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By ALEXANDER SOMERVILLE, '•One who has wliistKid ul the Plough," Al TlIOll OF WORKS VJ lllUTAIN ON" I'OI.lTICAl, ECONOMY, Altl.lTAUY STRATEGY, AND COXSEUTA TIVK SCIENCE OF NATIONS. HAMILTON, (CANADA WEST: I'lUXTEl) FOR THE AUTHOR BY DOXNEM.EY & EAWSOX, KIXC STREET, AND SOLD BY AT.T, BOOKSKI.l.ERS. 18C2. ^ /- 2 ^5^9^ SOMERVILLES DILIGENT LIFE. The Right Hon. Sidney Herbert, Secretary of State for War, said in the House of Commons, February, 1860 : — ** Somerville waa a man of great ability and talent. Ho wrote remarkably well, and in after life raised himself to a good social position." That remark had reference to military and political events, in which the writer of this autobiography becnnic the agent, who under Heaven, saved the British empire from a disastrous revolution ; or, at least, from a con- vulsion the extremities of which human sagacity could not then esiimate. May, 1832. The secret conspiracies of that perilous uionih, and in subsequent years of trouble, were counteracted by Alexander Somerville through influence ob- tained over the leading men of dangerous movements by his voluntary accept- ance of punishment to save others, and a stern adherence to peisomil integrity and honour. "This IS a remarkable book written by a remarkable num."' — Quebec Chron- icle. *''Ouo of the most fascinating books, by one of the most vigorous writers, which has been published in our day." — Brantford Herald. "If we did not know the earnest nature and untiring zeal of the man, ninny of the statements in ihin remarkable book might be set down as the figmf^nts of a diseased mind. But truth, unsullied truth we know to be, as it has ever been, the rule and guide of Mr. Somerville." — G. P. Ure; Montreal Family Herald. " Mr. Somerville in later years fell into pecuniary difficulties through an un- fortunate co-paitnership in publishing. He came to Canada in 1858, and on the 2lHhofMay, 1859, his wife died at Quebec, on the anniversary, by a sisigular coincidence, of the day on which he was Hogged so many years before ; and so alone, with six young children dependent on him, the cure-worn 'itcrateir who has laboured so long in the good cause of uniting classes and quieting class- liatieds that all might have justice — neglected by those in whose cause he Imttled in Britain, sets to work among us here to juia by his pen his daily biead." — Montreal Gazette, June 8, 1860. [From a lengthened review written by one of the editors with whom the author had no previous acquaintance.] " I know nothing in our language which for graphic narrative and picturesque description of men and things surpasses some of the Letters of 'One who ha« Whistled at the Plough.' "- Kichurd Cobdon, M. V. "Mr. Somerville, I should be wanting in every feeling of justice were I to hesitate in bearing my unqualified testimony to your brave, zealous, useful, and exemplary conduct while serving in the Auxiliaiy Legion under my orders in Spain. The position you filled was in that service no sinecure. The reports respecting your conduct and character were uniformly to your credit and honour." — General Sir De Lacy Evans, G. C. B. and M. P. Mr. Somerville refers to the work itself for an account of what he did for others in preference to himself," in his years of vigour and enthusiasm. He offers this book of His Diligent Life for sale, hoping to raise a fund — though humble it must be — by which to provide for his young children, while he proceeds to Britain for a few months to publish the Progress of Canada and Family An- nals of the Frontiers, and to recover some remnants of fortune from the wreck cf previous literary labours. The price of the book is one dollar. Mr. Lovell. Printer and Publisher. Montreal. NoJ -'^3>S^— i>i5C5' '-^ (i>. J. COYNE, BLAMPfOX .No. /y^ ^^^;JC^— gii?«<^-.J^i^- ^- :i TRAVELS IN CANADA AKD THE FRONTIER UNITED STATES. / \ A CHAPTER I The, Canad'i Frontier. — Canada, a Battlefield. — What would that he like ? — A mass levy of the adult male population a possible neces- sity ; Under what circumstances ? " O.V the margin of Chicago river, ten miles from the city of that name, m the State of Illinois, you may walk and meditate on the destiny of British America as appropriately as anywhere between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. There your theme takes the form of dark and stern facts, whose shadows are even now flitting across the boundary line of Canada and the United States. At the distance of a rifle shot from Chicago stream, you are on River Besplane, a tributary of the Illinois. The Illinois assists to carry Northern navigation to the Mississippi, and along that grandly flowing river to the Grulf of Mexico, distant from where we stand, two thousand miles South-west. But Desplane river, when in high flood gives its surplus water to the Chicago, and small boats pass between them. The Chicago, descending about twelve feet in ten miles, surrenders its own flood and its neighbour's surplus to Lake Michigan, from whence they flow to the Gulf of St. Law- rence, two thousand miles East. 2 BOMERVILLE'S travels in CANADA Between Lake Michigan and the navigable Tlliiiois, there is now n Canal ninety miles long. The Coniniitteo of (Congress on " Lake and Iliver Defoiiccs," have urged in their Report, February 18G2, that the Canal should be enlarged to the dimensions of a capacious ship channel. The industrial advancement of the North-west is an advantage to Canada. IJut in connection with naval yards and arsenals for the building and arming of forts and batteries, on land and afloat, at Chicago and other places on the lakes; the treaty with llritain whicli limits the armed vessels on Superior, Huron, Erie, Ontario and (Miamplain, containing nothing to prevent any number of gun-boats or iron-ra'ns-of-war, from being built on Lake Michigan, as that lake is entirely wiihin United States Territory ; the shores of which were deserts when the treaty was made in 1817, but are now populous States with over five millions of inhabitants ; in connection with those stern facts, and this other, that the Straits of Makinaw, entrances from Michigan to Lake Huron, are to be fortified to the strength of a " Gibralter of the Lakes," (Congress Report, 18G2); and this other fact, that the British are not to launch vessels of war on Georgian Bay, nor on any of the lakes until after a notice of six months, that bay being a part of Lake Huron ; and still this other, that Detroit river, leading from Huron to Lake Erie, is commanded by Fort (Iratiot and Fort Wayne, and may be closed against Canada and Britain by other forts on the river banks and islands belonging to the LTnitcd States. Laying those stern truths and possibilities together we see dark shadows flitting across the boundary line of Canada and Hie United States which demand instant and serious consideration. The Ship Canal from Illinois river to Michigan lake, say the committee, and they print their words in letters which indicate emphasis : " Is the most important for either mili- tary or commercial purposes, yet suggested on this continent." The rivers wliicli fill Michigan issue through the Straits of Micliilimak- inac, now called Makinaw, and on the bosom of Lake Huron, unite with the greater volume descending from Superior. Those are three inland seas with sinuous lines of shore, abrupt headlands, deep bays and naviga- ble tributaries, equal to six thousand miles. Then flowing ninety miles by vSt. Clair lake and Detroit river, the great volume fills Lake Erie. Erie and Ontario are connected by the torrent of Niagara, and in navigation by the Welland Canal, thirty miles in length. It has twenty- seven locks, admitting vessels 142 feet long by 26 feet beam, and 10 feet draught. It surmounts a rise of 350 feet ; is 564 feet above sea level at T AND THE FRONTIER UNITED STATES. n Lake Eric, and about 1000 miles distant from the soa by direct line. The loeks arc smaller than those of tho St. Jjawrenco Canals. On tlie several sections of Unpids between Prescott and Montreal, the Laehine and St. Lawrence Canals admit vessels 184 feet lonji;, 44A feet beam, nine fuet draught. But all craft passing; from Montreal to Lake J!}rie, are limited to the size of the Welland loeks. By the treaty of 1817, armed vessels on the lakes arc limited thus, to the service of revenue collection : "The naval force to bo maintained upon the American lakes by His Majesty and the United States, shall henceforth be confined to the follow- ing vessels on each side, that is : On Lake Ontario to one vessel not ex- ceeding one hundred tons burden, and armed with one cigliteen-pound cannon. On the waters of Lake Cliamplain to one vessel not exceeding like burden, and armed with like force. On the upper lakes to two vei- sels not exceeding like burden and armed with like force. " All other armed vessels on these lakes shall be forthwith dismantled, and no other vessels of war .shall be built. "If either party should iiereafter be desirous of annixUing this stipu- lation and should give notice to that effect to the other party, it shall cease to be binding after the expiration of six months from the date of that notice.'' The Rhleau CdunJ, to connect Ontario lake at Kingston, with Ottawa river, and the navigation from Montreal, at a point where now stands the city of Ottawa, was begun in 182(1, and completed in 1832 sufficiently for a steamboat to pass the whole length. The cost, borne by the Imperial Government, was £772,000 sterling, or 63,800,000. It overcomes 293 feet of rise, and extends 12r»|^ miles. The locks arc 134 feet long, 33 feet wide, with five feet of water. Tho United States at first viewed the con- struction of that niilitury canal unfavourably, on the supposition that Bri- tain might bring from the Ottawa river small vessels of war, ready at any time to float on Lake Ontario ; that in fact, the provisional notice of six months would be practically a declaration of war. Taking that view of a future contingency, the States look now to their own rivers issuing into the lakes, as ports for military and naval armament, quite permissable ' as such under the treaty which allowed Britain to construct the Kideau Canal and fortify its termination on the North-eastern shore of Lake On- tario. \% :""^' 4 SOMERVILLE'h travels in CANADA The cltlos which have arisen on the American shores of the hikes Southward and North-west of the Iioud of Niagara, since the construction of the Ridcau Oanul in central Canada^ have reversed the order of strato- gicul balances. Of Lake Chaniplain, we may only now remark, that its outflowing waters and its canal connect llio States of New York and Vermont with the St. Lawrence, and witli Montreal, the city which is commercially and financially foremost in Canada. At the beginning of March, ISGlJ, the New York State Assembly, was reported thus : " Crunhn'ts : Luke C k'linphda. — On Friday Mr. Taylor ofForod .a resolution ..istructingthe State Engineer to examine the Champlain Cinal, with a view to its enlargement, so as to allow the passage of gunboat* through Lake Champlain." In Canada that paragraph was circulated, with the heading " What does it mean ?" by the same journals which had for twelve months previ- ously endangered the peace of the Province by sharpening antipathies and estranging international friendship. The paragraph means, in its gentlest sense, that Ci'nada has a near neighbour who is angry, and who may cause a large expenditure of money on our frontier defences, to be an imme- diate and permanent necessity. In its severest sense, it means that Canada may be invaded, and devastated, though never to be conquered. That last consequence is not to be admitted even hy[)othetieally — never. The Committee of Congress remark that the applioation of the treaty to Lake Michigan, which limits the arming of vessels, may be doubted. The doubt is now a matter of no consequence to Canada. The right and the ability of the United States to fortify the entrances of their own river harbours, and build flotillas and rams-of-war, within those gates of " no admittance except on business" is a matter of political fact, lying on the broad daylight, beyond all doubt. And that being so, what if they do not confine their armaments within the river harbours, but spread them over Michigan lake to the gates of the " Gibralter of the West," to lie in wait there, ready at the first whisper of a declaration of war, flashed by telegraphic lightning from Washington. Then, without other warning, to Bcour Lake Huron, Georgian Bay, Detroit river and Erie lake as far a» Niagara. .^J^. Tt^'- npH T < AND THE FRONTIER UNITED STATES. 6 On Uio Cnnnda frontier, the travelling; iiuthor of thia work estimates about tlircc thoiisanil miles oCcultivatci' farms, vill;i;:;esano only a mob, yet indispensable, as a source from whence to draft selected levies, and to form working brigades to construct defences ; to build Forts, for instance, beyond Toronto on tho Yorkvillo side, and on the heights above Hamilton city, should Huron Lake and Georgian Bay bo occupied by gunboats and floating batteries from the arsenals at Chicago, and Green Bay ; and Erie Lake, from docks and arsenals at Toledo and Buffalo. The sooner those Forts are raised after the enemy is at Georgian Bay, at Suspension Bridge, at Port Dover, Port Colborne and Port Dalhousie, the sounder may Toronto and Hamilton sleep in bed, if they can sleep at all. TKiii DREADED DAY J LOOK IT IN THE PACE. Concentrated on one point, or distributed to distant places in obedience to the exigencies of strategy, the rural aggregations of the mass levy, and the rural regiments of militia, while defending towns and ciiies from hos- tile occupation and ravage, may be told of their own undefended home- steads laid in ashes ; barns plundered and pastures cleared of cattle ; women and children fleeing to the wilderness distracted, jr dying on the cinders of the homes, in which they live happily this day, believing that none dare make them afraid. And ose aggregations of militia and volunteers, and the mass levy, in this newspaper-made war, may be told of such atrocitifes, when ! i AND THE FUONTlEn UNITKI) STATES. 7 Jibsoiit from lioinc, or may sco them nftor t\w ocoiirronco. Tf tlicy Jo. tljo liiM'ctist spirits in Caniuln, not fow in nmiihor, will volunteer with all the veliciiienco of revenue ; or they may, in ilesperate frenzy, form expeditions on thuir own aceount, to miiko repri.sal on tlio towns and country opjw- sito. ()I1" Alhany Journal. " Hitherto, in common with most of my countrymen, I have thought Canada, or to speak more correctly, British America — a mere strip lying North of the United States, easily detachable from the parent State, but incapable of sustaining itself, and therefore ultima^-ely, may right soon — to be taken on by the Federal Union, without materially changing or affecting its own condition or development, J have dropped the opinion as a national conceit. I see in British North America, ptretching, as it does across the continent from the shores of Labrador and Newfoundland and the Pacific, and occupying a considerable belt of the temperate zone, traversed equally with the United States by the lakes, and enjoying the magnificent shores of the St, Lawrence, with its thousands of islands in the river and gulf, a region grand enough for the seat of a great empire. In its wheat fields in the West, its broad ranges of the chase at the North, its inexhaustible lumber lands — the most extensive now on the globe — its invaluable fish- eries and its yet undisturbed mineral deposits, I see the elements of wealth, I find its inhabitants hardy, vigorous, energetic, perfected by the Protestant religion and British constitutional liberty. Jealous of the United States and of Great Britain, as they ought to be ; and therefore when I look at their resources and extent, I know they can neither be conquered by the former nor permanently held by the latter. They will be independent, as they are already self-maintaining. Having happily escaped the curse of slavery, they will never submit to the domination of slaveholders, which prevails in and determines the character of the United ■I, ' ' ' ' ■ m SOMERVIliLE'S TRAVELS IN CANADA I V." \ I States. They will be a Russia to the United States, .which to them will be France and England ; but they will be a Russia civilized and Protes- tant, and th'it will be a very different Russia from that which fills all Southern Europe with terror; and by reason of that superiority they will be all the more terrible to the dwellers in the SoiTthern latitudes. The policy of the United States is to propitiate and secure the alli- ance of Canada while it is yet young and incurious of its future. But on the other hand, the policy which the United States actually pursues, is the infntuated one of rejecting and spurning vigorous, perennial, and ever- growing Canada, while seeking to establish feeble States, out of decaying Spanish Provinces on the coast and on the islands in the Gulf of Mexico. I shall not live to see it, but the man is already born who will see the United States mourn over this stupendous folly, which is only preparing the way for ultimate danger and downfall. All Southern Stars must set^ though many times they rise again with diminished lustre. But those which illuminate the pole remain for ever shining, for ever increasing in splendour." Remark. It is belief in that bright destiny of Northern free nations which binds Britain, Canada, and other Colonies together. They will not separate. For Britain to wilfully pluck her Empire to pieces to set up new nations in conformity to some theory of magnanimity, is an offence to the simplest principles of political philosophy. Were Canada to demand separation, and obtain it ; or were she cut adrift, the inevitable fate of absorption, by her more powerful neighbour, and extinction of political existence, would follow. The integrity and perennial vigour of the British empire should be the lofty political faith of Conservative-Reformers ; and Reforming-Conservatives, whether at home or in the colonies. And they who desire the permanence of British stability, or deserve the personal safety and freedom guaranteed by imperial laws, and by institutions at once venerable, and youthfully elastic in their adaptability to new circum- stances, must by a logical necessity — if they hold any settled conservative principle — cherish a sympathy for other free nations, and hold in abhor- rence a rebellious appeal to arras to overturn constitutional government. To provoke the antagonism of the United States to the very brink of war^ (though not desiring ncr intending real hostilities,) for the sake of hand- ling an indefinite number of millions of pounds sterling, which Britain, if stricken by some frenzy or blind madness, might scatter on the impossible fortification of Canada, may be a policy agreeable to the instinots of Qoar- 1 1 1 t i r y 9 r 3 > a n ■ s t p o a rf a h d J l\ it »- e r- t. f. ^ if be Ir AND THE FRONTIER UNITED STATES. 25 tractors with land to sell, shovels and whecl-barrows to let, but is revolting; to those who are conservative office institutions and of public wtll-being. Land-traders and contractors are useful in this industrial community; but in possession of all the offices of government with a subsidized news- paper press perfect in its discipline — the militia forces for defence not disciplined, nor embodied, nor the means of paying a militia provided, they are terribly dangerous to the safety of the Province and peace of the British Empire. Reasons why the government and people of Britain cannot be parties to the subversion of the American Union, by urging Canada to a rivalry for dominion ; among others these : — 1. — The Queen cannot aspire to any personal, or family, or collateral exaltation or interest apart from the stability, safety am^ well-being of the nation. Nor has the Sovereign any power of political action apart from the Cabinet Council of Ministers. A long and intimate acquaintance with British politics within the inner political circles of London, warrants my unwavering certainty that the statesmen new in power and in opposi- tion, are earnestly the statesmen of peace ; peace at any sacrifice of sentiment consistent with the safety and honour of their country. 2. — The British rulers. Monarch and Ministers, understand thoroughly well, were it not repugnant and abhorrent to suppose them capable of com- plicity with traitors, that any attempt proceeding from Canada, to detach the North-western States from the Republic would be iiistantly and justly- resented by all the energy and strength of the proud and powerful Ameri- can nation. 3. — Every motive of self-interest which can operate in favour of peace, pleads that Britain should remain in fast friendship with the American Union. 4. — Britain has neither military nor naval forces, after guarding her shores at home, and providing for contingencies in other colonies and mili- tary positions abroad, to render it possible that she should challenge and wilfully provoke hostilities with the United States on the soil of Canada, even if there were no room to suppose that France would join the States against her. 5. — The common sense of ordinary men, apart from the sagacity of statesmen, proclaims in the face of all political theories, that a > <>l 11 i I til 26 SOMERVILLE S TRAVELS IN CANADA *»' i 1^ Mi monarchy founded on a dismembered democracy, the oldest and chief States remaining together as a Republic, the newspapers over the whole Northern Continent exercising unlimited freedom, and in their license irrepressible in time of peace, would bo a Political Fabric founded on treason, and surrounded by all the elements of convulsion and of early doom. G. — To consign a British Prince to humiliation, and his Royal rela- tions to the grief of seeing him seated on the volcanic throne of a North- American democracy, were even the preliminary acts of the tragic drama within the chances of occurrence, would be a prelude to consequences that might involve in a final catastrophe the venerated monarchy of Britain itself. The members of Government in Canada cannot hazard a war with America, as " formidable rivals for dominion," for these reasons among others :— 1. — They may, in the course of years, organize an army to make the invasion of Canada difficult ; but cannot in any circumstances under their control, raise, discipline and equip an army of aggression, able to with- stand that which would resist it. Because, " thriio"^ is he armed who hath his quarrel just." Their quarrel in such a war would not be just. 2. — The Mother Country would disown Canada, were such a suicidal offijnce against the United States attempted. 3. — Were it feasible to suppose, or even excusable to imagine, that the executive government of Canada, could seek to accomplish by conspiracy that rivalry for dominion attributed to this Province, we must also imagine them to know that war would be a certainty ; the ruin of com- merce, industry, and the sources of revenue an immediate result ; the ac- quisition of money to carry on war in such a general convulsion impossi- ble ; and their own ruin, politically and personally, an event of the earliest days of the first campaign. AND THE FRONTIER UNITED STATES. 27 CHAPTER III. The West in 1825 viewed by the Bishop of Toronto.— The great City of the Continent to arise on the U2)per Lakes. — Report of the Com- mittee of Congress on Lake and River Defences, 18(51, 18G2.— merce, internal convulsion, and human anguish unspeakable a probable consequence to Britain ; the invasion of Canada, devastation of the fron- tier, and occupation of some of our cities with a terrible ransom to pay, a consequence not less certain to this ProTiace, unless avoided in good time: — rl m )■*: 42 SOMERVILLE's travels in CANADA "AMERICAN FRAGMENTS FOR A NORTH-WESTERN MONAnCIIY.*' Ohio, Indiana... Illinois.... Michipran. Wisconsin Iowa Minnesota Missouri . Kansas.... Nebraska. . Total... Population 1850. 1,980,329 988,41G 851,470 397.654 305,391 192,214 f),077 682.044 5,403,595 Population 1860. 2,339,599 1,350,479 1,711,753 749,112 775,873 674,948 162,022 1.173,317 107,110 28,842 9,073,055 Area in Square Miles. 39,964 33,809 55,405 56,243 53,294 50,914 34,591 67,380 114,798 335,882 842,910 The State of Maine in the East, with Portland Harbour on the At- lantic, is intended to be added, when acquired by purchase or otherwise. For further particulars about " Corner Lots" to be given away in this North- Western Empire, apply to the Lady Emissaries of Messrs. Slidell and Mason, now in Montreal and Quebec ; or to the conspirator corres- pondents who wrote to Detroit in November, 1860 — persons of " position and influence at Quebec ;" or to the Montreal " own correspondent" of the London Times, who will also explain the position and value of the " Corner Lots" of the future Empire to those going to join the Southern Confederate army. Such was the state of agencies at Montreal in January and February, 1862, when the English 2Hmes proclaimed that Canada is a formidable rival for dominion ; that she is to be the nucleus around which the fragments of the Republic may gather into an overshadowing empire, [^'ee Chapter //.] Canada, save yourself. Britain, avoid five hundred millions sterling of new debt, and all the ruin and appalling anguish of the wars such traitors may lead you to ; drift not to the internal convulsion and irre- trievable ruin such debts and battles may involve you in. Look at the evidence taken by the Committee of Secresy on the state of the Bank of England — 1819. There, the highest financial authorities declared that the campaign of Waterloo could not have been entered on in sufficient time — the battle of Waterloo could not have been fought and won, had such a seemingly small matter as cash payments been compulsory on the T AND THE FRONTIER UNITED STATES. 43 Bank of England, at the tirao of Napoleon's escapo from Elba, in 1815. Look at eighteen years of British military and financial struggle, previous to the first decisive battle of the war fought on land, that of Vitloria, July, 1813, all forgotten or unknown to [the present generation. These are epitomised in some chapters of this work. Listen to the voice of Wellington, the mighty dead speaking in history, and to a hundred such accidents of war as this : that for want of some trusses of fodder for mules, the mules were lost, and the siege train did not arrive ; and after five in- effectual attempts to carry Burgos by assault, in October and November, 1812^ he failed for want of the siege train, and was compelled to retreat with a partially disorganized army, two hundred miles. Read how fraud- ulent contractors for entrenching tools, and for soldiers' shoes and other equipments of war, delayed Wellington's campaigns, and reduced his plans of strategy, and the indomitable coui'age of his troops to a nullity, not once only, but year after year. And yet the arrogant writers in some of our home and colonial newspapers, rail at the United States and aggra- vate them to anger against Canada, by asserting suspension of cash pay- ments to be American repudiation, though Britain suspended cash pay- ments from 1797 to 1820 ; by also asserting every misadventure in war, and dishonesty in army and navy contractors, as peculiar to the American people. Whereas we know from sad experience that contractors for our armies are as incorrigible in Britain as in America. CHAPTER IV. City of Ogdensburgh Scheme of Invasion " to strike at the Vitals of Co- nada.^^ — Object of a New York Scheme of Invasion to "cut Canada adrift,'^ and destroy the British Aristocracy in '^he fames of revolution,'^ Napoleon III. ''to ride the whirlwind." — Popular falla- cies about the British Aristocracy. — Earl of Derby, leader of ♦ ,' British Conservatives; his esteem for the United States when Co- ' lonial Secretary in 1833. Hems about Aristocracy in Canada — t vi Dignity of the Legislative Council. — Eloquent Members of the House J ;. of AssemUy. — Change of Ministry in Canada^ May, 1862. 44 SOMERVILLe's travels in CANADA Having glanced at Plans and Places of Defence, on the American side, as recommended to Congress, 1 now bclect two or three items from influeatial, though unofficial writers, as to how and for what purpose the States may invade Canada. 1. — OouENSBUROii Plan op Invasion. — The following was pub- lished in that city in February, 1&G2: — "We have two railroads termi. nating here. One piercing that great avenue the New York Central, from which branch oft' in all directions, west and south, other railroads that bring this place within a few hours reach of those extremes of our country. The other leads to that great net-work of New England railroads, which traverse almost every town and village within her territory. Besides these we have water communication, by means of the St. Lawrence, di- rectly with Lake Ontario, and with the exception of a short break between Jjake Eric, for which a railroad is substituted, with all the States lying west of us to the waters of the Mississippi. So far then as accessibility and convenience for collecting the material of war is concerned, it possesses advantages equal in any degree to those of any other town or village upon our Northern frontier. But these advantages, although great, arc not to be compared in im- portance with those we possess from our being within such short striking distance of the very vitals of Canada. At this place the St. Lawrence is about a mile in width, and under cover of the guns from the fort we pro- pose, the troops who accumulated here could easily be transported to the other shore. Once then in the seige the terminus of the Ottawa and Prescott railroad, leading to the capital of the Canadas, and whose depot is immediately on the shore of the river, and a short quarter of a mile back we tap that great artery of the Canadas, through which their very life-blood flows, the Grand Trunk railroad. The communication between the two provinces being cut off by the St. Lavirrence river and the Grand Trunk railroad, but one other of very little practical importance exists — that by means of the Rideau Canal, at Ottawa, and from thence to King- ston. If this also be desired to be taken, we are only within fifty-five miles of Ottawa city — the entrance to the canal from the Ottawa river. The chain of locks at that place, once destroyed, would require quite a lengthy campaign in which to effect their replacement. The brief statement of facts must show, we think, that Ogdensburg is the key that not only locks out the entrance from the sea, but also unlocks to us the defences of a neighbour who may need ere long some correction for growing misoonduct. Her chief power, the protection of England, ml AND THB FRONTIER UNITED STATES. 45 f: would be most effectually cut oflF, and the whole of the Upper Province would bo obliged to boar the brunt of our arms single-handed and alone. The result of such a combat needs no prophet to foretell." Ogdensburgh is a city in the State of New York, containing about 20,000 inhabitants, situated oppobite to our small town of Prcscott, whoso population is 2,551. The head of the St. Lawrence Canals is seven railca below Prcscott. Montreal city is distant ninety miles, East ; and Ottawa city fifty-five miles North. The merchants of Ogdensburgh are largely interested in the Ottawa lumber trade ; several having saw-inills, barrel etave factories, and other works, on the Ottawa and elsewhere in Canada. Should the invaders, for a time occupy the new Parliament Buildings at Ottawa city, they will find that the hewn stone of those remote palaces, came from Cleveland, in the State of Ohio, and has been paid for ; and that the freight was also paid to their own ship-owners. "When I visited Ogdensburgh, at the end of July, 1801, its busy wharves, saw-mills, flour- luills, tanneries, foundries, furniture factories, and vast lumber trade ; its large commerce in wheat and flour, extending from Chicago and the far West, as also from ports in Canada West, to Boston and New York, and to Montreal in Canada East ; its lofty warehouses, and spacious streets, all pleased the stranger. The dwelling-houses embowered in foliage, and some in floral luxuriance, more abundant than I had beheld within the limits of a city, had a charm which was almost enchantment. A thought of that busy and beautiful dwelling-place of happy contentment becoming antagonistic to Canada did not once occur to disturb the visions of peace- ful prosperity. II. — POPULAR FALLACIES ABOUT DniTISH MONAnCHT AND ARISTOCRACY. Canada is to be " cut adrift," and the " flames of revolution to bo kindled in England ;" it seems to do both of them good. From a thousand such flashes of the American newspapers in response to journals, British and Canadian, as absurd and less excusable, [the latter wholly inex- cusable, as the war in America is not their war ; nor the rcsponsibilitici of American Government theirs; nor the American nationality theirs,] the following is selected as a fair specimen of the whole, and as a text for a brief commentary on popular fallacies about British Monarchy and Aristocracy : — " The energy of the United States in organizing an invincible army and an impregnable navy, the grand results already achieved and to be hereafter achieved by the war, will demonstrate the strength of the repub- lic and the stability and permanence of democratic institutions ; and the i 4$ BOMERVILLE's travels in CANADA It ! L result in Europe, combined with the distress arising from the injury in* fiictcd by the war on the commercial and manufacturing interests, will be to give a grand impetus to the cause of democracy, and to rc-kindlo the flames of revolution. Napoleon will probably save himself by riding upon the whirlwind and directing the storm. But the British oligarchy are doomed, and the people will throw ofiF their yoke forever, as the French people long since have done in the case of their nobility. The French Revolution is yet to be finished in England. In that day her aristocracy will call upon the United States for help; but they will call in vain. So far from giving them aid and comfort, we will commend to their own lips the poisoned chalice they lately presented to ours ; and not only will the independence of Mexico be maintained, and Canada cut loose from the sinking old hulk of the British empire, and every island in the West Indies which now owns English sway be set free to choose its own destiny, but the white slaves of England, Scotland and Ireland will be redeemed, regenerated and disenthralled by the genius of universal emancipation." •^New York Herald, March 27, 1862. This subject involves a common error demanding serious treatment. I select from previous works a few passages published when the question presented no such frowning aspects as now, and was not under discussion, except in my personal retrospect of popular connections in Britain, in a book written at Quebec in 1859, published at Montreal, 1860; therefore, not fashioned in argument for this occasion. The work is entitled SomcrviUes Diligent Life in the service of Public Safety in Britain, and the introduction opens the subject now presented to us by the Americaa press, thus : — " This book treats of the logic of revolutions, and insists that in na- tions where the displaced roots and branches of political power remain^ and must of necessity remain, after a revolution, as in France and in Bri- tain, they retain vitality, and may return to their place by the force of laws abundantly dispersed through human nature and accomplish a result inexorable as destiny. That result is military despotism. A crushed monarchy and aristocracy, with all the sympathies and adherences of their misfortune, can only be suppressed by a vehement and gloomy ty- ranny. And if they arise out of the trodden roadway of rebellion, as very likely they may, from the popular abhorrence which sets in against the power that is dancing or preaching on their grave, they, in torn, by the logic of necessity, cut down, hack, crush, and grind into the offended if Si ^ Mi i AND THE FRONTIER UNITED STATES. 47 earth that rebellion, which, for a while was uppcrmobt, and which hj the pressure now above it, may spring to lite again. " The war of independence in the United States affords no contradic- tion to this dogma of conservative science. Those great colonial provinces separated themselves from a monarchy and government seated four thousand miles away. The rejected servants of the distant monarchy packed their apparel and goods and travelled to Canada, or returned to England, or fled and left their all. " This book exemplifies the expansive vitality of British institutions, guarding the examples, however, by the qualification that the aristocratic clement in those institutions seems to be only workable in the nation where it is a natural growth out of old feudalism. The voluntary surren- der of some portion of personal liberty, as in Britain, is the true sign and Bubstance of freedom anywhere. The races and nations who surrender no impulse of personal freedom, for the common advantage, have a political horizon always contracted to their short sight; revolt or revolution. lying just beyond it ; a central despotism pressing them onward, and over that line of vision, into the darkness of chaos and chance. *' This book asscHs that the human being is prime constituent of pub- lic wealth ; and that the guardianship of human happiness is the true function of any Political Economy worthy of being called a conservative science. In the examples of the expansive vitality of British institutions the pleasing, grand, yet to many readers the paradoxical and doubtful fact will be established, that the hereditary house of Legislature and highest court of justice in Britain, the House of Lords, is now the most vigilant guardian of human rights and progressive leader of popular freedom exist- ing in the world. And more, while it is further removed from the friction of sordid conflict and electoral collusion, than the House of Commons in Britain, or the elected Legislatures of the British colonies, and of the United States, it is more severely though not so immediately responsible to public opinion than any of these. The candidate for a seat in a repre- sentative assembly may by interchange of corruption, or by observanco of virtue and honour, lose his election, or he may secure it. His responsi- bility to public opinion is comprised in love of political life and chances of re-election. The representative assembly is an aggregation of political atoms like himself. No other kind of legislature is practicable in new communities. To endow an assembly of new nobles with large territory, titles, and hereditary functions of privilege to legislate for a new courjtry, would be a farce, partaking so largely of insanity, that no practical people 1 48 aOMEttVII.I.E'fl TRAVEI-fl IN CANADA have propoBcd it. Yet such a ITouso of Lcgislnturo would be more sub- missive to the public which mude it, and which by revolt might destroy it, than is any assembly subject to dissolution and re-election. The po- litical representative may miss his re-election, but he looks forward to tho next vacancy to be restored to tho lost position. Tho new house of hered- itaries would lose territory, title and power. Hence, to nstain power they would be degraded to despicable servitude, without as much independence as might protect their honour, they would bo devoid of influence and every useful adjunct of authority. " Tho Monarchy and House of Lords, in Britain are portions of one institution. They inherit together the traditions of chivalry, and privileges of honour which all mankind admire in some form ; cither as tomahawks and human scalps, as blue ribbands nnd stars, as buttonlcss coats and broad-brimmed hats, the glitter of martial uniform or tlio ostentation of humility. British monarcliy and aristocracy have antecedents of dignity which arc a heritage of independence. Yet having inexpressibly more to lose if extinguished in revolution, than the members of a representative assembly can lose by missing re-election for a year or term of years, they are obedient to the logic of history and contempr ry events. Since a few of their number leading a majority of th' \ perilled the existence of the whole order, the trembling throne, aii the rela- tions of society, and constitutional liberty itself, in 1832, they do not prolong resistance to such conso'idaled public opinion as assumes the force and dimensions of national will. They are responsible in the heaviest bonds ever conceded to public opinion. Their revenues are larger, their estates, — they being ground landlords to a great manufacturing and commercial nation, — more promising of future wealth, their traditions g ander, their functions mpre exalted, their present enjoyments more abundant and lefined than were ever be- fore inherited by aristocracy. Those are their bonds of responsibi - ity to the people. No House of Representatives in all this world shares such a reciprocity of confidence with democracy. And the British Lords possess, as a legislative house, a moral attribute which the elected representatives of democracy cannot collectively exer- cise, however amiable and generous they may be as individual men, thus: " Industrial progression being the life of new crramunities, and of the democracy in old ones, capital is the life of industrial and mercantile enterprise. Capital, though its achievements lie in the AND THE mONTIEIl UNITED STATE8. 40 direction of civilization nnd a hij,'l»cr liuinan destiny, iH, in sonio of its Ini- inodiuto influences cruel und cowardly ; always trembling for its own Bttfcty, frc(|ucntly in a panic, ever sulliHli and sordid if any sentiment of humanity bar its way. Democracy is led in politics by industrial j)ro- gression, by the instincts and panics of capital. It is so in Britain. It is BO in America. In Canada it wrests the homestead and labour of years from the owner, if an instalment remain over duo. The House of Lordfi may not bo wholly detached from those influences, but they are far cnou^';li removed from the immediate venf!;caiice of ofi'endcd capital to make terniH for humanity. A catalofi;Tio of the enactments which they have initiated ond which the House of Commons have in their democratic, or capitaliht sections, resisted, would be out of place in this incidental glance at their relative positions. The legal decisions of the House of Lords, as the Court of last Appeal, have a dignity peculiarly thoir own ; the option of justice always conferring on humanity and wcakncsa the benefit of :i doubt, or any item of unappropriated liberty, discovered to Ho in the course of new decisions. They have ceased to be conservative by re- sistance, they are conservative by prescience — the guides and guardians of progress." I select a few passages, on Canada and the United States, from upecches of the Earl of Derby, leader of the great conservative party in Britain, and head of the ancient and renowned family of Stanley : EAUI. OF DKRBY ON CANADA, 1828. " The Legislative Council of Canada is the institution which especi- ally requires revision and alteration. They have acted as paltry and im- potent BcreenB for the protection of the Governor. In all instances thry have been opposed to the people. They were placed as a substitute for an aristocracy, without possessing any of the qualifications of an aristo- cracy, according to our notions of that body in England — imposing salu- tary checks and exercising a judicious vigilance over the councils of the country. * * The Legislative Council are ranged on the side of the Government to oppress the people. They have been the root of all the evils which liavc disturbed Canada for the last ten or fifteen years. These complaints are not of squabbles which have sprung up in a moment, but are evils of long standing.'" — Mr. Stanley, Houst of Commons, May 2, 1828: Now, 18G2, Earl of Derby. And again : — " The Legislative Council is the cause of most of the evils, by constantly acting as the mere creature of the Governor for tho time being. From the year 1820, to the present time, the Lcgiblativt; 50 SOMERVILLE's travels in CANADA Council have agreed to, or refused their consent to bills, according to tho ■Varying pleasure of each successive Governor. He trusted that this would be altered and a more moderate system would be introduced." — Mr. Stanley, House of Commons, Jane 5, 1829. KARI, OF DKUHY ON THE UNITED STATES, 1828. " He would refer the House to what had passed as respected America, and it would see that after all the quarrels and bloody wars which were founded in justice on the one hand, and oppression on the other, it had risen into independence ; and from the subsequent course pursued, our friendship had been continued with the United States; and every Englishman Avho now visited that country was received with the utmost kindness and hospitality. He trusted that if ever the situation of the Canadians was such as to induce them to seperate from this Government — that before that event took place, such a course of conciliatory measures would be adopted as would keep up a lasting friendship between the two countries." — Mr. Stanlei/, House of Commons, May 2, 1828. And again, in 1833 : — " America complained that it was taxed, and oppressively taxed, without having a voice in the imposition of the taxes ; that it was compelled to obey laws, in the framing of which it had no share whatever ; that it was, in fact, so shackled and oppressed that it had no appeal but to force to assert its independence. It did appeal, and justice being on its side, appealed successfully." — Mr. Stanley, when Secretary of State for the Colonies, 1833. That was the friendly language the British aristocracy held to the United States, by an eminent Minister of the Crown, now leader of the great conservative party, when the Democratic Genius of the Herald, who now writes of kindling flames of revolution in Britain, was but a stranger on the wharves of New York, speculating on what he should do for bread to eat in a foreign land. LOBD TAUNTON ON CANADA. " Where society is constituted, as in Canada, any attempt on the part of Government to appoint the Legislative Council is the merest delusion. I have ever been of opinion that the only way by which you can give to that body the weight and respectability which they ought to possess, is by introducing the principle of election." — Mr. Laboucherc, February 18, 1832 ; afterwards Colonial Secretary, now Lord Taunton. The grievances referred to in those speeches of 1828 and 1833, have been removed. No couitry on earth enjoys more freedom, with lighter AND THE FRONTIER UNITED STATES. 51 taxation for governmental purposes, than Canada. The stranger, in his travels, meets many people who tell him that " there is too much liberty — thnt liberty is destroying the country." Absurd, though such conver- sation be, it is supported by argument and " practical instances." It was my privilege, during a quarter of a century, to be an occasional spectator in the Houses of Lords and Commons in England. More recently I have studied, somewhat closely, the Legislative Council, House of Assembly, and their Committees at Quebec. In dignity and quiet business-like pro- cedure the Upper House of Canada compares favourably with the House of Lords ; tiiough in high debate it has no Derby, Brougham, Lyndhurst, Grey, Granville, Lansdowne, Russell, Malmsbury, St. Leonards, Chelms- ford, Bishop of Oxford, nor Shaftesbury. The most noticeable difference to the eye, apart from the understanding, is that the Lords of the Cana- das are more precisely fashionable and finically dressed than their elder brethren, the British aristocracy ; and though some may have been rolling logs for a living not long ago, and others be " log rolling" now, (the phrase for assisting and being assisted in petty jobbing, and in getting little bits of plunder,) all are more haughty in their manners — as indeed the proud democracy of America are, than our Dukes and Earls with a noble lineage of seven centuries. The House of Assembly is m3re animated, and at times tending to be boisterous. In many of its members, French, Irisli, English, Scotch, it is an intellectual power; in some, it is eloquent. It has members, though perhaps not many, equal in business application and in oratory to any one lower than Lord Palmerston in the British House of Commons. In the Session of 1860, I listened to a debate between Mr. Gait, Minister of Finance, and Mr. George Brown, of Toronto, then leader of the Opposition, v/hich occupied several hours, the House being in Committee. The subject was of vital importance to Canada; it relating to public revenue, debt, rates of interest, railway loans, bonds, and taxes in general. On entering the gallery few people were present, and all who came in went away when the door-keeper told what was the subject of de- bate. When I inquired what was before the Ho".6e, and who was speak- ing, (not seeing Mr. Gait, and not then knowing his voice,) the man replied, " nothing particular ; only Mr. Gait and Mr. Brown yawing away about taxes or something of that sort." For readiness of complex mental calculations, made on the instant of utterance, and replied to in equal terms of intricacy and fluencj, that debate, had it occurred in the House of Commons, would have covered the two men with fame. But only some flhreds of it were reported ; nor did I hear it again spoken of. The Mao- SOMERVELLE S TRAVELS IN CANADA ff (lonalds and Camerons — descendants of Glencoc and Lochiel, arc leading jncn in the Assembly, John A. Macdonald, member for Kingston city, and his Lower Canada chief, M, Cartier, both able tacticians and eloquent, but accused of many things not excusable in statesmen, have just retired from office, May 23, 1862, having been defeated on their Militia Bill, (of which, and the frontier defences, hereafter,) Mr. Sandfield Macdonald, an eminent barrister, member for Cornwall, a tcwu at the mouth of the St. Lawrence Canals, in the County of Stormont, (much in want of de. feviocs if any place bo,) is now Premier of the Upper Canada half of the Ministry. Joined with him is Mr. Sicotte, a distinguished intellectual gentleman, of French origin, member for the town of St. ITyacinthe, in Fiower Canada. Their colleagues arc said to be all able men. But what tJjey are to do to defend the Province, pledged as they arc, by votes against the Militia Bill of the late Ministry, and against a real military defensive force, instead of one existing mainly on paper, is a problem in. comprehensible. It may be invidious to select names as eminent; but as the new President of the Council is the only member of cither House, who, out of Parliament, so far as I know, has taken the Conservative ground wiiioh I am more feebly occupying in this work, to soften down asperities and preserve peace and friendly intercourse between Canada and the United States, I may name him ; and assert that in the true eloquence which is at once poetical and ratiocinative ; quiet in its depths and irre- sistibly chjtrming ; the utterance of great research in reading, and of analytical thinking, Thomas D'Arcy McGce, one of the members for Montreal city, is not surpassed in Britain or elsewhere, in any of the arenas where intellectual giants assemble. John Hillyard Cameron, Q. (J., member for the County of Peel, stands at the head of the Upper Ca- nada bar, and is honoured with the confidence of the greatest political eonfederacy in the Province, as Grand Master of the Orange Jiodges. He is the coming man wrhen a change of Ministry takes place in the direction uf high ooDservatism. t 1 AND THE FRONTIER UNITED STATES. 53 CHAPTER V. On the uses of Military History. From several of my contributions to American and Canadian news- papers, written on behalf of peace and good will, and the truthful uses of history, I select two, which were published before any of the great victo- ries of the National army were achieved. The reference in the first letter to the battle of Talavera, fought 27th and 28th September, 1809, sug- gests a remark on the battle of Pittsburgh, fought near Corinth, Tennes- see, April 0th and 7th, 1862. Many of the incidents, and the final results were the same. So also the heroism of the armies engaged on both sides and in both battles. Oh, that Beauregard and the Confederates were fighting in a good cause, and were not rebels ! LETTER ON INTERNATIONAL FRIENDSIHl'. 7b the Editor of the Detroit Free Press. Sir. — If British military history had no higher use than to amuse the reader, by its pictures of past times, it would matter little whether it came to us in shape of the historical romances of t'lo author of Waverly, or of the sternly true, yet not less graphic narratives of Genrrul Sir William Napier, historian of the Peninsular W •. But history should be instruct- ive. To be instractive, it should be >v)ut the inactivity of the army on the Potomac, the army which was at St. Louis under Fremont, and about the partial failure of some of the sea-going and river expeditions. We British do not readily forget the grand passages in Napier, de- flcriptive of the gallantry of our soldiers, and heroism of some of their loaders ; such as bis account of the battle of Albuhcra, marvelous for its p m i. r 54 SOMERVILLE'S travels in CANADA IS"' power of word-painting, or that famous and often quoted passage in the description of the field of Talavera, beginning, " See, how the British soldier fights," in which he depicts the Eolid tread of the regiments newly arrived on the battle-ground as they marched in steady columns through the disordered fragments of other British regiments and retrieved the for- tunes of the day for Sir Arthur Wellesley — the fortunes of that day bring- ing to him the title of Lord Wellington of Talavera. We do not readily forget those gratifying incidents, nor the hundreds of others like them, which occurred during the long war with the French, beginning in 1793, with three years of disaster to the British in Holland, and closing on the plains of Waterloo, in 1815, with a victory which in its consequences stands unequalled in modern times. But we are too ready to forget, looking into our past military history through a galaxy of victo- ries, that we had many difficulties, some defeats, some retreats, several panics and occasional misadventures which Napier calls " shameful," and Wellington in his orders of the day styled " disgraceful." While I write, there lies before me an elaborate memoir, in six vol- umes, of the life and campaigns of the Duke of Wellington, by a "com- panion in arms" (Colonel Williams.) In it I do not find a word or allusion to the event which Napier describes as having occurred at Salinas two nights before the battle of Talavera, the night of the 25th of Septem- ber, 1809. Nor does Allison name it in his in-exact history. A division of the British army were seized with panic ; they ran hither and thither in the woods, not knowing where to go, nor what was the cause of alarm. Nor is there any allusion to the fact which Napier styled shameful and Wellington disgraceful, that the division which was hastening forward by forced marches to Talavera, on the first day of the battle, September 27th, and which arrived in solid columns to turn the tide of battle, as already noted, on the 28th, was met 1>y banr ^ of fugitives, Spaniards, Portuguese, and British, among whom Napier 8a_;,s that, to the shnme of the army, were several British officers, who reported tliat the battle was lost. Sir Arthur Wellesley killed, and the whole army in retreat. The writer of the Life and Campaigns, felt it necessary, however, to speak more freely of the cowardice of the Spaniards at Talavera. Among other passages of censure we have this ; During the night, between the 27th and 28th, another unaccountable panic took hold of the Spanish army. Alarmed by some noise, they thought the French had entered their unassail ible intrenchments. They poured forth a roll of musketry along their whole line, and immediately 1 AND THE FRONTIER UNITED STATES. 55 itely three battalions, alarmed at their own noise, took to their heels. The idle noise was taken up by some of the inexperienced battalions of the British army, drafts from the militia, and the consequence was, they shot several of their own officers and men, who were at the outposts. General Napier, as well as Colonel Williams, just quoted, ascribes that and other misadventures to " young regiments drafted from the militia." But the militia in Britain, in those days, was a permanent force, well drilled, and accustomed to garrison and camp duty. If the excuse be admissable, that those young regiments, not always reliable on the field of battle, were drawn from the militia, docs it not be- come the dignity which British journalists should assume, to treat the young and inexperienced army of the United States with forbearance, if they had one or two misadventures ? Do they not rather claim our sym- pathy, engaged as they are in suppressing a formidable rebellion ? I, as a British conservative, who am devoted to the integrity of the British em- pire and proud of my nationality, have never called, and can never call, this calamity in the United States by any name but a rebellion against legitimate authority — a revolt against the constitution and the laws. The perversity of reason or unreason, by which writers of the conservative parties in Britain and in Canada sympathize with rebels and with a rebel- lion raised for objects the most unholy, and without any threat having been made by the Federal Government against the South before the insur- gents appeared in arms, is a paradox in political logic wholly inexplicable. The estrangement of friendly sentiments between Britain, Canada and the United States, by the irritating commentaries of our newspaper press, is unworthy of any persons or classes calling themselves conservatives. Let me revert to our own military history. The following general order of the Duke of Wellington, issued soon after the retreat from Burgos, in November, 1812, may be read with ad- vantage by all who desire to know the value of military discipline, and particularly by those who forget that Wellington had difficulties — not with volunteers and militia recently levied, but with an army which htd been drilled in barrack yards at home, and had been from three to four years under his own command before an enemy : — "Nov. 28th, 1812. — Gentle- men, I must draw your attention, in a very particular manner, to the state of discipline of the troops. The discipline of every army, after a long and active campaign, becomes in some degree relaxed, and requires the utmost attention, on the part of the General and other officers, to bring it back to the state in which it ought to be for service ; but I am 5G 80MEftVlLIiE*a TRAVELS iN CANADA concerned to have to observe that the army under uiy command has fallen off in this respect in the Lite canipaie;n, to a greater degree than ang army with which I have ever served, or of which 1 have ever read. Yet thin army has met with no disaster ; it has suffered no privations which but trifling attention on the part of the officers could have prevented, and for which there existed no reason whatever in the nature of the service ; nor has it suffered any hardships excepting those resulting from the necessity of being exposed to the inclemencies of the weather. It must be obvious, however, to every officer, that from the moment the troops commenced the retreat from the neighbourhood of Burgos, on the one hand, and from Madrid on the other, the officers lort all command over their men. Irregularities, and outrages of all descriptions, were com- mitted with impunity, and losses have been sustained which ought never to have occurred. Yet the necessity for retreat existing, none were ever made on which the troops had such short marches ; none on which they made such long and repeated halts, and none on which the retreating armies were so little pressed on their rear by the enemy. We must look, therefore, for the existing evils and for the situation in which wo now find the army, to some causes besides those resulting from the operations in which we have been engaged. T have no hesitation in attributing these evils to the habitual inattew- tion of the officers of regiments to their duty, as prescribed by the stand- ing regulations of the service, and by the orders of this army." I shall only add another paragraph about Wellington's difficulties for the present. The records of debates in the British Parliament for the years 1809-'10-'ll and 1812, as also the files of newspapers printed in those years, show that he was incessantly assailed by the opposition states- men and journals with charges of incapacity, blunders in strategy, and with culpable inactivity. The United States army was ridiculed for its inactivity by my countrymen, British and Canadian journalists, before it had been three months in the field, and when it must have been almost wholly an undisciplined multitude. Yet the charges of inactivity against the great Duke of Wellington continued, and motions were made in Par- liament demanding his recall, until the battle of Vittoria, July, 1813-, when he had been four years uninterruptedly in command of an army drilled, first at home, and afterwards trained by himself. Napier places it on record that, towards the close of 1810, a Cabinet Minister, with whom Welliugtoa had corresponded on friendly, aa well as official terms, urged him to fight a Ib&iiW somewhere, '^ anywhere, so as l^od was shed ; AND THE FRONTIER UNITED STATES. 57 for the impatient multitudes without doors and the formidable opposition in Parliament, could not be controlled without it; they must have a battle or the Ministry would be broken up by popular clamor," and 60 forth. Napier does not name that Cabinet Minister, (though I might name him were it not that an illustrious relative has earned a title to fame as tho Minister of Mercy in the East Indies,) but says that Wellington never afterwards held intercourse with him, except in the most cold and formal way, and only then when intercourse was unavoidable. The object in adducing such incidents and others which may appear hereafter, is to remind my countrymen, should this letter be re-yrinted in Canadian and British newspapers, that Britain has had military difficul- ties ; and to urge that the United States, in this tho day of trial and po- litical calamity, deserves their sympathy and moral support, and not their arrogant sarcasm. It is but worthy of school-boys, and only the rudest of them, to revile and justify the iteration of reproach, by one party saying, " did they not call us bad names first ?" and the other, " was it not you who called us bad names first?" and then, if not hindered, to go to fight upon the issue of who were the first to call the other bad names ? And such a conflict ! Tho mutual devastation of two thousand miles on one side of the boundary line, and as many on the other ; four thous- and miles in all, as between Canada and the States, each side covered with commercial cities, busy market towns, lovely villages, and happy home- steads ; not half of the rural male population caring a straw about the raving of sensation and incendiary newspapers ; the entire population of unpolitical women and innocent children, now living happily on both sides of the line, being wholly ignorant of that day of doom which angry jour- nalists are hastening forward for their starvation, ruin, death, or worse than death — wholly ignorant that such a day may come. During the greater part of four years, and the whole of the last two, I have travelled through all parts of Canada and along the frontiers of the United States, collecting information for a history of the *' Industrial Progress of Canada," and for the '"'Family Annals of Early Settlers." These works are intended to embrace the elements of international amity, commercial and social, which now exist between Canada and the States, and which should secure their perpetual peace and friendship. I am now at Windsor, C. W., opposite Detroit, and will presently be in that city to extend my collection of facts about international commerce, gathered when F r 58 SOMERVILIE's travels in CANADA in 11 f 1^' > there on two previous visits in 1861. I reserve a description of the trade on the frontiers for other letters. Alexander Somerville, Formerly known in England as " one who has whistled at the ploueh.'' MILITARY AND NAVAL EXPEDITIONS; CAUTION TO MY BRITISH COUNTRYMEN. To the Editor of the Detroit Advertiser. Windsor, January, 1862. iSir, — The struggle in which the United States are engaged, to suppress a fratricidal rebellion, which has less to justify it than any political revolt known in history, demands the sympathy of all reflective men ; especially of British and Canadian Conservatives, whose leading principle is to maintain the integrity of Britain, and frown at rebellion and rebels wher- ever they may rise in revolt against governments founded on free institu- tions. , ft The undignified, unkind, blindly mischievous position taken by many writers in British newspapers, in tauntingly sneering at, and misrepre- senting the few mis-adventures which have befallen the young and inex- perienced army of the United States, is an ofi'ence to all experienced soldiers who, like the present writer, know what practical military service is. To the natives of Britain, who have studied military history, the re- proaches of hostility to the United States which those writers indulge in, should be doubly offensive. They bring painfully to mind our own mis- adventures. In the hope that I may induce my countrymen and brothers of the pen to be more courteous to a great nation convulsed by intestine war, I shall here draw their notice to a few of the mixed military and naval expeditions, sent on service during the long war with France, be- ginning in 1793, and closing in 1815. British Expedition of 245 vessels of war, 400 transports and 100,000 men, to close the navigation of the Scheldt, at Antwerp, in tlte » year 1809. . , In this naraative I prefer to follow, word for word, the author of the " Life and Campaigns of the Duke of Wellington." It will be seen that whether by a " stone fleet," or other sunken impediments to navigation, one of the objects of the expedition was to render the Scheldt unnavigable at Antwerp. Says the " companion in arms" of the Duke : " While the English army in the Peninsula (commanded by Welling- ton) was paralyzed for want of the sinews of war — men and money — by the incapacity of Castlereagh and the intrigues of Canning, two expedi- AND THE FRONTIER UNITED STATES. 59 tions, ono to Walchcren and the other to Sicily, were planned and under- taken by the Cabinet of Great Britain. The capture or destruction of the enemy's ships, either building at Antwerp and Flushing, or afloat in the Scheldt ; the destruction of the dock-yards and arsenals of Antwerp and Flushing; and the rendering, if possible, the Scheldt no longer navi- gable for ships of war was the object. The armament destined for the Scheldt was the largest and most com- plete tliat had ever left the British shores. Its prtpiirution connncnccd from the beginning of the month of May. In July, a fleet assembled in the Downs, consisting of thirty-nine sail of the line, thirty-six frigates, and a proportionate number of gun-bouts, bomb-vessels, and smaller craft ; in all two hundred and forty-five vessels of war, accompanied by about four hundred sail of transports, carrying nearly forty thousand troops, and on the 28th of the same month, it set sail for its destination. The imposing magnificence of this mighty force, forming, together with sea- men and marines, a sum total of one hundred thousand men, attracted thousands of spectators. In the course of the next day the fleet was oft' the Dutch coast, but it being not sufiiciently provided with boats for land- ing the troops, ordnance, &c.. Flushing was not invested until the 2d of August, and the operations were then so slow that the batteries were not ready for near a fortnight, so as to commence an effectual bombardment." Flushing having surrendered. Lord Chatham then talked of advancing on Antwerp, of capturing that fortress and the ships of war in its harbour ; but while he was pausing and pondering for nearly another fortnight, a large force was collected to oppose him. The end is thus described : " Here ended the Walcheren expedition, which cost the nation twenty millions sterling in money, and ten thousand of her best troops. The only trophies of that memorable exploit were a frigate, and the timbers of a seventy-four. Incapacity, and in some in- stances the want of common honesty and humanity, marked the proceed- ings of all the prominent persons connected with this ill-fated expedi- tion." - • It would have been to the advantage of international amity if Mr. Russell, of the Times, had seen and described the actual battle of Ma- nasses alias Bull's Run, which, while it lasted, was a valiant conflict, car- ried on by troops, on the Government side, famishing for want of water and food, and unsupported by the necessary adjuncts of a campaign, all diflBculties caused by a too early advance without the means of transport, and all aggravated by the battle occurring in a thickly wooded country. ■f If <50 SOMERVILLKS TRAVELS IN CANADA Killed and Wounded at Bull Run, 18 per cent of all engaged, in fit* hours. Killed and wounded at Waterloo, 24 per cent of all onjjaged, of British and Allies, in twelve hours. The defeated veterans ran eix times farther from Waterloo, than the defeated troops at Bull Run. Truths about Battles — WdUngton and Waterloo — Generals in com- mand can only, at best, make a guess at the incidents of battle. Civilian correspondents, viewing the smoke from afar, can tell nothing but by hearsay. Nor do Generals find it desirable to publish all occurrences in their despatches. A historian having applied to Wellington for a full ac count of Waterloo, that ho might exactly describe it, the great Genera replied as follows : — " You cannot write a true history of the battle with out including the faults and misbehavior of part of those who were en gaged, and whose faults and misbehavior were the cause of material losses Believe me, that every man you see in a military uniform, is not a hero ; and that although in the account given of a general action, such as that of Waterloo, many instances of individual heroism must bo passed over unrelated, it is better for the general interests to leave those parts of the story untold than to tell the whole truth. Wellington." Victory is not always a certainty even with the ablest Generals in command of the host troops. Many unreflective admirers of Wellington, military men as well as civilians, have asserted that he never engaged in battle but with the certainty of success. He has himself affirmed the contrary, and what he said should be treasured as words of caution to over confident officers in command of armies or detachments. Writing to Sir Charles Stuart, British Envoy at Lisbon, in March, 1811, previous to a new campaign, he said : — " I have but little doubt of success ; but as I have fought a sufficient number of battles to know that the result of any one of them was not certain, even with the best arrangements, I am anxious that the Government should adopt preparatory arrangements, and take out of the enemy's way those persons and their families who would sufier if they were to fall info the enemy's hands." Wellington on Religion in the Army. — During a lengthened time of inaction in the winter of 1810-'ll, religious meetings were organized in the cantonments of the British army, chiefly by non-commissioned officers and privates who had before been Methodists, and by Scotch and Irish Presbyterians. The Guards had a Sergeant Stephens, who preached, or road sermons and sang Psalms. The 9th Foot had meetings for worship, at which many attended, including two officers. It was alleged that polemical discussions were introduced, hostile to the established church of I 1 l'-^ i || 'i %^' « %k 1 ' \l AND THE FRONTIER UNITED STATES. 61 Kngland ; ond by some of the Generals of Brij»ade and Generals of Divl- Bion, the whole of the religious assemblies were proaouncod to be irrcj^nilar, unsoldierly and subvcrHvo of good discipline. They appealed to Welling- ton for authority to suppress them. That true soldier and true man replied : — " The meeting of soldiers in their cantonments, to sing l*.salm8, or to hear a sermon read by one of their comrades, is in the abstract per- fectly innocent, and is a better way of spending their time than many others to which they uro addicted, though it may become otherwise, lle- ligious instruction is the greatest support and aid to military discipline and order." English Newspapers. — General Napier, in his History of the Peninsu- lar War, reverts again and again in bitter reproaches, to the wrong done to the army by the English newspaper press. First, as a mere specula- tion to sell papers, the editors published " accounts of battles which were never fought," of " marches and expeditions that were never contem- plated," of " plans of campaigUb and sieges that existed only in the fertile brains of their correspondents." But an evil inexpressibly greater was this, that they did at times get hold of the plans of campaigns, of contem- plated sieges, and important expeditions, which being published in London, were instantly carried to Paris, and transmitted by flying couriers to the French Generals in front of Wellington's army in Spain or Portugal. In like manner the Russians obtained information of the positions of l^ritish and French forces in the Crimea, and the plans of attack on Sebastopol in 1854-55. In like manner do the rebels, in arms against the legitimate government of the United States, obtain information of the plans of cam- paigns and expeditions of the Federal army in America, in 1861-'62. The " companion in arras" of the Duke, writing of the Opposition news- papers in Britain, says of their unmilitary attitude in ISlO-'ll : — " Their unnatural and unpatriotic attempts to break and humiliate the bearing and spirit of the soldiery, and depreciate the military character of Britain, were deemed by Bonaparte so admirably adapted to reconcile the French nation to the unpopularity of his Spanish war, and to prove the incapa- bility of England to contend with him, that he caused the various papers containing the heartless and disgraceful calumnies to be printed at the imperial press and circulated throughout France and the states subject to his control and influence. From the same sources, also, of disaffection and treachery, the French Generals derived butter information of the position and resources of the English army, and the intended operations of the English General, than they were able to obtain by the agencies of their J^ 68 BOMERVILLK'h travels in CANADA Bpics, and tlio trnitorouH hi(lnl';os, or noblos, who conspired with them, for the ensluvouicnt of tlioir country." — Life and Cdmjun'ffnH, j). ITtJ. Wellington, writinc; to the Karl of Liverpool, 23d January, 1811, paid: " T enclose a newspaper, pivin}» an account of our works; the number of men and yunfl in eacii, and for what purpose constructed. Surely it must be admitted that those who carry on operations asrainst an tnemy, possessed of all the information which our newspapers give to the French, do so under siiif^ular disadvantages." The day on which the foregoing is transcribed for present use, Febru- ary 14, 1802, brings American newspapers, in some of which is the fol- lowing piiragraph : " The expedition on the Savannah river amounted to nothing after nil. The letters of correspondents of the press having frus- trated some of the plans of Commodore Dnpont, no steamer will hereafter bo allowed to leave for tlie North until his plans arc perfected." Three Armies and their Gvnerah run from one another. — Wellington had given Sir John Murray instructions in writing, comprehensive and minute. He was to attack the fortress of Tarragona, in order to draw General Suchet from Valencia to its aid. Then ho was to embark hit» troops and siege train, and sailing to Valencia, take it by surprise before Sucliet could return over the difficult mountain paths to oppose him. Tarragona was accordingly invested ; but Murray advanced inland to meet Suchet in battle, leaving his second in command. General Clinton, to carry the fortress of Tarragona by storm the same night. But a report came that another French General, Mathieu, was advancing in force to unite with Suchet. Thereupon Sir John Murray retired hastily to Tar- ragona, and repeated the orders for the assault. The storming party was formed and ready to advance, but Murray countermanded his order, and again.st the earnest remonstrances of his officers, directed that the batteries should be dismounted and the siege abandoned. Writing to the War Minister, Wellington said : " I entertained a very high opinion of his talents ; but he always seemed to me to want what is better than great talents, sound sense. The best of the story is that all parties ran away j General Mathieu ran away ; Sir John Murray ran away, and so did Suchet." Nothing in the varying phases of the war in America has sug- gested a theme for ridicule like that depicted by the Duke of Wellington. In that run of Sir John Murray, the " time-honoured siege train that had battered the walls of Badajos was lost." Three Generals and their ar- Riics, all brave in battle, even to a fault, reckless at jther times, took a sudden panic and ran, one east, one south, and one westward, out to sea. AND THE FRONTIER irSITEI) STATES. 68 r-:/ Wvllmgtnn n Corn Mirchaxt. — Tf the Amcricnii Comninndcr-in-cliicf could only keep his troops alivo and hold thcin together, by liiriii^; HhipH to go nmiiy thousands of miles into tho outer world lor grain to feed them, and that without tlio sanction of his govtM-nmtnit, which did not otherwise provide for tliom, there would ho u tluMuu frnitrnl of " sarcastic odit(»rials" from Kngland about the Army of the Potomuc. The Amcican Conti- nent is ovcrflowinnwith grain. At the opening of navigation, April, IH(52, fourteen million bushels, or the c(juivaleiit in flour, awaited shiitnient ut Lake ports ; and two and a half million bushels in (*anada. Indian Corn had been burned for fuel in the ^Voslern States, though close to railways, for want of buyers. To provide for the emergency which the British dovcrnment was financially uneciual to meet, Wellington had recourse to nn expedient which excmplines that true military genius will be found in alliance with an aptitude to acipuro knowledge of things non-military. llo freighted ships and by a paper money of iiis own, drafts at four or BIX months on the British treasury, made purchases of grain in the Bra- zils, America, and Egypt, by which lie not only fed ti»c army, and saved the people of Portugal from starvation, during a year of invnsion and another of famine, but replenished the military chest with large suin» of money. English merchants and army contractors decried that mercantile operation and, Tories as most of them were, alarmed the Tory ministry. The Whig opposition, because Wellington had infringed the abstract laws of Political Economy, also assailed him and tho Government. The Ministry desired him to desist. lie replied in a despatch, showing tho necessity of his mercantile operation-, and continued them. It was then he encountered an Enemy more formidable than the Emperor or Marshals of France in battle — that was Nathan Meyer Rothschild. — Having bought the Duke of Wellington's bills at a discount, [Francis' Hist. Stock Exchange,] his next operation was to buy the gold which was necessary to pay them, and, when, he had purchased it, he was as ho expected, informed that the government re- quired it. Government had it, and paid for the accommodation. '* It was the best business I ever did," he exclaimed ; " for, when the Govern- ment had got it, it was of no service to them until I had undertaken to convey it to Portugal." He had first, through his agents, depreciated the value of the bills in America, Brazil, and Egypt, where Wellington's ships had gone for grain. As also among the Portuguese and Spanish peasantry who sold country produce, or performed services to the army. Having depreciated the bills, they were purchased and held by his agents abroad ; PI u SOMERVILLE 8 TRAVELS IN CANADA I ' and instead of being sent to London to be paid, he caused himself to bo paid for carrying the gold abroad to redeem them from his own clerks. The New York Herald need not trouble itself to " kindle the flames of revolution in Britain to destroy the Landed aristocracy ; nor raise a whirlwind for Napoleon Til. to ride upon and direct the storm," under pretonce of giving B"'t".^'n more freedom. There is an Aristocracy and Priesthood — their Thrones and Altars on the Paris Bourse ; and in Capei Court, London ; and in Wall Street, New York, ^Yith cmir.saries of in- trigue scattered throughout the world. They may be regenerated with advantage. They subvert honest commerce.; make personal traffic of public interests , strike death into the industrial life of States ; usurp po- litical authority through their banks and financiiil conspiracies; disturb the peace of nations; breed commercial panics; mock human suftering ; paralyze the motions of armies ; infuse into public departments the in- stincts of fraud ; break blockades and defy the policy of Misc and good btatcsmen to accomplish peace in time of war ; — these abound alike in llepublics and in Monarchies. In January, 1862, a Bank Note Reporter, published at Detroit, " beared" the market againt- the banks of Canada. It asserted that two millions of dollars, of Canada money Avcre circulated in the Stale of MicKi- gan, and cautioned farmers and all others, having produce to sell, to reject Fuch paper. Those bills were collected at a discount and cairied in quan- tities to the office of the money broker in Detroit. Then they were taken to Canada and presented at the bank;- for gold at their full value. The g<3ld was carried to New York and sold at from two to three per cent, pre- mium. Those internal enemies of nadons, the riggers of money markets, are not the British Aristocracy. Wellington^ s advice about Invasion — I conclude with the wise counsel he addressed to the people of Portugal : " All men capable of carrying arms Suould learn their use. When the enemy approaches, let women amd helpless persons be removed to places of safety. Let all persons possessing treasure bury it; each burying his own, unseen by his neighbour." ' Extract from Notes of Travdm in Canada West, by Alexander Somerville. , -. Ei)WAi»i)8BiROH, County of (iienville, C. W., July, iSttl. r Below Prescott nine miles, at foot of the Gallops Rapids, on unper section of th: Zl Lawrence Canals, the grandly flowing River, two miles wide, dotted with lovely islands; New York shore rising beautifully beyond; Family groups of islands ; brother and sister islands ; and a small baby island, carrying one bugar maple and r.o more. The place is named after Prince Edward, father of Queen Victoria. Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, landed here in June, 1793, and stayed a week at the house of Captain Fraser, at head of the Rapids, two miles above this, awaiting boats and escort from Ki.igston. The Prince was three weeks ascending the River from Montreal, [informed so by Lt. Col. Clarke, of Edwardsburgh, then a boy,] and many poor emigrants encountered such delays until quite rucenily. This day the Grand Trunk Railway Engines waft emigrants and all comers over the distance in four hours. From visiting the Great Eastern Steamship at Quebec, men whom I knew in Scotland thirty years ago as working ))loughmen, and who came to Canada as such, were last night, with their wives and dauglitfM-8, now ladies, carried alo>ig in the sseeprng cars, reposing in luxury iiot always enjoyed by Princes in th(Mr Palaces. The Railways bestow upon I farmers — ^^ive them a gift equal to 20 cents a bushel for all produce, and double price tor live stock [and ready money at that, instead of long credits and tralHc- ing the grain and cattle for goods not required] more than they obtained befor»' the Grand Trunk, and Western Railways were built. Yet the Political Men of Canada seem insensible to this marvellous transition of the Province, now bound- in ^onwards to affluence. The Victoria Bridge alone, enables mcrdiants, ni winter, to advance the price of the whole produce of Upper Canada from Mon- treal, six hundred miles West and North-west, about five cents per bushel. The water flume fioni the Canal at this place might give the Starch Company nine hundred " hoi-se power" if needed. They have ten seperate central dis charge wheels, working at flour-mill, saw-mill, and starch factory. A steamer from Chicago, distant 1000 miles, is this day delivering 30,000 bushels of corn : hair of it to bo prepared for puddings and custards; 25,000 bushels were manu factured in the last six months. Machinery occupies five floors. Processes in- tricate; yet all is order and cleanliness. Farina washed in filtered water twelve times ; the solution passed through silk cloths, which are washed in filtered water daily. Purity and order within the works delight the visitor; und the situation out^iide charms, enchants him, with a mioglod loveliness and grandeur 8urpas.sing anything he has yet seen on the American continent. 4,000 lbs. manufactured daily. Boxes, made at the saw-mill, hold 40 lbs. each. Many cattle feed on the refuse. [ADVKRTIHKMICNT.] PAYNE'S RAILWAY HOTEL, At Edwardsburgh, County of Oreuville, Canada West, Is a Pleasant House ; .■■■).: Best Accommodation; Low Charges; ^i Ikmling and fishing among the Islands on the River; a delightful recreation. Steamboats and Railway Trains at all hours. 'I r- i ' ■ A*". .!.♦ [ADTERT1SEMKKT8.] VTOTOJIIA STEA^M IVtTl.I.. EDGAR & MEIiVII^LE. MANUVACTVKEKS OK Hubs, Spokes, and Felloes, Gearing and Bent Work ; Chairs I and Bedsteads ; Boors, Sash, Blinds, and Mouldings ; Shingles. ./f a?I--A.3JraTC3- Sc S-A-T^IN-Ca-. YORK 8TRKCT, HAMILTON. %%1S0^^^^ ^ ^^ Wi#it WHITK'H KING 8TBEET, HAMILTON, C. W. Havinj^ superior facilities, we are enaWed to execute every deHcription of [ Book ani> Joh Pbtntixo. in the Highest Style of the Art, j AST ^^ETtY^ I^OVr r»IMCES»! m^ll 194111 Willii FBEFABED COBN manufactured and refined expressly for food, by the CAKADA STABCH COMPANY. This deliciouH preparatiou for Puddings. Custards, and Pastry can also be used for every purpose, for which IJennuda Arrowroot is used, to which it is proferablo, on account of its greater delicacy. It is composed of the finer parts of Indian Corn, and is PBBPECTLY PUBE. ,_, . From it* delicani it takes the full jiuvor of any kind of Scasoniriff. '■:..' 0:> SOLD BY ALL GROCERS. ^ ■ ■ -it j^ -I ■■' /'v j I* i . lb '■if' I I