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" Resolved, that, on the recommendation of both Coji- mitteesof the Council of Public Instruction, the following books be approved for the Schools, Catholic as well as Pro- testant, of the Province of Quebec, entitled, Dr. Miles's Series of Histories of Canada : 1. A New History of Canada, 1534—1867, for the Superior Schools, and ^o serve as a general Reader in French Schools. 2. A School History of Canada, 1534—1867, for the Modei and Elementary Schools, and for the French Schools. 3. The Child's History of Canada, for the Elemen- tary Schools. " Certified by the President and Secretaries of the Council. Quebec, February 1st, 1870. I ?> I IIIW SERIES OF HICT0RII8 OF CANADA, No. III. THE ClllLD^S h HISTORY OF CANADA FOH THE USK OF THK ELEMENTAl'.Y SCHOOLS AND OF THE YOUNG READER. PREPARED BY HENRY H. MILES, M.A., LE.D., D.C.L. Sanctiimed liy the Council of Public Instruction, Qneljec, for the Elementary and JModcl Schools, Protcslar.t and CatholU and as a general English Reader in the French Schools. FIFTH EDITION MONTREAL WIULIAM V. DAWSON, P u b I i s li e r Entered, according to Act of Parliament of Canada, In the year 1870, by Dawson Brothers, in the office of the Minister of \gricuiiure. 7 y / K '/ K / 7 V PREFACE. / \ V This little book contains an outline of Canadian History from the time of the discovery of the country by Jacques Cartier down to the present day. It has been prepared expresoly for beginners and youthful readers, as a first course, and therv3fore includes only the most striking and most important events. The narrative, consisting principally of interesting accounts of the historical characters and incidents, suitably arranged in the order of time, will easily, with the aid of the general map at the beginning, and of the chro- nological table and set of questions, at the end of the work, enable the judicious instructor to impart such a knowledge of the subject as shall lit the scholar for taking up the second and larger book of the series, entitled '< The School History of Canada." Quebec, April 1870. N CONTENTS. Chapter First. — Jacques Cartier's first voyage to Canada — The Salvages. Chaptku Skcond. — Jacques Cartier's second voyage. — The St. Lawrence. — Stadacona. — Hochelaga. Chapter Thiud. — Jacques Cartier at Hochelaga. Chapter Fourth — Winter at Stadacona — Return to France. Chapter Fifth. — Jacques Cartier and Roberval. Chapter Sixth. — Canada forgotten — Fur Trade.— Marquis de la Roche.— Sable Island. Chapter Seventh — The Indians —The Peltry Traffic. Chapter Eighth — Chaniplain — Foundation of Quebec. Chapter Ninth. — War with the Iroquois. Chapter Tenth. — Champlain's Voyages.-5r-Madame Champlain. Chapter Eleventh. — Champlain's Journies. Chapter Twelfth. —The Missionaries. — Champlain at Quebec. Chapter Thirteenth. — Quebec taken. — Champlain a prisoner. Chapter Fourteenth.— Champlain as Governor — His death. Chapter Fifteenth. — Character of Champlain. Chapter Sixteenth. — The Governors after Chamj)lain. Chapter Seventeenth — Madame de la Peltrie and Marie Guyart. Chapter Eighteenth. — M. de Maisonneuve. — Ville-Maric (Mon- treal). Chapter Nineteenth. — The Missionaries. — Indian warfare. Chapter Twentieth. — Murders of Missionaries. — Conquest of the Hurons Chapter Twenty-first. — Heroism of Dollard. Chapter Twenty-second. — Indians and Liquor Traffic. — Bishop Laval. Chapter Twenty-third. — Bad state of the Colony from 1661 to 1663 —The earthquakes of 1663. Chapter Twenty-fourth. — Steps taken iu France to succour Ca- nada — Viceroy de Tracy. Chapter Twenty-fifth — De Tracy chastises the Iroquois. Chapter Twenty-sixth. — Talon the Royal Intendant. Chapter Twenty-seventh — Count Frontenac. — The Mississippi. Chapter Twenty-eighth. — Iroquois chiefs sent to the King's gal- leys. — The Senecas. — Kondiaronk. Chapter Twenty ninth. — Massacre of Lachine. VI CONTENTS. Cha>'tbr Chaptkr CJfiaptbr Chaptbr Chaptbr Chaptkh ('hapter OlIAPTBR CllAPTEU Chaptku Chaptku Chaptbr Chaptbr Chaptkr Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Thirtieth.— La Petite Guerre. Thirty-first — Siege of Quebec in 1690. TniRTy-HKCONi). — Count Frontcnac. Thirty-third.— Find of the heroic age of Canada. Thirtt-foorth.— Fifty years later. Thirty-fifth — Washington and Jumonville. Thirty-sixth. — General BnuKlock — Stoho. Thirty-seventh. — Generals Johnson and Dieekau. Thirty-eighth. — The Acadians. Thirty-hinth. — General Montcalm. FouTiicTii. — Distress in Canada. — Bigot. Forty-first Sieges of Quebec— Siege of 1759. Forty-second First Battle of the Plains. Forty-third Second Battle of the Plains. Forty-fourth.- The Cession of Canada.~The other Pritish American Colonies. Forty-fifth.— The Indians and their nevr masters — Ponthiac. FoRTY-siXTn. -Revolt of the KngViHh (Colonies. Forty-seventh.— Prince Willlani Henry and Prince Rd- ward, visit Canada.— Canada divided into two Provinces, Forty-eiohth. — The American War of 1812. Forty-ninth. — Rebellion in Canada. Fiftieth — United Canada. Fifty-first. — Visit of the Prince of Wales. Fiffy-second— Discord.— Prince Albert.— Worlds' Fair^ — Fenian Raid. Fifty-third.— Increase of the Territory of Canada. — The Maritime Provinces. — Manitoba— North-West Ter- ritories. — Province of British Columbia. Fifty-fourth. — The Dominion of Canada. I' V )■ "^ Cartier at Miramichi. I CHAPTEPw L Jacques Oarti^r s first voya^'P to C:inii CANADA, than all Newfonvidland. There were Igrge trees, mo'i- clow8 with wjld corn, peas in flower, and grape vines, with strawberries, red roses, thyme and other strojjo smelling herbs. ' C i another of the islands his peo|tle landed, and killed more than a thousand bn-ds. These e featu res were so plentiful, that, in the space of an hour, they could have had enough of them to fill 30 large boats. From those Islands, Cartier sailed to fhe mainland and entered a bay named, in the Indian torgi|e, " Miramwlxi^' that is " Happy HetreatJ" 3. Then he moved along the coast Northward, and came to another bay, to which h'^ gave the name of '^ Baie ies Chalears " on accoiint of the heat of the weather. Into this he brought his two ships, and went ashore, on the coast uf G^/s/^e, on the 20ih of July 1534 4. On July 26th, Cartier caused a wooden cross, 30 feet high, to be raised as a token that the king of France was now master of that region. The cross had the king'a name cut upon it. There were savages near by, looking on. Cartier told them, by signs, not to meddle with the cross. To inove their feelings of fear and wonder, and to give them a notion of French power, he caused gims to be fired. He gave them as presents small pieces of glass beads^ cross "S. hatchets, and little looking glasses. To shew their joy, the savages danced around, the men on one side, the women on the other. 5 When ail was ready for leaving, Cartior enticed the chief of the savages to come near his boats. Two of the old man's sons were then suddenly seized and carried on board ship. Cartier then sailed away with his captives. We cannot praise Cartier for this action, although his intention was good, r.nd although the like was often done in those days. His object was to have the so rts to bec< of use atl;erwaids, as interpreters, between him and tho Ravages. 1 THffi child's history OP CANADA. 1 Cjirtief, when he sailed from the coast of Gasp^, made the savages on shore to understand that he would «ome back and restore F CANADA 5 brought presents of maize, melons, and fish, twelve^ large canoes arrived, filled with people. The chief of the country, Doanacono^ had come to pay CartJer a visit, 11. Donnacona made along speech, which Taigufagny and Domagaya said was to welcome Cart ie., and to thank him for the good treatment his two captiv*»s had met with in France. Jacques Gartier landing at tho Tplnn'I of Orleans. 12. Carticr saw that he and his followers must spend the winter not far from where he had met Donnacona He therefore brought his ships to the upper end of the Island of Orleans, to which he gave the nameofliie '* Isle of BaCchiiSf' on account of th^; wild grapes which were seen growing there. Then he passed nearer to Cape Diamond, and found ii good place v/ithin ilie m^uth of a small river running into the St. Lawrence. THE child's history OF CANADA. This river, now named St. Cha vies, was called by Cartier, St. Croix. The two larger vessels were safely moored, and men set at work to make them safe from all attack, in case the natives should become unfriendly. We shall see that Cartier had cause for being careful. His smallest ship, the Emerillon, was kept outside, as it was intended to go in her higher up the river St. Lawrence. 13. Near to the river St. Croix, the Indians had their principal settlement. It was called Stadacona. On Sept. 17th, the natives of Stadacona, headed by Donnacona, came down to the bank near Cartier s ship. Another long speech was made by the chief, who also presented the French captain with three young savages Cartier, in return, gave him two swords, and some brass vessels. The Indians danced around, and sang, according to their fashion. Then twelve discharges i)[ cannon were fired. We can easily believe what we are told of the effects upon the minds of Donnacpnu and his warriors. They thought the very heavens were about to tumble down upon them, which made ihem take to shewing their feelings by howls and loud cries. 14. Two days later, Cartier chose about 50 of his followers to go with him, in the Emerillon. He wished to visit another Indian town cal'ed Hochclaga. He was told that it was not safe to venture up the river so far, and that those who went would peiish. Donnacona tried very hard to prevent Cartier from going. But the pious French captain would not be guided by him, and said that " God would guard all true believers from all danger," However, Taiguragny and Domagaya pretended to be afraid, and said they would stay with Donnacona rather than go with Cartier to Hochelaga. These two young men were far from being true to the French. 15. On Sept. 19th, Cartier began his passage to Hochelaga. As the Emerillon and two barges moved up the river many savages were seen on the banks. They did not appear to be unfriendly X i THE CHILD S HISTORY OP CANADA. 1 In that part of the river, now called Lake SL Peter, the Emei'iUon several times ran aground. Cartier's I arty, therefore, finished their passage in the two barges. About a fortnight was spent on the way to Hochelaga. i Plan of the Indian. Town at aochelaga. 16. This Indian town was found to have about one thousand luhabitants. It was upon the site of the modern city of Montreal. CHAPTER III. Jacques Cartiei* at Hochelaga. 17. On Suno'i /, Oct. 2nd, Cartier arrived at Hoche- laga. He was very kindly received, for the people nearly all turned out to meet him, bringing presents Df fish and maize Dressed in their best clothes, Cartier 8 THE CFIII.D'S HISTORY OP CANADA- luid his followers landed and were led into the village. This was found to contain about fifty cabins, each fifty paces long and twelve or fifteen feet wide They wert covered with bark. Around the village there wiis a high fence, or palisade, made of three rows of stakes The palisade was made strong by means of the roots and branches of trees There was only one opening, fbi a gateway into the village The inside of every cabin was parted off into spaces, in each of which a family dwelt. There were platforms, or galleries within the palisade at different places Near to these were heaps of stones intended for defence against attacks from withoj^t. According to his custom, Cartier made presents to the Indians. Their chief, being a cripple, was carrn^d m, and seated near the French Captain. He had only a coloured strip of porcupine skin round his temph'S, to shew his rank. This he took off and placed nn Cartier's head as a mark of honour. When Cartier rose to depart, the friendly savages crowded round him and tried to make him stay. But he was anxious about the safety of the Emerillon, left in the river below, and about his people at Stadacona. 18 Before he left Hochelaga, Cartier went up to a high place on the hill, hard by From this there was a fine view of the forests and waters He was so pleased that he gave to the hill the name of '* The Royal Mount." This afterwards^ was changed into Montreal. He aliiio tried, with the help of the Indians, to pass up the rapids beyond Hochelaga, but could not. Having found out, by means of signs, that the river flowed from a long distance inland, and that there were some great lakes, Carter and his companions took their leave. 19. The Emerillon was found safe at the place where she had been left, on Lake St. Peter After planting a wooden cross on one of the islands m the lake, and taking notice of the mouths of the river *SV. Maurice, Cartier, with the Emerillon and his barges, arrived off' Stadacona on October 11 th, THE CHILDS HISTORY OF CANADA. 9 CHAPTEP^ IV. A terrible winter at Stadacoha.— Donnacona seized.- - Return to France. 20. AVhile Cartier was absent on his trip to Hoche- laga, his people at Stadacona had made a sort of fortress of the station at the mouth of the St. Croix. A high fence had been raised in front the ships, so that, with the aid of cannon, those on board could prevent all approach when they pleased. Although the natives did not shew themselves to be open enemies, yet some slight quarrels occured early in the following winter, which might have proved serious if the French had not taken pains to be safe from attack. 21. Cartier's people at St. Croix had plenty of food, such as biscuit, salt meat and other juovisions com- monly stored for use on board ship. Very likely, they may have had besides, from the Indians, dried fish, eels, maize, and beans. But, for such a climate as that of Canada they had not brought nearly enough of warm clothing They must have had to work hard to keep themselves supplied with fuel. Consequently, the labour, and the cold weather, together with the want of proper clothes, and of fresh meat and vegetables, brought on a terrible disease called scurvi/. Persons who have this disease suffer a great deal.' Their limbs swell and become black or t^peckled with spots of blood The gums decay, and the teeth fall out of the mouth. The sick soon lose their strength so that they cannot move about, and then death comes slowly but surely. Such was the condition of Cartiers men in the winter of 153d. We are told that, out of one hundred and ten, who made up the crews of the three ships, all except ten, became helpless. Twenty-five died. It was found difficult, from want to strength, to remove the dead I 10 THE child's HISTuilY OF CANADA. bodies and hid (3 them in the snow. None expected ever to see France again. It was quite necessary to prevent the Indians from knowing their sad state, for fear of their being tempted to rush in and murder all. On this account Cartier refused to allow any Indian to come within the palisade. This, of course, vexed the savages. They would, perhaps, have forced their way into the ships, if they had known how matters really stood. Presently, Cartier himself caught the disease and could scarcely move about. Yet, although now he must have lost heart, he tried to cheer his men. He told them to pray for Divine aid. He also made a vow to go on a pilgrimage, in case God should spare him to J'.ee France again. Just at this time Cartier espied Domagaya coming towards the ships along with a band of Indians. Doma- gaya had been very sick with the disease, but now seemed well. So Cartier asked how this had happened. Ke learned, in answer, that by steeping the leaves and bark of the spruce fir tree, a medecine for the cure of scurvy could be made. Thus, by accident, the French captain found out a way of curing his people. Within eight days most of the sick were well- On the approach of spring all were again fit foV duty, to the number of 84 men. 22. Cartier tlien began to prepare for the voyage home. Two of the ships were cleared of ice and moved out into the St. Lawrence. The third had, perhaps, been broken up for fuel. At any rate it was not needed, for there were now fewer men to be carried, and a far less quantity of provisions and of other things. 23. But before he set sail, Cartier had formed a design, for which, as on a previous occasion, he must be blamed. This was to seize and carry away to France the chief Donnacona, together with several of his warriors. Donnacona had become suspicious. All knew about the two young men whom Cartier had seized at Gaspo J, ft THE CHILDS HISTORY OF CANADA. 11 the year before. Donnacona feared lest the same wrong might be done to himself. So he kept as much as possible out of Carrier's reach. However, he was unable to avoid the evil he dreaded. On May 3rd, 1536, Cartier caused a wocden cross, 35 feet high, to be raised on the bank of the St. Croix. It had cut upon it the words *' Francis I, by God's grace, King of the French, reigns." Donnacona, with many of his own people, came to visit the French captain. Cartier had men ready to seize him and a few of his warriors. They were taken and placed on shipboard. The rest of his people betook themselves to flight. Some say that Taiguragny and Domagaya were amoog those seized. It has also been stated, in defence of Cartier\s act, that Donnacona himself was on the point of attacking the French with a great number of warriors, whom he had collected in Stadacona. It Is not clear that all these statements are true. But it is well known that Cartier meant, at any rate, to capture Donnacona and others in order to present them at the Court of France. He thought they would be useful in making King Francis feel more concern respecting the new countries. About ten persons were thus seized. The people of Donnacona were in great distress on account of the loss of their chiefs. All night their sad cries were heard along the river bank. Next day Cartier made Donnacona shew himself on the ships deck. The captive chief then said to his people that he was only going to visit the King of France, but would return to them next year. Soon afterwards, on May 6th, the Great Hermine and the other ship, sailed. The poor savages of Stada- cona lost sightof their chief and countrymen, and never again beheld them. While we cannot help blaming Jacques Cartier for an action which seems to us so crue'l, it is fair to mention that many other sea- commanders liave done the like. 12 THE child's history OF CANADA. 24. Cartier's voyage home lasted more than two months. He landed at St. Malo on the 16th of July, and then went to Paris to make his report to the King. Francis received him with favour, and saw the chiefs. He ordered them to be taken care of and to be taught in religion. He would, perhaps, have sent Cartier on another voyage the following year. But he was then at war with the Emperor of Spain and Germany, which took up ail his attention. Not only the captive Indians, but Cartier himself fell out of notice. The Indians died. Cartier staid at home, at St. Malo, waiting for better times. \ I" V CHAPTER V. Jacques Cartier and Roberval. 25. After a delay of four years, the affairs of France allowed King Francis to think again of Canada. Now it was proposed to send out people to settle there, anci to found another empire for France in the West. A French noble, named Eoberval, was appointed by the King to be the head of the new colony. He had the title of *' the King's Lieutenant General over the countries of Canada, Hochelaga, Saguenay, and neigh- bouring parts." To command the fleet, Jacques Cartier was appointed, with the title of" Captain-General" 26. On May 23rd 1.541, Cartier sailed from St. Malo with five ships. Roberval was not ready to start, but was to follow soon, with more ships and supplies. 27. Cartier had a long passage of three months. On August 23rd, he reached the mouth of the St. Croix, when the Indians of Stadacona immediately flocked to liis vessels asking for Donnacona and the other captives. Cartier told them their chief was dead. Of the others, he allowed them to believe that they were doing well in France, not desiring to return to Canada. He soon \\\ ^ // 'J A ^ 1,. ^ // \^^ // THE CHILD S HISTORY OP CANADA. li Faw that, the Indians were not, in their hearts, fnendly towards himself and followers. Instead, therelore, ot mooring his ships a^aiii at the St. Croix, he went hifrher up the St. Lawrence, to CapRonge, so as to be farihrr away from the people of Stadacona. 1 here, at the mouth of a small stream running into the ht. Lawrence, three of the ships were made secure. ihe other two were sent hack lo France. On the high land a fort was begun, all necessary out-buildings were made, and the people were set at work clearing ground. 28. While these works were going on, Cartier paid a visit to Hochelaga. The Indians there were as iricndly as before. They tried to help him to pass up the rapids above their town, and to procure more information about the country westward. 29. On returning to Cap-Rougo he found his people and the neighbouring Indians on bad terms^ Quarrels had taken place. The French were defied by the savages and scarcely dared to go unarmed outside their fort. Roberval had not arrived, which displeased Cartier, for there was not enough of gunpowder and ^\{) There was ill-feeling between the French and the savages during the ensuing winter. Cartier s people were not content. They suffered from cold and scurvy. Long before spring, all wished to leave the country as soon as possible. But we do not know much concerning the events of that winter. n- ■ ^ 31. As soon as the river was clear of ice, in the spring of 1542 Cartier and all his people went on board ship, and set'sail for France. At Newfouudland, Cartier met Roberval, who was now on his way out, with three large and two small ships, carrying 200 men and women. Cartier told his superior officer that he had not been able to remain longer at Cap-Rouge because of the trouble which the Indians constantly gave. Roberval ordered him to return to the St. Lawrence. But Cartier did wot obey him. On the contrary, he weighed anchor ni the night time and continued his 11 THE CHILD S HISrORY OF CANADA. voynge homewards. He arrived safe at St. Malo and gave the best account he could, to the king, concerning his conduct. CARTIER. 32. Roberval, with his five ships, reached Cap Rouge in July. At that place he passed two wretched winters. Many of his people were convicts, who had been taken out of the public prisons in order to go out as colonists to the banks of the St. Lawrence. To keep such persons in order. Rol>erval made use of severe punish- ments, such as flogging, imprisonment, and even hanfirg. In course of time, provisions and other necca&a,ry things rail short. Roberval sent home to the King for succour. But Francis either could not, or wou!ld not send it. 33. In the sjsrvig of 154^4, Roberval was anxiously looking for tl; - i'uvdl of succour from France. He had m^ide some poor attempts at cultivating the ground. He had also visited Hochelaga and the country of the to THE rniM»'s niSTORY OF CANADA. 15 Sa^ucnay. But his journeys wore of little or no benefit, and cauFod the loss of many lives. Tn the end, the King of France sent ships to bring home Roberval and all who remained with him ahve. Some say that Jacques Curlier was employed m thus saving his former chief. At any rate we may be sure that Roberval and his people were very glad to return to their native land ,, ^ t 34 From what has been said, we learn that Jacques Cartier made three if not four voyages to Canada. At the time of his last trip he was about fifty years of age. We are not told what afterwards befell him. It is thought, however, that he lived, i«) q«iet> a few years, at St. Malo, his native place. The remains of his house were to be seen there as late as the year 1865. He was a brave and skilful sailor,a wise commander, and a pious man. It was not his fault if but little was done, in his own times, to render his services useful to France and to the world. He will a'ways be famous in history as the great sea-captain who first made Canada ^'sS^^Roberval's attempt .was the first ever made to found a colony in Canada. Five years after his failure, namely in 1549, he perished at sea, along with his brother. He was, at the time, trying to take out to the St Lawrence another fleet, and another Fet of colonists. t CHAPTER VI. Canada forgctten.-Fur trade.-The Marquis de la Roche.- Sable Island. 36. From the days of Jacques Cartier and Roberval, the history ot Canada leaps uvui a per.oc. o. „. ------ 60 years. King Francis, and four kings of France after 16 THE CHII-DS HISTORY OF CANADA. him died in that time. They were all so laken up with their affair? at home that they forgot Canada.* Although Canada was thus forgotten by the kings, yet the French traders did not cease to visit the fc^t. Lawrence. They went to buy the skins of wild animals from the Indian hunters. These used tc meet the traders, to traiHc with tbem, at Tadoussac, and other places on the river. Furs were, in those days, sold for high prices in Europe. The French traders gave the Indians, in exchange for the i^kins of wild anim.als, hatchets, knives, cloth, and various iron and brass vessels. It is also thought that in this way th.T Indians first came to know v/hat the French called " eau de vie," of which the poor f. ivages learned to be very fond. So it happened that nothing more was done towards settling Canada for a long time after the last attempt of Roberval. 37. In the year 1589, the throne of France was fill<»dL by Henry IV, called in French history, the Great. During his reign, which lusted until 1610, mens thoughts were once more turned te Canada, or New France. * Note for the Teacher. Wa liere use the name Canada to denote only a part of the region through which the St. Lawrence flows, from the great Lakes in the west, to Gaspe. Cut this was not the name commonly used ir. France when thpy spoke of the king's American lerriiories, for they called these " JVeiv France." This name was first given by Verrazzani in tlie time of Francis I, pbout 1523. Verrazzanii had been sent out to explore the American coast. To it, from the shores of New England to Labrador, and to the unknown regions beyond, he gave the title, New France. So Canada was a part of this New France, and came to be so called about the latter part of the reign of Fruncis. Of course New France had no known boundaries. The French claimed that it included much of what the English called New England. It also included Nova Scotia (or Acadia) also those vast regions in the interior of North America which extend south of the great lakes and now form the more inland pai is of the United States, In short New l*'rance although used chiefly to denote Canada, was a great part of North Amerieacliiinu'd to belong to the French kings and proudly spoken of ns the territory of a fntnro grei't French empire in the west. THE child's history of CANADA. 17 33 The xMorquis de la Roche had been made Vice- roy of New France by King Henry III. His appoint- ment was little better than an empty title But he did make some attempt to turn it to account. It would scarcely be worth while to speak of it here but for a curious story about a number of men, left by him on a desert island. De la Roche had leave to take with him about fifty convicts out of the French prisons. He then sailed westward and happened to come upon Salle Island, a miserable spot, nearly covered with sand and stones, and without any trees growing. Still, there must have been some herbage, because there were goats and cattle running about, wild. Many years before de la Roche's time, animals, of the sorts named, had been let loose on the island. De la Roche wished to see something of New France before choosing a place of settlement. Perhaps the convicts were found too troublesome to be kept on board while search was being made for a suitable spot. At any rate the whole fifty were landed and left on Sable Island, while de la Roche went to observe the neighbouring coasts He intended, of course, to come again and remove them, but storms prevented his return, and drove his ship across the sea to France. There, de la Roche was seized by another noble, his enemy; and shut up in prison several years. At last he was freed, and the case of the convicts on Sable Island v/as made known to king Henry IV. The king ordered a sea-captain, named Chedotei, to go out, and learn what had become of them. Chedotei visited the island, and brought off twelve of the poor wretches, who were all that remained ahve. They were hideous in app.^arance, and scarcely like human beings. They had very long beards, and were t'lad in sea-wolf skins. For shelter, they had made caves in the sand, and for food, they had depended upon fish and tiie llesh of such animals us they could catch. Sometimes they had been so fiirtunate as lo find iO 'XLkiu CiilLI»o lHo'iOllY Or' tAr^ADA. on the coast pieces of wood, and metal, cast ashor. from ship-wrecked vessels. None but the strongest had been able to survive a condition so horrible. Most likely they had quarrelled and fought with each other, so that the weakest may have died by the hands of the others. Chedotel carried the twelve to France, and presented tl«3m before the king, v^ith their long beards and olothing, just ts they were on Sable Island. Henry IV listened to their tale and pardoned them for their ♦brmrr crimes. Each received a present of 50 crowns. Doubtless they became, after that, useful citizens , but when they were on Sable Island they had wished themselves back in their former condition of convic.f s in the French prisons. 39. After de la Roche, other persons received com missions, from Henry IV, to trade with New-France and to found colonies. Amongst them we read oi Captain Chauviny M. de Morits, and especially, Samuel de Champ lain. We need say but little about Chauvin, for he only carried on some traffic in furs with the Indians, chiefly at the station named Tadoussnc,iit the mouth of the river Saguenay. De Monts and others founded Port Royal (Annapolis') in Acadia, now called Nova Scotia. Afterwards, the same De Monts, with Champlain, and a^iother, named Pontegrave, turned their attention to the St. Lawrence, in a way which led to the settling of Canaaa. CHAPTER Vn. Tke Indians.— The Peltry Traffic. , 40. In the history of Canada we often find mention made of the Indians, and of the traffic in furs and skins carried on with them. To these we think it w^eii to devote a chapter before we go on further with the history. ! THE CHILD'S HISTORY OF CANADA. 19 % Why were the natives of North America called Indians ? In order to answer this question, the young reader must bea,r in mind tli: t when Cohimbus, and the other early navigators, first reached the islands and continent of America, they supposed them to be parts of Asia — such as Japan, China, and the East Indies. The natives also were seen to have dark complexions, and, in some other respects, to be like those of Asia. So they all came to be called [ndiaiis. Even when it was found out that America was not part of Asia, the name first given by mistake, to the savages, was not changed. 41. The Indians with whom we have here to do, were those of New-France. They consisted of many tribes. The principal ones were the tilijoiiqulns, IlaronSy Montagnais, and Ottaivas. There were also the Micmacs of Nova Scotia, the Abenaquis of the region now called Maine, and five tribes of very fierce people named lioquois. The Indians whom Jacques Cartier saw at the mouth of the Miramichi, and in the Bay Chaleurs, were Micmacs. But it is not certainly known of what tribes those wore, who were first found at Stadacona, Cap Rouge, and Hochelaga. Some think they wtre Iroquois, who were afterwards driven away by the Algonquins, Hurons, and Montagnais. 42. In outward appearance and habits these savages were very much alike Tin ir skins were of a dark reddish colour. They had coarse black hair, high cheek bones, and piercing eyes, deep sunk in their sockets. They were very sw^ift of foot and active. Their chiefs and warriors were without beards, because they used to pull out the hairs from their faces ; also, it was common fur them to keep only a single tuft of hair on the crown of the head. On their bodies they smeared grease and streaks of paint or dye. In winter, they clothed themselves with the skins of fishing But some tribes also tilled the ground tr\ 11 /I and 20 THE child's uistouy of Canada. raised lakes and rivers, they had canoes made of bark. They used tobacco, even before the Europeans came, for Cartier describes smoking as a habit common amongst them. On certain occasions, such as meetings of their chiefs, and when those who had been enemies met to make peace, they used a pipe wiih ornaments, called the Calumet. This was passed round, each person in turn takimg a few ivhiffn. a- Tridinn wigwam. When not engaged in warfare or hunting they, fur the most part, spent theii* time 'n idleness. They learned the use of strong drink from the Europeans, so that drunkenness became common among all the tribes. Thev were also great gluttons. 43" The Indians belioved in dreams, omens, and evil 22 THE child's history OF CANADA. spirits. As they were heathens, of course they knew not the true God of the Christians. Yet, they had a sort of notion of a Supreme Being, of whom they spoke as " the Great Spirit.*' . We have here spoken of the savages, or Indians, because no one can pursue the history of Canada with- out some knowledge of them. Much more might he said, but it would be tedious to do so in this place. 44. We must next speak of the Peltry trade, that is the traffic in the skins of wild animals, of which men- tion has already been made. , t, , , After the time of Jacques Cartier and Roberval, European traders visited the St. Lawrence to procure skins from the Indians. Both in the waters, and in the forests, the Indian hunters killed various creatures, for the sake both of their flesh and their skins. Amongst the chief were, the Seal, the Porpoise, the Beaver, the Bear, the Ofer, the Wolf, the Fox, the Elh, the Lynx, the Martin, the Mink, the Weasel, and Muskrat. The traders brought, in exchange, knives, hatchets, cooking- vessels, and pieces of cloth, besides many other small articles. The skins and furs, of which the elk s and the beaver's were most valuable, were thus cheaply procured. But, in Europe, the traders sold them at high rates. Afterwards, when settlements were founded on llie banks of the'st. Lawrence by the French, the peltrv trade became a very great business. It was carried on by persons who acted for companies formed in France. y.i the course of time the traffic was pursued in iha moi?t distant parts of North America. i VWhl " Ilabilalion " of Champlaiii at Quebec, 1608. i CHAPTER VIII. Cliamplain. — The foundation of Quebec. 45. We xniist now make known to our readers that v^ery noble person whose name has been already men- tioned. Every lover of Canada thinks w.th pride and pleasnre of Samuel ch Champlaiii. 46. Like Jacques Cartier, Cliamplain was a great sea-captain during the earlier part of his life. He made several voyages to the West Indies. Afterwards, along with M. Pontegrav6, who was both a seaman and a merchant, he made a voyage to Tadoussac, at the mouth of the river Saguenay. From this place, the two went up the St. Lawrence in a large boat, as far as Cartier had been in the year 1535. Cham plain took notice of the different places on the river, which, in later years, became the sites of Quebec, Three Rivers, Montreal, aid Lachine. Next, he took part in the founding of Por^ i?oya? or Annapolis, and made voyages along the coasts of Mew 24 THK child's HISTOUY OP CANADA. England, Acadia, Cap-Breton, and of the regions sur- rounding the gulf of the St. Lawrence. All this hap- |,cned before the year 1608. Then, with his old friend Pontegrave in another vessel, he was sent by de Monts to found a colony in Canada. 47. While Pontegrave staid at Tadonssac to traffic with the savages, Champlain went higher up the river to the north end of the Isle of Orleans. Looking around he thought the scene both grand and beautiful. He went over to the foot of the lofty cliff, near the mouth of the small river St. Croix where Cartier had wintered in 1535, and landed there. The few savages to be seen were different from those of Carlier's time. There were now no traces of the Indian town, Stadacona, which Cartier had found near the St. Croix seventy three years before Champlain with the eye of a prophet, foresaw the advantage of making so goodly a place the chief sta- tion of the French power in New-France. 48 He, therefore, brought on shore his people, with their effects and supplies of food and arms. Men were set at work to raise a dwelling and storehouse. Others cleared ground, in which Champlain sowed seeds from France, in order to make trial, of the soil of Canada*. Steps were also taken to secure the station from attack and cannon were placed. The day of landing happened to be July 3rd, 1608; so this has been taken as the date of the foundation of Quebec 49. Champlain had come to found a colony and to remain as its ruler. He spent his time in putting for ward the works begun, and in preparing for cold weather. He had already learned, at Port Royal, what sort of winters might be looked for in Canada. Ponte- • See the cut at the head of this chapter. The site of the ancient premises, called •' the Habitation;' and of the first garden or cleared ground, where Champlain sowed seeds to try the soil of Canada, w now'that of a market place and buildings in the Lower Town of Qu^ ^'l? THE CHILD'S HISTORY OF CANADA. 25 grav6 went homo in llic autumn, while 30 men staid at Quebec with Champlain. Of theHe,22 died of scurvy during the winter ; only 8, who recovered from the disease, lived to see the spring of the year 1609. I » CHArTER IX. C'liamplain and the Indians. — Warfare against the Iroquois. 50. Champlain found out that the Montagnais, Hurons, Algcnquins, and other Indians of the North side of the St. Lawrence, were at war with the Iroquois. He desired to have the good will of all the savages, and especially of those who were to be the nearest neighbours of the French. But he soon saw that he must take a part in their quarrels. 8o he agreed witli the chiefs of the Montagnais, Hurons, and Algon- qnins, to aid them against the Iroquois. Their chiefs promised, in return, to help Champlain iu his designs, and to be good friends lo the French. 51. According to his agreement with the chiefs, Champlain was called upon by them to march against the Iroquois. This he did several times, in the years 1609, 1610, and 1615. It would take up more space than can be afforded in this little book to describe all the particulars. So we must confine ourselves to those which are most interesting. > In 1609 Champlain, and two Frenchmen, went with a large body of Montagnais, Hurons and Algonquins, in canoes, from the St. Lawrence into the river Richelieu — then called the *' river of the Iroquois." The course of this river led him into a beautiful lake, named, after himself, " Lake Champlain." Then another lake was reached, afterwards called *' >S'^ Sacrament,'" now " Lake George.'' On the shores of this, Champlain a»"a the Indians landed, being not far from the settle- ments of the Iroquois. In fact, they soon saw a party I 26 THE child's history OP CANADA. ifci of their enemies, who happened to be on their way towards the 8t Lawrence. It was the 28th of July 1600. Champlain placed his two French followers some distance apart from each other, and behind the trunks of trees. He told them to fire upon the Iroquois as soon as they saw him do so. Having guns, he expected that he and his two companions alone would put the enemy to flight. His Indian allies were drawn up in. a line. Just as the Iroquois were about to begin, Champlain suddenly shewed himself in front. They had never before seen such an object as he was, with his gun pointed towards them. Before their surprise was ended, he fired, killing a chief and woiuiding another warrior. Immediately afterwards, the two Frenchman fired. The Iroquois at once took to flight in all directions. The Canadian Indians, with loud yells, chased them. The Iroquois were completely defeated, many being killed and some taken prisoners. Thus Champlain helped his allies to gain an easy victory. 52. We must relate what happened after the battle, in order to shew the way in which the Indians used to behave towards their conquered enemies. First, from the head of each of those they had slain the scalp was torn off; that is, the skin, with the hair on. It was the custom of the Indians to do this, and to carry the scalps of their enemies, hangmg down from their girdles, as proofs of victory. Then, they lighted a fire, from which they took blazing sticks, and held the burning ends against dif- ferent^parts of the body of one of their prisoners. The poor creature did not shrink or groan He even sang his death-song, as they told him to do. They pulled off' the nails of his fingers and toes, drove pointed sticks into his arms, and cut out pieces of flesh from th-^m. Afterwards, dreadful to relatel when they had torn off* his scalp, they poured burning gum over his scull. Champlain looked ou, in horror, but the cruel wretches would not allow him to hmder them. At last. THE child's HISTORT OF CANADA. 27 he did put an end to the scene ; for, with his gun, he suddenly ended the life of the poor victim. Such was the way in which the Hurons, and Algon- quins truated one of their prisoners. When Champlain tried to save him, from them, they tola him it was proper to torment a captive, for they themselves would be dealt with in the same manner, if taken by the Iroquois. The other prisoners were carried off l)y the ^arrior^ to their own settlements. Champlain himself returned to Quebec. 53. In 1610 Champlain again marched with the Canadian Indians against the Iroquois. The events which occured were similar to those of 1609 — another battle, the defeat of the Iroquois, and dreadful cruelty towards the captives. In 1609 and 1610, when Champlain paid visits to Paris, he told the king all his doings in Canada. CHAPTER X. Champlain loses a great friend. — His trips across the Atlantic. — His marriage. — Madame de Champlain in Canada. 54. Henry IV, of France, who was a good friend of Champlain, heard, with pleasure, his report. This king's friendship procured for him the favour of other persons of wealth and high rank. Champlain liked this, becaise he wished to gain in France all the help he could for his colony in Canada. One of his chief wishes was to have the heathen Indians taught to be Christians. But this could not be brought about without sending amongst them priests to convert them. In course of time Champlain partly gained his end, through the favour h3 met w^ith at court, among the nobles and the clergy. Rut whftn hft visited Henrv IV. as mentioned above, he saw him for the last time. Some months afterwards, 28 THE child's history OF CANADA. as the kinff was ridiiig Ihrough the strnets of P»\rJs, he was killed by an nssnssin. 80 Champlain lost a power- ful friend. lie had returned to Canada in the spring ol 1610, and Iwid again holped the Ilurons and Algonquins to beat the Iroquois, when he heard of the king's death. The news led him to visit France again, fur fear the colony should be neglected, after losing such a friend. 55. Champlain made many trips across the Atlantic. In the summer season, he attended to his afTain;! in Canada, such as the buildings at Quebec, marching with the Indians against the Iroquois, travelling to distant parts, finding out new places and naming them, and ruling the people. But in the Autumn he often went to France to spend the winter, and make friends there for the colony. Sometimes he staid away two or threo years at a time. 56. When he was in Paris in 1611, he married a Jady whose Christian name was Hilene. After hor, he called an island in the St. Lawrence, near Montreal, *' St. Helens." This lady was very young nnd beautiiul She did not, at first, come to Canada, but afterwards spent several years there. The savages had never before seen a lady from Europe. They were so delighted With Champlain's kind and gentle wife that they looked upon her as an angel. After the fashion of those times she used to wear a small looking glass hung from her girdle. When the Indians came near her they could see themselves in the glass, and this made them think, and say, that she carried the image of each in her heart. She was very good indeed to the poor savages and their children. The country was then in a state too rough, and the w^inters too severe to allow of her staying long. So she went home again with her husband to Paris, but Champlain returned to his duties in Canada. 57. We must now say more about Champlain's jour- nies in the then unknown regions of North America. A full account of his travels would fill a large volume- \ \ f THE CHILDS niSTOHY OF CANADA. / V f\ Indeed, his own narmtive, forms a great book, which wns printed in Taris more than two hundred yenis ago CllArTKll XL Chiimpliiiii's Jouniics. 58. We have mentioned that Champlain, willi his friend Pontcgrnve, made his way np the St. Lawrence, above Hochelagn, before lie came to settle in Canada. Then, in 1609 and 1610, we have seen that he went with the Indians np the Ilir:helieii, into the lake called after his own name. j • i In 1611, he went again np to Hochelaga, and visited Lake St. Lonis and the Lake of Two Mountains. At this time he had with him n. mimber of Frenchmen m boats. Many Indians came down in canoes from the higher parts of the Ottawa river, bringing skins for traffic. The chiefs liked Champlain very much and asked him to come, along with his Frenchmen, to visit their hunting grounds and settlements. This he pro- mised, and really wished to do, but could not go until four years later. While at Hochelaga he caused his men to clear ground and to try the soil by sowing some kinds of seed. The place where this was done he named " Place Royale. ' It was where Montreal was afterwards built. o9. In May. 1613, he again went up to Hochelaga and staid a slort time at St. Helen's Island. At the end of the month he set out, witli an Indian guide and four Frenchmen, to visit the Chiefs in the Ottawa region. In those days the rivers formed the roads fo? moving through the country. But the rapids above Hochelaga, and those of the river Ottawa, could not be passed by people in boats. So Champlain and his companions had often to carry their canoes, ^„j c. — I ^i^v.«. tVic* roolrtr l->.jnk« Tbpv went, un I i 30 THE child's history OF CANADA the Ottawa to Allumette Island. There the French were kindly received by Algonquin chiefs. The savages of those parts were commonly called the *' Oliaicas^'' and were then ratlier numerous. While there, Champlain heard of " the Sea of the North " by • ranoc. r which was meant Hudson's Bay. He wns very anxious to reach it, but was obliged to content himself with such news of it as he cowld gain from the Indians. A great number of savages went down the Ottawa wif.h him, when he returned from Allumette Island. Th ir !anoes were loaded with skins. At Lake St. Louis a'.id Hochelaga the French bought these, and carried th< m to their ships at Quebec and Tadoussac. Champlain, ai ihis time, was the chief agent of a FrencVi company, which, every season, sent out ships and men to carry on the fur traffic. 60. Again, in 1615, Champlain made another jour- ney to the Ottawa This time, he crossed to Luke Nipissing, and thence to the shores of Lake Huron. Then passing down along the const of Georgian Bay, he arrived at the headquarters of the Huron Indians. These had many considerable towns or *' bonrgades," snrrounded by palisadesand Avell filled with inhabitants. They are said to have numbered about 30,000 sonls. Their country Avas the fine and fertile region, lying between the Georgian Bay and the lake now called *^ Simcoe." 61. It was early in August when Champlain arrived among the Hurons. As these were still at war with I •i:.;J*!\f>^if- ♦THE child's history of CANADA. 31 I the Iroquois, an army was made ready to march with him and the chiefs. To reach the country of the Iroquois, they crossed Lake Simcoe and moved io the north shore of lake Ontario, at the part now called the Bay of Ov.'^fe. Passing to the south shore of Ontario, they landed, and marched about 100 miles, until they came near the Iroquois settlements. It happened that the Iroquois were now much bet- ter prepared than before to stand their ground. They had a fort made of the trunks and branches of trees. Not being so afraid, as ihcy used to be, of fire arms, they defended themselves with bows, and arrows, and stones. The Hurons neither kept good order nor regarded Champlain's advice. Presently, Champlam waswounded,and the Hurons were beatenbackfrom the fort. After that, the Huron chiefs made up their nnnds to retreat. So they went back to Lake Ontario, and crossed over to the north shore. Champlain wished th n to give him boats and men, to take him down the St. Lawrence, from Lake Ontario to Hochelasa. I)Ut they pretended they could not do so. The fact is, the chiefs meant him to go back to their settlements and to spend the winter with them. This he felt forced to do, for, by the time they arrived at the Huron settlements, the winter had begun. 62. But this long journey was not without profit. Champlain took notice of the Ottawa regions, on his wav and also of many streams and lakes, as well as the' natives he met with. Lakes Nipissmg, Huron Simcoe and Ontario, became thus known to him, and to the world. He was able, besides, durmg the long winter to make friends of many Indians, whose tribes dwelt in the neighbourhood of Lake Huron. His object in doing this was pnrtly to lead them to come down to Hochela&a, Three Rivers and Quebec, to traffic. But he had aiiomer eiiu jn view, xnic ^vcco •.. g, .- .!, -- — become Christians, and, for that purpose, to allow 32 THE CHILlj'S HISTORY OF CANADA. iii3 1 \ themselves to be taught. For, through the friends he had made for Canada in France, priests were now ready to come amongst them. In fact, one named le Caron, of the order of Recv lie ts, had already made his way into their country. Champlain and le Caron, together, paid several visits to Indian tribes near Lake Huron. 6J. In May 1661, Champlain, with a large party of Hurons set out, from the Huron country for Hochelaga and Quebec. Forty days were spent on the way» and it was July before the journey was ended. He had bee a so long away that th people feared he was lost. So when they saw him again, safe among them, they were very joyful. They met together to thank God for bringing back to them one they loved so well. CHAPTER XII. The Missionnaries. — Champlain at Quebec. 64. One of the great aims of Champlain was to provide fur religion in the colony. He was a very pious man himself and wished others to be the same. When in France in 1609 and 1610, he tried to lead his friends to aid him in carrying out his wishes. Five years afterwards he brought out four religious persons (.if the order of RecoUets. He also built a chapel at Quebec. The four RecoUets were afterwards followed by others. They prepared ground near the river St. Croix, for a habitation and garden. The name of the river they changed to St. Chnrlcs, Some of the RecoUets went away as missionaries to the Indians, to teach them religion. Others were kept for service at Quebec, Three Rivers and Tadoussac. Some years later, in 1625, priests of another order came to assist the RecoUets. They were of the order of Jesuils, , \ I fl THE CHILr's HISTORY OF CANADA ] I 65. The missionaries, both Recollets and Jesuits, were men of wonderful patience and courage. They knew they would have to bear fatigue, heat, coIg hunger and pain, and, perhaps to end their days by a cruel death among the savages. Yet they went forth upon their work with cheerful zeal. At the French stations the priests held religious services for the people of the Colony. They also taught the children of the Indians, and converted as many of the parents as they could. The first missionary of the Hurons was le Caron, who has been mentioned before. 66. At Quebec, as well as the other stations, the French people under Champlain were the servants of a company in France. For their use the company sent out the food, clothing, and other things needed. Cham- plain's chief business was to attend to all the company's affairs as their agent. But he looked forward to a time when the country would be part of a great French empire in America. His mind was full of this idea. So he tried all he could to make the station of Quebec the beginning of a future city. He tried also to induce the company to send out settlers from France. However, for a long time, very few such came. The company neglected this part of their duty. They sometimes did not even send supplies enough for the people. Cham- plain went several times to France to try to mend matters. 67. In 1620 he made a great effort, for he desired to see the country become something more than a mere trading place. The King of France, then Louis XHI, appointed him his Lieutenant in Canada, and wrote a letter, praising his services. Afler this, besides being the company's agent, he was considered to represent the King. About this time also, the fort which had been built UL v^iieijcu wUvT UJi i/ujcut xjI iJtLcunuii ICr -.^iiaiiipluiii. iir. wished it made stronger and larger, so as to contain, if u THE child's HISTOUY OP CANADA. m required, all the people. Men were therefore kept constantly at work upon it. It stood upon the top of a precipice from which there was a fine view, and was named the Fort or Castle of St, Louis, Champlain had in view two objects. One was to defend the place n gainst the English, in case they should come up the St. Lawrence and try to destroy the French settlement in Canada, as they had already done in Acadia. The other was protection, both of the French colouists and the Canadian Indians, from the Iroquois. These fierce people kept up a ponstant warfare. They came into Canada, in bands, by the way of the River Richelieu and down from Lake Ontario. Sometimes, they fell upon parties of Algonquins and Hurons, on the land. At other times, they lay in wait for the Huron hunters when these were coming down the St. Lawrence, :)nd suddently darted out upon their canoes laden with skins from the upp^^r country. The poor Canadian Indians were thus continually robbed and ))ut to death. Sometimes the Iroquois warriors came as far as Quebec. They spared neither Indians nor French. In fact, ever since Champlain had first helped the Hurons and Algonquins, in 1609, the Iroquois looked upon the Fr.^nch with deadly hatred So Champlain was wise in providing a good fort at Quebec, lor defence, both against the Iroquois and the English. CHAPTER XIII. Champlain neglected. — A new Company. — Quebec taken by Kirkt. — C,hamplain taken prisoner to Europe. 08. Towards the year 1627 the Company of which Champlain was agent was very neglectful indeed. He was left short of all kinds of supplies, and had only ubout 50 men with him at Quebec. France and Englaad Were then at war. Champlain thougiit it quite Ukely that the English would try to take the place. Even I THE child's history of CANADA. 35 y with his few men he had no fears, except on account of the scarcity of fcod, gunpowder, and balls. But he and those with him, were almost left to starve. Perhaps the Jesuits and the RecoUets, from their gardens and lands Tomahawk. on the St. Charles could keep themselves ; and there were one or two famiUes who farmed, and could raise their own food. But all the others depended on the company, who left them helpless. In fact the company cared nothing for the Colony except to make gain by the fur traffic. 69. While matters were in that bad condition at Quebec, a new company, called the " Company of 100 Associates" was formed at Paris. A famous French statesman, Cardinal Richelieu^ was at the head of it. It look the place of the old company under which Chvimplain and Pontegrav^ had served. Immediately, ships with supplies for Canada were sent out. But they never reached Quebec. 70. An English commander, named Klrkt, came up the St Lawrence with several ships. This Avas in 1628. That year Kirkt came no farther than Tadoussac. Then he went down the river again, and took the French vessels which were bringing out supplies for Canada. The consequence was. Champlain and his people were nearly starved to death before the following spring. Still, they managed to support themselves until July 1G39, when Kirkfs ships were seen in the harbour of Quebec. /* mMih 3G THE CIIILDS HISTORY OF CANADA. ;.; i Kirkt called iii)oii Chiiinplaiii to surrender, lie km w the bad condition of the French and offered good terms Beiiij? without food, and means of defence, Chaniplain was forced to submit. Together with his friend Ponte- grave, and all under his command, except a lew fami- Ues who desired to remain, he went on board Ki/kt's vessel. He was then carried off to England, whence he passed over to France. The English took possession of Que^f Thus were all Champlain's hopes jyed. Ilis colony, after 21 years of labour and au ..ety wa^ now ruined. CHAPTEPw XIV. Cham plain Governor of Canada. -His death. 71. The English kept Quebec about three years, when in 1632, a treaty was made between Eng'and and France. Canada was restored to its former masters, the French. . The Company of 100 Associate?, who now received the charge of the country, appointed Chaniplain their cirirf officer. They gave him, however, a higher rank and more power than before. The King, also, gave him a hio-her commission. In fact he became Governor o( New^ France, instead of merely the chief agent of a tradinsj company. 72. In the winter of 1632 preparations were made in France for sending out a fleet, with settlers and supplies of all kinds. , ^o i r All was ready by March 1633, and, on the 23rd of that month, Champlain set sail at Dieppe. He had three armed ships, which carried 200 persons, with plenty of provisions, arms, and goods On May 23rd, Champlain arrived in the harbour of Quebec. It was a joyful day when the noble founder of the colony stepped ashore, and again took up iiis quarters in Fort St. Louis. .^mmb THE child's history OP CANADA. 37 7.i Much damage had been done while the Eiighsh held Quebec. The buildings in the place were ruined. The chapel, built in 1615, as well as the houses of the liecollets, and Jesuits, on the river St. Charles, and other structures, were destroyed. Champlain set to work to rebuild the place. A new Chapel was made. The Jesuits soon afterwards began a new and much larger building than they had before, which took the name of the " Jesuit's College of Quebec. Fort St. Louis was repaired and made stronger. As for the Kecollets, the Conipany of Associates refused to allow them to return to Canada. 74 Some of the new settlers were sent to Three Rivers. Here also, Champlain had buildings raised and a platform, with cannon mounted on it. To check the Iroquois he sent a party of men to build a small fort, on a little island called Richelieu, in the St. Lawrence, about halfway between Quebec and Three Rivers. 7,5 None were more pleased at Champlain s return than the Indians. They came in great numbers to wel- come him. The Chiefs who had known him in the Ottawa region, and at Lake Huron, made journies to Quebec, on purpose to see him again. The fur trafhc had fallen off during the stay of the English. Now it was restored. The Ottawas and Hurons agam came m their canoes, laden with skins, to trade at Hochelaga, Three Rivers, and Quebec. ^ , . 76 But Champlain did not live long after his return. In October, 1635, he fell sick. No longer able to go about, he lay in bed many weeks. Although he knew those who came near him, he was unable to attend to business, or to sign his name. On Christmas day he exDired. In his last moments he was attended by a Jesuit priest whom he loved, called Father le Jeiine. Wiien he was dead all the people were gnoved, feeling that they had lost a father and friend. . "•'V- '.Hi PORTRAIT OF CHAMPLAIN. CHAPTER XV. Charaplain's qualities. —His trials and efforts.— His pleasinjj manners. — His last illness and funeral. — His vault and bones found 221 years after his death. 77. Our young readers will not be sorry to have another chapter about Samuel de Champlain, for ho was such a man as we can scarcely speak of too much or too highly. Nor will they meet with many names in Canadian history, nor, indeed, in the history of any country, more worthy to be remembered and mentioned with respect. In short, he was so gpod in disposition and conduct, so faithful iii doing his duty, and his whole course of life was so full of examples of piety and wisdom, courage and industry, patience and perse- verance, that he deserves never to be forgotten. 78. Champlain was born in France,ataplace called Brouagesy in the year 1567. He was therefore forty one years old when he founded Quebec, and 68 at the time of his death. • . "•'>•■ '^^l TTTE OIIILDS HISTORY OF CANADA. 39 : 79. Ill the tt)sk of Iryinj,' to found a colony in O.nada lie spent about 30 years of his life. He must have borne 1 lany hardships. His voyages across the Atlantic, be- tween Canada and Franco, were at least fifteen in num- ber. He went to and fro in small crowded vessels, such as people now would not think of travelling in, even for a few days. At that time a passage usually lasted f,um two to three months. Often, the liftle ships, and crews, honoured by the presence of this noble person, were tossed about by storms until all on board were in danger of perishing. Sometimes the supplies of food and water ran short. Generally, there was suffering, as Well as loss of life, from scurvy. 80. Terhaps Champlain's most wonderful quality was perseverance. When every body else seemed will- ing to forget Canada, he never lost heart in its behalf [le spoke continually in favour of it, in public and in jrivate, in the houses of the great, in the camp, and in the King's court. To some he recommended Canada as a good country to settle in. To others, who were full of zeal for religion, he talked of the duty of teaching the poor Indians to know God. He used to say it was better to be the means of saving one soul than to found an empire. 81. He was very pleasing in his speech and manners. This, and his many voyages and writin.gs, made him well known and liked In France. Not only the priests and nobles, but the King also, for his sake, were induced to take a great interest in Canada and its inhabitants. The Savages always found him agreeable. The chiefs delighted in his friendly and jocose speeches. One of them said to him "you always please us and make us laugh." Once, to please them, he had some bears flesh cooked, and tried to eat it. They, of course, were delighted. But Champlain did not much relish that kind of food, for he said to a priest who was with him '« what would people say, in France, to such stuff, as a delicacy.^' t-ir V V e have already mentioned the long •^ •«! 40 THE nlllLT) S HISTORY OF CANADA. d'.st'diices the cliiels cuiiic to l)ehold and welcouio h\m on his return iu Canada in 1633. 82. On Christmas day, 1635, he died, after he had been ill about ten weeks. During his ilhiess, the Jesnit Fathers, Charles Lalemant and Paul le Jeune, waited upon him. Although he could not move about, or even sign his name, he gave many proofs of patience, and of his concern for tlie welfare of the colony. His remains were followed to the church by the people, soldiers, Indian chiefs and converted savages— all wish- ing to shew their love for him, and their respect for his memory. When the burial services were ended, le Jeune opened and read aloud a letter. This had been placed in his care some time before. It made known to the people of the colony the name of the officer who was to rule, until Champlain's successor should arrive from France. 83. Champlain's body was put into a stone vault, made for the purpose. It is thought that a small chapel was afterwards built over it. But this being destroyed by fire, the exact spot remained unknown until the year 1856, when, by accident, some workmen came upon the vault and bones of the founder of Quebec. Le Jeune, who gives a short account of Champlain's death and burial, observes, that, although he died outside of his native country France, " his name will be none the less qlorious to posterity:' M any rate Canada is fortunate in having had such a man to be her first Governor. CHAPTER XVI. The Governors after Chainpluin. 84. The valiant and faithful Champlain being dt-ad other Governors, from time to time, were sent out by " The Company of Associates " to rule the colony. Of these Governors, up to the year 1663, a list is given at the end of this chapter. They were all old officers, T •Wl-.«i T THE child's history OF CANADA. 41 pious and brave, who had served in the armies of the King of France. 85. Every new (Governor brought with him a few soldiers. The priests, people of the colony, and Indinns, used to receive him as if he, were the Kmg himself. Guns were fired and the keys of the Fort presented, and then all marched up in proc(^ssion from the water s edge. On the way they had to pass near a huge wooden cross planted on the rising ground. In flunt of this the new Governor and his followers knelt for a time aaer which all went on towards a small church or chapel on the high ground, where divine service was held. Thence the Governor and his officers marched to the Fort, their future residence. 86. But, in those times, not only was the whole country very wild and rough , but the real power of the Governor over it was very small indeed. The few people of the colony, as well as the C anadian Indians, were obedient and loyal. But in ail parts, except the immediate neighbourhood of Quebec, the Iroquois were the actual possessors. Ever since Champlain had aided the Hurons, Algonquins,and Montagnais, against these fierce savages, the French and their Indian allies were never safe from attacks Sometimes the Iroquois were so bold as to approach the French enclosures, near the mouth of the St. Charles. More than once, a newly arrived Governor had to rise hastily from the banquet table in the Fort, in order, with his officers and soldiers, to chase aw^ay some prowling band of Iroquois warriors. On these occasions the savages easily escaped mto the woods, taking with them, perhaps, some prisoners and scalps. - In fact, brave as were those old Governors, ihey were scarcely able to maintain the existence of the colony. 87. The reason why the Governors could do so little to protect the colony and to cause its growth, was, the rip.o-lect of the Company of Associates. The Company, did not really care for the colony except to makJ profit /n 42 THE CillLDS H1ST0I\Y OF CANADA. out of the peltry trade. They did not send out soldiers enounh. Althuufrh, bptwc(«n the yc^ars W2^ and l()b.i, thev were l)ound to send 4000 colonists or settlers only a fpAV hundreds were actually brought by them. 1 hero fore if it had not been lor other causes, the colony under the Company of Associates would have come to nothinff, , ,, -i .i 88. In the next few chapters, we shall^ read the particulars of the most interesting events in Canada during the time when it was in charge ol the Company of Associates. The governors of this period, after Champlain were the following, M. Montmagny f"Mfi^« In Ifitl M. D'AiUeboust from 648 o 6.^1 De Lausons (father and son) . from 1651 to lb58 M. D'Argenson Irom b58 o 6bl M. D'Avaugour from 1661 to 166^ CHAPTER XVII. Madame de la Peltrie and Marie Guyait. 89. Madeleine de Chmivujuy, who is better known by the name of Madame de la Pdlne was a beautiful and wealthy French lady. Her husband M. de la Peltrie, died, leaving her a widow only 22 years o d. She had heard of Canada, or New France from the accounts brought by Champlain. She had also read of the poor heathen Indians, from the letters sent o France by Champlain's friend and confessor 1 an I le Jeune. She became filled with the desire of devo ing her wealth and services to the object of providing education for those of her own sex m Canada. Her friends, in vain, opposed her design, and she crossed the ocean to Quebec, where she landed on Aug. 1, Ibdy. She was accompanied by Marie Guyart and two othei ladies, with wnuse an^ n^r plwl»v.»^- ------ convent of the religious order called the Ursvlmes. In ."^ftf'-Jte THE child's history OF CANADA. 43 . V the same vessel there came three "J'^^^;^ f^"\,^ \ ^ the Duchess cV Aipiillon, to open an Ilosiutal called the «' llnlrl. ry,n,r Furniture, and all things necessary, lolli fur the Hospital and the Cunveiil, were brought. MADAME DE 1-A PEl.TRlE. Madame de la rellrio and her companions were re3eived with much respect and ^f r^"^^^"/ 1;^ , ;i' Governor, M. Montmagny. He gave them the ^r minds rrnuired for buildings and gardens, and did all he coild to protect them, and to aid them m carrying out ^^'smln^hy means of work and supported by Madame de la Peltrie, the first Ursulme ^;onve"W^^;^ Quebec was bnilt, and, near to it, a small stone house for her own use. 90. The Savages were much pleased to witness the arrival of Madame de la Peltrie and her party. Some of them had seen one French lady, Madame (.hai- Dlain who had come to Quebec twenty years before. But Ihose whom they now beheld were clothed in strange jrurments, such as had never been seen rntli^ (.olony. She caused thein to bo told that she, and those with Her "were daughters of chiefs of France, wno, for love ^ ■..■0 si 44 THE GUILDS HISTORY OF CANADA. oflhem. had left country, friends, and all the deliguts of their' native land, in order to teach^their children, and to save them from everlasting rum." As soon as possible, young Indian girls and those of the French colonists, were taught regularly at the new convent. 91 Madame do la Peltrie continued, during the rest of her life, to devote herself to the undertakmg. She remained in Canada, and died in the year 1671. The convent which she founded exists to this day Many thousands of the daughters of French Colonist?, have been educated there. 92 Madame de la Peltrie's chief assistant in found- in^ her convent was Marie Guyarl, better known by he'r religious name " Marie de V Incarnaliony She also was a widow, had heard of Canada, and wished to devote herself to teaching the heathen. She became known to Madame de la Peltrie, and joyfully agreed to go with her. , ^ ,, -r i r She proved to be a person wonderfully gitted. In less than three months from the time of her arrival at Quebec, she learned the languages of the Hurons and AKonnuins, well enough to speak them, and to teach nie° Indian children. The Jesuit father le Jeune was her instructor. She was the first Superior of the Ursulins convent. She died in 1672, a few months after her friend de la Peltrie. 93 These two women are famous characters in the early history of Canada. They suffered many trials in the course of their labour of more than 30 years. One of the hardest trials they had to bear was the burning of their convent in 1650. This happened in the night time when the weather was extremely cold. The inmates were suddenly roused from sleep by the flames. Although all their lives were saved, yet their property was lost T\ie^T had to make their escape from the burning budding half-clad and barefooted, the ground being deeply covered with snow. V i" > II- \ \\ / p ¥ r, 1 \ / / THE child's history OF CANADA. 45 All in the colony were very sorry for the destruction of the convent. M. d'Ailleboust was then Governor. He and every one who could, aided the Ursuhnes m their distress. Oe la Peltrie and her friend the superior exerted themselves to have the convent rebuilt, l^or this, assistance was sent to them from France, so that, after a time, another building was raised upon the same foundations. The superior herself looked after the work as it went on. , . , u ^ +„,,M,f The vounff Indian and French girls werQ often taught in classes, under the shade of an immense ash-tree, which srew near, and which, until a few years since, was still to be seen on the convent premises, although more than 500 years old. CHAPTER XVm. M. de Maisonneuve.-The foundation of Ville-Marie (Montreal.) 94. About three years after the foundation of the Hotei-Dieu, and the Ursuline Convent, at Quebec, a noble person, named U. de Maisonneuye, arrived from France. He had been chosen to bring out colonists and to found settlements on the island on which Mount Royal stood, and which had been the site of the fncient Indian tov/n Hochelaga. Already this territory had begun to be called by its present name, for he Company that sent out M. de Maisonneuve was styled the " Company of the Island of Montreal. Maisonneuve brought with him about 50 men, able both to till the ground and to use ^^^^hke weapcms. By him and his followers, on May I8th 1642, the first settlement on the Island was founded and named VUle- Marir. It was a little nearer to the mountain than Hochelaga, and became afterwards the site ot the modern city, Montreal. , 9:i. Maisonneuve ^Tas a truly brave and pious man. He had a very hard task before him, for the Iroquois, 46 THE child's history OF CANADA. like a scourge, troubled the first settlers. Those savages prowled around, watching for oppokainities of fall ma upon and scalping the colonists. In fact, the French ' never dared to work alone at any distance from their habitations, or without having beside them their fire, arms and swords. Small wooden forts were built, and enclosures sur- rounded by palisades, so that when the Iroquois came, the men might have places for instant shelter. Sometimes the savages came in parties of two or three together, to plague the French and to entice them out to fight. But Maisonneuve was too prudent to allow this. He knew that when his people were a little wav beyond their defences, they would meet, perhaps, hundreds of warriors, Waiting to overpower them. However the French were so constantly teased in this way that they became impatient. They called upon their leader to conduct them to battle. Maisonneuve still refused, until at length his people began to say he was afraid. The valiant knight then saw fit to head a laro-e party of his men in pursuit of some Iroquois. It wa'^s as he had foreseen. They soon fell in with a great band of Iroquois, waiting to receive them. In the battle which followed, the French were hard pressed. Several were slain, and the rest, now aware of their error, obli"-ed to fall back. Maisonneuve, with a few chosen officers, covered the retreat. He retired slowly back- wards, cutting down the savages as they came near, and was the last to ta^ve shelter behind the defenc. s. After this, his people no longer were heedless of his warnings, or pretended to oharge him with fear. The snoi where the chief part of this fight occurred is that now called the '' Place crArmesr It happened on March 30ih, UU. 96. Maisonneuve several times made voyages to France in order to procure more settlers and soldiers. He had the aid of M. d'Ailieboust, who was afUMwards Governor. Through his care "r'\ bravery, Maisrnneuve I J THE CII.l.L'ri IIISTOIIY OF CANADA. 47 contrived to preiservc tin? Island from being entirely overrun by the Iroquois. mi- w Ho was a very pious niaii, hkir. Vliamplain. tie induced rebgious peisoiis of both sexes, to come out from France to settle at Ville-Marie. 97 On one occasion, when there happened to be a jrreat freshet, he vowed to carry up and plant a wooden cross upon the mountain, in case God should cause the waters to subside. The waters did subside, without doing; the injury he feared. Then the pious knight fulfiUed his vow. At the head of the religious persons and people of the Island, he marched m procession, carrying a heavy cross on his shoulders Reaching a high spot, he then planted the cross in the sight of all. 93. Although Maisonneuve wasro brave and so good a man, he was made to sutfer from enmity, ihe Governors d'Argenson, d'Avaugour, and especially de Mesv, were unfriendly towards him. Ihe last named governor even ordered him to leave the country He seems to have rtot Imally given up his post at Ville- Marie until about 1670. In his old age he was hono- rably maintained at Taris by those whom he had served. , , . . n .i „ 99. Notwithstanding the troubles arising from the attacks of the Iroquois, the inhabitants of Ville-Marie, and the surrounding settlements increased and pros- pered, as much as, if not more than, in the other parts yf Canada. CHAPTER XIX. The Missionaries.— Warfare between the Iroquois and the Canadian Indians. 100 We have now to speak again of the Mission- rries. These, as the young reader already knows, were the ministers of religion sent from Franne to go ^non^- the Indians, and to teach them ^o become ChrisTians. They were men for whom no one can help '*>».■..«.,, i i ■^i 4\ is I J: 48 THE child's history OF CANADA. feeling the utmost respect and admiration. They went forth upon their duties with zealous delight, knowing that they would meet perils on their long jourmes through the wilderness, and, afterwards, hardships, cruelly, and, perhaps, painful deaths, when they came among the Indian tribes. Then, they never shrank from living with them, in their filthy cabins, eating, with cheerfulness, the coarsest food, and bearing with their rude habits and manners. The courses of the rivers were then the only routes of travel. At shallow places, and where there were rapids, the missionaries had to assist in carrying the canoes along the banks. Besides this, each bore a pack or bundle, containing food, clothes, and articles, needed in the missionary work. 101. About the year 1644, when warfare raged fiercely between the Iroquois and the Canadian Indians, there were, every where in Canada, the greatest alarm and distress. Neither the French, nor their savage allies, were spared by the Iroquois whenever these could come at them. But the missionaries, without fear, passed to and fro, between Quebec and the distant regions of the upper Ottawa and Lake Huron. 102. A few years later it became clear that the Iro- quois were getting the better of the Hurons and Algonquins. These were driven from the great rivers Ottawa, and St. Lawrence, and from their usual hunting grounds. They were even attacked in their own settle ments and bourgades. Still the faithful missionaries would not forsake them. As might have been expected, not a few thus risked and lost their lives. In the next chapter we shall give an account of the end of several of those courngeous and worthy men. 1' , 1 CHAPTER XX. 1 Murder of Missionaries.— Conqiiost of the Hurons. 103. Amongst the Missionaries who suffered death nt the hands of the Indians were the foUowinji: : Nicolas Viel^ Isaac Jogues, Anthony Daniel, John Brcbceuf, Gabriel Lalemant, Charles Gamier and Nalal Chahanel 104. Viel was a priest of the order of RecoUets. He had been for some time a missionary among the Hnrons, along with le Caron. In the year 1625, he was returning from the upper Ottawa. He had with him a young Indian hoy and an Indian guide. As their canoe was passing down one of the outlets of the Ottawa, called the Des Prairies River, just behind Montreal, the savage guide suddenly threw him and the child into the water. The current there was very swift, so that they were both drowned. That part of the river has since borne the name of " The Recollcta' Rapid.'' 105. Isaac Jogues was a Jesuit missionary In Ibl'i he was taken captive with several others, by a party of Iroquois, and carried off to their settlements south t)f Lake Ontario. There he^ was treated with the utmost cruelty, until, after many months, he made his escape down the river Hudson. Jogues agpin came to Canada. He was chosen to go on an errand of peace to the Iroquois settlements, the chiefs having desired this. Notwithstanding his former captivity and sufferings he trusted himself fear- lessly amongst them. His business with them beiu;": ended, he set out on his return to Quebec. He had even promised to go back to them and to live amongst them as a missionary. In 164.6, he was on his way to fulfil that promise. Suddenly, a bnnd of Iroquois fell upon his party. He was seized, bou .J, ard hur- ried onwards to the M'^hawk villages. Instead of being received as a missionary, he was treated as a 50 THE CHILD S HISTORY O*' CANADA. a i 11 |)riooiier taken in war. In fact, the fickle savages had changed their minds, determined to remain at war with the French. There happened at that time to be a fever raging in the Iroquois villages. Their crops also were being destroyed by swarms of grass- hoppers and caterpillars. The brutal savages accused Jogues of being the cause of the fever and of the ruin of their crops. In consequence he was tormented and finally killed His head, and that of one of his compan- ions, were cut off and fixed on the ends of poles, while their bodies were thrown into a neighbouring river. 106. Daniel was killed by the Iroquois in July 1648. He was on duty in one of the Huron villages, Avhere he had a small wooden chapel. While he was calling the people together for religious services, a band of Iroquois rushed upon the place. Most of the Huron wprriors were absent. Those who remained cr-.wded mto the little chapel for refuge. " Fleo ' said Daniel to the terrified Hurons, " as for me, I must stay, and here will I die." While those to whom he spoke were escaping behind the building, he himself, in his robes, passed to the front, and suddenly stood before the Iroquois. Soon a shower of arrows and musket balls put an end to his life. He fell dead, uttering the name of Christ. The Iroquois then Set the chapel on fire, and flung Daniels body into the flames. 107. Ill the year following the death of Daniel, no less than four Jesuit missionaries were murdered by the Iroquois. These were Brebceuf, Lalemant, Garnier and Chabanel. All four were serving in the Huron country. Breboeuf and Lalement were together at a station named by the French St. Ignatius. On the morning of March 16th, 1649, about 1000 Iroquois warriors assailed, tne piace. The Hurons s.nt away their women and children !? \ THE GUILDS HISTORY OP CANADA. 51 I 4 to a neighbouring village, called St. Louis. They then asked the two missionaries to retire, as war was not the business of ministers of religion. But BrebcBuf told them that they would not go, as something more than fire and steel would be wanted at such a time, which he and Lalement alone could supply. He meant, of course, religious attendance upon the wounded and dying. Soon the Iroquois broke in, and the Hurons were put to flight. The two missionaries, instead of seeking their own safety, remained to comfort the dying Huron warriors. Being seized, they were bound, and placed not far from each other, fastened to posts. Close at hand, the Iroquois were torturing their other ca[)tives. Breboeuf, with fearless aspect, encouraged all around him bidding them think of heaven, and bear their sufferings with patience. The Iroquois then proceeded to torment him and Lalement. They cut ofl^ pieces of flesh from their bodies, and hung heated pieces of iron round their necks, like collars. Lalement tried to approach his fri'.nd, to embrace him, but was hurled back by his jormentors. Breboeuf continued all the time to utter words of comfort to his friends and of warning to the Iroquois. He knew and could speak their language as well as that of the Hurons. The Iroquois were so enraged that they cruelly cut oif his lips and forced a burning brand into his mouth. But they were unable to force him to utter a single cry or moan. When the wretches found their victim so superior to all their efforts, they thought of a device almost too dreadful to relate. They scalped him and then poured hot water over his scull in mockery of the rite of baptism! They called him by his Indian name, saying *' Echon ! you have said, that, the more people 52 THE child's UlSTOllY OF CANADA. m 11 ! Ill suffer here, the greater will be their reward in heaven ; now, thank us for what we make you suffer " 'J'he bodily strength of Breboeuf was now fast sink- ing, but still no sign of pain escaped him. Then, as if "desiring to end the scene, the savages clove open his chest with a hatchet, tore out his heart, and devoured it ! ,. j Such was the end of John BrebcBuf, Lalement lived some hours after his friend had expired. 108. In the same year, but some months later. Gamier and Chabanel were massacred. But their ends were not so dreadful as those of Breboeuf and Lalement had been. 109. These attacks upon the Hurons ruined them. They deserted their towns and vil'ages, and lied in all directions. Some took refuge amongst neighbouring tribes Others made for the islands, and distant parts of the shores of lake Huron. In the course of the following year, the remaining French missionaries, with the relics of the Huron nation, made the best of their way down to the lower St. Lawrence. Thus many reached Quebec. Some years later the7 were placed at Lorelle. There a few descendants oi the once numerous Huron tribes are to be seen at iht? present day. CHAPTER- XXI. Bollard's heroism saves the Colony frcra ruin. 110. After the conquest of the Hurons, the Iroquois did not cease from their attacks upon Canada. 1^'rom year to year, their bands scoured the country, so that no one was safe outside the principal stations. The scattered Algonquins and Montagnais, as w.U as the remains of the Hurons, near Quebec, were the constant objects of attack. French and Indians alike were THE child's History oi^ Canada. 53 slaughtered wherever the Iroquois could find them. It is related that *' nothing was to be seen between Tadoussac and Ville-Marie, but traces of havoc and bloodshed." The company of Associates could or would do nothing to protect and assist the colony. The Governors, de Lauson, d'Argenson, and d'Avaugonr were helpless, except merely to save the principal stations., Tadoussac, Quebec, Three Rivers, and Ville- Marie. As no aid came from France, the Iroquois became more and more troublesome, while the people of the colony, from year to year, lost heart. Thus matters went on until the year 1660. 111. In the last named year, when nearly every body was in despair about the safety of New-France, the Iroquois prepared to make a great and final attack. Their plan was to fall upon Ville-Marie. first, with 1200 warriors. After destroying that place they were to come upon Three Rivers, and, finally upon Quebec. Thus they hoped to conquer the colony, and to kill or drive away all tbreigners from the "banks of the St. Lawrence. When their deadly plans were about to be carried ©ut, the wonderful valour of a few saved the country. 112. A band of 44 Hurons from Quebec, wishing to visit their ancient hunting grounds, passed up to Three Rivers, and thence to Ville-Marie, They meant to fight any war-party of the Iroquois they might fall in vith. At Ville-Marie they were welcomed by a French captinin named Dollard who had already prepared to march, with 17 rbllowers, aga'inst the Iroquois. Captain Dollard and his men had lesolved to sacrifice their lives in order to preserve the existence of the colony. Lar,:5e bodies of Iroquois were then on the banks of the River Ottawa, not far from the St. Lawrence, and were n\aking preparations for attack upon Ville-Marie. To ujijose these, Dollard, having now 61 Ibllowers, French nen and Indians, left Ville-Marie and marched 54 THE CHILD S HISTORY OF CANADA. iSl! towards the Ottawa until they found themselves so near the Iroquois that they could not hope to remain longer unperceived. They then hastily made a kind of fort with the trunks and branches of trees, on the bank of the Ottawa; close to some falls or rapids. Presently the Iroquois scouts found thern, and their warriors, to the number of six or seven hundred, came up and began to surround the fort. They expected, of course, to make an easy prey of Dollard and his small band. But the position was a very strong one, so that Dollard was able to drive back the Iroquois w»th great slaughter. This happened a great number of times. During eight days the Iroquois kept up their attacks fiercely. Each day a few of DoUard's men fell, but a iDYge number of Iroquois. At length the ammun'tiou of the defenders began to fail, as well as their strength. In the end, the Iroquois forced their way into the fort. Dollard and his men all perished, excepting two or three Hurons. These escaped, and carried to Ville- Marie and Quebec the news of what had hai)pei.ied. When the enraged Iroquois had put to death all the w^oiinded Frenchmen and Hurons, they began to think of the time they had spent, and the number of warriors they had lost, in taking this post. A mere handful of Frenchmen had been able to fight one half of their whole force during eight days. What might- they not expect theii, should they niuk.t their proposed attacks upon Ville-Marie and Quebec '? Sr they gave up their design, and soon afterwards, it became known at all the French stations on the St. Lawrence that the Iroquois were retiring to their own settlements. Thus the heroism of Dollard and his followers was the means of putting an end, for the time, to the plan** that had been formed by the Iroquois for utterly destroying the Colony in the year 1660. ., CIIAPTKll XXII. Tho fndlana and the Ijiijuor Tiaflio. — Bishop Laval. 113. In return for furs and skins, the Indians received from tlie traders all kinds of useful things, brought from Europe — such as fire arms, powder and shot, cloth, cooking vessels, and tools. But there was nothing which the traders could supply for which the Indians cared so much as they did for ^'fire-waters This was tho name they gave to brandy, or what the French called '< e cm de-vie.*' The savages came to be so i'ond of fire-water that they would part with every thing iliey had in order to obtain it. When they had nothing else left, their clothing, and even their chiklren» Avould be offered in payment for drink. The French traders on the St. Lawrence, the Dutch and English on the Hudson, and the Spaniards in parts farther south, made known the use of fire-water to the savage tribes throughout North America. The effect upon the poor ravages was very sad. All their other faults and vices were made worse by drunkenness. At Quebec, and near other stations where there were Indian ciuiverls, the love of drink put an end to their care for religion. Some of the missionaries complained that the labour of 30 years had been undone. 114. To stop these evils, strict laws were made, for- bidding the sale of liquors to the savages. But the traders did not heed those laws, for, with the aid of fire-water, they could make good bargains. Sometimes the Governors were not very strict in punishing those who broke the laws. The traders said, that, if they should allow no drink at all, the Indian hunters would not return, but would go and deal with the Dutch and English. Many persons at Quebec and other French stations thought the same. Ro thfTe was p.inch difference of opinion and even quarrelling about what was called " the liquor trajjit," li I 56 THE child's history OP CANADA. Some were entirely against it. Others would either not go so fiir us that, or would leave the matter alone, ifs. The cltTgy were all of one mind on the sub- ject. They wished the use of " tau-de-vie " in trade to be altogether done away with. At their head was Bishop I.aval, commonly called the first Bighop of Quebec. He complained to the king of France agamst the Governors, d'Argenson and d Avaugour, for not BISHOP LAVAL. being strict enough about the liquor traffic. Each, in. turn, was recalled from Canada. Other Governors, afterwards, namely M. de Mesy, and Count Fron- tenac, were complained of by Bishop Laval for the same reason. 116. Bishop Laval came to Canada in 1659. He was of a noble family in France. It is not likely he ever saw Champlain ; but doubtless he had read pv^«w,r.ioin'e v^»*ifino'« «« w^U «« the renorts which the Jesuit Missionaries used then to send home to i? ranee, THE child's history OF CANADA. 57 , every year. These reports were called *• Thn relations of the Jesuits''* Thus Laval must have known all about Canada before he came out. Bishop Laval founded the Seminary at Quebec. It was for the education of Priests. He also founded what was called the ^^ Little Scminan/."' These insti- tutions exist to this day, although one of them has been made into an University. Like Champlain, Laval made several passages across the sea, in order to benefit Canada at the Court of France. He lived until 1708, in which year he died at Quebec, at the ago of 86. Laval is one of the principal characters in the history of Canada. CHAPTER XX in. Bad state of the Colony from 16GI to 166;}.— The earthquakes of 1663. 117. While the disputes were going on at Quebec about the liquor traffic, the other troubles of the colony were increasing. Although the heroic conduct of Bollard, had, for the time, caused the Iroquois to retire, yet these savage enemies soon sent on their war parties as before. 118. In the the year 1661, the Governor, M. d Avau- goiir, brought out from France a body of soldiers, whose arrival caused great joy. The colonists were thus enabled to at least hold their own at their principal stations and trading posts, during the next two years. Still, the state of affairs grev.^ worse and worse until the year 1663. By this time the poor harassed colonists were on the brink of despair. Their enemies, the Iroquois, could, whenever they chose, bring against them more armed warriors than there were French people in the whole colony, counting men women and children. It seemed to be only a question of time when it might 58 THE child's history OF CANADA. 4; suit their fierce foes to make n grand final attack. For help to fight them, and beat them off from their stations and settlements, they could depend but little on their Indian allies. For these were too timid. Ever since the conquest of the Huron nation, about 14 years before, the Canadian Indians usually ran away at the first sight of Iroquois warriors. 119. Then, at this time, the colonists, were kept in a state of great alarm by earthquakes. These began in February 1663. Sometimes the shocks were very violent and were felt, from time to time, during several months. The unusual sights and sounds which were witnessed frightened all the inhabitants, both French and Indian, very much. 120. But, while matters were in this bad state in Canada, steps were being taken in France, to relieve the suffering colonists and save them from destruction. CHAPTER XXIV. Steps taken in Franee to succour Canada. — The Viceroy de Tracy. — The Carignan Regiment. — Forts on the Richelieu. — Conduct of the Iroquois. — Arrival of Governor de Courcelle, and of Jean Talon. 121. The friends of the colony besought King Louis XIV to take steps for the relief of his subjects on the banks of the St. Lawrence. He was made to understand that they were in danger of perishing, and that the whole territory was likely to be lost to France. Among the King's counsellors was Bishop Laval, who was then on a visit to his native country. The King listened to them and followed their advice which was to do away with the Company of Associates, and to make Canada a Royal Government ; also to order out troops enough to protect the colonists and to chastise the cruel Iroquois. IT! M. THE CHILD S HISTORY OF CANADA. 59 ■■t At the same time, a high officer, the Marquis de Tracy, with the title of Viceroy, was appointed to go to Quebec and settle all the affairs of the colony. 122. Allhough the Viceroy did not come immediately, yet a new Governor, M. de Mesy, arrived in the middle of September 1663. He brought with him about 100 families of new colonists, also animals, tools and seeds, as well as some soldiers. Bishop Laval returned to Canada in the same ship with the Governor j and there were, in the company, several military and law officers. We can readily understand how pleased the people were to welcome these arrivals. The sight of so many persons come to join them, and the news of the King's intention to soon send plenty of soldiers to fight and punibh the Iroquois, cheered the hearts of all. The Iroquois also, soon came to know those things, and this knowledge served to keep their prowling bands from coming so near to Quebec as before. They even sent messengers to talk about peace with Governor de Mesy. The Governor pretended not to believe them, and threatened them with war in their own country. They continued in the next two years, to trouble the trading stations and settlements above, the same as before; especially Three Rivers. 123. The Viceroy started from Prance in February 1664 Instead of coming straight to Canada, he went to visit the French Colonies in the West Indies. His duties there, and other causes of delay, prevented his arrival at Quebec before June 30th 1665. On that day he landed in great pomp, with his officers and soldiers, marching to the sound of trumpet and drum. Gaily clad pages led twelve beautiful horses. His soldiers belonged to a famous corps called the '* Carignan Regiment^' of which several companies had already come out shortly before the Viceroy. Other companies came in the course of the next few weeks, it was September before the last of them, witii supplies of '.'•I 1 60 THE CHILD S HISTORY OF CANADA. arms and warlike stores, reached Quebec. They numbered, in all about 1300 men. 124. It was now too late, that season, to invade the Iroquois territories. But no time was lost in making preparations. Soldiers and volunteers had already been sent up for the relief of Three Rivers, and to begin building Forts on the banks of the Rlchellrn,. This river was then called the '^ Iroquois River." It was Ihe usual route of the Savages when they came to harass the French on the banks of the St. Lawrence. These forts were begun at the places now namec. Sorely Cliambly and Si. Johns. Learning that forts were being built, and that other preparations for war were being made, some of the Iroquois tribes agaia sent messengers to Quebec to treat of peace with the Viceroy. But the Mohawks, or Agniers, and the Oneidas sent no messengers. 125. With the last of the soldiers that arrived at Quebec in September 1665, another Governor came, M. de Courcelle. He took the place of Governor de Mesy, who had died about 4 months before. At the same time ainother high officer arrived, J/ Jean Talon, with the title of Royal Inlendant. V \ CHAI'TER XXV. De Tracy marches against the Iroquois and chastises the Mohawks. 126. The time was now come for punishing the Iroquois on account of their conduct during the past .30 years. The Mohawks and the Oneidas, had been by far the most hostile and cruel. So with these the Viceroy proposed to begin. In the spring of 1666, he set out, by way of Three Rivers, and the forts on the Richelieu. He took with him 1300 soldiers, Canadians and Indians. To reach the country of the Mohawks, it was THE CHILD S HISTORY OF CANADA. 61 V V necessary to pass through Lake Champlain,and thence to Lake George, then named Lake St, Sacrement. After that, there was a long and difficult march, through forests and swamps, and across rivers. Although the Viceroy was upwards of 70 years old, yet he would go with the troops. De Courcelle con- manded under him. 127. A great part of the season was spent in reaching the villages or cantons of the Mohawks. The French hoped these barbarians would stand and fight. Instead of doing that, when the French came near, they fled into the forest. A few prisoners were taken. Immense quantities of maize were found, upon which, with other crops, and provisions, the Indians depended for support in the next winter. These de Tracy ordered to be burnt, together with all the habitations. When the work of destruction was ended, it was proposed next to move towards the Oneida villages. But it was now the end of October, and quite time to return to Canada. So the Viceroy sent a message to the Oneidas by one of his prisoners. They were informed that the French army would next come to them, and punish them in the same way as the Mohawks After a very troublesome march homewards, the forts on the Richelieu, and Quebec, were reached in safety. 128. The loss of their dwellings, and of their supplies of food for the winter, proved to be a most severe puniihment to the Mohawks. Many died of cold and starvation. When spring came, both the Mohawks and the Oneidas were glad to beg for peace. This time, no doubt, they were sincere, for they sent to Quebec some of their own people as hostages; they also restored many French captives. Some of these had been kcjfat by them so long in captivity that they had forgotten F ?■ \ m 62 THE child's history OF CANADA. their mother tongue. At the same time the Iroquois messengers besought the Viceroy to send Missionarifs to live among their tribes and to teach them religion. Therefore a peace was made which lasted about 18 years. 129. Having thus punished the Iroquois, and set m order the ailiiirs of Canada, de Tracy returned to France in the year 1667. CHAPTER XXVI. Talon, the Royal Intendant. 130. King Louis, by the advice of a wise minister named Colbert, hQ.d chosen Jean Ta/on to serve in the colony as Royal Intendant. From the day of his arrival at Quebec, soon after the Viceroy, until "that of his departure, five years later, Talon's services to Canada were great and lastir^g. His name and memory deserve the same high place in Canadian History which we have already given to Cham plain and Laval. In the course of the autumn of 1665, his wonderful abilities and prudent counsel greatly assisted the Vice- roy, who was then preparing his expedition against the Iroquois. Indeed, without the aid of a man like Talon the Viceroy could not have succeeded as he did in that affair. It was Talon who had the task of fiirnishing the fleets of boats and barges, and the army uf boatmen needed to convey the troops from point to point, on their long route from Quebec to the forts on the Richelieu, and thence, along with their provisions and warlike stores, through the lakes and the wilderness fo the country of the Iroquois. This was a great and difficult task in tliat age. But Talon performed it well, both for the march to the distant Cantons, and for that homewsrd. . r^ , 131. During the stay of the Viceroy in Canada, 4i| THE OHILD S HISTORY OF CANADA. 63 I Talon, in like manner, was of the greatest service in helping him to establish the new Government, and to settle all the disputes, troubleSj and other affairs of the colony. 132. As Intendant, he had charge of all matter* relating to the settling and cultivation of the land, to commerce, and justice. With the support of Colbert at home, his wise plans soon made a great change in the condition of the colony. Within two years from his arrival, its population was nearly doubled ; when he left the country in 1672, there were nearly 1400 families, or about 7000 French inhabitants counting men, women and children. As fast as new colonists came out from France, small clearings and habitations were ready to receive them ; and those who came last were obliged by Talon to prepare fresh clearings and homes for the next comers. By such means Talon fonnded a number of settlements and villages not far from Quebec. 133. One of his plans for increasing the inhabitants and at the same time securing the defence of the country was to induce the officers and men of the Carignan regiment to settle in the colony instead of returning to France at the end of the war with the Iroquois. The King and his minister approved of this. The officers who chose to remain became Canadian Sel(/ncurs. The soldiers were supplied with provisions and money enough to start them as colonists, either on lands granted to the officers, or in the neighbourhood of older settlers who could teach them how to clear and till the soil. In this way more than a thousand now settlers were added to the number of inhabitants. Twelve of the officers of that regiment became {Seigneurs with grants of land on the banks «»f th^' Richelieu, where the forte had been built. The seignieuries, and the places where their owner>? settled, usually took the names of the officers; and the young reader may, from this, understand the origin of I i,* ( I ili! Us ; 64 THE child's history OF CANADA. the names of many well known places, such as Sorely Bcrthier, Chambly, Varomcs, Contrcca^U}\ Vercheres^ Bouchennlle, St. Ours, Porlneuf, Becancour. rs, who were held captives at Cataracoui, Montreal, and Quebec 145. Another step taken by de Denonville a ided to the anger of the Iroquois. He went, with 2,000 men, acioss Lake Ontario and marched against the most distant Iroquois nation — the Senecas. Some resistance was made, for a battle took place in which the Senecas were beaten. Then their villagers were burnt and the crops all destroyed. In consequence, many of their i > 68 THE child's history op CANADA. yieople afterwards died from misery and hunger. Rut the other Iroquois tribes were greatly moved by the sufferings of the Senecas. They sent messengers to seek peace, demanding, however, the restoration of iheir captive warriors. ^\-^-'J also sought redress for the injury done to 1 e >!eriecas. De DenonviUe promised them peace, and liiat their warriors should ])e restored. 146. Next, a very strange thing happened, which ])ut an end to all hopes of coming to terms. There was a Huron chief named KoniUnronk.—}iG hattd, in his heart, both the French and the Iroquoi:^ When he knew of the messengers going home by way of Lake Ontario after they had seen the (Governor about peace, he lay in wait for them. He and llii^ Huron warriors fell upon them, and killed several. Thti Iroquois said they were only messengers who were returning to their tribes to inform them of the Governor's decision. Then Kondiaronk said he did not know that. He even said the Governor himself had ordered him to attack them. But, he immediate ly released the rest of the messengers, who went on th.^ir way. They informed their tribes of the supposed bad faith of the Governor in having agreed to terms of peace und then sending Hurons to kill them on the way home. Kondiaronk's object was to prevent the Iroquois and the French from becoming again friendly towaids each other. In this he succeeded well, for the Iroquois now resolved to have no more peace with the French. Kondiaronk was a very crafty man. In many other ways he continued to make the French and Iroquois think ill of each other. He was however, very highly praised on account of his wonderful eloquence and his warlike qualities. He is said to have been the most remarkable of all the savage chiefs of North America. 14i. lue ihree causes wmcii iiuvc uccii m^xjiivfw--* in this chapter— the seizure of the Iroquois warriors, ' THE child's history OF CANADA. C9 I, the attack upon the Senecas, and the conduct ofKou diaronk- led to scenes of bloodshed in (Mnada durim many years. But we ought also to mention here that the hnghsh colonists sided with the Iroquois. The English claimed to be friends and protectors of those savages, as well as to he owners of the territory in which they lived. Ho they advii-ed the Iroquois to make war on the French, on account of the treatment they had received. Moreover France and England, being at war, the colonists of the two countries became more bitter enemies in America on that account. We shall see, by what is related in the next few chapters, the sad consequences which followed tlie events we have just described. CHAPTER XXIX. The Massacre of Lachine. a 148. In 1688. and the first part of 1689, the Iroquois wurriors, like beasts of prey, were busy whenever there was an opportunity of falling upou French colonists. Sometimes parties in canoes, on Lake Onta- rio, and all the way down to Three Rivers, lay in wait on' the Avaters. Sometimes they lurked around the settlements, at the edges of the forest, watching tor the inhabitants to shew themselves The fortified places on the llichelieu, at St. John, and Chambly, were beset. Large bands of one or two hundred each made their v/ay to the mouths of the Ottawa river. The settlers on the Island of Montreal had always to be on the look out. They found it very hard to escape being killed and scalped, and to save their buildings from being burnt. In most of the seignieurles, small torts, or block-homes, had to be prepared for the shelter of the people and their cattle. Into these they used to retire Ibr safety, whenever they were threatened with asutldfeu attack. , 1 mn 70 THE child's history of Canada At the same lime, the most faithful allies of the French, the Abenaquis, made up war parties to go out, against the English colonists, and to fight straggling bodies of Iroquois. It was altogether a dreadful state of akrm and bloodshed fur Canada, as well as for the outside sottleineuts of the English. But, in the spring and summer of 1689, the Iroquois warriors seemed to have become much less active. In fact, although no one could see the reason, there was a lull in the hateful warfare. But it turned out to be only that sort of calm which goes before a storm. Owing to it, the inhabitants of the various settlements on the St. Lawrence, and especially those of the Island of Montreal, became less watchful*. What happened then will never be forgot^ ten in Canada. 149. On the Island of Montreal every thing WiH quiet when the sun rose on August 5th, 1689. "I'he people of Ville-Marie and Lachine, and of the neigh- bouring clearings, knew of no danger near. Sur- rounded by their smiling cornfields, in happy igiioranc.e of what was to befall them, they passed that day. As night approached, they did not think it necessary to station guards. A storm of rain and hail came on, amidst which the inhabitants reposed in sleep. But, before daylight on the 6th, upwards of 1200 blood-thirsty Iroquois landed near Lachine, at the upper end of the Island. They came m canoes across Lake St. Louis, on the other side of which they had remained hid during the previous day. They silently placed themselves around the habitations, to cut oil all escape. On a given signal, they broke through the doors and windows with their hatchets. The sleeping inmates, men, women, and children, were killed as they lay, or dragged forth to be hacked and tortured outside. When the savages could not force their way ;., from the flumes, they fell into the hands of their cruel murderers. Some were cut down, some thrown buck into tlie fire, and msiny kept to be tortured. At least 200 perished in the flames. When morning came the habitations and crops were only heaps of ashes. The •rround was covered with blood, and parts of human bodies, lying round, to within a mile or two of Ville- Marie. Tbose of the inhabitants who could, fled as fiir as possible from the scene. The blow fell so suddenly upon the people of the Island, that those of other ])arts seemed to lose their sensis when they found what was going on. During several weeks afterwards the Iroquois kept prssession of the Island. The remaining inhabitants shut themselves up in their forts, but did not venture out to fight. In fact, the Governor himself sent strict Cillers not to risk a battle with the fierce savages. A.^cordingly, these continued to lay waste the settle- ments during about ten weeks. They amused them- selves in torturing their captives, and in sending parties to murder the })eople of all the settlements Within reach. Owing to the cannon and fire-arms, they were obliged to keep at a distance from the forts. About the middle of October, as winter was cominjr, on, the Iroquois began to retire from the Island. Such was the dreadful event known in Canadian history as the ^'- Massacre of Lachinc.'' It is so called because the chief attack and slaughter happened in the neighbourhood of that place. 150. Meanwhile de Denonville did, or could do, nothing, to relieve the sufferers. But he had been already recalled, and Count Frontenac had been named Governor in his stead. Frontenac arrived at Quebec about a fortnight after le massacre. Lrrcat Was ine jwj, ^i tu^.^ |^r.vf|..- vis. s^s^s return. He did not bring many soldiers with him, for 72 THE child's history of CANADA. .. 1 1 the King of France said that all he had were needed fur *.he war in Europe. But the brave old count lost no time in going up tlic river to Montreal to see what could be done for the protection of the people there. AVhen he arrived, however, the last of the Iroquois bands had departed, leaving the island, formerly so beautiful, a scene of ruin. CHAPTER XXX. " La Pdtite (7>^H/-c,''~Massacre in the English Settloments. 151. The hopes of the people being raised by Fron- tenac's return, it was necessary for something to be done at once to save the Colony. But the Governor had too few soldiers for carrying out any great design. So he made plans for doing injury to the enemy by means of what the French called " la petite guerre.' This was sending out parties of Canadians and Indians, to fio-ht under shelter of the trees and bushes of the ibreit, &nd to fall suddenly upon settlements, whose inhabitants were off their guard. Sometimes only alarm was caused. But nsually people were killed and scalped, prisoners taken, houses and crops burned, and cattle driven off. After doing all the harm that was possible in one place, the parties would quickly return home, or move to other i)laces to do the same. Fron- tenac' determined to wage that species of warfare against the English Colonists during the winter ot 1689. , ^ I. Three war-parties were formed. One was to march acrainst the English settlements on the Hudson A second was to invade the region now called ^ew- Hampshire. The third and largest was to move through the country between the river Chaudiere and the seu- coast, at Casco Bay. We shall here only speak o^ the particulars ot tHe km THE child's history OF CANADA. 73 first movement-lhul against the English »n the "'lt2"About '.JOO French «ml savages started from MonUetU in .he end of Jaunary. They followed the oineof tire Richelieu and Lakes Champlanr and St. Sacrlmera. Thence they passed on towards the r.ver mXn Thoy suffered very much from cold and him-mr travelling on snow-shoes, across swamps, and Sgh hlfore^sts. At last, when well-n.gh worn n„t hev came near to a town called CoW,i: riifi child's history of Canada. <.) ■-,-, ImiiKhtilv replied. « I will answer your master by the mouth of my cannon. The English officer then went awav to the fleet, and presently the fire hegan During eight days, up to October 24th, the siege continued. The ships' guns were fired against he c,^y, and troops were landed at Iho mouth of the iiver i>t. Charles But the Admiral's vessels sufTered more uijury from Frontenac's guns than they Y<^'-%t^ '? rhfrles the town. The troops on the banks of the St. Charles wore opposed by Canadian militia, brought f.om Montreal and Three River^. The regit ar soldiers of Frleivac were at hand but had scarcely any-hing to do Thev were drawn tip on the slopes ot the High lav'id overlooking the St. Charles, whence they viewed hi Kn-lish soldiers and the Canadian m.litia s^^irmish- n among the rocks and h.shes bebw. No regular b'ftlcTok place on land, but the Knglish troops found tlnv could not approach the city on that side Iithc end. Admiral Phipps drew off his shrps and the scldiers after losing about 600 men -.n kil ed and wo nded Then, on October 24th, the citizens of Ql^ebec saw the last of the Knglish vessels jiasHng out of view, down the river. Of course this was, to the. a joyful sight, and they saluted their old governor with the title of the " saviour of the country. Some weeks afterwards news reached Quebec that ,nost of Phipps' ships were lost in the gulf of St. Lawrence, owing to storms. Our young readers will feel interested in the mention of one or two additional particulars relating to the siege of Quebec by Admiral Phipps. A French officer named ie Moinc St. //-^f/if, pomtecl the first camion which was fired against the English vessels The shot struck the flagstaff of the admirals rhinlo that the flag itself was knocked down. Some yong Canadians, se^eing it f ating i« the strea„.,~ ofl-aml brought it ashore, unharmed by the fie whie was aimed at them. The flag was placed in the 1 aiish 7G TIIJ C:IILD'3 HISTOUY CF CANADA. 'W *»,l church, where it remained hung up until it was taken down by the English, 70 years later, when they became masters of the city. That same officer, who has been just named as having shot down the flag, was killed by wounds received during the siege. It was he who commpnded the party of Frenchmen and savages at the massacre of Corlaer or Schenectady. In France, the news of the defence of Quebec was received with great joy. Frontenac was regarded as a hero. The King ordered a medal to be struck in honour of the event. A new church in the LoAver Town was built, and named *' Nolrc-Dame de la Yictoire'' CHArTEIl XXXII. Frontenac chastises the Iroquois. — His dealings with the Indians. — His death in 1698. 155. The war between England and France con- tinued. The colonists belonging to the two countries also kept up an active state of warfare. But it was chiefly that sort of warfare which has been already spoken of under the name of /« pelite guerre. Frontenac tried all he could to gain over the Iroquois. As has been already said, they feared him. But he coiild not succeed in drawing tliem off from the English side, so as to remain neutral. Much less could he induce them to join the French against the English colonists. At the same time he took steps to make as many friends as possible amongst the Wekcrn Indian tribes. In this he succeeded very well. The savages generally respected him on account of his noble conduct in defending Canada. Finding the Iroquois impossible to be gained over, and that they would not cease from ill-treating tribes that were friendly to the French in the west, he made up his mind to invade their settlements. 156. 2000 men, soldiers, militia and Indians^ were collected at Isl« Perrot. above Montreal. Rafts and \ { \ V h / THE child's history OF CANADA. 77 \ J \ \\ bocits were pre])arecl for carrying provisions, and all things needed in warfare. The army with its supp ics, was taken, by way of Lake Ontario, to a landnig place at the mouth of the river Cfiouagen, now Oswego. Although he was 76 years old, Frontenac l^iniself commanded. He had under him M dc Callicrrs and J/. fir VaudrcuiL who afterwards became governors. On the march he was carried m a litter. When rapid streams were to be crossed he was p'aced on the back of a strong soldier. De Tracy had attacked the Mohiwks,deDenonvillethe Senecas. Now, Frontenac led his men against the Onondagas and Onejdas. These did not remain to fight the French when they came up. but betook themselves to the forest for shelter, feo, as before, the French burned the villages and destroyed the crops. When they had finished with the settlements of the .Onondagas and Oneidas, all expected that the Cayucras and Mohawks would be attacked. But the governor suddenly changed his plans. He thought it not safe to attempt too much in one season, ^o he ordered a retreat and the army returned to the fet. Lawrence. , j r^ -j Frontenac's attack npon the Onondagas and Oneidas was made in the summer of 1696. It had the effect of making the Iroquois less troublesome. 157 In the year following Frontenpc's attack npon the lioquois, peace was made between Lngland and France. In consequence, the Governors of the lUench und English colonies in America were required to cease from warfare. The Troquois did not consider themselves bound Uy I he conditions of the peace between the French and Eirlisl^ They claimed to be free from both, bo both Fp'U in. c and the English Governor tried still to gam them ever. One ffreatoV.ect of Frontenac was to ore 'lote 58 pre traffic with the western Indians The English trying for the same; and the Iroquois ilie m)su were 78 THE CHILD S HISTORY OF CANADA. ■1 'liii wished to stand between them and to deal with all l)arties. The management of aiFairs with the Iroquois, and with the western tribes, always gave Frontenac much concern and trouble. Yet all the chiefs admired him. Although he was so old he took an active part in meet- ings, feasts, and ;jflr/c?/s, with them. He even joined, sometimes, in their war-songs iind dances, using the Indian gestures and cries Of course this pleased them very much. On his way out from France in 1689, he had with him several of the chiefs who had been sent by Dcnon- ville to the king's galleys, and who had now been released. These he treated in so friendly a way that ever afterwards ihcy spoke to their people in favour of the French Governor and his people. One of the chiefs of the Onondagis was named Garaktmlhir, He had known and treated with de Tracy, de Courcelle, 'd'Avaugour and de la Barre, as well as Frohtemic, who praised him very much for his eloquence and manners. Another famous chief, the Huron Kondiaronliy who has been already mentioned, said of Frontenac, that he was one o-f the only two Frenchman with whom it was worth while to have anything to do, on account of their great minds and noble characters. In short, no Frenchman, since the time of Champlain was so hi*^hly thought of by the Indian chiefs, wh'thcr Abenaquis, Iroquois or Hnrons. The chiefs of the western tribes also looked upon him as if he were something more than mortal. 159. In 1698, on November 28th, Governor Fron- tenac died at Quehpc. He was 78 years old, He was buried in the Recollct church. Afterwards, when that building was burnt, his remains were removed to the French {(arish church. Although the people of the colony looked upon him as the saviour of ihe country, he was a man very haughty in his manner?.. Towards those who did not il THE CHILD S HISTORY OF CANADA. 79 agree with him he was very severe, and had, in con- sequence, some bitter enemies The Canadian mihtia and soldiers had an unbounded love for him. By a single word he could profluce a greater effect upon them than others conid by much persuasion. All were delighted with his couaj^e and activity. In his style of livinfT. he aimed at being, at Quebec, what King Louis XIV was at Versailles. CHAPTER XXXIII. (I End of thoi Heroic Age. — D'Iberville. — Great peace meeting at Montreal. 160. From the time of Champlain to that of de Cal- ri^res, who came after Count Frontenac, the Governors and people of Canada were nearly always engaged in fighting for their very existence. The Governors were alT soldi^^rs, trained in the armies of the King of France. The people, naturally brave, were obliged to be as well used to warlike weapons as to hunting, or to agri- culture and the clearing of the forest. That period of onr history Ins been named '* The Hrroic Agr of Canada. It may be sard to have begun with Champlain and ended with Frontenac and de Callieres. 161. Of all the CUnatS^ans of the Heroic Age, none was so famous for courage and deeds of valour as Pierre LeMoine d' Iberville. He was one of seven sons of Charles LeMoine, who came from France with the first company of settlers on the Island of Montreal, brought out by IVlaisonneuve. He was born at Ville Marie, in 1661. At the age of 14, he was sent by Governor de la Barre with des- patches to the Court of France. He appears to have then entered the French navy. We read of him ser- ving. 15 years later, in the French war vessels against the English, in Hudson's Bay, and on the coasts of 80 THE child's history OF CANADA. k^:! :r^!- I Newfoundland, Nova, Scotia and New England. En- g'and and Fiance were then at war. D'lberville was engaged in a number of battles, and ill the taking of forts and ships belonging to the English. One or two of his brothers with i^onie Cana- dians served under him. After the peace, in 1697, he went to explore the mouths of the Mississippi in the Gulf of Mexico. There he built several forts, and founded the city of Mobile. Louisiana had been founded by La Salle, but d'Jbcrville was its first Governor. When war lAgain broke out between England and France, d'Iberville was sent with a fleet of 16 vessels to fight against the English in the West Indies. Bid, in 1706, he died at sea, of a fever. Hp has been pio- nounced one of the bravest and most skilful officers of the French navy. Asa Canadian, he has been styled the greatest of all the warriors produced by Canaoa. Most of his brothers became also famous, chiefly for their deeds in what the French Called '' La pfttte querre,'' which has been spoken of in a former chapter D'lberville's oldest b. -other was the Seigneur ot Lon- gueuil, whose descendants were Governors of MontreJ»l, and filled other high offices in Canada. 162. The Governor, M. de Callieres, followed the j.lans of Count Frontenac in dealing with the Indians. He tried to make the Iroquois break with the English, and also to be at peace with the Illinois and other western tribes, friends of the French. By this time the French had gained over nearly all iho Indian tribes of the lake regions, and those of the vallys of the Ohio and Mississippi. With many of these the Iro- quois had quarrelled and fought. Some of them also (|uarrclled amongst themselves. Many members of the various tribes who had fallen into the hands of others, wrre held captives. Tl was the object of de Cal litres to bring about a •,« nerai peace su uivn mu ua^;tivco riijgiii. »j^- i^jj v'lwx. TiiK ^!iiiij)S HISTORY OF Canada. 8\ With this view he contrived to liavo a ^rci\i viieetin^ 4)f Indian warriors, held in Montreal in the year 1701. More than 1200 chiefs and warriors were present. Th( re was feasting during several days. Speeches were made, presents of collars oi' wampum and other articles were exchanged, and then the i)ipe of peace was siMoked. The Governor smoked first, then his princi- pal officers, and the various chiefs. It was a very grand affiiir. The end was an agreement among all tu preserve peace, and to restore captives. Seveial days were spent in these proceedings. Before the meetings v/ere brought to a close the famous chief Kondiaronk died. He"was making a ??peech when he was seen to fall snddenly sick. He lived only a few hours after- wards. His remains were followed to the grave by the French officers and soldiers, as well as the Indian wfc.rriors The Frencli were very sorry for Kondia- roiik's death. On account of his craltywys they had giren him the nickname of" llie Hat." 103. Governor de Callieres died at Quebec in May 1703. The cause of his death is not stated. At that time, thore was much sickness in Canada. In fact, during five years from 1701 to 1706, the Small Pox, and the disease called Dijscutery weie very common. Great numbers were carried off. It is said that in one year, fjom 1702 to 1703, those diseases were fatal to about one quarter of the people of Quebec. The Indian tribes throughout North America also suffered very much from sickness at that time. CHAPTER XXXIV. Fifty years later. 164. After the period of which we have spoken as '< the Heroic Age of Canada," there was a more quiet state of things during about fifty years. Scenes of trouble and bloodshed were now far less rommon. The Iroquois warriors no longer spread Till': CHILD'S HISl'OllY OF CANADA. iliemselves over the countrv, nor like hungry wolves, l)ro\vle(l around the settlements. The people could go tbrth to till their lands without liaving soldiers to guard them. Formerly, when the men were abseni, women and children had to do the work in the fields. Even ladies, the wives and daughters of men of noble birth, were often obliged to perform that kind vi' labour. Unless they had done so, many families must have perished from want of food ; for, both in seed-time and harvest, it often happened that all the men, able to bear arms, were away from their homes. Sinco 1690, there had been no fresh attack made upon Quebec An attempt, in 1710, made by an English fleet under Admiral Walker, to go up the St. Lawrence for the purpose of taking the city, came to nothing. Storms in the gulf caused the ruin of the fleet through ship- wrecks and the loss of many men. At the same lime Calumet. against an army, under General Nicholson, came Canada by way of Lake Champlain. But it also retired without having harmed the colony. After those attempts the two mother countries made peace, in 1713, and then, for more than 30 years, there was peace in Canaua. During the times of which we now write the Gover uors were the Marquis de Vaudreuil until 1725, and the Marquis de Beauharnois from 1725 until 1747 ; the THE Cim,I) S lllsTOIlY OF CANADA. 83 lo.st named wus followed by Governors named la Galis- soniiietr, la Jonquiere, and the Marquis Da Qucsne. The Marquis DuQuesne began to rule in 1752. 105. Meanwhile the Iroquois seemed to become more and more friendly towards the French. They could not be induced to take part openly against the Knglish colonists. But they asked for French mission- aries, and, in other ways, shewed themselves well disposed. Sometimea, Frenchmen even became niem- hei s f^ their tribes. This happened when Frenchmen were adupled, and lived amongst them, afler their fashion, or mode of life. Those who wero thus adopted did not fail to persuade them to favour the French colonists, rather than the Eno:lish. One of the most curious cases of adoption was that of the priest Milet-^the same who, with Lamberville, was concerned in the affair of the seizure of the Iro- quois chiefs by de Denonville. The Iroquois had decided to torture and kill him. He was being led out to suffer his doom, when an Iroquois woman, more than 80 years old, stepped forward. She declared in a loud voice that Milet must be spared to become her atlupted nephew, in place of one who had been slain. According to Indian customs, her demand was agreed to. Thus Milet was saved from a painful death. Living afterwards amongst them, he tried to teach them reli- gion and also to make them favour the French. 166. In the times of the five governors mentioned in this chapter, there were two principal matters, about which the English and French colonists did not agree. 167 In the first place, both the English and the French claimed to be the owners of the vast and fine territory through which the river Ohic flows This was then called by the French, la belle Riviere. The English said that that region— the Valley of the Ohio — was a part of their colony, Virginia. But the French denied this, saying that the territory of the English did not reach westward beyonc the AH- ghany moun- I It .*'>. ^a> ^% ,0. ^^ ^o ^\^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) flO ^^J"^ 1.0 |50 '"" I.I jl.25 .1 1^ u 1.4 |2^ 2.2 1.8 1.6 PhotograpMc Sciences Corporation ^^ 4^ «^'4 %\^ ^X' ^"^ .^^ vl^<^ '9) 23 WES" MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 u THE child's History of Canada, I* mm I H ii ' '-I ^f iJ' . tains. To support their claims, the French had luade a line efforts, or trading posts, from the south shore ot lake Erie, towards and along a stream called Dcef or French river. This flowed into the Ohio, at a place where they built a fort named Vnmngo. The young reader must look into the map for the places. Afterv/ards, lower down the Ohio, and near where the river Mononqahcla flows iu, another fort was built, DuQuesne^ afterwards Pittsburg. The English were then forbidden to come west- ward beyond the Alleghany mountains. But their traders did that constantly, and were warned ofl", or stopped, and their goods seized. The English sent in soldiers to protect the traders, and to warn off* the French. It is easy to see that such a state of things would end in bloodshed. 168. The other cause of dispute and jealousy, was, traffic with the western tribes. The English built lines of forts from the Hudson river, leading towards Lake Ontario, where, on the south shore, they hac\ a fortified post called Chouagen, afterwards Oswego. Put to stop traflic between tbs English and the Indians of the west, the French had Fort Frontenac or Cataracoui (Kingnton), on the north side of Ontario. They had also a fort, Niagara, at the other end of Ontario, as well as many other stations at different points, further west. Both parties, French and English colonists, were always trying to outbid each other in the purchase of skins from the Indian hunters, and to gain over the tribes to their own side. The French, with the aid of their missionaries, gained most favour with the savage tribes. The English could hardly prevent the Iroquois from ceasing to be their allies. Such was the state of affairs when the colonists came to blows on the banks of the Ohio. Then, large bodies of men were sent by them to fight for the disputed territories. Afterwardb the mother countries took part in this warfare, which led to great events, and ended, at last, in the ruin of New France, $&3 ■ ohapt .li XXXV. Washingfon and Jumonville.— Fort Neceasity.—Captain Robert Stobo. 169. In the year 1753, a young commander of the Virginian mihtia wan sent on a march into the Ohio valley. His name was Geoi^ge Washington. He was the same who afterwards was the first Pre- sident of the United States. His orders were to warn off the French and to look around for places wheie it would be well to have forts. He chose a spot which he thought good, and then returned home. Next year when he came back with a large body of men, he found the place he had chosen already taken up by the French. It was that mentioned in the last chapter os the site of Fort Duquesne. Washington thought it was the best place for a post for giiarding the route from the north into the Ohio Valley. However, as the French had taken possession of it, he fell back, some distance, along the bank of the Monongaheta and built Fort Necessitij. Later in the same year, 1754, a party of French militia, of those stationed at Duquesne, were passing through the forest. They we-e about to seek a parley With the English and to warn them to retire. The commander was a young captain named Jumonville . Early on the morning of the 28th of iVTay, Jumon- ville and his men saw themselves surrounded by the armed men of major Washington Jumonville moved forward to deliver his message, when Washington's men fired. The French commander and nine of his people fell dead, while all the others, except one, were taken prisoners. The French declared that Washington had ordered his men to fire. The man who escaped carried the news of the event to Fort Duquesne. M. de ContrecGBur, the commander at that post, as svell as M. de Villiers, Jumonville's brother, who was also there, styled the affair a murder. De Villiers 86 THE CHILD S HISTORY OF CANADA. ill \i >' . \ was told to inarch with 700 Canadians and savages to revenge his brother's death. In the end of June he reached Fort Necessity. Placing his men around it, and under the shelter of the forest trees, he caused them to pour in. from ail sides, a deadly fire. After a conflict of 10 hours, Washington saw that his post could not be held, as it was on lower ground than that upon which the enemy fought. He had lost 90 men. So he surrendered. He and his followers became prisoners of war, but were allowed their liberty on condition that they would leave the territory. A great noise was made, both in Europe and Ame- rica, about the two affairs which we have just related. The English said that Jumonville's death was causi;d by his own rashness, and the fault of those that sent him on his errand. The French denied that, and con- tinued to call the affair a murder. The English also blamed the French for their attack upon Fort Necfts- sity, nor would they admit that the conditions agreed to by Washington ought to be kept. Although England and France were then at pear,e, yet each sent out troop? to America to assist the colonists. When Fort Necessity was taken, de Villiers de- manded, from major Washington, two hostages, to be held by the French as pledges that the terms agreed npon would be kept by the English. One of the two was Capl. Uobert Stobo. He was lodged for a time at Fort Duquesne, and afterwards removed to Quebec. CHAPTER XXXVI. General Braddock and M. de Beaujeu.— The hostage, Robert Stobo, sentenced to death. 170. England and France had not declared war against each other. Yet both countries made prepara- tions. Each sent out troops and ships to America. The English troops were under the command of General Braddock, a bra\e man, but one who was unfit THE CTIII.D'S HISTORY OP CANADA. 87 loconiiiict warfare ajrainst Caiiacliuii militia and savages, used to fighting iu tli(?ir native forest. Braddock inarched towards the Ohio from Virginia, As he approached the river Monongahela, his soldiers moved on in close order, to the sound of drums and trumpets, just as if they were serving in Europe. Washington, now a colonel, was with him, and offered him advice. Instead of following this, the English general was displeased. He ordered Washington to remain behind, with his militia, on the bank of the river, while he himself crossed over with his soldiers, to fight on the other side. The French, at Duquesne, knew of Braddock's com- h\g. They had savages on the watch, called scoutSy who brought them word of all the movements of the enemy. 171. On July 9th, 1755, a body of Canadians and savages, under M. de Beaujeu, attacked the English army, in front and ovi the two wings, at the same moment. The English were moving in close order, through a diflicult passage in the forest. Their enemies' sheltered by the trees and bushes, fired quickly upon them. The English, unused to that mode of fighting, could do little more than present a bold front towards the parts from which the shot came, losing, perhaps, twenty men for every one of the Canadians and savages they could reach. Although they stood their ground bravely, for more than two hours, the valour of the soldiers was nearly useless to themselves. They could not come at their enemies when they tried. More soldiers fell than were equal in number to the whole of Beaujeu 's army. At length, those who could, fled back towards the river. Then the French and savages rushed out upon them. While the French chased the fleeing and now terrified soldiers, the savages busied themselves in finishing the wounded, and in taking scalps. Many were drowned in crossing the river. But for the presence of Wash- ington and his militia, on the river bank, perhaps all , .1.1 1.^1 ^8 THE child's history OF CANADA. would have perished. Braddock himself, mortally wounded, was borne along in a wagon, among the fugitives. Shortly afterw.rds he died. The French leader had been killed early in the fight. The victorious army took a great quantity of arms, ammunition, cloth- ing, and other spoil. The portion of Braddock's army which had not been in the battle retreated hastily towards Virginia. Thnn ended the second attempt of the English to make good, by force, their footing in the valley of Ohio. 172 In the battle on the Monongahela the papers of general Braddock fell into the hands of the French, 'fhey were sent to Quebec. Amongst them weie written reports which the hostage Stobo had contrived, some time before, to send to the English. In these nn account was given of the French works at Duquesri;?, as well as advice about other French positions. In consequence, Stobo was accused of being a spy, tnid for his life, and sentenced to death. He managc^d, however, to escape from the jail in which he was placed, at Quebec. Then he fled and reached Halifax in safety. This person was again at Quebec when it was besieged by the English in !759. CHAPTER XXXVII. Generals Johnson and Dieskau. — The Indians. 173. In the same year 17f.5, the English colon>sfs sent an army to attack the French on Lake ChampJain. The French had a fortress there, named Crown Point There was also another post, known by the names o^ Carillon and Ticonderoga. This was a little way south of Lake Champlain. on the land between it and Lake St. Sacrament. While the French held those two places it would always be hard for the English to past? on to the attack of Canada. So the plan of the Engli&h, was, to make themselves masters of Crown Point aud THE child's history OF CANADA. 80 Ticontleroga, first, and then to make for the St. Lawrence. As a first step, they built a fort, Lydius or Fort Edward, beyond the Hudson, and some miles south of Lake St. Sacrament. There they placed cannon, provisions, and men. CROWN PT' TICaNOCROCA^ Map of Lakes George and Champiain. 17'« The troops sent from France to aid the Cana- dians were commanded by Baron Dieskau. He marched towards Lake Champiain with 3000 men — soldiers, militia, and Indians. His object was to save Crown Point and Ticonderoga, from falling into the hands of the English, for, at those places, the French had then 90 THE child's history OF CANADA. ■J t ' I M'i' " t i I '' only a small force. He arrived in time, when the English had not moved further north than the end of Lake St. Sacrament. Then Dieskau led a portion of his army beyond Lake Sf. Sacrament, intending to fall upon the new fort, Lydius, whicli the English had built. On the way a part of the English army, under General Johnson, was met. It was the 8th of September, 1755. A bloody battle took place. At first, a large body of English militia and Iroquois were driven back. But afterwards Dieskau was beaten. He himself was badly wounded and taken prisoner. General Johnson built a fort on the battle field which he named Fort WiUlain Henry. This, which has been also called Fort George, became aft,rey. General Johnson himself had difficulty in saving the life of Baron Dieskau, for his Indians, the Iroquois, claimed him and wished to take him by force. The wounded Baron was placed in a tent, with a guard of soldiers around it. Even then a savage contrived to crawl in and tried to kill him on his couch. After a battle, the Indians could net be prevented from spreading themselves over the field, to kill the wounded, plundei' the d?ad bodies, and carry off the scalps. The Knglish soldiers who h&d not lived THE child's history OF CANADA. 01 in the colonies were more afraid of the savages than of the French. The Indian icar-w/ioop and the scalping knife seemed to them far more terrible than any other sounds and weapons. The Indians who helped the French in their warfare with the English colonists were of various Western tribes ; also from the regions around the great lakes, and from the upper Ottawa. Besides these, the French had Hurons and Abenaqnis, as well as Iroquois converts^ Old Scalping knife from the ruins of Fort Georga. settled in Canada, at Caughnawaga, or Sault St. Louis- Tfiese last could not always be depended upon when they had to fight against the Iroquois on the English side. Dieskau said that this had been the chief cause of his defeat. The Indians who sided with the English were Iroquois— chiefly of the Mohawk tribe. General John- son was in great favour with them, so that they readily sent their warriors to fight under him. However, as the Indians were so cruel and bloodthirsty, we cannot but lament and condemn the practice of using their services in warfare. Those who used them were often unable to manage them. When tkey were of various tribes, Ps on the French side, they^could not always be prevented from quarrelling and fighting among them- selves, about the prisoners and the plunder. The French sometimes had with them warriors belonging to more than twenty different tribes. CHArTER XXXVIll. m 1 The sad lot of the Acadians. 176. We have not yet done with the events of 1755. Besides those which happened in the course of warfiiro, in the Ohio valley, and at Lake George, there were others of a very sad nature in Acadia, or Nova Scotia. This had been a Province of England more than 50 years, for France had given it up to the British in the year 1713. Nearly all its inhabitants were French. Whether they were, in their hearts, loyal or not to the British crown, the Governors of the New Enj^land colonies dealt with them as if they were bad subjects. Morover, whenever England and France, or tb'jr colonies, were at war, it was taken for granted that the Acadians would support the French rather than the English. So, in the year of which we are now speaking, the Govermjrs of the English colonies determined lo put an end, forever, to their fears about the Acadians. Our young readers will be grieved, if not astonished, to learn the way in which that was to be done. It was decided to remove them from their homes and native country. Some were to be carried off to Massachusetts, others to New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia and Maryland. Then, when the ancient inhabitants were all taken away, their places were to be filled by people from the other English colonies. To a great extent this design was carried out. 177. On appointed days, the people of all the chief places were made to come together in their churches. Bodies of soldiers were stationed near. Officers then informed the Acadians that they must give up their lands, cattle, and other property, except bedding, plate, and money, and that they themselves must be carried away from Acadia. We may judge how sad such news must have made the unhappy Acadians. Some escaped, and ran away into the woods, so as not to be forced to leave their dear native land. The greater number, . t ~1~ T f I THE CHILD S IlISIORr OF CANADA. 93 hc«*i^v^r, were put on lM>ard vessels, nt different places on the coast vi the Bay of Fnndy. When there was any showof nnwillingness, the soldiers easily overcame it. Men, women, and children, to the number, it is said, of several thousands, were crowded into the English vessels. In some cases, it happened that members of the same family were separated from each other. The ehips then sailed away. Such work was, of course, far from being agreeable to the feelings of the officers, soldiers, and sailois, who were engaged in it. But orders had to be obeyed, hoAvever unpleasant the duty. The Acadians thus removed from their country, were landed on the shores of the several New England colonies It is recorded that they were everywhere kindly received by the colonists. Some French writers declare that no less than 7000 Acadians were removed to New England. There is, however, good reason for believing that the true number was between three and four thonsand. / ' / I CHAPTER XXXIX. The Victories of Gener.al Montcalm. — Loiiisbourg. 178. England and France at length declared war against each other, early in the summer of 1756, two years after there had actually been war between them in America. The King of France had already appointed a new Governor of Canada, namely the Marquis of Vaudreuil. He was the soa of the former marquis, who had come after de Callieres, and who had ruled so pros- perously, and longer than any other Governor of New- France. Fresh troops were also sent out to Quebec, as well as money, provisions, and things needed in warfare. Along with the troops came a new General, and offici rs, namely. General Montcalm, M, de Levis, M, de Bougainville^ and others. HPSB 94 I. I''. t| .1* M if "' k kst-'i. , 'i,\4 .' I l\ THE child's history OP CANADA. Ge^ieral Montcjilm conducted four compaigns against the iLiiglish. He was a brave and skilful general and gained many victories. ' In August 1756, he attacked the English position, on the south shore of Lake Ontario, named Chouagei: or Oswego. There, ho easily took a large quantity o» provisions, arms, and warlike supplies, as well a upwards of IfiOO prisoners. The Indians; had to be General Montcalm. bribed with money to prevent them from robbing and murdermg the English officers and men. By this victory at Oswego, the French shut out the English from Lake Ontario. 179. In 1757, Montcalm gained his second victory at Fort William Henry, on Lake George. Colonei Munro was the commander of the English garrison. Ihe French general surrounded the place with 7000 men, of whom 2000 were savages. There were chiefs and warriors from no less than 33 savage tribes, who had joined the French, hoping for plunder and scalps. Colonel Munro defended the place as long as he TfTB child's history OF CANADA. 95 could. Ho expected aid from his superior officer General Webb. Webb senf him a written order to hold out as lonr^ as possible, and Ihen to make terms with the enemy. The order was carried by nn Indian Fcoiit who fell into the hands of a party of Montcalm's savages. The scout swallowed the paper, but this did not prevent them from taking it, for they killed him, and cut open his stomach, in order to find it. The paper was brought to Montcalm After reading it, the French ger^eral sent it by a messenger to colonel Munro, to sh*5w him that he need not look for assistance from Webb. On Aug. 9th, Munro surrendered. The Tomahawk. English prisoners amounted to about 2500 men. As provisions were scarce in Canada, Montcalm agreed to allow them to go to Fort Edward on condition that they would not serve against France within the next 18 months. The French General also engaged to protect the prisoners from the savages. This he tried to do, but could not, although the Indian chiefs had promised to restrain their warriors. Having obtained rum to drink, and seeing the private property of the English officers and men, which they thought ought to be theirs, the savages became furious with the desire to rob and kill. On August 10th, the prisoners set out on their march towards Fort Edward. 96 THE GUILDS HISTORY OF CAN \DA. ■■ly . ^n^iiii li - -S^'^ * M /'«;■ : t^Ba^W" 1 ^HI^Bl^;' .-.; \^m i ■ ' ^''"J^l There ought to have been a strong guard of French soldiers to keep off the Indians. But there was Tiot. As soon as they had fairly started, the savages began to help themselves to the effects of the English sofdiers, whoAvtre hurrying on to get out of their way. Soon the war-whoop was raised and a massacre began. The English, in terror, fled faster. After a numtjer had been killed, the Indians seized six or seven hundred, as their own prisoners. Presently, some of these were rescued by French officers, who came up \/!th their men to save them. Those who escaped death and capture, then made the best of their way ro Fort Edward. Several hundreds were canied off by the savages to Montreal, where Governor de Yaudreuil had them released by paying a ransom for each. It is not clearly known how many were killed. The conduct of Montcalm's Indians, at the taking of Fort George, greatly displeased the whole English nation, when the facts came to be known. The affair has been styled in history •' The Massacre of Fort George.-^ 180. Montcalm's next victory was that of Carillon or Ticonderoga. On July 8th, 17.58, an English cumy, under General Abercromby attacked the French under Montcalm and de Levis. The French position was protected in front by the trunks of trees, whose branches were pointed outwards. This made it difRcnlt for men to force their way in. A fort, and two small streams, served for the defence on the sides. Abercromby had marched from the north end of Lake George. His fKce,of more than 16,000 men, was led to the assault w^ithout waiting until cannon could be brought up. The English soldiers advanced with the greatest courage, but could not get through or over the branches The French as courageously o»T)osed them with their guns and muskets, on the Other Vide of their s'range breastworks. Six attacks were made. Every THE child's llIfcTOllY OF CANADA. 97 tiiiie the English soldiers were driven back w.tli great slaughter. If Abercromby had chosen to continue tiio fight his whole army might have been destroyed, although the French were less than 4000 men. But he saw that his attemps were useless. Towards night, when his killed and wounded, amounted to about 2000,' he fell back, and made a hasty retreat to Lake George! General Montcalm gained great credit by his victory at Carillon, but Abercromby was blamed and removed from his command. 181. Although the English were signally beaten at Carillon, yet, in other parts, they were successful. A small army, under Colonel Bradstreet, crossed lo the North of Lake Ontario and easily took Fort Frontenac. Another army, under General Forbes, moved from \'^irginia against Fort Duquesne. The French garrison did not await his arrival, but retired— a portion down ttie river Ohio towards Louisiana, and the remainder to Arenango. This left the English masters of the Ohio valley, ^ 182. But the greatest success of the English, in 1758, ♦»ms gained at Louisbourg. This was a harbour and ^fortress on the east coast of Cape-Breton. The French ll-ad made it very sirong after an immense outlay of »woney and vast labour. An English fleet, with an aimy, was gent to take it. The army was commanded I'V Geueral Amherst. Under him served General James "^Volfe. The place was defended by a garrison of soldiers, niilitia, and savages. The siege lasted nearly two n^onths, Wolfe, who was the idol of the British troops ltd most of the attacks on land. By his courage, zeal and skill, he helped very much to bring about the surrender of Louisbourg, towards the end of July. The ge.rrison was commanded by M. Drr.cour. When the English had taken Louisbourg, the French \r, longer possessed a harbour tor their ships on the liast shores of North America. Canada was now almost 98 THE child's history OP CANADA d •J ^ i:; i IftI shut out from France, because the English war vessels commanded the whole sea coast and the entrance into the river St. Lawrence. CHAPTER XL. Distress in Canada.— M. Bigot the Royal Intendant. 183. Ever since 1754, there had been bad harvests in Canada. Besides this, owing to the war, the labours otthe field had to be done mostly by aged men and children. Those best able to work were absent, with the army, from early in the spring until winter came on. In consequence, food was scarce and dear. Horse, nesh was the only meat which many could procure, and bread came to be weighed out at the rate of two or three ounces a day for each person. The scarcity grew greater every season, until 1758, >vhen It became a famine. To make matters still worse, the small pox was very common. Ships from France, bearing supplies, were often taken by ihe English, on the way to' the St. Lawrence. 184. There was at this time, in Canada, Bigot, the kmg s Intendant. It was his duty to look after all the money matters and trade of the colony, and to deal out the supplies of provisions, clothing, and other things, to the soldiers, from the king's stores. He also fixed the prices at which goods of all kinds were to be bought and sold. But, M. Bigot was a bad Intendant. He cared most about making himself rich. With the aid of others, who were his agents, he made vast profits out of the suppl^'es intended for the army, and for the various forts. He used his power, as Intendant, to take grain and fodder f^m the country people, paying these at the prices fixed by himself Then, the same articles were charged, at much higher rates, to the King and the public. Till otinVk v%-.y-«Q._~ fc/r T>;-__A 1 1_ • - i 1 ! ^-rj odLift iuca.ii=^ wx. xjigut, uiiti hisi ageuts, made large fortunes. THE child's history op CANADA. 99 Bigot's conduct will appear far worse, when it is slated, that, tha soldiers and militia had often to go short of food, clothing, and other necessaries, while he charged the king high prices for much more than they cuuld have used. It is related, that, while the army and people suffered from want of food, he and his agents lived in a style o( the greatest luxury. Before we take leave of him, it is well to mention that he was afterwards brought to trial in France, and punished. CHAPTER XLI. Former Sieges of Quebec— Siege of 1759. 185. Our young readers will remember that Quebec, tho beautifid capital of New France, was founded by Samuel de Champlain, in 1608. About 20 years after- w».rds, the English came and took it ; but it was given ba2k to the French. About 60 years later still, in the tine of Governor Frontenac, the English again, under A^lmiral Phipps, came to take the place. This time, however, it was saved ; for that brave old governor, as wo have .seen, beat Phipps, and drove off' his fleet. A third time, in 1710, the English sent war vessels and soldiers, under Admira- vV^alker, to take the city. De Vaudreuil was then governoi, and ready to fight for his capital, as Frontenac had done. But the winds and waves saved it, as Walker's ships w^ere wr eked, before he could come within 500 miles. Forty nine years more passed away, when the En- glish made their fourth and last attempt. This brings us to 1759, when another de Vaudreuil, son of the one named above, ruled in Canada. It was liis lot, as we shall now relate, to see the city fall into the hands of tae English, and to outlive the last days of New France. 186. In the end of June, 1759, a fleet of about fifty iM -^ 100 THE child's IIISTOKY OF CANADA. In I-''. I I rnglibh war vessels, under Admiral Saunders, camo up the St Lawrence. It brought an army commanded l)y General Vfolfe. When they passed to the upper end of the Islo of Orleans, the admiral and general soon saw what a hard task theirs would be. Outside the city, beyond the St. Charges, lay Montcalm's troops, behind earthworks, reaching a long way from the mouth of that river towards the Falls of Montmorency. From want of depth of water, the big English ships could not go in to fire upon them. Nor could soldiers be landed from boats to fight them. For, the French, with their mus- kets and -^reat guns, could easily sweep away any number of men, stuck up to their knees in sand and mud. When Wolfe and Saunders looked towards the city, they saw that it stood on high ground, more than 200 feet above the level of the water. It would be useless to try to lead men up such steep and rough banks, guarded at the top by troops and many cannon. 187. The two commanders went up the river in a boat, along the south bank. They found the opposite bank everywhere steep, and watched by the French. In short, the place which they had come to take was so strong by nature, and so well guarded, that they did not see how it was to be come at. The only plan they could think of, was, to bombard the city from the oppo- site bank, at Point Levi, and, at th6 same time, to entice Montcalm to bring his army out of his earth- works, to light. 188. When the plan of attack was settled on, a por. lion of the English troops were stationed at Point Levi. A camp was formed there, and a great number of heavy cannon placed, for firing upon the city. At the same time, another camp was made on the high ground, beyond the river Montmorency, at its month, and not far frojii the Falls. A third camp, near the upper end of the Isle of Orleans was formed, chiefly THE child's history OF CANADA. 101 for the purpose of receiving and caring for the sick and wounded. 189. In a little book like this, it would be impossible to relate all the particulars of the siege. But it is easy to see that it must have been a much greater affair than any of the former attacks mentioned in the begin- ning of this chapter. Every day, and generally in the night also, for about ten weeks, the cannon at Point Levi poured shot .'ind shell upon the city. The Lower Town was soon ruined. In the Upper Town, the public buildings, churches, and many hundred private dwellings, were destroyed, or very much damaged. The streets were filled with ruins. Every inhabitant, who could do so, left the place. 190. As Montcalm would not leave his position to fight the English at any of their camps, Wolfe made up his mind to attack him where he was. The attempt wos made on July 31st, at the earthworks nearest to the mouth of the Montmorency But it was a complete failure. The English were driven back with a loss of several hundred men, killed, wounded, and prisoners. After that, Wolfe fell sick of a fever, and almost lost his life. 191. Wolfe had given strict orders to his soldiers not to do any harm to the people who were not actually fighting against the English. Yet, in some places near Quebec, and at some settlements lower down the river, his wishes were not heeded. Habitations were burned, crops destroyed, fruit trees cut down, and other mischief done, by parties of men, called Hangers. These were not regular troops, but men used to bush-fighting against the savages in English colonies. They were themselves the same as savages in some of their habits. It is even srd that they practised S6'«//>/«o' in<^ Q.=.r>f«.^-.l^^- 1 0*1» J i Wolfe's troops, to the number of 4,800 officers and men, iii THE child's history OF CANADA. 103 were all safely landed on the Plains. Presently they formed in order and marched towards the city. Ip''^^ When Montcalm was told that the English had landed above the city, he was surprised, and could scarcely believe it. However, he at once led out his arrny to face them. He had said before, that, if Quebec should fall, the whole colony would be ruined, but that he himself would perish in its ruins. Montcalm had with him about 7000 men. About 2000 more were absent, under the command of M. de Bougamville. He had sent these, some time before, to prevent the very thing which had happened, namelv the landing of the English soldiers on the north bank ot the river. But now, they were many miles above the spot where their services were most needed. The French general would not wait for Bougainville to join him, unwilling to give Wolfe time to make strong his present position- So he gave battle at once. Wolfe was only too pleased to gain what he had wished for durin"- the whole season. ° 196. Montcalm ordered the drummers and trumpeters to sound the charge. His troops advanced courageously agamst the English, until within forty paces of them. Then Wolfe's men fired. The general had ordered them not to do so before the French came to that distance. He had also told them to load their muskets with a double charge of powder and ball. The shock was so great, and so deadly, that the French could not advance another step. They fell back, slowly at first, but afterwards in haste and confusion, as the English pressed on. Presently, it was a flight, from every part of the battle field, towards the city gates, and towards a bridge of boats, which had been thrown across the river St. Charles. 197. After the battle had fairly b;igun, it lasted only a few minutes. Yet the loss on both sides was great. The English lost upwards of 650, killed, and wounded. Amongst the killed was general Wolfe himself. He 104 r. I .11 t' THE child's history OF CANADA. hud received three wounds and was carried to the rear to die. Before he breathed his last, he was told that the French had fled : '' Then, God be praised " said he •' I die happy." On the French side, the loss was more than 1,200, counting the killed, wounded, and prisoners. Some of the French officers who were taken, were afraid they might be roughly used, on account of the massacre at Wolfe'S Monument, Plains of Abraham. "Here died Wolfe victorious." thB capture of fort George, in 1757. So they went up to the English officers, hat in hand, declaring that they were not present in that affair. General Montcalm was several times wounded in the battle. His arm was broken, and, while he was trymg to put a stop to the flight of his soldiers, he received a fatal wound in the loins. He lived until the THE CHILD S HISTORY OF CANADA. 105 rear that said 200, e of :hey e at [ up ley in ma he he following morning. When a physician, who attended him, said that his life would not last beyond a few hours, Montcalm replied : " I am glad of that, for I shall not witness the fall of Quebec." At another time he said to the officers around his couch : '< Gentlemen, I wish you well out of your troubles ; as for me, I am dying, and wish to spend the night with God.' Wolfe's remains were carried on board an English ship, and taken to England. The body of Montcalm, was buried, on the night of Sept. 14th, in the chapel of the Ursuline Convent. 198. Five days after the battle, Que})rc surrendered. Thus, on Sept. 18th 1759, the ancient capital of New France fell into the hands of the English. CHAPTER XLlll. Second Battle of the Plains of Abraham. — Generals Murray and de Levis. — General Amherst. — End of New France. 199. Early in the spring of 1760, the French tried hard to retake Quebec. The English commander there was general Murray. The French army, under de Levis, came down from Montreal, and reached St. Foy, near Quebec, on April 28th. Only the day before^ Murray had word of its coming, and in a very curious way. Ice was floating down the river in large masses. To one of these a man was seen clinging. Some English soldiers brought him ashore, and before General Murray. He turned out to be a French soldier, who, by accident, had fallen into the river, some distance higher up. He then got upon a large piece of ice, which carried him down to where the English soldiers saw him. By asking him questions, Murray learned that de Levis was at hand with an army of 7000 men. It happened that many of Murray's men were laid up by sickness in Quebec. But the General called together all who could fight, and marched out to meet de Levis. There was then a long and bloody battle. \h : 1 106 THE child's HL-TORY OF CANADA. Murray lost about 1000 men, and was forced to retreat within the city walls. De Levis, after his victory, set about besieging the place. But, his hopes of taking it soon vanished. English war vessels came in sight of Quebec. De Levis saw them at hand and retired as fast as he could towards Montreal. This was about three weeks after the battle. The fight between de Levis and Murray Monument, to Levis and Murray, on the St. Foy Road. was not exactly on the same ground as that of the previous year, but it has been named the "Second battle of the Plains of Abraham." The spot where the loss of life was greatest is now marked by a bsautiful monument. Under it lie buried the bones of many of the slain. Distant from it, not much more than a mile, io a,xxwtiicx Iliv/uum.ent, L/uiil, mJKJll LllC 5IJUL VVIiUiU General Wolfe died. As travellers now pass along the THE CHILD S HISTORY OF CANADA. 10' \^ two highways, leading westward out of Quebec, they see these two monuments, close to the road side. They ore memorials of the two '* Battles of tho Plains." 200. In September, 1760, Governor de Vaudreuil and General de Levis, were at Montreal, along with the relics of the French army. They had reason to think that the last days of New France were near. For, besides knowing that all hope of aid from France was cut off, they were aware that no less than three English armies were coming against them. General Amherst, the Conimander-in-ahief of the English in America, had taken Ticonderoga and Crown Point, lie then marched to Lake Ontario, and was near, bringing about 1.5,000 soldiers down to Montreal, by way of the St. Lawrence. Next, Colonel Haviland with 2,000 men, was moving towards the same point, by way of the river Richelieu. The French as Haviland came up, left their forts at Isle aux-Noix, St. Johns. Chambly and Sorel. Lastly, General Murray, with his army, was, at Ihe same time, on his way up the St. Lawrence, from Quebec. When all these forces were joined together, near Montreal on September 8th, de Vaudreuil and de Levis saw that it would be useless to try to oppose them. So, they surrendered to General Amherst. Together with themselves, their troops, and the city of Montreal, they yielded up all Canada. 201. De Levis was of a proud and fiery spirit. He learned that Amherst would not grant to the French, the honours of war— that is, before becoming prisoners of war, leave to march out of their quarters, with their arms and colours, to the sound of music. Upon this, his anger wiis roused. He said he would not submit. That, with his soldiers, he would retire to St. Helen's Island, and fight to the last. Even when de Vaudreuil told him tlmt it was necessary to yield, de Levis still refused. At le'ijth, the Governor commanded him, solemnly, and in the name of the King of France. Then, de Levis did not dare to hold out any longer. Had ho 108 THE GUILDS HIRTORY OP CANADA. done so, he would have cjiiised many of his soldirrs to lose their lives; for, what could so few, have done against 20,000 English soldiers t 202. Before the close of the season, the French officers and soldiers, the Governor and the Intendant, together with other persons in the service of King Louis XV, were put into English ships and sent away to France. Fighting in Canada was now at an end. But, in Europe, the war between the two countries continued more than two yearo longer. ■ CHAPTEFw ALIV. The Cession of Canada.— The other British American Colonies. 203. In the year 1763 a Treaty of Peace was made between England and France. By it, the French King, Louis XV, gave up Canada to King George III of England. There were then 65,000 people m the Colony, not counting the Indians. All who chose to leave, were allowed to do so. But all who staid, and all who came to the country afterwards, remained English subjects. Of course, it seemed strange, at first, to the French Canadians, to be under any other ruler than the King of France. It would seem the same to ourselves now, if, all at once, we found ourselves not the subjects of the good Queen Victoria. Perhaps the Canadians would have cared more about the change than they did, if Louis XV had been a good ^^ > . But he was far from being that. He had not 1: -Ij, either by the Canadians or the Acadians. In other respt Jts, too, he was but little worthy of love and respect. So, in course of time, the French Canadians, came to be as loyal to George the third as they had beqn to th» ir lormer King. 204. A Ctr:; liij portion of flip, fprritnnr vrVjiolTi ,,rr.c. formerly Cunaua, was now made into a new Province, \ THE child's history of can ad a. 109 nmnccl " Tkf^ Pnwlnrr of Qurhcr;' and General Murray M-ns oppointoJ its Governor. It contained tlie three ancient districts of Quebec, Three Rivers and Montreal. Soutli of the St. L:iwrcnce, and in the direction of the great lakes, the English Colonists who had given so much iissislance in the war, were allowed to extend their borders to the south shores of Erie and Onfario. lOiistvviird, the new Province reached to Gasp6 and the river St. John on the north shore of the Gulf. Thus I he Canada of the French was much reduced in size. C0.5. It is necessary here to take some notice of the u.licr i]ritish North American Trovincis, lying to the cast of the new Province of Quebec. Turning to the map placed at the beginning of the book, the young reader will see the names of Newfoundland and Labrador, Caf>e Breton, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick. All of these regions, excepting Newfoundland, are included in Canada at the present day, and therefore we ought to know something of their past history. In this place we shall speak of them only with respect to their earlier history. Many years before Jacques Cartier discovered Omada, Sir John Cabot, of Bristol, England, and his son Sebastian, visited Newfoundland and Labrador, as well as the regions afterwards known as Nova Scotia, Cape Breton, Prince Edward Island and New Bruns- wick. It was at Prince Edward Island, named by the Cabots .S7. Johu, that the English Sailors first saw American Indians. Of these, ten were cruelly seized <'md carried off to be shewn in England. On account of the visits of the Cabots, the English claimed to be owners of Nova Scotia and Newfound- land ; they also at different times tried to found settlements there. The French also brought settlers to other parts of these countries. Whenever there was war between England and France, the Colonists with tlje Indians made attacks on each other, and took part With the forces of their respective nations, so that the cnrly history of these Provinces abounds in accounts of 110 THE child's history OP CANADA. Violence and bloodshed by which all real progress wa^ pi evented. The French gave the imme of Acadia to INovp bcotia and New Brunswick, In the year 1713 Acadia was made over to England by a treaty, and at the same time the French gave up their claims to Newfoundland. Nevertheless, the two nations fouffht with each other afterwards about their possession ; and 111 the J8th chapt.-r of this book an account has been given of the sad fate of the French inhabitants of Acadia at the hands of the British. At length by the same treaty in which Canada was ceded to Great Britain, Acadia, that is the Provinces of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, were finally set free from the troubles brought on their inhabitants by w^rfore between the two great nations from which thev had sprung. ^ 206. Fourteen years before the cession of Canada, ihe Capital of Nova Scotia, Halifax, was founded, by Cxovernor Cornwallis. Four thousand disbanded soldif rs came to settle in the Province, and were soon followed by fifteen h'^ndred Germans. In 1758, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick together with Prince Edward Island were placed under the rule of a Governor and parlia- ment. Lfiter, in 1763, Cape Breton was joined to Nova fecotia, but Prince Edward Island was separated from this Province seven years afterwards. Newfoundland, was for a long time before the cession of Canada, ruled by the British Naval commanders wliose ships happened to be stationed on that coast. Its first regular Governor was Captain Osborne, appointed m 17:^9, after whom thirteen different Naval ( aptains governed the country, until 1763. In this year, Labrador, together with Anticosti and the Magdalen Islands were joined to the Government of Newfoundland. We learn from what is said in this chapter, that, at the time of the cession of Canada, and afterwards, there were three different Governments of Colonies and territories in British North America— in addition tu THE CHILD'S HISTORY of Canada. Ill those of New England — nnmely the New Province of Quebec; Nova Scot in, with Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick and Cape Breton, joined to it ; and Newfoundland with Labrador and the Majrdalen Isles and Anticosti. CHAPTER XLV. at The Indians and tlieir new masters. — Ponthiac. 207. When the British camo into possession of Canada, nnd of the various outposts and trading stations, they were not treated by the Indians, with the same good will that had been shewn towards their old masters, the French officers and missionaries. This soon became k!iown ; for, all the forts and trading stations ware now put in charge of English officers and men. The Indians sliewed their sorrow, more or less plainly, when the French officers went away from among them. Only a y(?ar passed, after tho treaty which made Canada a Province of England, when the feelings of the Indians Avere proved in a way which caused a very great deal of trouble and loss of life. 208. A chief of the Ottawa savages, named Ponthinc had been a great friend of the French. He had led his warriors to fight for them against General Braddock's army in 1755. At other times, afterwards, he had fought on their side. When he knew that the French forts and stations in the West were all handed over to the English, he laid- plans for taking them back, and for driving the English out of the country. He seems to have been a wonderful savage, more so even than Garakonthie, and Kondiaronk, of whom we have made mention in this book. He Avas able to gain over to his plans nearly ail the tribes about the great lake^, in the West and South west, to the Mississippi, and in the S 1 1 112 THE child's history OF CANADA. Ohio valley. He promised Ihem all, plunder, fire-water, scalps, and fine hunting grounds, in return for their aid in bringing back the French ; for he made sure that the French would return, when the English were all killed or driven away. Even the Iroquois, or Five Nations, were led to favour his designs. Ponthiac fixed a day for the tribes of various parts to fall upon eieven of the English otations. At the same time, the borders of Pennsylvania, Virginia, and New York, were to be p.ttacked. Nine of the eleven posts were taken by surprise, and their defenders put to death. In two cases there was failure, namely at Duquesne, now Pittsburg, iind at Detroit. The back setllements of Pennsylvania, Virginia and New York, were the scenes of slaughter and dreadful cruelties. More than 1000 persons were murdered, and many carried away into captivity. At and around Detroit, tnere were bloody fights for many weeks. But, in the end, this post, as well as Pittsburg, was saved. Great was the amazement of the English at this sudden rising of the Indian tribes. After a time, when the first shock was passed, they sent out bodies of troops against them. Partly by force, and partly by means of parleys, the various chiefs were led to make peace, and to return the captives they had taken. Ponthiac himself, though driven back, was not con- quered. He continued to be so much looked up to by many tribes, that the English thought it best to gain him over, by means of presents So the affair ended in a doubtful sort of friendship with him. All the posts which had been taken, fell again into the hands of the English. This famous chief met his death, a tew years later, at St. Louis, on the Mississippi. A savage, who hated him, rushed upon Ponthiac, when he was off his guard, and killed him. CHAPTEll XLVl. Revolt of the English Colonies. — Caiuula iiiv;ulf-d.— Another Siege of QnelDec.— The U. E. Loyalists. — Brandt. 200. After Canada had been fifteen years under British rule, the other EngHsh Colonies rebelled against King George TIL Although these colonies had helpod England witli all their might to take Canada from the French, they now turned to the Canadians for help :• gainst England. The Canadians refused to take part in the rebellion, and the inhabitants of Newfoundland, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick did the same. The rebelHon soon grew into a great war between Britain and thirteen of her American Colonies, which began in the summer of the year 1775. At first the revolt was a quarrel about taxes, and other causes of complaint against the government of England ; but later, after there had been fighting and bloodshed, the thirteen colonies declared that they would throw oft' English rule altogether, and become an independent nation under the name of the " United States of America." As Canada would not join them, it was resolved to invade the Province of Quebec and to take it by force. 210. At this time Sir Guy Carleton was Crovernor of (he Province of Quebec There were not enough troops in the country to oppose the Americans when the invasion began ; for the Americans sent two armies, one under General Richard Montgomery, the other under General Arnold. Montgomery marched towards the St. Lawrence by the route of Lake Champlain and the River Richelieu, and easily took all the forts on the way. He knew the route well, for he had served under Amherst and Haviland, when these officers marched against Canada fifteen years before. \ At INiontreai, Governor Carleton, having only u few Viindred men, soldiers and militia, could not prevent Pi? -4 114 t\ THE CIIILD'^' UTSTORY OF CANADA. the Americans from taking possession of the City, which they did on November 13th 1775. The Governor himself found it difficult to leave for Quebec which he knew would be the next place of attack. He was obliged to make his escape down the river in a small boat, conducted by a Canadian officer named Bouchetle, The Americans had placed troops and guns on both sides of the river to prevent communication between Montreal and Quebec. There was much danger, especially in the neighbourhood of Sorel, lest Sir Guy Carleton should be taken prisoner. He would certainly have ])een taken at Three Rivers, if he had not dressed himself in the disguise of a French habitant; for he ventured to land at this place, and some American? were there before him, and in the same house. However, fortunately, the Governor left Three Rivers in safety and arrived at Quebec on November 20th. It is believl)urg, on Lako Champlair It was a failure, and caused damage to tlie military character of Trevost But for llic victory at Lundy's Lane, and the success which was gained on Lake Ontario, Canada would have had the worst of it in the cam»)aigii of 181 1. England and the United States made peace however on December 24th. 2:5. Before we close this chapter we must say somi; thing about the Lidians wlio fought on the side of Canada The Mohawks, who were now settled on lands in Upper Canada, w*^re under their famous chief, named Brandt. He as well as his father before him, was a faithful ally and friend to the British. Brandt and his warriors served under Brock, and fought well in the battle of Queenston Heights. Tecamscli, was another noted Lidian on the British side. He and his warriors fought most bravely during the war. Without doubt the Indians sometimes plundered, and took scalps from the heads of the dead But there were now no such cruelties towards prisoners, and the wounded, as were common in former times. The principal chiefs were more civilized now, and even dressed in uniform, receiving pay like other officers. It is related of the Brandts, that they kept house and treated visitors just as English or French gentlemen would do. Both Brandt and Tecumseh were great admirers of General Brock. But Tecumseh did not think much of General Proctor, the English general under whom he last served. Proctor lost a battle at a place called Moravian Town, on October 5th 1813. It is on the river Thames, which flows into Lake St. Clair. In this battle Tecumseh was killed. He said, once, to General Proctor " You do not act and speak like Gen. Brock. When you wish us to move on, you say '• March ; " but Brock used lo say " Let us march ! " The liiiiish thought so \veil of Tecumseli's services, THE child's history OF CANADA. 123 that they gavp pensions for the support of his family, after hisdrnth. Portrait of Tccumsoh. Tecumseh gained one of the earliest victories in the war. It was at a place called Massasaga, where he cohqnerf,d an American commander, Van Hoine. CHAPTER XLIX. Rebellion in Canada. 126. After the end of the war in 1814, Canada grew fast m strength and wealth. Twenty five years free from warfare and bloodshed, passed away. The 65,000 French, who formed the colony in 1763 had increased to abwit half a million. The number of people speaking 124 THE child's history OF CANADA. i i i(. w > the English language was greater still, counting those vi both Provinces. But, unhappily, there were causes of trouble among the people themselves. These we cannot make clear, or interesting, to the young readers for whom this book is written. It is enough to say, that, in 1837 and 1838, the troubles led to rebellion. The leaders of it in Lower Canada were named, Louis Papineau and Wolfred Nelson. 227. In Upper Canada, where the leader was William Lyon McKenzie, the rebellion was easily put down. Sir Francis Bond Head was Lieutenant Governor. With the help of Sir Allan McNab, he put to flight McKenzie and his followers, who fled to the United States. There they found many friends, called sympathizers, who assisted them in keeping up a sort of warfare ou the borders of Canada. On Navy Island, just above Niagara Falls, McKenzie and his friends, calling themselves patriots, made p. camp, and placed guns for firing against the Canadian side of the river. The Americans supplied provisions, and other things necessary for war. They had a steam vessel called the Caroline, which brought the supplies to Navy Island, from the American side. It was thought very wrong of the Ame/icans to allow that vessel to be used for such a purpose. So, Sir Allan McNab gave orders to Lieutenant Drew to go with a party of men and seize her. Drew crossed the river in the night time, and with his men, came to the place v/here the Caroline was moored. She was guarded by the " patriots." After a fight, in which a few of them were killed and wounded, the Caroline was taken. Drew and his men tried to tow her across the river. But, as the current was too strong, they set her on fire and allowed her to float down, towards Niagara Falls. We are told that the burning ship reached the falls and fell over, looking like a great sheet of fl^me— a grand sight in the dark^ ness of the night This affair oearly led to a wa; y ; THE child's history OF CANADA. 125 f k between England and the United States The Ameri^ cans, however, did put *a stop to the sending of furthei supplies from their side to Navy Island. Then the patriots left it. 228. In Lower Canada there was fighting, with loss of life, both in 1837 and 1838. Sir John Colborne, the Commander of the force,^, sent troops to various places where rebels in arms had assembled. In the end all submitted, or fled to the United States. The whole business was a sad one. For a time the jails were full of prisoners. Some were hung, after being tried and sentenced to death. Others were transported. The principal places in Lower Canada, where there was bloodshed or destruction of property, were, St. Denis and St. Charles, on the Richelieu, St. Eustache and St. Benoit, above Montreal. At St. Eustache a number of persons took refuge from the troops in a church. Sad to relate, the building was burnt and not a few perished in the flames. At St. Benoit, also, a nu mber of buildings were destroyed by fire. 229. The Earl of Durham had arrived from England as Governor-General, before the rebellion was brought to an end. It happened in the same year, 1838, that Victoria was crowned Queen of England This was before the worst outbreaks of that year. Earl Durham caused a pardon to be given to those who were in prison as rebels, on the day of the Queen's coronation, excepting twenty-four. These were transported to Bermuda. The pardon caused great joy in Canada, but some other proceedings of the Earl were not approved in England. In consequence he ceased to be Governor, and returned home. CHAPTER L. United Canada. 230. To put an end to the causes which had occasioned the rebellion, the two Provinces were united. The Union began on February 10th 1841. From that 1 ■ .♦ I 11' ll'' Ihf 'fa plf] ! i aJ-t 126 THE CHILD'S HISTORY OF CANADA. II time there was to be only one Parliament in Canada, instead of two, as before. The Queen and Parliament of England hoped that, after the Union, there would be no more such troubles as had brought about the rebellion. The city of Kingston was, at first, chosen to be the capital. Afterwards it was Montreal, and then, after 1849, Quebec and Toronto, by turns. The colony continued to p;row in all respects. But, in that part which had been Upper Canada, the growth was more quick than in Lower Canada. This was made quite clear to all in 1851, when the census was taken. It was seen that Upper 'anada would have, in the course of years, a great many more people th«n Lower Canada. Owing to that, and other causes, it w^s found that the Union of 1841 could not be lasting. So, the Upper Canadians, now a majority of the inhabitante of United Canada, wished a separation. The Queen and Parliament of England were applinfd to, to make the changes related in the last chapter of this hook. CHAPTER LI. Visit of the Prince of Wales. 231. In the year 1859, the people of Canada, through iheir Parliament, invited the Queen to honour them with a visit. The chief reason given for making tfaat request, was the desire to have her Majesty's presence, at the opening of the great bridge, over the St. Lawrence at Montreal. This was then nearly finished. It had already, in honour of the Queen, been named the " Victoria Bridge.''^ Her Majesty, in answer to the invitation, sent word that she could not, herself, come, but would send her eldest son, in her stead. The formal onenino* of the Bridge bv the Prince in person took place in August 1860. 232. On his way out to Caiiada, the Prince visited I THE child's history OF CANADA. 127 Ncwfouiidltand, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island tn Canada, he paid phort visits to nearly all the principal places both of the Lower and Upper Provinces. It IS needless to say that he was every where received by the people in a. manner that displayed the loyalty and aiTection which reign in the hearts of Her Majesty's Canadian subjects. 233. Before returning home, the Prince made a short tour m the United States. He spent about three months in America, and, finally, embarked at Portland, for England, on the 10th of October. I CHAPTEPw LII. Discord.— Prince Albert. — World's Fair. — Fenian Raid. 234. Soon afler the Union it was seen that Upper and Lower Canada could not get on together. Very often it happened that the leading men of one Province, could not agree with those of the other, about the making of laws, and about other affairs. This had been the case some time before the Prince of Wales's visit. They had tried, in 1856, to chose a Seat of Government^ or capital. They talked about all the chief places in turn— Quebec, Montreal Kingston, Toronto, Hamilton. But on no one of them could they agree. So, they asked the Queen to settle the matter, for them. She chose Bytown^ whose name was changed to Ottawa^ and this has been, ever since, the capital of Canada. After the Piince's visit, this want of concord became more and more clear. Some people began to think that it would lead to the ruin of the country. 235 Very fortunately there was a plan for curing the evil. It was, to join together all the British American Provinces, under one Parliament, and, to have besides, a Parliament in each distinct Province. crthis i)lan, more will be said in the next chapter. i u J , 128 THE child's history OF CANADA. 236. In the latter part of 1861, news came from Enj^land of a kind that could not but cause sorrow to all worthy subjects of our good Queen. Her husband was dead — Prince Albert— the father of the young Prince of Wales, whose visit had lately made all hearts so glad . Prince Albert was in the prime of life when he was cut off by a fever. 237. In the same year there was civil war xu the United States. It was, in fact, a rebellion of the Southern States of the Union. It lasted from 1861 to 1865, and its effects were felt among the other nations of the world. At one time it seemed likely that England also would go to war with the States. Had this happened, then Canada would again have become a battle field. But happily there was no such result. 238. In 1862, a Great Exhibition, or World's FaiVf was held in London, in which Canada took part. Tlie late Prince Albert had been much concerned in getting up this exhibition, as well as a former one, in 1851. Canada gained many prizes, and much praise for her grains, timber and minerals, also, for the proofs of the skill and industry of her people, which she sent to be compared with those of other nations. 239. Sir Edmund Head ceased to be Governor shortly after the Prince of Wales's visit. The next Governor, after him, was Lord Monck, who proved to be the last Governor of United Onada, and the first of the Dominion. 240. It wys in Lord Monck's time that the people, called Fenians began to cause trouble and alarm to the Canadians. They were of a society or brother flood, having for its object the separation of Ireland from the British empire. In 1866, on the last day of May, a band of Fenians crossed the river Niagara, from the United States, at a place a little below the city of Buffalo. About 1200 - » ... J m'v-.n '!'> " <«rt »v^»v »> ♦ 4-V»« TTil lo ffa /-\-i Trnff Tryio There was no one to oppose them at the old Port, the few people of the neighbourhood having departed. The i THE CHlLD^S HISTORY OP CANADA 129 ^Fenians then sent out parties to help themselves to horses, provisions, and whatever else they could get on the premises of the inhabitants. This was, certainly not war, but robbery. Thei leaders told the Canadians they had no cause of quarrel with them, but that it was England they wished to fight, and that if they would keep quiet they should be well treated. As they really came to plunder and murder, what they said was the same as saying *• we have nothing against you, be friends with us, while we fight those who stand up for England ; but we shall begin by robbing you." The arrival of Fenians on Canadian soil was instantly known, through the telegraph, all over Canada, and also throughout the United States. Immediately, volunteers and regular soldiers v/ere made ready, at Toronto and Hamilton, to drive them away. In all parts, steps v/ere taken to protect the Province from Fenians who might cross the borders at other places. Not only did the inhabitants of Canada eagerly come forward to defend the country, but Canadians living in the United States offered to do the same. Hundreds of yoimg men, Canadians, in New York and Chicago, sent offers by telegraph to come and fight for their native land. Some earning their living in Chicago, did actually give up their situations and make their way to Toronto. But their help was not needed. The Fenians moved from Fort Erie towards a place called Ridge way. There they were met by a body of Militia, commanded by Colonel Booker. A skirmish took place, and the Canadians were forced to fall back. The Fenians had good rifles, and many of their men had served in the late civil war of the United States. The skirmish has been called the '< Battle of Ridgeway," There were killed and wounded, on both sides. Among the killed were several fine and brave young men of Toronto University, But soon, the Fenians lost heart, and returned to Fort Erie. They learned that a regiment of British 130 TIIK CHILD S HTSTORT OP CANADA / i ' I' hi m r ' soldiers, and some fresh coinj)anies of militiu, were coming upon them, but when this force reached Fort Erie, the Fenians had all fled across the river to the United States. This was the end of the Fenian '' raid " into Upper Canada. It lasted about four days. At some parts of the borders of Lower Canada there were bodies of Fenians collected. They crossed over and plundered the little village o** V'..i:!igh«;jurgbiit got back again before the soldiers • lilitia could catch them. The sficond time they tri . to cro«s they were fired upon by the militia and beaten back before they had got ten yards across the boundary line. A few prisoners were taken and sent to jail. From first to last, the doings of the Fenians, were nothing better than robbery and murder, under the wicked pretence of doing good to Ireland. CHAPTER LIII. Increase of the Territory of Canada. — The Maritime Provinces. Manitoba. — North West Territories —Province of British Columbia. 241. The territory now known by the name of Canada has been increased very much indeed within a few years past. Instead ofconsisting only of the old Provinces called Upper and Lower Canada, it now includes a vast country which reaches from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. In fact, nearly all the other Provinces of British America have been added to what was fo.merly Canada, so that in future, a complete study of the history of Canada must include that of those other Provinces. In this, and the remaining chapter, there will be space for stating only such further particulars as are most necessary for the young learner to know. 242. The old Provinces of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, with Prince Edward Island, which are / THE child's HISTOR'^ OF CANADA. 131 now oflen called the ** Maritime Provinces of Canada *' have upwards of three-quarters of a million of inhabi- tants. Long before it was proposed for them to join Canada, each of these Provinces had a government as well as a history of its own. The same might be said of Newfoundland, which is the oldest of all the British American Provinces and which has now about 150,000 people. If Newfoundland were to bo united to Canada, which has not yet been done, then the Canadian Maritime Provinces would have about one-quarter of the population of all British America. These Provinces are rich in every thing that is required for the support and happiness of man. Their people excel in agriculture, ship building, commerce and mining ; and their fisheries are the most valuable in the world. From the earliest days of their settlement they have been exposed to the same trials, hardships, and dangers as the it her European colonists in North America. It is easy, there- fore, to see that the people of old Canada would be very well pleased to be united with those of the mari- time Provinces under one Government. 243. To the north and west of Canada lies the immense region called *' The North West Territories^ They contain a great inland Sea — Hudson'' s Bay— a,nd many great lakes and rivers ; and they reach westward to the Rocky Mountains, and northward to the Arctic Ocean. All these regions were formerly under the control of " The Hudson Bay Company^ As this Company traded in furs, the only people from Europe that they cared to have in the territories were their own agents to attend to traffic with the Indians. This Company established many trading posts for that purpose, but did not found settlements like those in the English and French Provinces. Once, in the year 1812, tb ^ Company sold to Lord Selkirk a tr.ict of land near Lake Winnipeg, and afterwards a settlement, named " The Red River settlement " was formed in a fertile valley though which the Red River runs, north- ward to that lake. Later, in the year 1869. fh'^- i:i2 THE child's history OF CANADA. 15 j 11 »!■! Government of Canada, paid a large sum of money to the Hudson Bay Company in order -that its control over these regions misht no longer hinder' the founding of settlements whenever the soil and climate were suitable. Immediately afterwards a new Province was laid out called Manitoba. It is situated in the very centre of North America and includes the former Red Pk^iver settlement. Its southern boundary borders on the territory of the United States. Manitoba is a small Province, being about 150 miles long and 100 miles wide. Its capital is Winnipeg. The population in 1870, when the census was taken, wm 12,000. It has a regular Government the same as the other Provinces now belonging to Canada. 24i. Beyond the Rocky Mountains is the Provmce of British Columbia, reaching from the shose of the Pacific Ocean to the range of the Rocky Mountams. The large island Vancouver, as well as the Queen Charlotte Islands, belong to this Province. Its capital is Victoria and on the mainland the chief towh is New Westminster, British Columbia has upwards of fixty thousand inhabitants, of whom nearly forty thousand are Indians. This province is also rich in every tlnng needed for the support and happiness of its people. The climate is fine and far from being as severe as that of the Eastern Canadian Provinces. CHAPTER LIV. The Dominion of Canada. 245. In the year 1867 a law was made to unite the British North American Provinces, under the name of '< The Dominion of Canada:' At first, four of these Provinces were thus united: namely, Upj^er Canada, Lower Canada, Nova Scotia^ and Neiv Brunsioick. The name of Upper Canada was changed to *' Ontario " and that of Lower Canada to •* Quebec " THE CHILD'S HISTORY OP CANADA. 133 to 111 the course of the next six years, three Provinces more were added, namely Brahh Columbia^ Manitoba, and Prince Edward Island : and it is thought, that, within a few years, the ancient Province oi: Newfound- land will also form a part of this union. At present, that is in the year 1876, the Dominion of Canada is made up of the following seven Provinces, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward hland, Manitoba, and British Columbia. 246. The Dominion of Canada is bounded on the East by the Atlantic, and, on the West, by the Pacific Ocean ; on the South, by the United States. There is no Morthern boundary, excepting vast unsettled terri- tories belonging to Great Britain. 247. The capital city of the Dominion is Ottawa. Here the Parliament, called '' The Parliament of Canada'' meets every year, to make laws upon matters which concern the welfare and interests of the people of all the Provinces— such as Trade and Commerce, Post Offices, Militia and the defence of the Country, Navigation and Shipping, Marriage, the Trial and punishment of criminals, and many other matters. The Parliament of Canada consists of the Sovereign of England, a Senate and a House of Commons ; but the Sovereign is represented by the Governor General, who acts in the Queens name. The members of the Senate are appointed by the Sovereign, and those of the House of Commons are chosen by the people. 248. Each separate Province of the Dominion has its own Capital City, ar..i itri f wn Local Parliament. The Capitals of the Provinces are, Toronto, City of Quebec, Halifax, Vredericton, Charlotte-town, Witinipeg and Victoria. The Parliament of Ontario consists o^ o. Lieutenant Governor, appointed by the Governor General, and a House of Assembly, of which the members are chosen at least once in four years, by the people of Ontario, Each of the other six Provinces has, in like manner, its Lieutenant Governor, and House of Assembly ; they 10 134 THE child's history OF CANADA. "4 < i each have besides, a Legislative Council, nominated by the Crown. The House of Assembly for the Province of Quebec differs from the other Provinces in having a fixed number of sixty-five members. The Parliament of each of the Provinces, makes laws upon matte»"« which more particularly concern its own people — such as the borrowing of money on its sole credit, education in the Provineej maintaining and managing its hospitals and asylums^ and many other matters of a merely local nature. 24v9. The particulars wh^ch have b«en given con- cerning the Constitution of the Dominion and Local Parliaments are sufficient, at present, for those for whose use this little book has been prepared. In conclusion, the day on which the existence of the Dominion of Canada began — namely July 1st 1867 — has been styled *< Dominion Day " ; and it is usually observed as a holiday, as being the birthday of a nation, which we all hope is to flourish * in the future, in peace and wealth, as well as in virtue and happiness. < fc THE E5»D, CHRONOLOGY < i FOR THK CHILD'S HISTORY OF CANADA. 1534— fjartier's first voyage to Canada. 1635— May l9th Cartier sails oa hia second voyage. 15.1— May 23rd Cartier sails on his third voyage. 1542 — Roborval's voyage to Canada. 1549— Death of Roberval. i567 — Champiain born at Brouages in France. 1589— Henry IV, King of France. 1608— July 3rd Quebec founded by Champlain. 1609— July 28th Champlain fights the Iroquois. 1610— Death of Henry I V^Champlain's friend. 1611 and 1613— Champlain visits the Ottawas. 1615— Ghamplain's 3rd march ag^ainst the Iroquois. 1625— Jesuit Missionaries arrive in Canada. 1628— Company of IOC Associates formed by Cardinal Richelieu, 1629— July, Quebec taken by the English. 1632— Quebec restored to Frtince. 1633— May 23rd, Champlain's return to Quebec. 1635— Ghamplain's death, on Christmas day. 1633— Montmagny, 2nd Governor. 1639— Aug. 1, Madame de la Peltrie arrives at Quebec. — Founda tion of the Ursuline convent. 1(>42— Foundation of Montreal bj Maisonneuve. 1644 to 1648— War between the Iroquois and the Colonists. lt)48— d'Aiilebout, 3rd Governor oi Canada. .1649 — Conquest of the Huron s by the Iroquois. 1650— Ursuline convent at Quebec burnt down- l'65i — deLauson, Governor. l'65'8— d'Argensou, Governor. f659-^Bishop Laval arrives in Canada. Iy60— Heroism of DoUard saves Canada. 'I! f^ ■A: {ki 136 CHRONOLOQY. 1661 — a'Avaugour, Governor. 1663 — dcMcsj, Governor, — company of Associates broken. 1C65 — Arrival of de Tracy and the Carignan regiment. — D« Courcelle, Governor, 1667— DeTracy returns to France. 1671 - Death of Madame de la Peltrie. 1G72 — Count ?rontenac, Governor, 1673 — Discovery of the Mississippi. 1682 — M. de la Barre, Governor. 1684 — deDenonTille, Governor. 1689 — Aug. 4th Mass ore of Laehine. 1690 — ^Mftssacros of henectady and Salmon Falls. — Defeat of Admiral Phipps. 1697 — Peace between England and France. 1698 — Nov. 28th Death of Frontenac, at Quebec. 1701 — Great meeting of Indians at Montreal 1703 — May, death of Frontenac's successor, Governor Calliere. J 7 10— Invasions of Ounada by Walker nnd Nicholson. 1 7 1 3 — Peace, which lasted more than 30 years. 1725 — Oct. IDth, diath of Governor de Vaudreuil. 1726 — Marquis de Beauharnais, Governor. 1753 — Forts Duquesne and Necessity built. 1754 — Death of Jumonville, and capture of Fort Necessity. I75j — Defeat and death of General Braddock. — Defeat of Baron Dieskau. — The Acadians dispersed. 1756 — Arrival of Montcalm. — Capture of Oswego. 1757— Aug. 9th Capture of Fort William Heniy. 1758 — Defeat of Gen. Abercrombie. — Capture of Louisbourg. — Famine in Canada 1759— Siege of Quebec— July 31st Wolfe repulsed.— -Sept. 13th First Battle of the Plains of Abraham. — Sep. 18lh Sur- render of Quebec. 1760~-April 28th 2nd Battle of the Plains —Sept. 8th surrender of Montreal and all Canada. 1763- 1764- 1775- U 1776- 1787- 1791- 1812- '913- -Oanada ceded by France to England. -Insurrection of Indians under Ponthkc. * 4 -Rebe41fon of English Colonies.— Quebec besieged by tht Americans. -Jany 1, Death of GenerM Montgomery. -Aug. 14th Prince William Henry comes to Canada. -Prince Edward comes to Canada. — Province of Quebtc divided into Upper and Lower Canada. -American War. — Battle of Qucenston Heights, Oct. 13th -Oct. 26th Battle of Chateauguajr.— Nov. llth Battle ©f Chryslers's Farm. ii .» CHRONOLOOr. i'61 D« (A of 18 U— July 24th Battle of Lundjr's Lane.— Dec. 24th, Peace with the United States. 1837-1838 — Insurrections in Upper and Lower Canada. 1841 — Feb. 10th Union of the two Canadas. 18C1 — Genans taken. 1056 — The Queen chooses Ottawa to be the capital of Canada. 1 869 — The Parliament of Canada invites the Queen to visit the Colony. I860 — Visit of the Prince of Wales. — Opening of the Victoria Bridge. — Departure of the Prince from Portland, Oct. 20th. 1861 — Civil war in the United States. 1862 — Great exhibition or World's Fair at London. 1865 — End of the civil war in the United States. 1866 — May 31st, Canada invaded by Fenians. 186^ — July Ist, Commeuccmeut of the Domiuiuu of Canada. r ? ou 3th ur- of f >tc Qt w 1 i i QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION, « «■ ■— (1^ X. — Chapters I-VII. 1. Who was Jac(iues Cartier? When and why did he come to Canada ? What places did he visit on his first voyage to Canada ? 2. Who came with Cartier on his second voyage? How was Cartier received at Stadacona ? At Hochelaga ? 3. What happened during the winter at Stadacona? 4. How did Cartier part with the people at Stadacona ? What afterwards became of Donnacona ? 5. Who was Roberval ? What happened during Cartier's third voyage ? 6. State the character of Cartier ? What became of Roberval ? I. Who was the next Viceroy after Roberval? What occuri-ed at Sable Island ? 8. What other persons had commission to trade with Canada? 9. Why were the natives called Indians ? Give the names and places of the principal tribes ? 10. What were the disposition and habits of the Indians ? II. What was the Peltry trade, and what animals were hunted to supply the traders with skins and furs ? II.— Chapters VHI-XV. 12. State some particulars about Champlain before he cam© to Quebec. When did he found Quebec? 13. What agreement did Champlain make with the Indiana, and what happened in consequence ? 1 4. State some particulars of Champlain's visit to the Hurons m 1613 and 1615? 16. What discoveries were made by Champlain ? 16. Who were the earliest missionaries to Canada? 17. What led to the taking of Quebec by the English in 1629? When was the place restored ? 18. What buildings were there at Quebec in 1633, and what other stations were there on the St. Lawrence? 19. When did Champlain die ? State some particulars of his eharacter and disposition. 140 * ! I in H J If^JJ QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION' m.-— Chapters XVI-XXIX. 20. ^Vllo\vere Governors, after Champlain, up to 1663 ? 21. Give some account of Madame de la Peltrie andofthefir»* Superior of the Ursulines at Quebec. 22. By whom and when was Montreal founded? State s:?mft particulars of its early condition. 23. AVho were the Missionaries, and what sort (if persons were they? 24. State some particulars of the conduct of the Iroquois towards the Missionaries ? 25. What was the conduct of Dollard in 1660 ? 26. What troubles grev out of the Liquor Traffic ? 27. Who was Bishop Laval? State some particulais about him and Governor de Mesy. 28 What brought M. de Tracv to Canada ? Who came witk him and what did he do ? 29. What persons took part in discovering the Mississippi 'and in increasing the knowledge of the West ? 30. Who were Governors after de Mesy ? > 31. What shamefal thing happened in de Denonville's time ? 32. W^hat other causes roused the anger of the Iroquois aff.iinst the French? ® 33. State some particulars of the Massacre of Lachine. IV.— Chapters X:»X-XXIII. 34. What happened at Corlaer and Salmon Falls? What feelings did these events excite ? 35. Give some account of the siege of Quebec by Admiral Phipps in 1690. 36. How did Count Fiontenac deal with the Iroquois ' Hot* did he deal with the Ciinr.dian Indians ? 37. In what year did Frontenac die? Give some account of hi? character. 38. Give some account of d'Iberville. 30. Whet occurred at Montreal iu 1701 ? 40. W be were Governors after Frontenac ? v.— Chapters XXXIV -XXXVIII. 41. About what did the Colonists of New France and New England quarrel? 42. Give some particulars of Jumonville's death and its con- sequences ? 43. Relate General Braddock's fate. 44. Relate some particulars of General Johnson's proceedings a* Lake George 45. Who were the Acadians?, and what befell them in 175o / r k I me ?r« ds ira nd ist at al •\^ [is n- it I. QtrESTIONS FOR DXAMKVATION. VI.— Chaptkrs XXXIX-L. 141 46. ^Vhat three rlctorieg did General Montcalm gain over tha English? State some particulars of each. 47. What caused distress in Canada while Bigot was Intendant • 48. State in order the diflFerent periods when Quebec wa* besieged. 49. State some particulars of the siege of 1759. . iiO. Relate the particulars of the deaths of Wolfe and Montcalm, 61. What happened in 1760? 53. AVho was Ponthiac, and what mischief did he cause ? 53. AV hat happened at Quebec in 1775 ? 64. Describe some particulars of the visits of Prince William Henry and Prince Edward. 55. When was the Province of Quebec divided into two Pro- vinces, and by what boundary? 56. State some particulars of General Brock's conduct and death ? 67. What two remarkable victories were gained by Colonel dft Salaberry and Colonel Morrison ? 68. State some particulars about Brant aud Tecumseh. 59. Who were the leaders in Upper and Lower Canada in the troubles of 1837 and 1838 ? Where did bloodshed occur ? 60. What was done to put an end to those troubles ? VI r.— Chapters LI-LIV. What 61. What was the date of the Union of the Canadaa? Was then the population of the Colony ? 62. Why did the Upper Canadians afterwards dediira a separa^ tion ? 63. Why did the Prince of Wales visit Canada !n 1860 ? 64 What circumstances made the Prince of Wales's visit must worthy of memory ? 65. Why could not Upper aud Lower Canada remain united ? How did it come about that Ottawa became the Capital ? 66. What mournful event happened in 1861 ? What occurred in the United States that year ? 67. State some particulars of the Fenian raid iu 1866. 68. Of what Provinces does the Dominion of Canada consist ? 69. What cities are the capitals of the Dominion and of the several Provinces ? 70. For what reasons was tbe Dominion constituted ? On what day did it begin ? f