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PARTS OF THE ADJOINING STATES i CONTAIM.NCJ BRir.r AC( OUNTS OF THE TOWNS. THFJR PVri.lC BriI.DINGS AtiD OTHKR Olijr.CTS OF INTKRKST — NATURAL A>'D ARTIFICIAI. CURIOSITIES — HISTORICAL MEMORAN- DA — MODF.S OF CONVEYAKCK — TAKLES OF DIS- TANCES EY RAILROAD. CANAL, STAGE, AND RIVER ROUTK8 IN EVERY DIRECTION : THE wnoLi: arranced ox a new plan. Br WHICH EVEHV INTERKSTING OBJECT O.N THE LEADLVO BOVTES IS BROUOHT INTO VIEW. WITH MAPS ETC. u Third Kdition. BY H. s. ta]vxe:r. NEW YORK; rVVLISHLS AT THE GEOGRAPHICAL EMABLISK.MENT, S. E. corner of Fulton aiml Nassau streoU, 1845. I : ir . " >W-'>i •?* iluU rm '■ V( I -"S #^-, '- V 'i "■'■'• ir ,.i^.v n.?'- firrn '1 ^ i ■A I : ;■'■ Jlntered nccor.ling to net of Congress, in the year 1843, by H. fc!. Tnnner, in the Clerk's office of the District Court for tl.« {Southern District of Kew York. .' .-f' '. '• " "■ ? \ /" ^ PREFACE. Among the multitude of Guides, Directories vind Tourists in wliich our book-stores abound, there is scarcely any that presents that syste- matic arrangement and perspicuity which are 60 desirable to the traveller and tourist.— Whilst most of the works now extant are re- plete with important and interestingy«c<5, they are, without exception, defective in point of ar- rangement, and in regard to the relative im- portance of the several objects brought into view. In the present work, an endeavor hag been made so to digest its varied contents, as to enable the tourist to examine, seriatim^ every object of interest along the route he may select, and thus to ascertain what is most deserving of his attention : for example, assuming the city of Albany as one of the radiating points, a brief account of the city and its interesting objects, modes of conveyance, &c. is given: then follow tables of distances from Albany to another point of departure — Utica, for instance — and then a concise description of e^ch intermediate place of any importance, with directions to such cu- 1 ■*-i * rsK I i If PREFACE. ■\ rioiltlcs la and around eacfh as should not be overlooked by an intelligent inquirer. In this manner every leading route by railroad or otherwise, is concisely, and, it is hoped, satis- factorily treated. One of the most important features of the present work, is hreiily ; a quality that, we are sure, cannot fail to recom- mend it to the favorable attention of the travel- ler, who is, whilst in transitu^ unable or at least unwilling to enter into those elaborate and fa- tiguing details, which disfigure most similar works. In conclusion, the author has sedulous- ly endeavored to construct such a work as he himself has often felt the want of whilst travel- ling, and such a one as would naturally sug- gest itself to the mind of any intelligent tra- veller. 1 1 ■%" 4- ^l)t (IfraDclkrB* 1!)a\\ii Book- i Generat. View. — The state of Ncw-York extends pver 4J^' of lat. and nearly 7° of longitude, the whole forrninganoutiincof about 1,400 miles in length, which encloses an area of 49,000 square miles ; having N. Ca- nada; W. Pennsylvania and Lakes Ontario and Erie ; S. Pennsylvania and New- Jersey ; -and E. Connecti- cut, Massachusetts and Vermont. Its population, by the national census of 1840, was 2,428,921, as fol. lowi : Albany County, 68,593, of which Albany is the capital; Allegany, 40,975, cap. Angelica; Broome, 22,338, cap. Binghamton ; Cattaraugus, 28,872, cap. Ellicottsville ; Cayuga, 50,338, cap. Auburn ; Chatauque, 47,975, cap. Mayville ; Chemung, 20,735, cap. Elmira ; Chenango, 40,785, cap. Norwich ; Clinton, 28.157, cap. Plattsburg ; Columbia, 43,252, cap. Hudson ; Cortland, 24,607, cap. Cortland ; De- laware, 35,396, cap. Delhi ; Dutchess, 52,398, cap. Poughkeepsie ; Erie, 62,465, caj.. Buffalo ; Essex, 23,634, cap. Elizabeth; FrankUn, 16,518, cap. Ma- lone ; Fulton, 18,049, cap. Johnstown ; Genesee, 29,924, cap. Batavia ; Greene, 30,446, cap. Catskill ; Hamilton, 1,907, cap. Lake Pleasant; Herkimer, 37,474, cap. Herkimer ; Jefferson, 60,984, cap. Watertown ; Kings, 47,613, cap. Brooklyn; Lewis, 17,830, cap. Marlinsburg ; Livingston, 35,140, cap. Geneseo; Madison, 40,008, cap. Morrisville; Mon- roe, 64,902, cap- Rochester; Montgomery, 35,818, cap. Fonda; Niagara, 31,132, cap. Lockport; New- York, 312,710, cap. New. York ; Oneida, 85,310, cap. Utica; Onondaga, 67,911, cap. Syracuse; On. tario, 43,501, cap. Canandaigua; Orange, 50,739, 1* ri * ■it I tl € 8TATE or >E'JV-TORjr. cop. Goshen ; Organs, 25,127, cap. Albion ; Oswe-i go, 43,G19, cap. Pulaski ; Otsego, 49,628, cap. Coo- perstown; Putnam, 12,825, cap. Carmel ; Queens, 30,324, cap. North Hempated ; Rensselaer, 60,259, cap. Troy J Jlichmond, 10,965, cap. Richmond; Rockland, 11,975, cap. New City ; St. Lawrence, 56,706, cap. Canton ; Sar-.to^a, 40,553, cap. Bailston Spa ; Schenectady 17,387, cap. Schenectady ; Sene- ca, 24,874, cap. Ovid ; Steuben, 46,138, cap. Bath ; Suffolk, 32,469, cap. Riverhead ; Sullivan, 15.629, cap. Momicello } Tiogo, 20,527, cap. Owego j 'i\)mp- kins, 37,948, cap. Ithaca ; Ulster, 45,822, cap. Kings- ton ; Warren, 13,442, cap. Caldwell ; Washington, 41,080 cap. Salem ; Wayne, 42,057, cap. Lyons ; Westchester, 48,686, capitol Bedford ; Wyoming, 29,663, cap. Warsaw ; Yates, 20,444, cap. Pennyan, Physical Structure. — The state, intersected by several mountain chains, presents a great diversity of Boil and climate. Though the western parts are less broken than those of the east and north, yet the en- tire surface, with partial exceptions, is either hilly or mountainous. The Hudson flows from a mountainous region, and is precipitated into a deep valley, at or near its junc- tion with the Mohawk. The Hudson valley is ono of the most remarkable in the hydrography of the United States. From the Mohawk to Sandy Hook it may be regarded as a long narrow bay rather than a river. The banks are, for the most part, abrupt, rising in some places to the height of 1200 or 1500 feet ; in many parts precipitous, as at the palisades, a few miles above the city of New- York, and scarcely ever less than 100 or 200 feet above the surface of the river. The pass, known as the Highlands, is flanked on both sides by enormous walls of nearly vertical rock, which presents every variety of form. The rude and deep valleys that intervene between the gigantic prominences, the dense and almost im- peneirable forests by which they are covered, and the *■• ^■- STATE OF NEW-YORK. tween )t im- idtho majestic grandeur of the mountain peaks, afTord ono of the most impressive landscapes to be found in na-. turo. Here the great primitive ranges pass the Hud- son, and here only do the ocean tides penetrate into the vast interior plains of the United States. The ridges of which wo are speaking, after leaving the Hudson, deflect towards the north, pass through Dutchess County into Massachusetts, thence inta Vermont, where they are known as the •• Green Mountains," and thence into Canada. The range forming the N. W. limits of Sullivan and Ulster, passes into Greene, where it attains its greatest elevation ; and thence through Schoharie, Otsego, Herkimer, and Montgomery, crosses the Mohawk by the Little Falls, enters Herkimer, as. Buming the name of Sacondago, and finally crosses the St. Lawrence at the *' Thousand Islands." One of the lateral ridges of this group extends towards the north, and attains to the height of upwards of 5.000 feet : Mount Marcy, the culminating point, is said to be 5,467 feet high. The Catskill group, the next in point of elevation, rises to its greatest height a few miles west of the town of Catskill. Its principal peak, the Round Top, is 3,804, and Pine Orchard House, a celebrated place of resort, is 3,000 feet above the adjacent river. All the subordinate chains east of the Hudson pursue a course nearly north. Nearly the whole of the northern part of the state, comprehending Fulton, Warren, Essex, Hamilton, Herkimer and parts of Montgomery, Saratoga, Wash- ington, Clinton, Franklin, St. Lawrence, Lewis, and Oneida Counties, belongs to the primitive formation ; as does also the south eastern portion, embracing parts of Orange, Ulster, Greene, Putnam, Dutchess, Colum- bia, Rensselaer, and some other counties. . These two groupj are separated by an elongated deposit of sedi- mentary rocks. The first mentioned is flanked on the S. E. by a spur of the lower transition ; on th-j N. E. by tertiary, and on all sides by transition rocks. It is t V • I . 9 STATE OF NEW-YORK. composed of grnnitc, gnniss, primitivo limestone, hy-_ persilieno, scrpontino nrul Hionitc : these, with tho addition of iiiica and tnlcose slates, Utnn iho second group. Willi some exceptions the remaininff por- tions of the state miiy be referred to the transilioa and the old red sandstone series. Tho first is com- posed of sandstone, siialcs, limestone grit, salt, {zvp- sum, iron ore, conglomerates, &-c. ; and tho latter of micaceous shales of various hues, sandatunea, con- glomerates, trap, grits, Slc. The Catskill Moun- tains occupy the principal field of the old red sand- stone, which is here largely developed. These several ^ormaiions abound in their appropriate mine- rals and fossils. In the primitive are found iron ore in great abundance, both magnetic and specular ox- ides ; Oies of copper, lead, and zinc have been found , but, with partial exceptions, have not been wrought to much advantage. In the transition rocks arc found salt in solution, which is manufactured to a great extent, chiefly in Onondaga county ; gypsum, water hme, argillaceous oxide of iron, hmonite, mar- ble, several varieties, silicious sandstone, a valuable material for building ; slates and red sandstone of va- rious textures. Peat and marl arc more generally dif- fused. The principal fossil remains of this group are the atrypas, bellerophon, calymene, isotelus, &,c. The plains of New- York are few m number, and limited in extent : the principal are, one on the east. em end of Long Island; a long narrow strip on the south side of Lake Ontario ; a few alluvial bottoms along some of the streams, and in the elevated table lands of the mountain region. The principal ZaAre^ are, Ontario and JSrre, the former of which is com- mon to New- York and Canada, and the latter to N. York, Ohio, Canada, and Michigan ; Lake Cham. plaiUi which forms a i)art of the boundary between New- York and Vermont; Lake George^ a tributary of the preceding ; Black Lake ; Oneida Lake ; Cay^. vga Lake ; Seneca^ Canandaiguay SkaneateleSf and ■^ STATE 0/ NEW-YOJRK. J Cronlicd Lakes, near tlio centre of the state ; Chau- tnuque, Lon^, Oicasco, Uacket^ Otsego, &c. The Jiivcr^ consist of llio Hudson, which risea in the northern part of tlie state, runs in a /j^encrul S. K. C0UI8C to Sandy liill, and thence due S. to its dis. chur^'e into the Athmtic Ocoan, 310 niilt.'S in length, 'i'he Mohawk, whicli unitoa with the Hudson a few miles above Albany, is the only branch of the latter worthy of notice, 150 miles. Tiie St. Lawrence wudhcs the N. W. quarter of the state for about 100 miles, forniin;^ the boundary between New- York and Canada west. The chief afiluenta of this portion of the St. Lnw- rence are, — liucket, 145, Osioegalchie, 140, and Black Rivers, 125 miles in length ; which rise in the high grounds near the sources of the Hudson. Thoso of Lake Ontario are, Oswego and Genesee, 150 miles in length ; and of Lake Erie, Buffalo Creek, 40 miles lonir. TiiC southern portion of the State is watered by the sources of the Delaware and Susquehanna, rivers of the Atlantic, and those of the Alleghany, which flows into the Ohio at Pittsburg, Pa. Tho minor rivers are, — Beaver, Canisteo, Chateaugai/t Grass, Indian, St. Regis, Sacondaga, &c. Islands. — Long and Staten Islands; the former about 150 miles long, and of a mean breadth of 18 miles; and the latter 18 by 13 miles, are situated in the S. E. quarter of tho State i and Grand Island, in the Strait of Niagara. The Water Falls are those of Niagara, Trenton, Genesee, Cohoes, &,c.; oil which will be described hereafter. Railways. — The principal Railways, finished or in the course of execution, are : — 1. The New York and Erie ; from Tappan, (now called Piermont,) on the Hudson, 25 nule^ above Now- York, to Dunkirk, on the eastern shore of Lake Erie, 445 miles. 2. Mohaiok and Hudion; from Albany to Schcn nectady, 16 miles. 10 STATE OF NEW-YORK. Ill: 3. Ulica and Schenectady^ 77 miles. 4. Syracuse and Utica, 53 miles. ^ 5. ^MftMr,; an stone, so common here. The original cost of this structure was upwards of ^500,000. It is occupied by the city councils and courts of law. The gover- nor of the state, fur the time being, has an audience chamber in the second story, which is decorated with portraits of distinguished Americans. The Me- Charlies' Institute holds its meetings in one of the basement rooms of the City Hall, and the American Institute, in a building in the rear of the Hall, for- merly occupied as the County Alms-house. On the east side of Broadway, nearly opposite the south entrance of the Park, is Clinton Hall, the upper rooms of which are occupied by the uimerican Mu. seum, and others by the Mercantile Library, consist- ing of 23,000 volumes. . iH Proceeding up Broadway a few steps above St. Paul's Churchi the Astor House presents itself. This v. \ CIVT OF NKW-VORK. n ., V'^ '^ is an immense hotel, built by J. J. Aator, and ia justly regarded as one of the best in the city. A short distance above the Astor, on the same side of Broadway, is Peale^a Museuvi, and about half a mile further on, is the Acadcmrjof DesigUyTinii New- York Society Library, both in the same building, which ia situated at the corner of Broadway and Leonard. street, and in which the annual exhibitions of the Academy are held. The library consists of 40,000 volumes. A commodious Readinfr Room is connected with this institution. The Lyceum of Natural History next presents itself in Broadway, near Prince-street. The object of this institution is to promote physical science in all its relations. The Academy is rich in specimens in the various depart, mcnts of Natural History, which are admirably ar- ranged. At the intersection of the Bowery, Broad- way, and the Fourth Avenue, is Union Farky a beautiful promenade with a magnificent fountain. — In the distance from the Battery to Union Park seve- ral other handsome churches, some splendid private mansions and hotels, in no way inferior to those just mentioned, will arrest the attention of the stranger. Among the latter are— « Philadelphia Hotel, where the steamboats land, foot of Battery Place — Batiery Hotel, corner of Bat- tery Place and Greenwich street ; connected with the above — Atlantic Hotel ; to which is attached a splendid garden, where music is to be heard every evening — promenade and refreshments ; opposite the Bowling Green and Fountain — Bunker^a Mansion House; a quiet, orderly, home-Uke Hotel — Blan- card's Globe Hotel — St. George's Hotel; similar to the above — Waverly House, corner of Exchange Place and Broadway — Tremont Temperance House, corner of Pine.street and Broadway — Croton Hbtel ; also on the temperance plan, 148 Broadway — Cafi Tortoni; conducted by Mr. Bardotte, in the style of f* a similar house in Paris. The next object worthy of i*': \ ■; 20 CITY OF NEW-YORK. a traveller's aftention is the Map Establishment of T. R. Tanner, 153 Broadway, west side ; where they can be supplied with all traveling works published in this country ; maps, guide and geographical works — Howard House; first class hotel, corner of Maiden Lane and Broadway ; a fine prominent building — Franklin Jfomte, corner of Dey-street and Broadway; also an excellent Hotel — Ameiican Hotel, corner of Barclay-street and Broadway; conducted by Mr. Cozzens, so well known at the Military Academy, West Point. This hotel is a resort of the officers of the Army and Navy — Washington Hotel, corner of Reade-strett and Broadway — Athenaum Hotel, cor- ner of Leonard-'^treet and Broadway — Carlton House ^ corner of Leonard-street and Broadway. As Broadway abounds in objects of interest, this may be regarded as the leading route fur strangers in viewing the city, we shall now proceed to describe or point out such other objects in the several quarters of the city as may seem to deserve notice. Custom House, at the corner of Nassau and Wall streets. This is built in imitation of the Parthenon at Athens. Its exterior walls are of white marble, and the whole edifice is so constructed, inside and out, as to be entirely fire proof. Each front contains an en- tablature, with several Doric columns of white marble. The business hall is circular, and surmounted by a dome which is supported by 16 Corinthian columns, 30 feet in height. The entire length of the building is 200 feet, breadth 90, and height 80 feet. It was erected by order of the General Government, at a cost of $1,175,000. Merchants* Exchange, in Wall-street, occupies the site^ofa similar structure, which was destroyed by fire a few years since. Its front on Wall-street is 200 feet, depth 171 and height 77 feet: from its base to the vertex of the dome, 124 feet. It is constructed throughout of granite, brought from Quincy, in Mas. sachusetts. The front recess is decor&ted with 18 CITT OP NEW-YORK. 21 Ionic columns, each formed of a single block of granite, 38 feet in height and 4J feet in diameter. — The Rotunda, or Exulmngo Room, is 100 in diamc^ ter, and 90 feet hi(;ii : it contains 8 Corinthian co. lumns, of Italian mnrblo, each 41 feet high and 4J feet in diameter. The Exchange was built by a joint stock company, at an expense of $1,800,000. Hall of Justice, corner of Centre and Jiconard streets, is a remarkable structure, composed of gra- nite. It occupies an area in common with the City Prison, or L9ck-up House, 253 by 200 feet, and is built in the Egyptian stylo. The Criminal Courts hold their sessions in this building, which, with its adjunct, the City Prison, are belter known among the citizens as •♦ the tombs." Columbia College, onposite Park Place, founded in 1754. New. York Uai^icrsity^ situated opposite the east side of Washiii^ton Square, is a Gothic edifice 180 feet in front a..d ^^OO deep. It consists of a maia building, with wings and towers at each corner. An immense window of stained glass decorates the front, and forms one of its most striking features. The Historical Society, with its library of 12,000 vo- lumes, occupies rooms in the University buildings. Next to this is the beautiful Gothic Church, occupi- ed by a congregation of the Dutch Reformed denomi- nation, in charge of the Rev. Mr. flutton. Among the multitude of churches (upwards of 170) distributed through the city, the following deserve spe- cial notice from their architectural beauty : Trinity Church, in Broadway, opposite Wall St.; a magnificent Gothic structure — St. PauVs, corner of Broadway and Fulton street — Dutch Reformed, near the Univer- sity — St. John*8 Chapel, opposite St. .Tohn's Park — St. Patrick'a Cathedral — Church of the Messiah — Church ofthi Ascension — French Protestant CAMrcA, Broome street — Baptist Church — St> Luke's Church, Hudson street — St. Peter's, Barclay street — St. Thomas. V 83 CITY OF WEW-YORK. ! 11 Churchy a gotliic church, corner of Houston.strctt and Broad woy — Unitarian Churchy Mercer-street. There are some rural Cemeteries in and near the city. That of Greenwood, in Brooklyn, ia di^tin. guished fur the beauty of its scenery and the taste dis. played in the arrangement of its numerous avenues. The principal Benevolent Institutions are : — New. Yurk Hospital^ in Broadway — Alms-house and House of Refuge^ at Bcllevue — Asylum for the In- sane Poor, on bluci<.well*8 Island — Lunatic Asylum and Orphans'* Asylum, at Bloomingdale, 5 miles north of »he city — Marine Hospital — Seaman^ s Retreat and Sailors^ Snug Harbor^ on Staten Island — U. S. Naval Hospital^ Brooklyn — Institution for the Blinds 8th avenue — Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, 50th street, 3. miJes from the City Hall — Orphans' Asy. lum^ in 12ih street — Rovian Catholic Orphans* Asy- luMt Frince-street: — New-York Dispensary nnd the Northern Dispensary, supply the indigent with med. icines and medical advice gratuitously — Lovg IsL and Farms, a branch of the Alms-house, established for the instruction and maintenance of pauper child- ren. Besides these there are several Benevolent So- cieties, for the relief of distressed foreigners of every description; Bible and Tract Societies ; Missionary, Sunday School, and Education Associations, &c., &c. Places OF Amusement. — In addition to six regular Theatres, in various parts of the city, there are sev- eral Public Gardens, where musical and dramatic en- tertainments are occasionally given : Niblo's, Vaux- Lall, and Castle Gardens are the principal. By the aid of the omnibuses, hacks, and cabs, which may be found at any moment* a stranger may be conveyed to any part of the city or adjoining vil- lages at a small expense. Passage to any part of the state, and indeed to any part of th^ world* is af- forded almost daily, by the innumerable railroads, staged, steamboats, or sailing vessels, which are con. stantly departing from the city in every directioa. ■ U-: ■'• J •sTi-, ■ ' ' ^ .£:K. ENVIRONS OF NEW. YORK. The principal place in the vicinity of New York h Brooklyn, finely situated on Long Island, opposite ihe S. E. side of the city. It is an incorporated city of Xing's county, with 36,283 inhabitants. The streets, with some excep- tions, intersect each other at right angles, and are gencrolly wide and well paved. Its commanding situation, salubrious atmoFphcrc, and conlmodious buildings, have induced a vast num. bcr of perstJns doing business in New York to locate themselvos here. The means of comrtlunictition af- forded by steam ferry-boats, which are constantly ply- ing between the two cities, and scarcely ever take more than four minutes in crossing, make it more convenientto many persons to reside at Brooklyn than in the upper partt of the city. Hence, the rapid in. crease of Brooklyn ; which, in 1810, contained only 4,402 inhabitants. Besides the usual county build- ings there are, within the corporate limits of Brooklyn, 32 Churches, belonging to various denominations, 3 Banks, 3 Insurance Companies, a Lyceum, a handa some structure of granite ; City Library l I 1 i! :■ Hi;'' : l! !(-■■* »■ iA r>ifr>^'vi. ROUTES FROM THE CITY OF NEW-YORK, To Philadelphia^ via S, Amboy and Boxdentown, \* Places marked thus f are described in other parts of the work. Steamboat, Gastle William,... . 1 ]{edlow*s Island,... 1 2 New Brighton, .... 5 7 J^lizabethport 5 12 Perth Amboy, 15 27 @outh Amboy, 2 29 Railroad. Spotswood, 9 38 Hightstown, 13 51 Bordentown, 13 64 Burlington, 10 74 Philadelphia,... ....20 94 m> It; \;- ;i-v' ^0.«',i .vA' m n i?EW-YORK TO PHILADELPHIA. 29 Castle William^ a strong fortress belonging to the United Slates, situated on the West side of Gover- nor's Island, and constituting one of the principal defences of the city and harbor of New York. It was erected previously to the late war with Great Britain ; it is now garrisoned and well supplied with ordnance of great power. Kobin^s Reef. — A ledge of rocks in New- York Bay, upon which a light- house has been erected ; which, with Bedlow^a Island, also belongs to the United States. It is surmounted by a small mihtary work, called Fort Wood, designed to co-operate with Castle Wil- liams in the defence of the city. New Brighton.^ Elizabethport. — A very neat and flourishing vil- lage of New Jersey, which has recently i^ajted into notice; being at the eastern terminus of the Eliz- abethport and Somerville Railroad, now in operation. Its site was, until lately, known as Elizabethtown Point, and was the landing place for Etizabethtown, which is situated a few miles in the interior. Pop- ulation about 600. 5 - Perth Ambpy. — A city and port of entry of Mid- dlesex county, New Jersey, at the confluence of Raritan river and Staten Island sound. Popula- tion 1,303. It derives its name in part from James, Earl of Perth, one of the original proprietors of the ground ; which was laid off into town lots in 1683, and incorporated in 1784. A large portion of the buildings are elevated forty or fifty feet above the adjacent bay. r •!> : ^ ^ The Brighton House, a large hotel, erected here several years since, forms a striking object of atten- tion. Like many other "experiments," the hotel failed to realise the expectations of its proprietors ; and it is now occupied, during the summer months, by a wealthy fi^mily of New York. South Ami- la a mere landing place, where the Camden and Amboy railroad terminates. Here the 3* 'm- ao ROUTE TROM :il;i!iif|| i.;) passengers for Philadelphia quit the steamboat and enter the cars. Spotswood. — A neat village of Middlesex County, containing about 150 inhabitants, 3 churches, and the usual factories, shops, &.c. Hightatown. — A thriving village ; which, since the completion of the Camden and Amboy railroad, has become a place of considerable note. The /il. lage is rapidly improving, by the erection of many neat and substantial buildings, which now amount to more than one hundred, with about 700 inhabitants. Bordentown. — A town m Burlington county. New Jersey, containing about 1,700 inhabitants. The town is situated on a high bank ; which, while it gives it a commanding position, serves to obstruct its view from the river. The Delaware and Raritau Canal h^s its western termination here. Joseph Bi^onaparte, many years since, selected Bordentown as a place of residence, where he con- tinued for some years. The buildings and grounds lire among the most conspicuous objects of the place. Burlington. — A city of New Jersey, situated on the left bank of the Delaware, containing 3,434 in. habitants. Among the buildings are, six places of worship, a city hall, a lyceum, bank, several exten. sive boarding-schools, &c. The town is regularly laid out, with streets crossing each other at right an. gles. They are mostly well built ; some with side pnd front lots, wh' ^h serve to beautify the town and give it a neat and airy appearance. The " bank," which is chiefly occupied by country seats belonging to Philadelphians, consists of a beautiful grassy plane, with a gentle inclination towards the river. Here is the residence of Bishop Doane, a Gothic structure, surmounted by a cross,, and resembles one of the CathoUc Missionary stations of former times. (For a full description of Philadelphia, see Tanner's Cen* trai Traveler. ri^-r ■ t\ '^}f ' '« ,^ '-**' r^:-'' '♦ ; > WEW-TORK TO PHfLADELFHIA. 31 From New- York to Philadelphia, via Neio.Brun*. wick and Trenton, by Railroad, New Brunswick,... 4 33 Princeton 17 49 Trenton, 10 59 Bordentown, 5 64 Philadelphia 30 94 Jersey City, 1 Newark, 8 9 Elizabethtown, .... 5 14 Rahway 5 19 Matouchin, 9 28 Jersey City.f . v Newark — This is by far the largest, and as a man- ufacturing place, the most important town, or rather city, for it is organized as such, in the State of New Jersey. Its population, according to the census of 1840, is 17,392, a large portion of which is engaged in the various manufactories, which abound here to an unusual extent. Newark was first settled in 1666, by people from New England. It is the seat of jus. tice of Essex county, and may now be regarded as the metropolis of the state. The Passaic, here a beautiful stream, flows along the eastern side of the town, lind gradually curves towards the east, in its passa'^e into Newark bay, three miles distant from the city. The town plot, except in the immediate vicinity of the Passaic, is elevated some thirty or forty feet above the river ; and the country, on the west, continues to rise for a few miles, and then descends in the direction of Eliz^ abethtown. Its streets and avenues are wide, and shaded by an abundance of trees, which add greatly to the beauty of the city and to the comfort of pas. sengers. The city is supplied with water from a co. pious spring, a short distance from the town. The commercial facilities of Newark have been greatly augmented of late, by the completion of the Morris Canal, and the various railroads which now pass through the city. These, superadded to the almost ianumerable manufacturing ettftbUshments in ond ■•' Vk .-.i^- "je'-' > 32 ROUTE FROM 1 ' i I ■ ' i \\m ii i lii about the place, give it an active and business.likd appearance, gratifying alike to those who are practi. cally engaged in them, and to those who witness their operations. Among the articles manufactured here, most of which are sent to distant markets, may be mentioned, leather, saddlery and harness, carriages and carriage furniture, hats, boots and shoes, in immense t^uan- tities, brass and iron castings, soap and candles, tin and sheet-iron ware, clothing of all sorts, Venetian blinds, cabinet furniture, jewelry, clocks, tools and agricultural implements, ropes and cordage, malt liquors, pottery, together with a host of other matters, ** too numerous to mention." Besides the factories, most of which are on a large scale, there are several breweries, grist and saw millc>, dyeing houses, and printing offices, each of which iissues a newspaper, &.c. There are schools innu- merable, academies, and several literary and scien- tific institutions. Of churches, the Episcopalians have two ; the Presbyterians five ; the Baptists two ; the Dutch Reformed one ; the Methodists three ; and ♦he Roman Catholics' one. "?he other public build- ings are the court house, county offices, three banks, and the immense dep6t of the New Jersey Railroad Company. Situated in the immediate neighborhood of the bos- tile armies, the people of Newark were kept in a con. fitant state of alarm during the revolutionary struggle. On one occasion the British sent from New- York a detachment consisting of five hundred men, who burnt t\e academy and committed other excesses. They were, however, induced to quit the town before they could accomplish the destruction of the place, which, no doubt, was their object. ' i^tiiv^y?:, Elizabethiown. — A beautiful town, situated on Elizabeth creek, in Essex county, containing about five hundred buildings and 3,000 inhabitants. It is a borough town, and one pf the oldest in the state, its In ^ KEW-TORK TO PHILADELPHIA* ^ K' site having been purchased from the Indians by a company from Ijong Island, fM) early as the year 1664. Owing to its contiguity to New- York, the quiet of EliKabethtown was frequently disturbed by the contending parties during the revolutionary war. In one of these conflicts, a resident clergyman of the Presbyterian church was killed, after witnessing the destruction of his church, which was burnt by the British. There is in this town an unusual proportion ofhandRome dwellings and churches; which, with the wide and regular streets, impart an air of great neatness and beauty to the place, and render it a very desirable residence. . The EUzabethport and Somerville railroad, as well as that from Jersey City to New Brunswick, pass through the town. These, with turnpikes and several good common roads, afford extensive facil- ities for conveying to market the agricultural pro- ducts and manufactures of the town and adjacent country. Among the latter may be mentioned, oil-cloth, earthenware, ropes and cordage, cotton bagging, tin and sheet-iron ware, clocks, carriages, leather, iron castings, steam engines, and machinery of all kinds. The place is also provided with several literary, sci- entific, and benevolent institutes, which afford to the inhabitants the means of intellectual enjoyment and moral culture, amid the busy scenes of their daily pccupation. With all these advantages, it is scarcely necessary for us to add that Elizabethtown is a flourishing place. Rahway. — A large and thriving town of Middlesex county, formed by the union of several villages. One of these was formerly called ** Bridgetown ;" but as there was another Bridgetown in the state, the legislature, by special enactment, united the whole, under the name of Rahway, after the river upon whose banks they are situated ; by which 1*; ! . I m ;ii;i' B^ — - ■'?A] M KOUTH EROM nomo they are novv gonerally known. Their united population is 2,533, originoljy from New England. The Presbyterians, Methodists, Baptists and Friends have places of worship here. That of the Presbyte- rians is a beautiful structure. Among the hberal institutions of the place, which possesses many, there are a public library, an " Athenean Academy," so called, a fine building, erected by a company ex. pressly for the institution, which partakes, in some measure, of thp nature of a high school. There are, also, Sunday schools attached to most of the churches ; six or eight well cjnductcd public schools, a bank, a printing office, from which a weekly newspaper is issued. If tl^e people of Rahway have beep thus liberal in p/oyiding means for the moral and intellec- tual improvement of their youth, they have been no Jess so in the erection and embellishment of their dwellings, which present a remarkably neat appear- ance. Rahway may be, with truth, styled a man- ufacturing place. Estabhshments on an ej^tensive scale are in daily operation -here. The n^anufaptures consist of silk printing, carriages and carriage furni- ture, bats, sho^s, clothing, clocks^ earthenware, and cotton goods. Maiouchin. — A mere hamlet of Middlesex county, containing about twenty buildings. It is, however, situated in the centre of a populous and fertile coun- try; which, from the numerous buildings, may be igarded as an extended village. i; New Brunswick, — This place is situated in the counties of Somerset and MiddleseXt and is the seat of justice of the latter. It is an incorporated city, and next to Newark the largest town in the state. It is situated on the right bank of the Raritan, about twelve miles above Amboy bay. Its population is 8,693, and the number of buildings is about twelve hundred. The public buildings, &.c., consist of the court-house and its appendages, college edifice (Rut- gexs?. College) and grammar school, an Episcopal ••.,:^.: \ * NEW-YORK TO PIIILADELFIIIA. 35 church, a Presbyterian church, a Baptist church. Catholic chapel, two Methodist churches, one Dutch Refurmed church, two academies, some incorporated schools, several common schools, and two banks. In addition to the splendid viaduct of the New Jer- sey Railroad, there id a fine Wooden bridge across the Raritan, one thousand feet long, with double ways. The Delaware and Raritan Canal terminates, and the New Jersey Railroad and that to Trenton unite here. These railroads form an important link in the great north and south line, which will, ere long, extend without interruption, from Portsmouth, in New Hampshire, to New Orleons, Pensacola, &c. Some of the buildings have an antiquated appear- ance, having been erected on the first settlement of the place, in 1713, which was then called **Prig- more*8 swamp." Those built by the Dutch colony, which emigrated from Albany, though of a more re- cent date, are ilo less remarkable, not only in their peculiar construction, but also from their position, having their gable ends fronting on the streets. Al. bany.sfree£ riiay be readily distinguished by its char- acteristic edifices. Constant communication between New Brunswick and the city of New York is afforded by several steamboats, railroads, and turnpikes. There are also excellent turnpike and common roads leading in every direction, by which the city of New Brunswick enjoys considerable commerce, not only in the agricultural products of the contiguous country, but also in the manufactures of its numerous work. shops. Princeton. — This attractive little town has been long celebrated as the scat of Nassau Hall, one of the oldest and most respectable colleges in the coun. try. It contains also a theologicel seminary, estab. lished some years since, by the Presbyterians. Both institutions are in a flourishing condition, and are succeiSsfuIIy prosecuting the objects which they have in view. i6 c ROU'TE fllOM / . Frincdton, by the new arranefement of coantiei, if embraced within the limits of Mercer county, and lies a small distance to the north of the railroad to New Brunswick. Its position :« considered one of the most salubrious in the state, being considerably elevated above the surrounding country, and of course is free from those exhalations common to low lands. Princeton is an incorporated town, and contains about three hundred and thirty buildings, with 3,055 inhabitants, including the inmates of both colleges. There are five places of public worship, and several ■chools of a high order, for both males and females. Whether we regard the position of the town, its neat Und attractive dwellings, or the general intelligence of its inhabitants, we know not a more desirable place of residence than Princeton. One of the most important incidents of the revolii'i tion occurred in the neighborhood of this town. On the night of January 3d, 1777, the American and British armies lay encamped oa opposite banks of the Assanpink creek, near Trenton. The British commander, confident of success in the coming con.^ f ict, only awaited the approach of day to begin the work of destruction. In this critical situation, and Menaced by a force every way superior to his own, Washington determined to abandon his position on the Assanpink, and by a circuitous march along the left flank of the enemy, fall into their rear at Prince<« ton. When it was dark the army, leaving its fires lighted, and the sentinels on the margin of the creek, decamped with perfect secrecy. About sunrise, two British regiments, that were on their march to join the rear of the British army at Lawrence, fell in with the van of the Americans, conducted by General Mercer, and a very sharp action ensued. The ad.* vanced party of Americans, composed chiefly of mi. litia, soon gf\\e way, and the few regulars attached to them could not maintain their ground. General Mercer, while gallantly exerting himself to rally hie NEW-YORK TO rillLADELrillA 37 broken troopa, received a mortal wound. GenernI Washington, however, who followed closcin their rear, now led on the mnin bo'ly of the nnny, and attacked the enemy with great spirit. While he exposed him- flelf to their hottest fire, ho was po well supported by the name troops which had aided him a few days bo« fore in the victory at Trenion, that the British were compelled to give way, and Washington pressed for- ward to Princeton. A party of the British, that had token refuge in the college, after receiving a few dis- chorpfrs from ihe American ficld-picces, surrendered themselves prisoners of war; but the principal part of the regiment that was left ihcro saved itself by a precipitate retreat to Brunswick. In this action up- wards of a hundred of the British were killed and nearly three hundred were taken prisoners. Great was the surprise of LordCornwallis when the report of the artillery at Princeton, and the arrival of breath- less messengers, apprised him that the enemy was in the rear. Alarmed by the danger of his position, he commenced a retreat; and being harassed by the militia and the country people, %vho had suffered by the outraged perpetrated by his troops on their ad- vance, he did not deem himself in safetv until he ar- rived at Brunswick; from whence, by n,.ans of the Raritan, he hod communication with New York. Trenton. — The capital of the State of New Jersey, is situated on the left or east bank of the Delaware, in Mercer county, of which it is the seat of justice, twenty-eight miles north-east from Piiiladelphia, and fifty-nine south-west of New York. Its site is im- mediately upon the mouth of the Assanpink, near the lower falls of t!ie Delaware. It is approached from the Pennsylvania side by a fine bridge of five arches, supported by stone piers and abutments. There are now about 1,000 buildings of every sort, and 4,035 inhabitants. The place was incorporated as a city on the I3th November, 1792. Its public buildings, and other objects of curiosity, consist of the State i ■i I 38 ROUTE f;tom ilN. |l!|il ' ll I'i mm I'til hi ■ 'lit' mtrm House or Legislative Hall, Governor'a House, County Offices, StPte Prison, and Ci Hall. In addition to the above, there are in and about Trenton, sever-'.! beautiful rh'irches, two banking houses, an academy, many boarding-schools, a vast number of comraon schools, and other institutions of a public nature ; together with the usual complement of stores, taverns, manufactories, cotton mills, print- ing offices, some of which issue weekly journals ; several literary and scientific institutions, and in short, all other omponcnts that constitute a little city such as Trenton Among the leading avenues of trade possessed by Trenton, those by the canals and railroads are the ftiost impcrta It. The Delaware and Raritan Canal, from Bordentown to PVew Brunswick, and its lav, igable feeder, pass through Trenton ; whence rail- roads exterd to Philadelphia and New Brunswick ; r.nd another, which intersects the Camden and Am- boy railroad, a short distance from Bordentown. The manufacturing facilities of the city have, of late, been materially improved. A company, incor- porated in 1831, has just completed a short canal and mill -race or the bank of the river, by which a valuable water power is afforded, and now extensively and profitably employed. The name of Trenton occupies a prominent place in the annals of our revolution. It was here, in 1776, that Ge*ieral Washington, with five thousand five hundred mm, after crossing the Delaware, amid h\1 the dangers of an inclement night, attac ed the British forces, under Colonel Rahl, who was mor- tally wounded by the first fire. His men, in the ut- most dismay, attempted to file off towards Princelor. ; but General Washington perceiving iheir intention, moved a portion of his troops into the road in front, and thus frustrated thei^ design. Their artillery having beeu seized, and the Amer icarj pressing upon them» they snrrerdered. Many *■ jt- ik NEW-YORK TO KASTON, PA. 39 of ihe Hessians were killed — a thousand were made prisoners — while a few escaped and flet^ in the direc- tion of Bordentown. Of the Anicrican troops only two ' 'ere killed and two frozen to death. Wash, ington, soon after this bni'iant affair, re-crosded the Delaware with his prisoners, six pieces of artillery, a thousand stand of arms, and some military stores, Bristol. — A beautiful village, situated on the west bank of the Delaware, nearly opposite to Burluigtonr Its high and commanding position early attracted tho attention of the first settlers, and a town, called Buckingham, was laid off, and subsequently incor^ porated by Sir William Kieth, in 17^0; under the name of Bristol, Among the numerous attractions of this beautiful spot are two mineral springs, at which buildings, for the accommodation of visiters, were erected some years fiiace, and dignified by the name of Bath. Bristol contains at present about two hundred and fifty dweUings, with 1,734 inhabitants, a bank, sev. eral places of worship, a masonic lodge, &.c. The houses, especially those on the immediate bank of the river, present a remarkably neat and hardsomfi appearance. The Delaware division of thti Pennsylvania Canal terminates her^, in a spa,. cious basin, which communicates with the Delaware river. This canal, with the Lehigh Company'* Canal, forms an uninterrupted water communicai. tion with *he aothra^ite coal re^on of Northampton county. , ,. Bordentown.^ » . From Neu-Yorlc to Easfon^ Pa.^ via Morrisville and Schooleys Mountain Springs. Newark, by rail-road, 10 ., Morristown, do 20 30 Mendham; by stage, .'. 7 37 Chester,... do 5 4^ w ¥> ROUTE FROM "■^ il I. ■; • 4' -w German Valley, by stage, .....5 47 Schooley's M. Springs, by stage, ... 3 50 Mansfield, do ... 9 59 Easton, do ...15 74 Newark.^ '^' - ' '•'' Morristown. — Seat of justice of Morris county, and one of the most populous and thriving towns of New Jersey. It is beautifully situated on an elevated plain, which rises gradually from the river bank. Most of the pubHc buildings, and some of the best dwellings, face an open square in the centre of the town. There are, besides the buildings devoted to county purposes, several handsome churches, an academy, and a due proportion of stores, manufac. tories, workshops, and taverns ; grist, paper and saw mills. There are also printing offices, from which weekly journals are issued ; Sunday schools, a bible Bociety, a temperance society, and several i istitutions of a like description. With but few exceptions, the houses are well built ; each is surrounded by culti. vated gardens, which impart to the place an air of much rural beauty. By means of pipes laid in the streets, most cl the water used in the town is brought from a never.failing spring, about two miles distant. The Morris and Essex railroad, twenty miles in length, from Newark, terminates here. Population 4,013. Mendham. — A village of Morris county, contain, ing a Presbyterian church, a boarding-school, several stores, mills, and about sixty dwel 'ngs. Population 1,378. V ^ Cheater. — A viJlage of Morris county, containing forty or fifty buildings, including two churches, which extends for nourly a mile along the road from Easton to Morrisyille. Population 1,321. . German Valley^ a small settlement in Morris county, on the south branch of the Raritan. .'^*''- -\ '- ff KEW-YORK TO E ASTON. «t Schmdcy^s Mountain Springs. — A celebrated piaco of resort of invalids and others, in search of health or pleasure. The water of ihesp springs, which are situated in a small depression of iVf usconicong moun- tain, in Morris county, N. J., is chalybeate, is strong. ly marked by the usual ferrufi^inous impregnations, and the other characteristics of such springs. Tiiey are used to great advantage in chronic cases and gen- eral debility. Independent of the benefit to be de- rived from the use of the waters, the great elevation of the springs (nearly 1,100 fee*,; produces an agree- able temperature, wh'.ch braces and invigorates the frame. The accommodations here are in no way inferior to other establishments of the kind elsewhere. There are three extensive hotels, besides several pri. vate boarding houses, which afford to visitors the •pportunity of selecting the location most congenial to thtjir wishes. MansJieUL — A pretty little village of forty or fifty buildings in Warren county, New Jersey. It is sup- plied with water by means of pipes, which conduct it to several fountains in the village. Eastoii. — This is by far the largest and most im- portant town in ^.his section of the state, and is tho seat of justice of Northampton county. It was in- corporated as a borough in September, 1789, and now contains a population of 5,510. The town is situated on a point o{ land formed by the Delaware and f>«>''iigh rivers and the Bushkill creek. The stre . ..♦ ' ri {aid out at right angles to each other, and aloi^ : « ardinal points. The lower part of the town, n< » tiiC Delaware, is on an elevated level, but the western extremity rises by a gradual acclivity, to a considerable elevation. ' There are within the bouudaries of the borough, three oil mills, aix grist mills, two saw mills, two dis- tilleries, tiiree tan-yards and tanneries, one brewery, and thirty.one dry-goods and hardware stores. A librTy formed in 1811, containmg about four thoiu I i i 'ill: •I ^ iw ii;ii liili 1|^ ROUTE FROM sand voiumes. A mineralogical cabinet. A college calkd the Lafayette College, in which the learned r >. languages, &c. are taught. Several places of public worship. A court-house, erected 1758. Four fine bridges ; one over the Delaware, a most substantial structure, erected at an expense of $80,000; one, a chain bridge, over the Lehigh, on the Philadelphia road; and two over the Bushkill. There are two banks, — one the Easton Bank, with a capital of $40,000. ^^ \ From New. York to Passaic Fulls, hy railroad, ;^ Jersey r'\7 • ^ , ,, ''' Bergen 2 3 . ' , ^*' Acquackanv , 9 12 ' Paterson anu the Falls, , 5 17 ' ' Jersey City. i * ' x . ,\^ : ■ BergenA '^' ' ''■''■'-:' AcquacJcanonk. — A village of Passaic county, sit- uated 01^ the right bank of the Passaic, 12 miles N. W. from New- York. It contains two places of worship, ^ one cotton factory and about 450 inhabitants, who |u:e chiefly engaged In manufacturing. Passaic Falls. — This is a beautiful sheet of water, which presents an unbroken fall of fifty feet. It is situated at the town of Paterson, on the Passaic river, whose banks here are nearly vertical. The water in its passage, through the lapse of ages, has worn a deep chasm in the solid rock, which is obviously retreating, as the abraided banks below testify. No spectacle can be more imposing than is presented by i the fallinsr liquid, as it glides gently over the brow of the precipice. The town of Paterson is admirably ^ situated for manufacturing purposes at the falls, which t . afford a constant &nd abundant supply of water for the vast number of factories in operation in the town. NEW-YORK TO ALBANY. 43 which is now one of the most important manufactur- ing places in the United States. The number of buildings at present in Paterson and New Manches- ter, &n adjoining village, is upwards of one thousand, ana that of tht; inhabitants, 7,598. Here are Pres. byterians, both of the old and new schools ; Dutch Reformed, Roman Catholics, Episcopalians, Bap- tists, Methodists, 'Seceders, Lutherans, Friends, Universalists. Unitarians, &c. There are in the town a society for the promotion of literature and science, which has an excellent library, a Mechanics^ Insti. tute, a Museum, a Circulating Library, a Public Li- brary, and some other inatitutions of a similar de- Bcription. Route up the Hudson, to Albany^ by st am.boat. Towns on the West bank. Towns, Sic. on the East bank. Hoboken Wehawk 2 Bull's Ferry 3 Fort Lee 4 Piermont 14 Nyack 5 Warren 7 Stony Point 5 Caldwell's Landing 3 Fort Clinton ^ FortMontgoraery > Bare Mount ) Fort Putnam ) West Point S "' Crows'.neSt Mt. ... 3 Butter Hill 1 New Windsor 3 Newburg 2 Marlboro' ..6 Milton 4 1 3 6 10 24 29 36 41 44 4 48 4 52 55 56 59 61 67 71 Bloomingdale .... Manhattanville ... 2 Spuyten DuyvelC. 5 Yonkers 4 Hastings 3 Dobbs' Ferry 2 Tarrytown 5 Sing Sing 6 Teller's Point, > „ Croton, { • ** Verplanck City... 6 Peekskill 3 Anthony's Nose Mt 2 Sugar-loaf Mt 4 Cold Spring 4 Bull Mt 2 Break.neck Mt.... 1 FishkillLand'g, ) or Martinsville, ) Hamburg, 6 6 8 13 17 20 22 27 33 35 41 44 46 50 54 56 57 4 61 67 :1.1 m 44 ROUTE FROM Towns on Mie Wett bank. New Paltz Landing 3 74 Pelham 10 Columbus i n Kingston ^ Giasgotv 10 Bristol 2 Catskill 9 Athens 5 Coxackie 8 New Baltimore .... 7 Ooeymans 2 Albany 12 Towns, &c. oa the East bauk. 84 90 100 102 111 133 145 7 97 3 100 v^-^. Barnegut 4 71 Poughkeepsie ... . 3 74 Hyde Park (i 80 Stntesburg 5 85 Rhynbeck 5 90 Barrvtown, or ) Red Hook L L. \ 116 Tivoli, or Red [ 124 Hook U. L. J 131 Saugerties 1 101 Hudson 15 116 Columbiaville .... 5 121 Kinderhook lan'g 6 127 Schodack 8 135 Castlelon 2 137 Greenbush 8 145 Hoboken.i see •* Environs gf New-York," p. ^7. Wehawk.f ,^;'' Blooming dale. i , v; Manhattanzille.f BulVa l^erry. — A noted ferry across the Hudson. Fort Lee. — This fort, which, with Fort Washing- ton on the oppoLite side of the river, was the scene of important military operations during the revolu- tionary war. A large body of American militia sta- tioned here, in attempting to retreat, were overpow- ered by a vastly superior force, consisting chiefly of Hessians, when they were either slain or consigned to the prison ships, a fate more terrific than death itself. Th« site of Port Lee is upwards of 300 above the water. A hotel at the landing is much frequented. A few miles below Fort Lee, commences the Pali- sades, a lofty basaltic wall, which extends for twen- ty miles up the west bank of the Hudson. They are nearly vertical, and range from 200 to 500 feet in height. The columns, which are divided into seg- ments, admurably fitted to each other, are altogether PJEW-TORK TO ALBANY. 45 of a coarser texture than most other similar forma, tions, though, in some parts, the angles are equally perfect and well defined. ^ -." > v M-^i Spuyten Duyvel Creek. — An inconsiderable open- ing on the east side o.^the Hudson, which, with Har, Isem river, separates the island of New. York from the main land of Westchester county. Kingsbridge. — A sort of rialto among the New- Yorkers, crosses the strait a short distance from thf) Hudson. Yonkerit. — A pleasant village of Westchester coun- ty, situated at the outlet of Saw.mill creek. It is built mostly on the river bank, which, being some- what elevated, commands a fine view of the river and the palisades opposite. Besides the two churches,- an academy and several taverns and store houses, there are upwards of 75 dwellings, and a population of about 500. Hastings. — A small village and landing, of the same county, consisting of 15 or 20 buildings of va. rious sorts, including one hotel, a button factory, &c. Dobbs' Ferry IB a small settlement and public land- ing in Westchester county, with a ferry to the oppo, site side of the Hudson. ^^*;^ ii^^ i^i^tiftii > Piermontf formerly Tappan Sloat — This village having been seloctcd for the eastern terminus of the N. York and Eri«{ rail.road, the secluded little Dutch set. tlement of the ** Sloat," which had reposed in peace and quietness for a century or more, has received the classic soubriquet of ** Piermont," and is now an important town of Rockland county. Such has been the effect of this movement upon the unsophisticated village, that its site is now covered by handsome public and private /edifices, which form a striking contrast with the little Dutch houses of its primitive inhabitants. There are in the town upwards of 150 buildinge, in 'eluding two or three churches, and a population of about 1,100. A pier about one mile in length, which $ U''-: 6^ v 46 ROUTE FROM !il il: li forms the commencement of the rail.road just men- tioned, extends over the flats to a commodious dock, near the channel of the river. The New- York and Erie rail-road will, when completed, cx'end to Dun- kirk, on the eastern shore of Lake Erie, a distance of 450 miles. It is now in use as far as Goshen, with which daily communication is had. The little village of Tappan, which is situated two miles west of Piermont, is well known as the place of execution of Major Andr^, whose remains were a few years since trans- ferred to England, his native country. Two miles below Piermont, commences, Tappun Sea^ — An expansion of the Hudson, about ten miles in length and four in breadth, having Tarry- town and Singsing on its east margin, and Piermont and Ny ick on the west. Tarrytown is a large and well built town, with about 1,100 inhabitants. This is the town in which Major Andr^ was taken by the *' Cow-boys," Paul- ding, Williams and Van Wart, after his conference with Arnold. v. . r Sleepy Hollow is a little to ths north of Tarrytown. Nyaek. — A village of Rocklend county, containing about 650 inhabitants, three or four churches, and the usual complement of taverns, shops, &.c. Singsing. — An incorporated town of Westchester county, situated in the N. E. angle of Tappan bay, near Teller's point. It was founded in 1796, and derives its name from the indian terms Osain ainsc^ (stony ground,) a most apposite name. Singsing be- ing celebrated for its marble quarries, as the ground plot consists of a plain which decHnes rapidly as it approaches the river, nearly every building may be seen in passing. Besides the state prison near the Mrater's edge, there are 4 churches, 6 public houses, one ship yard, one iron foundry, an academy, a hand- eome marble building, and about 350 dwellings, with 0bout 2,500 inhabitants, ^m;? ^^y^he State Prison^ in the southern part of the towni k NEW-VORK TO ALBANY. 47 is an immenco pile, resembling military barracks. The principal building, which is occupied exclusively by the men, is 480 feet long, 44 wide and 5 stories high, and contains 1,000 cells. The females are placed in another building, which stands upon the high ground in the rear. Croton river. — From which the city of New- York is supplied with water, has its principal fountain in Dutchess county, and after a S. W. course of 45 miles, enters the Hudson a short distance above Singsing. It is a beautiful stream, whose waters are so pure and transparent, that its pebbly bottom may be seen at a considerable depth. > . ^^ ; v. The Aqueduct^ which conveys the water to the city, is a most splendid work, not surpassed in mag. nitudo, by any similar structure of either ancient or modern times. Its transverse section in the clear is nine feet high, and seven and a half feet wide, its sides have an inclination of about 1 in 7, inward, from bot. tom to top. It is nearly 42 miles in length, extends from the great dam about seven miles up the stream, through Singsing, Yonkers, and over HarlsBm strait, by m immense bridge, to the distributing basin in the city. ■'''"'■ ''■ ^'■'' ■' - ' ■ '■' ,-'•'! ai,;.;sW Teller's Point. — A peninsula at the mouth of the Croton, which separates Tappan and Haverstraw bays. Croton or Callahurg Landing, — A small village near Teller's point, containing about 70 inhabitants. Warren^ or Haverstraw. — A village of Rockland county, situated on the western recess of Haverstraw bay. Population about 450, with two churches, tav- erns, stores, &c. Haverstraw Bay. — An expansion of the river, which is near about three miles in width and about seven in length. Between Teller's point on the east, and Vredidicker hook, a rocky eminence nearly 700 feet in height, on the west, it unites with Tappan sea by & strait about a mile and a half in width. At its i ■ll. *' i:- !1 I .M 48 ROUTE FROM north end the river resumes its usual width, which it maintains for a short distance. Stony Point, a military post during the revolution. ary war. This point will be ever memorable in the military history of the United States, as the scene of one of (jcneral Wayne's most brilliant archiev. ments. On the 11th of July, li79, after a silent march from West point, he suddenly attacked the post, then in the hands of the British troops, and after a spirited and bloody contest, succeeded in carrying the place without discharging a gun : the garrison 8urrc?ndered at discretion. Being menaced by a vastly euperi'ir force, General Wayne on the following day withdrew his forces, after deuiulishing the works and securing the military stores. VerpLantk'a City, formerly called Verplanck*8 Points occupies a commanding situation at the west, ern extremity of the point. It was laid out a few years since into iv^ts, but notwithstanding its eligible position, the city is still in its embryo state. There are about 30 buildings of every sort, and some 80 or 100 inha. bitants. A short distance above Verplanck, cc a- menco the Highlands. — Being that portion of a lofty chain of mountains which has been pierced by the Hudson, presenting to the eye of the beholder a scene of wild beauty and picturesque grandeur. The chain here, upwards of fifteen hundred feet high, has evidently been rent and torn asunder by the action of water, by which it is probable the now fertile region above may have been, in ages long past, submerged, until relieved by the disruption of the Highlands. In some places the banks ascend the crest of the chain by easy step, more or less lofty ; whilst in others it is reached by a continued succession of rugged chasms, abrupt precipices and huge masses of naked rock. The most noted summits are : Anthony^s Nose, which shows itself immediately on leaving Caldwell's landing. The rocks near the apex, (1,128 5EW-rORK TO ALBAMir. 401 feet above the river,) present a rude representation of a human countoriance, when viewed from a certain point; Bare Mount, \,3^)i) (uei; Crows' Nest, 1,4^0 i Butter HHU\jm\ Bull Head, \AS&, Breakneck Hill, l,\H7 ; New Beacon, IM^i Old Beacon, 1,411. They are moatly covered over to their very summits wiihr dense forests, which add great beauty to the prospect. CaldwelV 9 Landing — A small setilementat which most of the river steam. boats touch. Here is a ferry to Peekskill. — An important and handsome town of Westchester county, containing about 1.800 inhab. itants, eight churches, one bank, several extenoiva factories, iron foundries, one academy, &c. It was here that Palmer and Strang, British spies, were hung,- by order of General Putnam, during the ^evolution. Forts Montgomery and Clinton. — Two of the prinw cipal defences during the revolutionary war, whicb on one occasion were attacked by a British force of 3,000 troops, and, with the garrison, consisting of 600 men, were captured on the 6th October, 1777. West Point. — I'he seat of the United States Mill, tary Academy, established in 1802, which occupies an extensive and beautiful plain, elevated about 175- feet above the surface of the Hudson. The buildings consist of an academy, built of stone, 275 feet long and 75 wide, in which are deposited the instruments, models and other apparatus; an "observatory, 150 by 60 feet, surmounted by a dome ; two barracks, a hospital, a chapel, &c. ; a large hotel, and about 50 other buildings, mostly occupied by the professors and officers of the institute and their assistants. The entire population, including 250 cadets (the number authorized by law,) is about 800. Such are the nume. rous attractions of the place, that it is visited by a vast number of persons during the travelling season. Here resides Mr. R. W. Weir, author of the admirable pic- ture of the "Departure of the Pilgrims," one of the finest paintings in the capitol at Washington. In the early part of the revolutionary contest, West Point % i.n \ ■: 'il ''i 50 ROUTE FROM t' II !. /. becamo an object of attention. At several points forts were erected^ some of which are stiil to be seen Fort Putnam, situated on Mount Independence, about 600 feet above the plain, is ihe first object seen on ap. proaching the point from the south. This spot and the adjacent country are memorable as the scene of Arnold'H treachery. Cold Spring.- — A busy and thrivin/3f town of Put- nam county, cuntaininf? about 200 buildings, includ- ing 5 churches, 4 pubhc houses, one extensive iron foundry and machine shop, and some other factories. Population about 1,300. !>/ew IVindsor. — A small town of Orange county, with 950 inhabitants, two churches, a boatyard, &c. Newburg. — An important incorporated town of Orange county. It is pleasantly situated on a bank, which rises by a bold acclivity, and presents a fine appearance from the river. In addition to the court-house and other county offices, th'^re are upwards of 1,200 buildings include ing eleven churches, three banks, fourteen hotels, 160 stores, three flouring mills, three plaster mills, one brewery, one floor.cloth factory, factories of leather, ploughs, combs, tobacco, carriages, d&c, &.c. It has frequent communications with New- York and Alba^ ny by steamers, which ply confetantly along the river, and with the opposite shore by steam ferry-boats* The courts for Orange county sit alternately here and at Goshen, about 20 miles inland. Immediately op. posite Newburg is . Martinsville or Fiahkill Landing, — ^Where an ex- tensive settlement has grown up within a few years past. The ground on which the village is situated, forms a part of the ** Rumbout Patent,'* so called, which comprehended an area of nearly 200 square miles. A considerable portion of this immense tract was continued in the possession of Rumbout*s de- scendants from the date of the patent down to the present lime, a period of nearly 140 'years. The ^ i! IVKW-YORK TO ALBANT. « Schenck and Brett families, through wjioae influence and exertionB the tract has been so greatly improved, are among the lineal descendants of the original pro- prietort ^ ' There are now several towns and villages withiff this patent, the limits of which wore determined by a mode then common among the settlers, by which the outlines of tracts were regulated by the distanoo an indian could wall' in a given number of hours. Fishkill. — Til 3 seat of justice for Dutchess county, Matteawan and I'.shkill Landings or Martinsville, are the principal settlements within the limits of Runu bout's tract. 1'he two latter may be re^^arded as one town, both having attained to their present impor. tance in consequence of the establishment of facto« ries in the neighborhood. The site of Martinsville ascends by a gentle acclivity from the landing place, until it reaches an elevated plane 80 or 90 feet bove the river, where most of the trades-people and me- chanics reside. An extensivepier aquarterof amilein length, constructed at a cost of about $100,000, forms the chief landing, which communicates with the op. posite town of Newburgh, by a steam ferry-boat. There are in the village two places of worship, four public houses, 10 or 12 stores, one iron foundry, A machine shop and flouring mill at the mouth of Fish- kill creek, and about 130 other bflildinga. Matteawan. — A remarkably neat and flourshing village of Dutchess county, situated about one mile east from Martinsville, on both sides of Fishkill creek. The ground upon which the town is built is gently undulating, with here and there a prominent emi. nence, which, with the adjacent mountains on the east, and the romantic stream at their base, alto. gether form a scene of surpassing beauty and love^ liness. The town, which is well built with houses mostly in the cottage style, having court-yards in front, pre. seut an appearance of great neatness and rural beaiK t • M n f :.'• 1 :: 52 ROUTE FROM w m rii,' : « t'^- %y. Il comprises a principal avenue with smaller streets, some of which lead to bridges over the creek, where many of the operatives reside. The factory, consisting o{ several detached buildings, in which the various branches are conducted^ is situated on the right or west bank of Fishkill Creek, about one mile above its discharge into the Hudson. On the same side are most of the dwelling houses and some beau, tiful seats, among which is that of Mr. P. H. Bchenck, who is largely interested in the Matteawan estab. lishments. The Episcopal church, near the Teller mansion, is a neat and commodious edifice ; and m? the east side of the creek stands the Presbyterian church. Mat. eawan, from its situation and salubrious air, is likely to maintain its respectability ; the neighborhood hav. ing been selected as the residence of many wealthy families. The present popula^on of the village ex. Deeds 1,000, which, on the revival of business, so great- ly depressed of late years, will doubtless increase lapidly. ^. 'm^n'^im^^^^h . Hamburg. — An inconsiderable village of Dutchess county, 6 miles above Martinsville. Marlboro. — A small village of Ulster county, on the west bank nf the Hudson . Milton. — A small settlement on the west bank of the river. ♦ tll?> ;:hi(^ . Barnegat — A busy little town of Dutchess county, with about 2U0 inhabitants, chieily engaged in Ume lousiness. ». Poiighkeepsip. — A large and commercial town of Duchess C(^nty, and the dep6t for an extensive and productive agricultural district m the rear. It i^^ about midway between the cities of New- York and Albany, with both of which it has almost hourly communi- cation by means of steam boats and sailing vessels. Its manufactures, which are vast and various, con- sist of silk goods, carpets, loco Motive engines, and railrdad apparatus of all sorts, malt liquors, flour. ?'■ ff'f NEW-TORK TO ALBADT. 53 smaller je creek, factory, 'hich the \ on the Dne mile he same ne beau, ^chenck, n estab« insion, is east side 1. MaU is likely too4 hav. wealthy illage ex. , so great- increase Dutchess lunty, on bank of county, in lime town of Isive and is about lAlbany, |mmuni. I vessels. J, con- ges, and Hpur, plaster, bricks, pins, fire-arms, paper.hangings, snufT and segars, cordage, carriages. There are several iron and brass foundries, grist mills, saw mills, ma- chine shops, rope walks, lumber yards, Slc. &. \ The oiher buildings consist of a court-house, jail, alms house, college, a gymnasium, academy, 13 places of worship, belonging to the Episcopalians, Methodists, Baptists, Reformed Dutch, Catholics, Friends, &.c. ; three banks, 10 or 12 hotels, work shops, and about 1,100 4^'^elling houses, with about 8,000 inhabitants. In the town are also two female seminaries, a iyceum, a savings bank, a whaling com- pany, 3 printing jffices, from which papers are issued.^ Tho town occupies one of the finest and most pic- taresque sitcb on the river, but owing to its elevated and remote position, it cannot be seen to advantage from the river. New Paltz Landing. — A small settlement of Ul- ster county, comprising 1 church, 1 grist mill, and about 50 other buildings, with about 200 inhabitants. Hyde Park, — A handsome village on the east bank of the Hudson, in Dutchess county. The settlement, which extends trom the river bank to the post load, adistanceof neaily amile, comprises about 120 build, ings, including three churches and several extensive manufacturing estabhshments, andubout750 inhabit, ants. Pelham. — A small collection of buildings ,on the west bank of the Hudson, nearly opposite to Statesburg. — Another inconsiderable village on the east side. ' ^'w^^''^ rrwrn^f :fi Ti^rr: jR-^^<«n:;A^r i^;-:^ ? '• Rhynheck. — Situated about two miles east of tlir Hudson, where it has a landing, alcG a considerable village, is a large and important town, with a pop. ulation of not less than 1,200. Here are 3 churches, 4 or 5 houses of public entertainment, 1 iron found, ry, 1 paper and 1 flouring mill; together with the usual complement of mechanics* shops, stores, &c. ; Columbus, — A small village situated near the mouth 5» 'f , ( It, ^ Ml' I,''.; I S V * \ •iff- -■•- 64 >- RouTfiraoM j^H: of the Walkill, containing a dozen or twenty houses, and the landing place for" Kingston. — A'large and flourishing town of Ulster county, situated on Esopus creek, and three miles distant from the former. It is an incorporated town, with about 2,500 inhabitants; many of whom are extensively engaged in the coal trade. In the town are a court-house, jail, 4 churches, academy, 3 banks, 6 public houses, 2 printing offices, 1 iron foundry, tobacco, carriage, leather, and qnany other manufac- tories. Kingston, or Esopus, as it was originally called, is intimately connected with oui revolutionary history. It was taken and burnt by the British, on the 16th of October, 1777, ihq, day before the ourrender of Burgoyne. The incendiaries, on learning the fate of Burgoyne, precipitately decamped and took shelter on board their vessels, then lying in the Hudson. A short distance from Kingston is the busy little town of Eddyville. — Situated on the left bank of the Ron- dout, and at the eastern terrtfmus of the Hudson and Delaware canal, by which the coal and other pro- duce f the Lackawana Valley, in Pennsylvania, are transported to the banks of the Hudson. The chief seat of the coal trade is at the neighboring village of Rondout, where extensive coal depdts are estabhshed. Red Hook Lower Landing, or Barrytown, a small BeltJement on the east side of the Hudson, consisting of store houses, and other buildings connected with the landing. The upper landing is now called Tivoli — A much more important town than the last; it contains 2 churches, 2 or 3 inns, several stores, 2 grist mills, 1 cloth factory, 2 saw mills, and about 300 inhabitants ; here- is a ferry to the village of Saugerties. — A small but neat village of Ulster county. Glasgow. — A village of the same county, contains some 250 mhabitants. i . Bristol. — A small manufacturing village of Ulster ■u ^ NEW-YORK^TO ALBANY. 55 Among the public eUiiiceb are a court house, jail, 6 churches of various deRoiniriations,.and 2 Friends' Catskill. — A large incorporated town of Greene county, of which it is the seat of justice, ^t is situ, ated on the west or right bank of the Hudson, at the mouth of Catskill creek, and extends up both sides of that creek for | of a mile. Its population is nearly 2,000 ; and public buildings are a court.house, jad, and other county offices, H churches, 2 banks, 12 hotels, besides other houses of entertainment; to- i;e(her with the ufiVial complement of mechanics' shops, factories, &.c. ^c. Population about 3,000. . The Catskill and Canajoharie railroad is now com- pleted, and in use as far as Gooksburg, a distance of 26 miles. About 14 miles W. S. W. from Catskill, is the celebrated mountain ho'use of Pinfi Orchard. — Which is situated on the N. E. declivity of Catskill mountains, at an elevation of 3,000 feet above the surface of the Hudson river. A mile or two beyond the hotel, are the Katerskill falls. A short distance above the falls are two small lakes, from which the water escapes through a contracted channel, and is percipitated at two bounds down a perpendicular rock to the depth of nearly 200 feet. The cataract and its surrounding objects form as. semblage of every thing that is sublimely picturectjue and romantic in beautiful scenery. Athena. — An incorporated town of Greene county, containing about 1,20'J mhabitants. Its chief build, ings are, 5 places of wdfship, several taverns, 20 stores, 1 extensive earthen-ware factory, and about 160 dwelling houses. .i^,.. Hudson. — On the west side of the Hudson, oppo- site Athens, is a large, handsome and flourishiiig city of Columbia county, of which it is the seat of justice. It was founded in 1783, and chartered in 1765, and now contains about 1,200 buildings of every sort; and by the census of 1840 it was found to contain a population of 5,670. \\ 1' -Hi hi i 1 \-. .,*' 56 ROUTE^FROM .|i;i '"V county, containing glass works, 1 grist mill, &nd about 25 other buildings. meeting Huuscm, an academy, a luaatic asylum, 3 banking houses, markets, hotels, stores, workshops, and factories, &.c. &>c. Its principal manufistctures consis: of leather, hats, boots and shoes, jewelry, cordage, sperm candles, malt liquors, iron castings, and carriages. Hudson is abundantly supplied with w itc from a spring a few miles distant. The Hudson and Berkshire railroad commences here, extends in a N. E. direction, and unites with the western railroad of Massachusetts at West Stock- bridge, a distance of 34 miles ; thence the line pro- ceeds via Springfield and Worcester to Boston. ■ Columbinmlle. — An incorporated village of Colum- bia county, situated at the junction of Kinderhook and Clavarack creeks, one mile from the left bank of the Hudson. There are two extensive cotton factories in the village, which afford employment to a large portion of the inhabitants ; of whom there are about 700 within the limits of the village. Coxmckie. — A village of Greene county, contain- ing 500 inhabitants, situated abou one mile from the landing on the Hudson. Kinderhook Landing — Now called Stuyvesantj is a pleasant little village, comprising 50 or 60 bu^'dings, including a church, and about 300 inhabitants. New Baltimore. — An active little town of some 50 or 60 houses, and about 4u0 inhabitants, situated in Greene county, on the west bank of the Hudson. i' Coeymans. — A manufacturiuL; village of Albany county, containing two churches, several taverns, stores &c. ; grist, saw, and plaster mills, two brick- yards, and about 800 inhabitants. Schodack. — A village of Rensselaer county, with a population of about 400, with a church, stores, &.c. '^. Castleton. — A village of the same county, situated on the east bank of the Hudson, 2 miles from Scho- dacH. Population nearly 400. > ■ '-^ i .-y^ .*- - NEW-YORK TO ALBANY. 57 Greenbush — A large and flourishing incorporated village of Rensselaer couuiy, situated on the east bank of the Hudson, opposite to the city of Albany, with which it communicates by steam ferry-boats. Among the buildings, about 130 in number, are 2 churches, 4 public houses, 12 stores, 2 grist mills, gas factory, and an extensive boat-yard. The present population is about 1,000, and rapidly increasing. Here commences the Albany and West Stock, bridge railroad, which, witl: the western and Boston and Worcester railroads, form a continuous hne from Albany to Boston, a distance of 200 miles. -,,.„..w- «..-.'.. ALBAN x«,_, ,,fe,|»i^-i,, itr'':-«{>»,:t8Jut a A large, rich, aud populous city of the state of New- York, of which it is the capital. Few cities of its size have their public buildings sufine, nu- merous, and well kept. Here are many hand- some churches belonging to various oe lominations. The State-house, or legislative hall, is one of the principal ornaments of the city • and the immense basin formed by a pier 4,300 feet in length, is one of the largest and most commodious on the canal, where a vast number of canal boats of all sorts may be seen. The streets are spacious and well paved. In addition to the facilities of intercourse aflfordecl by the great Erie and Champlain canals, which commence here, those of the numerous railroads which centre in Al- bany are equally important and extensive. Thus advantageously situated, it forms the principal entre^ p6t between the city of New- York and the north ^ western interior ; and with Troy occupies the com- nioa centre of an immense inland trade. Albany possesses many splendid pablie and private ' buildings, literary and scientific institutions, and in; every respect presents the appearance of a welt ordere4 and prosperous city. Population, in 1840,>, 33,721. It iS one of the oldest seitlements in the* United Sta' s, t le Dutch having nad a fort here aai^ !^ r i'.'i 'til 1 * i ^^1 i ^ m km f .':,l ••■\ 6« ROUTE FROM ■f.l>t 'i:-!^ :i:: ''■ liil li. u. m early as 1612. Many of the buildings of the city, with their gable ends to the streets, still remain to mark its origin. A large and respectable portion of the in. habitants are of Dutch descent, many of whom still retain much of the primitive simplicity and industry which characterized their ancestors. The State House. — A fine stone building, 115 feet in length and 9U in width, occupies a beautiful po. sition at the head of State street, at an elevation of 22U feet above the river. The grounds which sur- round the capitul are tastefully arranged, and form one of the most attractive promenades of the city. The other public buildings consist of the City Hall, a beautiful ma^-ble structure, occupied by the various departments of tne Government ; jail^ 2 academies. State Hall. The Albany, Farmers'^ and Mechanics^ Banks^ and the Museum^ are also remarkably fine buildings ; Medical College Exchange^ in State St.; Alfns.house; 2 Asylums for Orphans; 30 churches, some very elegant ; 8 hanking Aou«e«,and many others equally deserving of notice. Institutions for the pro- motion of literature, science, and the arts, are numer. ous and well conducted. The principal braaches of industry carried on in the city, comprise carriages, malt liquors, fire arms, jewelry, nails, hats and caps, snufif and segars, cordage, soap, musical instruments, tin and sheet iron ware, printing types, woolen and cotton goods, &LC. ; and its commerce is proportion- ably varied and extensive. There are nearly 1,400 persons engaged in mercantile pursuits, besides a vast number employed in the subordinate branches of trade. The situation of Albany is one of the finest on the Hudson ; seated partly on the declivity of a hill and partly on the mavgin of the river, it. spreads its build, ings along the bank, and covers the adjacent eminen. C'js with its beautiful structures. Its suburbs stretch in gentle curves along the shore above, below, and in the rear ; from whence is beheld an almost unrival- I iiii ( ALBANY TO NIAGARA FALLS. 69 led assemblage ofpicturedqiria and beautiful aceffeiy. In the north, the ehojes of the Hudson, with Troy and the little villages of Waterford and- Laneiiiburg, whilst in the east, the hills of Vermont, with their verdant sides and towering peaks, bound the prospect. The centre contains the city, with its public and private buildings rising one above the other, backed by the heights, on which are the Capitol, State Hall, the Academy, and City Hall. Hotels. — CJity, Eagle, Mansion House, United States, Mongomery Hall, American, Clinton, Con- gress Halli Franklin, Rensselaer, Columbian, &.C. •^■ ftOUTES FROM ALBANY. 'If '»i.^ Route from Albany to Niagara FalUt Buffalo, ^e, via UticOy Rochester^ and BataviUj by railroad. Schenectady, .... 16 Glenville, 4 20 Amsterdam, 10 30 Tripe Hill 7 37 Caughnewaga, ... 4 41 Fonda, 1 42 Palatine Bridge, .11 53 St. Johnsville,.... 9 62 Little Falls, 10 72 Herkimer 7 79 Utica, 14 93 Whitesboro, 3 96 Cayuga, 9 181 Bridgeport, 1 182 Waterloo, 9 191 Geneva, 9 200 Vienna, 9 209 Canandaguia, .... 14 223 Victor, ..10 233 Rochester, ........ 17 250 Churchville, 14 264 Be gen, 7 272 Morganville, 7 278 Bataviai 5 283 Oriskany, 4 100 Attica, 10 293 Rome, 7 107 Alden, 10 303 Verona Centre,... 8 115 Lancaster, 8 311 Cancstota, 11 126 Buffalo 12 323 Fayette, 16 142 Black Rock, 2 325 Syracuse, 4 146 Camillus, 8 154 Elbridge, 8 162 Auburn, 10 172 Tonawanda, 9 334 Fort Schlosser, ...11 345 Niagara Falls,..,, 1 34G WWri iUiW I tl I H: ' i ■ n i« \l 1)1; I jiii'i i un 60 i* A ROUTE FROM Schenlsetady. — An incorporated city, and seat of justice for Schenectady couaty, is situated on the right or south bank of the Mohawk, 16 miles from Albany by tJie railroad, and 30 by the Erie canal. It is one of the oldest towns in the state, being nearly oo.eval ^ith Albany. Many of the buildings are ele. gant, but like all the ancient towns in New. York, the variou , structures present a somewhat incongruous appearance. Those of a recent date serve to show the advance in elegance and convenience that has been efiected in the course of a few years. The chief buildings are, Union College in the N. E. quarter, which was founded in 1794, and has since main, tained a high degree of reputation ; a county court house and jail, city hall, 4 banks, 10 churches, 16 or 18 hotels, i, extensive cotton factory, grist mills, iron foundries, together with the usual stores, work shops, factories, &,c. There are a lyceum, and an academy for females. Population by census of 1840, 6,784. Schenectady has frequent communications with the surrounding towns, by the various railroads now in use ; that to Saratoga, via Ballston Spa, is 22, and that to West Troy, is 20 miles in length. f»j Glenville. — A neathamletof Schenectady county, ^"comprising 18 or 20 buildings, exclusive of 1 church, store, &c. Amsterdam. — An incorporated town of Montgom. ery county, situated on the north bank of the Mo- hawk, containing upwards of 1,800 inhabitants, and about 300 buildings of every sort ; including 4 neat churches, a banit, an academy, several factories, &c. The town is connected by a substantial bridge over the Mohawk with Port Jackson, Tripe's HilL—K mere hamlet of Montgomery county, containing a church, and some 25 or 30 other buildings. Caughnewaga* — Another village of tlie same county, comprising about 4O dwelling houses and a church, with about 200 inhabitants. It communi. ., -.*" Al/BANT TO ZYIAGAllA FALLS. 61 catcs, by a bridge across the Mohawk, with Fulton. villo. (See route by Erie canal.) Fonda. — A pretty village of Montgomery county, of which it is the seat of justice, containing about 400 inhabita:\ts and about 70 buildings, including a couit.house, jail, 1 grist, 1 saw, and 1 plaster mill, carding machine, with the customary complement of taverns, stores, and shops. Falatine bridge. — A village of Montgomery county, consisting of 40 buildings, situated on the north bank of the Mohawk, imnr^odiately opposite to Canajoharie. St, Johnsville. — A small village, comprising about 50 buildings, with 280 inhabitants, in Montgomery county. Little Falls. — A large and flourishing settlement, which has grown up at what are termed the Little Falls of the Mohawk. The site of the town occupies both banks of the Mohawk, which has obviouely worn for itself a pas. sage through the primitive rock of which the mountain is composed, and thus formed an immense gap in which the town is situated. The rugged and pre. cipitous sides of this petra.like gorge attain to a great height, whence a scene of wild and romantic beauty presents itself on every side. The beds of the Erie canal on the right, and of the railroad on the left bank, have been excavated from the solid rock, which here and there overhangs the lines, and seems to threaten the beholder with instant destruction. Little Falls is essentially a manufacturing place, having an inexhaustible water power of great extent, which is still in some degree unemployed. Woolen goods, paper, iron castings, malt liquors and flour, are its principal manufactures. Every other article of necessity, such as hats, boots, shoes, tin.ware &c., are supplied by the numerous minor factories of the place. It contains about 400 buildings, including 5 churches, a bank, and an academy, with nearly iti -i ' k,' i-;:i WP iHliiii 62 ROUTE FROM 3,000 inhabitnnts. Accesn may be had from hence by stage to Trenton FhIIh, distunt 26 miles. Herkimer — The seat of justice for Herkimer county, is beautifully situated on the left bank of the Mohawk. It is an incorporated town, and contains about 900 inhabitants; tiie chief buildings are a court-house, jail, hall for the county ofHcers, a bank, an academy, and 2 churches. UticaA " ' Whiieshoro. — An incorporated town, and in con. junction with Rome, the seat of justice for Oneida county. It occupies a fine situation on the south bank of the Mohawk, and on the line of the Erie canal. Tlie town contiins a popuhuion of about 2,000, a court house, jail, 4 churches, an academy, an exten- sive cotton factory, another of water buckets, a grist mill, &c. Hume, formerly Fort Sianwix. — A large incorpo- rated town of Oneida county, of which it is, with VVhitestown, the seat of justice. There are within the corporate limits about 400 buildings, including the court house and other county buildings ; 6 places of worship, a banking house, a cotton factory, grist and saw mills, furnace, and an arsenal belong, ing to the United States. Here the railroad leaves the Mohawk valley, and passes into that of the Oswego, and enters the little village of Verona Centre, con- taining about 100 inhabitants. Lenox. — A small village comprising some 20 or 25 buildings, in Madison county. Syracuse. — A large commercial and manufactur. ing town of Onondaga county, of which it is the seat of justice. Besides 800 or 900 dweUings, there are an academy, court-house, jail, 8 churches, 12 hotels, an arcade, 2 banks, 3 grist mills, 3 machine shops, 3 iron foundries, and a vast number of mechan. ics' shops, stores and warehouses. Syracuse stands on the Erie canal, at the point where the Salina side canal leaves the main trunk. The Salina flats ex. ^ ALBANY TO MAGARA FALLS. C3 tend between Syrficuse nnd the village of Salinn. In n state of nature, these flats being low, in part marshy, were subject to occasional inundation ; but, by means of extensive drains, they have now a dry sur- face, which is an exuberantly rich alluvial deposite. 'J'he outlet of Salina lake in Seneca river, having been deepened, contribute also to desiccate the flats. Syrucu'o is celebraud for its manufacture of salt, of which immense quantities, are annually made chief* ly by solar evaporation. • .r v Camillua. — A handsome village of Onondaga county, containing about 700 inhabitants, two churches, and nearly )25 dwelHng houses. Elbridge — A neat little village of Onondaga county, containing two churches, 60 buildings and about 300 inhabitants. '' Auburn. — A large, handsome and important town, and'seat of justice for Cayuga county. It comprises nearly 900 buildings of all descriptions, including a court house and other county offices, a town hall, a theological seminary, an academy, an incorporated seminary for females, seven churches, two banks, ten hotels, one cotton factory, one planing machine, four grist and three saw mills, factories of cards.millstones, tobacco, machinery, iron castings, leather, carriages and many other articles. Auburn is the seat of one of the State prisons, an immense establishment, sit- uated on the right bank of i ^wasco outlet. It stands in the centre of a ten acre lot, which is enclosed by an elevated stone wall. The principal building, which contains the various oflTicrs, keepers' apar'^iients, &c. is three stories high and 186 feet front, and the wings on each two stones high, 45 feet in front and 242 deep. There are 770 cells. The prisoners, ususally about 700, employed in the various branches of me- chanic arts. Owasco lake, a beautiful sheet of water, situated a few miles from the village, aflfords excellent trout fishing, and is much frequented. The outlet having I' r M vt I'l .-H ' t\\ ( ' ■I * ■J ( :/ 64 ROUTE FROM a descent of nearly 100 feet in a few miles, furnishes a valuable and extensive water power, which is only partially employed. Cayuga. — A pretty little village of Cayuga county, situated on the east side of Cayuga outlet, which is crossed by a viaduct and bridge, each more than a mile in length. The village consists of about 75 buildings, among which are a church, several pubUc houses, uad about 3U0 inhabitants. Cayuga Lake is one of the largest of the series of lakes that impart great beauty to this part of the state. It ia about 4U milea in length, with a mean width of two and a half miles, is of great depth, and abounds with fine fish. Its banks, which are celebrated fur their picturesque beauty and sublimity, are adorned with orchaids and cultivated fields, and interspersed wirh towns, villages and habitations. Steam boats ply regularly between Cayuga bridge and Ithaca, ut the head of the lake, where the rail. road from Owego terminates. About a mile west of Cayuga is .--.,'., ,. ,■.-.■., . ..'...M-vt -^i^^; •^t- ^v-- Bridgeport. — A little village of Seneca county, con- sisting of about 30 buildings. Waterloo — A large and remarkably handsome town, and, with Ovid, the seat of justice for Seneca county, containing nearly 3,000 inhabitants. Besides 400 dwellings, there are in the town a court house, jail, 4 churches, an academy, a bank, 10 or 12 hotels; together with a woolen factory, 6 grist mills, 5 saw mills, several factories which produce pails, tubs, ground plaster, leather, whiskey, iron castings, ma. chinery, potash, soap and candles, (Carriages, boats, ^c, &.C. The town is beautifully situated on both banks of Seneca outlet, which has been improved so as to render it navigable for canal boats. A few miles towards the S. W. it receives the waters of Seneca Lake. — Situated between Seneca and Tom- kins counties on the east, and Steuben, Yates and i ALBAiNT TO fflAQARA FALLS. C5 Tntario on the west. It is about 43 miles in length, two and n linlf in mean brcadih, and nearly (100 fret deep. The waters are remarkably pure and trnns. parent, containing fiph of various sorts. It is nnvi- gated by steam-boafs from Geneva to J; fferson, where the Elmira canal leaves the lake. The outlet of Crooked Lake enters Seneca lake on the west, aAcr a descent of 270 feet in 6 miles. The ba.jivs of both are highly romantic and beautiful : the entire region presents a series of landscapes, which render it in a high degree, worthy of attention from the traveler and philosopher. Geneva. — An incorporated town of Ontorio county, on the north-west margin of Seneca lake, containing about i,000 inhabitants. Its site is uncommonly fine, rising by a gentle acclivity from the water ^ide, ond affording an extensive view of the lake and adjacent country, wluch abounds in the most enchanting and beautiful prospects. Tlie aspect of Geneva and its enviroiic from the lake, is not less beautiful : the en- tire scenes will amply repay the tourist for his trouble in viev -ng it. The western part of the town is, by far, r^e , -latest portion of it, and is in part built on an eminence rising nearly 100 feet above the lake. Its streets are wide and kept in fine condition, with handsome and commodious buildings, chiefly occu- pied as dwellings. The lower part is the principal seat of business, where the factories, stores, &c. are mostly located. The chi^f buildings are those of Geneva college, 10 chrrches, 2 banking houses, 2 printing houses, several grist and saw mills, furnaces, carriage factories, and about 500 dwelling houses. Vienna. — A village of Ontario county, situated on the right bank of Canandaigua outlet, comprising 200 dwellings, 3 churches, 6 grist mills, 1 furnace, 2 brew houses, 2 distilleries, carriage factory, &c. Fopula- tion about 1,500. ' '^ Canandaigua. — A beautiful town and seat of ju8» tice of Ontario county, situated at the junction of Ca, h 1 1 i , !i 11 HI 1 ''!«-!, '■'"' 111 m '^mf^'^ 66 iiiOUTE FRO&t INili nandaigua lal: 3 with its outlet. The principal avenue extends westward from the lake shore, and is lined by well built and handsome houses for a distance of nearly two miles. Among the buildings are a court house, jail and other county offices, 5 churches, 3 banks, academy, besides stores, warehouses, facto- ries, mills, &,c. Population 2,800. •The situation ut the town is picturesque anc! beau- tiful in a high degree, and, taken in connection with the adjacent country and its silvery lake, affords one of the most delightful prospects in the world. The XaAre, whose waters are as clear as crystnl,and abound with trout and other fish, is about 20 miles in length, one ... breadrh, and, like the others, very deep. Victor.-^A. neat little village of 300 inhabitants, situated near the railroad, in Ontario county. ROCHESTER. A large commercial and manufacturing city of Monroe county, situated on both sides of the Genesee river, above the great falls, and six miles from its en- trance into Lake Ontario. It is the seat of justice for Monroe county, and the third city of the state in point of population, which, in 1840, was 20,191, but has, doubtless, increased greatly since tha^. time. The Erie canal pas;. ^s through the city, and across the Genesee, by a splendid aqueduct, where it is joined by the Genesse valley canal. Th ! plar. of the city is regular, most of the streets crossing each other at right angles : the public build- ings consist of the court house and other county of- fices, 20 placea of worship, college, atheneum, mu. seum, 2 asylums for orphans, arcade, 25 hotels, &,c. The productions of the numerous factories and work shops, in and around the city, consist of bread-stuffs in great abundance, cabinet ware, woolen nnd cotton goods, carpets, jewelry, clothing, hats and caps, boots and shoes, copper and tin ware, carriages, canal and other boats, iron castings, maclr*7ery, prepared lum- \ ALBANY TO NIAGARA FALLS. 67 ber, segars and snuff, saws, buckets and tubs, edge, tools, and many other articles. Rochester owes its great eminence, as a manufacturing town, partly to its advantageous situation, and partly to the industry and ingenuity of its inhabitants. It is located in the midst of a fertile country, intersected by canals Bnd railroads and on a river admirably adapted for man- ufacturing purposes. To the natural facilities thus afforded, and the means of disposing of its manufac. tured products by the aid of its canals and railways, may fairly be ascribed the rapid growth of Roches, ter, and the great prosperity of its people. Among the intei^sting otyects of Rochester, that of the falls claims the first attention^ Gene^^ee Falls. — Like those of Niagara, the upper Genesee falls consist of three principal Chutes^ divi- ded from each other by clusters of rocks, into three nearly equal parts. The greatest height of these falls is 96 feet. The lower fail, about a raile and a Jaalf below, has an unbroken pitch of 105 feet, to a rocky bed, over which the waters pass rapidly to the head of navigation, whence it flows calmly into its great recipient, the "beautiful Ontario." „'. . Mount Hope Cemetery. — A rural place of sepul. ture, situated in the southern surburb of the city, and (be Grand Aqueduct over the Genesee, also deservo attention. Churchmlle. — A small village of Monroe county, containing about 50 buildings including 2 churches, a woolen factory and 300 inhabitants. Bergen and Morgansville. — Two small villages of Genesee county, each containing abou'^^ 200 inhabi. tants. ( > Batavia. — Seat of justice for Genesee county, is finely situated on the north bank of Tonawand > creek^ and contains upwards of 2,000 inhabitants. The pub- lic buildings are, a court house, jail, arsenal, 2 banks, & churches, 1 female boarding school, 1 grist mill, 2 \ i ^•Vt 111 m ; . ,< I ^irr, ':'; i-. m':\i 'J'^ mMA ri'.A'i lii ''V MM 69 ROUTE FROM furnaces, and others. [Persons destined for the falls of Niag-ara. may proceed by stage hence to Lock port, distant 30 miles, whence a railroad conducts to the falls.] . Attica. — An incorporated village of Genesee coun- ty, containing about 900 inhabiJants, 2 churches, a bank, and the customary complement of stores, tav- erns and shops. The Tonawanda and Attica and Buffalo railroads unite here. Alden. — A village of Erie county, comprising 30 dwellings, 1 church, and about 250 inhabitants. Lancaster. — A village of Erie county, containing about 100 buildings, including 4 churches, 1 grist and 2 saw mills, and 600 inhabitants. ' " .- BUFFALO. The capital of Erie county and a port of entry, is situated on the eastern shore of Lake Erie, at the mouth of Buffalo creek : population, by census of 1840, 18,213. This city is admirably situated on an elevated plain, and being almost wholly of mo- dern date, is much more regularly laid out and hand- somely built than most of the other interior towns. Buffalo, then a mere village, was burnt by the British during the lats war ; but has risen with augmented splendor fron^ its ashes. The streets, which aie mostly wide and furnished with side walks, some of them being, in lUe splendor of theii stores and their elaborately painted signs, nowise inferior to those of the Metropolis. The growth of Buffalo within the last few years has been most rapid. Along the lake side, which, prior to 1810, was little else than a srj.ndy flat, now extends a succession of handsome buildings, which, with the shipping and the activity every where displayed, present the ap- pearance of a large commercial city. The public buildings consist of a court house and jail, 16 church- es, 2 banks, theatre, mills, and a vast number of factories, common to places of this description. The ALBANY TO NIAGARA FALLS. 69 nrost important of these are, 3 for carriages, 14 for malt liquors, 5 for soap and c«ndles, 4 for tobacco, 9 for ironmongery, 2 for chemicals, and 8 printing houses. A pier, 1,500 foot in length, extends into the lake from the bank, below the mouth of Buffalo creek. Though row of such importance, little more than fifteen ;^ars hav« elapsed since Buffalo was cor- rectly described by Darby as "a village containing 1,000 inhabitants.** The progress of the town in the in- terval in commerce and in the accumulation of wealth and population, is unprecedented in the history of settlement. The situation of Buffalo necessarily ren. ders it a principal seat of the trade between the east- ern cities and the western and north-western states, and as the population and trade of those states in. creased, it could not fail proportionally to augment the trade of Buffalo. There are now (1843) upwards of 75 steam-boats and about 350 sailing vessels employed in the lake trade, much the larger portion of which centres in Buf« falo. 4,061 vessels of every sort were entered or clear- ed at the custom-house in 1840. The amount of mer. chandise sent eastward on the canal in 1826, was 5,131 tons; in 1840, 177,606 tons. Should the popu- lation of Buffalo continue to increase in the same ratio as it has done for the last 12 or 15 years, of which there is no reason to doubt, it will contain, 30 yeara hence, a population of nearly 200,000. Blackrockf 2 miles north from Buffalo, on the Erie canal, is a large incorporated village, containing near- ly 2.000 inhabitants, with eKten«ive and various fac- tories, and mercantile establishments. The great pier, built at the expense of the state, deserves atten* don. Tonawanda. — -A village cf Erie county, contain, ing 700 inhabitants, situated on Grand Island sound* at the discharge of Tonawanda creek. The Erie canal and the Buffalo and Niagara falls railroad past through the village. 'hi' M V ■» Mi rU A '":k! id! ' -:;' ■■'■' ■'! ! -i'l;'*" :'. i!:;:, MU!i, 70 ROUTE TROM Fort Schlosaer. — Built by the British during the old French war, stands in front of the rapids, about a mile above the falls. Here the steamer Caroline was destroyed by a detachment of British troops a few years since, from which the well known McLeod affair took its rise. Niagara Falls. — A magnificent cataract in that portion of the river St. Lawrence which extends be- tween lakes Erie and Ontario, commonly called "Ni- agara river " This river issues from the N. E. ex- tremity of Lake Erie, near Buffalo, and runs north- ward 20 miles to Goat or Iris island, where it is preci- pitated over a hmestone ledge into a deep and narrow chasm, whence it proceeds, with a constantly decreas- ing velocity, a farther distance of 15 miles, and enters Lake Ontario, between the villages of Niagara and Youngstown. In this course of 35 miles the river descends 334 feet, this being the difference of level between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. Goat Island, at the very verge of the cataract, di- vides it into two sheets of water ; one of these, called the Horse^shoe, on the Canada side, is 1,800 feet "wide, and 158 feet in perpendicular height; and the other, called the American Falls, is about 600 in width, and 164 in height. The breadth of the is- land is about 1,500 feet. The rock over which the water is percipitated, consists of a compact limestone in nearly horizontal strata, resting upon a mass of soft shale, which decays and crumbles away more rapidly thjn the former; so that the calcareous rock forms an over-hanging mass, projecting 40 feet or more beyond the concave rock below. - ir;f By the continual destruction of the rocks, owing to the eddies and spray rushing against them, the falls have, within the last 50 years, receded upwards of 150 feet ; and this process has unquestionably been going on for countless ages. There seems to be no reasonable ground for doubting that the falls were pnce at Queenstown, 7 miles below their present po- ...■' N ALBANY TO NIAGARA FALLS. 71 siiion. Such being the case, the falls must be des- tined, in process of time, to iiivade Lake Erie itself, which would then be completely drained, and its present bed thus converted into fertile fields and cul- tivated gardens. The depth of the water is much greater on the Canadian, than on the American side ; and hence, while the scarcely hidden rocks below the American fall cause the flood to be broken into foam, the deep green hue of the other, is but slightly changed by the crests rising above it. The finest view of the falls, perhaps, is from the Table rock on the Canadian shore, and from the b aiks above, whence the rapids may be embrar ed : the lat. ter, however, are best seen from Goat Island, to which access is had by means of a bridge from the American side. On the north side of Goat Island, the rocks projecting into the river mimediately over the falls are reached by another wooden bridge, be- low which the water rushes with frightful velocity, f rom these rocks, on which an observatory has been erected, the view over the precipice is at onte ter- rific and grand. As the banks of the ravine below the falls rise to the height of 200 feet or more, artificial means are necessary for effecting a descent to the water's edge. A spiral staircase has been constructed on each side, and another in front of Goat Island, by which one may descend to a ledge, styled "Termination Rock," actually underneath the great fall : by these means the falls may.be viewed in almost every possible di- rection. Among the principal waterfalls throughout the world, there are several that excf^oii in height those of Niagara: but, with regard to the quantity of water discharged, in an unbroken mass, there are none that can be compared to those of Niagara, In these re- spects they afe pre-eminent, ,.;.,,, m > m ; t '.I w i; ')i '\'n r I.. Vi> I:: 72 ROUTE tROM The following table exhibits the relative elevationf of the most remarkable cataracts ; Staubach, Switzerland 900 feet. Tequendama, S. America, 800 Velino, Italy, 300 Montmorenci, Canada east, 246 Caterskill, New York, aiO Niagara, (mean height).... 161 There are several interesting objects in the vicinity of the faUs which deserve attention ; among them may be mentioned the Burning Spring, near the outlet of Chippewa creek whirlpool, two miles below the falls ; Sorcerer's cave, just below the falls ; the battle fields of Chippewa, Lundy's Lane and Queenstown ; Fort Schlosser, where the steamboat Caroline was des. troyed ; the remains of Brock's monument, near Queenstown ; Welland eanal in Canada, extending from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario, and the villages of Chippewa, Manchester Falls, Lewistown, Queens, town, Whitehaven or Grand Island, Tuscarora and Seneca Indians — the former near Lewistown, and the latter 4 miles S. E. from Buffalo. The vicinity of Niagara has, in some degree, be- come classic ground. Among the battles of the last war, between Great Britain and the United States, there were perhaps none more sanguinary, nor the contest between the combattants so obstinate as those of Queenstown, October 18th, 1814, in which Gen. Brock was killed ; of Chippewa, July 5th, 1814, and of Bridgewater. ^oute from Albany to Buffalo, via Vtiea and Bo- cheater, by the Erie canal. West Troy, 7 Schenectady 17 30 Cohoes Falls, .... 3 10 Amsterdam, .. ...17 47 Lower aqueduct . 3 13 FultonvilIe» 10 57 \ y;ioAl ALBAItT TO BUFFALO. 73 Canajoharie, 12 69 Fort Plain, 3 72 Little Falls 16 88 Herkimer, Up. Br. 8 96 Frankfort, 5 101 Utica, 9 110 Whitesboro', 4 114 Oriskany, 3 117 Rome, 8 125 New London,.... 7 132 Canastota, 14 146 New Boston, 4 150 .Chittcnango, 3 153 Manlius Centre,. 9 162 Lodi, 8 170 Syracuse, 1 171 Geddes, 2 173 v^amillus, 6 179 Jordan, 11 190 Port Byron, 9 199 Montezuma, 6 205 CIy Herkimer upper bridge^ extends across the Mo. hawk to the village of Herkimer, situated on the north. (See R. R. route from Albany to Buffalo.) Frankfort — A village of Herkimer county, situated on the Erie canal, containing 500 inhabitants, two churches, a woolen factory, &c.j .In. ALBANY TO BUFFALO. n TTliea.f Whiiesboro\f Oriakany. — A larcfe village of Oneida county, com- prising 2 churches, 2 extensive woolen factories, with about 1,200 inhabitants. Eomcf New London. — A small settlement of about 35 buildings and 200 inhabitants, in Oneida county, Cana8tota, — An incorporated village of Madison county, containing 800 inhabitants, 3 churches, sev- eral minor factories, &c. New Boston. — A small but neat village of Madi* eon county, containing about 150 inhabitants. Chittcnango. — A large, handsome and flourishing town of Madison county, comprising 200 dwellings, 3 churches, a railroad dep6t, 2 water lime and 1 woolen factory, grist mill, and about 1,100 inhabi- tants. A valuable medicinal spring, composed, in part, of sulphates of lime, magnesia and soda, car- bonate of lime, &.C., with sulphuretted hydrogen and carbonic acid gases, has recently been discovered in the vicinity of Chittenango. Manlius Centre. — A village of Onondaga county, containing a church and 50 other buildings, with about 300 inhabitants. Lodi. — A village of Seneca county, of about 60 buildings and 400 inhabitantsi Syracuse,^ ^ ... .- • Geddes.-—An incorporated village of Onondaga county, with 700 inhabitants, 1 church, &c. Geddes is celebrated for its manufacture of salt — saline springs having been found in the village. Camillus.f . . ; Jordan. — An incorporated manufacturing village of Onondaga county, containing about 200 building!, among which are, 3 churches, 3 grist and 3 saw niillfl, 3 factories, with about 1,300 inhabitants. .. il i *f ' ;i "' t .■ j ■?■' n{^ ■^'.''H'i'i '^-^ iii; I' 'l K' m iiLiM.:. Nil 71 ROUTE FROM Pott Byron. — An incorporated village of Cayaga county, consistit)g of IGO dwellings, 3 churches, 1 extensive grist milJ, 2 leather factories, 4 saw mHls, Montezuma. — A thriving village of Cayuga cpup. ty, situated at the junction of the Eric canal with the Cayuga and Seneca canal. It contains about 700 iirhabitants, with 1 church, stores, taverns, &c. Im- menso quantities of salt are made here from the sa- line springs, which abound in this section of the state. The Montezuma marshes, consisting of a narrow strip of wet land, extend along Cayuga outlet and' Seneca rivsr for a distance of \h mites. Clyde. — An incorporated village of Wa)me county, comprising 3 churches, an academy, 4 grist milh, i saw mill, 1 furnace, 2 glass factories, and about 151^ dwellings. Population about 1,100. Lyons. — A large incorporated town and seat of justice of Wayne county, containing nearly 2,000 inhabitantg. Its principal buildings ^ delphiy astern V •; to. board- athing iuera- a raiU )ffices, Ithous- ;, from long Iodine, lamest Ten about iwhich ]\y the Iquan* )- ALBANY TO SAHATOOA. 81 tity of each. Dr. Steel's analysis of one of (hem, (Congress spring,) affords a sufficient insight into the nature and qualities of th^ entire series. From 231 cubic inches (one gaJion) of the water were obtained — Grains. Chloride of sodium, (sea salt,) 385 Hydriodate of soda, 3 5" Bi'-carbonate of soda, 8 982 " magnesia, 95 788 Carbonate of hme, 98 098 iron, '^ 075 Silex, I 5 Hydro-bromate of potash, a trace. Total Grains, 597 943 Carbonic acid gas, cubic inches, 311 Atmospheric air, 7 Gaseous contents, 318 Saratoga Lahe. — Situated about 5 miles S. E. from the spring, is much frequented by the lovers of roman- tic scenery by which this beautiful lake is surrounded. Its waters abound with several kinds of fish ; o^ perch, pike, pickerel, &c.; and the variety of wild fov/I and other game which inhabit its borders, afford ample amusement for the sportsman. Tie waters of these springs flow through a small ravme into Owl lake, thence into Kayaderoseros creek, a tributary of Saratoga lake, which has its discharge into the Hudson through Fish creek, about 10 miles E. of Sa- ratoga, on the falls of Fish creek, which are also much frequented as one of the " lions " of the neigh- borhood : and a little further on, near Schuylersville, is the battle-ground of Saratoga, where the British txxwy, under General Burgoyne, surrendered to the American forces, October 17, 1777. Fortsville. — A post office of Moreau township. i. • II I •- \ W^, 1 !'■ , 8d nOUTE FROM !if J, i.i I <^ i. ■ 1 ■ 1 .,, ,. if QlerCs Falh. — A cataract or rather a cascade of the Hudson, with an entire descent of 70 feet. The rock is here cut and abraided in the most extraordinary manner; caves, crevices, and gorges of almost every imaginable form are presented to the sight; over which, or throngli which the water plunges, or silently insinuates itself, untiMt reaches the bed below, where it calmly ropoccs as if wearied with the mighty strug- gle just ended. The rock, an horizontal secondary limestone, is rich in its appropriate fossils. Some of the finest speci- mens of the trilobite have been found here, together with many other organic remains. The falls can be best seen from the fine new bridge, immediately below. Here an extensive and thriving town has grown lip, consisting of nearly 300 buildings with about ?,00C inhabitants. Among the former are, 3 churches, 10 or V2 mills of various sorts, some for sawing the beautiful black marble which is found on both sides of the river. Jessup^s Falls. — Ten miles above Glen's Falls is a cataract of the Hudson, which here descends in an unbroken sheet from a height of 100 feet. Hadley'a Falls 3 or 4 miles higher up the stream, also deserves attention. Caldwell — A village and scat of justice of Warren county, contniiiiij^f about 225 inhabitants, a court hou?e, jail, 1 church, several hotels, mills, &,c. Among the relics of former wars in this vicinity, are Forts Geor(rr>, south. ^ast of the village, Willium Henry, near the former, and Gage; and still further eoufh-east, is Bloofly Pond, into which the dead bodies of about 1,000 Fr/mch and English soldiers were thrown after the battle of Sept, 7, 1775. ; The Lake House. — The principal fiotel of the place, 13 much resorted to, and i» the. point of departure of the steamboat which condudu (he troveh r through Lake George. — One of Iho rnost beautiful and ro- : *' tl ' il it ■'J ALBANY TO BALLSTO:* SPA, &C. 83 vH^li' »fthc rock nary jvery over ently vhero Strug- is rich speci- geihcr 3 new grown 1 2,000 ieJ<, 10 ng the h sides ills is a Is in an adley*a serves 'arren court licinity, ^illium Ifurther dead Soldiers place, [ture of )ugh md ro- mantic sheets of water in the state, is connected by a narrow channel and deep faU with Lake Cham- plain, to which it is tributary. It has in its immedi- ate vicinity, or ralhcr risin^^ from its banks, some of the most elevated summits in this part of the state, having their precipitous sides covered with forest trees. There is a vast number of small islands in the lake, many of which arc picturesque and beautiful to a high degree. One of them {Diamond Island) con- tains beautiful quartz crystals, resembling, in their purity and form, diamonds of the first water. Travel- ers uniformly bear testimony to the tranquil beauty and sylvan scenery which charac\eriz;3 this beautiful spot. Nature here assumes her most charming and alluring aspect, to gracify and astonish her admirers ; here rocks piled on rocks rise to a towering height, and seem to threaten with instar* destruction those who venture beneath their overhanging summits, In some places, the scenery is of the softest and most agree- able kind, consisting of finely sloping banks orna- mented with foliage of every hue. The beauty of the scene has not yet been marred by the encroachment of art ; nature V jre rel^^ns triumphant. The waters of the lake, which are elevated 240 feet above the ocean, and perfectly pure and transparent, abound with salmon, trout, pickeiel, pike, perch, silver and lake trout. At the foot of the lake is Alexandria — A village of Essex county, situated on Lake Champlain, at the outlet of Lake George, containing about 300 inhabitants, mostly engaged in the lumber trade. The fall between the two lakes, which is nearly 20O feet, affords an abundant supply of water for man- ufacturing purposes ; but, with the exception of some 5 or 6 saw mills and a few other works, the im- mense water power whicl* nature has here provided, remains almost wholly unemployed. Fort Ticonderoga. — Situated on the northern point formed by the junction of the two lakes. Of this once 1 i^ i' m I liM m m ■ if ■jw* 1. -^ii^l 64 ROUTE raoM '■)', I'M ' i nw' i! important work nothing but the broken walls remaitaf presenting a melancholy contrast with the animated scenes around. It is considerably elevated above Lake Champlain, which is seen for a great distance towards the north and south. Its position, it waa considered, rendered the post nearly impregnable until attacked from a more elevated point on the opposite side of the outlet of Lake George, which had until then been deemed inaccessible. The most important incident connected with thila post, then in the possession of the French, was the at- tack of Gen. Abercrombie, with a force of 16,000 men, on the 5th of July, 1758; who was signally repulsed with a loss of 3,000 men, whilst that of the French did not exceed 50. The French garrison consisted of 3,000 men, including Indians. The steamboats of Lake Champlain stop at the landing near Fort Ticonderoga, by which passage may be had to St. Johns, and thence to Montreal. Route from Albany to Montreal^ via Saratoga^ Lake Champlain, ^c, Saratoga, 37 Sandy Hill, by stage, 19 56 Kingsbury " 5 61 Fort Ann •• 5 66 Whitehall " 11 77 Ticonderoga, by steamboat, 26 103 Crown Point, .....14 117 Westport, by steamboat, 11 128 Essex, " 11 139 Fort Kent, " * 18 157 Plattsburg " 18 175 Rouse's Point, " 30 205 St. Johns, " 22 227 La Prairie, by railroad, 16 243 Montreal, by steamboat 9 252 ^ndy HUL — An incorporated vill^e and seat o^ ALBANY TO MONTREAL. 85 justice of WashinfitorT county, with a population of 1,100, and some 200 buildings, iiickidijig a court liuuse, jail, &,c.; 3 churcljcs, 1) exleiisive factorica propelled by the water of the Hudson, which here falls about 12 foet. A short distance behr.v the village are Bakefs Falls, having an unbroken descent of 50 feet. A navigable feeder of tlie Chain{)iain canal, and the Saratoga and Washington railroad, pass through the village. Kingsbury. — A small hnmlet of Washington county, containing a church and 20 or 25 buildir.gs. Fort Ann — iVn incorporated village of the same county, situated on the Champlain canal, comprising 3 churches and nearly 100 ylher buildings, with about GOO inhabitants. Whitehall. — An incorporated town of Washington county, situated at the extreme head of Lake Cham- plain. It contains about 2.500 inhabitants, 350 dwellings, 3 churches, a bank, 15 factories, besides a due proportion of taverns and workshops ; but its chief business is coiniected with the canal and trans- portation tjrade. Here the Champlain canal termi- nates, and here the lake navigation commences. Steamboats and sailing vessels on the former, and canal bo^ts on the hitter, are the chief modes of con- veyance employed here, and are very extensively used. Canal boats depart twice a day for Troy, and steam once a day for St. Johns and the intermediate places. Ticonderoga.f Crown Point. — A mihtary post of former times, of which the ruins only remain : they may be seen from the water, perched upon a point on the side of the lake, opposite Cedar poinl, Westport. — village of Essex county, on the west shore of Lake Chwmplain, containing 600 inhabitants, 2 churched, an academy, &,c. There is a ferry here to the opposite shore of the lake. 8 X 1 H 1 1 ID i ■ It . '■ ^ 8G ROVT£ FROM Essex. — A village of the sanle county, situated on the west shore of Lake Champlain, containing G50 inhabitants, 3 churches. A ferry cumniunicaLca with the village of Charlotte, on the eastern shore. Fort Kent. — A busy little village of Essex county, with about 300 inhabitants, a church, and the usual proportion of taverns, workshops, dec. The position of Port Kent is one of great beauty ; it affords an ex- tensive view of the lake, and opposite shore of Ver- mont. Plattshurg. — An incorporated village and seat of justice of Clinton county, situated at the head of Cum- berland bay, Lake Cliainplain, at the outlet of the Saranac. Its present population is about 2,750. The chief buildings, besides the United States barracks in the south part of the village, are, a court house, jail, 4 churches, a bank, an academy, 20 factories which produce cotton and woolen goods, flour, prepared marble, lumber, leather, machinery, soap and candles, besides many other articles from the shops, &-c. The falls of the Saranac having an entire descent of about 40 feet, supply a water power of great extent. Plattsburg is favorably situated both in regard to the lake trade and that of the interior, which is extremely rich in agricultural and mineral productions. Plattsburg and its vicinity are memorable as the scene of most important events during the recent conflict with Great Britain. It was near this place that the British General, Sir George Prevost, witl^ 14,000 men, was signally defeated by the Americari General, Macomb, with only 3,000 men, on the J 1th of September, 1814; and on the same day another victory, equally decisive, was achieved over a Britisli fleet by Com. M'Donough, with a force greatly 1% ferior to that of the English. Rouse^s Point, — On the west shore of Iiake Cham, plain is the seat of an important mihtary work, com- menced by the American government prior to the lato (N^j*" ALBANT TO MOtfTREAt. 87 war ; but on fixing the boundary line between thn United States and Canada, under the treaty of Ghent, it was found to be north of the line, and consequently within the British territory. It thus became Biitish property, and as such was held by the provincial government, until restored to the United States in obedience to the Ashburton treaty of 1842. St. Johns, — This is the first important place on the lake, or rather outlet of Champlain, within the British dominions. It is situated about 21 miles north of the boundary line, on the left bank of the Sorel, and com-, municales by railroad with La Prairie. — A neat little village of La Prairie District, Canada East, situated on the right bank of the St. Lawrence, opposite the south-east angle of Montreal island. A steamboat plies between La Prairie and Montreal. Montreal, f Boute from Albany to Montreal, via Troy, Easton, and Whitehall^ by stage and steamboat* Troy f Lansingburgh, 3 9 Schagticoke point, 7 16 Easton 10 26 Argyle, 20 46 Hartfort, 10 56 Granville, 7 63 Whitehall, 9 72 Montreal, as above, 175 247 Troy.i Lansingburgh. — An incorporated village of Renau ielaer county, on the east bank of the Hudson, con- taining 3,200 inhabitants. In addition to 500 dwell, ing houses, there are 7 places of worship, 1 bank, an academy, and 26 extensive factories, whose produce is iron and copper ware, floor cloth, brushesv prepared '■ I ^ i : I ii i 'it: 88 IlOUTi: FROM gypsniiis, flour, firc-arma, eoap and candles, malt liquors, fihoca nnd boots, lints, Jkc. Lansingburg is environed by a beautiful and exceed- ingly populous country. On the opposite side of the Hudso?!, which is here crossed by a bridge, is Wate.rford. — A very handsome and thriving vil- lage of Saratoga county. The Diamond Hock. — A celebrated eminence, com- posed in part of quartz crystal, is situated about one mile east from the village. Schagticoke. — A small settlement, with a post of- fice, in Rensselaer county. Easton. — -A village of Washington county, con- taining 350 inhabitants, 3 churches, with the usual complement of stores, taverns, &c. Argyle. — An incorporated village of the same county, containing 550 inhabitants, with 3 churches, grist and saw mills, stores, &c. Hartford. — A little village of the same county, containing 150 inhabitants, 2 churches, &c. Granville. — A village of Washington county, of 100 buildings, with about 600 inhabitants. Whitehall Montreal.i From Albany to Whitehall^ by the Champlain canal. West Troy,. 7 Fort Miller, 5 40 Waterford 4 11 Fort Edward, .... 8 48 Mechanicsville,... 8 19 Kingsbury, 5 53 Stillwater, 4 23 Fort Ann, 7 60 Bemus* Heights, . 3 26 Whitehall, 12 72 Schuylersville,.... 9 35 West Troy.f Waterford. — An incorporated village of Saratoga county, situated on the Hudson, where it is joined by the north outlet of the Mohawk. The village con- i f ALDAIVT TO WHITEHALL. 89 tatn§ 4 churches, 1 bank, nn ocadcmy, and 17 exten- sive factories, which produce leather, fire engines, machinery, iron castings, buttons, cordage, flour, cotton goods, &.C. Tho village is connected with Lansingburgh by a fine wooden bridge. .The Rens- selaer and Saratoga railroad from Troy passes through the village. J/cc/^anicsvfZ/c.— Situated on the west bank of the Hudson, in Saratoga county, contains about 100 buildings and 550 inhabitants. Among the former are, 2 churches, a cotton factory, 1 grist, 1 saw and 1 plaster mill. The village is intersected by the railroad from Troy and Saratoga, and the Champlain canal, Stillwater^ on the west bank of the Hudson, in Saratoga county, contains about 500 inhabitants, 3 churches, an academy, &c. Stillwater is distinguished in the annals of the revo- lution. The battles of Saratoga, Bemus* Heights, &c., which resulted in the surrender of General Bur. goyne to the Americans, under General Gates, in 1777, were fought in this neighborhood. Bemus' Heights. — The field on which one of the battles just mentioned took place. A small settle- ment, with a post office, now occupies the ground. Schuyler svillct on the west bank of the Hudson, in Saratoga county, contains 600 inhabitants, 3 churches, an academy, 1 cotton and 1 woolen, 1 iron ware, 1 machine, and some other factories. It was near this village that Burgoyne surrendered, October 17th, 1777. Fort Miller^ on the east bank of the Hudson, in Washington county, contains 300 inhabitants, a church, and 3 or 4 factories. There is a fall here of 20 feet, and a dam of 8 feet, by which the water is raised to supply the canal. Fort Edward^ of Washington, contains 500 inhab- itants, a church, and several factories, stores, &c. The village derives its name from a fortress, built 8* If y i H 90 UOUTE FROM during the old French wnr. It is also memorable as the scone of a most siiocking tragedy, in which Mist McCrea was murdered by a party of Indians, who had undertaken to convey her to lior friends ; but a dispute having arisen among thein respecting the promised reward, and being attacked by a party of American soldiers, tlicy slew the unfortunate young lady, whom they kft on the ground, tomahawked and scalped. Kingsbury. — A small hamlet and post ofRce in Washington county. Fort Ann. — An incorporated village of Washing- ton county, situated on tlie left bank of Wood creek, a tributary of Lake Champlain. It contains 80 dwell- ings, 3 churches, and about 500 inhabitants. The remains of old Foit Ann, erected in 1756, may still bo seen hero. Whiiehall.i From Albany to Ithaca^ via Cooperstown^ by stage. Duanesburg, Esperance, 6 Chorry Valley,.. ..26 Cooperstowii, 12 Kurlington, 10 20 Smyrna 20 94 26 Deruyter 21 115 52 Truxton 10 125 G4 Cortland 13 138 74 Ithaca, 21 150 t)uane<:bui g. "A small settlement, with a post office, in Schenectady county. Esperance. — An incorporated village of Schoharie county, containing 500 inhabitants, a church, and some small factories. Cherry Valley. — An incorporated village of Otsego county, containing 1,200 inhabitants, 3 churches, a bank, an academy, &c. About 18 miles beyond Esperance are Sharon Springs, which have of late attracted unusual attention ; they are situated in the towa of Sharon, Schoharie county, a few miles east of Cherry \l Icted ]nof lerry ALBANY TO ITHACA. $1 Valldy. The waters of tliesc springs, which resemblo those of Central Virginia, being highly charged with sulphuretted hydrogen gas, are ellicacious in rheum- atic, cutaneous, and dyspeptic disordc-rs. Tiie mine- ral substances found on analyzing one gallon of the water, were Sulphate of lime, Ill 62grains. *♦ magnesia 42 40 " Chloride of sodium, 2 24 " " magnesium, 2 40 " Hydro-sulphurct of sodium,, i ♦« calcium,.. > 2 28 /• Vegetable extractive matter, . 3 Total grains IGU 94 Sulphuretted hydrogen gas, IG cubic inches. Situated in one of the most salubrious sections of the state, surrounded by romantic and beautiful sce- nery, with waters possessing in a high degree medical and healing properties, the springs of Sharon must henceforward be r-garded as one of our most attract- ive and fashionablu watering places. A splendid hotel, built on a liberal soale, has b. n eret ted for the accommodation o*^' invalids and oti . Travelers from -Ibany desti'ied r these springs, have a choice of r 'ute. In addiiioi. to the above, cither the railroad Erie canal may be taken to Canajoharie, whence to the springs it isiijoullSI miles. Cooperstown. — An incorporated village and seat of justice of Otsego county. It occupies a fine posi- tion on the outlet of Otsego lake, commanding an extensive view of the lake and adjacent country. Its population is about 1,500. A court house, jail, 5 churches, a bank, an academy, and sone extensive storehouses, constitute its cl'f buildings. Burlington. — A small b unl •.;, with a post office, in Otsego county. ■* - i;!l i - I IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) I -% I I.I 11.25 UiM2^ |2.5 |5o "^ H^H :^ y£ 112.0 12.2 iJil 1.4 V] 7 '/ ^ Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14S80 (716)S72-4503 l\ .^\^ ^ \ " t^^ 02 I10UT£ FROM ■l:ki :« lU Smyrna. — An Incorporated village of Chenango county, containing 450 inhabitants, 2 churches, and 3 factories. Deruyter, — An inccrporateu village of Madison county, having 400 inhabitants, 2 churches, an acad^* Warren. — A small village of Worcester county, ait- tMted on Cluckopeo river, containing 2 churchee, 3 ALBANY TO BOSTON. 96 rs, tin hes, a Lshire, 'oduce stings, kshire, 8 saw }S. con- woolen t mills* Hamp- Bituated ncorpo- y build. 4 paper, and 3 ich four pulation Lckopee, lanufac- aildings »out 250 siablish- rivers, of the bridge [ge, con- ity, con- [d about inty, sit- Ircbee, 3 cotton and 1 woolen factories, 2 fullin^^ 3 grfst and 4 saw mills, 1 forge, &c. Charlton. — A viilogo of Worcester county, contain- ing 1 cotton factory, ] fulling, 10 saw and 7 grist mills, &c. Worcester. — A large and thriving town, and seat of justice for Worcester county, containing 7,497 in- habitants. It is favorably situated in the midst of a fertile country, intersected by excellent roads in every direction. The IJoston and Worcester railroad ter- minates, and the western railroad commences here, as does that to Norwich. The Blackstone canal, which extends to Providence, also commences here. The chief buildings consist of those devoted to the county courts and offices, 4 churches, a banking- house, a hall belonging to the American Antiquarian Society, State Asylum for lunatics, 1 cotton, and 1 woolen factory, 1 furnace, 2 paper, 2 grist and 2 saw mills, 4 printing oflices, each of which issues a week- ly paper. By means of the various railroads, daily communication is had with Boston, Albany, Norwich, and the intermediate towns. Framingham. — An incorporated town of Middle- sex county, comprising, in addition to several neat dwelling houses, a church, 1 leather, 4 woolen and 1 paper factories, 4 grist and 4 saw mills. v. Bosion.f '. s^ ; r TROY. 4- large commercial and manufacturing city of Rensselaer county, of which it is the seat of justice, and the fourth in point of population of the state of New- York; containing 19,334 inhabitants. It is very advantageously situated on the east bank of the Hudson, a short distance below the head of sloop navigation ; having in the rear an extensive fer- tile region, of which it is the depository. Its facilities for intercourse are in no way inferior to its ^gricul- ^i^r^ advantages, having the Champlain canal in ^e ! * ' ■; ■■ i — -.h 96 BOOTE FROM '»i,;M hill south, the Eric canal from th(3 wcsf, the noble Hud- son in the south, tof,^ethcr with tiie use of the various railroads wiiich extend in almost every direction. Among the principal huildi^J,^s are, a court house, built of marble, a jrfil, an ahns louse, two extensive market houses, 3 Iiipiscopal, 7 Presbyterian, 2 Bap- tist, 3 Methodist, 1 CathoHc, 1 Universalist churches, and a Friends* meetinj^. house ; G banking houses, 21 hotels, 7 cotton, and 2 woolen factories, 4 furnaces, 8 forges, 3 fulling and 2 rolling mills, and slitting mills ; 3 breweries, 5 carriage factories, 7 tan-yards, together with a large number of minor establishments of a similiar description. The power employed by theso extensive concerns, chiefly liydraulic, is derived from the Hudson, in which a pool has been formed which creates a fall of 11^ feet. In addition to this valuable power, another is aflbrded by the Poaston kill, whoso waters are conducted by means of a tunnel 800 feet in length into the city, and thus a fall of 180 feet has been effected. The falls and cascades of Paosten and Wyant*a creeks deserve attention. Troy is also distinguished for its literary and sci- entific institutions ; among these are the Rensselaer institute, Troy Female Seminary, Troy Academy for Boys, Lyceum of Natural History, Young Men's Mu- tual Improvement Association, together with several benevolent institutions. Troy is supplied with excel- lent water from the Piscawen creek. The water is conveyed to a distributing basin, 90 feet above the Hudson, and situated n the north quarter of the city. The city communicates with West Troy on the opposite side of the Hudson, by means of a bridge. Steam and canal boats, cars and stages, afford almost hourly communication with the surrounding towns* The Rensselaer and Saratoga railroad extends hence, via Waterford and Mechanicsville, to Ballston Spa, a distance of 24 miles, where it intersects the Schenec tady and Saratoga railroad. The Schenectady and -'v''^'; ROUTES FROM TRC^. 97 Troy railroad extends from Troy along the south bank of the Mohawk to Schenectady, a distance of 20 miles, .vhere it joins the great western line to Buffalo &.c. By Steamboat, Miles. From Troy to Albany.t 6 «♦ Hudson.t 35 . " Cat8kill,t 40 ,, •• Poughkeepsie.t 77 ; , '^ ;:•». • N<)wburg,t i.... 90 '. M ^: West Point,t 99 .: V Sing Sing.t ^18 I^\ M Piermont,t ....127 . ^* fj \ New.York,t, 151 By Railroad^ Miles. From Troy to Ballston, Spa,t 24 " Saratoga Springs,t 31 <• Schenectady.t 20 ' •• Utica,t 97 !• Syracuse,t 150 •• Auburn»t 176 •• Geneva.t 212 •• Canandaigua,t 227 •• Rochester,t 254 / ;•• Attica.t 297 «♦ Buffalo.t : 327 : «• Niagara Falls.t 350 By Erie Canal. Miles. From Troy to Sehenectady,t ^ , '» 23 ** Canajoharie,t 6^ j^i' iiV ; w Little FaliSjt 81 " Utica,t 103 •• , Syracuse.t 164 •« Montezuma.t 198 «• Lyon8,t 218 " Rochester,t 262 •* Lockport,t ^ 326 «• Buffalo.t 35e 9 I if m% I"' M I '::^i.' n t' m ;; ! ',f: 98 ROUTE FROM By Champlain Canal. , .^ Miles. From Troy to Mcchonicsville.t 12 Fort Millcr.t 33 " Fort Ann,t 53 Whitehall,t 65 By Stage. Miles. From Troy to Lansin^burgli.t 3 Easton.t 20 " Hartford.t 50 ' " Whitehall.t 66 " Bennington, V.,t 26 ' \ ■ By Railroad, Miles. From Troy to Greenbush,t 6 " Pittsfield, Mass.,t 55 ^V ■ '• Springfieldt " 109 «« Worcestcr,t *' 162 »« Boston.t " 206 ' ^ UTiCA. A large and flourishing commercial city of Oneida county, having a population, according to the census of 1840, of 12,810, and upwards of 1,700 buildings. Among these are, 18 places of worship, an ex- change, 4 banks of discount and deposit, and 1 for savings ; county hall and oflices, 2 acudemies, 1 asylum for orphans, a museum, &.c. The New- York State Asylum for Lunatics, an immense establishment, is situated about half a mile to the west of the city. Its principal manufactures consist of machinery, iron castings, steam engines, oil-cloth, musical instru- ments, carriages, snuffand segars, malt liquors, canal boats, &c., &c. , * ^. Uiica is the centre of an extensive and productive agricultural district, and as such, enjoys superior ad- vantages: it is also indebted for its rapid increase and prosperity, in a great measure, to its situation on ^elay to any point they ZJT ■ ^ ^'^^^^^ ^vithout cascades, forced by Z '°""'' "f « ^uece.sir of ?f about 70 fee, nonh?","""?' '""" ''^s a d?scen, '» .ver.ical heigh. 7^'"'° '>'f'^" o.xcced 3u fee «enes is about 40U fee, "5S«;s:"'e fM of i|,e en Im Jimestone, J,as every „rT ^''^ '■<'<:'«. a s/a(ir abra.dcd by ,hc ae.'^n o'T'"""' "^ '■"'"g boon most stratum. In some nl T""""' "c" foils Ton ^l-pports were found neces^arr-n ""'' "'^'«''. 'ha ?ba>ns adjusted horieomallv '^; , ^''J-'""^''''^'''' of iron 'nseried in the rocks bv .h^' "■"/ /"-"ened to bolts ?^^, whiel, ,he passenger ^ "''' "^^ "'"'^ contrivan "enabled to traver;^",^ en^t rf ' ''"^ *"■' """"i^. he" out imminent dan-er of h"'""''"''' I>utnot„^,l, '•"ar'ng cauldron belov^ A ? ^'""^"'^'•^'i into the Pfehed young lady (mT,3 rh^"'"T''"S "d accom! -- atnce a. oneVf tte't-JJ-y-li/e some !>-. C • M fM 9» *?■< 102 ROUTE FROM I 'i. I i' ■ \ It '.li". 'I Houte from Utica to Ogdenahurg\ by stage, Denmark, as above, G3 Somerville, 8 94 Carthage, 6 GU De Kalb 18 113 Antwerp, 17 8G Ogdensburg, 15 127 Denfnark.\ Carthage. — An incorporated village of Jefferson county, comprising l2U dwellings, 2 churches, an academy, 2 forges, 2 furnaces, 1 nail anu 2 axe fac tories, 1 rolling mill, 1 grist and 2 saw mills, 1 oil mill, several stores, taverns, workshops, &,c. The •• Long** falls of Black river at this place, afford a most voluable and extensive water power, which as yet is only partially employed. Antwerp. — A small villogc, consisting of 60 or 70 buildings, including 2 churches, and some small fac. tories, situated on Indian river, Jeffef'son county. Somerville, — A little village of St. Lawrence coun- ty, of 30 or 40 buildings. i)e Kall\ of St Lawrence, is a stnall village, con- taining some 50 buildings, including several mills, taverns, stores, &c. Ogdensburg — An incorporated village of St. J inppii'i WW" !•!■ ' i 104 miVGHAMTOrs. Norwich. — An extensive incorporated village, uni scat of justice of Clienango county, containing about l',600 inhabitants. Besides the customary county buildings, court-house, jail, «&c., there are 230 dwell- ings, 4 churclics, 1 saw mill, 2 grist mill*, store- houses, &,c. Its manufactures consist of leather and leather goods, broadcloth, coaches and carriages of all descriptions, musical instruments, machinery, iron ware. These, in addition to an extensive trade with the surrounding fertile country, and the facilities of transportation afforded by the Chenango canal, give to Norwich an imposing and busincss-hke appear- ance. Oxford, — An incorporated village of Chenango- counly, containing about 1,500 inhabitants, with 200 dwellings, 5 churches, an academy, 2 large store- houses, 2 mills, 1 foundry, carriage factories, print- ing offices, &-C. Greene. — A village of about 120 buildings and 800 inhabitants, in Chenango county. Here are 4 churches, 1 grist and 1 plaster mill, 1 cloth and 2 leather factories. Chenango Forks. — A village of 100 buildings, in- cluding a church, in Broome county, f-ituated at the point of junction of the Tioughnioga with its recipient, the Chenango river, and on the canal from Utica to the Susquehanna. Its manufactures consist of cloth, leather, and boots, &,c. JBinghamton. — An incorporated village of the first class, and seat of justice of Broome county, contain- ing about 3,000 inhabitants. The public buildings are, a court house, jail, 10 churches, several acad- emies and schools ; and its factories consist of 2 grist, 4 saw and 2 plaster mills, canal boat yard and dry dock, steam furnace, machine shops, tan yards, and lath and i lough and gun factories, &c. ; together with many sJore-houses for the accommodation of the canal and iiver trade, which is fiere extensively prosecuted by means of the Susquehanna and Che-* w ■ :'(5 ROUTES FROM UTICA. 105 nengo canal, the latter terminating at Binghamton. The New- York and Erie-railroad, now in progress, will pass through the village, where an extensive do. pdt has been constructed. Access to any of the adjacent villages is afTorded by the numerous canal ptickets and stages, whicli are constantly departing from the village in every direction. JFrom Utica to Little Falls by canal, 22 miles. »* *• by railway, ... 21 «•• ** Schenectady t by canal, . 80 «« " " by railway, 77 *« «• Albany t by canal, 110 •* •^V " *' by railway, 93 *« '* Rome t iy canal, 15 " *» " by railway, ^. 14 " " Syracuse t by canal, ^l *• ^ - : " " by railway, 53 " ■** Rochester t by canal,.... 159 " '" •♦ by railway,... J 58 •• " Saquoit by railway, 9 •• '* Sharon Springs by stage, 43 ** »* Bridgewater •• .... 18 *« «« Cherry Valley '* .... 40 «• " Cooperstown " .... 37 " ** Morrisville " .... 27 ** " Oneida Lake " .... 28 " •* Cjswego by railroad and Q^f]^) 99 «» High Falirof* Black* rV, 41 *' Middleville, ................ 13 ** \mi «!! .*l ROCIIESTER.t— (See p. 66.) ^^ ' lieute from Rochester to Olean^ hy stage, Scottsville 12 Nunda Valley, ....10 49 Caledonia, 8 20 Angelica, .^...20 69 Moscow, 16 ,36 Olean, .....30 99 M*»unt Morris, 3 39 "1 ''J (Ml m 106 ROUTE FllOM Seottaville. — A villogo of Monroe county, contain- ing about 550 inhabitants', 2 cliurchcs, 2 grist, 2 saw and 1 plaster mill, distillery, ashcry, &c. Caledonia. — A village of' Livingston county, com- prising 80 dwellings, 2 churches, a brewery, saw and grist mills, &c. Moscow. — A village of Livingston county, contain- ing about 450 inhabitants, 3 churches, taverns, stores, shops, &c. Mount Morris. — An incorporated village of Liv- ingston county, with about 239 buildin^Ts, including 4 churches, 1 furnace, a pottery, 4 mills, propelled by the waters of the Genesee, and 1,300 inhabitants. The canal here sends oil" a branch to Dansville, dis- tant 11 miles. Nunda Valley. — A village of Allegany county, Hvith nearly 1,100 inhabitants, 3 churches, an acad- emy, 1 woolen factory, 1 furnace, 1 machine shop, fitores, &c. Angelica. — An incorporated village and seat of justice for Allegany county, with about 1,000 inhab- itants. In addition to about 150 well built dwelhngs, there are, in the village, a court house, jail, a bank, 3 churches, a woolen and leather factory, saw and grist mills. Olean. — A neat village of Cattaraugus county, beautifully situated on the right or north bank of the Allegany, containing 700 inhabitants, 2 churches, 4' mills, &c. The Genesee valley canal, which unites the Erie canal at Rochester with the Allegany river, terminates here, after having passed tiirough or near every town on this route. From Olean to EllicoftsvJIle, by stage, 20 miles* ** Franklinvillc, ♦' 25 *• " BoHvar, *' 15 •* r u Whitesville, " 35 " " Friendship, " 20 "• ** Rochester, by canal, ....107, ♦^^^ I'. ' :r R0CIIF.3TKR TO BATH. 107 From Olcan to Pittsburg, Pa., by Allegany river, 210 miles. " Coudersport, Pa., 35 *• Route from RocTicster to Bath, ly stage^ via Geneseo and Avon Springs. ,. .i -i. Henrietta, 8 Dansville, 18 48 Avon Springs, 12 20 Liberty, 12 CO Geneseo, 10 30 Bath 16 76 Henrietta. — A small village of Monroe county, containing 190 inhabitants, 30 dwellings, 2 churches, a high school, stores, &c, Avon Springs. — Celebrated medicinal springs, much resorted to by invalids and others, situated in the town of Avon, Livingston county. The waters of these noted oprlngg, 12 in number, are beneficial in cutaneous aflections, and in disorders of the di- gestive powers generally. They are composed of carbonate and sulphate of lime, sulphate of magnesia and soda, sulphuretted hydrogen and carbonic acid gases, with shght traces of chloride of calcium. Their temperature is uniform, (45° ofFah.,) and specific gravity, 10.018. Geneseo. — A large and beautiful village of Liv- ingston county, of which it is the seat of justice, con- taining about 1,000 inhabitants. Its chief buildings are, a court house, jail, a bank, 3 churches, a high school, together with the usual proportion of taverns, stores, mechanics' shops, «&c. Geneseo is finely sit- uated about 4 miles east of the Genesee, v/hich, from the commanding position of the village, is seen, in connection with its canal, to great advantage. Tiansville. — A large and bus)' village of Living- ston county, containing about 1,700 inhabitants, 4 churches, and a bank. Dansville is admirably sit- uated for manufacturing purposes ; a fall of 65 ieett in the Canaseraga creek, affords an almost unlimited J- IS ** ■ i ^IPIilillpllll mmfF mm U\h\ HI ': ^^'1 'I 108 ROUTE FROM poweri which is, as yet, but partiaHy employecf. The village is connected with the Genesee valley canal by a branch 11 miles in length. The man. ufactures of the place consist of paper, which is made in large quantities, leather, iflour, iron castings, and nearly every article of domestic use, as hats, shoes, Boap, candles, &.c. Liberty. — A neat little village of Steuben county, on the Conhocten creek, containing 50 dwellings, 2 churches and nearly 300 inhabitants. ^ JBath. — An incorporated village and seat of justice; of Steuben county, containing the county buildings, 5 churches, 230 dwellings, a bank, 2 prilling offices, 1 grist, 1 plaster and 1 oil mill, a tan yard, and i^ furnace, with 1,500 inhabitants. From Bath to Crooked Lake, 6mile9> *5 Kennedy ville, 5 *• •• Avoca, ..10 «* « Angekica,. .,.......$0 " •* Adamsport, 23r ** • *• Campbell, 13 •* •• Corning, 27 " «• Elmira, 40 " " Seneca Lake, 28 *♦ From Rochester to Batavia, by railway,... 30 miles» «• Buffalo^ " ... 73 •• •• •« by canal, 04 «• **, Kiagara Falls, by canal and railway, 88 «• •* Canandaigua^byr*way, 27 •• [** Auburn, by railway,... 51 " ' •• Utica, " ...157 " ^ ' ' Palmyra, by canal, . ... 29 *• •^ Lyons, *» .... 44 «• ' f } Syracuse, ** .... 98 " r , «: ' Utica, «• ....159^ " . . „- Qig^n. " ....107 « •• Lake Ontario, " .... 10 " BUFFALO TO DETROIT. 109 BUFFALO.+ . . ' JRoute from Buffalo to Detroit^ fty tteamboat, Dunkirk, 40 Cleveland, 70 184 Erie, Penn 42 82 Sandusky, 54 238 Conneaut, O., ....32 114 Detroit 62 300 Dunkirk. — An incorporated village of Chautauque county, situated on the S. £. margin of Lake Erie, where the Hudson and Erie railroad has it« wsstem terminus. It comprises about 220 buildings, in- cluding 2 churches, several mills, with 1,200 inhab- itants. , , Erie. — A large and flourishing town, and Beat of justice of Eric county, Penn., situated at the head of Presque Isle bay, and contains a population of 3,412. Its chief buildings are, a court house, jail, 8 churches, an academy, a bank, a vast number of extensive warehouses for the lake tr<\de, iron foundries, grist and other mills, tan yards, &c. Conneaut. — A neat little town of Ashtabula coun- ty, Ohio, situated oh the Conneaut river, near its en trance into Lake Erie. Population 2,642. Cleveland. — A large and important city of Cuyaho- ga county, Ohio, beautifully situated on the 80utherii( shore of Lake Erie, at the mouth of the Cuyahoga river. It is che emporium of an extensive trade by the lake, and the Ohio and Erie canal, which latter extends from Cleveland to Portsmouth, on the Ohio river. In common with every other part of the 8tat)0 of Ohio, the growth of Cleveland is almost unprece- dented. A few years since its site presented not a trace of civilization ; now it yields only to Cincinnati in point of population, which exceeds 6,000 souls. The plan of the town is very regular, with wide and well graded streets, lined with fine buildings. Main street, the principal avenue, is 120 feet in breadth. The chief public buildings, some of which front on a public square, consist of a court house and the usual 10 'i ■n M^ :',.■■::_ no EOUTB FROaf :i!, ') (it ■, .,., til 11 . county pfGcefl, 6 handsome churches, 53 banking houses. Sandusky. — A town of Erie county, of which it is the seat of justice, beautifully situated on the south. em margin of Sandudky bay. The buildings, which are constructed mostly of stone, consist of 350 dwell- ings, 4 elegant churches, and ^n academy, with 1,500 inhabitants. Detroit. — The capital of the state of Michigon, and the most extensive and important city of the N. W. region of the United States. It occupies the gate liatween the upper and lower lakes, and commands a vast and lucrative trade with the growing interior. In addition to about 1,700 dwelling houses there are, the capitol or legislative hall, with its offices, city hall, 10 churches, some of which are large and elegant, 4 banks, a theatre, a museum, a state penitentiary, X|ie(5hanics' hall, 2 asylums for orphans, 3 furnaces, breweries, potteries, &c. Public and private schools of the first order are numerous. Benevolent and literary institutions also abound here. There are 3 printing offices, from which 3 daily and 4 weekly ilewspapers are issued. Detroit is one of the oldest towns in the United States, having been founded by the French settlers, in 1763. It was incorporated as a city in 1815. The central railway, which is de- signed to intersect the state from east to west, is fin. ished, and in operation from Detroit to Jackson, a distance of 80 miles. This, with good common roads and the facihties of intercourse afforded by the lakes, liiust insure a full share of trade to Detroit, which is justly regarded as the commercial emporium of this section of the country. Boutefrom Buffalo to Erie, Penn., by stage, Hainburg, 14 Westfield, 15 60 Bring, 16 30 Erie, 30 90 ,.,..15 45 -\#. m BUFFALO TO EAIS, PA. Itl Hamburg. — A post officOi with a few dwelliLgs, ijn Erie county. Irving. — A mere hamlet of 12 or 15 building^, of Chautauquc county, situated at the outlet of Cattarau- gus creek. It is a port of entry. Fredonia. — A large and flourishing village of Chau- tauquc county, situated 3 miles from Lake Erie. It was incorporated in 1829, and now contains 1,200 inhabitants. Among the buildings are, 6 churches, an academy, 4 mills of various sorts, a furnace, and a clothier's establishment. Some of the streets and houses of the village are lighted from a natural gas- ometer, situated near the bed of the adjoining stream, from which issues immense quantities of carburetted hydrogen gas. Several similar inflammable springs have been discovered in the neighborhood. Westfield. — An incorporated village of Chautauque county, containing 1,100 inhabitants, 3 churches, aa academy, 6 mills, and several factories. Erie.f From Buffalo to Mayfield, .^5 miles. " EUicottville, 48 «« •« Geneseo, , .62 ^* •« Welland canal, 20 «« •• Niagara falls, by rail way,. 23 •* •• do the Canada side,. 19 *« •• Attica, by railway, 31 ** *• Batavia, 43 «• «• Rochester, 73 V ** Pendleton, by canal, 24 ** . *« Lockport, 31 «• ", Albion, 60 «« «« Brockport, 71 «« «* Rochester, .95 " */., <'■■• "J a lid BOUTE 7RQM It litfl NIAGARA FALLS.t Moute from Niagara to Montreal^ by steamhoatt ^c. Queenston 6 Niagara village . . 7 IS Toronto 30 43 Port Hope 66 109 Coburg 36 145 Oswego 74 219 Kingston 58 277 ^liaabethtown .... 48 325 Prescot 14 339 Hamilton 18 357 Cornwall 28 381 CoteauduLac....32 417 LcsCedres 7 424 Cascades 7 431 La Chine 16 447 Montreal 8 455 From Niagara to Lockport, by railway, ....24 miles. «• a (I u. (( • 10» m ' !• ." 'I'M 114 ROUTE FROM .'i' « L New.Haven Harbor. — A bay of Long Island sound, at the head of which is the beautiful city of New Haven. Falkner*8 Islands. — A small cluster of islands about 5 miles ofitho coast of New.Haven county. Connecticut River. — This is the principal river of New England, which has its first fountain in Canada, and after passing southward and dividing the states pf New-Hampshire and Vermont, and intersecting those of Massachusetts and Connecticut, enters Long Island sound about 30 miles east of New Haven. The entire course of this beautiful stream is marked by scenery of the most romantic and alluring descrip- tion. It is diversified by hill and dale, and towards fhe north, it assumes an almost Alpine aspect, with every characteristic of the most rugged and mountain- ous regions, in approaching its discharge into the sound, it gradually declines and gently meanders through the green fields of Connecticut, to its final ^nion with its great recipient. Long Island sound. jRiver Thames. — A small stream of the state of Connecticut, having the towns of New London and Norwich on its right bank ; the former about 4, and the latter 20 miles from its mouth. This river forms a part of a route from New York to Boston, which will be noticed hereafter. Stonington. — An incorporated village of New London county, Connecticut, finely situated in the S. E. extremity of the state, and on the margin of the strait between the main land and Fisher's island. It contains about 1,509 inhabitants, many of whom are engaged in the whale and seal fisheries. Stonington i>ecame quit^ conspicuous during the late war with Great Britain. On the 10th of August, 1814, it was vigorously bonlbarded by a British fleet, which, how- ever, was soon obliged to withdraw without accom- plishing its object. Here the passengers for Boston leave the steam- boat and enter the cars. Ail*':, NEW-TORK TO DOSTON. 115 Kingaton, — A small village of Rhodo island. Providence. — A large commercial and manufactur- ing^ city of Rhode Island, of which state it is the seat of government. It is advantageously situated on both sides of Providence river, a tributary of Narraganset bay. There are in the city and its dependencies not less than 4,000 buildings of every sort, including some elegant public and private structures. Among these are many handsome churches, and several edifices belonging to Brown's University, established in 1770. The arcade, 222 feet in length and 72 in breadth, buHt of stone, is a beautiful building; together with many others devoted to literary, scientific, and commercial purposes. The manufactures of Providence and its neighborhood, in which nearly one-fourth of the in- habitants are engaged, are vast and various ; consist, ing chiefly of cotton goods of every variety, iron, copper and tin ware, and machinery of all kinds, jewelry, &c. Besides the railroads to Boston and Stonington, respectively. Providence enjoys the ad- vantages of the Blackstone canal, which affords a navigable communication to Worcester, Mass. By the aid of these valuable auxiliaries, combined with excellent comnion roods, its domestic intercourse with the neighboring towns is largely promoted. Provi- dence has also an extensive and valuable foreign commerce, especially with India and the islands of Oceana : this, however, has somewhat diminished of late, owing to the diversion of much of its capital to the purposes of domestic nianufactures. Boston — The great metropolis and capital of the state of Massachusetts, and the fifth city of the United States in point of population and extent. It is beau- tifully situated on a peninsula, which juts from the main land into Massachusetts bay ; by which, and Charles river bay on the west, it is nearly surround- ed. The former bay, which forms the harbor, is studded in every direction by several pretty islands, some of which are crowned with tasty structures and f ^.'^ > i*^ ■M i i IIG ROUTE FROM fortifications. These, with the numerous bridges ex. tending from the city to the opposito shores and the adjacent villages, impart great beauty and interest to the entire landscape, when viewed from any of the neighboring eminences. The city itself is somow' at irregular in its plan, and, with some exceptions, is disfigured by narrow and crooked streets. Tjioso of a recent date are, how- over, laid out on a more commodious and liberal scale, and Hned for the most part with elegant and substan- tial buildings. Among these, the following deserve notice : the Old State House, on Washington and Stato streets ; State House, on Beacon street, in which , the beautiful statue of Washington, by Chantry, is pla- ced, and from the dome of which the city and its envi- rons may be seen to great advantage ; Faneuil Hall^ in Dock square ; Maaaachusetts Hospital, on the banks of Charles river ; J^aneuil Hall Market, and Quincy Hall, on Dock square, is an immense pile, 536 feet in length ; Tremont House, on Beacon and Tremont streets, contains 180 apartments; New Court ffouse, in Court square, 17G feet in length and 54 in width ; Houses of Industry, Correction and JRefor- motion, in South Boston ; Trinity Church, in Sum- ner street ; St. PauVs Church and Masonic Hall, in Tremont street ; Washington Bank ; Suffolk Bank, late United States Bank, in State street ; Park street Church, &.C.; Boston Theatre, now the "Odeon,*' on Franklin and Federal streets, is now employed as a place of worship ; Tremont Theatre, on Tre- mont street ; National Theatre, corner of Traver^ and Portland streets. Among the other objects of interest, in or around Boston, are the following: Boston Common, a public promenade, consisting of 75 acres of ground, surrounded by an iron railing, and ornamented with gravelled walks, trees, &c. Mount Auburn Cemetery. — A beautiful rural place of sepulture, is situatedf about 3 miles west of NEW-YOUK to BOSTON. 117 the city. It comprises about 100 acres of land, which ib appropriately arranged and adorned for the pur* poses to which it is devoted. Hunker Hill Monument, in Charlestown ; where are, aJso, the U. Stales Navy Yard, McLean Aay. lutn foi* tlu3 insane, State Prison, &c. In South Bottont are Dorchtater Heights, 1 30 feet fabove the adjacent bay, from wliich a fino view of Boston, &,c. is had. Route from New. York to Boston, via Norwich^ by ' ■■^- steamboat and railway, Thames river, as aboye, 135 New London, 4 129 Norwich, 16 145 Jewctt's City, 9 154 Canterbury 6 100 Westfield : 12 172 Thompson, ..12 184 Oxford, 10 IH Worcester 10 204 Boston, 44 248 iVcio London^ — A city, end one of the seats of jus- tice for New iLpndori county, Conn. It is situated on the west bank of Thames river, and contains about '1,700 inhabitants, most of whom are engaged in the fishing business. The city is defended by two fortresses, one on each side of the river, which command the entrance. New London suffered se- verely during the revolutionary wor. On the 6th of September, 1781, it was attacked by a British force of 24 vessels, under the renegade Arnold, und, after a shght resictanctf, succeeded in destroying a consi- derable portion of the city. Norwich. — A beautiful and flourishing city of New London county, situated at the forks' of Yantic and Shetucket rivers, the two principal branches of the •r ■li i I'll' : > ^1 J: i u 116 ROUTE FROM Thameb. Its chief buildings are, a court houses a town hall, an academy. In Granville, a suburb of Norwich, are 3 extensive paper mills, besides 10 or 12 other factories, which produce cotton and woolen goods in large quantities, with many other articles. The falls of Shetucket dcst rve attention. Popula. tion of Norwich, according to the census of 1840, is 4,500. - '-^ JewetVs City, — An extensive manufacturing vil- lage of New London county. Canterbury^ Ww^/ieW, and --'^ Thompson, are small villages of Windham county, Conn. Oxford. — A village of ths township of the san^e name, in Worcester county, Mass. Worcester. f Bo8ton,f • ' i\ JRoutefrom New York to Boston, via Bridgeport, by steamboat and railroad. Bridgeport, st. boat, 60 Newtown, R. R. 20 80 New Milford, do 16 96 Kent, do 12 108 Cornwall, do 12 120 Canaan falls, R.R. 6 126 W. Stockbr. do 28 144 Springfield, do 62 206 Worcester, do 54 260 Boston, do 44 304 Bridgeport.-— A city of Fairfield county. Conn., beautifully situated on a smail bay of Long Island 8ound, having a population of about 1,700. Sinc^ the completion of the Housatonic railroad, whicn commences here, the city has assumed quite a busi. ness.Hke appearance, and is now one of the most Nourishing and handsome towns of the sta^te. N^twtown, — A, neat village of Fairfield county. Mew Milford. — A handsome little village ot Litch- field county, Conn. NEW-TORK TO BOSTON. 119 Kent — A vMlage of Litchfield county, Conn*, si- tuated on the Housatonic river. Cornwall. — A village of the same county, roman. tically situated among the hills of Housato'iic. A school for the instruction of Indians was established here in 1818, at which Obookiah, a native of Owyhee, was educated ; but, ere he could return to his native country, he sickened and died. A neat monument to his memory may be seen in the village church- yard. Canaan falls. — A beautiful cataract in the Housa. tonic river, occasioned by a ledge of Hmestone rocks, over which the water is precipitated, in an unbroken fall of 60 feet. West Stockbridge.i — [Here the Housatonic rail- road is intersected by the Albany and West'Stock- Hridge railway, by which a practicable route from New York to Albany is furnished. The distance from New York to Bridgeport, by steamboat, is 61) miles, thence to West Stockbridge 94 miles, and thence to Albany 41 miles. Total distance from N'. York to Albany 195 miles.] S^ringfield.i WorcesterA Boston.f 1 1 Bouie from New. York to Hartford^ Conn, h. N. Haven, as above, 80 Mcriden, byR.R. 6 9^ Wallingford,R,R.12 92 Hartford, do 18 110 New Haten. — One of the capitals of the state of Connecticut, and the most po<>ulous and beautiful town of the state. New Haven has long been cele- brated, not only as the seat of Yale College, one of the oldest and most distinguished schools oT the country, but also for its numerous scientific and literary in- stitutions ; which, with the uncommon beauty of the city itself, and the general intelligence of the inhabit- * ii;. 129 CANADA. antfli render it one of the most attractive places in New England. Population 12,960. -'< Wallingfdrd, — A village of Now Haven county, beautifully situated on an eminence about a mile east from the Quinnipiac. It consists of two parallel streeip extending along the ridge of a hill. The main street, on which the, most of the buildings are erect, ed, is nearly a mile in length. Meriden. — A manufacturing town of New Haven county. Here are produced, in great abundance, patent augers and auger bitts, combs, tin and Britan- nia ware, iron castings, coffee mills, clocks, ironmon- gery, block tin ware, skates, rakes, &c. A short distance from the village is the famous Cat Hole, a narrow and romantic glen, through which a road has been constructed. Hartford. — A city, and one 6f the capitals of Con- necticut, situated on the right or west bank of Con- necticut river. The city plot is rather irregular, and is intersected by Little river, over which is a fine bridge. Another bridge across the Connecticut unites the city with East Hartford. Among the most promi- nent objects in the city are, the American Asylum for the instruction of the deaf and dumb ; Retreat for the Insane ; Washington College ; and the Char- ter Oakf an old tree, of ir^mense proportions, in the hollow of which was secreted, and thus preserved, in the year 1687, the original colonial charter, \... h had been demanded by the Governor General, with a view to its abrogation. CANADA. GENERAL T'^IEW. A va^t territory of North America, belonging at present to Great Britain, lying in a N. E. and S. W. direction, principally along the N. side of the St. Law- gANADA* 121 i;enQ6, end the N. and E. sides of lakes Ontailo, Erie, iluron, and Superior, between 57° 50' and 90° W. longitude, and 42° and 52^ N. latitude. The other portion of Canada, or that an the S. side of the St. Lawrence, is of comparatively Umited dimensions : it stretches along the river from near Montreal to Point Gaspjg, ^t, its embouchure, having on the S. the terri. tory of tha Uqited States and New Brunswick. Oa the N. Canada has Labrador and the inhospitable territories b'.lQnging to the N. W. Company, the boun* dary in this direction being the elevated grounds, or water sheds, separating the rivers which run S. to the St. Lawrence and the great lakes from those which run N. to Davis* straits and Hudson's bay. The length of Canada, from Amherstburg, on Detroit river, the extreme S. W. limit of the province, to Sablon harbor, on the strait of Belle lale, its extreme N. £. limit, is about 1,450 miles, its breadth may var}' ^rom 200 to 400 miles. Its area has been estimated at about $50,000 square miles ; and its population at present probably exceeds a million. It is wholly within the basin oi, the St. Lawrence, of which it includes thei entire N. and a small part of the S. slope. ^a:^'..t:^\ This great territory, which is consolidated under one administration, is divided into two parts as for. marly, but are designated, as " Canada West " and " Canada East," the former being identical with Up- per, and the latter with Lower Canada. The Ottawa or Grand river, which has its sources in about 48^ 30' N. latitude, and 80^ W. longitude, and flows in aa E. S. E. direction till it unites witlv the St. Li^wrence, near Montreal, forms nearly in its whole extent the Une of demarcation between the two provinces. Can. ada West is entirely an inland province ; l^t front its having the great lakes and a part of the St. Law. rence for its boundary, it has a vast command of in. ternal navigation, and a ready access to the ocean. The N. portion of Canada consists of a table-land, Htde of which has been hitherto explored. In Can. ) -J )'i\ iM 122 CANADA. «» ■■ i * ada West, E. of Huron, it has an average elevation of perhaps from 1,200 to 1,300 feet. It is covered with forests inrerspersed with ravines, swamps, and tor- rents ; and abounds with lakes which, any where but in the neighborhood of the immense lakes of this con- tinent, would be deemed of considerable size. 7'he coast of Canada Eant, N. E. of the Saguenay, is less lofty than S. W. of that river; but of a very uninv'*. ing description. The interior of this part of the cc i- try is described as composed of rocky cliffs and low hills, scattered over barren plains, diversified with thick forests of stunted pines, and checkered with small lakes. The greater part of the immense dis- trict of Quebec presents a chaos of mountains, lakes, and torrents, tenanted only by wild beasts, and a few Vs'Oindering Indians. From the mouth of the Sague- nay to Cape Tourment, near Quebec, the shore of the St. Lawrence is bold and desolate ; but W. of this point a plain country begins to extend inland, with a variable breadth of from 15 to 40 miles, rising into the table-land behind it by successive terraces. The cul- tivated country N. of Quebec does not extend far, being hemmed in by hill ranges. But as these ranges gradually recede from the St. Lawrence, and the country, at first diversified by varied eminences, sinks into a level plain, the surface of settled and cultivated land increases ; and this is especially the case as we approach and penetrate Canada West. The penin- sula or great plain of this province, between lakes Huron, Erie, and Ontario, comprising about 20,000 square miles, consists, for the most part, of alluvial soil, on a calcareous substratum. It is of varying fertility ; but, on the whole, is believed to be the best grain country of any of the more N. porti >ns of the •American continent. A large part of this fine plain is still covered with lofty forests : it has, hoyvever, some prairies, or natural meadows ; but these ar j not extensive. At some remote period it had evidently formed part of the bed of a vast inland sea, of which '^r CANADA. 123 tho five great lakes having been the deepest, are now the principal remaining portions. N. of lake Ontario, two terraces intervene between the plain on the shoro of the lake and the table-land in the N., decreasing somewhat in fertility as they increase in heit^ht, and separated from each other and from the plain by two ranges of hills of moderate elevation. The most S. of these two ranges unite near longitude 80o with a third, which passes N. and S. from Natiiwasanga bay, in lake Huron, to the W. extremity of lake On- tario. The combined range, after encircling the head of the latter lake, crosses the bed of the Nia«jrara river, forming the If ige over which are the celebrated falls, and is finally lost in the territory of the U. States. That part of Canada East, S of the St. Lawrence, extending between longitude 72O30' and 74° 30, and entering into the district of Montreal, consists, tor the most part, of an extended plain almost complete- ly flat, except that some detached hills diversify the surface, one of which, that of Rouville, is 1,100 feet in height. It is less extensive than the plain on the opposite shore of the river, and contains no large towns, but it is in many districts equally fertile and well watered, and the cities are dependent on it for a large proportion of their supplies. To the S. and E. it ascends by degrees into the mountainous re. gions. The aspect of the S. shore of the BBStuary of the St. Lawrence, between longitude 69° .SO' and 72°, though bold and- hilly, is not mountainous, as on the opposite shore : and the hill ranges are interspersed with valleys and even plains of some extent, many of which, from the encouragement afforded by the contiguous markets of the capital, have been brought into very tolerable cultivation. E. of Kamouraska, the country is diversified by more abrupt eminences, while population and culture become more limited ; and in the district of Gasp^ the mountains rise into two chains of considerable elevation, enclosing be. twe^a thfm a lofty table-land or c«Qtral valley. Thfi. : jt\l ^:A-''A I'l M: 'i l34 CAlfADA. 1,4 most southerly of these chains bounds on its 6. tide the valley of the Ristigouche and St. John rivers. Besides the great lakes indenting the W. outline of the country, Canada contains, as has been already said, numerous minor, yet still considerable, bodies of water. In Cailada East; the Idkes and rivers have been estimated to cover 3,200 square miles of surface; the principal of the former hitherto discovered are lake St. John, with an area of 540 square miles t those of Manicouagan, Piretibbe, and others N. of the St. Lawrence, and Mephramagog, &c., S. of that river. In Canada West, the chief known are Nipissing lake, Timiscaming and St. Ann's, in the high table-land ; and the Simcoe lake in the upper terrace country of the Home district. Amongst the rivers falling into the St. Lawrence, or into the lakes which form part of its system, there are some deserving of especial mention here for their utility as regards navigation, or their ogelicy tn ffertiT- izing the soil. In the peninsula of Canada West, the Thames originates in the district of London, by the union of several streams, near latitude 43° and longitude 81°, and after a course of about 150 miles chiefly S. W. falls into lake St. Clair, situated between those of Huron and Erie. The Thames is navigable for large vessels t6 Chatham, 15 miles up, and for boats nearly to its source. II intersects and waters a fine and fertile country. Besides Chatham, small towns, with the pompous names of London and Ox- ford, are situated upon its banks. Next in magni- tude to the Thames is the Ouse. This river rises in the Home district, about latitude 44^, longitude 80° 10', runs generally S. E., and falls into lake Erie near its N. E. extremity. Parallel to this river for about 50 miles, runs the Welland or Chippewa river, which in one part of its course forms a portion of the canal between the Ouse and lake Ontario; by tneans of virhich the falls of Niagara are avoided. The Trent, in the district of Newcastle, connects the small lakes ■*-.' I.I CArVADA. 125 Balsam, Sturgeon, and several others in the \ipper terrace country, with the Rice lake, and, after a tor- tuous course, discharges itself into the bay of Quint^, in lake Ontario. It is Raid to be navigable for boats In the whole of its course. The lake Balsam is sep- arated by only a short portage from that of Simcoe, which discharges its waters into Gloucester bay (Hu- ron lake) by the Severn river. A short and valuable line of direct water communication between the lakes Huron and Ontario is apparently impeded only by the intervention of this short portage, and by the ra- pids of the Severn, which river is, however, no more than 20 miles in length. If we except the St John, the Ristigouche, which bounds the district of Gaspe S., and falls into Chalour bay, is the only river of any importance in Canada not belonging to the St. Law- rence basin. Climate. — The climate of Canada is subject to great extremes of heat and cold ; the thermometer ranging between 102° above, and SG"^ below, the zero pfFahr. In such an extensive region there is, of course, some difference in this respect ; as we ascend the St. Lawrence, not only a more S. parallel is reached, but the country is less wild and exposed than that near its entrance ; so that whilst Quebec has been said to have the summer of Paris and the >vinter of St. Petersburg, the great plain of lake Erie has the cHmate of Philadelphia. Still the Canadian chmate, as a whole, must be considered very severe : all the streams are locked up by ice, and the ground is covered every where, to an average depth of 5 or 6 feet, by snow, for 4 or 5 mon ths of every year. Frosts usually commence in October, whilst the weather, by day, is still mild and serene. But with November begins a succession of snow-storms and tempests, from the N. and E., accompanied by a great increase of cold ; and this sort of weather usually continues to the 2d or 3d week of December, when the atmos- phere again becomes serene, but the cold still more id6 CANADA. 'i''! intense, flo that the rivers become suddenly frozen over. Towards the latter part of April, or, in lato seasons, the benrinning of May, the ice begins to break up (often with loud reports like the discharge of can- non ;) a sudden increase of temperature stimulates vegetation, and makes its growth almost perceptible to the eye ; so that spring and summer can scarcely be recognised as distinct seasons. May and June are occasionally wet, to the hinderance of the farmer, whose seed-time this is (to be followed by harvest towards the end of August ;) but usually, the sum- mers are very fine. Thunder-storms are often of great violence, and the aurora borealis is frequent and vivid : of the prevailing winds, those from the 3. W. are usually accompanied by clear and serene wea- ther ; those from the N. E. by continued rain in sum- mer, and anow in winter ; whilst a N. W. breeze is usually dry, with severe cold. Fogs (except in the district of (jrasp6)are of unusual occurrence. It seema to be the general opinion of the inhabitants, that the winters are gradually becoming less severe : and this may be attributable to the clearance of the forests and the increased extent of cultivated surface ; for, whilst the state of climate (especially of humidity) influences vegetation, that, in turn, reacts on cHmate. Hum-^ boldt*s reasoning* and tables {Memoir ea d*Arceuili tom. iii.) may be satisfactorily referred to for the con^ ditions that have the greatest and most permanent influence on the Canadian climate. The length and severity of the Canadian winter id a heavy drawback on the country, and lays the far- mer under serious difficulty and privations not ex- perienced in countries where the climate is milder, as in the contiguous territories of Indiana and Illinois. For five or six months almost all agricultural opera, tions are suspended, so that time is not left in the rest of the year for the proper preparation of the ground for the crops and other necessary labors. It is clear tofs that boraeBt cattle, and other farm itooki voxuA >i i t CANADA. 127 require a proportionally large supply of fodder for their keep. In these respects, however, there is a material diflference between the two provinces. In Canada West the severity and the length of the win- ter are considerably diminished. The soil too is gen- erally better; and the quality of the wheat improves as we draw nearer to the S. limit of the province. Most of the causes that contribute to make the cli. mate of the northern part of America more severe, and subject to greater extremes than that of Europe, in the same parallel, bear with especial force on the Canadian regions. The greater portion of these pro- vinces is covered by extensive forests ; the trees com- posing which (especially in the more northern and eastern parts) do not, generally speaking, attain the same lofty size as those of the United States, nor flouHsh with the same exuberant vitality : the pine family, and various species of evergreens, are the most numerous and predominant. Amongst various other kinds of trees, are, the silver and American firs, Weymouth and Canadian pines, white cedar ( TAti^a oecidentalist) maple, birch, American ash, bass wood^ hickory, two or three species of wild cherry, and nu* merous species of oak. Like the rest of the Ameri- can continent, most of the plants and animals differ specifically froin those of the Old World. Many of the smaller kinds of annual and perennial plants are common to Cane da and riegions lying much further to the S., which may be accounted for by the high summer temperature, whilst the deep winter snows effectually protect their roots through the severest sea- sons ; but the trees and larger shrubs, which find no such shelter, belong for the most part to more north- ern and arctic regions. Of the smaller plants, the Zizania aquatica may be noticed as pecuhar to Cod- ada, and abounding in most of the swamps (a grass not unlike rice, and affording food to birds, and oc- casionally to the Indian tribes,) and the ginseng, and Gftnadiaa MHy^ bommon to this country and Kami. r 1-28 CANADA. a" . .^»ij. chatska. From the eap of the maple (acer aaeehart* fium,) as it rises in the earlier part of spring, sugar is made in considerable quantities; in collecting which, from trees scattered over thousands of acres, whilst the snow still covers the ground, much hard- t ship is frequently endured : these districts are called T* •' sugaries, and a valuable description of property. The mode of procuring it is by inserting a small cane shoot through an incision made in the bark, the sap being received in a wooden trough placed under it; it is after- wards boiled, and left to cool into a hard solid mas, of a dark brown color, which is moulded by the form of the jars which contain it; the value of the article is about half of that produced from the sugar-cane. Most of the oak growing in the woods is unfit for ship.buildr ing, and the greater part of the timber used for that purpose is imported from New England. The spe- cies called the live oak, which grows in the warmer parts of the colony, is, however, said to be well adapt, ed for ship timber ; the various kinds of wood avail- able for no other purpose, serve to supply the pot and pearl.ash manufactories. Amongst the wild animaU ranging through these unreclaimed regions, are the f American elk, fallow deer, bear, wolf, fox, wild cat, racoon, martin, otter, and various species of Viverrd and MusteltB; the beaver, hare, grey and red squir- rel ; and in the more southern parts, the buffalo and roebuck : the bears usually hibernate, if the seasori has enabled them to get sufficiently fat for the pur- pose ; if not, they migrate to a more southerly climate. Amongst the birds, may be noticed the wild pigeon^ quail, partridge, and different kinds of grouse; of the water birds, the species are very numerous, as might be inferred from the general character of the region, where, in the basin of the St. Lawrence, and the nu- ^'xnerous lakes occupying the elevated table-lands , around it, half the fresh water on the surface of th^ "" globe is .collected ; a humming bird (the smallest oJF its genus) is also indigenous, and may be seen in ih|9 * f J a m GAUADA. 109 Qoebee ^rdens, flitting round the flowers. Amongftil the reptiles, the rattie8nurtjBsy char- ncient ducat, world, very ent on ajorlty called versal public 8 and >f the ;ation ftndif entirely in the hands of tho Catholic clerg:y,) between 900 and 300 annually finish their education, and are diapcrKcd through the community: nearly the whole of these ure of the cIuhs of hnbitanit^ and re. turn to r&^ide amongst thum, mostly as notaries or sur. geons ; and thus, living on toirns of complete 30cial equahty, though with greatly superior knowledge, in communities which possess nothing in the shape of municipal institutions, they possess almost despotic influence over popular opinion and conduct in all pub. lie matters. The habitant under the old feudal te. nures have cleared two or three bells of land along the St. Lawrence, and cultivate them on the worst system of small farming; their farms and residences being all so connected, that the country of the seign. cries appears like a continuous village. They spin and weave their own wool and flax, and make their own soap, candles, and sugar. What energy and enterprise there exists in the community (beyond .the portion required by this sort o*" routine) is exerted in the fur trade and in hunting. The Anglo-Saxon portion of the population of Canada East consists almost wholly of persons who have emigrated from the United Kingdom, or the de. Scendants of such, subsequent to 1759. A consider- able addition was made to their numbers by U. S. loy. alists in 1787 ; at a subsequent period many fair iLas from Vermont have settled in the * O'. ,in. ing that state, and since the formati. r i tii A'-. « can Land C "npany many haveen;,;r- -■ '''.< 't;^ their exertion . A majority of the i ";u- c ^ r^. this portion of the population are Irish v ' w . , the rest are English or Scotch Protestants : besides this, they possess the best cultivated farms in the province, and are owners of fully half the more valuable seign. ories. Th» inhabitants of the W. province consist principally of the descendants of U. S. lo> ali&ts, pre- viously to 1787, and of subsequent settlers, or their dii^jendouts, from, the United Kingdom and the states: -■■1 I .:•;, ■■*• •■;-: n /♦•- % ■ V. 132 *^ V « QANAPA. an exteoLive emigration from the foriner, subsequent to 1828, nearly doubled the previous population of the province. Of the emigrants froii: the United King, do*^ , many were half-pay army or navy oiSicers, and of the working '^lasses a onsideraUe proportion we:e Irish' The Catholiq population of the wester.ii pro- vince is estimatea at one fifth part of the whole : m the back part of the Niagara district some Dutch set- tlers are established ; and a few French families along the Pelroit. The population at present is esUmated at 500,000, scattered along an extensive frontier, with very imperfect means of inter-communication ; the more thickly settled districts being, of course, in the occupation of the older section of residents, who are for the most part owners also of the wild lands m those districts. The iiumber of emigrants from the United Kingdom, Which landed at the port of Quebec in the nine years ending 1838, amounted toS63,089: of these, 165,000 proceeded to the western province; but of the whole number, from 50 to 60 per cent., re. emigrated^ after a short residence, to the U. Statesv The greatest number which emigrated in any QUe year was in 1832, when 51,746 arrived at Quebec^ t\e smallest number was in 1838, when 4,992 only reached that port. Within the period spoken of there were also 50,000 estimated to have reached the pro- vinces by way of New York and the Erie canal; a like proportion of whom also re-emigrated. Thero can be no doubt that the valley of the Mis. sissippi offers incomparably greater advantages to in. dustrious immigra .its, whether with or without capital, than can be enjoyed in any part of Canada. It has a better cHmate, a better and cheaper soil, and is free from the greater number of those social greivances that disturb and embitter society in Qanada. The wonder in fact, is, not that so many of the emigrants to Canada have left it for the United States, but that any considerable portion of them should hove remain- od behind. \ v CANADA. 133 rants ' The native Indian tribes still occupy portions of this colony on lakes Superior and Huron, and along the whole extent towards the north boundaries * but their numbers are rapidly diminishing, and tht^y are fast degenerating from their original spirit and char- acter, so that the utter extinction of the race seems inevitable, as civilization advances on the wilderness, to which, only, they appear to be adapted. Various attempts have been made, from 1776, downward, to settle and instruct them in agriculture and the arts, but with very little success. There are .".ve of these settlements in the easiern province ; the number of In- dians at which is estimated at 3,437, the most numer- ous being the Iroquois and Algonquina. Those of the 8ix Nations (whu were the firm allies of the British in the first American war) are estimated at 2,149; the Mohawks of the Bay of Quints 337 ; the other tribes at 6,428 ; they occupy traces along the rivers St. Clair, Aux Sables, Detroit, Thames, Ouse, and Credit; lakes Simcoe, Rice, Mud, and Balsam, and Point Peter ; the great Manitouwunning (containing about 1,000,000 acres) is also appropriated to Id. dians who choose to settle. The lands are held un- der the crown 'i joint tenancy to them and their posterity, and a e not allowed to be leased or sold without its consent. Besides the above, there are other tribes round the shores of lake Michigan, and the south aide of lake Superior (about 2,000 in all,) ' who consider themselves as ovvinq allegiance to the British crov/n, and attend to receive presents ak- nually : ther© are also many tribes on the north sides of lakes Huron and Superior, who consider ihat vast tract their owr., and occupy it as hunting-grounds. Large sums have been expeivded by religious societies in futile efforts to improve them ; and the Indian de- partment of government has occasionally cost 150,000/ in a single year : the object of the last, however, has rather been to make the services of the Indians avail, able in war, than v/ith a view to their permanent im* 12 y ■■;!t 134 CANAbA. provement ; the Hudson's Bay and Canada compft. nies have, also, not scrupled to employ them in the same way ; and it is stated, that without a change of system in both respects the fate of the Indians is sealed. But the truth is, that, however it may be changed, their fate is sealed. .Distribution and Tenure of Lands in the Eastern Province^ Government, ^c. — About l-38lh part of the area of the province is estimated to be under some sort of cultivation. The extent of land surveyed in each 'isirict, down to 10th Ji.ly, 1838, was — in the Montreal district, 2,286,750 acres; Three Rivers, 2.098.908 do.; Quebec,' 1,383,666 do.; Gasp^ 400,639 do.; making a total of 6,169,963 statute acres. This is divided in townships averaging about 70,000 square acres, and is exclusive of an allowance of 5 per cent, for highways, and of a block of land, set off for the British American Land Company, in the county Sherbrook, district of Three Rivers, contam- ing 585,089 acres. The land comprised in the seign- ori^i districts amounts to about 8,300,000 acres; of this last, the whole has been granted by the crown, subject to ftn obligation to concede to actual settlers, and 4,300,000 acres have been "thus conceded. Of the township land 3,500,000 acres have been disposed of ** for other than public purposes." The grants made by the French government previously to the conqjeet, were on one uniform system. Seignories (or lill!"\*> s containing from 9 to 36 square leagues) were C. vti ' i m favor of certain leading individuals, who V^ * '0 nd to grant or ** concede^* a specified portion to any p^Iicant; the profit, to the seignor, being de- rived from payment of a small rent, from services which the eensitaire (or tenant) was bound to per- form; from l-12th of the corn g-ound (by compul- sion) at the seiguorial mill ; and from a fine on the transference of the property (other than by inherif- ance.) • .4-*\'- '• ^Ifll&J'W' . i'l CANADA. 136 Since the province came under the British govern, ment, the plans under which land has been granted and sold, have differed very widely at different pe- riods; but have very rarely, indeed, been established on sound principles. The township lands have been granted in many modes, differiner both in their char- acter and object : at first, they were granted to settlers in free and common soccage, wit|i a reservation to resume all, or any part, if required for military pur- )}Oses, but subject to no other conditions ; the quantity so granted to each individual, being limited to 100 acres for himself, and 50 acres additional for each member of his family ; the governor having authority to increase this amount, by 1,C00 acres. These favorable terms were meant to attract settlers from the colonies, which now form the United Slates. In 1775 this arrangement was superseded, and the Quebec Act of the preceding year hn . ing restored the French code and language, corresponding instructions were given, that future grants should again be made in fief and seis:nory, and three seignories were thus created. In 1791 the regulations of 1763 were revived, though with certain conditions annexed to them» which in practice were avoided : and this mode con. tinned till 1826; but the constitutional act of 1791^ also enacted that a reserve for the support of the Fro, testant clergy should be made, in respect of every ' grant, equal in value, as near as could be estimated, to l-7th part of the land granted. The crown reserves to a like extent, originated in the vie'v of supplying,^ first by sales and ultimately by rents, an independent source of revenue, and obviating the necessity of taxes, and consequently of such disputes as had led to the Independence of the United Slates. These reserves, however, have proved most serious obstacles to the welfare jf the colony, which the mis.construc- tion or violation of the act has aggravated, by increas. ; ing :heir extent beyond what appears to have been ponlemplated. From 1806, downward, no new town. iiSii .11. u mm m 196 CAWADA. ■yVf ships were panted ; and the grants, on to 1814, were in lots of 200 acres, to actual settlers, and few in number. From the last date, grants were made on •* location tickets," requiring the erection of a house, and the clearing and cultivating 4 acres, before the title was perfected. In 1826 the new mode of selling land by auction, at a 7ninimum upset price, was adopted, the purchase money being payable by four annual instalments, without interest. In 1831, the purchase-money was to be repaid by half-yearly in- stalments; and in 1837, the purchase-money was made payable at the time of sale : but in practice this has not been effected. Besides the grants made under these different regulations, other exceptional ones have been made — mostly in rewarr' of public services; such as those to the militia of the revolutionary war, and of that of 1812 — many valid claims in these re- spects still remaining to be settled : there has also been an exceptional sale of nearly 800,000 acres to the British North American Land Company. The crown reserves must be considered as virtually aban- doned when the auction sales were introduced ; and an act of the imperial legislature has authorized the sale of l-4th part of the clergy reserves, at a rate not exceeding 100,000 acres annually ^ In these various ways, about 3,500,000 acres have been disposed of. The amount received on the sales of crown land in the lower province, from 1828 to 1837 inciusive, was X33,853 ; on clergy reservers, JC50.425 ; timber du- ties, jC58,0d5. In the upper province for the same period, crown lands, ^33,853; clergy reserves, JB114,618 ; timber duties, je58,085. The timber is chiefly red and white pine and oak. Each district has its own judges, whose jurisdiction (except Gasp^) is independent of the otheru, and only subject to the court of appeal. A sheriff is also ap- pointed for each district, and grand voyer, or general inspector o. the roads. These appear to b^ the only characteristics ; but as respects judicial affairs, Gospi^ CANADA. 137 is dependent on Quebec ; and the roads of St Francis are surveyed by the grand voyers of Montreal and Three Rivers. The subdivisions of these districts are counties, townships, parishes, and extra.parochial places; that of Montreal has 19, Quebec 13, Three Rivers ^^ St. Francis 3, and Gaspo 2 counties, re- spectively. The parishes and townships are merely divisions for such local ])urp()ses as the repairs of roads, inspection offences, water-courses, &.c ; each is subdivided into sections (not exceeding ten ^ the parishes vary much in extent, and those which are Catholic, also serve for limits, in the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of that church : the townships usual-y en- close a square of 10 miles. There are in all 175 seignories, 33 fiefs, and 160 townships. The cities of Quebec and Montreal were incorporated under temporary acts, which have been allowed to expire without renewal : these were the only municipal cor- porations in the province. In the CalhoHc parishes, churchwardens are appointed, and in some localities, *' a council of notables," to manage the secular affairs of the church, and what are called the funds of "the fahrique,** under old French ordinances, so doubtful and contradictory, as to cause frequent litigation. The income of their clergy ia derived from the 26th bushel of all grain grown by the parishioners ; this, however, is contingent on the proprietor being a Ca- thoHc. When an estate passes into Protestant bands, thia right is lost ; and hence the natural aversion of the priests to any Protestant settlements being made within their seignories ; nor is there any provision for the CaihoHc clergy, in the event of any part of the French population settling beyond the seignories, which, no doubt, has had some effect in confinmg it within their Hmits. There are 44 clergymen, and 53 churchs and chapels, finished and in progress. There is also a Catholic bishop of Quebec, paid by the government out of certain pubUc revenues, and under him a body of secular clergy, for the seignories 12* 1 . i / .' 138 CANADA. and Bome ftsmnJo monastic establishments. The Pro. testant dissenters have places of worship, and minis, ters in various parts of the province. For the relief of mariners, a duty of a penny a ton is levied on every vessel arriving from any port out of the Hmits of the province : the portion received at Quebec goes to support the marine hospitol there, vhich was built by a public grant ; that received at Montreal goes to the general hospital of that city: various acts have also passed to establish depdts for the relief of shipwrecked mariners. There are four such at Anticosti, one near Cape Chut, and another at Magdalene river. The governor and principal officers of the govern- ment are appointed by the crown, and hoUJ their ap. pointments during pleasure. The chief of these are, the assistant civil secretary, provincial secretary and reg- istrar, receiver-general, inspector-general of accounts, &>c. ; there are also 6 collectors of customs, 3 judges at Quebec, and 3 at Montreal ; with numerous other functionaries. There is also an unpaid magistracy, appointed by the crown, who are required to possess immovable property, beyond all liabilities, of at least jC300 currency ; and commissioners who sit in the small cause courts, which are held weekly in the cities, and on the first and third Saturday of each month ill the rural districts, with power of adjourn- ment. As regards the superior courts of justice, the judges pesiding in each district have supreme juris- diction. Trial by jury was introduced, with the rest of the criminal and civil law of England, in 1 763 ; the juries were, at first, exclusively taken from the cities, and subsequently (by a government order) were selected by the sheriffs, from these, and from (he ad- jacent country, for 15 leagues around. The external trade of Canada is carried on through the medium of the ports of Quebec, Montreal, St. John's, Coteau du Lac, and Stanfield. Vtom the U. Kingdom, Canada imports coals, metals, cordage, CANADA. ]39 East India produce, and various kinds of British man- ufactures; from the Britiuh ^ st India colonies, eugar, molasses, rum, cofTee, and hard.woods ; from the United States, beef, pork, biscuit, rice, and to- bacco. Owing to the unjust and oppressive prefer, ence given to Canadian timber in the markets of Great Britain, it fcrms by far the principal article of export from the colony. The next article is corn, especially ./heat, which, however, is supposed to be mainly derived from the United States; and then foiiow ashes, furs, fish, &>c. In 1834 the total value of the exports from Canada amounted to jCI,01{),932. The imports cheifly consist of cottons, woolens, silks, linens, glass, hardware, coal, &c. Their total value in 1834 was :C 1,063, 645. The total revenue derived from taxes in 1836 amounted to :C102,027. Canada was ceded by France to England in 1763: it had previously been governed by French military authority^ from thence, to 1774, it was under the rule of "^n English governor and councii, with English ^aw, administered in the English language only. From 1774 to 1791 it was gov- erned by an English governor and a legislatiyp council, appointed by the crown, with English ctim- inal, and French civil law ; and from 1791 downward, by the constitution sanctioned by the British Parlia. ment. The Quebec Act of 1774 introduced a ne^ and liberal policy. In order to conciliate the colonists, it substituted the old system of civil law, or that called the Coutume de Paris^ for the civil law of England, and it directed the use of the French language to be resumed in the law courts. Notwithstanding these concessions, the French in Canada are now almost aa much a distinct people as in 1760. The Nation Canadienne YiKB no sympathy, and but little commu- nication with Englishmen : on the contrary, a broad line of demarcation and a deep-rooted antipathy sub. sists between them. To this hostile feeling on the part of the French colonists, may be foirly ascribed the '-'m 140 CANADA. in ' *■• outbreak that took place in Canada, and the ■nbse* qaent suppression of the constitution, and the occupa- tion of the country by British troops. ^., .c«4x j :^?^ ^trww Distribution of Ground. — The surveyed portion of West Canada comprises 17,653,544 acres, in 11 districts, and between 300 and 400 townships. .Wheat and tobacco are the chief exports. Of the surveyed lands 450,000 acres are reserved for roads ; 2,395,687 acres are clergy reserves ; 13,660,838 have been granted and appropriated, and ihere remain for future grants, 1,147,019 acres. About. l-48th part of the area is considered to be under cultivation. The modes of granting have been the same as those in the lower province. The crown and clergy reserves have also been made on the same principle as those of Canada East ; in two cases the government has delegated the disposal of its waste lands to others; the district of Talbot (48,500 acres) to Col. Talbot; and the crown reserves (1,384.413 acres) and a block of land in the Huron district, (1,100,000 acres) to the ** Canada Company ;" about l-30th part of the grant ed land is under cultivation. A small tax, not exceeding \d, in the pound, is levied both on cultivated and waste lands ; the for- mer being valued at 20ff. the acre, the latter at 4«. The whole aniount of taxation of a farm of 100 acres, in the western province, is about 18». This tax be- gan to be levied by the provincial government in 1820. If 8 years are in arrear, the sheriff is authorised to sell; but this has been done only in a few instances, wl^en *he owners allowed it as the cheapest and easi. est way of making a title to the rest of their land. The number of churches built, or in progress, con. nected with the Church of England, is about 90; the number of clergymen 73; the number of followers are estimated at 150,000, by the Bishop of Montreal, within whose diocese the province is included, and under him are the archdeacons of York and Kings- ton. The Presbyterians of the Scotch church, the CANADA. Kl Catholrcs, and tho Wqsleyans, are the other chief secte : the latter arc said to oat-number any of the rest. The ministers of the Churc^ of Scotland are sapported partly by stipends from the government, partly by their respective congregations; the Catho. line have a bishop, who resides at Toronto, and who also reeoives an annual grant from the government to aid in the muintenance of himself and priesthood ; the ministers of the other sects are wholly supported by their congregations. By the Constitutional Act of 1791, reserves of land were set apart in this, as in the eastern province, for the maintenance of the "Protestant clergy'*. History — Canada is paid to have been first die. covered by Sebastian Cabot, in 1497 ; if so, it was comprised with the rest of the extensive line of coast he explored, under the general name of Newfound, land, subsequently Hmited to the island so called. The French first attempted to make those discoveries available, and are said to have framed a map of the gulf so early as 1508. In 1525 the country was taken possession of in the name of the king of France, and in 1535 Cartier explored the river, naming it St. Lawrence, from having entered it on that saint's day. Quebec, however, the ^rst settlement, was not found* ed till 1608. For a considerable period euboeque. t to this the colonists appear to have been engaged in a series of sanguinary conflicts with the native Indian tribes, and to have been ofiten on the brink of being extripated : the strife, however, ultimately terminated in a friendly c )mpact, which converted the Indians into available auxiliaries against the English. Que- bec was taken by the Tlriiish forces under General Wolf, in 1759, and the whole territory formally ceded by the Treaty of Paris, in 1763. The seignorial rights, the various holdings and tenures under them, and the endowments of the Catholic church, were left undisturbed : and all the estates, including all thiB unappropriated lands in the provincei held at the 'I m U7 CANADA. period by the French king, became vested in the British crown. In the years 1812-13-14, the lakes, and especially the shores of Niagara, were the scene of a succession of severe contests ; and the militia on either side being engaged in them, near relatives were found often contending in opposite ranks, so that common was aggravated to civil warOire ; and In. dians also were employed, and increased its horrors. The grievances and complaints of Canada iirst obtained the attention of parliament in 1828, when a select committee of the H, of C. reported on them. The legislative assembly's claims were, — the right of ftppropriating all the crown revenues as they pleased, and also all those accruing from parliamentary and provincial statutes, and the settlement o ^d alienation of all the wild lands of the province ; but the most im-t portant pomt, without which the rest would bo con, ceded in vain, according to their statement, wps, that the legislative cQuncil should be elected by the people, and thus assimilated to the senate of the United States. Another H. of Commons report led to the nomination of Lord Gosford (who was also appointed governor) and two other commissioners, and flvo reports and ap. pendixes, published in 1837, are the only result of their labors. In the divisions >vhiph took place in the House of Assembly, the British party divided from) 8 to 1 1 in house of 88 members. The grievances of the western province were set forth in the report of a committee of their House of Assembly, who adopted it, and laid it before the king. The extent and abuse of the crown patronage; the virtual irresponsibility of the executive; the mod«^ of conducting the business of the provincial post.ofBce ; the management of the Toronto Collesre ; the provision made for the ecclesi. astical establishment, and for the maintenance of certain sects only (the House say they *• recognise no particular denomination as established in Canada with exclusive claims, powers, or privileges**;) the partiality shown in the cl^oice of n\agi8irt^tes i th» Montreal 14a absence of control over the crown revenues; and the failure on the part of the local, to cHrry into.efTect the recommendations of the general, government, are the most prominent ot the grievances set forth. Subse- quent to this, Sir F Heod replaced Sir J. Colborne as governor, in 1836 ; and during his government the outbreak under Mackenzie and others took place; which ultimately led to the suppression of the con-i stitution, end the union of the two provinces under one government. ■ •• ■ . !■ ._:; MONTREAL. •*^* A town and river port of British America, and the second city and chief seat of the commerce of East Canada ; on the S. side of the island of Montreal, in the St. Lawrence, 150 miles in a direct line S. W. of Quebec ; lat. 45© 30' W., long. 73° 25' N. Popula- tion, with its suburbs, in 1840, 27,297. Its site is not so commanding as that of Quebec, but it is in every other respect superior to that city. It is not so crowded ; and some even of its oldest streets are. of tolerable breadth. Montreal is divided into the Up- per and the Lower Town ; the difference in their elevation is but slight, but the former being the more modern is the handsomer division. It has several suburbs, including which it stretches along thfe rivet for 2 miles from N. to S., and has for some distance a nearly equal breadth inland. The batttemented wall with which it was formerly surrounded, has long fallen into decay, and it is no v entirely open^ the wooded heights around being covered with villas and plea'^ure grounds. In the Lower Town, Paul street, the chief commercial thoroiighfare, extends parallel with the river the whole length of the city ; and in the Upper Town several streets proceed in the same di« rection, communicating with Paul street by cross streets. In the Upper town and suburbs, which ar« moBtly inhabited by the principal merchants, many of f r,f m . -tin 144 movtrcal. the housee arc handsomely and solidly built in tlio modern stylo ; but in thw Lower town they are prin. cipally of a gloomy looking grey stone, with dark iron windoiir.shuUers and tinned ruofs. Along the btnk of the river is an cxtonsivu lino of quuyn and ware, houses. Many of the houses in the suburbs are built of wood, but there are no wooden buildings within tho space once encompassed by the walls ; and this city and Quebec ha^'e moro of tho aspect of old European towns than anv oiher towns in America. The most remarkable public edifice is the Roman Catholic cathedral, opened in 1829, and superior to any other church in British America. It is of Gothic architecture, 255^ feet in length by 134^ in breadth. It is faced with stone, and roofed with tin, and has 6 lowers, of which the three belonging to the main front are 220 feet in height. On the roof is a promenade, 76 feet in length by 20 in breadth, elevater^ 120 feet. Tha principal window is 64 feet in height, and 32 in breadth. The intisrior is capable of occommodating frofn 10,000 to 12,000 persons, who may disperse by numerous outlets in 5 or 6 minutes. It comprises 7 chapels, and 9 spacious aisles. There are several other Roman Catholic churches, mostly belonging to J the order of St. Sulpice ; to the members of which < Montreal chiefly owed its foundation, and who still hold the seignory of the island upon which it stands. The seminary of St. Sulpice, a large and commo. diouB* building adjoining the cathedral, occupies three Bides of an oblong area, 1 32 feet in length by 29 deep, and is surrounded by sptcious gardens. A hand- some additional buildings 210 feet by 45 feet, has been lately erected, at an expense of jC10,000« In these establishments, students in most of the higher branches of learning are taught at very moderate charge.. The principal English church is a hand, some building, in the Grecian style, surmounted by a high and beautiful spire. It has also a Scotch kirk, 4»n American Protestant church, and chapels belong. mg Mo unt 8ai( the iho thir sick Sistc in fin r foi MONTREAL. 145 ing to iho Methodists and Scotch dissenters. The Montreal General lloapital, erected in 1821-2 by vol- iintory subecriptioii, a lur^'o and >vell.built edifice, is said to be one of the best regulated insiitutions of the kind in America. A lar^e conventual structure, iho Hotel DieUy occupied by a superior, matron and thirty.six nuns, ia appropriated to the reception of the sick and indi^'cnt; anil the convent of the Grey Sisters partly serves as an asylum for the aged and infirm, the insane, foundlings, &c. «• » .t*,,v 7'hc ISccvrs Noires, have an extensive convent, foici,' in 1G50; iis inmates consist of a superior ai ■ *'iii '5""',H, whose duties are directed to the edu- cation oi' vf.ung girls. The court-house and prison ore substantial buildings, occupying ilio site of the former college of the Jesuits. The government house, bank, barracks, ordnance ofTice, and 4 markot-houses are among the remaining principal buildings. In one of the squares is a colossal statue of Nelson, placed on a Doric column, the pedestal of which has bas- reliefs representing his principal actions. Besides the educational establishments noticed above, Mon-. troal has a college, with a principal and 4 professors, a royal grammar school, parochiol, union, national, Sun- day, and other public schools ; and many good private French and English seminaries. The university of M*Gill college, endowed by a citizen of Montreal, in 1814, with a valuable estate, and c£10,000 in money, was chartered in 1821, and is conducted on a Hberal and enlarged scale. Montreal has a penitentiary, a house of industry, a savings bank, a natural history so. ciety, a mechanics* institution, a central auxiliary soci- ety for promoting education and industry, bible and tract, agricultural and horticultural societies, several public libraries, an excellent news-room, &c. Several newspapers and other periodical publications issue from the presses of the town. The position of Montreal at the head of the ship navigation of the St. Lawrence^ and near tbe confluence of that nver with the Ottawa* X9 I i f :.,. Mm ue MONTREAL. ^ as well as its situation with respect to tho United States, necessarily make it one of the neatest emporiums of America. The harbor, though not large, is secure, and vessels drawing 15 feet water may lie close to the «hore. Its general depth of water is from 3 to 4J^ fathoms. Its chief disadvantage consists in the rapid of St. Mary*a about 1 mile below, which vessels often find it diffi- cult to stem. To obviate the obstructions in the nav- igation above Montreal, the La Chine canal, 9 miles long, 20 feet wide, and 5 feet in depth, was un dertaken in 1821, and completed at an expense of :B130,000. The communication with the opposite sides of the river is carried on by several sfeam and other vessels ; and during the summer, a regular steamboat commu- nication is kept up with Quebec. At this season, vast rafts of timber come down, and pass the city for Quebec ; and scows, bateaux of about 6 tons, and Durham boats, bring to Montreal the produce of the Upper Country. Neither is the trade of Montreal sus- pended in winter, like that of Quebec. Thousands of sledges may then be seen coming in from all di- recMoris with agricultural produce, frozea carcasses of beef and pork, firewood and other articles. Mon- treal is the centre of the commerce between Canada and the United Str.tes, carried on by Lake Champlain and the Hudson ; and not only is it the dcp6j. of all the adjacent country, but most-of the business done in Qjiebec is carried on by branches from the Mon- treal houses. In 1838, 98 ships, of the aggregate burden of 22,289 tons, entered, and 99 ships, burden 21,901 tons, left the port. Formerly this city was the head quarters of the far trade, but its interest in it has greatly decHned. It has, however, oast-iror* foun- dries, distilleries, breweries, coap, candle and tobacco manufactories, several ship building establishments, and machinery for steam-engines. Various articles of hardware, Imseed oil, floor-cloth, &c., are made in the town. Th« markets are abundantly supplied with \ ( HONT&UAL. 14? pood bfulchers* meat, fish, poultry, f-uit, regvlahlee, &c. About ihree-fourths of the population are of French descent; the remainder, consisting principal, ly of emigrants from the TJnited Kingdom, Americans, and Iroquois Indians. Montreal, originally called Villeniarie, was taken from the French, in 1760. - The environs of Montreal also present many objects worthy a stranger's attention: as the *• Mountain," La Chine Canal, and the Rapids, which it is designed to overcome: those of the Cedres, &c, ; indeed the ntire island is replete with interesting objects, an in- spection of which will amply repay the time devoted to it ; and, more remote, are the celebrated Caledo- nia Springs^ which, though known and resorted to by the Indians of the neighborhood for many years past, have but lately received that attention from the public; which their medicinal and healing qualities de. mand. They are situati^d about 70 miles nearly due west from Montreal, at the head of a small affluent of the Ottawa, in Caledonia township, where a town has been laid off, and buildings erected for the accom- modation of visiters. The chief of these springs are designated as the "white sulphur^** "saline" and **ga8" springs, respectively. The latter emits an in- flammable gu5, probably carburetted hydrogen, which answers the purpose of lighting some of the buildings. The route commonly taken from Montreal to the springs, is by the villages of St. Eu8tache« Point Foi- tune, Hawkesbury, L'Original, &c. A water route, which increases the distance somewhat, is afforded by the Ottawa, which conducts to L'Original, whence passengers are conveyed in otages, a distance of 8 miles, to the springs. ■0 ',;: m id; ill i..- . }i. Route from Montreal to Quebec^ hy steamboat* ' On leaving Montreal, the first village that presents itself ie Boucherville, nearly opposite the lower suburb of Montreal ; which, like most of the Tillages that line V-v,Cr- 'J^'iT^'^"' ' '.jy^ti-, • ■fiii •••■ 148 ROUTE Tfi6vt t mi iM^: the shores of the St. Lawrence, presents a remarks Itbly neat appearance. Indeed the entire bank is occupied by a continued succession of villages, with their churches and tin covered houses, or cottages, which add life and animation to the natural scenery, which is beautiful to a high degree. The rapids of St. Mary*s, about 2 miles below the city, serve to in- Cirea^e the speed of the steamer, which soon reaches Varenn68. — A beautiful village, nearly opposite ihe north point of Montreal island. Ten miles farther on is St. SulpicCf then Valtrie^ bo.h on the left. After proceeding some 5 or 6 miles, the pretty littl«( town of Noraye com«<8 in view; it is on the left ban!: 6f the St. Lawrence, which is here broken by several small islands, nearly opposite to whi •'.^•.,,-M. ■■■■. i. . cupiea the extremity of a ridge, terminating in the angle formed by the junction of the two rivers, in the point called Cape Diamond, rising to the height of nearly 340 feet above the St. Lawrence. The cape is surmounted by ihc citadel ; and the town extends from it, principally in a N. E. direction, down to the water's edge. It is divided, from the difference of elevation, into the Upper and Lower towns. The old town, which lies wholly without the walls, partly at the foot of Cape Diamond and round to the St. Charles, has narrow and dirty, and, in parts, steep streets. The ascent from the Lower to the Upper town, which crosses the line of the fortifications, is by a winding street, and by flights of steps. The streets in the latter, though rather narrov/, are generally clean, and tolerably well paved, or macadamised. Both towns are wholly built of ston-" and the public buildings, and most of the houses in ihe Upper town, are roofed with tin plates, the glitter of which, in the sun, has a brilliant and striking effect, but is destruc- tive of every thing that Europeans have been accus. tomed to call grand and venerable. In the Lower town the houses are mostly covered with shingle*. PUBLIC BUILDINGS, &C. Quebec Exchange ^ situated at the east end of St. Paul street, is a fine stone structure, having a read- ing room 50 by 30 feet in the second, and a public library in the third stories. The Quebec Board of Trade have apartments on the same floor with the library. Several capacious warehouses have lately been erected. Trinity Houses near the Exchange, is occupied by an inoorporated body, who ic charged with the •upervip' /Q and regulation of liie pilots who navigate the river. 1- '., ,• ■. 'M.O ■.. qUEBEC. 151 \p\ed the [gate Custom House, is a neat stone edifice, well adapt, ed to the purposes to which it is devoted. Adjoining the Custom House is the King^s Wharf, used as a place of landing and em- barkation of the troops, &c. The immense ware- house of the commissary stands near the wharf. ' Hotel Dieu, one of the most extensive buildings ill Canada, is situated between Hope and Palace gates. It is 390 feet in length, 51 in width, and 3 stories high, with a wing on the N. W. side 2 stories high and 150 feet long. There are several fine pic- tures here, chiefly by French artists. The Hdtel Dieu is a most valuable hospital. The nuns here not only act as nurse? to the sick who are admitted into the establishment, but also as teachers of young females. Ursuline Convent, is an appropriate structure, 114 b" 40 feet, and two stories high, with extensive ot. namented grounds, inclosed within a stone wall : the chapel, which is adorned by several valuable pictures, is 95 by 45 feet, of plain exterior, but s jme of its in- terior decorations are splendid. The remains of Mont- calm, who was killed at the attack of Quebec, in 1759, by General Wolfe, were interred near the chapel. Quebec Seminary, on Market square, is a three story building, 210 feet in length and 42 feet in depth, with rear projections 168 feet long. The hall, or chapel, is decorated by Ionic columns. The bishop of the diocese and his assistants reside here. The library consists of nearly 10,000 volumes, and the cab- inet embraces a fine series of mineralogical speci- mens, fossils, &c., to which a choice collection of paintings has been added. Castle of St Louis, the government palace of former times : of this once immense structure, nothing is now to be seen but its blackened and naked walls. It was destroyed by fire in 1834 Government offices, occupy an extensive building on Firont street, m which also is the museum of the Canadian Society of Arts. i 1^ ■iki t; ■i -i 159 qUKfiEC. Monument to Wolfe and Montcalm, wi De« C«r- rieres street. Jesuit's Barracks, a quadrangular build, ing of stone, formerly occupied by the Jesuits as a college, is situated on the Market place, opposite the French cathedral. Parliament House, is a fine three story structure of wrought stone, consisting of » main building, with two wings. Its massive front is embellished by four Ionic colums, with a pediment. The Colonial As- sembly met here until 1841, when the constitution of the province was abrogated. Court House, a plain building of gray-stone, 135 by 46 feet, is situated at the corner of St. Louis street and the Place d*Armes. The building, which is sur- rounded by an iron railing, is occupied by the vari- ous courts, officers of the police, sheriff, &c. Masonic Hall, opposite the post-office. Marine Ho8pitil,a. beautiful Ionic structure, four stories high and 206 feet long, is situated on the bank of Charles river. Its grounds are extensive and beautifully ornamented. Among the places of worship, the following de- serve notice : the French Roman Catholic Cathe- dral, east of the Market place, a neat building 216 by 108 feet, with a spire ; Catholic Church of the Congregation^ near the western termination of the esplanade; Notre Dame des VicioireSf erected in 1690, on the Market place; English Cathedral^ 134 by 73 feet, with a chime of 8 bells ; Holy Trinity, in Stanislaus street ; St. Matthews, a free church ; StPauVs; St. Patrick's, St. Helen street; Scotch Church, in St. Anne street; St. John*s, in St. Fran- cis street; Methodist Church, St. Anne street, and another in Champlain street. The Citadel, over Cape Diamond, includes an area of about 40 acres ; and is formidable alike from its position and the extent of its works, constructed on a gigantic scale, and on the most approved principles. The Citadel contains the armory, magazioe, storehouse t « -,>r The trade of the city is very extensive. It en- grosses almost the entire trade of the province with the mother country. West Indies, &c.; and is annu- ally resorted to by vast numbers of immigrants, who partly settle in Canada, but who mostly re-emigrate to the United States. It has a regular intercourse, by means of steamers, with Montreal, and other ports higher up the St. Lawrence, and with Hahfax, and other ports on the Atlantic. Quebec was taken from the French in 1759. A British army, under General Wolfe, having effected a landing near^the city, attacked and defeated the French army, under Montcalm, on the heights of Abraham, to the W. of the town. Wolfe fell in the moment of victory; and Montcalm, who wiis also mortally wounded in the action, expired soon after. The French, panic-ccruck by the loss of the battle and the death of their commander-in-chief, surren- dered the city before even a single battery had been opened against it. A monument was erected, under the patronage of Lord Dalhousie, in the gardens of the chateau, inscribed to the " Immortal memory of V^olfe and Montcalm." \% ! I. Ml' 156 %i ROUTE FROM > . ENVIRONS OF QUEBEC. Falls of Mo nt more net c, a boautiTul cataract of Montmorencio river, which falls into the St. Law. rence, 9 miles below Quebec. The perpendicular pitch is 24G feef ; and being in full view from the St. Lawrence, afloida one of the most magnificent scenes in Canada. Island of Orleans^ an island of the St. Xiaw. rence, commences near the outlet of Monimorencie, and extends about 20 miles in a N. E. direction. It is well cultivated, and produces immense quantities of garden vegetables for the supply of the Quebec markets. The principal villages on the island arc, SL Pierre^ St. Laurent^ St. Jean, St. Famille, and St. Ftangois. -^ Beaufort, a neat village, which commences about 5 miles N. E. from Quebec, and extends, in one continued street, to the Falls of Montmorencie. Charlesbourg, six miles N. W., and New Lorettt and Sonbrouze, about 10 miles west from Quebec, are neat villages, each having a church. Old Lo. rette and St. Foi, the former 8 and the latter 6 miles S. W. from the city, are also pretty little towns. Chaudierre Falls, about 10 miles from Quebec, are in the Chaudierre river, which enters the south side of the St. Lawrence, 6 miles above the city. The falls, which descend 130 feet, are four miles from the mouth of the river. In descending the St. Lawrence f'"-m Quebec, the first object which attracts attention is Poirtt Levy, surmounted by the little village of St. Joseph. Ten miles below are, St. Laurent, on the north, and Beaumont, on the south bank. These are succeeded by St. Michel, St. Vallier, and Berihier, (25 miles from Quebec,) all on the south side of the river ; which, at the latter place, is nearly 10 miles in width. Cape Tourment, 10 miles below the island of Or- leans, is an elevated bluffi 1,800 feet in height. : ■ f MOriTREAL TO KtNGSTOrr. 157 Houte from Montreal to Kingatont and thenee to Niagara, by Bt<,amboat, ^c» La Chine, 8 Cascades, IG 24 Cadres, 7 31 Cotcau du Lac, 7 38 Lake St. Francis, 4 42 , St. Regis 22 64 * Cornwall, 6 70 Long Saute Island, 10 80 Chrysler's Field, 17 97 Hamilton, 1 98 Frescott 18 116 . ; Brockville, 14 130 Kingston, 48 178 Oswego, 58 236 , Coburg, 74 310 , Port Hope, 36 346 , Toronto, 66 412 j.' Niagara Village, 30 442 \ Queenston, 7 419 Falls of Niagara 6 455 Zm Chine, a town of Montreal island, and one of the principal seats of the fur trade, situated near the S. E. point of the island, at the commencement of the canal around the La Chine rapids. Cascades, a part of the St. Lawrence, which being greatly reduced in breadth by the intervention of an island and a point that bear this name, presents a most tumultuous appearance. The dangers of this pass are avoided by a small canal which has been cut across the point leading into lake St. Louis. Cedres, a small village of Vaudreuil, on the St, Lawrence, opposite the rapids of *' Les Cedres.'* Coteau du Lae, rapids of the St. Lawrence, which are overcome by a series of locks. The vil- lage of Coteau du Lac is on the north bank of the river, near the rapids. I itif in ^i^ 158 ROUTE FROtt I^aJce St, Franci», an expansion of tlie St. LaW< roncc, ohuut 30 miles in length, with a mean width of 4 miles. At the head oftho Inko is'St. JRegia^ an In« dian villnge, situated on the St Lawrence, just above the boundary hnc between New York and Canada. Cornwall a villope of Stermonf, Canada West, situated on the north bank of the St. Lawrence. Lovg Saut Island^ in the St. Lawrence. Chryaler^s Field. — Here the Americans were de- feated by a British force, under Col. Pearson, Nov. 11, 1813. Hamilton^ a village of St. Lawrence county. New York. Preacott, a village of Greenville, Canada West, situated nearly opposite Ogdensburg. JJrockville, a flourishing town and seat of jus- tico for Jjceds county, Canada West. Kingston, a largo and important town of west, em Canada, which occupies thi^ site of old fort Fron. (enac, at the outlet of lake Ontario, opposite Grand ii^land. It was laid out in 1784, and is now the most fupulous in the province, having about 3,0(^0 inhab. itants. Its situation, as an entrep6t between Canada and the United States, is \cry advantageous. The harbor is excellent, and admits vessels of the largest rize. Its pubiie buildings are, 4 churches, a court house, jail, hospital, and some others. The Rideau canal, the most extensive and costly work in British America, commr ices here, and extends in a general N. E. direction to Bytown, on the Ottawa, a distance l "i?' *' 'Hi' ; I "1 ' '^u /' * ' e /f H \ l\'>i 'm'/ I ^ ^ ><. - vi '"J. .f.M Jw. -f'- 'V- « t Ifc f i I?« J ,j,' ,■-;» ic* C >«, . 1» 1- J. Hi »*^£#i N* ^ -¥1*^5 . • Vf. »♦• /^ i'» .y-A^ I'-'i.^,*"',! J, j >^ V . ■'''-' .f' ■ i v*V ; INDEX. A PAGE. Acquackanonk 4*2 Albany 57 Albany, routes from 59 Albion 77 Alden 68 Alexandria 83 Am»terdam 60 Angelica 106 Antwerp 102 Argyle 88 Astoria 24 Athens 55 Attica 68 Avon springs 107 Auburn 63 B Baie 148 Baker»s falls 85 Ballston lake 80 Ballston Spa 79 Barnegat 52 Batavia 67 Bath 108 Batiscon 149 Beaufort 156 Beaumont 156 Bedford 25 Bedlow*s island 29 Bemu's heights 89 Bergen 67 Bergen, N. Y 72 PAGK. Berthier 156 Binghamton 104 Blackrock 69 Bloomingdole 28 Booneville 100 Bordentown 30 Boston 115 Boucherville 347 Bridgeport 118 Bridgeport 64 Brighton •... 26 Bristol..- 39 Bristol 54 Brockport..., 77 Brockville 158 Brooklyn 23 Brownville 101 Buffalo 68 Buffalo, routes from 109 Bull's ferry 44 Burlington 91 Burlington, N. J. ... SO C -*■ u<- Cohoes falls 74 Caledonia 106 Caldwell 82 Caldwell's landing. . 49 Camillus 63 Canaan falls, 119 Canada, general view 120 Canajoharie 74 i ?! _Zi_^ mmif mitm" 162 INDEX. PAGE. Canals of N.Y 10 Canandaigua 65 Cape Tourment 156 CapeSaiite 149 Cascades 157 Canastota 75 Canterbury 118 Carthage 102 Castle Williams 29 Caughnewaga ....... 60 Catskiil 55 Cayuga 64 Cayuga lake 64 Cedres 157 Charlesbourg 156 Chatham 4 Charlton 95 Four Corners 93 Chaudiere falls 156 Chenango forks 104 Cherry Valley 90 Chester 94 Chester, N.J 40 Chittenango 75 Chrysler's field 158 Churchville 67 Champlain 149 Cleveland 109 Clyde 76 Coeymans 56 Coburg 159 Cold Spring 50 Columbiaville 56 Columbus 53 Gonaeaut..: 109 Connecticut river.... 114 Coney island 25 Cooperstown ......... 91 PA08. Cotcau du Lac 157 Cornwall 119 Cornwall Con 158 Cortland 92 Coxsackie 56 Crooked lake 65 Croton 47 Croton aqueduct .... 47 Croton river 47 Crown point 85 D Dalton 94 Dansville 107 Dechambault 149 Dekalb 102 Denmark 100 Derrvter 92 Detroit *. HO D>bb's ferry 45 Duanesburg 90 Dunkirk 109 E Earlville 103 Gaston 88 Easton, Pa 41 Eddyville 54 Elbridge 63 Eiizabethtown 32 Elizabethport 29 Erie 109 Esperance 90 Essex 86 F Fairport 77 Falkner's islands.... 114 Fishkill &1 Flatbush 25 Flushing 24 INDEX. 163 PAOE. Flushing bay 113 Hartford, N. J. Fonda 67 Fort Ann 90 Fort Clinton 49 Fort Edward 89 Fort Hamilton 25 Fort Lee 44 Fort Miller 89 Fort Montgomery ... 49 Fort Plain 74 Fort Schlosser 70 Fortsville 81 Framingham 95 Frankfort 74 Fredonia Ill Fultonville 74 G Geddea 75 Gepcsee falls 67 Gcneseo 107 Geneva 65 German Valley 40 Glasgow 54 Glenn's falls 82 Glenville 60 Gravesend 25 Gregoire 148 Grondines 149 Granville 88 Greenbush 57 Greene 104 H Hamburg 52 Hamburg Ill Hamilton 103 Hamilton, Con 158 Harlem 28 Htnimus 27 FAOE. . 88 Hartford, Con 120 Hastings 45 Haverstraw 47 Hell Gate 112 Henrietta 107 Herkimer 62 Herkimer bridge .... 74 Highlands 48 Hightstown 30 Hoboken 27 Holly 77 Hudson 55 Hudson river 43 Hulberton 77 Hyde Park 53 I Irving Ill Ithaca 92 J .. Jamaica 24 Jersey City 27 Jessup's falls 82 Jewett'sCity 118 Jordan 75 K ,. Kent 119 Kinderhook 93 Kinderhook landing 56 Kingsbridge 45 Kingsbury 85 Kingston 115 Kingston, Con 158 Kingston 54 Knowlesville 77 La Chine 157 (■; ■l^f' ..^^•i*!.- -. wf- z^- ¥"^ 4) mumms^. «■■ 1G4 IfTDKX. rAO.E Lake George ..^ 82 Lake St. Francis,... 158 Lake St. Peter 148 La Prairie 87 Lancaster 68 Lansingburg 87 Lenox 63 Liberty 108 Little falls 61 Liverpool 149 Lockport 78 Lodi 75 Long island sound... 113 Lorette 156 Long Saut island ... 158 Lotbiniere 149 Lowville 100 Lyons 76 M Madison 103 Manhattanville 28 Manlius Centre 75 Martinsburg 100 Matouchin 34 Mansfield 41 Marlboro* 52 ATartinsville 50 Matteawan 51 Mechanicsville 89 Medina 77 Meriden 120 Mendham 40 Middleport 77 Middletown 24 Milton 52 Montezuma 76 Montmorenci 156 Montreal 143 Montrebli rls.frm. 84.147 Morgan ville ..... Morristown Moscow Mount Morris N Newark, N. .1 .' Newark. N.Y New Baltimore New Boston New Brunswick .... Newburg New Hartford New Haven New Haven harbor. New London, Con.. New London, N. Y. New Paltz landing , New Milford New Rochelie land*g Newtown, Con Newtown New Windsor New Utrecht New York State, gen. eral view New York city New Y., routes from Niagara falls Niagara village Noraye Norwich Norwich, Con Nunda Vallev Nyack O Ogdensburg Olean Olean, routes from... Oriskany PAOH. . 67 . 40 . 106 . 106 76 56 75 34 50 103 119 114 117 75 53 118 113 118 24 50 25 5 14 lis 70 159 148 104 117 106 46 102 106 106 75 INDEX* 165 PAGE. Orleans island 156 Oswego 158 Owasco lake 63 Oxford 104 Oxford, Mass 118 P Palatine bridge 61 Palisades :.. 44 Palmer 94 Palmyra 76 Paris Hill 103 Passaic falls 42 Peekskill 49 Pendleton 78 Pelliam 53 Piermont 45 Pine Orchard 65 Pittsfield 93 Perth Amboy 29 Piftsford 77 Plattsburg 86 Point du Lac 148 I'oint Levy 156 )*()rt Byron 76 Port Gibson 76 Port Hope 159 Port Kent 86 Poughkeepsie 52 Prescott... 158 Princeton 35 Providence 115 Q Quebec 149 Quebec, environs of 149 Queenston 159 R Rahway 33 Kailroads of N. Y. . 9 Ked Hook landing... 54 TAGE Remsen 100 Rhynbcck 53 Richmond 93 Robins Reef 29 Rochester 66 Rochester, rts. from 105 Rockaway 25 Rome 69 Round lake 80 Rouse's Point 86 S St. Pierre 156 St. Laurent 156 St. Jean 156 St. Francois ].')6 St. Foi 156 St. Joseph 156 St. Michel 156 St. Vallier 156 St. Regis.... 158 St. Augustine 149 St. Nicolas 149 St.Anne 149 St. Croix 149 St. John's 87 St. Francis 148 St. Johnsville 61 St. Pcrre 149 St. Isabelie 148 St. Suipice 148 Sacketi's Harbor.... 101 Sandy Hill 84 Sandusky 110 Saratoga lake 81 Saratoga springs .... 80 Saugerties 54 Schagticoke 88 Schodack 56 Schenectady ,..,,,... GO 'r.:rty'' ■ — > - - ■-.^, -..■,.».- -.^^ ■ ',"■ ■" " " ~i ■■ ■? - ■"■-., v.. i iBP wmm 166 IIVDEX. PA6R. Schooley's Mt. Spr. 41 Schuylersvilio 89 Scottsville 106 Seneca Lake 64 Sharon Springs 90 Sherburne 103 Sleepy Hollow 46 Smyrna 92 Sing Sing 46 Somerville 102 South Amboy 29 Sonbrouze 156 Spencersvilie 77 Springfield 94 Spotsvvood 30 Spuyton Duyvel Crk. 45 Stamford 113 Statesburg 53 Stillwater 89 Stonington 114 Stony Point 48 Stratford Point 113 Syracuse 62 T Tappan 46 Tappan Sea 46 Tarrytown 46 Tellers Point 47 Thames River 114 Thompson 118 Three Rivers 148 Throg's Point 113 Ticonderoga 83 Tivoli 54 Tompkinsville 26 Tonawanda 69 Toronto ^.. 159 Trenton 100 Trenton. N.J 37 PAQC Tripe's Hill 60 Troy 95 Troy, routes from ... 97 Truxtun 92 Turin 100 U Utica 98 Utica, routes from ... 100 V r Valtrie 148 Vnrennes 148 Verplanck's City .... 48 Victor 66 Vie^'^iia 65 Wallingford 120 Warren 94 Washington, Mass.. 94 Waterford 88 Waterloo 64 Watertown 100 Waterville 103 Wehawken 28 Weslfield Ill Westport 85 Westchester 28 West Point 49 West Sprinyfield .... 94 West Stockbridge... 119 West Troy 73 Whitehall 85 Whitesboro* 62 Williamsbdrg 23 William Henry 148 Worcester 95 y . 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TANNER, i53 Bronilwny, Ihrrodoora nbovc lAhertfU Hki RECENTLY PUBMIIIED, AND KOn SALE, coNTAtrrmo TANNER'S INIVERSAL ATLAS, I ■ |»fAP8 OF KVKRY EMPlaK, KINGDOM, 8TATF, AND REPUB- LIC, IN THE WORLD, PLANS OF CITIES, • •• TANNER'S AMERICAN TRAVELIER; * OR GUIDE THROUGHOUT THE UNITED STATESi coiTTAmixa LLL THE ROUTES AND DISTANCES BY STAGE, CANAL, RAILROAD, AND STEAMBOAT, ACCOMPANIED BY A CORRECT MAP. '(An entirely new Edition.) 'ogether with a variety of Portable Maps of the Uni- ted States, and every State and Territory in the Union, Canada and Texas. Large Maps of Europe, Asia, Africa, North and South Ameiica, for private Libraries, or Schools. 4 Description op the Canals and Railroads op the United States : comprehending Notices of all the Works of Interr* Improvement throughout the several States j with Maps auu (Profiles. By Henry S. Tanner. Esq. T. R. 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