'Annee Franfai^e: 
 
 " Ce sont les sacrifices fiiits a la societe qui donnent des 
 droits an souvenir de la posterity ; elle ne pent point oublier ce 
 General. II est ne, il a vecu, et il est mort dans les camps. 
 Son education n'en fut pas moins soij^-nee. II apprit la lanji^ue 
 d'lTomere avant de prendre la lance d'Achille. Son esprit se 
 developpoit comnic son courafje ; et %alement propre aux ba- 
 tailles et aux academies, son liesir etoit d'unir aux lauriers de 
 Mars les palmes de Minerve. Mais la f^uerre occupa presque 
 toute sa vie ; avec des talens et de I'activite, on Tappeloit par 
 tout oil il falloit commander et se battre. Chaque grade fat 
 marque par des blessures; et en tres peu de tems, il merita 
 d'etre a la tete des troupes dans TAmerique septentrionale. 
 C'est la que se sont raontrees les qualites de ce Capitaine — c'est 
 la qu'il a fait voir a quel dej^re il reunissoit la bravoure dii 
 soldat et la grandeur d'amo du heros, la prudence du conseil et 
 la celeritede I'execution ; le sang- froid que rien n'altere, cette 
 patience que rien ne rebute, et cette resolution.courageuse qui 
 ose repondre du succes dans des circonstances ou la timide 
 speculation aurait a peine entrevu des resources. C'est la 
 qu'au milieu dessauvages dont il etoit devenu le pere, on I'a vu 
 se plier a leur caractere feroce, s'endurcir aux memes travaux, 
 et se restreindre aux memes besoins, les apprivoiser par la 
 douceur, l<»s attirer par la confiance, los attendrir par tons les 
 soins de Thurailite, et faire dominer le respect et I'amour sur 
 des ames egalement indociles an joug de I'obeissanceot lu freiii 
 de la discipline. C'est la que des fatigues et des dangers sans 
 nombre n'ont jamais rallenti son zele; tantot present a des 
 spectacles dont i' idee seule fait fremir la nature ; tantot expose 
 a manquer de tout, et souvent a mourir de faim. Reduit 
 pendant onze mois a quatre onces de pain par jour, mangeant 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 381 
 
 du cheval pour donner Texemple, il fut le merae dans tons les 
 teins, satist'ait de tout endurer. 
 
 ** Un des Chefs Canadiens etonne que Ci'lui qui faisoit des 
 prodin^es fut d'une petite taille, s'ecria la premiere fois qu'ii le 
 vit — " Ah ! que tu es petit ! raais je vois dans tes yeux la 
 hauteur du cheae, at la vivacite des aigles." 
 
 Translation of a Letter from M. de Bougainville, Member of 
 the Academy of Sciences, to the Right Honorable William 
 Pitt. 
 
 ed from Manuel's I Sir, 
 
 The honore paid, during* your Ministry, to the memory of 
 Mr. vVoLFE, give me room to hope that you will not disapprove 
 of the grateful efforts made by the French troops to perpetuate 
 the memory of the Marquis de Montcalm. The corpse of that 
 General, who was honored with the regret of your nation, is 
 buried at Quebec. I have the honor to send to you an Epitaph 
 which the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles Lettres have 
 wrote for him ; and I would beg the favor of you. Sir, to read 
 it over, and if there bo nothing improper in it, to procure me 
 a permission to send it to Quebec, engraved in marble, to put 
 over the Marquis de Montcalm's tomb. If this permission 
 [should be granted, may I presume, Sir, to entreat the honor of 
 I a line to acquaint me with it, and at the same time to send me 
 apassport, that the engraved marble may be received on board 
 of an English vessel, and that Mr. Murray, Governor of Que- 
 bec, may give leave to have it put up in the Ursuline Church. 
 I ask pardon, Sir, for taking off your attention, even for a mo- 
 ment, from your important concerns : but to endeavour to 
 immortalize great men and illustrious citizens, is to do honor 
 [to you. 
 
 I am, &c. 
 
 BOUGAINVILLE. 
 
 Paris, March 24, 1761. 
 
 Mr. F U^s Answer. 
 I Sir, 
 
 It is a real satisfaction to me to send you the King's con- 
 
 Iscnt on such an interesting subject, a very handsome Epitaph 
 
 [drawn by the Academy of Inscriptions atParis,for the Marquis 
 
 ie Montcalm, which is desired to be sent to Quebec, engraved 
 
 Dn marble, to be set up on the tomb of the illustrious warrior. 
 
S8-2 
 
 m 
 
 I ;« 
 
 !lii' >: 
 
 III 
 
 ! 
 i. 
 
 ! 
 
 t! ■' 
 
 Hi 
 
 ,.::., 
 
 '■jj ■ 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 The noble sentiments expressed in the desire to pay this tribute 
 to the memory of their (leiieral by the French troops who 
 served in Canudii, and who saw him tall at their head, in a 
 manner worthy of*him and worthy of them, cannot be too much 
 apphiuded. I shitll take a pleasure, Sir, in facilitatinj!^ a desi<rn 
 8o full of respect to the deceased : and as soon as I am inform- 
 ed of the measures taken for embarking- the marble, I shall 
 immediately jrrant the passport you desire, and send orders to 
 the Governor of C'anada for its reception. 
 
 As to the rest, be assured, Sir, that 1 have a just sense of the 
 oblitrinn;' thinti;s siid to me in the letter with which you honored 
 me, and that I think it a sinji^ular happiness to have an oppor- 
 tunity to express those sentiments of distinpfuished esteem and 
 consideration with which 1 have the honor to be, &c. 
 
 April 10th, 1761. 
 
 ■i*. 
 
 W. Pitt. 
 
 . ! (■ 
 
 EPITAPH FOR THE LATE GENERAL MONTCAUVl's MONUMENT. 
 
 HIC JACET. 
 
 Utroqiie in orbe seternum Victurus, 
 
 LUDOVICUS JOSEPIIUS DE MONTCALM GOZON, 
 
 Marchio Sancti Verani, Baro Gabriaci, 
 
 Ordinis Sancti Ludovici Commendator, 
 
 Legfatus Generjilis Exercituum Gallicorura. 
 
 E^reifins et Cives et Miles, ' 
 
 NuUius liel appetens, prceterquara verse laudis, 
 
 Tiiiifenio folici et litteris excwlto, 
 
 Omnes Militiae "fradus per continua decora emensui'. 
 
 Omnium belli A». tium, teraporura, discriminum 
 
 g-narus. 
 
 In Italia, in Bohemia, in Gerraania, 
 
 Dux Industrius ; 
 
 Mandata sibi, ita semper {jerens, ut majoribus 
 
 par haberetur. 
 
 Jam darns periculis, 
 
 Ad tutandum Canadensum Provinciam missus, 
 
 Parva Militum manu, Hostium copias, non semel 
 
 repulit : 
 Propugnaculr. cepit viris armisque instructissiraa, 
 Aljforis, inedioe, vigilarum, laboris patiens», 
 !v *,' buis unice prospiciens, immemor sui, , 
 
 'f-'-:\ 
 
 
EC, ' ' 
 
 to pay tliis tribute 
 pnch troops who 
 their bead, in :i 
 unuot be too much 
 cilitatinj? a desi<,'n 
 Ml as I am inforra- 
 he marble, I shall 
 lod seud orders to 
 
 til ■ :• I- !i.'.. 
 
 a just sense of the 
 ^hich you honored 
 to have an oppor- 
 ruished esteem and 
 to be, &c. 
 
 W.Pitt. 
 
 ... I 
 
 \L1VI*S MONl'MENT. 
 
 WJTU HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 Ilostis acer, Victor Mansuetus. * •* 
 
 Fortuiiam virtute, virium iuopiara, peritiu 
 
 Et celeritate r.ompensavit, 
 
 Imminens Coloniie Fatuni et conditio et manu per 
 
 quadrieunium sustinuit. 
 
 Tandem ingentem exercitura Duce strenuo et 
 
 audaci, 
 
 Classemqiie omni bellorum mole jjravem, 
 
 Multinlici prudentiu, diii luditicatus, 
 
 Vi pertractiis ad dimicanduni, 
 
 In prima ac'e, in primo coutlictu, viilneratus, 
 
 Reiij^ioni, quam semper colnerat, innitons, 
 
 Maffno suorum desiderio, nee sine hustium 
 
 moerore extinct us est. 
 
 Die XIV. Septem. A. D. M.DCC.LIX. 
 
 i^^tat.XLVlII. 
 
 Mortales optirai Ducis exuvias, in excavatii. humo, 
 
 Qiiam Globus bellicus decidens, dosilionsquc 
 
 defoderat, 
 
 Galli lugentes deposuerunt 
 
 Et generosie Hostium fidei commendarunt. ' 
 
 383 
 
 turns, 
 
 LM GozoN, 
 
 ^iabriaci, 
 
 jendator, ' 
 
 lallicorura. 
 
 venfi laudis, 
 ulto, 
 
 ecora emensui, 
 iscriminuna 
 
 •mania, 
 
 it majoribus 
 
 VI I 
 
 iciam missus, 
 ias, non serael 
 
 instructissiraa, 
 ris patiens, 
 mor sui, ^ 
 
 ire 
 
 \_TRANSLATION.'] 
 
 IlERK LIETII, 
 
 In either hemisphere to live forever, 
 Lewis Joseph i)e Montcalm (iozox. 
 Marquis of St. Veran, Baron of Gabriac, 
 Commander of the Order of St. Lewis, 
 Lieutenant General of the French army. 
 Not less an excellent citizen than soldier; 
 Who knew no desire but that of true glorv. 
 Happy in a natural (ienius, improved by literatur 
 Having gone through the several steps of military honors 
 V/ith an uninterrupted lustre, 
 1 r: . :« Skilled in all the arts of war, .;» ' 
 
 The juncture of the times, and the crisis of dann-er ; 
 In Italy, in Bohemia, in Germany, - 
 
 An indefatigable General : ^' ' ;' 
 
 ' He so discharged his important trusts, '■ ■-■' 
 That he seemed always equal to still greater. 
 At length gi'own brigh„ with perils, 
 'V Sent to secure the Province of Canada 
 
 •A ^ With a handful of men, >" 
 
 'i ',' *. 
 
 .;;•' 
 
384 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 li 
 
 ifi:; 
 
 iff 
 
 
 He more than once repulsed the enemy's forces, 
 
 And made himself master of their Forts * 
 
 lleplete with troops and ammunition. 
 
 Inured to cold, hunjirer, watchin"- and labours. 
 
 Unmindful of himself, 
 
 He had no sensation, but for his soldiers: 
 
 An enemy with the fiercest impetuosity ; 
 
 A victor with the tenderest humanity, 
 
 Adverse fortune he compensated with valour ; 
 
 The want of streufjth, with skill and activity ; 
 
 And, with his counsel and support , 
 
 For four years protracted the impending 
 
 Fate of the Colony. / *' 
 
 Havinff with various artifices 
 Lon<^ baffled a j^reat army. 
 Headed by an expert and intrepid commander, 
 And a lluet furnished with all warlike stores. 
 Compelled at len<»th to an enifap^ement, 
 He fell, iu the first rank, in the first onset. 
 Warm with those hopes of Reli|jion 
 Which he had always cherish'd ; 
 To the inexpressible loss of his own army. 
 And not without the reg^ret of the enemy's. 
 XIV. September, A. D. M.DCC.LIX. 
 Of his age XL VIII. , . 
 
 His weepiufT countrymen 
 Deposited the remains of their excellent General in a gravOj 
 Which a fallen bomb in burstinf^ had excavated for him, 
 Recommendinjf them to the jrenerous faith of their enemies. 
 
 , , »I. DE BOUGAINVILLE. 
 
 This g-entleman, having- served with much reputation under 
 Montcalm, afterwards became a naval officer, and will be 
 placed by impartial posterity in the first rank of circumna- 
 vig^ators. His merits have been considered as nearly equal 
 to those of the celebrated Captain Cook, whose precuisoi 
 he was. He was scarcely twenty years of ag-e at the time of 
 the surrender of Quebec, althoufrh at that early ag-e in cora- 
 mand of nearly two thousand men. He was warmly attached 
 to Montcalm ; which was evinced by his well known applica- 
 tion to Mr. Pitt, respecting- the erection of a monument to that 
 
EC, 
 
 WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS 
 
 385 
 
 y*3 forces, 
 Forts V 
 tion. 
 1 labours, 
 
 jldiers: 
 losity ; 
 
 lanitv, 
 h valour ; 
 activity; 
 port 
 lending 
 
 ■ . * 
 
 ommander, 
 ^e stores, 
 c-ment, 
 rst onset, 
 liffion 
 ti'd; 
 
 vn army, 
 } enemy's. 
 .LIX. 
 
 eneral in a gravO; 
 ;avatedfor him, 
 I of their enemies. 
 
 1 reputation under 
 
 ►fficer, and will be 
 
 rank of circumna- 
 
 •ed as nearly equal 
 
 , whose precursor 
 
 age at the time of 
 
 early age in comi- 
 
 as warmly attached 
 
 e\\ known apprK""- 
 
 a monument to that 
 
 General. Bougainville was afterwards Vice Admiral, a Sena- 
 tor ; and was finally killed by a revolutionary mob at Paris, on 
 the 10th August, 1792. ... 
 
 , '■ , 'Mi ^' , r I 
 
 ,,-..■,. I ^ . 
 
 MARQUIS DE VAUDREUIL. 
 
 This nobleman's father had also been Governor General of 
 all New France. The son, who surrendered Montreal to 
 General Amherst, had been a Captain in the Navy. There 
 was a Marquis de Vaudreuil, who commanded the French fleet 
 in the West Indies, about 1783, to whom Admiral Lord Hood 
 was opposed. If this was the same person with the Governor 
 General, he must at the latter date have been between seventy 
 and eighty years of age. 
 
 GENERAL MONCKTON. 
 
 Brigadier General the Honorable Robert Monckton was 
 the second son of the first Viscount Gal way, by Elizabeth, 
 daughter of John Duke of Rutland, who died in 1730, at the 
 early age of 21, leaving four children. General Monckton 
 was of about the same age as Wolfe. 
 
 The family of Monckton is of great antiquity, having been 
 possessed of Nun Monckton, in Yorkshire, near Boroughbridge, 
 long previous to 1326, when it became a Nunnery, called after 
 the family. In 1454- they acquired the Manor of Cavil, which 
 still remains in the family. 
 
 General Monckton was appointed Governor of New- York, 
 in 1761. In 1762, he was appointed to the command of 
 eighteen Regiments, destined for the attack on Martinique, 
 which was reduced. He afterwards possessed himself by 
 capitulation of the whole of the Windward Islands. H« 
 died in 1782, a Lieutenant General in the Army. His young- 
 er brother, the Honorable John Monckton, died at the pa- 
 triarchial age of 91, at his seat, Fineshead Abbey, Northamp* 
 tonshire, on the 2nd January, 1830. He was Colonel in 
 the army, and was dangerously wounded at the battle of 
 the Plains, under the immortal Wolfe. In the celebrated 
 picture by West of the deach of General Wolfe, the portrait 
 of Colonel Monckton is represented in the group of officers 
 supporting the body of the dying General. 
 
 »r: 
 
 2 K 
 
 ■vai't fn,:,.^-<i 
 
386 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF ^XJEBEC^ 
 
 rr 
 
 'ii ill' 
 
 U*!. ■ i| 
 
 i i 
 
 Hi 
 
 1] 
 
 .S- * i. 
 
 GENERAL T0WN8HEND, 
 
 iTie family of General Townshend settled in England durinp; 
 the Reijrn of Henry I. ; and obtained the Manor of Raynham, 
 in the County of Norfolk, which has ever since remained the 
 chief seat of their descendants. 
 
 General George Townnhend, was the eldest son of Charles, 
 third Viscount Townshend, and was born on the 28th Febru- 
 ary, 1724, beinjr three years tdder than Wolfe. He had served 
 in the ba les of Dettinoren, Culloden, and Lafeldt, previously to 
 that of Quebec. In 1767, he was appointed Lord Lieutenant of 
 Ireland, where he is still remembered for the p^aiety of his 
 court, and the humour and kindness of his disposition. In 
 1787, he was created Marquess Tovvnshend. He died a Field 
 Marshal, and Colonel of the 2nd Dragoon Guards, iu 1807, 
 aged 83. 
 
 generai mlrray. 
 
 Brijfadier General the Honorable James Murray was of an 
 ancient Scottish family. He was fifth son of the fourth Lord 
 Elibank. After the capture of Montreal, he was for some 
 years Governor of the Province. His published documents 
 show him to have been a man of keen enquiry and observation, 
 
 1'ust and impartial in his Government, though rather hasty in 
 lis temper. He was also at another pe*i(td Governor of 
 Minorca. He died a General in the Army,in June 1794-, leav- 
 ing a son, Colonel James Patrick Murray. 
 
 .T*!--^ f 
 
 ■fV:-. / 
 
 'I'.u^yt'f'^'^ I 
 
 ■}■'>- -'U 
 
 «■!! 
 
 COLONEL CARLETON. 
 
 Colonel Guy Carleton, afterwards created Lord Dor- 
 CHESTER, and a Knight of the Bath, was descended from an 
 Irish family of respectable antiquity. He was born at Newry, 
 in 1722. He was many years Governor of this Province, and 
 is remembered with the greatest esteem. In May, 1772, he 
 married Maria, daughter of the Earl of Effingham, and died 
 iu 1808, aged 86. ' ., f , > 
 
 .» ).■«■ 
 
 V.U' 
 
 ACCOUNt OF SIR WILLIAM JOHNSON. 
 
 The services of Sir William Johnson, a self taught General, 
 like Lord Clive, were equally useful and important, during 
 the many campaigns in which he was engaged in North Anie- 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 367 
 
 rina. On two oocasions he bad captured the commanders of 
 the enemy whom he fought, and had materially crip|>led their 
 power. As a reward for these <!rreat services, he was raised to 
 the rank of Miijor General in the Army, from heinjf a provincial 
 officer, and received a Parliamentary ifraut of jEoOOO, to which 
 His Majesty added the title of Baronet. Throuj^hout the war 
 he proved himself a most active and skilful partisan, display- 
 iugf peculiar talent for that species of warfare best calcnl"'''"t 
 for the woods and swamps of America. Mis strict into 
 conciliatin«r manners, and perfect acquaintance with the <' i* 
 ners of the aborigines, ji^ave him ^reat intluetice over me 
 Indians and provincial troops, whom he mana;;ed so as to ren- 
 der them eminently useful to the service. He was a native of 
 Ireland, and had been early sent to America by his uncle, Sir 
 Peter Warren, to raanag-e an estate which ho had purchased 
 there. His decendants remain in this Province. 
 
 The following^ was the opinion of an Indian Sachem, at the 
 close of the campnijfn of 1759 : — " The Enji^lish, formerly 
 women, are now turned men ; and are thick all over the coun- 
 try as the trees in the woods. They have taken Niag-ara, 
 Cataroqui, Ticonderojja, Louisbourg, and Quebec, and they 
 will soon eat the remainder of the French in Canada, or drive 
 them out of the juntry." 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 t; 
 
 ill 
 
 ij.,! 
 
 POETICAL TRIBUTES. * ' 
 
 Among the many tributes with which the periodical 
 publications of the day teemed, we have extracted 
 a few of some poetical merit : 
 
 THE TOMB OF WOLFE. 
 
 Here rests from toil, in narrow bounds confin'd, 
 The human shell of a celestial mind : 
 Who once, with splendor, till'd a scene so largo, 
 And took the fate of Empires in his charge. ^^ ,, t 
 
 A Hero, with a Patriot's zeal inspir'd — 
 By public virtue, not by passion lir'd : * : 
 
 A Hero, disciplin'd in wisdom's school, ' • '' 
 ' ' In action ardent, in reflection cool: 
 
 In bloom of years, who gained a glorious name. 
 
 And reap'd, betimes, the harvest of his fame. 
 
39S 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 Before Quebec he chargM the daring foe, 
 And quick as lightning struck the fatal blow : 
 By active valor made the day his own, 
 And liv'd to see his country's foe o'erthrown. ' 
 Crown*d by jnst Vict'ry, drew his latest breath. 
 As wont to smile on danger, smil'd on death ; 
 And, having bravely for his country fought. 
 Died nobly as he wish'd, and calmly as he ought, 
 The troops around hira sbar'd a glorious grief, 
 And while they gather'd laurels, wept their Chief — 
 Their Chief ! to wl om the great Montcalm gave way, 
 And fell) to crown the honors of the day ! 
 
 It 
 
 ACROSTi^. , 
 
 G reatest in fame ! and to thy country dear ! 
 
 E ternal honors must surround thy bier. 
 
 N o power of language can thy worth express, 
 
 E nquiring nations hear, admire, and bless ! 
 
 "R equiting kingdoms pour the loud applause, 
 
 A nd Bourbon owns in sighs, how just the cause. 
 
 L et France exult in thy too hasty doom, 
 
 W e'll hang immortal trophies o'er thy tomb. 
 
 O ! could the Muse fulfil her high desire, ' 
 
 L oud to rehearse the praise thy deeds inspire, 
 
 F or Britain's glory she'd expend her breath, 
 
 E nraptur'd sing thy life, or weeping mourn thy death ! 
 
 On the dispute between York and Kent as to the hirtJt 
 
 place o/* Wolfe. 
 
 Around the wond when Homer's genius shone, 
 And Ilium stooped to Homer's chief alone : 
 When peaceful Ithaca Ulysses sought. 
 And spread that wisdom which the Poet taught — 
 Contending cities then, inspir'd by fame. 
 To Homer's birth advanc'd their eager claim. 
 JNot with less pride, each county now, behold ! 
 Among her sons has gallant Wolfe enroll'd : 
 Was there a bard like Homer to rehearse 
 His glorious deeds — they ask no meaner verse — 
 His own Achilles rivall'd he might tell. 
 Whilst in Quebec a second Ilium fell ! <, \ , 
 
 I \ 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 389 
 
 * 
 
 e, 
 blow : 
 
 irown. ' 
 St breath, ' 
 leath ; 
 ught. 
 he ought, 
 18 grief, 
 heir Chief— 
 CALM gave way, 
 
 J dear ! 
 
 ?r. 
 
 jxpress, 
 
 less ! 
 
 plause, 
 
 t the cause. 
 
 )in, 
 
 r tomb. 
 
 re, 
 
 inspire, 
 
 breath, 
 oourn thy death ! 
 
 \s to the birth 
 
 ius shone, 
 oue : 
 
 et taught — 
 
 claim. 
 3ehold ! 
 roird : 
 sc 
 er verse — 
 
 |1> 
 
 I4>C 
 
 4' 
 
 f »'».,•,-, 
 
 N*. 
 
 *r 
 
 FRASER's HIGHLANDERS, OR 78tH REGIMENT. 
 
 J ■■' k i .1 ". ^» 1* *■• 1 V • « 
 
 ;ls,'' 
 
 iii\ 
 
 u 
 
 There are in Canada so many interesting recol- 
 lections connected with the 78th Regiment, or 
 Fraser*s Highlandeps, that we have endeavored 
 to obtain the best information relative to this gallant 
 corps, many of whom, as well officers as men, after- 
 wards settled in these Provinces. 
 
 About ten years after the battle of Cnlloden, which 
 terminated the unfortunate Rebellion of 1745, Mr. 
 Pitt, observing with a liberal and statesman-like eye 
 the high spirit of loyalty towards those who placed 
 confidence in them, which was the distinguishing 
 characteristic of the Highland clans, resolved to 
 employ them in the foreign service of Great Britain, 
 under the command of officers chosen from the most 
 esteemed Scottish families. He knew the chiefs 
 could be depended upon where their faith was en- 
 gaged ; and he was aware of the devotion with which 
 the clansman followed the fortunes of his Chieftain. 
 The experiment succeeded to the fullest extent ; and 
 Mr. PiTT had the merit of drawing into the British 
 service a hardy and intrepid race of men, who served 
 the Crown with fidelity, who fought with valor, and 
 who conquered for England in every part of the 
 world. 
 
 Following up this enlightened policy, in 1757, 
 the Honorable Simon Fraser, who had himself been 
 engaged in the rebellion, and whose father, Lord 
 LovAT, had been beheaded for high treason on 
 Tower Hill, was appointed Lieutenant Colonel Com- 
 mandant of a Battalion, to be raised upon the for- 
 feited estate of his own family, then vested in the 
 iCfowh. Without estate, money, or influence, be- 
 
 2 k3 
 
-''HI 
 
 I . h 
 
 il 
 
 ' :!ll 
 
 
 390 
 
 p NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 yond the hereditary attachment of his clan, the 
 Master of Lovat found himself in a few weeks at the 
 head of eight hundred men, entirely recruited by 
 himself. His kinsmen, officers of the regiment, and 
 the gentlemen of the country around, added seven 
 hundred more. The battalion was thus formed of 
 thirteen companies of one hundred and five men 
 each, making in all one thousand four hundred and 
 sixty men, including sixty-five Serjeants, and thirty 
 pipers and drummers. 
 
 They were a splendid body of men, who after- 
 wards carried the military reputation of their nation 
 to the highest pitch ; and by the temperance and mo- 
 deration of their general behavior, gave everywhere 
 a favorable impression of the sons of the mountain 
 and the flood. In all their movements they were 
 attended by their Chaplain — the Reverend Robert 
 Macpiierson, who was called by them Caipal Mor, 
 from his large stature. 'J'hey wore the full High- 
 land dress, with musket and broad sword. Many of 
 the soldiers added at their own expense the dirk, and 
 the purse of otters' skin. The bonnet was raised 
 or cocked on one side, with a slight bend inclining/ 
 down to the right ear, over which were suspended 
 two or more black feathers. Eagles' or hawks' fea- 
 thers were worn by the officers. ' -'■ -^ ' 
 
 Eraser's Highlanders were highly di^cinguish- 
 ed at the capture of Louisbourg, in 1758 — at the 
 battles of MontmorencI, and the Plains of Abraham, 
 in 1759— and of Sillery, in 1760. At the battle of 
 the Plains, the loss of Eraser's Highlanders 
 amounted to three officers, one serjeant, and four- 
 teen rank and file killed — ten officers, seven Ser- 
 jeants, and one hundred and thirty-one rank and 
 file, wounded. The disproportion in the number of 
 
 I 
 
 comn 
 was 
 
 HiGlJ 
 
 and 
 other 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIO 'S. 
 
 391 
 
 were suspenued g 
 -' or hawks' feu- 
 
 the killed to that of the wounded, must be ascribed to 
 the irrep^ular and unsteady fire of the enemy, which 
 was put a stop to on the charge of the British. 
 
 At thv? battle of Sillery, in 1760, fell the gallant 
 Captain Donald McDonald, who had been so high- 
 ly distinguished at the landing at Wolfe's Cove, and 
 to whose presence of mind and knowledge of French, 
 was in a great measure owing the success of the at- 
 tempt. He was brother to the Scottish Chief, called 
 the Captain of Clanronald ; and was a highly ac- 
 complished officer and gentleman. The regiment 
 also suffered very severely at the battle of Sillery. 
 Two officers and fifty-five non-commissioned officers 
 and privates were killed — twenty-seven officers, and 
 one hundred and twenty-nine non-commissioned 
 officers and privates, wounded. 
 
 The regiment was quartered alternately in Canada 
 and Nova Scotia, until the conclusion of the war, 
 when great numbers settled in the Provinces. From 
 them, in 1775, were raised the Highland Emigrants, 
 commanded by Colonel Maclean, a regiment which 
 was of great service during the invasion by the 
 A»7]i*^ricans, in 1775. ' » — 
 
 During six years in North America, Fraser's 
 Highlanders continued to wear the kilt both winter 
 and summer. They, in fact, refused to wear any 
 other dress, and their men were more healthy than 
 otL^r regiments which wore breeches and warm cloth- 
 ing- ' • 
 
 The French had formed the mostfrijrhtful and absurd notions 
 of the Sauvages cV EcosseyU.^ they called them. They believed 
 jthey would neither g^ive nor take quarter, and that they were 
 so nimble, that as no man could catch them, so nobody could 
 escape them — that no one had a chance aj^ainst their broad 
 [suords — that with a ferocity natural to savages, they made no 
 prisoners, and spared neither man, woman, nor child. ' ^ 
 
392 
 
 lii NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, IT 
 
 ' LIST 
 
 Of the Officers of Fraser's Highlanders, Commissions 
 dated, 5lh January, 1757. 
 
 LIEUTENANT COLONEL COMMANDANT. 
 
 Honorable Simon Eraser, died Lieutenant General, in 1782. 
 
 MAJORS. 
 
 James Clephane. 
 
 John Campbell, of Dunoon, afterwards Lieutenant Colonel 
 Commanding the Campbell Highlanders in Germany. 
 
 CAPT XS. ' , '' 
 
 John MacPherson, brother o 1 Uunie. ..»^^i-»j ii 
 
 John Campbell, ofBallimore. ..... . .. 
 
 Simon Fraser, of Inverlochy, killed on the heights of Abra- 
 ham, 1759. 
 
 Donald Macdonald, brother of Clanronald, killed at Sillery, 
 17(iO. 
 
 John Macdonell of Lochgarry, afterwards Lieutenant Colo- 
 nel of the 76th, or Macdonald's Regiment, -'!ied in 1789, 
 Colonel. 
 
 Alexander Cameron, of Dungallon. ' '' 
 Thomas Ross of Culrossie, killed on the heights of Abraham, 
 Thomas Fraser, of Strui. ,•..; ;j S.\ ^ j it; . 
 
 Alexander Fraser, of Culduthel. . ; t v^ti. -, 
 
 Sir Henry Seton, of Abercorn, Baronet. ' ' 7 " ^ 
 
 James Fraser, of Belladrum. "^ ''' 
 
 Simon Fraser, Captain Lieutenantf died a Lieutenant Gene- 
 ral, in 1812. iir- : •■vrj ■;<''-?:*' - - - " ••„^<T''t i? : 
 
 4-. i 
 ■X.- 
 
 >r/M' k= 
 
 LIEUTENANTS. 
 
 Alexander Macleod. 
 Hugh Cameron. 
 Ronald Macdonald, of Keppoch. 
 Charles Macdonell, of Glengarry, killed at St. John's. 
 Roderick Macneill, of Barra, killed on the Heights of Abra- 
 ham. 
 
 Willicra Macdonell, . ;< - « 
 
 Archibald Campbell, son of Glenlyon. 
 
 John Fraser, of Balnain. 
 
 Hector Macdonald, brother toBoisdale, killed in 1759. 
 
 Allan Stewart, son of Innernaheill. 
 
 John Fraser. 
 
EC, 
 
 WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 393 
 
 SRS, Commissions 
 
 [)ANT. 
 
 General, in 1782. 
 
 Lieutenant Colonel 
 Germany. 
 
 « ■' ■; 
 
 he heights of Abra- 
 
 ,d, killed at Sillery, 
 
 is Lieutenant Colo- 
 lent, ::ed in 1789, 
 
 leights of Abraham. 
 
 " V .^,;!J''i '■ 
 
 a Lieutenant Gene- 
 
 .! i •' ; 
 
 it St. John's. 
 
 e Heights of Abra- 
 
 Alcxander Macdonell, sou of Barrisdale, killed on the heights 
 of Abraham. 
 Alexander Fraser, killed at Louisbourg. 
 Alexander Campbell, of Aross. 
 John Douoflass. 
 John ^airn. 
 
 Arthur Rose, of the family of Kilravock. • " ' 
 
 Alexander Fraser. 
 
 John Macdonell, of Leeks, died at Berwick, 1818. ' 
 
 Cosmo Gordon, killed at Sillery, 17(^0. 
 David Baillie, killed at Louisbourg. w.;-. 
 
 Charles Stewart, son of Colonel John Roy Stewart. - > 
 Ewen Cameron, of the family of Glenevis. »^ 
 
 Allan Cameron. 
 
 John Cuthbert, killed at Louisbourg. 
 
 Simon Fraser. ' V; 'ivm?^v ' 
 
 Archibald Macalister, of the family of Loup. ^ ' " « ■ '•'' 
 James Murray, killed at Louisbourg. 
 Donald Cameron, sou of Fassafearu, died on half-pay, 1817. 
 
 "/„i 
 
 V. .;. ENSIGNS. 
 
 John Chisholm. 
 John Fraser, of Erroggie. 
 Simon Fraser. 
 James MacKenzie. 
 Malcolm Fraser, afterwards Captain, 84th Regiment, 
 liflfhland Emigrants. 
 
 Donald Macneilh '; --.; '• i.f-yv; 
 
 Henry Munro. 
 
 Hugh Fraser, afterwards Captain, 84th Regiment. 
 Alexander (irregorson, Ardtornish. ^ 
 
 James Henderson, 
 
 Robert Menzies. ' ' 
 
 John Campbell, killed. 
 
 ChaplaiUy Reverend Robert Macpherson. 
 
 Adjutant y Hugh Fraser. 
 
 QMar/crwfl5/er, John Fraser. 
 
 /Su^'^eon, John Maclean. 
 
 H.f 
 
 or 
 
 .'i . . f . 
 
 H i 
 
 dlledinl759. 
 
 ANECDOTE OF FRASER S HIGHLANDERS. 
 
 In a publication of the day it is stated, that an old Highlan- 
 ler, a gentleman of seventy years of ago, who accompanied 
 [raser's Regiment as a volunteer, was particularly noticed for 
 
394 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 P I 
 
 i 
 
 U m > jl 
 
 the dexterity and force with which he wielded his claymore, 
 when his Reg-iinent charo^ed the enemy. On two occasions 
 small parlies of them were ordered, at the battle of the Plains, 
 to advance, sword in hand, and drive the sharpshooters out of 
 some brushwood on the right, from which they galled our line. 
 It was from the right that General Wolfe was first wounded. I 
 This old man's conduct particularly attracted the notice of 
 General Townshend, who sent for him after the engagement, 
 and praising his gallant behaviour, expressed surprise that he 
 should leave his native country at such an advanced age, and 
 follow the fortune of war. He was so struck with the old! 
 man's magnanimity, that he took him to England along with 
 him, and introduced him to Mr. Pitt. The Minister pre- 
 sented him to the King, who was graciously pleased to give] 
 him a commission, with leave to retire on full-pay. This gen- 
 tleman was Malcolm Macwherson, of Phoiness, in the Countyl 
 of Inverness. A long and ruinous law suit, and as he hiinseif| 
 said, a desire of being revenged on the French for their trea^ 
 cherous promises, in 1745, made him take the field as asoldierl 
 in his old age. A near relation of his of the same name, when| 
 well advanced in years, (for he had also joined the Kebellion. 
 in 1745,) acted nearly in a similar manner. In the year 177C 
 he "^'ent to India as a Cadet, and living to a great age, attained! 
 the rank of Lieutenant General, and died there in 1815, leav> 
 iug a handsome fortune to his relations in Badeuoch. 
 
 STORY OF LIEUTENANT CHARLL > STEWART. 
 
 The officer, who was wounded at Sillery, had been engatjeij 
 in the Rebellion of 1745, and was in Stewart of Appin's Ke 
 giraent, which had seventeen officers and gentlemen of M 
 Dame of Stewart, killed, and ten wounded, at Culloden. Char| 
 les Stewart was severely wounded on that occasion, as he wai 
 at Sillery. As he lay in his quarters some days after that im 
 fortunate affair under General Murray, speaking to some bro 
 ther officers on the recent battles, he exclaimed, — " Frorj 
 April battles, and Murray Generals, good Lord, delivernie! 
 He alluded to his wound at Culloden, where the vanquislw 
 blamed Lord George Murray, the Commander-in-Chief of tb 
 rebel army, for fighting on the best ground in the country foj 
 regular troops, artillery, and cavalry. In like manner he 
 luded to General Murray, who had marched out of garrison t 
 attack au enemy treble his numbers, also in an open field. On 
 
 one occai 
 [sisters fo 
 early in f 
 pnger, a 
 H by his 
 I'lg' abou 
 ive tht? 
 tediatei 
 ind calh 
 .0 take t( 
 ince, no 
 ore can 
 'i to Fra 
 bo had 
 the body 
 
 The fo 
 ff Frasei 
 'e vener; 
 lontmon 
 
 " Gene 
 fovernme 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 395 
 
 ,ded his claymore, lof those story retailers, who are sometimes about head-quarters, 
 
 )n two occasions Ituid the disrespectful prayer of the lebeliious clansman. But 
 
 ittleof the Plains, ■Oeneral Murray, who was a man of humor and ofg-enerous 
 
 arpshooters out of ■mind, called upon the wounded officer the following- raorning-, 
 
 »ey galled our line. Band heartily wished him better deliverance in the next battle, 
 
 was first wounded. Bfthen he hoped to give him occasion to pray in a different 
 
 ted the notice of! manner. 
 
 r the enga<feme«t, r 
 
 icd surprise that he 
 
 advanced age, and 
 
 ;ruck with the old 
 
 angland along with] 
 
 The Minister pre- 
 
 isly pleased to give I 
 
 •ull-pay. This gen- 
 
 ANECDOTE OF CAMPBELL, YOUNGER SON OF GLENLYON. 
 
 This g-entleraan, a Lieutenant in Fraser's Hig-hlanders, 
 
 "had been out," in 1745, as had his father, the Laird of 
 
 Glenlyon,in 1715. But his elder brother had entered the Royal 
 
 Army, and was a Lieutenant in the old Black Watch. After 
 
 in the CountyB'l'® father's death, in 1746, the Royalist officer, nowGlenlyon, 
 
 t and as he himselfB^^s ordered with a party of men to garrison his own house, and 
 
 ench for their trea-B^o ^•♦^ J" seizing all concealed rebels. His brother was in this 
 
 the field &i a soldierB*'t"*tion, and lying hid in a deep den above Glenlyon House, 
 
 same name, whenB^^'"f? supplied lyith provisions by his sisters and friends. On 
 
 'ned the RebellionB""® occasion, owing to some interruption, he had not seen his 
 
 3 -— ^sisters for two nights ; and leaving his hiding place rather too 
 
 early in the evening of the third night under the influence of 
 [hunger, and in the hope of seeing some of them, he was observ- 
 ed by his brother and some English officers, who were walk- 
 jiflff about. The brother, afraid of a discovery, pretending to 
 ive the alarm, directed the officers to call out the soldiers im- 
 ediateiy, while he kept the rebel in sight. He ran after him, 
 nd called out to his brother, in Gaelic, to run for his life, and 
 take to the mountains. When the party made their appear- 
 nce, no rebel was to be seen ; and the unfortunate outlaw was 
 ore careful in future. Ten years afterwards, he was appoint- 
 dto Fraser's Highland Regiment, along with several others 
 ho had been engaged in the Rebellion, and was shot through 
 .6 days after that uD«i,g ^^^y ^^ ^^^^ y^^^^^^ ^f Sillery Wood, in 1760. 
 eaking to some bro" 
 
 . In the year IVn 
 a great age, attained! 
 there in 1815, leav{ 
 Badenoch. 
 
 STEWART. 
 
 . , had been enga^e^ 
 Ivvart of Appin's Kfr 
 Id crentleraeu of M 
 
 at'Culloden. Charj 
 [t occasion, as he wa 
 
 exclaimed,—" Froi 
 
 Id Lord, deliver nie 
 
 /here the vanquish 
 
 inder-in-Chief of t' 
 
 [nd in the country f( 
 
 like manner he 
 Ihed out of garrison 
 
 in au 
 
 The following interesting and honorable anecdote is told 
 
 \i Fraser's Highlanders. It is related from the words of 
 
 tie venerable Mr. Thompson, who was present at the battle of 
 
 lontmoreuci : 
 
 .; . f. ,_,.,,,.,.,. -i,.^ '* . 
 
 " General Murray, being in want of funds to carry on his 
 oneiafield. ()iiB<>vernment during the winter, summoned all the officers 
 
396 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, '» 
 
 lli 
 
 
 and enquired if they had any money, and if their soldiers had 
 any money that they could lend to the Governor until the sup. 
 plies arrived from England in thesprinjf. We were told of the 
 wants of the Governor, and the next day we were paraded, 
 everj- man, and told that we should receive our money hack, 
 with interest, as soon as possible ; and in order to prevent any 
 mistake, every man received his receipt for his amount, and for 
 fear he should lose it, the Adjutant went along^ the ranks, and 
 entered in a book the name and sura opposite to every man ; 
 and, by the Lord Harry ! when they'came to count it up, thev 
 found that our regiment alone, Eraser's Highlanders, had | 
 mustered six thousand guineas ! It was not long after we 
 had lent our money, that one rhorning a frigate was seen 
 coming round Pointe Levi with supplies. We were soon af. I 
 terwards mustered, and every man received back his money 
 with twelve months interest, besides the thanks of the Gene- 
 ral." """• " 
 
 i»' ,r. •'!> 1 ■ .', 
 
 ^iV' ' ' 
 
 BATTLE OF MONTMORENCI. 
 
 The remarkable story of Captain Ochterlony and Lieu- 
 tenant Pkyton of the Royal American Battalion, tending so| 
 happily to the honor of British soldiers, has been often pub- 
 lished. It is to be found in Smollett, in Smith's Canada, aodl 
 in Silliman's Tour. The sequel is not so generally known;! 
 and is here related on the authority of Mr. Thompson, at tliej 
 time belonging to the Regiment : .. ,..,,,.,. ... 
 
 ' J . story of SERJEANT ALLAN CAMERON. 
 
 " As our company of grenadiers approached, I distinctly sawl 
 Montcalm on horseback riding backwards and forwards. He| 
 seemed very busy giving directions to his men, and I heard bin 
 give the word to tire. Immediately they opened upon us, and 
 killed a good many of our men, I don't recollect how many.! 
 We did not Jire^ for it would have been of no use^ as they iwl 
 completely entrenched^ and we could only see th' crown of them 
 
 heads." " We were now ordered to retreat to our boatsj 
 
 that had been left afloat to receive us ; and by this time it wa 
 low water, so that we had a long way to wade through thij 
 mud. A Serjeant Allan Cameron, of our company, seeing! 
 small battery on our left with two guns mounted, and app* 
 rently no person near it, thought he would prevent its doinjfuS ^°7^ 
 any mischief on our retreat, so he picked up a couple of bapB ^^^^ 
 
 ne 
 be 
 ant 
 
 sen 
 lay 
 nan 
 ver 
 end 
 sine 
 batt 
 Pey 
 pent 
 as hi 
 ratn< 
 of hi 
 8enc( 
 savafl 
 brou* 
 the 1 
 bim I 
 nant 
 fell <j 
 that, 
 after 
 " \ 
 most 
 accost 
 belpit 
 doit, 
 Lieutc 
 took 
 As h( 
 and th 
 the Li 
 fui. 
 
 inghin 
 lay in 
 that ii 
 Isie of 
 "Al 
 coverej 
 
 t( 
 
BEC, '■'■'' 
 
 ■ their soWicTS had 
 irnor until the sup- 
 Ve were told of the 
 we were paraded, 
 e our money back, 
 rder to prevent any 
 his amount, and for 
 long the ranks, and 
 osite to every man ; 
 to count it up, they 
 ( Highlanders, had 
 8 not long after we 
 a frigate was seen 
 We were soon af- 
 ved back his money 
 hanks of the Gene- 
 
 WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 397 
 
 CI. 
 
 «... -lit! 
 
 .1' li!" 
 
 HTERLONY and Lieu- 1 
 
 Battalion, tending so 
 
 has been often pub- 
 
 Smith's Canada, and 
 
 so generally known ; 
 
 Ir. Thompson, at tbel 
 
 DAMERON. 
 
 iched, I distinctly sajl 
 
 ds and forwards. He| 
 
 men, and I heard hii 
 
 T opened upon us, aw 
 
 recollect how raanyj 
 
 of no use, as they icm 
 
 see th^ crown of tki 
 
 J retreat to our boats 
 
 nd by this time it wai 
 
 to wade through the 
 
 ur company, seeing" 
 
 iS mounted, and appJ 
 
 nld prevent its doing u! 
 
 dupacoupleofbayo 
 
 nets that lay on the beach, and went alone to the battery, when 
 he drove the points of them into the vents as hard as he could, 
 and then snapped them off short. 
 
 " When the French saw us far enounfh on the retreat, ther 
 sent their savages to scalp and tomahawk our poor fellows that 
 lay wounded on the beach. Among the number was Lieute- 
 nant Peyton of the Royal American Battalion, who was se- 
 verely wounded, and had crawled away as far as the pains he 
 endured would allow. After the savages had done their bu- 
 siness with the poor fellows that lay nearest to the French 
 batteries, they went back, except two who spied Lieutenant 
 Peyton, and thought to make a good prize of* him. He hap- 
 pened to have a doubled barrelled fusil, and ready loaded, and 
 as he had seen how the savages had treated all the others that 
 cam9 into their clutches, he was sure that if they got the better 
 of him, they would butcher him also. Fortunately his pre- 
 sence of mind did not forsake him, and he waited until the first 
 savage came near enough, when he levelled his fusil, and 
 brought him to the ground ; the other savage thinking that 
 the Lieutenant would not have time to reload, rushed in upon 
 him boldly with his tomahawk ready to strike, when Lieute- 
 nant Peyton discharged his fusil right into his chest, and he 
 fell dead at his feet. We saw no more of the savages after 
 that, at least on that occasion ; but we saw enough of them 
 afterwards. 
 
 " While poor Lieutenant Peyton lay upon the ground Al- 
 most exhausted from his exertions and loss of blood, he was 
 accosted by Serjeant Carieron, who had no other means of 
 helping him than carrying him away ; and he was well able to 
 do it, for he was a stout, strong, tall fellow. He slung the 
 Lieutenant's fusil over his shoulder along with his own, and 
 took him on his back, telling him to hold fast round his neck. 
 As he had a long way to carry him, he was obliged every now 
 and then to lay him down in order to take breath, and to give 
 the Lieutenant some ease, as his wcund was exceedingly pain- 
 ful. In this way he got him at last to one of the boats, and lay- 
 ing him down, said, " Now Sir, I have done as much for you as 
 lay in my power, and I wish you may recover." It so happened, 
 that in returning to camp, the Lieutenant was taken to the 
 Isle of Orleans, and Cameron to Pointe Levi. 
 
 " Aftei some time Lieutenant Peyton was considerably re- 
 covered from his wounds, and he sent an officer over to Pointe 
 Levi to Cameron, to say that he wished to see him, Cameron 
 
 2 L 
 
398 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 told the officer, that he would not go. " Why ?" says the 
 officer, to Cameron — " Why, do you think, Sir, I would leave 
 camp without orders ?" This was out of delicacy to his feel- 
 ings. The officev "^en procured a pass, and brought it to 
 Cameron, who at hi.t consented to go over to the Island. 
 Lieutenant Peytof 'd he was extrenaely glad to see him, 
 and to thank him for the very great services he had rendered 
 him in preserving his life ; and that if ever it was in his power 
 he would give him substantial proof of the obligation u -ier 
 which he lay. We were ordered to the reduction of Montreal 
 in the spring of the next year, which capitulated without our 
 firing a shot. From Montreal, Cameron was ordered to New 
 York, where he received an Ensigncy in a corps of Rangers 
 through the means of Lieutenant Peyton's friends." 
 
 The French had formed the most frightful and absurd notions 
 of the Sauvages d^Ecosse^as they called them. They believed 
 they would neither give nor take quarter, and that they were 
 so nimble, that as no man could catch them, so nobody could 
 escape them — that no one had a chance against their broad 
 swords — that with a ferocity natural to savages, they made no 
 prisoners, and spared neither man, woman, nor child. ^ 
 
 
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WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS 
 
 399 
 
 1 f } 
 
 
 . / 
 
 f< ■ - • 
 
 CHAPTER THE SEVENTEENTH. 
 
 ARRIVAL OF THE NEWS IN ENGLAND — CRONOLOGICAL 
 SERIES OF OCCURRENCES. 
 
 The public mind in Ei 
 
 rhich had bee] 
 
 mina m HiNGland, 
 greatly depressed by the news of the failure of 
 Wolfe at Montmorenci, was elevated in an equal 
 degree by the intelligence of the victory of the 
 Plains, and of the subsequent surrender of Quebec. 
 Colonel Hale, who was the bearer of General 
 TowNSHEND*s despatches, and Captain James Doug- 
 las, of the Alcide, who brought those of the Admiral, 
 arrived in London on Tuesday, 16th October. It 
 was the day of the publication of the London Gazette, 
 and in the Extraordinary of that date, the Ministry 
 had ordered for publication the previous despatches, 
 detailing the less fortunate operations of the army, 
 down to the 2nd September, which had been receiv- 
 ed only two days before. The satisfaction with 
 which they received the glorious accounts brought 
 by Colonel Hale, on the same evening with the pub- 
 lication of the Gazette, may be well imagined. 
 
 The first feeling which pervaded all ranks, and 
 reached every part of the kingdom, was that of joy 
 and exultation at the success of the British arms 
 — the next was a deep national regret at the fall of 
 the accomplished Wolfe. Their joy was shown by 
 
400 
 
 NEW PICTURE OP ^VEBEC, 
 
 the most splendid public illuminations — and their 
 mourning by wreaths of black crape intermingled 
 with the laurel, wherever the national colors were 
 elevated. Exactly the same display of feeling was 
 made on the death of the immortal Nelson, in 1805, 
 A day of public thanksgiving was set apart by au- 
 thority for the signal success of His Majesty's 
 Arms. Dr. Louth preached before the King at 
 the Chapel Royal. The Sermon before the House 
 OF Lords was preached by the Bishop of Wor- 
 cester — before the House of Commons by Dr. 
 Dayrell. A great many sermons preached on this 
 occasion were published in various parts of the coun- 
 try. Addresses of congratulation were presented to 
 the King from both houses of the English Parlia- 
 ment — from the Parliament of Ireland, which was 
 first in Session — from the city of London which set 
 the example on this occasion — from the Universities 
 — and from the principal corporations throughout the 
 kingdom. The House of Commons addressed His 
 Majesty to erect a national Monument to the me- 
 Tnary of Wolfe, in Westminster Abbey ; which 
 was carried into eftect, and to this day remains an 
 object of patriotic interest and exultation. The 
 thanks of the Commons of England were also 
 voted to the officers and men engaged in this memo- 
 rable achievement. Subscriptions were set on foot 
 to alleviate the distresses of the widows and orphans 
 of those who fell in the battle — a life of General 
 Wolfe was published by Kearsley — the Muses 
 were invoked to celebrate and immortalize the hero 
 himself — a Greek Ode, ETTINIKIOS, was published 
 — and, in short, every demonstration of national pride 
 and gratitude was made by a grateful, an exulting, 
 and highly excited people. 
 
 < I 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 401 
 
 Captain James Douglas received from His Ma- 
 jesty the honor of Knighthood, and shortly after- 
 wards was appointed to a higher command in the 
 Leeward Islands. Colonel, afterwards General, Hale 
 obtained a commission to raise a regiment of Light 
 Dragoons ; and each received a gift of five hundred 
 pounds to purchase a sword. Admiral Saunders 
 was made Lieutenant General of Marines, and ap- 
 pointed to a command in the Mediterranean. Ad- 
 miral Holmes received the command of the Jamaica 
 Fleet. The Generals were also promoted — but the 
 scanty rewards of that period are not to be put in 
 competition with the liberality which a long and glo- 
 rious war, has, in our day, in a manner compelled 
 the nation to evince in the distribution of honors and 
 rewards. None of the Generals received the Order 
 of the Bath, — which, however, was soon aftci wards 
 worthily conferred upon Admiral Saunders. It is, 
 indeed, apparent from contemporary evidence, that 
 the limited rewards of the Ministry on this glorious 
 occasion excited remark at the time. Genen; ' Blake- 
 NEY had been made a Knight of the Bath, and an 
 Irish Peer, with a pension of £1000 per annum, for 
 giving up Minorca. Prince Ferdinand had been 
 rewarded for the battle of Minden with £2,500 per 
 annum, a richly ornamented sword of great value, 
 besides a gratification of £-20,000, and the Knight- 
 hood of the Garter. It is remarkable with reference 
 to the battle of Minden, that this word has been 
 lately inscribed upon the colors and appointments of 
 certain Regiments present on that occasion ; wb.ile, 
 we believe, no Rcoriment of those engaged in an 
 achievement as glorious to the British Arms as any 
 recorded in its annals, bears among its insignia the 
 name of Quebec ! 
 
 2k3 
 
H' 
 
 m'. 
 
 
 
 402 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 The following chronological series of occurrences 
 in England connected with the acquisition of the 
 Province, and the reception of the news during 
 the eventful years 1759 and 1760, has been extrac- 
 ted from contemporary publications, as possessing 
 considerable interest for the curious reader : 
 
 U f'^r. 
 
 il 
 
 OCCURRENCES IN ENGLAND 1759 — 1760. 
 
 I 'I ' 
 
 Wednesday y \^th February, 1759. 
 Sailed from Spithead, Admiral Holmes, in the Somerset, 
 of 70 g^uns, with the Northumberlnnd 74, Terrible 74, Trident 
 04, Intrepid 64, Medway 60, and the Maidaione, Adventure, 
 Diana, Trent, Europe, Vestal, Eurus, Boreas, and Crescent, 
 frigates, with 60 sail of transports, supposed for New- York. 
 
 Saturday, Mth, 
 Admiral Saundkrs, after bein^ made Vice Admiral of the 
 Blue, and hoisting* his i\&^ accordingly, sailed from Spithead 
 for Louisbourg-, havings in his squadron the following^ ships : 
 Neptune, 90 guns. Royal William 84, Shrewsbury 74, Warspite 
 74, Orford 70, Alcide 64, Stirling Castle 64, Dublin 74, and 
 Lizard 20 ; Scorpion sloop, the Baltimore, Pelican, and Race- 
 horse bombs ; and the Cormorant, Strombolo, and Vesuvius 
 fire ships. 
 
 Promotions in January, 1 769. 
 Lieutenant Henry Caldwell, of Colville's Regiment, to be 
 Assistant Quarter Master General in North America. 
 
 Fehrvary, 1759. 
 
 John Hale, Esquire, to bo Lieutenant Colonel of the 47th 
 Heg-iment of foot, and to rank as Colonel in America only, 
 
 Paulus iEm'iius Irving, Esquire, to be Major in the 15th 
 Regiment of foot. 
 
 Colonel George Townshend, to be Brigadier General in 
 America. 
 
 March, 1759. 
 Hector Theopliilus Cramahe, Esquire, to be Deputy Judge 
 Advocate in North America. 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 403 
 
 of occurrences 
 juisition of the 
 ) news during 
 IS been extrac- 
 as possessing 
 eader : 
 
 ^9—1760. 
 
 759. 
 
 , in the Somerset, 
 zrrible 74, Trident 
 h^one^ Adventure, 
 •eaSy and Crescent, 
 for New- York. 
 
 ice Admiral of the 
 led from Spithead 
 e following ships : 
 burt/14!, Warspite 
 )4, Dublin 74, and 
 Pe/icrtn,and Ilace- 
 oloy and Vesuvius 
 
 i Regiment, to be 
 America. 
 
 !oloncl of the 47th 
 America only. 
 Major in the 15th 
 
 T! 
 
 •adier General in 
 
 be Deputy Judge 
 
 ^pn7,l759. 
 Captain Christie, to be Deputy Quarter Master General in 
 North America, with the rank of Major. 
 
 Wednesday, 26th September, 1759, 
 The last advices from General Wolfe's Army, are dated, 
 July 1 2th, advisintj : " That he had landed all his Array at 
 Pointe Levi, fronting^ the upper end of Quebec, on a rising- 
 jrround : at the extremity of which point he had erect(»d two 
 batteries, one of twenty twenty-four pounder8,and the other of 
 eighteen mortars. These batteries overlook the Lower, and 
 are upon a level with the Upper City, distant from the former 
 three-fourths of a mile. The camp is pitched in a vale at the 
 inner part of this point, a full mile from the batteries ; notwith- 
 standing which the cannon from the ramparts of the Upper 
 City throw their shot a full half mile beyond their tents. The 
 \U\i July, the batteries were to be played oft*, and three sixty 
 ofun ships were appointed to attack a small encampment, and 
 some batteries and outworks at the lower end of the city, whilst 
 the centre of the place is entertained with three three-deckers, 
 and. two bomb-ketches." And as our Commanders, both by 
 sea and land, are men of merit and approved courage, little 
 doubt can be made of their being in possession of that city long 
 before this time. . 
 
 * * 
 
 Promotions in September, 1759. 
 Jeffrey Amherst, Esquire, to be Major General* 
 
 Tuesday, \6th October, 1759. 
 
 This Jay an extraordinary Gazette was published containing 
 letters from General Wolfe, dated September 2nd, and from 
 Admiral Sauivders, dated September 5th. 
 
 The same evening arrived Colonel John Hale, and Captain 
 James Douglas from Quebec, with other letters to. Mr. Secre- 
 tary Pitt, containing an account of the surrender of Quebec. 
 
 Wednesday, 1 7th. 
 H. R. H. the Prince of Wales and the Royal family, with 
 the most of the nobility in town, waited upon His Majesty at 
 Kensington, to pay their compliments on the joyful news of 
 taking Quebec. The Park and Tower guns were tired, flags 
 every whiere displayed from the steeples, and the greatest illu- 
 minations were made throughout the city and suburbs that 
 were ever known. 
 
404 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, • ^ ' " 
 
 -i- 
 
 ■'!, I- 
 
 V 
 
 During the illiiniiDations thisevoning, the following inscrip- 
 tions appeared : 
 
 Pinisc 
 
 The only giver of Victory, 
 
 for 
 
 The renewed Instre of 
 
 The British iieme. 
 
 General Jamks Woi.fe, 
 
 who 
 
 Daimtloss, but deliberate, 
 
 Under numerous diiTicuttieR, 
 
 September 'Jnd, 1759. ' 
 
 En«jnj]fed to employ liis little Army, 
 
 For the honor and interest 
 
 Of his country ; 
 
 And 
 
 In a few days after, 
 
 Gloriously fulfilled his promise, 
 
 '' By the conquest of 
 
 QUKHKr, 
 
 At the expenstj of his life. 
 
 Saturday y 20tli. 
 
 This day the Ui{i[ht Honorable the l.ord Mayor, Aldermon, 
 and Common (council of the (/ity of London, waited on His 
 Majf.sty, and bciu}; introduced by the Ki^ht Hcuorable Mr. 
 Secretary Pitt, made their compliments in the Address, ot 
 wliich the followinjr is an extract : 
 
 " Above all, the conquest of Quebec, in a manner so jaflorioiis 
 to your Majesty's Arms, ag'ainst every advantage of situation 
 and superior numbers, are such events, as will for ever render 
 your Majesty's auspicious reign the favorite era in the history 
 of Great Britain. 
 
 " But whilst wo reflect with surprit'^ end gratitiide upon this 
 last and most important conquest, | rmit us, Mot:t (iracious 
 Sovereign, to express our great regret for the immense (thoiiffh 
 almost only) loss which has attended it, in the death of that 
 gallant General, whose al)ilities formed, whose courage attempt- 
 ed, and whose conduct happily effected the glorious enterprizc 
 in which he fell, leaving to future times an heroic example of 
 military skill, discipline rnd fortitude." 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 405 
 
 following inscrip- 
 
 rmy, 
 
 ISC, 
 
 Mayor» Aldermen, 
 )n, waited on llis 
 lit Hcnorahle Mr. 
 II the Address, ol 
 
 manner so jnclorions 
 
 anta«c of situation 
 
 I'ill for ever rentier 
 
 era in the history 
 
 jrratitudc upon tliis 
 us, Mort (iracious 
 e immense (thon^'h 
 n the death of that 
 se eoui'a«;e attempt- 
 };lorious enterprizc 
 heroic example of 
 
 Saturday^ 2Gth. 
 A proclamation was issued for a Vmn.ic Tiianksoivincj, to bo 
 [observed on Thursday, the 29th November next, throughout 
 England and Wales. > • 
 
 Tuesday, 30lh. 
 His Majksty has been pleased to order a present of £500 to 
 Sir James Doug-las, Captain of the Alcide, man of war; and the 
 same sum to Colonel Hale, who brought tho accoant of the 
 taking of Quebec. 
 
 The French Ministers are in such dread of popular resent- 
 ment, that they hare recourse to the grosvsest, and most direct 
 falsehoods, merely to conceal for a time what cannot fail to be 
 known at last, so that they have even caused Tc JJcum to bo 
 sung for the defeat of the English before Quebec, at the Yery 
 time they knew it was taken. 
 
 Tuesday, November 13/A, 1759. 
 
 This day Parliament was opened by Commission. In tho 
 speech the capture of Quebec was alluded to in these terms : — 
 "The conquest of so many important places in America, with 
 the defeat of the French Army in Canada, and the reduction of 
 their capital city of Quebec, effected with so mach honor to 
 the courage and conduct of His Majesty's ofUcers both at sea 
 aQd land, and with so great lustre to his intrepid forces." 
 
 The Addres^ses in answer from the Lords and Commons 
 nearly echoed the terms of the speech ; but the Lords added 
 that tho reduction of Quebec " has exceeded the most sanguino 
 hopes of your Majesty's faithful subjects." 
 
 On the 30th October the Irish House of Commons also voted 
 an Address to the Kino, of which the following is an extract : 
 
 "Witness Quebec ! which lately beheld a youthful warrior, 
 with unabated order, lead on a few selected troops, and under 
 the influence of your Majesty's liapj-y auspices, attack and de- 
 feather numerous bodies of regulars and Canadians, supported 
 by her auxiliary savages. 
 
 " Pardon us, Most (irracious Sovereign, if we suspend awhile 
 nnr otherwise unclouded joy, to lament the loss of that gallant 
 General. How gloriously has he finished his short but bril- 
 liant career, and left a name, so long as fame shall wait upon 
 heroic deeds, consecrated to posterity, and an example as dif- 
 ficult as it is worthy of imitation." 
 
 ' 
 
"li-C^^^^ 
 
 406 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 Saturday ^ \lth November. 
 This day, the remains of General Wolfe were landed a| 
 Portsmouth, from on board the Royal William man of war 
 Durinjr the solemnity, minute guns were fired from the shipJ 
 at 8pithead ; and all the honors that could be paid to the nie] 
 mory of a gallant oHicer were paid on this occasion. 
 
 Thesday, 20th. 
 This day, the corpse of (leneral Wolfe was interred in 
 private manner, at ni<rht, in the family vault at Greenwich. 
 
 Wednesday, 2lst November. 
 
 The House OF Commons " Resolved, That an humble Addresj 
 be presented to His Majesty, most humbly to desire His Majk^ 
 TY, that he will be {jracionsly pleased to jrive directions, thati 
 monument he erected in the Colleffiate Church of St.Peter,West 
 minister, to the memory of the ever lamented late Coramandej 
 in Chief of His Majesty's land forces, on an expedition a^'ains 
 Quebec, Major General James Wolfe, who, surmountinn^ bj 
 ability and valor, all obstacles of art and nature, was slaiJ 
 in the moment of victory, at the head of his conquerinjr troopi 
 in the arduous and decisive battle against the French Arnij 
 near Quebec, lighting for their capital of Canada, in the yea 
 1759; and to assure His Majesty, this Houso will maue gooj 
 the expense of erecting the said monument." 
 
 At the same time it was " Resolved, That the thanks of thj 
 House be given to the Admirals and Generals employed in thi 
 glorious and successful expedition against Quebec." 
 
 Friday, 23rd. 
 
 Some of the ships from Quebec being arrived at Plynioutl 
 and some at Spithead, the Lords of the Admiralty began to 
 in pain for Admiral Saunde.is, when they received a letter 
 excuse from him, dated in the channel, acquainting them tha 
 as he had heard the Brest Squadron, under M. Conflans, ha^ 
 sailed on the 1 4th, he hoped he would be pardoned for goiii": 
 join Admiral .Sir Edward Hawke, without orders. In thj 
 noble enterprize lie is joined by General Townshend, who wi 
 returning home on board his ship. Admiral Saundkbs liaj 
 three sail or the line with him. 
 
 Promotions in November, 1739. 
 November Gth. — Brigadier General J\mes Murray, to 
 Oolonel of a Battalion of the Royal American Regiment vie 
 Monckton, 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 407 
 
 Brijfadier General Honorable Robert Monckton to be Co- 
 ^Del of the 17th Reg[iment. 
 
 Brigadier General Honorable George Townshend to be 
 Uonel of the 28th Rejimeut, from the 64th. 
 
 Major General Baruington to bo Colonel of the 8th Regi- 
 . lit, vice Lieutenant General Edward VVoli'e, deceased. 
 
 General Gray, to be Colonel of the 67th Rofriment, vice 
 
 ■ jor General James Wolfe, killed in action at Quebec. 
 
 Saturday y December liith, 1759. 
 
 Adnairal Saundkrs who lan^led at Cork, set out from that 
 
 art and arrived this day in Dublin. At nif,'^ht beinir at the 
 
 |beatre, he was saluted by the audience with the hiffhest de- 
 
 anstrations of applause. He arrived in London on the 26th. 
 
 j Monday, 24fA. 
 
 A subscription was commenced in different parts of London, 
 jraise a sum of money to be distributed amongst the Infantry 
 bat signalised themselves in the two glorious actions of Miu- 
 len and Quebec, and for the relief of the widows and orphans 
 f those who bravely lost their lives in those ever memorable 
 hys of action. li is expected that the same will be imitated 
 
 ■ several other parts of the kingdom. 
 
 Monday, 3lsf. 
 
 The CheziJiCf from a place twenty leagues above Quebec, 
 fnear 500 tons, mounting 22 six pounders, with one hundred 
 ken, and six English prisoners, was sent into Bristol by the 
 lipon man of war. She sailed from Quebec with four or five 
 jthers : the forts fired at her as she passed the town, but did 
 Ittle or no damage. It was thought impossible that they could 
 
 cape.; 
 
 'Promotions in December, 1759. 
 The King has been pleased to appoint Vice Admiral Saunders 
 ibe Lieutenant General of the Marine Forces. 
 Jubn Hale, Esquire, to be Lieutenant Colonel Commandant 
 fa Regiment of Light Dragoons, now raising. 
 Britfadier General the Honorable James Murray to be Go 
 mor of Quebec. 
 
 Wednesday, 23d January, 1760, 
 Vice Admiral Saunders, Hear Admiral Holmes, and Briga- 
 «r General Townshend, being come to the House of Com* 
 
 ^ 
 t 
 
 
 
408 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 MONS, Mr. Speaker acquainted them that the House had iini 
 nimously resolved, that the thanks of the House be given 
 the Admirals and Generals employed in the glorious and mi 
 cessful expedition .against Quebec, and Mr. Speaker gave t\ 
 said Members the thanks of the House accordirsgly. 
 
 Tuesday y \9th February. 
 A subscription was set on foot at Leeds, for the relief of tl 
 widows and orphans of our brave countrymen who fell befol 
 the walls of Quebec, and on the Plains of Minden, a chaiil 
 highly deserving imitation. 
 
 May,\im, 
 
 Letters were received from Halifax, stating that Lord Co| 
 viLLR had sailed from that port with all his squadron for i\ 
 St. Lawrence, so that, in all probability, he would get up tl 
 river before it is possible for any vessels from France to 
 
 rive. 
 
 Juney 17C0. 
 List of Regiments in North America. 
 
 Major (Jeneral Amherst, Comroander-in-C'hief. 
 
 1st Royal Scottish, 2nd Batt 
 
 15th. Major General Amherst, Quebec. 
 
 17th. Brigadier General Monckton, 
 
 22nd. Brigadier (General Whitmore, Louisbouro 
 
 27th. Lord BL.n.eney, 
 
 28th. Brigadier General Tcwnshend, Quebec. 
 
 35th. Lieutenant General Otway, Quebec. 
 
 40th. (late) General Barrington's, Louisbourg 
 
 42nd. Royal Highlanders, 2nd Batt 
 
 43rd. Lieutenant General Kennedy, Quebec. 
 
 44th. Lieutenant General Abercrombie, ... 
 
 45th. Lieutenant General Warburton, Louisbourn 
 
 46th. Lieutenant General Murray, 
 
 47th. Lieutenant General Lascelles, Quebec. 
 
 48th. Major General Webb, Quebec. 
 
 55th. Colonel Oughton, 
 
 58th. Major General Anstruther's, Quebec. 
 
 fJOth. Royal Americans, Four Batt 
 
 77th Highlanders, Colonel Montgomery, ... 
 
 78th Ditto, Colonel Fraser, Quebec. 
 
 80th. Brigadier General Gage ,. ... 
 
, WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 409 
 
 Promotions in August^ 1760. 
 HonoraMe Richard Maitland,to lie Adjutant General to the 
 troops iu Canada, with the rank of Lieutenant Colonel. 
 
 Saturday, October Uh.UQO. ' 
 This day Major Barre and Captain Dcjine arrived express in 
 [the Vengeance Frigate, from Quebec, in 23 days, with the news 
 lofthe surrender of Montreal and all Canada. 
 
 .'i\A . Sunday , 5th. 
 
 Early this morning Mr. Secretary Pitt waited upon His 
 [Majesty with the above important news. At noon the Park 
 and Towar guns were fired. 
 
 Wednesday, \5th. 
 
 I ; 
 
 By the Union, Dennis, arrived at Portsmouth from Quebec, 
 Ic&me advic9, that Colonel Eraser with 800 men from Quebec, 
 invested and took Vort Jacques Carrier, September 9th, before 
 1 be knew cf the surrender of Montreal. It was defended by 
 (the Man^uis d'Albergolti, who held out mtil he was reduced 
 I to thirty pounds of powder. 
 
 Thursday, 1 6th, 
 
 The Lord Mayor, Aldermen, and Common Council of Lon- 
 
 Idon waited upon His Majesty, at Kensington, with an Address 
 
 OQ the reduction of all Canada. The honor of Knighthood 
 
 nras conferred upon the Sherifi^, Alderman Kite, and William 
 
 Hart, Esquire. 
 
 ■ t 
 
 V"! '•■■'"■ 
 
 '^i'.' 
 
 iw I * 
 
 ■hivj^n ■;• 
 
 - if: 
 
 
 2 M 
 
 
 'i'i 
 
 i 
 
k?ll?^ii 
 
 410 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 ' 1 J . '. I 
 
 CHAPTER THE EIGHTEENTH. 
 
 the sieges continued. battle near sillery 
 
 wood the french raise the siege general 
 
 Murray's despatch. 
 
 !t has been stated that, on the fleet nnder Admiral 
 Sal^ders returning home after the successful expe- 
 dition of 1759, General Murray was left Governor 
 of Quebec, with a garrison of five thousand men. 
 Other accounts make the number six thousand, which 
 appears more nearly correct. They were first employ- 
 ed in repairing upwards of five hundred houses which 
 Lad been almost entirely destroyed by the fire of the 
 English batteries at Pointe Levi ; and in putting 
 the fortifications in a condition fit for defence. Se- 
 veral affairs of posts occurred during the winter, 
 which all redounded to the advantage of the British. 
 St. Foy and Lorette were occupied by General 
 Murray as outposts ; and those of the French at 
 Lake Calvaire, St. Augustin, and Maison Bru- 
 lee, were successively attacked and dispersed. 
 
 Owing to the rigour of the climate, and the con- 
 stant living on salted provisions, without vegetables,, 
 the scurvy — the same disease which had proved so 
 fatal to the little band of Jacques Cartier, in 
 L535 — broke out amongst th# garrison in so inveter- 
 ate a manner, that before the end of April a thou- 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 411 
 
 sand men were dead, and two thousand more rendered 
 unfit for service. 
 
 The main force of the French army, which had 
 been cantoned during the winter between Jacques 
 Cartier and Three Rivers, was in the spring 
 collected in the neighborhood of Montreaf,, under 
 the command of M. de Levi, an officer of merit, 
 activity and enterprise. It consisted of ten battalions 
 of regular troops, making about four thousand five 
 hundred men — which had been reinforced jy six 
 thousand disciplined Canadian Militia — two hundred 
 of whom were mounted and acted as cavalry — and by 
 two hundred and fifty Indians — amounting in all 
 to ten thousand seven hundred and fifty effective 
 men. This statement is taken from nc French ac- 
 count : the English accounts at the f'me stated them 
 to be fifteen thousand men. The hrst intention of 
 M. de Levi had been to capture Qltbec by a coup 
 de main during the depth of winter ; and to that end 
 he had provided snow shoes, seeing ladders, and 
 fascines. He had also a large depot of provisions 
 at PoiNTE Levi. These, however, were immediately 
 captured by a detachment of the English garrison, 
 which marched across the ice for the purpose. Find- 
 ing that the vigilance of General Murray, and of 
 his outposts, was not to be baffled, the French com- 
 mander altered his plans, and resolved to attempt 
 the reduction of Quebec by a regular siege, which 
 he flattered himself he could bring to a termination 
 before the place could be relieved by Lord Col- 
 ville's Fleet, then lying at Halifax. He was 
 favored in such an operation by the absence of all 
 British naval forces in the St. Lawrence, while he 
 had six French frigates of from forty-four to twenty 
 
 flt 
 
 i 
 
 *■ 
 
 \ 
 
 '4 
 » 
 
 
 )|^ 
 
412 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, i // 
 
 six guns each, which secured to him the 'Command of 
 the river between Montreal and Quebec. 
 
 On the 17th April, 17G0, M. de Levi, having 
 embarked his baggage and military stores in small 
 craft and batteaux, under convoy of his frigates, reach- 
 ed Pointe aux Trembles with his army by land. 
 The stores being disembarked at 8t, Augustin, on 
 the 27th, he arrived at the Plains of Abraham by 
 the way of the St. Foy road. 
 
 The French accounts state that the advanced post 
 of the British at the ford of Cape Rouge River, con- 
 sisting of the Light Infantry, would have been cut 
 off but for the following incident : On the 27th 
 April, a sentinel, on board the Race-horse sloop of 
 war, hearing cries upon the river, informed Captain 
 Macartney therewith ; who ordered out a boat, and 
 brought on board a French soldier, belonging to the 
 artillery, who had been floating up and down on a 
 field of ice. The poor fellow, although treated with 
 all humanity, was unable for nearly two hours to give 
 any account of himself. He then stated, that he had 
 formed one of the crew of a batteau belonging to the 
 French Army under M. de Levi, consisting of ten 
 thousand men, who were advancing to the attack of 
 Quebec. On this information it is said that the post 
 at Cape Rouge was called in, the French all the 
 while pressing close upon the rear. 
 
 General Murray, for reasons explained in his 
 despatches, resolved to hazard a battle ; and accord- 
 ingly marched out of Quebec on the morning of the 
 28th April, with all his troops fit for duty, amounting 
 to no more than three thousand men. He took post 
 on the celebrated Plains of Abraham, where so 
 many laurels had been gathered the year before : 
 and with great gallantry made a powerful attack on 
 
 own, was fo 
 ter sustainin 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 413 
 
 the French centre, posted upon some rising ground 
 not far from Sillery Wood. The French were 
 well commanded, and fought so well, that General 
 MuKRAY, finding it impossible to avoid being sur- 
 rounded by a body three times as numerous as his 
 own, was forced to recal his men, and to retire af- 
 ter sustaining a very heavy loss. Far from being 
 discouraged by the loss of the battle, — in which it 
 must be acknowledged that his troops behaved most 
 admirably, the loss of the French being admitted to 
 be nearly double that of the English — he resolved 
 to trust for defence to the fortifications of Quebec. 
 By almost incredible exertions, he built two cava- 
 liers, and mounted upon the ramparts one hundred 
 and thirty-two pieces of artillery. The enemy broke 
 ground before the place, but made slow progress in 
 getting up their artillery. On the 9th May, General 
 MtJRRAY was encouraged by the arrival of the 
 Loivestojfe Frigate, Captain Deane ; who informed 
 him that Commodore Swantov, with a fleet from 
 England, was in the river. Lord Colville, also, 
 had sailed from Halifax on the 22nd April, and 
 might be daily expected. 
 
 Although M. DE Levi had made every exertion to 
 commence the siege, he was not able to open his 
 fire until the 1 1th. His batteries were soon silenced 
 by the superior fire and weight of metal of the Eng- 
 lish. On the 15th, to the great joy of the garrison, 
 and the equal discomfiture of the French, the fleet 
 under Commodore Swanton arrived before the city, 
 and Quebec was soon delivered from the presence 
 of the enemy. On the next day, two men of war were 
 detached ajjainst the French naval force above the 
 town, which consisted of two frigates, two armed ves- 
 sels, and a number of smaller craft. The attack was 
 
 2 M 3 
 
414 
 
 NEW PICTURE GF QUEBEC, 
 
 rt 
 
 completely successful — one of the French frigates 
 was driven upon the rocks above Cape Diamond^ — 
 the other ran ashore, and was burned at Pointc aux 
 Trembles — the rest were taken or destroyed. On 
 this occasion, however, the Lowestoffe was lost, hav- 
 ing run upon some hidden rocks. 
 
 M. Dt Levi, concerned at the loss of his ship- 
 ping, and believing the vessels which had already 
 arrived to be the forerunners of a larger reinforce- 
 ment, determined forthwith to raise the siege. He 
 •accordingly broke up his camp, and retired with such 
 a recipitation towards Montreal, that General Mur- 
 ray was unable to come up with the rear guard before 
 it had crossed Cape Rouge River. He, however, 
 captured the stores, provisions, and artillery of the 
 enemy, together with all the entrenching tools used 
 in the siege. 
 
 On the 27th June, the following despatch was re- 
 ceived by Mr. Pin' from General Murray ; to 
 which we refer as containing all that it is necessary 
 to preserve, relative to the siege of Quebec by the 
 French : 
 
 N . : ; Friday y 21 th June, 1 760. 
 
 This mornings arrived Major Maitland, and Captain Schom- 
 BEKG, with the following letter from the Hon. James Murray, 
 Ooveruor of QuEBECf, to the Right Honorable Mr. Secretary 
 
 Pitt: : , ■• \, , -^ ..»: f . •■■ • -' ■' , _ -'^.r'; 
 
 ', f ' Quebec, May 25y 1160. 
 
 S«» ... ,. / . •■. . .. . .>:.-:•, ..-. . ^ 
 
 " Havingf acquainted General Amherst, three weeks 
 di^o, th&t Quebec was besieged by an army of 15,000 men, I 
 think it necessary to do myself the honor of addressin<r direct- 
 ly to you, the more agreeable news of the siege being raised, 
 lest, by your receiving the former intelligence, before the lat- 
 ter, some inconvenience may arise to His Majesty's service. 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 415 
 
 " By the Journal of luy proceediDgs, n-hirh I have the honor 
 |to transmit to you, you will perceive the superiority ive have 
 Imaintained over the enemy durin^jf the winter, and that ulL 
 JLower Canada, from the Puinte aux Trembles was reduced, and 
 ihad taken the oath of fidelity to the Kin«f. You will no douht 
 Ibe pleased to observe, thu the enemy's attempts upon our 
 Ipo ts, nnd ours upoi> theirs, all tended to the honor of His Ma- 
 jiesty's ari..8, as t^ey were always batlled. 
 
 " I wish [ could say as much within the walls ; the exces- 
 [sire coldness of the climate, and constant livin<r upon salt pro- 
 Imions, without any ve<ifetables, introduced tho sc rvy amon^ 
 jlhe troops, which gettinjifthe better of every precaution of tho 
 Iclficer, and every remedy of the Sarj^eon, became as u^jiversal 
 lis It was inveterate, in ^■o much, that before the end of April, 
 jlilOO were dead, and above ^^000 of what remained, unfit for 
 juiy service. 
 " In this situatiou I received certain intelligence, that tho 
 Chevalier de Levi was assembling his army, which had been 
 cantoned in the neighbourhood of Montreal ; that he had 
 mpleted his eight battalions, and 40 compai.'es of tho Troupes 
 Colonie^ from the choice of the Montrealists ; had formed 
 ese forty companies into four battalions ; and was determined 
 besiege us the moment the River ^t. Lawrence was open, of 
 hich he was entirely master, by means of four King's frigates, 
 id other craft, proper for this extraordinary river. 
 " As I had the honor to acquaint you formerly that Quebec 
 aid be looked upon in no other light than that of a strong 
 Qtonment, and that any works I should add to it, would bo in 
 I; style, my plan of defence was, to take the earliest oppor- 
 aity of entrenching myself upon the heights of Abraham, 
 hich entirely command the ramparts of the place at the dis- 
 ce of 800 yards, and might have been defended by our num- 
 rs against a large army. But the Chevalier de Levi did not 
 re me time to take the advantage of this situation : The 
 d, 24th, and 25th of April, [attempted to execute theproject- 
 lioes, for which a provision of fascines, and of every neces- 
 iry material had been made, but found it impracticable, as the 
 rth was still covered with snow in many places, and every 
 here imprcgnably bound up by frost. 
 
 " The night of the 26th, I was informed that the enemy had 
 led, at Pointe aux Trembles, 10,000 men, and 500 barbarians. 
 e post we had taken at the embouchure of the River Cap 
 uge, (the most convenient place for disembarking their ar- 
 
 4 
 
416 
 
 NEW 3'ICTURE OF JIUEBEC, 
 
 tilleiy and stores, and of secdring their retreat) obliged thom| 
 to land where they did, 20 miles hijfher up. 
 
 " The 27th, haviufjf broke down all the bridges over th( 
 Cap Iloup^e, and secured the landino- places at Sillery, and tlu 
 Foulon, 1 marched vvilh th^ ffrenadiers, piquets, Amheu,st'> 
 rejrimont, and two field pieces, and took post so advantajreoijslyj 
 as to frnstr'.te the scheme they liad laid of cuttiiiijotFonr postal 
 They had ht'<»-un to form from the defile they were obli^^ed tcj 
 pass, but tlioujjht proper to retreat on reconnoitrinjf our posi I 
 tion; and about four this afternoon, we marched back to towpj 
 havinj,^ withdrawn all posts, with the loss of two mon or.Ivi 
 tlionnh they did every thinnr in their power to harass the rearj 
 
 '* The enemy was greatly superior in number, it is true 
 but, when I coa-idered, that our little army was in u habit oj 
 beatinj^ the eneu\v, and had a very fine train of tield artillery 
 thatsbuttinj,''o',irsflves up at once within our walls, w.is puttinj 
 all upon the sinj.fle chance, of holdinjf o>'t, for a consideiahU 
 time, a wi*etched tVrtilication ; a chatii^e, which an actioi) ill 
 the field could hardly altci', at the same timo, that it ^ijave aij 
 additional oire, perhaps a better ; I resolved to jifive theui bat 
 tie ; and, if the event was not prosperous, to hoi;l out to Ihj 
 last extremity ; and then to retreat to the Isle o^ t-»r!'-anH f>' 
 CViti'lr.>s, with what was left of the <jan'ison, to wait for roir 
 forceirients. 
 
 " This nij^ht the necessary orders were ji^lven, and half a\ 
 hour after six, next mornin|:»-, we marched with all the foroo 
 could must.'r, viz : thre<? thousand m(»n, and formed the arm] 
 ou the heiq-hts in the foilovkir»<»' order ; Amherst's, Anstsu 
 THiiiRs's, 2d battalion of Koyai Americans, and Webb's, cor 
 posed the rijjht briufad*', commanded by Coiojiel Burtoij 
 iveniiedy's, Lascelles\s, flijjfhlandets, and Townshend's the h'\ 
 bri^afle, comsnanded by Colonel Fraser., Otway's, and the tliii 
 battalion of Ivoyal iVmericans, were the corps of reserve. Ma 
 jor Dal!in;>':s corps of !i;.yhl; infantry covered the ri;;ht find 
 and Captain llazeii's company of Ran;;eriij, with 100 volur 
 teers, under the conunand of ("aptiiiu Donald M.m donai-d, 
 brave and expcri<Minodl officer, covered the left. The battalior 
 had ea<;h two field pieces. 
 
 " While the lime was fcriniin]!'', ! reconnoitred the enemy, ai:ij 
 percoiveti tlieir van had taken |)OSsessioo of the risini.<;f,'roii:ic 
 three quarters of a mile in our front, but that their army Wi 
 upon the riuiircJii in one columm, as far as I could see. I thoufrl 
 this the lucuv moment, aud moved with the utaiost order 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 417 
 
 [jttack thera before they had formed. We soon beattliera from 
 
 be heights they had possessed, though they were well disput- 
 
 y ; and Major Dalling, who ranuot be two much commended 
 
 W his behaviour this day, and iiis services durinjr the vvintor, 
 
 breed their corps of {grenadiers from a house Mid windmill 
 
 key had taken hold of to cover their left flank : Here he, and 
 
 ivoral of his officers, were wounded ; his men, however, pur- 
 
 iied the fujritives to the corps which were now formed to sus- 
 
 lia them : They halted, and dispersed aIon<^ the front of the 
 
 fcjht, which prevented that winj^from takin<r advanta<fe of the 
 
 jirst impression they liad made on the enemy's left. They had 
 
 jnaediately orders jifiveu them to rej^ain the Hank, but, in <it- 
 
 l^mptin^r this, they were char|»ed, thrown into disorder, retired 
 
 I the rear, and from the number of officers killed and wounded, 
 
 bmld never ogAin be broujrht up, during- the action. Otway's 
 
 m instantly ordered to advance and su)»taii^ the right wing, 
 
 ^hich the cnera} in vain inadv' two attempts to penetrate. On 
 
 iiese occasions. Captain Ince, with the grenadiers of Otway's 
 
 ^ere distinguished. While this passed there, the left was not 
 
 lile ; they had dispossessed the enemy of two redoubts, and 
 
 istained with unparalalled tirmness the bold united efforts of 
 |ie enemy's regularSj, Indians and Canadians, till at bust fairly 
 
 ><i(rbt down, and reduced to a handful, though sustained by 
 |ie 3d battalion of Royal Americans from the reserve, and 
 iienuedv's from the centre, wher« we had nothing to fear, they 
 jrere obliged to yield to superioi' numbers^ and a fresh column 
 
 iRoussiUon, which penetrated them. 
 
 " The disorder of the left was soon communicated to the 
 
 ^ht ; but the whole retired in such a way, that the enemy did 
 |f)t venture upon a brisk pursuit. We left most of our cannon, 
 
 ithe roughne.ss of the ground, and the wreathsof snow, made 
 
 impossible to bring them off: what could not be brought 
 were nailed up. 
 
 ['* Our killed and wounded amounted to one-third of those in 
 
 p field ; that of the enemy, by their own confession, exceeds 
 pi) men, which may be readily f;onceived, as the action lasted 
 
 ihour and three quarters. 
 
 j" Here I. think it my duty to express ray gratitude to the 
 
 Sicers in general, and the satibfattion I had in the bravery of 
 
 Ithe troops. 
 On the night of the 28th, the enemy opened trenches against 
 
 fUoun, and, at the same time, we set to work within, to 
 tify it, which we never had in our power to atttiupt uoouer. 
 
 ii 
 
 i!i 
 
 'i 
 
 i 
 
418 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 from the seventy of this climate during the winter, and th 
 absolute necessity of executing works of more immediate in 
 portance, last autumn, before the frost set in. I wanted th^ 
 EvSsi stance of Major MackeUar, the chief engineer, dangerouslJ 
 ■wounded in the action ; his zeal for, and knowledge iu tlu 
 service is well known ; but the alacrity of the garrison made uj 
 tor every defect. 
 
 " My journal of the siege, which accompanies this, sets fortl, 
 in full, what was done: and I Hatter myself, the extraordinary 
 performances of the handful of brave men I had left will pleaJ 
 His Majesty as much as they surprised us who were eye-wif 
 nesses to them. 
 
 " (ireat praise is due to Commodore Swanton, and the Ca[ 
 tains Schouiberg and Denn«» ; I have not words to express th 
 readiness, vivacity, and valour they showed in attacking ai^ 
 destroying the enemy's squadron. Captain Deane has lost hi 
 ship, but it was in a good cause, and he has done honor to iij 
 country. 
 
 " The morning of Ihe 17th of May, I intended a strong sail] 
 to have penetrated into the enemy's carnp, whirh, from theij 
 formation of the prisoners I had taken, and the concurrent a| 
 count of deserters, I conceived to be very practit^able. | 
 
 " For this purpose I had ordered the re^^imonts of Amheraj 
 Tovvnshend, Lascelles, Anstruther and Hi|^hlanders, with tl 
 grenadiers and light infantry, under arms ; hut was informed 
 Lieutenant M'Alpin, of ray battalion (whom I sent out 
 amuse the enemy with small sallies) that their trenches wcj 
 abandoned. 
 
 '* 1 instantly pushed out at the head ofthese corps, not doui 
 ing but \vc must have overtaken and forced their roar, and li 
 ample i-evcnge for the 28th of April ; but I was disap|)oint( 
 for they had crossed the River Cap Rouge, before v.e coiij 
 come up to them. However, we took si^veral prisoners, ar 
 much baggage, which would otherwise have escaped Tin 
 left their can^p standing ; all their baggage, stores, magaziiij 
 of provision and ammunition, 34 pieces of battering cannw 
 four of which are biass 12 pounders, ten field pieces, six nioj 
 tars, four petards, a large quantity of scaling ladders, and c\ 
 trenching tools beyond number, and have retired to the* 
 former asylum, Jacques Cartier. From the information 
 prisoners, deserters, and spies, provisions are very scarcj 
 ammunition does not abound ; and the greatest part of the U 
 nadians have deserted them. At present they do not excel 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 419 
 
 'fntO men. The minute I am joined with that part of my o^ar- 
 lison which w.is sent from hence last autumn, I shall endeavor 
 ico-operate with Mr. Amherst, towards completinif the rediic- 
 |ion of this country; thoug-h, if riw-htly informed, he can hardly 
 ict by the lakes hefore the month of July, of which I am the 
 liore convinced, because from the iniellijrence forwarded to 
 \m last February, of the enemy's designs, l>y Lieutenant Mon- 
 jresor, he would certainly have been upon them before now, 
 ad it been at all practicable. 
 
 " Major Maitlund, the bearer of these despatches, who has 
 icted as Adjutant General this last winter, is well acquainted 
 liith all our transactions here : he has a thoronfj^h knowled<ro 
 [the *.ountry, and can <five you the best lights with regard to 
 k measures farther to be taken, relative to His Majesty's 
 hws in Canada. 
 
 ["I cannot finish this long letter, without observing how 
 biich I think myself obliged to the Lieutenant Governor, Co- 
 m\ Burton; hi«i activity and zeal were conspicuous during 
 iic whole course of this severe winter' j: campaign, and I tlatter 
 mv\i\ iSir, you will be pleased to lay his services before His 
 jlajesty. ' " • . . 
 
 I "P. S. — Since I have wrote the above, a nation of Indians 
 surrendered, and entered into an alliance with as. 
 
 I have the honor to hi, with regard, 
 Sir, 
 Your's, &c. 
 ^ Jajwes Murray. 
 
 Admiralty Office. — Captain Schomberg arrived with des- 
 
 itches from Lord Colville, dated at Quebec, the 24th May, 
 
 Iving an account, that having on the 14th May received advice 
 
 lat the enemy had besieged Quebec, he got under sail with the 
 
 ktrao^it despatch, and anchored above Pointe Levi the loth, 
 
 irhere he received a message from the General, earnestly re- 
 
 amineiiding the speedy removal of the French n«val force, 
 
 loasi^ting of two fngates, two armed ships, and many smaller 
 
 jstls. In consequence of which, he ordered Captain Scliom- 
 
 |ernf, and Captain Deane, to slip the cables and attack the 
 
 Bemy; but they were nc sooner in motion, than the enemy 
 
 led in hi rv and disordi;;. The Pomona, one of the fri- 
 
 Mes, was aiiven on shore above Cape Diamond ; the Atalanta, 
 
 le other frigate, ran ashore, and was burnt at I'ointo aux 
 
 frerable, about ten leagues from the town ; and most of the 
 
420 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF J^UEBEC, 
 
 other ships and vessels were likew'we iri^'en iibhore, or p'tcJ 
 tually destroyed. 
 
 The ni«fht followinf»", the eiiiHir* :,ji'«v d the fieg-o of Q,. 
 very precipitately, leaving" their v<iMO«i ., »n ail uniis, stores] 
 &c. hehind them. The Lowestojfe rvn "p.>'» some uukr.owi^ 
 rocks, in pursuit of the enemy, and ivns >.rre< uverably lost, but 
 the officers and men were saved, 
 
 All attempts to recover possession of Quebec 
 having thus completely failed, the Marquis de Val« 
 DREUiL determined to take his last stand on behali 
 of French dominion at Montreal. To this poini 
 he called in all his detachments, and here he collectec 
 and concentrated his remaining strength. But th( 
 net was fast closing around him— the fate of Canada 
 was already decided — General Aj^herst was apj 
 proaching from Lake Cham plain — and the armie( 
 from Quebec and Lake Ontario having arrive( 
 on the same day before Montreal, a capitulation 
 was signed on the 8th September, and the conques 
 of Canada was completed in little more than tw^ 
 years from the reduction of Louisbourg. 
 
 The intelligence of the surrender of MontreaJ 
 and of the whole Province—which was looked upo^ 
 by the nation as a worthy teriaination to the exp( 
 dition of Wolfe— was receiv-:d in London on tlil 
 4th October^ and the des^patches were published ij 
 the Londvii Gazette on the 6th. 
 
 His Ma. ljjTY GeoUge 1L outlived the glorioi 
 news only a few days. On the i6th, he received 
 Address of congratulation from the Lord Mayor, A] 
 dermen and Common Council-men of London. 
 the *2.'3th, in the midst of the hearty rejoicings of tlj 
 people for thi* acquisition of so immense an extei 
 of Empire, the King was suddenly seized with il 
 
 *it ^ m 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 421 
 
 ness, and soon expired in the 77tli year of Lis age, 
 and the 34th of his raign. 
 
 His Majesty George III, iiad the gTrdlfi cation 
 of receiving- the homage of his new subjects. In the 
 summer of 1763, the Chevalier Chaussegros de 
 Lery and his lady were presented at Court, and 
 were the first of His Majesty*s Canadian subjects 
 I who had that honor. The young and gallant Mo- 
 narch, on receiving Madame Dt Lery, who was a 
 i very beautiful woman, observed to her, — *' If all the 
 iladi ?s of Canada are as handsome as yourself, I have 
 I indeed made a conquest." 
 
 » « .' 1 
 
 . n • • 
 
 ■ { 
 
 / t 
 
 '. ',' 
 
 'l:U' 
 
 
 i " . « ' 
 
 :»} 
 
 ,:.*• "!;■ 
 
 2 N 
 
4*22 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 CHAPTER THE NINETEENTH. 
 
 THESfEGES CONTINUED, ARNOLD'S EXPEDITION IN 
 
 )77ri — SIEGE OF 2^^^^^ DEATH OF MONT- 
 GOME II Y. 
 
 The invasion of Canada, by the troops of tlie 
 American Congress rendered ti»c year 1775 remark- 
 able in the annals of the Provinee. The principal 
 points which will demand our attcfition are the ex- 
 pedition of Arnold, the storming of Quebec, and the 
 deatii of MontjTomery, 
 
 Canada, snjiposed to be perfectly secure, had been 
 left alnioat destitute of re|>;nlar troops, nearly all of 
 which had been removed to Boston. The whole 
 force of this description consisted of only two Kej/i- 
 inents of Infantry, the 7lh Fuvsi leers, and the 'iOrh, 
 amounting to no more than eight hundred men. Of 
 th<^se the greater part were in garrison at St. John's, 
 the rest dispersed through the various posts. The 
 Province was, however, extremely fortunate in the 
 character, talents and resour^^s of the Govern<M-, 
 General Carleton. 
 
 On the 17th September, 177.5, Brigadier General 
 Richard Montgomery, who had formerly been in the 
 British service, appeared at the head of an army, 
 before the Fort of St. John's ; which, after a gallant 
 defence, surrendered on the 3rd November, the gar- 
 
WITH HISTORICAL KECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 42e3 
 
 rison mardiini^ out with the honors of war. Mon- 
 treal, which was entirely doFencoless, oa})ituL'ited on 
 the I'ith Novemi)er ; and (leneral Carloton, con- 
 ceivini( it of the ntinost importance to roacii (Quebec, 
 the only place ca;)a!)le of defence, passed throut^h 
 the American force stationed at Sorel, diirinj^r the 
 night, in a canoe with mnifled paddles ; and arrived 
 in Quebec on the IDth, to the ^reatjoy of the li^ar- 
 rison and loyal inhabitants, who placed every con- 
 fidence in his well known courage and ability. 
 
 While the Province was thus threatened with 
 subjuiration on the side of Montreal, a new danger 
 presented itself f'om a quarter so entirely unexpected, 
 that until the particulars were ascertained, the fears 
 and su[)erstitiou8 of t!ic iidjabitants of the country 
 parishes had ample subject for employment arul ex- 
 aggeration. An expedition of a singular and daring 
 character had bean successfully prosecuted against 
 Quebec from the New England States, by a route 
 which was little known and generally considered '•n- 
 practicable. This expedition was headed by Colonel 
 Arnold, an officer in the service of the Congress ; who 
 with two reifiments, amountinof to about eleven hun- 
 dred men, left Boston about the middle of September, 
 and undertook to penetrate through the wilderness 
 to Pointe Levi, by the means of the Rivers Kennebec 
 and Chaudiere. 
 
 The spirit of enterprise evinced in this bold design, 
 and the patience, liardihood and perseverance of the 
 new raised forces employed in the execution, will 
 forever distinguish this expedition in the history of 
 offensive operations. A handful of ir»en ascending 
 the course of a rapid river, and conveying arms, am- 
 munition, baggage, and provisions through an almost 
 trackless wild — bent upon a most uncertain purpose 
 
424 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 — can scarcely be considered, however, a regular 
 operation of war. It was rather a desperate attempt, 
 suited to the temper of the fearless men engaged in 
 it, the character of the times, and ol the scenes which 
 were about to be acted on the American continent. 
 The project, however, of Arnold was by no means 
 an original thought. It had been suggested by Go- 
 vernor Pownall, in his " Idea of the service of Ame- 
 rica," as early as the year 1758. He says, — " The 
 people of Massachusetts, in the counties of Hamp- 
 shire, Worcester and York are the best wood-hunters 
 
 in America I should think if about a hundred 
 
 thorough wood-hunters, properly officered, could be 
 obtained in the County of York, a scout of such 
 might make an attempt upon the settlements by way 
 of Chaudiere River." 
 
 On the '22nd September, Arnold embarked on the 
 Kennebec River in two hundred batteaux ; and 
 notwithstanding all natural impediments — the ascent 
 of a rapid stream — interrupted by frequent portages 
 through thick woods and swamps — in spite of fre- 
 quent accidents — the desertion of one -third of the 
 number — they at length arrived at the head of the 
 River Chaudiere, having, crossed the ridge of land 
 which separates the waters falling into the St. Law- 
 rence from those which run into the sea. They now 
 reached Lake Megantic, and following the course 
 of the Chaudiere River, their difficulties and priva- 
 tions, which had been so great as on one occasion 
 to compel them to kill their dogs for sustenance, 
 were speedily at an end. After passing thirty-two 
 days in the wilderness, they arrived on the 4th No- 
 vember at the first settlement, called Sertigari, twenty 
 five leagues from Quebec, where they obtained all 
 kinds of provisions. On the 9th, Colouel Arnold 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 425 
 
 arrived at Pointe L^vi, where he remained twenty-four 
 hours before it was known at Quebec ; and whence it 
 was extremclv fortunate that all the small craft and 
 canoes had been removed by order of the officer 
 commanding the garrison. On the 13th, hite in the 
 evening, they embarked in thirty-four canoes, and 
 very early in the morning of the 14th, he succeed- 
 ed in landing five hundred men at Wolfe's Cove, 
 without being discovered from the Lizard and /////»- 
 ter, ships of war. The first operation was to take 
 possession of what had been General Murray's house 
 on the St. foy Road, and of the General Hospital, 
 They also placed guards upon all the roads, in order 
 to prevent the garrison from obtaining supplies from 
 the country. • : > . 
 
 The small force of Arnold prevented any attempt 
 being made towards the reduction of the fortress un- 
 til after the arrival of Montgomery from Montreal, 
 who took the command on the 1st December, and 
 established his head quarters at Holland House. 
 Arnold is said to have occupied the house near Scott's 
 Bridge, lately inhabited by the Honorable Mr. Jus- 
 tice Kerr. ^ • ^ , 
 
 The arrival of the Governor on the 19th Novem- 
 ber had infused the best spirit among the inhabitants 
 of Quebec. On the 1st December, the motley gar- 
 rison amounted to eighteen hundred men — all, how- 
 ever, full of zeal in the cause of their King and 
 country, and well supplied with provisions for eight 
 months. They were under the immediate com- 
 mand of Colonel Allan Maclean, of the 84th Re- 
 l^imentor Royal Emigrants, composed principally of 
 those of the gallant Fraser's Highlanders, who had 
 settled i'l Canada. - : w.. 
 
 
 2 N 3 
 
426 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 STATEMENT OF THE GARRISON, IST DECEMBER, 1775. 
 
 70 Royal Fusileers, or 7th Refpraent. 
 2:^0 Koyal Emi^raDts, or 84tli Regiment. 
 
 22 Royal Artillery. 
 330 British Militia, under Lt. Col. Caldwell. 
 543 Canadians, under Colonel Dupr^. 
 400 8eainen under Captains Hamilton and Mackenaie. 
 ^ 50 Masters and Mates. ,, 
 
 35 Marines. 
 ISO Artificers. 
 
 1800 Total bearin^^ arms. 
 
 The siege, or rather the blockade, was maintained 
 during the whole month of December, although the 
 incidents were few and of little interest. The Ame- 
 ricans were established in every house near the walls, 
 more particularly in the Suburb of St. Roch, near 
 the Intendant's Palace. Their riflemen, secure in 
 their excellent cover, kept up an unremitting fire 
 upon the British sentries, wherever they could ob- 
 tain a glimpse of them. As the Intendant's Palace 
 was found to afford them a convenient shelter, from 
 the cupola of which they constantly annoyed the 
 sentries, a nine pounder was brought to bear upon 
 the building ; and this once splendid and distinguish- 
 ed edifice was reduced to ruin, and has never been 
 rebuilt. They enemy also threw from thirty to 
 forty shells every night into the city ; which fortu- 
 nately did little or no injury either to the lives or 
 the property cf the inhabitants. So accustomed did 
 the latter become to the occurrences of a siege, that 
 at last they ceased to regard the bombardment with 
 alarm. In the mean time, the fire from the garrisou 
 was maintained in a very effective manner upon 
 every point where the enemy were seen. On one 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 427 
 
 occasion, as Montgomery was reconnoitring near the 
 town, the horse which drew his cariole was killed by 
 a cannon shot. 
 
 During this anxious period the gentry and inha- 
 bitants of the city bore arms, and cheerfully perform- 
 ed the duties of soldiers. The British Militia were 
 conspicuous for zeal and loyalty, under the command 
 of Major Henry Caldwell, who had the Provincial 
 rank of Lieutenant Colonel. He had served as De- 
 puty Quarter Master General with the army, under 
 General Wolfe, and had settled in the Province 
 after the conquest. The Canadian Militia within 
 the town was commanded by Colonel Le Conr<te 
 Dupre, an officer of great zeal and ability, who ren- 
 dered great services during the whole siege. 
 
 General Montgomery, despairing to reduce the 
 place by a regular siege, resolved on a night attack, 
 in the hope of either taking it by storm, or of find- 
 bg the garrison unprepared at some point. In this 
 design he was encouraged by Arnold, whose local 
 knowledge of Quebec was accurate, having been ac- 
 quired in his frequent visits for the purpose of buy- 
 ing up Canadian horses. The intention of Mont- 
 gomery soon became known to the garrison, and 
 General C arleton made every preparation to prevent 
 surprise, and to defeat the assault of the enemy. 
 For several days the Governor, with the officers and 
 gentlemen, off duty, had taken up their quarters in 
 the Recollet Convent, where they slept in their 
 clothes. At last, early in the morning of the 3l8t 
 December, and during a violent snow storm, Mont- 
 jumery, at the head f the New York troops, advanc- 
 ed to the attack of the Lower Town, from its western 
 extremity, along a road between the base of Cape 
 Diamond and the river. Arnold, at the same time, 
 
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 WEBSTER, NY. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 

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4-28 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 advanced from the General Hospital by way of St. 
 Charles Street The two parties were to meet at 
 the lower end of Mountain Street;, and when united 
 were to force Prescott-Gate. Two feint attacks in 
 the mean time on the side towards the west, were- toj 
 distract the attention of the garrison. Such is the 
 outline of this chirin^^ plan, the obstacles to the ac- 
 complishment of which do not seem to have entered 
 into the contemplation of the American officers, who 
 reckoned too much upon their own fortune and the] 
 weakness of the garrison. 
 
 When, at the head of seven hundred men, Mont-I 
 gomery had advanced a short distance beyond thef 
 spot where the Inclined Plane has since been con- 
 structed, he came to a narrow defile, with a precipice! 
 towards the river on the one side, and the scarped' 
 rock above him on the other, 'f his place is known| 
 by the name of Pres-de-Ville. Here all further ap- 
 proach to the Lower 'I'own was intercepted, audi 
 commanded by a battery of three pounders placed iii| 
 a hangaril to tlie south of the pass. 'J he Post was 
 entrusted to a Captain of Canadian Militia, whose 
 force consisted of thirty Canadian and eight British 
 Militiamen, with nine British seamen to work tli( 
 guns, as artillerymen, under Captain Barnsfare, 
 Master of a transport, laid up in the harbor during 
 the winter. At day-break, some of the guard, beingj 
 on the look out, discovered, through the imperfect 
 light, a body of troops in full march from Wolfe'j^ 
 Cove upon the Post. '\ he men had been kept un- 
 der arms waiting with the utmost steadiness for tlu 
 attack, which they had reason to expect, from th( 
 reports of deserters ; and in pursuance of judicious 
 arrangements which had been previously concertedJ 
 the enemy was allowed to approach unmolested 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 429 
 
 [ithin a small distance. They halted at about fifty 
 
 irds from the barrier ; and as the guard remained 
 
 erfectly still, it was probably concluded that they 
 
 [ere not on the alert. To ascertain this an officer 
 
 jras seen to approach quite near to the barrier. Af" 
 
 er listening a moment or two, he returned to the 
 
 jdy ; and they instantly dashed forward at double 
 
 |uick time to the attack of the post. This was what 
 
 te Guard expected : the artillery-men stood by 
 
 [ith lighted matches, and Captain Barnsfare at the 
 
 "itical moment giving the word, the fire of the guns 
 
 lad musketry was directed with deadly precision 
 
 linst the head of the advancing column. The 
 
 msequence was a precipitate retreat — the enemy 
 
 IS scattered in every direction — the groans of the 
 
 Irounded and of the dying were heard, but nothing 
 
 ertain being known, the pass continued to be swept 
 
 ly the cannon and musketry for the space of ten 
 
 ninutes. The enemy having retired, thirteen bodies 
 
 rere found in the snow, and Montgomery's Orderly 
 
 jrjeant desperately wounded, but yet alive, was 
 
 [roughtinto the guard room. On being asked if the 
 
 jeneral himself had been killed, the Serjeant evaded 
 
 b question, by replying, that he had not seen him 
 
 iir some time, although he could not but have known 
 
 lie face. This faithful Serjeant died in about an 
 
 )ur afterwards. It was not ascertained that the 
 
 imerican General had been killed, until some hours 
 
 (flerwards, when General Carleton, being anxious to 
 
 scertain the truth, sent an Aide-de-Camp to the 
 
 Bminary, to enquire if any of the American officers, 
 
 lien prisoners, would identify the body. A field 
 
 icer of Arnold's division, who had been made pri- 
 oner near Sault-au-Matelot barrier, consenting, 
 
 jompanied the Aide-de-Camp to the Pres-de- faille 
 
 
430 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF <;>UEBEC, 
 
 guard, and pointed it out among the other bodies, 
 the same tinie pronouncing, in accents of giiei 
 a glowing eulogium on Montgomery's bravery anl 
 worth. J3esides that of the General, the bodies 
 his two Aides-de-Camp were recoiijnized aniono: thl 
 slam. The defeat of Montiromery's force was coi 
 plete. Colonel Campbell, his second in commanJ 
 immediately relinquished the undertaking, and lej 
 back his men with the utmost precipitation. 
 
 The exact spot wliere the barrier was erected be 
 fore which Montgomery fell, may be described q 
 crossing the narrow road under the mountain, imm( 
 diately opposite to the west end of a building whicj 
 stands on the south, and was formerly occupied bj 
 Mr. Racey as a brewery. It is now numbered 5^ 
 At the time of the sioffe this was called tlie Potasll 
 
 c5 1 
 
 Ihe battery extended to the south, and nearly to till 
 river. An inscription commemorating the even 
 might properly be placed upon the opposite rock. 
 
 Soon after the repulse of the enemy before tlii 
 post at PreS'de-Ville, information was given to thl 
 officer in command there, that Arnold's party, froi 
 the General Hospital, advancing along the St. Charles 
 had captured the barrier at the Sault-au-Matelo^ 
 and that he intended an attack upon that of Pre^ 
 de-Fille, by taking it in the rear. Immediate pre 
 parations were made for the defence of the Pos 
 against such an attack, by turning some of the gunj 
 of an inner barrier, not far from the Custom House 
 towards the town ; and although the intelligcnc 
 proved false, — Arnold having been wounded and hi 
 division captured,— yet the incident deserves to b| 
 commemorated as affording a satisfactory contradi( 
 lion to some accounts which have appeared in prini 
 representing the Guard at Pris-de-Ville as havinj 
 
 tharles, until 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 431 
 
 een paralysed by fear, — the post and barrier " de- 
 erted," — and the fire which killed Montgomery 
 Derely " accidental." On the contrary, the circuni- 
 |tances which we have related, being authentic, prove 
 iiat the conduct of the Pres-de-VUle Guard was 
 inn and collected in the hour of danger ; and that 
 Iv their coolness and steadiness they mainly con- 
 kbuted to the safety of the city. Both Colonel 
 llaclean and General Carleton rendered every jus- 
 Ice to their meritorious behaviour on the occasion. 
 
 In the meantime the attack by Arnold, on the 
 lorth eastern side of the Lower Town, was made with 
 lesperate resolution. It was, fortunately, equally 
 |insuccessful, although the contest was more protract- 
 
 ; and at one time the city was in no small danger. 
 Arnold led his men by files along the lliver St, 
 fharles, until he came to the Sault-au-Matelot, 
 pere there was a barrier with two guns mounted. 
 It must be understood that St. Paul's Street did not 
 lien exist, the tide coming up nearly to the base of 
 lie rock, and the only path between the rock and 
 lie beach was the narrow alley which now exists in 
 ear of St. Paul Street under the precipice itself, 
 lere the curious visitor will find a jutting rock, 
 there was the first barrier. The whole of the street 
 Fent by the name of the Sault-au-Matelot from the 
 Bost ancient times. Arnold tool: the command of 
 lie forlorn hope, and was leadiri^ the attack upon 
 ills barrier, when he received a musket wound in 
 b knee which disabled him, and he was carried 
 ick to the General Hospital. His troops, however, 
 kersevered, and having soon made themselves mas- 
 [ers of the barrier, pressed on through the narrow 
 ftreet to the attack of the second, near the eastern 
 ptreraity of Sault-au-Matelot Street. This was a 
 
 \ 
 
 t 
 
 is 
 
492 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 battery which protected the ends of the two street 
 
 called St. Peter Street and Sault-au-Matelot, extern 
 
 ing, by means of hangards mounted with cannoi 
 
 from the rock to the river. The Montreal Banl 
 
 then a private house, liad cannon projecting froi 
 
 the end windows, as had a house at the end of Sauli 
 
 au-Matelot Street. The enemy took shelter in thi 
 
 liouses on each side, and in the narrow pass leadin/ 
 
 round the base of the cliff towards Hope- Gate, when 
 
 they were secured by the angle of the rock from thi 
 
 fire of the guns at the barrier. Here the enemj 
 
 met with a determined resistance, which it was impos 
 
 sible to overcome ; and General Carleton havinj 
 
 ordered a sortie from Palace-Gate under Captaii 
 
 Laws, in order to take them in the rear — and thei| 
 
 rear guard, under Captain Dearborn, having already 
 
 surrendered — the division of Arnold demanded quarl 
 
 ter, and were brought prisoners to the Upper 'i own] 
 
 The officers were confined in the Seminary. Tlu 
 
 contest continued for upwards of two hours, and th( 
 
 bravery of the assailants was indisputable. "^I hrougl 
 
 the freezing cold, and the pelting of the storm, the] 
 
 maintained the attack until all hope of success wa^ 
 
 lost, when they surrendered to a generous enemyJ 
 
 who treated the wounded and prisoners with humaJ 
 
 nity. 
 
 'Ihe Americans lost in the attack about one 
 hundred killed and wounded, and six officers ol 
 Arnold's party, exclusive of the loss at Pris-de'Villel 
 The British lost one officer. Lieutenant Anderson of 
 of the Royal Navy, and seventeen killed and wound- 
 ed. The following is a statement of the force whicW 
 surrendered : 
 
 ' ;i' ■ 
 
 .\' 
 
iccess wa^ 
 
 WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 433 
 
 1 Lieutenant Colonel, 1 
 
 'i iit.ii 
 
 !j 
 
 >rj- 
 
 }> Not wounded. 
 
 2 Mftjors, 
 
 8 Captains, 
 
 15 Lieutenants, 
 
 1 Adjutant, 
 
 1 Qua iter- Master, 
 
 4 Volunteers, 
 
 350 Rank and Hie, 
 
 44 Officers and soldiers, wounded. 
 
 • . 1 
 
 ■ r 
 
 420 Total surrendered. 
 
 By the death of Montgomery the command de- 
 Ivolved upon Arnold, who had received the rank of 
 Brigadier General. In a letter dated, 14th January, 
 il776, he complains of the great difficulty he had in 
 keeping his remaining troops together, so dishearten- 
 ed were they by their disasters on the 31st Decem- 
 ber. The siege now resumed its former character 
 of a blockade, without any event of importance, until 
 the month of March, when the enemy received re- 
 linforcements that encreased their numbers to near 
 po thousand men. In the beginning of April, 
 lArnold took the command at Montreal, and was re- 
 llieved before Quebec by Brigadier General Woostor. 
 [The blockading army, which had all the winter re- 
 [maiued at three miles distance from the city, now 
 [approached nearer the ramparts, and re-opened their 
 liire upon the fortifications, with no better success than 
 fcefore. In the night of the 3rd May, they made an 
 liinsuccessful attempt to destroy the ships of war and 
 Iressels laid up in the Cul-de-Sac, by sending in a 
 jfire ship, with the intention of profiting by the con- 
 tusion, and of making another attack upon the works 
 m escalade* At this time they had reason to expect 
 Ithat considerable reinforcements, which they had no 
 ^nieans of preventing from reaching the garrison, 
 
 2 o 
 
 ■' 
 
 :H 
 
434 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 would shortly arrive from England ; and giving up 
 all hope of success, they became impatient to return 
 to their own country. A Council of War was called, 
 on the 5th, by General Thomas, who had succeeded! 
 Wooster ; and it was determined to raise the siege atl 
 once, and to retire to Montreal. They immediatelyl 
 began their preparations, and in the course of tliel 
 next forenoon broke up their camp, and commenced! 
 a precipitate retreat. 
 
 In the mean time the gallant Carleton and his in- 
 trepid garrison were rejoiced by the arrival, early in 
 the morning of the 6th May, of the Surprize Frigate, 
 Captain Linzee, followed soon after by the his, of 
 fifty guns, and Martin Sloop of war, with a rein- 
 forcement of troops and supplies. Nothing coul( 
 excfj\ed the delight of the British at this seasonable 
 relief. After the toil and privation of a six montlij 
 siege, it may be imagined with what feelings the in- 
 habitants beheld the Frigate rounding Poiiite Levi, 
 and how sincerely they welcomed her arrival in tli( 
 basin. The Isis was commanded by Captain, after- 
 wards Admiral Sir Charles Douglas, Baronet, fathei 
 of Major General Sir Howard Douglas, the lat( 
 popular Lieutenant Governor of New-Brunswickj 
 Captain Douglas had made uncommon exertions t( 
 force his ship through fields of ice, — having by skil- 
 ful management and a press of sail carried her for tht 
 space of fifty leagues, through obstacles which wouk 
 have deterred an officer less animated by the zeaj 
 which the critical service on which he was employee 
 required. The troops o;i board the vessels, consisting 
 of two ci.«mpanies of the '29th Regiment, with a part\j 
 of marines, amounting in all to two hundred men! 
 were immediately landed, under the command o 
 Captain Viscount Petersham, afterwards General th< 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 435 
 
 Earl of Harrington. No sooner had they arrived in 
 jthe Upper Town, than General Carleton, who had 
 learned the retreat of the enemy, determined to make a 
 sortie and to harass their rear. He accordingly march- 
 ed out at the head of eight hundred men ; but so rapid 
 was the flight of the enemy, that a few shots only 
 J were exchanged, when they abandoned their stores, 
 j artillery, scaling ladders, leaving also their sick, of 
 iwhom they had a great many, to the care of the 
 British. The humanity with which they were treat- 
 ed was afterwards commemorated by Chief Justice 
 Marshall in his life of Washington. 
 
 The conduct of General Carleton throughout the 
 I siege was beyond all praise. He always wore the 
 [same countenance, and as his looks were watched, 
 his conduct infused courage into those of the inha- 
 Ibitants, who, unused to a siege, sometimes gave way 
 to despondency. He was, indeed, a r^an of true 
 bravery, guided by discrimination, conduct and ex- 
 perience. During the attack of the 31st December, 
 I he had taken post at Prescott-Gate, where he knew 
 v^ould be made the combined attack of Montgomery 
 and Arnold, had they succeeded in passing the bar- 
 riers at Pres-'de-Ville and the Sault-au-MateloL 
 Here he took his stand, and there is every reason to 
 believe that he would have defended the post even 
 to death. He had been heard to say, that he would 
 never grace the triumph of the enemy, or survive 
 the loss of the town. i • • " '.: 
 
 The despatches announcing the retreat of the 
 American forces from before Quebec were taken 
 home by Colonel Caldwell, who received the usual 
 present on the occasion. His Majesty immediately 
 bestowed the Knighthood of the Bath upon General 
 Carleton. The following extract from his despatches 
 
 
436 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 to Lord George Germaine, Secretary of State, shows 
 his own sense of the general conduct of the officers 
 and men under his command. Among the Canadian 
 officers who particularly distinguished themselves, 
 were Colonel Dupre, Major Ecuyer, and Captains 
 Bouchette, Laforce and Chabot of the Marine. 
 
 '* Thus," says General Carleton, " ended our siejje and 
 blockade, during^ which the mixed jj-urrison of soldiers, sailors, 
 British and Canadian militia, with the aitilicers, from Halifax 
 and Newfoundland, showed g-reat zeal and patience, under 
 very severe duty, and uncommon vi«,nlance, indispensable in a 
 place liable to be stormed, besides great labor necessary to 
 render such attempts less practicable. 
 
 " I cannot conclude this letter without doin<f justice to Lieu- 
 tenant Colonel Maci-ean, who has been indetatifjably zealous 
 in the King's service, and to his reg-iment, wherein he has col- 
 lected a iiuraber of experienced good officers, who have been 
 ▼ery useful. Colonel Hamilton, Captain of His Majesty's 
 ship, Lizardy who commanded the battalion of seamen, his 
 officers and men, discharged their duty with great alacrity and 
 spirit. The same thing must bo acknowledged of the masters, 
 inferior officers and seamen, belonging to His Majesty's trans- 
 ports, and merchantmen, detained here last fall : only one sea- 
 man deserted the whole time. The militia, British and 
 Canadian, behaved with a steadiness and resolution, that could 
 hardly have been expected from men unused to arms. Judges, 
 and other officers of government, as well as Merchants, cheer- 
 fully submitted to every incouvenience to preserve the lown : 
 the whole, indeed, upon the occasion, showed a spirit and per- 
 severance that do them great honor. 
 
 " Major Caldwell, who commanded the British militia all 
 winter, as Lieutenant Colonel Commandant, and is bearer of 
 these despatches to your Lordship, has proved himself a faith- 
 ful subject to His Majesty, and an active and diligent officer. 
 He, and, indeed, almost every loyal subject, are very conside- 
 rable sufferers by the present hostile invasion." 
 
 t 
 
 Having thus brought to a close our account of the 
 various and eventful scenes which have passed under 
 review, it may be observed, that Quebec is remark- 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 437 
 
 able among North American cities, for having been 
 five times invested by regula forces : — First, in 
 1629, when, in the infancy of the Colony, it fell into 
 the hands of the English, — in 1690, after its natural 
 capabilities for defence had been improved by the 
 art of fortification, when it successfully resisted the 
 attack of Sir William Phipps, — in 1759, when, 
 after the battle of the Plains, it was once more won 
 by England, — in 1760, when, having been main- 
 tained during the winter, it was unsuccessfully be- 
 sieged by de Levi ; — and lastly, in 1775, when after 
 having been stormed without success — after having 
 sustained a siege and blockade of six months dura- 
 tion — the enemy was compelled to abandon his camp 
 in despair. Since that time no hostile banner has 
 been displayed before its walls ; and so long as it is 
 defended by a garrison, loyal and resolute to do their 
 duty — so long as England maintains the glory of her 
 Navy — Quebec may bid defiance to external attack 
 and foreign violence. May the " time honored" stan- 
 dard of Great Britain continue to wave from the bat- 
 tlements that crown this renowned fortress, never to 
 be removed but by her own act, with the consent and 
 free will of her generous people ! Should it ever be 
 [lowered, may it be only in the spirit of honor and 
 lenevolence, in order to promote the rising destinies 
 of a new North American Empire, called into exis- 
 tence by the force of events, and by the operation of 
 those progressive changes which human means can 
 neither foresee, or prevent from occurring in the 
 lapse of years, and in the fullness of time ! . i v^ i.. 
 But it is not our province to indulge a presump- 
 tuous speculation into futurity, — satisfied that the 
 past can never be forgotten, or undone ; and that 
 whatever may be its fate to come, " so long as fame 
 
 2 o3 
 
438 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 ghall wait upon heroic deeds," the renown of Quebec 
 will derive its chief lustre from the reflected glories 
 of England, her might, valor and enduring genero- 
 sity ! 
 
 Prudens futuri temporis exitum 
 
 Cali<i[inosu Qocte preiuit Dels : 
 * 
 
 eras vel atra 
 
 Nube polum Patkr occiipato, 
 Vel sole puro : iion tainon iriituin 
 Quodciimquc ivtro est, ertici»'t; neque 
 Diffiii;i»*t, infcctinnquo ri'ddet, 
 Quod fiigiens serael hora vexit. 
 
 GENERAL MONTGOMERY. 
 
 Richard Montg(»mery was a {gentleman of jjood family, in 
 the North of Irlland, and coiuu*cted by marriajfe with Viscount 
 Ranelagh of that Kinjjdom. He had been Captain in the 17th 
 Reffiment of Foot, and had fouirht successfnllv the battles of 
 England, under tlie immortal Wolfe, on the Plains of Abra^ 
 ham. He afterwards married the daughter of Judg-e Livingston, 
 of Livingston Manor, on the North River, who was living in 
 1818. Montgomery imbibed the prevalent politics of his 
 father-in-law's famih'-, and joined the cause of the Colonists 
 •gainst the mother country. 
 
 Marshall, however, in his life of Washington, remarks, 
 that, ** though he had embraced the American cause with en- 
 thusiasm, he had become weaiied with its service He had 
 
 determined to withdraw from the army, and had signified, be- 
 fore marching from Montreal, his resolution to resign the com- 
 mission which had been conferred upon him." Marshall 
 adds as a probable incentive to the storming of Quebec on the 
 31st December, 1775, " the desire of closing his military career 
 with a degree of brilliancy suited to the elevation of his mind, 
 by the conquest of Quebec, and the addition of Canada to the 
 United States." 
 
 The excellence of his qualities and disposition procured him 
 an uncommon share of private affection, as his abilities and 
 services had of public esteem. Soon after his death, the Con. 
 tinental Congress ordered a magniticeut Cenotaph to be erected 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 439 
 
 IVINGSTON, 
 
 to his memory, in St. Paul's Church, New- York, with the fol- 
 lowin<!|' inscription : 
 
 MoNTGOMEKV falls ! Let no fond breast repine, 
 
 That Hampdkn's «,'lorious death, brave Chief, was thine. 
 
 With his shall Freedom consecrate /% name, 
 
 Shall date her risinnr glories from thy fame, 
 
 Shall build her throne of Empire on thy orave — 
 
 What nobler fate can patriot virtue crave ! 
 
 The fdllow'ini; matter of fact relatinj^ to the disinterment of 
 the reniiiins of this officer is nnf|uestionabIy authentic. In the 
 year I8!H, a re(|iiest hiving het^'u Liade to the Govprnor-in- 
 Chief, Sir John Sherbrooke, for leave to disinter the remiins 
 of General MoNTOOMiMtv, in order that thoy mif^ht be co'ivi-yed 
 to New-York, and there re-interred. His Excellency acceded to 
 the request, which came to him on the part of Mrs. Montjjo- 
 mery, the widow of the General. Mr. JaiMes Thompson, an 
 jolJ i^entleman of respectability, servin;^ in the En^jineer De- 
 Ipartmentat Quebec, (a Serjeant under General Wolfe at the 
 conquest,) who bore armsduriny^ 'hesiejre of the w inter I77a-G 
 in defeiiceof the city, and on the morning" after the attack, had 
 found the body of the deceased (ieneral, and afterwarus saw it 
 interred in one ot the bastions near St. Lewi;-Gate, bv order of 
 the British Commander, was now ordered to er-jlore the pTace 
 of interment and di^ up the remains. This he accordin{rl> did 
 I in the presence ot one of His Excellency's Aides-de-Camp, 
 Captain Freer ; and although the spot where the body had been 
 deposi ed was entirely altered in appearance, from the demo- 
 lition of an old building or powder magazine which was near it, 
 and the subsequent construction of a range oT barracks, he hit 
 upon the foot of the coffin, which was much decayed, but of 
 the identity whereof there could not be a doubt, no other body 
 having been interred in its immediate neighbourhood, except 
 those of the General's two Aides, M'Pherson and Cheeseman , 
 which were placed on each side of their master's body, in their 
 clothes, and without Coffins. Mr. Thompson gave the foDow- 
 m'r affidavit of the facts in order to satisfy the surviving rela- 
 tions a»\d friends of General Montgomerv, that the remains 
 which had been so disinterred after the lapse of forty-two years 
 by the same hand that hadinterred-them, were really those tf 
 |the late General : 
 
 " 1, James Thompson, of the city of Quebec, in the Province 
 lof Lower Canada, do testify and declare— that ^ served in the 
 
 I! 
 
 i 1 
 
440 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QVEBECy .«? 
 
 capacity of an Assifltant Engineer during the siege of this city, 
 invested during the years 1775 and 1776 by the American 
 forces under the command of the lute Major General Richard 
 Montgomery. That in an attack made by the American troops 
 under the immediate command of General IVIontgomery, in the 
 night of the 31st December, 1775, on a British post at the 
 southernmost extremity of the city, near Pres-de- Ville, the 
 General received a mortal wound, and with him were killed 
 his two Aides-de-Camp, McPherson and Cheescman, who were 
 found in the morning of the 1st January, 1776, almost covered 
 with snow. That Mrs. Prentice who kept an Hotel, at Que- 
 bec, and with whom General Montgomery had previously 
 boarded, was brought to view the body, after it was placed in 
 the Guard Room, and which she recognised by a particular 
 mark which he had on the side of his head, to be the General's. 
 That the body was then conveyed to a house, (Gobert's,)* 
 by order of Mr. Cramahe, who provided a genteel coflfin for the 
 General's body, which was lined insido with flannel, and out-| 
 side of it with black cloth. That in the night of the 4th Janu- 
 ary, it was conveyed by me from Gobert's house, and was 
 interred six feet in front of the gate, within a wall that sur- 
 rounded a powder magazine near the ramparts bounding on 
 8t. Lewis "Gate. That the funeral service was performed at j 
 the grave by the Reverend Mr. de Montmolin, then Chaplain 
 of the garrison. That his two Aides-deCamp were bun'od ini 
 their clothes without any coffins, and that no person was bu- 
 ried within twenty-five yards of the General. That I araj 
 {)ositive and can testify and declare, that the coilin of the 
 ate Generftl Montgomery, taken up on the morning of the 
 IGth of the present month of June, 1818, is the identical 
 coffin deposited by me on the day of his burial, and that! 
 the present coffin contains the remains of the late General. I 
 do further testify and declare that subsequent to the findings 
 of General Montgomery's body, I wore his sword, being Ighterj 
 than my own, and on going to the Seminary, where the Arae-j 
 rican officers were lodged, they recognised the sword, which [ 
 affected them so much, that numbers of them wept, in conse-j 
 quence of which I have never worn the sword since. 
 
 " Given under my hand, at the city of Quebec, Province of 
 Lower Canada, 19th June, 1818. 
 
 "j/iMES THOMPSON." 
 
 * Goberi's house was at the corner of St. Lewis nnd St. Ursule strecfsj 
 on thcsile of the house now numbered 42, :!3t. Lewis Street. 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 441 
 
 COLONEL LE COMTE DUPRE 
 
 This ijentleman commanded the Canadian Militia diirinff the 
 jsicg^e of 1775-6. He hud first received a commission from the 
 JMiirqiiis Duquesne, Governor (leneral of Canada, as Captain. 
 In June, 1755, he was appointed Major, and in tlie Uowiuff 
 November, Lieutenant Colonel. In conse(]uence ol liis beha- 
 viour durinjjf the sie^e, on the 4th March, 1778, he was ap- 
 pointed Colonel Commandant for the City and District of 
 Qiiebec, by General Sir Guv Carleton. He continued in 
 jthis (extensive command for more than twenty years, and his 
 Iconduct deservedly obtained the friendship, confidence, and 
 gratitude of all the Militiamen of the District. 
 
 Thefollowiiiif anecdote deserves to be known, it occurred in 
 INovember, 1775: 
 
 The enemy was at the j^ates of the city, when three sorjeants 
 lof the Canadian Militia formed a conspiracy to admit th j Ame- 
 Iricans throuj^h a small wicUet nuar the po'vcler ma<,^azine, 
 jivhere one of them commanded a ffuard. Coionel Dupiie', 
 boinjr his rounds one ni<^ht about eleven o'clock, became sus- 
 jpicious, and soon discovered this plot, and communicated it to 
 jLieutenant (Governor Ckamaiie'. The Serjeants were secured, 
 liud kept in prison until the followincr May. They were then 
 jtried, and admitted that the city had been saved by the sayacity 
 lof Colonel Dupre'. The Americans, enra«;ed at the discovery 
 lof the plot, did all the damafro they could to the Colonel's pro- 
 Iperty. Four hundred were quartered at his house and land 
 jnear Quebec, which they ruined. At his soitfuiory they des- 
 jtroyed his flour, and broke in pieties his furniture. On being 
 loffered a jifrant of land as a reward for his services, and a.s a 
 Icorapensation for his losses, he refused to accept it, sayin<>f, that 
 jbe served out of regard to his couutry and his kinn^, and re- 
 huired uo remuneration. 
 
 Tovince 01 
 
 I* ■.. 
 
 i !'• !v. 
 
442 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF j^UEBEC, 
 
 fj 
 
 
 A. 
 
 CHAPTER THE TWENTIETH. 
 
 GEOLOGY. — GENERAL CHARACTER OF THE ENVIRONS. 
 
 CONCLUSION. . i : . 
 
 No Picture of Quebec, in these enlightened days, 
 will be considered complete, if it do not contain 
 some information upon the geological structure of I 
 the site of that City and its environs, which are the 
 subjects of its delineations. It is not consistent] 
 with the nature of the work, to enter into details 
 but, avoiding these, we propose to give a condensedl 
 outline of those geological features which will be 
 most likely to come under the observation ox the 
 intelligent traveller. As, however, it it is usual tol 
 introduce geological descriptions by a topographieall 
 outline of the country they embrace, in conformit] 
 with that custom, the following slight one is offered.] 
 
 The site of the metropolis of Lower Canada, whei 
 viewed from the river, must in all times, have fixe( 
 the eye of the stranger, whether crowned with mo- 
 dern architecture, as in the present day, or by th( 
 primeval forest, as Champlain first saw it; a sight 
 which might well draw from his followers the excla- 
 mation of Quel bee, whence some writers derive 
 Quebec. * 
 
 * This, however, is a disputed point. It appears by a refej 
 rence to pa^e 118 of this volume, that so far back as the tiraj 
 of Henry V. the word Quebec occurs in the Arms of the Ear 
 of Suffolk. This interesting- fact was introduced for the firs 
 time by A. Stuart, Esq. into a paper wiiich he read before thj 
 Literary and Historical Society of Quebec. 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 443 
 
 This promontory, which forms so conspicuous a 
 feature in the river scenery immediately above the 
 Island of Orleans, is the narrow north-eastern ter- 
 mination of an oblong tongue of land which, rising 
 from the valley of Cap llouge, about 8 miles south- 
 westward of Quebec, attains at the latter place its 
 extreme altitude of 330 feet above the St. Law- 
 rence, whilst its greatest breadth, which lies towards 
 the western extremity and nearly opposite to the 
 parochial church of St. Foy, is about 2^ miles. 
 
 The whole of this feature is insulated by a valley 
 out of which it appears to rise, like the back of a 
 leviathan from the deep. Through the southern 
 branch of this valley flows, between rocky preci- 
 pices, the noble St. Lawrence, pressed by its hun- 
 dred wings of commerce, and here attaining an 
 extreme breadth of two miles, * while the northern 
 branch spreads out into low alluvial lands, through 
 which meander the St. Charles and St. Michel 
 rivers, whose waters, though from western and north- 
 ern sources in the mountains which close the visual 
 horizon on this side from east to west, become 
 nearly simultaneously confluent with the St, Law- 
 rence at the Vacherie. 
 The valley of Cap Rouge, which breaks the con- 
 Ptinuation of the tongue of land before mentioned to 
 south-westward, is in the present day, characterized 
 only by an insignificant stream ; but il appears 
 to be probable that the St. Lawrence once passed 
 an arm this way round, thereby insulating all the 
 land to the right of it. • ' •> 
 
 * The breadth of the river from the Queen's Wharf across 
 to McKeiizie's Wharf, has been measured on the ice, and found 
 to be 1133 yards, 2 feet 9 iuches. 
 
 t- 
 
 i 
 
444 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, ; -^ 
 
 Casting the eyes around from any elevated posi- 
 tion in this metropolis, they will pass over all the 
 four Grand Divisions into which rocks have been 
 divided, viz. : the Primary, the Transition, the ^e- 
 condary and the Tertiary ; sometimes naked and 
 prominent, at others deeply covered by alluvions 
 diluvions or vegetable deposits. 
 
 .; ; , Primary Rocks, 
 
 ' The Primary or granitic portion of our forma- 
 tions within view, is confined to that range of moun- 
 tains and its lateral spurs which, commencing at 
 Cape Tourment, 30 miles below Quebec, on the 
 northern shore of the St. Lawrence, where it forms 
 a conspicuous dome-shaped headland, trends away 
 to the westward in a series of consecutive moun- 
 tains and vallies, the formei holding a course nearly 
 parallel to the St. Lawrence, and preserving an ave- 
 rage distance from it of ten or twelve miles. Beyond 
 this line of demarcation to the northward, for many 
 miles, no " Land of Promise" for the settler is met 
 with; and the semi-civilized Indian traverses this 
 inhospitable region, in the pursuit of the moose 
 and the caribou, consoled by the reflection, that 
 here, at least, for many years to come, his wan- 
 derings will suffer little interruption from the white 
 man. v »-^ • ' iy - 
 
 The highest point of this range is considered not 
 to exceed 2000 feet of altitude above the St. Law- 
 rence, but usually falls much short of it. The coun- 
 try which it traverses has been explored, but by no 
 individual possessed of sufficient geological know- 
 ledge to allow him to describe the rocky masses met 
 with in language sufficiently scientific to be intelli- 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 445 
 
 gible to the initiated. However, an examination of 
 those off-spurs and boulders which lie nearest the 
 town, has led those who understand the subject to 
 infer, that granite, granitic gneiss, mica slate, 
 (rarely), syenite, syenitic gneiss, horneblende slate, 
 and primary greenstone, are the species of rocks 
 which most prevail. 
 
 Transition Rocks. 
 
 The term Transition in Geology, is becoming obso- 
 lete ; yet it is one of great convenience, and liable 
 to no abuie when employed by those who study 
 facts more than theories. We will, therefore, con- 
 tinue to employ it in the designation of certain rocks 
 which are largely developed in the immediate neigh- 
 bourhood of Quebec, and on one or two members of 
 which, indeed, we consider that City to stand. 
 
 When placed on the highest summit of Cape 
 Diamond, 350 feet above the river at its base, all 
 the natural stony fixed features of ground around 
 and beneath us on this side the valley of the St. 
 Charles and on the opposite side of the St. Law- 
 rence, consist of Transition rocks. — This formation 
 characterizes both shores of the St. Lawrence for 
 some distance above Quebec; but below it appears 
 to be, for the most part, confined to the islands and 
 southern shore, which it exclusively occupies for 
 many miles. 
 
 The members which compose this formation, in 
 the extent to which we now limit our attention, are 
 the following :— Clay slate, greywacke, compact 
 Hmestone and limestone conglomerate : the two 
 first occur in very subordinate quantity, while the 
 two former abound and frequently alternate with 
 
 2p 
 
 
 ^! I 
 
 
446 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 each other. The dip of the stratification of these 
 rocks, which shows this alternation, is usually at a 
 high angle to the S. E. ; but occasionally the reverse 
 of this dip is noticed, and the inclined planes of the 
 strata front the N. W., the bearing of N. E., S. W. 
 remaining generally undisturbed. 
 
 Cape Diamond, in which this formation attains 
 its greatest height, at least in the neighbourhood of 
 Quebec, consists of a clay slate, but of anomalous 
 constituents, among which are to be reckoned a large 
 portion of carbonate of lime, carbon and bitumen ;* 
 and in consequence, the rock has been called a car- 
 boniferous limestone by those who attend more to the 
 mineralogical than geological character; forgetting 
 at the same time, that tiie term carboniferous, im- 
 plies bearing carbon, not containing it, the carboni- 
 ferous being the lowest rock ol the coal formation. 
 We must not omit to state, however, that it is a ques- 
 tion of controversy with Geologists, ^^hether carbon- 
 iferous limestone be the lowest of the Secondary or 
 uppermost of the Transition class. — Be this at it may, 
 the dip of the rock in question, conformable to that 
 of the series in the vicinity, of decided Trar>sition 
 character, together with the rarity (to say the most) 
 of the occurrence of fossils in it, corresponds so well 
 with the Transition class around, while these charac- 
 ters are so perfectly at variance with those of tJie ho- 
 rizontal fossil bearing t strata of Beauport, which is 
 
 * The abundance of quartz crystals also with which it is 
 studded^ and to the presence of which it owes its name, may 
 be likewise considered as an anomalous characteristic. 
 
 \ We do not know of any yositive instance of the occurrence of 
 fossilsinthe Black Roc^k of i^nebec; but bivalvular impressions 
 have sometimes (though rarely) been noticed in the confotmu- 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 447 
 
 really conceived to be carboniferous limestone, that 
 we have no hesitation in claiming for the former, both 
 a higher degree of geological antiquity and a distinct 
 geological epoch. 
 
 Secondanj Rocka. . t 
 
 The Secondary rocks of the vicinity next come 
 under consideration : they consist, almost exclu- 
 sively, as far as we have yet noticed, of a limestone 
 which is fetid, fossilized and horizontally stratified, 
 holding a position topographically between the Pri- 
 mary range to the northward, and the Transition 
 masses we have just alluded to on the opposite or St. 
 Lawrence side of the valley, while their relative geo- 
 logical arrangement is either over the edges of the 
 highly inclined clay slates or grey wackes, or where 
 they basset out, abutting against the planes of their 
 stratification, or, when theso rocks are absent, com- 
 ing into similar contact with the primary stratified 
 formations beneath, or simple contact alone, either 
 vertically or laterally, with the unstratified portion of 
 the same : in short, always in a position relatively un- 
 conformable to those rocks we have stated to repre- 
 sent the Primary and Transition classes of the neigh- 
 bourhood. . ; 
 
 The localities which offer the best sections of the 
 limestone we are discussing, are, the village of Beau- 
 
 nirrenceof 
 
 ble limestone cona^loraerates which form the northern preci- 
 pice, from the corner of Peter-street towards No. 4 Tower. It 
 is worthy of remark, that the planes of stratification of the Black 
 Rock often exhibit continuous marking's, analogous to trellis 
 work, which have a hiwh relief, as well as a anthracitic lustre. 
 
 It has just been discovered that this rock forms by the usual 
 process, an excellent water cement, &c. 
 
448 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 port and the Montmorenci river ; the former an arti- 
 ficial quarry, the latter, we conceive, the result of a 
 natural watery erosion. Both these sections have 
 been closely examined b)'^ Dr. Bigsby, who has tiie 
 credit of having been one of the first individuals in 
 this country to stir up a taste for similar investiga- 
 tions ; and we cannot do better than introduce here 
 an extract of his, taken from Professor Silliman's 
 " Tour between Hartford and Quebec," the only 
 tour published among the many through this place 
 which afibrds accurate geological information on the 
 locale, and which, in other respects, is a work so 
 pleasantly (and as far as we may presume to judge 
 correctly) written — breathing throughout such a tone 
 of conciliation as to enlist the sympathies of the 
 reader in its behalf, whether he be American or Brit- 
 ish, while it tends to his conviction that the author 
 is, not only a scholar, but also a liberal minded gen- 
 tleman : — 
 
 " The lowest visible rocks, rising six or eight feet 
 from the bed of the river, are dough shaped mounds 
 o^granite, (gneiss?) vertical, with a south-west directi- 
 on, with many irregular quartz veins, half a foot thick. 
 On it, lies a perfectly horizontal sand stone, so coarse 
 as to resemble conglomerate, (I suspect this sand 
 stone is a coarse gray wacke.) It is four feet thick, 
 and weathered red and white. Upon this rests light 
 hair brown, highly crystalline lime stone, very fetid, 
 full of shells, vegetable filaments, massive blende, 
 and a mineral, like brov/n spar. This gradually be- 
 comes dull, less crystalline, and at length at the top 
 of the bank, is nearly a common blue lime stone, 
 with a conchoidal fracture, and still here and there 
 containing small crystals of carbonates. The whole 
 height here, is perhaps, forty feet." 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 449 
 
 About one mile above the place of which the fore- 
 going extract is a geological description, occurs a 
 gorge or deep section in the river which, from the 
 step-like displacement of portions of the horizontal 
 strata forming its sides, has been called, appropri- 
 ately, " The Natural Steps." Here is met with a 
 very interesting geological section, consisting of a 
 succession of horizontal strata of fetid limestone, 
 filled with the " Medals of Creation," as fossils have 
 been eloquently called, the most abundant among 
 which are othoceratites. Near the base of this sec- 
 tion, a little above the river, a thin stra im may be no- 
 ticed, which is literally composed of ammonites about 
 there or four inches in circumference ; some of them 
 very perfect and beautiful. This stratum is pressed 
 by a superincumbent mass of limestone, of from 30 
 to 40 feet high. Both banks of the river here ex- 
 hibit much the same appearances, being characte- 
 rized by the same fossils and limestone. Among 
 other fossils characteristic of the carboniferous lime- 
 stone met with in this formation, both here and at 
 Beauport, are certain corallites, trilobites, encrinites 
 productse, terbratulae, conulariae quadrisulcatae, 
 (rare), and nautulites. * 
 
 Tertiary — Alluvial — Diluvial Formations, ' ' 
 
 We class all these hydraulic deposits together, 
 because, in fact, with one exception, it is in general 
 
 * Art. 9, vol. 1. Transactions of the Literary and Historical 
 Society of Quebec, affords gfood Topographical and Geological 
 Notes on the country in the neighbourhood of the Falls of 
 Montmorenci. 
 
 2p 3 
 
450 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 no easy matter to distinguish them — on this Conti- 
 nent at least. They liave all orignated in the same 
 cause, differing only as to its antiquity and activity. 
 The exception alluded to, embraces certain recent 
 or modern alluviums, which «. now forming in estua- 
 ries, on the sea shores, and at .10 mouths and on the 
 banks of inland rivers. No example of the first two 
 actions, of course, come under our present notice ; 
 but as we descend towards and through the Gulf, 
 they may be seen constantly in unceasing operation. 
 The St. Charles and St. Michel rivers afford good 
 instances of the two last ; and the Vacherie, in all 
 probability, owes its existence to the united action 
 of these two confluent streams. Pursuing a course 
 nearly at right angles to each other, they traverse for 
 some distance, before joining the St. Lawrence, on 
 the way from their western and northern sources, a 
 country covered with loose or plastic, silicious or allu- 
 minous deposits, in which they sometimes form deep 
 sections, and in which, in their progress, they are 
 constantly producing a change, either in the way of 
 abstraction or addition, — stealing from a salient angle 
 whatthey restore at a re-entering one. Now, it is pre- 
 cisely such deposits as form the original sections of 
 the portions of these rivers we allude to, that puzzle 
 the Geologist who wishes to determine whether 
 they are to be considered Alluvial, Diluvial or Terti- 
 ary. From the recent or modern alluvium just de- 
 scribed, they are easily distinguished, as well by the 
 superior relative altitude at which they are found, as 
 by the fact of their having long ceased to increase, 
 the cause of that increase being no longer in action 
 on the spot where they are found. But it is quite 
 different as regards the distinction between the more 
 ancient deposits we are discussing ; — here is no well 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 451 
 
 defined s^eological horizon ; tliey often seem to mi- 
 rag'e as it were, or merge one into the other. 
 
 The structure of these deposits may be best seen 
 on the St. Michel and Beauport rivers. The former 
 presents us with sections of sand or loam bedded on 
 clay, sometimes containing drift wood and boulders, 
 and assuming, occasionally, a stratified arrangement. 
 The latter discloses embaying cliffs and heights of 
 plastic clay, surmounted by sandy deposits, and in 
 one remarkable instance, by an entire bank of ma- 
 rine shells, whose greatest depth is from 25 to 30 
 feet. In many parts of these cliffs stratification is a 
 distinct feature, and towards their bases it assumes 
 the appearance even of that of the indurated clay 
 slates of the neighbourhood ; but the ease with which 
 its hardest portions may be moulded under the ac- 
 tion of the fingers and moisture into any form, is a 
 sufficient distinction — a distinction which has proba- 
 bly an analogous origin to that which exists between 
 loam and the brick which is made from it. This 
 alluminous substratum we are disposed to class among 
 Tertiary formations, while the loose and more silici- 
 ous materials above, including the fragments of pri- 
 mary aggregates imbedded in them, we would re- 
 er, in geological strictness, to the ancient alluvium, 
 not but what (and hence arises the difficulty of distin- 
 guishing them) the tertiary formations are also of an 
 alluvial character, and may, in fact, be considered the 
 most ancient of alluviums, (the Secondary and Tran- 
 sition rocks, which, for the most part were once so, 
 having undergone geological changes which have 
 removed them from that class, the most striking of 
 which changes in general is the degree of induration 
 they have acquired and their fixture in water.) But 
 some Geologists attempt, not always very success- 
 
 \ ' 
 
452 
 
 NEW PICTUTIE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 fully, it must be confessed, to establish a difference 
 between the tertiary formations and the ancient al- 
 luviums : It is much easier to conceive the difference 
 than to describe in what it consists. However, the 
 same analog^y exists between them as between the 
 ancient and recent alluviums, the one being often 
 C{*used by the breaking up of the other. 
 
 The bank of shells we have described as over- 
 lying in one spot the plastic clay to the depth 
 (a maximum) of 25 or 30 feet, consists of an inter- 
 mixture of silicious sand, and for the most part, 
 bivalve shells, stained here and there with the per- 
 oxide of iron. The shells are usually bleached and 
 brittle, sometimes exhibiting a pearly nacre, and al- 
 ways, we conceive, in the possession of a portion of 
 their animal gluten. The bivalve shells appear to 
 be the following, set down in the order of their 
 abundance: — 
 
 Hiatella (arctica), (in the largest proportion.) 
 
 Tellina (?) 
 
 Mya (truncata.) 
 
 My telus ( Borealis ?) 
 
 Pecten (?) 
 
 Terebratula (psittacea.) 
 Among univalves have been found — 
 
 Natica. 
 
 Fasciolaria. 
 
 Melania. *' * . ' ' 
 
 Buccinum (undatum?) 
 
 Fusus. 
 
 Scalaria (rare.) 
 A Mutivalve, also the Balanus tintinnabulus, in 
 fragments, is also common. 
 
 It is remarkable in this bank, that the two largest 
 genera of shells found in it, viz. : the Mya and the 
 
» ) 
 
 WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 453 
 
 Pecten, occupy in layers, the lowest portion of it. 
 It has also been observed, that the clay here, though 
 supporting this calcareous burthen, does not in the 
 least effervesce with acids. 
 
 If much diligence 'Were used in the research, it 
 might be possible to find, perhaps, as many more as 
 those enumerated above, differing from them either 
 in genus or species ; but these are all we could col- 
 lect, after several examinations of the bank ; and hav- 
 ing little information on the subject ourselves, they 
 have been submitted, in the first instance, to the 
 Countess of Dalhousie, and subsequently to Mrs. 
 Sheppard, of Woodfield, — two females whose refined 
 tastes have led them to a successful cultivation of 
 more than one branch of Natural History ; and to 
 one or other of these ladies we are indebted for the 
 above quoted names. Mrs. Sheppard observes on 
 the singularity of finding a fresh water shell (mela- 
 nia) mixed up with the others which are exclusively 
 of marine origin. The fact would seem to imply, 
 that when this bank of shells was deposited land was 
 not far off. 
 
 'J'he commonest of these shells, the Hiatella and 
 Tellina, have been traced from hence to other places 
 in the neighbourhood, even to ( harlesbourg and In- 
 dian Lorette ; but they are far from occurring in 
 such profusion as here. The fact appears to be, that 
 the bank suddenly wedges out to a very thin stratum 
 or layer. 
 
 \^'hether this bank is to be considered a member of 
 the Tertiary formation, the Pliocene of Lyell, for 
 instance, or an ancient alluvium, in the strict geolo- 
 gical interpretation of the term, we cannot decide. 
 
 Captain Bayfield, R. N., is, we believe, about to 
 transmit to Mr. Lyell, a collection of specimens from 
 
 ' 
 
 
454 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 this locality, which will, no doubt, enable the latter to 
 afford us that correct information on the subject 
 which he must possess, from having so deeply studied 
 it in connection with its European developements; 
 in the mean time, we recommend a visit to the spot 
 to all those who are fond of casting back a retrospec- 
 tive glance to the days which have left no other re- 
 cords behind them than such as are to be found in 
 the materials composing these ancient deposits, 'i he 
 feelings and thoughts which such a visit will excite 
 may be somewhat vague ; but they will scarcely tail 
 to prove both interesting and instructive. 
 
 Before we bring this subject to a conclusion, some- 
 thing must be said of a portion of the alluviums, 
 which, as yet, has obtained only an incidental no- 
 tice. It is manifest that the fineness or coarseness of 
 the deposits which accompany an alluvial action, must 
 depend upon the force of the latter. Where, in the 
 present day, this action has been moderate and con- 
 tinual, we often find deep deposits of the finest 
 materials. In places, on the contray, liable to a vio- 
 lent rush of waters, these materials are of the coarsest 
 description. Apply this remark to some of our anci- 
 ent alluviums, and it will appear that they could only 
 have been deposited by the action of a deluge, either 
 rushing suddenly to its climax or as suddenly sub- 
 siding from it, and to such the term diluvium is ap- 
 plied. They are to be found at all levels — sometimes 
 encumbering the surface of the ground in large 
 rounded masses (boulders,) or as a coarse gravel, con- 
 trasting usually both mineralogicallyand geologically 
 with the fixed masses of rock they overlie. 
 
 To satisfy one self that water has been in general 
 the transporting cause, we have only to turn our 
 eyes to the beds of some of our rivers, in which, 
 
 ci 
 
 WI' 
 
 numericall) 
 It is not pr 
 waters whit 
 largest of b 
 to account 
 They could 
 motion of a 
 siding to a 
 they are no 
 It is usua 
 ers and exte 
 rivers, flats 
 punitory De 
 that such 
 for mnc^h 
 of Geology 
 no means th 
 of the globe 
 Tertiary an (J 
 the repeated 
 partial floodi 
 haVe produc 
 fects over a 
 greatest we 
 that eflfects, 
 ral to the w] 
 over its surf 
 emergence 
 should be re 
 time that cc 
 uniform lev 
 mark which 
 lue of which 
 stricted as t< 
 
be latter to 
 le subject 
 )ly studied 
 opements; 
 o the spot 
 retrospec- 
 ► other re- 
 e fouud in 
 •sits, 'i he 
 vill excite 
 carcely tail 
 
 lion, some- 
 alluviums, 
 Idental no- 
 arseness of 
 ition, miuit 
 ere, in the 
 e and con- 
 the finest 
 e to a vio- 
 le coarsest 
 our anci- 
 could only 
 ^e, either 
 enly sub- 
 um is ap- 
 ometimes 
 in large 
 avel, con- 
 ologically 
 
 n general 
 turn our 
 in which, 
 
 WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 455 
 
 numerically, this geological feature is best examined. 
 It is not pretended, however, that tho velocity of the 
 waters which now pass over or struggle through the 
 largest of boulders found in such placss, is sufficient 
 to account for their presence ; — undoubtedly not. — 
 They could, in general, only owe their position to the 
 motion of an immense body of water suddenly sub- 
 siding to a lower level through the channels in which 
 they are now found. 
 
 It is usual to attribute the position of large bould- 
 ers and extensive beds of coarse gravel, whether in 
 rivers, flats or high lands, to the operation of the 
 punitory Deluge of Moses ; and there is no doubt 
 that such i catastrophe is fully sufficient to account 
 for rnuoh chat is actually observed ; but the study 
 of Geology informs us that the Mosaic Deluge is by 
 no means the only one which has visited the surface 
 of the globe since its creation. On the contrary, the 
 Tertiary and even Secondary strata, bear witness to 
 the repeated action of anti-diluvial floods. Besides, 
 partial floods originating in the bursting of lakes, &c* 
 haVe produced, in all times, individual erosive ef- 
 fects over a comparatively small surface equal to the 
 greatest we notice. Now, let it be borne in mind, 
 that eflfects, at first partial as to extent, become gene- 
 ral to the whole globe, after innumerable repetitions 
 over its surface ! Thus, if the phenomenon of the 
 emergence of a mountain in the flats of Flanders 
 should be repeated every century, in the course of 
 time that country, which is now remarkable for its 
 uniform level, would become mountainous. A re- 
 mark which is the germ of modern Geology, the va- 
 lue of which, however, depends upon not being re- 
 stricted as to time. 
 
436 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 To return more particularly to the distribution of \ 
 boulders : — I he buoyancy of ice has been called in 
 to explain it; but this cause, although, no doubt, 
 entitled to some attention, particularly in climates | 
 like Canada, can have been but in partial operation, 
 and cannot certainly account for the distribution of I 
 boulders under the tropics, without, indeed, what isj 
 very improbable, those climes once possessed a frigid 
 atmosphere. 1 he fact appears to be, that no one nor 
 one of two causes will answer satisfactorily for their 
 position, which has been influenced probably by 
 many. 
 
 'i he neighbourhood of Quebec, as well as Canada 
 in general, is much characterized by boulders, and 
 the size and position of some of them is very strik- 
 ing. There are two crowning the height which over- 
 looks the Domain Farm at Beauport, whose col- 
 lective weight is little short, by computation of forty 
 tons. The heights of Abraham, also are, or rather 
 were, crowded with them ; and it should never be 
 forgotten that it was upon one of these hoary symbols, 
 the debacle of the Deluge, as they are generally es- 
 teemed to be, that the immortal and mortal parts of 
 two rival heroes separated from each other — the for- 
 mer to unite in realms apportioned to the departed 
 brave ! 
 
 It has often occurred to us, that one of the most 
 suitable monuments to the memory of Wolfe and 
 Montcalm might have been erected with these masses, 
 in the form of a pyramid or pile of shot, instead of 
 burying them, as in many instances has been done, 
 in order to clear the ground. 
 
 It is true, that the farmer sees no beauty, and 
 feels no interest in these mysterious and primeval 
 intruders, which we call boulders. He naturally 
 
 GENERAL 
 
 ners is to b 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 457 
 
 regards them with a feeling similar to that with 
 which he views the unextracted stumps, that for 
 some time retard the progress of the plough, and 
 impede his agricultural improvements. To us, how> 
 ever, they are far from unwelcome. We never see 
 one without the excitement of curiosity, and the 
 stimulative of research. We would investigate, 
 and gladly discover its age, origin, and the means 
 whereby it occupied its present position upon the 
 otherwise stoneless surface — sometimes indeed, we 
 yield a pardonable indulgence to fancy in picturing 
 the extraordinary events which might be disclosed 
 in the " Genuine Memoirs of a Boulder !" .«.,:- 
 
 [For the foregoing- Geological account, we are indebted to 
 Lieutenant Baddeley, R. K., Member of the Geology Society 
 of France.] 
 
 ■^ - •" : t J 
 
 (IV ,, .i?i;;r *1V'*'f> ;. ■• .Kt 
 
 >^ ■ .'■ 
 
 
 GENERAL SKETCH. — THE ENVIRONS OF QUEBEC. 
 
 To all admirers of romantic scenery, and to the 
 general observer of manners and character, a visit to 
 the interior of the country parishes of Lower Ca- 
 nada will afford objects of peculiar interest and 
 attraction. In those parts of the Province, where 
 immigration from the British possessions in Europe 
 has taken root, no perceptible difference of man- 
 ners is to be expected. The same industry, and 
 agricultural improvement — the same national varia- 
 tions of character and temperament will here be 
 found — softened, refined and amalgamated by social 
 intercourse and friendly collision. The remark is 
 equally good as applied to the American popula- 
 tion. But in the same degree as the Artist seeks to 
 
 22 
 
458 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, HTIV/ 
 
 Study nature in her most simple guise, there is an 
 especial charm for the philosophic spectator in the 
 simplicity and natural character of the Habitans, or 
 French peasantry of the Province. An intelligent, 
 and almost primitive people, uninfluenced by the 
 causes that are every day working improvement 
 among their neighbors, — and whose dress and dia- 
 lect prove their identity with the race nursed of 
 yore on the shores of Normandy — can never be un- 
 interesting to the contemplation of the educated 
 traveller. '■ " 
 
 While the Artist will be delighted to find the 
 pictures of his imagination realised, in the most 
 beautiful combinations that rock, wood and stream, 
 can be supposed to produce — the Tourist, in pass- 
 ing through the country parishes, will be struck with 
 the intelligent eye, the gay countenance and hospita- 
 ble manners of the inhabitants. Their address is 
 eminently polite ; and their familiar intercourse is 
 distinguished by personal courtesy. They have been 
 emphatically, and truly, called un peuple gentilhoinme. 
 Respect shown to a superior, when free from fear 
 or servility, and founded on a belief in the connexion 
 between a higher rank and moral and intellectual 
 acquirements, displays the genuine, unsophisticated 
 mind of him by whom it is offered ; and the Tra- 
 veller, as he returns the obeisance of the peasant, 
 is pleased to reflect, that even so trivial a mark of 
 courtesy would scarcely be vouchsafed, where a cor- 
 rupted state of manners had confounded the dis- 
 tinctions of rank : — or where the lower classes, 
 uninstvucted in the rules of morality, had lost their 
 claim to regard from their superiors. . 
 
 It is not our intention to give a separate diescrip- 
 tioii of the various natural beauties which present 
 
IV,- 
 
 WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 439 
 
 ere is an 
 )r in the 
 itans, or 
 lelligent, 
 by the 
 ovement 
 and dia- 
 ursed of 
 r be un- 
 educated 
 
 find the 
 he most 
 I stream, 
 in pass- 
 uck with 
 hospita- 
 ddress is 
 course is 
 ave been 
 ilhomme. 
 rom fear 
 innexion 
 elleetual 
 istieated 
 lie 1 RA- 
 peasant, 
 mark of 
 e a cor- 
 the dis- 
 classes, 
 )st their 
 
 themselves in every direction near Quebec. There 
 are so many publications which embrace such des- 
 criptions — among which we more particularly allude 
 to Professor Silliman's " Tour from Hartford to 
 Quebec" — and they are so generally known, that 
 any minute account is unnecessary in this work, 
 the principal aim of which has been to conect and 
 preserve from oblivion the historical remains and 
 recollections of this remarkable city. We shall, 
 therefore, confine ourselves to a general description ; 
 and here we feel great satisfaction in availing our- 
 selves of the following eloquent, and highly attrac- 
 tive extract from the statistical work of Lieutenant 
 Colonel BoucHETTE, Surveyor General of Lower 
 Canada, — a production, which, in the words of a 
 Report of a Committee of the Literary and His- 
 torical Society of Quebec, " from its minute- 
 ness in detail, and excellence in execution, will 
 remain a lasting monument of the ability of the first 
 native Canadian Geographer." 
 
 Colonel BoucHETTE thus expresses himself in 
 respect to his native place : — " The summer sce- 
 nery of the environs of Quebec may vie in exqui- 
 site beauty, variety, magnificence, sublimity, and 
 the naturally harmonized combination of all these 
 prominent features, with the most splendid that 
 has yet been portrayed in Europe, or any other 
 part of the world. Towards Beauport, Charle- 
 bourg, and Lorette, the view is diversified with 
 every trait that can render a landscape rich, full, and 
 complete ; the foreground shows the River St. Charles 
 meandering for many miles through a rich and 
 fertile valley, embellished by a succession of objects 
 that diffuses an unrivalled animation over the whole 
 scene. The three villages, with their respective 
 
 II 
 
 n 
 
 u 
 
460 
 
 NEW PiCTtJRE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 cihuttilies, and iakny handsome detached housefs in 
 the vicinity, seated on gently rising eminences, form 
 so many distinct points of view ; the intervals between 
 them display many of the most strongly marked 
 specimens of forest scenery, and the surrounding 
 country every where an appearance of fertility and 
 good cultivation, upon which the eye of the spectator 
 wanders with ceaseless delight. As the prospect 
 recedes it is still interesting, the land rising in gra- 
 dation, height over height, having the interval be- 
 tween succeeding elevations filled up with primeval 
 forests, until the whole is terminated by a stupendous 
 ridge of mountains, whose lofty forms are dimly seen 
 through the aerial expanse. The sense of vision is 
 gratified to the utmost, and the spectator never fails 
 to turn with regret from the contemplation of what 
 is allowed to be one of the most superb views in na 
 ture, 
 
 " Nor is it on this side only that the attention is 
 arrested ; for turning towards the basin, which is 
 about two miles across, a scene presents itself that is 
 not the less gratifying for being made a secondary 
 one ; it is enlivened by the ev^v changing variety of 
 ships coming up to and leaving the port. On the 
 right hand, Pointe Levi, with its church and group of 
 white houses, several other promontories on the same 
 shore clothed with lofty trees ; and the busy anima 
 tion attendant on the constant arrival and departure 
 of fetry-boats; in front, the western end of the 
 beautiful and picturesque Island of Orleans, display- 
 ing charming and well-cultivated slopes down almost 
 to the water's edge, backed by lofty and thick woods, 
 and every where decorated with neat farm-houses, 
 present altogether an interesting and agreeable sub 
 jeot to tl>e observer. In fine still weather, the 
 
 W] 
 
 mirage, oi 
 
 margin, i 
 
 across the 
 
 most inert 
 
 ham, fron 
 
 grounds, 
 
 vails, the 
 
 wave, stud 
 
 down to th 
 
 extending 
 
 houses, thi 
 
 height and 
 
 most unint 
 
 in that dii 
 
 rises by a 
 
 which is ri( 
 
 woodland a 
 
 lofty moun 
 
 melt into ai 
 
 bee, with a 
 
 pressions t 
 
 acknowled^ 
 
 harmonious 
 
 detail, ever 
 
 folding of ii 
 
 The subj 
 so attractive 
 mines of his 
 lative to the 
 so many refl 
 have occurn 
 
houses in 
 ices, form 
 s between 
 Y marked 
 rrounding 
 rtility and 
 ! spectator 
 J prospect 
 ng in gra- 
 iterval be- 
 ii primeval 
 itupendous 
 iimly seen 
 of vision is 
 never fails 
 on of what 
 ews in na- 
 
 ittention is 
 
 which is 
 self that is 
 secondary 
 variety of 
 On the 
 d group of 
 n the same 
 isy anima 
 
 departure 
 nd of the 
 s, display 
 
 wn almost 
 iok woods, 
 m-houses, 
 eable sub- 
 
 ther, the 
 
 WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 461 
 
 mirage^ or reflects of the different objects around the 
 margin, in all their variety of coloring, are thrown 
 across the unruffled surface cf the water with an al- 
 most incredible brilliance. On the Plains of Abra- 
 ham, from the precipice that overlooks the timber 
 grounds, where an incessant round of activity pre- 
 vails, the St. Lawrence is seen rolling^ its majestic 
 wave, studded with many a sail, from the stately ship 
 down to the humble iishing-boat ; the opposite bank, 
 extending up the river, is highly cultivated, and the 
 houses, thickly strewed by the main road, from this 
 height and distance, have the appearance of an al- 
 most uninterrupted village, as far the eye can reach 
 in that direction. The country to the southward 
 rises by a very gentle ascent, and the whole view, 
 which is richly embellished by alternations of water, 
 woodland and cultivation, is bounded by remote and 
 lofty mountains, softening shade by shade until they 
 melt into air. Whoever views the environs of Que- 
 bec, with a mind and taste capable of receiving im- 
 pressions through the medium of the eyes, will 
 acknowledge, that as a whole, the prospect is grand, 
 harmonious, and magnificent ; and that, if taken in 
 detail, every part of it will please, by a gradual un- 
 folding of its picturesque beauties." -' •for.Tin'jionfj 
 
 ,i\ jM 
 
 4 
 
 i>v;;il 
 
 \\^nf'< 
 
 
 OK 
 
 rhni 9(!'r .muu^ conclusion. 
 
 The subject of which we have treated has proved 
 so attractive — so great a variety, such unexpected 
 mines of historical matter have been discovered, re- 
 lative to the ancient establishments of Quebec — and 
 so many reflections of great and diversified interest 
 have occurred in the progress of the work — that it 
 
 2q3 
 
 n 
 
462 
 
 nv 
 
 NEW fictuhe or QUXSEq^ .<tr 
 
 WIT 
 
 has been extended far 'beyond the limit, which the 
 prudence of the publisher originally imposed, though 
 not, it is hoped, beyond the patience of th« classical 
 and patriotic reader : » 
 
 Juvatimraemorata ferentern 
 Ing^enuiii oculisque legi, manibusque teneri. 
 
 The history and description of distinguished places 
 aiford subjects of rational curiosity and gratification. 
 The annals of a particular town often assiii. in deve- 
 loping the history of a country at large ; and a 
 •delineation of the prevailing features of the city of 
 QuEBFC forms a species of literary portraiture, the 
 value of which is denoted by the encreasing taste for 
 its cultivation, manifested in every polite and letter- 
 ed portion of the British Empire. The history of 
 Quebec also acquires additional charms in the es- 
 teem of the examiner, when the scroll of its singular 
 events is unfolded ; and when such of its former 
 inhabitants, as were eminent for virtue, piety, and 
 warlike exploit are held forth to tlie notice of poste- 
 rity. Such historic recollections render every spot 
 in this remarkable city a sort of consecrated ground, 
 ---and interest tlie feelings in the examination ^f its 
 ancient records, while they dignify and emblazon the 
 page of the modern historian. 
 
 Such have been the impressions under M'hich this 
 work has been brought to a conclusion. The indul- 
 gence of the candid reader is hoped for, from a con- 
 viction that every effort has been made to prsocure 
 original and correct information, that zeal and attach- 
 ment to the subject could suggest. The tim€S of 
 indifference to literature in general in these Pro- 
 vinces are hastening to a close ; and it may be con- 
 fidently expected, that public approbation will en 
 
 Icourage the 
 present amoi 
 land more co 
 of Canada. 
 try — an adra 
 |sity respectir 
 —with a wi 
 inspirited us 
 care; andsh 
 that v/e shal 
 mitigation oi 
 work is so 
 feeling — or 
 honest intent 
 ted to the ji 
 these Provini 
 well employe 
 historical enq 
 if they assist 
 ter known as 
 visited by le£ 
 duly apprecii 
 Empire, of 
 appendage. 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 463 
 
 hiok tbe 
 , thougli 
 classieal 
 
 cd places 
 tification. 
 in deve- 
 ; and a 
 le city of 
 iture, the 
 r taste for 
 nd letter- 
 history of 
 in tlie es- 
 s singular 
 ts former 
 iety, and 
 of poste- 
 ery spot 
 ground, 
 on ^f its 
 dazon the 
 
 hich this 
 le indul" 
 )m a con- 
 priocure 
 id attach- 
 times of 
 lese Pro- 
 Y be con- 
 will en- 
 
 courage the prosecution of labors similar to the 
 present among many native writers, but on the larger 
 and more comprehensive scale of a general History 
 of Canada. For ourselves, attachment to the coun^ 
 try — an admiration of its scenery — an ardent curio- 
 sity respecting its early history and ancient vestiges 
 — with a warm respect for many of its inhabitants, 
 inspirited us to accomplish the task confided to our 
 and should deficiencies be ascertained, we trust 
 
 care 
 
 that Tve shall be allowed to plead these motives in 
 mitigation of critical censure. The nature of the 
 work is so generally remote from subjects of party 
 feeling — or at least is so when conducted with an 
 honest intention — that it may confidently be submit- 
 ted to the judgment of every class of inhabitants in 
 these Provinces. Our humble efforts will have been 
 well employed, if they conduce to excite literary and 
 historical enquiry amongst us ; and more particularly 
 if they assist in rendering our capital, Quebec, bet- 
 ter known as to its local interest, more frequently 
 visited by learned and distinguished men, and more 
 duly appreciated by the people of that magnificent 
 Empire, of which this Province is so valuable an 
 appendage. 
 
 
410 1- 
 
 .8KC)<^03Jjo.'>aii jADifTfyreiH iniw 
 
 idl at Mil] ft ' Uil^'mhtiO'if'Oia^m' 
 
 ■' : no ii. ' sioau:- ■ 
 
 ■■■"■■. '. (•';»iit»'-'r}iaO') »■•■ ' 
 
 -ohii'J antibiij iiii — y ' ' '>ohirAn\hi\ mi — f-i 
 
 , -irkiidii!^' id yiJnt»bflfc«xi y«m Ji^jnit^— iiybnatiii lienor! 
 
 ■:-.-.. . -A ^ . 'J'ytibff*':'' ■ 
 
 
 irt "^i 
 
 
 
 h\xUbp\ 
 
 riiii i%i)U: 
 
 
 ^ .gial 
 
 ,i«p 
 
 oy^ilf 
 
 .^ofl « 
 
 ■!m3 
 
 i 1, . " 
 
 A* 
 .1 .'Ift tt"" ■ 
 
 .f( oiJlf»'.> ; 
 
 0?!!<l (ti ft 
 
 ^10'«9:' 
 
 ') ai'O'i't i.- 
 
 .atuj[HU'^' » 
 
'H 
 
 wn^'^R- 
 
 >f. njj- 
 
 H i{,ti-.'; 
 hi. 
 
 :(0i 
 r if;' ■ 
 
 s'jhIw glnovr •l»tifi('!^» **'«''- 
 
 :'■" ■ NOTES. 
 
 /«1 *aoin 
 
 '»ViAwJ!«4. h'isfxi'! *.j 
 
 
 
 
 kii^Kt^^K 
 
406 
 
 KEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 NOTE 1. 
 
 [It is, indeed, mentioned hi/ Vater, Page 12.] 
 
 Vater remarks, in his introduction to the account of the 
 American lang-uaji^es, that they have, comparatively speakinj^, 
 a considerable number of words in common with the Finnish. 
 He Htids, however, only fifty-one similar words where the 
 affinity should be most distinct, namely, in all the lan^ua<ifes ot 
 North America and Northern Asia. 
 
 Out of six American lan*f uag-es, chiefly on the East side, 
 Vater found eif/ht words of Basque onVin. Out oiten Americau 
 lang-uafres, he found eighteen words of Celtic ori(rin. 
 
 The following- is a comparison of six Alfjonquin, and six Irish 
 or Celtic words, admitting the specimen to be the most favor- 
 able in his tables : 
 
 WIT 
 
 •Mil If tr^l 
 
 A house is 
 fienoa, as that 
 he buildinjf is 
 Italian has bee 
 Priest of thosa 
 lave been lece 
 hakspeare, a 
 ly all curious 
 freat discovere 
 estinnf sites in 
 ivith imitation? 
 Italian, there v 
 u ould be ineffe 
 
 Algonquin, 
 
 Irish or Celtic. 
 
 Inis. 
 
 - Gai. 
 Uisce. 
 
 - Bog. 
 
 Cac-uile. 
 Cac-eine. 
 
 Our readers may remark the similarity between this last 
 word and Ekeinos, and Kakeinos of the Greek, also a Celtic lan- 
 guage. Isca, water, was the name of the River Exe in Devon- 
 shire, given by the Romans, also a Celtic people. The words 
 Whisky, and Usquebaugh, water of life, are derived from the 
 Irish word for water, Uisce, so similar to the Algonquin. 
 
 Inis 
 
 An Island 
 
 Ga - - - 
 
 Falsehood 
 
 Isca 
 
 Water 
 
 Boge 
 
 Soft 
 
 Ka-ke-li 
 
 All - 
 
 Ka ki-na - 
 
 Each - 
 
 Di Cristofo 
 K92— scrittin 
 tontrada Giugg 
 
 Cor 
 Ubl 
 Coi 
 D'c 
 L'ii 
 Ec 
 Tei 
 Ofl 
 
 V t, U 
 
 Ho 
 
 C 
 
 Or 
 
 .f mumt 
 
 Ur 
 
12.1 
 
 ccount of the 
 ely speakinn^, 
 the Finnish. 
 is where the 
 I lan<rua"fes of 
 
 East side, 
 ten Araericau 
 II. 
 
 and six Irish 
 most favor- 
 
 lor Celtic. 
 
 Inis. 
 Gai. 
 Uisce. 
 Bog. 
 
 Cac-uile. 
 
 Cac-eine. 
 
 ren this last 
 a Celtic lan- 
 :e in Devon- 
 The words 
 ed from the 
 onquin. 
 
 WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 467 
 
 
 t 
 
 ^\\f»Uii\pii •»/ «lin>(ir 
 
 NOTE 2. 
 [Columbus — Par/e 17.] 
 
 A house is still shown in the village of Coffoletto, near 
 Jenoa, as that in which Columbus was horn. At the door of 
 he huildinu is a stone, on which the followinjif inscription in 
 Italian has heen inscribed since IGoO. It bears the name of a 
 Priest of the same family. The two other inscriptions in Latin 
 i.ive been lecently added. Like the birth-place of our own 
 hakspeare, at Stratford-on-Avon, that of Cohimbus is visited 
 ly all curious travellers, who rejfard the birth-place of the 
 [reat discoverer of the New World, as one of the most inte- 
 estinfif sites in their route. The inscriptions are subjoined, 
 n'ith imitations in Enjrlish. It will be perceived that in the 
 Italian, there is a play upon the meanings of Colombo, which 
 would be ineffective in the translation. 
 
 ELOGII. 
 
 Di Cristoforo Colombo, scopritor dell' America I'anno 
 1^192 — scritti nella casa di sua nascita, nel paese di Cogoletto, 
 ontrada Giuggiolo — 
 
 x« 
 Con g-eneroso ardir dall' area all' onde ;. 
 
 '^ Ubbidiente il vol Colombo prende, \ 
 
 (^orre, s'aggira, terren' scopre, e fronde 
 D'olivOjin segno, al gran Noe nerende. 
 L'imitain cio Colombo, ne s'asconde, 
 E da sua patria il mar solcande fende ; 
 Terreno al fin scoprendo diede fondo, 
 Offrendoal' Ispano un nuovo Mondo< 
 
 11 2 Decembre, 1650. 
 /; '"' ,,' : * .' < Prete AxNtonig Colombo. 
 
 Hospes siste gradum ; Fuit H I C lux prima 
 
 Colombo, 
 Or be yiro majori, Heu ! nimis arcta Domus t 
 
 III. 
 *"•' 'Unus erat Mundns ; Duo sunt, ait I S T E ; 
 ^.mni fuerunt.— 1826. 
 
 
 I 
 
468 
 
 .ri,.KJEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, IT fW 
 
 The above imitated : — 
 
 In Praise 
 
 Of Christopher Columbus, discoverer of America in th 
 year 1492 — written in the hour*; of his birth, in the country© 
 Cogoletto, in the district of Giug-g-iolo. 
 
 r , . Swift from the Ark, above the watery waste, 
 .; }.f The Dove, obedient, flies with generous haste ; 
 .,, ji Still onward speeds, nor pauses in her flight 
 ii , Until the lonf^-soujrht land relieves her sight- — 
 J , 1 Thence as a token of the welcome strand, .;;;*,. 
 
 An olive branch she bears to Noah's hand ! ;,'nir 
 ,1 Like her Columbus scorns inglorious ease, 
 ^:,. Far from his country ploughs the maiden seas — 
 .;;; Nor casts he anchor, nor a sail was furPd, 
 
 Until to Spain he gave another world ! j ,ni>i 
 
 WiTi 
 
 The foUowi 
 ;hi8 chapter w 
 
 
 ,it 
 
 H. 
 
 .1,; <^<'. 
 
 SJay, traveller, stay ! before these narrow walls 
 Awhile thy weary pilgrimage restrain — •'i if 
 
 Here first Columbus breath'd the vital air ; 
 This roof held one — the world could not contain ! 
 
 r... HI. - . 
 The World was one — Columbus said, they are two — 
 He found a World, and made the saying true ! 
 
 .•^t 
 
 
 11 
 
 NOTE 3, 
 
 [Port of St. Croix — Page ^Q,] 
 
 On further examination, the exact spot where Jacqups 
 Cartier wintered may be fixed a little way above Mr. Smith's 
 house, where the small River Larrey, whose banks are clearly 
 traceable, runs into the St. Charles, from the north. 
 
 NOTE 4. 
 Lander — Page 56.] 
 
 1 ■ ■ ' > ■ ■ 
 ••'iiV ?;•(■*) 
 
 W^hile this work was in press the intelligence of Lander's 
 death was received. He adds anothe)* distinguished name to 
 
 He was basely murdered. 
 
 the catalogue in the text. 
 
 " The discc 
 )y Captain 
 Cutter Lively 
 tensive owner 
 oicated to the 
 " It is supp 
 tending fro 
 69—29 west, 
 v, hole of the 
 ongitude of C 
 Briscoe discov 
 mained in the 
 of mountains ; 
 weather, and t 
 miles. The S 
 It has been na 
 titude 66—30 
 The range of n 
 
 {Xac{ 
 
 Having visj 
 the ground wi 
 it is proper to 
 mentioned in t 
 spects the site 
 
 A few moni 
 lawn in front ' 
 height, found 
 apparently bee 
 building. Ar 
 of different si 
 at the period 
 clearing, also, 
 for the Bowli 
 furrows, shov 
 Europeans, 
 the French a1 
 is there any j 
 
irivff 
 
 raerica in th 
 the country o 
 
 'J '»,.'jen 
 
 d' 
 
 iste, 
 aste ; ^ 
 
 fht iiit . 
 ight— 
 
 d! 
 seas — 
 
 walls 
 
 
 t contain ! 
 
 are two — 
 
 ue ! 
 
 \ere Jacques 
 Mr. Smith's 
 s are clearly 
 
 of Lander's 
 
 ed name to 
 
 Id. 
 
 WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 469 
 
 The following interesting information was also received after 
 his chapter was printed off: 
 
 -jf. 
 
 " The discovery of the land towards the South Pole, made 
 )y Captain Briscoe, in the Brig Tula, accompanied by the 
 Cutter Lively, both vessels belonging to Messrs. Enderby, ex- 
 tensive owners of ships in the whale fishery, has been commu- 
 nicated to the Royal Geographical Society. 
 
 '* It is supposed that the laud forms part of a vast continent, 
 extending from about longitude 47—31, east, to longitude 
 69 — 29 west, or from the longitude of Madagascar round the 
 V. hole of the Southern or South Pacific Ocean, as far as the 
 longitude of Cape Horn. On the 18th February, 1832, Captain 
 Briscoe discovered land, and during the following month re- 
 mained in the vicinity ; he clearly discovered the black peaks 
 of mountains above the snow, but he was, from the state of the 
 weather, and the ice, unable to approach nearer than about 30 
 miles. The Stormy Petros was the only bird seen, and no fish. 
 It has been named Enderby's land, longitude 47 — 31 East, la- 
 titude 66 — 30 S. An extent of about 300 miles was seen. 
 The range of mountains E. S. E." 
 
 ..; . ',. •'";■.■.: ,■(/•;• i:\--i.'. '.-,■•:■.' '' ; ■ ' \ i'.'.\ .' ' 
 
 ■' : ^ ' . '' :;■■ NOTE 5. ' ' ;■' '?"'•' ' ■ 
 
 [Jacques Cartierat Cap Rouge — Page 63,] ' ■ ■^■ 
 
 Having visited the mansion at Cap Rouge, and walked over 
 the ground with Mr. Atkinson, since this volume was at press, 
 it is proper to add that the " trees indicating great antiquity," 
 mentioned in the text, have been lately removed. In other re- 
 spects the site remains as before. 
 
 A few months ago Mr. Atkinson's workmen in levelling the 
 lawn in front of the house, and close to tho point of Cap Rouge 
 height, found beneath the surface some loose stones which had 
 apparently been the foundations of some wall, fortification or 
 building. Among these stones were found several iron balls 
 of different sizes, adapted to the calibre of the ship guns used 
 at the period of Jacques Cartier's and Roberval's visit. On 
 clearing, also, a piece of ground in rear of the garden, intended 
 for the Bowling green, traces were plainly discovered of ancient 
 furrows, showing that the spot had been once cultivated by 
 Europeans. Upon the whole, the evidence of the presence of 
 the French at Cap Rouge may be considered conclusive. Nor 
 is there any good reason to doubt that Roberval took up his 
 
 2r 
 
4ro 
 
 N£W PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 quarters in the fort which Jacques Cartier had left. The ac- 
 counts of the early writers are very yague as to distances in 
 lea<]fues* 
 
 By a typographical error in page 66, Roberval is said to have 
 sailed from Nevrfoundiand " about the end of June, 1543' 
 The year should be IS^S. 
 
 Jacques Cartier was born at St. Malo, about 1500. Th 
 day of his birth cannot be discovered, nor can the time or place 
 of his death. Most probably he finished his useful life at St. 
 Malo ; for we find, under the date of the 29th November, 1549, 
 that the celebrated navigator, with his wile Catherine Des 
 Granges, founded on obit in the Cathedral of St. Malo assign- 
 ing the sum of four francs for that purpose. His life was writ- 
 ten by the Abbe Monet, but we have not been able to find it in 
 this country. The mortuary registers of St. Malo, make no 
 mention of his death, nor is there any tradition on the subject. 
 
 •A 
 
 NOTE 6. 
 
 [Boberval on the way to Saguenay — Page 68.] 
 
 This must not be understood as the river of that namp, 
 but the supposed Province of Saguenay, which was to be 
 reached by ascending the St. Lawrence toHochelaga, and thence 
 by the Ottawa 
 
 NOTE 7. 
 
 ■ • ' « ■ ♦ ■ 
 
 \ Champlain taken a prisoner of war to England, p. 108.] 
 
 This is incorrect : he was taken to England by capitulation 
 on his way to France, but staid voluntarily some time in 
 London. 
 
 
 NOTE 8. 
 
 [ Quebec has not to the ear any sound of an Indian word,p. 1 1 8.] 
 
 Since this chapter was at press, we have been favored with 
 Si co])y of I.es Avaniures de Sicur Le Jhau^ who arrived in 
 Quebec, in June, 1729, a few years after Charlevoix. Le 
 Beau gives the strongest testimony that this latter Mriter 
 was entirely misinformed when he gave to \he word, Quebec, 
 
 wl 
 
 an Indian 
 fortement,l< 
 se trouve ai| 
 que, dit cet ; 
 ou elevation! 
 que m'etant 
 aux sauva*re1 
 et qui posse( 
 dirent, que le 
 soient aucui 
 savoient bieiJ 
 les Hurons 
 This is the bl 
 blishes that < 
 want of a be 
 In conclu' 
 from the Ind 
 expressly tell 
 Quebec. Sp 
 plateforrae di 
 this Point is 
 Charles ; and 
 what they cor 
 have mistakei 
 Point. 
 
 [Michael de 
 
 The father 
 Ravensburg, 
 of the Hum be 
 ston-upou-Hi 
 magniticeut e 
 he even raort 
 services couli 
 ful k Prince, 
 field, and .ba 
 to the value 
 to England, ' 
 He was final! 
 
 Sir Williar 
 Monastery, a 
 
WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 471 
 
 8ft. Theac- 
 ) distances in 
 
 said to have 
 June, 1543" 
 
 1500. The 
 time or place 
 fill life at St. 
 ember, 1549, 
 therine Des 
 Malo assign- 
 life was writ- 
 > to find it in 
 ilo, make no 
 1 the subject. 
 
 : 68.] • 
 
 f that namp, 
 1 was to be 
 a, and thence 
 
 Lp. 108.] 
 
 capitulation 
 •me time in 
 
 ordfp. 118.] 
 
 ivored with 
 
 arrived in 
 
 evoix. Le 
 
 tter M'liter 
 
 d, Quebei, 
 
 an Indian derivation. Lo Beau says : ** Moreri se trorape 
 fortement,lorsqu'ilavancedans son dictionnaire, que cette ville 
 se trouve ainsi noramec de la hauteur de sa montagne, parce 
 que, dit cetautcur, les sauvages appellent Quebec, les hauteuis 
 ou elevations de terrain : Ce qui me parait faux, d'autaut plus 
 que ra'etant inforrae par curiosite de rEtymologie de ce nora, 
 aux sauvages memes avec qui je me suis trouve danti la suite, 
 et qui possedoient ditFerentes laugues barbares, ils me repon- 
 dirent, que le nam de Quebec etoit Frangois : qu''ils nc connois- 
 soient aucun mot sauvage qui sonmU de cette fufon^ et qu'ils 
 savoient bien, que los Algonkins^ les yibrnakis, les Iroquuis, et 
 Ics Hurons appelloient autre fois cette montagiie Studaka.''* 
 This is the best evidence yet produced ou the sultject, and esta- 
 blishes that Quebec was not an Indian word. Le Beau, for 
 want of a better, adopts the derivation from Quel bee ! 
 
 In conclusion of the suggestion that Quebec was adopted 
 from the Indian name of the little River Coubat, La Potherie 
 expressly tells us that it was the Point which gave the name to 
 Quebec. Speaking of the Seminary, he says : " II est sur la 
 plateforrae de la Pointe qui donna le nom de Quebec.*^ Now 
 this Point is atjthe confluence of the little River with the St. 
 Charles ; and it was on this Point that the French first heard 
 what they considered the name of Quebec. They might easily 
 have mistaken therefore the name of the river for that of the 
 Point. ^ ^ . , , 
 
 NOTE 9. 
 [Michael de la Pole, an smineri Merchant in Hull, p. 119.] 
 
 The father of the first Earl of Suffolk was a Merchant at 
 Ravensburg, formerly a flourishing town of trade at the mouth 
 of the Humber ; but having removed to the new town of King- 
 ston-upou-Hull, in the time of Edward III., gave that King a 
 magnificent entertainment, when, in the sixth year of his reign 
 he even mortgaged his estate for his Royal Master's use. Such 
 services could not go unrewarded by so generous and success- 
 ful k Prince. Sir William was made Knight Banueiet in the 
 field, and had settled on him and his heirs lands at Kingston 
 to the value of five hundred marks a year. Upon his return 
 to England, the grant was made a thousand marks per annum. 
 He was finally made Chipf Baron of the Exchequer. 
 
 Sir William de la Pole died in 1356, after he had begun a 
 Monastery, at Hull, for the Carthusians. His son. Sir Michael 
 
472 
 
 NEW PICTURF OF QUEBEC, ^^ 
 
 was made Lord Chancellor by Richard II. He finished the 
 Monastery, and founded likewise the Hospital called God's 
 House. He built also a stately Palace, on beinnf created Earl 
 of Suffolk, which honor he obtained in rijrht of his wife Eliza- 
 beth, eldest daughter of Sir John Wingtield, who married the 
 heiress of Gilbert Granville, Earl of Suffolk. In 1388, he was 
 impeached of high treason, and fled for his life to France where 
 he died. His grandson was the possessor of the seal, of which 
 a plate is given at page 118. 
 
 John de la Pole married the sister of Edward IV. and so be- 
 coming allied to the Royal blood, was by that means, exposed 
 to various misfortunes. 
 
 The famous Cardinal de la Pole, who flourished iu the reign 
 of Mary, descended from the marriage above mentioned. 
 
 The old Hospital, at Hull, called God's House, was pulled 
 down in 1643, and rebuilt in 1673. The arms of the de la 
 PoleSy being found among the ruins, were placed over the door 
 of the Hospital, with this inscription : • -; ' - ;. 
 
 
 M 
 
 was 
 
 MULOR 
 
 title. 
 
 We 1 
 
 into 
 
 which 
 
 Jj 
 
 DEO ET PAUPERIBUS POSUIT 
 MICHAEL DE LA POLE, 1384. 
 
 1. ' , . . 
 
 ' . NOTE 10. ■ ■ ' ' ' 
 
 ' r>s>') 
 
 Champlain arrived at Plymouth as a prisoner of wary p, 136.] 
 See Note 7. 
 
 
 'a- 
 
 '. I'O/, 
 
 NOTr 11. 
 
 ■:y.. \'>; 
 
 nfa^Ti 
 
 [Sir William Phipps — Page 140. J 
 
 Most of the Peerages fall into the error of stating that the 
 family of Mulgrave is descended from Sir William Phipps, 
 the inventor of the Diving Bell, who in reality, as we find on 
 further enquiry, left no issue. In the reign of Charles 1. 
 Colonel Phipps raised a regiment on his estate in Lincoln- 
 shire, joined the Cavaliers and fell in battle. His grandson, 
 Sir Constantino Phipps, was Lord Chancellor of Ireland dur- 
 ing the latter years of Queen Anne, and his great grandson, 
 Sir Constantino's son, married the heiress of the Duchess of 
 Buckinghamshire, who was natural daught<»r of King James 
 II. Lady Katherine Phipps succeeded to the estates of her 
 brother, the young Duke of Buckinghamshire, among which 
 
 [It has I 
 
 Before 
 City of Que 
 Palace-strec 
 one side by 
 erected iu a 
 the Ordnan 
 and the flan 
 pickets onij 
 probably at 
 Quebec, dat 
 
 [ They cedi 
 
 From Ger 
 appear that i 
 a house and 
 the Intendai 
 as Chaplains 
 
 [ The Jesui 
 
 In Rymer 
 fifth year of 
 
 " Commis 
 faciendo pr 
 Kertke a Gc 
 
 ' \Thel 
 
 The Isle < 
 the title of 
 
'Iff 
 
 finished the 
 lalled God's 
 created Earl 
 s wife Eliza- 
 married the 
 1388, he was 
 'Vance where 
 ?al, of which 
 
 ^. and so he- 
 ms, exposed 
 
 iu the reign 
 
 oned. 
 
 , was pulled 
 
 f the de la 
 
 ver the door 
 
 ^ , ; - 
 
 
 ': ''ill': 
 
 var, 
 
 P' 
 
 136.] 
 
 ng- that the 
 [AM Phipps, 
 
 we find on 
 
 Charles 1, 
 
 n Lincoln- 
 
 s grandson, 
 
 reiand dur- 
 
 grandson, 
 )uchess of 
 iNO James 
 tes of her 
 ODg which 
 
 WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 473 
 
 was MuLGRAVE Castle in Yorkshire, whence the snbserjuent 
 title. We mention this for the sake of correcting the error 
 into which we were led by the Peerage. 
 
 NOTE 12. 
 
 [It has been stated that there are Jive gates — Page 169.] 
 
 Before the conquest there were only three Gates to the 
 City of Quebec : St. John's, St. Lewis, and that at the end of 
 Palace-street; which wfis contrived in the rock, flanked on 
 one side by a bastion, and guarded on the other by batteries 
 erected in a large building, which was used as a Barrack, now 
 the Ordnance Stores. Between the rock in Mountain-strc* 
 and the flank of ^he Bishop's Palace, there was a Barrier of 
 pickets only, where Prescott Gate now stands ; and the same 
 probably at Hope Gate, which last is not noticed in a Plan of 
 Quebec, dated in 1732, with which we have been favored. 
 
 NOTE 13. 
 
 \They ceded their property on the St. Charles — Page 181.] 
 
 From General Murray's Report, made in 1762, it would 
 appear that the Recollets, some years before the conquest, had 
 a house and church in St. Roch's, on the site of which part of 
 the Intendant's buildings was erected. The Recollets acted 
 as Chaplains to the array. 
 
 '' ''^''"',\ " ''," NOTE 14. 
 
 [The Jesuits were deprived of their silver Chalices, p. 187.] 
 
 In Rymer's Fadera, under the date, 5th March, 1630, in the 
 fifth year of Charles I, is this entry ; 
 
 " Commissio specialis Hurafrido May et aliis. de scrutinio 
 faciendo pro Mercandisis, Bonis, &c. captis per Capitaneum 
 Kertke a Gallis apud Fortalitiura Kehec." 
 
 ''' V-'^ ■''■ ' ' " NOTE 15. '■ '^ ■ 
 
 ■■."'! 
 
 [" The Isle of Orleans then uninhabited — Page 1 97.] 
 
 The Isle of Orleans was in 1676 created an. Earldom, by 
 the title of St. Laurent, which, however, has long been ex- 
 
 2 R 3 
 
 ^1 
 
 I 
 
474 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, 
 
 V 
 
 tinct. The first Comte de St. Laurent was of the name of 
 Berthelet. 
 
 NOTE 16. 
 
 [i/i 1696 considerable additions were made — Page 203.] 
 
 General Murray mentions in his Heport, that the Hotel 
 Dieu had been again burned a few years before the conquest. 
 
 ' .}> T:-r 
 
 /vf ,'.t .'. ■\:. ■» 
 
 ^' .'' ■' ■'■;• '.- NOTE 17. ., 'f; . ; •■ 
 
 * [ The Intendant\ Palace — Page 247.] 
 
 The last Intendant was M. Bigot. His estimate, transmitted 
 from Canada to France, on the 29th August, 1 758, for the ser- 
 vice of the following year, amounted to from thirty-one to 
 thirty-three millions of livres. Twenty-four millions were 
 actually drawn for before the taking of Quebec in September 
 1759. 
 
 NOTE 18. 
 
 ds"? ^^ 
 
 [Mr. James Thompson, then in his ninety-fifth year. p. 273.] 
 
 Mr. James Thompson was not, we understand, actually pre- 
 sent with the troops engaged in the battle of the Plains, being 
 detached on duty. He was, however, Wolfe's companion in 
 arms at Louisbourg and at Montmorenci ; and though not ac- 
 tually on the spot, was doing duty with the army which cap- 
 tured Quebec. He was a Serjeant at the time. Afterwards 
 he held an honorable station in the Engineer department, of 
 which, enjoying perfect health and the possession of his facul> 
 ties, he discharged the duties to the last. He was frank and 
 communicative, and every way an interesting old gentleman. 
 He kept a Journal, now in the possession of his family, which 
 must contain some interesting particulars of his long life. 
 Lord Dalhousie, thinking him fully entitled at this late period 
 to an honorable retirement, with characteristic benevolence, 
 signified his disposition to interest himself with His Majesty's 
 Government to procure Mr. Thompson a pension for the re- 
 mainder of his days. The old gentleman politely acknow- 
 ledged his sense of His Lordship's kindness, but preferred the 
 continuance of his duties while strength remained sufficient 
 to attend his office. 
 
 fi 
 
 n 
 
 M 
 
 This ins 
 slab, to be 
 placed in fi 
 
 The seve 
 on Thursda 
 
 The folio 
 
 Louis Pane 
 
 by General 
 
 " Nouso 
 
 « Certifi( 
 
 " a foui 
 
 « Vu, M 
 
 Popi 
 
 Total of 
 2700 men. 
 
 [35/A Regt. 
 
 Ax the la 
 Dublin gari 
 Lieutenant 
 the course 
 giraent in 1 
 Wolfe. ' 
 guished Sc 
 
♦w 
 
 [le name of 
 
 
 ige 203.] 
 
 it the Hotel 
 e conquest. 
 
 , transmitted 
 , for the ser- 
 tiirty-one to 
 illions were 
 I September 
 
 la?'. p. 273.] 
 
 ictually pre- 
 'lains, bein^ 
 )nipanion in 
 )u^h not ac- 
 which cap- 
 Afterwards 
 artment, of 
 [)f his facul* 
 frank and 
 gentleman, 
 tnily, which 
 long- life, 
 late period 
 enevolence, 
 s Majesty's 
 for the re- 
 ly acknow- 
 eferred the 
 id sufficient 
 
 WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 475 
 
 m M f'^.-/J^; jjoTE 19. '' 
 
 [On the rear is the following— p, 279.] . ; .^ 
 
 This inscription, having been found to require too large a 
 slab, to be placed on the rear of the SarcophaguSy has been 
 placed in front of the surbase, where it has a better effect. 
 
 The several inscriptions were completed, and finally affixed 
 on Thursday, thtr 6th November, 1834?. 
 
 NOTE 20. 
 
 [Montcalm — Pa^t; 362.] 
 
 The following is a copy of a certificate in the possession of 
 Louis Panet, Esquire, the original of which is countersigned 
 by General Montcalm : 
 
 " Nousofficiercommandt un detachement a I'Ange Gardien 
 " Certifions que le nome Charles Contin, habitant du lieu, 
 " a fourni un mouton a I'Ange Gardien, co 26e AoAt, 1739. 
 
 " Hertel.* 
 " Vu, Montcalm." ;, . . ; . . 
 
 '' *' ' ' ' ^ NOTE 21. " ''"' "■','' 
 
 ■ . » 
 
 [ Quebec having been reduced — Page 368.] . -v 
 
 Population of Quebec in 1759 6700 souls. 
 
 i- " Three Rivers 1500 " ,. ,u, 
 
 " Montreal 4000 " 
 
 Total of the Militia force, from the age of sixteen to sixty, 
 2700 men. 
 
 '"'*''-,*'"'^''"^'^ '■'■^'- ^■'-'' --^ii •'■ . ■■ ; ,:ivi^i 
 .-■ -^'■■■^'■^'' '-''i *• NOTE 22. ■-{/•- ;*- •■■-■;:■ i.Mi'l 
 
 [35th Regt. or OtwaySy Lieutenant Colo: si Fletcher — p. 369.] 
 
 Alt the late presentation of Colors to the 35th Regiment in 
 Dublin garrison, on the 21st July, 1834, their Colonei-in-Chief, 
 Lieutenant General Sir John Oswald, G. C. B. mentioned in 
 the course of his address, that when he first joined the Re- 
 giment in 1791, he found in it several of tho companions of 
 Wolfe. " The Colonel-in-Chief was Fletcher, of a distin- 
 guished Scottish family. He led the 35tb, under General 
 
476 
 
 NEW PICTURE OF QUEBEC, n 
 
 W 
 
 Wolfe, through the surf of Louisbourf^, placed them first 
 after the British Grenadiers in line, on the Plains of Abraham, 
 and there dnring the contest, charging the French Grenadiers, 
 carried off the white plumes which for half a century this bat- 
 talion bore. His Majesty George III. was so pleased with 
 Colonel Fletcher's conduct, that when a Lieutenant Colonel 
 of only four years standing, he gave him the Colonelcy in 
 Chief." 
 
 "ff 
 
 NOTE 23. 
 
 [Passed through the American force stationed at Sorel—p. 423.] 
 
 Captain Bouchette, of the Provincial Navy, father of the 
 present Surveyor General, succeeded in safely conducting Ge- 
 neral Carlcton through the enemy's forces on the river and 
 banks of the St Lawrence to Quebec in 1775, after the capture 
 of Montreal by Montgomery. ^ 
 
 ■ . » ■ •' '■ 
 
 note 24. ' - • -^ •; ■-. ■ '■■ '*' 
 ancient maps, plans and drawings. ^ ■ 
 
 Among the many sources from which we have derived va- 
 luable information in the course of this work, we were favored 
 with an excellent Plan of Quebec on a large scale with refe- 
 rences, executed in 1752, and containing a perfectly plain deli- 
 neation of the fortitications, and of the limits of the different 
 religious establishments. W*? have made great use of this. 
 
 Frequent reference has also been had to " Twelve views of 
 the principal buildings in Quebec, from drawings taken on the 
 spot, at the command of Vice Admiral Saunders, by Richard 
 Short, purser of His Majesty's ship the Prince of Orange. 
 Published in 1761, price two guineas." This work, complete, 
 is seldom to be met with, although detached prints are in exis- 
 tence in Quebec. It shows the damage done by the bombard- 
 ment, and is otherwise curious. Besides the views of Quebec 
 as a whole, it possesses different views of the Intendant's 
 Palace — Treasury and Jesuits* College — Inside of Jesuits' 
 Chapel — The Cathedral — Recollet Friars Church — The Ur- 
 suline Convent — Bishops' Palace, with a wall and gate in front 
 —Place and Church of Notre Dame in the Lower Town, hc^ 
 
 Another scarce work, which vas obligingly lent to us, is 
 " The Natural and Civil History of the French Dominions in 
 
 
 North and 
 acquisition! 
 parts, illus 
 folio, and d 
 
 This woi 
 as it surren 
 Charles Ri 
 Plan of M( 
 
 We have 
 position of 
 a considera 
 thereat, 
 tions on b( 
 the landing 
 
 The exar 
 us to make 
 records of 
 ments then 
 will, doubt 
 sessors. 
 
 . f .■ = 
 
1 
 
 them first 
 f Abraham, 
 Grrenadiers, 
 y this bat- 
 eased with 
 int Colonel 
 olonelcy in 
 
 WITH HISTORICAL RECOLLECTIONS. 
 
 477 
 
 el— p. 423.] 
 
 ;her of the 
 lucting" Ge- 
 i river and 
 the capture 
 
 North and South America, with an historical detail of the 
 acquisitions and conquests made by the British arms in those 
 parts, illustrated by maps and plans." Published in 1761 in 
 folio, and dedicated to General Townshend. 
 
 This work contains an official Plan of the City of Quebec, 
 as it surrendered in 1750, givino' the fortifications in the St. 
 Charles River with military accuracy. There is also a similar 
 Plan of Montreal. 
 
 We have taken an account of the Field of Battle and the 
 position of the armies, principally fror.i a plan in this work on 
 a considerable scale, made by an officer of distinction present 
 thereat. We have used also another plan of the whole opera- 
 tions on both sides of the river from the camp at Orleans to 
 the landing- at Wolfe's Cove, drawn by a captain in the navy. 
 
 The examinations of these and other documents has enabled 
 us to make our descriptions both exact and authentic ; and as 
 records of past events, and of ancient boundaries, the docu- 
 ments themselves will every day acquire encreasing value, and 
 will, doubtless, be carefully preserved by their respective pos- 
 sessors. 
 
 lerived va- 
 
 jre favored 
 
 with lefe- 
 
 plain deli- 
 
 e different 
 
 of this. 
 
 e views of 
 
 <en on the 
 
 y Richard 
 
 of Orange. 
 
 , complete, 
 
 re in exis- 
 
 bombard- 
 
 of Quebec 
 
 ntendant's 
 
 f Jesuits* 
 
 l-The Ur- 
 
 te in front 
 
 Town, he, 
 
 to us, is 
 
 timions in 
 
 THE END. 
 
 -■f."