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 \^ 
 
 GBOLOaiCAL SURVEY OF CANADA. 
 
 ALFRED R. C. SELWYJ^, F.K.S, F.G.S, Directoh. 
 
 REPORT 
 
 ON AN 
 
 EXPLOEATION OF THE EAST COAST 
 
 OF 
 
 H U D SO N'S BAY 
 
 18 77 
 
 BY 
 
 EOBERT BELL, M.D., CM., RG.S., C.E. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OF PARLIAMENT. 
 
 fl'lontrcal : 
 
 1879 
 
MiWI) 
 
 o 
 
 
 d'i'o i, 7/ 
 
Montreal, May '.Uh, 1878. 
 
 A. R. C. Selwyn, F.R.S., KCI.S., 
 
 Director of the Geological Survey. 
 
 SfR, — 1 boijj to submit tlio lollowiiii;' report on the results of the 
 exploration of the eastern coast of Hudson's JJay (inehidini;' James' 
 Bay) which I was instructed to make during the season of 187*7. 
 
 I have the honor to be, 
 
 Sir, 
 Your obetlient servant, 
 
 ROBEJi'I BKLL. 
 
1^ 
 
 Public Archives Archives publiques 
 Canada Canada 
 
 Gift of 
 
 Offert par 
 
 Alexander MacDonald 
 
 Collection 
 
~ 
 
 ( 
 
 >• 
 
 r'« 
 
s 
 a 
 
 o 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 a. 
 
 I 
 
 kEPORT 
 
 ON AN 
 
 EXPLORATION OF THE h^AST COAST OF HUDSON'S BAY, 
 
 IN 1877, 
 
 BT 
 
 ROBERT BELL, M.D., CM., P.d.S., C.E. 
 
 of 
 or* 
 
 4 
 
 « s 
 
 Ship tu London. 
 
 In order to conimeiico operiitions, I proceeded from Montreal b}' Route followed. 
 the caHiest route (namely that l)y way of Mioliipicotcn on Lake 
 Superior) to Moose Factory at the southern extremity of James' Bay. 
 Thence I followed the eastern coast as far north as jiossible, allowin<!: 
 suiticient time to return to Moose Factory during the season of navi- 
 gation. The Minister having sanctioned the suggestion tjiat on my 
 return to the post, I should if possible proceed by the Hudson's Bay 
 Company's shi]) to London, England, with a view of gaining some 
 reliable information respecting the navigation of Hudson's Bay and 
 Strait, the directors and other officers of the Company i-eadily 
 agreed to allow me a passage by their vessel for which they pro- 
 posed to make no charge. I may bo here allowed to add that wo Assistance 
 were indebted to all the otficcrs and employes of this Company with l";;*;,'.'' K'^f " 
 whom we met during the season, for rendering us any assistance in 
 their power and for many acts of kindness and hosi)itality. 
 
 No ari-angements having been made for obtaining sui>plies on James' Transport of 
 Bay, it became necessary to take along with us everything.we might •''»P«'i'e«- 
 
f 
 
 2 r 
 
 (lEOI.OdlCAr, SI'HVKV OK CANADA. 
 
 Siirvoy of 
 Abittibi Hivcr, 
 
 I!():it imd erew 
 Ibr coiiMtiiit? 
 
 \(l.Vllfftl. 
 
 I'^irthest |)()int 
 roachej. 
 
 iiot'd for tlic whole Hoasoii. Four canoos with an average of throo raoii 
 ill each were rc'(|iiinM| to (faiiHport this mattM'ial from Michipiootoii 
 to Moose Fai'toiy. Lt'aviri<; tho formor place on the 1 HI) of Juno, wo 
 rcachoil Moose Factory on tlm oOlh ol' the sanii' month, the journey 
 havini,' occupied nineteen days. The distanc<^ l»y tht- onnoe route is 
 4(l(» niiics. Our loads, which amounted to hotween (1,000 and 7,000 
 pounds, and tho four canoes to about l,f>00 more, rerpiired to l><* carried 
 oji tho men's hacks twenty-sovon times, past falls, chutoH and the 
 lioight of land, and tho whole or the j^roator ])art of tho loud uj)\vards 
 of a dozen times more, making in all some forty |)orta<^es or "domi 
 charges." No accident of any conso([ucnce occui-red on the trip, and 
 Iho \vhol(' of our suj)plies wore delivered at Moose in i)orfoct condition. 
 
 In order to wive expense, immediately' on arriving at Moose Factory 
 live of the parly wei'e paid otV and sent hack in ono canoe to Michi- 
 picoton. 
 
 As it was considered ver}- desirahle to have a geological " traverse" 
 nuido of the country hetweon James' Hay and Al)ittil»i Lake, to whi(d» 
 tho oxphtrations of the Survt^y liad already extended from tho south- 
 ward, Mr. A. S. Cochi-une, one of my assistants, was inHlructed to 
 n.ako a li-ack-survey of tho Ahittihi Jtiver to the lake of tho same 
 name, while I proceeded with the rest of tho i»ai-ty to explore the east 
 coast of .lanios' and Hudson's Bays. Mr. Cochram> ])ei-formed this 
 duty successfully, and returned Iiome iri the month of Sojitemlter. 
 
 Through tiie courtesy of S. K. Pai-son, Esq., the gentleman in charge 
 of Moose Kactory, 1 ohtaincd the use of a schoonei-'s jolly-boat for the 
 coast journey. My crew consisted of four vo3'ageur.s from Lake 
 8uperioi', and one assistant. Two Indian guides belonging to the 
 counti'y were tried in succession, each for a short time, but as they 
 proved to be worse than useless, we were obliged to (le])end entirely 
 upon ourselves both in going and returning; and having taken 
 unceasing cai'O to provide against every contingency, we met with no 
 mishaj) wtiatevcr during the whol(> of the round trip. 
 
 Starting from Moose Factory on the 7th of July, we worked north- 
 ward till the 2tth of August, when we turned to come south again. 
 Wo reached the south-eastern extremity of Portland Promontory — the 
 most conspicuous point or headland on the east coast of Hudson's Hay, 
 and wliich having as yet no name, I propose to call Cape Dutl'erin, in 
 honor of the (iovernor-(Joneral of the Dominion. This Cape is situated 
 at about 000 miles from Moose Factory, or nearly two-thirds of the 
 distance from that place to Hudson's Strait. While going noi-thward, 
 as we followed the coast closely tlie whole way from Rupert's House, 
 our track was probably upwards of 800 miles in length. In returning 
 we touched at many points and islands which we had not an oppor- 
 
 •ri 
 
 > 
 
 < ' 
 
KAST COAST OK IIIIDHON's RAY. « 
 
 8 
 
 tuiiity of t»xmniniiig on llio way ii|>. AllojiU'llioi-, I think I huvo 
 wueco<!(lo(l in ol»tuinin|,' a itihmI ^'ciioriil knowl(><lgo of Uio f(oo'ogy oC 
 tlio wliolo coawt JIM fur iw we wont. . 
 
 (Jupn JoiicH, ill iilioul lnlilii(li)r»r»" iiiiddim'tly oppoKitoOupo Henrietta 
 Mtiria, is considered tiie point at wliicli we puss from Jiinuw" Buy 
 into IIudHon's Hsiy, proper. From thiw point iiorlliwurd tiie Keoiogy 
 Iteeame mon^ inliMeslin^' than it luvd Iteon to the south, and I mmh» a surv«v from 
 
 traeU-Hiirvey of the topoj^'raphy, as well uh u carelul reeorU ot trie ti.w.ini. 
 
 geoloi^'y of the coast and isUindn to (mr turning ])oint, a distance of 
 nearly :500 miles from Cape Jones, in making this survey the distances 
 were' ascertained l.y means (»f Walker's patent ship log, the rate of 
 speed of our l»oat, estimation of short distances by the eye, rough 
 triangulation, and by observations for latitude, while the bearings 
 were taken l»y compass, the variation of which was determined by 
 numerous observations of the ])ole star. 
 
 Having made a rerontuiimire of the coast from Moose Factory as far ronHnuati.m of 
 as the north shore of Ruperts Hay in 1875 (see report of the (tool. 
 Survey for that year), the geological work of the ])resent season only 
 l)roporly began where that of 1875 terminated. I r.iay here recall the 
 fact that during that season 1 made a track-survey of the route which 
 wo followed the jiresent year from Michipicrten to Moose Factory, 
 which proved to dilfer less than one per cent, from the correct distance 
 as determined by the latitude and longtitude of each extremity. !n New surveys, 
 passing over the same ground again the present season, a considerable 
 improvement was accomplished in the topography of the large 
 straggling sheet of water called Lake Alattagaming, and a survey was 
 made of Brunswick Lake aTid lliver on the west side of the Missinaibi^i' 
 branch of the iMoose. These as well as our surveys ot the Abittibi 
 Uiver and of the mouth of the Moose (to bo noticed further on) will 
 appear upon the map of the work of 1875. Many additional details Map. ^ 
 which were noted in regard to the geology, cannot be given in the 
 limits of this report, but a i'ow of the more important facts re(piire a 
 
 ^ ,,,.,-.. , / ( I I Huronmn rocks 
 
 l)assing notice. A narrow band of Huronian rocks crosses Crookeii 
 Lake at " the jog" near the middle. They consist of greenish silicious 
 hornblendic and dioritic schists running N. 25° W., and dipping to the 
 westward at an angle of 70°. From the Split-rock, or St. Peter's 
 Portage, for a distance of about a mile down the Missinaibi River, 
 felsites and mica schists arc exposed which ma}' belong to a narrow 
 
 * The iiarae of this hike and of tlie river which flows from it to the iiiain Mooso Iliver is frc- 
 Muentlvcilk'dMissinihi (BiR Water) and it was so written in my report tor IH,... Last, ywir. 
 however, I was informed by Mr. .lohn Sanders, a native missionary in that rosion, and by Mr. 
 Thomas Uiciiards, in eiiaiKC o( the Hudson's Bay Company s post at Brunswiek Lake, that the 
 name meant Pictured Water, and that therefore the word shouUl be written Misainaibi. 
 
t 
 
 4 c 
 
 UEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. 
 
 Lignite bed.s. 
 
 Lisn'to two 
 miles iiijove 
 Woodpecker 
 Island. 
 
 bolt of the HiiroMiaii Hories. The only solid rocks found on the shortish 
 of Brunswick Lake and Itivor consisted of Lunreiitian gneiss. 
 
 The existence of lignite on the JMissinaibi Eiver was referred to in 
 my report for 18T5, page 326. During the past season I found it in 
 situ in several places on this river between the Long Po/tagc and its 
 junetion with the Mattagami. The first or highest of those was in the 
 Coal Brook bed. West bank of Coal ]irook, three quarters of a mile from its moutli. Coal 
 Bj-ook is a small dischai-ge or channel which leaves the main river 
 opposite the head of the fourth or Jlivor-side Portage, and rejoins it at 
 five-and-a-half miles below Hound Bay at the foot of Hell's Gates. 
 Tins bed of lignite is about three feet thick, and is underlaid by soft 
 sticky blue clay and overlaid by about seventy feet of drift^clay or 
 "till," lull ot small pebbles and passing into gravel towards the top. 
 Much of the lignite retains a distinct woody nature; some of the 
 embedded trunks are two feet in diameter. When dry it makes a 
 good fuel, but contains a little iron pyrites. 
 
 Oj\ the south-east side of the river, at nineteen miles below Coal Brook 
 or two miles above Woodpecker Island, a horizontal seam of lignite 
 was A^und in the midst of a bank of " till " 125 feet high. It is from 
 1^ to 2h feet thick, and is made up principally of sticks and rushes. 
 Bciow the lii,nite arc 80 feet of yelloAv-weathering grey clay, and above 
 it 45 feet of blue clay. Both varieties of clay are full of pebbles, and 
 they also hold some striated boulders of Laurentian gneiss, Iliironian 
 schists and uiudtered Devonian limestone. 
 
 At three miles below Woodpecker Island, or nine miles above the 
 mouth of the Opazatika (Poplar) Eiver, anotJier bed of lignite occurs 
 in the bank on the same side. It is six feet thick but diminishes to 
 the eastward, and is of a shaly character, being made up of lammina; 
 of moss and sticks. Immodiafoly beneath the lignite is a layer, one 
 foot thick, of irregularly mingled clay and spots of impure lignite. 
 Next below this are 40 feet of unst ratified drift full of small pebbles, 
 under which ai-c a lew feet of stratified yellowish sand and gravel. 
 Eesting upon tlio lignite are five feet of hard lead-colored clay with 
 seams and spots of a yellow color, and layers of red, grey, drab and 
 butr. Above all and foi-ming the top of the bank 65 feet high, are ten 
 i'eet of hard drab cla^^ with striated pebbles and small boulders and 
 holding rather largo valves of Saxicaca rugosa, Macoma calcarea (Tellina 
 proximo) and M//a tnmcata. 
 
 Small seams of lignite were seen in two places in the bank on the 
 same side, at, and again h.-df-a-mile below, the foot of a rapid which 
 occurs about six miles above the Opazatika. 
 
 In the interval belween one and two miles above this stream the 
 whole bed of the river appears to be underlaid by lignite. When 
 
 ti feet of lignite 
 tive miles from 
 the last. 
 
 Sm tiller ." earns 
 of lignite. 
 
 " liuMiling 
 W.itcr." 
 
EAST COAKT OF IIUUSON's IIAV. 
 
 5 c 
 
 Bounded with a heavy polo, it has an elastic feel and gives off large 
 volumes of gas. which may also be seen at any time bubbling up 
 sijontaneously here and there all along this part of- the river. This 
 phenomenon has been observed by the Indians from time immemorial, 
 and the locality has received the name of the " Bubbling Water." A 
 box of specimens of the lignites of the above localities was brought to Spocimons. 
 Montreal for examination. A number of rock-specimens for the 
 museum were also obtained in different parts of the route from 
 Michipicotcn to Moose. I also collected a considerable number of foaJn".'*" 
 fossils between the Long Portage of the Missinaibi Branch and Moose 
 Factor}'. These have been examined by Mr. Whiteaves, who gives 
 the following provisional list of the species, which shev/s that the 
 formation from which they are derived is of Devonian age. In my 
 report for 1875, page 316, Mr. Whiteaves gives a list of twelve species 
 of Devonian fossils from similar rocks on the Mattagami branch of the 
 Moose River. 
 
 Provisional list of fossils collected between the Long Portage of the 
 Missinaibi branch of the Moose River and Moose Factory. 
 
 PROTOZOA. 
 
 Stromatopora. (N. Sp.) Apparently undescribed, but possibly an ^extreme form of 
 S. concentrica, Goldfuss. It differs materially from any of the species of 
 Stromatopora from the Devonian Bocks of Ontario described by Dr. H. A. 
 Nicholson. 
 
 C/KLENTBBATA. 
 
 Favosites WincheUi, Rominger. Two specimens. 
 
 Favosiles hemisphierica, Troost, var. turbinata. Of the usual turbinate form of this well 
 
 marked variety, but with exceptionally small corallites. 
 Favosites polijmorpha, Go\d("Hii. A portion of a branch. 
 Alveolites. Two species. One a massive form, perhaps identical with A. vallortim of 
 
 Meek from the Mackenzie River ; the other a branched, spreading species. 
 Cladopora cryptodens ? Billings. One badly preserved example. 
 Syrinyopora Maclurei. Billings. A single specimen. 
 
 " llisinyeri. Billings. Two or three examples. 
 
 Aulopora? (Sp. andt.) Possibly the young state of a species oi Syrinyopora, 
 Cyathophyllum (Heliophyllum) Ilalli, Edwards & Haime. One specimen. 
 
 " (Acervularia) Davidsoni, " " " " 
 
 Cystiphyllum. (Sp. imdt.) A fragment, shewing only the intt^rnal and generic 
 
 characters. 
 Diphyphyllum (Eridophyllum) Simcoense, Billings. A typical but rather small form 
 
 of this species. 
 Phillipsastriea Vernueili, Edwards & Haime. Two characteristic fragments. 
 Zavhrentig cornicula? Nicholson. Apparently the same as a species of Zaphrentis 
 
 figured and dcscrilie<l nndor this name by Dr. Nicholson on page T5 of his 
 
 second " Report upon the I'ahTontology of the Trovince of Ontario,' but most 
 
I 
 
 (JIacial 
 DhciioineniN 
 
 (j c GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. 
 
 likely distinct from the Z. cornicula ofLesuer, which, as Mr. BillingH pointed 
 ont long ago, is probably a Hcliophyllum. Dr. Romingcr, who regards ilelio- 
 phylluni as syionyinouH with Cyalhophyllum, refers Lesuer's species to the 
 latter genus. 
 
 POLYZOA. 
 
 Diciyonema. (Sp. undt.) A portion of a frond, showing the non-celluliferous side. 
 
 BIIACIIIOPODA. 
 
 Strophomena (Strophodonta) concava, Hall. A t^ast of a ventral valve. 
 
 .. demma, Conrad. One imperfect specimen, but with both 
 
 valves and most of the test preserved. 
 Streptorhynehus ? (Sp. undt.) A cast of a ventral valve. 
 Orthis Vanuxcmi, Hall. ' " " " 
 
 " N. Sp. A small species, with a shallow sinus in the dorsal valve. Abundant 
 
 and tolerably perfect, but always with the outer layer of the test i-xfoliated. 
 Alrypa reticularis, Linnieus. Common. 
 Spirifera sculpiilis ? Hall. Two detached valves, one dorsal, the other ventral. The 
 
 hinge area is not visible, but in almost every other respect the specimens 
 
 correspond with the description and figures of S. sculptilis. 
 Cyrtina HamUlovensis, Hall. One nearly perfect example, with an unusually elong- 
 
 ated foramen. 
 Ehynchonella pleiophura, Conrad, Two specimens. 
 
 LAMEIiLIHRANCHlATA. 
 
 Leptodomiis. (Sp. undt.) An immature left valve. 
 
 Conocardium trigonale, Conrad. Abundant. 
 
 Pkrinea textilis. var. aremria, Hall. A cast of a left valve. 
 
 UASTEHOl'ODA. 
 
 Pleurotomaria. Two species. Too imperfect to be identified with any certainty. 
 
 CEPHALOPODA. 
 
 Orlhoceras. Two species. One, which is marked with narrow, rather distant, 
 longitudinal ridges, may be a cast of 0. profundum, Hall. The other has a 
 nearly cential, moniliforui siphuncle, and an iippareutly smooth surface. 
 
 criUSTACBA. 
 
 Phacops rana 9 Green. A cast of the head of a trilobite which appears to belong to 
 
 this species. 
 The age of the rocks from which these fossils were collected is obviously L)ev<.nian 
 and the horizon is probably nearly identical with that of the Corniferous forma- 
 tion of Ontario. ,). p. WHITEAVES. 
 
 Numerous udditioiiiil observations were made in regard to the 
 glacial phenomena on the route to Moose Factory. AUhough the 
 Hti'iit?are generally well presc^rved and eonspieuous on rock-surfaees 
 which have been protected l..>' a covering of earth or water, yet in 
 
ingH pointed 
 .igards ilelio- 
 icclos to the 
 
 irons sido. 
 
 lilt with both 
 
 (. Abundant 
 exfoliated. 
 
 i^ential. The 
 lie specimens 
 
 isually elong- 
 
 certaintf. 
 
 ather distant, 
 e other lias a 
 1 surface. 
 
 s to belong to 
 
 lusly Devonian 
 liferous fornia- 
 
 TEAVES. 
 
 lijard lo the 
 Jlhougli the 
 •ock-HUi'faces 
 mtor, yet in 
 
f" 
 
 + 
 
 Primed liv U«o. K. DisuAKiTs. Krucii a Ski'tcli liy Dlt. BK.l.l 
 
 THE <JKEAT STONK '• CJOX.IUKING HOI .SE," MISSIN.VIBI HIVEK, 
 
 ShOWINO PoST-liLAClAL pENUUATION. 
 
 4 
 
 H 
 
KAST COAST OF iriTDSON's UAV. 
 
 1 c 
 
 sevoml places thoro lire ovidcnccH that a consideral)lo destruction of Hook 
 the solid rock has taken place since the glacial period. Probably the 
 most remarkable of these locations is the Conjuring-house Eapid, whore 
 the river passes through a ci-ooked gorge with rugged sides, excavated 
 in the garnet-bearing micaceous gneiss, Avhich here strikes N. 80° E. 
 A curious angular pillar forty or fifty feet high stands perpendicularly 
 in the middle of the rapid. Its proportions resemble, on a large scale, 
 those of the Indian medicine-man's conjuring-house, I'rom which 
 circumstance it derives its name, and Ihe Indians regard it with 
 superstitious veneration. This gorge and pillar are i-epresented in 
 the sketch on the next page. 
 
 In the bod of the Moose Eivcr, near the north side and just below jaw oi 
 the forks, 4(3 miles from Moose Factory, a mastodon's jaw with one of '""' " ""' 
 the teeth was found by an Indian, who broke out the tooth with his 
 axe and cari-ied it to Moose Factory. Loose pieces oi" lignite are very 
 abundant in the bed of the river at this locality, and it probably exists 
 hero in situ under the debris forming the bottom of the stream. 
 
 As mentioned in my report for 1875, marine shells were observed in ^..^ine shell?. 
 the drift clays in various [ilaces all along the river from its mouth to 
 Hound Bay at the foot of the great Laurontian and Iluronian ])lateau, 
 127 miles from Moose Factory, and elevated about 300 feet above the 
 Boa. Upwards of a dozen species were found at the mouth of the river, 
 but the number diminishes in ascending the stream, and (mly two 
 ai)pear to persist to Rountl Bay, namely, Saxicava rucjosa and Macoma 
 fnvjiUs {Tellina gnmUmdicu). 
 
 Soil of the Country between Lake 8i;pebior and James' Bay. 
 
 In my report for 1875, I gave a general account of the soil, cS:c., in 
 the region between the great lakes and James' Bay. Following goii. 
 the canoe-route from Michipicoteii to Moose Factory, the country is 
 more or less rocky as far as Missinaibi Lake, yet even in this section 
 the pro])ortion of rock-sui-tace 1o the whole area nuiy be comparatively R„,k.suifuce. 
 small. But after passing the " Swam])y Grounds," north of Missinaibi 
 Lake, the traveller caniiot fail to be struck by the abundaiu-e and the 
 general fertility of the soil ex])Osed in the banks of the Missinaibi 
 and Moose Rivers all the way to Moose Factoiy. It consists mostly of 
 a brownish, somewhat gi-avelly loam or earth, resting upon " till," and Brownish lo,,..., 
 sometimes upon stratified clays or the solid rock, which, however, is 
 seldom seen, excejjt at the pi-incii)al rapids and falls. But in the 
 central third of the section between Lake Superior Jind James' Bay, 
 or from the Brunswick to the Long Portage, a light-colored clay ,^i^^j.^.^,i^rgj 
 usually forms the surface. I examined the country for a mile (.r two clay. 
 back from the river in several places for the si)eciai pui-pose of aseer- 
 
Agricultural 
 
 valii') 
 
 Survey of 
 mouth of 
 Moose River. 
 
 Summary of 
 
 results- 
 
 Laurentian 
 
 series. 
 
 8 c 
 
 OEoLOUlCAL SURVEY OP CANADA, 
 
 taining tho nature of the Hoil, and found it oxcollent in all casois, but 
 (ending to become more swampy in i-oeeeding from the river in tho 
 Devonian region below the Long Portage. Sam])les of tho soil were 
 collected in a lew places for nubsequont examination. In traversing 
 such a great extent of almost unbroken Avildorness, one is a])t to forgot 
 tho pos.siblo value of this vast j-egion for agricultural purposes. But 
 tho examples of the farms at New Biunswick House and Moose 
 Factory shew, upon a small scale, what might be extended over a great 
 part of the country. I have no doubt that at some future time this 
 territory will support a largo population. 
 
 Eeturn Journey. 
 
 As already stated, Cape Duiferin was tho most northern point which 
 wo reached on our voyage up the Eastmain coast. Turning southward 
 on the 24th of August, we again reached Moose Factory on the 22nd 
 of September, and learned that the Hudson's Bay Company's ship had 
 ! ailed for London two weeks before our arrival, which was somewhat 
 i-arlier than tho usual date of leaving. While the necessary prepara- 
 tions for our return by Michipicoten were being made, I surveyed 
 the mouth of Moose Eiver and the vicinity of Moose Factory, and 
 made daily observations for latitude at this post. Leaving Moose on 
 Monday, October 1st, we reached Michipicoten on Monday the 22nd 
 of the same month (having occupied just three weeks on tho trip), and 
 I arrived at Montreal on the 1st of November. Having thus briefly 
 sketched our journeys in connection with the season's operations, I 
 now propose to give a short account of the principal results in refer- 
 ence to the Eastmain coast. The groat object of tho expedition was of 
 course to ascertain the nature and geographical distribution of tho 
 rock-formati(ms in the region explored, and to determine the pro- 
 bability, or otherwise, of the existence of vahuible minerals. But as 
 already mentioned, I also made what toi»ograpbieal surveys were 
 possible, and obtained, in addition, a large amount of information in 
 regard to the soil and general contour of tho country, the chai-acters 
 of the rivers and coasts, the climate, timber, and vegetation, fisheries, 
 natural history and botany of the regions visited, tho aboriginies, and, 
 in fact, in regard to all matters which might, at any time, bo of interest 
 to tho public. 
 
 Geology of the Eastmain Coast. 
 
 Laurentian Gneiss.— ¥vom Euport's Bay to Cape Jones tho geology 
 of tho coast is comparatively uninteresting: The rocks consist of 
 Laurentian gneiss with a belt of Huronian schists at (!ape Hope, and 
 another at the Taint Hills. The gneiss presents a great variety of 
 
 I 
 
 » ' 
 
 ; t 
 
 4^. 
 
**»»<— fWIIIW HWI i H I M 
 
 but 
 
 4- 
 
 4 
 
 EAST COAHT OK HUDSON'S HAY. ^ C 
 
 charactoi-s in this disttmcc, mid altIi()Ui,'h I noted dcscnptiona of those 
 
 for rofci-oiico in many places, they may not bo worth f^nving at length Average strike. 
 
 in the present report. Tho average strike at Rupert's Bay was wost- 
 
 nortli-wostward, but in going towards Capo Jones it gradually changed 
 
 to north-west and north-north-wost. The following examples of tho Exami.ioH oi 
 
 ,_ .,11 . •! 1 I ,, ,.*' chiiracter 
 
 character of tho gneiss (briefly stated) with tho strike at a numbei oi ,1,^1 strike. 
 localities, arranged from south to north, may servo instead of a more 
 extended description. Tho directions refer to the magnetic meridian : 
 
 BTBIKB. 
 
 1. On S. W. point of Sherrick's Mount Island, gneiss is 
 
 composed of coarse white felspar and quartz with 
 garnets, intevstratified with silicious and micaceous 
 beds ; general appearance, light-colored N. 70° W. 
 
 2. 30 miles northward of Rupert's River, very massive coarse 
 
 greenish and yellowish holding twisted masses of a 
 hard black mica(;eouK character. On the large scale it 
 has a striking barred appearance N. VO" W. 
 
 3. 22 miles, bearing N. by E. from N. point of Sherrick's 
 
 Mount Island (tho interval being occupied by grey 
 gneiss), it is hard, niicaccons and hornblendic, with 
 beds of white felspar and numerous disseminated crys- 
 tals of the same minerals N. 60" W. 
 
 i. The prevalance of felspar characteriises the gneiss all the 
 way from the last locality to the mouth of the East- 
 main (or Sludc) River, where the strike is W. 
 
 .5. From 5 miles N. of Cape Hope to Paint Hills, 39 miles N. 
 
 of it, grey and reddish grey Cortorted. 
 
 6 11 miles N. of Paint Hills light pinkish grey massive 
 
 gneiss N.GCW. 
 
 7. 40 miles S. of l>ig River (Fort George) grey finely-marbled 
 
 gneiss, dips N. 70° E. < 25° N. 20° W. 
 
 8. From Big River for 10 miles southward, the gneiss is 
 
 usually contorted. Average strike about N. 15° W. 
 
 9. tiovernor's Island in mouth of Big River, grey gneiss dips 
 
 S. 35°W. <45° N. 55° W. 
 
 10. Esquimaux Point, li mile N. W. of Fort George and near 
 
 the last locality, grey gneiss dips S. 80° E. < 9° N. 10° W. 
 
 11. 14 miles N. of Governor's Island, reddish gneiss N. 55° W. 
 
 12. 18 miles N. of Governor's Island, reddish grey gneiss.... N. 50° W. 
 
 13. Islet 18.i miles N. of Governor's Island; the lamination 
 
 of grey gneiss is well marked. It holiis black patches 
 
 like embedded boulders N. 65° W. 
 
 14. 20 miles N. of Governor's Island, grey gneiss N. 65° W. 
 
 15. 21 J " ^' •' N. 70° W. 
 
 16. Wind-bound Point on N. side of North Fishing Creek and 
 
 36 miles N. of Governor's Island, grey and red N. 70° W. 
 
 17. Extremity of (,'ape Jones, three varieties of gneiss ; general 
 
 I strike N. 33° W. 
 
 i t 
 
 ^. 
 
10 c 
 
 OEOIiOOICAL SIRVKY (>!•' 'ANADA, 
 
 Hiironiaii band 
 of Capo Hope. 
 
 Hiironiun bund 
 of the Paint 
 llilLs 
 
 Schist 
 congl(>'ierates, 
 
 Islands off 
 Paint Hit's. 
 
 Uuronian Bund^s.—Ou \\w oxlionm weHU'in poinf of (^upi. Jfopo 
 (iHliiiMl), till' i-iK'k cotiHi.sLs of (lark ^'i-oy honiblciulic, schi.sl with .somo 
 li.i^htci- and moro silicioiw boltH. Mo,st of the Ht-liist is divided into 
 .small loiiticular forms, oacli surrounded by jj;ranuhir white ealespar. 
 which also occurs in jiatchcs and short veins. The rock is cut b\ 
 numerous si ra^'^iin<,' veins of mi.Ked calcsjiar and quartz, interealiite".. 
 with schist. Some ot them are wide, but short. They run in variou' 
 directions. No metallic ores were obtained in any of them. 
 
 The Paint Hills occur on a point with several islands lyin,< oft' it u 
 ii distance of about 3!) miles north of Oaj)e iioj.e. The most western 
 <u- outermost hill on the point appears to be the highest. It has an 
 elevation of about 150 feet above the sea. Here tho rounded i-ocks are 
 in some places, especially along the north-west side, stained reddish 
 and brownish and resemble smooth oxidized suifaces of metallic iron. 
 In some parts (hey weather to a green color. The rocks at the hills 
 themselyos consist of micaceous and hornblendic silicious schists with 
 opidote in crystals and patches and epidosite in masses of varying size. 
 The schists are full of disseminated specks of white iron pyi-ites which 
 also occurs in small veins of white (piartz. They also contain a good 
 deal of white calcspar in the form of partings in the joints and 
 cleavage-planes and also as isolated patches, which mightl be called 
 granular crystalline limestone. The cleavage runs in two directions— 
 S. (iO° W. and S. 40° W., and dips to the north-westward. 
 
 On an islet haU-a-mile north of tho jioint, tho rock is a dark grey 
 mica-schist full of rounded pebbles of light grey Hue grained granite, 
 and of ditieront varieties of silicious schists. The pebbles ai'o mostly 
 small, but so->ic larger than the rest measured about eight inches in 
 diameter. The cleavage i-uns east and west but the bedding strikes N. 
 10° \Y This is clearly shown by a belt of large rounded pebbles and ■ 
 snudi boulders (the largest being two feet in diameter) closely crowded 
 together; and also by a parallel band doso by consisting of soft green 
 schist, which cuts the cleavage of the schist-conglomoi-ato like a vein. 
 A vein of granite C()m]))sed of reddish-white (iimrtz and very largo 
 ciystals of white felspar traverses the islet in the same direction. At 
 about six miles northward of Paint Hills, the cleavage of a greenish 
 schist, occurring on an islet, strikes N. 30° W., and dips to tl'ie north- 
 eastwunl at an angle of 70°- The breadth of this Huronian band at 
 right angles to its course may l)e two or three niiies. 
 
 On the outei-nmst islands, several miles to the south-eastward of the 
 extremity of the point at the Paint Hills, the rocks consist of tino- 
 gramod dark greenish-grey hornblendic schist, with tine-grained 
 sdicious portions. Small veins of whitish granite also occur following 
 the stratilication wliich runs N. 30° W. 
 
Ottpo JIopo 
 il with .soiMo 
 ilividod into 
 itc I'Jilfspur. 
 •k in cut li\ 
 iiitorcaliitci. 
 II ill vui'iou' 
 I. 
 
 iii^ oft' it u 
 lost wofstuni 
 . It has ail 
 L!(l I'ooivs arc 
 iio(i ivdtlisli 
 ictallic iron. 
 
 at the hills 
 schists with 
 iviying size, 
 n-ites which 
 itain a <^ood 
 
 Joints and 
 t bo ciillod 
 llrcctions — 
 
 I dariv i^Toy 
 lod ,y;i'atiito, 
 ai'o mostly 
 it inches in 
 f strikes N. 
 lobbies and 
 iy crowded 
 ' soft g-rcon 
 like a vein, 
 very lari>-c 
 H'tioii. At 
 a green ib'li 
 the north- 
 aii band at 
 
 ^ard of the 
 ist of Hne- 
 iio-grained 
 • following 
 
Si ' 
 'a '^ 
 
 H 
 
 » 
 
 
 M 
 
 (y 
 
 C^ 
 
 fH 
 
 !» 
 
 O HI 
 
 !» 
 
 
 
 " W 
 5 > 
 
 ;■ 
 
K.VST ("OAST or lll'hSONS lUV. 
 
 n r 
 
 ^n thculiovi' iiilcivul ol (ho co:usl botWron Ilupoi'l's Hay :iii<l (!u|>o Trap Dykc». 
 Join's, dykes of (liirk-coloml heavy trjip were (»hsorv»Ml in iminonm.s 
 ])hi(osciittiii';- IhounoiHs. They varicl IVoiii a tow Ibel up lo 80 foot 
 or mori' in wi.llh. In all tascs whore their tlireetioii was (aUeii il was 
 Ibmid l(» he due north and south (mai^Mietie). I have elsewhere referred li'ii;'«|^i'''j^^;'' 
 to the inllueneo of trnp dykes in shaping- (.ut the present nalnral 
 foalui'es of the ro^ions to the northward of the ,<i;reat lakes (Soo 
 UeportsofthefSeol. Survey, 1870, pa.ii;o vJiU , and 1.S75, j.a.i^e 315), and 
 1 havo little douht that those north-andsouth dykes had soinelhin,!,' 
 to do with i)rodueinii; the eotist-lino aloni;- whieh they occur. 
 
 General (%mi<-fr.r of the CuiiHt. —TUo outline of the land from Ku- };;;;;',ij\;i;;f « 
 l)ert's Day to Cajie Jones is undulating and rather low. The coast is .io„ed. ' 
 frini-ed with a i-real numhor of ishmds with long points and peninsulas 
 of the mainland among ^liem. The water hetwoen these islands and 
 points and for some distance out to sea is shallow. The majority ()f 
 tho islands arc rather low and compose.l of houlders and shingle with 
 few or no trees, but the solid rock occurs upon a large propcu-tion of 
 them. No regularity can be delected in the general arrangement ot 
 theso islands. "They present a kind of labyrinth, which it would be 
 very (litlicult to map with accuracy, and which is uot unlike that of 
 the northern Hhore of the (leorgian Hay, Lake Ifun.n, »^\-copl that on 
 the oast coast of James' Bay the water is shallower and shews evidence 
 of receding rai)idly, and the islands are, aa above stated, mostly 
 covered by boulders and shingle. 
 
 From the neighbourhood <.f Capo Jones.all the waytoCapo Dutterin, t •;;;'•• f',X,„ 
 the coast is of ;i ditVeront character and the rocks a.-o more varied and Dmiun.. 
 interesting. The general outliiu-. of the land is higher and more uneven 
 and it ristvs gradually as we go north all the way to the head of Mani- 
 tounuck Sound. Here it becmes b.dd, rugged and often precipiUuis, 
 and maintains this chaructor nearly to tlu' point at which we turned 
 
 buck. 
 
 The islands along this part of the coast run in regular cluims. Clminsof 
 nearly i)arallcl with the shore, of which the principal are the .Muni- '^ ""'- 
 tounuck, Nastapoka and Hopewell chains. Long Island, which begins 
 a few miles north-east of Cape Jones, and measures about thirty nules 
 
 >r also lies itarallel to tho shore. 
 
 from one extremity to the ot 
 
 Mamtounui-I; (lroui> of unahcrct 
 and of the main shore from Manilounui 
 Wichmoiid (iulf, consist of an una 
 could detect no 
 
 / ,.ochs.— VhQ rocks of these islaiub 
 
 y\ 
 
 lllltllllllUCH 
 
 k Sound to a i.oint north ,,f «nm,M,iroflis. 
 
 clo.sely than any otlier yel i 
 
 loi 
 
 ose 
 couvenie 
 
 llered stratiiied series, in which 1 
 
 n.ssils, an<l which resomi)le the Xipigon rocks more 
 
 lescribed in the Dominion. They might 
 
 are made uj) mostly 
 
 nee at present be called the .Murdtounuck group. They 
 tly of limestones (generally silicious and argilla- 
 
12 <■ 
 
 «IK(.|,ouirAI. .SIIUVKV (.K ('.\N.\I..\. 
 
 Niistiiimkaanil 
 llorit'well 
 
 Isllllicl.s. 
 
 ' -•". '^.■>iiil:n::;:;:^;:;v:if ;;;•■':','■ -" r ' '■■■■■" 
 
 • •"■ r,') |„ „,,,,,.„,,i „„. """I I' i» HI II li.wniiKlo (KcMomlly 
 
 "I..V.. iho ,..v,.i ; ; , "", •;:; ";;, ''f":^ """" "■-' •"■ "■■■■•" 
 
 li..u^t„n.», >vl,K.|, ..' I J '■,'■" "''"" ""'"" '■'"•'"■ '"" ""• 
 
 -■■"i'onlnc »!,, I , • ■ ,"■','"" '''"'''^ ™'"'--ti""B l..ni„f; « 
 
 '•■•..m voo' !; t ; ,''r;.''' "'"""'™,''^-'»- ^''-y va,,- i„ clor 
 
 t"'P. i. J<orr«Kn.ou« bods, alishtly ,„a.cn(«ru.,.bk. to .n.„ 
 
 IJ.c Na.tapoku u.kI Hopewell duuuH of i«Iu,uls consKst of ou.H.i. 
 ^I'Hl shales with in.nstone hands cappc<l hv b-mk II . ^ ' 
 
 places. TJie -eiieril nin of .,11 iU. ■■ '''^''' '" "*^'"^ 
 
 very ,„w t,.an:;r,„;t .,:;'' :;:;:^':;.';i:':'-'f"'; ^-^^ ■"™«' » 
 
 «'™ '" '•■■'- ■ 'i.o lalU.,- „ ..,.c.,c.„l.|ike f„,.„, ,ho ,.o ,voxi ' 
 
 (I 
 
 I 
 
ill 
 

 E / 
 
 
 t 
 
 
 * cr 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^w 
 
 H 
 
 >M 
 
 
 
 oe 
 
 
 
 
 « 
 
 /- 
 
 q 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 Q 
 
 r 
 
 < 
 
 ^ 
 
 « 
 
 'a\ 
 
 z 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 (^i 
 
 [/> 
 
 
 
 &2 
 
 < 
 
 
 '/) 
 
 •^ 
 
 
 M 
 
 z 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 E 
 
 u 
 
 h 
 
 
 X 
 
 • O" 
 
 '■ 
 
 
 7J 
 
 / 
 
 w 
 ■f. 
 
 a: 
 
 K 
 
EAST COAST OF UUDSON's BAY. 13 C 
 
 Whiilo IJiver and other stroams i'lnd tlicir way to the Hca, have al8(> 
 had a similar oriifjii. There are also many simihir gaps in tlio hills, 
 which were at one Lime (occupied by water, but whicli are now more 
 or loss tilleil up with sand or shingle, and some of tliom are elevated 
 to a considerable height above the sea-level. 
 
 Instead of describing the rocks of the various islands of the 
 Nastapoka chain and of the mainland opposite to them, I siiall give 
 a few representative sections, which will bo more convenient lor 
 reference. Other details of the geology are given on the siccompany- 
 ing map. 
 
 The i'ollovvinc: is an approximate ascending section of the rocks Section north 
 exposed in the clilfs in the viciiiily of the lead mine, three miles Wlmloiiivcr. 
 north-eastward of the Hudson's Bay (Jompany's establishment at Littlo 
 VVliale River :— * 
 
 FKET. 
 
 Massive compact bhiish dolomites, with chert, of which are exposed 
 
 aboi:t TO 
 
 The lead-bearing band of a similar character to the last, but somewhat 
 
 dnisy 30 
 
 Thick-bedded bluish-grey dolomite 20 
 
 Interval concealed, about , 100 
 
 Dark flnggy argillltes and shales 40 
 
 FJesh-coIored, pink and grey quartzites 60 
 
 Trap-overflow in five layers, about 25ii feet in all, of which there arc ex- 
 posed near the lead mine about 50 
 
 370 
 
 Tlie general iippcaranco of these cliffs, and the great trappoan over- 
 flow which surmounts them, is shown in the acompanying view. 
 The above section begins on high ground, and the total elevation of the 
 top of tlieclilfof rudely columiuir basalt, followed by amygdaloid, is 
 probably upwards of 700 feet above the sea. 
 
 On the oitposite or south side ol' the Little Whale River, some of the Section south 
 
 . .,1 1 -. ,^^,^ ... 1 • 1 A • , !• side Little 
 
 lulls at»lt('ar to be over 1,000 feet high. An ap])roximaLe asccndiiig wiuilo Kivcr. 
 section of Ihc dills shown in the accompanying view would be as 
 follows: — 
 
 FEET. 
 
 Coarse grey aiul reddish-grey somewhat altered sandstoiu; with couglo- 
 meiato layers, and conglonierat'^ with sandstone layers ; the 
 pcMilcs are mostly quartz. The total thicknets is probably 
 
 double that exposed at the iuise, nitmely 150 
 
 Concealed, but probably a continuation ot the last, overlaid by bluish- 
 grey dolomite 350 
 
 The lead-bearing band of compact bluish-grey dolonute ;!5 
 
 Massive blue dolomite 30 
 
 Concealed about 300 
 
 2 
 
14 (i GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA, 
 
 FKET. 
 
 Yellow- weathering compact blue dolomite 40 
 
 Single bard of solid grey sandstone 5 
 
 Thinly-bedded grey sandstone, with ripple-marks, and hard flaggy 
 
 and shaly argillite 100 
 
 Bluish-grey diorite, porphyritic in parts — least thickness 50 
 
 1060 
 
 Castle In the south -west or n part of Eichmond Gulf, and on the north side 
 
 'cmnbu a. ^^^ ^j^^ outlot, 11 remarkable eastle-like peninsula rises to a height of 
 
 seven or eight Imndred feel. The lower part consists of coarse grey 
 
 sandstone passing into congk)merate, with white quartz pebbles, like 
 
 that of Little Whale Eiver, while the upper part consists of limestones 
 
 slightly unconformable to the sandstones, and all capped with trap. 
 
 On the same side, and between the Castle Peninsula a*d the narrowest 
 
 Bo.^s of gneiss, part of the outlet, a boss of Laurentian gneiss, about 100 feet high, 
 
 protrudes through the sandstones and limestones, as shewn in the 
 
 accompanying section. 
 
 SKCTION ON SOITH SII)K UV CASTLK PKXINSILA. 
 
 II. Overflow of coluiniiiir trap. 
 
 h. Dolomite, u|iturned in iip|>roai;hiiip gnoisi^. 
 
 <■. Sandstone and conKlonioratc, unconformable to dolomite. 
 
 (/. Bos.-i of gneiss with sandy bay to east. 
 
 ^ ,. , On the south side of the outlet of the gulf the following approximate 
 
 Section at ^ 
 
 Richmond Cuif .;,scending section of rocks is seen rising from the level of the sea: — 
 
 FEET. 
 
 Coaise greyish sandstones, upwards of 400 
 
 Amygdaloidal traj) 150 
 
 Bluish, grey and drali dolomites t)0 
 
 The It^ad-bearing band of bluish drusy doU)mitc 20 
 
 Tliick-bodded bluish dolouiite 30 
 
 (irey (luurtzites and argillites 1 00 
 
 l'>asaltic diorite (followed elsewhere by aiiiygdaloids) 200 
 
 960 
 

 .'■^ w' 
 
 
 t ■• 
 
 \- 
 
 ■': N -' 
 
 
 A' \ ' 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 ■< 
 H 
 
 
 
 ^ in 
 
 o 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 14 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 x 
 
 tH 
 
 
 
 
 rt 
 
 Nrf 
 
 ?; 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 %» 
 
 t/* 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 F^ 
 
 
 >^ 
 
 fi' 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■< 
 
 1— 
 
 ■» 
 
 rr* 
 
 *i^ 
 
 < 
 
 u 
 
 
 v: 
 
 o 
 
 5r 
 
 .J 
 
 / 
 
 I 5 
 
J 
 
 ft 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
4- 
 
 EAST COAST OP HUDSON'S BAY, 
 
 15 c 
 
 i 
 
 t ' 
 
 ^;. 
 
 Supposed 
 
 Uuiuiiiiin. 
 
 Le:ii1-boiiring 
 band. 
 
 Upon some of the islandw in Richmond Gulf, and on its south-eastern 
 shores, roddish-fi;rey quiirtzites occur, which are ji;ei)erally tiiirdy-bcddcd 
 and somewhat disturbed. Tiie group of rocks above described appears 
 to overlie them unconformal)ly. These quartzites may, perhaps, be of 
 Huronian ago. On the southern side of the gulf a massive crystalline 
 greenish diorite is exposed, which may also be classified as lluronian. 
 
 In tlio high hills to the southwai'd, the upper rocks, at a distance of 
 about two miles from the outlet, di[) about N. W. < G°, while those 
 below them, supposed to be the coarse sandstones, dip about S. < 5°, 
 shewing a want of conformity, with an angle between the stratification 
 of the two sets of 11°. 
 
 The lead-bcai'ing band appears to be frequently exposed in the 
 escarpments from Manitounuck Sound to Richmoiul (iulf, and along 
 the west side of the latter. Although comparatively thin, it is 
 probably continuous in the above interval, and from its richness in 
 galena may prove of economic importance. 
 
 The last of the above sections may be taken as a fair representation 
 of the rocks which form the high and narrow tongue of land, which 
 separates Richmond Gulf from the open sea, and also the first ridge or 
 range of hills all along the coast to the southward as far as the head 
 of Manitounuck Sound. The dip to the westward is very unitorm at uniform dip. 
 an angle of about 5°, and the upper beds, which slope under the water 
 all along the outside shore of this narrow peninsula, as well as the 
 continuation of the similar coast to the southward nearly to Manni- 
 tounuck Sound, are amygdaloidal and usually thickly studded with 
 coarse agates, many of which are very large. They also hold occasional 
 patches of iron pyrites of a curious vesicular variety. Isolated masses 
 of epidosite, from two to twenty feet in diameter, are very common 
 ni these amygdaloids. 'They appear to be of a seggregated or concre- 
 tionary character. The proportion of the epidote and the intensity of 
 the gi-een colour gradually increase from the circumference to the 
 centre of each mass. On the extensive bare rock-surfsices along the 
 sea-shore, they generally bi-eak up, under the weather, into angular 
 fragments which become removeil by some natural prot^ess leaving 
 round pits or holes to mark the former positions of the epidotic masses. 
 
 The Nastapoka chain of Islands begins near Little Whale River and 
 runs northward, nearly parallel to the coast, for about ninety miles. 
 It consists of fourteen principal islands, all of a crescent-like form, 
 narrow and destitute of trees, with numerous smaller islands between 
 them. Some of them are five or six miles long. Their distance from 
 the main shore vai'ies from two and one-half to five miles. The general 
 dip is westward towards the open sea at angles varying between about 
 3° and 6°. The structure of each island resembles that of all the 
 
 Epidotic con- 
 nretions. 
 
 Naatnpoka 
 Islands. 
 
Son Hon (it 
 Bt'luiiKcr's 
 liiland. 
 
 Flint Island. 
 
 h 
 
 Iron Ore. 
 
 16 C GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. 
 
 Others, the rocks of the whole chain belonging to one sot, illustrated by 
 the sections which follow. The first represents approximately, in 
 ascending order, the strata of l^olanger's Island, lying otl the entrance 
 to Itichinond Gulf, the most southern large island of the chain. 
 
 t'SKT. 
 
 1. Bluish doloniito, weathering yellow, all in large concentric masses 
 
 with olive-green slutu between* These large masses are again 
 formed of small concentric concretions, two to six inches in 
 diameter 10 
 
 2. Olive-green silicious slate 20 
 
 3. Interval of concealment, thirty or Forty chains wide, between the 
 
 eastern edge of the island and the base of the talus, occupied 
 by numerous small ridges and ancient beaches of c^oarse 
 shingle up to forty feet above the sea, which with a dip of 5" 
 would represent a thickness of about 200 
 
 4. Greenish silicious, shale with grey quartzose sandstone 150 
 
 5. Single band of light grey sandstone 10 
 
 fi. Grey (juartzosc sandstones interstratified with greenish silicious 
 
 shales 105 
 
 7. Black slate, some of ^which splits into good flags 15 
 
 8. Highly ferruginous impure dolomitic band 10 
 
 9. Drab-colored manganiferous spathic ironstone in thin bands, some 
 
 of which weather brown and others black 18 
 
 538 
 The upper part of this section forms a cliff rising nearly perpendic- 
 ularly to a height of 348 feet above the sea. A few chains north of 
 the position of number two in the lino of section, some grey arena- 
 ceous bods hold small veins of a beautiful olive-groen chalcedony 
 resembling jade. 
 
 Flint Island, which is of small size, lies three-quarters of a mile 
 south of Belanger's Island. The rocks hero dip S. 80° W. (mag.) < 
 about 7°, and consist of forty feet of grey sandstone, overlaid by sixty 
 foot of felsitic slates and argillites, all capped by thirty feet of bods of 
 manganiferous spathic iron interstratified with greenish argillaceous 
 sandstone. The iron oi'c, Avhich is in great abundance, divides into 
 thin bods, generally weathering black, and the surfaces have a curious 
 finely reticulated appearance resembling honey-comb. One of the spe- 
 cimens of this ore collected on Flint Island, is found by Dr. Harrington 
 to contain 25.44 per cent, of metallic iron and over twenty-four per cent, 
 of carbonate of manganese. These ores are found in groat (luantities 
 throughout the whole of the Nastapoka chain of islands and will be 
 again referred to in the section on economic minerals. The lower 
 strata of Flint Island are cut by a vein of white quartz from two to 
 twelve inches thick containing much coarsely crystalline sidcrite which 
 turns black on exposure to the weather. 
 
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 EAST COAST OP HUDSON'S BAY. 17 C 
 
 Tho soutlieni point oi" llio second NaHtiii)okii Inlmul, botvvoen lour Sootionaiu 
 and five miles west of the outlet of Ricliniond Gulf, presents tiie poka island, 
 followin/^ ascend in, <;■ section : — 
 
 KEKT. 
 
 (ireenish-Ki(!y folsitic Hliitr- -iO 
 
 Greenish Bandntoiio. T)io HUifaccH are so cotnpletol y stained with oxide 
 
 of iron that the debris resemliles a pile of hematite 50 
 
 Yellow-and-ltlacli weathering nianganileroiisand spatiiic ironstone beds. 10 
 
 Grey calcareous sandstone with chert 40 
 
 120 
 
 This section represents tlie uj)j)ei'niost strutii of tiie island. At the 
 highest point on its eastern side the folic. winj:f apju'oxiniate ascending 
 section is presented in a cliff facing tho niainland: — 
 
 PRBT. 
 
 Hard grey, rather thinly-liedded sandstones, with greenish shaly 
 
 partings 120 
 
 Darlt greenish-gri'y massive fclsite slate 40 
 
 Dark-green argil laceotis sandstone, with glossy lilack surfaces 50 
 
 Greyish sandstones with shales — say 'JO 
 
 300 
 
 About throe-quarters of a mile north of this place an isolated rock, islet of dolo- 
 which we called (full Islet, rises a few feet above the level of the sea. 
 It consists of massive grey dolomite, full of patches of black chert, and 
 may occupy a place near the horizon of the dolomite at the base of tho 
 section of Belanger's Jslaud. 
 
 Since the strata of the Nastapoka Islands und ot the mainland oppo- Total thickness 
 site are comparatively undisturbed and have the same strike and dip, " "'''*'"• 
 it may be assumed that the measures concealed under Nasta])oka 
 Sound are conformable, and would amount to about 1,000 feet in 
 vertical thickness. This, with a minimum of 1,200 feet to represent 
 the strata around Hichmoud Gulf, and (JOO for the rocks of the Nasta- 
 poka Ishmd.s, wt)nld give a total of 2,S00 feet as the thickness oi" the 
 whole (Manitounuck) group on this ])art of the coast. Not only do 
 the rocks of this group, as a whole, bear a lithological resemblance to 
 those of the Nipigon series, but there is a similarity in the landscapes Nipigon >eric?. 
 to which they give rise, which is especially noticeable in the style of 
 cliffs formed by the rudely columnar traps of the two sets, as may be 
 seen by comparing the accompanying sketch, taken at the mouth of 
 the Wabinosh Eiver, on Lake Nipigon, with those representing tho 
 escarpments at Little Whale River. 
 
 On one of the islands of the Nastapoka grou]», which we called Sctionnt 
 Davieau's Island, abcmt sixty jniles north of the inlet of Kichniond Island. 
 (4ulf, the following fipproximute ascending section was measufcd. 
 
1 1 
 
 18 C GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. 
 
 Tho greatest vortical height of the island is 270 foot. It lies two and 
 ahull' miles iVom tho main shoio, which here consiHts of Laurcntiaii 
 gneiss : — 
 
 FRET. 
 
 Orceiiisli-grey lintvgraini-d quartzose sandstone 40 
 
 Blaik slates 50 
 
 Oicy sandstone 45 
 
 Black slates 30 
 
 Band of red chalcedony 7 
 
 Black slates and dark K^t'^-'idsli-grey shaly sandstone, with magnetic 
 
 iron 1 30 
 
 Manganiferous spathic ironstone beds, weatlierinp yellow 20 
 
 322 
 
 In eontinuation of (ho Nastapoka gi'oup is an island l3'ing between 
 two and Ihrco miles oil' the main shore, with a length of six or seven 
 miles, beginning opjHwite tho mouth of the Langlands River. About 
 fifteen miles further north is a somewhat smaller island, lying about 
 two miles ott shore. These two islands and tho northern half of the 
 
 Trippean over- iac,f, NastapoUa Island, to the south of them, are eap])od by a oonsid- 
 orable thioUness of trap, whioh would apparently oecu]»y a higher 
 ])laee in the series than any of the strata of the preeetling sections. 
 The unaltered rocks, above described, lei'minatc^ on the mainland 
 
 I.iI'iiiriil'S.'' ('" M'*''"-^ northwartl) between Hichinond (Julf and the Nastapoka 
 River, and beyond this limit, Laurentian gneiss holds the shore all 
 tho way to Cajjc Duil'erin. 
 
 Tho irojiewell chain consists of ten principal islands laying between 
 
 {'I'llnX'.'' IIo])ewell Point and Capo DuHbrin. They rosomblo tho Nastaj)oka 
 
 Islands in form aiul api)earanco, but are not so high, and most of them 
 lie closer to tho maiidand. The i-ocks of which they are composed 
 appear to be equivalent to tho upper strata of the Nastapoka chain. 
 The characters and arrangement of these rocks will be best illustrated 
 by a few sections taken in ditl'crent parts of tho group. Tho following 
 represents an a])}n'oximate ascending sootion on the landward side of 
 
 Mopl'wei'i" the tirst lai-ge island, at a point two miles north-west of tho extremity 
 
 ish.n.ls. of Hope well Point:— 
 
 FEET. 
 
 Black slate 30 
 
 Dark-groy thinly-bedded sandstone 30 
 
 Massive light-grey sandstone 10 
 
 Black shale with (wo bancis ol' dark-grey quartzite and one band (three 
 
 feet thick) of ironstone 40 
 
 Fine-grained dark greenish grey trap (maximum of tliis locality) 40 
 
 150 
 On the largest island in the centre of Ilopewoll Sound, between the 
 
IA8T COAST OF HUDSON S BAY. 
 
 19 U 
 
 miiUUo of the second i-^lund of thu cliuin and tho niuinlund, the follovvinj^ 
 iwc'ondini' socfion occui-s: — 
 
 PRIT. 
 
 Mliick Hlato and K't'y i|iii" '/.ito — about 30 
 
 Massive dark-grey (inartziif — about ^^ 
 
 Very darkly-colourcci, Homowhat columnar, trap — about 70 
 
 100 
 At II i)oinl, on tlio landward sido of the fifth lnri,'o island of tlio 
 •^rouj), ai)oni three-quai-tcds oi' :) milo noi-lh-\vt>st ol" a vorv narrow 
 strait soparatini;- it IVoni Uu- main shore, Iho following api)roxiniato 
 ascondinj;' section was nioasiired: — 
 
 >> KKKT. 
 
 Black slatos and gi'T iinartzosf- HandHtono •'" 
 
 Light-grey (Hiart/.ORo sandstone 40 
 
 mack Blato 25 
 
 MaKsive dark-groy ((uartziti' 30 
 
 Very dark coarsely columnar trap 
 
 46 
 
 170 
 
 All the islands of tho group have a similar structure, but tho relative 
 proportions of the dilVorent .strata vary somewhat in ])assing from one 
 to another. Tho a])pearance of the inner side of tiicse islands is illus- 
 ti'atod by the accomitanying sketch, whicii represents a view north- 
 westward up the first island fron\ near Hopewell Point. 
 
 View op North-Eaht side or i-irst HopEwr.i,i, Island. ' 
 
 a. Overflow of oolumnar trnp. <;• Hopewell Sound. 
 
 b. Quartzites and blnck slates. (/. Main shore— Uneiss. 
 
 Economic Minerals. 
 
 Owing to the undisturbed nature of the rocks above described, Meuiiiforoug 
 mineral veins arc of rare occurrence among them. Tho few whi«h we 
 
20 c 
 
 OlOLOOICAT. «tTRTET OP CANADA. 
 
 obsoi'vod woi'o ji(ononilly Kiniill and conwiHtod ])iMnci|»ally of <iuiu't/, iind 
 calcspar, witii oithor no nu'tallic niincralH ut alt or only ciyHlalH and 
 ))a(('lios of iron pyrites and sidcrito and occaHJonal Hjuu-kH of copiu^r 
 j)yrit«;s. 
 
 Ii«ad. Lead. In tlio lowor part of Ww nia/^ne»ian liniostono ])ortlon of tlio 
 
 Horien, tlioro iw a band almut tvvcnty-fivo foot in IhieUnoHK of nn open or 
 druRy t'hnractor in whicli galena, in biinclioH, oecurw in svilllcicnt 
 (piantitioH to bo of economic value, in IMfj-S-f)!), the Ilndwon's Hay 
 (V)n>pany obtained nine toiiH of tiiis on> from nnTnorf)Us small opcnin^'M 
 wliicli were made about three miles norlb-eaHt of their eslabiiHhnient 
 nt Little Whale River : l)iit it a))pearH to be oqiuvlly or more abundant 
 in some spots in tlu* same band of limeHtono on the Houtlj side of the 
 I'ivei". TluH band is trueoable to Richmond (iulf, at the entrance of" 
 which I found bunches of tjaiena in it, which would wei^h upwards of 
 a hundred pounds. Specimens fi-om 'tlu-mirie' on the north side of 
 I/iltle Whale liiver which I brought to Montreal in lS7r» were found 
 by Dr. TTari-in^'ton to contain r».lt) 4 ounces of silver to the ton of ore. 
 That fnmi the soutli side of the inlet of Richmond Gulf he finds to 
 contain, wlusn separated from the fiani,nie, \2AY.\ ounces of silvei- in 
 every 2,t)00 lbs of the ore. 
 
 Copper. Copper. I was presented with some specimens of pui-o eoppi'r 
 pyrites, associated with calespar and quart/ crystals, saiil to have been 
 collected in the vicinity of Kichmond (iulf, and 1 found s])ecks of the 
 same mineral in small calespar veins about oim mile north of the 
 entraiu't* to tho CJulf. On the landward side of Loni;' Island, about 
 three miles from its south-western extiemity, numerous small veins of 
 calcsj)ar and other minerals, which cut the trap, contain specks and 
 small ])atehes of eopjter pyrites. 
 
 Ooid. Gold. \)v. irai"i'in<;ton has found traces of this metal in the iroti 
 
 ])yrites which I collected from a small vein cultinif tho gneiss on a 
 point about one mile south of (Jreat Whale^Jiivei' and alst> in that from 
 other small veins in the dolomite which forms Doii; Island close to tho 
 main shoi'o a few miles north of Cape Jones, The drift of the Little 
 Whale Jiiver valle}' ai)peared to show indications of alluvial gold, but 
 numerous panningis at the tii-st fall and elsewhere failed to bring any 
 of the precious metal to light. 
 
 Silver. Siloer. Besides the silver in the galena already relei-red to, this 
 
 metal was found by Dr. Flan-ington in the proi)ortioii of 0.145 of 
 an ounce to the ton, along with the traces of gold, in the ])yrites 
 from both of the above localities. Small veins of pyrites similar 
 to those of Dog Island occur in the similar dolomites in numerous 
 places along the coast. The dolomite on the south-western side of 
 the southernmost of the two islands which foi-m Teska Harbour is 
 
 I 
 
 k 
 
 I 
 
EAST COAST OF HUDSON'S BAY. 
 
 21 c 
 
 
 truviM'Hod l»y a ^roiip of Hinull |»iii'iilU'l veins of wliito caloHpur with 
 iron pyi'itoH nil \y\\\^ rloHu to^^otlior and nu^iiHuririfj; IVoin twenty to 
 fifty foot in widtii. Tiie j,'n)n|. runs N. :{.V' W. and S. M.V K. (niaij.) 
 and underlies to lln' S. VV. al an an;;l() of 10" fi-«»ni the juTitendieuluf, 
 Thu doloniito iiotwoon the vonm of tho gronp is hrokuii into suiall 
 anj^ular pioc.OH, 
 
 Xinc. IMendo Ih found witli calespar in small veins cutting tho ''''"''■ 
 doloinilcN on the south si(h> of Liltlo Whale l?iver, and in crystals 
 alont;' with tho hunehos of Lcalena in tho lead-hoarin^' hand in other 
 loealities. Althou;j;h it was nowhere soon in economic (|UantitieH, its 
 oxisteneo is worth iKttin^', as it may he louml to occur in lar<;tT 
 ahun<lan('o on this ])urt of tho coast. 
 
 fron. The sj)athic iron-stono l)andH which have heoii shown to form Iron, 
 the ii|)])ermost rocks (with the excej)ti()n of the trap in the three 
 noi'thern islands) of the whole of the Na.staj)oka chain ar<' found l»y 
 Dr. irarrin<^ton to eonstituto valuahle oros of iron. An avcra<^c 
 spoeimeii of a compact variety from Flint Island, lie finds (o cinitain 
 25.14 per cont. of metallic iron and upwards of twenty-fl)ur per cent, 
 of carl)onate of manganese. A crystallin(> variety from Davieau's 
 Island f^ave 27.S.T por cent, of metallic iron. These spathic oros form 
 a hand which would avorat^e not less than twenty ti>ct in thickness 
 throuifhout tho whole ^roup of islands, which, as already stated, have 
 a lonj^th of ahout ninety miles e.Kelusiv<' of the moro northern islands. 
 Tho band is divided into la^'ers of a lew inches in thickness. The 
 colour, on fresh fracture, pi-esents various shades of drah, huff and 
 brown. The surfaces weather black and vai'ious shades of brown. 
 All tho beds n>ay not bo equally i-ich but the greater part of them on 
 all the islands visited appoar to bo sniliciently so to constitute a 
 valuable ore for the maind'acturo t)f spie<^eloisen. Tho enormous 
 abundance of the ore is its y-reat feature. Formin/j; tho u])])ermost 
 band on ncarl}' all these larijje islands, where the dij) is so low and the 
 underlyin«;- strata contined to the dill's aloni;- their eastern sides, tho 
 iron-stone beds are spread over tho i^roater ])art of their area, which, in 
 the atriireirato amounts to manv thousands of acres. Tho islands boin<;- 
 destitute of timber and the rocks much shattered by the frost, &e., the 
 ore, ready broken, may be leathered uj) in inexhaustihl(> (piantities. 
 The islands offer i^ood shelter tor vessels and the ore mi,<;ht l>e con- 
 veniently loaded in many places. 
 
 Alon<^' the landward side of Long Island for thri'e nnles from its 
 south-westei-n cxtremit}', hiiz;hly ferrujjfinous beds, varyinj-- from ten to 
 fifty feet thick, some of which may bo valuable as ores of iron, are seen 
 near the water's od,ui;e, overlying sandstones and shales and underlying- 
 compact tra]). On an island about one mile long and situated half a 
 
I 
 
 22 c 
 
 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. 
 
 Manganc'"e4 
 
 Molybdenum. 
 
 Pyrites. 
 
 Ornamental 
 Stones. 
 
 milo south-west of the soutliern extremity of Long Island, a ferrug- 
 inous band is seen in a similar position and another higher up, between 
 two thick layers of trap. 
 
 Loose masses of a shaly, .somewliat argillaceous, bright red hematite 
 were found along the coast in the vicinity of Richmond Gulf and they 
 may have been derived from some of the red bands interstratified with 
 the sandstones, quartzites, &c., among the lower strata around the Gulf 
 
 Magnetic iron-sand is washed out of the drift, in considerable 
 quantities at various places along the coast, such as Great and Little 
 Whale Elvers, near Little Cape Jones and near Langlands Eiver. 
 
 Mamjimese. The spathic iron ores above desci'ibed being so rich in 
 carbonate of manganese, the black oxide of the metal may be reason- 
 ably looked for in some parts of their distribution. The high percentage 
 of manganese in these ores, as already stated, will render them valuable 
 for the manufacture of spiegeleisen, and ow^ing to their abundance and 
 accessibility they may some daj^ be found worth carrying to Europe or 
 the United States. 
 
 Tn my report for 1875, page 324, it Avas stated that a specimen of 
 black crystalline siderite from near Ijittle Whale Eiver, which had 
 been given to me, contain edj-ather a large amount of manganese. 
 
 Molybdenum. At Great Whale Eiver I was presented with a specimen 
 of molybdenite said to have been found in the neighboui-hood. 
 
 Pyrites. Veins of iron pyrites, in several places along the coast, 
 were mentioned in reference to the occurrence of gold and silver. 1 
 also found it in patches in the amygdaloids in the neighboui-hood of 
 Eichmond Gulf In 1875 specimens of massive and other varieties of 
 iron pyrites from the region about Little Whale River were presented 
 to me. 
 
 Ornamental Stones. — Among the stones fit for ])olishing for orna- 
 mental pur])oses ma}' bo mentioned the agates, carnelians, epidosites 
 and porphyries of the trappean i-ocks between the Manitounuck and 
 Nastapoka Sounds. The agates are very abundant in the amygda- 
 loids, and are often of large size, but they are mostly coarse, poorly 
 coloured, and, on trial by different lapidaries, it is found difficult to 
 give them a high polish. The red ehalcedcny, which occurs as a bed 
 on Davieau's and other islands of the Nastapoka chain, and the olive- 
 green chalcedony, resembling jade, which was found in small veins on 
 Belanger's Island, are suitable for polishing as ornamental stones. The 
 rai-e mineral axinite, which had never before been observed in situ in 
 the Dominion, was discovered in small veins in the trap on the coast, 
 about one mile and a-half south of the mouth of Little Whale Eiver, 
 in crystals, along with quartz, calcspar, epidote, chlorite and asbetsos, 
 and also in the granular form. Both forms are of a purple colour, 
 
I 
 
 BAST COAST OF HUDSON 8 BAY. 
 
 23 C 
 
 -On BehuiLar's Island uiid also on AVhito Jiydrnuiio 
 
 ^ Ceinent-stone. 
 
 and the granular variety takes a high polish. Rod jasper, with 
 "floating" particles, like that of the Nipigon series near Thundei- Bay, 
 Lake Superior, is found on Long Island. A greyish-green argillite 
 with blaek streaks, like thai whicli was used by the ancient Indians of 
 Canada for making ceremonial and other implements, was found in a 
 clift' on the north side of Little Whale River. The transparent quartz 
 crystals which abound in the druses of the lead-bearing band of Little 
 Whale River, &c., may be mentioned in this connection. A soft green 
 stone, like serpentine, which the Indians carve into tobacco pipes, is 
 said to be obtained a few miles north of Fort George, but I was unable 
 to find the spot. The rocks in the neighbourhood are Laurentian 
 gneiss. 
 
 Dolomite for mlcining.—Thc bluish and greyish dolomites, which tire iJoiomite for 
 so abundant towards the base of the Manitounuck group, are found by 
 I)r. Harrington to contain very little insoluble mattei-, and to be pure 
 dolomites, well-suited for the manufacture of lime and mortar. 
 
 Hydraulic Cement-stone, 
 Boar Island I found a very dark-groy compact rock in rather thin bods, 
 having a conchoidal fracture, and weathering to a bright yellowish- 
 brown colour, which would apparently make an excellent hydraulic 
 cement. Beds, which appear to be suitable for the same purpose, are 
 found in several of the N^astapoka Islands. 
 
 Building Stones.— Good building stones, in considorahlo variety, arc Building Stones 
 met with on the islands all the way from Cape Jones to Cape DutVeriT), 
 and on the mainland from Groat Whale River nearly to the Nastapoka '^ 
 River. The more massive kinds are found among the dolomites and 
 sandstones or quartzites already described. Although there is little 
 probability of building stones ever being rciiuired to any considerable 
 extent on the Eastmain coast, I mention them, and also tin- materials 
 for making mortar and cement, an there is a possibility of their being 
 wanted in other parts to which they might be most conveniently 
 shipped from this region. 
 
 Brick Clays.— For the reason just stated, I may also mention that Brick Clays, 
 clays, apparently well-suited for making bricks, occur on the lianks of 
 the Little and Great Whale Rivers, and in the valleys of some of the 
 smaller streams entering the sea along this part of the coast, as well 
 as in those of nearly all the rivers further south. 
 
 Asbestos was found in small quantities with the axinite, already Asbestos. 
 referred to, about a mile and a-half south of Little AVhale River. It 
 was described as occurring in larger (juantities elsewhere ou the coast, 
 but the localities were not ascertained. 
 
 Soapstone.—Thii Esquimaux of the east coast and the islands of Soapstone. 
 lIudson\s Bay use a grey soapstone for making ail their 
 
 kettles and 
 
24 c 
 
 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OP CANADA. 
 
 Flagstones. 
 
 Anthraeitf. 
 
 Petroleum. 
 
 Soil. 
 
 Logs 
 
 [!( 
 
 I i 
 
 h 
 ,1 
 
 lamps, which are frequently more than two feet in length. It is of a 
 tough and durable variety. I have seen holes in several of their 
 kettles, after long use, successfully patched by inserting new pieces of 
 stone cemented with clay. As neai-ly as 1 could ascertain from them, 
 the soapstonc is obtained not far from Mosquito Bay, latitude 60° 45'. 
 
 Flagstones.— Tho black slates and flaggy felsites which abound in 
 the Nastapoka Islands, and some of the thinly-bedded sandstones of 
 the Manitounuck Islands and Kichmond Gulf, would make excellent 
 flagstones, 
 
 A7ithraeite.—T!he existence of this valuable mineral on Long Island 
 was referred to in my report for 1877, page 325. It has a conchoidal 
 fracture and bright lustre, and was found by Mr. Hoftmann to contain 
 94-J)l per cent, of fixed carbon and only 0.35 per cent, of ash. It is 
 probable that it does not occur as a seam of altered bituminous coal 
 like ordinary anthracite, but rather as resulting from hardened pitch 
 or a mineral like Albertite, by the loss of itH bitumen ; and may not 
 exist in large quantities. I was prevented by circumstances from 
 visiting the locality at which it is found, which is said to be on Long 
 Island, at four or five miles fi-om its south-western extremity. 
 
 Petroleum.— On the Abittibi River, which was explored by one of 
 my assistants in connection with the work of the season, bituminous 
 limestones and carbonaceous shales were found, belonging to the 
 Devonian formation, which have a strong resemblance to the petro- 
 leum-bearing strata of the same age in the Athabaska-Mackenzle valley. 
 These rocks occur all along the Abittibi between twenty-nine and 
 thirty-nine miles from its mouth, and in one place the limestone 
 contains a little free petroleum. 
 
 • Soil op P^astmain. 
 
 Along the east side of .f times' Bay, from the vicinity of Eupert's 
 House to Cape Jones, there is a strip of country, avei-aging perha])s 
 twenty to thirty miles in width from the sea shore, which, from all 
 that 1 could learn from others or observe myself, appears tis if it might, 
 some day, have ti certain agriculturtd value. Viewed from the bay, it 
 has a gently undulating as])e('t, and slopes gradually down to the shore. 
 It is wooded with spruce, tamartic, po])lars, and small white birch. At 
 Fort George I stiw a quantity of good spruce logs which had been brought 
 down the Big River for building purposes. Many of them measured two 
 feet in diameter at the butt, and their average age, judging by the rings 
 of growth, was nearly JOG years. The soil of tlie stri). of country just 
 described is generally sandy, often undorhud by stratified greyish 
 clays, which occasionally come to the surface ; with boulder-drift, or 
 solid rock beneath all, but either of these also sunietimes forms the 
 
EAST COAST OF HUDSON'S BAY. 
 
 25 c 
 
 ^ 
 
 rees. 
 
 Burfacc. The gardens of Rupert's House, Eastinain and Fort George Oardons. 
 show that, ]M)tal()es and all the ordinary vegetables thi-ive well. The 
 Hudson's Bay Comjjany's establishment at Eastmain is maintained for 
 the pui-poe of raising stock. The cattle and sheep which we saw there Cattle. 
 wore in excellent condition. 
 
 Climate and Timber. 
 Ah stated in my report for 1875, the climate, in going northward <^^^-^ 
 from the height of land beyond Lake Superior, does not appear to get 
 worse, l)ut rather to improve, till Jjimes' Bay is reached. Among other 
 possible causes, this is owing to the constantly decreasing elevation of 
 the country, the greater length of the summer day in the north, and 
 the accumjilation of wtirm river-water in the head of James' Bay. 
 
 The origiiuil timber along the lower stretch of Moose Eiver has been 
 
 mostly burnt within the last iiftv or sixty years, but whenever the 
 
 old spruces have escaped, they are of a largo^ growth than those scon 
 
 on any other part of the route from Michipicoten. In regard to the 
 
 distribution of the timber, U is a curious fact that small white elms Northern^ 
 
 appear below the Long Portage of the Missinaibi branch of the Moose, 
 
 after having been last seen on the lower parts of the Michipicoten River 
 
 near Lake Superior. The northern limit of the white cedar is just 
 
 south of Rupert's House. At Great vVhale River, the white birch 
 
 exists only as a large shrub. The poplars <iisappear between Fort 
 
 George and this river. The tamarac was found nearly as far north 
 
 as the spruce, which is last seen on the coast near the northern part of 
 
 Richmond Gulf. The latter tree, however, is said to extend much 
 
 further north at a distance back from the sea. 
 
 During our journey up the coast and back, in the months of July, Weather. 
 August imd September, we enjoyed very tine wetither the most of the 
 time. Theiv was very little rain and only two or three days of log. 
 The prevailing winds were from the southward tmd the temperature 
 was wjirm and pleasant. The superiority of the wetither over that of 
 Lake Superior was a subject of frequent remtxrk among my ''voyageurs," 
 who had been {iccustomod to that hike all their lives. We stiw no ice, 
 with the exception of ii little " bay ice " at the commencement of our 
 journey, which had been driven in to the neighbourhood of the mouth 
 of Moose River tifter northerly winds had prevailed for many dtiys. 
 
 I took the temperature of the sea u])war(is of twenty times during Temj^rature of 
 our voyjige, which extended over the greater part of July, August and 
 Seplember, and found it to average 5a° Fall. 1 also noted the temper- 
 ature of the rivers which we visited, tmd found that of the average of 
 five of them to be «)1° Fab. We bathed iu the salt water idmost daily, Seabathteg. 
 and found the temperature agreeable. 
 
26 c 
 
 QKOLOOICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. 
 
 Table of 
 temperatures 
 
 The following table givos the result of the above observations and 
 also the temperature of the air at the ditferont times at which they 
 were made. The Fahrenheit thermometer was used, and whenever the 
 sea happened to be calm the instrument was lowered to a depth of 
 three or four feet bolow the surface:— 
 Temperature of the Sea, Rivers and Air along the E astmain Coast in 1877. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 3 
 
 4 
 5 
 
 r. 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 13 
 
 14 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 18 
 19 
 
 •20 
 
 21 
 22 
 23 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 28 
 29 
 30 
 
 31 
 
 Date. 
 
 Rupert's River at Rupurt's House . . . 
 
 Kastmain Riv(!r, two miles up 
 
 Middle of great bay south of Cape 
 
 Hope 
 
 Tweuty-tivu miles north of Cape Hope 
 
 Eight miles south of Big River 
 
 Mouth of Big River 
 
 Twenty miles north of Big River 
 
 Wind-bt)un(l Point, thirty-five miles 
 
 north of Big River 
 
 Ten miles E. N. E. of Cape Jones 
 
 Thirty-six miles north-eastward of 
 
 Cape Jones 
 
 Fifty-three miles north-eastward of 
 
 Cape Jones 
 
 Black Whale Harhour 
 
 Great Whale River opposite H. B. Co's 
 
 Post 
 
 Do. after two cold windy days 
 
 Open sea, forty miles N. of Great 
 
 Whale River 
 
 Second'' River at fifty-one miles 
 
 north of (iroat Whale River 
 
 Off do 
 
 South side Richmond Gulf 
 
 South point Cairn Mountain Island 
 
 Richmond Gu!f 
 
 Opposite Last or northern Nastapoka 
 
 Island 
 
 Land-locked Harbour 
 
 South-east of last Nastapoka Island . 
 
 Middle of Nastapoka Sd. hetweeu N. 
 
 River and Salmon Fishery Cove. . 
 
 Midwav between Inlet of Richmond 
 
 Gulf and Belanger's Island 
 
 Open sea between Great Whale River 
 
 and Manitounuck Sound 
 
 Great Whale River opposite H. B. Co's 
 
 Post 
 
 Off Esquimaux Harbour 
 
 Dead dog Cove, after three days' blow 
 
 Mouth of Big River, Fort (ieorgo 
 
 Kimishoo's Bay, forty miles south of 
 
 Fort George 
 
 Off So\ith Point of Ruptirt's Bay 
 
 July 11 
 " 15 
 
 HOUH. 
 
 15 
 16 
 17 
 17 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 24 
 
 25 
 
 26 
 26 
 
 28 
 30 
 
 Aug. I 
 
 10 A.M 
 9.30 " 
 
 2 P.M. 
 
 12.30 '• 
 
 5 " 
 
 7 " 
 
 4 " 
 
 2 " 
 
 4 '< 
 
 12.30 
 9 
 
 1 
 9 
 
 RlVKU, 
 
 16 
 17 
 25 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 9.15 
 11.30 
 
 A.M 
 
 Sept. 
 
 p.M 
 
 11.30 A.M. 
 
 12.30 P.M. 
 
 11 
 
 Average . 
 
 (t 
 
 2 
 
 li 
 
 3 
 
 a 
 
 6 
 
 ,1 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 21 
 
 A.M 
 
 P.M, 
 
 1.30 " 
 3 •' 
 
 7 A.M 
 
 7 '• 
 
 7 " 
 
 61' 
 59° 
 
 63° 
 
 68° 
 59' 
 
 63' 
 
 54" 
 
 Sea. 
 
 Air in 
 Shade. 
 
 Of five 
 rivers. 
 
 59 
 
 47° 
 
 47° 
 
 57° 
 
 53° 
 45° 
 
 52° 
 
 48° 
 53" 
 
 53° 
 
 52^ 
 
 er 
 
 62° 
 
 50 
 
 55" 
 
 53" 
 
 53' 
 
 57" 
 52" 
 
 53" 
 51" 
 
 50" 
 
 48" 
 66° 
 
 72° 
 65° 
 57" 
 63" 
 62" 
 
 70° 
 58° 
 
 73" 
 
 82" 
 
 82° 
 48° 
 
 70" 
 
 68° 
 
 66" 
 65" 
 
 70" 
 
 65" 
 
 53" 
 
 59" 
 56" 
 58° 
 51° 
 
 49' 
 50° 
 
 5?.° ' fi2i° 
 
EAST COAST OF HUDSON'S BAY. 
 
 27 
 
 The average temperature of the air between the 11th of July and Averages, 
 the 21st of September, from the above observations, would appear" to 
 be 62^°, which is very nearly the mean temperature of the rivei.s; 
 while the average for July and August would be fi:H°. As most of 
 these observations wore taken in the morning or the evening, and as 
 the nights were generally warm, owing to the prevalence of southerly 
 windH.this is perhaps not far from the true mean temperature for these 
 two months, and it is only f above the average of the mean tempera- 
 tures, for these months, of ten principal stations from Halifax, N. S. to 
 Fort Simpson on the McKenzie Kiver. ^^ summer 
 
 On our return to Moose Factory, in the end of September, we found f,„,i,. 
 that there had been no frost there all summer and the most tende.' 
 plants, such as melons and cucumbers, beans, balsams, tobacco, the 
 castor-oil bean, etc., growing in the open air, wore still quite green aTid 
 flourishing. Last summer was, however, probably a finer one than 
 
 usual. . 
 
 From all that I could gather, from personal observation and Kain-faii. 
 information from others, it would appear that the climate of the East- 
 main coast, especially beyond the limits of timber, is rather dry in all 
 years. Considerable rain falls in the spring and autumn, but little in 
 the summer, and littk snow in winter. I was informed by Mr. Spencer 
 and Mr. Clark of the Hudson's Bay Company that the ice in (Jreat tmd 
 Little Whale River and the Nastapoka Rivor, which flow through the 
 'Barren Grounds,' breaks up in the spring about two weeks earlier Broak.ng-up of 
 than in the rivers passing through the wooded regions further south. 
 
 Rivers of Kastmain. 
 Kitchi-sipi or Big River, which enters James' Bay at Fort George, Trineipai rives 
 is the largest stream on the coast. It appears to be fully as lai-ge as 
 the OHawa. It is navigable for boats to the tirst tall, about twenty- 
 seven miles from the mouth. Next in size is the Eastman. River, 
 which seems little inferior to the Big River. The following arc the 
 next largest rivers in the order of their apparent volumes : Jiupert s 
 River, Great and Little Whale Rivers, Nastapoka River, Seal River. 
 
 Fish and Mammals. 
 The water about the head of James' Bay is so muddy that fishes of Muddy water, 
 all kinds seem to be scarce, still the porpoises resort to certain parts, 
 even here, for t.,o purpose, it is said, of feeding on small fish. In the 
 rivers and brooks flowing into this part of the bay, the tishes most 
 commonly caught are a species of whitefish (smaller than that of the Kinds of fish, 
 great lakes), pike, piekorol, carp, chub and, in some places, speckled 
 
f 
 
 28 c 
 
 OEOLOOICAL SURVEY OP CANADA. 
 
 I 
 
 Soa-fl!<hiiig. 
 
 Seal River. 
 
 \ly 
 
 trout. The last-named fish is found hero and there in the mouths of 
 streams as far north as our journey extended. 
 Clear soa-wufer In coaslin- northward, the muddy water disappears on rounding 
 SheiTick'H Mount, but tlie sea has a sliglitly yellowish tinge nearly as 
 far as Cape Jones. Here it becomes perfectly bright and transparent, 
 and some forms of marine animal life wore observed for the first tinjo. 
 The common sea-urchin (Eehinm granulans, l^am.), which had not been 
 scon to the sow"; :.ow bo<'i';ue extremely abundant, and c(.ntiiuied so 
 as far as we The con. non six-rayed startish (Asteracanthion 
 
 polaris, Mud.), ,1 • le Gulf of St. Lawrence, was found in a few places 
 to the north of Cape Jones. 
 
 Tn the channels among the islands between the l^^astmain P.vor and 
 Cape Jones, the Indians were catching abundance of fish in gill-nets 
 8et in from one to three fathoms of water. These consisted of the 
 whitefish, above referred to, and a large and fine species resembling 
 that of Lake Superior, sea-trout and " rock-cod." The last-named 
 species seldom weighed more than two or three pounds, and was 
 altogether inferior to the common cod, of the existence of which in 
 llmfsonV Bay I could get no reliable information. The favourite 
 fishing ground of the natives is at the mouth of Seal Eivcr, a short 
 distance south of Cape Jones. 
 
 A few miles north of Cape Jonos we found the Indians engaged in 
 fishing with gill-nets, set in about two fathoms of water, close against 
 the shelving rocks of the sea coast. They wore taking considerable 
 numbers of a fish which is called salmon in this country, and which 
 has a strong resemblance to the common salmon (S. Salar) in outline, 
 fins head and mouth, and the llesh has the same colour and flavour. 
 The' average size is, however, smaller, the largest which we saw during 
 the summer weighing only about ten pounds, but many were nearly as 
 heavy We saw the same fish amongst those caught at Seal Kiver, 
 also in a stream entering Richmond (Uiif, anel in considerable numbers 
 in the hands of the Esquimaux, near Cape Dutferin. These people had 
 killed them (with spears like those used by the Mic-Mac Indians) u. 
 the mouths of small rivers and in narrow arms of the sea. Sea-trout 
 •u.d the "sea-toad," (U- sculpin (Cottiis), wore also among the fish taken 
 by the Esquimaux on this part of the coast. The common capehng 
 (MaUotus villosui, ('uvier) was occasionally found cast ashore by the 
 waves. Small trout were abundant in the brooks from Cape Jonos, 
 
 northward as far as we went. . , , „ ,, . ., 
 
 In re<.-ard to the marine mamnuUs, so valuable for their oil, one 
 would require to spend at least a twelvemonth on the coast and to 
 have special facilities for obtaining information, before speaking with 
 much confidence on the subject. During our coast voyage, the common 
 
 Saliiionidee. 
 
 Capeling. 
 
 Marine 
 mainmalt'. 
 
EAST COAST OP IHIDSOn's HAY. 
 
 29 c 
 
 shore seal wero soon about us ubmulantly nn om ohsorvcs them in the 
 fJulf of St. Lavvronco in the wummei- Hme, hu( tiioy may bo in much 
 larger number in the breeding season, as is the case in the Gulf, whore 
 two vessels have just made a good ealcli (March, 1878), while most 
 of those who went to the open sea fared but indirtbrently this year. 
 
 Besides the common seal we often saw much larger ones, which, 
 from the descriptions [ obtained, J judge Uy belong to the vai-ious goal, 
 specios of the lai-ge seals of Newfoundland. I may here mention that 
 while making my survey „f the mouth of Afoose JJivcr in the end of " 
 September J killed a grey seal which measured eight feet three inches 
 between extremities, and would weigh upwards of 700 pounds. 
 
 While porpoises .wore seen in considerable numbers all along i1k> Th«'yhit.o 
 coast. In former years they were killed in the mouths of the 'tireat '"'"""'" 
 and Little Whale Eivors by raising a bari-ier of netted i-oj.e (previiuis- 
 ly concealed in tho bottom of tho river) after a shoaf of them 
 had asceude<l the sti-eam a short distance during high tide. Once 
 secured in this way, a portion of the shoal, at a tiine, was imprisoned 
 in a smaller bari-ier and the animals shot from the bank. Of late 
 years, however, they appear to have learned the danger of passing 
 over the submerged barrier and refuse to enter Great Whale Eiver so 
 long as the bari-ier remains, and this mode of capturing them has 
 consequently failed. 
 
 Tho walrus is killed by the Esquimaux, principally about the The walrus 
 entrance to Hudson's Straits and around the Belcher Islands. In 
 former years this animal is reported to have been seen occasioiuilly as 
 far south as Litilo Whale Eiver. On the opposite side of Hudson's 
 Bay wall-uses are said to have be a seen near Cape Henrietta Maria, iho narwhal 
 Tho narwhal is occasionally killed by the Esquimaux in the northern 
 part of Hudson's Bay. 
 
 In the spring, soon after the shore-ice disappears, the polar bear th, „oiarbear 
 occasionally comes ashore on Long Island and the smaller islands 
 between it and Great Whale Eiver. In the winter they have been 
 known to range as far south as the head of James' Bay. 
 
 Superficial Geology. 
 
 In the southern part of the Eastmain coast the glacial stria^ have a p, • , . 
 south-westerly course, but in going northward the direction gradually '^'""*' ^'"*- 
 changes till it has become neai-ly west at ("ape Jones. From this 
 point, as far as we went, the course continued to bo about west and 
 north of west, or towards the centre of the bay. The grooving is 
 remarkably well preserved on tho bare hills and on the rocks ijenerally 
 from Great Whale Biver northward. In this region one catrnot help 
 
i! 
 
 30 
 
 OEOLOOrCAL SURVEY OP CANADA. 
 
 being struck by tho more modorti appoarunco of the glaciated s"rfac-«s, 
 than ill tho inhabited parts of Canada to tho south. The following 
 Table of stiiw. iji|,ie shows the course of the strisc in sixty-si.K h)calitios between 
 Shen'ick's Mount and Cape Durt'erin: 
 
 Directions of the, Glacial Stria- on the. JiJast Coast of James' and 
 
 Hudson's Baij. 
 
 [Thu locallticB arc; unanged in their onlcr from soiitli to norlli, find tho Ixuirings arc 
 all rctVrrcd to tho mugnetio meridian. J 
 
 1 . Soutli-west point of Slierrit k's Jlouut S . 55 ' W . 
 
 2. Coast 22 miles north of north point of Sherrick'a Mount. . . S. 70" W. 
 
 3. Governor's Island, mouth of Eastmain River \V. 
 
 4 . Coast 9 miles nortu of Eastmain Iliver S . 45" \V . 
 
 5 . Western extremity of Cape Hope S . 50 W . 
 
 6 . Coast 5 miles north of Cape Hope 8 . 50° W . 
 
 7. Between 5 and 28 miles north of Cape Hope — increasing 
 
 from S. 45" W. to S. 55 W. 
 
 8. Paint Hills,39 miles north of Cape Hope. Twosets — older(?) W. 
 
 Do. do. do. do. Newer (?) S. 50' W. 
 
 9. About 3 miles north-west of I'aint Hills. Three sets — 
 
 oldestC?) N. 00 W. 
 
 About 3 miles north-west of Paint Hills. Intermediate. . . S. 70° W. 
 
 Do. do. do. Newest (?) 8.45" 
 
 Coast 45 miles north of Paint Hills S. 70° 
 
 Coast 30 miles north of I'aint Hills S. 55" 
 
 Between 40 and 60 miles south of Big Iliver, increasing 
 
 from S. 50° W. to S. GO" W. 
 
 Kimishoo's Bay, 39 miles south of Big Iliver, and islets in 
 
 vicinity S . 65" W . 
 
 Between 5 and 35 miles south of Big River — S. 70" VV. to \V. 
 Esquimaux Point, Big River, 1^ mile north-west of Fort 
 
 George S . 
 
 Coast 20A miles north of Big River 
 
 10. 
 11. 
 12. 
 
 13. 
 
 14. 
 15. 
 
 W. 
 W. 
 \V. 
 
 16. 
 
 80" AV. 
 W. 
 
 80° "VV. 
 
 17 . Coast 24,^ miles north of Big River S, 
 
 18. Wind-bound Point, 35 miles north of Big River S, 80° W. 
 
 19. North Fishing Creek S. 80° W. 
 
 20. Last island off south-west Point of Long Island. Three 
 
 sets— S., S. 60° W., and S. 80° W. 
 
 South-west extremity of Long Island. Stri.-^ in every 
 direction from S. 20° E. (round by S. W.) to W. The 
 two prevailing directions are about S. 5° W. and S . 65° W . 
 
 Long Island, 3 miles from the south-west extremity S. 70° W. 
 
 Long Island, 22 miles from the north-east extremity S. 70" W. 
 
 Long Island, 15 miles from the north-east extremity S. 65° W. 
 
 Cape Jones — extremity S . 65° W . 
 
 Narrows 10 miles east-north-east of Cape .Tones S. 70° W. 
 
 27. Shipastik, 27 miles north-east of Cape Jones S. 60° W. 
 
 28 . Red Head Island, 57 miles north-east of Cape Jones N. 50° W. 
 
 21 
 
 22. 
 23. 
 24. 
 25. 
 26. 
 
 •i 
 
29 
 30 
 31 
 
 32 
 
 33 
 
 34 
 
 35 
 
 3G 
 
 37 
 
 38 
 
 39 
 
 40 
 
 41 
 
 42 
 
 43, 
 
 44, 
 
 45. 
 
 40. 
 
 47. 
 
 48. 
 
 49. 
 50. 
 51. 
 52. 
 53. 
 
 EAST COAST OF HUDSON'S BAY. 31 
 
 . lied Head — main wliore N. 80 ' W 
 
 . Top fif White Bear IhIuikI N. 80" W. 
 
 . Rocky Point, between lied Head uiid LimeHtone-block 
 
 I'oint N. 75MV, 
 
 . LimeHtone-block Point, 04 niilcH noith-eaist of Cape Jones. 
 
 Older (?) Kct N. 70" W. 
 
 Limestone-block Point, 64 miles north-east of Cape Jones. 
 
 Newer (?) set N. 80" W. 
 
 . Near Deiid Dog Cove, 2 miles south of Teska Harbour. 
 
 Older (?) set N. 70° W. 
 
 Near Dead Dog Cove, 2 miles south of Teska Harbour. 
 
 Nuwer (?) set N. 85" W. 
 
 . South side of Dead Dog Cove IS . 75" \V. 
 
 . West side of Deail Dog Cove N. 75" W. 
 
 . Teska ILirbour, G7i miles uorth-caHt of Cape Jones N.^70' W, 
 
 , Black Whale Harbour, 69?. miles north-east of Cape Jones. N. 70" W. 
 , Esquimau.\ Harbour, 71 miles north-east of Cape Jones. . . N. GO" W. 
 
 , Coast 80 miles north-east of Cape Jones N. 55" W. 
 
 Point at Houtli side of moutli of Great Whale River N. 60° W. 
 
 Hides of Bout's Oiiening, head of Manitounuck Sound N. 65" W. 
 
 Second Rivur, 51 miles north of Great Whale River N. 60° W. 
 
 Black Bear River, 58 miles north of Great Whale River . . , N. 60" W. 
 Coast for several miles south and north of Little Whale 
 
 River N. 60 ' W. 
 
 Shore at Narrows on south side Cairn Mountain Island, 
 Richmond Gulf. Stri;e with same bearing run up to 
 
 top of hill, 400 feet or more in height N. 45" W. 
 
 Southern point of Cairn Mountain Island, Richmond Gulf; 
 
 S. 70" W. to N. 55" W., N. 4,V' W. and N. 35" W. 
 
 North-east side of Cairn Mountain Island N. 45" W. 
 
 Main siiore, half-a-mile north of entrance of Richmond 
 
 •^"If N. 70" AV. 
 
 Most southern isloiid of the K istapoka chain, 5 miles from 
 
 entrance of Richmond (Julf N. 80" W. 
 
 Belanger's Island, landward side, but south of the centre of 
 
 the island , g _ 60" W . 
 
 Belangei's Island, landward side, and opposite the centre of 
 
 the island N . 65" W 
 
 Gap in hills about I mile north of entrance of Richmond 
 
 Gulf. Striie sIojjc up wall of rock N. 50' W. 
 
 S^'.lmon Fishery Cove, 6 miles north of the entrance of 
 
 Richmond Gulf. Older (?) set N. 60" W. 
 
 Salmon Fishery Cove, 6 miles north of the entrance of 
 
 Richmond Gulf. Newer (?) set N. 80" W. 
 
 Coast 25 miles north of entrance of Richmond Gulf. Older 
 
 (?).set ^V'. 
 
 Coast 25 miles north of entrance of Richmond Gulf. Newer 
 
 (•) set s. 7(1' W. 
 
 Coast between ::^astapokii and Langlands River N. 65 W. 
 
 OlaululMtriw. 
 
Glacial strioe. 
 
 Shells 111 the 
 drift, 
 
 Siibsi Jenee of 
 the sou. 
 
 "Raised" 
 beaches. 
 
 Drift-wooil. 
 
 Effect on 
 harbours. 
 
 Record of 
 present level 
 of the 9ea. 
 
 32 C (lEOLOOtCAL SURVEY OP CANADA. 
 
 56 . White Whale Point, 54 miles north of entrance of Richmond 
 
 Oulf N. 70" W. 
 
 57. Canon I'oint, 72 miles north of entrance of Richmond Uiilf. N. 55" W. 
 68. Coast south-east of last (most northern) Nastapolia Island. N. 65^ W. 
 
 59. Coast opposite last Niistiipoka Island, 109 miles north of 
 
 entrance of Richmond Clulf N. 65" W. 
 
 60. Coast midway between last Nastupoka Island and Land- 
 
 locked Harbour W . 
 
 CI . Two islets 5 miles south of Land-locked Harbour N. 80' W. 
 
 62. Seaward side of fust (or easternmost) large island north- 
 west ol Hopewell Head and on main shore opposite. . . W. 
 
 6:\. Porpoise Cove, Hopewell .Sound S. 65° W. 
 
 G4. Landward side of third island of Hopewell chain. The 
 
 striir run up and^over brink of cliff IGO feet high S. 70" W. 
 
 65. Islands off Five-mile Inlet — average course W. 
 
 6G. Head of Five-mile Inlet N. 80' W. 
 
 The loultlor-eluys contain minioi-otis shells, of which the most abun- 
 dant Hpocics ai'o Tel/ina (,'ra'nlai)(li.ca. (Bock-,) Saricam nu/osu (Linn., 
 Mya arenaria (Linn.,) M. truncata (Linn.,) Pecien Islamlicus (Mull.,) 
 Cardium hhindlcum, (Linn.,) C. Gra'nhmdmim (Chem.) (smaW) , Astarte 
 hictea (Bfod. and Shy.,) A. Laurcnfiana (Lyoll) and Mijtilusedulis (Linn.) 
 
 Thoi-e is abundant evidonco that the soalevol is falling at a contpar- 
 atively i-apid nito in Hudson's Hay. Since the Hudson's Bay Com- 
 pany's Posts have been established at the mouths of the various rivor.s, 
 there has been an incfeasing difficulty in approaching them with largo 
 craft. On the islands and shores all along the Eastmain coast the 
 'raised' beaches are very conspicuous at all heights tip to about 800 
 feet immediately near the sea, but, no doubt, higher ones Avould bo 
 found further inland. Drift-wood (mostly spruce) is found almost 
 overyvvhere, above the highest tides, in a more and more deciiyed state 
 the higher above the sea, up to a height of at least thirty feet, and in 
 some places up to forty and fifty feet, above which it has disappeared 
 by the long exposure to the weathei". Judging by the rate of decay of 
 spruce-wood in this climtitc its preservation in large quantities, during 
 an 'elevation' of the land, or rather a fall in the water, to the extent 
 of thirty feet, would indicate a change in the relative level of the sea, 
 amounting to perhaps between live and ten feet in a century. The 
 probability that this fall in the sea-level will continue to go on in the 
 future is worth considering in any proposals which may hereafter be 
 entertained of navigating Hudson's Bay oi- forming harbours on its 
 coasts. 
 
 Should Hudson's Bay continue to subside in the future, the rate of 
 fall may hereafter be tiscertained by recording its present level in rela- 
 tion to existing featui-es in such a manner as that it may be easily 
 recognized, even after the lapse of hundreds of years. 1 shall, there- 
 
 11 
 
 i. 
 
EAST COAST OF Hudson's bay. 
 
 83 c 
 
 
 foro, mention its actual condition in two places, convenient Ibi- thin 
 purpose, and which are shewn on the accompanying map. The tii-Ht is 
 at a narrow strait between the eastern side of the fifth island (,f the 
 ilopowell chain and a point of the mainland which runH up from the 
 south-eastwanl. The channel is almut twenty yards wide. At high 
 tide our jolly-hoat, drawing two feet of water, passed straii-ht (hrou-h 
 without touching, in a course hearing N. 10° W. (mag.), hut returning, 
 nt low tide, it was necessary to pilot our way with care in a curvin-^ 
 channel in the centre. A short distance northward of this narrow 
 passage, the bearing, by compass, up the bay on the north side of the 
 above point, and which is about three miles deep, is east-s(,uth-east 
 Sailing ?^. 20° W. (mag.) up the centre of Hopewell Sound, at about 
 lour miles from the strait, we passed close to the right side of a hi..|, 
 island capped with trap, which lies about two miles east of the northen. 
 extremity of the largo island on our loft whoso shore had gradually 
 receedc.l north-westward from the strait, to that distance. Keeping on 
 m the same course, at twelve or thirteen miles from the narrows we 
 wore otf tho entrance of what 1 named the Five-mile Inlet, from its 
 estimated length. 
 
 Turning north-oast and passing between two high islan<ls, we entered 
 
 the above arm of the sea, which has a large bay on the left a short 
 
 distance in. In ascending tho inlet, its course turns a little more to 
 
 tho right and at tho end of about four miles, it narrows very much, at 
 
 the same ;time curving regularly round in the form of a fish-hook, 
 
 till It has a westward course and then emerges in a lagoon, which runs 
 
 north-eastward about one mile and terminates at a rapid brook, on 
 
 which there is a narrow lake a short distance up. The rocks rise 
 
 steeply on either side of the passage whose narrowest part is at its 
 
 entrance to the lagoon, where at low tide, it is only five to six yards 
 
 wide and so shallow that it was necessary for us to disembark in order 
 
 to pole the Jolly-boat through. On the east side of the mouth of the 
 
 brook at the head of tho lagoon, the Esquimaux have built several 
 
 stone " caches." A second brook enteix the northern bight of the 
 
 lagoon, close to the first, and a third falls in directly opposite. Owing 
 
 to the narrow connection of the lagoon with the sea', these brooks dilute 
 
 its waters so that they have only a brackish taste. 
 
 Fire-mile 
 Iiiiut. 
 
 Survey op the Abittibi Eiver. 
 
 As mentioned in tho beginning of this report, a track-survey of the Sun-cy of 
 Abittibi River as far as the lake of the same name, was made by one ^'''"i'bi Rivor, 
 of my assistants, Mr. A, S. Cochrane, who has plotted his work' on a 
 scale of four miles to one inch. The following short account of tho 
 
 1 
 
34 r 
 
 (lHOLOmCAL StrRVEY OP CANADA. 
 
 Diiitancc!<. 
 
 l,evolr'. 
 
 Portages. 
 
 rivor and tin- ,L,'i'(>lo<;y of its IkuiUs is druwii up tVoiu Mr. Cocliiaiic h 
 jK'rsoiial (losrriptidii, aitlod l>y his notes, map ami spi'ciujonH. The 
 position of the tnoiitii of the river is taken from my own plan of the 
 Moose, and that of the outlet of Ahittibi Lake from the lute Mr. 
 Walter McOuiit's survey of thut sheet of water. The distance, in a 
 sti-ni^'ht line, hetvveeii these two points, as thus laid down, is ll!5 miles 
 hearinij .S. 12° I'], (ast.), while, necordin";- to Mr. Cochrane's map, it is 
 l«iO miles with tiie sumo bearing' — u diHereneo of only three per cent. 
 The Ahittibi iliver joins the Moose about eighteen miles above Moose 
 Factory or twonty-tivo from the open sea. In tollowinii^ the stream 
 itself the t.)tal distance to Ahittibi Luke was found to be 212 miles, but 
 takim;- the corrected leni,'th of each of the five sti'etches into which 
 the river nuiy l)e divitled, the uggi'ei,mte is 1S(» miles, as follows: 
 
 1. From the month to the Sextant Uapids S. 27" W., 39 miles. 
 
 2. Sextant Kiipids to mouth of Frederick House Uiver H. .''." E., 60 " 
 
 3. Frederick liouao Rivor to Jaw Bone Creek N. 83° E., 10 « 
 
 4. Jfiw Rone CIrcek to Black River S. 1 :r E., 54 J " 
 
 5. Black Uiver to outlt^t of .\bittibi Lake N. SU" E., fj^J " 
 
 Ahittibi Lake is about H57 feel above the level of the sea and as the 
 junction of the i-iver with the Moose is about fifty feet above the same 
 level, the total rise in the Ahittibi Iliver would be about 807 I'eet. The 
 first stretch has a swift current like that of the main Moo.se. A rapid 
 rise takes place in the ten miles about the end of this stretch, or from 
 the fort of the Clay Falls to the head of The Otters. Heginning at 
 fifteen miles higher up the stream, there is a rapid rise lor JiUother ten 
 miles, or from the foot of the Long Portage to the head of the Little 
 Long Portage. At the Coiichiching Falls, seven miles below the outlet 
 of Ahittibi Lake, there is a rise of about fifty feet. In other parts of 
 the river, there are considerable stretches of smooth water between 
 the rapids, in which the current is not too strong for paddling canoes 
 up-stivam. The longest of these is between the Long Sault and Duck 
 Deer Hapids, a distance of twenty-eight miles. The following table 
 describes the various portages in their order from the mouth upward 
 to Ahittibi Lake : 
 
KAMT COAST or IUDson'h BAV. 
 
 .35 c 
 
 Port'hjis on Ahiltifn River. 
 
 'A 
 
 •I 
 T) 
 
 t> 
 
 7 
 H 
 
 
 10 
 
 I I 
 12 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 ir. 
 
 Hi 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 Namk iik 
 
 OllHTUUCTlON. 
 
 MuoHu Hivcr Poi'taKo.. 
 
 Clay FdllH .lo. .. 
 
 Sextant Utvpid 
 
 I'll.' OttciM l'oitag(^. . 
 The liOiig tlo. 
 tJil <'iiM ilo. . . . 
 
 Hii'li tlo. ... 
 
 V Tortagc ilo. 
 '''•tl<y do. 
 
 iiittlt! Long (Id, 
 liop-Ktick (1(1. . . . 
 Inland do. . . . 
 
 Three L'unying PIucch 
 
 I'ortage 
 
 Kettle Full I'oitage. . 
 iNlund do. 
 
 TIh^ LongSanlt 
 
 (Lower I'ortage) . . , 
 The F,ong Haidt 
 
 (Upper Toitago) . . . 
 
 IroqnoiN Portage 
 
 The Two Portages 
 
 (Lower) 
 
 rii(! Two Portages 
 
 (Upper) 
 
 Couehiehing Portage 
 
 lit 
 ilk a 
 
 S 2 
 J ^< 
 
 225 
 
 lii:tl 
 
 Din 
 
 •II2!» 
 ;il42 
 
 2;iH 
 7ir. 
 
 M)> 
 ;(it2 
 
 III 2 
 140 
 (Hay) 2(10 
 
 (one) 730 
 
 ir.o 
 
 (say) llj 
 
 ino 
 
 112 
 
 Ifxt 
 
 74 
 
 KiO 
 
 Natukk ok 
 
 t'llSTUCCTION. 
 
 How OrisTurcTioN 
 
 IS fiVHKCOUK. 
 
 Kai)ld. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 Falls and clintes. 
 
 do. 
 
 Chute. 
 
 Itapids and ehiitua, 
 
 Uapid. 
 
 do. 
 
 Ao. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 Clnite. 
 
 Fall. 
 
 iiapid. 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 Fall. 
 
 Chute. 
 
 Kapld. 
 Fall and chute. 
 
 I>emi-(harge. I'ole iiiiwiird. 
 
 Uuu down. 
 iJemi-charge. I'ole upward. 
 
 Hun dov. II. 
 Denii-iharge. Polo upward. 
 
 Hun (iovvn. 
 liy the east Hide trail, 
 I'ortage both ways. 
 ilo do. 
 
 do. do. 
 
 Portoge. Pohnip. Uun down, 
 i'ortage iipward. do. 
 
 Portage hoth way.s. 
 P-utage upward.' Run down. 
 Pole U|). Run down. 
 
 Portage lioth ways. 
 
 <l"' do. 
 
 Pole up. Uuii down. 
 
 Portage up. do. 
 
 Portage t.oth way.s. 
 flo. do. 
 
 do. do. 
 
 Run down by largo (;aijoe8 
 
 only. 
 Portage both ways. 
 
 The tir.st or lowest stretch Aowh tl,rc„..<.|, u level eountiy ovorsprea.l ci.ar..norof 
 with Jill oven covering of dnfr, uiul the buiikw of the river, which are '''""""■^' 
 not Jiigh, consi.st of iK^ukler-chiy overhiici l.y more or less sand or 
 .gravel and browni.sh loamy and -ravelly earth. In the second stretch 
 as far up as the Three (.'arryino- Places Portao-e, a distance of fortv-five 
 miles, the river runs in a narrow valley with a clavoy bottom and 
 rocky hills, vuryino- f.-om 50 to 200 feet, but averai-'ing 100 feet in 
 Jicight, on each side. No high ground was observc^l near tho river 
 liiroiighout the rest of its upward course, except tit the Duck Deer 
 -Rapids and at a bend nineteen miles, in a straight line, from the outlet 
 ol Abittibi Lake, .vhere hills rise on either side to heights of 80 and 
 120 feet res])ectively. 
 
li" 
 
 36 c 
 
 OEOLOGICAL StTRVEY OF CANADA. 
 
 Geology. 
 
 Black shale. 
 
 Geology. 
 heated if hii.-na +K„ ., u \ .- ' "'&" po'i'^n. Oji being sufficiently 
 
 of iilmost p„ro cai-bunato of lii.ie. They arc cha,..„.t„,. i T 
 prevailing yellowish colour, which, howevc^- lJ^^T'"f ""^ " 
 shades of light g,.cy., huff and pi„,< '„,. rod iCy Z' trin'r" 
 an opci, or porous texture and low specific -ravitvl , ^ ' " 
 
 he general course of the river may correspond nearly witi tha ^ it' 
 
 CmTyi„g-plaee.s Portage they consist of greeni«h-.n-ev ^>1 1 !? 
 mica schists, having calcareous ^Hcken-sided sTf cl and n -^ ' 
 
 crystalline diorite occurs at the head of the Sovt-.nf P... • i . 
 
 w ether in hed, or as a dyke was not ascerLil! d.'^T ,1^^ 'i' ^ 
 O. .can Portage are eu, by dykes of dark compact diori, To 1 
 the upper extremity of the second stretch, Mr. Cochr.mc met with 
 rocks wh,ch appear to be light-red and light-grov vaH lo^ Ji! 
 
 Laurontiiin .and 
 Uuronian. 
 
 Granite. 
 
EAST COAST OP HUDSON'S BAY. 
 
 37 C 
 
 rapids at the 
 this point for 
 carbonaceous 
 Ditic gravity, 
 fe, yielding a 
 g sufficiently 
 odour. This 
 vonian lime- 
 ocn here and 
 ty fifty feet 
 about nine 
 beds*, consist 
 irized by a 
 v^ith various 
 y soft, have 
 contain the 
 one of the 
 foot of the 
 imestone is 
 \<. chocolate- 
 ts. 
 
 he Abittibi 
 hich are at 
 ut, Lauroii- 
 ittibi Lake, 
 •th stretch, 
 that of the 
 t and the 
 ;he second 
 ot be liei'o 
 1 Portage, 
 i"e or less 
 the Three 
 Ispar and 
 live-green 
 ish semi- 
 tpid«, but 
 tes of the 
 Towai'ds 
 met with 
 '(' gnuiite 
 
 tes. 
 
 of medium texture, but, judging from the hand specimens, one cannot 
 be certain that they are not massive gneiss. Tender grey mica schists, 
 with rusty partings, were the only rocks met with along the third 
 Htretch, and also along the fourth, as far as the Duck Deer Eapids, 
 above which gneiss was found for a few miles. In the neighbourhood 
 of the upper extremity of the fourth stretch tine-grained greenish-grey 
 calcareous diorite, with specks of iron pyrites, was found, two miles Diorit( 
 below the Iroquois Portage and again one mile above Ihe junction of the 
 Black River at the end of this stretch. Compact dark-green diorite 
 with conchoidal fracture occurs on the fifth or last streich at twelve, 
 and again at nine miles below Abittibi Lake. It ho.'ds occasional 
 spots of white chalcedony, and the joints are lined with thin partings of 
 calcspar. In some parts the rock is cut by numerous reticulating 
 silicious strings containing grains of iron pyrites. These diorites are 
 probably a westward continuation of similar varieties described by the 
 late Mr, McOuatas extending westward, past the south side of Abittibi 
 Lake, and which he mentions as occurring at the first (or Couchiching) 
 falls about seven miles below the lake. (See Eeport of Geological 
 Survey for 18t2, page 128.) Along the fifth stretch at the Two Porta- 
 ges, and at three other places in the twelve miles above them, Mr. Arpiiiaceous 
 Cochrane found grey argillaceous schists, slightly calcareous and having ''*'*'''• 
 thin partings of calcspar in the joints. 
 
 Drift. It has been already mentioned that drift clays similar to Drift. 
 those of the main Moose River extend up the Abittibi as far as the 
 Sextant Rapids a* the end of the first stretch. Marine shells were 
 observed in these clays for some miles from the junction of the two 
 rivers. At Moose Factory, I v/as informed that some years ago a 
 party of Indians had found some large bones in the bed of the Abittibi 
 in this part of its course. From the description, I judged them to be 
 those of an extinct elephant. I have already referred to the discovery 
 of the jaw of a mastodon where the Missinaibi and Mattagami Rivers 
 join to form the main Moose River. 
 
 Some loose pieces of lignite were found on the west bank of the Lignite. 
 Abittibi a short distance above Big Cedar Creek, about twenty-three 
 miles from the mouth.