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The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre filmAs d des taux de reduction diffirents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul clichA, il est fiimA A partir de Tangle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images nAcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 irii> NEW MATERIALS FOR THE HISTORY OF MAN, oniTis rsoK A COMPARISON OF THE CUSTOMS AND SUPERSTITIONS OF NATIONS. Read bipobs th« Nova Scotian Institote or Natural Science. / f., ' BT R. G. HALIBURTON, F. A. S. V. P. of N. S. Institute. * » I ■ ♦■ HALIFAX. N. S. PBINTED BY THEOPHILUS CHAMBERLAIN 1869. ■i A f. \ ■\ V INTRODUCTION. Wtu-.N a .school of Ethnol.ijrists, who include in their number the illu>triou> name of Agasr-iz, dispute the truth of revelation, maintaining that th,.. \iV. .!!. A.,.. ri.-;m. .i,.i (^ih.r r;i ..^ ^jvanj! ^.n diff^ront -centres of creation;' any arguments tiiai c... usLi'.l.row so dangerous a theory arc ontiilfd to great consideration, no matter how trivial or absurd may be the ^ubjL•ct to whi.'l) they refer. It i. hardly ueeessary to premise that, if the view of the American Ethnologists is correct— that certain branches of the huiuiid toHiily weic creuicd iu I'uc tuuiuric- \>-lmii U'-'-} li-w ii:i:aU!i,— there can be nu similarity in the customs and suiierstitions of all nations, excepting in those which the common want3, impulses, or perceptions of men wmdd necessarily suggest to them in all countries, and at all time-. Any very marked id-ntitv in th-s p'.rfip„1ar i< a difficulty in the way of l*rofes.-or Agassiz and hi< U«.ini>. Hut th.' difecuhy becomes greater, if tlie identity exists in the ob-eivauct- ul a custom, that is of a nature so trivial or absurd, as not to be likely to Ije suggested by nature to all men iu all ccamtries ; and the argument against their view becomes irresistible, when we tind a large number of ..uper..titions and customs common to all men, identical in their meaning and mode of observance; and still more wlien there is a marked rescuiblance in the very time when these customs are observed, especially when tlic raujic of the cu.-tom extends from far north of the Eijuator to tlie most southerly portions of the world, and is found encircling the globe, existing in all latitudes and in every cli- mate. It is needless to say, that if such customs exist, and cannot be supitoscd to have been b.,rrowed, we are inevitably driven to the conclusion that they were i»/>rnted, and. i.' inlu ,:,.vl. i; ui'.-t have been from u common origin My attention has eonsequenth ' ri devoted, during the past nine ." . .u„ .._:„* ,.♦• nort«;ii .u.nnlar custom.s and suDerstitions, the Sii'i'i I riS antiquity of wbieh has for eonmrin i -ivcalit,. however, hafl: ^I^I^^L: y''V' ^*'"^^^^ ^^- To attempt to trace them u^ their ori^i,, h-. I have treated of the.n, as bein, a wl ^V T"' ^T' > ^'' '' ''' "'^ v.owe.l as curious «..V^«..««:.l,,,,r;;'; /"^ ''"' ^•"-' '-» "^ -«!'!- A;^A...VW n,e.o..iaIs in the ^ H ""' '■*■''"''■■'' " ''' Ji>oprmc,,mlwork.ou,hcH,l.,Vct are ■ U r r i-His; "Hone's Kvery-.lav lUk- ••• T^ 7'. '^^'"^'' ^^Juseum, Sir ll.nrv Mr. llolcrt Chambers' -^ /j J"'^' f ^ '''^^ ^'^'-'^-i^' =' ' and published Jast year. '^'' ''"' '^''■^^ ^•"''"-'<' "f- whi. I. was abi^tXLinai!!: 'u^;,::"! .^^ 't" ''^'^^^^ ^"'--""- '^ the fountain-heads of those st^::!:^^- ''^'"^ "'''^ '" "-'> since the very eom,uence,.ent of ti^^e ' "" '•"""'""-'■-' "—in^' r turned ,ny attention to this sul.jeet m.n.lv f n ourmg „,atenals tor un a.nu.ln. U,^ . ^^ ^" ^'", ^"^P"-^*^ "f' F"'- Witl. the subject, the n.ore on^il' T ,' ' '"'" ^ ^'^^"^ ^^"'"•- -to,nsof nations was ds::^^"^""^' ''-'l l'^' '''--y - the t'-i. origin was not as unatbk n"' '"^■^' '"''"''^' '""^ ^^'^'^ I--li„,lywrotetJ ,;;j ''•^^''^"'•P-''- ^^I'i^'- I was ,h.„ cuuneec;, ,/ 7 !'"''''"'" '"^ '"Ve.ri.ation.. conviction .f ,|,„ L Z '^\r': '^ P''- '' ^^''''^""^' '"'''-^- '- .-To, P-'^->>.'^k that I had undertaken:- -,'c:,;;;';:::;:;,;::':'.;7 '-;'ib- ^umi-h., n,e with .... i,torn,atio„ ^^^ t- -ny .dumat..:.,,.,.. |.-„.,; . "'rl':^ ^^'^ "^'^''""J v^'iy sceptical J'ad,hep|.aMUv,t„.cv-;M.V "' ''"'" ^^' '^'":-' I have ^ivenK.a. a...,unt of uJl^-JJZ TIT"' '"""• " "'^"■'' >'"" ^I.I.:1. ^ ... a:<. c. .^...1 T^, ^ ^'^ ^ ^ ""'""""^ ^■^^'^^'"h- i" a'-uHiMt ,,f ,,„,„ii.^. ,, , iJOok ot JJa}^, giving an unive,>al,ty 'riheiroiv!;;!: "' '"' ^""° '"'^ '''« ^'^'^-"t -f Lir «''lo^;r';i,r:::;,;;;,:,^;^:^7^;;:^--- J;'' ""---"..t hm see s,„„ethin. r.nnrk Had I not been already convinced that the undertaking I l^J^ com- menced was not only practicable, but also comparatively easy, I should have been effectually deterred from any fr.rther investigations into a field regarded by all, who had treated of it, as beyond the range of enquiry. Hut I felt assured that the difficulty that had previously appeared so ereat arose fro.u the mode in wh^eh the subject had In^en handled^ None can question the accuracy of Sir Henry Ellis' remark, that " o trace back'' customs to their origin is a hopeless task. Philology would have made but slow progress, if students of that science had been com. nelled to trace back languages to their origin. I have adopted therefore, exactlv the sanio principles of investigation as Professor Max Muller and other philologists have made use of, viz., a eo,npar>sou of customs. Phil,ilo-ists fin.l Sanscrit, Creek and German sister languages, not by feelin-^thoirwav through the mists of antiquity, that veil the wanderings of the wide-spread Indo-European races from the home of their Anan ,ncestor.. but by a ronwariso" and analysis of <'^isfinj languages; the results have opened up an era in the life of our race long anterior to the biith of history or even of tradition. I have pur-uod precisely the s.une iikkIc of investigation, which .. a roiniKuatively e;i-y ami simple one. On,-,. ..>tabll-h tlKit a large nvnnl,er of arbitrary cu.^toni>. such us cjuld not have naturally suggested themselves to all men at all tune, are un,- vcTsdlv ol>.erve,l and we arrive at the eonelasion that they are pr>mnrc ,.nns. and superstition, a.iwng the common people. llellglons may change, and civilisation may be developed or i.L but they cannot afflict the existence, though they may slightly n.oalfy the meaning of ,ho,-e memorials -.f primitive m.n wluch are per- netuatcd In the manners of the people. ,. „ I have foun,l festivals, still mentioned in uur Calendar, observed in al parts of the worM. Thus a primeval festival in honor of the dead, (oj \j,rce d.!js deration in Europe, .Vsia, and Japan.) known to our Calendar as Hall-'ween, All Saints and All Souls (Oetr :Ust, Novr. 1st and .nd). is observed, at or near the beginning of November, in Europe, Asia, , . _ . m.„ c ^inwic irorp rerv naturaliv surpriseu at Polynesia and Auienca. i"- -|---"""' • -• . ' • finding that, while thoy were celebrating a solemn mass for Afl Souls on the 'Jd of NoveiiilKT, the heathen I'eruvians were al.-o hol(li?ii^ their annual commemoration of the dead. The uniformity in the time of the year when the Festival was ubherved, affordri strong grounds for assuming the existence ipf two [iiimltive calen- dars during the Stone ago, probably one, if not both of which, like the year of the Pleiades of the Pacific Islanders, divided tlie yi-ar into two equal parts ; one of these having prolialtly a Southern origin, dividing the year in November and May, the otiier in Fi bniary and August. Thu> tliis festival is observed at the beginning of Xovendicr by the Polyne.-ians, the Peruvian-, the Hindoos, the Celts, \c., there being some traee- (tlumgli rare) of its having been oliserved in Minif countries in May. .\nionir tlie .Vliromiiiins. tl e Per-ians and t!ic Kuniau.-- it w;is held in I'ebruary, and liy tlie dapane-e, &e., in Aug^i-i. Thi.- will, liowevei. be ireateil of in a pa[ier on this festival, wliich is now in eonise of piepaiaiion. .Vlthough the universality of thi.- fotival !ia.-~ hiliierto e.-caped the observation of tlie learned, it i> iinouc.-tioiiably the iiio>i ancient reli^rious romnieinoration in tlie world, dating liack to the earliest era nf the Stone age, and to a date aiUerior to the fir-t niiu'iaiioii (.f n.atioii> t'loiu tiie parent >toi-k. When memorials of primitive man are p'^rpi tn.-ited in I'otivaU. the labor of identitication i- liut .-light : the -iniilarity in thi' inodc. the uitni- iier and the tiii:e of observance, aid lis in c.-taMi.-hing theiii .-i.- idcntii'al, and as derived from primeval anti'juity : b\it when we ileal with nic'ie superstitious fears oi' trivial obxM'vaiico, the dillicidty of idi^ntilieatioii liceoiiies gfeatei : lor as ;dl such r-ii|ier,-titioii> ate nece^-arily \a^ue. the re-ults mu-t bt.' eipi dly so, no matter liuw phiinly we a-eertaiii tiieii eonnnoi' -ouree aid iheir origina! meaning, il'iiie iih.'iitity in the cu>toni> and ^uper.-titioiis of nations were limited to a {'>-a\ points of re,-emlilanee, (he coinciil.eiiees niiLiht be reiiaiilLil a- aceiileiital ; but wlicii I .-tate that there are a v,i-t \arieiv of eu.-ioiiis eoinniou to ail nation-, and that -ome of these eiistoiii.s aie o'i-ei\ed every whe].- ill the -aiiie |!ecnliar niaiiiier, how can We -n|ipo«e that aceidi.'iit ean liave 1 iiiii;;lit about -ueli startling result-. J[a\:!!i; onci' established the universality of a '■ii-toiii oi -uper-tiiioii. tlieri' is but little diilicuhy in arriving .it it- on-Jnal iin'aiiing. Among civili/cd nations it .nay e.'^l-t unkieiwn to tlie eduiated, .uid lingering (rnly in secluded di.-tricts among t!ie most ignorant part of the community aiul even among them it may have entirely lost its signiticance and become a senseless irrational otiservance, wiiicii is mereiy retained ue(!ause tiieir fathers ob.-ervod it before them. But there are portions of the human rii<-(« th.1t have Ix'.'ii f(ir thipusaii ')f yours occluded from the influence of .loveK)i)in'.'nt and M.:m^. — that are probably the .same now as they wore ill the days of the patriarchs ; that use the same rude flint axes as are „„w found buried deep in tlu- drift in Europe, or covered up by the gra- dual f^niwth of peat, liy the .lianges of rivers, and the various agencies tliat have ahered tlie aspect <.f I'luropc ^ince tlie remote age when the ra.c- that u.scl them existed. Simple in tlicir idea> and unchanged in ,\n'\v h:il>lt>. they liavc but few tr-tivals, and tlio meaning of their religious lit.- i> >in!plc and apparent. < )iKr identify one of tlieir customs or festi- val- with tlie superMitioii of civili/cd nations, and what i^ inexplicable in .he latter case, can be, with but little difficulty, investigated in the former .•aM;, and identified as a rude creation uf a rude and simple faith. The con- eln>i..n thus arrived at re-.-eive.- a very >ignitieant ecjntirHiation. wlien we turu tVoni one nation of savago to aimther in a difterent j.art of the world, and .ire led to precisely the same -onrhi-ion. lieuee we e.-tablish, by a com- parison uf "the custom- of all uatiun>. what are oninrsnl mstoms: and we an-ive at their primeval meaning, by making the >imple religious eu8- „,ni "f the nnehanged ravage a due fn the nibeiwi>e inexplicable popular .-upei>titioii of civilized nations. !t i^ htirdly nece-saiy to ^ta;.' that if it i'an lie [.roved that there are i,.ti,.- nf primhive -ocietv inherited by all nation.-, it is apparent that they . ,,11-iitiite tlie mn-t lemarkalile hl-turieal meuK.rials in the worhl. While rlie iv-eurehescover with what ..x'tinei animaU man ha> been coeval, and with what weapons he contended with hi> Ltiguiitic fne-, and while \\w ancient homes of extinct races in Hurnpe have ,li-cl.,-ed to the eye u[ tlie eii.iuirer the nature of the food tiiat tl;ey ate, and the rude implement.- that they u^ed. the .>^tmly of uni- ver-al custom^, if my conclusions are correct, may do far more; it may open tip to us the social and religious life of jirimitive man, his festivals of rejoieings and hi> day> -f mour-iing,— his vague belief in the existence uf >pivitual' being>. and hi- dim glimmerings of a future existence. rarrying u- back to an anterior to the dispor.sio-i of man. it may give u- a new gl-ound uj^on whi.'h to inve.-tigate many i(ue.-tioii.- a> to the reli- „i„i,- of e-rvillzed nations which have eluded the empiiry uf the ingenious and the learned. It may give us a basis upmi which we may a>^ume that eivilization and superstition, hand in hand, constructed the .strange creeds iind mythologie,- of ancient nations ("ouK-ious that the eonclu>ions to which 1 had been led were of great importance, in throwing light on the history of our race, and on ancient i,:^te.rv T b.ave avoided prematurely bringing them before the public. In IS.-V,),"' although my nam" was put down by the Society of Anti4uaried l\ 8 for a paper to k. rea.i at ,„.,. of tl...,. .....tin.. ,-., > t., Iluu.- ( Mt that even the lalx.r of five year^ xva. .ar-Mv ..„„w,l. t.. uarnmt i„ bringing the matter to the iioti,.,. ,,f the p-iMi,- Having during ni,,,- year. ..oIlcfMl a larg, : „nt .,f n.uterial illu>. trating the subject, an.l being eneourage.l by »in,liM, ,hat. .,„ m,,,,,. ,,.,i„t. recent geological investigations have bom. ou, ,nv n,„..h.Mo„ I hav.' written a short paper on one of our pop„l„. ,.,,.,0,.,: I, „..„.M, ,,.,„..,,r be hardly fair to the subj...... ,0 ),, ,1,.... b,i,.f ,,n.li„,i„,,,v rnnark^ b. conBidered even an outline of th..M.l,i..,.,. .„• ,)„. .l,,,,, , ;,, „„ „„..,,, torn I have selee.ed-a ni.ton. th. >t .brtl.ul. of ..x,,l,n,atio„ of .11 that I have studied-as anythin.L' b„f an ilh..tni,oM of ,1,,. hm.m.I.t ,lnn,- t.on of customs, and of the mode of hncsti^atio,, adop,,.! bv ,„.. The enormou> field ov.t whi.-h th. en.,uirv .stnuU. uHi b. iodi,,,,,.! when It ean l,e >howp. that • „„iv..,>:d ..„„,o,n. and ^uper-titio,;. bolo,,.^ N) an early, and others to a h,„. on, of,|„. St.,,,,. a..; tha, uv ,,.» .till hn. in rcrtain euston.s n.li,.< of ,|„. |?n,n,... a,o. >o,„o l,.do„.nn.' to an earlier penod of i, than o,h.r.: a„d ,l,ar tn,,-,.: of ah„o., all 't!,.^. m... and festivals of ,,ri„u.valM„.i..,y an.., ill ,.,.,..„,,,.,, ;„ ,,„. „.li„i,„„ ,;,. "r popular ,.u>to,„,, and Mipc^titio,,. ,,f natio,,, Tooutli.u.aM.lM..,., so,.,,,,,.,,. ,,,,,i,i,,,,,|,,..,,^,,.,,^^,,,,,^^^^^.^. ^,^^^^^ ^,.^ lyrwd artord: win!,, to ,,„r i,„o ,;,,„,„.. !a,.,.. of ,„.w .,au.nai- -lle,.t.d by „„. wonid t,,,,,,,,, , „„,,, „^„ ,,.., vob„„i,„„„ ,|.a„ S;,- CI,-. liVi'll - ■■ .\iitii|uity of ^lan '■ I'';'vethereto,vw>it.o„, ,„,,,.Iva-:.„i„d:,.a,;,.„„r,|,, „„..|„ .,f „, .nvest>.at,on., a p.p.., „„ a ..;,,;„„,,„„ .„,„.,.,;,;„,, ,.„^„.,,, ^.„,^,,, ,,^.^,^.^._ wheiv, re>po..t,n. m„.,..„„ , ,„,,. ,,,..,.,..,1 U. I ..,-0, H,o,„|, „.:vi:d in itsell. ,t has Ix.oM al!u,(,.d to l,v lb,,,..,, a,„l !,,,, p„;..l,.i N,;.,,,-!, rVm J^U- 'lho„,as JS,.,„. a„d a U^t of o,!,., ,,.io.,. i„ „„•;,.„. a,,., , Ln^ i.ne-;y,.taltl,ou.i,i, ha. ox,.i,.d ,no,.,. ., „!a„„„ M,a,: anv oth,.,- ,.„.. t-M... up ,0 the. pre-.,.,,, ho,„. not ovo,, . ,,|a,.:i,, ,.,,„;, ,,„. ,„.^.„ ntiere,i a> to Hs on.m a,„l .nvanio^ I h.v,- a!-„ pu.p:...!,. .,.l,„.t,.,, ;, '""'"^"';.'^ -;';■-' "-"—.- p,vt,.,„i tl.a, n:,t,„.,. ,.o,dd have ^uggeste,! ,t to all men a, all tinio^ a,:d in all oonnt,,,.. ; „o,. .a,, u 1„. «ed(evenifsuehathin.wor..po..il,I,., ,,,, .„ a.tion. in Ku,.op,. Asia. Myne>,a. an,l A„,e,i,.a oan hav,- bofrou-.l,..,. ,„„. ano.h,.; a -.«ton. that ha. apparently so littl.. to ,.,eo,„„„.n.l i, to tl,. .on.inon jWrohepscUmen ||idi.d,.us.^^ h noUung whieh ten.l. to illustrate th,. hi.orv of n,an i. unitnpo.tant • ouseBunsen'. words, -above all wo .hotd,l ,„..., ,.onten,n, I,r over- range of prunitive monumontnl i.ist,..v ' No. 1. THE UNITY OF (i I'hu-ri i ion:^ i unm i i i i> « i rii SSI.I,/ IM.. r.i I lijiniui .'ifji i; i,\ iu!ii\ — Aii.^f. .11 /'/"''I'lll. A cciitiiry :igi', in f;i liinimlil.' nri.ty, li' "iin! lo «:i_v. ••(iicl liicsx Mo.-t iiL-i>on.- wli'j Ikivc trjivrllril iti M ' liid"! p m - '.t (!:.■ I'nit.'ii KiiiL^ili.ni. or even in tlif JJriii.-h Culniii,',. Ikiv ui'ii''':'! tli:ii llii> ni-ium >till Mii-vi\f?: aiuon;^ tin; iiunilikr (ly-.M y ; Aii>:citli,' WM'tc on llic .-nl.jtel. auil in vain riiiluavdvil lu i;\|.l,.in ii.~ f\i>!i me among his coiuitiynicn, who, lie t< 11- ii> icvcnn' •,] ii a- M.nietlMii,!^ j^ncrcil, — r,,,- .7,,r;.,... :<^;> ,,) '^> ">'''' ■ ''"'' "~"'' "" '■-'■l^''"'- /'*'■ r.tVr- to it. aiM I'liuy li:i ■ a jmoM^m en ilic Miliicrt, " Cur >t.;inutantr- -alutantur" TiliLTiUo ol'-eivcl, an I iii;iitly txaftiil the ea.-toni. Thr Jiwi>h llaMh.- wriv .■.jMally im//l-l l.y it,- oxi-teneo ann.mg thf llelnew,-. who |,. iIp- dny cxrlaim. ■•'I'nl'iiM ('li;iiin!." fn long lite to yon!) on -u.-li o.-raMon.-. Tli- i!;J'1ii>,- inM m.il a !-.M.- ;i- to ,Iai-ol., ill onlor to .-ohc Oh- niy-lrry. in tli' -;iiii. n'aii!ii i t!;;it t .n ■■!; l)lii!o>M|,li, r-. who wciv aliiio-r (''[Ually inai-inaiivt.-. i;ia\. ly ai iinccl the oriiiin to haxc Itoeii in an im-iilent roim ri. ,1 w;;'. I'l' m. ihi us, Tile exi'laiiatioii- are too ah-nnl to Le ivf.. ,iv,| to \" i- Dot ihi- i-ii-ioii, was not roiifmf.l to iMifoj.r. ..i to .lu.Ica It ;.- Ioil -I to ih;- 'lav on tk' nio.-t iviiiote parts uf A-ia, an.l anion- the m '-t - ■ hji' 1 i."ii.i.- i'\' Afiiea. But even t!ie-e three eoiitiiient- are not th.- li.uii- \^ithill w,i;'-'i we tind thi.- siniiular ainl irrational eu-loin 1 have lieeii snriiri.-'l at hii'l:!!,:: that ii i- ol,-i\.'(l !i\ tlio native- of the new worM. l>e Soto, in hi- wiU'l/rin^- in I'Taila. whali he (li.-eoveiv.l, noiii'eil that wlion a Saehom -iier/.-.l the si\ij,e,- aronuil him buweil ilowii. and invoki-l the Sun te. -^ve Ihin l.nt we may timl it even in the seeluiUa islau'U of I'-lynesia, It i- the eu-toiii in Otabcite to invdl-ii the nvotei-tiou ot' hoaven whei! a l)ei--..n >liee7.e,s. 10 A T was much struok, in reading tlic mlvcnturcs of Mariner in the Tonga Islands, a group near tiio Feejee Islands, at finding almost a second edition of what liiipiicn* ! -duiost three thousand years ago to Xenophon and the " imiiiortal fen thuu^and." XenojiliMii tells us in his Anahasis, that when the (IreeKs were about to coniiiiriice I heir eelehrated n'treat after the death of Cyrus the younger, and jiisf as Xeimphon was addressing them with these words, "we havo i:>anv n:;' "ris to hope fur prfsi'mitio/i,'' a soldier unfortunately sneezed, up'iii whi -h rhe wtiole army invoked Jupiter the Preserver ; Xenophon, priH'oi'ding on, -aid, " Since at tlie mention of ^-our preser.auon, Jupiter lias -Mit this iinien," &c , an ingenious turn, liy which he converted an evil iai" .1 goii'l (iHicn. 1 n;i;^iit lu re to nieiiti'in. tliat in all ages, and in ITindostan as well as In (lii'cie, if ims heon rdways considered an unlucky omen for any one to sneez'' at the (•■inmieiieenient of an undertaking. The existence of this be- lief lUKHig tlie lliiidous is icfcrred by Lutfullah in his memoirs, p. 152, •• A -'.K-'zy in an opposite direction will prevent a man from going to any pli'' '. I'i' c'u;.iiiKiK-ing any undertaking." ^Irii'.er lells u- that when Finow, a Chief in the Tonga Island.s, was abiiui 1.0 pfii'Vi'd on a warlike expedition, .'^ome one .sneezed. In.stead of sht'wiii!^ ilie ii mly wit of Xenophon, the Chief regarding it as au ill nni.'ii I'l' !ii the U'lils. (ii.tivd them to do their wor.st. ■ I'iii'i.v (rlie late King) was an im})ious person in many respects, but \T<' li iv.' ulioa'ly -I en how much the people wondered at his succes.s. The same King wa- mv day prevented from going out upon an expedition ngain-t tiie eiiiiny, oy ciie of his Chiefs hajipening to sneeze, which is eiHi ■ ' i: I n 1 1 iiimn. Finow, in a sudden, greatly exasperated, with rai.-od arm-, and el'uehed li-ts, exclaimed, in a loud voice, " Crowd all ye g 'ds III the prototion of t!i'\-e people, nevevtlieless I will wreak my vonge.mee up'n iViii teioi.ldl" but this impious exclamation was heard wii'i '■■ '.r :r ly e\! ryl "dy."" .Moiiier liiinse'i' t.liiiM-t l"st liis life, from sneezing when Finow and liis fiHo vers wore about to commence a religious ceremony. " Tmmediately vvrtyi.ne jir '.cnt tlirew linwn his club fir who would proceed on so iinj!' ii.'it .;:i I vp.' liiiiin after so dire an omen! Finow's eyes flashed wi:li i' tlie ,.|' rai^e DireiMiiig tlii'in full on Mr. Mariner, ho cursed him wi'.h tlie 111 \-t liitter (nu'sc. "Strike your God I" In a note it is .•~t.:i. I. • T'l : li'^'Z' at the moment of -otting out on an cxp'^dition, argues ill lii 'ir opin';";] I'le ii>o>i fatal result." Marine having by a prudent retreat uv I lii- lit'r. I'iiiow coii-ulled with hi< men on the subject of ]Mr .^laiiner's . iieiv.ing, and re.-olvi'.l, that as he was a foreigner, and bad 11 ilifferont gr>neezin<,' wa* not to lie cnnsidored of ;iny c(in.-('i|u<';ioe.'' IloiK'o we titul tlial in all ajies luid in all coiintriis, l^t., a >iKt7,(,' is sn|i|io>e(l to ho an oiii<'n of iiiipoiiding evil to the piison wlio suci /c^. or to an umlertakin;: which he may at the time he comniencintj. — ami 'Jmlly, that an invocation of tin' |)eity. is a jireservatioti t'linii tlie ihiti-.i. which a iicison ineurt; hy >nce/.in!i Struck hy these leunnkalilo identities in tlie ohservanoe ol' mi iirational a eiistom, I felt cunviiiicd that it must have taken its ii,-e in ^otec ri'lijriniis fear> and super^liiiiins of |irlMiiti\e man. th" comninii pari^nt nf thii..c hy whom it lia.- iiecn ii louking at tho.-e nations that present the m"-t |iiimiiivc ty|M'. we find a .>lran2,e uniformiiy of hclii't' The Nortli American Indian.-, the nati\c^ nC tiir Imiiaii Aiidii|i.d,ii;o, as well a- the I'olvne^ian'-, lu'lji'veil, not only in tlir exi.--trnc(- ot .-mne sn|ii'eini.' and lienetii.t.'Ut powrr. hut al-o in th<' e.xisic hit of infei'lor .-jiiiii- ual licini!;s. or litih- ^i"ls. strntijily lescndilinn tlir I'airir,- <>{' Niiitjicrn KiU'oiie. Ihey alsn hclir\rd ttiar all nature Icui a ^"ui as wiTi ,i- m;in, and that llii' .-oul i.- ]icculi;irlv liahlr lo ilii- imrnry of >|iinlii;ii h' iii;:s. Thus till' " M dicih" Man"' I'f the Noitli .\iiii'riivin r.e'c- i- mU^.i\.- a norromanecr. Hi- patirnt is nnt aHi'cted iiy natinal, hut hy -npii n.iiur.d eail.-r^. only to he reniii\cii hy coumi'r-cliarni- Tin' " \Icdiriur M;in wnrk^ himself into a -in'iul.n -i:iii'. »oiri(.'timr> cndiii'.' in roinuhi'in-: he then luH-omes ins|iirril, and jirnrccds, with cfri.iin i-orciiiuni"'.-. f" lirni'j hdck the |iailrnt'» smJ. (ir n^ cnjicI tlic evil -y\v'\\. The sani" helief and |irai-iir. arc ■■h.-nvaMi aiiiomr the ^.w.^'::* ■ of Hornco. ami of Central \fiir;i .Vmnnir t!ir>e -im|ilo ■on! j;iimifi\>' i:c-i-*. tli'^re i- a ludirf tli.ii man lia- a doid>lr furm. i!u- nn- i(.i|>iir' al. and ih.' other '■|iiritual. and iha! I'Xcii in life tln' .-jcrit or .-"ul an! iMi' ho.ly ar. not ni'i-c-.-ariK united. Imt ihas -irl -jiiritual c'lmiianiun * ' ^ 'I'lii- liihrl' atiioiiL.' Ill' ■\t\\- .1- in iillii!- Ill iii-iiic |i.'i---i.>ii^ l.i'iiiLr '■ ]i,i-.(.N.>>.l i.j' I \ii -|iirit-," iii.iv III' roiiii.-.ii.l \nili ;li,'. i.lr.i- ll i- ri-iuarkaMr tlcn -ii'kii"-- .■mil lU'iitli ai'', ill ill' .\rclir ni;iiiil>. in .ViiMiili i, aial ih Ci'iiual .VCi'iia. altiilmti •! Iiy ihc iialivi - III till' iiidiu'iire (it' s)iinl- ulm hivi' liri-n I'liiiilnynl l.y I'licinii'- to iiiiurr tluiii. 'I'liu- aiiiiiiiL: ihr An-lir I/imrlirii\. wIu'IU'mt a |n'r-iin 'lir-. hi- v la- tiM". kill -iiTiir "lie lii'liiiiuiii.: til a iH'i'^lilioriii'_' tri!'!'. In .\ii-tralia r a rtly tlii' -aiiu- tliiiiir Mcriir-. tiir 'latur- l,nir\ iiii. lliui -miu' om- li i- In -uiiiniaiiiral iiu'an- ,-t'ilrii till' '■ kiiliii'\ tat " I'l' till i!iT.'M-i(|. 'I'lirv :ii'i-orili!iL;l.v kiimk "ii tin' hniil a iialoT III' aiiotdrr Iriln'. .iiiil l.ik" I'lu'ii tini l!i.'< kiiliiry tar, wliiir In- is >till aiixc. Sir Sir .tiiliii liirliaril-nn'- '■ .Ann. l'..\ii''iritiii!i in scan !i iif Si;- 'olm Kiatikliri. cli. IJ " Sec aNd lv'|ini' nil the Alii'Viiiilh • . Iix tin' ( nniiiiiili f nt il,. I i '^i-iaCM' Ci'iuu il dl' N'litnria — Sr-.iioi |,s.">s-;i, 'I'lii- lirlicf in S' nil. 111. I .iiii| ja !'.i|ii itoiial .M'rica. i ('iiiiinl to lie alliio-^t |.r.'i'i-i'ly iijiiltiral rc-jirrnii',^ ilirrr l.'iiiL; "//'■ r- f, n nl tin '/'•'/.'/. \vliii an; I'.Nri-i'dill'j-ly troiililc-iiiiH' aid piiuiiariim-. aial i .m In- -nini'liiiu'- killnl li; .i -ilvrr liiil'.i'f. nr ^rrcai skci. / 12 i\' Tn Polynesia, not only man, but also inanimate objects, are supposed to be liable to lose their spirits, or .-oul. The little gods sometimes steal the souls or sliadowi of those artiele? to whieh they take a faney. (See " We^tniin.-i.r Itevitw " loi April 18(V_' ) There is a IVilyncMan legend "in whit-li thoy (the little goJ,>) carry off the shadows ot'Tcr Kanawa's jewel>, leavini; the costly substances behind them, the soul-; of the fairie- being (juitc contented with tlio shadows alone." In the I]ighland> of ScMilmd, and aiimng th.' 1\\A\ pi.M Niitry. the :ame super.-tition prevails, exrfpting thr.t ihc fairies appear to lie cvmi more exacting, only leaving behind a worihlc-s fub-fitute or ^cndllanc■. t>f the article pilfered liy tliem. 'i'he-e .su})er-tition> have c-os -ed -iver the Atlantic with the Iri.-h emigrant. >Iany a eow, nn tljc pcninnd.i of Halifax, has. by being chalked wlih a cro-. escaped from the pilferintr hand.- of the ftirie-, who aii])a;-enily are .-up|..,-jd to hav-' a ]u:,ivha„t fir new milk. JJut it would be fi!tiiiial-e if the f'.ir'cs of the (\ltie rare confined th"ir depiv,l,:,il,,n> to the mil!; pail. It i.- a-ert.-l ;!nd believed by many of the Seoieh and Iri.h peasantry, that not oiiiy infant-, tmr a) o irrown up men and v»'im'-n. are liable to be -I'llon bv the fairies. ^laj-'r Tidd, of ihe Tiiili Ibgi. toll me Ih.at wi^l'in the i,'i,t t^^niy years, while lie was ,^(:iti,ined in Irehrid. 'i cb'ld wa- a'*;tal|y lui'nt to dc.ith liy ii- I'lU'.Tits, under the im}ire--sion that it v,- 1- only n ■• f:i\rv ^ b'dd " tlie real child having been eavrie 1 ott' by the f.iirie-. Tiaces '"' thi,- lelii-f arc to 1)C fouml even among tiie liigidand emigrant- untl their de.-ecndants in Cajie JJreton.* 'i'li's b'Ing. ihen, -■, wide- p: lid ;. .- iip.'i . iiii-.n, ivu.ii.lii:.: th.' influetieo of fiine- or .-ul.iordinate (|.vi ■-, coi we in ;inv v. iv "ln-'ii I'lMm \\ w Crhie iva i'. 1 need iiardly ict'-r to \]\o in\ -'cridii j'r.ai.. Mnii w'e.ii 'lie na'ie if the Deity i,. sniijio-.d to ati^rd agiin-t the a^'ciii-v nf . vil 'eit-'is. There is, howevci, ;i wrjl known -ony which will illn-M-ite the l-li f of the Celtic race as to the effect, which the habit of saying "(Jod bless you !" has upon the fairic'^, * See Ilalliwi'H',- Kakv Mytlmldi^y nf Sliake to the prrvalonee of \)m bolii'f in tlie l-le of Man .mil in pari> of Kiii:iaiiil ami Ireland y. .'Jlo. The sii'.jeet opened up respecting our lielief in fairies, ^Nic., is only glanced at liere— u .'-eri' ..^ of ainu-iliy pap..T; irilgiU bu VuitLCii uii ilm suhjeei uiuiic. 13 i i Put once went to sleep at a place frequented \>y the fairies ; and in hi< sleep wa.s carried down to tiieir palace. He was ahout to drink ..ome of their ale, which woul 1 have forever prevented his return, wh.'n fortunately one of tlie fairio lKip|»-ii.;d to sneeze, upon which Pat, in a courteous mood, exrliiimed very inn.KCiitly. " liod bless your honor'." Wonderful was the effiid of thu.- invokiii- the name of the Deity in their jire-cncc. Witli trrni>le imiirecalidns, and in j^reut dis- may, the fairie- Hrd away, and I'at awoke ciiee moi .■ upon earth. I could cite many su.-li stories to pmve tht! ta^t. tiiat the Celtic race believe that fr.>m Sutim down to the milde.-t form of evil spirits, tlie name of the Deity has the eticct of renderiiii; them, for tlie lime, powerlc.s to do harm. Can we then find any chv to &i- .(U-iion why we should wi>h to keep off'fuiiioandcMl sj.irits when a man Mir,7.o> '; 1 have dl.Muvered th>' explanation, in the .-uper.-titions of tlie Highlanders. Tlie followin;^ tru- • litioii :is to a lli-lihind Chiefs family in IVnhdiire, related to me by the Uev. Dr. Robort.^on. a n.itive of that couuty, shows that -.vlien a |»'i>on sneezes, ho is suj.posed to be h''i> tu be stolm l>i/ the I'niiivs. unless pro- tected by some one invokiiii; the name of the i>eity. Soveiid centuries ayjo. an anee-ior of ;ti" lu-e^eiit I'luef v:is en;,M,u'ed to be mai-.iod to a youi^ lady lo I'rauee. wlio, h- le.-.viie I, ha 1 .irrowii firklc and w;!- about lo b- marriMJ to a rival. In -r-ai di.-tiv.-..-.. the Cliiet applied for aid to iho Kin- of the i"airii>. who otf'ivd him a fairy lior>e. mounted on wliieli he ae.'omjianiod lii.^ .MMJ-ty to i'ran<-. Wli-n they arrived at the lioii^e of the bride, the woddin- wa- ju-t e ineneliii:. The Kill- of '^W F:Ulie~, unseen by the -iV-t.v .-ileiv.l. .■;lld >e.'in- tlie bride for a momeut withdraw info a room alone, he foUewd lier. dii-t then she sneeze'i — there was no oiio juvs'iif to -iv • i omI 1,]..-- you . iind ill a moment (he fairy hud >|oleii ilu brid,, \vi i ho ^aiiied in triu.nph ov.T to the I li-nliivb. ulieie Au- nuirl'^i ih'' elnetia'.ii. and became the h,tppy I'lotli.T ot a Iom- line of illn,-.-ii.oi-: .Mae-, it i^ le^ed- Icss to add that hi- rival, the unh-oo;,- I'lvn -ioie -. m,.oi,.~riou-ly miriied "« fairy v'o»i'Vi This. then. i> the explanation ot the en-t.-m -itnoie.: tin C, hi.- la." ; but as their b-li.'t a- to fairies, i- y,.,ve,\v/,/ sniuhn- to that of ilio j'olynesi- !Ui.=. and a- boih hav inheiiied, in ( ommoii with all !:,aiMn-, ih- u-toin of iuvokiii- the Deity when a iier.-on .mi,-/- we nia> v-'\ n. ually infer, that what i:- an r.vplanatioii for the eu-tom m the lli'.;hlind-, is al,^. a solution for it anion- the pooph; of the To^a I,-lai,d< Ibu ii i- mani- fe.-t that if ("V 1,11/ii-KS po-e.-s the eu.-ton,. ttay mn-' ha\e inherited it from a common source ; an^i if ^o. that the en,-.toui inur^t have been in 14 Tf fVion thp solution I bavo conjc*" existence pnV «. Ae d„p>m■ ''^.^ p°.l lVin,eval „e„_also in .he o.i.tenee of -^■f"^;^'^'J^^.,, ,, „ „,W,. tiTt,.: t If l:ra= in 1,0 «a,, ^euii.i, o^^sin, .ho •t:^:^::«i:!-=~---^^^^^ ,,a. all ,l,e n,o„u„,en.s of ,g>T • "; _^' ^ ,.„„„„„„ „„,J,„. „f ,Ue which they now inluilnt. ^^^^,. ,,^ ^^f^^^. It wouhl cortuinly bo an unms.n,. . n t a M .^^^^ ^^.^^^ tho si.eculati.,us ut Au.ciK-un hthnoU.^.>t> hv ..r^unn '"'^''''"■^- , ^ ,i..,.v the truth "f revelatlnii, iind to ae^'ept Bdore they can ex,HM-t us to .hmy tlu tmtt. t'- theovi..U.tth...na...e. the .,...,.. W^^^^ .,f til.. ..•line siiii'ular (•(tiu-iu>i"ii. as n couutr.es. urr.e ^t '- -- "^.^ ,,^,.^f ^,, ,,, i„,,,Ue,l frou, a e.u- dangers attendant im a .-utcit, u uu. uiun source .' t i t) I i i /.